UC-N 
 
L/A- 
 ARCHITECTURE 
 
 REEF 
 
 POINT 
 
 GARDENS 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 
 G/ /t of Beatrix Farrand 
 to the General Library 
 University of California, Berkeley 
 
Seal of Sir RICHARD DE BEAUCHAMP, K.G., Fifth Earl of WARWICK 
 died A.D. 1439. (No. 448. See pages 215, 321.) 
 
 Seal of Sir THOMAS DE BEAUCHAMP, K.G., Third Earl of WARWICK: 
 
 died A.D. 1369. Date of the Seal, 1344. 
 No. 446 See No. 447, page 322 ; also see page 321.) 
 
ENGLISH 
 
 H ERALDRY. 
 
 BY 
 
 CHARLES BOUTELL, M.A., 
 
 of 
 
 "HERALDRY, HISTORICAL AND POPULAR;" "THE MONUMENTAL BRASSES OF 
 
 ENGLAND;" "CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS IN ENGLAND AND WALES;" 
 
 " A MANUAL OF BRITISH ARCHAEOLOGY," &c. 
 
 WITH 
 
 FOUR HUNDRED AND FIFTY ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 Drawn and Engraved on Wood by Mr. R. B. UTTING. 
 
 "To describe . . . emblazoned Shields." 
 
 MILTON. 
 
 CASSELL, FETTER, AND GALPIN, 
 
 LONDON AND NEW YORK. 
 1867. 
 
Arms are the testimony of some noble action." 
 
 GUILLIM. 
 
 LANDSCAPE 
 ARCHITECTURE 
 
 GIFT 
 
877 
 I? 7 
 
 A NOBLE LADY, 
 
 WHOSE ADMIRABLE QUALITIES DIGNIFY HER RANK, 
 
 THE RIGHT HONOURABLE 
 
 LOUISA, LADY ASHBURTON, 
 
 THIS VOLUME 
 
 IS INSCRIBED. 
 
 394 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ix 
 
 PREFACE xv 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 INTRODUCTORY Early Popularity of Heraldry in England 
 Origin of English Heraldry : Definition : Characteristics : 
 Developments : Early Uses : Not connected with Earlier 
 Systems Ancient Heraldry Past and Present Treatment of 
 the Subject I 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 EARLY HERALDIC AUTHORITIES Seals : Monumental Effigies, 
 &c. : Rolls of Arms, Official Heraldic Records, &c. 
 Earliest Heraldic Shields and Banners Allusive Quality of 
 Early Armory Attributed Arms 10 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 The English Heraldry that is now in existence First Debasement 
 of Heraldry Later Debasement Revival of English Heraldry 
 Heraldic Art . . 20 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY: Section i Language Nomencla 
 ture Style Forms of Expression Blazon The Shield : its 
 Parts, Points, Divisions, Dividing and Border Lines, Varieties 
 of Form, and Heraldic Treatment 29 
 
Vi CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER V. PACK 
 
 GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY : Section 2 Tinctures : Metals, 
 Colours, Furs Varied Fields Law of Tinctures Counter- 
 changing Diaper Disposition Blazoning Blazoning in 
 Tinctures 4 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY : Section 3 The Ordinaries : Chief : 
 Fesse : Bar : Pale : Cross ; its Heraldic Varieties : Bend : 
 Saltire: Chevron: Pile 49 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY: Section 4 The Subordinaries : 
 Canton or Quarter : Inescutcheon : Orle : Tressure : Bordure : 
 Flanches : Lozenge, Mascle, Rustre : Fusil : Billet : Gyron : 
 Frette The Roundles 6 4 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY : Section 5 Miscellaneous Charges : 
 Human Beings : Animals : Birds : Fish : Reptiles and In 
 sects : Imaginary Beings : Natural Objects : Various Artificial 
 Figures and Devices Appropriate Descriptive Epithets . . 73 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY : Section 6 The Lion and the Eagle 
 
 in Heraldry 8 3 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY : Section 7 Glossary of Titles, Names, 
 
 andTerms IO 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 MARSHALLING : Aggroupment : Combination: Quartering: 
 Dimidiation : Impalement : Escutcheon of Pretence : Mar 
 shalling the Arms of Widowers, Widows, and others ; Official 
 Arms; and the Accessories of Shields l61 
 
CONTENTS. VI I 
 
 CHAPTER XII. PAGK 
 
 CADENCY : Marks of Cadency are temporary, or permanent : the 
 Label : the Bordure : the Bendlet, Barrulet, and Canton : 
 Change of Tinctures : Secondary Charges : Single Small 
 Charges : Differences of Illegitimacy : Cadency of Crests, 
 Badges, &c. : Modern Cadency 180 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 DIFFERENCING : Differencing to denote Feudal Alliance or De 
 pendency : Differencing without any Alliance Augmen 
 tationAbatement . 200 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 CRESTS 216 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 BADGES 227 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 SUPPORTERS 245 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 FLAGS : The Pennon : the Banner : the Standard : the Royal 
 Standard : the " Union Jack :" Ensigns : Military Standards 
 and Colours : Hoisting and Displaying Flags 254 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 THE ROYAL HERALDRY OF ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND : Shields 
 of Arms of the Reigning Sovereigns of England, of Scotland, 
 and of the United Kingdom : Crowns and Crests : Sup 
 porters : Mottoes : Banners : Armorial Bearings of the late 
 Prince Consort, of the Prince and Princess of Wales, and of 
 the other Princes and Princesses, the Sons and Daughters of 
 H.M. the Queen 267 
 
viii CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. PAGE 
 
 ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD AND INSIGNIA OF HONOUR : Feudal 
 Knighthood Orders of Knighthood : Knights of St. John : 
 Knights Templars : the Order of the Garter, of the Thistle, 
 of St. Patrick, of the Bath, of St. Michael and St. George, 
 of the Star of India The Victoria Cross The Albert Medal 
 Naval and Military Medals Foreign Insignia bestowed on 
 British Subjects 2Sl 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 PRECEDENCE: GENEALOGIES 2 9 6 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 The COLLEGE OF ARMS The LYON OFFICE of Scotland- 
 Grants of Arms Tax on "Armorial Bearings," and on 
 "Arms Found" 35 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS :- Coins Seals Heraldry in Architecture, in 
 Monuments, in Illuminations, in Encaustic Tiles Heraldic 
 Personal Ornaments, and various Heraldic Decorations- 
 Conclusion 3 ! 7 
 
 GENERAL INDEX 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 NO. PAGE 
 
 i. Arms of St. George ...} 
 2. Arms of St. Edward ...> Preface. 
 3. Arms of St. Edmund...; 
 4. Arms of Sir Walter Scott, of 
 Abbotsford i 
 5. Lance Flag, Bayeux Tapestry. 6 
 6. Lance Flag, Bayeux Tapestry. 6 
 , 7. Ancient Shield, from a Greek 
 Vase 8 
 8. Ancient Shield, from a Greek 
 Vase . 8 
 
 NO. 
 37. Compound Quartering ... 
 38. Border and Dividing Lines 
 39. Bowed Shield 
 
 PAGE 
 
 34 
 ... 35 
 ... 35 
 
 40. Heraldic Shield 
 
 || 
 
 41. Heraldic Shield 
 42. Heraldic Shield 
 43. Heraldic Shield 
 44 Heraldic Shield 
 
 ... 36 
 
 ::: $ 
 
 ... 36 
 
 45. Modern Shield 
 
 ... 37 
 
 46. Cartouche 
 47. Lozenge 
 48. Arms of Provence 
 49. Shield Couche 
 50. Symbolisation of Or 
 51. Symbolisation of Argent... 
 52. Symbolisation of Azure ... 
 53. Symbolisation of Gules ... 
 54. Symbolisation of Sable ... 
 
 37 
 
 :::|l 
 
 ... 38 
 ... 40 
 ... 40 
 ... 4 o 
 ... 40 
 ... 4 o 
 
 9. Ancient Shield, from a Greek 
 Vase 8 
 10. Ancient Shield, from a Greek 
 Vase 8 
 ii. Seal of Walter Innes n 
 12. Seal of William Innes n 
 13. Banner of Templars 14 
 14. Banner of Leicester 14 
 15. Shield of Brittany 14 
 16. Shield of Waldegrave 14 
 17. Shield of Fitz Warine 14 
 18. Shield at Whitworth 14 
 19. The Escarbuncle 15 
 
 56. Symbolisation of Purpure 
 57, 57 A. Ermine 
 58. Ermines 
 59. Erminois 
 60 Pean 
 
 ... 40 
 41, 42 
 ... 41 
 ... 41 
 
 61. Vair 
 
 ... 41 
 ... 41 
 ... 41 
 
 20A. Shield of Montacute 70 
 
 62. Vair 
 63. Counter Vair 
 64 Potent 
 
 22. Arms assigned to William I. 18, 268 
 23. Arms assigned to the Saxon 
 
 65. Counter Potent 
 66. Compon^e 
 67. Counter Compon^e 
 68. Arms of Earl de Warrenne 
 69. Arms of Jerusalem 
 70. Arms of Fenwick 
 71. A Chief. ; 
 72. Arms of Le Botiler 
 73. Arms of De Brus 
 74. Arms of De Clintone 
 75. Arms of De Clintone 
 76. Arms of De Clifford 
 77. Arms of De Pateshulle ... 
 78. Arms of Le Vavasour 
 79. Arms of De Hemenhale ... 
 80. Arms of De Dageworthe 
 81. Arms of De Harecourt ... 
 82. Arms of Wake 
 83. Arms of De Huntercumbe 
 84. Arms of De la Mere 
 
 ... 4 i 
 
 ... 43 
 43 
 ... 45 
 ... 44 
 ... 44 
 ... 50 
 ... 5 
 ... 50 
 ... 50 
 ... 50 
 ... 51 
 ... 51 
 ... 51 
 ... 51 
 ... 51 
 ... 51 
 ... 51 
 ... 52 
 ... 52 
 
 24. Shield of Prince John of 
 Eitham 26 
 25. Badge of Richard II., West 
 minster Hall 28 
 26. Badge of Richard II., West 
 minster Hall 28 
 27. The Points of an Heraldic 
 Shield 33 
 28. Shield divided per Pale 33 
 29. Shield divided per Fesse 33 
 30. Shield divided Quarterly 33 
 31. Shield divided per Bend 33 
 32. Shield divided per Bend Sinis 
 ter 33 
 33. Shield divided per Saltire ... 33 
 34. Shield divided per Chevron ... 33 
 35. Shield divided per Tierce ... 33 
 36. Shield Quarterly of Eight ... 34 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 NO. PA 
 
 85. Arms of Fitzalan of Bedale... 
 86. Arms of De Valence 
 87. Arms of Erskine 
 88. Arms of Grandison 
 89. Cross Fimbriated 
 90. Cross Pointed 
 
 3E 
 
 53 
 53 
 53 
 53 
 54 
 54 
 55 
 55 
 55 
 55 
 55 
 
 1 
 56 
 
 56 
 56 
 
 57 
 57 
 57 
 57 
 57 
 57 
 57 
 57 
 58 
 
 $ 
 
 59 
 
 59 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 61 
 61 
 62 
 62 
 62 
 62 
 62 
 65 
 
 1 
 
 66 
 66 
 66 
 66 
 269 
 68 
 
 68 
 69 
 
 6? 
 
 NO. FACE 
 145. Arms of De Burgh, Earl of 
 Kent 69 
 
 146. Arms of Deincourt .. -7 
 
 147. Arms of Campbell 70 
 148. Frette 71 
 149. Arms of De Etchingham ... 71 
 150. Trellis Clou^e 71 
 151. Bezant 72 
 
 92 Latin Cross 
 
 93. Tau Cross 
 
 153. Fountain 72 
 
 95. Cross Patriarchal 
 96. Cross Fourchoe 
 97. Arms of De Molines 
 98. Arms of Bishop Anthony Bee 
 99. Arms of William de Vesci ... 
 loo. Cross Fleurie 
 101. Cross Fleurettoe 
 102. Cross Pomme e 
 103. Cross Boton^e 
 104. Cross Crosslet 
 105. Cross Clechde 
 
 155. Shield of Douglas 74 
 156. Shield of Douglas 74 
 157. Shield of Douglas 74 
 158. Shield of Isle of Man 74 
 159. Shield of St. Alban s Abbey... 75 
 160. Early Martlet 77 
 161 Martlet . .. 77 
 
 162. Banner of De Barre 77 
 163. Dolphin 78 
 164, Arms of De Lucy 78 
 165. Escallop 78 
 166. A, B, C, Crescent, Increscent, 
 Decrescent 80 
 167. At Gaze 81 
 168 Tripping 81 
 
 107. Cross Maltese 
 108. Cross Potent 
 109. Cross Avellane 
 no. Cross Botonde Fitch^e 
 in Arms of Le Scrope 
 
 169. At Speed 81 
 170. Stag s Head Cabossed 81 
 171. Lion Rampant 85 
 172. I, ion Rampant Guardant ... 85 
 173. Lion Passant 85 
 174. Lion Passant Guardant 85 
 175. Lion Statant 85 
 176. Lion Statant Guardant 85 
 177. Lion Sejant 86 
 178. Lion Sejant Rampant 86 
 179. Lion Couchant 86 
 180. Lion Salient 86 
 181. Lion Queue Fourchce 86 
 182. Lion Coward 86 
 183. Lion s Head 87 
 184. Lion s Face 87 
 185. Lion s Jambe 87 
 186. Demi-Lion Rampant 87 
 187 Arms of England 87, 268 
 
 112. Arms of De Radclyffe 
 113. Arms of Le Boteler 
 114. Arms of De Bohun, Earl of 
 Hereford 
 115. Arms of De Bohun (dif 
 ferenced) 
 
 117. Arms of De Bray 
 118. Paly Bendy 
 119. Barry Bendy 
 1 20. Arms of St. Andrew 
 121. Arms of De Neville 
 122. Arms of De Neville 
 123. Arms of De Stafford 
 124. Arms of De Clare 
 I24A. Early Shield of De Clare ... 
 125. Arms of De Peyvre 
 126. Arms of De Chandos 
 127. Arms of De Brian 
 128. Arms of De Bassett 
 129. Arms of De Kyrkeby 
 130. Arms of Blundell 
 131. Arms of De Mortimer 
 132. Arms of Darcy 
 133. Arms of De Wyllers 
 134. Arms of De Balliol 
 135. Single Tressure Flory 
 136. Tressure Flory Counterflory. 
 137. Double Tressure Flory 
 138. Arms of Scotland 67, 
 139. Arms of De Waltone 
 140. Arms of Richard, Earl of 
 Cornwall 
 
 188. Arms of Richard T 88 
 189. Arms of Prince John 88 
 190 Arms of Richard 1 88 
 
 191. Arms of Le Strange 89 
 
 193. Arms of Mowbray 89 
 
 195. Arms of De Segrave 89 
 196. Arms of De Percy 90 
 197. Arms of De Longesptfe 90 
 198. Crest of Black Prince 91 
 199. Crest, &c., Richard II 91 
 200. Eagle Shield in Westminster 
 Abbey 93 
 
 201. Imperial Eagle 93 
 202. Royal Eagle 93 
 203. Arms of Earl of Cornwall ... 94 
 204. Seal of Euphemia Leslie ... 94 
 2o<;. Shield of Piers Gaveston ... 05 
 
 141. Flanches 
 
 143. Mascle 
 144. Rustre 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 NO. PAGE 
 206. ArmsofMontacuteand Mon 
 thermer 96 
 207. A Vol ... 96 
 
 NO. PAGE 
 
 263. Helm of Esquires and Gen 
 tlemen 130 
 264. Heneage Knot 131 
 
 208. Arms of De Charlestone ... 96 
 209. Arms of De la Mere . 96 
 
 265. Arms of the Heralds College 131 
 266. Arms of Lyon Office 132 
 
 210. Shield at St. Albans 98 
 
 267. Jessant de lys 134 
 
 211. Austrian Eagle . . 98 
 
 268, 269. Heraldic Keys . .134 
 
 212. German Imperial Eagle ... 99 
 213. German Eagle, wings erect... 99 
 
 270. Hastings Badge 134 
 271, 272, 273. Labels 135 
 
 215. Badge of Ulster 101 
 216. Breys 104 
 217. Baron s Coronet 104 
 218. Water Bouget 106 
 219. Bourchier Knot 106 
 220. Bowen Knot . . . 107 
 
 275. Lymphad 137 
 276. Arms of Hastings 137 
 277. Coronet of Marquess 138 
 278. Mullet 140 
 279. Mullet, Pierced 140 
 280. Mural Crown 141 
 
 
 
 222. Castle . . 108 
 
 282. Bourdon 142 
 
 223. Celestial Crown 108 
 224. Chapeau of Estate 108 
 225. Arms of Saxony 108 
 226. Chess Rook 109 
 227. Cinquefoil 109 
 
 283. Panache Crest of Edward 
 Courtenay 143 
 284. Panache Crest of William le 
 Latimer 143 
 285. Panache Crest of Edmund 
 
 229. Cockatrice no 
 
 286. Pennon of D Aubernoun 144 
 
 
 
 231. Collar of Lancaster no 
 232. Crest-Coronet 114 
 233. Crest- Wreaths 114 
 234. Crown of H. M. The Queen 
 115, 275 
 235. Dacre Knot and Badges ... 115 
 236. Dragon 117 
 237. Duke s Coronet 117 
 238. Earl s Coronet 118 
 239. Eastern Crown 118 
 240. Electoral Bonnet 119 
 241. Arms of Byron 119 
 
 288. Portcullis 144 
 289. Coronet of Prince of Wales 146 
 290. Coronet of Queen s Daugh 
 ters and Younger Sons ... 146 
 291. Coronet of Queen s Grand 
 children 146 
 292. Coronet of Queen s Cousins 146 
 293. Quatrefoil 147 
 294. The Ragged Staff Badge ... 147 
 295. Rebus of Abbot Kirton ... 149 
 296. Rebus of Bishop Beckyngton 149 
 297. Rebus of Sir John Peche ... 149 
 
 243 Fer-de-Moline 121 
 244. Fermails 121 
 
 300. Rose-en-Soleil 150 
 301. Crest of Hamilton 152 
 
 246. Fleur de lys 122 
 
 303. Arms of Shakespeare 153 
 
 248. Arms of France Modern ... 123 
 
 305 Staple Badge 153 
 
 249. Arms of Edmund, Earl of 
 
 306. Arms of City of London ... 155 
 
 250. Arms of Margaret, Queen of 
 Edward 1 123 
 
 308. Badge of James 1 156 
 309. Trefoil Slipped 157 
 
 Edward 1 124 
 252. Shield of Edward III., A.D. 
 1340 125, 269 
 253. Shield of Henry IV., about 
 1405 125, 269 
 
 311. Viscount s Coronet 159 
 312. Shield at St. Michael s 
 Church, St. Albans 159 
 313. Wake Knot 159 
 314. Catherine Wheel 159 
 
 256. Shield of R. de Gorges ... 128 
 257. Hawk s Lure 129 
 258. Hawk s Bells and Jesses ... 129 
 259. Helm of the Sovereign ... 130 
 260. Helm of Princes and Nobles 130 
 261. Helmof Baronets and Knights 130 
 
 316. Seal of Margaret, Queen of 
 Edward 1 163 
 317. Seal of Margaret, Lady De 
 Ros 164 
 318. Seal of Joan, Countess of 
 Surrey 165 
 
 262. Helm of Esquires and Gen 
 tlemen 130 
 
 319. Seal of Mary, Countess of 
 Pembroke 167 
 
Xll 
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 NO. 
 320. 
 321. 
 322. 
 
 326. 
 327- 
 328. 
 329 
 330. 
 331. 
 
 333. 
 336. 
 
 337- 
 338. 
 339- 
 340. 
 34i- 
 342- 
 
 343- 
 
 344- 
 345- 
 
 346. 
 347- 
 348. 
 349- 
 
 350. 
 35 1 - 
 352. 
 353- 
 354- 
 355- 
 356. 
 357- 
 358. 
 359- 
 
 360. 
 
 361. 
 362. 
 
 363- 
 
 364- 
 
 365- 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Seal of Matilda of Lancaster 167 
 Seal of Oliver de Bohun ... 168 
 Shield of Earl John de Dreux 168 
 Shield of Castile and Leon... 169 
 Shield of Henry, Earl of 
 
 Northumberland 170 
 
 Shield of Mayor of Winchel- 
 
 sea 171 
 
 Shield of De Valence and 
 
 Claremont Nesle 172 
 
 Shield of Camoys and Morti 
 mer 173 
 
 Shield of D Aubigny and 
 
 Scotland 173 
 
 Shield of Earl Richard Beau- 
 champ 174 
 
 Four Diagrams illustrative of 
 
 Marshalling 175 
 
 332. Two Diagrams illustra 
 tive of Marshalling 175 
 
 334 335- Three Diagrams 
 
 illustrative of Marshalling. 176 
 Shield of Eldest Sons of Ed 
 ward I. and II 182 
 
 Shield of Black Prince 182 
 
 Label of Lancaster 183 
 
 Label of Brittany 183 
 
 Label of York 183 
 
 Label of Clarence 184 
 
 Label of Henry and John of 
 
 Lancaster 184 
 
 Label of Thomas of Lan 
 caster 184 
 
 Shield of Holland, of Kent... 185 
 Shield of Henry of Lan 
 caster 186 
 
 Shield of Beauchamp of 
 
 Elmely 187 
 
 Shield of Beauchamp at Car- 
 laverock 187 
 
 Shield of Beauchamp of 
 
 Warwick i8 
 
 Shield of Beauchamp of Blet- 
 
 shoe 188 
 
 Shield of Bishop Grandison. 189 
 Seal of Bishop Le Despencer 189 
 Shield of Sir Fulk Fitz Warm 190 
 Shield of Ihomas le Scrope. 191 
 Crescent, for Difference ... 191 
 
 Mullet, for Difference 191 
 
 Shield of Lord Latimer ... 191 
 
 Shield of Neville 191 
 
 Shield of Sir Wm. de Brewys 191 
 Shield of Henry, Earl of 
 
 Worcester 193 
 
 Shield of Beaufort, before 
 
 1397 194 
 
 Shield of Beaufort, after 1397 194 
 Shield of Charles, Earl of 
 
 Worcester 194 
 
 Shield of Sir Roger de Cla 
 rendon .; 195 
 
 Arms of RadulphusdeArundel 195 
 Seal of William Fraser 199 
 
 NO. PAGE 
 
 366. Shield of Earl of Chester ... 201 
 ... 202 
 ... 203 
 ... 203 
 ... 204 
 ... 204 
 204 
 
 367. Shield of Fitz Ralph ... 
 
 368. Shield of De Luterell ... 
 
 369. Shield of DeWadsley... 
 
 370. Shield of De Wortley ... 
 
 371. Shield of De Mounteney 
 
 372. Shield of De Mounteney 
 
 373. Shield in St. Alban s Abbey. 210 
 
 374. Shield of Howard, after 
 
 Flodden 211 
 
 374A. Howard Augmentation ... 211 
 
 375. Fan-Crest, Richard 1 216 
 
 376. Fan-Crest, Henry de Perci... 216 
 
 377. Fan-Crest, Henry de Laci ... 216 
 
 378. Seal of Alexander de Halliol. 217 
 
 379. Helm, &c., Thomas, Earl of 
 
 Lancaster 218 
 
 380. Helm, &c., Geoffrey Lute 
 
 rell 219 
 
 381. Seal, Sir Robert de Marny ... 219 
 
 382. Seal, William de Wyndesor. 221 
 
 383. Crest, SirR. Grey, K.G. ... 222 
 
 384. Helm, &c., Richard II. ... 223 
 
 385. Helm, &c., Sir Hugh Hast 
 
 ings 224 
 
 386. Crest-Wreath, Sir William 
 
 Vernon 224 
 
 387. Crest-Wreath, Sir Robert 
 
 Harcourt 224 
 
 388. Crest - Wreath, Effigy at 
 
 Tewkesbury 224 
 
 389. Basinet and Crest-Wreath, 
 
 Sir H. Stafford 225 
 
 390. Seal, Earl Robert Bruce ... 232 
 3ji. Seal, Lord Hungerford 232 
 
 392. Seal, Sir Robert de Hunger- 
 
 ford 233 
 
 393. Badge, Tau and Bell 234 
 
 394. Ostrich Feather Badge 238 
 
 395. 396. Three Ostrich Feathers, 
 
 Peterborough 238 
 
 397. Ostrich Feather Badge, Lud- 
 
 low 239 
 
 398. Ostrich Feather Badge, 
 
 Deanery, Peterborough ... 239 
 
 399. Ostrich Feather Badge, St. 
 
 Alban s Abbey 239 
 
 400. Ostrich Feather Badge, Exe 
 
 ter Cathedral 239 
 
 401. Shield " for Peace " of Black 
 
 Prince 241 
 
 402. Ostrich Feather Badge, Seal 
 
 of Henry IV 243 
 
 403. Ostrich Feather Badge, Seal 
 
 of Thomas, Duke of Gloster 243 
 
 404. Ostrich Feather Badge, Gar 
 
 ter Plate of John Beaufort. 243 
 
 405. Seal of Devorguilla Craw 
 
 ford 247 
 
 406. Seal of Margaret, Lady 
 
 Hungerford 248 
 
 407. Seal of Earl Edmund de 
 
 Mortimer 250 
 
 408. Seal of Robert Graham ... 251 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Xlll 
 
 NO. PAGE 
 409. Seal of Sh Wm. Lindsay ... 251 
 410. Seal of Sir John Drummond 252 
 411. Pennon ... .. 255 
 
 NO. 
 
 433- 
 
 412. Pennon of Percy 255 
 413. Banners and Pennons 256 
 414. Seal of Earl John Holland ... 258 
 415. Standard of Sir H. de Staf 
 ford, K.G 260 
 
 434- 
 
 435- 
 436. 
 437- 
 
 416. The Royal Standard 260 
 417. The First Union Jack 261 
 418. Banner of St. George 261 
 419. Banner of St. Andrew 2 6i 
 420. The Second Union Jack .. 262 
 421. The Banner of St. Patrick... 262 
 422. Red Ensign 263 
 423. Royal Arms of Stuart Sove 
 reigns 270 
 424. Arms of Nassau 270 
 425. Diagram of Arms of William 
 111. and Mary 270 
 426. Diagram of Arms of William 
 III. alone 270 
 427. Diagram of Arms of Anne... 271 
 428. Arms of Hanover 271 
 429, 430. Diagrams of Royal 
 Arms 271, 272 
 431. Crest of England 273 
 432. Signet Ring of Queen Mary 
 Stuart ... 274 
 
 438. 
 
 439- 
 440. 
 441. 
 442. 
 
 443- 
 444. 
 
 445- 
 446. 
 
 447- 
 448. 
 
 449- 
 
 Shield of Prince and Princess 
 
 of Wales 279 
 
 "Lesser George" of the 
 
 Garter 2 86 
 
 Badge of the Thistle 288 
 
 Badge of St. Patrick ... 288 
 
 Badge of the Bath, Naval 
 
 and Military 290 
 
 Badge of the Bath, Diplo- 
 
 . 291 
 . 292 
 
 293 
 
 294 
 
 3i9 
 . 320 
 
 matic and Civil 
 
 Badge of the Star of Ind 
 
 Victoria Cross 
 
 The Albert Medal ... . 
 
 Seal of Lord Bardolf .. 
 
 Seal of William Mure ... 
 
 Seal of Thomas Monypeny. 320 
 
 Seal of Richard Stuart 320 
 
 Seal of Earl Thomas de 
 Beauchamp frontispiece 
 
 Counter-Seal of the same ... 322 
 
 Seal of Earl Richard de 
 Beauchamp Frontispiece 
 
 Seven woodcuts from the 
 Seals of the Original 
 Settlers in New England, 
 respectively numbered, i, 
 2, 3, 4j. 5, 6, and I 7 ... 323, 324 
 
 beal of bir Walter Scott. A.D. 
 1529 33<> 
 
No. 2. No. i. No. 3. 
 
 St. Edward. St. George. St Edmund. 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 THIS little Volume, specially prepared for the use of 
 students at an early period of their study of English 
 Heraldry, commends itself also to those inquirers who may 
 desire to obtain some general information on the same 
 subject, without having any intention to devote to Heraldry 
 much either of their time or of their serious regard. 
 
 The success, no less extraordinary than gratifying, of 
 my larger work on Heraldry, led me to hope that a not less 
 favourable reception might be extended to a simpler and 
 much shorter essay, more decidedly elementary in its aim 
 and character, and yet as far as possible within its limits 
 complete. Such a treatise I have endeavoured to produce 
 in this Volume. 
 
 Inseparably associated with the History of our Country, 
 and more particularly when our national History becomes a 
 Biography of eminent Englishmen, English Heraldry has 
 
XVI PREFACE. 
 
 the strongest claims upon the attention not only of all 
 Historians, but also of all who desire to become familiar 
 with their writings. In like manner, Heraldry may be 
 studied with no less of advantage than of satisfaction by all 
 Artists, whether Architects, Sculptors, Painters, or En 
 gravers. Nor is it too much to assert that some knowledge 
 of Heraldry, in consequence of its singular and compre 
 hensive utility, ought to be estimated as a necessary 
 element of a liberal education. In confirmation of my own 
 views, I am tempted to quote the following passage from 
 M. GOURDON DE GENOUILLAC S introduction to his ex 
 cellent " Grammaire Heraldique," of which a new edition 
 has just been published at Paris : " Le blason," says M. 
 de Genouillac, " est une langue qui s est conservee dans sa 
 purete primitive depuis les siecles, langue dont la con- 
 naissance est indispensable aux families nobles, qui y 
 trouvent un signe d alliance ou de reconnaissance, aux 
 numismates, aux antiquaires, aux arche ologues, enfin a tous 
 les artistes, gens de lettres, &c. ; cependant cette langue est 
 presque inconnue, et la plupart des personnes qui pos- 
 sedent le droit de porter des armoiries seraient fort en 
 peine de les expliquer selon les termes techniques ! " 
 Heraldry, indeed, I believe to be a study worthy to be 
 universally regarded with affectionate respect, as it certainly 
 is eminently qualified to inspire such a sentiment in every 
 class of students. 
 
 In this spirit I have here treated the elements of the 
 Heraldry of England, confident that, of those who may 
 accompany me as far as I shall lead them, very many will 
 not be content to stop where I shall take leave of them. 
 Thus much I promise my companions I will be to them a 
 
PREFACE. XV11 
 
 faithful guide. They may trust to my accuracy. I have 
 made no statement, have adduced no example, nor have I 
 exhibited any illustration, except upon authority. I myself 
 like and admire what is real and true in Heraldry ; and it is 
 by the attractiveness of truth and reality that I desire to 
 win for Heraldry fresh friends, and to secure for it firm 
 friendships. 
 
 It will be understood that from the authority, the 
 practice, and the associations of the early Heraldry of the 
 best and most artistic eras, I seek to derive a Heraldry 
 which we may rightly consider to be our own, and which we 
 may transmit with honour to our successors. I do not 
 suggest the adoption, for present use, of an obsolete system. 
 But, while I earnestly repudiate the acceptance and the 
 maintenance amongst ourselves of a most degenerate 
 substitute for a noble Science, I do aspire to aid in 
 restoring HERALDRY to its becoming rank, and conse 
 quently to its early popularity, now in our own times. This 
 is to revive the fine old Heraldry of the past, to give to it a 
 fresh animation, and to apply it under existing conditions to 
 existing uses and requirements : not, to adjust ourselves to 
 the circumstances of its first development, and to reproduce 
 as copyists its original expressions. It is not by any 
 means a necessary condition of a consistent revival of 
 early Heraldry, that our revived Heraldry should admit no 
 deviation from original usage or precedent. So long as we 
 are thoroughly animated by the spirit of the early Heralds, 
 we may lead our Heraldry onwards with the advance of 
 time. It is for us, indeed, to prepare a Heraldry for the 
 future, no less than to revive true Heraldry in the time now 
 present We may rightly modify, therefore, and adapt 
 
 b 
 
XV111 PREFACE. 
 
 many things, in order to establish a true conformity between 
 our Heraldry and the circumstances of our own era : for 
 example, with advantage as well as propriety we may, in a 
 great measure, substitute Badges for Crests ; we may 
 decline any longer to display the armorial insignia of 
 Ladies upon unsightly and inconvenient Lozenges ; and we 
 shall do well to adopt a style of drawing which will be 
 perfectly heraldic, without being positively unnatural. 
 
 The greater number of my Illustrations have been 
 engraved only in outline, with the twofold object of my 
 being thus enabled to increase the number of the examples, 
 and to adapt the engravings themselves to the reception of 
 colour. It will be very desirable for students to blazon the 
 illustrations, or the majority of them, in their proper 
 tinctures : and those who are thoroughly in earnest will not 
 fail to form their own collections of additional examples, 
 which, as a matter of course, they will seek to obtain from 
 original authorities. With the exception of two small 
 groups, my Illustrations, in number 460, have all been exe 
 cuted expressly for this work ; and they all have been drawn 
 on wood and engraved by Mr. R. B. UTTING. The ex 
 ceptions are thirteen admirable woodcuts of Scottish Seals, 
 all of them good illustrations of Heraldry south of the 
 Tweed, originally engraved for Laing s noble quarto upon 
 " The Ancient Seals of Scotland," recently published in 
 Edinburgh, which have been most kindly lent to me by Mr. 
 H. LAING; also, seven other woodcuts, lent to me by Mr. 
 W. H. WHITMORE, of Boston, in the United States, and which 
 appeared for the first time in a very interesting volume by 
 that gentleman, published in his own country, under the 
 title of " Elements of Heraldry, with an Essay on the use 
 
PREFACE. XiX 
 
 of Coat- Armour in the United States." The cuts are 
 examples of some of the Seals of Arms, all of them "un 
 deniably engraved in England," which the first settlers in 
 New England took with them from their mother country. 
 Scottish Heraldry, I must add, as in any particulars of 
 law and practice it may differ from our Heraldry on this 
 side of the Tweed, I have left in the able hands of the 
 Heralds of the North : at the same time, however, the 
 Heraldry of which I have been treating has so much that 
 is equally at home on either side of " the border," that I 
 have never hesitated to look for my examples and 
 authorities to both the fair realms which now form one 
 Great Britain. 
 
 C. B. 
 
 London: August, 1867. 
 
ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 Early Popularity oj Heraldry in England. Origin of English 
 Heraldry; Definition; Characteristics; Developments; Early 
 Uses ; not connected with Earlier Systems. Ancient Heraldry. 
 Past and Present Treatment of the Subject. 
 
 " What ! Is it possible ? not know the figures of Heraldry ! Of what could your 
 father be thinking ? " ROB ROY. 
 
 HE sentiment unquestionably was 
 his own which Sir Walter Scott 
 taught delightful Die Vernon to 
 express when, with indignant sur 
 prise, she asked Frank Osbaldis- 
 tone of what his father could 
 have been thinking, that he had 
 been permitted to grow up with 
 out any knowledge of Heraldry. 
 Sir Walter was right in his estimate 
 of the high value of Heraldry as 
 No - 4> an element of education: and, 
 
 in professing herself a votress of the Herald s "gentle 
 science," it was quite right in Die Vernon to suggest to 
 other ladies that it would be well for them if Heraldry 
 
 B 
 
2 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 should find favour in their eyes also. The age of Rob 
 Roy, however, was far from being in harmony with heraldic 
 associations : nor was the author of " Waverley" himself 
 permitted to accomplish more, than to lead the way to that 
 revival of a popular sympathy with every expression of early 
 Art, which now forms one of the most remarkable charac 
 teristics of our own era. 
 
 In the olden time, in England, the love of Heraldry, 
 which was prevalent amongst all classes, was based upon an 
 intelligent appreciation of its worthiness. A part of the 
 feudal system of the Middle Ages, and at once derived from 
 the prevailing form of thought and feeling, and imparting 
 to it a brilliant colouring peculiar to itself, Heraldry exer 
 cised a powerful influence upon the manners and habits of 
 the people amongst whom it was in use. By our early 
 ancestors, accordingly, as Mr. Montagu has so happily 
 written, " little given to study of any kind, a knowledge of 
 Heraldry was considered indispensable:" to them it was the 
 " outward sign of the spirit of chivalry, the index, also, to a 
 lengthened chronicle of doughty deeds." And this Heraldry 
 grew up, spontaneously and naturally, out of the circum 
 stances and requirements of those times. It was invented 
 and introduced, because it was needed for practical use ; it 
 was accepted and cherished, because it did much more than 
 fulfil its avowed purpose. At first, simply useful to distin 
 guish particular individuals, especially in war and at the 
 tournament, English Heraldry soon became popular; and 
 then, with no less rapidity, it rose to high honour and 
 dignity. 
 
 From the circumstance that it first found its special use 
 in direct connection with military equipments, knightly 
 exercises, and the melee of actual battle, mediaeval Heraldry 
 has also been entitled ARMORY. Men wore the ensigns 
 of Heraldry about their persons, embroidered upon the 
 
ORIGIN AND DEFINITION. 3 
 
 garments that partially covered their armour, and so they 
 called them Coats-of-Arms : they bore these same ensigns 
 on their shields, and they called them Shields-of-Arms: and 
 in their Armorial Banners and Pennons they again displayed 
 the very same insignia, floating in the wind high above their 
 heads, from the shafts of their lances. 
 
 The Heraldry or Armory of England, an honourable and 
 honoured member of the illustrious family of mediaeval 
 European Heraldry, may be defined to be a symbolical and 
 pictorial language, in which figures, devices, and colours are 
 employed instead of letters. Each heraldic composition 
 has its own definite and complete signification, conveyed 
 through its direct connection with some particular indi 
 vidual, family, dignity, or office. Every such heraldic 
 composition, also, is a true legal possession, held and 
 maintained by an express right and title : and it is here 
 ditary, like other real property, in accordance with certain 
 laws and precedents of inheritance. But in this respect 
 heraldic insignia are singular and unlike other property, 
 inasmuch as it is a general rule that they cannot be alien 
 ated, exchanged, or transferred otherwise than by inherit 
 ance or other lawful succession. Exceptions to this rule, 
 when they are observed occasionally to have occurred, show 
 clearly their own exceptional character, and consequently 
 they confirm the true authority of the rule itself. It will 
 be understood, as a necessary quality of its hereditary 
 nature, that the signification of an heraldic composition, 
 while " definite and complete " in itself, admits of augmen 
 tation and expansion through its association with successive 
 generations. Thus, the Royal Shield of EDWARD III. is 
 " complete " as the heraldic symbol of that great monarch, 
 and of the realm under his rule : and yet this same shield, 
 equally "complete" (with one simple modification) as the 
 heraldic symbol of each successive Sovereign till the death 
 
 6 2 
 
4 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 of ELIZABETH, has its signification infinitely augmented and 
 expanded through its hereditary association with all the 
 Sovereigns of the Houses of Plantagenet and Tudor. 
 
 That true Heraldry, which now is under consideration, 
 appears to have been introduced into England, in all pro 
 bability from Germany through France, in a very immature 
 condition, in the second half of the twelfth century. Until 
 the concluding quarter of that century, the traces of its 
 existence are faint and few in number. Early in the thir 
 teenth century the new science began to establish itself 
 firmly amongst our ancestors of that age ; and it is certain 
 that, as soon as its character and capabilities were in any 
 degree understood aright, it grew speedily into favour ; so 
 that in the reign of HENRY III. (A.D. 1216 1272) English 
 Heraldry had confirmed its own claims to be regarded as a 
 Science, by being in possession of a system, a classification, 
 and a technical language of its own. 
 
 The Crusades, those extraordinary confederacies without 
 a parallel in the history of civilised nations, were themselves 
 so thoroughly heraldic, that it was only an inevitable result 
 of their existence that they should give a powerful impulse 
 to the establishment and development of Heraldry in the 
 early days of its career. 
 
 But Heraldry, from the time of its first appearance in 
 England, was found to be valuable for other uses besides 
 those which so intimately connected it with both real and 
 imitative warfare, with the fierce life-and-death conflict of 
 the battle-field, and with the scarcely less perilous struggle 
 for honour and renown in the lists. Very soon after the 
 Norman Conquest, in consequence of their presence being 
 required to give validity to every species of legal document, 
 SEALS became instruments of the greatest importance ; and 
 it would at once be obvious that heraldic insignia, with a 
 representation of the knightly shield upon which they were 
 
HERALDRY OF ANTIQUITY. 5 
 
 displayed, were exactly suited to satisfy every requirement 
 of the seal-engraver. By such means Heraldry became 
 interwoven as well with the peaceful concerns of e very-day 
 life, as with the display of martial splendour and the tur 
 moil of war. 
 
 Many attempts have been made to set aside the opinion 
 that the Heraldry of the Middle Ages in England was a 
 fresh creation, a production of indigenous growth : and 
 great is the ingenuity that has been brought into action to 
 carry back the Heraldry of our own country from the com 
 mencement of the thirteenth century through the previous 
 elementary stages of its existence, in order to trace its direct 
 lineal descent from certain decorative and symbolical devices 
 that were in use at much earlier periods. The careful and 
 diligent researches, however, of the most learned Heralds 
 have at present led them almost unanimously to reject all 
 such theories as these, as speculative and uncertain. At 
 the same time, it is an indisputable fact that, in all ages of 
 the world, and amongst all races of men, some form of 
 symbolical expression has been both in use and in favour. 
 And it is equally true that this symbolism, whatever it may 
 have been, has generally been found in some way associated 
 with a military life and with the act of warfare. Soldiers, 
 and particularly those in high command, have always 
 delighted to adorn their shields with devices that some 
 times were significant of their own condition or exploits, or 
 sometimes had reference to their country, or even to their 
 families; and, in like manner, it has been a universal 
 custom to display similar devices and figures in military 
 standards of all kinds. At the time of the Conquest, as is 
 shown in the famous Bayeux Tapestry of the Conqueror s 
 Consort, the shields and standards of both Normans and 
 Anglo-Saxons were painted, and perhaps the latter were em 
 broidered, with various figures and devices; but certainly 
 
ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 without any heraldic significance or any personal associa 
 tions being indicated by these figures and devices, which 
 bear a general resemblance to the insignia of the Legions 
 and Cohorts of Imperial Rome. Nos. 5 and 6 give repre- 
 
 Nos. 5 and 6. Lance Flags Bayeux Tapestry. 
 
 sentations of the standards that are introduced into the 
 Bayeux Tapestry. The same species of decoration, con 
 sisting chiefly of painted patterns, with discs, stars, crescents, 
 and some other figures, continued in use in our own country 
 until it was superseded by a true Heraldry ; and it also may 
 be assumed to have prevailed in England in much earlier 
 times. 
 
 In still more remote ages a more decided Heraldry was 
 displayed upon signets, coins, shields, and standards. In 
 this ancient Heraldry, occasionally the important and cha 
 racteristic quality of hereditary association in certain devices 
 is apparent. Thus, Virgil (^Eneid, vii. 657) assigns to 
 Aventinus " insigne paternum" upon his shield his hereditary 
 device, derived by him from his father. But these devices 
 generally appear to have their significance in a greater or a 
 less degree restricted, amongst the ancients, to certain par 
 ticular incidents ; consequently in all these examples there is 
 nothing to show that the man who bore one device at one 
 time, did not bear another device at another time.* For 
 
 * In his recently published " Hand-book of Engraved Gems," Mr. 
 King maintains that "the devices on the signets of the ancients were 
 both hereditary and unalterable, like our armorial bearings ;" but, at 
 the same time, he admits that the " armorial bearings," which appear 
 
HERALDRY OF ANTIQUITY. 7 
 
 example, ^Eschylus, the Greek tragedian (B.C. 600), has 
 recorded that Capaneus, when attacking the city of Thebes, 
 bore on his shield the figure of a warrior carrying a lighted 
 torch, with the motto, " I will fire the city !" But, on 
 another occasion, we have reason to believe that the same 
 Capaneus bore quite a different device, applicable to that 
 other occasion; and this deprives these ancient devices, 
 heraldic as they are in their general character, of that special 
 personal association which true Heraldry requires and, 
 indeed, implies. The beautiful painted vases, the works of 
 Greek artists, that are discovered in such extraordinary 
 numbers and in perfect preservation in some parts of Italy, 
 constantly give most striking representations of the shields of 
 ancient Greek warriors and other personages, with heraldic 
 devices displayed upon them. These shields illustrate, in a 
 remarkable manner, both the appropriate significance of par 
 ticular devices, and the usage then prevalent for a variety of 
 devices to be borne on different occasions by the same indivi 
 dual. Shields upon vases in the collections in the Museum of 
 
 " on the shields of the Grecian heroes in the most ancient pictures 
 extant, the Vase-paintings," "seem to have been assumed at the 
 caprice of the individual, like the knights cognisances at tournaments in 
 the days of chivalry, and not to have been hereditary." " Hand-book," 
 page 216. Almost immediately, however, Mr. King adds, that tra 
 ditions exist which represent the mythic heroes bearing " engraved on 
 their signets the same devices that decorated their shields." It would 
 seem that the argument from such traditions would rather indicate the 
 signet-devices to have been arbitrary, than the shield-devices to have 
 been unalterable. While I readily admit the veiy interesting devices of 
 antiquity to possess decided heraldic attributes, I cannot consider Mr. 
 King to have shown that, as a general rule, they were held by the 
 ancients themselves to have been either " unalterable" or " hereditary." 
 Possibly, further light may be thrown upon the hereditary quality of 
 ancient Heraldry : but, I certainly do not expect to see any evidence 
 adduced, which would establish a line of descent connecting the 
 Mediaeval Heraldry of England with any heraldic system of classic 
 antiquity. 
 
s 
 
 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 the Louvre at Paris, and in the British Museum, where they 
 are easy of access, contain a great variety of devices. The 
 examples, Nos. 7, 8, 9, and 10, are from our own National 
 
 No. 9. No. 10. 
 
 Ancient Shields from Greek Vases. 
 
 Collections. No. 7, the shield black, the border and the 
 pegasus red ; No. 8, the shield black, and the two dolphins 
 white ; No. 9, the shield black, with a border adorned with 
 red discs, the serpent white ; No. 10, the shield black, with 
 purple border, the three human legs conjoined white. The 
 shields, Nos. 9 and 10, are both borne by the goddess 
 A0HNH (Minerva) ; and the remarkable device displayed 
 on No. 10 is also found on the coins of ancient Sicily. 
 Other similar shields display lions, horses, dogs, wild boars, 
 fish, birds, clusters of leaves, chariots and chariot-wheels, 
 votive tripods, serpents, scorpions, with many others, in 
 cluding occasional examples of human figures. In another 
 collection I have seen an anchor and an Amazon s bow. 
 
REVIVAL OF ENGLISH HERALDRY. 9 
 
 A device differing from that in No. 10 only in having the 
 conjoined limbs in armour, will be found in our own English 
 Heraldry to be the armorial ensign of the Isle of Man. 
 
 This Heraldry of Antiquity is to be regarded as the pre 
 decessor, and not as the ancestor of the Heraldry of Eng 
 land. There may be much that is common to both but, 
 there is nothing to show the later system to have been a 
 lineal descendant from the earlier. The Heraldry, there 
 fore, that has flourished, declined, and now is in the act of 
 reviving in our own country in almost the full vigour of its 
 best days, I shall treat as an independent science, proceed 
 ing from a single source, and from thence flowing onwards 
 with varied fortunes, side by side with the chequered 
 chronicles of England. In the course of its progress from 
 the palmy days of EDWARD III., it has had to encounter, 
 in a degree without precedent or parallel, that most painful 
 and mischievous of trials the excessive admiration of in 
 judicious friends. Hence, Heraldry was brought into dis 
 repute, and even into contempt, by the very persons who 
 loved it with a genuine but a most unwise love. In process 
 of time, no nonsense appeared too extravagant, and no fable 
 too wild, to be engrafted upon the grave dignity of the 
 Herald s early science. Better times at length have suc 
 ceeded. Heraldry now has friends and admirers, zealous 
 as of old, whose zeal is guided aright by a sound judgment 
 in alliance with a pure taste. Very much already has been 
 accomplished to sweep away the amazing mass of absurdities 
 and errors which had overwhelmed our English Heraldry, 
 by such men as Nicholas, Nichols, Courthope, Seton, 
 Planch^, Walford, Montagu, and Lower : and the good 
 work goes on and prospers, with the most cheering assu 
 rances of complete and triumphant success. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 EARLY HERALDIC AUTHORITIES. 
 
 Seals : Monumental Effigies, &>c. : Rolls of Amis, Official Pleraldic 
 Records, &=<:. Earliest Heraldic Shields and Banners, Allusive 
 Quality of Early Armory, Attributed Arms. 
 
 " Let us begin at the beginning." PURSUIVANT OF ARMS. 
 
 AT the head of the earliest existing authorities in English 
 Heraldry are SEALS. To the fortunate circumstance of the 
 legal importance attached to them we are indebted for the 
 preservation of these equally interesting and valuable relics, 
 in great variety and in very considerable numbers. The 
 heraldic evidence of Seals is necessarily of the highest 
 order. They are . original works, possessing contempo 
 raneous authority. Produced with peculiar care and ap 
 proved by their first possessors, their original authenticity 
 is confirmed by their continued use through successive 
 generations. 
 
 Having been in use before the introduction and adoption 
 of Heraldry in England, Seals enable us to compare the 
 devices that preceded true Heraldry with the earliest that 
 are truly heraldic : and thus they show that, in many 
 instances, regular coats-of-arms derived their hereditary 
 bearings from similar devices that had been adopted in 
 the same families before the heraldic era. For example : 
 the Seal of John Mundegumri, about A.D. 1175, bears a 
 single flenr-de-lys, not placed upon a shield; and, accord 
 ingly, here is seen the origin of the three golden flenrs-de-lys, 
 borne afterwards upon a blue shield by the descendants of 
 this John, the Montgomeries, Earls of Eglintoun. Again : 
 the Seal of Walter Innes, A.D. 1431, displays the shield 
 
HERALDIC SEALS. II 
 
 of arms of his house three Hue mullets (stars generally of 
 five rays) on a field of silver, No. 1 1 ; and these mullets 
 
 No. ii. Seal of Walter Innes. No. 12. Seal of Wm. Innes. 
 
 may be traced to the single star, that appears on the Seal of 
 William Innes, or De Ynays, No. 12, appended to his deed 
 of homage to Edward I., in the Year 1295. I have selected 
 these examples from the " Catalogue of Scottish Seals," 
 published by Mr. Laing, of Edinburgh, that I may be 
 enabled here to refer in the highest terms of admiring 
 commendation to that most excellent work. It is greatly 
 to be desired that a corresponding publication should treat, 
 with equal ability, of the Seals of England which, from the 
 dawn of Heraldry, continue their admirable examples and 
 illustrations throughout its career. 
 
 Monumental Effigies, Sepulchral Memorials, early Build 
 ings, and early Stained Glass, frequently are rich in autho 
 ritative examples of " the figures of Heraldry." In addition 
 to the various forms and combinations of heraldic com 
 position, these works illustrate the early style of drawing 
 in favour with Heralds during the great eras of mediaeval 
 Art, and they have preserved to us most useful and sug 
 gestive representations of various devices in their proper 
 heraldic aspect. In many instances the Heraldry of early 
 Monuments and Architecture possesses a peculiar value, 
 arising from the circumstance of the shields of arms and 
 other insignia having been sculptured in low relief or 
 outlined in incised lines, and consequently these devices 
 and compositions retain their original forms : and, in like 
 manner, the original colouring of the Heraldry of Stained 
 
12 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 Glass remains safe from restoration or destruction, in con 
 sequence of the impossibility of re-painting it. 
 
 The early written Literature of English Heraldry is 
 calculated to throw but little light upon either its true 
 character or its history. In addition, however, to the 
 various and numerous official documents of the Heralds 
 College, several examples of one particular class of heraldic 
 record have been preserved, the value of which cannot be 
 too highly estimated. These are ROLLS OF ARMS long, 
 narrow strips of parchment, on which are written lists of 
 the names and titles of certain personages, with full descrip 
 tions of their armorial insignia. The circumstances under 
 which these Rolls were prepared are for the most part 
 unknown : but, the exact accuracy of their statements has 
 been established beyond all question by careful and repeated 
 comparison with Seals and other Monuments, and also with 
 Documents which give only an indirect and yet not the 
 less conclusive corroboration to the records of the Rolls 
 of Arms themselves. The earliest of these Rolls at present 
 known date about A.D. 1250; and since in these earliest 
 Rolls a very decided technical language is uniformly 
 adopted, and the descriptions are all given in palpable 
 accordance with fixed rules which must then have been 
 well understood, we infer that in the course of the first 
 half of the thirteenth century Heralds had framed some 
 system for the regulation of their proceedings, had raised 
 Heraldry to the rank of a Science, had fixed upon certain 
 terms and rules for describing heraldic devices and figures, 
 and had established laws to direct the granting, the 
 assuming, and the bearing arms. 
 
 The most interesting of these early heraldic Rolls rer 
 cords, in a metrical form, and in Norman-French, the 
 siege and capture of the fortress of Carlaverock, on the 
 Scottish border, by EDWARD I., in the year 1300. In ad- 
 
ROLLS OF ARMS. 13 
 
 dition to veiy curious descriptions of the muster of the 
 Royal troops at Carlisle, their march northwards, and the 
 incidents of the siege (which last have a strange resemblance 
 to what Homer has recorded of incidents that took place 
 during the siege of Troy), this Roll gives some graphic per 
 sonal sketches of the princes, nobles, bannerets, and knights, 
 whose banners and shields of arms are set forth in it with 
 minute exactness. This Roll, as well as several others, has 
 been published, with translations and very valuable notes. 
 
 In the Manuscript Collections of the British Museum also, 
 and of other Libraries both public and private, and in the 
 County Histories, and other works of a cognate character, 
 there are many documents w r hich contain various important 
 records and illustrations of early English Heraldry. 
 
 In any references to authorities, that it may appear de 
 sirable for me to make in the course of this and the follow 
 ing chapters, I must be as concise as possible. A direct 
 reference to Seals, Effigies, &c., will be necessary in each 
 case : but, in referring to Rolls of Arms it will be sufficient 
 to denote the period of the authority in general terms. 
 Accordingly, I shall refer, not to each particular Roll, but 
 collectively to those of each of the following reigns 
 HENRY III., EDWARD I., EDWARD II., EDWARD III., and 
 RICHARD II. ; and these references will severally be made 
 thus, (H. 3), (E. i), (E. 2), (E. 3), and (R. 2). 
 
 Amongst the earliest Shields and Banners of Arms, all 
 of them remarkable for their simplicity, many are found 
 to be without any device whatever, their distinction. con 
 sisting simply in some peculiarity in the colouring. Such 
 examples may be considered to have been derived from 
 pre-heraldic times, and transmitted, without any change or 
 addition, to later periods. The renowned Banner of the 
 Knights Templars, by them called Beauseant, No. 13, is 
 black above and white below, to denote that, while fierce 
 
! 4 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 to their foes, they were gracious to their friends. An ancient 
 Banner of the Earl of Leicester A 
 (H. 3) is white and red, the divi- 
 sion being made by a vertical in 
 dented line; No. 14. The Shield 
 of the ducal House of Brittany, 
 closely connected with the Royal 
 Family of England, is simply of 
 the fur ermine; No. 15. The Shield 
 of Waldegrave is silver and red, as 
 in No. 16: and that of Fitz Warine 
 (H. 3), also of silver and red, is NO. 14. 
 
 No. 13. Banner v o/ Banner ( 
 
 of Templars, treated as in No. 17. 
 
 1 
 
 mer of 
 
 Leicester. 
 
 No. 15. Brittany. No. 16. Waldegrave. No. 17. Fitz Warine. 
 
 Some of the earliest of the simple devices of true Heraldry 
 were evidently adopted from the structural formation (or from 
 a structural strengthening) of the Shields, 
 on which they were displayed. Thus, 
 a raised border, and bands of metal 
 variously disposed in order to impart ad 
 ditional strength to a shield, with distinct 
 colouring, would produce a series of he 
 raldic compositions. A good example 
 
 whitworth. Whitworth, Durham, No. 18, in which 
 the heads of the rivets or screws employed to fix the 
 border on the shield, appear to have been made to assume 
 
STRUCTURAL AND ALLUSIVE DEVICES. 
 
 the character of heraldic additions to the simple border 
 and horizontal bands. Other primary devices of the same 
 simple order, which in like manner may have had a struc 
 tural origin, I shall consider in detail in subsequent 
 chapters. (See particularly Chapter VI.) 
 
 The central boss, at once an appropriate ornament of an 
 early shield, and an important addition to its defensive 
 qualities, when extended in the form of decorative metal- 
 work, would readily suggest a variety of heraldic figures, 
 and amongst others several beautiful modifications of a 
 simple cruciform device which it 
 might be made to assume. The 
 figure called an escarbuncle, No. 
 19, is simply a shield-boss de 
 veloped into decorative structural 
 metal-work. This figure appears 
 in the Temple Church, London, 
 upon the shield of an Effigy, 
 which Mr. J. Gough Nichols has 
 shown to have been incorrectly 
 attributed to Geoffrey de Mande- 
 ville, Earl of Essex. 
 
 The greater number of the No - 9- -The Escarbuncle. 
 earliest devices that appear in English Heraldry were adopted 
 for the express purpose of their having some allusive associa 
 tion, through a similarity of sound in their own names with 
 the names and titles of certain persons, dignities, and places. 
 In exact accordance with the principles and aim of primitive 
 mediaeval Heraldry, and in perfect harmony with the senti 
 ments and requirements of the age in which it grew up into 
 a science, devices of this kind addressed themselves in very 
 plain and expressive language to the men of their own era. 
 In them they saw the kind of symbolical writing that they 
 could remember, as well as understand. They also evidently 
 
1 6 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 liked the quaint style of suggestiveness that was a charac 
 teristic of these allusive devices : and, it is more than pro 
 bable that there frequently lurked in them a humorous 
 significance, which by no means tended to detract from their 
 popularity. Devices of this same order have never ceased to 
 be in favour with Heralds and lovers of Heraldry. They 
 were used in the sixteenth century at least as commonly as in 
 the thirteenth ; but, as would be expected, in the later period 
 they often became complicated, far-fetched, and extravagant. 
 
 This allusive quality, distinguished in English Heraldry 
 as " canting" has commonly been misunderstood, and there 
 fore incorrectly estimated, by modern writers, who have 
 supposed it to be a fantastic conceit of the Heralds of a 
 degenerate age. By writers such as these, accordingly, all 
 " canting arms " (by French Heralds called " armes par- 
 lantes ") have been absurdly assigned to a separate class, in 
 their estimation having an inferior heraldic grade. 
 
 The prevalence of the allusive quality in early arms may 
 be assumed to have been even more general than is now 
 apparent, since so many of the original echoes and allusions 
 have become obscured or altogether lost in the lapse of 
 time, and through the changes that have taken place since 
 the accession of HENRY III. in the French language and in 
 our own also. The use of the Latin language, again, in the 
 Middle Ages led, at later periods, to translations of names ; 
 French names, too, were translated in the same manner 
 into English equivalents : and, at other times, the sound of 
 a Latin or a French (Anglo-Norman) name was transferred 
 to an English representative having a somewhat similar 
 sound, without the slightest reference to the original signifi 
 cation. Who, for example, now associates the well-known 
 MORTIMERS, through the forgotten exploit of a Crusader 
 ancestor, a " De Mortuo Mari" with the Dead Sea ? Or, 
 who in the name of MONTAGU now recognises instinctively 
 
No. 20. 
 Shi-eld of Montacute. 
 
 EXAMPLES OF ALLUSIVE ARMS. 1 7 
 
 the original allusion to a mountain with its sharply peaked 
 crests, and so discerns the probable allusive origin of the 
 sharp triple points of the devices on the old Montacute 
 shield, No. 20 ? It is easy to see 
 how much must have been unconsci 
 ously done, by such changes in names 
 and their associations, to obliterate 
 what once was clear, significant, and 
 expressive. I must be content here 
 to give, simply by way of explana 
 tory illustration, a very few examples 
 of allusive arms; and, in so doing, 
 it may be well for me to observe that the early Heralds of 
 our country always employed the French language as it was 
 spoken in their own times in England as well as in France. 
 In the time of HENRY III., G. de Lucy has for his arms 
 three fades fish now known as pike : Robert Quency has a 
 quintefudlz. flower of five leaves : Thos. Corbett has two 
 corbeaux ravens: A. de Swyneburne has "trots testes de 
 senglier" three heads of the wild boar, or swine: (E 2), Sir 
 R. de Eschales has six escallops shells : Sir G. de 
 Trompintoun, of Trumpington, near Cambridge, has two 
 trompes trumpets : Sir J. Bordoun has three bourdons 
 pilgrim s staves : Sir G. Rossel has three 
 roses: and Sir O. Heron has the same 
 number of herons. So also, for the 
 Spanish provinces Castile and Leon, a 
 castle and a lion : for Falconer, a falcon : 
 Butler, cups : Forester, bugle-horns : Arun- 
 del, hirondettes swallows : Wingfield, 
 wings : Shelley, shells : Pigot, pick-axes : 
 Leveson, leaves: and Martel, martels 
 hammers. The Broom-plant with its seed-pods, in Latin 
 Planta genista, No. 21, gave their name to the PLANTA- 
 
 c 
 
 No. 21. Planta 
 Genista. 
 
i8 
 
 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 GENETS. I shall hereafter add several other curious ex 
 amples of devices of this class, when treating of Badges^ 
 Rebuses, and Mottoes. 
 
 There is one class of early arms, which it is important 
 that students of Armory should observe with especial care, 
 lest they be led by them into unexpected errors. These 
 are arms that were invented after Heraldry had been 
 established, and then were assigned to personages of 
 historical eminence who had lived and died before the 
 true heraldic era. In the days in which every person of 
 prominence bore heraldic arms, and when Heraldry had 
 attained to high renown, it was natural enough to con 
 sider that suitable armorial devices and compositions 
 should be assigned to the men of mark in earlier ages, 
 both to distinguish them in accordance with the usage 
 then prevalent, and to treat their memory with becoming 
 honour. No proof can be shown that the arms said to 
 have been borne by WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR are not 
 of this order made for him, that is, and attributed to 
 him in after times, but of which he himself had no know- 
 
 No. 22. WILLIAM I. 
 
 No. 23. Saxon Princes. 
 
 ledge. These arms, No. 22, differ from the true Royal 
 Insignia of England only in there being two, instead of 
 three, lions displayed upon the shield. The arms of 
 EDWARD THE CONFESSOR, No. 2, were certainly devised 
 long after his death, and they appear to have been 
 
ATTRIBUTED ARMS. 19 
 
 suggested to the Heralds of HENRY III. by one of the 
 Confessor s coins : the shield is blue, and the cross 
 and five birds (martlets) are gold. In like manner, 
 the arms attributed to the earlier Saxon Sovereigns of 
 England, No. 23, a gold cross upon blue, are really not 
 earlier than the thirteenth century. The arms, No. 2, 
 having been assigned to ST. EDWARD, a patron saint of 
 mediaeval England, were long regarded with peculiar reve 
 rence. I have placed them, drawn from a fine shield of the 
 thirteenth century in Westminster Abbey, to take a part in 
 forming a group at the head of my Preface, with the shields 
 of the two other saintly Patrons of "old England," ST. 
 GEORGE and ST. EDMUND, No. i and No. 3 a red cross 
 on a silver shield, and three golden crowns upon a shield 
 of blue. 
 
 C 2 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 The English Heraldry that is n<nv in existence. First Debasement 
 of Heraldry. Later Debasement. Revival of English Heraldry. 
 Heraldic Art. 
 
 " Sans changer." MOTTO OF STANLEY. 
 
 ENGLISH Heraldry, as it exists amongst us in our own 
 times, is the very same Heraldry that flourished under the 
 kindly influences of the greatest of the Plantagenets. It is 
 not of a new, but of the old, Heraldry of England that I am 
 setting forth the elements. Our Heraldry has had to pass 
 from good days to bad ones : and, having gone through the 
 worst of bad days, the circle at length has revolved, so that 
 we are witnessing the happy change of a vigorous heraldic 
 revival. Heraldry already enjoys a very great popularity ; 
 and, without a doubt, it will become still more popular, in 
 the degree that its utility is better and more generally under 
 stood. For its complete ultimate success, the present revival 
 of true English Heraldry must mainly depend upon the 
 manner in which we apply the lessons that may be learned 
 by us, no less from the warnings of the recent evil days of 
 the science, than from the example of the brilliant ones that 
 preceded them long ago. Nor should we deal faithfully 
 with our revived Heraldry, were we not to form a just 
 estimate of whatever was imperfect in the best era of its 
 early history, in order to apply to present improvement the 
 lessons that thus also may be learned. It must be admitted 
 that the Heralds of the seventeenth century, following the 
 footsteps of some of their immediate predecessors, led the 
 
HERALDIC DEBASEMENT. 21 
 
 way towards the thorough debasement of their own science. 
 Their example was not without effect upon those who 
 followed them men quite equal to the perpetration of 
 whatever had not been already done to bring Heraldry into 
 contempt. This was accomplished first, by gravely dis 
 coursing, in early heraldic language, upon the imaginary 
 Heraldry of the patriarchal and antediluvian worthies: 
 making a true coat of arms of Joseph s "coat of many 
 colours," giving armorial ensigns to David and Gideon, to 
 Samson and Joshua, to "that worthy gentilman Japheth," 
 to Jubal and Tubal-Cain, and crowning the whole by 
 declaring that our common progenitor, Adam, bore on 
 his own red shield Eve s shield of silver, after the 
 mediaeval fashion that would denote his wife to have 
 been an heiress ! 
 
 Then there set in a flood of allegorical and fantastic 
 absurdities, by which the fair domain of Heraldry was 
 absolutely overwhelmed. Wild and strange speculations, 
 in a truly vain philosophy, interwoven with distorted images 
 of both the myths and the veritable records of classic 
 antiquity, were either deduced from armorial blazonry, or 
 set forth as the sources from whence it was developed. 
 Fables and anecdotes, having reference to less remote eras, 
 were produced in great variety and in copious abundance 
 The presence in blazon of animated beings of whatsoever 
 kinds, whether real or fabulous, led to rambling disquisitions 
 in the most ludicrously ^natural of imaginary Natural 
 History. From every variety also of inanimate figure and 
 device, the simplest no less than the more elaborate, after 
 the same fashion some " moral " was sought to be extracted. 
 The technical language, too, of the early Heralds, had its 
 expressive simplicity travestied by a complicated jargon, 
 replete with marvellous assertions, absurd doctrines, covert 
 allusions devoid of consistent significance, quaint and yet 
 
22 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 trivial conceits, and bombastic rhapsodies. Even the nomen 
 clature of the Tinctures was not exempt from a characteristic 
 course of " treatment," two distinctive additional sets of titles 
 for gold, silver, blue, red, &c., having been devised and 
 substituted for those in general use (see Chapter V:); of these 
 the one set was derived from the names of the Planets, and 
 employed to emblazon the insignia of Sovereign Princes ; 
 and the other set, derived from the names of Jewels, was 
 applied to the arms of Nobles. In the midst of all the 
 rubbish, however, which they thus delighted to accumulate, 
 there may generally be discovered in the works of writers of 
 this class, here and there, references to earlier usages and 
 illustrations of original principles which, in the extreme 
 dearth of genuine early heraldic literature, are both inter 
 esting and of real value. Nor are these writings without 
 their value, estimated from another point of view, as contem 
 poraneous and unconscious commentaries upon the history 
 of their own times. It must be added that, in more than a 
 few instances, beneath the surface there lurks a vein of both 
 political and personal allusion, of which the point and 
 bearing now are altogether lost, or at the most are only 
 open to conjecture and surmise. And, again, even in their 
 most extravagant and frivolous lucubrations, the heraldic 
 writers of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries are not 
 without touches of humour; as when Gerand Legh (A.D. 
 1562), discoursing of "beastes," remarks of the "Ramme" 
 that in " aucthoritye he is a Duke, for hee hath the leadyng 
 of multitudes and flockes of his own kynde;" and of the ass, 
 " I could write much of this beaste, but that it might be 
 thought it were to mine own glorie." 
 
 The adoption of additional quarterings for the purpose 
 of display, and the introduction of more complicated com 
 positions in the time of HENRY VIII., were speedily 
 followed by the substitution of pictorial representations, 
 
HERALDIC DEBASEMENT. 23 
 
 often of a most frivolous and inconsistent character, and 
 many of them altogether unintelligible without written 
 explanations, instead of the simple, dignified, and expres 
 sive insignia of true Heraldry. For example, in the year 
 1760, a grant of arms was made to a Lincolnshire family 
 named Tetlow, which, with thirteen other figures, includes 
 the representation of a book duly clasped and ornamented, 
 having on it a silver penny, upon which is written the 
 Lord s Prayer ; while above the book rests a dove, holding 
 in its beak a crow-quill ! This was to commemorate one of 
 the family having, with a crow-quill, actually achieved the 
 exploit of writing the Lord s Prayer within the compass of 
 a silver penny. Amongst the most objectionable of the 
 arms of this class are those which were granted to dis 
 tinguished naval and military officers arms, that certainly 
 ought to have conferred fresh honour on illustrious names, 
 instead of inflicting dishonour upon Heraldry itself. Battles 
 by sea and land, landscapes and sea views and fortified 
 cities, flags of all kinds, with medals and ribbons, all of 
 them intermixed with devices not quite so unheraldic, 
 abound in these extravagant compositions. The arms of 
 Lord Nelson, and still more recently those of General 
 Lord Gough, may be specified as flagrant examples of this 
 degenerate pictorial Heraldry. The Duke of Wellington 
 happily escaped a similar infliction. It would be but too 
 easy to enumerate other equally inconsistent and unheraldic 
 compositions : but, I must be content to refer only to the 
 armorial shield granted to the great astronomer, Sir John 
 Herschel, on which is displayed his forty-feet reflecting 
 telescope, with all its apparatus ! These, and all such 
 violations of heraldic truth and consistency, though in 
 some instances they are of very recent date, are now to 
 be assigned to a closed chapter in the history of English 
 Heraldry. 
 
24 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 In our present revival of English Heraldry, it is 
 essential that we impress upon our minds a correct con 
 ception of the two-fold character of all Heraldry that 
 it is a Science, and also that it is an Art. We have to 
 vindicate the reputation of our Heraldry, as well in the 
 one capacity as in the other. Of very noble heraldic Art 
 we happily possess original examples in great numbers, 
 which have been bequeathed to us, as a precious inheri 
 tance, from "the brave days of old." The style of Art 
 that we see exemplified in these early authorities we may 
 accept almost unreservedly as our own style ; and we must 
 aspire to sympathise heartily with their genuine heraldic 
 feeling. In our representation, also, of almost all inani 
 mate and natural objects in our own armorial compositions, 
 as a general rule, we may trust confidently to the same 
 good guidance. The early method of representation, in 
 deed, must form the basis of our system of treatment; 
 and, we may faithfully adhere to this rule, and yet occa 
 sionally we may find it to be desirable that the form and 
 the accessories of some devices should be adapted to 
 modern associations. In truth, it is not by merely copy 
 ing the works of even the greatest of the early heraldic 
 artists, that we are to become masters in heraldic Art. 
 When the copies are good, copying is always valuable, 
 as a branch of study ; but, if it be our highest and only 
 aim to reproduce the expressions of other men s thoughts, 
 then copying is worse than worthless. What we have to 
 do is to express our heraldic Art in the spirit of the early 
 Heralds, to keep it in harmony with what, in the best of 
 the early days, they would have accepted as the highest 
 heraldic Art, and at the same time to show that our heraldic 
 Art in very truth is our own. 
 
 The treatment of animate creatures in Heraldry requires 
 a certain kind, and also a certain degree, of conventionalism- 
 
HERALDIC ART. 25 
 
 Here, as before, in the early Heralds we have excellent 
 masters ; but, here we must follow their teaching with more 
 of reserve, and with cautious steps. We recognise the happy 
 consistency of the conventionalism which they displayed 
 in their representation of animate creatures, without any 
 purpose to adopt it in the same degree with them. Had the 
 early Heralds been more familiar with the living presence 
 of the various creatures that they summoned to enter into 
 their service, without a doubt they would have represented 
 them with a much closer conformity to Nature. We must 
 apply our better knowledge, as we may feel confident the 
 early Heralds would have applied a similar knowledge had 
 they been able to have acquired it. Heraldic animals of every 
 kind Hons, eagles, dolphins, and all others must be so 
 far subjected to a conventional treatment, that they will not 
 exhibit a strictly natural appearance : and, on the other 
 hand, being carefully preserved from all exaggerated con 
 ventionalisms, they must approach as near to Nature as a 
 definite conventional rendering of natural truth will admit. 
 The lions of the early Heralds, spirited beasts always, gene 
 rally show a decided disposition to exhibit their heraldic 
 sympathies in excess. They have in them rather too much 
 that is heraldic conventionalism, and not quite enough 
 that is natural lion. And, with the first symptoms of decline 
 in heraldic Art, the treatment of lions showed signs of a 
 tendency to carry conventionalism to the utmost extrava 
 gance. The same remarks are applicable to eagles. It 
 must be added, however, that truly admirable examples of 
 heraldic animals occasionally may be found as late even 
 as the commencement of the sixteenth century, as in the 
 chantry of Abbot Ramryge, in the Abbey Church at St. 
 Alban s, and in King s College Chapel at Cambridge. It 
 must be our care to blend together the true attributes of the 
 living lion and eagle, and those also of other living creatures, 
 
26 
 
 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 with the traditional peculiarities of their heraldic repre 
 sentatives. And we must extend the corresponding appli 
 cation of the same principles of treatment to imaginary 
 beings and heraldic monsters, as they occur in our Heraldry. 
 The shield, No. 24, of Prince JOHN OF ELTHAM, younger 
 
 No. 24. Prince JOHN OF ELTHAM, 
 
 A.D. 13: 
 
 brother of EDWARD III., finely sculptured with his effigy in 
 alabaster, in Westminster Abbey (A.D. 1336), and in perfect 
 preservation, gives us characteristic examples of lions of the 
 best heraldic era, their frames, attenuated as they are, being 
 perfect types of fierce elasticity. With this shield may be 
 grouped others, having admirably suggestive examples of 
 heraldic lions of a somewhat later date, which are preserved 
 upon the monuments of EDWARD III. and the BLACK PRINCE, 
 severally at Westminster and Canterbury. I shall refer to 
 
HERALDIC ART. 27 
 
 these fine shields again, and to other admirable examples 
 with them, hereafter (Chapter IX.). The conventionalism 
 in all these examples, however felicitous the manner in which 
 it is treated in them, is very decidedly exaggerated. With 
 out being so attenuated and so lengthy in their bodies, 
 these lions might have been at least as thoroughly heraldic. 
 These examples, and others such as these, are not the less 
 valuable to us because their teaching includes an illustra 
 tion of the excesses that we must always be careful to 
 avoid. I may here observe, that on the subject of 
 armorial Art I leave my examples (all of them selected 
 from the most characteristic authorities, and engraved 
 with scrupulous fidelity) for the most part to convey 
 their own lessons and suggestions : my own suggestion to 
 students being that, in such living creatures as they may 
 represent in their compositions, while they are careful to 
 preserve heraldic consistency and to express heraldic feeling, 
 they exhibit beauty of form coupled with freedom of action 
 and an appropriate expression. "Freedom of action" I 
 intend to imply more than such skilful drawing, as will 
 impart to any particular creature the idea of free movement 
 of frame and limb : it refers also to repeated representations 
 of the same creature, under the same heraldic conditions 
 of motive and attitude. And, here " freedom of action " 
 implies those slight, yet significant, modifications of minor 
 details which, without in the least degree affecting armorial 
 truth, prevent even the semblance of monotonous reitera 
 tion. Thus, at Beverley, in the Percy Shrine in the Minster, 
 upon a shield of England the three lions are all heraldically 
 the same ; but, there is nothing of sameness in them never 
 theless, because in each one there is some little variety in 
 the turn of the head, or in the placing of the paws, or in 
 the sweep of the tail. And again, in Westminster Hall, the 
 favourite badge of Richard II., a white hart, chained, and in 
 
28 
 
 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 an attitude of rest, is repeated as many as eighty-three times ; 
 and all are equally consistent with heraldic truth and accu 
 racy, without any one of them being an exact counterpart of 
 
 No. 25. No. 26. 
 
 Badge of RICHARD II., Westminster Hall. 
 
 any other. In Nos. 25 and 26 two examples are shown 
 from this remarkable series of representations of this beau 
 tiful badge, each one different from the other, and yet both 
 really the same. 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 THE GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 The Lan^iage of Heraldry. The Nomenclature. Style and Forms 01 
 Expression. Blazon. The Shield: its Parts, Points, Divisions, 
 Dividing Lines, Varieties of Form, and Heraldic Treatment. 
 
 " The shield hangs down on every breast." LORD OF THE ISLES. 
 
 THE LANGUAGE OF HERALDRY. The original language of 
 English Heraldry was the Norman-French, which may also 
 be designated Anglo-Norman, habitually spoken at the 
 Court of England in the early heraldic era. After a while, 
 a mixed language succeeded, compounded of English and 
 the original Norman-French ; and this mixed language still 
 continues in use. 
 
 NOMENCLATURE. Like its language, the Nomenclature 
 of English Heraldry is of a mixed character, in part 
 technical and peculiar to itself, and in part the same that 
 is in common use. Thus, many of the figures and devices 
 of Heraldry have their peculiar heraldic names and titles, 
 while still more bear their ordinary designations. Descrip 
 tive terms, whether expressed in English or in French 
 (Anglo-Norman), are generally employed with a special 
 heraldic intention and significance. In the earliest Roll 
 of Arms known to be now in existence, which was com 
 piled (as appears from internal evidence) between the years 
 1240 and 1245, the Nomenclature is the same that is found 
 
30 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 in Rolls and other heraldic documents of a later date. This 
 fact of the existence of a definite Nomenclature at that 
 time, proves that before the middle of the thirteenth cen 
 tury the Heraldry of England had been subjected to a 
 systematic course of treatment, and had been established 
 and recognised as a distinct and independent Science. 
 
 STYLE AND FORMS OF EXPRESSION. With the Nomen 
 clature, a settled Style and certain fixed technical Forms 
 of Expression were introduced and accepted in the first 
 half of the thirteenth century ; and, since that period, the 
 Style and Forms of Expression have undergone only such 
 comparatively slight modifications as tended to render them 
 both more complete and more consistent. As it was at 
 the first, it still is the essence of heraldic language to be 
 concise yet complete, expressive, and also abounding in 
 suggestions. Not a syllable is expressed that is not abso 
 lutely necessary ; not a syllable omitted, the absence of 
 which might possibly lead to any doubt or uncertainty. 
 In the more matured style, the repetition of any important 
 word in the same sentence is scrupulously avoided; and, 
 where it would be required, another form of expression is 
 substituted in its stead. Much meaning also is left to be 
 implied and understood, through inference, either based upon 
 certain accepted rules and established heraldic usages for 
 the arrangement of the words and clauses of a sentence, 
 or derived from the natural qualities and characteristic 
 conditions of certain figures and devices : but, nothing is 
 ever left to be inferred when an uncertain inference might 
 possibly be adopted, or that can be understood clearly and 
 with certainty only by means of an explicit statement. 
 Superfluous words and particles of all kinds are altogether 
 omitted. Descriptive epithets follow the nouns to which 
 they refer : as, a red cross is styled a cross gules. The 
 general rules, by which the arrangement of the words in 
 
STYLE BLAZON. 31 
 
 heraldic descriptive sentences is determined, will be found 
 in the last subdivision of this chapter. Examples of 
 heraldic Language, Nomenclature, Style and Forms of 
 Expression, will be given in abundance throughout the 
 following chapters and sections of this treatise. With 
 these examples students will do well to familiarise them 
 selves, by repeating them in writing : then, let them 
 prepare additional examples for that "practice," which 
 (as Parker s " Glossary of Heraldry" says, p. 60) " alone will 
 make perfect," by writing down correct descriptions of 
 heraldic compositions from the compositions themselves; 
 after which process they may advantageously reverse the 
 order of their study, and make drawings of these same 
 (or, if they prefer it, of some other) heraldic compositions 
 from their own written descriptions of them. 
 
 When any heraldic description of a figure, device, or 
 composition has been completed, a statement is made to 
 signify the person, family, community, or realm whose 
 armorial ensign it may be. This is done by simply writing 
 the appropriate name, after the last word of the description ; 
 or, by prefixing the word "for" before the name when it 
 is placed in the same position. Thus, a description of the 
 three lions of England is to be followed by the word 
 "ENGLAND;" or, by the formula "for ENGLAND." If 
 preferred, with equal consistency the arrangement may be 
 reversed, and the Name, with or without the prefix " for," 
 may precede the description : thus " ENGLAND," or " For 
 ENGLAND," three lions, &c. It is to be borne in remem 
 brance, that armorial ensigns are very generally attached 
 to Names, and with the exception of Sovereign Princes 
 by comparison but rarely to Titles and Dignities. 
 
 BLAZON, BLAZONING, BLAZONRY. When a knight entered 
 the lists at a tournament, his presence was announced by 
 sound of trumpet or horn, after which the officers of arms, 
 
3 2 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 the official Heralds, declared his armorial insignia they 
 "blazoned" his Arms. This term, derived from the 
 German word " bias en" signifying "to blow a blast on a 
 honi " (or, as one eminent German Herald prefers, from the 
 old German word "blaze" or " blasse" "a mark" or 
 " sign "), in Heraldry denotes either to describe any armorial 
 figure, device, or composition in correct heraldic language ; 
 or to represent such figure, device, or composition accurately 
 in form, position, arrangement, and colouring. This descrip 
 tion and representation may be distinguished as blazoning 
 and blazonry, the verb " to blazon " being used in either 
 sense. The word "blazon" also, as a noun, may be 
 employed with a general and comprehensive signification 
 to denote " Heraldry." 
 
 THE SHIELD : ITS PARTS, POINTS, AND DIVISIONS. 
 Their Shield, which the knights of the Middle Ages derived 
 from the military usage of antiquity, and which contributed 
 in so important a degree to their own defensive equipment, 
 was considered by those armour-clad warriors to be pecu 
 liarly qualified to display their heraldic blazonry. And, in 
 later times, when armour had ceased to be worn, and when 
 shields no longer were actually used, a Shield continued to 
 be regarded as the most appropriate vehicle for the same 
 display. The Shield, then, which with its armorial devices 
 constitutes a Shield of Arms, always is considered to display 
 its blazonry upon its face or external surface. This blazoned 
 surface of his shield the bearer, when holding it before his 
 person, presents (or would present, were he so to hold it) 
 towards those who confront him. The right and the left 
 sides of the person of the bearer of a Shield, consequently, 
 are covered by the right and left (in heraldic language, the 
 dexter and sinister] sides of his shield : and so, from this it 
 follows that the dexter and sinister sides of a Shield of Arms 
 are severally opposite to the left and the right hands of all 
 
THE HERALDIC SHIELD. 
 
 33 
 
 observers. The Parts and Points of an heraldic Shield, which 
 
 is also entitled an "Escutcheon," are thus distinguished : 
 
 No. 27. A, The Chief: B, The Base : 
 C, The Dexter Side: D, The Sinister 
 
 Side: 
 E, TJie Dexter Chief: F, The Sinister 
 
 Chief: 
 G, The Middle Chief: H, The Dexter 
 
 Base: 
 I, The Sinister Base: K, The Middle 
 
 Base : 
 L, The Honour Point: M, The Fesse 
 
 Point. 
 
 In blazoning the Divisions of a Shield, the term "Per" 
 signifying "by" or "by means of," is employed sometimes 
 alone, and sometimes (having the same signification) with 
 the word "parted" or "party." The primary Divisions of 
 a Shield are indicated in the following diagrams, Nos. 
 2835 :~ 
 
 No. 28. 
 
 No. 29. No 30. 
 
 No. 32. No. 33. No. 34 
 
 No. 28. Per Pale, or Parted per Pale, or Party per 
 
 Pale. 
 
 No. 29. Per Fesse, or Parted per Fesse. 
 No. 30. (Nos. 28 and 29 together) Per Cross, or 
 
 Quarterly. 
 No. 31. Per Bend. 
 
34 
 
 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 No. 32. Per Bend Sinister. 
 
 No. 33. (Nos. 31 and 32 together) Per Saltire. 
 
 No. 34. Per Chevron. 
 
 No. 35. Per Tierce, or Tiercee (divided into three equal 
 
 divisions by two vertical lines). 
 A Shield may be further divided and subdivided, thus : 
 
 
 No. 36. 
 
 It may be divided into any number of Quartering* by lines 
 drawn per pale and per fesse, cutting each other, as in No. 
 36, which Shield is quarterly of eight : in like manner the 
 Quartering* of any Shield, whatever their number (which 
 must be an even number), are blazoned as, quarterly of 
 twelve^ &>c. This, to whatever extent the dividing of the 
 Shield may be carried, is simple Quartering. Again : a 
 quartered Shield may have one or more of its primary 
 quarters, or every one of them, quartered : this, which is 
 the subdivision of a part, the quartering of quarters, is com 
 pound Quartering : for example, in No. 37, the Shield is first 
 divided into the four primary quarters, severally marked 
 A, B, C, I) ; then, so far as the quarters A, B, D are con 
 cerned, the "simple quartering" is subjected to the process 
 of " compound quartering," and quarters A, C are quarters 
 quarterly, and B is a quarter quarterly of six, while C 
 remains unaffected by the secondary process. The terms 
 "quarterly quartering" and " quarterly quartered " are used 
 to signify such secondary quartering as is exemplified in 
 A, B, D, of No. 37. The four primary quarters (A, B, C, D, 
 
BORDER LINES THE SHIELD. 
 
 35 
 
 of No. 37) are distinguished as Grand Quarters: conse 
 quently, the quarter B of this example is the second grand 
 quarter, quarterly of six. This term " Grand Quarter " may 
 be employed to distinguish any primary quarter that is 
 ;; quarterly quartered." 
 
 DIVIDING and BORDER LINES, in addition to simple 
 right lines and curves, assume the forms that are repre 
 sented in the next diagram, No. 38 : 
 
 No. 38. A. Indented 
 
 B. Dancette 
 
 C. Wary or Undee ...[ 
 
 D. Engrailed 
 
 E. Invected .. 
 
 F. Embattled 
 G. 
 
 H. Nebulee 
 
 (2 varieties) 
 
 I. Dovetail . 
 
 THE SHIELD : ITS VARIETIES OF FORM. The front face 
 of an heraldic Shield is generally flat ; but sometimes the 
 curved edges are made to appear as if they had been 
 slightly rounded off. Some early Shields are represented 
 as bowed hollowed, that is, in order to cover more 
 closely the person of the bearer, and consequently 
 having a convex external contour, as in No. 39. 
 In early examples of bowed Shields the whole of 
 the armorial blazonry is generally displayed on 
 the face of that portion of the Shield which is 
 shovvn. A ridge, dividing them in pale, but not necessarily 
 in any way acting as an heraldic dividing line, appears in 
 many Shields, and particularly in those of the fifteenth and 
 
 D 2 
 
 No. 39 . 
 
ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 sixteenth centuries. The large elongated Shields that have 
 been entitled " kite-shaped," and which were in use in the 
 days of RICHARD I. and amongst the Barons of Magna 
 Charta, were superseded by the smaller "heater-shaped" 
 
 No 40. No. 42. No. 41. 
 
 Shield as early as the reign of HENRY III. The most 
 beautiful forms of this Shield are represented in Nos. 40, 
 41, and 42 : of these, No. 40 has its curves described about 
 the sides of an inverted equilateral triangle, and then they 
 are prolonged by vertical lines towards the chief: in Nos. 
 41, 42, the sides curve from the chief to the base. The 
 
 forms of Shields admit of various slight modifications, to 
 adjust them to varying conditions. Towards the close of 
 the fourteenth century the form of the Shield is found to 
 undergo some singular changes : and, at later periods, 
 changes in form of this kind became generally prevalent. 
 Nos. 43, 44, exemplify such changes as these : they also 
 show the curved notch that was cut in the dexter chief 
 
THE SHIELD. 37 
 
 of the Shields of the same periods, to permit the lance 
 
 to pass through it as the Shield hung down on the breast : 
 
 a Shield so pierced is said to be a bouche. The Surface of 
 
 the Shield, No. 43, which is in the Episcopal palace at 
 
 Exeter, is wrought into a series of shallow hollows, which 
 
 curve gracefully from the central ridge, some to the dexter, 
 
 and others to the sinister. Such a Shield as this may be 
 
 consistently used in our own Heraldry : but, since now we 
 
 do not associate lances laid in rest with our heraldic Shields, 
 
 it appears desirable that we should not draw our Shields 
 
 a bouche. In recent Heraldry the Shield has commonly 
 
 been made to appear such an unsightly and 
 
 un-heraldic deformity as is represented in 
 
 No. 45. Instead of a true heraldic Shield 
 
 also, a rounded oval with a convex surface, 
 
 called a cartouche, or cartouche shield, No. 46, 
 
 is occasionally used for the display of armorial No ^ 
 
 blazonry; or a circle is substituted for such 
 
 an oval. These cartouches probably owe their origin to 
 
 the usage of placing a Garter of the Order about a 
 
 Shield (prevalent in the fifteenth century), 
 
 and to the subsequent omission of the 
 
 Shield. A Lozenge, No. 47, takes the 
 
 place of a Shield to bear the arms of 
 
 Ladies, with the sole exception of the 
 
 Sovereign : this very inconvenient sub- No- 46< No 47 
 
 stitute for the heraldic Shield was introduced early in 
 
 the fourteenth century. 
 
 THE SHIELD : ITS HERALDIC TREATMENT. When a 
 Shield is represented as standing erect, it is not necessary 
 to specify that fact, since such a position may be assumed 
 for a Shield unless another be set forth in blazoning. 
 Shields are commonly made to appear suspended by the 
 guige, or shield-belt (which was worn by Knights to sustain 
 
ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 and secure their Shields to their persons) ; in some Seals 
 and generally in architectural compositions, Shields-of-Arms 
 appear suspended, erect, from their guiges ; at Westminster 
 some of the earliest Shields are thus suspended, with a 
 very happy effect, from two points of suspension, the guige 
 passing over sculptured heads, as in No. 48, the Arms of 
 Provence, borne by ALIANORE of Provence, Queen of 
 HENRY III. the shield is gold, and on it are blazoned 
 
 Arms of Provence, Westminster Abbey. 
 
 No. 49. 
 Shield Couchc. 
 
 four red pallets. In Seals, the suspended Shield is generally 
 represented hanging by the sinister-chief angle, as in No. 
 49 ; and it hangs thus diagonally from below the helm. 
 A Shield thus placed is said to be " couche" This arrange 
 ment is also occasionally adopted, when a Shield or an 
 Achievement of arms is not placed upon a Seal. 
 
 The entire surface of every Shield is termed the "Field." 
 The same term is also applied to every plain surface. A 
 Shield is said to be " borne" by the personage to whom 
 it belongs: and, in its turn, the Shield "bears" whatever 
 figures and devices may be displayed upon it ; whence, 
 all these figures and devices are entitled "Bearings" or 
 "Armorial Hearings" All figures and devices are also 
 styled " Charges ;" and they are said to be " charged" upon 
 a Shield, Banner, or Surcoat, or upon one another. In 
 any heraldic composition, unless some other arrangement 
 be particularly specified, the principal figure or device is 
 
THE SHIELD. 39 
 
 placed in the centre of the Shield, and the other charges 
 are displayed over the entire field of the Shield. In 
 blazoning, the field of the Shield is always first noticed 
 and described : next follow the charges that rest upon the 
 field of the Shield itself : then descriptions are given of the 
 secondary bearings that are charged upon others of greater 
 importance. As a general rule, of several charges which 
 all alike rest immediately upon the field of the Shield the 
 most important is the first to be blazoned; so that the 
 arrangement of blazoning is determined by the comparative 
 dignity of the bearings, as well as by the degree in which 
 charges are nearer to the field and further from be 
 holders. In some cases, however, a bearing charged upon 
 the field of a Shield and many times repeated on a small 
 scale, is blazoned (for the sake of simplicity and clearness 
 of expression) next to the field of the Shield itself: thus, 
 if a lion be charged on the field of a Shield, and a consider 
 able number of crosses surround the lion, and, like him, 
 are placed on the field of the Shield also the field of the 
 Shield is blazoned first, the crosses second, and the lion 
 third ; and, if a crescent (or other bearing) be charged upon 
 the lion s shoulder, it is the last in the blazon. In quartered 
 Shields the blazoning commences afresh with each quarter 
 ing. In blazoning armorial banners and horse-trappings, 
 the latter often gorgeously enriched with heraldic blazonry, 
 the dexter side of a flag is always next to the staff, and the 
 head of a horse is supposed always to be looking towards 
 the dexter. 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 THE GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 The Tinctures : Metals, Colours. Furs. Varied Fields. Law of Tinc 
 tures. Counterchanging. Diaper. Disposition. Blazoning in 
 Tinctures. 
 
 " All the devices blazoned on the Shield 
 In their own tinct." ELAINE. 
 
 Ix English Heraldry the TINCTURES comprise Two Metals, 
 Five Colours, and Eight Furs. They are symbolised or indi 
 cated by dots and lines a very convenient system, said to 
 have been introduced, about the year 1630, by an Italian 
 named Silvestre de Petrasancta. Some such symbolisation, 
 however, may occasionally be found in anticipation of Petra 
 sancta. The system now in use was not generally adopted 
 till the commencement of the last century. The Metals, 
 Colours, and Furs are named, their names are abbreviated, 
 and they are severally indicated, as follows : 
 
 No. 50. No. 51. No. 52. No. 53 
 
 
 No. 54. No. 55- No. 56- 
 
 Two METALS. 
 
 TITLES. ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 1. Gold Or Or. ... 
 
 2. Silver Argent Arg. ... 
 
 SYMBOLISATION. 
 
 ,. No. 50. 
 . No. 51. 
 
TINCTURES FURS. 
 
 1. Blue 
 
 2. Red 
 
 3. Black 
 
 4. Green 
 
 FIVE COLOURS. 
 
 TITLES. ABBREVIATIONS. SYMBOLISATION. 
 
 Azure Az No. 52. 
 
 Gules Gu No. 53. 
 
 Sable Sa No. 54. 
 
 Vert Vert No. 55. 
 
 Purple Purpure ... Purp No. 56. 
 
 (In French Heraldry, Green is Sinople.) 
 
 No 59 
 
 No. 63. No. 64. No. 65. 
 
 EIGHT FURS (not abbreviated). 
 
 TITLES. 
 
 1 . Ermine, black spots on white No. 57. 
 
 2. Ermines, white spots on black No. 58. 
 
 3. Erminois, black spots on gold No. 59. 
 
 4. Pean, gold spots on black No. 60. 
 
 5. Vair Nos. 61, 62. 
 
 6. Counter Vair No. 63. 
 
 7. Potent No. 64. 
 
 8. Counter Potent No. 65. 
 
42 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 Two other Colours, or tints of Colour, sometimes used, 
 are no longer retained in English Heraldry Tenne, a tawny 
 or orange colour, indicated by vertical lines crossing those 
 of Purpure: and Murrey or Sanguine, a 
 dark crimson red, indicated by diagonal 
 lines from both dexter and sinister, crossing 
 each other. The Furs, Nos. 58, 59, 60, 
 63, 64, and 65, are of comparatively rare 
 occurrence, and do not appear in the best 
 NO. 57^. ages of Heraldry. Vair and Ermine are 
 
 common. A good early form of Vair is shown in No. 62 : 
 and in No. 5 7 A, I give a fine example of the treatment 
 of Ermine, from the monument of EDWARD III. 
 
 In blazon the Metals always take precedence of the 
 Colours, unless the contrary be specified. In order to avoid 
 repeating or referring to the word " Or" the word " Gold" 
 is sometimes used. The Furs, Nos. 61, 62, 63, 64, and 65, 
 are always argent and azure, unless some other metal and 
 colour be named in the blazoning. Animated beings, and 
 all objects that in Heraldry are represented in their natural 
 aspect and colouring, are blazoned "proper" abbreviated 
 ppr. Heraldic charges and compositions, when sketched in 
 outline with pen and ink or with pencil, are said to be 
 " tricked" or " in trick" 
 
 VARIED FIELDS. It is not necessary that the Field of 
 a Shield, or of any Bearing, should be of any one uniform 
 tincture : but varied surfaces are always tinctured of some 
 one metal and some one colour alternating ; and the patterns 
 or devices thus produced are generally derived (the Furs, 
 Nos. 6 1 65, which are good examples of varied surfaces, 
 being the exceptions) from the forms of the original simple 
 charges that are distinguished as Ordinaries and Subordt- 
 naries. And these varied surfaces or fields are always 
 flat; the whole of their devices or patterns are level, their 
 
VARIED FIELDS TINCTURES. 43 
 
 metal and colour lying in the same plane. It is evident 
 that, in representing any examples of this class, no shading 
 is to be introduced to denote relief. 
 
 Should the field of any charge be divided into a single 
 row of small squares, alternately of a metal and a colour, 
 as No. 66, it is Componee or Company (sometimes written 
 
 PI 
 
 No. 66. No. 67. 
 
 gobony) : if into two such rows, as in No. 67, it is Count er- 
 Compony : but, if the field of a Shield, or the surface of any 
 charge be divided into three, or more than three, such rows, 
 it is Chequee or Cheeky; thus, the Arms of the Earl de 
 WARENNE are Chequee or and az., No. 68 (H. 3 and E. 2). 
 
 THE LAW OF TINCTURES. Every charge is supposed to 
 rest upon the field of a Shield, or on the surface of some 
 charge which supports it. It is a strict law, that a charge of 
 a metal must rest upon a field that is of a colour ; or, con 
 trariwise, that a charge of a colour must rest on a field that 
 is of a metal, that is, that metal be not on metal, nor coloicr on 
 colour. This rule is modified in the case of varied fields, 
 upon which may be charged a bearing of either a metal or 
 a colour : also, a partial relaxation of the rule is conceded 
 when one bearing is charged upon another, should the con 
 ditions of any particular case require such a concession. 
 This rule is not so rigidly enforced in Foreign Heraldry : but, 
 in the Heraldry of England, the solitary intentional violation 
 of it is the silver armorial Shield of the CRUSADER KINGS 
 of JERUSALEM, No. 69, upon which five golden crosses are 
 charged ; the motive in this remarkable exception to an 
 established rule being to cause this Shield to be unlike 
 that of any other potentate. What may be termed the 
 accessories of a charge are not included in this law of 
 
44 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 tinctures : thus, a silver lion having a red tongue may be 
 charged on a blue shield, and the red tongue may rest on 
 the blue field of the Shield. 
 
 COUNTERCHANGING is dividing the field of a Shield in 
 such a manner that it is in part of a metal and in part of a 
 colour, and then arranging the charges in such a manner 
 that they shall be reciprocally of the same colour and metal : 
 
 No. 69. No. 70. 
 
 Arms of Jerusalem. Arms of Fenwick. 
 
 thus, the shield of John Fenwick, No. 70 (R. 2) is, /^r 
 fesse gu. and arg.,six martlets, three, two, one, counterchangcd ; 
 that is, the field is red in chief and silver in base, and the 
 birds or parts of the birds on the red field are silver, and 
 those on the silver field are red. 
 
 DIAPERING. This term denotes a system of decorating 
 plain surfaces in various ways, which was in great favour 
 with the early heraldic artists. In the use of Diaper, which 
 is always desirable, care must be taken that the decorative 
 designs and patterns do not in any way admit of their being 
 mistaken for charges. This diaper may be executed in 
 low relief, subordinated to the relief of the charges ; and it 
 is not required to yield any obedience to the law of tinctures. 
 In the Shield, No. 68 (the original, a very noble shield, is 
 at Castle Acre Priory, Norfolk), which is simply chequee, the 
 Diapering may be alternately azure and or on the squares 
 that are alternately or and azure ; or the Diaper may be 
 dark blue, or sable, or argent on the azure squares, and on 
 the golden ones whatever the artist might consider would be 
 
DIAPERING BLAZONING. 
 
 45 
 
 most effective ; but the Diaper, in this and in all other 
 examples, must always be subordinate to the area and 
 tincture of the field. The finest known early example of 
 heraldic Diaper in enamel, is the Shield of WILLIAM DE 
 
 No. 68. 
 Shield of Arms of Earl de Warrenne, Castle Acre Priory, Norfolk. 
 
 VALENCE, Earl of PEMBROKE, in Westminster Abbey, A.D. 
 1296. Very beautiful early examples of Diapering have 
 been preserved in relics of heraldic stained glass. 
 
 DISPOSITION: BLAZONING. By Disposition is understood 
 the placing and arranging of charges. A single important 
 charge, which has not a fixed position of its own, is placed 
 in the centre of any composition : and minor charges are 
 arranged in their most natural and consistent order and 
 positions, any deviation from which must be specified. A 
 single charge, many times repeated, and small in size, 
 whether with or without any special orderly disposition, is 
 said to be Semee strewn, that is, or scattered over the field, 
 as seed is sown by the hand; or, if the charges are very 
 small or very numerous, the term poudree or powdered may 
 be used. The expression " three, two, one" signifies that 
 a charge is repeated six times, the Disposition being three 
 in a horizontal row towards the chief of the Shield, then 
 
4 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 two in a similar row in the centre, and one in base. In the 
 same manner, the expressions "four, four, one" "four, 
 three, two, one" " three and one" &c., are used as occasion 
 may require. For other dispositions of charges other 
 appropriate terms will present themselves to our notice, 
 growing out of our subject as it advances. 
 
 Should a Tincture or a Number occur a second time in 
 blazoning a single composition, it must be indicated, not by 
 repeating the word already used, but by reference to it. 
 Thus, if the tincture of the field should occur a second time, 
 reference is made to it in the formula " of the field:" or, if 
 the tincture that is named second in order in the blazoning 
 be repeated, it is indicated by the expression " of the 
 second;" and so on. Again : should there be three fleurs 
 de lys and also three crescents in one and the same compo 
 sition, having specified the " three fleurs de lys," the number 
 of the crescents would be set forth in the words " as many 
 crescents :" and so, in like manner, with any other numbers 
 of these or of any other charges. 
 
 In descriptive Blazoning, Epithets, which follow their 
 own Nouns, precede the Tinctures that are associated with 
 those nouns : thus, a black rampant lion having golden 
 claws is blazoned, a lion rampt. sa., armed or. In written 
 and printed blazoning, the arrangement of the words and 
 the placing the stops are alike matters of supreme import 
 ance. The sentences are to be short. A comma is to 
 mark the end of each complete minor clause or division of 
 a sentence : a colon, each more important clause. A point 
 or period is to follow every abbreviated word, to mark the 
 fact of the abbreviation, but without affecting the additional 
 presence of a comma (as in the blazoning, " a lion rampant 
 sa.") or of a colon, as the case may be; but a second 
 period is unnecessary. It is a very common error to over 
 load heraldic blazoning with commas which, instead of 
 
BLAZONING IN TINCTURES. 47 
 
 aiding to simplify the sentences, obscure the meaning and 
 perplex the reader. It is always correct to write " three 
 lion s heads" " six pilgrim s staves" &c. : and always in 
 correct to write " three lions 1 heads" " six pilgrims staves" 
 &c. It appears desirable to print Blazoning in Italic type ; 
 but, as a general rule, not to print particular words in that 
 type ; and, where space will permit, Proper Names may be 
 advantageously displayed in capitals. 
 
 BLAZONING IN TINCTURES. On this head I must be 
 content to offer to students only a few brief practical obser 
 vations. The metal Gold may be rendered with gold pre 
 pared in small saucers, or (most advantageously) in minute 
 slabs ; this preparation is applied, like a common water- 
 colour, by moistening the gold with water ; and it is 
 desirable previously to have washed the paper, card (or 
 vellum) with diluted white of egg. Gold leaf may also be 
 used, but the process is tedious, and requires both skill and 
 experience to ensure complete success. Yellow paint, 
 again, may be used to represent the metal, the best colours 
 being cadmium yellow, or " aureolin " (Winsor and Newton) 
 mixed with Chinese white. For shading, carmine, or crimson 
 lake, mixed with gum. For Silver, aluminium may be used 
 with excellent effect ; or Chinese white; or the paper may 
 be left white : for shading, grey (blue and Indian ink mixed) 
 and gum. The Aluminium is prepared, like the gold, in 
 minute slabs : it may be obtained, of great excellence, from 
 Lechertier, Barbe, and Co., the Quadrant, Regent Street, W., 
 by whom also a very pure preparation of gold is sold : I 
 can also strongly recommend both the gold and the 
 aluminium slabs that are sold by Messrs. Robinson, 99, 
 Long Acre, W. These Metals may be diapered, as well as 
 burnished, with an agate-burnisher. 
 
 For Azure: French blue, freely mixed with Chinese 
 white and a very little gum, the colour to be laid on thick : 
 
ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 shade with Prussian blue mixed with a larger proportion of 
 gum. For Gules : Orange vermilion either pure, or mixed 
 with a very little cadmium yellow or Chinese white, and still 
 less gum : (never use a brilliant but most treacherous pre 
 paration known as " pure scarlet :") shade with carmine or 
 crimson lake, and gum. For Vert: emerald green, with 
 Chinese white and a little gum: shade with dark green, 
 made from mixing aureolin (or gamboge) with Prussian blue 
 and gum. For Purpure : mix carmine and French blue, 
 with a little gum : shade with a darker tint of the same. 
 For Sable: Very dark grey, made by mixing a little 
 Chinese white and gum with black : shade with black and 
 more gum. Outlines to be drawn with a fine steel-pen and 
 " Indelible Brown Ink," sold in small bottles (Robertson s, 
 or Winsor and Newton s). " Proufs Brown " is best when 
 a deeper hue of brown is required in shading, but it is not 
 suitable for outlines. 
 
 When the Metals are rendered by gold and aluminium, 
 it is desirable that these tinctures should be applied, and 
 that the diapering and burnishing of the Metals should also 
 be completed with the burnisher, before the adjoining 
 colours are laid on. The burnishing may be executed in 
 two or three hours after the Metals have been applied to 
 the paper ; and the paper should be placed upon a piece of 
 glass during the processes of burnishing and diapering. 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 THE GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY. 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 The Ordinaries: The Chief; Fesse ; Bar; Pale; Cross, its heraldic 
 varieties ; Bend ; Sallire ; Chevron ; and Pile. 
 
 " Marks of hereditary Honour, given or authorised by some supreme Power." 
 
 SCIENCE OF HERALDRY. 
 
 THE ORDINARIES. These simple Charges of early Heraldry, 
 which always have been held in the highest esteem, are nine 
 in number : The Chief, the Fesse, the Bar, the Pale, the 
 Cross, the Bend, the Saltire, the Chevron, and the Pile. 
 They may be considered to have been derived from various 
 means that were adopted to strengthen Shields for use in 
 combat, the Cross always having a definite symbolism of its 
 own. These Ordinaries may be formed by any of the 
 Border Lines, No. 38. Occasionally they are borne alone ; 
 but more generally they are associated with other bearings, 
 or they have various figures and devices charged upon 
 themselves. In some cases, presently to be specified, more 
 than one Ordinary may appear in a single composition. 
 The Chief, the Bar, the Pale, the Bend, and the Chevron 
 have Diminutives. The Cross has many Varieties. 
 
 The CHIEF (H. 3), bounded by a horizontal line, con 
 tains the uppermost third (or somewhat less than the third) 
 
 E 
 
ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 of the field of a Shield, as in No. 71. The Shield of LE 
 BOTILER, No. 72, is Or, a chief indented az. (H. 3). A 
 
 No. 71. 
 
 No. 72. Le Botiler. 
 
 Chief may be borne with any other Ordinary except the 
 Fesse ; it may also be charged with any other figures or 
 devices : thus, for Sire BERNARD DE BRUS, No. 73, Az., 
 a chief and a saltire or : for Sire JOHAN DE CLINTONE, 
 No. 74, Arg.j on a chief az. two fleurs delysor: and for Sire 
 JOHAN DE CLINTONE de Madestoke, No. 75, Arg., on a 
 
 No. 73. De Brus. 
 
 No. 74, No. 75. De Clintone. 
 
 chief az. two mullets or (all E. 2). The Fillet is the Diminu 
 tive of the Chief, the lowermost fourth of which it always 
 occupies. When any charge is set in the uppermost third 
 of a Shield, or when several charges are disposed hori 
 zontally across the uppermost part of a Shield, they all 
 are said to be " in Chief" 
 
 The FESSE (H. 3), which crosses the centre of a Shield 
 horizontally, when charged occupies about one-third (or 
 rather less than one-third) of the field ; but when without 
 charges, it is narrower. The Shield of Lord CLIFFORD 
 bears, Cheques or and az., afesse gu., No. 76. For ROBT. LE 
 FITZ-WATER, Or, a fcsse between two chevrons %u.: for 
 
THE FESSE THE BAR. 
 
 JOHN DE PATESHULLE, No. 77, Arg., a fesse sa., between 
 three crescents gu. (all H. 3) : for WILLIAM LE VAVASOUR, 
 No. 78, Or, a fesse dancette sa.: for DE HEMENHALE, 
 
 No. 76 -De Clifford. No. 77. De Pateshulle. No. 78. Le Vavasour. 
 
 No. 79, Or, on a fesse between two chevrons gu., three 
 escallops arg. : and for DE DAGEWORTHE, No. 80, Erm., 
 
 No. 79. De Hemenhale. No. 80. De Dageworthe. 
 
 a fesse gu. bezantee (all E. 2). When they are disposed 
 horizontally across the centre of a Shield, Charges are " in 
 fesse? 
 
 The BAR (H. 3), which may be placed horizontally in 
 any part of the field except in fesse or at the chief of the 
 Shield, is about one-fifth of the field (or sometimes less) in 
 
 No. 81. De Harecourt. No. 82. Wake. 
 
 depth. A single bar very rarely occurs in blazon. Ex 
 amples : Or, two bars gu., for DE HARECOURT, No. 81: 
 
 E 2 
 
52 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 Az., two bars daticettee or, for DE RIVERES : Or, two bars 
 gu., in chief three torteaux, for WAKE, No. 82. The Dimi 
 nutives of the Bar are the Closet and the Barrulet, severally 
 one-half and one-fourth of its width. When they are dis 
 posed in couples, Barrulets are Bars Gemelles : thus, No. 
 83, for DE HUNTERCUMBE, farm., two bars gemelles gu. 
 (H. 3). A Fesse or Bar, when placed between two barrulets, 
 is said to be cotised by them; or, to be "doubly cotised," 
 
 No. 83. De Huntercumbe. No. 84. De la Mere. 
 
 \\hen placed between two bars gemelles : thus, for DE LA 
 MERE, No. 84, Or, a fesse doubly cotised (or, between two 
 bars gemelles} az. (E. 2). An even number of bars alter 
 nately of a metal (or a fur) and a colour form the varied 
 field which is to be blazoned " barry? the number of the 
 bars in every case to be specified as, " barry of six" 
 " barry of eight" &c. If the number of bars exceeds ten 
 (some writers say eight), it is "barrulee" or " barmly ;" 
 and in this case it is not necessary that the number of the 
 bars should be specified, the word barrulee being used 
 alone, or the expression " barrulee sans nombre? to denote a 
 considerable number, but not a fixed number of bars the 
 number, however, always to be even. It is to be observed 
 that while the bars, whatever their number, if they are 
 blazoned as bars, are to be treated as if they were executed 
 in relief upon the field of a Shield; a Shield that is barrule e 
 has its field formed by bars which are all in the same 
 plane. Examples : Barry of six or and gu., for FITZ 
 
THE PALE. 
 
 53 
 
 ALAN of Bedale, No. 85 : Barry of six arg. and az., for DE 
 GREY : Barry of eight or and az., for DE PENBRUGGE (all 
 H. 3) : Barrulee arg. and az., an orle of martlets gu., for 
 DE VALENCE, Earl of PEMBROKE, No. 86 ; in this example 
 
 -v-%- 
 
 ns: 
 
 No. 85 Fitzalan of Bedale. 
 
 No. 86. De Valence. 
 
 ten bars are represented, but in the noble enamelled shield 
 of the first De Valence (A.D. 1296) preserved in West 
 minster Abbey, the bars are twenty-eight in number. 
 Charges, not " in fesse " or " in chief," that are disposed 
 horizontally across the field are " bar-wise? 
 
 The PALE. Like the Fesse, this Ordinary occupies 
 rather less than a central third of the field, but it is vertical 
 in its position instead of horizontal. No. 87, for ERSKINE, 
 is Arg., a pale sa. This Ordinary is not common in 
 
 No. 87 Ersldne. No. 88. Grandison, 
 
 blazon. Its Diminutives, the Pallet and the Endorse, 
 severally one-half and one-fourth of its width, may be 
 placed vertically in any part of the field. A Pale between 
 two Endorses is "endorsed" An even number of Pallets of 
 
54 
 
 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 a metal (or a fur) and a colour set alternately, form the 
 varied field to be blazoned "paly? the number of the 
 Pallets (which lie all in the same plane) always to be 
 specified : thus Paly of six arg. and az., on a bend gu. 
 three eaglets displayed or, for GRANDISON, No. 88 (H. 3). 
 Charges that are disposed one above another vertically are 
 " in pale." This is the arrangement of the three golden 
 lions of England. 
 
 The CROSS (H. 3), formed from a combination of a Fesse 
 with a Pale, in its simplest form is set erect in the centre of 
 the field, and it extends to the border-lines of the Shield. 
 If at any time it may be necessary or apparently desirable 
 specially to set forth in the blazoning of a Shield, that a 
 Cross charged upon it does thus extend to the border-lines, 
 such a Cross is blazoned as a " Cross through? No. i, 
 Arg., a Cross gu., the armorial ensign of ST. GEORGE, the 
 special Patron Saint of England, may be blazoned as "A 
 Cross of St. George? Of this Cross, the great symbol 
 of the Christian Faith, Spenser says 
 
 "And on his brest a bloodie Cross he bore, 
 The deare remembrance of his dying Lord .... 
 Upon his Shield the like was also scored." 
 
 FAERIE QUEEN I. i. 2. 
 
 A Cross having a narrow border lying in the same plane 
 
 No. 89 Cross fimbriated. No 90. Cross pointed. 
 
 with itself, is " fimbriated," such a border being a "fimbria- 
 tion :" thus, No. 89, Az., a cross git., fimbriated arg., repre- 
 
THE CROSS. 55 
 
 sents the Cross of St. George in our National " Union Jack." 
 A Cross having its four extremities cut off square, so that it 
 does not extend in any direction to the border-lines of the 
 shield, is " couped" or " humettee" If the extremities of a 
 Cross are cut off to points, it is "pointed," as in No. 90. 
 If its central area is entirely removed, so that but little more 
 than its outlines remain, it is " voided" or (H. 3) " a false 
 Cross " (" faux crois ") : when its four limbs are equal in 
 length, it is a " Greek Cross" as No. 91 : when the limbs 
 are unequal, the lower limb or shaft 
 being longer than the other three, 
 as in No. 92, it is a "Latin Cross:" t __ IL^ 
 if it be formed of a shaft and two |( 
 horizontal limbs only (like the No - 9 1 - No -9 2 - NO. 93. 
 letter T), as in No. 93, it is a " Tan Cross:" if a small 
 square is pierced at the intersection of the limbs, it is 
 "quarter-pierced:" but, it is "quarterly-pierced" if the 
 entire central area be voided. A Latin Cross on steps, is 
 " on Degrees" and it is distinguished as a " Calvary Cross." 
 Charges having a cruciform arrangement are " in Cross" 
 
 The CROSS : its HERALDIC VARIETIES. The Cross- 
 symbol appears in English Heraldry under several varieties 
 and modifications of form and condition, some of them of 
 
 No. 94. No 95. 
 
 Quadrate. Patriarchal. 
 
 great beauty. The following engraved representations of 
 the various examples are so explicit, that descriptions of 
 them are unnecessary. The Cross Quadrate, No. 94. The 
 Cross Patriarchal, No. 95. The Cross Fourchee, No. 96. 
 
56 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 The Cross Moline, represented charged upon the Shield 
 attributed to the SAXON KINGS of ENGLAND, No. 23 : this 
 same shield Az., a Cross moline or, is borne by DE 
 MOLINES or MOLYNEUX, No. 97. The Cross Cercelee or 
 
 No. 97. Cross Moline : No. 98. Cross Recercelc e ; No 99. - Cross Patonce : 
 Arms of De Molines. Arms of Bishop Anthony Bee. Arms of William de Vesci. 
 
 Recercelee (H. 3), Gu., a Cross recercelee erm., No. 98, for 
 ANTHONY EEC, Bishop of DURHAM. The Cross Patonce 
 (H. 3), Gu., a Cross patonce arg., No. 99, from the Seal of 
 WM. DE VESCI, A.D. 1220. The Cross Fleurie^Q. 100 : 
 this should be compared carefully with Nos. 97 and 99, 
 the Crosses Moline and Patonce. The Cross Fleurettee, 
 
 No. 101. The Cross Pomm ee, No. 102. The Cross 
 Botome or Treflee, No. 103. The Cross Cross let, or Crosslet 
 crossed, No. 104. The term "Crosslet" is strictly applicable 
 to any Cross on a very small scale : but it is usually applied 
 to denote a Cross that is crossed as in No. 104. Small 
 Crosses Botone e are occasionally used as these " Crosses- 
 Crosslets," as at Warwick in the arms of the BEAUCHAMPS, 
 
THE CROSS. 
 
 57 
 
 the Earls of WARWICK. Crosslets are frequently blazoned 
 semee over the field of a Shield ; and, in smaller numbers, 
 
 No. 103. 
 Botonee. 
 
 
 No. 105. 
 Clechee. 
 
 they also are favourite Charges. No. 105 is the Cross 
 Clechee or Urdee. 
 
 The Cross Patee or Formee is represented in No. 106. 
 No. 107 is the " Cross of eight Points? or the Maltese Cross : 
 this example is drawn from the portrait of PHILLIPPE DE 
 VILLIERS DE L ISLE-ADAM, elected forty-third Grand Master 
 of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, A.D. 1521 ; this 
 
 No. 109. 
 Avellane. 
 
 No. 107. 
 Maltese. 
 
 No. no. 
 Botonee Fitche e. 
 
 picture is in the possession of the Earl of Clarendon, K.G. 
 The Cross Potent, No. 108. The Cross Avellane, No. 109. 
 The Crossed- Crosslet, and the Crosses Patee, Botonee, and 
 Potent, are also drawn having their shaft elongated and 
 
58 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 pointed at tJie base : in this form they are severally blazoned 
 as a " Crossed-Crosslet Fitchee? a " Cross Patee Fitchee? &c., 
 a Cross, that is, " fixable" in the ground: No. no is an 
 example of a Cross Botonee Fitchee. Several of these 
 varieties of the heraldic Cross occur but rarely ; and there 
 are other somewhat fanciful varieties so little in use, as to 
 render any description of them unnecessary. The student 
 of mediaeval monumental antiquities will not fail to observe 
 a certain degree of resemblance between some of the 
 Crosses of Heraldry, and those that are incised and 
 sculptured on sepulchral slabs. 
 
 The BEND (H. 3) resembles both the Fesse and the 
 Pale in every condition, except that it crosses the field 
 diagonally from the dexter chief to the sinister base. No. 
 in, the Shield of SCROPE, is Az. t a bend or: a celebrated 
 contest for the right to bear this simple Shield took place, 
 A.D. 1385 1390, between Sir RICHARD LE SCROPE and Sir 
 ROBERT GROSVENOR, which was decided in favour of the 
 former. No. 112, for RADCLYFFE, is Arg., a bend engrailed 
 
 No. ii2. De Radclyffe. No. in.- Le Scrope. No 113.- Le Boteler. 
 
 sa. Two uncharged Bends may appear in one composition : 
 thus, for LE BOTELER Arg., two bends az., No. 113; and 
 for FRERE Gu., two bends or (both H. 3). The Di 
 minutives of the Bend are the Bendlet and the Cotise, the 
 one containing one-half and the other one-fourth of its area. 
 A Cotise is sometimes borne couped at its extremities, when 
 it is a Riband, A Bend between two Cotises is cotised: 
 
THE BEND. 
 
 59 
 
 thus, No. 114, for DE BOHUN, Az., a Bend arg., cotised or, 
 between six lioncels rampt. gold ; this Shield is engraved 
 from the Seal of HUMPHREY DE BOHUN, fourth Earl of 
 HEREFORD (A.D. 1298 1322); in it the cotised Bend is 
 very narrow, evidently to give more space for the lioncels. 
 Charges displayed on a Bend slope with it that is, they 
 would be erect, were the Bend to be set vertically and to 
 become a Pale : thus, another DE BOHUN, Sir Gilbert, 
 (H. 3), distinguishes his Shield by tincturing his Bend or, 
 
 No. 114. 
 Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford. 
 
 No. 115. 
 Sir Gilbert de Bohun. 
 
 and charging upon it three escallops gules, as in No. 115. 
 In No. 88, the eaglets also exemplify the disposition of 
 charges upon a Bend. Charges set diagonally on the field 
 of a Shield, or " in bend" are arranged in the same manner. 
 A field divided into an even number of parts by lines drawn 
 bendwise, is " bendy? the number of the divisions to be 
 specified : as a matter of course, a field thus " bendy " 
 becomes a " varied field," in which all the divisions lie in 
 the same plane : thus, No. 116, for DE MONTFORD (H. 3 
 and E. 2) Bendy of ten or and az. Bendlets are in relief, 
 
60 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 as in No. 117, for DE BRAY Vairee, three Bendlets gu. If a 
 
 No. 116. De Montford. 
 
 No. 117. De Bray. 
 
 field be divided by lines drawn bendwise, and also by 
 others drawn either vertically or horizontally, it is "paly 
 
 \\ 
 NX 
 
 No. 118. Paly Bendy. 
 
 y\\ \\\\\l 
 \\ \\\\\, 
 \\\ \ \ \ 
 
 \\\ \ v\v 
 
 \\\\\\\ 
 
 v\\\\x 
 
 No. 119. Barry Bendy. 
 
 bendy" as No. 118, or " barry bendy as No. 119. A Bend 
 issuing from the sinister chief is a Bend Sinister. 
 
 The SALTIRE (H. 3), a combination of a Bend with a 
 Bend Sinister, may also be regarded as a Diagonal Cross. 
 Thus, the Crosses of St. ANDREW of SCOTLAND, and of St. 
 
 No. 120. St. Andrew. No. 122. De Neville. No. 121. De Neville. 
 
 PATRICK of IRELAND are Saltires the former, No. 120 
 Az., a Salt ire arg.: the latter Arg., a Salt ire gu. The 
 
THE CHEVRON. 6 1 
 
 arms of the great family of NEVILLE reverse those of St. 
 PATRICK, and are GIL, a Saltire arg., No. 121: so Dray ton 
 has recorded that 
 
 " Upon his surcoat valiant NEVILLE bore 
 A silver Saltire upon martial red." 
 
 Barons War, \. 22. 
 
 Charges set on a Saltire slope with its limbs, the central 
 charge being erect ; and the disposition of charges set " in 
 saltire " is the same : a single charge set on a Saltire is 
 blazoned erect on the central point of the Ordinary, as in 
 No. 122, another Shield of NEVILLE, in which the "Silver 
 Saltire " is charged with a rose gules. A Saltire may be 
 borne with a Chief, as in No. 73. 
 
 The CHEVRON (H. 3), in form and proportions is rather 
 more than the lower half of a Saltire. The Diminutive is a 
 Chevronel, containing half a Chevron, or perhaps less : thus, 
 for DE STAFFORD, (E. 2), Or, a Chevron gu., No. 123 : for 
 
 No. 123. De Stafford. No. 124. Shield of De Clare. 
 
 the great family of DE CLARE, from whom so many other 
 families derived their Chevrons and Chevronels Gu., three 
 Chevronels or, No. 124 (H. 3). Two Chevrons may be 
 borne in one composition : or they may appear with a 
 Fesse, as in No. 79: or with a Chief, as (H. 3), for DE 
 C ROM BE Erm., a Chevron gu., and on a Chief of the last 
 three escallops or; for ST. QUINTIN (H. 3) Or, three 
 Chevronels gu., a Chief vair. A field Chevronee is of rare 
 
62 
 
 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 occurrence : the three Chevronels of DE CLARE, however, 
 No. 124, appear to have been derived from a field Chevrome: 
 certainly, on his seal, "Strongbow" has the Chevrone e 
 Shield, No. I24A, about A.D. 1175. Charges set on a 
 Chevron, or disposed " in Chevron" are placed in the same 
 
 No. I24A. Early Shield of De Clare. 
 
 No. 125. 
 
 manner as those on a Saltire or "in Saltire :" thus, for Sir 
 ROGER PEYVRE (E. 2) Arg., on a Chevron az., three fleurs 
 delys or, No. 125. 
 
 The PILE (H. 3), resembling a wedge in form, is borne 
 both single and in small groups. Unless some other dis 
 position on the field be specified, this Ordinary issues from 
 the chief of the Shield. Examples: Or, a Pile gu., between 
 six and charged with three estoiles (or mullets] coimter- 
 
 No. 126. De Chandos. No 127. De Brian No. 128. De Bassett. 
 
 changed, for ROBERT DE CHANDOS, No. 126: Or, three 
 Piles az,, No. 127 for Sir GUY DE BRIAN; Or, three 
 
THE PILE. 63 
 
 Piles gu., a canton erm., No. 128, for DE BASSETT (all 
 H. 3) : and (E. 2), Arg., a Pile engrailed sa. for Sir ROB. 
 DE FORNEUS. 
 
 The probable structural origin of these Ordinaries is 
 sufficiently apparent to render any further comment on that 
 interesting circumstance superfluous. 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 
 THE GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY. 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 The Subordinarics : The Canton or Quarter : The Inescutcheon : The 
 Orle: The Tress^lre: The Bordure: Planches: The Lozenge, 
 Mascle, and Rtistre: The Fusil: The Billet : The Gyron : The 
 Frette. The Roimdles. 
 
 " The second in a line of stars." IDYLLS OF THE KING. 
 
 THE SUBORDINARIES. This title has been assigned, but 
 without any decisive authority, to another group of devices, 
 second in rank to the Ordinaries. These Subordinaries are 
 the Canton or Quarter, the Inescutcheon, the Orle, the Tres- 
 sure, the Bordure, Planches, the Lozenge, Mascle and Rustre, 
 the Fusil, the Billet, the Gyron, and the Frette. The Can 
 ton, by the early Heralds commonly styled the " Quarter," 
 sometimes has been grouped with the Ordinaries. And it 
 must here be observed that the Lozenge, Fusil, Billet, 
 Gyron, and Frette were not used as single charges by the 
 early Heralds; but by them the fields of Shields were 
 divided lozengy and gyronny, or they were scmee of Billets, 
 or covered over with Frette-work, from which the single 
 charges evidently were afterwards obtained. 
 
 The CANTON (H. 3), sometimes blazoned as a QUAR 
 TER, cut off by two lines, the one drawn in pale and the 
 other bar-wise, or in fesse, is either the first quarter of 
 the field of a Shield, or about three-fourths of that quarter, 
 but smaller if not charged. A Canton ermine is of frequent 
 occurrence, as in No. 128 : but it is generally borne charged, 
 
THE INESCUTCHEON. 
 
 6:5 
 
 and it always overlies the charges of the field of the Shield, 
 as No. 129, for DE KYRKEBY (R. 2) Arg., two bars gu. ; on 
 
 No. 129. De Kyrkeby. 
 
 No. 130. Blundell. 
 
 a canton of the last a cross moline or; and, for BLUNDELL 
 (H. 3) Az., Ullettee, on a canton or a raven ppr., No. 130. 
 
 The INESCUTCHEON (H. 3) is a Shield borne as a charge, 
 and displayed " in pretence " upon another Shield larger 
 than itself. When one Inescutcheon is borne, it is placed 
 on the fesse-point; but several Inescutcheons may appear 
 in one composition. The well-known Shield of the MOR- 
 
 No. 132. Darcy. 
 
 No. 131. De Mortimer. No. 133. De Wyllers. 
 
 TIMERS supplies a good example, No. 131 (H. 3) Barry of 
 six or and az., an inescutcheon arg. ; on a chief gold, gyroned 
 of the second, two pallets of the same : for DARCY Arg. , an 
 inescutcheon sa., within an orle of roses gn., No. 132 (E. 2): 
 Arg., three inescutcheons gu., for DE WYLLERS (E. 2), 
 No. 133. 
 
 F 
 
66 
 
 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 The ORLE (H. 3), blazoned by early Heralds as a "false 
 escutcheon " ("faux escocheon"\ or as an " inescutcheon voided" 
 is the border of a Shield or Escutcheon 
 a Shield, that is, voided of the central area 
 of its field, and, like an Inescutcheon, 
 charged on a Shield. The arms of BALLIOL, 
 No. 134, are Gu., an Orle arg. (H. 3). 
 These arms are blazoned on many Scottish 
 Seals of the greatest interest, and on the 
 Seals of Balliol College, Oxford. Small 
 charges are frequently disposed about the border of a 
 Shield " in Orle" as in Nos. 86 and 132. 
 
 The TRESSURE (H. 3) may be regarded as a variety of 
 the Orle ; indeed, in its simplest form it is a very narrow 
 Orle, which is generally set round with fleurs de lys. A 
 Tressure thus enriched is represented in No. 135 : in this 
 
 No. 135- 
 Single Tressure 
 Flory. 
 
 No. 137. 
 Double Tressure 
 
 flory counterflory. 
 
 No. 136 
 Tressure flory 
 counterflory. 
 
 example all the heads of the fleurs de lys point externally, 
 and all their stalks internally, and this accordingly is 
 blazoned as a "Tressure flory? In No. 136, which, like No. 
 135, is a single Tressure, the fleurs de lys are so disposed 
 that the heads and stalks of the flowers point alternately in 
 contrary directions : this is blazoned as a " Tressure flory 
 counterflory" From this last example the Tressure that is 
 so well known in the blazonry of the Royal Shield of 
 
THE TRESSURE. 
 
 SCOTLAND differs, in being " double" This, the double 
 Tressure of Scotland, is a combination of two such single 
 Tressures as No. 136, and it is produced from them in the 
 manner following : From one such single Tressure, as No. 
 136, all the alternate heads and stalks of the fleurs de lys 
 that point internally are cut away and removed ; then a 
 second similar Tressure, of rather smaller size, is denuded 
 of all its external adornment, and in that condition it is 
 placed within the former Tressure, leaving a narrow interval 
 between the two. Each component half of this " double 
 Tressure flory counterflory," accordingly, has its own in 
 dependent series of demi-fleurs de lys, the stalks and heads 
 of the flowers alternating, and the one alternate series 
 pointing externally, while the other points internally. 
 When in combination, these two series of demi-neurs de 
 lys may be so arranged that the heads of the flowers in 
 one series correspond with their stalks in the other, as in 
 No. 137. I am thus particular in describing the process 
 of producing the Royal Tressure, be 
 cause it is frequently to be seen in 
 correctly drawn. No. 138, the Royal 
 Shield of SCOTLAND, now displayed in 
 the second quarter of the Royal Arms 
 of the UNITED KINGDOM, is thus bla 
 zoned Or, within a double Tressure 
 flory counterflory, a lion rampt. gu. It 
 will be observed that a narrow strip 
 of the golden eld of this Shield 
 intervenes between the two Tressures. There are many 
 fine examples of this Shield in Scottish Seals ; in the 
 Garter-plate, also, of JAMES V. of Scotland, K.G., at 
 Windsor ; and on the Monuments in Westminster Abbey 
 to MARY Queen of SCOTS (A.D. 1604), and to the 
 Countess of LENNOX, the mother of Lord DARN LEY (A.D. 
 
 F 2 
 
 No. 138. Scotland. 
 
68 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 1577). Mr. Seton ("Scottish Heraldry," p. 447) states that 
 the Tressure may be borne " triple ;" and. after specifying 
 the Scottish families upon whose Shields the same honour 
 able bearing is blazoned, he adds : " In the coat of the 
 Marquess of HUNTLEY, the Tressure is flowered with 
 fleurs de lys within, , and adorned with crescents without ; 
 while in that of the Earl of ABERDEEN it is flowered and 
 counter-flowered with thistles and fleurs de lys alternately." 
 
 The BORDURE (H. 3), as its name implies, forms a 
 border to a Shield : it is borne both plain and charged. 
 Thus, for DE WALTONE (E. 2) Arg., a cross patee sa., within 
 a Bordure indented gu., No. 139 : for RICHARD, Earl of 
 
 Q O Ql 
 
 No. 139. De Waltone. No. 140. Richard, Earl of Cornwall. 
 
 CORNWALL, second son of King JOHN (H. 3), Arg., within 
 a Bordure sa. bezantee, a lion rampt. gu. crowned or, No. 140. 
 The Bordure, and its important services in Heraldry, will 
 be more fully considered hereafter. (See Chapters XII. 
 and XIII.) 
 
 FLANCHES are always borne in pairs ; but they are not 
 of very early date, nor do they often appear in blazon. 
 Ranches are formed by two curved lines issuing from the 
 chief, one on each side of the Shield : they are shown, 
 shaded for azure, in No. 141 ; and in No. 142 are their 
 Diminutives, Flasques or Voiders, shaded for gules. There 
 is a close resemblance between these charges and a peculiar 
 
THE LOZENGE. 
 
 69 
 
 dress worn by Ladies of rank in the fourteenth and fifteenth 
 centuries ; but it is not easy to determine whether the dress 
 
 No. 141. Flanches. 
 
 No. 142. Flasques. 
 
 suggested the Flanches on the Shield, or was derived from 
 them. One thing, however, is certain the dress must have 
 possessed very decided good qualities, since it continued in 
 favour for more than two centuries. It is remarkable that 
 many of the ancient Greek Shields have pierced Flanches. 
 The LOZENGE (E. 2), MASCLE (H. 3), and RUSTRE. 
 The Lozenge is a diamond-shaped figure, or a square set 
 diagonally. The Mascle is a Lozenge voided of the field, No. 
 143 ; and the Rustre, No. 144, is a Lozenge pierced with a 
 circular opening. In the early days of Heraldry the Lozenge 
 and the Mascle were evidentlv held to be identical. The 
 
 No. 143. Mascle. 
 
 No. 144. Rustre. 
 
 No. l45 ._D e Burgh, Earl of Kent. 
 
 Shield of the famous HUBERT DE BURGH, Earl of KENT, 
 in the early Rolls is blazoned as " masculee :" but his Seal 
 proves it to have been, as in No. 145, lozengy vair and gu. 
 The Lozenge, it will be remembered, is always set erect 
 upon the field of a Shield. 
 
ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 The FUSIL is an elongated Lozenge. The Arms of MONT- 
 ACUTE or MONTAGU (see No. 20) are Arg., three Fusils 
 conjoined in fesse gu., No. 20A : the Arms of PERCY are 
 Az., Jive fusils conjoined in fesse or. In early blazon, Fusils 
 thus "conjoined in fesse" are commonly described as " a 
 
 No. 2oA. Montacute. 
 
 No. 146. Deincourt. 
 
 Fesse engrailed" (the more appropriate term "indented" 
 does not appear to have been introduced), the number of 
 the points being specified. 
 
 The BILLET (H. 3) is a small elongated rectangular figure. 
 Thus, for DEINCOURT, No. 146 Az. t billettee, a fesse dancette 
 or. The early Heralds blazoned a " Fesse Dancette " as 
 simply a "Dancette" or " Danse" See also No. 130. 
 
 The GYRON, a triangular figure, not known in English 
 blazon as a separate charge, gives its title to the gyronny 
 field, which is more commonly found in the Heraldry of 
 the North than of the South. The field gyronny generally, 
 and more particularly in Scotland, is 
 divided into eight pieces : but the divisions 
 are sometimes six, ten, twelve, or even six 
 teen in number. A Roll of the time of 
 HENRY III. has, for WARIN DE BASING- 
 BORNE " Gerony d or et d azur." The 
 Arms of CAMPBELL are Gyronny or and 
 sa., No. 147. Here, where there are eight 
 pieces or divisions, it is not necessary to specify the number ; 
 
 No. 147. 
 Campbell. 
 
THE FRETTE THE ROUNDLES. 71 
 
 but if they were either more nor less than eight the blazon 
 would "be gyronny of six, of ten, &c. From No. 147 it 
 will be observed that in the series of gyronny divisions the 
 tinctures commence in the lower triangular half of the first 
 quarter of the Shield. 
 
 The FRETTE, in more recent Heraldry, has generally 
 superseded the original field fretty. This interlaced design, 
 whether borne as a distinct figure, as No. 148, or repeated 
 
 No. 148. A Frette. \v\//^ No I5 ~ Trellis Clouee. 
 
 No. 149. De Etchingham. 
 
 over the field of a Shield, as in No. 149, differs from a field 
 lozengy or gyronny, in being a bearing charged upon the 
 field of a Shield, and not a form of varied surface : No. 
 
 149, for DE ECHINGHAM (E. 2), is Az., fretty arg. An 
 early variety or modification of Frette is the Trellis or 
 Treille, in which the pieces do not interlace, but all those 
 in bend lie over all those in bend sinister, and they are 
 fastened at the crossings with nails " douee," as in No. 
 
 150. RICHARD DE TRUSSELL or TRESSELL (H. 3) bears 
 Arg., a trellis gu., douee or. 
 
 The ROUNDLES, or ROUNDLETS. These simple figures, 
 in constant use in every age of Heraldry, are divided into 
 two groups, which correspond with the division of the 
 Tinctures into " Metals " and " Colours." 
 
 The first group contains the two Roundles of the 
 Metals, which are flat discs : i, The Bezant, or golden 
 Roundle, No. 151, apparently has derived its name from 
 
y 2 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 the Byzantine coins that the Crusaders, when in the East, 
 may sometimes have actually fixed upon their Shields for 
 heraldic distinction. 2, The Silver Roundle, or Plate, is 
 from the Spanish " Plata" silver. When Bezants or Plates 
 appear in considerable numbers, the field on which they are 
 charged is said to be " bezantee" or " plattee." See No. 140. 
 The second group contains the five Roundles of the 
 Colours, which are globular, and are to be shaded accord- 
 
 No. 151. Bezant. No. 152. Torteau. No. 153. Fountain. 
 
 ingly. The Torteau, No. 152, in the plural Torteaux, is 
 gules : the Hurt is azure : the Pellet or Ogress is sable : the 
 Pomme is vert : and the Golpe is purpure. These distinc 
 tive titles, which are more calculated to perplex the student 
 than to simplify his study, are of comparatively recent 
 origin, the early Heralds having used the terms " Bezant" 
 " Plate," and " Torteau" with the general designations 
 "Roundle" and "Pellet? adding the tinctures. Examples : 
 Az., bezantee, for WM. DE LA ZOUCHE : Or, on afessegu. 
 three plates, for ROGER DE HUNTINGFIELD : Arg., ten tor- 
 teaux, four, three, two, one, for ALEX. GIFFARD (all H. 3). 
 See also Nos. 80, 82. 
 
 A circular figure or Roundle that is barry wavy arg. 
 and az., is blazoned as a "Fountain" No. 153. Examples: 
 Arg., three fountains, for WELLES : Arg., a 
 Chevron between three fountains, borne by a 
 family named Sykes, an ancient term signifying a 
 NO. i S4 . we u or f oun tain. An Annulet, or a plain ring 
 
 Annulet. . - 
 
 No. 154, was sometimes blazoned as a "false 
 Roundle" a Roundle, that is, pierced, and having its 
 central area removed. 
 
CHAFER VIII. 
 
 THE GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY. 
 
 SECTION V. 
 
 Miscellaneous Charges : Human Beings Animals Birds Fish 
 
 Reptiles and Insects Imaginary Beings Natiiral Objects 
 Various Artificial Figures and Devices, Appropriate Descriptive 
 Epithets. 
 
 The Formes of pure celestiall bodies mixt with grosse terrestrials; earthly 
 animals with watery ; sauage beasts with tame ; fowles of prey with home-bred ; 
 these again with riuer fowles ; reptiles with things gressible ; aery insecta with 
 earthly ; also things naturall with artificiall." 
 
 GUILLIM S Display of Heraldry, A.D. 1611. 
 
 THUS, in his own quaint fashion, the enthusiastic old 
 Herald of the seventeenth century indicates the number 
 and variety of the Charges, which in process of time had 
 been introduced into Armory even before his era. In 
 earlier days the Charges of Heraldry were much less varied, 
 comparatively few in their numbers, and generally of a 
 simple character. It will readily be understood, however, 
 that fresh figures and devices would continually appear in 
 blazon ; and also that these, in their turn, would lead the 
 way for the introduction of further varieties and new 
 modifications. 
 
 Human Beings are of very rare occurrence, except as 
 Supporters. Parts of the human frame occasionally appear, 
 but they are more generally borne as Crests upon helms 
 than as charges on shields. " Moor s heads " or " Saracen s 
 heads " appear in some coats, with arms, hands and legs : 
 and a human heart is well known as a charge in the coat of 
 the famous house of DOUGLAS, where it was placed to com- 
 
74 
 
 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 memorate the duty entrusted by ROBERT BRUCE to the 
 " good Sir JAMES DOUGLAS," that he should bear with him 
 the heart of his Sovereign and friend to the Holy Land, 
 and bury it there. Sir James fell, fighting with the Moors of 
 Spain, A.D. 1330. This Shield of Douglas is a characteristic 
 example of the gradual development of armorial com 
 position. At first, the Douglas Shield appears with simply 
 three silver stars upon a blue field. Then, about A.D. 1290, 
 the Seal of WILLIAM, Lord DOUGLAS, displays his Shield, 
 No. 155, bearing Arg., on a chief az. three mullets of the 
 field. Next, upon the field of the Shield of WILLIAM, first 
 Earl DOUGLAS, A.D. 1355, there appears, in addition, a 
 human heart gules, as in No. 156. And, finally, after the 
 
 No. 155- 
 
 No. 150. 
 Shields of Douglas 
 
 No. 157. 
 
 accession of JAMES I. of Great Britain, in 1603, the heart 
 is ensigned with a royal crown, as in No. 157. 
 
 The Shield of the ancient kingdom of the ISLE OF MAN, 
 No. 158, still continues to be the heraldic ensign of that 
 island: it is Gu., three human legs in 
 armour ppr., conjoined in the fesse-point at 
 the upper part of the thighs, and flexed in 
 triangle. This true curiosity of Heraldry 
 leads Mr. Planche to remark, that "the 
 arms of MAN are legs" ("Pursuivant of 
 Arms," p. 112). The Shield represented in 
 No. 158 is drawn from an original ex 
 ample of the age of EDWARD I. in the Heralds College. 
 
 No. 158. 
 Isle of Man. 
 
HUMAN BEINGS, AND FIGURES OF ANGELS. 
 
 75 
 
 At later periods, the armour of the conjoined limbs is repre 
 sented in conformity with the usages then prevalent, and 
 golden spurs are added. The ancient symbol of the island 
 of Sicily, in which the limbs are without either armour or 
 clothing, has been represented in No. 10 : this device also 
 appears in ancient examples with a human head at the 
 junction of the limbs. Three human arms, united in the 
 same manner, are borne on the shield of the mediaeval 
 family of TREMAINE. 
 
 Human figures, winged and vested, and designed to 
 represent ANGELS, are occasionally introduced in English 
 Heraldry, their office generally being to act as "Supporters" 
 
 No. 159. Shield of St Alban s Abbey (partly restored). 
 
 to armorial Shields. Fine examples, in admirable preserva 
 tion, may be seen boldly sculptured in the noble timber- 
 roof of Westminster Hall ; also in panels over the principal 
 entrance to the Hall, and in various parts of the Abbey of 
 Westminster. In the grand Abbey Church of St. Alban at 
 St. Alban s, numerous other examples of great excellence 
 yet remain, the works of Abbot John de Wheathamstede, 
 about A.D. 1440. In No. 159 I give a representation of 
 
76 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 the Shield of Arms of the Abbey of ST. ALBAN Az., a 
 saltire or, supported by Angels, and the Shield ensigned by 
 the Mitre of Abbot Thomas Dela Mere, as it is repre 
 sented in his noble Brass in the Abbey Church. The 
 Shield and the Angel Figures are the work of Abbot John. 
 The Heads of the Figures, which are destroyed in the 
 original, are restored from stained glass of the same period 
 in the Abbey Church. Figures of Angels holding Shields 
 of Arms each figure having a shield in front of its breast, 
 are frequently sculptured as corbels in Gothic churches. 
 
 In the earliest Rolls of Arms, the Lion is the only 
 animal that is found in blazon, with the sole addition of 
 Boar s heads. Deer, dogs, bulls, calves, rams, and a few 
 other animals subsequently appear to share heraldic service 
 and honours with the king of beasts. In modern Armory, 
 however, almost every living creature has been required to 
 discharge such duties as Heralds have been pleased to 
 assign to them. The Lion of Heraldry I leave to be con 
 sidered, with the Eagle, in the next Chapter. In compara 
 tively early blazon, the Bear is borne by FITZ URSE : the 
 Calf, by CALVELEY and DE VELE : the Ram, by RAMSEY 
 and RAMRYGE : the Lamb, by LAMBERT and LAMBTON : 
 the Otter (loutre, in French), by LUTTREL : the Hedgehog 
 (Fr., herrison), by DE HERIZ, afterwards HARRIS : and so 
 also, in like manner, some other animals appear as armes 
 parlantes (See p. 15). 
 
 With the lordly Eagle a few other Birds are associated 
 in early Heraldry : and, after a while, others join them, 
 including the Falcon, Ostrich, Swan, Peacock or Pawne, and 
 the Pelican borne both as a symbol of sacred significance, 
 and also by the PELHAMS from being allusive to their name. 
 Cocks, with the same allusive motive, were borne by 
 COCKAYNE : Parrots, blazoned as " Popinjays? appear as 
 early as HENRY III. : and in a Roll of EDWARD II., the 
 
BIRDS FISH. 
 
 77 
 
 Sire MOUNPYNZON has a Lion charged on the shoulder with 
 a Chaffinch in French a Pinson. The favourite bird, how 
 ever, of the early Heralds is the Martlet, the heraldic 
 Martin, a near relative of the Swallow or Hirondelle. The 
 Martlet is always represented in profile, at rest, and with its 
 wings closed. In some early examples the feet are shown, 
 as in No. 160 : but, in the Shield of Earl WM. DE VALENCE 
 in Westminster Abbey, A.D. 1296, the Martlet appears 
 
 No. 161. Martlet. 
 
 No. 160. Early Martlet. 
 
 feetless, as in No. 161 ; and at a later period this mode of 
 representation was generally adopted. French Heralds 
 deprive their Martlets of feet as well as beak. 
 
 " As the symbol of a name," writes Mr. Moule, " almost 
 all Fish have been used in Heraldry ; and in many instances 
 Fish have been assumed in Arms 
 in reference to the produce of the A 
 estate, giving to the quaint device 
 a twofold interest." (" Heraldry of 
 Fish," p. 13.) The earliest ex 
 amples are the Barbel, the Dolphin, 
 the Luce (or Pike), the Herring, and 
 the Roach, with the Escallop-Shell. 
 The Barbel, so named from the 
 barbs attached to its mouth to 
 assist it in its search for food, was 
 introduced into English Heraldry 
 by JOHN, Count DE BARRE, whose 
 elder brother married ALIANORE, 
 
 eldest daughter of EDWARD I. At Carlaverock he dis 
 played, as the chronicler has recorded, " a blue banner, 
 
 No. 162. 
 Banner of De Barre. 
 
7o ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 crustily, with two Barbels of gold, and a red border en 
 grailed," No. 162. The Dolphin, borne by GILES DE FISH- 
 BOURNE (H. 3), and afterwards introduced into several 
 English Shields, rs best known as the armorial ensign 
 of the DAUPHIN, the eldest son and heir apparent of the 
 Kings of France, who bore, marshalled with the arms of 
 FRANCE Or, a Dolphin az. This title of "Dauphin" 
 was first assumed by CHARLES V., who succeeded to the 
 Crown of France in 1364. In No. 8 I have shown 
 after what manner the Dolphin was represented by an 
 ancient Greek Artist : in the Middle Ages the heraldic 
 Dolphin appeared as in No. 163. GEFFREY DE LUCY 
 
 No. 163. Dolphin. 
 
 No. 165. Escallop. 
 
 No. 164. De Lucy. 
 
 (H. 3) bears Gu., three Lucies or. On his marriage with the 
 heiress of ANTHONY, Lord LUCY, in 1369, HENRY, fourth 
 Lord PERCY of Alnwick, quartered these three fish, with his 
 own lion (blue on a golden field) and his fusils (gold on a 
 blue field), upon the well-known Shield of the Earls of 
 NORTHUMBERLAND (Chap. XL). Another Carlaverock 
 Banneret, ROBERT DE SCALES, whom the chronicler de 
 clares to have been both " handsome and amiable " as 
 well as gallant in action, had " six escallops of silver on a 
 red banner? This beautiful charge, happy in its associa 
 tion with the pilgrims of the olden time, and always 
 
IMAGINARY BEINGS NATURAL OBJECTS. 79 
 
 held in high esteem by Heralds, is generally drawn as 
 in No. 165. 
 
 Reptiles and Insects occur but rarely in English Heraldry. 
 Bees, Flies, Butterflies, and Snails are sometimes found, but 
 they have no place in the earliest Rolls of Arms. Bees, as 
 might be expected, appear in the Arms of Heeston. Azure, 
 three Butterflies, are the Arms of MUSCHAMP, and they are 
 carved twice in the vaulting of the cloisters at Canterbury. 
 Upon a monumental brass in the Church of Wheathamp- 
 stead, in Hertfordshire, the Shield of HUGO BOSTOCK 
 (about A.D. 1435) bears, Arg., three Bats, their wings dis 
 played, sa. 
 
 Imaginary and Fabulous Beings, some of them the crea 
 tions of heraldic fancy when in a strangely eccentric mood, 
 frequently appear as Supporters ; and, in some cases, they 
 take a part in the blazonry of Shields, or they are borne 
 independently as Badges. A very brief description (all 
 that is necessary) of the greater number of these monsters of 
 ^natural history will be given in the " Glossary of heraldic 
 terms," in Chapter X. ; consequently, it is enough here 
 merely to refer to them as having a place in blazon. The 
 Griffin or Gryphon, the most worthy of the group, is com 
 paratively common. The Dragon and the Wivern or 
 Wyvern, both of them winged monsters, differ in this 
 respect, that the former has four legs, while the latter has 
 two only. In early blazon this distinction is not always 
 observed. The Cockatrice, always having two legs, is a 
 Wyvern with a cock s head. 
 
 Natural Objects of all kinds are blazoned as Charges of 
 Heraldry, and they will be found described and illustrated 
 in their proper places in Chapter X. They include the 
 Sun, the Moon, the Stars ; also such terrestrial objects as 
 Trees, Flowers, Fruits, Sheaves and Ears of Corn, Leaves, 
 Chaplets, &c. And with these Charges I may group the 
 
So ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 always beautiful Fleurs de Lys, and the Trefoil, Quatrefoil, 
 Cinquefoil, and Sixfoil. 
 
 Of the various Artificial Figures and Devices that 
 Heralds have charged upon Shields of Arms, it will be 
 unnecessary for me to give detailed descriptions, except 
 when either the heraldic name may require explanation, 
 or some special circumstances connected with any par 
 ticular figure or device may impart to it peculiar claims 
 for attention. Again I refer to the " Glossary " for notices 
 and examples of all Charges of this class Annulets, 
 Buckles, Castles, Crowns, Cups, Horseshoes, Keys, Knots, 
 Sickles, Stirrups, Trumpets, and many others. 
 
 In blazoning Charges of various classes, Heralds employ 
 appropriate Epithets and descriptive Terms, of which the 
 following are characteristic examples : The Stin is " in 
 glory" or "in splendour" or it is "eclipsed" The Moon, 
 when full, is " in plenitude" or " in her complement :" she 
 is a " Crescent" when she appears as in No. 166, A : she is 
 
 A 
 
 Crescent. 
 
 "Increscent" or "in increment" when as in No. 166, B : and 
 she is "Decrescent" or "in detriment" when as in No. 166, 
 c. Animals and Birds of prey are said to be " armed " of 
 their talons, teeth, and claws. All horned animals, also, 
 except Stags, are "armed" of their horns; and a Cock is 
 "armed" of his spurs. Animals are "hoofed" or " unguled" 
 of their hoofs; and " langned" of their tongues. Fierce 
 animals are " vorant " of their prey, when represented in 
 the act of devouring it. Deer, when reposing, are " lodged" 
 Nos. 25 and 26 : when standing, and looking out from the 
 
DEER BIRDS. 8 1 
 
 Shield, No. 167, "of gaze:" when in easy motion, they are 
 "tripping" No. 168 : and when in rapid motion, they are 
 
 No. 167. At Gaze. No. 169. At Speed. 
 
 "at speed? No. 169. The male Stag is a "Hart? and the 
 female a "Hind: The antlers of the Hart are "Attires? 
 their branches are " Tynes ;" and they are said to be 
 
 No. 168. Tripping. No. 170. Stag s Head Cabossed. 
 
 " attired" of their antlers. A Stag s head full-faced, as No. 
 170, is " cabossed" 
 
 Birds of prey with expanded wings are "displayed;" 
 other birds are "disclosed" Expanded wings are "overt;" 
 if elevated, but not expanded, wings are "erect;" if droop 
 ing, they are " inverted" or " in lure" Birds about to take 
 wing are " rising;" when in flight, they are " volant;" when 
 flying aloft, " soaring;" when at rest, they are " closed " or 
 "trussed" A Bird also "trusses" its prey. A Peacock 
 having its tail expanded is " in its pride;" and this same 
 expression is applicable to any other bird when in the same 
 attitude. A Pelican, when feeding its young, is said to be 
 " in its piety." A Swan, when blazoned "proper? is white 
 with red legs and beak. 
 
 G 
 
82 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 Fish, represented swimming in fesse, are "naiant;" if 
 they are in pale, their heads to the chief, they are " hau- 
 riant" No. 164; but if their heads are to the base, "urinant:" 
 if their bodies are bent, as the Dolphin is generally repre 
 sented, they are " embowed" No. 163; and if with open 
 mouth, "pame" Fish, also, are said to be "finned " of their 
 fins, Insects are " volant" Reptiles are "gliding;" or, if 
 they are twined into knots, " nowed" Trees of mature 
 growth are " accrued;" when with leaves, " in foliage;" with 
 fruit or seeds, "fructed" or "seeded;" if without leaves, 
 "blasted;" and if their roots are exposed, "eradicated:" 
 branches or leaves torn off are " slipped" 
 
 The terms which denote the attitudes of Lions, all of 
 them described in the next chapter, are equally applicable 
 to other animals. Some other descriptive terms, not noticed 
 here, will be found in the " Glossary " in Chapter X. 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 
 THE GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY. 
 
 SECTION VI. 
 The Lion and the Eagle in Heraldry. 
 
 " The LION and a King of Beasts." SHAKESPEARE. Richard II. 
 "The EAGLE, ennobled by Nature in as high a degree of nobility as the chiefest 
 rrestnal animals, is the most honourable bearing of Birds." 
 
 diti ffn 0f 1724. 
 
 THE regal dignity of the LION amongst the creatures that 
 are quadrupeds, like himself, would naturally secure for him 
 a position of corresponding eminence in Heraldry. From 
 the dawn of the heraldic era, accordingly, the Lion is 
 blazoned on the Shields of Sovereigns, Princes, and Nobles. 
 And, after a while, still retaining his original rank, the lordly 
 beast also condescended to accept service with men not of 
 noble, but of gentle birth. The tressured Lion has been 
 already noticed upon the Royal Shield of SCOTLAND, No. 
 138; and a crowned Lion has also appeared in the same 
 attitude, borne by an English Prince, RICHARD, Earl of 
 CORNWALL, No. 140. From the time that they first pos 
 sessed any true armorial insignia, the Sovereigns of the 
 Realm of ENGLAND have borne Lions upon their Royal 
 Shield. A Lion was the Ensign of the Native Princes of 
 WALES, as he was of the Kings of LEON, of NORWAY, and 
 of DENMARK, and of the Counts of HOLLAND, HAINAULT, 
 Eu, &c. And, in like manner, the Lion was in high favour 
 with the most noble and powerful Barons of England the 
 
 G 2 
 
84 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 BOHUNS, LONGESPEES, FlTZ-ALANS, LACIES, PERCIES, SEA- 
 GRAVES, and such as they. 
 
 It was a necessary consequence of his great popularity 
 that the Lion of Heraldry should be blazoned in various 
 attitudes, and also variously tinctured, otherwise it would 
 not be possible duly to distinguish the Lions of different 
 Shields. Heralds of all countries appear readily to have 
 permitted their Lions to lay aside their natural tawny hue, 
 and in its stead to assume the heraldic or, argent, azure, 
 gules, and sable; but they were not generally disposed to 
 recognise in their Lions any other attitude than the one 
 which they held to be consistent with their Lion character, 
 instincts, and habits erect, that is, with one hind paw only 
 on the ground, looking forward towards their prey, so as to 
 show but one eye, and evidently in the act of preparing to 
 spring. This undoubtedly most characteristic attitude is 
 rampant, No. 171: and only when he was in this rampant 
 attitude did the early Heralds consider any Lion to be a 
 Lion, and blazon him by his true name. A Lion walking 
 and looking about him, the early Heralds held to be acting 
 the part of a leopard : consequently, when he was in any 
 such attitude, they blazoned him as "a leopard" The animal 
 bearing that name bore it simply as an heraldic title, which 
 distinguished a Lion in a particular attitude. These heraldic 
 " leopards " were drawn in every respect as other heraldic 
 "lions," without spots or any leopardz>/z distinction what 
 ever. This explains the usage, retained till late in the four 
 teenth century, which assigned to the Lions of the Royal 
 Shield of England the name of " leopards." They were so 
 called, not by the enemies of England for derision and 
 insult, as some persons, in their ignorance of early Heraldry, 
 have been pleased both to imagine and to assert ; but the 
 English Kings and Princes, who well knew their " Lions " 
 to be Lions, in blazon styled them " leopards," because 
 
THE LION IN HERALDRY. 
 
 they also knew that Lions in the attitude of their " Lions " 
 were heraldic " leopards." When at length the necessity of 
 varying the attitude of their Lions was admitted by all 
 Heralds, in consequence of the greatly increased numbers 
 of the bearers of Lions, some strict adherents to the 
 original distinctive nomenclature blazoned any Lion that 
 was not rampant by the compound term of a " lion-leopard" 
 or a " lion-feoparde" 
 
 The following terms are now in use to denote the 
 various attitudes of the Lion in Heraldry : 
 
 Rampant: erect, one hind paw on the ground, the other 
 three paws elevated, the a-nimal looking forward and having 
 
 No. 171. 
 Rampant. 
 
 No. 176. 
 Statant Guardant. 
 
 No. 172. 
 Rampant Guardant. 
 
 his tail elevated, No. 171. Rampant Guardant: as before, 
 but looking out from the Shield, No. 172. Rampant Re- 
 guardant: as before, but looking backwards. 
 
 Passant: walking, three paws on the ground, the dexter 
 fore-paw being elevated, looking forward, the tail displayed 
 over the back, No. 173. Passant Guardant: as before, but 
 
 looking out from the Shield, No. 174. 
 as before, but looking backwards. 
 
 No. 174. 
 Passant Guardant. 
 
 Passant Reguardant 
 
86 
 
 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 Statant: standing, his four paws on the ground, and 
 looking before him, his tail drooping behind him, No. 175. 
 Statant Guardant : as before, but looking out from the 
 Shield, No. 176 : in this example the Lion has his tail ex 
 tended, but this would be specified in the blazon, since 
 without such particular description this Lion s tail would be 
 represented as in No. 175 ; in like manner, if the tail of a 
 Lion in any other attitude be extended, there must be a 
 statement to that effect. 
 
 Sejant: at rest, his fore legs stretched on the ground 
 but awake, and his head elevated, No. 177. Sejant Ram- 
 
 No. 177. 
 Sejant. 
 
 No. 178. 
 Sejant Rampant. 
 
 No. 179. 
 Couchant. 
 
 pant: seated, his fore legs being erect, No. 178. If in 
 either of these cases he looks out from the Shield, the word 
 Gnardant is to be added. 
 
 Couchant or Dormant : asleep, his head resting on his 
 fore paws, No. 179. 
 
 Salient: in the act to spring, the hind paws on the 
 ground, both the fore paws elevated, No. 180. 
 
 No. 181. 
 Queue Fourchee. 
 
 Queue fourchee : having a double tail, or two tails, as 
 No. 1 8 1, which is a Lion rampant queue fourchee. 
 
 Coward: passant reguardant, his tail between his legs, 
 
THE LION IN HERALDRY. 87 
 
 and showing other signs of alarm ; his movement, indeed, 
 is more rapid \han passant, No. 182. 
 
 Two Lions rampant, when face to face, are Counter 
 rampant, or Combattant : when back to back, they are 
 Addorsed: when passant or salient in contrary directions, 
 they are Counter passant or Counter salient. 
 
 Lions, whatever their tincture, except it be red, or they 
 are charged on a field of that tincture, are armed and langued 
 gules; but azure in the case of either of these exceptions, 
 unless the contrary be specified in the blazon. When 
 several Lions appear in one composition, or when they are 
 drawn to a comparatively very small scale, they are blazoned 
 as " Lioncels." This term " Lioncel" it must be added, 
 when used alone, denotes a small Lion rampant. 
 
 A Lion s head is a Charge : it may be erased, as in No. 
 
 No. 183. Lion s Head. No. 185. Lion s Jambe. No. 184. Lion s Face. 
 
 183 ; or cut off smooth, when it is couped. A Lion s face 
 also is a Charge, No. 184; so is \\isjambe vc paw, No. 185. 
 
 No. 1 86. Demi-Lion Rampant. No. 187. England. 
 
 A demi-lion rampant is the upper half of his body and the 
 extremity of his tufted tail, as in No. 186. 
 
88 
 
 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 The LIONS OF ENGLAND are golden Lions leoparde, three 
 in number, placed one above the other on a red Shield. 
 They are blazoned Gu., three Lions pass, guard., in pale, 
 or, No. 187. % 
 
 A Lion in this attitude, of this tincture, and on a field 
 gules, may be blazoned as a " Lion of England." These 
 three Lions first appear upon the second Great Seal of 
 RICHARD I., A.D. 1194, on the Shield of the King, No. 
 1 88. An earlier Seal, used by Prince JOHN before his 
 brother s accession, has a Shield charged with two Lions 
 only, and they are passant, No. 189. The first Great Seal 
 
 No. 188. No. 190. No. 189. 
 
 Richard I. : 2nd Gt. Seal. Richard I. : ist Gt. Seal. Prince John: Seal. 
 
 of the lion-hearted King has a Shield, bowed in its contour, 
 and charged with a single Lion rampant facing to the 
 sinister, or counter-rampant, No. 190; and it has been con 
 jectured that, were the whole face of this Shield visible, a 
 second Lion rampant facing to the dexter would appear, 
 thus charging the Shield with two Lions combattant ; this, 
 however, is a conjecture which is not supported by the 
 authority of many Shields of the same form. A red Shield 
 charged with two golden Lions passant guardant in pale (No. 
 22), and therefore closely resembling No. 189, as I have 
 already shown, has been assigned to WILLIAM I., and his 
 two sons and his grandson, WILLIAM II., HENRY I., and 
 STEPHEN. The Shield bearing the three Lions, No. 187, has 
 been assigned to HENRY II., but it first makes its appear- 
 
THE LION IN HERALDRY. 
 
 ance on the Great Seal of his son. This same Shield has 
 continued, from the time of RICHARD L, to display the 
 ROYAL ARMS of the REALM OF ENGLAND : how, in the 
 course of ages, these Arms became grouped with other 
 insignia, I shall presently have to show. 
 
 The Lion passant is carefully distinguished in the earliest 
 Rolls as a different Charge from the Lion passant guardant. 
 Thus (H. 3), for HAMON LE STRANGE Gu., two Lions 
 passant arg., No. 191; and for JOHN GIFFARD Gu., three 
 
 No. 191. Le Strange. 
 
 No. 192. Giffard. 
 
 No. 193. Mowbray. 
 
 Lions pass, arg., No. 192 : for Sir NICHOLAS CAREW (E. 2), 
 Or, three Lions pass. sa. 
 
 From the numerous early Shields which bear Lions ram 
 pant, I select the following examples, associated with names 
 illustrious in English History. For ROGER DE MOWBRAY 
 (H. 3)- Gu., a Lion rampt. arg., No. 193 : this Coat is 
 quartered by the present Duke of NORFOLK. For FITZ- 
 
 ALAN, Earl of ARUNDEL 
 
 Gu., a Lion rampt. or (H. 
 
 3), No. 193. ForDsLACi, 
 
 Earl of LINCOLN Or, a 
 
 Lion rampt. purpure(. 2), 
 
 No. 194. For Sir JOHN DE 
 
 SEGRAVE (E. 2)Sa., a NO. i 9S . 
 
 No. 194.- De Lacy. Um ram ^ ff ^ crowned De Segrave. 
 
 or, No. 195, For PERCY, Earl of NORTHUMBERLAND Or, 
 
ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 a Lion rampt. az., No. 196 : this Shield is drawn from the 
 fine counter-seal of Sir HENRY DE PERCY, first Lord of 
 Almvick, who died A.D. 1315. 
 
 Two Shields of the DE BOHUNS, Nos. 114, 115, already 
 described, exemplify the display of Lioncels as heraldic 
 charges. An earlier Shield, charged with six Lioncels, but 
 without any Ordinary, was borne by FAIR ROSAMOND S son, 
 WILLIAM LONGESPEE, Earl of SALISBURY, A.D. 1226: it is 
 boldly sculptured with his noble effigy in Salisbury Cathe 
 dral, and it also appears upon his Seal Az., six Lioncels 
 
 No. 196. De Percy. 
 
 No. 197. Longespe. 
 
 or, No. 197. The Roll of Edward II., confirmed by his 
 Seal, gives for Sir WM. DE LEYBOURNE the same composi 
 tion, with a difference in the tincturing Az., six Lioncels 
 arg. Other members of the same family change these 
 tinctures for gules and or, gules and argent, and or and sable 
 (E. 2). Examples of Shields which bear Lions or Lioncels 
 with various other charges will be described and illus 
 trated in succeeding Chapters. 
 
 Lions also fulfil important duties of high honour in 
 English Heraldry as Crests and Supporters, and also as 
 Badges. From the time of EDWARD III. a Crowned Lion, 
 
THE LION IN HERALDRY. 
 
 at the first standing on a Cap of Estate, and afterwards 
 upon the Crown, has been the Royal Crest of ENGLAND ; a 
 Lion also has always been the Royal Crest of SCOTLAND 
 (see Chapter XVIII.). The Princes of the Royal Houses 
 of England, In like manner, have always borne the Royal 
 Lion distinguished by some "Mark of Cadency" (see 
 Chapter XII.) : No. 198 is the Lion Crest of the BLACK 
 PRINCE, from his Monument at Canterbury, the Lion differ 
 enced with the Prince s silver label. The Lion also appears 
 as the Crest of many noble and distinguished families, as 
 
 No. 199. Crest of Richard II. 
 
 No. 198. Crest of Black Prince. 
 
 the DE BOHUNS, the PERCIES, and the HOWARDS. The 
 Lion Crest of RICHARD II., sculptured statant guardant 
 upon his helm, with a chapeau and mantling, and with the 
 Badge of two Ostrich feathers, in Westminster Hall, is 
 without any crown : No. 1 99. 
 
 As a Royal Supporter of the Arms of England, the 
 Lion appears in company with some other creature from 
 the time of HENRY VI., EDWARD IV. sometimes having 
 his Shield supported by two Lions. On the accession of 
 JAMES I. of Great Britain, the Royal Lion Supporter 
 formed that alliance with the Unicorn of Scotland which 
 still continues, and will continue, it is to be hoped, 
 throughout all time. Lions, as I shall point out more in 
 detail in Chapter XVI., were frequently introduced into 
 
92 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 the composition of Seals before true heraldic Supporters 
 were in use. In more recent Heraldry the Lion is a 
 favourite Supporter : he now appears supporting the Shields 
 of the Dukes of NORFOLK, ARGYLL, ATHOLE, BEDFORD, 
 BUCKINGHAM, CLEVELAND, GRAFTON, NORTHUMBERLAND, 
 PORTLAND, and WELLINGTON ; also, with many others, 
 those of the Marquesses of BATH, EXETER, HEADFORT, 
 and SALISBURY; of the Earls of ALBEMARLE, BROWNLOW, 
 CARLISLE, CARNARVON, CORK, ESSEX, and HARDWICK ; of 
 the Viscount HARDINGE; and of the Barons ARUNDEL, 
 CAMOYS, DUNBOYNE, MONSON, PETRE, and SOUTHAMPTON. 
 As a Supporter the Lion is represented rampant, rampant 
 reguardant, and sejant rampant. Lions also, and Demi- 
 Lions, are frequently borne as modern Crests. 
 
 In our own treatment of the Lions of Heraldry, what 
 ever their attitude or tincture, whatever also the position 
 they may occupy or the heraldic duty they may discharge, 
 we are always to draw and to blazon them as true heraldic 
 Lions, while, at the same time, in their expression and 
 general characteristics they are to be genuine Lions. 
 
 In becoming fellowship with the Lion, the EAGLE 
 appears in the earliest English Rolls and examples of Arms. 
 The Royal bird, however, does not occur in English blazon 
 so frequently as the Lion; and his appearance often 
 denotes an alliance with German Princes. A Roll of Arms 
 (printed in "Archaeologia," XXX.) of the year 1275 com 
 mences with the Shields of the " EMPEROR OF GERMANY," 
 and of the "KING OF GERMANY," which are severally 
 blazoned as, " Or, an Eagle displayed having two fieads 
 sa." and, " Or, an Eagle displayed sable" In York Cathe 
 dral, in stained glass, there are Shields with both the 
 double-headed and the single-headed Eagles, all of them 
 German, which may be considered to have been executed 
 before the year 1310. In the north choir-aisle at West- 
 
THE EAGLE IN HERALDRY. 
 
 93 
 
 minster, the Shield (now mutilated) of the Emperor FREDE 
 RICK II. is boldly sculptured by an heraldic artist of the 
 time of our HENRY III., No. 200 ; here the Eagle had one 
 head only. The German Emperors naturally adopted the 
 
 No. 200. In Westminster Abbey. 
 
 Eagle for their heraldic Ensign, in support of their claim to 
 be successors to the Roman Caesars; and the Russian 
 Czars, with the same motive, have also assumed the same 
 ensign. The Eagle having two heads, which severally look 
 
 No. 201. Imperial Eagle. 
 
 No. 202. Royal Eagle. 
 
 to the dexter and the sinister, as in No. 201, typified a rule 
 that claimed to extend over both the Eastern and the 
 Western Empires; as the Eagle with a single head, No. 
 202, might be considered to have a less comprehensive 
 
94 
 
 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 signification. The Eagles of the Princes of Germany are 
 frequently to be found, blazoned for them, in England. 
 
 RICHARD, the second son of King JOHN, in the year 
 1256 was elected King of Germany (he is generally styled 
 " King of the Romans "), when he bore the Eagle of the 
 Empire : but the only Seals of this Prince that are known 
 to exist in England display the Shield of his English Earl 
 dom of Cornwall, No. 140. His Son EDMUND, who suc 
 ceeded to his father s Earldom, on his Seals has represented 
 an Eagle bearing in its beak his Shield of Cornwall, as in 
 
 No. 203. Cornwall. 
 
 No. 204. Seal of Euphemia Leslie. 
 
 No. 203 : this is a peculiarly interesting example of an 
 heraldic usage of striking significance, and it also illus 
 trates the early existence of the sentiment which at a later 
 period led to the adoption of " Supporters " to Shields of 
 Arms. In the early Heraldry of Scotland, a single displayed 
 Eagle is occasionally found supporting an armorial Shield; as 
 in the Seals of ALEXANDER STEWARD, Earl of MENTEITH, A.D. 
 1296, and WILLIAM, Earl of DOUGLAS and MAR, A.D. 1378 
 (SETON S " Scottish Heraldry," Plates VIII. and XII.) : 
 sometimes also, as Mr. Seton has observed, " the Eagle s 
 
THE EAGLE IN HERALDRY. 
 
 95 
 
 breast is charged with more than one Shield, as in the case of 
 the Seals of MARGARET STEWART, Countess of ANGUS (1366), 
 and EUPHEMIA LESLIE, Countess of Ross (1381), on both of 
 which three escutcheons make their appearance " (" Scottish 
 Heraldry," p. 268, and Plate XIL, No. 5): in No. 204 I give 
 a woodcut of this interesting composition ; the Shields are, 
 to the dexter, LESLIE Arg., on a bend az., three buckles or; 
 in the centre, the Arms of the Earl of Ross Git., three 
 Lions rampant arg., within a tressure; and, to the sinister, 
 CUMMIN Az., three garbs or. The Imperial Eagle is 
 sometimes represented crowned; the heads also in some 
 examples are encircled with a nimbus or glory, as in No. 
 212. I must add that in the Heraldry of the English 
 Peerage the Imperial Eagle still supports the Shields of 
 some few Peers of different ranks ; as those of the Duke 
 of MARLBOROUGH, the Earl of DENBIGH, and Baron 
 METHUEN. The old Scottish usage in this respect is also 
 still retained, as in the case of the Shield of Sir JAMES 
 STUART MENTETH, of Closeburn, Baronet, which is charged 
 upon the breast of an Eagle. _ 
 
 PIERS GAVESTON, who was 
 created Earl of CORNWALL by 
 EDWARD II., bore Vert, six 
 Eaglets or, No. 205, (E. 2 and 
 York stained glass): on his 
 Seal, however, the number of 
 the Eaglets is reduced to 
 three. Another early example 
 is the Shield of that gal 
 lant and persevering knight, 
 RALPH DE MONTHERMER 
 Or, an Eagle displayed vert, No< 2 3-- Shield of 
 No. 206, who became Earl of GLOUCESTER in right of his 
 wife, JOAN, daughter of EDWARD L, and widow of GILBERT 
 
 Gaveston. 
 
9 6 
 
 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 DE CLARE, the " Red Earl :" this green Eagle of Monthermer 
 long held a place of high distinction in the mediaeval 
 Heraldry of England, marshalled on 
 the Shields of the Earls of SALISBURY 
 and WARWICK ; in which, as in the 
 example, No. 206, the Eagle of Mon 
 thermer is quartered with the coat of 
 Montacute, No. 20A (page 70). The 
 Eagle of early Heraldry was some 
 times blazoned as an " Erne? and 
 NO. 2 o6.-Mont aC uteand sometimes as an "Alerion" WILLIAM 
 
 Monthermer. D ERNFORD (H. 3) bears Sa., an 
 
 Erne displayed arg. : and, at the same period WM. DE 
 ERNFIELD bears a pair of Erne s or Eagle s Wings, called 
 a " Vol? No. 207. From Shields of the fourteenth century 
 which bear Eagles, and are blazoned in the Roll of 
 Edward II., I select the following small group as good 
 examples : Sir WM. DE MONTGOMERIE Or, an Eagle 
 displayed az.: Sir NICHOLAS DE ETONE Gu., a Chevron 
 between three Eaglets arg. Sir JOHN DE CHARLESTONS 
 
 No. 208. De Charlestone. No. 207. A Yol. No. 2 oo..-De la Mere. 
 
 Arg., on a Chevron vert three Eaglets or, No. 208 : Sir 
 PHILIP DE VERLEY Or, a Bend gu., between six Eaglets sa. : 
 Sir JOHN DE LA MERE Arg., on a Bend az. three Eaglets 
 or, No. 209 : a Shield bearing a Bend charged with three 
 Eagles, but with different tinctures, No. S8, I have shown 
 to have been the Arms of the Grandisons. 
 
THE EAGLE IN HERALDRY. 97 
 
 Eagles, under their name of "Alerions" (which some 
 early Heralds represented without feet and beaks), are 
 blazoned in the same disposition as in No. 209, in the Arms 
 of the Duchy of LORRAINE, Or, on a Bend git. three 
 alerions arg.: and this device the Dukes of Lorraine are 
 said to have borne in commemoration of an exploit of their 
 famous ancestor, GODFREY DE BOLOGNE, who is also said, 
 when " shooting against David s tower in Jerusalem," to 
 have " broched upon his arrow three footless birds called 
 alerions." " It is impossible," remarks Mr. Planche upon 
 this legend, " now to ascertain who broached this wonderful 
 story ; but it is perfectly evident that the narrator was the 
 party who drew the long bow, and not the noble GODFREY." 
 Mr. Planche adds, that the Alerions of Lorraine may indi 
 cate an alliance with the Imperial House ; and he directs 
 attention to " a similarity in sound between Alerion and 
 Lorraine, " and also to a singular Anagram produced by 
 the letters ALERION and LORAINE, which are the 
 same (" Pursuivant of Arms," p. 87). The Arms of Lorraine 
 are still borne by the Emperor of AUSTRIA : and in England 
 they were quartered by Queen MARGARET of Anjou. 
 
 The Roll of Edward II. gives also for Sir HUGH DE 
 BILBESWORTH these arms Az., three Eagles displayed or. 
 A similar Shield, the tinctures changed to Arg., three 
 Eagles displayed gn., armed or, was borne by ROBERT DE 
 EGLESFIELD, Confessor to PHILIPPA of Hainault, Queen of 
 EDWARD III., who in the year 1340 founded Queen s 
 College, Oxford : this Shield of the Founder is borne by 
 the College. One of the Shields in the Chantry of Abbot 
 RAMRYGE in St. Alban s Abbey Church bears the same 
 charges three eagles displayed, No. 210 : the drawing of the 
 eagle in this Shield is remarkable, and the form of the Shield 
 itself is singularly characteristic of the close of the fifteenth 
 century. Another Shield in the same monument bears a 
 
 H 
 
9 8 
 
 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 single Eagle, drawn in the same manner, and sculptured 
 with extraordinary spirit. The heraldic Eagle is generally 
 drawn in England after the manner of the Westminster 
 example, No. 200, with slight modifications of that type. 
 The German Heralds, and also their brethren of France, 
 delight in exaggerations of what I may distinguish as the 
 Westminster Eagle. The Austrian Eagle, besides having 
 both its heads crowned, has a large Imperial Crown placed 
 
 No 210. Shield at St. Albans. 
 
 No. 2ii. The Austrian Eagle. 
 
 between the two heads, and also above them, as in No. 211. 
 The Prussian Eagle is treated after the same manner. The 
 German Imperial Eagle sometimes has a nimbus or glory 
 about each head, which dignified accessory is repre 
 sented by a circular line, as in No. 212. I observe that 
 in the last editions of Sir Bernard Burke s " Peerage," the 
 German Eagles of the Duke of MARLBOROUGH and the 
 Earl of DENBIGH have the nimbus drawn in such a manner 
 as to have the appearance of a ring placed in each beak. 
 In some examples of Eagles as well in our own Heraldry 
 as in that of continental countries, the wings are repre- 
 
THE EAGLE IN HERALDRY. 
 
 99 
 
 sented as erect, and having the tips of all the principal 
 feathers pointing upwards, as in No. 213. The Eagle now 
 
 No. 212. 
 
 German Imperial Eagle, with Nimbus. 
 
 No. 213. 
 German Eagle with Wings erect. 
 
 borne as the Ensign of Imperial FRANCE, sits, grasping a 
 
 thunderbolt, in an attitude of vigilance, having its wings 
 
 elevated, but with the tips of 
 
 the feathers drooping, as they 
 
 would be in the living bird; No. 
 
 214. 
 
 EDWARD III., as a Second 
 Crest, bore an Eagle. An Eagle 
 also was borne for his Crest, as 
 the imperial bird was displayed 
 upon his Shield (No. 206), by 
 
 Earl RALPH DE MONTHERMER. NO. ai 4 .-French imperial Eagle. 
 In the more recent Heraldry of 
 
 England, the Eagle is a Supporter to the Shields of 
 the Earls of CLARENDON, COVENTRY, MALMESBURY ; 
 the Viscounts BOLINGBROKE and ST. VINCENT; and the 
 Barons HEYTESBURY, OVERSTONE, RADSTOCK, WYNFORD, 
 and others. Eagles also and Demi-Eagles are borne as 
 Crests in the English Heraldry of our own day. 
 
 As small Lions in Heraldry are " Lioncels," so small 
 Eagles are " Eaglets"" 1 In drawing our heraldic Eagles, we can 
 scarcely improve upon some of the examples in which early 
 English Heralds expressed their ideas of the king of birds. 
 
 H 2 
 
CHAPTER X. 
 
 THE GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY : GLOSSARY OF TITLES, 
 NAMES, AND TERMS. 
 
 " The several denominations given to these tokens of honour .... with the 
 terms of art given to them." RANDLE HOME ; Academy of Armoury, A.D. 1688. 
 
 IN this Glossary, which obviously must be as concise as 
 possible, I shall include no word that is ordinarily well 
 understood, unless some special signification should be 
 attached to it when it is in use in armorial blazon. 
 Abased. Said of a charge when placed lower than its 
 
 customary position. 
 Abatement. A sign of degradation: also, differencing to 
 
 denote illegitimacy. (See Chapter XII.) 
 Accollee. Placed side by side; also, entwined about the 
 
 neck. 
 
 Accosted. Side by side. 
 Accrued. Grown to maturity. 
 Achievement, or Achievement of Arms. Any complete 
 
 heraldic composition. 
 
 Addorsed. Back to back ; pointing backwards. 
 Affrontee. So placed as to show the full face or front. 
 Alant, Aland. A mastiff with short ears. 
 Alerion. A name sometimes given by early Heralds to the 
 
 heraldic Eagle, which, when blazoned under this title, 
 
 was also sometimes drawn without legs or beak. (See 
 
 P- 97-) 
 Ambulant. In the act of walking. 
 
GLOSSARY OF TITLES, NAMES, AND TERMS. 1OI 
 
 Annulet. A plain ring; sometimes blazoned as a "false 
 roundle /" in modern cadency, the difference of the fifth 
 son or brother : No. 154. 
 
 Annulettee. Ending in Annulets. 
 
 Antelope. Blazoned by early Heralds in a conventional 
 manner, now generally rendered naturally. 
 
 Anthony, St. His cross is in the form of the letter T, No. 93. 
 
 Antique Crown. See Eastern Crown. 
 
 Appaumee. Said of a hand, when open, erect, and showing 
 the palm : No. 215. 
 
 Arched, Archy. Bent, or bowed. 
 
 Archbishop. A prelate of the highest order in 
 the English Church; his heraldic insignia 
 are his Mitre, Crozier, and Pall. Next 
 to the Royal Family, the Archbishop of NO 215. 
 Canterbury is the first subject in the Badge of Ulster, 
 realm ; he is styled " Most Reverend Father in God/* 
 "by Divine Providence," and "Your Grace." The 
 Archbishop of York is third in rank (the Lord 
 Chancellor being second), and his style is the same, 
 except that he is Archbishop " by Divine permission." 
 Archbishops impale their own arms with those of their 
 see, the latter being marshalled to the dexter. 
 
 Argent. The metal silver. 
 
 Arm. A human arm. When a charge, crest, or badge, it 
 must be blazoned with full particulars as to position, 
 clothing, &c. If couped at the elbow, it is a cubit arm. 
 
 Armed. A term applied to animals and birds of prey, to 
 denote their natural weapons of offence and defence : 
 thus, a Lion is said to be " armed of his claws and 
 teeth;" a Bull, to be " armed of his horns;" an Eagle, 
 " of its beak and talons." 
 
 Armory. Heraldry. Also, a List of Names and Titles, with 
 their respective Arms. 
 
102 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 Arms, Armorial Bearings. Heraldic compositions, and the 
 
 Figures and Devices which form them. (See Chapter I.) 
 
 Arms of Community. Borne by Corporate and other Bodies 
 
 and Communities, as cities, colleges, &c. 
 Arms of Dominion. Borne by Sovereign Princes, being also 
 
 the arms of the realms over which they rule. 
 Arms of Office. Borne, with the personal arms, to denote 
 
 official rank. 
 
 Arms of Pretension. Borne to denote a claim, or a supposed 
 right, to a sovereignty or other rank, without the actual 
 possession of it. 
 Arms of Succession. Borne, with the personal arms, to 
 
 denote the possession of various dignities and estates. 
 Armes Parlantes. Such as are allusive to the Name, Title, 
 Office, or Property of those who bear them : thus, 
 Leaves for Zeveson, a Castle for Castile, a Cup for 
 Butler, Fish for those who derive revenues from 
 Fisheries, &c. (See Rebus : also page 15.) 
 Armoyee. Charged with an armorial shield. 
 Arrondie. Curved, rounded. 
 
 Arrow. Is armed of its head, ^flighted of its feathers ; a 
 bundle of arrows is a sheaf; with a blunt head, it is a 
 bird-bolt. 
 
 Ascendant. Issuing upwards, as a flower. 
 Aspect. Position. 
 
 Aspectant. Respecting (looking at) one another. 
 Aspersed. Scattered over the same as semte. 
 At Gaze. A term applied to animals of the chase, to denote 
 
 their standing still, and looking about them : No. 167. 
 Attires, Attired. The antlers of a Stag or Hart :" having 
 antlers. A Reindeer is represented in Heraldry with 
 double attires, one pair erect, and the other drooping. 
 Augmentation. An honourable addition to a Coat of Arms, 
 specially granted with a peculiar significance : thus, the 
 
GLOSSARY OF TITLES, NAMES, AND TERMS. 103 
 
 "Union" Device of the British Empire, blazoned on 
 an Escutcheon of Pretence, is the " Augmentation" 
 specially granted to the great Duke of WELLINGTON, 
 to be borne on the honour point of his paternal shield. 
 
 Augmented. Having an " Augmentation." 
 
 Avellane. A variety of the heraldic Cross : No. 109. 
 
 Azure. The colour blue indicated by horizontal lines : 
 No. 52. 
 
 Badge. A figure or device, distinct from a crest, and 
 borne without any shield or other accessory, except 
 sometimes a motto. Badges are of two kinds ; the 
 one personal, and peculiarly significant of the bearer 
 himself; the other borne by all persons connected with 
 and dependent on the owner, and used by him for all 
 purposes of decoration. (See Chapter XV.) 
 
 Banded. Encircled with a band. 
 
 Banner. A square or narrow oblong flag, charged with 
 the coat of arms of the owner, displayed over its entire 
 surface. It was the ensign both of a Knight Banneret 
 and of his followers. (See Chapter XVII.) 
 
 Banneret. A Knight who had been advanced by the King 
 to that higher military rank which entitled him to 
 display a banner. 
 
 Bar. One of the Ordinaries: Nos. 81, 82. 
 
 Bars Gemelles. Barrulets borne in pairs : Nos. 83, 84. 
 
 Barbed. Pointed, as an arrow. The term is also applied to 
 the small green leaves about heraldic roses. (See Rose.) 
 
 Barbel. A Fish borne as an allusive device by the family of 
 DE BARRE : No. 162. 
 
 Barded. Having horse-trappings. 
 
 Bardings. Horse-trappings, often enriched with armorial 
 blazonry. On the Great Seal of EDWARD I. the Bard- 
 ings of the King s charger for the first time appear 
 adorned with the Royal blazonry. On both sides of 
 
104 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 the horse, the head is supposed to be to the dexter. A 
 good example is represented in the Seal of ALEXANDER 
 DE BALLIOL, in Chapter XIV. 
 
 Barnacles, Breys. An instrument used in breaking horses. 
 A rebus of Sir REGINALD BRAY, architect of St. George s 
 
 No. 216. Breys. No. 217. Baron s Coronet 
 
 Chapel, Windsor, and repeatedly represented there : 
 No. 216. 
 
 Baron. The lowest rank in the British Peerage, corres 
 ponding with the Thane of the Saxons. A Baron is 
 "Right Honourable," and is styled " My Lord." His 
 coronet, first granted by Charles II., has on a golden 
 circlet six large pearls, of which four appear in repre 
 sentations, as in No. 217. All a Baron s children are 
 " honourable." 
 
 Baron. A husband, a wife in Heraldry being/m;;/. 
 
 Baroness. The wife of a baron. She is " Right Honour 
 able," is styled " My Lady," and her coronet is the same 
 as her husband s. 
 
 Barenet. An hereditary rank, lower than the peerage, insti 
 tuted in 1612 by JAMES I., who fixed the precedence 
 of Baronets before all Knights, those of the Order of 
 the Garter alone excepted. As originally created, all 
 Baronets were "of Ulster," or "of Nova Scotia;" now 
 all are " of the United Kingdom." The " Badge of 
 Ulster," generally borne as an augmentation upon a 
 small inescutcheon, is Arg., a sinister hand, couped at 
 the wrist and appaumee, g^t., No. 215. The arms of 
 Nova Scotia, borne also on a canton or inescutcheon, 
 
GLOSSARY OF TITLES, NAMES, AND TERMS. 105 
 
 are Arg., on a saltire az., the Royal arms of Scotland. 
 (See No. 138.) By letters patent of JAMES I., the wives 
 of Baronets have the titles of "Lady, Madam, and 
 Dame" at their pleasure prefixed to their names. 
 
 Barrulet. The diminutive of a Bar. 
 
 Barrulee, Barruly. Barry of ten or more pieces. 
 
 Barry. Divided into an even number of Bars, which all 
 lie in the same plane : Nos. 85, 86. 
 
 Barry Bendy. Having the field divided by lines drawn 
 bar-wise, which are crossed by others drawn bend-wise : 
 No. 119. 
 
 Bar-wise. Disposed after the manner of a Bar, crossing 
 the field, that is, horizontally. 
 
 Base. The lowest extremity : No. 2713. 
 
 Basilisk. A cockatrice having its tail ending in a dragon s head. 
 
 Basinet. A helm fitting close to the head. 
 
 Baton. A diminutive of the bend sinister, couped at its 
 extremities. 
 
 Battled. Having battlements, or bordered, as No. 38* . 
 
 Battled, Embattled. Having double battlements. 
 
 Beacon, or Fire Beacon. An iron case of burning combus 
 tibles set on a pole, against which a ladder is placed. 
 
 Beaked. Applied to birds, not of prey. 
 
 Bearer. In Scottish heraldry, a Supporter. 
 
 Bearing, Bearings. Armorial insignia, borne on shields. 
 
 BelL Drawn, and generally blazoned as a church-bell. 
 
 Belled. Having bells attached. 
 
 Bend. One of the Ordinaries : Nos. in 115. 
 
 Bendlet. The diminutive of a bend : No. 117. 
 
 Bend-wise, or In Bend. Arranged in the direction of a bend. 
 
 Bendy. Parted bend-wise into an even number of divisions : 
 No. 116. 
 
 Bezant. A golden "Roundle" or disc, flat like a coin : No. 
 151, and No. 140. 
 
106 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 Billet. An oblong figure of any tincture : Billctee studded 
 with " Billets :" Nos. 130, 146. 
 
 Bird. Many Birds appear in blazon, and they are repre 
 sented both in heraldic tinctures and "proper" in 
 their natural aspect. (See Chapters VIII. and IX.) 
 
 Bird-bolt. An arrow with a blunt head. 
 
 Bishop. The Bishops are " by Divine permission," and are 
 styled " Right Reverend Father in God," and " My Lord 
 Bishop." The Bishops of England and Wales are all 
 " spiritual peers" of Parliament, except the prelate last 
 consecrated. Their heraldic insignia are a mitre and 
 pastoral staff; they impale their arms, as do the Arch 
 bishops ; and, like them also, they bear neither supporters 
 nor crests, but they ensign their shields with a mitre. 
 
 Blasted. Leafless, withered. 
 
 Blazon. Heraldry: Armorial Compositions. "To blazon" 
 is to describe or to represent any armorial Figure, Device, 
 or Composition in an heraldic manner. Blazoning 
 Describing in heraldic language : also, representing in an 
 heraldic manner. Blazonry the representation of any 
 heraldic Figure, Device, or Composition. 
 
 No. 218. Water Bouget. No. 219. Bourchier Knot. 
 
 Boar. In Heraldry entitled Sanglier. 
 
 Bordure. A Subordinary : Nos. 139, 140- Also, an im 
 portant " Difference." (See Chapters XII. and XIII.) 
 
 Botonee, Botonee Fitchee. Varieties of the heraldic Cross : 
 Nos. 103, no. This Cross is also entitled Treflee. 
 
GLOSSARY OF TITLES, NAMES, AND TERMS. IOJ 
 
 Bouget, or Water Bouget. A charge, representing the vessels 
 used by the Crusaders for carrying water. Fine early 
 examples occur in the Temple Church, at Beverley 
 Minster, and in a monument at Blyborough, Lincoln 
 shire : No. 218. 
 
 Bourchier Knot. A badge represented in No. 219. 
 
 Bourdon. A palmer s or pilgrim s staff. (See Pilgrim s Staff.) 
 
 Bow. The archer s weapon, in all its varieties of form, is a 
 charge. 
 
 Bowed. Having a convex contour : No. 39. 
 
 Bowen Knot. No. 220. 
 
 Braced, Brazed. Interlaced. 
 
 Breys. Barnacles. 
 
 Brizure. A difference or mark of cadency. 
 
 Brouchant. Placed over, as when one charge overlies 
 another. 
 
 Buckle. See Fermaile. 
 
 Burgonet. A helm worn in the sixteenth century. 
 
 Cabossed. The head of a stag, or other animal, represented 
 full-faced, so as to show the face only : No. 170. 
 
 No. 220. Bowen Knot. No. 221. Caltrap. 
 
 Cadency. Figures and devices, introduced into armorial 
 compositions, in order to distinguish the different mem 
 bers and branches of the same family. (See Difference, 
 and Chapter XII.) 
 
 Cadet. A junior member or branch of a family. 
 
 Caltrap. An implement used in war to maim horses : 
 No. 221. 
 
io8 
 
 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 Canting Heraldry. Armes Parlantes. 
 
 Canton, or Quarter. One of the Subordinaries : Nos. 
 
 129, 130. 
 Cantoned. Placed in the first quarter of a shield ; also, 
 
 placed between four charges. 
 Carbuncle. The same as Escarbuncle. 
 Cartouche. No. 46. 
 Castle. Generally represented crowned with three turrets, as 
 
 in the shield of Queen Alianore, of Castile : No. 222. 
 
 No. 222. -Castle. No. 223. -Celestial Crown. 
 
 Celestial Crown. No. 223. 
 
 Centaur. Also blazoned as a sagittary, and supposed to be 
 
 a badge of King Stephen. 
 Cercelee, or Recercelee. A variety of the heraldic Cross: 
 
 No. 98. 
 
 No. 224. 
 Chapeau of Estate. 
 
 No. 225. Arms of Saxony. 
 
 Chapeau. Also entitled a chapeau or cap of dignity, of main- 
 tenan&e, or of estate. An early symbol of high dignity, 
 represented as supporting certain crests : No. 224. 
 
GLOSSARY OF TITLES, NAMES, AND TERMS. 109 
 
 Chaplet. A garland or entwined wreath of leaves and flowers, 
 or of flowers alone. A chaplet of rue, sometimes called a 
 crancelin, is blazoned bend-wise in the shield of Saxony 
 Barry of ten or and sa., over all a chaplet of rue vert : 
 No. 225. (See Crancelin?) 
 
 Charge. Any heraldic figure or device. Charged placed 
 on a shield, banner, &c., as any heraldic figure or 
 device may be. 
 
 Chequee, Cheeky. Having the field divided into three, or 
 into more than three, contiguous rows of small squares, 
 alternately of a metal (or fur) and a colour : No. 68. 
 
 Chess rook. A piece used in the game of Chess : borne by 
 J?vewood and others : No. 226. 
 
 Chevron. One of the Ordinaries : Nos. 123, 125. 
 
 Chevronel. A diminutive of the Chevron : No. 124. 
 
 Chevronee, Chevrony. A field divided per Chevron : No. 
 
 I24A. 
 
 Chief. One of the Ordinaries: Nos. 71 75. In Chief 
 arranged horizontally across the upper part of the field. 
 
 No. 226. No. 227. 
 
 Chess Rook. Cinque-foil. No. 228. Clarions. 
 
 Cinque-foil, Quint-foil. A flower or leaf of five foils: 
 No. 227. 
 
 Civic Crown. A wreath of oak-leaves and acorns. 
 
 Clarenceux. See Herald. 
 
 Clarion. An ancient musical instrument, a badge, appa 
 rently, of the DE CLARES. By some this charge is sup 
 posed to represent a lance-rest, and is sometimes so 
 blazoned : No 228, which shows two varieties of form. 
 
 Clechet, or Unde e, A variety of the heraldic Cross : No. 105. 
 
no 
 
 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 Close. With closed wings. 
 
 Closet. A Diminutive of the Bar, one half its width. 
 
 Clouee. Fastened with Nails, and showing the Nail-heads : 
 No. 150. 
 
 Coat Armour. True armorial or heraldic bearings, duly 
 granted or inherited, and rightly borne : so entitled, 
 from having been blazoned by knightly warriors of the 
 Middle Ages upon their surcoats, worn by them over 
 their armour. 
 
 Coat of Arms. A complete armorial composition, to be 
 charged upon a Shield or Banner. 
 
 Cockatrice. A fabulous creature, represented 
 in No. 229. 
 
 Collar. One of the insignia of Orders of 
 Knighthood, worn about the neck. Also 
 any ornament or distinction worn in 
 the same manner. Knights occasionally 
 wore collars charged with their own NQ 
 badge. In addition to their badges of Cockatrice. 
 the Red and White Rose, the adherents of the rival 
 houses of York and Lancaster wore collars, the former 
 
 No 230. Collar of York. 
 
 No. 231. Collar oi Lancaster. 
 
 formed ot alternate Suns and Roses, No. 230 ; and the 
 latter, of the letter S continually repeated, No. 231. 
 No certain origin has been discovered for the Lan 
 castrian " Collar of S.," but it is supposed to represent 
 
GLOSSARY OF TITLES, NAMES, AND TERMS. Ill 
 
 the word SOVERAYGNE, the motto of HENRY IV. 
 No. 230 is from the Brass to HENRY BOURCHIER, K.G., 
 Earl of Essex, at Little Easton, Suffolk, A.D. 1483 ; and 
 No. 231 from the Brass to Lord CAMOYS, K.G., at 
 Trotton, Sussex, A.D. 1424. 
 
 College of Arms , or Heralds College. (See Herald?) 
 
 Colour. See Chapter V., page 41. The term " Colours" is 
 applied to Flags, particularly to those of infantry regi 
 ments, and to such as are displayed at sea. (See 
 Chapter XVII.) 
 
 Combattant. Two lions, or other animals of prey, rampant 
 and face to face. 
 
 Compartment. In Scottish Heraldry, "a kind of carved 
 panel, of no fixed form, placed below the escutcheon, 
 bearing the supporters, and usually inscribed with a 
 motto or the name and designation of the owner." 
 Seton. 
 
 Comporiee, Compony, or Gobony. A single row of small 
 squares alternately of two tinctures or furs : No. 66. 
 (See Counter Componee^) 
 
 Complement. Applied to the moon when full. 
 
 Compound Quartering. The quartering of a quarter, or 
 division of a quartered Coat-of-Arms. (See page 34.) 
 
 Compounded Arms. Arms formed from the combination of 
 the bearings of two or more distinct coats, to produce a 
 single compound coat. 
 
 Conjoined in lure. Two wings united, their tips in base. 
 
 Contoise. A flowing scarf, worn attached to the helm before 
 1350. Two examples occur in effigies in Exeter 
 Cathedral, and another in Westminster Abbey. 
 
 Contournee. Facing to the sinister. 
 
 Cornish Chough. A bird like a crow, black, with red beak 
 and legs. 
 
 Coronet, An ensign of Nobility worn upon the head, in use 
 
II2 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 in England from about the middle of the fourteenth 
 century, but without any distinctive tokens of gradations 
 of rank until a later period. In modern times English 
 Coronets have enclosed a velvet cap with a bullion 
 tassel: at the present time, however, this cap, with 
 better taste, is generally omitted. (See Prince, Duke, 
 Marquess, Earl, Viscount, and Baron.) 
 Cotise. A diminutive of the Bend, being one-fourth of its 
 width. Cotised. When a Bend is placed between two 
 Cotises, or when a Fesse or Bar is placed between two 
 Barrulets. Nos. 114, IJ 5- 
 Couchant, or Dormant, In repose. No. 179. 
 Couch ee. Said of a Shield when suspended from the sinister 
 extremity of the chief, or when placed as if it were so 
 suspended. No. 49. 
 
 Count, Countess. Count, in Latin Comes," the same as 
 Earl Countess, the wife of an Earl : she is " Right 
 Honourable," and styled "My Lady:" her coronet 
 the same as that of an Earl. 
 Counter. Reversed or opposite. 
 Counter-changing. See page 44, and Nos. 70, i* 6 - 
 Counter Componee. Double Compome, or two conjoined 
 
 rows of alternately tinctured squares. No. 67. 
 Counter-seal. Early seals were generally impressed on both 
 sides ; and the seals thus were produced from two die 
 or matrices. The two sides were severally called the 
 seal and the counter-seal, the latter being the reverse of 
 the compound composition. Every such double im 
 pression constituted a single* seal. Both seal and 
 counter-seal were sometimes used alone; and the 
 counter-seal was regarded as a private seal, or secretum. 
 Couped. Cut off smoothly the reverse of " erased." 
 Couple-close. Half a chevronel. 
 Courant. Running. 
 
GLOSSARY OF TITLES, NAMES, AND TERMS. 113 
 
 Courtesy, Titles of. Nominal degrees of rank, conceded to, 
 and borne by the Eldest Sons of Dukes, Marquesses, 
 and Earls. 
 
 Covert. Partly covered. 
 
 Coward, Cowed. An animal with its tail between its legs, 
 and showing other signs of terror. No. 182. 
 
 Crampet. The decorated end of a sword-scabbard. 
 
 Crancelin. From the German kranzlein, " a small garland," 
 applied to the chaplet that crosses the shield of Saxony, 
 No. 225 : this charge is also blazoned as a bend treflee 
 vert, a bend archee coronett ee, or a coronet extended in bend: 
 it is said to be an augmentation conferred, with the 
 Dukedom of Saxony, on BERNHARD of Ascania, by the 
 Emperor BARBAROSSA. The Emperor took from his 
 head his own chaplet of rue, and threw it across the 
 shield of Duke Bernhard. 
 
 Crenellated. Embattled. 
 
 Crescent. No. 166. In modern cadency, the difference of 
 the second son, or house. 
 
 Cresset. A beacon. 
 
 Crest. A figure or device originally worn upon a helm, 
 and now generally represented above a Shield of arms. 
 Crests at first were ensigns of high honour, and their 
 use was restricted to a few persons of eminence : they 
 were attached to a wreath, or orle, or to a coronet, which 
 encircled the helm or basinet; and sometimes a crest 
 stood upon a cap of estate. Crests are still represented 
 standing upon either a coronet, a wreath, or a cap : but 
 in our own Heraldry a crest-coronet must always be care 
 fully distinguished from those coronets that are insignia 
 of princely and noble rank. Crests are not borne by 
 ladies, the Sovereign excepted. (See Panache, Rebus, 
 and Chapter XIV.) 
 
 Crest- Coronet. A coronet to support a crest. No. 232. 
 
 i 
 
114 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 Crest- Wreath, or Orle. In the Middle Ages, of rich 
 materials and costly workmanship now represented 
 as being formed of two rolls of silk of the principal 
 metal and colour in the arms, which are twisted to show 
 the metal and colour alternately. The earliest examples 
 
 No. 232. Crest-Coronet. 
 
 No. 233. Crest- Wreath. 
 
 are about A.D. 1375. No. 233 shows three varieties of 
 representation. (See Chapter XIV.) 
 
 Crined. Having a mane or hair. 
 
 Cross. One of the Ordinaries. Nos. 90 no. 
 
 Crown. The ensign of Royal and Imperial dignity ; in 
 Heraldry borne as a charge, and also used to denote 
 the rank of a Sovereign Prince. The Crown that is 
 generally borne as a charge is represented without 
 arches, and resembling No. 232. Certain other crowns, 
 each distinguished by an appropriate title, are also 
 sometimes borne on shields, or introduced as heraldic 
 accessories. (See Celestial, Eastern or Radiated, Mural, 
 Naval, and Vallary Crowns.) The different forms 
 assumed at different periods by the Royal Crown of 
 England are faithfully exemplified in the seals and the 
 coinage of the successive Sovereigns, and several fine 
 examples are preserved in the Royal effigies. The 
 adornment of the regal circlet was arbitrary before the 
 fifteenth century; still, it always was enriched with 
 gems and surmounted by golden foliage. HENRY V. 
 
GLOSSARY OF TITLES, NAMES, AND TERMS. 115 
 
 first arched his crown; and by HENRY VI. the circlet 
 was first heightened with alternate crosses-pate e and 
 fleurs de lys. This arrangement has since been retained, 
 the subsequent alterations being restricted to changes 
 in the number and in the contour of the arches. The 
 crown of Her Majesty the QUEEN has the circlet 
 heightened with four crosses and as many fleurs de lys ; 
 from the crosses rise the arches, which are surmounted 
 by a mound and a cross-patee. No. 234. 
 
 234. No. 235. 
 
 Crown of H. M. The Queen. Dacre Knot and Badges. 
 
 Crazier. The cross-staff of an archbishop ; distinguished by 
 its form from the pastoral-staff with a crook-head, of 
 bishops. 
 
 Crusilee, Crusily. Having the field semee of crosses-crosslets, 
 or of other small crosses, their peculiar form (when not 
 crosslets) being specified. 
 
 Cubit-arm. A human arm couped at the elbow. 
 
 Cup, Covered Cup. A vessel formed like a chalice, and 
 having a raised cover; borne by the BOTILERS, BUT 
 LERS, etc. 
 
 Cushion, Pillow, Oreiller. Unless described of another form, 
 square or oblong, and with a tassel at each corner. 
 
 Dacre Knot. No. 235. (See Knot.) 
 
 Dancette. No. 386. In early blazon, a fesse dancette, and 
 
 I 2 
 
Il6 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 sometimes a series of fusils conjoined in fesse, is styled 
 simply "a dancette" or "a danse? Nos. 78, 146; and 
 No. 20A, page 70. 
 
 Debased. Reversed. 
 
 Debrnised. When an ordinary surmounts an animal or 
 another ordinary. 
 
 Decrescent, In Detriment. A half-moon having its horns to 
 the sinister. No. i66c. 
 
 Deer. A stag, with antlers, is a Hart; the female is a Hind. 
 (See Chapter VIII.) 
 
 Degreed, Degraded. Placed on steps. 
 
 Demembered) Dismembered. Cut into pieces, but without any 
 alteration in the form of the original figure. 
 
 Demi. The half. The upper, front, or dexter half, unless 
 the contrary be specified. No. 186. 
 
 Depressed. Surmounted. 
 
 Developed. Displayed, unfurled. 
 
 Dexter. The right side. No. 270. 
 
 Diaper, Diapering. Surface decoration. No. 68. 
 
 Difference, Differencing. An addition to, or some change in, 
 a Coat-of-Arms, introduced for the purpose of distin 
 guishing Coats which in their primary qualities are the 
 same. Differencing is sometimes used in the same 
 sense as Cadency ; but, strictly, it is distinct, having 
 reference to alliance and dependency, without blood- 
 relationship, or to the system adopted for distinguishing 
 similar Coats-of-Arms. (See Chapters XII. and XIII.) 
 
 Dimidiated. Cut in halves per pale, and one half removed : 
 No. 250. (See Chapter XL) 
 
 Disclosed. With expanded wings, in the case of birds that 
 are not birds of prey. The contrary to Close. 
 
 Displayed. Birds of prey with expanded wings. No. 200 
 
 Disposed, Disposition. Arranged, arrangement. 
 
 Dividing Lines. No. 38: also Nos. 27 37. 
 
GLOSSARY OF TITLES, NAMES, AND TERMS. 117 
 
 Dolphin. A favourite fish with Heralds. The heraldic DoL 
 phin of antiquity is exemplified in No. 8 ; that of the 
 middle ages in No. 163. 
 
 Dormant, or Couchant. Asleep, as in No. 179. 
 
 Doubling. The lining of a Mantle or Mantling. 
 
 Dove-tail. No. 381. 
 
 Dragon. A winged monster having four legs. No. 236. 
 
 Duke. The highest rank and title in the British Peerage; 
 first introduced by EDWARD III. in the year 1337, when 
 he created the BLACK PRINCE the first English Duke (in 
 Latin, " Z>ux"). A Duke is "Most Noble;" he is 
 styled "My Lord Duke," and "Your Grace;" and all 
 his sons are " Lords," and all his daughters " Ladies," 
 with the prefix " Right Honourable." His eldest son 
 bears, by royal concession and courtesy, his father s 
 
 No. 236. Dragon. No. 237. Duke s Coronet. 
 
 " second title ;" and, accordingly, he generally bears 
 the title of Marquess. Whatever his title, however, 
 the rank of the eldest son of a Duke is always the 
 same, and it assigns to him precedence between Mar 
 quesses and Earls. The Coronet of a Duke, arbitrary 
 in its adornment until the sixteenth century was far 
 advanced, is now a circlet, heightened with eight con 
 ventional strawberry-leaves, of which in representations 
 three and two half-leaves are shown; No. 237. The 
 present ducal coronet is represented in the portrait of 
 
Il8 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 LUDOVICK STUART, K.G., Duke of RICHMOND and 
 LENNOX, who died in 1624; the picture, the property 
 of the Crown, is at Hampton Court. 
 
 Ducal Coronet. A term commonly, but always most im 
 properly, applied to a Crest Coronet. No. 232. 
 
 Duchess. The wife of a Duke. She is " Most Noble," and 
 is styled "Your Grace." Her coronet is the same as 
 that of a Duke. 
 
 Eagle. See Chapter IX., page 92. 
 
 Eaglet. An Eagle on a small scale. 
 
 Earl. In Latin, "Comes;" in French, " Compte" or 
 "Count." Before 1337, the highest, and now the 
 third degree of rank and dignity in the British Peerage. 
 An Earl is "Right Honourable;" he is styled "My 
 Lord ;" his eldest son bears his father s " second title," 
 generally that of Viscount; his other sons are " Honour 
 able," but all his daughters are " Ladies" and " Right 
 Honourable." An Earl s Coronet has eight lofty rays 
 of gold rising from the circlet, each of which supports 
 
 No- 238. Earl s Coronet. No. 239. Eastern Crown. 
 
 a large pearl, while between each pair of these rays 
 there is a golden strawberry-leaf. In representations 
 five of the rays and pearls are shown ; No. 238. 
 Elevated clusters of pearls appear in an Earl s coronet 
 that of THOMAS FITZ ALAN, Earl of ARUNDEL as 
 early as 1445 ; but the present form of the coronet 
 may be assigned to the second half of the following 
 century. 
 
GLOSSARY OF TITLES, NAMES, AND TERMS. IIQ 
 
 Eastern, Radiated, or Antique Crown. No. 239. 
 
 Electoral Bonnet. A cap of crimson velvet guarded with 
 
 ermine, borne over the inescutcheon of the arms of 
 
 Hanover from 1801 till 1816. No. 240. 
 Embattled, Battled. No. 38F. 
 Embowed. Bent. An arm embowed has the elbow to the 
 
 dexter. 
 
 Embrued. Stained with blood. 
 Endorse. A diminutive of the pale. 
 
 No. 240. Electoral Bonnet. No. 241 Shield of Byron. 
 
 Enjiled. Pierced with a sword. 
 
 Engrailed. The border-line, No. 380. By the early Heralds 
 this term was used to denote " fusils conjoined in fesse," 
 the number of their points being specified. 
 
 Enhanced. Raised towards the chief. Thus the arms of 
 BYRON, No. 241, are Arg., three bendlets enhanced gu. 
 
 Ensigned. Adorned ; having some ensign of honour placed 
 above as a coronet above a shield. 
 
 Entire. Said of a charge when it extends to the border lines 
 of a shield, coat, or banner; also of a shield, coat, or 
 banner of arms, when borne without any difference or 
 mark of cadency. 
 
 Entoire, Entoyre. A bordure charged with a series of in 
 animate figures or devices, as crosslets, roundles, &c. ; 
 to a similar bordure of living figures the term Enaluron 
 is applied. 
 
 Enveloped, Environed. Surrounded. 
 
120 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 Equipped. Fully armed, caparisoned, or provided. 
 
 Eradicated. Torn up by the roots. 
 
 Erased. Torn off with a ragged edge ; the contrary to 
 Couped. 
 
 Ermine, Ermines, Erminois. Nos. 57 60 and 5 7 A. The 
 animal, the ermine, sometimes appears in blazon, and 
 an ermine spot is borne as a charge. 
 
 Erne. An eagle. (See p. 96.) 
 
 Escarbunde. No. 19. 
 
 Escroll. A ribbon charged with a motto; also a ribbon, 
 coiled at its extremities, borne as a charge. 
 
 Escutcheon. An heraldic shield : Nos. 39-40 : also No. 27. 
 An Escutcheon is borne as a charge, when it is blazoned 
 as an " Inescutcheon :" thus, the Arms of HAY are, 
 Arg., three inescutcheons gu. : see also Nos. 131, 133. 
 
 Escutcheon of Pretence. A shield charged upon the field of 
 another shield of larger size, and bearing a distinct Coat- 
 of-arms. 
 
 Escallop, or Escallop-Shell. A beautiful and favourite charge ; 
 No. 165. 
 
 Esquire. A rank next below that of Knight. Besides those 
 Esquires who are personal attendants of Knights of 
 Orders of Knighthood, this title is held by all attendants 
 on the person of the Sovereign, and all persons holding 
 the Sovereign s commission being of military rank not 
 below Captain ; also, by general concession, by Barris 
 ters at Law, Masters of Arts, and Bachelors of Law and 
 Physic. 
 
 Estate. Dignity and high rank. 
 Estoile. A star with wavy rays or points, which 
 are six, eight, or sometimes even more in 
 number : No. 242. (See Mullet.} 
 False. Said of any charge when its central area 
 is removedthus, an Annulet is a " false roundle." 
 
GLOSSARY OF TITLES, NAMES, AND TERMS. 121 
 
 Fan, or Winnowing Fan, or Vane. The well-known imple 
 ment of husbandry of that name, borne by the Kentish 
 Family of De Sevans or Septvans Az., three fans or 
 (E. 2). This shield appears in the Brass to Sir R. DE 
 SEVANS, A.D. 1305, at Chartham, in Kent, and in the 
 cloisters at Canterbury. 
 
 Fan Crest. An early form of decoration for the knightly 
 helm, exemplified in the 2nd Great Seal of RICHARD I., 
 and in many other Seals, until about A.D. 1350. (See 
 Chapter XIV.) 
 
 Feathers. Generally those of the ostrich, sometimes of the 
 swan, the turkey, and a few other birds, borne generally 
 as Crests and Badges, both singly and in plumes or 
 groups. (See Ostrich Feather, Panache, and Chapter 
 XIV.) 
 
 Femme. The Wife, as distinguished from the " Baron," the 
 Husband. 
 
 Fer-de-Moline, or Mill-rind. The iron affixed to the centre 
 
 No. 243. Fer-de-Moline. No. 244. Fermails. No. 245. Fetter-lock. 
 
 of a mill-stone ; No. 243 : a modification of the Cross- 
 
 moline ; No. 97. 
 Fermail (plural fcrmaux). A buckle : No. 244. Several 
 
 varieties of form appear in blazon. 
 Ferr. A horse-shoe. 
 Fesse. One of the Ordinaries : Nos. 76 80. Fesse-wise, In 
 
 Fesse. Disposed in a horizontal line, side by side, 
 
 across the centre of the field, and over the Fesse-Point 
 
 of a shield : No. 27M. 
 
122 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 Fetter-lock. A shackle and padlock a Yorkist Badge : No. 
 245, from the Brass to Sir S. DE FELBRIGGE, K.G., at 
 Felbrigg, Norfolk, A.D. 1414. 
 
 Field. The entire surface of a Shield or Banner, of an 
 Ordinary, or of any object. 
 
 File. A Label, from the Latin filum, a narrow ribbon. 
 
 Fillet. A diminutive of a Chief. 
 
 Fimbriated. Bordered the border (which is narrow) lying 
 in the same plane with the object bordered : No. 89. 
 
 Fish. Numerous Fish appear in blazon, and generally in 
 their proper tinctures. They are borne as allusive 
 charges, and also as types of some connection between 
 those persons who bear them and the sea or lakes or 
 rivers. Mr. Moule has published an admirable volume 
 on the " Heraldry of Fish," beautifully illustrated with 
 examples drawn by his daughter. (See p. 77.) 
 
 Fitchee. Pointed at the base, as in No. no. 
 
 Flanches, Flasques. Subordinaries : Nos. 141, 142. 
 
 Fleur de lys. The beautiful heraldic device so long identified 
 with the history of France : No. 246 (from the 
 monument of EDWARD III.). The fleur de lys, 
 derived, it would seem, from the flower of a 
 lily resembling the iris, was adopted by Louis 
 NO. 246. VII. (A.D. 1137 1 1 80) as his royal ensign, and 
 
 Fleur de lys. n ^ ue ^ me ^ wag re g U i ar }y charged upon a true 
 
 Shield of Arms. Originally the Royal Shield of France was 
 Az., semee of fleurs de fys, or; the fleurs de lys scattered 
 freely over the field, and the Shield itself having the 
 appearance of having been cut out of a larger object, 
 over the whole surface of which the flowers had been 
 semee. This Shield of France is distinguished as " France 
 Ancient:" No. 247. About A.D. 1365, CHARLES V. of 
 France reduced the number of the fleurs de lys to three ; 
 and this Shield is now known as "France Modern:" 
 
GLOSSARY OF TITLES, NAMES, AND TERMS. 123 
 
 No. 248. In the year 1275, EDMUND, first Earl of Lan 
 caster, the second son of HENRY III., married BLANCHE 
 of Artois, when he differenced his shield of England with a 
 
 No. 247. France Ancient. 
 
 No. 248. France Modern. 
 
 label of France a blue label charged on each point with three 
 golden fleurs de lys : No. 249 ; thus, for the first time, did 
 the armorial insignia of England and France appear 
 together upon the same Shield. In 1299 EDWARD I. 
 married his second Queen, MARGARET of France, and 
 then this royal lady placed on one of her Seals a Shield 
 
 No. 249. 
 Edmund, Earl of Lancaster. 
 
 No. 250. 
 Margaret, Queen of Edward I. 
 
 of England and France dimidiated : No. 250. On 
 another of her Seals, a very noble example of the 
 Seal-engraver s art, Queen MARGARET displayed the 
 Shield of King EDWARD I., her husband, surrounded, 
 on the field of the Seal, with her father s fleurs de lys : 
 
124 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 No. 251. On the Seals of ISABELLE of France, Queen 
 of EDWARD II., the same dimidiated shield, and another 
 shield quartering the arms of England with France Ancient 
 and two other French coats (Navarre and Champagne) 
 appear. Then Prince JOHN of ELTHAM charged a 
 
 No. 251. Seal of Margaret, second Queen of Edward I. 
 
 " bordure of France" ttpon his shield, No. 24 ; thus 
 applying the suggestion of the Seal of Queen MARGARET, 
 No. 251, in such a manner as was consistent with the 
 advanced condition of heraldic art. On his accession 
 in 1327, EDWARD III. placed a fleur de lys on each 
 side of the Shield of England upon his Great Seal : and 
 in 1340, when he claimed the crown of France, EDWARD 
 quartered France Ancient with his lions of England: 
 No. 252. Shortly after his accession, perhaps in 1405, 
 
GLOSSARY OF TITLES, NAMES, AND TERMS. 125 
 
 in order to conform to the altered blazonry of the 
 French sovereigns, HENRY IV. quartered France Modern 
 on his shield: No. 253. The position of the three 
 fleurs de lys was more than once changed in the Royal 
 
 No. 253. 
 Shield of Henry IV., about A.D. 1405. 
 
 No. 252. 
 Shield of Edward III., A.D. 1340. 
 
 Shield of England (as I shall hereafter show more par 
 ticularly) after the accession of the STUARTS ; and they 
 were not finally removed till the first year of this present 
 century. The fleur de lys is also borne on many English 
 Shields, disposed in various ways. In modern cadency 
 the fleur de lys is the difference of the sixth son, or house. 
 
 Fleurettee, Florettee. Terminating in, or bordered with, fleurs 
 de lys \ also, semee de lys. 
 
 Fleurie. Ending as No. 100 ; also, semee de lys. 
 
 Flexed. Bowed, bent. 
 
 Flighted. Feathered, as arrows are. 
 
 Fly. The length, and also the side of a flag farthest from 
 the staff. 
 
 Foliated. Crisped, or formed like a leaf. 
 
 Fountain. No. 153. 
 
 Fourchte, Queue Fourch ee. Divided into two parts said of 
 a lion with a double tail : No. 181. 
 
 Frette. A subordinary : No. 148. Frettee, Pretty: covered 
 with frette-work : No. 149. 
 
126 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 Fructed. Bearing fruit or seeds. 
 
 Fumant. Having smoke issuing forth. 
 
 Furs. See p. 41 : Nos. 57 65. 
 
 Fusil. An elongated Lozenge : No. 2OA, p. 70. Fusillee. 
 
 Covered with Fusils, all lying in the same plane. 
 fylfot. A peculiar cruciform figure, supposed to have a 
 mystic signification, found in mili 
 tary and ecclesiastical decorations 
 in England, and on Eastern coins, 
 &c. : Nos. 254, 255 ; the latter 
 example is from the monument 
 !54 F , fot of Bishop BRONSCOMBE, in Exeter 
 
 Cathedral. 
 Gad, Gadlyng. A spike, knob, or other figure, projecting 
 
 from the knuckles of gauntlets. 
 Galley. An ancient ship. (See Lymphad^] 
 Garb. A sheaf of wheat; or of any other grain to be 
 
 specified. 
 
 Garnished. Adorned in a becoming manner. 
 Garter, Order of the. See Chapter XIX. 
 Garter King-of-Arms. The chief of the official Heralds of 
 England, and officer of arms of the Order of the Garter. 
 (See Herald.} 
 
 Gemelles. See Bars Gemelles. 
 Gem-Ring. A ring for the finger, set with a jewel. 
 Genet. A spotted animal, somewhat like a martin : a badge 
 
 of Queen JOANNA of Navarre. 
 
 George, Saint. The Patron Saint of England. The circum 
 stances which led to his association with England are 
 unknown, nor can the saint himself be identified as an 
 historical personage. His Shield of arms, a red cross on 
 a silver field, first appears in English Heraldry in the 
 fourteenth century : No. i. 
 George, The. A mounted figure of the Saint in the act of 
 
GLOSSARY OF TITLES, NAMES, AND TERMS. 127 
 
 piercing the dragon with his lance, and worn as a 
 pendant to the collar of the Order of the Garter ; added 
 to the insignia of the Order, with the Collar, by 
 HENRY VII. The Lesser George has the same group on 
 an enamelled field, and surrounded by the Garter of 
 the Order, the whole forming a "jewel," generally oval 
 in shape : it was introduced by HENRY VIII. , and is 
 now worn pendant from the dark-blue ribbon of the 
 Order, the ribbon passing over the left shoulder and the 
 jewel hanging on the right side of the wearer. Origin 
 ally, this " Lesser George " was worn from either a gold 
 chain or a black ribbon : by Queen ELIZABETH the 
 colour of the ribbon was changed to sky-blue, and it 
 assumed its present darker hue in the reign of either 
 GEORGE I. or GEORGE II. a modification said to have 
 been adopted in order to distinguish the true knights 
 from those who were created by the Pretender. 
 
 Gerattyng. Differencing by the introduction of small 
 charges. It is an early term, now obsolete. 
 
 Gimmel-ring. Two, or sometimes three, annulets interlaced. 
 
 Girt, Girdled. Encircled, or bound round. 
 
 Gonfannon. A long flag, pointed or swallow-tailed at the 
 fly, and displayed from a transverse bar attached to a 
 staff. 
 
 Gorged. Encircled round the throat. 
 
 Gouttee, Guttee. Sprinkled over with drops either of gold 
 gouttee d or; of silver d eau; of blue d azure, or de 
 formes (tears) ; of red du sang (blood) ; or of black 
 de poix (pitch). 
 
 Gradient. Walking. 
 
 Grafted. Inserted and fixed. 
 
 Grand Quarters. The four primary divisions of a Shield, 
 when it is divided quarterly: Nos. 30, 36, 37. The 
 term " Grand Quarter " may be used to signify a 
 
128 
 
 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 172, 174, 
 
 and 
 
 primary quarter or division of a quartered Shield or 
 Coat, and to distinguish such a quarter when it is 
 quartered. 
 Greeces. Steps. 
 Guardant. Looking out from the field: Nos. 
 
 176, 187. 
 Guige. A Shield-belt, worn over the right shoulder, 
 
 frequently represented in heraldic compositions as if 
 sustaining a Shield of arms : Nos. 48, 49. 
 Gules. Red : No. 53. 
 
 Gurges, or Gorges. A charge formed of a spiral line of blue 
 on a white field, and supposed to 
 represent a whirlpool : borne (H. 3) 
 by R. DE GORGES : No. 256. 
 Gyron. A Subordinary. Gyrotmy. A 
 field divided into Gyrons : No. 147. 
 (See page 70.) 
 Habited. Clothed. 
 Hames, Heames. Parts of horses har- 
 
 No. 256. 
 Shield of R. de Gorges. 
 
 ness. 
 
 Hammer, or Martel. Represented in 
 blazon much in the same shape as the implement in 
 common use (H. 3). 
 
 Harp. A device and badge of Ireland. The Irish Harp of 
 gold with silver strings on a blue field forms the third 
 quarter of the Royal Arms. 
 
 Hart. A stag, with attires ; the female is a Hind: page 81. 
 
 Hastilude. A tournament. 
 
 Hatchment. An achievement of arms in a lozenge-shaped 
 frame, placed upon the front (generally over the 
 principal entrance) of the residence of a person lately 
 deceased. In the case of the decease of an unmarried 
 person, or of a widower or widow, the whole of the 
 field of the hatchment is painted black ; but in the case 
 
GLOSSARY OF TITLES, NAMES, AND TERMS. 129 
 
 of a married person, that part only of the field is black 
 which adjoins the side of the achievement occupied by 
 the armorial insignia of the individual deceased. Thus, 
 if a husband be deceased, the dexter half of the field of 
 the hatchment is black, and the sinister white ; and so, 
 in like manner, if the wife be deceased, the sinister is 
 black and the dexter white. 
 
 Hauriant. A fish in pale, its head in chief. See Uriant. 
 
 Hause. Height, indicating a charge enhanced. 
 
 Hawk s bells, jesses and lure. A falconer s decoy, formed of 
 feathers with their tips in base, and joined by a cord 
 
 No. 257. Hawk s Lure. No. 258. Hawk s Bells and Jesses. 
 
 and ring, No. 257 ; also bells with straps to be attached 
 to hawks, No. 258. 
 
 Heightened. Raised ; placed above or higher. 
 
 Heights. Applied to plumes of feathers which are arranged 
 in rows or sets, one rising above another. See 
 Panache. 
 
 Helm, Helmet. Now placed as an accessory above a Shield 
 of arms, and bearing its Crest after the fashion in which, 
 in the Middle Ages, both Helm and Crest were actually 
 worn. A modern usage distinguishes Helms as follows : 
 The Sovereign Helm of gold, with six bars, set 
 affrontee, No. 259 ; Princes and Noblemen Helm of 
 silver, garnished with gold, set in profile, and showing 
 five bars, No. 260 ; Baronets and Knights of steel, 
 
 J 
 
) ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 with silver ornaments, without bars, the vizor raised, set 
 affrontee, No. 261 ; Esquires and Gentlemen of steel, 
 the vizor closed, and set in profile, Nos. 262, 263. The 
 Helms that appear on early Seals and in other heraldic 
 compositions till about A.D. 1600, are all set in profile, 
 
 HELMS 
 OF 
 
 No. 259. The Sovereign. 
 
 No. 260. Princes and Nobles. 
 
 No. 261. 
 Baronets and Knights. 
 
 No. 262. No - 26 3- 
 
 Esquires and Gentlemen. 
 
 and the shield generally hangs from them couch ee, as in 
 No. 49. In these early compositions, the shield is 
 small in proportion to the helm and its accessories. In 
 the Middle Ages, when engaged in actual combat, the 
 knights wore a second helm, which rested on their 
 shoulders, in addition to their close-fitting basi 
 See Panache. , 
 
 Hemp-brake, Hackle. An instrument having saw-teeth, u 
 
 for bruising hemp. 
 Heneage Knot. No. 264. 
 
GLOSSARY OF TITLES, NAMES, AND TERMS. 
 
 Herald. An officer of arms. The Heralds of England 
 were incorporated by RICHARD III. ; and from Queen 
 MARY, in 1555, they received a grant of Derby House, 
 on the site of which, between St. Paul s Cathedral and 
 the Thames, stands their present official residence, 
 HERALDS COLLEGE, or the COLLEGE OF ARMS. The 
 college now consists of three KINGS-OF-ARMS Garter, 
 Clarenceux, and Norroy ; six HERALDS, who have 
 precedence by seniority of appointment Windsor, 
 Chester, Lancaster, Somerset, York, and Richmond ; and 
 four PURSUIVANTS Rouge Croix, Rouge Dragon, Blue 
 mantle, and Portcullis. The official habit is a Tabard, 
 emblazoned with the Royal Arms, and a Collar of SS. 
 
 No. 264. Heneage Knot. 
 
 No. 265. Anns of the Herdds College. 
 
 The Kings have a Crown, formed of a golden circlet, 
 from which rise sixteen oak-leaves, nine of which appear 
 in representations ; and the circlet itself is charged with 
 the words, Miserere mei Deus secundum magnam miseri- 
 cordiam tuam (" Have mercy on me, O God, according 
 to thy great loving-kindness"). 
 
 The supreme head of the English Heralds, under the 
 SOVEREIGN, is the EARL MARSHAL, an office hereditary 
 in the family of the DUKE OF NORFOLK. The Arms of 
 the College are Arg., a cross gu., between four doves 
 their /dexter wings expanded and inverted az. : No. 265 ; 
 Crest From a crest-coronet or, a dove rising az. ; Sup- 
 
 J 2 
 
 L 
 
ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 porters Two lions ramp, guard, arg., ducally gorged or. 
 Each of the Kings has his own official arms, which he 
 impales with his paternal coat on the dexter side of the 
 shield. The Arms of Garter are Arg., a cross gu. ; 
 on a chief az., a ducal coronet encircled with a Garter of 
 the Order, between a lion of England and a fleur de lys, 
 all or. Clarenceux and Norroy have the same shield, 
 but the former has a lion of England only, crowned, on a 
 chief gules ; and the latter, on a chief per pale az. and gu., 
 has a similar lion between a fleur de lys and a key, all of 
 
 gold. 
 
 There is also another Herald King styled " Bath," 
 who is specially attached to the Order of the Bath, and 
 has jurisdiction in the principality of Wales ; he is not 
 a member of the College. 
 
 " Lord Lyon King-of-Arms" is the chief Herald of 
 Scotland ; and the establishment over which he presides 
 is styled the " Lyon Office." The Arms of the Office 
 zxQArg., a lion sejant affronte gu., 
 holding in his dexter paw a thistle 
 slipped vert, and in the sinister an 
 escutcheon of the second ; on a chief az., 
 a saltire of the first : No. 266. 
 
 Ireland is the heraldic province of 
 "Ulster King-of-Arms." His official 
 No . 266 . armorial ensigns differ from those of 
 
 Arms of Lyon office. Garter only in the charges of the chief, 
 which are a lion of England between a golden harp and 
 portcullis. 
 
 Herison. A hedgehog. 
 Hill, Hillock. A mound of earth. 
 Hirondelle. A swallow. 
 
 Hoist. The depth of a flag from chief to base. See / /J 
 Honour Point. No. 27 L. 
 
GLOSSARY OF TITLES, NAMES, AND TERMS. 133 
 
 Humettee. Cut short at the extremities. 
 
 Hurst. A clump of trees. 
 
 Hurte. A blue roundle. 
 
 Illegitimacy, Difference or Abatement of. See Chapter XII. 
 
 Imbrued, Imbued. Stained with blood. 
 
 Impaled. Conjoined per pale. 
 
 Impalement. The act of uniting two (or more) distinct coats 
 
 per pale, to form a single achievement. 
 Imperially Crowned. Ensigned with the Crown of England. 
 Incensed, Inflamed. On fire ; having fire issuing forth. 
 Increscent, in Increment. No. i66B. See Decrescent. 
 Indented. No. 38 A. 
 Inescutcheon. An heraldic Shield borne as a charge. This 
 
 term is sometimes used to denote an Escutcheon of 
 
 Pretence. 
 In bend. Disposed bend-wise ; In Chevron, In Chief, In 
 
 Cross, In Fesse, &c. Disposed after the manner of a 
 
 chevron, or in the chief of the shield, or in the form of 
 
 a cross, &c. 
 
 In Foliage. Bearing leaves. 
 In Glory, In Splendour. The sun irradiated. 
 In Lure. Wings conjoined, with their tips drooping. 
 In Pretence. Placed upon, and in front of. 
 In Pride. Having the tail displayed, as a peacock s. 
 In Quadrangle. When four charges are so disposed that one 
 
 is in each quarter of the shield. 
 Irradiated. Surrounded by rays of light. 
 Issuant. Proceeding from, or out of. 
 Jambe, Gambe. The leg of a lion, or other beast of prey : 
 
 No. 185. 
 
 Jesses. Straps for hawk s bells. 
 fessant. Shooting forth, as plants growing out of the earth. 
 
 Jessant de lys. A combination of a lion s face and a 
 
 fleur-de-lys : No. 267. 
 
134 
 
 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 Joust. A tournament. 
 
 Jupon. A short, sleeveless surcoat, 
 
 from about 1340 to about 1405. 
 
 with armorial insignia, and thus 
 
 worn over armour 
 It is often charged 
 is a true " coat of 
 
 arms. 
 
 Jowlopped. Having wattles and a comb, as a cock. 
 
 Key. When represented in early blazon, Keys have always 
 
 No. 207. 
 Jessant de lys. 
 
 No. 270. 
 Hastings Badge. 
 
 T 
 Nos. 268, 269. Heraldic Keys. 
 
 elegant forms. No. 268 is from Peterborough Cathedral, 
 and No 269 from Exeter. 
 
 King-qf-Arms. See Herald. 
 
 Knighthood, Orders of : Knights. See Chapter XVI. 
 
 Knot. An intertwined cord, borne as a badge. The varieties 
 of this device are The Bourchier, No. 219; the Bowen, 
 No. 220 ; the Harrington (the same as a Frette),^. 148 ; 
 the Heneagc, No. 264; the Lacy, No. 274; the Stafford, 
 No. 304 ; and the Wake and Ormond, No. 313. Cords 
 were sometimes intertwined about other figures and 
 devices, and so formed what may be regarded as Com 
 pound Badges, which significantly declared the union of 
 two houses : thus, the knot of EDWARD Lord HASTINGS 
 unites the Hungerford sickle with the Pelham garbe : 
 No. 270 ; and the Dacre knot is entwined about the 
 
GLOSSARY OF TITLES, NAMES, AND TERMS. 135 
 
 Dacre escallop and the famous " ragged staff" of 
 Beauchamp and Neville : No. 235. 
 
 Laid. A narrow ribbon placed across the field of a shield 
 near the chief, and having three, five, or sometimes 
 other numbers of points depending from it, its object 
 being to mark Cadency. In the early Labels the number 
 of the points was arbitrary, the usual numbers being 
 five and three ; and, subsequently, three points were 
 almost universally used ; the object always was to 
 render the Label conspicuous. In blazon a Label is 
 supposed to have three points ; but, if more, the number 
 is to be specified; thus, No. 271 is simply " a Label" 
 but No. 272 is " a Label of five points." Labels appear 
 
 TIT imr 
 
 ZXZSZS 
 
 Labels. No. 271. No. 272. No. 273. 
 
 early in the thirteenth century, and in the next century 
 they are in constant use. Various charges may be 
 placed on the "points" of Labels to extend their 
 capacity for " differencing." Since the time of EDWARD 
 the BLACK PRINCE the Label of the PRINCE OF WALES 
 has been plain silver. The Label is almost exclusively 
 (now without any exception) used in 
 Royal Cadency ; but, in modern 
 Heraldry, in the case of all other 
 persons it is the peculiar mark of the 
 eldest son. The Label is borne as a 
 charge. It has become a usage in the 
 degenerate days of Heraldry to repre 
 sent the Label as in No. 273, instead Na *-^ Knot. 
 of the earlier and far preferable forms of Nos. 271, 272. 
 Lacy Knot. No. 274. 
 
136 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 Lambrequin. A mantling. 
 ^^ Langued. To denote the tincture of an animal s tongue. 
 
 Leaves. Their peculiarities are to be blazoned, as laurel 
 leaves, oak leaves, &c. 
 
 Leopard, Leoparde. See page 84. 
 
 Letters of the Alphabet sometimes are Charges. Thus, the 
 Arms of the Deanery of Canterbury are Az., on a cross 
 arg., the letter " x" surmounted by the letter "i" sable: the 
 " x" is on the cross at the intersection of its limbs, and 
 the "i" is above it. 
 
 Line, or Border Line. No. 38. 
 
 Lined. Having a cord attached : also, having a lining. 
 
 Lion. See page 83. 
 
 Lioncel. A lion drawn to a small scale, and generally ram 
 pant, Nos. 114, 115, 197. 
 
 Livery Colours. Of the PLANTAGENETS, as one family, white 
 and scarlet ; of the house of YORK, blue and crimson; of 
 the house of LANCASTER, white and blue; of the house of 
 TUDOR, white and green ; of the house of STUART, gold 
 and scarlet; of the house of HANOVER, in England, scarlet 
 and blue. In the middle ages, all great families had 
 their own livery colours. 
 
 Lodged. A term denoting animals of the chase when at rest 
 or in repose, Nos. 25, 26. 
 
 Lozenge. A square figure set diagonally, No. 47 (also see 
 page 69). The armorial insignia of ladies, with the sole 
 exception of the Sovereign, are blazoned on a Lozenge 
 instead of an Escutcheon. 
 
 Lozengy. A field divided lozengewise : No. 145. 
 
 Luce. The fish now called a pike. See page 77, and No. 
 164. 
 
 Lure. See In Lure. 
 
 Lymphad. An ancient galley, No. 275, the feudal ensign of 
 the Scottish lordship of LORN, and as such quartered by 
 
GLOSSARY OF TITLES, NAMES, AND TERMS. 1.37 
 
 the Duke of ARGYLL. A Lymphad sable, on waves of the 
 sea, is also borne on a field argent by the PRINCE OF 
 WALES, as " LORD OF THE ISLES." 
 
 Maintenance, Cap of. See Chapeau. 
 
 Manche, Maunche. A lady s sleeve with a long pendent 
 
 No. 275. Lymphad. No. 276. Arms of Hastings. 
 
 lappet, worn in the time of HENRY I., and borne as an 
 armorial charge by the family of HASTINGS, and by some 
 others. HASTINGS (H. 3) Or, a manche gu.: No. 276. 
 
 Mantle. A flowing robe worn over the armour, or over their 
 ordinary costume, by personages of distinction of both 
 sexes : the mantles of ladies were commonly decorated 
 with armorial blazonry. 
 
 Mantling, or Lambrequin. A small mantle of some rich 
 materials, attached to the knightly basinet or helm, and 
 worn hanging down and ending in tassels. It is usually 
 represented with jagged edges, to represent the cuts 
 to which it would be exposed in actual battle : No. 199. 
 (See Panache^} Mantlings blazoned with achievements of 
 arms are sometimes adjusted in folds to form a back 
 ground to the composition, and they are also occasion 
 ally differenced with various charges. 
 
 Marquess, Marquis. The second order of the British 
 
138 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 Peerage, in rank next to that of Duke. This rank and 
 title were introduced into England in 1387, by RICHARD 
 II., who then created his favourite, ROBERT DE VERE, 
 Marquess of DUBLIN. The next creation was by HENRY 
 VI. A Marquess is " Most Honourable ;" he is styled 
 " My Lord Marquess :" all his sons are " Lords," and 
 his daughters "Ladies;" his eldest son bears his 
 father s "second title." The Coronet, apparently con 
 temporary in its present form with that of Dukes, 
 has its golden circlet heightened with four strawberry 
 leaves and as many pearls, 
 arranged alternately : in repre 
 sentations two of the pearls, 
 and one leaf and two half- 
 leaves are shown, No. 277. 
 
 277. Coronet of Marquess. 
 
 The wife of a Marquess is a 
 
 " Marchioness ; " her style corresponds with that of her 
 husband, and her coronet is the same. 
 
 Marshalling. The disposition of more than one distinct 
 coat of arms upon a shield, so forming a single compo 
 sition ; or the aggroupment of two or more distinct 
 shields, so as to form a single composition; also the 
 association of such accessories as the helm, mantling, 
 crest, &c., and of knightly and other insignia with a 
 shield of arms, thus again forming a single heraldic 
 composition. See Chapter XL 
 
 Mart el. A hammer. 
 
 Martlet. The heraldic Martin, usually represented without 
 feet: Nos. 160, 161, and 70 and 86. 
 
 Masde. An elongated Lozenge : No. 143. Masculee. A 
 field divided mascle-wise. 
 
 Masoned. Representing brickwork. 
 
 Membered. To denote the legs of a bird. 
 
 Merchant s mark. A device, adopted as early as 1400 by 
 
GLOSSARY OF TITLES, NAMES, AND TERMS. 139 
 
 merchants, as a substitute for heraldic ensigns which 
 were not conceded to them. They are the predecessors 
 of the Trade-brands and Marks of after times. 
 
 Mermaid, Merman or Triton. The well-known fabulous 
 creatures of the sea, borne occasionally as charges, but 
 more frequently as badges or crests. A mermaid was 
 the device of Sir WILLIAM DE BRIVERE, who died in 
 1226, and it is the badge of the BERKELEYS. 
 
 Metal. The Tinctures Or and Argent : Nos. 50, 51. 
 
 Mill-rind. See Fer-de-Moline. 
 
 Mitre. The ensign of archiepiscopal and episcopal rank, 
 placed above the arms of prelates of the Church of 
 England, sometimes borne as a charge, and adopted by 
 the BERKELEYS as their crest. The contour of the mitre 
 has varied considerably at different periods, the early 
 examples being low and concave in their sides, the 
 later lofty and convex. See No. 159. 
 
 Moline. A cross terminating like a Fer-de-moline, No. 97. 
 In modern cadency it is the difference of the eighth son. 
 
 Moon. No. 1 66, page 80. 
 
 Motto. A word, or very short sentence, placed generally 
 below a shield, but sometimes above a crest, and 
 probably derived from the " war-cries " of early times. 
 A motto may be emblematical, or it may have some 
 allusion to the person bearing it, or to his name and 
 armorial insignia ; or it may be the epigrammatic ex 
 pression of some sentiment in special favour with the 
 bearer of it. As a matter of course, allusive mottoes, 
 like allusive arms, afford curious examples of mediaeval 
 puns. I give a few characteristic examples : " Vero nil 
 verms" (nothing truer than truth, or, no greater verily 
 than in Vere) VERE ; " Fare,fac" (Speak act ; that is, 
 a word and blow) FAIRFAX ; " Cave " (beware) CAVE ; 
 "Cavendo tutus" (safe, by caution, or by Cavendisfi) 
 
140 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 CAVENDISH ; " Set on" says SETON ; " Fight on" quoth 
 FITTON ; " Festina lente" (On slow push forward, but 
 be cautious, that is), adds ONSLOW. Again : JEFFERAY 
 says, "Je feray ce que je diray " (/ shall be true to my 
 word) ; SCUDAMORE Scutum amoris divini (the shield of 
 Divine love] ; says ]pMK$"J aimejamais " (/ love ever); 
 says ESTWICK " Est hie" (he is here}; and POLE _ 
 " Pollet virtus" (valour prevails) ; and TEY " Tats en 
 temps" (be silent in time). The crest of CHARTERIS, an 
 arm with the hand grasping a sword, has over it " This 
 our charter is" In his arms the Marquess CHOLMONDELEY 
 bears two helmets, and his motto is " Cassis tutissima 
 virtus " (valour is the safest helm} ; the crest of the 
 MARTINS of Dorsetshire was an ape, with the significant 
 motto "He who looks at Martiris ape, Martin s ape shall 
 look at him!" The motto of PERCEVAL is "Perse 
 valens" (strong in himself}; but, "Do no yll" quoth 
 DOYLE. Some " lippes," as Camden remarks, have a 
 taste for " this kind of lettuce." 
 
 Mound. A globe, encircled and arched over with rich 
 bands, and surmounted by a cross-pate e, the whole an 
 ensign of the royal estate, which is placed upon the 
 
 No. 278. Mullet. No. 279. Mullet, pierced. 
 
 intersecting arches of the crown of the SOVEREIGN ; and 
 it also surmounts the single arch of the coronet of the 
 PRINCE OF WALES : Nos. 234, 289. 
 
 Mount. A green hill represented in the base of a shield. 
 
 Mullet. A star, generally of five, but sometimes of six or 
 more points (if more than five the number to be 
 specified), always formed by right lines, as No. 278. A 
 
GLOSSARY OF TITLES, NAMES, AND TERMS. 141 
 
 mullet is sometimes " pierced," as in No. 279, when the 
 tincture of the field is generally apparent through the 
 circular aperture. In modern cadency it is the 
 difference of the third son. See Estoile. 
 
 Mural Crown. Represents masonry, and is embattled : 
 No. 280. 
 
 Naiant. Swimming in fesse. See Hauriant. 
 
 Naissant. Issuant, but applied only to living creatures. 
 
 No. 280. Mural Crown. No. 281. Naval Crown. 
 
 Naval Crown. Has its circlet heightened with figures of 
 
 the stern and the hoisted sail of a ship alternating: 
 
 No. 281. 
 
 Nebulee. No. 381*. 
 Nerved. Having fibres, as leaves. 
 Nimbus. A glory about the head of a figure of a sainted 
 
 personage : sometimes used to denote sanctity in a 
 
 symbolical device. 
 Nimbed. Having the head encircled with a Nimbus-, usually 
 
 represented by a circular line. See No. 212. 
 Norroy. See Herald. 
 Nova Scotia, Badge of. See Baronet. 
 Nowed. Coiled in a knot, as a snake. 
 Ogress. A Pellet, or black roundle. 
 Opinicus. A fabulous heraldic monster, a dragon before, 
 
 and a lion behind with a camel s tail. 
 Oppressed. Debruised, 
 Or. The metal gold : No. 50. 
 Ordinary. An early principal charge of a simple character. 
 
142 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 See Chapter VI., and Nos. 71 128: see also 
 page 14. 
 
 Ordinary of arms. A list of armorial bearings, classified and 
 arranged alphabetically, with the names of the bearers. 
 See Armory. 
 
 Oreiller. A cushion or pillow, generally with tassels. 
 Y Orle. A Subordinary formed of a border of a Shield, which 
 is charged upon another and a larger shield, as in No. 
 134. /;/ Orle. Arranged after the manner of an Orle, 
 forming a border to a Shield, as in No. 86. 
 Ostrich feathers. A Royal Badge : also a Device in a few 
 instances charged by Royal and some other personages 
 on an Armorial Shield. See Chapter XV. 
 Over all, or Sur tout. To denote some one charge being 
 
 placed over all others. 
 Overt. With expanded wings. 
 
 Pale. One of the Ordinaries : No. 87. Pale-wise, or In 
 Pale. Disposed after the manner of a Pale that is, 
 set vertically, or arranged vertically one above another, 
 as are the Lions of England in No. 187, page 87. 
 Pall, Pallium. A vestment peculiar to Archbishops of the 
 Roman Church : in Heraldry, as a charge, half only of 
 the pall is shown, when it resembles the letter Y; it 
 is borne in the arms of the Sees of CANTERBURY, 
 
 ARMAGH, and DUBLIN. 
 Pallet. Half a /W*. 
 
 Palmer s Staff, Pilgrhrts staff, or Bourdon. No. 
 282. JOHN BOURDON (H. 3) bears Arg., three 
 palmer s staves gu. 
 
 Paly. Divided per pale into an even number of 
 NO 282 parts, which all lie in the same plane, as in 
 Bourdon. No. 88. Paly Bendy. Divided evenly pale-wise, 
 
 and also bend-wise, No. 118. 
 Panache. A plume of feathers, generally of the ostrich, 
 
GLOSSARY OF TITLES, NAMES, AND TERMS. 
 
 143 
 
 set upright and borne as a crest. A panache some 
 times consists of a single row of feathers ; but more 
 generally it has two or more rows or "heights" of 
 feathers, rising one above the other. In the greater 
 number of examples the tips of the feathers are erect ; 
 in others they wave, or slightly bend over. A panache 
 may be charged with some device or figure, " for dif 
 ference," as by the TYNDALLS, with an ermine circlet, a 
 martlet, and a fleur de lys. In Nos. 283, 285, from the 
 seals of EDWARD COURTENAY, and EDMUND MORTIMER 
 
 No. 283. 
 Edward Courtenay. 
 
 PANACHE CRESTS : 
 
 No. 284. 
 William le Latimer. 
 
 No. 285. 
 Edmund Mortimer. 
 
 (A.D. 1400 and 1372) the "heights" both expand and 
 rise in a curved pyramidal form. No. 284, from the seal 
 of WILLIAM LE LATIMER (A.D. 1372), shows a remark 
 able variety of both panache and mantling. Waving 
 plumes formed of distinct feathers first appear near the 
 end of the fifteenth century, and are prevalent during 
 the sixteenth century. 
 
 Party, Parted. Divided. 
 
 Pascuant. Grazing. 
 
144 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 Passant. Walking and looking forward: No. 173. Passant 
 Guardant, walking and looking out from the shield, 
 No. 174 : Passant Reguardant, walking and looking back : 
 Passant Repassant, walking in opposite directions. 
 
 Pastoral Staff. The official staff of a bishop or abbot, 
 having a crooked head, and so distinguished from an 
 archbishop s crozier. 
 
 Patee, or Form ee. ) . . , . , ... 
 
 _, I Varieties of the heraldic Cross. Nos. 
 
 Patonce. , 
 
 \ 106, QQ, and <K. 
 Patriarchal. 
 
 Pean. The Fur, No. 60. 
 
 Peer. That general title, expressing their equality as mem 
 bers of a distinct " order " in the realm, which is 
 applied to the Nobility of the United Kingdom. 
 
 Peerage. The rank of a Peer ; a list of the Peers. 
 
 Pegasus. A horse with wings a classic as well as an 
 heraldic imaginary creature. 
 
 No. 288. A Portcullis. No. 286. A Pennon. No. 287. A Pheon. 
 
 Pelican. Blazoned " in her piety," when feeding her young 
 
 with her own blood. 
 Pellet. A black roundle. 
 Pendent. Drooping. 
 Pennon. An armorial lance-flag, pointed or swallow-tailed at 
 
 the fly, borne by knights. No. 286 is from the Brass to 
 
 Sir JOHN D AUBERNOUN, A.D. 1279; the arms are Az., a 
 
 chevron or. 
 
GLOSSARY OF TITLES, NAMES, AND TERMS. 145 
 
 Per. By means of, or after the manner of. 
 
 Pheon. A pointed spear-head, borne with the point in base, 
 
 No. 287. 
 Phoenix. A fabulous eagle, always represented as issuant 
 
 from flames. 
 Pile. One of the Ordinaries, in form like a wedge, Nos. 
 
 126, 127, 128. In Pile. Arranged after the form of a 
 
 pile. 
 Planta Genista. The broom-plant badge of the Plantagenets, 
 
 No. 21. 
 
 Plate. A silver roundle. 
 
 Plenitude. The moon when fall. See No. 166. 
 Plume. See Panache. 
 
 Points of Shield. No. 27. In Point is the same as In Pile. 
 Pomme. A green roundle. 
 Popinjay. A parrot (H. 3). 
 
 Port. A gateway, as the entrance to a castle : No. 222. 
 Portcullis. A defence for a gateway, No. 288 : the badge of 
 
 the Houses of BEAUFORT and TUDOR, borne by the former 
 
 with the significant motto, "Alter a securitas" (additional 
 
 security). 
 Potent. A variety of the heraldic cross, No. 108 ; also a Fur 
 
 No. 64. 
 
 Powdered, Poudree. The same as Semee. 
 Preying. When an animal devours its prey. See Trussing. 
 Prince, Princess. The rank and title of the members of the 
 
 Royal Family. Their style is " Your Royal Highness." 
 
 The coronet of the Prince of Wales differs from the 
 t crown of the Queen, only in having a single arch, 
 
 instead of two intersecting arches : No. 289. The 
 
 coronets of the Princes and Princesses, the sons and 
 
 daughters of the Queen, are the same as the coronet of 
 
 the Prince of Wales, but without any arch : No. 290. 
 
 The coronets of the Princes and Princesses, the grand- 
 
 K 
 
146 
 
 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 children of the Queen, differ in having the circlet 
 heightened with two crosses patee, as many strawberry 
 leaves, and four fleurs-de-lys, No. 291 ; and the coronets 
 of the Royal cousins of the Queen have the circlet 
 
 CORONETS : 
 
 No. 289. 
 Prince of Wales. 
 
 No. 290. 
 Queen s Daughters and Younger Sons. 
 
 No. 291. Queen s Grandchildren. 
 
 No. 292. Queen s Cousins. 
 
 heightened with four crosses patee, and as many straw 
 berry leaves. No. 292. For the arms of their Royal 
 Highnesses, see Chapter XVIII. 
 
 Purfled. Lined and bordered with fur. 
 
 Purpure. A colour: No. 56. 
 
 Pursuivant. A Herald of the lowest rank. In the Middle 
 Ages, these officers were attached to the households of 
 personages of high rank, and bore titles generally taken 
 from the armorial insignia of their lords. 
 
 Quadrate. A form of cross : No. 94. 
 
 Quarter. The first (from the dexter chief) of the divisions 
 of a shield that is parted per cross, as in No. 30 ; also 
 any other division of a shield, to be specified in blazon 
 ing. See No. 36, and Canton. 
 
 Quartering. Marshalling two or more coats of arms in the 
 different quarters of the same shield. When two coats 
 
GLOSSARY OF TITLES, NAMES, AND TERMS. 147 
 
 are thus quartered, the one in the first quarter is repeated 
 in the fourth, and the one in the second in the third ; 
 when three are quartered, the first quartering is repeated 
 in the fourth quarter. Any required number of coats 
 may be quartered on the same principle. This same 
 term is also applied to denote the dividing a shield 
 "quarterly" as in No. 30, or into more than four divi 
 sions, as in No. 36. 
 
 Quarterly. A shield divided into four divisions, as in No. 
 30 : each division to contain a complete coat of arms, 
 or a distinct heraldic device or composition. Should the 
 shield be divided into more than four sections, the num 
 ber is to be specified: thus, No. 36 is "quarterly of 
 eight" &c. See Nos. 252, 253. 
 
 Quarterly Quartering and Quartered. The quartering of a 
 " quarter" of a shield that is divided " quarterly ;" also 
 distinguished as " Compound Quartering." See page 34. 
 
 Quatrefoil or Primrose. A flower or figure having four foils 
 or conjoined leaves, No. 293. In modern cadency a 
 Double Quatrefoil is the difference of the ninth son. 
 
 Queue Fourchee. Having a double tail, or two tails ; No. 181. 
 
 Quilled. Used to blazon the quills of feathers : thus, a blue 
 
 No. 293. Quatrefoil. No. 294. The Ragged Staff Badge. 
 
 feather having its quill golden is blazoned A feather 
 
 az., quilled or. 
 
 Radiant, Rayonee. Encircled with rays. 
 Ragulee, Raguly. Serrated, as No. 38 G. A "ragged staff," 
 
 K 2 
 
143 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 No. 294, is a part of a stem from which the branches 
 have been cut off roughly. This "ragged staff," or 
 "staff ragulee" is the famous badge of the BEAU- 
 CHAMPS, and, derived from them, of the NEVILLES. 
 No. 294 is from the monument of the great Earl, 
 RICHARD DE BEAUCHAMP, K.G., who died in 1439, at 
 Warwick. 
 
 Rampant, Rampant Guardant and Reguardant. Nos. 171, 
 172 ; when reguardant, the animal looks backward. 
 
 Rebated. Cut short, or broken off. 
 
 Rebus. An allusive charge or device. A cask, or tun, to 
 represent the final syllable "ton" of many surnames is 
 frequently found. I give a few examples of several 
 varieties of Rebus: JOHN OXNEY, Canterbury An 
 eagle (the emblem of St. John the Evangelist, to denote 
 "John") standing on an ox, charged on its side with 
 the letters N E. JOHN WHEATHAMSTEDE, St. Albans 
 An eagle and an Agnus Dei (the emblems of St. John 
 the Evangelist and St. John the Baptist, to denote 
 "John"), and clusters si ears of wheat. JOHN RAMRYGE, 
 St. Albans A ram, gorged with a collar inscribed with 
 the letters R Y G E. WOODSTOCK The stump or stock 
 of a tree. Abbot ISLIP, Westminster A man falling from 
 a tree, exclaiming, "I slip!" and a human eye, and a 
 slip (small branch of a tree). WALTER LYHART, Norwich 
 A hart (stag) /j ing down in water. An owl, with the 
 letters D O M on a scroll in its beak, for Bishop OLDHAM, 
 at Exeter. A church (f kirk") on a tun, with a pastoral 
 staff and the initial R, for Abbot ROBERT KIRTON, No. 
 295 ; and a bird on a tun, and a tree growing out of 
 a tun, for BURTON and ASHTON, all at Peterborough. 
 At Wells, with an initial T, a fas-beacon planted in 
 a tun, for Bishop THOMAS BECKYNGTON, No. 296 ; and 
 at Lullinstone, Kent, in stained glass, the shield of Sir 
 
GLOSSARY OF TITLES, NAMES, AND TERMS. 
 
 I 49 
 
 JOHN PECHE, A.D. 1522 Az., a lion rampt. queue 
 fourchee erm., crowned or is encircled \sy peach-branches 
 
 No. 295. 
 Rebus of Abbot Kirton. 
 
 No. 296. 
 Rebus of Bishop Beckyngtocu 
 
 No. 297. Arms and Rebus of Sir John Peche. 
 
 fructed and in foliage, each peach being charged with the 
 letter E, No. 297 ; the crest-wreath also is formed of a. 
 similar peach-branch. 
 
ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 Recercelee. A variety of the heraldic cross: No. 98. 
 
 Reflexed, Reflected. Curved and carried backwards. 
 
 Regiiardant. Looking backwards : see No. 182. 
 
 Rein-deer. A hart with double antlers, one pair erect, the 
 other drooping. 
 
 Removed. Out of its proper position. 
 
 Respecting. Face to face applied to creatures not of a fierce 
 nature. 
 
 Rest. See Clarion, No. 228. 
 
 Retorted. Intertwined. 
 
 Ribbon, Riband. A diminutive of a Bend. 
 
 Rising, Ronssant. About to fly. 
 
 Rompu. Broken. 
 
 Rose. Represented in blazon as in Nos. 298, 299, and 
 without leaves. The five small projecting leaves of the 
 calyx, that radiate about the flower itself, are styled 
 barbs, and when they are blazoned " proper" these 
 
 Nos. 298, 299. Heraldic Roses. 
 
 No. 300. Rose-en-Soleil. 
 
 barbs are green, as the "seeds" in the centre of the 
 flower are golden. Both the "red rose" of LANCASTER 
 and the "white rose" of YORK, but more especially the 
 latter, are at times surrounded with rays, and each is 
 termed a "rose-en-soleil" No. 300. The rose, the emblem 
 of ENGLAND, is generally drawn like the natural flower ; 
 or with natural stem, branches, leaves, and buds, but with 
 heraldic rose-flowers. In modern cadency the heraldic 
 rose is the difference of the seventh son. 
 Roundle. See page 72. 
 
GLOSSARY OF TITLES, NAMES, AND TERMS. 151 
 
 Rustre. A mascle pierced with a circular opening: No. 144. 
 
 Sable. The colour black : No. 54. 
 
 Sagittary. The fabulous centaur, half man and half horse, 
 the badge (as it would seem) of King Stephen. 
 
 Salamander. An imaginary being, supposed to live in 
 flames of fire ; it is represented sometimes as a kind of 
 lizard, and at other times (as in the crest of Earl 
 DOUGLAS, A.D. 1483) as a quadruped somewhat like a 
 dog, breathing flames. 
 
 Salient. Leaping or bounding. 
 
 Saltire. An ordinary, in form a diagonal cross: Nos. 120, 
 121, 122. Saltire-wise, or in saltire. Arranged after 
 the form of a saltire. 
 
 Sanglier. A wild boar. 
 
 Sans. Without. " Sans nombre? without any number fixed 
 or specified ; differing from semee in not having parts of 
 charges. 
 
 Sarcellee. Cut through the centre. 
 
 Savage-man, or Wood-man. A wild man, naked except large 
 wreaths of leaves about his head and loins, and carry 
 ing a club. 
 
 Saw, or Frame-saw, Borne in the crest of HAMILTON, Duke 
 of HAMILTON, which is thus blazoned Out of a crest- 
 coronet or, an oak-tree fructed and penetrated transversely 
 in the main stem by a frame-saw ppr., the frame gold; 
 above the crest the motto, "THROUGH !" This device is 
 said to commemorate the escape into Scotland, in 1323, 
 of Sir GILBERT HAMILTON, a reputed ancestor of the 
 present ducal house. At the court of EDWARD II. Sir 
 Gilbert had unadvisedly expressed admiration for ROBERT 
 BRUCE, on which JOHN LE DESPENCER struck him. Des- 
 pencer fell in single combat the next day, and Hamilton 
 fled, hotly pursued, northward. Near the border the 
 fugitive and a faithful esquire joined some wood-cutters, 
 
152 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 assumed their dress, and commenced working with them 
 on an oak, when the pursuers passed by. Hamilton, 
 saw in hand, observed his esquire anxiously watching 
 their enemies as they passed, and at once 
 recalled his attention to his woodman s 
 duties by the word, "Through!" thus, 
 at the same time, appearing to consider 
 the cutting down the oak to be far more 
 important than the presence of the 
 strangers. So they passed by, and 
 Hamilton followed in safety. This crest 
 does not appear in the Hamilton seals 
 NO. 3 oi.-Crest fti i 0n g a f ter tne days of Bruce and his 
 
 of Hamilton. 
 
 admirer, Sir Gilbert : No. 301. 
 
 Scarpe, Escarpe. A diminutive of a Bend sinister. 
 
 Scintillant. Emitting sparks. 
 
 Seax. A Saxon sword. 
 
 Seeded, Having seeds or seed-vessels, as in the centre of an 
 heraldic rose. See Nos. 298 300. 
 
 Segreant. A gryffin or wyvern rampant. 
 
 Sejant. Sitting. 
 
 Semee, or Aspersed. Sown broadcast or scattered, without 
 any fixed number, over the field ; parts of the charge 
 thus semee appearing at the border-lines of the compo 
 sition. See Nos. 247, 250, 252. 
 
 Seruse, Cerise. A Tortcau. 
 
 Shake-fork. Resembles the letter Y, but does not extend to 
 the margin of the shield, and is pointed at its extremities. 
 
 Shamrock. A trefoil plant or leaf, the badge of IRELAND. 
 
 Shield or Escutcheon. The Shield of Heraldry is fully de 
 scribed at page 32. See also Nos. 27, 39 49. 
 
 Ship. Sometimes blazoned as a modern vessel, but 
 generally as an ancient galley. See Lymphad. 
 
 Shoveller. A species of duck. 
 
GLOSSARY OF TITLES, NAMES, AND TERMS. 
 
 T 53 
 
 Simple Quartering. Dividing a shield quarterly, with the 
 quartering of any of the quarters. See Quartering. 
 
 Sinister. The left side. No. 27. 
 
 Simple. The colour vert in French Heraldry. 
 
 Sixfoil. A flower of six leaves : No. 302. 
 
 Slipped. Pulled or torn off, as a leaf or branch : No. 309. 
 
 Spear. The spear or lance, the knightly weapon, is not of 
 common occurrence in blazon ; but it appears, with 
 heraldic propriety, in the arms granted 
 in 1596 to the father of the great 
 poet, who also bore Or, on a bend 
 sa. a spear gold, the head arg. the 
 arms of SHAKESPEARE, No. 303. 
 (In the woodcut the bend is acci 
 dentally shaded for gules, instead of 
 sable.} 
 
 Spur. Not common as an heraldic 
 
 charge. Before about 1320 the knightly spur had a 
 single point, and was known as the " pryck-spur ; " 
 about that time appeared a " rouelle-spur " of simple 
 form ; in the middle of the fifteenth century spurs of 
 extravagant length were introduced. 
 
 No. 303. 
 Arms of Shakespeare. 
 
 No. 302. Sixfoil. 
 
 .Stafford Knot. 
 
 No. 305. Staple Badge. 
 
 SS., Collar of . See Collar, and No. 231. 
 
 Stafford-knot. No. 304. 
 
 Stall-plate. A plate bearing the arms of a knight and placed 
 in his stall. The stall-plates of the Knights of the 
 GARTER and the BATH are severally placed in the Chapels 
 
154 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 of ST. GEORGE and of HENRY VII., at Windsor and 
 Westminster. The earliest plates now in existence at 
 Windsor, though many of them bear arms of an earlier 
 date, were executed about 1430. 
 
 Standard. A long narrow flag, introduced, for the pur 
 pose of heraldic display, in the time of EDWARD III., 
 but not in general use till a later period. Standards 
 generally had the Cross of ST. GEORGE next the staff, 
 to which succeeded the badge or badges and the motto 
 of the owner. See Chapter XVII. 
 
 Staple. Borne by STAPLETON : No. 305 represents a badge 
 formed of two staples. 
 
 Statant. Standing. 
 
 Star. See Estoile and Mullet; also a knightly decoration. 
 
 Stirrup. Borne, with appropriate straps and buckles, by 
 SCUDAMORE, GIFFARD, and a few others. 
 
 Stock. The stump of a tree, 
 
 Stringed. As a harp ; or, suspended by, or fastened with, a 
 string. 
 
 Subverted. Reversed. 
 
 Sun. When represented shining and surrounded with rays, 
 he has a representation of a human face upon his disc, 
 and is blazoned " In splendour" or " In glory ." when 
 " eclipsed" the representation is the same, but tinctured 
 sable. Sunbeams, or Rays, are borne in blazon, and form 
 an early charge. See Collar. 
 
 Supercharge. A charge that rests upon anot!~>er. 
 
 Supporter. A figure of whatsoever kind that stands by a 
 Shield of arms, as if supporting or guardirg it. Single 
 Supporters occasionally appear, but the general usage is 
 to have a pair of Supporters one on each side of the 
 supported Shield. They came gradually into use in the 
 course of the fourteenth century, but were not regularly 
 established as accessories of Shields till about 142,5, or 
 
GLOSSARY OF TITLES, NAMES, AND TERMS. 155 
 
 rather later. At first they were generally alike, but 
 subsequently the more prevalent custom was that the 
 two Supporters should differ, as in the case of the 
 Royal Supporters, the Lion and the Unicorn, famous in 
 History as in Heraldry. See Bearer, Tenant, and also 
 Chapter XVI. 
 
 Surcoat. Any garment worn over armour ; but especially 
 the .long flowing garment worn by knights over their 
 armour until about 1325, when its form was modified by 
 cutting it short in front, and it was distinguished as a 
 Cyclas. See Jupon. 
 
 Surmounted. Placed over another. 
 
 Sustained. Having a lower (and only a lower) narrow 
 border. 
 
 Swan. When blazoned "proper" white with red beak and 
 legs. It is the badge of the BOHUNS, and of their 
 descendants the LANCASTRIAN PLANTAGENETS, the 
 STAFFORDS, and some others. This Swan has his neck 
 encircled with a coronet, from which a chain generally 
 passes over his back. By HENRY V., the Swan badge 
 of his mother, MARY DE BOHUN, was borne with the 
 wings overt, or expanded. 
 
 Sword. When borne as a charge, straight in the blade, 
 pointed, and with a cross-guard. All the appointments 
 of the weapon are to be blazoned. 
 It appears, as a spiritual emblem, in 
 several episcopal coats of arms ; in 
 the arms of the CITY OF LONDON, 
 No. 306, the first quarter of a Shield 
 of ST. GEORGE (arg., a cross gu.) is 
 charged with a sword erect gules, No - 3<5. 
 
 . , Arms of City of London. 
 
 the emblem of ST. PAUL, the special 
 
 patron of the English metropolitan city. The sword 
 
 is also borne in blazon in its military capacity. 
 
156 
 
 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 No. 307. 
 Tabard; A.D. 1444. 
 
 Tabard. A short garment with sleeves, worn by knights 
 of the Tudor era. It has the arms blazoned on the 
 sleeves as well as on the front and back : No. 307, the 
 Tabard of WILLIAM FYNDERNE, 
 Esquire, from his brass, A.D. 1444, 
 at Childrey in Berkshire : the arms 
 are Arg., a chevron between three 
 crosses patee sable, the ordinary being 
 charged with an annulet of the field 
 "for Difference." A similar gar 
 ment is the official habit of heralds. 
 Tau, Tau-Cross. A cross formed like 
 the letter T, so called in Greek, 
 No. 93 ; borne as a charge in the 
 arms of DRURY, TAWKE, and some 
 others : this charge is also called 
 the Cross of ST. ANTHONY : it is 
 sometimes borne on a badge, as in the Bishop s Palace 
 at Exeter. See Chapter XV. 
 Templars, Knights. See Chapter XIX. 
 Tenent, Tenant. Used by French Heralds to distinguish 
 
 human figures from animals, as supporters. 
 Tennee or Tawney. A deep orange-colour; 
 in use in the Middle Ages as a livery- 
 colour. 
 
 Thistle. The national Badge of SCOTLAND, 
 represented after its national aspect, 
 and tinctured proper. JAMES I. of 
 Great Britain, to symbolise the union 
 of the two realms of England and 
 Scotland, compounded a Badge from Badge of James i. 
 the Rose of one realm, and the Thistle 
 of the other, united by impalement under a single 
 crown : No. 308. The impaled rose and thistle is borne 
 
 No. 308. 
 
GLOSSARY OF TITLES, NAMES, AND TERMS. 157 
 
 by the Earl of KINNOULL, repeated eight times upon a 
 b ordure. 
 
 Timbre. In the early Heraldry of England, this term denotes 
 the true heraldic crest : but, in the modern Heraldry of 
 France, the "timbre" is the Helm in an armorial 
 achievement. Timbred. Ensigned with a Helm ; or, if 
 referring to an early English achievement, with a Crest. 
 
 Tiercee, In tierce, Per tierce. Divided vertically into three 
 equal parts : No. 35. 
 
 Tinctures. The two metals and the five colours of Heraldry : 
 Nos. 50 56. See page 40. It was one of the puerile 
 extravagancies of the Heralds of degenerate days to 
 distinguish the Tinctures by the names of the Planets 
 in blazoning the arms of Sovereign Princes, and by the 
 names of Gems in blazoning the arms of Nobles. 
 
 Torse. A crest-wreath. 
 
 Torteau, plural torteaux. A red spherical Roundle: No. 152. 
 
 Tower, Turret. A small castle. Towered. Surmounted by 
 towers, as No. 222, which is a " Castle triple towered." 
 
 Transfluent. Flowing through. Transmuted. Counter- 
 changed. Transposed. Reversed. 
 
 Traversed. Facing or inclining to the sinister. 
 
 Trefoil. A leaf of three conjoined foils, generally borne 
 " slipped," as in No. 309. 
 
 Trefiee, or Botonee. A variety of the cross : No. 
 
 103. Treflee also implies semee of trefoils. No 
 
 Trtille, Trellis. See page 71, and No. 150. Trefoil sniped. 
 
 Treasure. A subordinary. See pages 66, 67; and Nos. 
 135138. 
 
 Tricked. Sketched with pen and ink in outline. 
 
 Tripping. In easy motion, as a stag. See page 81 : and 
 No. 168. 
 
 Triton. See Mermaid. 
 
 Trivet. A circular or triangular iron frame, with three feet, 
 borne by the family of TRYVETT. 
 
158 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 Trumpet. In blazon a long straight tube, expanding at its 
 extremity : No. 310, from the brass to Sir R. DE 
 TRUMPINGTON, at Trumpingdon, near Cam 
 bridge ; A.D. 1272. 
 Trussed. With closed wings. Trussing. Devouring 
 
 applied to birds of prey. 
 
 Tudor Rose. An heraldic rose, quarterly gu. and 
 arg. ; or a white heraldic rose, charged upon a 
 red one. 
 Tun. A cask ; the rebus of the final syllable TON 
 
 in many surnames. See Rebus. 
 NO. 3 io. 2\nes. Branches of a stag s antlers. See Attires. 
 
 Irumpet. * 
 
 Ulster. See Baronet and Herald. 
 
 Undy, Undee. Wavy : No. 38 c. 
 
 Unguled. Hoofed. 
 
 Unicorn. A well-known fabulous animal, famous as the 
 sinister supporter of the Royal Shield of England. 
 
 Union Jack. The National Ensign of the United Kingdom 
 of Great Britain and Ireland, fully described in Chapter 
 XVII. It is borne on a Shield, charged in pretence 
 upon the Escutcheon of the Duke of WELLINGTON. 
 
 Uriant. A fish when it swims in a vertical position, head 
 downwards. The reverse of Hauriant. 
 
 Vair. A Fur: Nos. 61, 62, 63. 
 
 Vane. See Fan. 
 
 Verdy, Verdoy, Verdee. Semee of leaves or plants. 
 
 Vert. In French Heraldry, Sinople. The colour green : 
 No. 55. 
 
 Vervels, Varvals. Small rings. 
 
 Vested. Clothed. 
 
 Vigilant. Watching for prey, as a beast or bird of prey. 
 
 Viscount. The fourth degree of rank and dignity in the 
 British Peerage, in Latin Vice-Comes, introduced by 
 HENRY VI., A.D. 1440. A Viscount is " Right Honour- 
 
No. 311. 
 Viscount s Coronet. 
 
 GLOSSARY OF TITLES, NAMES, AND TERMS. 159 
 
 able," and is styled " My Lord." All his sons and 
 daughters are " Honourable." His Coronet, granted 
 by JAMES I., has a row of sixteen 
 pearls, of comparatively small size 
 set on the circlet ; in representa 
 tions nine are shown: No. 311. 
 The wife of a Viscount is a 
 Viscoiuitess, who has the same rank, style, and coronet 
 as her husband. 
 
 Vivre. An early term, fallen into general disuse; but 
 apparently denoting a Barrulet or 
 Cotise Dancettee; as in No. 312, at 
 St. Michael s Church, St. Alban s. 
 Voided. Having the central area re 
 moved. 
 
 Voiders. Diminutives of Planches. 
 Volant. Flying. Vorant. Devouring. 
 Vol. Two bird s wings conjoined, hav 
 ing the appearance of an eagle dis 
 played without its body : No. 207. 
 Vulned. Wounded. 
 Wake Knot. No. 313. 
 Walled, Mnrallee. Made to represent brick or stone-work. 
 
 No. 312. 
 
 Shield at St. Michael s 
 Church, St. Alban s. 
 
 No. 313. Wake Knot. 
 
 No. 315. Wyvern. No 314. Catherine Wheel. 
 
 Water Bougct. No. 218. 
 
 Wattled. Having a comb and gills, as a cock. 
 
 Wavy, Undee. No. 38 c. 
 
l6o ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 Wheat-sheaf. See Garbe. 
 
 Wheel, Catherine Wheel Has curved spikes projecting from 
 
 its rim: No. 314: from a shield upon a boss, about 
 
 A.D. 1400, in the south choir-aisle of the church of Great 
 
 Yarmouth. 
 Wreath, Orle, Crest- Wreath. See Crest- Wreath, and 
 
 No. 233 ; also Chapter XIV. 
 Wreathed. Adorned with a wreath, chaplet, or garland; 
 
 or twisted into the form of a wreath, &c. 
 Wyvern, Wivern. A fabulous creature, being a species of 
 
 dragon with two legs, and represented having its tail 
 
 noived : No. 315. 
 
CHAPTER XI. 
 
 MARSHALLING. 
 
 Aggroupment Combination Quartering Dimidiation Impalement 
 Escutcheon of Pretence Marshalling the Arms of Widowers , 
 Widows and others ; Official Arms ; and, the Accessories of Shields. 
 
 " Marshalling is a conjoining of diverse Coats in one Shield." GUILLIM. 
 
 UPON this concise definition, Guillim, in another part of his 
 work, adds the following comment : " Marshalling is an 
 orderly disposing of sundry Coat Armours pertaining to 
 distinct Families, and their contingent ornaments, with their 
 parts and appurtenances, in their proper places." Hence it 
 is apparent that this term, " Marshalling," implies, 
 
 1. First, the bringing together and the disposition of two 
 or more distinct " Coats in one Shield :" 
 
 2. Secondly, the aggroupment of two or more distinct Coats 
 to form a single heraldic composition, the Shields being 
 still kept distinct from one another : and, 
 
 3. Thirdly, the association of certain insignia with a Shield 
 of arms, so as to produce a complete heraldic achieve 
 ment. 
 
 The association of " Arms " with Names, Dignities, and 
 Estates would necessarily require, at an early period in the 
 history of Heraldry, the establishment of some regular and 
 recognised system for the combination and aggroupment of 
 various distinct coats and insignia, whenever a single indi- 
 
 L 
 
1 62 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 vidual became the representative of more than one family, 
 or was the hereditary possessor of several dignities and 
 properties. 
 
 Again : it would be equally necessary that this system 
 should extend to the becoming heraldic declaration and 
 record of Alliances of every kind, including (a matter of no 
 little importance in the Middle Ages) feudal dependence. 
 
 In another, and a secondary sense, this same term, 
 Marshalling, is used by Heralds to denote the general ar 
 rangement and disposition of heraldic charges and insignia 
 in blazon upon the field of a Shield. 
 
 In its simplest form, MARSHALLING is effected by Ag- 
 groupment without Combination by placing two or more 
 Shields of arms, that is, in such positions as to form a con 
 nected group of distinct Shields, either with or without 
 various accessories. Seals afford excellent examples of 
 Marshalling of this order. These Seals may be classified in 
 two groups, one, in which an effigy appears; and a second, 
 in which the composition does not include any effigy. Here 
 I may observe that the same armorial blazonry that was dis 
 played upon their military surcoats by Princes, Nobles, and 
 Knights, was adopted by Ecclesiastics for the decoration of 
 their official vestments, and also (towards the close of the 
 thirteenth century) by Ladies of rank, as an appropriate style 
 of ornamentation for their own costume : and many ex 
 amples of the effigies of Ladies, with a few of Ecclesiastics, 
 adorned in this manner with heraldic insignia, exist in Seals 
 and in Monumental Memorials. In Beverley Minster there 
 is a noble effigy of a priest, a member of the great family of 
 PERCY (about A.D. 1330), the embroideries of whose vest 
 ments are elaborately enriched with numerous allied shields 
 of arms. Upon his episcopal seal, LEWIS BEAUMONT, Bishop 
 of Durham from 1317 to 1333, has his effigy standing 
 between two Shields of Arms (to the dexter, England; to 
 
MARSHALLING. 163 
 
 the sinister, a cross potent between four groups of small 
 crosses pate es, three crosses in each group), while his chasuble 
 is seme e de lys and also charged with a lion rampant the 
 arms of the house of Beaumont. The obverse of the 
 Seal of MARGARET, daughter of PHILIP the Hardy, 
 King of France, the second Queen of our EDWARD L, 
 illustrates this usage in the instance of ladies: No. 316. 
 
 No. 316. Seal of Margaret, Queen of Edward I. 
 
 Upon her tunic the Queen has emblazoned the three lions 
 of her royal husband ; on her right side is a shield of France, 
 the arms of her royal father; and on the left side a corres 
 ponding shield is charged with a lion rampant. I have 
 already shown the reverse of this fine Seal (No. 251), which 
 in the original is one inch more in depth than it appears in 
 
 L 2 
 
164 
 
 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 these woodcuts.* Other characteristic examples are the 
 Seals of AGNES DE PERCY, whose effigy, having the arms of 
 Louvaine upon the tunic, holds two armorial shields, one irt 
 each hand : and of MARGARET, Countess of LINCOLN and 
 PEMBROKE (about 1241), who blazons the old arms of DE 
 LACI quarterly or and gu., a betid sa., over all a label vert 
 upon the tunic of her effigy, and has the same arms on a 
 Shield to the dexter, while another Shield to the sinister is 
 charged with the lion rampant, borne by the DE LACIES as 
 Earls of LINCOLN. The effigies of illustrious Ladies, which 
 appear on Seals with allied Shields of arms, are not always 
 represented in heraldic costume : good examples are the 
 
 Seals of ISABELLE of FRANCE, 
 Queen of EDWARD II., and of 
 ELIZABETH, daughter of EDWARD 
 I., who was Countess, first of 
 HOLLAND, and afterwards of 
 HEREFORD : both are engraved 
 in Sandford s "Genealogical His 
 tory of England," page 121. The 
 Seal of MARGARET BRUCE, of 
 Skelton, Lady DE Ros, attached 
 to a deed, dated 1280, has the 
 effigy of the noble lady, wearing 
 her ermine mantle, and support 
 ing two Shields of arms the 
 Shield of DE Ros, gti. t three 
 water-bounds arg., to the dexter, 
 and a Shield of BRUCE, a lion 
 rampant: No. 317. I am indebted, for the use of the 
 excellent woodcut of this very interesting seal, to Mr. Laing 
 of Edinburgh, the talented author of the two noble volumes 
 
 No. 317. Seal of Margaret, Lady 
 de Ros. (Laing.} 
 
 * In No. 251 the initial A of the word AQVITANNIE has been omitted. 
 
MARSHALLING. r&5 
 
 on the Early Seals of Scotland, which occupy a foremost 
 position amongst the most valuable as well as the most 
 beautiful heraldic works that have ever been published in 
 Great Britain. (See page n.) In the Monumental Brasses 
 and also in the Sculptured Monumental Effigies of Ladies 
 of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, heraldic costume 
 is frequently represented, and the figures are constantly 
 associated with groups of Shields of arms. As most 
 characteristic examples I may specify the effigy of a Lady, 
 about A.D. 1325, at Selby in Yorkshire; and the Brass in 
 Westminster Abbey, A.D. 1399, to ALIANORE DE BOHUN, 
 Duchess of GLOUCESTER. 
 
 The aggroupment of various armorial ensigns upon a 
 Seal, without the presence of any effigy, is exemplified in 
 
 No. 318. Seal of Joan, Countess of Surrey. 
 
 the characteristic Seal of JOAN, daughter of HENRY Count 
 DE BARRE, and of ALIANORE, daughter of EDWARD I., the 
 widow of JOHN DE WARRENNE, Earl of SURREY, A.D. 1347. 
 In this remarkable composition, No. 318, the arms, blazoned 
 on lozenges, are, in the centre, Warrenne; in chief and base, 
 England; and to the dexter and sinister, De Barre (No. 
 
1 66 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 162): also, at the four angles of the group, the lion and 
 castle of Leon and Castile, in direct allusion to the descent 
 of the Countess from ALIANORE, first Queen of EDWARD I. 
 In the original, this elaborate composition is only one and a 
 half inches in diameter. Still smaller, measuring no more than 
 one and a quarter inches in diameter, and yet no less rich in 
 either its Heraldry or its Gothic traceries, is the beautiful 
 little Counter-seal of MARY DE SAINT PAUL, wife of AYMER 
 DE VALENCE, Earl of PEMBROKE, which is faithfully shown 
 on an enlarged scale, in order to render the details more 
 effectively, in No. 319. This illustrious lady, who founded 
 Pembroke College, Cambridge, A.D. 1373, was the daughter 
 of GUY DE CHASTILLON, Count of ST. PAUL, by his wife 
 MARY, daughter of JOHN DE DREUX, Duke of BRITTANY, 
 and of BEATRICE, sister of EDWARD I. On her Seal, ac 
 cordingly, the Countess of Brittany marshals, in the centre, 
 the arms of her husband (De Valence : No. 86), and those 
 of her father (De Chastillongu., three pallets vair, on a 
 chief or a label of three points az.), united upon a single 
 shield by " Dimidiation" a process presently to be de 
 scribed : to the dexter, the arms of her Royal relatives of 
 England are blazoned in a circular compartment : to the 
 sinister, in a similar compartment, are the fleurs de lys of 
 France Ancient, No. 247, at that time so closely allied with 
 the English lions : and, finally, in a third roundle, in the 
 base of the composition, are the arms of De Dreiix (chequee 
 or and az., within a bordure gu. ;* over all a canton of 
 Brittany, No. 15, borne by the maternal grandfather of the 
 Countess : the legend is, + S . MARIE . DE . SEYN . 
 POVL . COMITISSE . PEMPROCHIE. The origi 
 nal impression of this Seal, from which the woodcut, No. 
 
 * In No. 319 the bordure of De Dreux in the roundle in base is 
 charged with Lions of England, as borne by JOHN DE DREUX; but the 
 presence of these in the Seal of the Countess is uncertain. See No. 322. 
 
MARSHALLING. 
 
 I6 7 
 
 319, was drawn, is appended to a charter, dated 1347, which 
 is preserved amongst the muniments of Pembroke College. 
 A very good example of the aggroupment of Shields upon 
 a Seal, under conditions differing from those that now 
 have been illustrated, I have already given in No. 204. 
 Another beautiful and most interesting example, now un 
 fortunately partially mutilated, is the Seal of MATILDA of 
 LANCASTER, the wife, first, of WILLIAM DE BURGH, Earl of 
 ULSTER (and by him mother of ELIZABETH, the wife of 
 Prince LIONEL OF CLARENCE), and, secondly, of Sir 
 
 No. 319. 
 Seal of Mary, Countess of Pembroke. 
 
 No. 320. 
 Seal of Matilda of Lancaster. 
 
 RALPH DE UFFORD. This seal, of circular form, No. 320, 
 displays to the dexter a shield of De Burgh or, a cross gu. ; 
 to the sinister, a shield Of Uffordor, a cross engrailed sa., 
 cantoning a fleur de lys, for difference: in base there is a 
 lozenge of De Chaworth (the mother of the Countess was 
 MATILDA DE CHAWORTH) barrulee arg. and gu., an orle 
 of martlets sa. ; and in chief there remains part of another 
 lozenge of Lancaster, to complete this remarkable heraldic 
 group. Of the legend there remains only . . . 1LLV 
 
i68 
 
 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 MATILD .... SE ... The introduction of Badges, with 
 a Shield or Shields of arms, in the composition of a Seal, 
 is another variety of this same system of Marshalling. No. 
 321, the Seal of OLIVER DE BOHUN, exemplifies this usage, 
 having the white swan Badge of the noble house of BOHUN 
 thrice repeated about the Shield. See No. 114. Also see, 
 in the frontispiece, the Seal of Earl RICHARD DE BEAUCHAMP, 
 No. 449, which is described in Section II. of Chapter XXII. 
 Marshalling by Aggroupment was practised under 
 
 No. 321. 
 Seal of Oliver de Bohun. 
 
 No. 322. 
 Shield of Earl John de Dreux. 
 
 another form by placing Shields of arms in the different 
 panels of the same architectural monument. 
 
 MARSHALLING by Combination is effected by actually 
 forming, for the blazonry of a single Shield, a composition 
 which includes the principal charges of two or more allied 
 Shields. The composition of the Shield borne by the house 
 of DE DREUX, to which I have just referred in describing 
 the Seal of the Countess of Pembroke, No. 319, is a most 
 striking example of this variety of Marshalling : and this 
 Shield was borne by JOHN DE DREUX, created Earl of 
 RICHMOND by his uncle King EDWARD I., who lived and 
 died in England, as it is represented in No. 322 
 
MARSHALLING. 
 
 169 
 
 chequee or and azure, being for De Dreux ; the canton ermine 
 for Brittany ; and the bordure, gules charged with golden lions 
 of England, representing the royal Shield of England, and 
 showing the close connection existing between the Earl of 
 Richmond and his Sovereign. The shield of Prince JOHN 
 of ELTHAM (No. 24), England within a bordure of France, 
 is another characteristic example of this Marshalling by 
 Combination. 
 
 For many reasons, except in particular instances, these 
 methods of Marshalling were not considered to be alto 
 gether satisfactory. Accordingly, a fresh arrangement was 
 devised which would preserve intact the original integrity of 
 each coat of arms, would imply a definite systematic method 
 of arrangement, and would admit into a single composition 
 any required number of distinct coats. This MARSHALLING 
 by Quartering, naturally suggested by such simple bearings 
 as Nos. 1 6 and 17, consists in dividing the Shield, as in No. 
 30, into four parts, and placing in each of these divisions or 
 quarters one of the coats to be marshalled on a single 
 Shield. If two coats only are thus to be " quartered" the 
 most important of the two occupies the first quarter, and is 
 repeated in the fourth ; and, the other coat is placed in the 
 second quarter, and repeated in the 
 third. The earliest example known 
 in England is the quartered Shield 
 of Castile and Leon quarterly : first 
 and fourth, gules, a castle triple-towered 
 or; second and third, argent, a lion 
 rampant gu., No. 323. This shield 
 is sculptured upon the monument in 
 Westminster Abbey to ALIANORE, Shield of 
 daughter of FERDINAND III., King 
 of CASTILE and LEON, and Queen of EDWARD I. : the date 
 is 1290. This form of Marshalling began gradually to be 
 
170 
 
 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 adopted during the first half of the fourteenth century, and 
 in the second half of that century it became generally 
 adopted. Other examples of quartered shields I have 
 already given in Nos. 252 and 253. 
 
 Should there be three Coats to be quartered, they would 
 severally occupy the first, second, and third quarters of the 
 Shield, in due order, and the first quarter would be repeated 
 in the fourth. In quartering four coats, no repetition would 
 be necessary. If more than four coats would require to be 
 quartered, the Shield would be divided into whatever num 
 ber of sections might be necessary, as in No. 36, and the 
 required arrangement would be made ; should any repeti 
 tion be necessary, the first quarter is to be repeated in the 
 fourth. This process, whatever the number of the coats 
 thus marshalled (and their number 
 sometimes is very great), is always 
 entitled "quartering;" and each of 
 these divisions of a Shield, for the pur 
 pose of Marshalling, is distinguished 
 as a " Quarter." Occasionally a 
 quartered coat would have to be mar 
 shalled with others. In the "grand 
 quartering" which then takes place, 
 the quartered coat is treated precisely 
 as any other member of the group. See No. 37. For 
 example, the shield, No. 324 (R. 2), of HENRY, first Earl 
 of NORTHUMBERLAND, is I. and IV. Grand Quarters, 
 first and fourth, or, a lion rampt. az., for Louvaine, or 
 Percy modern : second and third, gu., three lucies haurient 
 arg. (No. 164) for Lucy : II. and III. Grand Quarters, 0s., 
 five fusils conjoined infesse or, for Percy ancient. 
 
 When a Shield to be quartered has a very numerous 
 array of Quarterings, Grand Quartering is seldom adopted \ 
 but, in its stead, the new quarterings are marshalled in their 
 
 No. 324. Shield of Henry 
 Earl of Northumberland. 
 
MARSHALLING. 
 
 171 
 
 proper succession, with the original quarterings of the 
 Shield. 
 
 In this Marshalling the first quarter is occupied by the 
 most important quartering, which is determined (without 
 any fixed rule) by the original grant or licence : the other 
 quarterings follow, in the order in which they may have 
 been "brought in" to the composition. A quartered Shield 
 becomes a permanent hereditary bearing, being a com 
 pound yet a single united Coat of Arms. 
 
 To denote and record ALLIANCE BY MARRIAGE, two 
 distinct Coats were first marshalled upon a single Shield by 
 Dimidiation. This process is accomplished in the following 
 manner. The Shield to be charged with the two Coats in 
 union is divided per pale, as in No. 28 : on the dexter half 
 the corresponding half, or generally somewhat more than 
 that half, of the arms of the husband 
 is marshalled : then, in like manner, the 
 sinister half is charged with the corres 
 ponding portion of the arms of the 
 wife. In the Shield, No. 250, from 
 another Seal of Queen MARGARET, Eng 
 land dimidiates France ancient, Nos. 
 187 and 247. This Dimidiation in 
 most cases produces a singular effect ; 
 as in No. 325, a Shield from the Seal 
 of the Mayor of Winchelsea, one of the famous Sussex 
 Cinque Ports, which bears England dimidiating azure, three 
 hulls of ships, in pale, or: here the dimidiated lions and 
 ships appear to unite for the purpose of forming the most 
 extravagant of compound monsters. The Seal of the 
 Borough of Great Yarmouth substitutes three herrings, in 
 allusion to the staple fishery of the port, for the ships, and 
 dimidiates them with the national lions. In the central 
 Shield of the Seal, No. 319, I have shown De Valence 
 
 No. 325. Shield of Mayor 
 of Winchelsea. 
 
172 
 
 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 dimidiating De Chastillon. In No. 326, from the monu 
 ment of WILLIAM DE VALENCE, De Valence appears dimi 
 diating the French Coat of Claremont Nesle gu., semee of 
 trefoils, two barbels haurient addorsed or: the Dimidiation 
 here cuts off and removes one-half of the De Valence 
 martlets and also one of the two barbels of Claremont. 
 
 No. 326. De Valence, dimidiating Claremont Nesle. 
 
 The characteristic features of one or of both of the 
 united Coats, as I have just shown, being commonly 
 rendered indistinct and uncertain by Dimidiation, that form 
 of marshalling was generally superseded by IMPALEMENT in 
 the course of the third quarter of the fourteenth century. 
 This process, at once simple and effectual, marshals the 
 whole of the husband s arms on the dexter half of a Shield 
 divided per pale, as No. 28 ; and the whole of the arms of 
 the wife on the sinister half of it. Such an impaled Shield 
 is borne by a husband and wife during their conjoint lives ; 
 also by the husband, if he should become a widower ; but, 
 should the wife become a widow, by her the impaled 
 arms are borne during her widowhood charged upon a 
 lozenge. The dexter half only the husband s arms of an 
 impaled Shield is hereditary. Fine examples of Shields 
 
MARSHALLING. 
 
 173 
 
 No. 327. Camoys, impaling 
 Mortimer. 
 
 that are both impaled and quartered, are preserved in the 
 monuments of EDWARD III. and his Queen PHILIPPA, in 
 the Brass to ALIANORE DE BOHUN, and in the monument 
 to MARGARET BEAUFORT, all in Westminster Abbey. Other 
 fine examples occur on the monument of Earl RICHARD 
 BEAUCHAMP, at Warwick. No. 
 327, from the Brass to THOMAS, 
 LORD CAMOYS, K.G., and his wife, 
 ELIZABETH MORTIMER (the widow 
 of HENRY HOTSPUR), at Trotton, 
 in Sussex, A.D. 1410, marshals 
 Camoys arg., on a chief gu. three 
 plates, impaling Mortimer, No. 131. 
 Again, at Warwick, the Brass to 
 Earl THOMAS DE BEAUCHAMP and 
 his Countess, MARGARET FERRERS of Groby, A.D. 1406, has 
 a Shield of Beauchamp gu., a fesse between six cross lets or, 
 impaling Ferrers gu., seven mascles, three three and one, or. 
 
 It is to be observed that 
 Bordures and Tressures, which 
 are not affected by Quarter 
 ing, generally are dimidiated 
 by Impalement, that is, that 
 side of both a Bordure and 
 a Tressure which adjoins the 
 line of Impalement is gene 
 rally removed : thus, one of 
 the small Shields sculptured 
 upon the canopy of the 
 monument of Queen MARY 
 
 No. 328. D Aubigny, impaling Scotland. 
 
 STUART, at Westminster, is 
 
 charged with D Att&ignyimpalmg Scotland, that is, az., three 
 fleurs de lys or, within a bordure gu. charged with eight buckles 
 gold, impaling No. 138. This Shield, represented in No. 328, 
 
174 
 
 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 has both the bordure on its dexter half, and the tressure 
 on its sinister half, dimidiated by the impalement. There 
 are other excellent examples of this partial dimidiating in 
 the monuments of MARGARET TUDOR and MARGARET 
 BEAUFORT, in the same chapel of Westminster Abbey. 
 
 The husband of an Heiress or a Co-heiress, instead of 
 impaling the arms of his wife, marshals them upon his 
 Shield charged as an Escutcheon of Pretence. This is the 
 prevailing usage : in strict right, however, the Escutcheon 
 of Pretence ought not to supersede Impalement until 
 the husband of an heiress, having issue by her, has a good 
 
 No. 329. Shield of Earl Richard Beauchamp. 
 
 pretension to have her arms quartered hereafter with his 
 own, by his and her sons, and their descendants. For, the 
 son of an heiress, as heir to his maternal grandfather 
 through his mother, as well as to his own father, quarters 
 on his Shield, and transmits to his descendants, the arms of 
 both his parents , his father s arms generally being in the first 
 quarter. The Shield of RICHARD BEAUCHAMP, K.G., Earl 
 of WARWICK (died in 1439), is a good example of the use 
 of an Escutcheon of Pretence; it is represented in No. 329, 
 
MARSHALLING. 175 
 
 drawn from the garter-plate of the Earl, in St. George s 
 Chapel, Windsor. The Earl himself, as his hereditary coat, 
 quarters Beauchamp with Newburgh cheques or and az., a 
 chei ron erm. : upon this, for his Countess, ISABELLE, 
 daughter and heiress of THOMAS LE DESPENCER, Earl of 
 GLOUCESTER, he marshals an Escutcheon of Pretence 
 charged with De Clare, No. 124, quartering Le Despencer 
 quarterly arg. and gu., in the second and third quarters a 
 Jrette or, over all a bend sa. In the monument of this great 
 Earl, at Warwick, upon the Escutcheon of Pretence the 
 arms of Bohun are quartered with those of Clare and 
 Despencer. 
 
 A few very simple diagrams will clearly elucidate the 
 principle of Marshalling the arms of Husband and Wife. 
 
 No. 330. No. 330. No. 330. 
 
 Suppose B (Baron) to represent the Husband, and F 
 (Femme] the Wife : then, No. 330 B may represent the arms 
 of the Husband, and No. 330 F the arms of the Wife. If F 
 be not an heiress, the arms of B and F, as husband and wife, 
 are borne impaled, as in No. 330 B F ; and their son bears 
 No. 330 B only. If F be an heiress, the arms of B and F, as 
 
 FF 
 
 No 330. No. 331. No. 332 
 
 husband and wife, are borne as in No. 331 the arms of 
 the wife on an Escutcheon of Pretence ; and, in this case, 
 the son of B and F quarters the arms of both his parents, as 
 
1 76 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 No. 332. Now, suppose this son, whose arms are No. 332, 
 to marry a lady, not an heiress, whose arms are No. 330 F F, 
 he would simply impale the arms of his wife, as in No. 333, 
 and his son would bear No. 332 only, as his father bore 
 that quartered shield before his marriage. But if the wife 
 of the bearer of No. 332 were to be an heiress, he would 
 charge the arms of his wife in pretence upon his own 
 hereditary paternal Shield, as in No. 334 ; and his son, by 
 this heiress, as before, would quarter the arms of both his 
 
 T 
 
 1 
 
 No. 333. No. 334. No. 
 
 335- 
 
 parents, as in No. 335. It is obvious that Marshalling on 
 this system (of which I here give the general outline) admits 
 of a widely-extended application. Younger sons in all 
 cases cover all the quarterings of their Shield with their 
 own distinctive Mark of Cadency. 
 
 A Widower who marries again bears the arms of both 
 his wives, in accordance with the system already laid down, 
 with such modifications of adjustment as may be necessary 
 or desirable in each particular instance. 
 
 An Unmarried Lady bears her paternal arms on a 
 lozenge, without any Crest. 
 
 A Widow bears on a lozenge the arms borne by her hus 
 band and herself. Should she marry again, a Widow ceases 
 to bear the arms of her former husband ; but if her former 
 husband had been a Peer, she would continue to bear his 
 and her own arms marshalled as before, but on a lozenge 
 instead of a Shield, and on a separate Shield her present 
 husband would marshal her arms with his own, and the 
 
MARSHALLING. 177 
 
 Shield and the lozenge would be grouped together, the 
 Shield having precedence. 
 
 A Peeress in her own right, if married to a Peer, has 
 both her own arms and those of her husband fully blazoned, 
 and the lozenge and the Shield, with all their accessories, 
 are marshalled to form a single united group, the achieve 
 ment of the higher rank having precedence. If married to 
 a Commoner, a Peeress in her own right bears her own 
 arms on a lozenge as before, and her husband marshals her 
 arms ensigned with her coronet in pretence on his Shield : 
 and this lozenge and Shield are grouped together, the 
 lozenge yielding precedence. 
 
 Prelates bear the arms of their see impaling their own 
 paternal and hereditary arms, the insignia of the see 
 occupying the dexter half of the Shield, and this Shield is 
 ensigned with a mitre only. A married Prelate bears also 
 a second Shield, placed to the sinister of the other, on 
 which are marshalled, in accordance with ordinary usage, 
 his own personal arms with those of his wife. 
 
 The Herald Kings, in like manner, bear two Shields, 
 disposed to form a single group : on the dexter Shield their 
 official arms impale their personal ; and on the sinister 
 Shield their personal arms are marshalled with the arms of 
 their wives. 
 
 Again, the same usage obtains in marshalling the arms 
 of Knights of Orders of Knighthood who, when married, 
 bear two Shields grouped together. On the dexter Shield 
 are blazoned the arms of the Knight himself alone ; and 
 around this Shield are displayed the insignia of his Order, 
 or Orders, of Knighthood : and on the sinister Shield the 
 arms of the Knight and of his wife are marshalled, but 
 without the knightly insignia. This second Shield is generally 
 environed with decorative foliage. This usage, prevalent in 
 England, is not accepted and adopted by foreign Heralds : 
 
 M 
 
178 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 nor does it appear to be required by true heraldic principle, 
 or to be strictly in accordance with it. The wife of a 
 Knight shares his knightly title, and takes precedence from 
 her husband s knightly rank; and a knight, with perfect 
 heraldic consistency, might marshal his own knightly 
 insignia about the Shield which is charged with his own 
 arms and those of his wife, whether united by impalement, 
 or when the latter are borne in pretence : and thus a 
 single Shield would be borne, and there would cease to 
 exist any motive for endeavouring to impart to a second 
 Shield some general resemblance to its companion by 
 wreaths or other unmeaning accessories. 
 
 Official Arms are not hereditary. 
 
 Royal Personages, when married, bear their own arms on 
 a separate Shield to the dexter ; and a second Shield, to the 
 sinister, bears the arms of the husband and wife impaled, 
 or sometimes (but not in conformity with heraldic rule) 
 quartered. 
 
 The circumstances of every case must exercise a con 
 siderable influence in determining the Marshalling of the 
 Accessories of any Shield, Lozenge, or Group. As a general 
 rule, however, the Helm always rests on the chief of the 
 Shield : Commoners, Knights, and Baronets place their 
 Crest upon the Helm : Peers and Princes place their 
 Coronet upon the Helm, and their Crest is placed, distinct, 
 above it : and, in like manner, the SOVEREIGN places the 
 Royal Crest above the Crown. The Mantling is displayed 
 from the back of the Helm : it is most effective when simple 
 in its form and adjustment, and when it droops behind the 
 Shield. The Motto is placed below the Shield ; but if it 
 has special reference to the Crest, above the Crest : or, if 
 Shield, Crest (or Badge), and Motto alone are blazoned, the 
 Motto may be placed between the Shield and the Crest or 
 Badge. Supporters are to be placed erect, as if in the 
 
MARSHALLING. 
 
 act of really supporting the Shield : they ought to stand 
 either on an appropriate ground, or on a Gothic basement 
 to the entire Achievement. Badges, with all Official and 
 Knightly Insignia, and all other Honourable Insignia of 
 every kind, are rightly marshalled in an Achievement of 
 Arms. 
 
 M 2 
 
CHAPTER XII. 
 
 CADENCY. 
 
 Marks of Cadency are temporary or permanent. The Label. The 
 Bordure. The Bendlet, Barndet, and Canton. Change of Tinc 
 ture. Secondary Charges. Single Small Charges. Differences of 
 Illegitimacy. Cadency of Crests, Badges, &~v. Modern Cadency. 
 
 " Merke ye wele theys questionys here, now folowying ! " 
 
 BOKE OF ST. ALBANS. A.D. 14.86. 
 
 AMONGST his comrades in arms, or in the midst of a hostile 
 array, the last object that a mediaeval Knight would expect 
 or desire to observe, on the morning of a battle or a joust, 
 would be an exact counterpart of himself. Occasions, 
 indeed, might sometimes arise, when it might be highly 
 desirable that five or six counterfeit " Richmonds " should 
 accompany one real one to "the field;" or, when a "wild 
 boar of Ardennes" might prefer to encounter the hunters, 
 having about him the choice of his own " boar s brood," 
 garnished at all -points exactly after his own fashion. These, 
 however, are rare and strictly exceptional cases. And the 
 Knight, to whom distinction was as the breath of his 
 nostrils, as he closed his vizor trusted confidently to his 
 heraldic insignia to. distinguish him, while, in the fore-front 
 of the fray, with sword and lance and axe he would strive 
 manfully to distinguish himself. This implies that Heraldry, 
 besides assigning to different families their own distinct 
 insignia, should possess the faculty of distinguishing the 
 
CADENCY. l8l 
 
 several members, and also the various branches of the same 
 family, the one from the other. A faculty such as this 
 Heraldry does possess, and that faculty is CADENCY. 
 
 In marking Cadency" that is, in distinguishing the 
 armorial insignia of kinsmen, who are members of the very 
 same family, or of some one. of its various branches, it is a 
 necessary condition of every system of " Differencing" that, 
 while in itself clear and definite and significant, it should 
 be secondary to the leading characteristics of the original 
 Goat of Arms which denotes the senior branch of the 
 Family, and also declares from what fountain-head all the 
 kinsmen of all the branches have derived their common 
 descent. 
 
 Various methods for thus marking Cadency were 
 adopted, and accepted as satisfactory, in the early days of 
 Heraldry. Of these I now shall describe and illustrate 
 such as are most emphatic in themselves, and in their 
 character most decidedly heraldic, such also as most ad 
 vantageously may be retained in use in our own Heraldry of 
 the present time. It will be seen that the " Differences" 
 which mark Cadency necessarily resolve themselves into 
 two groups or classes : one, in which the " Difference" is 
 temporary only in its significance and use, as, when an 
 eldest son, on the death of his father, succeeds to the 
 position in the family which his father had held, he 
 removes his Mark of Cadency as eldest son from his 
 Shield, assumes the unmarked Shield as his father had 
 borne it before him, and transfers to his own son the mark 
 that previously had distinguished his Shield from that of his 
 father. In the other group, the Marks of Cadency are per 
 manent, and consequently they become integral elements of 
 the heraldic composition in which they appear: thus, the 
 mark of Cadency which distinguishes any particular branch 
 of a family, is borne alike by all the members of that 
 
182 
 
 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 branch, and in that branch it is transmitted from generation 
 to generation. 
 
 More than one Mark of Cadency may be introduced 
 into the same Coat of Arms ; and, for the purpose of some 
 form of secondary distinction, it is good Heraldry to mark 
 Marks of Cadency to charge one variety of mark, that is, 
 upon another. 
 
 The LABEL, Nos. 271, 272, is blazoned as a Mark of 
 Cadency in the earliest Rolls of Arms, and it appears dis 
 charging this duty in the earliest examples. The Label is 
 generally borne with three points, as in No. 271 ; frequently 
 with five, as in No. 272 ; and occasionally with four or with 
 
 No. 336. Eldest Sons of Edward I. and II. 
 
 No. 337. Black Prince. 
 
 more than five points. It is quite certain that no signifi 
 cance is, or has ever been, attached to the number of the 
 points, the object in all cases being to make the Label 
 distinctly visible, and to adjust the points to the general 
 composition of the Shield. Labels are of various tinctures. 
 EDWARD I., EDWARD II., and EDWARD III., each one 
 during the lifetime of his father, bore the Shield of 
 England, No. 187, differenced with an azure label, some 
 times of three points, as in No. 336, and sometimes having 
 five points. EDWARD the BLACK PRINCE marked the 
 Royal Shield of EDWARD III. with a label argent, as in 
 No. 337 ; and a silver label has since been the Mark of 
 
CADENCY. 183 
 
 Cadency of every succeeding PRINCE OF WALES. The 
 Label has been used in this manner by personages of all 
 ranks who have borne arms, from the time of HENRY III. ; 
 and examples abound in all the early Rolls of Arms, in 
 Monuments, and upon Seals. 
 
 The LABEL, borne as a Mark of Cadency, is com 
 monly charged with other figures and devices, as dif 
 ferences of a secondary rank. Or, when it is thus charged, 
 the charges upon a Label may be considered to be 
 elements of the Label itself, in its capacity of a Mark 
 of Cadency. EDMOND, the first Earl of LANCASTER, as 
 I have already shown, No. 249, differenced his father s 
 Arms of England with a Label of France, No. 338 an 
 azure label, that is, charged with golden fleurs de lys, to 
 denote his French alliance ; and thus by the same pro- 
 
 "l*i m ||r" -"]l pi 
 
 ll 
 
 ill 111 lU y in i 
 
 No. 338. Lancaster. No. 339. Brittany. No. 340. York. 
 
 cess he was Marshalling and Marking Cadency. JOHN 
 OF GHENT, Duke of LANCASTER, differenced with an 
 ermine Label, No. 339, derived from the ermine shield 
 of Brittany (No. 15): and the Plantagenet Dukes of 
 YORK charged each point of their silver Label with three 
 torteaux, No. 340, which may be considered to have 
 been derived from the shield of Wake (No. 82). In 
 order to show them on a larger scale, the Labels in 
 Nos. 338 343 are represented without the Shields on 
 which they were charged. All these Shields would be 
 repetitions of the same blazonry of France and England 
 quarterly: Nos. 252 and 253. 
 
 The Label, with various Differences, has generally been 
 the Royal Mark of Cadency; and now differenced silver 
 
184 ENGLISH HERALDRY, 
 
 Labels are borne, to mark Cadency, by every member of 
 our Royal Family. 
 
 Like the points of Labels, the Charges blazoned on 
 those points had no fixed or determinate numbers. That 
 both the Labels and their Charges should be distinct and 
 conspicuous, was the special object with which they were 
 blazoned. Accordingly, in different examples of the same 
 Label the number of the repetitions of the Charges some 
 times is found to differ. At the same time, in the earliest 
 examples of charged Labels, the repetitions of the Charges, 
 while devoid of any special differencing aim or meaning, 
 may be considered to have been suggested by the sources 
 from which the Charges themselves were derived. For 
 example: the Label of Lancaster, No. 338, of Earl EDMOND, 
 
 1TT 
 
 No. 341. No. 342. No. 343. 
 
 derived directly from the Shield of France ancient, No. 247, 
 with its field semee de lys, has three fleurs de lys upon each 
 point, so that this Label has the appearance of being also 
 semee de lys. Had it been derived from the Shield of 
 France modern, No. 248, charged with three fleurs de lys 
 only, a single fleu-r de lys in all probability would have 
 been blazoned on each of the three points of this same 
 Label. Upon this principle the Label of Prince LIONEL, 
 Duke of CLARENCE, second son of EDWARD III., which is 
 differenced with cantons gules, has a single canton on each 
 point, as in No. 341, evidently because only a single canton 
 can be blazoned on a Shield. The figures and devices that 
 are charged for secondary difference upon Labels vary widely 
 in their character ; but, however difficult it now may be in 
 very many instances to trace these differencing charges to 
 
CADENCY. 185 
 
 their sources, and so to determine the motive which led to 
 their adoption, there can be no doubt that originally they 
 were chosen and adopted for the express purpose of denot 
 ing and recording some alliance or dependency. Some 
 early Labels are of a compound character ; that is, they are 
 charged with two distinct groups of devices, which are at 
 once divided and conjoined by impalement. Such a Label 
 was borne by Prince HENRY, son of JOHN of GHENT, be 
 tween the time of his father s death and his own accession as 
 HENRY IV. (Feb. 3 to Sept. 30, 1399) : it was a Label of 
 five points per pale of Brittany and Lancaster, No. 342, being 
 his father s Label impaling his own. The second son of 
 this Prince, THOMAS Duke of CLARENCE, instead of adopt 
 ing impalement, charged a red canton upon each point of an 
 ermine Label, as in No. 343 : while his brother, JOHN Duke 
 of BEDFORD, bore their father s Label, No. 342. 
 
 The BORDURE, both plain and charged, is a Mark 
 of Cadency borne by Princes and by personages of 
 various ranks. EDMOND, youngest son 
 of EDWARD L, differenced England 
 with a plain silver bordure, as in No. 
 344 : the HOLLANDS, Earls of KENT, 
 did the same : and the s;xne silver 
 bordure also was borne by THOMAS, 
 youngest son of EDWARD III., about 
 the quartered shield of France ancient 
 and England; and about the quartered No< 3- Holland of Kent - 
 shield of France modern and England by HUMPHREY, 
 youngest son of HENRY IV. Prince JOHN of ELTHAM, 
 as I have already shown, and after him the HOLLANDS, 
 Dukes of EXETER, differenced England with a Bordure 
 of France: No. 24. Though not so numerous as Labels, 
 Bordures employed to mark Cadency exist in very many 
 early examples, and a variety of devices appear charged 
 
1 86 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 upon them for secondary Difference. See No. 140. In 
 the Royal Heraldry of our own times the Bordure is not 
 used as a Royal Difference ; but its use is retained for 
 differencing Shields of less exalted rank. 
 
 In some few early Examples a BENDLET is charged 
 upon the paternal shield as a mark of Cadency : and a 
 BARRULET is found to have been also used for the same 
 purpose. Thus, HENRY, second son of 
 EDMOND the first Earl of LANCASTER, 
 during the lifetime of his elder brother, 
 differenced England with an azure 
 Bendlct, as in No. 345 : and, in the 
 Seal of HENRY DE PERCY, son and 
 heir of HENRY the third Baron, the 
 lion is debruised, for Difference, by a 
 
 Henrylf Lancaster. Bamilet which CrOSSCS the Shield 
 
 the honour-point. Possibly, this Bar- 
 
 rulet maybe a Label without points. A CANTON, plain, or more 
 frequently charged, and in many examples of ermine, is also 
 added to Shields to mark Cadency. See Nos. 128, 129, 130. 
 To mark Cadency by a change of Tinctures was a simple 
 expedient, and such a one as would naturally be practised 
 at an early period. It was effected, first, in the case of the 
 Field : thus (H. 3), the brothers DE LA ZOUCHE severally 
 bear Gu., bezantee, and, Az., bezantee: and the brothers 
 FURNIVAL (H. 3) bear Arg., a bend between six martlets gu., 
 and, Or, a bend between six martlets gu. Secondly, the 
 change is effected in the Charges : thus, two William BAR- 
 DOLFS (H. 3 and E. 2) severally bear Az., three cinque- 
 foils or, and, Az., three dnquefoils arg. Thirdly, the 
 tinctures are reversed: for example, for two Sir JOHN HAR- 
 COURTS (E. 2) Gu., two bars or, and, Or, two bars gu. 
 Fourthly, there is a complete change in all the tinctures : 
 and so, while Sir ANDREW LOTEREL (E. 2) bears Or, a 
 
CADENCY. 187 
 
 bend between six martlets sa. t Sir GEFFREY LOTEREL (E. 2) 
 bears Az. 9 a bend between six martlets argent. Finally, this 
 system of marking Cadency admits various modifications of 
 the changes already described : thus, in the Arms of Mor 
 timer, No. 131, gules is substituted for azure; and, again, 
 in the same Shield an inescntcheon ermine takes the place of 
 the inescutcheon argent. 
 
 Another and a favourite method of marking Cadency, 
 calculated to exercise a great and decided influence in the 
 development of heraldic blazon, is the addition of secondary 
 Charges of small size (not on a Label or a Bordure, but) 
 seme e over the field of a Shield, or charged upon an 
 Ordinary, or disposed in orle. In the greater number of 
 examples, these small charges are found to have been 
 gradually reduced to six or three, in order to admit of their 
 
 No. 346. Beauchamp of Elmely. No. 347. Beauchamp at Carlaverock 
 
 being blazoned on a somewhat larger scale, and conse 
 quently made more distinct. Again : while the number and 
 the tinctures of the secondary differencing charges remain 
 the same, in order to carry out the Cadency still farther 
 the secondary charges themselves are varied : and, once 
 more, in other cases the identity of the original secondary 
 charges is retained, but their number is increased or 
 diminished. I must be content to illustrate these various 
 forms of Cadency with a few examples only. First, a group 
 of shields of the BEAUCHAMPS : Beauchamp of Elmely 
 (H. 3) Gu., a fesse or, No. 346 : Beauchamp at Car- 
 
1 88 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 laverock Gu., crusileeandafesseor, No. 347: Beauchamp, 
 Earl of Warwick Gu., a fesse between six crosses cross lets 
 or, No. 348 : and Beauchamp of Bletshoe Gu., a fesse 
 between six martlets or, No. 349. Second, a corresponding 
 group of shields of the BERKELEYS : Maurice de Barkele 
 (or Berkeley) Gu., a chevron arg. (H. 3) : and then for 
 other Berkeleys Gu., a chevron between ten crosses pattees, 
 six and four, arg. ; and the same Ordinary, with either ten 
 cinqucfoils of silver, or the same number of white roses. 
 Three CORBETS bear severally (E. 2) Or, a raven sa.; Or, 
 two ravens sa; and Or, three ravens sa. And, once more, 
 their original Shield Gu., a chevron or, is differenced by the 
 
 No. 348. Beauchamp of Warwick. No. 349. Beauchamp of Bletshoe. 
 
 COBHAMS by charging the Ordinary with three lioncels, 
 three eaglets, three crosslets, three mullets, three estoiles, 
 three crescents, or three fleurs de lys, all of them sable. 
 The particular devices and figures selected thus to mark 
 Cadency, like those charged upon Labels or Bordures, must 
 be considered to have a special significance of their own, 
 though this significance may frequently fail to be discerned 
 in consequence of our being no longer able to trace out 
 their association with the sources from which they were 
 obtained. The alliances and the incidents that give these 
 various Marks of Cadency, when it is possible to ascertain 
 what they may have been, illustrate in a striking manner 
 the motives by which the early Heralds were influenced 
 when they differenced the Arms of Kinsmen. 
 
CADENCY. 
 
 189 
 
 Official Insignia sometimes become Marks of Cadency. 
 Thus, JOHN DE GRANDISON, Bishop of Exeter (A.D. 1327 
 1369), on the bend in his paternal arms, No. 89, substitutes 
 a golden mitre for the central eaglet, as in No. 350. WILLIAM 
 COURTENAY, Archbishop of Canterbury (A.D. 13811396), 
 adopts a different course, and charges three golden mitres 
 upon each point of the Label of Courtenay Or, three tor- 
 tcaux, over all a label of three points az. charged on each 
 point with as many mitres gold. And again, HENRY LE 
 DESPENCER, Bishop of Norwich (A.D. 13701406), places 
 about his paternal shield an azure bordure charged with 
 
 No. 350. Bishop Grandison. 
 
 No. 351. Secretum of Bishop le Despencer. 
 
 eight golden mitres (see the largest shield in No. 351). On 
 his official seal the canopied effigy of the Bishop stands 
 between this, his personal Shield, and the Shield of his see 
 az., three mitres or: but his Secretum, or private seal, is 
 much more interesting, as an heraldic image of the man 
 himself. Haughty, fierce, cruel, and pugnacious, his career 
 not less inglorious as a military commander than as a 
 churchman, this HENRY LE DESPENCER, a grandson of the 
 unhappy favourite of the no less hapless EDWARD II., 
 was one of the war-loving prelates who occasionally appear 
 sustaining a strange, and yet as it would seem a charac- 
 
ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 teristic, part in the romantic drama of mediaeval History. 
 His Secretum, No. 351, displays his Shield of Despencer, 
 differenced with his bordure of mitres, couche from a large 
 mantled helm, surmounted by a mitre, in place of a crest- 
 coronet, which supports the Despencer crest, a silver 
 griffin s head of ample size ; on either side are the Shields 
 of the see of Norwich, and of Ferrers (the Bishop s mother 
 was Anne, daughter of WILLIAM Lord FERRERS of Groby) 
 Or, seven mascles, three three and one, gu. ; the legend 
 is, S . HENRICI . DESPENCER . NORWICENSIS . 
 EPISCOPI. 
 
 At an early period, Cadency was marked by adding a 
 single small charge to the blazon of a Shield, or by charging 
 some secondary device or figure upon any accessory of a 
 Shield of arms. Such a Mark of Cadency as this, obtained 
 from some allied Shield, and charged upon an ordinary or 
 principal bearing, or occupying a conspicuous position in 
 the general composition, was in high favour 
 with the Heralds of both the fourteenth 
 and fifteenth centuries. From the early 
 examples, which exist in great numbers and 
 in as great variety, it will be sufficient for 
 me to adduce only a few specimens a 
 single example, indeed, illustrates the sys 
 tem. The Shield of Ufford, in the Seal of 
 MATILDA of LANCASTER, which I have 
 already described (No. 320), is thus differenced with a single 
 fleur de lys in the first quarter. Precisely in the same 
 manner Sir FULK FITZ WARIN differences the Shield of the 
 head of his house, No. 17, by charging a mullet sable upon 
 the first quarter, as in No. 352. THOMAS LE SCROPE, 
 on the other hand, for Cadency marks the golden bend 
 upon his azure Shield, No. in, with an annulet sable, 
 as in No. 353. Two members of the family of Beau- 
 
 No. 352. 
 
 Sir Fulk Fitz Warin. 
 
CADENCY. 
 
 champ charge their golden fesse (see Nos. 346 349), the 
 one with a crescent sable, and the other with a pierced mullet 
 of the same tincture: Nos. 354, 355. In like manner, in 
 addition to various labels, the NEVILLES charge no less 
 
 No. 354. 
 
 No. 355. 
 
 No 353. Thomas le Scrope. 
 
 than eight different small figures upon their silver saltire, 
 No. 121, to distinguish different members and branches of 
 their powerful race : I give one of these Shields in No. 
 356, which was borne by GEORGE NEVILLE, Lord LATIMER, 
 from the monument to Earl RICHARD DE BEAUCHAMP at 
 Warwick Gtt., on a saltire arg. a gimmel-rmg az. : another 
 
 No. 356. Lord Latimer. ^\?~/ No 357- Neville. 
 
 No. 358 Sir William de Brewys. 
 
 differenced shield of Neville, No. 357, has a tinquefoil 
 charged on the saltire : a third example from this group 
 I have already given, No. 122, differenced with a rose: this 
 shield, No. 122, is now borne by the Earl of ABERGAVENNY. 
 Once more: Sir WILLIAM DE BREWYS (E. 2) bears Az., 
 crusilee and a lion rampt. or, No. 358, which coat another 
 
192 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 Sir WILLIAM DE BREWYS differences, to distinguish himself 
 from his kinsman, while at the same time declaring their 
 near relationship, by simply charging a red fleur de lys upon 
 his lion s shoulder. 
 
 Differences of Illegitimacy, which rightly and indeed 
 necessarily are included under the general head of 
 " Cadency," do not appear at any time to have assumed 
 a definite or decided character, and yet they bring before 
 the student of Heraldry much curious matter for inquiry 
 and investigation. Early in the true heraldic era illegiti 
 mate sons are found to have differenced their paternal arms, 
 as other sons lawfully born might have done : and it does 
 not appear that any peculiar methods of differencing were 
 adopted, palpably for the purpose of denoting illegitimacy 
 of birth, before the fourteenth century had drawn near to 
 its close. And even then, if any express heraldic rule on 
 this point ever was framed, which is very doubtful, it 
 certainly was never observed with any care or regularity. 
 
 The earliest known example of the arms of a man of 
 illegitimate birth is the fine Shield of WILLIAM LONGESPEE, 
 Earl of SALISBURY, son of HENRY II. and FAIR ROSAMOND, 
 No. 197. This Shield is supposed to have been assumed 
 and borne by the Earl on his marriage with the daughter 
 and heiress of D EUREUX, when in right of his wife he suc 
 ceeded to the Earldom of Salisbury : but this theory does 
 not rest upon any solid foundation, since it would be very 
 difficult to show that the Shield with the six lioncels was 
 certainly borne, on his armorial ensign, by the father-in-law of 
 Earl William. Also, if a Shield charged with an escarbuncle 
 and many lioncels, which has been assigned to GEOFFREY 
 Count of ANJOU, was really borne by the Founder of the 
 House of PLANTAGENET, Earl WILLIAM LONGESPEE may 
 have derived his own Shield from his paternal grandfather. 
 Upon his Counterseal the Earl displays his own "long 
 
CADENCY. 193 
 
 sword" as his proper device. In like manner, certain 
 other personages, also illegitimate, appear to have borne 
 arms which were either expressly assigned to themselves 
 by the Sovereign, or such as they assumed in right of their 
 mothers or wives. In all such cases as these, the Arms 
 were not the paternal coat in any way differenced, but 
 what now would be designated "fresh grants." Towards 
 the beginning of the fifteenth century, however, a peculiar 
 kind of Differencing for Illegitimacy gradually prevailed 
 throughout Europe : thus, illegitimate children either altered 
 the position of the charges in their paternal Shield ; or 
 they marshalled the entire paternal arms upon a bend or a 
 fesse ; or they composed for them 
 selves a fresh Shield, either using their 
 father s badges and the actual charges 
 of his Shield, or adopting devices evi 
 dently derived from the paternal bear 
 ings ; or they bore the paternal Shield 
 differenced in a peculiarly conspicuous 
 manner with certain marks by which 
 they might be readily and certainly 
 distinguished. NO. 359. 
 
 ,,, . . . _ . Henry, Earl Worcester. 
 
 When the composition of the 
 
 paternal Shield would admit of such an arrangement, the 
 field not being argent, an illegitimate son sometimes bore 
 his father s arms marshalled fesse-wise, so as to leave both 
 the chief and the base of his Shield plain white. HENRY, 
 Earl of WORCESTER, whose father was an illegitimate son 
 of HENRY BEAUFORT, third Duke of SOMERSET, bore the 
 arms of Beaufort couped in this manner in chief and in 
 base, as if they were charged upon a very broad fesse on 
 a silver field : No. 359. 
 
 JOHN DE BEAUFORT (great-grandfather of HENRY, Earl 
 of WORCESTER), eldest illegitimate son of Prince JOHN of 
 
194 
 
 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 GHENT, before the Act for his legitimation was passed in the 
 year 1397, bore his father s hereditary arms of Lancaster 
 England with a label of France, No. 249 on a broad bend, 
 the field being per pale arg. and az., the Lancastrian livery 
 colours : No. 360. After their legitimation act had become 
 a law, this same JOHN DE BEAUFORT, with his brothers, sons, 
 
 No. 360 Beaufort before 1397. 
 
 No. 361. Beaufort after 1397. 
 
 and grandsons, bore the Royal quartered shield of France 
 and England, No. 361, differenced, not with labels, but with 
 a bordure componce arg. and az. (the Lancastrian colours) : 
 the different members of the Beaufort family slightly varied 
 the bordure, but by the head of their house it was borne 
 as in No. 361. It will be seen that 
 this is the coat that HENRY, Earl of 
 WORCESTER (himself the legitimate son 
 of an illegitimate son), bore fesse-wise, 
 as in No. 359. The father of this Earl 
 HENRY, CHARLES SOMERSET, Earl of 
 WORCESTER (illegitimate son of the 
 third Duke of SOMERSET), differenced 
 Beaufort, No. 361, with a silver bendlct 
 sinister, as in No. 362, the bendlet 
 covering the quarterings, but being included within the 
 bordure. 
 
 Since the fifteenth century, in English Heraldry, a 
 
 No. 362. Charles, Earl 
 of Worcester. 
 
CADENCY. 
 
 195 
 
 narrow bendlet or baton sinister, couped at its extremities, 
 either plain or charged, has differenced the illegitimate 
 descendants of the Royal Family. It was borne by ARTHUR 
 PLANTAGENET, Viscount LISLE, son of EDWARD IV. : by 
 HENRY FITZ ROY, Duke of RICHMOND, son of HENRY VIIL, 
 and, variously differenced, by all the illegitimate descendants 
 of CHARLES I. that is, it is borne at the present day, 
 argent, by the Duke of BUCCLEUCH ; ermine, by the Duke of 
 CLEVELAND ; componee arg. and az., by the Duke of GRAFTON ; 
 and, gules charged with three white roses, by the Duke of ST. 
 ALBANS. 
 
 Sir ROGER DE CLARENDON, illegitimate son of the 
 
 No. 363. Sir Roger de Clarendon. No. 364. Radulphus de Arundel. 
 
 BLACK PRINCE, bore on a sable bend the three Ostrich 
 FeatJiers of his illustrious father s " Shield of Peace" the 
 field of his Shield being golden, as in No. 363. Here the 
 " Difference for Illegitimacy" is very emphatically marked 
 in a singularly felicitous and beautiful Shield. 
 
 The paternal arms of illegitimate children have also 
 sometimes been carried by them charged on a canton, either 
 dexter or sinister, the rest of the Shield being left blank, or 
 perhaps in some cases displaying the maternal arms; of 
 this usage I am not able to give any good example, in 
 English Heraldry, of certain authority : one other variety of 
 
 N 2 
 
196 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 these singular Shields, however, I must add to my small 
 group of examples, which was first noticed by Mr. MONTAGU 
 ("Guide to the Study of Heraldry," p. 44). This is the Shield, 
 No. 364, of RADULPHUS DE ARUNDEL; and it bears the 
 quartered arms of the Earls of ARUNDEL Fitz Alan and 
 Warretine (gu. a lion rampt. or, and No. 68), "flanched? 
 that is, blazoned only upon the flanches (see No. 141) of 
 the Shield, the central area being blank. 
 
 In the more recent Heraldry of our own country, the 
 bendlet or baton sinister is generally regarded as the most 
 appropriate and decided Difference of Illegitimacy. Still, 
 now, as in earlier times, there exists no fixed and universally 
 recognised system of treating this peculiar application of 
 Cadency : and, consequently, the Marks of Illegitimacy in 
 use (whenever they are used) at the present time are both 
 arbitrary in their character, and uncertain (or, at least, ques 
 tionable) in their signification. The associations of the 
 baton sinister, when borne " over all," may be considered to 
 assign to it the exclusive duty of marking the Cadency 
 now under our consideration : but there certainly is no 
 oth er variety of Differencing, nor is there any other charge, 
 of which it can be affirmed that its use or presence 
 necessarily denotes this particular circumstance. Modern 
 Heralds may difference for Illegitimacy in various ways, as 
 it may seem to them to be most desirable ; and their 
 Differencing may or may not be understood ; and, perhaps, 
 after all, this very ambiguity may not be the least satisfac 
 tory element of the existing practice. The feeling might be 
 different, were this Cadency to be marked upon the Shields 
 of the fathers of illegitimate children, 
 
 In treating of this subject, some writers have maintained 
 that the bordure componee is, in its heraldic nature, the most 
 decided and unquestionable Difference of Illegitimacy : and 
 this opinion these writers have derived from the singularly 
 
CADENCY. 197 
 
 contradictory fact, that the BEAUFORTS differenced with a 
 bordure componee when they became legally legitimate. A 
 bordure compon6e may, indeed, be used with such an 
 intention, as it is used by the Duke of RICHMOND, who 
 bears the arms of CHARLES II. within a bordure componee 
 arg. and gu., charged with eight roses of the last ; while by the 
 BEAUFORTS it was used with an intention exactly the reverse 
 of this. Very recently, a bordure engrailed has been 
 employed to discharge this particular duty : but this appli 
 cation of the bordure engrailed does not abate the honour of 
 that bearing, or disqualify it for use under perfectly different 
 conditions. In fact, the bordure, whatever its aspect or 
 modification of treatment, remains still, as it was of old, an 
 honourable Difference, until some abatement of honour has 
 been associated with its presence under special circum 
 stances. And precisely the same words may be applied to 
 any other charge that has been employed, or may be 
 required to mark Cadency. 
 
 In the case of the illegitimate issue of Kings, the baton 
 sinister or other decided Difference must continue to be 
 borne from generation to generation, since the Royal Arms 
 cannot be assumed by any subject without " due Differ 
 ence :" and it is highly probable that the remote (or the 
 comparatively remote) descendants of the illegitimate sons 
 of Kings may regard with happy complacency their heredi 
 tary Shield, with the associations of high honour that, in the 
 course of time, may have gathered around it, the original 
 baton sinister notwithstanding. But, in all other cases, true 
 Heraldry cannot require the sustained presence of so 
 marked a Difference as a baton sinister, and more particu 
 larly if with its presence painful memories should be 
 associated. All that can be either desirable or necessary is, 
 that such Differences in every instance should be main 
 tained and transmitted, as may preserve becoming distinc- 
 
198 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 tions, and at the same time may be consistent with both 
 historical veracity and heraldic propriety. 
 
 Marks of Cadency, as they are borne on Shields of 
 Arms, are also charged on Badges, Crests, Supporters, and 
 Mantlings. As a matter of course, they appear on Armorial 
 Banners and Standards under the same conditions that they 
 are blazoned upon Shields and Surcoats. Such examples as 
 may be necessary to illustrate heraldic usage in these cases, 
 I propose to describe in the following Chapters. 
 
 It cannot be necessary for me to adduce any arguments 
 in order to impress upon Students of Heraldry the import 
 ance of investigating early Cadency, or to assure them that 
 a special interest is inseparable from this inquiry : I may 
 suggest, however, that it is most desirable that Students 
 should arrange groups of allied Shields, and should carefully 
 blazon them in full both in writing and in colour, with their 
 various " Marks of Cadency," being careful also to record 
 their authorities for every example. 
 
 MODERN CADENCY is marked by the Label and by 
 single small Charges, which take precedence in the follow 
 ing order : 
 
 1. The Label, No. 271. 
 
 2. The Crescent, No. i66A. 
 
 3. The Mullet, No. 278. 
 
 4. The Martlet, No. 161. 
 
 5. The Annulet, No. 154. 
 
 6. The Fleur de. lys, No. 246. 
 
 7. The Rose, No. 298. 
 
 8. The Cross Moline, No. 99. 
 
 9. The Octofoil, or Double Quatrefoil. 
 
 At the present time, these Marks of Cadency are rarely 
 used to denote the contemporary brothers of the same 
 family; but almost invariably they distinguish different 
 branches of the same family, and thus they become perma- 
 
CADENCY. 
 
 I 99 
 
 nent Charges borne "for difference." When they are 
 adopted, Marks of Cadency now are generally placed upon 
 the Honour Point of the Shield, or in some other con 
 spicuous position : one of these Marks 
 also may be charged upon another, if 
 desired, as a Martlet may be charged 
 upon a Label, to denote the fourth son 
 of an eldest son ; and so in other cases. 
 The Seal of WILLIAM FRASER, No. 
 365, from Mr. Laing s Collection, ex 
 emplifies in a singular and interesting 
 manner the early use of a differenced 
 Label. Here the Label appears, without 
 
 ,-,,1 , j , . c . 
 
 any Shield, borne as if it were a Badge : 
 
 and it is charged, on each of its three 
 
 points, with two devices that have the appearance of 
 
 mullets of six points, but which really may be /raises 
 
 strawberry-leaves, the rebus-device of Fraser (see pp. 182 
 
 -185). 
 
 NO. 365. 
 
 r)eed A - D - I2 95 Pre- 
 
 served in H.M. Record 
 
 office. 
 
CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 DIFFERENCING. 
 
 Differencing to denote Fmdal Alliance or Dependency: Differencing 
 without any Alliance. Augmentation. Abatement. 
 
 " Differencing, which comprises in truth the growth and ramification of Coat- 
 Armour, and the whole system, of its early development, has been strangely lost 
 sight of in the numerous treatises on Armory that have satisfied recent generations 
 of Englishmen." HERALD AND GENEALOGIST, II., 32. 
 
 DIFFERENCING, as distinct from CADENCY, implies, first, 
 the treatment of Coats of Arms and other armorial insignia, 
 that denote and are based upon Feudal Alliance or Depend 
 ency, but without blood-relationship ; and, secondly, it also 
 implies a comprehensive system of distinguishing similar 
 Arms, when they are borne by individuals or families 
 between whom no kind of alliance is known to have 
 existed. It is evident, on the one hand, that a feudal 
 influence would naturally lead to some degree of assimi 
 lation to the Coat Armour of the feudal Chief, in the Arms 
 of all allies and dependents : and, on the other hand, it 
 will readily be understood that, even in the early days of 
 its career, Heraldry would see the necessity for providing 
 for the constantly increasing demands upon its resources ; 
 and, consequently, that it would organise a system which 
 would enable the same Ordinaries and the same principal 
 Charges to appear in distinct Shields, without either con 
 fusion or misapprehension. 
 
DIFFERENCING. 2OI 
 
 It is highly probable, and indeed it may be assumed to 
 be certain, that what I have called a " feudal influence," in 
 the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries in no slight degree 
 affected the general composition of Coats of Arms. In 
 very many instances the working of this influence is still 
 palpable ; and it is always interesting to the student of 
 Heraldry, as it must always be eminently useful to the 
 student of History, to detect its presence and to explore 
 its method of action. Like Cadency, feudal Differencing 
 is expressed by various means, all of them indicating, in a 
 greater or a less degree, the motive which suggested their 
 adoption. I proceed at once to examples, which illustrate 
 and explain the system so clearly and 
 so fully, that prolonged introductory re 
 marks are altogether superfluous. 
 
 Upon his Seal, RANULPH DE BLON- 
 DEVILLE, Earl of CHESTER (died in 
 1232)- bears three garbs or wheat- 
 sheaves; and Rolls of Arms of the 
 time of HENRY III. blazon the Shield 
 of the Earl of CHESTER as Az., three N 
 garbs or, No. 366. This Shield has been borne by the Earls 
 of CHESTER to this day, and for his Earldom of CHESTER 
 it now is borne by the PRINCE OF WALES : and, in token 
 of feudal alliance, from the middle of the thirteenth cen 
 tury, " one or more garbs," in the words of Mr. PLANCH^, 
 " are seen in the majority of Coats belonging to the nobility 
 and gentry of the County Palatine of Chester." Thus, 
 since the year 1390, the arms of GROSVENOR have been 
 az., a garb or. 
 
 A cinquefoil, said to have been borne by him on a 
 red Shield, was the device of ROBERT FITZ-PARNEL, Earl of 
 LEICESTER, who died in 1204. Accordingly, the cinquefoil, 
 derived from him, as early as the thirteenth century, 
 
2O2 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 appears in token of feudal connection on the Shields of 
 many families of Leicestershire. As I have already shown, 
 (page 1 8 8) a BERKELEY, who was of Leicestershire, sub 
 stituted ten cinque/oils for the ten crosses patee of the 
 Berkeley Shield ; and thus he combined feudal Differencing 
 with Cadency. 
 
 Many a red chevron or chevronel, with other devices, 
 charged upon a golden field, or a gold chevron on a red 
 field, is a sign of feudal alliance with the great house of 
 DE CLARE, whose Shield was or, three chevronels gu., No. 
 124. For example, the FITZ-RALPHS, 
 near neighbours of the De Clares at 
 Clare in Suffolk, differenced the Shield 
 of the Earls by charging silver fleurs 
 de lys on each chevronel, as in No. 
 367 (E. 2) ; and, for secondary dif 
 ference, they sometimes added a bor- 
 dure azure, as in the fine early Brass 
 at Pebmarsh, near Clare. Again : by 
 No. 3 6 7 .-Fit z Ralph. a change o f t i nc tures, without affect 
 ing the charges of the Shield, the Arms of L ERCEDECKNE 
 (now Archdeacon) are Arg., three chevronels sa. 
 
 At Carlaverock, EDMOND DE HASTINGS, brother of the 
 Earl, bore Or, a maunche gu., with a label of Jive points 
 sa., the Earl himself bearing simply Or, a maunche gu., 
 No. 276. And, close by the side of EDMOND DE HASTINGS 
 was his friend and companion, the feudal ally, without 
 doubt, of his house, JOHN PAIGNEL, a very proper comrade, 
 as the chronicler testifies 
 
 " Un bacheler jolif et comte, 
 
 who differenced Hastings by change of tinctures, and bore 
 Vert, a maunche or. 
 
 The Shield of the noble house ot DE LUTERELL, or 
 
DIFFERENCING. 
 
 203 
 
 LOTEREL, I have blazoned with changed tinctures for two 
 near kinsmen bearing that name (page 186), thus showing 
 in what manner they marked their Cadency. This same 
 shield, No. 368 Or, a bend between six martlets sa., was 
 also differenced by other families to 
 mark their feudal alliance with the 
 house of Luterell. Thus, the DE FUR- 
 NIVALS, themselves a powerful and 
 distinguished family, who held their 
 lands by feudal tenure under the Lute- 
 rells, in token of this alliance bore the 
 Shield of De Luterell with a fresh 
 change of tinctures ; and, accordingly, 
 the arms of the De Furnivals are No< 368 ~ De Lutere!L 
 well known as Arg., a bend between six martlets gu. 
 Then, while the FURNIVALS, for Cadency, differenced these 
 arms amongst themselves, their feudal allies and depen 
 dents, the ECCLESALLS or EKELESHALES, the MOUNTENEYS, 
 the WADESLES or WADSLEYS, and the WORTELES or WORT- 
 LEYS, all united in declaring their 
 connection with their chief by assum 
 
 ing arms founded upon the Furnival 
 Coat. These very interesting and 
 characteristic examples of feudal Dif 
 ferencing are well blazoned, as follows, 
 in the Roll of EDWARD II. For DE 
 ECCLESALL Sa., a bend between six 
 martlets or: for DE MOUNTENEY 
 Git., a bend between six martlets or: 
 for DE WADSLEY Arg., on a bend between six martlets 
 git., three escallops or, No. 369 : and for DE WORTLEY 
 Arg., on a bend between six martlets gu., three bezants, No. 
 370. 
 
 The MOUNTENEYS further difference their common arms, 
 
 No. 369. De Wadsley. 
 
204 
 
 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 for Cadency, after this manner. Instead of gules, Sir ERNAUF 
 DE MOUNTENEY has the field of his shield azure, his bend 
 and martlets being golden : Sir JOHN bears these same arms, 
 but charges his bend with a mullet gules, No. 371 : Sir T. 
 DE MOUNTENEY bears Sir John s arms, but with afield gules: 
 and another Sir JOHN cotises his bend thus Gu., a bend 
 cotised between six martlets or, No. 372. 
 
 North of the Tweed, also, the same principle is found 
 to be exemplified in Scottish Heraldry. " In Annandale," 
 writes Mr. SETON, " the chief and saltire of the Bruces are 
 carried (of different tinctures and with additional figures) by 
 
 No. 370. 
 De Wortley. 
 
 No. 371. 
 Sir John de Mounteney. 
 
 No. 372. 
 Sir John de Mounteney. 
 
 the Jardines, Kirkpatricks, Johnstons, and other families." 
 The arms of BRUCE are Or, a saltire and a chief gu., No. 73 : 
 those of JARDINE are Arg., a saltire and a chief gu., the 
 latter charged with three mullets of the field, pierced of the 
 second: and the arms of KIRKPATRICK are Arg., a saltire 
 and chief az., the latter charged with three oreillers or. This 
 coat of Kirkpatrick is also borne by the JOHNSTONS, the 
 tinctures differenced thus Arg., a saltire sa., and on a chief 
 gu. three oreillers or. 
 
 Once more, returning to the southern side of the Scottish 
 border, of RICHARD DE NEVILLE, the renowned "King 
 maker," we find it to be recorded that, so great was his 
 
DIFFERENCING. 205 
 
 popularity at Calais, of which city he was governor, that his 
 Badges were universally adopted, "no man esteeming 
 himself gallant whose head was not adorned with his silver 
 ragged staff , No. 294 ; nor was any door frequented, that had 
 not his white cross (silver saltire, No. 121) painted thereon." 
 This was an extravagant application of the earlier usage in 
 denoting feudal alliance, such as was in keeping with the 
 heraldic sentiment of the second half of the fourteenth 
 century. Those good citizens of Calais, however, who 
 were Neville-worshippers four hundred years ago, were not 
 singular in exhibiting an armorial ensign at the entrance to 
 their houses. Numerous, indeed, are the doorways in 
 various parts of England, and particularly in the counties of 
 Surrey, Sussex, and Norfolk, which in the " sign of the 
 chequers" still display the insignia (chequee or and az., No. 68) 
 of the once mighty Earls of WARRENNE and SURREY ; and 
 thus show that relics of the old feudal influence are endowed 
 with a tenacious vitality, which prolongs their existence for 
 ages after the feudal system itself has passed away. 
 
 Differencing adopted, so far as now is apparent, simply 
 for the sake of distinction, lays open before the student of 
 Heraldry a wide and a diversified field of inquiry. All the 
 miscellaneous charges that are associated in blazon with 
 the Ordinaries, and also with the Subordinaries, thus are 
 brought under consideration ; and, without a doubt, it was 
 for the express purpose of Differencing that many of these 
 charges were introduced into English Heraldry. How far 
 some remote degree of relationship, or some subordinate 
 feudal motive now lost to sight and forgotten, may originally 
 have affected the choice of Charges " for difference," it is 
 not possible now to determine ; nor can we always follow 
 the rebus-loving search for a " Difference," that might speak 
 through that allusive quality which is a primary element of 
 the Herald s science. We do know that the act of bearing 
 
206 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 the same arms by different families, without some heraldic 
 Difference, was of very rare occurrence j and that, when it 
 did occur, it was regarded with marked surprise, and on 
 more than one occasion led to a memorable controversy : 
 and, further, we find great numbers of early differenced 
 Shields, which illustrate in a very effective manner the 
 growth and development of English Heraldry. Shields 
 of this order have strong claims on our attention. The 
 examples that I am able here to place before students are 
 to be regarded simply as specimens, few in number, and 
 yet sufficient to show some of the varied forms under which 
 early Differencing was effected. 
 
 The proceedings in the High Court of Chivalry in the 
 suit between Sir RICHARD LE SCROPE and Sir ROBERT GROS- 
 VENOR, relative to the right to the Arms Azure, a bend or, 
 No. in, commenced on the iyth of August, 1385, and the 
 final judgment of the King himself upon the appeal of the 
 defendant against the finding of the Court, was not pro 
 nounced till the 27th of May, 1390. On the i5th of May, 
 1389, the judgment of the Court assigned the arms azure, 
 a bend or to Sir RICHARD LE SCROPE ; and to Sir ROBERT 
 GROSVENOR, these arms az., a bend or, within a plain 
 bordure argent. Thus the Court confirmed to Sir Richard 
 le Scrope the right to bear the Ordinary in its severe 
 simplicity, without any other charge and without any 
 Difference : and, at the same time, it was decided that 
 these arms of Scrope should be differenced, in order 
 that they might become the arms of Grosvenor, and 
 the " Difference " was to be a plain silver bordure. The 
 whole of the proceedings in this remarkable case are pre 
 served, and have been published ; and they derive a peculiar 
 interest from the circumstance, that amongst the witnesses 
 who gave evidence was the father of English Poetry, 
 GEOFFREY CHAUCER. Appeal having been made to the 
 
DIFFERENCING. 207 
 
 Sovereign, RICHARD II. determined that a "plain bordure 
 argent" was a Mark of Cadency, good and right, and 
 perfectly sufficient as a Difference "between Cousin and 
 Cousin in blood ;" but that it was " not a sufficient Diffe 
 rence in Arms between two strangers in blood in one king 
 dom." The King, therefore, cancelled and annulled the 
 sentence of the Court of Chivalry; and in so doing he 
 gave a very clear definition of the distinction to be observed 
 in Heraldry between " Cadency" and " Differencing." 
 Then it was that the shield, azure, a garb or, was adopted as 
 the arms of Grosvenor. We may assume, that the judg 
 ment of the Court would have been confirmed by the King, 
 had Sir Robert Grosvenor been commanded to blazon his 
 golden bend between two garbs, or charged with one or 
 more garbs, or with three garbs on a chief, or with any 
 other decided Difference which would be palpably distinct 
 from a Mark of Cadency. 
 
 The examples of Differenced Shields which follow I 
 have selected from the Roll of EDWARD II. It will be seen 
 that in each small group of these examples some primary 
 feature of the composition is common to every Shield, so 
 that the distinction between the Shields in each group is 
 effected either by a simple change of tinctures, or by the 
 introduction of various secondary charges. 
 
 CHIEFS. Sir JOHN DE ARDERNE Gu. 9 crusilee and a 
 chief or. Sir THOMAS LE Rous Erm., on a chief indented 
 gu. two escallops arg. Sir JOHN DE CLINTONE Arg., on a 
 chief az. two fleurs de lys or. No. 74. Sir JOHN DE CLIN 
 TONE, of Maxtoke Arg., on a chief az. two mullets or, No. 
 75 : here the Difference denotes Cadency as well as a 
 distinct individuality. 
 
 BENDS. Sir ROBERT POUTREL Or, on a bend az. three 
 fleurs de lys arg. Sir WALTER DE BERMYNGHAM Arg., on 
 a bend gu., cotised az., three escallops or. OLIVER DE BOHUN 
 
208 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 Az., on a bend, cotised and between six lionccls or, three 
 escallops gu., No. 321. 
 
 FESSES AND BARS. Sir JOHN DE DAGEWORTH Erm., 
 a fesse gu. bezantee, No. 80. Sir G. DE WACHESHAM Arg., 
 a fesse and in chief three crescents gu. Sir R. DE COLEVILLE 
 Or, a fesse gu., and in chief three torteaux. Sir J. DE 
 GEYTONE Arg., a fesse between six fleurs de lys gu. Sir G. 
 DE OUSFLET Arg., on a fesse az. three fleurs de lys or. Sir 
 R. DE LOMELYE (Lumley) Gu., on a fesse between three 
 popinjays arg., as many mullets sa. Sir B. BADLESMERE 
 Arg., a fesse between bars gemelles gu. -Sir G. DE LA MERE 
 Or, a fesse between bars gemelles az., No. 84. Sir J. DE 
 PREIERES Gu., a fesse between bars gemelles arg. Sir J. 
 WAKE Or, two bars gu., in chief three torteaux, No. 82. 
 Sir B. PYCOT Az., two bars or, in chief three bezants. Sir 
 R. DE WEDONE Arg., two bars gu., in chief three martlets 
 sa. Sir R. BORDET Az., two bars or, on the uppermost 
 three martlets gu. Sir R. DE ROYINGE Arg., three bars 
 and an orle of martlets gu. Sir N. DE ESTOTEVILLE Barry 
 arg. and gu., three lioncels sa. Sir R. DE YNGELFELD Bar- 
 rulee arg. and gu., on a chief or a lion pass. az. Sir W. DE 
 MONECASTRE Barrulee arg. and gu., on a bend sa. three 
 escallops or. Sir T. DE PON INGE Barry or and vert, on a 
 bend gu. three mullets arg. 
 
 CROSSES. Sir N. DE WEYLANDE Arg., on a cross git. 
 five escallops or. Sir R. BYGOD Or, on a cross gu. five 
 escallops arg. Sir WM. KIRKETOT Az., on a cross arg. five 
 escallops gu. Sir WM. DE BERHAM Sa., a cross between four 
 crescents arg. Sir R. DE BANNEBURY Arg., a cross patee 
 between four mullets gu. Sir J. RANDOLF Gu., on a cross 
 arg. five mullets sa. Sir G. DE DUREM Arg., on a cross gu. 
 five fleurs de lys or. Sir P. DE GEYTONE Arg., crusilee and 
 three fleurs de lys az. Sir R. DE HOFTOT Az., a cross patee 
 efm, between four roses erm. 
 
DIFFERENCING. 209 
 
 CHEVRONS. Sir G. Rossel Or, a chevron az., between 
 three roses gu. Sir J. de Cretinge Arg., a chevron between 
 three mullets gu. Sir R. Malet Sa. 9 a chevron between three 
 buckles arg. Sir T. de Anvers Gu., a chevron between 
 three mullets or. Sir Wm. de Berkeroles Az., a chevron 
 between three crescents or. Sir W. Bluet Or, a chevron 
 between three eagles vert. Sir R. de Caple Arg. y a chevron 
 gu. between three torteaux. Sir T. Malet Sa., a chevron 
 between three buckles arg. Sir R. de Peyvre Arg., on a 
 chevron az. three neurs de lys or, No. 125. Sir R. de 
 Boterels Chequee or and gu., on a chevron az. three horse 
 shoes arg. 
 
 LIONS. The Earl of Lincoln Or, a lion rampt. purp., 
 No. 194. The Earl of Arundel Gu., a lion rampt. or. 
 Sir Henry de Percy Or, a lion rampt. az., No. 196. Sir 
 John Mowbray Gu., a lion rampt. arg., No. 193. Sir R. 
 de Sottone (Sutton) Or, a lion rampt. vert. Sir J. de 
 Nortone Vert, a lion rampt. or. Sir W. Fauconberg 
 Arg., a lion rampt. az. Sir G. de Hautville Sa., crusilee, 
 a, lion rampt. arg. Sir de Moimtfort Arg., crusilee gu., a 
 lion rampt. az. Sir Wm. Maufee Arg., semee of escallops 
 gu., a lion rampt. sa. Sir J. de Creppinge Gu., billetee or, 
 a lion rampt. arg. Sir R. de Asscheby Arg., a lion rampt. 
 sa. billetee or. Sir J. de Deyville Gu., semee de lys, a lion 
 rampt. arg. Arg., within a bordure gu. bezantee, a lion rampt. 
 sa., for Sir T. de Pickering; and, Arg., within an orle of 
 roses gu., a lion rampt. sa., for Sir R. Pirepound, both 
 apparently founded on the shield of the Earl of Cornwall, 
 No. 140, which also is blazoned in this Roll. Sir J. Le 
 Strange Gu., two lions pass, arg., No. 191. Sir J. de 
 Someri Or, two lions pass. az. Sir R. de St. Waly 
 Or, two lions pass. git. Sir N. Carru (Carew) Or, three 
 lions pass. sa. Sir J. Giffard Gu., three lions pass arg., No. 
 192. Sir R. le Fitz Payn Gu., three lions pass, arg., over all 
 
 o 
 
2IO ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 a bendlet az. Sir G. de Canvyle Az., three lions pass arg. 
 In the beautiful chantry of Abbot Thomas Ramryge, at St. 
 Albans, one of the large sculptured Shields is charged with 
 a lion rampant within what may be considered to be 
 an orle of roses the arms, as I have just shown, assigned 
 in the Roll of Edward II. to Sir R. Pierpound. This 
 Shield, carefully drawn by the engraver himself from the 
 
 No. 373. At St. Albans. 
 
 original in the Abbey Church of St. Alban, is represented in 
 No. 373. 
 
 AUGMENTATION, or AUGMENTATION OF HONOUR, is a 
 term employed to denote an addition to a Shield of arms, 
 specially granted by the Sovereign to commemorate some 
 worthy or illustrious deed, and forming an integral element 
 of the Shield as an hereditary bearing. Such additions may 
 be marshalled as Escutcheons of Pretence, as Cantons, or as 
 Quarterings or they may assume the character of additional 
 
DIFFERENCING. 
 
 211 
 
 charges. Also, this same term denotes similar additions of 
 Crests, Badges, or any other accessories of Shields. 
 
 The Augmentation displayed upon the Ducal Shield of 
 WELLINGTON, a most honourable exception to the prevailing 
 degenerate heraldic feeling of the period in which it was 
 granted to the Great Duke, in characteristic and expressive 
 qualities is second to no other example of its own class and 
 order. This true Augmentation of Honour is the National 
 Device of the British Empire, as it is blazoned in the " Union 
 Jack," charged upon an escutcheon of pretence, and dis 
 played upon the honour point of the Duke s paternal Shield. 
 
 An equally significant Augmentation of an earlier date is 
 
 No. 374. Howard, after Flodden. No. 374A.-The Howard Augmentation. 
 
 borne in the shield of the DUKE OF NORFOLK. The Arms 
 of HOWARD before the battle of Flodden were Gu., a bend 
 between six crosses crosslets fitchee arg. To commemorate 
 the great victory won by him at Flodden Field, Sept. 9, 
 1513, when JAMES IV. of Scotland was defeated and slain, 
 HENRY VIII. granted to THOMAS HOWARD, Duke of Nor 
 folk, and to his descendants, as an Augmentation of 
 Honour, the Royal Shield of Scotland (No. 138), having a 
 demi-lion only, which is pierced through the mouth with an 
 arrow, to be charged upon the silver bend of his Shield. 
 This Shield is represented in No. 374 ; and in No. 374A 
 the augumentation is shown on a larger scale. 
 
 o 2 
 
212 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 A small group of additional examples will be sufficient 
 to illustrate this most interesting class of historical Arms, 
 and at the same time will not fail to excite in students a 
 desire very considerably to extend the series through their 
 own inquiries and researches. In memory of the devoted 
 courage and all-important services of JANE LANE, after the 
 disastrous battle of Worcester, CHARLES II. granted as an 
 Augmentation a Canton of England (No. 187 marshalled on 
 a canton), to be added to the hereditary Coat of Lane, 
 which is -per fesse or and az., a chevron gu. between three 
 mullets counter changed. The Crest of the family of DE LA 
 BERE was conferred by the BLACK PRINCE upon Sir RICHARD 
 DE LA BERE, as a memorial of the good service rendered by 
 that gallant knight on the memorable field of Cressi. This 
 Crest is out of a crest-coronet a plume of five ostrich feathers 
 per pale arg. and az., the Plantagenet colours the device 
 (as Mr. LOWER observes) being evidently derived from the 
 Prince s own Badge, and also forming a variety of the 
 "panache," the Crest then held in such high estimation. 
 The heart charged upon the shield of DOUGLAS (see Nos. 
 J 56, 157, p. 74) is another remarkable Augmentation. So 
 also is the adoption of the armorial insignia of the CON 
 FESSOR, No. 2, by RICHARD II., and his marshalling it upon 
 his own Royal Shield, impaled to the dexter with the 
 quartered arms of France and England. 
 
 English Heraldry has been required to recognise 
 another and a perfectly distinct class of " Augmentations," 
 which consist of additions to the blazonry of a Shield or of 
 additional quarterings or accessories, granted as tokens of 
 Royal favour, for heraldic display, but without any par 
 ticular "merit" in the receiver, or any special historical 
 significance in themselves. Augmentations of this order may 
 be considered to have been first introduced by RICHARD 
 II., when he granted, "out of his mere grace," to his 
 
DIFFERENCING. 213 
 
 favourite, ROBERT DE VERE, Earl of OXFORD, Marquess of 
 DUBLIN and Duke of IRELAND, a differenced Coat of ST. 
 EDMUND (No. 3) Az., three crowns or, within a bordure 
 argent, to be quartered with the DE VERE arms as the arms 
 of IRELAND. In the same spirit, RICHARD II. granted, as 
 similar Augmentations, the arms of the CONFESSOR to be 
 marshalled, with Differences, on their Shields by THOMAS 
 and JOHN HOLLAND, Dukes of SURREY and EXETER, and by 
 THOMAS MOWBRAY, Duke of NORFOLK. It will be remem 
 bered that it was one of the capital charges against a lineal 
 descendant of this THOMAS MOWBRAY, the Duke of Norfolk, 
 in 1546, that he had assumed, without the special licence of 
 HENRY VIII., the same arms of the CONFESSOR as an 
 augmentation. 
 
 By EDWARD IV. similar augmentations, " by grace " and 
 not " for merit," were granted ; and by HENRY VIII. the 
 system was carried to excess in the grants made to augment 
 the armorial blazonry of ANNE BOLEYN, and of his English 
 consorts, her successors. 
 
 ABATEMENT is a term which was unknown until it 
 made its appearance in certain heraldic writings of the 
 sixteenth century, when it was used to denote such 
 marks or devices as, by the writers in question, were 
 held to be the reverse of honourable Augmentation 
 Augmentations of dishonour indeed, and tokens of degra 
 dation. True Heraldry refuses to recognise all such pre 
 tended abatements, for the simple reason that, if they 
 could exist at all, they would be in direct antagonism to 
 its nature, its principles, and its entire course of action. 
 Honourable itself, Heraldry can give expression only to 
 what conveys honour, and it records and commemorates 
 only what is to be honoured and held in esteem. All 
 the devices of true Heraldry, accordingly, in their various 
 degrees, are "Tokens of Honour;" and " Arms," if they 
 
214 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 attest anything whatever, "are the testimony of some 
 noble action." 
 
 The very idea of an heraldic Abatement implies, if not a 
 complete ignorance, certainly a thorough misconception of 
 the character and the office of Heraldry. Even if Heraldry 
 were to attempt to stigmatise what is, and what ought to be 
 esteemed, dishonourable, who would voluntarily accept 
 insignia of disgrace, and charge and display them upon 
 his Shield, and transmit them to his descendants ? And 
 the believers in Abatement must hold that Heraldry can 
 exert no compulsory legislative power, which might com 
 mand a man to blazon his own disgrace, and force him to 
 exhibit and to retain, and also to bequeath, any such 
 blazonry. A belief in heraldic Abatement, however, is by 
 no means singular or rare. A curious example of its 
 existence was recently brought under my notice, in 
 connection with one of the most renowned of the historical 
 devices of English Heraldry. The bear, the badge of the 
 BEAUCHAMPS, Earls of WARWICK, which appears at the feet 
 of the effigy of Earl RICHARD in the Beauchamp chapel at 
 Warwick, in accordance with a special provision to that 
 effect, is " muzzled; " and, wearing a muzzle has this bear 
 been borne, as their Badge, by the successors of the BEAU- 
 CHAMPS in the Warwick Earldom, the Earls of the houses of 
 NEVILLE, DUDLEY, RICH, and GREVILLE. But, it would 
 seem that a legend has found credence at Warwick Castle 
 itself, which would associate the muzzle of the bear with some 
 dishonourable action of an Earl of the olden time ; and, 
 consequently, it was proposed that at length this Abatement 
 should be removed from the bears still at Warwick ! Earl 
 RICHARD DE BEAUCHAMP was not exactly the man to have 
 displayed upon his bear any ensign of dishonour ; nor were 
 his son-in-law, the " King-maker," and Queen ELIZABETH S 
 ROBERT DUDLEY, at all more probable subjects for any 
 
DIFFERENCING. 215 
 
 similar display ; still, it is quite certain that they bore the 
 muzzled bear, as he appears on the seal of the great 
 Earl, No. 448.* That muzzle, doubtless, has its becoming 
 heraldic significance, without in the slightest degree par 
 taking in the assumed character of an Abatement I hope 
 eventually to be able to trace out conclusively what the 
 muzzle may really imply, and I commend the research to 
 other inquirers : meanwhile, neither at Warwick nor else 
 where is there any such thing as " Abatement " in English 
 Heraldry. 
 
 * See Frontispiece. 
 
CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 CRESTS. 
 
 " On high their glittering crests they toss." LORD OF THE ISLES. 
 
 " Then he bound 
 Her token on his helmet." ELAINE. 
 
 THE idea of a CREST, of some accessory specially designed 
 to form its crowning adornment, appears inseparable from 
 the existence and use of a Helm. The Warriors and Warrior 
 Divinities of classic antiquity are represented to us, wearing 
 head-pieces richly crested : and, in the Middle Ages, had no 
 other Heraldry ever been devised, assuredly heraldic Crests 
 would have been placed on helms and basinets, and these 
 insignia would have been held in high esteem and honour. 
 
 No. 375. Richard I. No. 376. Henry de Perci. No. 377. Henry de Laci. 
 
 Accordingly, about the time that Coat-Armour became 
 hereditary, having been reduced to a system and accepted 
 as an independent science, heraldic Crests began to be 
 worn as honourable distinctions of the most exalted 
 dignity by the mediaeval chivalry. 
 
 Upon the Second Great Seal of RICHARD I. the cylin 
 drical helm of the King appears surmounted by a kind of 
 
CRESTS. 2 I 7 
 
 cap charged with a lion passant, the whole being arched 
 over by a radiated ornament somewhat resembling a dis 
 played fan, as in No. 375. Similar Crests, somewhat 
 modified in their details, are represented in other seals of 
 the same era, and with them the flowing Contoise or Scarf 
 is sometimes associated, as in No. 376, from the seal of 
 
 No. 378. Seal of Alexander de Balliol, A.D. 
 
 Baron HENRY DE PERCI, A.D. 1300. Similar Crests were 
 also placed by the knights of those ages upon the heads of 
 their chargers. The seal of HENRY DE LACI, Earl of LIN 
 COLN, A.D. 1272, shows the Fan-Crest both upon the helm of 
 the Earl, No. 377, and the head of his war-horse. Another 
 equally characteristic example is the Seal of ALEXANDER DE 
 
2l8 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 BALLIOL, No. 378, appended to the "General Release "given 
 by JOHN BALLIOL to EDWARD L, 2nd January, 1292 : it 
 will be observed that this knight displays the arms of his 
 house, No. 134, upon his Shield, and also, in addition to 
 the Fan-Crest, upon the barding of his charger. Again I 
 am indebted to the kindness and liberality of Mr. Laing 
 for the use of his admirable woodcut of this fine and 
 interesting seal. 
 
 The flowing Contoise continued to be attached to helms 
 till about the middle of the fourteenth century; unless, 
 indeed, some veritable "lady s favour" were worn in its 
 stead by knights favoured as was Sir LAUNCELOT, who, on 
 a memorable day 
 
 " Wore, against his wont, upon his helm 
 A sleeve of scarlet, broidered with great pearls, 
 Some gentle maiden s gift." 
 
 The seal of THOMAS, second Earl of LANCASTER, about A.D. 
 1320, gives an excellent example both of such figures as 
 
 No. 379. Helm of Thomas, second Earl of Lancaster. 
 
 were beginning at that early time to supersede the Fan- 
 Crests, and also of the Contoise; No. 379. About this 
 same period the fashion was introduced of fixing two tall 
 spikes, one on each side of the Crest, upon the helm, 
 probably intended in the first instance to display the con- 
 toise. These singular spikes may have been derived by 
 
CRESTS. 
 
 2IQ 
 
 the English Heralds from their brethren of Germany, who 
 delighted, as they still delight, in placing upon helms as 
 Crests, or as the accessories of Crests, small banners dis 
 played from staves set erect and surmounted by spear 
 heads. In German Heraldry also Crests are very fre 
 quently placed between tall upright horns or trumpets : 
 and, sometimes, upon a German helm the Crest stands 
 between two elephant s trunks, placed in the same erect 
 position, and, like the trumpets, so adjusted as to have the 
 general aspect of the curved outline of a classic lyre. The 
 
 No. 380. Helm and Crest of Sir 
 Geoffrey Luterell : A.D. 1345. 
 
 No. 381. Seal of Sir Robert de 
 Marny : A.D. 1366. 
 
 helm of Sir GEOFFREY LUTERELL, A. D. 1345, No. 380, drawn 
 from a celebrated illumination, between the tall spikes has 
 a late example of the Fan-Crest; and it exemplifies the 
 practice sometimes adopted of charging armorial insignia 
 upon Crests of this fan form. The Arms of Luterell Or, a 
 bend and six martlets sa. were borne by Sir GEOFFREY thus 
 differenced (E. 2) Az., a bend and six martlets arg. A 
 pair of lofty upright wings were held in much esteem in the 
 
220 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 Heraldry of both England and Scotland, to form the acces 
 sories of Crests. The Seal of Sir ROBERT DE MARNY, A.D. 
 1366, No. 381, shows his armorial shield Gu., a lion ram 
 pant guardant arg., suspended from a tree, between two 
 crested helms, the crest in both cases being a winged 
 chapeau, having the wings very tall and very slender. 
 
 From the earliest times, Crests have occasionally been 
 identical with the principal charge in the Shield of Arms, 
 or they have repeated the principal charge with some slight 
 modification of attitude or accessory : but, more generally, 
 Crests have been altogether distinct The Dragon and the 
 Wyvern, the latter well exemplified in No. 315, are amongst 
 the earliest figures that were borne as Crests in England. 
 Other early Figure-Crests are the Lion, crowned and 
 assumed for the first time by an English Sovereign by 
 EDWARD III. ; and the Eagle, borne by the same Prince. 
 Various devices and figures are found gradually to have 
 been added to these earliest Crests. The graceful and 
 peculiarly appropriate Panache soon joined them, with the 
 heads of various animals and other creatures : and, as the 
 fourteenth century advances, the Crest Coronet, No. 232, 
 the Crest- Wreath, No. 233, and the Chapeau, No. 224, 
 assume their places in connection with Crests ; and the 
 Mantling falls in rich folds from them, covering the back of 
 the Helm. In the succeeding century, with Helms less 
 dignified in form, but more elaborately enriched, and with 
 strangely fantastic Mantlings, Crests become considerably 
 larger in their proportions ; and they often are extravagant 
 in their character, devices constantly being assumed and 
 borne as Crests, which are no less inconsistent with true 
 heraldic feeling, than with the peculiar conditions and the 
 proper qualities of true heraldic Crests. The Crest of the 
 Duke of HAMILTON, No. 301, is far from being one of the 
 most inconsistent devices that were intended to be worn 
 
CRESTS. 221 
 
 upon helms. And, as it is scarcely necessary for me to add, 
 every really consistent Crest must be such a figure or device 
 as might be actually worn upon his helm, by a mediaeval 
 knight, with dignity and with a happy effect. 
 
 Early examples of Panache-Crests exist in considerable 
 numbers, and they show much variety of treatment. No. 
 285, already given at page 143, shows a Panache of several 
 heights of feathers, the general outline having an oval 
 contour. In No. 283, from the Seal of EDWARD DE COUR- 
 TENAY, Earl of DEVON, A.D. 1372, there are three heights of 
 feathers, and the outline has a square form. Again, the 
 
 No. 382. 
 
 Seal of WILLIAM LE LATIMER, A.D. 1415, gives the peculiar 
 Panache, with the no less peculiar variety of mantling, 
 shown in No. 284. A Panache of ample proportions, and 
 of exceedingly graceful form, is represented in the Seal ot 
 WILLIAM DE WYNDESOR, A.D. 1381. The comparatively 
 small size of the armorial Shield, as it generally appears when 
 introduced into the composition of Seals in the fourteenth 
 century, is shown in a striking manner in this same ex 
 ample, No. 382, which in the woodcut is slightly enlarged, 
 in order to show the device more clearly : the arms are 
 gu., a saltire or. Other fine examples of Panache-Crests 
 may be seen in the effigies of Sir RICHARD DE PEMBRIDGE, 
 
222 
 
 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 K.G., A.D. 1375, in Hereford Cathedral; of Sir ROBERT DE 
 MARMION, A.D. 1400, at Tanfield, Yorkshire ; and of Sir 
 THOMAS ARDERNE, about the same date, at Elford, in Staf 
 fordshire. The very fine effigy of Sir EDWARD DE THORPE, 
 A.D. 1418, at Ashwelthorpe, in Norfolk, has a helm of rare 
 beauty of form, with a rich mantling, and a most graceful 
 Panache of peacock s feathers : and peacock s feathers also 
 form the Panache of Lord FERRERS of CHARTLEY, in his 
 Brass, A.D. 1425, at Merevale, in Warwickshire. And, once 
 more, upon the Seal of THOMAS DE HATFIELD, Bishop of 
 Durham, A.D. 1345, the Panache rises from the episcopal 
 mitre, after the same manner as it 
 does in No. 383 from a Coronet. 
 
 Another episcopal Seal, that of 
 Bishop HENRY LE DESPENCER, No. 
 351, shows a Shield of small size 
 when compared with the helm and 
 crest, the latter being the favourite 
 device of a gryphon s head between 
 two tall upright wings. The Seals 
 of the FITZALANS, Earls of Arundel, 
 and the Seal of JOHN TIPTOFT, Earl 
 of Worcester, may be specified as 
 displaying fine examples of the same Crest. With them 
 may be grouped the Crest of Sir RICHARD GREY, K.G., 
 Lord Grey of Codnor, A.D. 1420 a peacock s head and 
 neck, between two wings erect, the feathers az., and their pens 
 (quills) arg., No. 383, from the Garter-Plate at Windsor. 
 This Crest rises from such a Crest-Coronet as was borne on 
 their helms by noblemen in the time of HENRY V. 
 
 The use of the Chapcau, or Cap of Estate, instead of a 
 Crest-Coronet, to support a Crest upon a helm, I have 
 already illustrated with Nos. 198 and 199, severally the 
 Lion-Crests of the BLACK PRINCE and of his son 
 
CRESTS. 223 
 
 RICHARD II. Like No. 199, No. 384 is from one of the 
 unrivalled series of helms sculptured in Westminster Hall, 
 with the Crest and Ostrich-feather Badge of King RICHARD 
 II. In both of these examples the adjustment of the 
 Mantling is shown. Two famous Lion-Crests are those 
 borne by the great families of HOWARD and PERCY, severally 
 Dukes of Norfolk and Northumberland. The HOWARD 
 lion, originally granted by RICHARD II. to THOMAS MOWBRAY, 
 Earl Marshal, and now borne by the Duke of NORFOLK, 
 as his representative, is a lion statant 
 gtiardant, his tail extended or, and 
 ducally gorged arg.: the PERCY lion is 
 statant y his tail extended or: each lion 
 stands upon a chapeau. The Lion- 
 Crest of the BLACK PRINCE, being 
 charged with the silver Label (which 
 he may be said to wear after the 
 fashion of a collar), exemplifies the , r No A f 4 ,. 
 
 Helm, Crest, Mantling, and 
 
 prevailing practice of differencing Crests Badge of Richard n., 
 with marks of Cadency. Crests admit from Westminster HalL 
 every variety of Difference: and Mantlings also are fre 
 quently differenced with small charges, or with badges ; 
 as in the Garter-plate of Sir JOHN BEAUMONT, K.G., and 
 in the Brass at Little Easton, Essex, to Sir HENRY 
 BOURCHIER, K.G., Earl of ESSEX. 
 
 The Crest- Wreath first appears about the middle of the 
 fourteenth century. The earliest example to which I can 
 refer is represented in the Brass to Sir HUGH HASTINGS, at 
 Elsyng, in Norfolk, A.D. 1347. In this most remarkable 
 engraven memorial, the finial of the principal canopy is 
 surmounted by a helm with mantling, wreath, and the crest 
 of HASTINGS # bull s head sable; No. 385. In the effigy 
 of Sir R. DE PEMBRIDGE, K.G., already noticed, the date of 
 which is 1375, the crest is united to the great helm that 
 
224 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 supports the head of the knight by a wreath formed of 
 a band of four-leaved flowers. A little later, A.D. 1384, at 
 Southacre, in Norfolk, the Brass of Sir JOHN HARSYCK has a 
 Crest-Wreath formed of two rolls, probably of silk, twisted 
 as in No. 386. In the second half of the next century, 
 amongst many good examples of Crest-Wreaths I select as 
 typical specimens those which appear in the Brasses to Sir 
 WILLIAM VERNON, A.D. 1467, at Tong, in Shropshire, No. 
 
 No. 385- -Crested Helm of Sir Hugh No ^ 6> ^ and 388 ._ C rest- Wreaths. 
 
 Hastings; A.D. 1347. 
 
 386 ; and to Sir ROBERT HARCOURT, K.G., No. 387, at 
 Staunton Harcourt, Oxfordshire. 
 
 The Crest-Wreath in the form shown in the last 
 examples, and now almost universally used in repre 
 sentations of such Crests as are without the Crest-Coronet 
 and the Chapeau, may fairly be considered to have been 
 derived from. the rich ornamentation, generally, as it would 
 seem, formed of costly textile fabrics, if not executed in 
 jewelled or enamelled goldsmith s work, that was frequently 
 wreathed about knightly basinets. These wreath-like orna 
 ments are represented in numerous effigies both sculptured 
 and engraven ; and they are shown to have been worn 
 either flat, as in No. 388, or wrought to high relief, as in 
 No. 389. These two examples are severally from the 
 
CRESTS. 25 
 
 effigies of a knight in Tewkesbury Abbey Church, about 
 A.D. 1365, and of Sir HUMPHREY STAFFORD, A.D. 1450, at 
 Bromsgrove, in Worcestershire. The enamelled effigy of 
 Earl WILLIAM DE VALENCE, A.D. 1296, at Westminster, has a 
 wreath of delicate workmanship in relief, which once was 
 set with real or imitative jewels. 
 
 For many years after their first appearance, heraldic 
 Crests were regarded as insignia of great dignity and 
 exalted estate ; and it was not till a considerably later 
 period that the right to bear a Crest was considered to be 
 identified with the right to bear arms. Still later, when 
 they were granted with Coat Armour to corporate bodies, 
 
 No. 389, Basinet with Crest-Wreath, Effigy of Sir Humphrey Stafford, A.D. 1450. 
 
 communities, and institutions, Crests altogether lost their 
 original significance \ and they became Badges in everything 
 except the habit of placing them, with their accessories of 
 Wreath or Crest-Coronet, of Chapeau and Mantling, upon 
 representations of helms. In our own times, unless they 
 have been inherited from the old Crest-wearing days, 
 or are now borne by personages at the lowest of knightly 
 rank, Crests might generally be superseded by Badges, 
 or borne as Badges by the simple omission of their 
 
 p 
 
226 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 distinctive accessories, with decided advantage to our 
 Heraldry. 
 
 When they were actually worn, Crests were undoubtedly 
 constructed of some very light materials. It is probable 
 that cuir bonilli (boiled leather), the decorative capabilities of 
 which were so well understood by mediaeval artists, was 
 generally employed. 
 
 It has been sometimes held that Crests are personal 
 bearings only ; and, therefore, not hereditary, though capable 
 of being bequeathed or granted by their possessors. This 
 theory is not sustained by early or general usage; and, 
 accordingly, Crests must be pronounced to be hereditary, 
 precisely on the same conditions as Coat Armour. 
 
 It is evident that, as one person may inherit, and there 
 fore may quarter two or more Coats of Arms, so the same 
 person may claim to bear two or more Crests by a similar 
 right of inheritance. When Crests were worn, such a per 
 sonage might have chosen any one of his Crests, or worn 
 them all on different occasions, it being obviously impossible 
 for him to wear more than one Crest upon his helm at one 
 and the same time. At the present day, several Crests, 
 each with its own helm and mantling, are occasionally repre 
 sented above a quartered Shield of arms : but, in England, 
 by strict heraldic rule, two (or more than two) Crests can 
 be borne by one individual, only when he has obtained the 
 Royal licence to bear and use the Surname and Arms of 
 another family in addition to those of his own family ; or, 
 by a special grant from the Crown. 
 
CHAPTER XV. 
 
 BADGES. 
 
 Might I but know thee by thy household Badge." 
 
 SHAKESPEARE, Henry VI., Part a. 
 
 A BADGE, like a Coat of Arms, is an armorial ensign that is 
 complete in itself, and possesses a definite signification of 
 its own. In use with a decided heraldic significance long 
 before the adoption of a systematic Heraldry, Badges have 
 always held a conspicuous position in the estimation of 
 Heralds. A Badge resembles any single charge in 
 Heraldry, in being a figure or device that is assumed as the 
 distinctive cognisance of a particular individual or family : 
 but, unlike a charge, it is borne by itself, without any Shield, 
 and also without any accompanying accessory, with the ex 
 ception, in some instances, of a Motto (See " Motto," p. 
 139). It will be evident that a Badge may be the very same 
 figure or device as a Crest; but, it must be remembered 
 that a Badge always differs from a Crest, in being altogether 
 without crest-wreath or coronet, in consequence of having 
 no connection whatever with the knightly helm. 
 
 After the establishment of a true Heraldry, Badges were 
 generally used to commemorate remarkable exploits, or in 
 reference either to some family or feudal alliance, or to 
 indicate some territorial rights or pretensions. Very many 
 Badges are allusive, and consequently they are Rebuses (see 
 
 P 3 
 
228 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 "Rebus," p. 148). Some are taken from the charges of 
 the bearer s Shield, or they have a more or less direct 
 reference to those charges. Some trace of Marshalling or of 
 feudal Difference may constantly be observed in Badges ; and 
 even where the motive for the selection of certain devices 
 has not been discovered, it may fairly be assumed that 
 a good heraldic motive still exists, although it has become 
 obscured or been forgotten. It was not uncommon for the 
 same personage or family to use more than one Badge ; 
 and, on the other hand, two or more Badges were often 
 borne in combination, to form a single compound device, as 
 in Nos. 235 and 270. The ragged staff, in like manner, 
 No. 294, and the bear, both of them Badges of the 
 BEAUCHAMPS, Earls of WARWICK, were sometimes united to 
 form a single Badge, and by the successors of that great 
 family the "bear and ragged staff" were generally borne as 
 a single device. (See No. 448, and p. 321.) 
 
 Two distinct classes of Badges were in general use in 
 the fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries. Those of 
 the first class, well known as the insignia of certain eminent 
 personages and powerful houses, were borne by all the 
 followers, retainers, dependants, and partisans of those 
 personages and houses : and they were so borne by them, 
 and they were used by their owners for eveiy variety of 
 decorative purpose, because they were known and under 
 stood ; and, consequently, because the presence of these 
 Badges would cause all persons and objects bearing them to 
 be readily and certainly distinguished. By means of these 
 most useful devices a wide and comprehensive range was 
 given to the action and the influence of true Heraldry, 
 without infringing in the slightest degree upon the lofty and 
 almost sacred exclusiveness of the Coat Armour of a noble or 
 a gentle house. In the words which SHAKESPEARE teaches 
 CLIFFORD to address to WARWICK, " Might I but know thee 
 
BADGES. 229 
 
 by thy household badge ! " it is implied that all the followers 
 of Warwick were well known by his "household Badge," 
 which was displayed by them all, while some other insignia 
 were worn by the great Earl upon his own person. Had it 
 pleased him so to do, the " King-Maker," with all honour 
 able consistency, might have worn his own " household 
 badge," in common with the members of his own house 
 hold ; but his " arms," or such a Badge as he might elect to 
 assume as his own personal device, might be borne by none 
 beside himself. 
 
 Mr. Lower has remarked (" Curiosities of Heraldry," p. 
 145) that "something analogous to the fashion" of embroi 
 dering the household Badges of their lords "upon the 
 sleeves or breasts" of the dependants of great families in 
 the olden times, " is retained in the Crest which adorns the 
 buttons of our domestic servants." The accomplished 
 writer might have added that, in thus employing Crests to 
 discharge 2fcM&*-duties, we are content to indulge a love for 
 heraldic display without observing becoming heraldic dis 
 tinctions. Crested livery buttons are heraldic anomalies 
 under all circumstances even the head of a house himself, 
 if he were a Herald, would not display his Crest, as a Crest, 
 upon buttons to be used exclusively by himself. Crests 
 are to be borne on helms, or represented as being borne on 
 helms : Badges are decorative insignia, and fulfil with 
 consistent significance their own distinct and appropriate 
 functions. 
 
 Badges of the second class were devices that were borne 
 exclusively by the exalted personages who v. ere pleased to 
 assume them, often for temporary use only, and generally 
 with some subtle or latent significance, which had been 
 studiously rendered difficult to be detected, and dubious in 
 its application. 
 
 These Badges, thus displayed rather to effect disguise ci 
 
230 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 to excite curiosity than to secure recognition, must be 
 regarded for the most part as the expressions of heraldic 
 revelry as the fantasies and eccentricities of an age, which 
 loved to combine quaint conceits and symbolical allusions 
 with the display of gorgeous magnificence. Accordingly, 
 Badges of this order are found generally to have been 
 assumed on the occasion of the jousts or Hastiludes, the 
 masques, and other pageants that in feudal times were 
 celebrated with so much of elaborate and brilliant 
 splendour. 
 
 The adoption of Badges of this peculiar character is 
 exactly in keeping with the sentiment which prompted men 
 of exalted rank and eminent distinction to appear in public, 
 on occasions of high festivity, bearing the arms of some 
 friend, kinsman, or ally, instead of their own. A mark of 
 especial favour and of peculiar distinction would be con 
 ferred, when a Sovereign or a Prince thus would display 
 upon his own person the armoury of some honoured sub 
 ject or comrade. EDWARD III. delighted thus to honour 
 the most distinguished cavaliers of his chivalrous Court. 
 For example, in or about the year 1347, royal Hastiludes 
 were celebrated at Lichfield with great splendour, the 
 j ousters consisting of the KING and seventeen Knights, and 
 the Earl of LANCASTER and thirteen Knights. A conspicuous 
 part was taken in these festivities by the King s daughter 
 ISABELLE, afterwards Countess of BEDFORD, and by six Ladies 
 of high rank, with twenty-one other Ladies, who all wore 
 blue dresses and white hoods of the same materials as well 
 as the same colours as the robes of the Knights, together 
 with various masks or vizors. On this occasion, the KING 
 himself over his armour wore a surcoat with the Arms of 
 Sir THOMAS DE BRADESTONE. These Arms in a Roll of 
 EDWARD III. are blazoned as arg., on a canton gu. a rose 
 or (see Archaologia, xxxi., pp. 40 and 118). On another 
 
BADGES. 231 
 
 occasion, during Hastiludes at Canterbury, EDWARD III. "is 
 said to have given eight harnesses, worked with the arms 
 of Sir STEPHEN DE COSYNTON (az., three roses arg.), to the 
 PRINCE OF WALES, the Earl of LANCASTER, and six other 
 Knights." In the same spirit, RICHARD DE BEAUCHAMP, Earl 
 of WARWICK, at a great festival of arms held at Calais under 
 his presidency, on the first day entered the lists decorated 
 with the arms of his ancestor the Lord TONEY : on the 
 second day, he wore the arms of Hanslap : and, on the 
 third day, "he appeared as the Earl of WARWICK, quartering 
 Beauchamp, Guy, Hanslap, and Toney, on his trappings ; 
 his vizor open, and the chaplet on his helm enriched with 
 pearls and precious stones." In such times, Badges of 
 curious device and occult signification could not fail to 
 enjoy a popularity, not the less decided because of the 
 restricted use and exclusive character of the Badges them 
 selves. 
 
 EXAMPLES OF BADGES, such as are distinctive, and 
 consequently of the class that I have first described. The 
 Badges of PERCY are a silver crescent and a double manacle : 
 of HOWARD, a white lion: PELHAM, a buckle: DOUGLAS, a red 
 heart : SCROPE, a Cornish chough : CLINTON, a golden tmillet : 
 TALBOT, a hound ; BOHUN, a white swan : HUNGERFORD, a 
 sickle : PEVEREL, a garb. The various " Knots," described 
 and illustrated in Chapter X., Nos. 219, 235, 263, 270, 
 274, 304, and 313, are Badges. The bear and ragged 
 staff of the BEAUCHAMPS, and, after them, of the NEVILLES 
 and DUDLEYS, I have already noticed. Seals frequently 
 have Badges introduced upon them, in very early times, 
 by themselves, the Badge in each case constituting the 
 device of the Seal (see p. 199). The Secretum or pri 
 vate Seal of ROBERT BRUCE, Earl of CARRICK, the father 
 of the King, appended to the homage-deed extorted by 
 EDWARD I. from the Scottish nobles, is a good example, 
 
2-2 
 
 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 No. 390 : this is another of Mr. Laing s beautiful wood 
 cuts. Badges also constantly appear upon Seals in asso 
 ciation with Shields of arms. Thus, a Seal of one of 
 the BERKELEYS, A.D. 1430, has a mermaid on each side of 
 an armorial shield. Two other examples of this kind I 
 have already given : No. 318, the Seal of JOAN DE BARRE, 
 which is charged with the castle and lion of Castile and 
 Leon, as Badges: and No. 321, the Seal of OLIVER DE 
 
 No. 390. 
 
 Secretum of Robert Bruce, 
 Earl of Carrick; A.D. 1296. 
 
 No. 
 
 Seal of Sir Walter de Hungerford, K.G. 
 A.D. 1425. 
 
 BOHUN, charged, about the Shield, with the Bohun Swan. 
 On his Seal, No. 391, Sir WALTER DE HUNGERFORD, K.G., 
 Lord of HEYTESBURY and HOMET (the latter a Norman 
 barony), displays his own Badge, the sickle, in happy 
 alliance with the garb of Peverel (borne by him in right 
 of his wife, CATHERINE, daughter and co-heir of THOMAS 
 PEVEREL), to form his Crest. The Crest, it will be observed, 
 in No. 391, is a garb between two sickles. The Shield of 
 Hungerford only sa. two bars arg., and in chief three plates, is 
 also placed between two sickles. Two banners, denoting 
 
BADGES. 233 
 
 important alliances, complete the Heraldry of this remark 
 able composition : the banner to the dexter, for Heytes- 
 bury, bears per pale indented gu. and vert., a chevron or; 
 and that to the sinister, for Hussy barry of six erm. 
 and gu. Lord HUNGERFORD died in 1449, and was 
 succeeded by his eldest surviving son, Sir ROBERT DE 
 HUNGERFORD. The Seal of this Sir Robert, used by 
 him during the lifetime of his father, precisely the 
 
 No. 392. Seal of Sir Robert de Hungerford : before A.D. 1449- 
 
 same in its heraldic composition as his father s Seal, is 
 remarkable from having each of its four sickles differenced 
 with an ermine-spot upon the blade, to mark Cadency ; and 
 also, with the same motive, it shows that a label of three 
 points was charged upon the Shield, and upon each of 
 the two banners : No. 392. 
 
 Through an alliance with the Hungerfords, sickles were 
 borne, as one of their Badges, by the great family of 
 COURTENAY. They appear, with a dolphin, a tau-cross, 
 and this same tau-cross having a bell attached to it, as 
 
2 34 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 in No. 393, sculptured on the fine heraldic chimney- 
 piece, the work of Bishop PETER DE COURTENAY (died 
 in 1492), now in the hall of the Episcopal Palace at 
 Exeter. 
 
 The BADGES of our early Heraldry are comparatively 
 but little understood. They invite the particular attention of 
 students, both from their own special interest, and the light 
 they are qualified to throw upon the personal history of the 
 English people, and also from their peculiar applicability 
 for use by ourselves at the present day. Indeed, at this 
 time when the revival of true Heraldry is in 
 the act of being accomplished with complete 
 success, it appears to be peculiarly desirable 
 that Badges should be brought into general 
 use. It is not enough for us to revive our old 
 English Heraldry as once in the olden time it 
 flourished in England, and to rest content 
 with such a revival : but we must go on to 
 adapt our revived Heraldry, in its own spirit 
 A Coiirtenay and in ful1 sympathy with its genuine feeling, 
 Badge, at to conditions of our age and of the state of 
 things now in existence. And very much may 
 be done to effect this by the adoption of Badges, as our 
 favourite and most expressive heraldic insignia, both in 
 connection with Coat Armour and for independent display. 
 Unlike Crests, which must necessarily be associated with 
 helms and the wearers of helms, and consequently have 
 both a military and a mediaeval character, Badges are 
 equally appropriate for use by Ladies, as well as by men of 
 every profession, and they belong alike to every age and 
 period. 
 
 ROYAL BADGES. I conclude this chapter with a con 
 cise list of the more important of the Badges that have 
 been borne by the Sovereigns and Princes of England ; and 
 
BADGES. 235 
 
 with some general remarks upon the famous Badge of the 
 Ostrich Feathers, now considered to be exclusively the 
 Ensign of the PRINCES OF WALES. 
 
 The Planta-genista, or Broom-plant, No. 21, is well 
 known as an English Royal Badge, from the surname 
 derived from it for one of the most remarkable of the 
 Royal Houses that ever have flourished in Europe. 
 
 As well known are the Rose, Thistle, and Shamrock, 
 severally the Badges of the three realms of the United 
 Kingdom of ENGLAND, SCOTLAND, and IRELAND. A golden 
 Rose stalked proper was a badge of EDWARD I. : and from it 
 apparently were derived, but by what process it is unknown, 
 the White Rose of YORK, the Red Rose of LANCASTER, and 
 the White and Red Rose of the House of TUDOR. 
 WILLIAM RUFUS : A Flower of Jive foils. 
 HENRY I. : A Flower of eight foils. 
 STEPHEN: A Flower of seven foils : a Sagittarius. 
 HENRY II. : The Planta-genista : an Es carbuncle: a 
 
 Sword and Olive-Branch. 
 
 RICHARD I. : A Star of thirteen rays and a Crescent : a 
 Star issuing from a Crescent: a Mailed Arm grasping 
 a broken Lance, with the Motto " Christo Duce" 
 JOHN and HENRY III. : A Star issuing from a Crescent. 
 EDWARD I. : An heraldic Rose or, stalked ppr. 
 EDWARD II. : A Castle of Castile. 
 
 EDWARD III. : A Fleur de lys : a Sword: a Falcon: a 
 Gryphon : the Stock of a Tree: Rays issuing from a 
 Cloud. 
 
 RICHARD II. : A White Hart lodged: the Stock of a 
 Tree: a White Falcon: the Sun in splendour: the 
 Sun clouded. 
 
 HENRY IV. : The Monogram SS : a crowned Eagle: an 
 Eagle displayed: a White Swan : a Red Rose : a 
 Columbine Flower: a Fox s Tail: a crowned 
 
236 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 Panther: the Stock of a Tree: a Crescent. His 
 QUEEN, JOAN OF NAVARRE : An Ermine, or Gennet. 
 
 HENRY V. : A Fire-beacon : a White Swan gorged and 
 chained : a chained Antelope. 
 
 HENRY VI. : Two Ostrich Feathers in Saltire: a chained 
 Antelope : a Panther. 
 
 EDWARD IV.: A White Rose en Soldi: a White Wolf 
 and White Lion : a White Hart : a Black Dragon 
 and Black Bull : a Falcon and Fetter-lock : the Sun in 
 splendour. 
 
 HENRY VII.: A Rose of York and Lancaster, a Port 
 cullis and a Fleur de lys, all of than croivned : 
 a Red Dragon : a White Greyhound : a Hawthorn 
 Bush and Crown, with the cypher H. R. 
 
 HENRY VIII. : The same, without the Hawthorn Bush, 
 and with a White Cock. His QUEENS : CATHERINE OF 
 ARRAGON A Rose, Pomegranate, and Sheaf of Arrows. 
 ANNE BOLEYN A Crowned Falcon, holding a Sceptre. 
 JANE SEYMOUR A Phoenix rising from a Castle, 
 between two Tudor Roses. CATHERINE PARR A 
 Maiderfs Head crowned, rising from a large Tudor Rose. 
 
 EDWARD VI. : A Tudor Rose : the Sun in splendour. 
 
 MARY : A Tudor Rose impaling a Pomegranate also 
 impaling a sheaf of Arrows, ensigned with a Crown, 
 and surrounded with rays : a Pomegranate. 
 
 ELIZABETH : A Tudor Rose with the motto, " Rosa sine 
 Spin&" (a Rose without a Thorn) : a Crowned Falcon 
 and Sceptre. She used as her own motto " Semper 
 Eadem " (Always the same). 
 
 JAMES I.: A Thistle: a Thistle and Rose dimidiated and 
 crowned, No. 308, with the motto " Beati Pacifici " 
 (Blessed are the peacemakers). 
 
 CHARLES L, CHARLES II., JAMES II. : The same Badge 
 as JAMES I., without his motto. 
 
BADGES. 237 
 
 ANNE : A Rose-Branch and a Thistle growing from one 
 branch. 
 
 From this time personal Badges ceased to be borne by 
 English Sovereigns. 
 
 The Ostrich Feather Badge. The popular tradition, that 
 the famous Badge of the Ostrich Feathers was won from the 
 blind KING OF BOHEMIA at Cressi by the BLACK PRINCE, 
 and by him afterwards borne as an heraldic trophy, is not 
 supported by any contemporary authority. The earliest 
 writer by whom the tradition itself is recorded is CAMDEN 
 (A.D. 1614), and his statement is confirmed by no known 
 historical evidence of a date earlier than his own work. As 
 Sir N. HARRIS NICHOLAS has shown in a most able paper 
 in the Archczologia (vol. xxxi., pp. 350 384), the first time 
 the Feathers are mentioned in any record is in a document, 
 the date of which must have been after 1369, and which 
 contains lists of plate belonging to the King himself, and 
 also to Queen PHILIPPA. It is particularly to be observed, 
 that all the pieces of plate specified in this roll as the 
 personal property of the Queen, if marked with any device 
 at all, are marked with her oivn initial, or with some 
 heraldic insignia that have a direct reference to herself. 
 One of these pieces of plate is described as " a large dish 
 for the alms of the Queen, of silver gilt, and enamelled at 
 the bottom with a black escutcheon with Ostrich Feathers 
 eym in fund vno scnch nigro cum pennis de ostrich" And 
 these "Ostrich Feathers," thus blazoned on a sable field 
 upon the silver alms-dish of Queen PHILIPPA, Sir N. H. 
 Nicholas believed to have been borne by the Queen as a 
 daughter of the House of HAINAULT; and he suggested 
 that these same " Ostrich Feathers " might possibly have 
 been assumed by the Counts of the Province of Hainault 
 from the ComtS of Ostrevant, which formed the appanage 
 of their eldest sons. 
 
233 
 
 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 At the first, either a single Feather was borne, the quill 
 generally transfixing an escroll, as in No. 394, from the 
 monument of Prince ARTHUR TUDOR, in Worcester 
 Cathedral; or, two Feathers were placed side by side, as 
 they also appear upon the same monument. In Seals, or 
 when marshalled with a Shield of Arms, two Feathers are 
 seen to have been placed after the manner of Supporters, 
 one on each side of the composition : in such examples the 
 tips of the Feathers droop severally to the dexter and 
 sinister : in all the early examples also the Feathers droop 
 in the same manner, or they incline slightly towards the 
 spectator. Three Feathers were first grouped together by 
 
 No. 395. No. 394. 
 
 At Peterborough Cathedral. At Worcester Cathedral. 
 
 No. 396. 
 At Peterborough Cathedral. 
 
 ARTHUR TUDOR, PRINCE OF WALES, eldest son of HENRY 
 VII., as in Nos. 395 and 396, from Peterborough 
 Cathedral or with an escroll, as in No. 397, from a 
 miserere in the fine and interesting church at Ludlow. The 
 plume of three Feathers appears to have been encircled 
 with a coronet, for the first time, by Prince EDWARD, after 
 wards EDWARD VI. , but who never was PRINCE OF WALES : 
 No. 398, carved very boldly over the entrance gateway to 
 the Deanery at Peterborough, is a good early example. In 
 No. 399 I give a representation of another early plume of 
 three Ostrich Feathers, as they are carved, with an escroll 
 in place of a coronet, upon the Chantry of Abbot 
 
BADGES. 
 
 239 
 
 RAMRYGE in the Abbey Church at St. Alban s : and again, 
 in No. 400, from the head of a window near the east end of 
 the choir, on the south side, in Exeter Cathedral, the three 
 Feathers are charged upon a Shield per pale azure and gules, 
 and this Shield is on a roundle. 
 
 No. 399. In the Abbey Church of St. Alban. No. 400. In Exeter Cathedral. 
 
 The Ostrich Feathers were borne, as a Badge with his 
 Shield of Arms, upon one Seal of EDWARD III. himself: 
 they were used, as an heraldic device, about the year 1370, 
 by PHILIPPA, his Queen : they appear on some, but not 
 on all, the Seals of the BLACK PRINCE, and they are omitted 
 from some of his Seals after the battle of Cressi (A.D. 1346): 
 
240 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 and they were also borne, generally with some slight 
 difference, marking Cadency, in all probability by all the 
 other sons of EDWARD III. certainly by JOHN of Ghent, 
 Duke of LANCASTER, and by THOMAS of Woodstock, Duke 
 of GLOUCESTER. They were adopted by RICHARD II., and 
 placed on either side of his crested Helm in the heraldic 
 sculpture of Westminster Hall, as appears in two of these 
 beautiful examples, Nos. 199 and 384: by this Prince the 
 Ostrich Feathers were placed on his first Royal Seal, and 
 they were habitually used for decoration and heraldic dis 
 play; and they also were formally granted by him, as a 
 mark of especial favour, to be borne as an Augmentation of 
 the highest honour, to his cousin THOMAS MOWBRAY, Duke 
 of NORFOLK. The Ostrich Feathers were borne, in like 
 manner, by the succeeding Princes, both LANCASTRIAN and 
 YORKIST: by at least two of the BEAUFORTS : by the Princes 
 of the House of TUDOR: and by their successors the STUARTS. 
 Thus, it is certain that the Ostrich Feathers were held to 
 be a Royal Badge, from the time of their first appearance 
 in the Heraldry of England about the middle of the four 
 teenth century; and that in that character they were adopted 
 and borne by the successive Sovereigns, and by the Princes, 
 sometimes also by the Princesses (as in the instance of a 
 Seal of MARGARET BEAUFORT, the mother of HENRY VIL), 
 of the Royal Houses, without any other distinction than 
 some slight mark of Cadency, and without the slightest trace 
 of any peculiar association with any one member of the 
 Royal Family. From the time of the accession of the 
 House of Stuart to the Crown of the United Kingdom, 
 however, the coroneted plume of three Ostrich Feathers 
 appears to have heen regarded, as it is at this present day, 
 as the special Badge of the PRINCES OF WALES. 
 
 In accordance with the express provision of his will 
 two armorial Shields are displayed upon the monument of 
 
BADGES. 
 
 241 
 
 the BLACK PRINCE in Canterbury Cathedral, which Shields 
 the Prince himself distinguishes as his Shields " for War" 
 and "for Peace;" the former charged with his quartered 
 arms of France and England differenced with his silver 
 Label, No. 337 ; and the latter, sable, charged with three 
 Ostrich Feathers argent, their quills passing through scrolls 
 bearing the Motto, " Ich Dien" No. 401. The same motto 
 is placed over each of the Shields that are charged with 
 the Feathers, as in No. 401 : and over each Shield charged 
 with the quartered arms (there are on each side of the tomb 
 
 No. 401. Shield "for Peace" of the Black Prince. 
 
 six Shields, three of the Arms, and three of the Feathers, 
 alternately) is the other motto of the Prince, " ffoumout" 
 In his will, the BLACK PRINCE also desired that a " black 
 Pennon with Ostrich Feathers" should be displayed at his 
 Funeral; and he further appointed that his Chapel in Canter 
 bury Cathedral should be adorned in various places with 
 his Arms, and " likewise with our Badge of Ostrich Feathers 
 noz bages dez plumes d>ostruce" 
 
 The will of the BLACK PRINCE proves the Feathers to 
 have been a Badge, and not either a Crest or the ensign of 
 a Shield of Arms, since twice he expressly calls them " our 
 
 Q 
 
242 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 Badge :" and it also is directly opposed to the traditional 
 warlike origin and military character of the Feathers, as a 
 Badge of the BLACK PRINCE, for it particularly specifies the 
 peaceful significance of this Badge, and distinguishes it from 
 the insignia that were worn and displayed by the Prince 
 when he was equipped for war. The Mottoes " Ich Dien" 
 and " Houmout " are old German, and they signify, " I 
 serve," and "magnanimous." It has been suggested by Mr. 
 Planche, that " Houmout " is Flemish, and that the three 
 words really form a single Motto, signifying, "Magnanimous, 
 I serve," that is, "I obey the dictates of magnanimity." 
 ArchaologUt, xxxii. 69. 
 
 Upon a very remarkable Seal, used by HENRY IV. a 
 short time before his accession, the shield with helm and 
 crest are placed between two tall Feathers, about each of 
 which is entwined a Garter charged with his favourite and 
 significant Motto the word SOVEREYGNE, as in No. 
 402. His father, Prince JOHN OF GHENT, placed a chain 
 upon the quills of his Feathers, as in the very curious boss 
 in the cloisters at Canterbury. The uncle of HENRY IV., 
 THOMAS, Duke of GLOUCESTER, on one of his Seals, 
 differenced his two Feathers with Garters (probably of the 
 Order) displayed along their quills, as in No. 403. And, 
 about A.D. 1440, JOHN BEAUFORT, K.G., Duke of SOMERSET, 
 on his Garter-plate placed two Ostrich Feathers erect, their 
 quills compon ee argent and azure, and fixed in golden escrolls ; 
 No. 404. In the Harleian MS. 304, f. 12, it is stated that 
 the Ostrich Feather of silver, the pen thus compone e argent 
 and azure, " is the Duke of Somerset s : " also that the 
 " Feather silver, with the pen gold, is the King s : the 
 Ostrich Feather, pen and all silver, is the Prince s : and the 
 Ostrich Feather gold, the pen ermine, is the Duke of 
 Lancaster s." 
 
 The Shield charged with three Ostrich Feathers, No. 
 
BADGES. 
 
 243 
 
 401, was borne by Prince JOHN OF GHENT ; and it appears 
 on the splendid Great Seal of HENRY IV., between the 
 Shields of the Duchy of CORNWALL and the Earldom of 
 CHESTER. HUMPHREY, Duke of GLOUCESTER, is also 
 recorded to have borne this same Feather Shield. 
 
 In the Vaulting of the ceiling over the steps leading to 
 the Hall at Christchurch, Oxford, the Ostrich Plume Badge 
 is carved within a Garter of the Order : and, again, the 
 
 No. 402. From the Seal 
 of King Henry IV. 
 
 No. 403. From the Seal 
 
 of Thomas, Duke of 
 
 Gloucester. 
 
 No. 404. From the 
 
 Garter- Plate of John 
 
 Beaufort, K.G. 
 
 Badge is represented after the same manner, environed 
 with the Garter, in the beautiful binding of a copy of 
 the Bible, now in the possession of Robert Skere, Esq., 
 of Rubislaw, which is reputed to have been used by 
 CHARLES I. in his last moments. 
 
 The Ostrich Feathers are repeatedly mentioned in early 
 documents; and they are shown to have been constantly 
 used for various decorative purposes, always evidently with 
 
 Q 2 
 
244 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 an heraldic motive and feeling, by the same Royal person 
 ages who blazoned them on their Seals, and displayed them 
 elsewhere as their armorial insignia. A well-known example 
 of a diaper of White Ostrich Feathers on a field per pale 
 argent and vert, is preserved in the stained glass now in 
 the great north window of the transept of Canterbury 
 Cathedral. 
 
CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 SUPPORTERS. 
 
 " Standing by the Shield 
 In silence." IDYLLS OF THE KINGS. 
 
 A SUPPORTER is a figure, sometimes of an angel, frequently 
 of a human being, but more generally of some animal, bird, 
 or imaginary creature, so placed in connection with a 
 Shield of Arms as to appear to be protecting and supporting 
 it. In English Heraldry a single Supporter is of compara 
 tively rare occurrence, but examples appear more frequently 
 in the Heraldry of Scotland. In early examples, when two 
 Supporters appear, they are in most cases alike : but, more 
 recently (except in the Heraldry of France), the two figures 
 are generally quite distinct the one from the other, the 
 earlier usage of having the two Supporters alike being 
 comparatively rare. The modern prevailing practice in 
 England is happily exemplified in the well-known in 
 stance of the present Royal Supporters, the Lion and the 
 Unicorn. 
 
 Supporters, which admit all Marks of Cadency and all 
 Differences, are considered to have been introduced into the 
 Heraldry of England during the reign of EDWARD III. ; but 
 they may with greater accuracy be assigned to the middle of 
 the fifteenth century, than to the second half of the four 
 teenth. As armorial insignia of a very high rank, Supporters 
 
246 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 are granted in England only by the express command of the 
 Sovereign. In Scotland, where they occur more frequently 
 than in the Heraldry of the South of the Tweed, the 
 " Lord Lyon " has power to grant Supporters : originally by 
 the Scottish Heralds these accessories of Shields were 
 entitled " Bearers." 
 
 Supporters are now borne, by right, by all Peers of the 
 Realm, by Knights of the Garter, Knights Grand Crosses 
 of the Bath, Knights Grand Commanders of the Star of 
 India, by Nova Scotia Baronets, and by Chiefs of Scottish 
 Clans. They are conceded, with due difference, to all Sons 
 of Peers who, by courtesy, bear titles of Peerage. They 
 appear also borne with the arms of many persons now not 
 of knightly rank, who have inherited supporters from illus 
 trious ancestors. 
 
 Supporters probably owe their origin rather to several 
 concurrent circumstances, than to any one particular cir 
 cumstance. The mere fact of a Knight carrying his own 
 armorial Shield, or his Esquire bearing it beside him, would 
 suggest the general idea of some supporting figure in con 
 nection with a representation of that Shield. The act of 
 carrying a Banner of Arms, in like manner, would suggest 
 a representation of a "Supporter" for a Shield of Arms. 
 To early Seals, however, Heraldry is in an especial degree 
 indebted for the development of the idea of Supporters, 
 and for bringing it into a definite form. Again, the pre 
 valent use of Badges in the fourteenth century, and in the 
 fifteenth also, would necessarily exercise a powerful in 
 fluence in the same direction; and would lead Heralds to 
 associate with Shields of Arms certain other figures which, 
 while in themselves distinct and independent, were closely 
 allied with certain Shields of Arms. The prototypes of 
 true Supporters, indeed, as they appear on Seals, are 
 Badges. 
 
SUPPORTERS. 
 
 247 
 
 An Effigy represented upon a Seal, as in No. 405, the 
 Seal of DEVORGUILLA CRAWFORD, about A.D. 1290, from 
 LAING S Volume : or in Nos. 316, 317, would be even more 
 than a suggestion of a Supporter. The same may be said, 
 when some figure, almost certainly a Badge, was introduced 
 into the composition of a Seal, holding or supporting a 
 Shield by its guige, as in No. 203 ; or when a Shield, or 
 two or more Shields, were charged upon some figure, as 
 in No. 204: both of these examples, indeed, might be 
 regarded as illustrations of the first 
 adoption of single Supporters. 
 
 The introduction of angelic figures, 
 which might have the appearance of 
 acting as "Guardian Angels," in their 
 care of Shields of Arms, was in ac 
 cordance with the feeling of the early 
 days of English Heraldry ; and, while 
 it took a part in leading the way to the 
 systematic use of regular Supporters, 
 it served to show the high esteem and 
 honour in which armorial insignia were 
 held by our ancestors of those ages. 
 In No. 159 I have already shown an example of a sculptured 
 Shield thus supported by Angels, from St. Albans. In the 
 same noble church there are other examples of the same 
 character in stained glass. Angel Supporters, the figures 
 treated in various ways, occur in very many Gothic edifices ; 
 particularly, sculptured as corbels, bosses or paterae, or 
 introduced in panels, and employed for the decoration of 
 open timber roofs, as in Westminster Hall. They appear 
 also on Seals ; as on the Seal of HENRY OF LANCASTER, 
 about A.D. 1350, which has the figure of an Angel above the 
 Shield, and a lion on each side of it. 
 
 The representation of armorial Banners upon Seals 
 
 No. 405. Seal of 
 
 Devorguilla Crawford ; 
 
 about 1290. 
 
248 
 
 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 would lead to at least the occasional introduction of some 
 figure to hold, or support, the Banner ; and here, again, we 
 discern the presence of some of the immediate predecessors 
 of "Supporters," properly so called. In the Seals, Nos. 
 391, 392, the Banners are not supported, and yet they are 
 indirectly suggestive of giving support to the Shield which is 
 marshalled with them in the same composition. Another 
 Hungerford Seal, that of MARGARET BOTTREAUX, widow of 
 the second Baron HUNGERFORD (who died in 1477), in the 
 
 No. 406. Part of Seal of Margaret, Lady Hungerford. 
 
 centre of the composition has a kneeling figure of the noble 
 lady, and on each side a banner of arms is held (supported} 
 erect, so that the two banners form a kind of canopy over 
 her head, by a lion and a gryphon. In No. 406 I give a 
 part only of this elaborate Seal, sufficient to show how its 
 general composition bears upon the adoption of Supporters. 
 The Monument in Westminster Abbey of Sir LUDOVIC 
 ROBSART, K.G., Lord BOURCHIER, Standard-Bearer to 
 HENRY V. at Agincourt, has two banners sculptured in the 
 stone-work of the canopy, which are placed precisely in the 
 
SUPPORTERS. 249 
 
 same manner as the banners in No. 406 ; and, like them 
 they are held by Badges acting as Supporters. Two well- 
 known seals of the PERCIES are charged with banners, and 
 in each case the banner-staff is held by a single Supporter : 
 one of these figures is a man-at-arms, A.D. 1386 ; the other is 
 a lion, A.D. 1446. At the same period, two lions appear 
 on another Percy Seal. Another, of the same date, has 
 the shield supported by an armed man, without any banner, 
 but having a lance with a long pennon charged with the 
 Crescent badge of PERCY, No. 412, p. 255. Other Percy 
 Seals, again, of the fourteenth century, on either side of the 
 Shield have two lions or two birds. 
 
 Numerous examples of great interest illustrate the early 
 introduction of Badges into the composition of Seals, as 
 accessories of Shields. A Seal of Prince JOHN OF GHENT, 
 which has two falcons and padlocks, is one of the most 
 beautiful and suggestive works of its class : in this Seal the 
 two birds are addorsed, and consequently they also have their 
 backs turned towards the central achievement. This posi 
 tion of the figures on early Seals is not uncommon ; but it 
 must be considered to have been adopted simply and solely 
 as an artistic necessity, arising from the form of the spaces 
 to be occupied by the figures upon the Seal. Another most 
 characteristic example of that marshalling of Badges upon 
 Seals, which certainly led the way to true Supporters, is the 
 Seal of Sir MAURICE DE BERKELEY, A.D. 1430, upon which 
 a mermaid the Berkeley badge is blazoned on each side 
 of the Shield. The two figures are drawn with much skill 
 and elegance. The Shield itself quarters Berkeley within a 
 bordure, and a differenced coat of Bottetourt: it hangs from 
 a large helm, which, in its turn, is ensigned by as large a 
 mitre the singular Crest of the Berkeleys. The two 
 figures, generally animals, which fill up the spaces to the 
 dexter and sinister of the central achievement on Seals, in 
 
250 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 the fifteenth century are almost invariably drawn of a com 
 paratively large size ; and, for the most part, they really act 
 as Supporters to the Crested Helm, being themselves sup 
 ported by the Shield. The composition of the Seal of 
 EDMUND DE MORTIMER, Earl of MARCH, A.D. 1400, though 
 now mutilated, exhibits in a most satisfactory manner this 
 very effective arrangement, from which true Supporters to a 
 Shield of Arms might obviously be derived. In this Seal, 
 
 No. 407. Seal of Earl Edmund de Mortimer : 
 A.D. 1400. 
 
 No. 407, the Shield quarters Mortimer, No. 131, and or, a 
 cross gu., for Ulster. The Seal of WM. DE WYNDESOR, No. 
 382, illustrates with no less happy effect the occasional use 
 of birds instead of beasts, as Supporting Badges. Other 
 examples exist in great numbers, and in abundant variety : 
 the two that I add from Mr. Laing s Volume, Nos. 408 and 
 409, are in every respect most characteristic ; they are 
 severally the Seals of ROBERT GRAHAM, of Kinpont, and 
 of Sir WILLIAM LINDSAY, of the Byres. 
 
SUPPORTERS. 251 
 
 It is scarcely necessary for me to point out to students 
 that Supporters always have a decided heraldic significance. 
 In supporting a Shield of Arms, they discharge an heraldic 
 duty : but, in themselves, Supporters are armorial symbols 
 of a high rank ; and, with peculiar emphasis, they record 
 descent, inheritance, and alliance, and they blazon illus 
 trious deeds. 
 
 Supporters should always be represented in an erect 
 position. In whatever direction also they actually may be 
 looking, they always ought to appear to fulfil their own 
 proper office of giving vigilant and deferential support to the 
 
 No. 408. No. 409. 
 
 Seal of Robert Graham, of Kinpont : Seal of Sir Wm. Lindsay, of the Byres : 
 
 A.D. 1433. A.D. 1390. 
 
 Shield. It would be well, in our blazoning of supported 
 Achievements, not only for us to regard a becoming posi 
 tion and attitude for Supporters to be matters determined 
 by positive heraldic law, but also that some satisfactory 
 arrangement should be made and recognised for general 
 adoption, by which an equally becoming support would be 
 provided for "Supporters." The existing custom is to 
 place the Supporters, whatever they may be, upon some 
 very slight renaissance scroll-work, that is neither graceful 
 nor consistent; or, to constrain the Motto to provide a 
 foundation or standing-place for them. In the latter case, 
 an energetic lion, or a massive elephant, and, in a certain 
 
252 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 class of achievements of comparatively recent date, a 
 mounted trooper, or a stalwart man-of-war s man, probably 
 with a twenty-four pounder at his feet, are made to stand on 
 the edge of the ribbon that is inscribed with the Motto. Mr. 
 Laing has enabled me to give an excellent example of 
 Supporters two lions standing upon a motto-scroll or 
 ribbon in No. 410, the Seal of JOHN DRUMMOND, created 
 Earl of MELFORT and Viscount FORTH in the year 1686 : 
 the Shield is Scotland, within a bordure compon ee ; the Sup- 
 
 No. 410. Seal of John Drummond, Earl of Melfort : A.D. 1686. 
 
 porters are gorged with collars charged with thistles ; and 
 the Crest is the Crest of Scotland issuing from a celestial 
 Crown. As says the Motto of Sir WILLIAM MAHON, 
 " Moniti, meliora sequamur" now that we have been told 
 of it, let us produce something better than this support for 
 our Supporters. 
 
 The Heralds of France still restrict the term " Sup 
 porters " " Les Supports " to animals ; and to human 
 beings, to figures of angels, and to mythological personages 
 or other figures in human form, when supporting a Shield, 
 they apply the term " Les Tenants? When trees or other 
 inanimate objects are placed beside any armorial shield, and 
 
SUPPORTERS. 253 
 
 so discharge the duty of Supporters in French achievements, 
 they are distinguished as " Les Soutiens" An old French 
 writer on Heraldry, PALLIOT, says that in his time (A.D. 
 1660), Tenant ^ used in the singular number, and denotes 
 any kind of single Supporter, while Supports is used when 
 there are two. 
 
 In the French Heraldry of the present time, a single 
 Tenant or Support is of rare occurrence; and when two 
 Tenants or Supports appear in blazon, they are generally, 
 though not always, alike. 
 
CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 FLAGS. 
 
 The Pennon. The Banner. The Standard. TJic Royal Standard. 
 The Union Jack. Ensigns. Military Standards and Colours. 
 Blazoning. Hoisting and Displaying Flags. 
 
 "Many a beautiful Pennon fixed to a lance, 
 And many a Banner displayed." 
 
 SIEGE OF CARLAVEROCK, A.D. 1300. 
 "Prosper our Colours !" SHAKESPEARE, Henry VI., Part 3. 
 
 ADMIRABLY adapted for all purposes of heraldic display, 
 rich in glowing colours, and peculiarly graceful in their free 
 movement in the wind, FLAGS are inseparably associated 
 with spirit-stirring memories, and in all ages and with every 
 people they enjoy an enthusiastic popularity peculiar to 
 themselves. 
 
 In the middle ages, in England, three distinct classes of 
 heraldic Flags appear to have been in general use, each class 
 having a distinct and well-defined signification. 
 
 i. First, the PENNON, the ensign of knightly rank, small 
 in size, of elongated form, and either pointed or swallow- 
 tailed at the extremity, is charged with the Badge or some 
 other armorial ensign of the owner, and by him displayed 
 upon his own lance, as his personal ensign. The Pennon 
 of Sir JOHN D ABERNOUN, No. 286, fringed and pointed, 
 A.D. 1277, bears his arms Az. t a chevron or: and No. 
 411, another example of the pointed form of Pennon, is 
 
FLAGS. 
 
 255 
 
 from the Painted Chamber, Westminster, about A.D. 1275. 
 No. 412, a long swallow-tailed Pennon, charged with the 
 Percy crescent Badge, is from the Seal of HENRY DE PERCI, 
 first Earl of NORTHUMBERLAND. Before the true heraldic 
 era, Lance-Flags with various decorative devices, but without 
 any blazonry having a definite signification, were in use : 
 See Nos. 5, 6. The Pennoncelle was a modification of the 
 Pennon. 
 
 2. Second, the BANNER, square or oblong in form, and 
 of a larger size than the Pennon, bears the entire Coat of 
 Arms of the owner blazoned over its whole surface, pre- 
 
 No. 411. 
 Pennon, from the Painted Chamber. 
 
 No. 412, 
 Pennon ol Percy : A.D. 1400. 
 
 cisely as the same composition is blazoned upon a 
 Shield : No. 162. The Banner is the ensign of the 
 Sovereign, or of a Prince, a Noble, or a Knight who had 
 been advanced to the higher rank or degree of a " Ban 
 neret ; " and its presence signifies the position occupied 
 by a Banneret or personage of still higher rank, and by 
 all who are his personal retainers or followers, or who 
 are under his immediate command. Two Banners are 
 represented in each of the Hungerford Seals, Nos. 391, 
 392. A small group of oblong Banners, with two pointed 
 
256 ENGLISH HERA.LDRY. 
 
 Pennons, is represented in No. 413, from the Painted 
 Chamber. 
 
 In the olden time, when a Knight had distinguished 
 himself by conspicuous gallantry, it was the custom to 
 mark his meritorious conduct by prompt advancement on 
 the very field of battle. In such a case, the point or points 
 of the good Knight s Pennon were rent off, and thus the 
 small Flag was reduced to the square form of the Banner, 
 by which thenceforth he was to be distinguished. FROISSART, 
 in his own graphic manner, has described the ceremonial 
 
 No. 413. Oblong Banners and Pointed Pennons, from the Painted Chamber. 
 
 which attended the first display of the Banner of a newly- 
 created Banneret on the field of battle. Sir JOHN CHANDOS, 
 one of the Knights Founders of the Garter, appeared with his 
 maiden Banner on the field, on the morning of the battle 
 of Naveret, in Castile, April 3rd, 1367: "He brought 
 his Banner in his hands," says the chronicler, "rolled 
 up" (rolled round the staff), "and said to the PRINCE 
 OF WALES" it was the BLACK PRINCE, " My Lord, 
 behold, here is my Banner : I deliver it to you in this way " 
 still rolled round the staff, that is " * that it may please 
 you to display it, and that this day I may raise it; for, 
 thank God, I have land and heritage sufficient to support 
 
FLAGS. 257 
 
 the rank as it ought to be ! Then the Prince and the 
 King " Don PETRO, King of Castile " took the Banner, 
 which was of silver with a sharp pile gules, between their 
 hands by the staff, and displayed it, and returned it to him, 
 the Prince saying Sir John, behold your Banner; may 
 God grant you may do your duty! Then Sir JOHN 
 CHANDOS bore his Banner (displayed) to his own Company, 
 and said Gentlemen, see here my Banner and yours ; 
 preserve it as your own ! " We see that, like another hero 
 of a later period, the BLACK PRINCE held the maxim 
 " England expects every man to do his duty." 
 
 Quarterings, Marks of Cadency, and Differences are 
 blazoned on Banners under the very same conditions that 
 they appear on Shields of Arms. For example, the Banners, 
 as well as the Shield, on the seal of Sir Robert de Hunger- 
 ford, No. 392, are Differenced with a label for Cadency, 
 and thus are distinguished from the corresponding Banners 
 and Shield on the Seal of Sir Robert s father, No. 391. 
 
 Crests, Badges, Supporters, and other external accesso 
 ries and ornaments of Armorial Shields have no place on 
 Banners, a Banner representing a Shield, and being charged 
 as a Shield. In the seventeenth century, however, English 
 Banners sometimes were charged with Achievements of 
 Arms, including all the accessories and ornaments of Shields. 
 
 In early times Banners appear in use at sea, as well as 
 on land ; and the same Banners were used both on shore 
 and afloat. The sails of our early shipping, also, are con 
 stantly represented as covered with armorial blazonry, and 
 they thus were enabled to act as Ship-Flags. Many curious 
 and interesting representations of the strange, unwieldy, 
 unship-shape looking craft that were the ancestors of the 
 British Navy, are introduced with their heraldic sails and 
 their Banners into the compositions of Seals. A fine 
 example of its order is the Seal of JOHN HOLLAND, Earl of 
 
 R 
 
258 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 HUNTINGDON, A.D. 1436, "Admiral of England, Ireland, 
 and Aquitaine," No. 414. The ship is really a noble-looking 
 vessel, with her solitary sail blazoned with the Lord 
 Admiral s Arms England, within a bordnre of France, the 
 same arms that were borne by Prince JOHN OF ELTHAM, 
 No. 24. In this example the crew are not represented : 
 
 No. 414. Seal of Earl John Holland, Admiral of England, &c. ; A.D. 1436. 
 
 but in other Seals of early shipping figures are commonly 
 introduced, and almost always they are drawn of ludicrously 
 disproportionate size. This ship does not display any 
 Banner from a banner-staff, but has a nautical Pennon of 
 ample size flying at the mast-head : when Banners are 
 displayed on board ships upon early Seals, they are gene 
 rally narrow in proportion to their height, a form of Banner 
 
FLAGS. 259 
 
 adopted on land as well as at sea, in consequence of the 
 greater inconvenience attending the display of broad or 
 really square Banners. At a later period, however, Ship- 
 Flags of very large size came into favour. 
 
 3. The STANDARD, the third variety of early heraldic 
 Flags, which first appears about the middle of the four 
 teenth century, and was in general use by personages of 
 high rank in the two following centuries, appears to have 
 been adopted solely for the purpose of adding to the splen 
 dour of pageants, and for enhancing "the pomp and 
 circumstance of war." Standards may be considered to 
 have been devised for the special purpose of displaying 
 Badges on a grand scale. 
 
 This Flag is of ample proportions, and great length ; 
 but its size varies with the owner s rank. Next to the Staff 
 the red cross on a silver field of ST. GEORGE is blazoned, 
 except in some Royal Standards, which omit this cross : 
 the rest of the field is generally divided per fesse into two 
 tinctures, in most cases the livery colours of the owner, or 
 the prevailing tinctures of his Coat of Arms. With some 
 principal figure or device occupying a prominent position, 
 various Badges are displayed over the whole field, a Motto, 
 which is placed bend-wise, having divided the Standard into 
 compartments. The edges are fringed throughout, and the 
 extremity is swallow-tailed, unless the owner be a Prince of 
 the Blood Royal, when it is pointed. 
 
 The Standard of Sir HENRY DE STAFFORD, K.G., second 
 son of HENRY, second Duke of BUCKINGHAM (executed in 
 1483), is represented in No. 415, from a drawing in the 
 Heralds College. It is charged, first, with a banner of St. 
 George: then, on a field per fesse sable and gules, the White 
 Swan of the De Bohuns, with the silver Stafford-knot (No. 
 304), differenced with a Crescent gules for Cadency; the 
 Motto is HVMBLE : ET : LOYAL ; and the fringe, like 
 
 R 2 
 
260 
 
 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 the field, is componce sa. and gu. In other examples a 
 greater variety of Badges are introduced. The student will 
 
 No. 415. Standard of Sir Henry de Stafford, K.G. : about A.D. 1475. 
 
 not fail to take notice of the systematic display of the 
 
 ensign of St. George in these Standards, as the national 
 
 armorial device of England. 
 
 The ROYAL STANDARD, which stands at the head of our 
 . English Flags of the present 
 
 (j|) day, bears the full blazonry of 
 
 the Royal Arms of Her Majesty 
 THE QUEEN, as they are mar 
 shalled on the Royal Shield : 
 No. 416. This splendid Flag, so 
 truly heraldic in its character, 
 and, like the early Banners, of 
 square shape and charged with 
 Coat Armour and not with 
 Badges, ought to be styled the 
 NO. 4 i6. ROYAL BANNER. The same 
 
 The Royal Standard, or Banner. Standard fc duly differ enced with 
 
 their own Marks of Cadency 
 and their Shields of Pretence for the different members of 
 the Royal Family. 
 
 The UNION JACK, our own national British Flajg, as we 
 
FLAGS. 
 
 26l 
 
 now display it, is the second of its race. The First Union 
 Jack, No. 417, was produced in- obedience to a Royal 
 Proclamation of JAMES I. in the year 1606. Its object 
 was to provide a single National Flag for both England and 
 Scotland as a single kingdom, which might put an end to 
 certain serious disputes concerning the precedence of their 
 respective Banners of St. George and St. Andrew, Nos. 418, 
 419, between the natives of England and Scotland of 
 " South and North Britain." This " Union" Flag combined 
 the blazonry of the two rival ensigns, not marshalling 
 
 No. 418. 
 St. George. 
 
 No. 419. 
 St. Andrew. 
 
 No. 417. The First Union Jack. 
 
 them by Quartering after the early heraldic usage, but by 
 reviving a still earlier process, and by blending the cross 
 and the sal tire of Nos. 418 and 419 in a single composition. 
 This was effected, accordingly, by charging the Cross of St, 
 George, with a narrow border or " fimbriation" of white to 
 represent its white field, upon the Banner of St. Andrew, the 
 result being the Flag shown in No. 417. On the final 
 "Union" between England and Scotland in 1707, this 
 device was formally declared to be the " Ensign armorial of 
 the United Kingdom of Great Britain." 
 
 Upon the first day of January, 1801, the Second Uniofi 
 
262 
 
 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 Jack, the " Union Jack" of to-day, No. 420, superseded the 
 Flag of King JAMES and Queen ANNE. The " Union" with 
 Ireland rendered a change necessary in the Union Jack, in 
 order to incorporate with its blazonry the Banner of ST. 
 PATRICK, No. 421, arg., a saltire gu. The process that had 
 been adopted before was again brought into action, but 
 now a single compound device had to be formed by the 
 combination of a cross and two saltires, Nos. 418, 419, and 
 421. As before, in this new Flag the blue field of ST. 
 ANDREW forms the field: then the two Saltires, the one 
 
 No. 420. 
 The Second Union Jack. 
 
 No. 421. 
 St. Patrick. 
 
 white and the other red, are formed into a single compound 
 Saltire of the two tinctures alternating, the white having 
 precedence ; a narrow edging of white is next added to 
 each red side of this new figure, to represent the white field 
 of St. Patrick, as the narrow edging of white about the red 
 cross represented the white field of ST. GEORGE in No. 418 ; 
 and, finally, the red cross of St. George fimbriated with 
 white, as in the First Jack, is charged over all. Such is the 
 Second Union Jack, No. 420. In this compound device it 
 will be observed that the broad diagonal white members 
 represent the silver saltire of St. Andrew, No. 419 = that the 
 
FLAGS. 
 
 26 3 
 
 red diagonal members represent the saltire gules of St. 
 Patrick, No. 421, and that the narrow diagonal white lines 
 are added in order to place this saltire gules on a field 
 argent : that the diagonal red and the broad diagonal white 
 members represent the two Saltires of St. Andrew and St. 
 Patrick in combination : and that the fimbriated red cross in 
 the front of the goodly alliance declares the presence of the 
 symbol of St. George. 
 
 Sir HARRIS NICHOLAS has suggested that this flag may 
 have acquired its name of " Jack " 
 (" Union " is obvious enough) from 
 the original author of the First 
 Union Flag, King JAMES, who, in 
 the Heralds French language, 
 would be styled Jacques : and so 
 the Flag would be called "Jacques 
 Union," which would easily settle 
 down into "Jack s Union," and 
 finally would as easily become 
 " Union Jack." The Second Union 
 Flag is always to be hoisted as it 
 is represented in No. 420, the 
 diagonal white having precedence in the first canton. To 
 reverse the proper display of the Flag implies distress or 
 danger ; or such a procedure (very often, as I am aware, 
 unconsciously adopted, through ignorance of the real 
 meaning of the Flag itself) subjects the Union Jack to 
 degradation. 
 
 The ENSIGNS now in use are : 
 
 i. The Red Ensign, a plain red Flag cantoning a Union 
 Jack having a Jack in the dexter chief angle next to the 
 point of suspension : No. 422. This Ensign shares with the 
 Union Jack the honour of being the " Ensign of England" 
 the Ensign, that is, of the British Empire. When dis- 
 
 No. 422. 
 The Red Ensign. 
 
264 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 played at sea, it now distinguishes all vessels that do not 
 belong to the Royal Navy : but, before the year 1864, it 
 was the distinguishing ensign of the " red squadron of the 
 Navy," and of the "Admirals of the Red" the Admirals 
 of the highest rank. 
 
 2. The WJiite- or St. Georges Ensign, is the old banner 
 of St. George, No. 418, with a Jack cantoned in the first 
 quarter. It now is the Ensign of the Royal Navy : but, 
 before 1864, it distinguished the " white squadron " of the 
 Navy, and the Admirals second in rank of that Squadron. 
 
 3. The Blue Ensign differs from the Red only in the 
 field being plain blue instead of red. It now is the Ensign 
 of the Naval Reserve : before 1864 it was the Ensign of 
 " Admirals of the Blue," third in rank, and of their 
 Squadron of the Royal Navy. 
 
 A Red Ensign is often charged with a Crown, or with 
 some appropriate device, to denote some particular depart 
 ment of the public service. 
 
 With the Ensigns may be grouped the Flag of the 
 Admiralty, which displays a yellow anchor and cable set 
 fesse-wise on a red field. 
 
 The Ensigns are always to be hoisted so as to have 
 the Jack next to the point of suspension, as in No. 422. 
 
 MILITARY FLAGS, i. Cavalry Standards, which are, 
 and ought to be called, Banners, being lineal descendants 
 and true representatives of the knightly Banners of the 
 mediaeval chivalry, are small square Flags, the colour of 
 the field the same as the regimental facings ; and each 
 Standard bears the Number, Motto, and specific Title of 
 its own Regiment, with whatever heraldic Badge or Device 
 may be associated with it. Upon these Standards also are 
 blazoned the regimental "Honours" such words as 
 WATERLOO, ALMA, LUCKNOW, and others, which briefly and 
 with most emphatic significance declare the services of the 
 
FLAGS. 265 
 
 corps. The Household Cavalry, the Life Guards and 
 Blues, have all their Standards of Crimson, and they are 
 blazoned with the Royal Insignia and their own "Honours" 
 and Devices. 
 
 2. Infantry Colours. In the first instance, each Regi 
 ment of Infantry had one " Colour :" subsequently, two 
 others were added : and, finally, in the reign of Queen 
 ANNE, it was decided that every Infantry Regiment or 
 Battalion of the Line (the Rifles of the Line excepted, who 
 have no " Colours") should have its own " Pair of Colours." 
 Of this " Pair," one is the " Queen s Colour" a Union Jack 
 charged with some regimental Devices : the other, the 
 " Regimental Colour? is of the tincture of the facings, 
 on which the "Honours" and "Devices" of the Regiment 
 are charged, and in the dexter chief angle a small Jack is 
 cantoned : in fact, the " Regimental Colour" is the same as 
 the Red or Blue Ensign (No. 422), the Colour of the field 
 varying with the regimental facings, and the field itself 
 being charged with the various Devices. 
 
 In their Colours, the Guards reverse the arrangement 
 that obtains with the Regiments of the Line. With them, 
 the Queen s Colour is always crimson, with or without a 
 Jack, but charged with the Royal Cypher and the regi 
 mental Devices : the Regimental Colour of the Guards is 
 the Union Jack. 
 
 3. The Royal Artillery have no Colours or Standards. 
 
 4. The characteristic Banner of the Volunteers, with its 
 admirable Motto, DEFENSE . NOT . DEFIANCE, dis 
 plays figures of such an archer as might have been " out " 
 with ROBIN HOOD, and such a rifleman as L a devoted 
 subject of QUEEN VICTORIA. Excellent as it is, this can 
 scarcely be considered an heraldic Flag. Perhaps it will 
 have a comrade "Colour" of a more decidedly heraldic 
 character : either a Union Jack, charged with the Motto of 
 
266 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 the Force, ensigned with a Crown, and within an oak- 
 wreath ; or a Flag of English scarlet, charged with the 
 Union Device blazoned upon an escutcheon of pretence, 
 the escutcheon ensigned with a Crown and encircled by a 
 wreath of oak and laurel, with the Motto of the Volunteer 
 Force, the Number and special Device of each Regiment 
 being also added on a canton. 
 
 I conclude this Chapter, which treats briefly of the 
 Heraldry of the most important English Flags, with four 
 still more brief general remarks : 
 
 1. First: by all English people who are disposed to 
 exclaim, making SHAKESPEARE S words their own, " Prosper 
 our Colours /" it ought to be understood that their National 
 Flags are endowed with heraldic, that is, with historical 
 significance, recorded after an heraldic fashion. 
 
 2. Second : this significance of their Flags ought also to 
 be understood, that it may be appreciated, by all true 
 English people. 
 
 3. Third : our Flags ought always to be made and 
 represented correctly. 
 
 And 4. Lastly: our Flags, and all other Flags also, 
 ought always to be hoisted and displayed rightly and 
 properly. 
 
CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 THE ROYAL HERALDRY OF ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND. 
 
 Shields of Arms of the Reigning Sovereigns of England of Scotland 
 of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Crests. 
 Supporters. Mottoes. Crowns. Banners. Armorial Insignia of 
 the late Prince Consort of the Prince and Princess of Wales oj 
 the other Princes and Princesses, the Sons and Daughters of the 
 Queen. 
 
 " On his Banner were three Leopards, courant, of fine gold, set on red : fierce 
 were they, haughty and cruel, to signify that, like them, the KING is dreadful to his 
 enemies ; for his bite is slight to none who inflame his anger : and yet, towards such 
 as seek his friendship or submit to his power his kindness is soon rekindled." ROLL 
 OF CARLAVEROCK. 
 
 "With Scotland s Arms, Device and Crest 
 
 Embroidered round and round." MARMIOX. 
 
 How the " three Leopards courant " of the shrewd chroni 
 cler of Carlaverock are identical with the "three Lions 
 passant guardant " of the Royal Shield of England I have 
 already shown (see page 84). To the Norman Sove 
 reigns of England, WILLIAM I., WILLIAM II., HENRY I., 
 and STEPHEN (A.D. 10661154), the same Shield of Arms 
 has been assigned Gu., two lions pass, guard., in pale, or, 
 No. 22. It must be distinctly understood, however, that 
 there exists no certain authority for these Arms. 
 
 In like manner, STEPHEN is also said to have borne on a 
 red Shield three golden Sagittaries, or Centaurs, with bows 
 and arrows. And, again, HENRY II. is considered to have 
 added a third lion to the two on the Shield of his father, 
 
268 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 a single golden lion passant guardant on red being (also 
 considered to be) the armorial ensign of the province of 
 Aquitaine, acquired by HENRY in right of his Consort, 
 ALIANORE. 
 
 As early as the reign of HENRY III., a Shield of Arms, 
 No. 23, was assigned to the Anglo-Saxon Kings : another 
 Shield, No. 2, was assigned to EDWARD THE CONFESSOR : 
 and a third Shield, No. 3, to another sainted Anglo- 
 Saxon Prince, EDMUND. 
 
 From the appearance of the Second Great Seal of 
 RICHARD I., about A.D. 1195, all uncertainty concerning the 
 
 NO. 22. 
 
 Royal Arms, supposed to have been borne No. 187. 
 
 before A.D. 1189. Royal Arms, from AD. 1189 to 1340. 
 
 Royal Arms of England is at an end, and they are borne as 
 follows by the successive English Sovereigns : 
 
 RICHARD I. : JOHN : HENRY III. : EDWARD I. : 
 EDWARD II. : and EDWARD III., till the thirteenth year of 
 his reign, A.D. 1340 : Gu., three lions passant guardant, in 
 pale, or, No. 187. 
 
 EDWARD III., from the thirteenth year of his reign, 
 when he claimed to be King of France as well as of 
 England, and so styled hfmself : RICHARD II. : and 
 HENRY IV., till about the fifth year of his reign : France 
 Ancient and England quarterly, No. 252. 
 
 RICHARD II. sometimes bore the Arms of the CON 
 FESSOR, No. 2, with his own, on a separate shield, as at 
 
ROYAL HERALDRY. 
 
 269 
 
 Westminster Hall ; and sometimes he impaled the Con 
 fessor s Arms with his own quartered Shield, the arms of 
 the Confessor having the precedence. 
 
 HENRY IV. from about 1405: HENRY V.: HENRY VI. : 
 
 No. 253. Royal Arms from about 
 A.D. 1405 to 1603. 
 
 No. 252. Royal Arms from A.D. 
 to about 1405. 
 
 EDWARD IV. : EDWARD V. : RICHARD III. : HENRY VII. : 
 HENRY VIII. : EDWARD VI. : MARY : and ELIZABETH, to 
 A.D. 1603 : France Modern and England Quarterly, 
 No. 253. 
 
 The Royal Shield of SCOTLAND, No. 138, first appears 
 upon the Seal of ALEXANDER II. about A.D. 1235 ; and, as 
 Mr. Seton well observes, the origin 
 of its bearings " is veiled by the mists 
 of Antiquity." The same Shield, 
 without any modification or change, 
 was borne by all the Sovereigns of 
 Scotland. 
 
 JAMES I. : CHARLES I. : CHARLES 
 II. : JAMES II. : WILLIAM III. and 
 MARY: and ANNE, till May i, 1707 : 
 Quarterly: i and 4, Grand Quarters, 
 France Modern and England (No. 253) : 2, Grand Quarter, 
 Scotland (No. 138): 3, Grand Quarter Az., a harp or, 
 stringed arg., for Ireland: No. 423. 
 
 No. 138. Royal Arms of 
 Scotland. 
 
270 
 
 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 WILLIAM III., as an elected Sovereign, charged his 
 paternal shield of NASSAU, No. 424. Az., billettee, a lion 
 rampt. or, in pretence upon the Royal Shield : also, during 
 
 No. 423. Royal Arms of the Stuart Sovereigns. 
 
 the life of his Consort, till Dec. 28, 1694, he bore the 
 Stuart shield with Nassau in pretence on the dexter half of 
 his Shield, and thus impaled in the sinister half of his Shield 
 
 No. 425. Diagram of Shield 
 of William III. and Mary. 
 
 No. 424. 
 Arms of Nassau. 
 
 No. 426. Diagram of 
 Shield of William III. alone. 
 
 the same Stuart arms, as in the Diagram, No. 425, to 
 denote their joint Sovereignty : the Shield represented in 
 this Diagram, No. 425, bears the whole of No. 423 on its 
 
ROYAL HERALDRY. 
 
 271 
 
 dexter half, with No. 424 in pretence ; and on its sinister 
 half it also bears the whole of No. 423. When he reigned 
 alone, WILLIAM III. bore his own dexter half of the im 
 paled Shield alone, as in the Diagram, No. 426 : the 
 Shield represented in this Diagram bears the dexter half 
 of No. 425. 
 
 Queen ANNE, from May i, 1707, till 1714, bore the 
 Royal Arms marshalled as in the Diagram, No. 427 : 
 
 No. 427. Diagram of 
 
 the Second Royal 
 Shield of Queen Anne. 
 
 No. 428. 
 Arms of Hanover. 
 
 No. 429. Diagram of 
 
 the Royal Shield 
 from A.D. 1714 to 1801. 
 
 i and 2j England impaling Scotland ; 3, France Modern 
 (No. 253) ; 4, Ireland (the Harp, as in the third quarter of 
 No. 423). 
 
 The Arms of HANOVER, on the accession of GEORGE I., 
 August i, 1714, were added to the Shield of the United 
 Kingdom. This was accomplished by removing the 
 charges (England and Scotland impaled ) from the fourth 
 quarter of the Shield, No. 427, and charging that quarter 
 with the arms of Hanover as they appear on the Shield, No. 
 428 : Per pale and per chevron, i, Gu., two lions of 
 
272 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 England, for Brunswick: 2, Or, Semee of hearts, a lion 
 rampt. az., for Lunenburgh : 3, Gu., a horse courant arg., for 
 Westphalia : 4, Over all, on an inescutcheon gules, the golden 
 crown of Charlemagne. This marshalling is shown in the 
 Diagram No. 429, which represents a Shield bearing, 
 i and 2, England impaling Scotland; 3, France Modern; 
 4, Ireland ; 5, Hanover (as in No. 428, without the 
 Crown). 
 
 On January i, 1801, the Fleurs de Lys of France were 
 removed from the Royal Shield of Great Britain, which then 
 was marshalled as in the diagram, No. 430, quarterly, i and 
 4, England; 2, Scotland; 3, Ireland; 5, Hanover the 
 shield of Hanover being ensigned with the Electoral Bonnet, 
 No. 240, till 1816, but with a Royal Crown from 1816 till 
 1837, as it appears in No. 428. 
 
 GEORGE I. : GEORGE II. : GEORGE HI., till Jan. i, 
 1 80 1 : The arms indicated in the dia 
 gram, No. 429. 
 
 GEORGE III., till 1816 : The arms in 
 dicated in the diagram, No. 430. the in 
 escutcheon ensigned with an electoral 
 bonnet. 
 
 No. 43 o.-Diagram of GEORGE III., after l8l6 I GEORGE IV. : 
 
 the Royal shield WILLIAM IV. i The same arms as No. 
 jg ^ * 430, but the inescutcheon ensigned with 
 
 a Royal Crown. 
 
 HER MAJESTY, QUEEN VICTORIA : The same as No. 
 430, but without the inescutcheon, and as the four quarters 
 are marshalled on the Royal Standard, No. 416. 
 
 ROYAL CRESTS. 
 
 For ENGLAND : A golden lion statant guardant, im 
 perially crowned; assumed by EDWARD III., and by him 
 borne on his Helm standing upon a Cap of Estate ; retained 
 
ROYAL HERALDRY. 
 
 273 
 
 from his time, and now borne standing on an Imperial 
 Crown. No. 431. 
 
 For SCOTLAND : First Crest. A lion statant guardant 
 gu., assumed by ROBERT II., about A.D. 
 1385 j retained, and with some modifica 
 tions used by his successors, till about 
 A.D. 1550. Second Crest. On an Im 
 perial Crown, a lion sejant affronte gu. ; 
 imperially crowned, holding in the dexter 
 paw a sword, and in the sinister paw a 
 sceptre, both erect and ppr. ; with the 
 motto IN: MY: DEFENSE; assumed 
 
 by JAMES V.; borne by MARY, and Crest of En s land - 
 shown in her signet-ring, No. 432, about 1564; retained, 
 and now in use. 
 
 ROYAL SUPPORTERS. 
 
 For ENGLAND. Of uncertain authority before HENRY 
 VI. , who bore two white antelopes: also, a lion and a 
 panther, or antelope. 
 
 EDWARD IV. : A lion or, or argent, and a bull sable: 
 or, two lions argent : or, a lion and a hart argent. 
 
 RICHARD III. : A lion or and a boar arg. : or, two 
 boars arg. 
 
 HENRY VII. : A dragon gu., and a greyhound arg. : or, 
 two greyhounds arg. : or, a lion or and a dragon gu. 
 
 HENRY VIII. : A lion or and a dragon gu. : or, a 
 dragon gu., and either a bull, a greyhound, or a cock arg. 
 
 EDWARD VI. : A lion or, and a dragon gu. 
 
 MARY and ELIZABETH : A lion or, and a greyhound 
 arg., or a dragon gu. 
 
 For SCOTLAND. First Supporters: Two lions rampt. 
 guard. ; first seen on a Seal of JAMES I., A.D. 1429. 
 Second Supporters : Two silver unicorns, royally gorged and 
 
 s 
 
274 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 chained or ; assumed by JAMES IV., and retained in use. 
 On the signet of Queen MARY STUART, No. 432 : for this 
 beautiful cut once more I am indebted to Mr. Laing. 
 
 For the UNITED KINGDOM. Dexter Supporter : A lion 
 rampt. guard., royally crowned, or. Sinister Supporter : A 
 
 No. 432. The Signet of Queen Mary Stuart, considerably enlarged. 
 
 unicorn rampt. arg., royally gorged and chained or. Assumed 
 by JAMES I. of Great Britain : retained, and still in use. 
 
 ROYAL MOTTOES. 
 
 The ancient English war-cry DIEU . ET . MON . 
 DROIT ! " God and my Right!" assumed as a regular 
 Motto by HENRY VI., has been retained in use since his 
 time. 
 
 Queens ELIZABETH and ANNE also used SEMPER . 
 EADEM "Always the Same." JAMES I. used BEATI . 
 PACIFIC I " Blessed are the Peace-makers" 
 
 Mottoes of Scotland : NEMO . ME . IMPUNE . LA- 
 CESSIT "No man with impunity attacks me:" and, above 
 the Crest IN . MY . DEFENSE. 
 
ROYAL HERALDRY. 275 
 
 THE CROWN. 
 
 Till the time of HENRY IV., the Crown, the symbol of 
 England s Royalty, was a golden circlet richly jewelled, 
 and heightened with conventional strawberry-leaves: fine 
 examples are represented in the effigies of HENRY III., 
 JOHN, and EDWARD II. 
 
 HENRY IV., as shown by his splendid effigy at Canter 
 bury, introduced^*?// de lys, alternating with the leaves. 
 
 From the time of HENRY V., the circlet has been 
 heightened by crosses pattees and fleurs de lys alternating, 
 four of each, and without any leaves. HENRY V. also first 
 arched the circlet with jewelled bands, which at their intersec 
 tion he surmounted with a mound and cross. 
 
 The arched Crown of HENRY V. has four half-arches, 
 that is, it is arched over twice : 
 HENRY VI. and CHARLES I. 
 arched their crown three times : 
 all the other Sovereigns have had 
 two complete arches only, and the 
 Crown still retains these two arches 
 intersecting at right angles, as in 
 No. 234. At different periods, 
 while the design of the Crown 
 has remained unchanged, the con- No - 2 34- 
 
 r , , Crown of H.M., The Queen. 
 
 tour of the arches, and the artistic 
 
 treatment of the ornamentation have undergone various 
 
 modifications. 
 
 The ROYAL BANNERS, or STANDARDS, are charged with 
 the bearings of the Royal Shield of Arms for the time 
 being. 
 
 The Armorial Insignia of H.R.H. the late PRINCE CON 
 SORT. The SHIELD is Quarterly, i and 4, The Royal 
 Arms of the Queen, as in No. 416, but differenced with a 
 silver label of three points charged on the central point with a 
 
 s 2 
 
276 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 cross of St. George: 2 and 3, Saxony, No. 225. This 
 Shield is encircled with the Garter of the Order; and 
 ensigned with the Prince s own Coronet, shown in 
 No. 441. 
 
 The CREST is the Royal Crest of England, No. 431, 
 the lion having the same label that differences the Shield, 
 adjusted about his neck as a collar, and being crowned 
 with the coronet, No. 441, in place of the Imperial Crown. 
 
 The SUPPORTERS are those of the Royal Arms, the 
 golden lion and silver unicorn, both of them differenced with 
 the same label, and the lion crowned with the same coronet. 
 
 The MOTTO. TREU. UND . FEST " True and 
 Faithful." To the dexter of this Achievement, the com 
 plete Royal Achievement of Her Majesty the Queen. 
 
 THE ARMORIAL INSIGNIA OF T.R.H., THE PRINCE AND 
 
 PRINCESS OF WALES. 
 
 As PRINCE ROYAL and HEIR APPARENT, and also as 
 PRINCE OF WALES, His Royal Highness bears the Royal 
 Shield of Arms of the QUEEN, as in No. 416, differenced 
 with a silver label of three points ; as the Black Prince 
 differenced with the same label the Shield of EDWARD III. 
 (see Nos. 252, 337). 
 
 Upon this Shield the Prince bears, in pretence, this 
 quartered Inescutcheon of the Arms of his high dignities of 
 the second rank: Quarterly of Seven: i, PRINCIPALITY 
 OF WALES Quarterly gu. and or, four lions pass, guard. 
 counter changed : 2, DUCHY OF CORNWALL Sa., ten bezants, 
 four, three, two, one: 3, DUKEDOM OF ROTHSAY Scotland, 
 differenced with a label of three points arg. : 4, EARLDOM OF 
 CHESTER Az., three garbs or: 5, EARLDOM OF DUBLIN 
 Az., a harp or, stringed arg., with a label as in the third 
 quarter : 6, LORDSHIP OF THE ISLES Arg., on waves of the 
 Seappr., a lymphad sa. : 7, FEUDAL EARLDOM OF CARRICK 
 
ROYAL HERALDRY. 277 
 
 and BARONY OF RENFREW Or, a chevron g?t. This last 
 quarter is of uncertain authority : I am disposed to believe 
 that it should be blazoned arg., a saltire and chief az. 
 
 Over all, a second inescutcheon of the arms of SAXONY, 
 No. 225.* 
 
 The Shield encircled with the Garter of the Order, and 
 ensigned with the Prince s own CORONET, No. 289. The 
 CREST and SUPPORTERS, those of England, differenced with 
 the silver label, and ensigned with the Coronet of the 
 Prince. Above the Arms, with the Crest, is placed the 
 OSTRICH FEATHER BADGE of the PRINCE OF WALES, with 
 the motto, ICH . DIEN " I serve." 
 
 H.R.H. THE PRINCESS OF WALES bears, without any 
 difference, the Arms of her Royal Father, the KING OF 
 DENMARK. Recent events that have taken place upon the 
 Continent of Europe, and the territorial changes consequent 
 upon them, might rightly require a fresh marshalling of the 
 Arms of Denmark. In Continental Royal Shields, how 
 ever, Quarterings are frequently retained as "Arms of 
 Pretension " heraldic reminiscences or heraldic aspi 
 rations, and marshalled with the insignia of actual 
 Sovereignty ; as, indeed, was long the case with our own 
 Royal Shield, which bore the fleurs de lys of France for 
 more than two centuries purely as "Arms of Pretension." 
 Consequently, it is possible that the King of Denmark may 
 continue to bear his Arms with precisely the same 
 blazonry that his Shield displayed at the time of his 
 accession. At all events, no change has yet taken place, 
 
 * In place of the Arms of Saxony only, upon his inescutcheon surtout 
 the PRINCE OF WALES might marshal the numerous German quarter- 
 ings of his paternal Coat of Arms. Also, the insignia of the Prince 
 might be marshalled upon a group of three Shields, instead of a single 
 Shield and two inescutcheons ; and the insignia of the Princess might 
 be marshalled to form a similar group. 
 
278 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 and, accordingly, the Arms of the Princess are now what 
 they were on the occasion of her marriage. 
 
 THE ROYAL ARMS OF DENMARK. The Shield divided 
 into four quarters by the national white cross, having a 
 border of red to represent the red field of the Danish Ensign. 
 First Quarter : DENMARK Or, semee of hearts gu., three 
 lions pass, guard., in pale, az. Second Quarter : SLESWICK 
 Or, two lions pass. , in pale, az. Third Quarter \-Perfesse, 
 in chief, SWEDEN Az., three crowns or; in base, ICELAND 
 Gu., a stock-fish arg., crowned or ; impaling, for FAROE 
 ISLANDS Az., a buck pass, arg.; and, for GREENLAND a 
 polar bear rampt. arg. Fourth Quarter : Perfesse, in chief, 
 for JUTLAND or, ten hearts, four, three, two, one, gu., and in 
 chief a lion pass. az. ; in base, for VANDALIA Gu.,a wyvern, 
 its tail nowed and wings expanded, or. 
 
 On an Inescutcheon, quarterly : First, for HOLSTEIN 
 Gu., an inescutcheon per fesse arg. and of the first, in every 
 point thereof a nail in triangle, between as many holly-leaves, 
 all ppr. Second, for STORMERK Gu., a swan arg., gorged 
 with a coronet or. Third, for DITZMERS Az., an armed 
 knight ppr., brandishing his sword, his charger arg. Fourth, 
 for LAUENBURGH Gu., a horse s head cotiped arg. 
 
 Over all, in pretence upon a second Inescutcheon, 
 OLDENBURGH Or, two bars gu. ; impaling Az., a cross 
 pateefitchee or, for DALMENHURST. 
 
 This Shield is placed to the sinister of the Shit- id of the 
 Prince of Wales, and with it stands between his Supporters. 
 It would be good Heraldry to impale the Charges of the 
 two Shields on a single Shield. 
 
 Or, a single Shield of the primary Arms of the Prince, 
 without his quartered Inescutcheon, but with Saxony in 
 pretence, may impale Denmark only ; and, with the 
 Coronet, Crest, Badge, and Supporters of the Prince, 
 this comparatively simple impaled Shield, represented 
 
ROYAL HERALDRY. 
 
 279 
 
 in No. 433, might be adopted and borne as the Ensigns 
 of the Prince and Princess for general use. 
 
 The other PRINCES and PRINCESSES, Sons and Daugh 
 ters of the QUEEN, all bear the Royal Arms of the Sove 
 reign, the Princes on Shields, the unmarried Princesses 
 on Lozenges. All their Royal Highnesses bear the Royal 
 Supporters and Motto ; all have a Shield of Saxony, in 
 pretence on their own Shield or Lozenge ; all ensign their 
 Shield or Lozenge with their own Coronet, No. 290; and 
 
 No. 433. Impaled Shield of Prince and Princess of Wales. 
 
 the Princes bear the Royal Crest. In every case, the Sup 
 porters and the Crest are ensigned with the same Coronet : 
 all the Shields, Lozenges, Crests, and Supporters, are 
 differenced with a silver label of three points, tJie labels being 
 differenced as follows : 
 
 H.R.H. the Duke of EDINBURGH, &c. : On the central 
 point a red cross ; on each of the other two points a red anchor. 
 H.R.H. the Prince ARTHUR: Red cross, and two red fleurs 
 de lys. H.R.H. the Prince LEOPOLD : Red cross, and two 
 
280 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 red hearts. H.R.H. the Princess LOUISA : Red rose, and two 
 red cantons. H.R.H. the Princess BEATRICE: Red Jieart, 
 and two red roses. 
 
 Their Royal Highnesses, the Princesses who are married, 
 bear the Royal Arms of the QUEEN impaled by the armorial 
 ensigns of the Princes, their Consorts : but each Princess 
 differences the Royal Arms of England with her own label. 
 Thus : 
 
 H.R.H. the CROWN PRINCESS OF PRUSSIA, PRINCESS 
 ROYAL OF ENGLAND, on the central point of her label 
 has a red rose, and on each of the other two points a 
 red cross. 
 
 H.R.H. the Princess ALICE OF HESSE has on her label a 
 red rose, between two ermine spots. 
 
 H.R.H. the Princess HELENA, Princess CHRISTIAN, has on 
 her label a red cross between two red roses. 
 
 The youthful eldest son of the PRINCE OF WALES bears 
 his Father s Shield, differencing the label with a red cross on 
 the central point only. 
 
 The label of H.R.H. the Duke of CAMBRIDGE is silver, 
 of three points, and the points are differenced with a red 
 cross in the centre, and on each of the two side points two 
 red hearts in pale The Duke bears the Royal Arms, but 
 with his own Coronet, No. 292, and differencing the acces 
 sories as well as the Shield with his own label. 
 
 H.R.H. the Princess MARY OF TECK differences with 
 the same label as the Duke her Brother : and her Arms are 
 impaled by those of Prince TECK, her Husband. 
 
CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD AND INSIGNIA OF HONOUR. 
 
 Feudal Knighthood. Orders of Knighthood : Knights of St. John 
 Knights Templars The Order of the Garter of the Thistle of 
 St. Patrick of the Bath of St. Michael and St. George of The 
 Star of India. The Victoria Cross. The Albert Medal. Naval 
 and Military Medals. Foreign Insignia bestowed on British 
 Subjects. 
 
 " The same King would make an Order of KNIGHTS of himself and his Sons, and 
 of the bravest of his land." FROJSSART. 
 
 " I will say as I have said, 
 
 Thou art a noble KNIGHT." LORD OF THE ISLES. 
 
 KNIGHTHOOD, as that term is generally understood in its 
 comprehensive acceptation, has been well defined to be "a 
 distinction of rank amongst freemen, depending not upon 
 birth or property, but simply upon the admission of the 
 person so distinguished, by the girding of a sword or other 
 similar solemnity, into an order of men having by law or 
 usage certain social or political privileges," and also a 
 certain appropriate title. It is evident, therefore, from this 
 definition that Knighthood implies the existence of these two 
 conditions : the one, that the man to be admitted to the rank 
 of Knighthood should possess such qualifications as may 
 entitle him to that distinction ; and the other, that Knight 
 hood should be conferred by a personage endowed with a 
 competent power and authority. 
 
 In feudal times the qualifications for Knighthood were 
 
282 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 military exploits of a distinguished character, and eminent 
 services, of whatever kind, rendered to the King and the 
 realm : also, the holding a certain property in land (in the 
 time of EDWARD I., land then of the yearly value of 20, or 
 upwards), whether directly from the King, or under some 
 Noble, by the feudal tenure of personal military service 
 to be rendered under certain established conditions. During 
 the first two centuries after the Conquest, Knighthood was 
 conferred by the great Barons and by the Spiritual Peers, as 
 well as by the King himself, or by his appointed representa 
 tive : but, after the accession of HENRY III., the prevailing 
 rule appears to have been that in England no persons should 
 be created Knights except by the King, or the Prince Royal 
 acting for his Father, or by the King s General-in-Chief, or 
 other personal representative. 
 
 The knightly rank, as it gave an increase of dignity, 
 implied also the maintenance of a becoming state, and the 
 discharge of certain civil duties : and, more particularly, all 
 Knights were required to make such a provision for render 
 ing military service as was held to be consistent with their 
 position and their property ; and it was expected from them 
 that they should take a dignified part in the chivalrous 
 exercises and celebrations of their times. It followed, that 
 feudal Knighthood was a distinction which, if not conferred 
 for the sake of honour, became obligatory ; and fines, ac 
 cordingly, were imposed upon men qualified for Knight 
 hood who, notwithstanding, were found not to be Knights, 
 In the course of time, as the rigour of the feudal system 
 abated, the numbers of the military tenants of small tenures 
 greatly increased : and, since many of these persons had no 
 inclination for the profession of arms, they gladly accepted 
 the alternative of paying a fine, which enabled them to 
 evade an honour unsuited as well to their means as to their 
 personal tastes and their peaceful avocations. A fruitful 
 
ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD. 283 
 
 source of revenue thus was secured for the Crown, while the 
 military character of Knighthood was maintained, and at 
 the same time a new and important class of the community 
 gradually became established. 
 
 The Knights of Norman England, who at first were 
 stipendiary soldiers of the highest order, derived their 
 designation from their warlike predecessors of Anglo-Saxon 
 times, the word " cniht" in the late Anglo-Saxon tongue, 
 signifying a military attendant. When they had established 
 themselves in the position and in the possession of the lands 
 of the Anglo-Saxons, the Anglo-Norman Knights retained 
 their own original title. The Latin equivalent for that title 
 of "Knight" is "Miles" and the Norman-French is 
 "Chevalier." 
 
 These Knights may be grouped in two classes. The 
 first class contains all persons who had been admitted into 
 the comprehensive Order of Chivalry who were Knights 
 by reason of their common Knighthood. The second class 
 is formed of Knights who, in addition to their Knightly 
 rank, were members of some special and distinct Fraternity, 
 Companionship, or Order of Knighthood. Every Society 
 of this kind has always possessed Laws, Institutions, Titles, 
 and Insignia peculiar to itself. 
 
 The peculiar character and object of the Crusades led to 
 the formation of two Orders of Priest-Knights Orders not 
 belonging to any particular nation, but numbering amongst 
 their members men of all nations. These are the Orders of 
 the KNIGHTS OF ST. JOHN OP JERUSALEM, or HOSPI 
 TALLERS, and of the KNIGHTS TEMPLARS. 
 
 The HOSPITALLERS, instituted about A.D. 1092, were 
 introduced into England about noo. In the year 1310 
 they were established at Rhodes, and in 1530 at Malta, 
 under their forty-third Grand Master, PHILIPPE DE VILLIERS 
 DE L lsLE-AoAM. Their device is a silver cross of eight 
 
284 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 points, No. 107, charged upon a black field, or worn upon a 
 black surcoat or mantle. The Order was finally suppressed 
 in England in 1559. 
 
 The TEMPLARS, instituted about A.D. 1118, were intro 
 duced into England about 1140. In the year 1309 they 
 were suppressed, and in 1312 their Order was finally 
 abolished. They wore a Cross of the same form as No. 
 107, but of a red colour upon a white field. This red cross 
 they charged upon a white banner : and they bore another 
 banner, No. 13, of black and white, entitled "Beau Seant." 
 The same words, "Beau Seant!" were their war-cry. The 
 Badges of the Templars were the Agnus Dei the Holy 
 Lamb, holding a red-cross banner ; and a device represent 
 ing two Knights mounted on a single horse, intended to 
 denote the original poverty of the Order.* 
 
 THE ORDER OF THE GARTER, a military Fraternity 
 under the special patronage of "ST. GEORGE, the good 
 Knight," was instituted at Windsor by King EDWARD III. 
 in, or about, the year 1350 very probably in the summer 
 of 1348, but the exact time is not positively known. It 
 may safely be assumed, that the occasion which led to the 
 institution of this most noble and renowned Order, was a 
 Tournament or Hastilude of unusual importance held at his 
 Castle of Windsor by EDWARD III. at the most brilliant 
 period of his reign : and it is highly probable that the Order 
 suggested itself to the mind of the King, as a natural result 
 of his own chivalrous revival of a knightly " Round Table," 
 such as flourished in the days of King Arthur. How much 
 of historical fact there may be in the popular legend, which 
 professes to derive from a certain romantic incident the 
 
 * The Arms of the Barrister Templars of the present day are 
 azure, a pegasus (or, winged horse) argent, or sometimes or. This 
 Coat is derived from the early Badge, the two horsemen, having been 
 mistaken in later times for -wings. 
 
ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD. 285 
 
 Title certainly borne by King EDWARD S Order from the 
 time of its original institution, it is not possible to deter 
 mine : but the legend itself is not in any way inconsistent 
 with the spirit of those times ; nor would the Knights 
 Founders of the Garter regard their Order as the less 
 honourable, because its Title might remind them of the 
 happy gallantry, with which the casual misadventure of a 
 noble Lady had been turned to so good an account by a 
 most princely Monarch. The Statutes of the Order have 
 been continually modified and altered, and the original 
 military character of the Institution has long ceased to 
 exist : still, no changes in the Order of the Garter have 
 affected the preeminence of its dignity and reputation. 
 Illustrious now as ever, and foremost in rank and honour in 
 our own country, the GARTER is second to no knightly 
 Order in the world. 
 
 The MOST NOBLE ORDER OF THE GARTER consists of 
 the SOVEREIGN and Twenty-five KNIGHTS COMPANIONS, of 
 whom the PRINCE OF WALES always is one. By a Statute 
 of the year 1805, the Order includes such lineal descendants 
 of GEORGE III. as may be elected : and still more recent 
 statutes have provided for the admission of foreign Sove 
 reigns, and also of certain "Extra Knights," who are elected 
 " Companions " as vacancies occur. 
 
 The OFFICERS of the Order are, the Prelate, the Bishop 
 of Winchester : the Chancellor, the Bishop of Oxford : the 
 Registrar, the Dean of Windsor : the Herald, Garter King 
 of Arms : and, the Usher of the Black Rod. 
 
 Knights of the Garter place the initials "K.G." after their 
 names ; and these letters take precedence of all other titles, 
 those of Royalty alone excepted. 
 
 The Stalls of the Knights are in the choir of St. George s 
 Chapel, Windsor Castle, where their Garter-Plates are fixed, 
 and their Banners are displayed 
 
286 
 
 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 The INSIGNIA of the Order of the Garter are The 
 Garter itself, of a light blue originally, now of a dark 
 blue, with border, buckle, and pendant of gold. On it, 
 in golden letters, the Motto HONI . SOIT . QVI . MAL . 
 Y . PENSE " Dishonour to him who thinks ill of it ; " 
 and not, as it is commonly rendered, " Evil to him that 
 evil thinks." 
 
 The Badge of the Order is circular, and formed of a 
 buckled Garter enclosing a Shield of St. George, the whole 
 blazoned in the proper tinctures : it 
 is worn on the left shoulder of the 
 blue velvet Mantle. When irradiated 
 with eight rays of silver or diamonds, a 
 device resembling the Badge in every 
 respect, except that the cross of St. 
 George is enclosed within the Garter 
 without being charged on a Shield, 
 forms the Star of the Order. 
 
 The Collar, of gold enamelled, is 
 formed of twelve buckled Garters, each 
 encircling a Tudor Rose, and as many 
 knots of intertwined cords. Attached 
 to this Collar is the George a mounted 
 figure of the Saint in the act of tramp 
 ling down the dragon and piercing him 
 with his lance. The Collar and George were added to 
 the Insignia by HENRY VII. 
 
 The Lesser George, or Jewel, added by HENRY VIII., has 
 the same device placed on an enamelled field, and forming 
 a jewel generally oval in form ; it is encircled by a buckled 
 Garter of the Order, and represented in No. 434. It was 
 this Lesser George that CHARLES I., immediately before he 
 suffered, delivered to Archbishop JUXON, with the word, 
 " Remember." As a matter of course, the figure of ST. 
 
 No. 434. The Lesser 
 Gorge, of the Garter. 
 
ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD. 287 
 
 GEORGE ought always to be represented as a Knight, armed 
 and equipped as one of the Christian chivalry of the Middle 
 Ages not as a pagan horseman of antiquity, and more 
 particularly not in the guise of such a nude champion as 
 appears on some of our modern coins. The Lesser George, 
 often incorrectly called the Badge, at first was sometimes 
 worn from a gold chain, and sometimes from a black Ribbon. 
 The Colour of the ribbon was changed to sky-blue by 
 Queen ELIZABETH ; and, after the accession of the pre 
 sent Royal Family, it was again changed to the dark blue 
 of the broad Ribbon now worn. This Ribbon of the 
 Order crosses the figure of the wearer, passing over the 
 left shoulder, and the Lesser George hangs from it under 
 the right arm. 
 
 Since the time of CHARLES II. it has been customary 
 for the nearest representatives of a deceased K.G. to return 
 his Insignia to the Sovereign. 
 
 Each Officer of the Order, except the Usher, has his 
 own proper Badge. 
 
 THE ORDER OF THE THISTLE, OF SCOTLAND, styled 
 " Most Noble and Most Ancient," and indicated by the 
 Initials " K.T.," was originally instituted long before the 
 accession of a Scottish Sovereign to the Crown of England ; 
 but it is now governed by statutes framed by JAMES II. of 
 Great Britain, ANNE, and GEORGE IV. 
 
 The Order consists of the SOVEREIGN and sixteen 
 KNIGHTS. Its OFFICERS are the Dean ; the Lord Lyon 
 King of Arms ; and the Gentleman Usher of the Green Rod. 
 
 The INSIGNIA are the Badge or Jewel, of gold 
 enamelled, being a figure of St. Andrew holding his 
 silver Saltire and surrounded by rays, the whole within an 
 oval border bearing the Motto NEMO . ME . IMPUNE . 
 LACESSIT. "No man with impunity challenges me." 
 
288 
 
 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 This Badge, No. 435, is worn from the Collar of the Order, 
 formed of sixteen Thistles alternating with as many bunches 
 of rue-sprigs ; or, from a broad dark green Ribbon, which 
 crosses the left shoulder. There are fine examples of these 
 Insignia sculptured upon the Monument of MARY, Queen 
 of Scots, in Westminster Abbey. 
 
 The Star of this Order, of silver or diamonds, is in the 
 form of a St. Andrew s Saltire, having its four limbs alter 
 nating with the four points of a lozenge : in the centre, 
 surrounded by the Motto, is a Thistle proper. 
 
 No. 435. Badge of the Thistle. 
 
 No. 436. Badge of St. Patrick. 
 
 The Most Illustrious ORDER OF ST. PATRICK, OF 
 IRELAND, indicated by the Initials, " K.P.," and instituted 
 in 1783 by GEORGE III., consists of the SOVEREIGN, the 
 GRAND MASTER, and twenty-two KNIGHTS. The OFFICERS 
 are the Prelate, the Archbishop of Armagh : the Chancellor, 
 the Archbishop of Dublin : the Registrar, the Dean of St. 
 Patrick s : Ulster King of Arms : two Heralds and four 
 Pursuivants : the Genealogist : and the Usher of the Black 
 Rod. 
 
ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD. 289 
 
 The INSIGNIA are the Badge or Jewel, of gold 
 enamelled, and oval in form. It has a Shamrock (or 
 Trefoil slipped) having on each leaf a Royal Crown, charged 
 on the Saltire of St. Patrick, the field being surrounded by 
 the Motto QVIS . SEFARABIT . ("who will sever?") 
 MDCCLXXXIIL, on a blue band, which in its turn is 
 encircled with a wreath of Shamrocks on gold. This 
 Badge, No. 436, is worn from the Collar, composed of 
 Roses and Harps, alternating with each other and with 
 knotted cords, a Crown surmounting a Harp being in the 
 centre ; or, the Badge is worn from a broad sky-blue Ribbon, 
 crossing the right shoulder. 
 
 The Star resembles the Badge, except that its centre is 
 circular instead of oval ; and that it has eight rays of silver 
 or diamonds, in place of the wreath of Shamrocks. 
 
 The Most Honourable ORDER OF THE BATH is an early 
 Institution which, after having long been in abeyance, has 
 been revived and remodelled, and has received fresh statutes 
 in the years 1725, 1815, 1847, and 1859. 
 
 The Order, now numbering 985 members, consists of 
 several distinct Groups or Classes, which include, with the 
 SOVEREIGN, the Royal Princes, and some few dis 
 tinguished Foreigners, Officers of our own Navy and Army, 
 and also Diplomatic and Civil Servants of the Crown. 
 
 Another Group is still needed, to render this Order 
 what it ought to be what, indeed, it ought to have been 
 from the moment of its revival, an ORDER OF MERIT. 
 This additional Group should include all the Heroes of 
 Peace those sons of England who have deserved well of 
 their Country, without serving as either soldiers, sailors, 
 or diplomatists. 
 
 The Three " Classes " of the Order alike include mem 
 bers of the Three Services. 
 
290 
 
 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 The " First Class," of KNIGHTS GRAND CROSS OF THE 
 BATH G.C.B., has fifty Naval and Military, and twenty- 
 five Civil Knights. 
 
 The " Second Class " numbers (with power to increase 
 these numbers) 102 Naval and Military and fifty Civil 
 KNIGHTS COMMANDERS OF THE BATH K.C.B. 
 
 The "Third Class," not of Knights, but of COMPANIONS 
 OF THE BATH C.B., has 525 Naval and Military and 200 
 
 No. 437. Naval and Military Badge of the Bath. 
 
 Civil Members, who take rank between Knights and 
 Esquires. 
 
 The Naval and Military INSIGNIA are The BADGE, a 
 complicated combination of devices, characteristic of the 
 debased period which produced it. It is represented in 
 No. 437. The Cross is white ; the circle with the Motto, 
 red ; and the small Scroll in base, blue ; all the rest being 
 
 enamelled "proper." 
 
 This Badge is worn by the G.C.B. 
 
ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD. 
 
 2 9 I 
 
 attached to a Collar, formed of nine Crowns and eight 
 clusters of the Rose, Thistle, and Shamrock issuing from a 
 Sceptre, alternating with seventeen Knots enamelled 
 argent : or, this Badge is suspended by the G.C.B. from a 
 broad red Ribbon, crossing the left shoulder. By the 
 K.C.B. the Badge is worn from a narrower red Ribbon 
 about the neck, or a still narrower at the button-hole. 
 Also, by the C.B. it is attached to a narrow red ribbon at 
 the button-hole. 
 
 The Star of the G.C.B. is the Badge, without the Cross 
 and the lions, charged with silver rays 
 having a lozenge-shaped outline. The 
 Star of the K.C.B., which is in the form 
 of a Maltese Cross, omits the Cross of 
 the Badge. The C.B. have no Star. 
 
 The Diplomatic and Civil INSIGNIA 
 are the Badge, No. 438, worn with the 
 same distinctions as the Naval and 
 Military Badge; but the C.B. Badge is 
 of smaller size than the Badges of the 
 two higher Classes. 
 
 The Star of the G.C.B. has eight 
 silver rays encircling their Badge in a 
 circular form. The Star of the K.C.B. is the same as that 
 of the Naval and Military K.C.B., omitting the laurel- 
 wreath and the small scroll and motto. 
 
 The Motto of the Order TRIA. JUNCTA. IN. UNO 
 " Three united in one," refers to the Union of the three 
 Realms of England, Scotland, and Ireland, as well as to 
 that of the three Services, in the Order. 
 
 The Stalls of the G.C.B., and those of their Esquires, 
 are in Henry the Seventh s Chapel, Westminster Abbey; 
 but no installation has taken place since 1815. The Dean 
 of Westminster is officially connected with the Order. 
 
 T 2 
 
 NO. 43 s. 
 
2p2 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 THE ORDER OF ST. MICHAEL AND ST. GEORGE, 
 founded in 1818, is restricted to natives of Malta and the 
 Ionian Islands. 
 
 The Most Exalted ORDER OF THE STAR OF INDIA, 
 instituted by Her Majesty, the Queen, in 1861, to render 
 especial honour to high merit and loyalty in the Indian 
 
 No. 439. Badge of the Star of India. 
 
 Empire, on the 24th of May, 1866, was enlarged, and 
 ordained to consist of the SOVEREIGN, a GRAND MASTER, 
 and 175 Ordinary COMPANIONS or MEMBERS; together 
 with such extra and Honorary Members as the Sovereign 
 at any time may be pleased to appoint. 
 
 The VICEROY AND GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF INDIA for 
 the time being is always the GRAND MASTER. The 
 Ordinary Members are divided into Three Classes : The 
 
ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD. 
 
 293 
 
 No. 439, formed of 
 field of light blue 
 
 " First Class " comprises twenty-five KNIGHTS GRAND COM 
 MANDERS : G.C.S.I. In the "Second Class" there are 
 fifty KNIGHTS COMMANDERS: K.S.I. And, the "Third 
 Class " numbers 100 COMPANIONS : C.S.I. 
 
 The original Constitution of this Order limited its 
 Members to the Sovereign, the Grand Master, and 25 
 Knights. 
 
 The INSIGNIA are The Badge, 
 diamonds, having the Motto on a 
 enamel, and the bust of the Queen 
 executed as an onyx cameo. This Jg 
 Badge is attached by a mullet to the 
 Collar, composed of heraldic-roses \J 
 
 and lotus-flowers alternating with 
 palm-branches, a crown being in the 
 Centre : or, the Badge is worn from 
 a Ribbon of pale blue with white 
 borders, crossing the left shoulder. 
 The Star, of diamonds, has a mullet 
 upon an irradiated field in its centre, 
 within the Motto HEAVEN S 
 LIGHT . OUR . GUIDE, the 
 whole being environed with wavy rays having a circular 
 outline. 
 
 The VICTORIA CROSS, of bronze, was instituted by Her 
 Majesty, the Queen, in 1856, to render honour to "con 
 spicuous bravery" in actual conflict, by sea or land. This 
 Cross, No. 440, is worn on the left breast, attached to a 
 blue ribbon for the Navy, and to a red ribbon for the Army. 
 A Bar is attached to the ribbon for every such act of 
 bravery as would have won the Cross. 
 
 No. 440. The Victoria Cross. 
 
 THE ALBERT MEDAL, No. 441, was instituted by Her 
 
294 
 
 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 Majesty, the Queen, March 13, 1866, to distinguish those 
 who save, or who at the peril of their own lives endeavour 
 to save, life at sea. The Coronet is that of H.R.H. the 
 late PRINCE CONSORT ; and the Monogram consists of the 
 Initials, V. A., with an anchor. This Medal is executed in 
 
 Silver and Bronze for two classes 
 
 of recipients. 
 
 MEDALS and CLASPS OF 
 HONOUR. Various Medals have 
 been ordained and conferred for 
 signal services of the Navy and 
 Army : they are worn attached to 
 Ribbons which vary in their 
 Colours. Clasps are small bars, 
 attached to the Medal-Ribbons, 
 upon each of which the name of 
 some particular action is inscribed. 
 The Name, Rank, and Ship or 
 Regiment of every recipient of a 
 Medal is engraved on the Medal 
 itself. "Good Service Medals" 
 were instituted in 1830 : they are 
 worn by seamen of the Navy and 
 
 Marines from a blue ribbon, and by soldiers from a crimson 
 ribbon. The "Crimean Medals" are worn from a 4 blue 
 ribbon with yellow edges for service in the Crimea itself, and 
 for service in the Baltic from a yellow ribbon with blue edges. 
 Medals for service in India are worn from ribbons striped 
 white and scarlet. English Medals, however honourable, as a 
 prevailing rule are certainly not artistic. It is to be hoped 
 that, at no distant period, they all will be made to assume 
 as high a character as works of Art, as they are eminently 
 distinguished in their capacity of Decorations of Honour. 
 
 No. 441. The Albert Medal. 
 
INSIGNIA OF HONOUR. 295 
 
 FOREIGN INSIGNIA, even when bestowed by Sovereign 
 Princes, cannot be worn by any British subject without 
 the express sanction and authority of his own Sovereign. 
 In the existing state of things, it is most desirable that this 
 regulation should be withdrawn ; and, in its stead, that the 
 recipients of Honour Decorations bestowed by Foreign Sove 
 reigns should register the fact of their having received any 
 such distinction at the College of Arms, and should then 
 assume the right to wear their Insignia, unless forbidden to 
 do so by an express command from the Crown. 
 
 The Foreign Decorations that now are frequently worn 
 by British officers, soldiers, seamen and marines, are the 
 elegant Cross of the French LEGION OF HONOUR, attached 
 to a red ribbon ; and the " French Military Medal," 
 attached to a yellow ribbon with green edges. The " Sar 
 dinian (Italian) War Medal," suspended from a sky-blue 
 ribbon. And the Badge of the Turkish ORDER OF THE 
 MEDJIDIE, worn from a red ribbon having green edges. 
 

 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 PRECEDENCE. GENEALOGIES. 
 
 "ORDERS and DEGREES 
 Jar not with Liberty, but well consist." PARADISE LOST, Book V. 
 
 "The use of ARMS was closely connected with the Study of GENEALOGY." 
 
 DALLAWAY, Science of Heraldry: A.D. 1793. 
 
 WHEN JAMES I. succeeded to the Crown of England while 
 he was actually the King regnant of Scotland, and accord 
 ingly became Sovereign of the two Realms, he found it 
 necessary to produce a " Union Flag " for the whole of 
 Great Britain, in consequence of the serious disputes for 
 Precedence that arose between the natives of South and 
 North Britain. Before the time of the peace-loving son of 
 MARY STUART, a Sovereign of another mould, HENRY 
 VIII., had felt the necessity of framing and establishing 
 some definite system of Precedence amongst the various 
 degrees, orders, and ranks of his subjects : and, in 1539, a 
 statute to that effect was enacted. Other statutes after 
 wards were added \ and, from time to time, Royal Letters 
 Patent on the same subject have been issued ; and thus 
 the Precedence now recognised and in use amongst us 
 has been established. 
 
 It will be observed, that tenure of office in certain cases 
 constitutes actual Rank : also, that conceded Rank gives a 
 fixed Precedence. 
 
PRECEDENCE. 297 
 
 THE ORDER OF PRECEDENCE. 
 
 The SOVEREIGN. 
 
 The Prince of Wales. 
 The Younger Sons of the Sovereign. 
 The Grandsons of the Sovereign. 
 The Cousins of the Sovereign. 
 
 The Archbishop of Canterbury. 
 
 The Lord Chancellor. 
 
 The Archbishop of York. 
 
 The Archbishop of Armagh. 
 
 The Archbishop of Dublin. 
 
 The Lord High Treasurer : now represented by the " First 
 
 Lord of the Treasury," popularly styled " Prime 
 
 Minister." 
 
 The Lord President of the Council. 
 The Lord Privy Seal. 
 
 The following GREAT OFFICERS OF STATE precede all 
 Peers of their own Degree that is, if Dukes, they 
 precede all other Dukes ; if Earls, all other Earls \ 
 &c. : 
 
 The Lord Great Chamberlain. 
 The Lord High Constable. 
 The Earl Marshal. 
 
 The Lord Steward of the Royal Household. 
 The Lord Chamberlain of the Royal Household. 
 The Secretaries of State, being Peers. 
 
 The Peers of each Degree take Precedence in their own 
 
 Degree, according to their Patents of Creation. 
 Dukes. 
 Marquesses. 
 
 Eldest Sons of Dukes. 
 Earls. 
 
 Eldest Sons of Marquesses. 
 
298 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 Younger Sons of Dukes. 
 Viscounts. 
 
 Eldest Sons of Earls. 
 
 Younger Sons of Marquesses. 
 Bishops of London, Durham, and Winchester. 
 Bishops, according to Seniority of Consecration. 
 Barons. 
 
 The Speaker of the House of Commons. 
 The Treasurer and the Comptroller of the Royal House 
 hold. 
 
 The Master of the Horse. 
 The Secretaries of State, when not Peers. 
 
 Eldest Sons of Viscounts. 
 
 Younger Sons of Earls. 
 
 Eldest Sons of Barons. 
 Knights of the Garter, Thistle, and St. Patrick, not being 
 
 Peers. 
 
 Privy Counsellors. 
 The Chancellor of the Exchequer. 
 The Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. 
 The Lord Chief Justice of the Queen s Bench. 
 The Master of the Rolls. 
 The Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas. 
 The Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer. 
 The Judge Ordinary. 
 The Lords Justices of Chancery. 
 The Vice Chancellors. 
 The Judges of the Queen s Bench. 
 The Judges of the Common Pleas. 
 The Barons of the Exchequer. 
 
 Younger Sons of Viscounts. 
 
 Younger Sons of Barons. 
 Baronets. 
 Knights Grand Crosses of the Bath. 
 
PRECEDENCE. 299 
 
 Knights Grand Commanders of the Star of India. 
 
 Knights Grand Crosses of St. Michael and St. George. 
 
 Knights Commanders of the various Orders. 
 
 Knights. 
 
 Serj eants-at-Law. 
 
 Masters in Chancery and in Lunacy. 
 
 Companions of the Various Orders. 
 
 Eldest Sons of the Younger Sons of Peers. 
 Eldest Sons of Baronets. 
 Eldest Sons of Knights. 
 
 Esquires to Knights of Orders. 
 
 Esquires : Including the Eldest Sons of the Sons of 
 Viscounts and Barons, the eldest Sons of all the 
 younger Sons of Peers, and their eldest Sons in per 
 petual Succession : the younger Sons of Baronets : 
 persons holding the Queen s Commission, or who may 
 be styled " Esquire " by the Queen in any Official 
 Document : Members of the Royal Academy of Arts : 
 Barristers at Law : Masters of Arts, and Bachelors of 
 Law. 
 
 Clergymen. 
 
 Gentlemen. 
 
 THE PRECEDENCE OF WOMEN 
 
 is determined, before Marriage, by the Rank and Dignity, 
 but not by the Office, of their Father. 
 
 All the unmarried Sisters in any family have the same 
 Degree, which is the Degree that their eldest Brother holds 
 (or would hold) amongst men. Thus : Of the Sons of an 
 Earl the eldest alone has an honorary Title of Nobility, and 
 is styled " My Lord," while all the Daughters of an Earl 
 have a similar honorary Title, and are styled " My Lady." 
 
 By Marriage Women share the Dignities and Precedence 
 of their Husbands : but, the strictly Official Dignity of a 
 
3OO ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 Husband is not imparted to a Wife, as in the case of the 
 Archbishops and Bishops. 
 
 The Dignities which Ladies have by Birth or by right of 
 Inheritance, are not imparted by Marriage to their Hus 
 bands : nor does Marriage with an inferior in Dignity in 
 any way affect the Precedence that a Lady may enjoy by 
 Birth, Inheritance, or Creation both her own Precedence 
 and that of her Husband remain as before their Mar 
 riage. 
 
 In the ROYAL FAMILY the following Precedence takes 
 effect : 
 
 The Princess of Wales. 
 
 The Daughters of the Sovereign. 
 
 The Wives of the Younger Sons of the Sovereign. 
 
 The Wives of the Eldest Grandsons of the Sovereign. 
 
 The Granddaughters of the Sovereign. 
 
 The Wives of the Younger Grandsons of the Sovereign. 
 
 The Cousins of the Sovereign. 
 
 To whatever Precedence she may be entitled by Birth, 
 the Wife of a Peer always takes her rank, and therefore 
 takes her actual Precedence, from her Husband. 
 
 The Widow of a Peer, so long as she remains a Widow, 
 retains the rank she enjoyed whilst married : but, should 
 she contract a second Marriage, her Precedence then is 
 determined either by the rank of her second Husband, or 
 by the rank that was her own by Birth and which she 
 enjoyed before her first Marriage. 
 
 The Wife of the Eldest Son of any degree precedes all 
 her Husband s Sisters, and also all other Ladies having the 
 same degree of rank with them. Thus : the Wife of the 
 Eldest Son of an Earl takes Precedence of all Daughters of 
 Earls. In actual practice, however, by a principle of Pre 
 cedence that is accepted and adopted in all families of the 
 same degree amongst themselves, the Sisters in every case 
 
GENEALOGIES. 301 
 
 have their place immediately after the Wife of their own 
 Eldest Brother. 
 
 GENEALOGIES. 
 
 GENEALOGIES, the Records of the Descents and Alli 
 ances of Families, are necessarily associated with the 
 Armorial Ensigns borne by those Families, and by the 
 several Members and Branches of them. Still, it does not 
 apparently follow, in the same manner, as a matter of 
 necessity, that the study and investigation of Genealogies 
 should be interesting and even attractive, because interest 
 and attractiveness are inseparable from Heraldry. And 
 yet, I do not hesitate to claim for genealogical researches 
 the favourable regard of students of Armoury, on the very 
 ground of the interest which they are certain to feel in such 
 researches ; and also in confident reliance on that inherent 
 power of attraction, inseparable from the subject itself, that 
 will not fail both to win their favourable regard, and to lead 
 them on from one inquiry to another. 
 
 The very act of tracing up some eminent and illustrious 
 personage, from generation to generation of his forefathers, 
 noting down the alliances that have interwoven one thread 
 of a brilliant line with others not less lustrous ; or, the 
 reverse of this process, the following the lineage of some 
 worthy of the olden time onward down the stream, observ 
 ing both the tributaries that flow into the main channel and 
 the streamlets that issue from it all this, when once it has 
 been systematically undertaken, leads the student through 
 the most picturesque regions of historical romance. 
 
 The popular idea of Genealogy may be, that it consists 
 in placing in a formal order of arrangement a series of dry 
 names, connected with dates that (if it be possible) are even 
 more dry. It is not uncommon to dispose of many things 
 precisely in the same way, when an opinion is formed with- 
 
32 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 out even the slightest attempt to judge of a question by its 
 true merits it is so easy to decline the trouble and to 
 avoid the effort attendant on inquiry and investigation, and 
 so pleasant to become the possessor of an " opinion" and 
 "views," without any outlay in acquiring them. A Map 
 has no value in the estimation of those who ignore Geo 
 graphy : the claims of Archaeology are disregarded by all 
 who are content to remain in ignorance even of what it 
 implies : and History itself becomes and continues to be a 
 dead letter, so long as an acquaintance is formed only with 
 the exterior of its volumes. And, in like manner, Gene 
 alogy appears under a very different asptct to those who 
 know it only by name, and to lovers of Biography and 
 History who are familiar with its lucid and yet ever sugges 
 tive guidance. Without written Genealogies, who can 
 clearly understand the political and historical position of 
 the rival Princes of the red and white Roses ; or of HENRY 
 VII. and the "last of the Plantagenets ;" or of Queens 
 ELIZABETH TUDOR, MARY STUART, and JANE GREY? Or 
 who, without similar aid, will follow out the fortunes of the 
 Houses of BEAUCHAMP and NEVILLE and DUDLEY, and 
 connect them with the existing noble lord of Warwick 
 Castle; or, when reading of the DE CLARES, the DE 
 BOHUNS, or the DE PERCIES, will see at a glance the con 
 nection between " STRONGBOYV " and the " red Earl 
 GILBERT," or will understand the significance of the white 
 swan Badge of the DE STAFFORDS, or will read at sight the 
 quartered Shield of the Duke of NORTHUMBERLAND, of to 
 day, and will discern the line that connects the living Earl 
 PERCY with the " HOTSPUR" whose fame was two centuries 
 old when SHAKESPEARE wrote of him ? And further, who, 
 that is unable to accomplish such things as these, can 
 appreciate History, can enjoy it and apply its lessons aright? 
 In arranging a Genealogy the utmost conciseness is essen- 
 
GENEALOGIES. 303 
 
 tial, all details being left for full description elsewhere. All 
 the members of the same family are placed side by side, on 
 the same level, in their order of seniority ; and all are con 
 nected by lines with one another and with their parents. 
 Successive generations also, throughout all the branches of 
 any family, or in allied families, have their places on the 
 same levels ; and the connecting and distinguishing lines 
 are continued throughout. Examples of Genealogies treated 
 in the most scientific and yet simple manner, easy to be 
 understood, and perfect as models for students, may be 
 obtained in any Part of the "Herald and Genealogist," edited 
 by Mr. J. G. NICHOLS, F.S.A., 25, Parliament Street, West 
 minster. I refer to this excellent Periodical, because it is 
 not possible for me here in the space at my disposal to set 
 forth a really useful example of a Genealogy : and, I must 
 add, because it is most desirable that students of Heraldry 
 should form such an acquaintance with Mr. Nichols, as may 
 be acquired through his works. " Miscellanea Genealogica et 
 Heraldica," edited by Dr. J. J. HOWARD, F.S.A., is another 
 bi-monthly Periodical, which ought to be in the hands of all 
 Genealogists. 
 
 In Genealogies, this mark = denotes alliance by marriage, 
 and it is placed between the names of a husband and wife : 
 and the lines that proceed from this mark, thus, = 
 
 f ^ 
 
 point out their issue. The initials S.P. (of the Latin words 
 Sine Prole, " without issue ") show where a line or a branch 
 ceases. Other abbreviations and signs in general use will 
 suggest their own signification. 
 
 As I began this Chapter with quotations, so with a 
 quotation I conclude it. " There are some persons," writes 
 Mr. LOWER, in his "Curiosities of Heraldry" (p. 292), "who 
 cannot discriminate between the taste for pedigree " (or 
 genealogy) "and the pride of ancestry. Now these two 
 
304 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 feelings, though they often combine in one individual, have 
 no necessary connection with each other. Man is said to 
 be a hunting animal. Some hunt foxes ; others for fame or 
 fortune. Others hunt in the intellectual field ; some for 
 the arcana of Nature and of mind; some for the roots 
 of words, or the origin of things. I am fond of hunting out 
 a pedigree." So am I. And, gentle reader, when you have 
 joined the chase genealogical, I promise you, so also will 
 you be. 
 
CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 The College of Arms. The Lyon Office of Scotland. (1 rants of Arms. 
 Tax on " Armorial Bearings " and on "Arms Found." 
 
 " They were conspicuous for judgment, experience, learning, and elegance . 
 they gained honour whenever they were employed." 
 
 NOBLE : History of the College of Arms. 
 
 "What is your Crest and Motto? Send name and county to s Heraldic 
 
 Office. For plain Sketch, 33. 6d. In heraldic colours, 6s." 
 
 MORNING NEWSPAPERS. 
 
 I. THE HERALDS OF ENGLAND, who before had been attached 
 to the Household either of the Sovereign or of some 
 Personage of exalted rank, were incorporated as a Fraternity 
 by RICHARD III., a Prince whose historical reputation is by 
 no means in harmony with that early act of his reign, which 
 has done such good service to English History the 
 Foundation and Establishment of the COLLEGE OF ARMS, 
 or, as it is commonly called, the HERALDS COLLEGE. 
 
 The Letters Patent, issued for this purpose by RICHARD 
 III., bear date March the 2nd, 1483, the first year of his 
 reign. Very important privileges and immunities, with 
 high powers and authority, were granted to the incorporated 
 Heralds : and the " right fair and stately house," called 
 " Pulteney s Inn," situate in the metropolitan parish of All 
 Saints, was assigned to them as their permanent official 
 residence. The Charter granted to the Heralds by the last 
 Plantagenet Sovereign was confirmed by his successors. 
 
 The buildings of the College were destroyed by the 
 
305 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 great fire of 1666 ; but all the records and documents 
 fortunately escaped, having been removed to Whitehall ; 
 and the edifice was subsequently re-built, chiefly at the cost 
 of the Heralds themselves, as it now stands between St. 
 Paul s Cathedral and the Thames. There, in the College 
 of Arms, are still carefully preserved all that the early 
 Heralds recorded and transmitted to our times. There, 
 not the least valuable of the contents of the College, an 
 unique Library is in the keeping of Guardians, who under 
 stand its true uses, as they appreciate its preciousness. 
 And there also the Head Quarters of English Heraldry 
 are as duly established, as those of the British Army are 
 at the Horse Guards in Whitehall. 
 
 The great change that has come upon London since the 
 Heralds re-built their official home, has caused the College 
 of Arms now to appear out of place in its original position 
 in the City. Other changes, which follow in such rapid 
 succession in that busy neighbourhood, render it by no 
 means improbable that the site of their College may be 
 required for some great " City improvement ; " and so the 
 Heralds may be constrained to establish themselves in the 
 more congenial regions of the metropolitan "far west." 
 This, as I am disposed to consider, is one of those con 
 summations that are devoutly to be desired. 
 
 The times have been in which Heraldry could not 
 number amongst its true friends the official Heralds of the 
 College of Arms : but, happily, a very different, and in 
 many most important respects a thoroughly satisfactory 
 condition of things now obtains at the College. So far as 
 the Heralds are concerned, as a body of learned, accom 
 plished, and courteous gentlemen, Heraldry now is ad 
 mirably represented amongst us, and faithfully supported. 
 What still is deficient in the existing constitution of the 
 College of Arms, as a National Institution, is adaptation to 
 
COLLEGE OF ARMS. 307 
 
 existing circumstances, sentiments, and requirements. It is 
 but a truism to assert that, as a National Institution, the 
 College of Arms does not fill its proper position : and, to all 
 who are familiar with the facts of the case it is equally 
 obvious, that this is simply because the College does not 
 vindicate its indisputable title to that position which really 
 is its own. 
 
 Heraldry is decidedly popular. This popularity also 
 is assuming a more practical, and at the same time a more 
 enduring form, through gradually becoming the result of a 
 correct appreciation of the true character of Heraldry, and 
 of its intrinsic value. At a time in which people are 
 beginning to feel and to admit that they ought to know 
 something about Heraldry, the College of Arms ought to take 
 the lead in making Heraldry still better understood, still 
 more justly appreciated, still more popular. The time, 
 also, is indeed come in which it is the bounden duty of the 
 College of Arms to impress upon the community at large, 
 that the sole source and fountain-head of authority in all 
 matters armorial, under the Sovereign, centres in itself. This 
 is to be accomplished by the same process, and only by the 
 same process, by which the College of Arms may win for 
 itself thorough popularity and universal confidence. If the 
 College requires fresh or increased powers, application to 
 that effect should be made to the Legislature. The 
 Heraldry of Scotland, as I write, is in the act of being dealt 
 with by Parliament : and it would be equally easy to obtain 
 such a statute as would enable English Heraldry to do 
 justice to itself, while fulfilling its own proper duties. 
 
 Without abating or compromising in the slightest degree 
 its own dignity or the dignity of Heraldry, the College of 
 Arms requires to be transmuted from an exclusive into a 
 popular Institution. It requires, not indeed to have its 
 object and aim and system of action changed, but to have 
 
 U 2 
 
308 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 them expanded, and expanded so widely as to comprehend 
 all the heraldic requirements of the age. This is a subject 
 of too urgent importance not to be noticed here ; but still, 
 it is not possible to do more than to notice it in very 
 general terms. 
 
 Upon one specific point, however, a few plain words 
 may be spoken without hesitation, and may be left by 
 themselves without comment. The Fees and Charges of 
 all kinds for granting, matriculating, confirming, and re 
 cording the rightful possession of armorial Insignia must be 
 arranged upon a perfectly fresh system, with such provisions 
 and modifications as may adapt them to every variety of 
 circumstance and of requirement. This is a question which 
 can be regarded only from one point of view by every true 
 lover of Heraldry, and consequently by every true friend of 
 the College of Anns. 
 
 II. The National Heraldic Corporation in Scotland, 
 entitled the LYON OFFICE, is under the presidency of the 
 Lord Lyon King of Arms. The Chief of the Scottish official 
 Heralds since May, 1796, has been a Peer of that realm; 
 and the duties of the office, accordingly, have been dis 
 charged for seventy years by a Lyon Depute. But, on the 
 death of the last Earl of KINNOUL, in February, 1866, it was 
 determined to remodel in some respects the arrangements of 
 the Lyon Office ; and now Mr. GEORGE BURNETT, who had 
 long been " Lyon Depute," has been appointed by Her 
 Majesty to be " Lyon King." The Arms of the Lyon 
 Office I have already given, No. 265. 
 
 The action of the Scottish Lord Lyon King of Arms, and 
 of the Institution over which he presides, after having de 
 generated from the worthy standard of earlier days, has 
 revived under far happier conditions, and with prospects 
 that are eminently gratifying. It may be fairly expected, 
 indeed, that the most salutary results will be produced by 
 
LYON OFFICE. 309 
 
 the very decided "tendency" that for some time has 
 existed, " to cultivate the rules and principles of that earlier 
 age, to which " writes Mr. Seton " we are indebted for a 
 system of Scottish Heraldry, whose purity certainly has not 
 been surpassed in any other corner of Christendom." 
 These words occur in a highly interesting memoir of the 
 Lyon Office, in the fourth chapter of the work entitled 
 " The Law and Practice of Heraldry in Scotland," an able 
 and admirable volume, published in 1863 in Edinburgh, 
 which shows the growing popularity of a true Heraldry 
 north of the Tweed, and proves that in the author, Mr. 
 SETON, Scottish Heraldry possesses an advocate no less 
 powerful than zealous and judicious. 
 
 III. Arms and Armorial Insignia are granted only 
 through the College of Arms in England, and through the 
 Lyon Office in Scotland, in both realms with the direct sanc 
 tion of the CROWN. In Ireland all Grants are made by Ulster 
 King of Arms, with the sanction of the Lord Lieutenant. 
 
 It is to be observed and kept in remembrance that, as a 
 Rule, the sole right to Arms is a Grant from the College or 
 the Crown, or Inheritance by lineal descent from an 
 ancestor to whom a Grant was made. Some few excep 
 tional cases may occur, from time to time, in which 
 armorial ensigns may become lawful property, and there 
 fore may be rightly borne, without either Grant or lineal 
 Inheritance. These cases are strictly exceptional, and not 
 to be regarded as precedents for general usage : moreover, 
 in them the right and title to Arms, however obtained, is 
 sanctioned and confirmed by lawful authority. 
 
 All English "Grants" and "Confirmations of Arms" 
 (Confirmations, that is, of the Claims of certain individuals 
 to bear certain Arms, by some right and title duly set forth 
 and approved) are formally and regularly recorded, with a 
 full blazon of the insignia, at the College. 
 
31O ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 It is very greatly to be desired that, in addition to this 
 time-honoured usage of the Heralds in making these 
 records, some simple plan could be adopted for the 
 periodical registration at the College of Arms of all armorial 
 insignia that are borne by right. Almost equally desirable, 
 also, it would be to make a corresponding registration, as 
 far as it might be possible, of whatever insignia are borne 
 without any right. The contents of both registers would 
 form unquestionably useful publications of a periodical 
 character. In connection with any such project as I have 
 just suggested, it appears to me that good service might be 
 rendered to the cause of true Heraldry amongst us, if 
 Badges and Mottoes (without any other insignia whatever) 
 were formally granted by the College, under certain con 
 ditions, and at the cost of a small Fee. 
 
 In fresh Grants of Arms, as in so many formal docu 
 ments, something of the early form of Expression, with 
 some traces of its piquant quaintness, are still retained. 
 Very quaint indeed, and very extravagant also, is the style 
 that was generally adopted by the Heralds of the sixteenth 
 and seventeenth centuries, and yet characteristic of both 
 the men and their times. As an example of one of these 
 old documents, an example of no common interest in itself, 
 I now give the Grant of Arms to JOHN SHAKESPERE, the 
 Poet s father, in the year 1596. Two draft copies of the 
 original Grant are preserved in the College of Arms ; the 
 following transcript is printed from the later of the two 
 copies, the earlier having been used to supply any word or 
 passage that now is wanting in the other. The insertions 
 thus obtained are printed in brackets. 
 
 GRANT OF ARMS TO JOHN SHAKESPERE, A.D. 1596. 
 To ALL and singuler Noble and Gentelmen of what estate [or] 
 degree bearing arms to whom these presentes shall come, William 
 Dethick alias Garter principall King of Armes sendethe greetinges. 
 
GRANTS OF ARMS. 311 
 
 Know yee that, whereas by the authoritie and auncyent pryveleges 
 perteyning to my office from the Quenes most excellent Mate and by 
 her highnesse most noble and victorious progenitors, I am to take 
 generall notice and record and to make declaration and testemonie for 
 all causes of arms and matters of Gentrie thoroughe out all her Majestes 
 Kingdoms, Domynions, Principalites, Isles, and Provinces, To th end 
 that, as manie gentelmen, by theyre auncyent names of families, kyn- 
 dredes and descentes, have and enjoye certeyne enseignes and cotes of 
 arms, So it is verie expedient in all ages that some men for theyr 
 valeant factes, magnanimite, vertu, dignites, and desertes, may use and 
 beare suche tokens of honour and worthinesse, whereby theyre name 
 and good fame may be the better knovven and divulged, and theyre 
 children and posterite in all vertu (to the service of theyre Prynce and 
 Contrie) encouraged. Wherefore being solicited and by credible 
 report informed that John Shakespeare of Stratford uppon Avon in the 
 counte of Warwik, whose parentes and late antecessors* were for 
 theyre faithefull and va[leant service advaunced and rewarded by the 
 most prudent] prince King Henry the Seventh of [famous memorie, 
 sythence which tyme they have continewed at] those partes, being of 
 good reputacion [and credit ; and that the] said John hathe maiyed 
 [Mary, daughter and one of the heyrs of Robert Arden, of Wilmcote, 
 in the said] counte, esquire, t In consideration whereof, and for the 
 encouragement of his posterite, to whom such Blazon [or Atchevement] 
 by the auncyent custome of the lawes of armes maie descend, I the said 
 Garter King of Armes have assigned, graunted and by these presentes 
 confirmed this shield or cote of arms, viz. Gould, on a bend sables a 
 speare of the first, steeled argent ; and for his crest or cognizance a 
 falcon, his winges displayed, argent, standing on a wrethe of his 
 coullors, supporting a speare gould, steeled as aforesaid, sett upon a 
 helmett with mantelles and tasselles as hath ben accustomed and dothe 
 more playnely appeare depicted on this margent. Signefieng hereby, 
 and by the authorite of my office aforesaid ratifieng, that it shalbe law- 
 full for the sayd John Shakespeare gent, and for his cheldren, yssue 
 and posterite (at all tymes and places convenient) to bear and make 
 demonstracion of the said Blazon or Atchevement uppon theyre 
 Shieldes, Targets, Escucheons, Cotes of arms, Pennons, Guydons, 
 Ringes, Edefices, Buyldinges, Utensiles, Lyveries, Tombes or Monu- 
 mentes, or otherwise, for all lawfull warrlyke factes or civile use and 
 exercises, according to the lawes of armes, without let or interruption 
 of any other person or persons for use or bearing the same. In wit- 
 
 * Above the ivord antecessors is written Grandfather, 
 t Gent, was first writien t and it is altered to esquire. 
 
312 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 nesse and perpetuall remembrance hereof I have hereunto subscribed 
 my name, and fastened the scale of my office endorzed with the signett 
 of my armes, At the Office of Armes, London, the xx. daye of October, 
 the xxxviij. yeare of the reigne of our Soveraigne Lady Elizabeth, by 
 the grace of God Quene of England, France, and Ireland, Defender of 
 the Faythe, etc. 1596. 
 
 Like other documents of its class, in this Grant the 
 language is framed after certain regular forms ; so that it is 
 to be read without that exact observance of particular 
 expressions, which is rightly bestowed upon legal and 
 historical records. The interest inseparable from this 
 Grant is enhanced in no slight degree by the strong pro 
 bability that John Shakespere made his application to the 
 College of Arms by the advice and in consequence of the 
 request of his son. Had the worthy Garter been able to 
 divine the " dignites and desertes " of the son, he might 
 possibly have employed formal language of a still more 
 complimentary character, when drawing up a Grant of Anns 
 for the father. 
 
 A much more curious specimen of the heraldic style and 
 form of expression (and also of the spelling) of the earlier 
 clays of the Queen ELIZABETH era, is a Grant of Augmenta 
 tion and Crest, by LAWRENCE DALTON, Norroy King of 
 Arms, to JOHN BENNETT, of Newcastle-on-Tyne, Gentle 
 man, A.D. 1560. The Preamble to this Grant, which is 
 printed in full in "Miscellanea Genealogica et Heraldica," 
 (p. 48), is thus written : 
 
 To All and Singuler as well nobles and gentles as kings herauldes 
 and officers of Armes as others wch thes presentes shall see Reade or 
 heare Lawrence Dalton Esquire Al s Norrey Kinge of Armes of thest 
 and west p tyes of Englande fro the Ryver of trent northwarde 
 Sendythe Due and humble comendacons and greatinge fforasmuche as 
 awncyentlye fro the begynnynge and not w* h owt great Delyberacon 
 Equitie and Reason hyt hathe byn by the moste noble and famous 
 princes Constytutyd and ordeynyd that men of wysdom knoledge vertue 
 and of noble lyefe and Coorage haue byn notoryowslye commendyd to 
 
GRANT AND CONFIRMATION OF ARMS. 313 
 
 the Woorlde wth Sonndrye monumentes and Remembrances wih 
 tokens of honnor for A testamonye of theyre good Desertes As Amonge 
 the Romayns ye Erecc on of Statues and Images wth tytles and 
 Appellac ons of honnour And of more latre Dayes wth the moste p te of 
 nac ons bearinge of Signes and tokens in Shyldes callyd Armes wch 
 be the Demonstrac ons and Evidences of noblenes vertue and woorthynes 
 that to eu ry man accordinge to theyre Desertes be Dyu slye Dys- 
 trybutyd Wherby such signes and tokens of the woorthye and cooragyous 
 might appeare before the cowarde vnwoorthye and Ignorant Even so yt 
 ys yet obs vyd that suche wch have merytyd or donne com endable 
 s vice to theyre prince or countrye or by theyre woorthye and Lawdable 
 lyefe Do Daylye encrease in vertue wysdom and knowledge shulde not 
 be forgoten and so put in oblyvyon but rewardyd wth S om token of 
 honnor for the same the Rather to move and styrre other to the 
 Imytac on of lyke noblenes vertue and woorthynes ffor wch purpose 
 hyt was not therefor w th owt great provydence ordeynyd and yet ys that 
 there Shulde be officers and herauldes of Armes to whose office hyt 
 shulde be appropryate to kepe in Regestre tharmes pedegrees and 
 Descentes of nobles and gentles wth theyre woorthye and valyant actes 
 and to have power and awethorytye to allowe and Ratefye vnto the 
 woorthye Som awgmentac on token or Remembrance of noblenes for 
 theyre seyde woorthynes And now beinge Desyryd 
 
 And so forth, worthy Mr. Norroy having forgotten such 
 " signes and tokens " as stops, while carefully showing what 
 style and form it is not desirable for us to adopt, however 
 excellent may be his system of building up honourable 
 insignia upon a foundation of nobleness, virtue, and 
 worthiness. 
 
 I add one other early document of another kind, which 
 is an excellent model for present use by the Heralds of our 
 own days, the orthography having by them been duly 
 corrected. 
 
 EXAMPLE OF A CONFIRMATION OR RECORD OF ARMS : 
 Theis are the anncient Armes and Creast, belonging to the name and 
 famely of LEECHFORDE in the County of Surrey, descended from the 
 LEECHFORDS in Buckinghamsheire. Which at the request of SR 
 RICHARD LEECHFORDE of Shelwood in the County of Surrey Knight, 
 I WILL M SEGAR Garter, Principall King of Armes have blasoned, and 
 sett forth in coullors, according as they are here depicted in the margent. 
 
ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 Viz." (here follows a written blazon) " Testifying hereby 
 
 the saide armoryes to belong vnto the saide S* RICHARD LEECHFORD 
 and to his yssue, to vse, beare, and she we forth at all tymes, and in all 
 places, at their free lib ty and pleasure. In Witnes wherof. .... 
 
 &c. &c., with Seal and Signature, and the Date 3rd of 
 JAMES I. 
 
 I presume that an argument in support of the abolition 
 of all Taxation of " Armorial Bearings," on the plea of the 
 utter absurdity of a tax upon an honourable distinction, 
 would be met with the reply that "Armorial Bearings" are 
 taxed purely as " luxuries," and without the slightest refer 
 ence to their intrinsic character. If the validity of this plea 
 must be admitted, still this tax might be levied with what 
 may be styled a becoming heraldic discrimination. 
 
 For example : Arms distinguished by " Augmentations 
 of Honour" might be altogether exempted ; a higher 
 rate might be fixed in the case of Arms that are ensigned 
 with Coronets, and that display Supporters. Arms borne 
 by unquestionable right, and which are duly recorded 
 at the College, might be rated at a comparatively low 
 charge, certainly not to exceed five shillings a year : and a 
 Badge borne alone might be rated at one-half the tax for a 
 Shield of Arms with Crest or Badge. On the other hand, 
 all Arms or armorial insignia borne with a very questionable 
 right, or without even the pretence of any right whatever, 
 might be subjected to the ordinary tax for "Armorial Bear 
 ings" of their class multiplied (according to circumstances) 
 by four, six, or ten. 
 
 The tax estimated by the aid of the multiplication-table, 
 that has just been suggested, would extend, under a special 
 schedule possessing a high multiplying power, to any self- 
 constituted " Establishment" or " Office," which, powerless 
 to "grant" Arms, undertakes in consideration of a very 
 trifling fee to "find," and either to "sketch" or to "colour" 
 
TAX ON "ARMORIAL BEARINGS." 315 
 
 them. Exceedingly simple is the process, by means of 
 which this undertaking is accomplished. It consists in 
 consulting a printed Armoury; and, when the desired 
 "Arms" have been "found" in its well-stored columns, they 
 then at once are assigned to the applicant, in conformity 
 with the comprehensive and beautifully simple theoiy, that 
 all persons having the same surname and who also live (or 
 were born) in the same county are equally entitled to bear 
 the same Arms. Probably it does not occur to the patrons 
 of advertising Heraldry-dealers, that upon precisely the 
 same principle every person who has the same " name and 
 county" with any officer who may be "found" in the Navy 
 or the Army List, might assert a right to whatever rank and 
 title such an officer may enjoy by virtue of his commission. 
 The almost universal desire to possess some kind of 
 armorial insignia, implies a corresponding recognition of the 
 necessity to obtain them from some Institution or Personage, 
 supposed to be competent and authorised both to determine 
 what they should be, and to impart a right to accept and to 
 assume and bear them. It rests with the Heralds of the 
 College of Arms to take the initiative in a course of action, 
 which would direct all aspirants for heraldic distinctions, as 
 a matter of course, to their own doors. The Heralds, who 
 really are Heralds, and who alone are real Heralds, may 
 rely on the support of Public Opinion. If a fictitious 
 Heraldry is not only prevalent, but in some sense actually 
 in the ascendant, it is not because the counterfeit is pre 
 ferred to the genuine, but because it is unconsciously 
 mistaken for it. In very many instances, indeed, a deter 
 mination to obtain " Arms " is coupled with an ignorance of 
 Heraldry so complete, as to ignore the existence of any 
 such thing as a Heraldry that is fictitious. 
 
 A popular College of Arms, without any serious 
 difficulty, might establish its own authority with all classes 
 
316 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 of the community ; and, at the same time, it would not fail 
 to impress upon the public mind the very decided difference 
 that exists between the heraldic and the non-heraldic accep 
 tation of the expression " an escutcheon of pretence" Much 
 real good would certainly result from the rude shock that 
 would be given to many a complacent display of armorial 
 insignia, by showing the proud blazonry to be abated with 
 the baton sinister of heraldic untruth and unwarrantable 
 assumption. And better still it would be to show to all who 
 possess, or who desire to possess and to bear " Arms," that 
 the " Pride of Heraldry " is a worthy and a noble pride, 
 because it is the Pride of Truth and Right. 
 
CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS : Coins. Seals. Heraldry in Architecture in Momi- 
 ments in Ilhiminations in Encaustic Tiles. Heraldic Personal 
 Ornaments, and various Heraldic Decorations. Conclusion. 
 
 " The Spandrels over the Wall-arcading are exquisitely beautiful. . . . Those 
 in the western arm contained Shields of a large number of the great men of the day. 
 . . . the few which remain are nobly executed." GLEANINGS FROM WEST 
 MINSTER ABBEY, by G. G. Scott, R.A. : 2nd Edition, p. 33. 
 
 I. THE HERALDRY OF THE COINAGE, in addition to the Shields 
 of Arms of successive Sovereigns, exemplifies the changes 
 that have taken place in the form and adornment of the 
 Crown, and it also is rich in various Badges and Devices 
 having an historical significance. 
 
 In Coins the Royal Shield is sometimes quartered by a 
 cross charged upon it, as in the silver penny of EDWARD VI. 
 A mediaeval ship, having a sail covered with heraldic 
 blazonry, appears on the Noble a coin worthy of its name. 
 A figure of the King in armour (not particularly well 
 proportioned to the size of the vessel), his sword in one 
 hand, and his Shield of arms in the other, is also represented 
 in these fine examples of mediaeval numismatic art. A ship 
 without any sail, but in its stead charged with the Royal 
 Shield heightened by a Cross, forms the reverse of another 
 excellent coin, the Angel, the obverse bearing a figure of ST. 
 MICHAEL with his lance thrusting down the dragon. The 
 Angel of EDWARD IV. on either side of the Cross has the 
 initial E and the white rose of York ; and the legend is 
 
3 T ^> ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 PER : CRVCEM : TVA : SALVA : NOS : XTE : 
 REDEMPT : ("By thy Cross save us, O Redeemer 
 Christ ! "). A Crowned Rose, with a Royal Cypher, is 
 another favourite device ; as in the Shilling of HENRY 
 VIIL, with the legend POSVI : DE~V : ADIVTOREM : 
 MEVM : ("I have placed God (before me as) my 
 helper"). 
 
 Such are a few examples of the early Heraldry of 
 English Coins. More recently, and particularly in our 
 own Coinage, Heraldry and Art have declined together, so 
 that feeble designs, but too commonly executed with 
 lamentable consistency, are associated with heraldic inaccu 
 racies which continue unconnected to this day witness the 
 tressureof Scotland always incorrectly blazoned on the Royal 
 Shield ; and poor BRITANNIA sitting forlorn on the copper 
 and bronze coinage, as if conscious of being constrained to 
 display on her oval Shield an obsolete blazonry, that places 
 the reign of Queen VICTORIA in the eighteenth century !* 
 
 II. To what has been already said on the value of 
 heraldic SEALS I desire here to add a few words, in the 
 hope of inducing all students of Heraldry to study them 
 with the most diligent care. 
 
 Casts of fine impressions are not difficult to obtain. 
 Almost every accessible fine Seal has been copied by 
 Mr. Ready, of the British Museum, who supplies admirable 
 casts at a very moderate cost. In like manner, Casts of 
 Scottish Seals may be obtained from Mr. H. Laing, of 
 Elder Street, Edinburgh. The most satisfactory casts are 
 made in gutta-percha, which may be gilt by simply rubbing 
 
 * The specimens of the existing Coinage of Europe, displayed at 
 the present time in the central edifice of this year s Universal Expo 
 sition, at Paris, show that if the art of the English Mint is now at a 
 low ebb, the prevailing standard of numismatic art is not a single 
 degree higher, the coins of France alone being in many respects an 
 honourable exception to the general rule. 
 
SEALS. 
 
 3*9 
 
 a gold powder with a soft brush upon them, after slightly 
 warming their surfaces. Moulds for reproducing casts or 
 impressions may be made in gutta-percha ; and from these 
 moulds casts, also in gutta-percha, may be obtained. The 
 process is very simple : the gutta-percha, softened by im 
 mersion in hot water, is pressed upon an impression in 
 relief, until a perfect intaglio is formed. When this mould is 
 cold and hard, it will stamp an impression upon gutta- 
 percha softened in the same manner. 
 
 I add to the examples of fine heraldic Seals that I have 
 
 No. 442. Seal of Lord Bardolf. 
 
 already given, the richly traceried Seal bearing the armorial 
 Shield of JOHN, Lord BARDOLF, of Wormegay in Norfolk, 
 about A.D. 1350 ; No. 442. This most beautiful Seal, which 
 in the original in diameter is only one and one-sixth inches, 
 has been somewhat enlarged in the engraving, in order to 
 show the design more plainly. The arms of BARDOLF are 
 Az. , three cinquefoils, or. 
 
 The liberality and kindness of Mr. Laing enable me to 
 associate with the Seal of Lord BARDOLF a small group of 
 additional examples of Scottish Seals : two of them are good 
 
3 20 
 
 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 illustrations as well of English as of Scottish Heraldry, 
 and they exemplify the usage of introducing Gothic 
 traceries into the composition of Seals with Shields of 
 Arms : in both these examples, however, the leading out- 
 
 No. 443. Seal of William Mure. 
 
 No. 444. Seal of Thomas Monypeny. 
 
 lines only of the traceries remain, and the rich cusping 
 (which is so perfect in the Seal of Lord BARDOLF) is lost. 
 No. 443, the Seal of WILLIAM MURE, A.D. 1397, has a 
 Shield bearing Arg., on afesse az. three mullets of the field. 
 No. 444, the Seal of THOMAS 
 MONYPENY, A.D. 1415, has the 
 Shield couchee charged with Az., a 
 chevron between three crosses-crosslets 
 fitchee issuing from as many cres 
 cents arg. : the Crest, on a helm, 
 is a bird, probably a popinjay or 
 parrot. The Seal of RICHARD 
 STUART, No. 445, probably about 
 
 No, 44S.-Seal of Richard Stuart. ^^ ^^ ^ compared with NQ< 
 
 414, p. 258 : in the smaller and earlier example, the solitary 
 individual who represents the crew may be assumed to be 
 Richard Stuart himself; his vessel displays two banners 
 which are evidently affected by contrary currents of air, 
 aaid a pennon. 
 
SEALS. 321 
 
 The noble Seal, No. 446, engraved from a most perfect 
 impression recently discovered appended to a document in 
 the guardianship of the Dean and Chapter of Westminster, 
 represents its illustrious owner, THOMAS DE BEAUCHAMP, 
 K.G., third Earl of WARWICK, in armour, with his shield 
 and jupon charged with the armorial insignia of Beauchamp, 
 (gu., afcsse between six crosses crosslets or], and with the same 
 insignia repeated upon the bardings of the charger upon 
 which the Earl is mounted. The engraving of the Seal 
 itself appears on the Frontispiece to this Volume : and the 
 Counter-Seal, one of the most beautiful and most perfect 
 examples in existence of the early seal-engraver s art, is here 
 represented in No. 447. The Shield displayed on this 
 Counter-seal is charged only with the Arms of the NEW- 
 BURGHS (chequee or and az., a chevron erm.), from whom the 
 Earldom of Warwick passed by inheritance to the House of 
 Beauchamp. The inscription is commenced on the Seal, 
 No. 446, and continued on the Counter-seal, No. 447, and 
 is as follows : S : THOE : COMITIS : WARRWYCHIE : 
 ANNO ^ REGNI : REGIS : E : T CII : POST : CO- 
 QVESTV : ANGLIE : SEPTIO : DECIO : ET : REGNI : 
 SVI : FRANCIE : QVARTO " The Seal of Thomas, 
 Earl of Warwick, in the seventeenth year of the reign of 
 King Edward III. (of that name) after the Conquest of 
 England, and the fourth of his reign over France." Thus, 
 the date of the execution of this fine Seal is the year 1344. 
 The Earl himself died in 1369. 
 
 A second Beauchamp Seal is also represented in the 
 Frontispiece. This is the Seal of RICHARD DE BEAUCHAMP, 
 K.G., fifth Earl of WARWICK, who died in the year 143 9. 
 The Heraldry in this example is particularly interesting. 
 The Shield, charged with Newburgh and Beauchamp quar 
 terly, is couchee from the helm of the Earl which is en- 
 signed with his coronet and crest ; and on either side is 
 
 v 
 
322 
 
 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 a bear with a ragged staff, the famous Badges of the BEAU- 
 CHAMPS : No. 448. The Inscription is SIGILL : RIC : 
 DE : BELLO : CAMPO : COMIT : WARWICII " The 
 Seal of Richard de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick" (see 
 pages 231 and 246). 
 
 No. 447. Counter-Seal of Earl Thomas de Beauchamp : A.D. 1344. 
 
 At the present time the popularity of English Heraldry 
 extends, beyond the realm of England and the entire British 
 Empire, to the United States of America, where a very 
 great interest in the Herald s Art is both felt and expressed. 
 And a remarkable illustration of this popularity of Heraldry 
 with the great nation who speak our language on the other 
 
SEALS. 
 
 323 
 
 side of the Atlantic, is shown at Boston by the publication 
 in that city of a very able and well illustrated periodical 
 devoted exclusively to matters connected with Heraldry and 
 Genealogy : and also by a gentleman of the same city, Mr. 
 W. H. WHITMORE, having very recently published there a 
 well-written, handsome, and copiously illustrated volume, 
 conceived in the true heraldic spirit, entitled " Elements of 
 Heraldry ; with an Essay upon the Use of Coat-Armour in 
 the United States." The concluding Chapter of this singu 
 larly interesting work is devoted to " Heraldry in America," 
 and it commences with a description, accompanied by fac 
 simile wood-cuts, of a number of the Seals of Anns which 
 the original settlers in New England took over with them 
 
 Ex. i. 
 
 Ex. 2. 
 
 Ex. 3. 
 
 from the mother country. The courteous kindness of Mr. 
 Whitmore has enabled me to insert a few of his examples, 
 which, while characteristic of the debased Heraldic art of 
 the seventeenth century, form a little group of Seals that 
 have peculiar claims of their own upon our regard. The 
 original Seals (of which he has engraved twenty-nine 
 examples), Mr. Whitmore informs us, " were all un 
 deniably engraved in England." 
 
 Example i. Seal of SAMUEL, son of Governor RICHARD 
 BELLINGHAM, used in 1650: it bears the arms of the 
 Lincolnshire family of that name Sa., three bugle-horns ar%. 
 
 Ex. 2. From the Will of Governor THOMAS DUDLEY, 
 A.D. 1654. 
 
 v 2 
 
324 
 
 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 Ex. 3. Arg., a chevron between three leverets coitrant sa. : 
 the Seal of Governor JOHN LEVERETT, also of an old 
 Lincolnshire family. 
 
 Ex. 4. Arg., a Cross between four escallops sa. : from 
 
 Ex. 4. 
 
 Ex. 5 
 
 Ex.6. 
 
 Ex. 7. 
 
 the Seal of JOHN COGGESHALL, of Rhode Island, first 
 President under the patent of 1647-48, c. A descendant 
 of an English family long seated in Essex. 
 
 Ex. 5. From the Seal of JOHN LEVERETT, of Cambridge, 
 
SEALS. 325 
 
 in the United States, grandson of Governor LEVERETT. who 
 on his tombstone is styled " armiger." 
 
 Ex. 6. From the Seal of Governor PEPPERELL. 
 
 Ex. 7. Arg., three crescents barry und ee az. and gu. ; 
 Crest, a Stork rising, ppr. From the Seal of Governor 
 JOHN HAYNES, originally of Copford Hall, Lexden 
 Hundred, in the County of Essex. 
 
 III. In GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE Heraldry is always a 
 consistent, beautiful, and most effective accessory. Indeed, 
 so thoroughly is the spirit of Heraldry in harmony with the 
 great Architecture which grew up in the middle ages, that 
 Heraldry must be considered rather as an element of its 
 nature than as an allied Art. Gothic Architecture is 
 essentially heraldic ; and hence, as well as from its elastic 
 nature and its equally consistent and happy applicability to 
 every use and requirement, it is peculiarly appropriate as our 
 own national style. 
 
 From the earliest years of its existence as a definite 
 Science, Heraldry is found to be most intimately associated 
 with the Gothic Architecture of England : and happy it 
 was for the early Heralds, that in their days the English 
 Gothic was at work in the full strength of its first maturity. 
 And this alliance was never interrupted, or permitted to 
 decline from its original cordiality. As long as the Gothic 
 flourished, Heraldry held its own place in Architecture. 
 And in the finest works that exist amongst us, relics of the 
 grand Gothic Ages of English Architecture, Heraldry is ever 
 present to adorn them with its graphic records. In the 
 spandrels of arcades, in panels, upon bosses in vaulting, in 
 stained glass, in encaustic floor-tiles, and indeed in almost 
 every position in which such ornamentation could be 
 admissible, the early Herald is found to have been the 
 fellow-worker with the early Gothic architect. Gothic 
 Architecture, .accordingly, has preserved for us very noble 
 
326 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 collections and specimens of the most valuable illustrations 
 of our national Heraldry. Canterbury and York Cathedrals, 
 and the Abbey Churches of Westminster and St. Alban s, 
 with the Chapel of King s College, Cambridge, are 
 especially rich in heraldic treasures : and Westminster Hall 
 and the northern Castles of Alnwick and Warkworth may be 
 specified as noble examples of secular Architecture, which 
 retain their heraldic enrichments. 
 
 IV. Gothic MONUMENTS, and in common with them 
 their successors of the Renaissance era, abound in every 
 variety of armorial blazonry. And fine examples of 
 heraldic Monuments are no less abundant, than are the 
 Shields and other insignia that appear on particular 
 memorials. The principles which directed the selection of 
 Shields to be introduced into the composition of early 
 Monuments are worthy of careful consideration : and the 
 same remark is no less applicable in the case of Architecture. 
 I must be content to specify a very small group of heraldic 
 Monuments of especial interest and value. In Westminster 
 Abbey : the Monuments of Queens ALIANORE of Castile, 
 PHILIPPA of Hainault, ELIZABETH TUDOR, and MARY 
 STUART ; the Monuments of King EDWARD III. and King 
 HENRY VII. ; and those of ALIANORE DE BOHUN, Duchess 
 of GLOUCESTER, the Countess of LENNOX, the Countess of 
 DERBY, the two De VALENCES, Earls of Pembroke, 
 EDMUND, Earl of Lancaster, Lord BOURCHIER, and Sir 
 GILES DAUBENEY, K.G. In Canterbury Cathedral : the 
 Monuments of the BLACK PRINCE, and of HENRY IV. and 
 JOANNA of Navarre. In Salisbury Cathedral : the Monu 
 ment of Earl WILLIAM LONGESPEE. In St. Alban s Abbey 
 Church : the Monuments of HUMPHREY, Duke of GLOU 
 CESTER, and of the Abbots WHEATHAMSTEDE and RAMRYGE. 
 Also, other fine Monuments in the Churches at Elsyng in 
 Norfolk, Ewelme and Northleigh in Oxfordshire, King s 
 
ILLUMINATIONS PAVING TILES COSTUME. 327 
 
 Langley in Hertfordshire, and Cobham in Kent ; in 
 Beverley Minster, and in the Beauchamp Chapel at 
 Warwick. 
 
 V. In the ILLUMINATIONS of the Middle Ages Heraldry 
 has a place of honour : and in the revival of that early 
 Art, which is held in such high estimation at the present 
 day, Heraldry ought to occupy a position of corresponding 
 prominence. This implies in the Illuminators of to-day 
 some knowledge of Heraldry, and at least some degree of 
 familiarity with good early examples. I venture to suggest, 
 therefore, to students of Illumination the study both of the 
 Herald s Art and his Science, as no unimportant part of 
 their preparation for the practice of the Art of Illumina 
 tion on the principle of the sagacious maxim of a great 
 modern painter, quoted by Mr. RUSKIN in his " Seven 
 Lamps of Architecture " " Know what you have to do. 
 and then do it." 
 
 VI. In the ornamentation of early ENCAUSTIC or INLAID 
 PAVEMENT TILES, Shields of Arms and various heraldic 
 devices frequently occur: and in many examples the Shields 
 of Arms are arranged with much skill and in excellent taste, 
 to form decorative compositions in combination with foliage 
 and traceries. Numerous heraldic Tiles of a very interesting 
 character remain in the Cathedrals of Worcester, Gloucester, 
 and Exeter ; and in the Churches of Great Malvern, King s 
 Langley, the Abbey Church of St. Alban, and many others. 
 The student will observe that the devices upon these Tiles 
 are frequently reversed, evidently the result of the neglect to 
 reverse the designs upon the original dies or stamps. 
 
 VII. Heraldic blazonry was highly esteemed in the 
 middle ages as a becoming decoration for PERSONAL COS 
 TUME. The Knights wore their Coats of Arms, and they 
 carried and used their Shields of Arms, and their armorial 
 insignia were displayed upon their weapons and upon the 
 
328 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 various accessories of their personal equipment. The 
 Ladies adapted this usage to their own Costume, and they 
 also wore Mantles and Dresses of Arms ; and many of their 
 personal ornaments were strictly heraldic. Without even 
 suggesting now to our Ladies any revival of heraldic cos 
 tume, properly so called such as dresses, mantles, or 
 shawls emblazoned with the bearings of armorial shields I 
 certainly do desire to see Heraldry exercising a powerful 
 influence in all designs for personal ornaments, the works of 
 the goldsmith and the jeweller more especially. Badges 
 also may supply the motive for designing many patterns 
 that are to adorn fabrics used for costume : and, in like 
 manner also, the designs woven into carpets, curtains, and 
 various other fabrics may be derived with the greatest 
 advantage from the same source. The loom is employed 
 in blazoning heraldic insignia in white damask : why should 
 it not work, under judicious and cautious guidance, in silk 
 and velvet, in satin and every woollen fabric ?* 
 
 It must be understood, however, that heraldic orna 
 ments and devices, unless they be of such a character that 
 they are universally applicable, must have a reference to the 
 wearer, or they degenerate at once into heraldic parodies. 
 Personal ornaments, costume, furniture, if heraldic, must 
 display devices that have a significance as well as a beauty : 
 such costume and ornaments must be, not "becoming" 
 only to the wearer, but (in the heraldic acceptation of that 
 term) " belonging" also. And so in every instance. 
 
 For purposes of universal decoration and adornment, 
 Heraldry is no less applicable now than when EDWARD III. 
 
 * I have lately seen a design for the embroidery of a dress for a 
 young lady of the Clan CAMPBELL ; its characteristic features are 
 the Scottish Thistle and the Myrtle, the latter the Badge of the 
 Campbells. I may express my approval of the motive of this design : 
 others, as I have reason to believe, have approved the treatment ol it. 
 
HERALDIC DECORATION. 329 
 
 or HENRY IV. reigned in England. Happily, a taste for 
 furniture and all the appliances of every day life in the 
 Gothic style is gradually becoming prevalent ; and this is 
 inseparable from the use of Heraldry for the purposes of 
 ornamentation. I presume that the fallacy of regarding the 
 Gothic style of Art as exclusively ecclesiastical in its asso 
 ciations and uses, or as no less necessarily inseparable from 
 mediaeval sentiments and general usages, is beginning to 
 give way to more correct views, as the true nature of the 
 Gothic and its original universal employment are better 
 understood. I consider it to be unnecessary for me, there 
 fore, to enter here, in support of my own sentiments, into any 
 detailed explanations to show that the revival of a Style of 
 Art which flourished in bygone ages, and with it the revival 
 of Heraldry as it was invented and grew into its early 
 dignity and popularity, are in no way or degree whatever 
 connected with an implied return to the mode of life of 
 four, five, or six centuries ago. We have used Roman and 
 even what we intended to be Greek Architecture in nine 
 teenth-century England ; we are still in the habitual use of 
 Roman and Greek designs for every variety of decoration ; 
 and of late we have added Egyptian and Scandinavian 
 works of Art to the deservedly prized collections of models, 
 that we have formed for the express purpose of imitating 
 them : and yet we do not consider that we thus in any way 
 bind ourselves to adopt Roman, or Greek, or Egyptian, or 
 Scandinavian costumes or customs ; nor in our use of the 
 Arts of Antiquity do we perceive any demonstration of 
 retrogression in ourselves. 
 
 It is the same with Mediaeval Heraldry and Gothic Art. 
 We may apply to our own times, our own uses, our own 
 delight, what the old Heralds and the Gothic Artists have 
 taught us, without even dreaming of wearing armour or re 
 establishing the feudal system. True Heraldry (for it is 
 
330 
 
 ENGLISH HERALDRY. 
 
 with Heraldry that I am now more especially concerned) is 
 a Science, and it also is an Art, for all time for our times, 
 and for future times, as well as for the times that are past. 
 If we understand and appreciate it, we shall not fail to 
 use and to apply it aright. 
 
 From the initial-letter of my 
 first Chapter I suspended the 
 Shield borne by that Sir WALTER 
 SCOTT, of Abbotsford, whose name 
 will ever be a household word with 
 every lover of what is chivalrous 
 and knightly. Here, at the end of 
 this my last Chapter, I place the 
 Seal, No. 449, of an earlier Sir 
 WALTER SCOTT, of Branxholm and 
 Kirkurd a Knight of another 
 branch of the same distinguished House, who differenced 
 the Shield of Scott so as to bear Or, on a bend azure a 
 mullet and two crescents gold. 
 
 No. 449. 
 
 Seal of Sir WALTER SCOTT, of 
 Branxholm and Kirkurd : A.L>. 
 1529. (Laing.) 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Abated. Abatement, 100, 213. 
 
 Abbotsford, i, 330. 
 
 Aberdeen, Earl of; Arms, 68. 
 
 Abergavenny, Earl of; Arms, 191. 
 
 Accoll^e, 100. 
 
 Accosted, 100. 
 
 Accrued, 82, 100. 
 
 Achievement, Achievement of Arms, 
 
 100. 
 
 Addorsed, 87, 100. 
 Admirals, 264; "Admiral of England," 
 
 258. 
 
 Admiralty, Flag of, 264. 
 ./Eschylus, 7. 
 Affrontee, 100. 
 
 Aggroupment of Arms, 161, 167. 
 Agnes de Percy ; Seal, 164. 
 Agnus Dei, as a Badge, 148, 284. 
 Alant, Aland, 100. 
 Albemarle, Earl of; Supporters, 02. 
 Albert, H.R.H., The late Prince See 
 
 Prince Consort. 
 Albert Medal, 293. 
 Alerion, 96, 100. 
 
 Alianore de Bohun. See Bohun. 
 Alianore of Aquitaine ; Arms, 268. 
 Alianore of Castile and Leon ; Arms, 
 
 166, 169 ; Monument, 326. 
 Alianore. Daughter of Edward I., 77. 
 Alice of Hesse, H.R. H., The Princess, 
 
 280. 
 Alliance. Heraldic Record of, 162, 
 
 167 ; Feudal, 200. 
 Allusive Heraldry, 15. 
 Alnwick Castle, 326. 
 Alphabet, the Letters of the, in 
 
 Heraldry, 136. 
 Aluminium, 47. 
 Ambulant. 100. 
 America, Heraldry in, 322. 
 Angels, Heraldic figures of, 75; as 
 
 Supporters, 75, 247. 
 Angio-Saxon Shields and Standards, 
 
 5,56. 
 
 Anglo-Saxon Sovereigns, Arms at 
 tributed to the, 19, 268. 
 Anjou, Geoffrey, Count of, 192. 
 Anjou, Queen Margaret of, 97. 
 Annandale, Arms in, 204. 
 Anne Boleyn, Queen, 236. 
 
 Anne Stuart, Queen, 262 ; Arms, 269, 
 271 ; Badge, 237 ; Motto, 274. 
 
 Annulet, Annulett^e, 72, 101, 120 ; in 
 Modern Cadency, 198. 
 
 Antelope, 101. 
 
 Anthony, Saint ; his Cross, 101, 156. 
 
 Antique Crown, 101. 
 
 Anvers, Sir T. de ; Arms, 209. 
 
 Appaum^e, roi. 
 
 Aquitaine; Arms, 268. 
 
 Archbishop, 101; Marshalling his Arms, 
 177. 
 
 Archdeacon, L Ercedeckne ; Arms, 
 
 202. 
 
 Arched, Archy, 101. 
 
 Arderne, Sir J. ; Arms, 207. 
 
 Argent, 40, 47, 101. 
 
 Argyll, Duke of ; Supporters, 92. 
 
 Arm, Armed, 80, 101, 102. 
 
 Armagh, See of; Arms, 142. 
 
 " Armes Parlantes," 16, 76, 102. 
 
 Armorial Bearings, 38, 102; Tax on, 
 314- 
 
 Armory, 2, 101. 
 
 Arms, Shields and Coats of, 3 ; Ag 
 groupment of, i6t ; Attributed, 18 ; 
 Combination of, 161 ; of Community, 
 102 : of Dominion, 102 ; of Heiress 
 and Co-heiress, 174, 176; of Herald 
 Kings, 177 ; of Husband and Wife, 
 171, 175; of Knight, 177; of Office, 
 192 ; of Peeress in her own right, 
 177; of Prelate, 177; of Pretension, 
 102 ; of Royal Personages, 178, 267 ; 
 of Succession, 102 ; of Unmarried 
 Lady, 176; of Widow and Widower, 
 176. 
 
 Arms, Grants and Confirmations of, 
 
 " Arms found," 314. 
 
 Armoyee, 102. 
 
 Arragon, Queen Catherine of; Arms, 
 
 236. 
 
 Arrondie, 102. 
 Arrow, 102. 
 
 Art, Heraldic, 24, 27, 330. 
 Art, Gothic, 329. 
 Artificial Figures and Devices in 
 
 Heraldry, 80. 
 Arthur, H.R.H., The Prince, 279. 
 
332 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Arthur Plantagenet, 195. 
 
 Arthur Tudor, The Prince; Badge, 
 
 238. 
 
 Arundel ; Arms, 17, 209. 
 Arundel, Fitz Alans, Earls of, 89, 195, 
 
 222. 
 Arundel, Thomas Fitz Alan, Earl of, 
 
 iiS. 
 
 Anindel, Radnlphus de ; Arms, 196. 
 Arundel, the Baron : Supporters, 92. 
 Ascmia, Bernhard of, 113. 
 Ascendant, 102. 
 Ashton ; Badge, 148. 
 Ashwelthorpe ; Monument, 223. 
 Aspect, Aspectant, 102. 
 Aspersed, 102. 
 Asscheby (Ashby), Sir R. de j Arms, 
 
 209. 
 
 At ga/e, 81, 102 ; At speed, 81. 
 Athole, Duke of; Supporters, 92. 
 Attires, Attired, 81, 102. 
 Attributed Arms, 18. 
 Aulernoun, Sir J. d ; Pennon and 
 
 Arms, 144, 254. 
 
 Augmentation, Augmented, 102, 103. 
 Augmentations of Honour, 210; by 
 
 " Royal Favour," 212. 
 Austria, The Emperor of, 97. 
 Avellane, 57, 103. 
 Aventinus, 6. 
 Azure, 41, 47, 103. 
 
 Badge, 103, 179, 227 ; Varieties of, 
 228, 229 ; Examples of, 231, 249 ; 
 marked for Cadency, 198, 233 ; in 
 Seals, 168, 232 ; peculiarly appro 
 priate for present use, 234 ; to super 
 sede Cre-sts, 225, 234 ; borne by 
 Ladies, 234; in Modern Heraldry, 
 310. 
 
 Badge, of Ostrich Feathers, 237; of 
 Garter, 286 ; of Thistle, 287 ; of St. 
 Patrick, 289 ; of Bath, 290, 291 ; of 
 Star of India, 292. 
 
 Badlesmere, Sir B. de ; Arms, 208. 
 
 Balliol ; Arms, 66 ; Sir Alexander de, 
 Seal, 104, 217. 
 
 Balliol College, Oxford, 66. 
 
 Banner, Armorial, 3, 103. 255 ; blazon 
 ing of, 39 ; made on field of Battle, 
 256 ; Royal, 275 ; marked for Ca 
 dency, 198, 257 ; on Seals, 247 ; at 
 Sea, 257 ; of Leicester, 14 ; of Tem 
 plars, 13, 284. 
 
 Banneret, 103 ; creation of, 256. 
 
 Bar, 51, 103 : examples of, 208. 
 
 Barbarossa, The Emperor, 113. 
 
 Barbed, 103. 
 
 Barbel, 77, 103. 
 
 Barded, Barding, 39, 103, 218. 
 
 Bardolf; Arms, 186; John Lord, 319. 
 
 Barkele. See Berkeley. 
 
 Barnacles, Breys, 103. 
 
 Baron, Baroness, 104. 
 
 Baronet, 104. 
 
 Barre, de ; Arms, 103, 165 ; Joan de, 
 
 165, 232 ; Henry de, 165 ; Joaa 
 
 de, 77. 
 
 Barrulee, 52, 105. 
 Barrulet, 52, 105, 186. 
 1 arry, 52, 103. 
 Barry bendy, 60, 105. 
 Bars Gemelles, 52, 103. 
 Bar-wise, 53, 105. 
 Base, 33, 105. 
 Basilisk, 105. 
 Basinet, 105, 225. 
 Basingborne, Wm. de ; Arms, 70. 
 Bassett ; Arms, 63. 
 Bat, in Heraldry, 79. 
 Bath Herald, 132. 
 Bath, Order of the, 289 ; Knights of, 
 
 290; Companions of, 290; Insignia 
 
 of, 290 ; Stalls of Knights, 291. 
 Bath, Marquess of, 92. 
 Baton, 105 : Sinister, 195. 
 Battled, Battled Embattled, 105. 
 Bayeux Tape- try, 5. 
 Beacon, Fire Beacon, 105. 
 Beaked, 105. 
 Bear, in Heraldry, 76 ; Bear and 
 
 Ragged Staff, 228, 321. 
 Bearer, 105, 246. 
 Eeirings, Armorial Bearings, 38, 105. 
 
 See Arms. 
 
 Beasts, in Heraldry, 76. 
 Beatrice, H.R.H., The Princess, 279. 
 Beauchamp, Earl Richard de, 168, 
 
 175 214, 321; his Badges, 228; at 
 
 Jousts at Calais, 231. 
 Benu^hamp, Earl Thomas de, 173, 321, 
 
 322. 
 Beauchnmp, of Warwick ; Arms, 173, 
 
 175, 188; Badges, 147. 
 Beauchamp, of Bletshoe ; Arms, iS. 
 Beauchamp, of Elmley; Arms, 187. 
 Beauchamp, at Carlaverock; Arms, 
 
 188. 
 
 Beauchamp ; Differences, 191. 
 Beauchamp Chapel, the, at Warwick, 
 
 173, 191, 327. 
 Beaufort ; Arms and Differences, 194, 
 
 197 ; Badge, 145, 240. 
 Beaufort, Margaret de, 173, 174, 240. 
 Beaufort, John de, 193, 194, 242. 
 Beaufort, Henry de, 193. 
 Beaumont, Bishop Lewis de; Effigy 
 
 and Arms, 162. 
 Beaumont, Sir J. ; Crest, 223. 
 Beau-seant, 13, 284. 
 Bee, Bishop Anthony, 56. 
 Beckyngton, Bishop ; Rebus, 148. 
 Bedford, Isabelle, Countess of, 230. 
 Bedford, John, Duke of, 185. 
 Bedford, the Duke of ; Supporters, 92. 
 Bees, in Heraldry, 79. 
 Beeston, Arms, 79. 
 Bellingham, Richard ; Seal, 323. 
 Bend, 58, 105 ; Examples, 207 ; Sinis 
 ter, 60. 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 333 
 
 Bendlet, 58, 105; in Cadency, 186 ; 
 
 Sinister, 196. 
 
 Bend-wise, In Bend, 59, 105. 
 Bendy, 59, 105. 
 
 Bennett, John ; Grant of Arms to, 312. 
 Bere, Sir R. de la ; Crest, 212. 
 Berkeley ; Arms, 188, 202, 249 ; Badge, 
 
 139, 232, 249: Crest, 139, 249. 
 Berkeroles, Sir Wm. de ; Arms, 207. 
 Bermyngham, Sir Wm. de ; Arms, 
 
 267. 
 
 Bernhard, of Ascania, 113. 
 Beverley Minster, 27, 107, 162, 327. 
 Bezant, 71, 105; Bezantee, 72. 
 Bilbesworth, Sir H. de ; Arms, 97. 
 Billet, Billett^e, 64, 70, 106. 
 Birds, in Heraldry, 76, 106. 
 Bird-bolt, 102, 106. 
 Bishop, 106, 177. 
 Black Prince. See Edward. 
 Blasted, 82, 106. 
 Blazon, 31, 106 ; Epithets and Terms 
 
 in, 80, 106. 
 Blazoning, 31, 39, 45, 106 ; Descriptive, 
 
 46, 106 ; in Tinctures, 47. 
 Blazonry, 31, 106. 
 
 Blondeville, Ranulph de; Arms, 201. 
 Blue Ensign, 264. 
 Bluemantle, 131. 
 Bluet, Sir Wm. ; Arms, 209. 
 Blundell ; Arms, 65. 
 Blyborough, Monument at, 107. 
 Boar, in Heraldry, 106; Boars Head, 
 
 76. 
 
 Bohemia, the King of, 237. 
 Bohun, De, Earl of Hereford ; Arms, 
 59, 90 ; Crest, 91 ; Badge, 155, 168, 
 .259, 
 
 Bohun, Alianore de, 165, 173, 326. 
 Bohun, Mary de, 155. 
 Bohun, Earl Humphrey de, 59, 84. 
 Bohun, Sir Gilbert de, 59. 
 Bohun, Oliver de, 165, 207, 232. 
 Boleyn, Queen Anne ; Arms, 213, 236. 
 Bolingbroke, the Viscount j Sup 
 porters, 99. 
 
 Bologne, Godfrey de, 97. 
 Bordet, Sir R. ; Arms, 208. 
 Bordoun, Sir J. ; Arms, 17, 107, 142. 
 Bordure, 68, 106 ; Examples, 26, 185 ; 
 Quartered and Impaled, 173 ; Com- 
 ponde, 196 ; Engrailed, 197 ; of 
 France, 124. 
 
 Bostock, Hugo; Arms, 97. 
 Boston, United States; Works on 
 
 Heraldry published at, 323. 
 Boterels, Sir R. de ; Arms, 209. 
 Botiler, Le ; Arms, 50, 58, 115. See 
 
 Butler. 
 
 Botone e, Botony, 56, 106. 
 Bottetourt ; Arms, 249. 
 Bottreaux, Margaret ; Seal, 248. 
 Bouget, Water Bouget, 107. 
 Bourchier, Lord ; Arms, 248, 326. 
 Bourchier, Sir H. de; Arms, in, 223. 
 
 Bourchier Knot, 107, 134. 
 
 Bourdon, 17, 107. 
 
 Bow, Bowed, 107. 
 
 Bowen Knot, 107, 134. 
 
 Braced, Brazed, 107. 
 
 Bradestone, Sir T. de ; Arms, 230. 
 
 Brey, Sir Reginald de ; Badge, 60, 104. 
 
 Brays, 107. 
 
 Brian, Bryan. Sir Guy de ; Arms, 62. 
 
 Brittany ; Arms, 14, 169. 
 
 Brittany, John, Duke of, 166. 
 
 Brivere, Sir W. de ; Badge, 136. 
 
 Brizure, 107. 
 
 Bromesgrove, 225. 
 
 Bronscombe, Bishop, 126. 
 
 Broom-plant, 17. 
 
 Brouchant, 107. 
 
 Brownlow, the Earl ; Supporters, 92. 
 
 Bruce, de ; Arms, 164, 204. 
 
 Bruce, Margaret, Lady de Ros ; Seal, 
 
 164. 
 
 Bruce, King Robert de, 151. 
 Bruce, Robert de, Earl of Carrick ; 
 
 Seal, 231. 
 
 Brunswick ; Arms, 272. 
 Brus, Sir Bernard de ; Arms, 50. 
 Buccleuch, Duke of; Difference, 195. 
 Buckingham, Duke of; Supporters, 92. 
 Buckle. See Fermail. 
 Burgh, de ; Arms, 167. 
 Burgh, Elizabeth de; Aims, 167. 
 Burgh, Hubert de; Arms, 69. 
 Burgh, William de ; Arms, 167. 
 Burgonet, 107. 
 
 Burke, Sir B. ; his " Peerage," 98. 
 Burnett, George, Esquire, Lord Lyon, 
 
 308. 
 
 Burton, Abbot; Rebus, 148. 
 Butterflies, in Heraldry, 79. 
 Buttons, Heraldic, 229. 
 Byron; Arms, 119. 
 
 Cabossed, 81. 
 
 Cadency, 107, 180 ; Marked, 182 ; 
 Marks of, 182, 188 ; by Label, 1^2 ; 
 by Bordure, 185, 196; by Bendiet, 
 186, 194 ; by Canton, 186, 195 ; by 
 Change of Tinctures, 186; by 
 Change of Charges, 186 ; by Small 
 Charges, 187; by Official Insignia, 
 189 ; by Single Small Charge, 190 ; 
 of Illegitimacy, 192; Marked on 
 Badges, Banners, Crests, Mant- 
 lings, Standards, and Supporters, 
 198, 233, 257 ; Modern, 198. 
 
 Cadency, King Richard II. on, 207. 
 
 Cadet, 107. 
 
 Calais, Citizens of, 205. 
 
 Calf, 76. 
 
 Caltrap, 107. 
 
 Calvary Cross, 55. 
 
 Calveley ; Arms, 76. 
 
 Cambridge, H.R.H., The Duke of, 
 280 
 
 Camden, 237. 
 
334 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Camoys, Eliz., Lady, 173. 
 
 Camoys, Thos., Lord de, in, 173- 
 
 Camoys, The Baron ; Supporters, 92. 
 
 Campbell ; Arms, 70 ; Badge, 328. 
 
 Canterbury ; Arms of See, 142 ; Arms 
 of Deanery, 136; Archbishop of, 
 101 : Heraldry of the Cathedral, 
 244, 326. 
 
 Canterbury, Wm. de Courtenay, Arch 
 bishop ot, 189. 
 
 Canting Heraldry, 16, 108. 
 
 Canton, Cantoned, 64, 108 ; in Ca 
 dency, 185, 195. 
 
 Canvyle, Sir G. de ; Arms, 210. 
 
 Caple, Sir R. de ; Arms, 209. 
 
 Carbuncle. See Escarbuncle. 
 
 Carew, Sir Nicholas ; Arms, 89. 
 
 Carlaverock, Roll of, 12, 267. 
 
 Carlisle, Earl of; Supporters, 92. 
 
 Carnarvon, Earl of ; Supporters, 92. 
 
 Carrick, Earl of, 231 ; Earldom of, 276. 
 
 Cartouche, 37, 108. 
 
 Castile and Leon ; Arms, 17, 102, 169. 
 
 Castile and Leon, Queen Alianore of, 
 169. 
 
 Castile and Leon, Ferdinand III., 
 King of, 169 ; Pedro, King of, 257. 
 
 Castle, 102, 108. 
 
 Castle-acre Priory, 44. 
 
 Catherine, Queen, of Arragon, 236. 
 
 Catherine Parr, Queen, 236. 
 
 Cavalry Standards, 264. 
 
 Cave; Motto, 139. 
 
 Cavendish ; Motto, 140. 
 
 Celestial Crown, 108. 
 
 Centaur, Sagittarius, 108, 267. 
 
 Cercelde, Recercetee, 56, 108. 
 
 Chaffinch, 77. 
 
 Champagne; Arms, 124. 
 
 Chandos, Sir R. de, 62 ; Sir John, 256. 
 
 Chapeau, 108, 220, 222. 
 
 Charge, 38, 109; Miscellaneous, 70; 
 Secondary, 187 : Single Sma.l, 190. 
 
 Charlemagne ; his Crown, 272. 
 
 Charles I., 195, 286; Arms, 269; 
 Badge, 236 ; Crown, 275. 
 
 Charles II., 104, 197, 212, 287; Arms, 
 269; Badge, 236. 
 
 Charles V., of France, 78, 125. 
 
 Charlestone, Sir J. ; Arms, 96. 
 
 Charteris ; Motto, 140. 
 
 Chastillon; Arms, 166, 172; Guy de, 
 1 66. 
 
 Chaucer, Geoffrey, 206. 
 
 Cha worth, De ; Arms, 167 ; Matilda 
 de, Seal, 167. 
 
 Chequee, Cheeky, 43, 109. 
 
 Chess-rook, 109. 
 
 Chester, County Palatine of, 201 ; 
 Arms, 201, 276; Ranulph, Earl of, 
 201 ; Prince of Wales, Earl of, 201, 
 276. 
 
 Chester Herald, 131. 
 
 Chevron, Chevronel, Chevronnee. 
 Chevrony, 61, 109 ; Examples, 209. 
 
 Chief, 33, 49, 109 ; Examples, 207. 
 
 Childrey, Brass at, 156. 
 
 Chivalry, High Court of, 206 ; Order 
 of, 283. 
 
 Cholmondeley ; Motto, 140. 
 
 Christchurch, Oxford, 243. 
 
 Church-Bell. See Bell. 
 
 Cinquefoil, 109. 
 
 Cinque Ports ; Arms, 171. 
 
 Civic Crown, 109. 
 
 Clare, De ; Arms, 61, 175, 202 : 
 Badge, 109. 
 
 Clare, Gilbert de, the " Red Earl," 96. 
 
 Clare, in Suffolk, 202. 
 
 Claremont Nesle ; Arms, 172. 
 
 Clarence, Lionel, Duke of, 167, 184. 
 
 Clarence, Thomas, Duke of, 185. 
 
 Clarenceux, 109, 131 ; Arms, 132. 
 
 Clarendon, Sir Roger de ; Arms, 195. 
 
 Clarendon, the Earl of; Supporters, 99. 
 
 Clarion, 109. 
 
 Clasps, 294. 
 
 Clechtfe, Urde, 57, 109. 
 
 Cleveland, Duke of; Difference, 195. 
 
 Clifford, Lord, 50. 
 
 Clintone, Clinton, Sir J. de, 50,207; of 
 Maxtoke, 207 ; Badge, 231. 
 
 Close, no, 116. 
 
 Closed, 81. 
 
 Closet, 52, no. 
 
 Cloude, 71, no. 
 
 Coat of Arms, 3, no, 327. 
 
 Coat Armour, no. 
 
 Cobham Monuments, 327. 
 
 Cockatrice, 79, no. 
 
 Cockayne ; Arms, 76. 
 
 Coggeshall, John ; Seal, 324. 
 
 Co-Heiress; Arms, 174. 
 
 Coinage, Heraldry of the, 317. 
 
 Coleville, Sir R. de ; Arms, 208. 
 
 Collar, no, 131 ; of the Garter, 286; 
 of the Thistle, 288 ; of St. Patrick, 
 289 ; of the Bath, 291 ; of the Star 
 of India, 293. 
 
 College of Arms. See Heralds 
 College. 
 
 Colour, 40, 47, in. 
 
 " Colours," in, 265. 
 
 Combattant, 87, in. 
 
 Combination of Arms, 161, 168. 
 
 Compartment, in. 
 
 Complement, in. 
 
 Compon^e, Compony, 43,111; Bordure, 
 196. 
 
 Compound Badges, 134. 
 
 Compound Quartering, 34, in. 
 
 Compounded Arms, 111, 161, 168. 
 
 Confessor, the, 212. See St. Edward. 
 
 Confirmation of Arms, 309 ; Ex 
 ample. 313. 
 
 Conjoined m Lure, lit. 
 
 Consort, H.R.H., The late Prince; 
 Arms, 275; Difference, 275 ; Coronet, 
 276, 294; Crest, 276; Supporters, 
 276 ; Motto, 276. 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 335 
 
 Contoise, in, 218. 
 
 Contournee, in. 
 
 Controversy, the Scrope and Gros- 
 venor, 206. 
 
 Copford Hall, Essex, 325. 
 
 Corbet ; Arms, 17. 
 
 Cork, Earl of ; Supporters, 92. 
 
 Cornish Chough, in. 
 
 Cornwall ; Arms of the Duchy of, 276. 
 
 Cornwall, Edmund, Earl of, 94 ; 
 Richard, Earl of, 68, 83, 94, 209. 
 
 Cornwall, Piers Gaveston, Earl of, 95. 
 
 Cornwall, The Prince of Wales, Duke 
 of, 276. 
 
 Coronet, in. 
 
 Costume, Heraldry of. 327. 
 
 Cosynton, Sir S. de ; Arms, 231. 
 
 Cotise, Cotised, 58, 112. 
 
 Couchant, Dormant, 86, 112. 
 
 Couchee, 38, 112. 
 
 Counter, 112. 
 
 Counter-changing, 44. 112. 
 
 Counter Componee, 43, 112. 
 
 Counter Passant, 87. 
 
 Counter Potent, 41. 
 
 Counter Rampant, 87. 
 
 Counter Salient, 87. 
 
 Counter-Seal, 112. 
 
 Counter-Vair, 41. 
 
 Couped, 55, 87, 112. 
 
 Couple-Close, 112. 
 
 Courant, 112. 
 
 Courtenay, William de, Archbishop, 
 189: Peter de, Bishop, 234. 
 
 Courtenay, Earl Edward de, 143, 221; 
 Badge, 233. 
 
 Courtesy, Titles of, 113. 
 
 Courthope, William, Esq., late Somer 
 set Herald, 9. 
 
 Coventry, Earl of; Supporters, 99. 
 
 Covert, 113. 
 
 Coward, Cowed, 86, 113. 
 
 Crampet, 113. 
 
 Crancelin, 113. 
 
 Crawford, Deverguilla ; Seal, 247. 
 
 Crenelated, 113 
 
 Crescent, 68, 113; in Modern Cadency, 
 198. 
 
 Cresset, 113. 
 
 Crest, 113, 178, 215 ; Early, 220 ; 
 Marked for Cadency, 198 ; Diffe 
 renced, 223 ; as originally worn, 
 226 ; two or more, 226 ; superseded 
 by Badge, 225, 234 ; of England, 
 91, 272: of Scotland, 91, 273: of 
 English Princes, 91, 276 ; of Edward 
 III., 99; German, 219. 
 
 Crest-Coronet, 113, 120. 
 
 Crest-Wreath, 114, 120, 123. 
 
 Cretinge, Sir J. de ; Arms, 209. 
 
 Crined, 114. 
 
 Crombe, de ; Arms, 61. 
 
 Cross, 54, 114; Through, 54; Couped, 
 or Humette e, 55 ; Voided, 55 ; 
 Fimbriated, 54 ; of St. George, 54, 
 
 261 ; of St. Andrew, 60, 261 ; of St. 
 Patrick, 6t, 262 ; of St. Anthony, or 
 Tau, 55 ; Greek, 55 ; Latin, 55 ; 
 Quarter-pierced, 54 ; Quarterly- 
 pierced, 55 ; on Degrees, 55 ; Calvary, 
 55 ; Heraldic Varieties of, 55 ; 
 Quadrate, 55, 146 ; Patriarchal, 55, 
 144 ; Fourche e, 55, 125 ; Moline, 56, 
 139, 198; Recercel^e, 56, 150; 
 Patonce, 56, 144 ; Fleurie, 56, 125 ; 
 Fleurette e, 56, 125; Pommee, 56; 
 Botontfe, orTreflee,56, 106; Crosslet, 
 56; Clech^e, or Urde e, 57, 109; 
 Pat^e, or Formee, 57, 144 ; Maltese, 
 and of eight points, 57 ; Potent, 57, 
 145 ; Avellane, 57, 103 ; Fitcuee, 
 58, 122. 
 
 Crosslet, Crossed Crosslet, 56. 
 
 Crown, 114, 140, 275. 
 
 Crozier, 115. 
 
 Crusader Kings ; Arms, 43. 
 
 Crusades, 4. 
 
 Crusilee, Crusily, 115. 
 
 Cubit- Arm, 115. 
 
 Cummin ; Arms, 95. 
 
 Cup, Covered Cup, 115. 
 
 " Curiosities of Heraldry," by Mr. M 
 A. Lower, 303. 
 
 Cushion, Oreiller, Pillow, 115. 
 
 Czar, The j Arms, 93. 
 
 Dacre Knot, 115, 134. 
 
 Dageworth, Sir J. ; Arms, 51, 208. 
 
 Dalmenhurst ; Arms, 278. 
 
 Dancette, 34, 70, 115, 159. 
 
 Danse. See Dancette. 
 
 Darcy, D Arcy ; Arms, 65. 
 
 Darnley, Lord : Arms, 67. 
 
 Daubeney, Sir Giles, K.G., 326. 
 
 D Aubigny ; Arms, 173. 
 
 Dauphin, The, 77, 82. 
 
 Debased, 116. 
 
 Debruised, 116. 
 
 Decoration, Heraldic, 328. 
 
 Decrescent, In Detriment, 80, 116. 
 
 Deer, 81, 116. 
 
 Degrees, Degreed, Degraded, 55, 116. 
 
 Deincourt; Arms. 70. 
 
 Delamere, Sir John, 96 ; Sir G., 208. 
 
 Demembered, Dismembered, 116. 
 
 Demi, 116. 
 
 Demi-Eagle, 99. 
 
 Demi-Lion, 87. 
 
 Denbigh, Earl of, 95, 98. 
 
 Denmark ; Arms, 83 278. 
 
 Dependency, Feudal, 200. 
 
 Depressed, 116. 
 
 Despencer, Le ; Arms, 175, 190. 
 
 Despencer, Isabelle le. 175 ; Bishop 
 
 Henry le, 189, 222 ; John le, 151 
 Developed, 118. 
 Devon, Earl of, 221. 
 Dexter, 32, 33, 118. 
 Deyville Sir J. de, 209. 
 Diaper, Diapering, 44, 116. 
 
336 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 94- 
 
 Difference, Differencing, 116, 181, 200. 
 
 Differenced Shields, 191, 207. 
 
 Differences, Temporary, 181 ; Perma 
 nent, 181 ; for Distinction only, 205 ; 
 of Illegitimacy, 192. 
 
 Dignities, 31. 
 
 Dimidiation, Dimidiated, 116, 166, 171. 
 
 Disclosed, 8r, 116. 
 
 Displayed. 81. 116. 
 
 Disposition, Disposed, 45, 116. 
 
 Ditzmers ; Arms, 278. 
 
 Dividing and Border Lines, 34, 116. 
 
 Dolphin, 8. 78, 82, 117. 
 
 Dormant, 86, 117. 
 
 Doubling, 117. 
 
 Douglas ; Arms, 74 ; Crest, 151 ; 
 Badge, 231 : Augmentation. ?T2. 
 
 Douglas, Sir James, 74 ; Lord William, 
 74 ; the first Earl, 74. 
 
 Douglas and Mar, William, Earl of, 
 
 Dove-tail. 34, 117. 
 
 Doyle ; Motto, 140. 
 
 Dragon, 79, 117. 
 
 " Dresses of Arms," 328. 
 
 Dreux, De; Arms, 116, r6S. 
 
 Dreux, John de, Duke of Brittany. 
 166, 168. 
 
 Drummond, John ; Seal, 252. 
 
 Drury ; Arms, 156. 
 
 Dublin, De Vere, Marquess of, 138. 
 
 Dublin, Earldom ; Arms. 276. 
 
 Dublin ; Arms of See, 142. 
 
 Ducal Coronet, 118. 
 
 Duchess, Ti8. 
 
 Dudley, Earl Robert, 214. 
 
 Dudley, Thomas ; Seal, 223. 
 
 Duke, 117. 
 
 Dunboyne, the Baron ; Supporters, 92. 
 
 Eagle. Heraldic, 25, 76; in Stained 
 glass at York, 92 ; sculptured in 
 Westminster Abbey, 93 ; with one 
 Head, 93 ; with two Heads, 93 : Im 
 perial, crowned, 95 ; with Nimbus, 
 95 ; Drawing of, 98 ; German, 98 ; 
 Austrian, 98 ; French, 98 ; as Sup 
 porter. 99 ; as Badge, 148. 
 
 Eaglet, 95, 99, 118. 
 
 Earl, 118. 
 
 Earl Marshal, The, 131. 
 
 Eastern, Radiated, or Antique Crown, 
 119. 
 
 Ecclesal, Ekeleshale ; Arms, 203. 
 
 Ecclesiastics, Heraldic decoration of 
 their Vestments, 162. 
 
 Echingham, De ; Anns, 71. 
 
 Eclipsed, 80. 
 
 Edinburgh. H.R.H., the Duke of, 279. 
 
 Edmond, Son of Edward I., 185. 
 
 Edmund, Saint ; Arms, 19, 213, 268. 
 
 Edmund, Earl of Cornwall, 94. 
 
 Edmund, Earl of Lancaster, 123, 183, 
 1 86, 326. 
 
 Edward, Saint, the Confessor; Arms, 
 18, 268. 
 
 Edward I. ; Label as Prince Royal, 
 182 ; Arms, 268 ; Badge, 235 ; Bard- 
 ing of Charger, 103 ; Rolls of Arms 
 of his era, 13. 
 
 Edward II. ; Label as Prince Royal. 
 182 ; Arms, 268 ; Badge, 235 ; Roll 
 of Arms of his era. 13. 
 
 Edward III. ; Label as Prince Royal, 
 182 ; Arms, 268 ; quarters France 
 Ancient, 124 ; Crest, 90, 99, 220, 
 
 272 ; Badges, 235, 239 ; Supporters, 
 245 ; Heraldry of his Monument, 
 26, 173 ; Roll of Arms of his era, 13 ; 
 Heraldry in his time, 9 ; his love of 
 Heraldry, 230 ; founds the Order of 
 the Garter, 284. 
 
 Edward IV. ; Arms, 269 ; Supporters, 
 273 ; Badges, 236 ; Coins, 317 ; 
 grants Augmentations, 213. 
 
 Edward V. ; Arms, 269. 
 
 Edward VI. ; Arms, 269; Supporters, 
 
 273 ; Badges, 236 ; bears the Ostrich 
 Feather Badge, 238 ; Coins, 317. 
 
 Edward the Black Prince ; Arms, 135, 
 182, 195 ; Crest, gt, 222 : Badge, 237, 
 239 ; Motto, 241 ; First English Duke 
 and Prince of Wales. 117, 241 ; at 
 Naveret, 256 ; his Will, 241 ; his 
 Monument, 26, 241. 
 
 Eglesfield, Robert de ; Arms, 97. 
 
 Eleanor. See Alianore. 
 
 Electoral Bonnet, 119, 272. 
 
 Elford, Monuments at, 222. 
 
 Elizabeth, Queen ; Arms, 260 ; Sup 
 porters, 273 ; Badges and Mottoes, 
 236. 274 ; Changes Colour of Ribbon 
 of the Garter, 127, 287 ; her Monu 
 ment, 326. 
 
 Elizabeth, Countess of Holland and of 
 Hereford, 164. 
 
 Elsyng, Brass at, 223, 326. 
 
 Eltham, Prince John of, 26, 124, 163, 
 185, 258. 
 
 Embattled, Battled, 34, 119. 
 
 Embowed, 82, 119. 
 
 Embrued, 119. 
 
 Enaluron, 119. 
 
 Endorse, Endorsed, 53, 119. 
 
 Enfiled. 119. 
 
 England ; Arms, 27, 83, 89, 267 ; 
 Royal Heraldry of, 267 ; Patron 
 Saints of, 19 ; Lions of, 88, 267 ; 
 Crest, 91, 272 ; Supporters, 91, 273; 
 Badges, no, 235; Crowns, 275; 
 Flags, 260. 
 
 Engrailed, 34, 119, 197. 
 
 Enhanced, 119. 
 
 Ensign, 263 : Red, 263 : White, 264 ; 
 Blue, 264. 
 
 Ensigned, 119 
 
 Entire, Entoire, Entoyre, 119. 
 
 Enveloped, 119. 
 
 Epithets, Heraldic, and Descriptive 
 Terms, 80. 
 
 Equipped, 120. 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 337 
 
 Eradicated, 82, 120. 
 
 Erased, 87, 120. 
 
 Erect, 81. 
 
 Ermine, Ermines, Ermmois, 41, 42, 
 
 120. 
 
 Erne, 96, 120. 
 
 Erneford, Wm. de ; Arms, 96. 
 
 Erskine ; Arms, 53. 
 
 Escallop, 59, 77, 78, 120. 
 
 Escarbuncle, 15, 120. 
 
 Eschales ; Arms, 17. 
 
 Escroll, 120. 
 
 Escutcheon, 120 ; of Pretence, 120, 
 
 174, 316. 
 Esquire, 120. 
 
 Essex, Henry, Earl of, 223. 
 Essex, the Earl of j Supporters, 92. 
 Estate, 120. 
 Estoile, 120. 
 
 Estoteville, Sir M. de ; Arms, 208. 
 Estwick ; Motto, 140. 
 Etone, Sir N. de ; Arms, 96. 
 Eureux, D , of Salisbury, 192. 
 Ewelme, 326. 
 
 Exeter Cathedral, in, 239. 
 Exeter, Hollands, Dukes of, 185 ; John 
 
 Grandison, Bishop of, 189. 
 Exeter, Marquess of; Supporters, 92. 
 
 Fabulous Beings, in Heraldry, 79. 
 
 Fairfax ; Motto, 139. 
 
 Falconer ; Arms, 17. 
 
 False, 120; False Cross, 55; False 
 
 Escutcheon, 66 j False Roundle, 72, 
 
 120. 
 
 Fan, Vane, 121. 
 Fan-Crest, 121, 217. 
 Faroe Islands ; Arms, 278. 
 Fauconberg, Sir Wm. ; Arms, 209. 
 Feathers, in Heraldry, 121. See 
 
 Ostrich Feathers. 
 Fees, for Grants of Arms, &c., 308, 
 
 310. 
 
 Felbrigge, Sir S. de, K.G., 122. 
 Felbrigg, Brass at, 122. 
 Femme, 121. 
 
 Fenwick, John ; Arms, 44. 
 Fer-de-MoIine, 121. 
 Fermail, Fermaux, 121. 
 Ferr, 121. 
 Ferrers, De ; Arms, 190 ; Anne de, 
 
 190; Margaret de, 173; William, 
 
 Lord, of Groby, 190; Lord, of 
 
 Chartley, 222. 
 
 Fesse, 50, 121 ; Examples, 208. 
 Fesse-Point, 33, 121. 
 Fesse-wise, In Fesse, 51, 121. 
 Feudal Influence, in Heraldry, 201. 
 Feudal Alliance and Dependency, 
 
 Heraldic Record of, 150, 162, 200. 
 Field, 38, 122 ; Varied Fields, 42 ; 
 
 "Of the Field," 43. 
 File, 122. 
 Fillet, 50, 122. 
 Fimbriation, Fimbriated, 54, 122. 
 
 Finned, 82. 
 
 Fish, in Heraldry, 82, 102, 122. 
 
 Fishbourne, Giles de j Arms, 78. 
 
 Fitchee, 58, 122. 
 
 Fitton ; Motto, 140. 
 
 Fitz Alan, of Bedale, 53. 
 
 Fitz Alan, Earl of Arundel, 84, 89, 118, 
 
 222. 
 
 Fitz Parnel, Earl Robert, 201. 
 
 Fitz Payne, Sir R. le ; Arms, 209. 
 
 Fitz Ralph ; Arms, 202. 
 
 Fitz Roy, Henry ; Arms, 100. 
 
 Fitz Walter, Robert Le ; Arms, 50. 
 
 Fitz Warine, Fitz Waryn ; Anns, 14 ; 
 Sir Fulk de, 190. 
 
 Fitz Urse : Arms, 76. 
 
 Flags, 254; Military, 264; Four re 
 marks upon, 266. 
 
 Flanches, Flasques, 68, 69, 122. 
 
 Flanched, 196. 
 
 Fleur de Lys, 122 ; quartered by Ed 
 ward III., 124; Removed from 
 Royal Shield of England, 272 j iu 
 Modern Cadency, 198. 
 
 Fleurie, 56, 125. 
 
 Fleurettee, Florettee, 56, 125. 
 
 Flexed, 125. 
 
 Flighted, 102, 125. 
 
 Flodden Field, 211. 
 
 Fly, 125. 
 
 Foliated, 125. 
 
 Foreign Insignia, 295. 
 
 Formee, 57. 
 
 Forneus, Sir R. de ; Arms, 63. 
 
 Forth, Viscount ; Seal, 252. 
 
 Fountain, 72, 125. 
 
 Fourch^e, 55, 86, 125. 
 
 Fraise, 199. 
 
 " France Ancient," 122, 124 ; " France 
 Modern," 122, 125 ; " Bordure of 
 France," 124 ; " Label of France," 
 123 ; Imperial Eagle of, 99. 
 
 Fraser, Wm. ; Seal, 199. 
 
 Frederick II., Emperor; Arms, 93. 
 
 Frere ; Arms, 58. 
 
 Frette, Frettee, Fretty, 64, 71, 125, 134. 
 
 Froissart, 256, 281. 
 
 Fructed, 82, 126. 
 
 Fur, 40, 42, 126. 
 
 Furnival, De ; Arms, 186, 203. 
 
 Fusil, Fusillee, Fusily, 70, 126. 
 
 Fylfot, 126. 
 
 Fynderne, Wm., 156. 
 
 Gad, Gadlyng, 126. 
 
 Galley, 126. 
 
 Gambe. See Jambe. 
 
 Garb, 126, 201. 
 
 Garnished, 126. 
 
 Garter, Order of the, 127, 284; In 
 signia of the, 127, 286 ; Stalls and 
 Garter Plates of Knights, 285 j Offi 
 cers, 285. 
 
 Garter King-of-Arms, 126, 131 ; Arms, 
 132. 
 
 W 
 
333 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Gaveston, Piers ; Arms, 95. 
 
 Gemelles, Bars Gemelles, 52. 
 
 Gem-Ring, 126. 
 
 Genealogies, 301. 
 
 Genet, 126. 
 
 Geoffrey, Count of Anjou, 192. 
 
 George, Saint ; Arms, 19, 126, 261 ; 
 
 Chapel of, 104. 
 George, The, of the Garter, 126, 286 ; 
 
 The Lesser, 127, 286. 
 George I. ; Arms, 271, 272. 
 George II. ; Arms, 272. 
 George III. ; Arms, 272. 
 George IV. ; Arms, 272. 
 Gerattyng, 127. 
 
 Germany, The Emperor of; Arms, 92. 
 Germany, The King of; Arms, 92. 
 Geytone, Sir J. de ; Arms, 208. 
 Ghent, Prince John of, 183, 193, 240, 
 
 242, 249. 
 Giffard ; Arms, 154. 
 
 Giffard, Sir A., 72; Sir J., 89, 209. 
 
 Gimmel-Ring, 127. 
 
 Girt, Girdled, 127. 
 
 Gliding, 82. 
 
 " Glossary of Heraldry," The Oxford, 
 
 3 1 - 
 Glossary of Titles, Names, and Terms, 
 
 100. 
 
 Gloucester, Alianore, Duchess of, 326. 
 
 See De Bohun. 
 Gloucester, Humphrey, Duke of, 185, 
 
 243, 326 ; Thomas, Duke of, 240, 
 243, 326. 
 
 Gloucester, Thomas le Despencer, 
 
 Earl of, 175. 
 Gloucester, Ralph de Monthermer, 
 
 Earl of, 95. 
 
 Gloucester Cathedral, Tiles at, 327. 
 Gold, 42, 47. 
 Golpe, 72. 
 Gonfannon, 127. 
 Gorged, 127. 
 
 Gorges, R. de ; Arms, 128.. 
 Gothic Architecture, Heraldry in, 325. 
 Gothic Art, its Heraldic Character, 329. 
 Gothic Monuments, Heraldry of, 326. 
 Gough, Lord ; Arms, 23. 
 Goutte e, Gutte*e, 127. 
 Gradient, 127. 
 Grafted, 127. 
 Grafton, Duke of; Supporters, 92; 
 
 Differences, 195. 
 Graham, Robert ; Seal, 250. 
 Grand Quartering, Grand Quarters, 
 
 34, 127, 170. 
 
 Grandison ; Arms, 54, 96, 189. 
 Grandison, Bishop John de, 189. 
 Grants of Arms, 309 ; Example, 310. 
 Great Malvern, Tiles at, 327. 
 Great Yarmouth ; Arms, 171. 
 Greeces, 128. 
 Greek Cross, 55. 
 Greenland ; Arms. 278. 
 Greville, Earl of Warwick, 214. 
 
 Grey ; Arms, 53 ; Crest of Sir Richard 
 
 de Grey, K.G., 222. 
 Griffin. See Gryphon. 
 Grosvenor; Arms, 201 ; Sir R. de, 58, 
 
 206. 
 
 Gryphon, Griffin, 79. 
 Guardant, 85, 128. 
 " Guide to the Study of Heraldry," by 
 
 Mr. Montagu, 2, 9, 196. 
 Guige, 37, 128. 
 Gules, 41, 48, 128. 
 Gurges, Gorges, 128. 
 Gyron, Gyronnee, Gyronny, 64, 70, 
 
 128. 
 
 Habited, 128. 
 
 Hainault, The Counts of; Arms, 83. 
 
 Hainault, Queen Philippa of, 237, 239. 
 
 Hames, Haimes, 128. 
 
 Hamilton; Crest, 151, 220. 
 
 Hamilton, Sir Gilbert de, 151. 
 
 Hammer, 128. 
 
 Hanover ; Arms, 271 ; Livery Colours, 
 136. 
 
 Harcourt, Sir R. ; Arms, 224 ; Hare- 
 court, or Harcourt ; Arms, 51, 186. 
 
 Hardinge, Viscount ; Supporters, 92. 
 
 Hardwick, Earl of; Supporters, 92. 
 
 Harp, 128. 
 
 Harris ; Arms, 76. 
 
 Harrington Knot, 134. 
 
 Harsyck, Sir J. ; Crest, 224. 
 
 Hart, 81, 116, 128. 
 
 Hastilude, 128. 
 
 Hastings, the Earl, 202 ; Edmund 
 de, 202 ; Edward, Lord, 134; Sir 
 Hugh, 223. 
 
 Hastings ; Arms, 137 ; Crest, 223. 
 
 Hatchment, 128. 
 
 Hatfield, Bishop, 222. 
 
 Hauriant, 82, 129. 
 
 Hause, 129. 
 
 Hautville, Sir G. de ; Arms, 209. 
 
 Hawk s Bells, Jesses, and Lure, 129. 
 
 Hay ; Arms, 120. 
 
 Haynes, John ; Seal, 325. 
 
 Headfort, The Marquess of; Sup 
 porters, 92. 
 
 Hedge-hog, 76. 
 
 Heightened, 129. 
 
 Heights, 129. 
 
 Heiress, Arms of, 174. 
 
 Helena, H.R.H., The Princess, Prin 
 cess Christian, 280. 
 
 Helm, Helmet, 129, 178. 
 
 Hemenhale ; Arms, 51. 
 
 Hempbrake, Hackle, 130. 
 
 Heneage Knot, 130, 134. 
 
 Henry I. ; Arms, 88, 137, 267 ; Badge, 
 
 Henry II. ; Arms, 267 ; Badges, 235. 
 
 Henry III. ; Arms, 268 ; Badge, 235 ; 
 Rolls of Arms of his Era, 13. 
 
 Henry IV. ; Label, as Duke of Lan 
 caster, 185 ; Motto, in, 242 ; Arms, 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 339 
 
 268 ; quarters " France Modern," 
 125; Badges, 235; Crown, 275; 
 Seal, 242. 
 
 Henry V.; Arms, 269; Badges, 155, 
 236; Supporters, 273; Crown, 115. 
 
 Henry VI. ; Arms, 269; Badges, 236; 
 Supporters, 91, 273; Crown, 115, 
 275 ; Motto, 274. 
 
 Henry VII.; 127, 238, 286, 296 ; Arms, 
 
 269 : Badges, 236 ; Supporters, 273 ; 
 Seal, 247. 
 
 Henry VIII. ; 127, 195, 213, 286; 
 Arms. 269; Badges, 236; Supporters, 
 273 ; Coins, 318. 
 
 Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster, 186. 
 
 " Herald and Genealogist," 303. 
 
 Heralds of England, Incorporated, 305. 
 
 Herald, 131. 
 
 Herald-Kings, 131, 177. 
 
 Heraldic Sails, 257. 
 
 Heralds College, 131, 305 
 
 Heraldry, Early Love of in England, 
 2; Early Influence, 2; Definition 
 and True Character of, 3 ; Introduc 
 tion into England, and Establish 
 ment, 4 ; Utility of, 4 ; English 
 Mediaeval, 5; Ancient, 6, 9 ; English, 
 its Career, 9 ; Early English Litera 
 ture of, 12 ; its Allusive Character, 
 15 ; Canting, 16 ; Revival in England, 
 20, 24. 307 ; Debasement, 21, 22 ; a 
 Science, 24, 27, 30, 330; an Art, 24, 
 27, 330 ; Style of Art in, 24, 30 ; 
 Treatment of Animate Creatures in, 
 24, 27 ; Language of, 29 ; Nomen 
 clature, 29 ; Style and Forms of Ex 
 pression, 30 ; Birds in, 76 ; Beasts in, 
 76; Human Beings in, 73 ; the Lion 
 in, 83, 87 ; the Eagle in, 9, 92 ; 
 Scottish, 132, 204 ; of Monuments, 
 326 ; Royal, 267 ; cf the Coinage, 
 
 317 ; its present Popularity, 307 ; in 
 Architecture, 325 ; of Illuminations, 
 327 ; in Inlaid Tiles, 327 ; of Cos 
 tume, 327 ; in the United States of 
 
 America, 323. 
 " Heraldry of Fish," by Mr. Moule, 
 
 77, 122. 
 Hereford, De Bohuns, Earls of, 59 ; 
 
 Elizabeth, Countess of, 164. 
 Hereford Cathedral, 222. 
 Herison, Herrison, 76, 132. 
 Heriz, De (Harris) ; Arms, 76. 
 Heron, 17. 
 Herring ; Arms, 77. 
 Herschel, Sir J. ; Arms, 23. 
 Heytesbury and Hornet, Lord, 232, 
 
 Heytesbury, the Baron; Supporters, 
 
 HH?, Hillock, 132. 
 Hind, 81, 116, 132. 
 Hirondelle, 77, 132. 
 Holland, Counts of, 83 ; Elizabeth, 
 Countess of, 164. 
 
 Hollands, of Exeter, 185, 213 ; of Kent 
 
 and Surrey, 185, 213. 
 Holland, John, Earl of Huntingdon : 
 
 Seal, 258. 
 
 Holstein ; Arms, 278. 
 Honour, Augmentations of, 210. 
 Honour-Point, 33, 132. 
 " Honours," Regimental, 264. 
 Honourable Insignia, Medals, and 
 
 Clasps, 179, 294. 
 Hoofed, 80. 
 
 Hospitallers. See St. John, Knights of. 
 Hotspur, Henry, 173. 
 Howard; Arms, 211; Augmentatior , 
 
 211 ; Crest, 91, 223 ; Badge, 231. 
 Howard, Thos., Duke of Norfolk, 211. 
 Howard, Dr. J. J., 303. 
 Human Beings, in Heraldry, 73. 
 Humett^e, 55, 133. 
 Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, 185, 
 
 243, 326. 
 
 Hungerford, 232 ; Badge, 231. 
 Hungerford, Lord, 248 ; Sir Walter de, 
 
 232, 255, 2 57 J Sir Robert de, 233, 
 
 255. 257. 
 
 Huntingdon, Thos., Earl of, 258. 
 Huntingfield, Roger de ; Arms, 72. 
 Huntley, the Marquess of, 68. 
 Hurste, 133. 
 Hurte, 72, 133. 
 Husband and Wife, Marshalling their 
 
 Arms, 171, 175. 
 Hussy ; Arms, 233. 
 
 Iceland ; Arms, 278. 
 
 Illegitimacy, Cadency of, 192. 
 
 Illuminations, Heraldry of, 327. 
 
 Imaginary Beings, in Heraldry, 79. 
 
 Imbrued, Imbued, 133. 
 
 Impalement, Impaled, 172 ; of the 
 Bordure and Tressure, 173. 
 
 Imperial Crown, The, 114, 275; Im 
 perially Crowned, 133. 
 
 In Bend, 59, 133. 
 
 In Chevron, 62, 133. 
 
 In Chief, 50, 133. 
 
 In Complement, 80, 133. 
 
 In Cross, 55, 133. 
 
 In Detriment, 80. 
 
 In Fesse, 51, 133. 
 
 In Foliage, 81, 133. 
 
 In Glory, 80, 133. 
 
 In Increment, 80. 
 
 In Lure, 81, 133. 
 
 In Orle, 66. 
 
 In Pale, 54. 
 
 In Piety, 81. 
 
 In Plenitude, 80. 
 
 In Pretence, 133. 
 
 In Pride, 81, 133. 
 
 In Quadrangle, 133. 
 
 In Saltire, 61. 
 
 In Splendour, 80, 133. 
 
 Increscent, 80, 133. 
 
 Indented, 34, 133 
 
 W 2 
 
340 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Inescutcheon, 65, 135. 
 
 Infantry Colours, 265. 
 
 Innes, Walter ; Seal, 10. 
 
 Innes, or De Ynays, Wm. ; Seal, n. 
 
 Insects, in Heraldry, 79, 82. 
 
 Insignia, Foreign, 295. 
 
 Invected, 34. 
 
 Inverted, 81. 
 
 Ireland; Badge, 152, 235; Heraldry 
 
 of, 309 ; Chief Heiald of, 132. 
 Ireland, De Vere, Duke of, 213. 
 Irradiated, 133. 
 
 Isabel, of France ; Seal, 124, 164. 
 Isabel, Countess of Bedford, 230. 
 Isabel le Despenser, 175. 
 Isle of Man ; Arms, 9, 74. 
 Isles, Lordship of, 276 
 Islip, Abbot ; Rebus, 148. 
 Issuant, 133. 
 
 Jambe, Gambe, 87, 133. 
 
 James I. of Scotland ; Supporters, 273. 
 
 James IV. of Scotland; at Flodden, 
 211 ; Supporters, 274. 
 
 James V. of Scotland; Crest and 
 Motto, 273 ; Garter Plate, 67. 
 
 James VI. of Scotland James I. of 
 Great Britain ; Arms, 269 ; Sup 
 porters, 91, 273 ; Badges and Motto, 
 156, 236, 274 ; creates Baronets, 104; 
 his proclamation for first " Union 
 Jack," 261. 
 
 James II.; Arms, 269; Supporters, 
 274; Badge, 236; frames Statutes 
 for Order of Thistle, 287. 
 
 iames ; Motto, 140. 
 ane Seymour, Queen, 236. 
 ardine ; Arms, 204. 
 Jefferay ; Motto, 140. 
 Jerusalem ; Arms, 43. 
 Jessant. Jessant de lys, 133. 
 ] esses, 133. 
 
 Jewellery, Heraldic, 328. 
 Joan, Daughter of Edward I., 95. 
 Joan, Countess of Surrey; Seal, 165. 
 Joanna, of Navarre, Queen; Badge, 
 
 126, 236. 
 John, King ; his Seal as Prince, 88 ; 
 
 Arms, 268 ; Badge, 235. 
 John, Prince, of Eltham, 26, 124, 169, 
 
 185, 258. 
 
 John, Prince, of Ghent, 183, 193, 240 
 242, 249. 
 
 iohn de Dreux, 166, 168. 
 ohn, Duke of Bedford, 185. 
 ohn de Warrenne, Earl of Surrey, 
 165. 
 
 ohnston ; Arms, 204. 
 oust, 134. 
 owlopped, 134. 
 upon, 134. 
 uxon, Archbishop, 286. 
 
 Kent, De Burgh, Earl of, 69; Hol 
 lands, Earls of, 185. 
 
 Key, 134. 
 
 " King Maker," the, 204, 214, 229. 
 
 King, Mr. ; his " Hand-book of En 
 graved Gems," 6. 
 
 King-of-Arms, 131. See Herald. 
 
 King s College Chapel, Cambridge, 
 Heraldry of, 25, 326. 
 
 King s Langley, Monument at, 326. 
 
 Kinnoul, Earl of, 308. 
 
 Kirkpatrick ; Arms, 204. 
 
 Kirton, Abbot ; Rebus, 148. 
 
 Knight, Knighthood, Knightly Orders, 
 117, 134, 179, 281. 
 
 Knights of St. John, 57, 283 ; Tem 
 plars, 13, 284. 
 
 Knot, 134, 231. 
 
 Kyrkeby ; Arms, 65. 
 
 Label, 135, 182 ; Forms of, 135 ; Points 
 of, 135, 182; Differenced, 183, 184; 
 a Royal Difference, 183; as borne 
 by Princes Royal, 182 ; by Black 
 Prince, 182 ; by Princes of Wales, 
 183 ; of Brittany, 183 ; of France, 
 183; of Lancaster, 183, 184; of 
 York, 183; borne as a Badge, 199; 
 in Modern Cadency, 198. 
 
 Laci, Lacy, De ; Arms, 84, 89, 164. 
 
 Laci, Earl Henry de ; Crest, 216. 
 
 Lacy Knot, 135. 
 
 Ladies, Unmarried ; their Arms, 176. 
 
 Ladies , Heraldic Costume, 162, 165, 
 327 ; their right to bear Badges, 234. 
 
 Laing, Mr. H., his "Catalogue of 
 Scottish Seals," n, 164, 199, 218, 
 232, 247, 250, 274, 318, 330. 
 
 Lamb, 76. 
 
 Lambert ; Arms, 76. 
 
 Lambrequin, 136. 
 
 Lambton ; Arms, 76. 
 
 Lancaster, Label of, 183 ; Rose of, 150, 
 235 ; Badge of, 155 ; Livery Colours 
 of, 136 ; Collar of, no. 
 
 Lancaster, Edmund, Earl of, 123, 183, 
 186, 326; Henry, Earl of, 186, 247 ; 
 Thomas, Earl of, 218 ; John of Ghent, 
 Duke of, 183 (see John of Ghent) ; 
 Matilda of, 167, 190. 
 
 Lancaster Herald, 131. 
 
 Lance-Rest. See Clarion. 
 
 Lane, Jane, 212. 
 
 Language, of Heraldry, 29, 30. 
 
 Langued, 80, 136. 
 
 Latimer, George, Lord, 191 ; William 
 le, 143, 221. 
 
 Latin Cross, 55. 
 
 " Law and Practice of Heraldry in 
 Scotland," by Mr. Seton, 9, 68, 94, 
 140, 204, 309. 
 
 Law of Tinctures, 43. 
 
 Leaves, in Heraldry, 102, 136. 
 
 Leechford, Sir R., Confirmation cf 
 Arms to, 313. 
 
 Legh, Gerard, 2?. 
 
 Legion of Honour, 295. 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 341 
 
 Leicester, Banner of, 14. 
 Leicester, Robert, Earl of, 201. 
 Leicestershire Families, their Arms, 
 
 202. 
 
 Lennox, Countess of; Arms, 67, 326. 
 Leon ; Arms, 83, 169. See Castile. 
 Leopard, Leopard^, 84, 267. 
 Leopold, H.R.H., The Prince, 279. 
 L Ercedeckne ; Arms, 202. 
 Leslie ; Arms, 95 ; Euphemia, Countess 
 
 of Ros, 95. 
 
 " Lesser George," The, 127. 
 Le Strange. See Strange. 
 Letters of the Alphabet, in Heraldry, 
 
 136. 
 
 Leverett, John ; Seals, 324, 325. 
 Leveson ; Arms, 17, 102. 
 Leybourne, Sir W. de ; Arms, 90. 
 Lichfield, Joust at, 230. 
 Lincoln, Earls of ; Arms, 89, 164, 209. 
 Lincoln, Henry, Earl of; Crest, 216. 
 Lincoln and Pembroke, Margaret, 
 
 Countess of, 164. 
 Lindsay, Sir W. ; Seal, 250. 
 Line, Border Line, Lined, 136. 
 Lion, in Heraldry, 25, 27, 76, 83 ; 
 
 Heraldic Treatment of, 23, 92; of 
 
 England, 88, 267 ; of Scotland, 67, 
 
 269 ; as a Crest, 90 ; as a Supporter, 
 
 90, 91, 274 ; Percy Lion, 223 ; 
 
 Howard Lion, 223 ; Examples of 
 
 Lions, 209. 
 
 Lion s Face, 87 ; Head, 87 ; Jambe, 87. 
 Lioncel, 87, 136. 
 
 Lion-leopard, Lion-leopard^, 85. 
 Lionel, Prince, of Clarence, 167, 184. 
 Lisle, Arthur, Viscount, 195. 
 Little Easton, Brass at, in, 223. 
 Livery Colours, 130. 
 Lodged, 80, 136. 
 
 Lomelye, Lumley, Sir R. ; Arms, 208. 
 London, City of ; Arms, 155. 
 Longesp^e, William, Earl of Salisbury, 
 
 84, 90, 192, 326. 
 
 Lord of the Isles ; Arms, 137, 276. 
 Lord Lyon, 132, 246, 308. 
 Lorn ; Arms, 136. 
 Lorraine ; Arms, 97. 
 Loterel, Luterell ; Arms, 76, 186, 202, 
 
 219. 
 Loterel, Luterell, Sir A., 176; Sir G., 
 
 177, 219. 
 
 Louis VII., of France, 122. 
 Louisa, H.R.H., The Princess, 279. 
 Lcutre, 76. 
 
 Louvaine ; Arms, 170. 
 Lower, Mr. M. A., 9, 303; on Crests, 
 
 229. 
 
 Luce, 17, 77, 136. 
 Lucy ; Arms, 17, 170 ; Sir Anthony, 
 
 78 ; Geoffrey de, 78. 
 Ludlow Church, 238. 
 Lullingstone, 148. 
 Lunenburgh ; Arms, 272, 278. 
 Lure, 81, 136 
 
 Luterell. See Loterel. 
 
 Lyhart, Bishop Walter ; Rebus, 148. 
 
 Lymphad, 136. 
 
 Lyon Office, 132, 308 : Depute, 308. 
 
 Mahon, Sir W. ; Motto, 252. 
 
 Maintenance, Cap of, 137. 
 
 Malet, Sir R., 209 ; Sir T., 209. 
 
 Malmesbury, Earl of; Supporters, 99. 
 
 Maltese Cross, 57 
 
 Man, Isle of, 9, 74. 
 
 Manche, Maunche, 137. 
 
 Mandeville, Geoffrey de, 15. 
 
 Manfee, Sir W. ; Arms, 209. 
 
 Mantle, 137; of Arms, 328. 
 
 Mantling, 137, 178, 220; Marked for 
 Cadency, 198. 
 
 March, Mortimers, Earls of; Seals, 
 250. 
 
 Margaret, of Anjou, Queen, 97 ; of 
 France, 123, 163, 171 ; Bruce, 164 ; 
 Beaufort, 173 ; Tudor, 174 ; Countess 
 of Lincoln, 164 ; de Ferrers, 173. 
 
 Marks of Cadency, Marking Cadency. 
 See Cadency. 
 
 Marlbprough, Duke of, 95, 98. 
 
 Marmion, Sir R. de ; Crest, 222. 
 
 Marny, Sir R. de ; Seal, 220. 
 
 Marquess, Marquis, Marchioness, 137. 
 
 Marriage, Heraldic Record of, 171. 
 
 Marshalling, 138, 161 ; by Combina 
 tion, 168 ; by Quartering, 169 ; 
 Quartered Coats, 170 ; Arms of Hus 
 band and Wife, 171, 175 ; Crests, 
 178 ; Helms, Coronets, Mantlings, 
 Mottoes, Supporters, Badges, and 
 Various Insignia, 178, 179. 
 
 Martel, 17, 138. 
 
 Martlet, 77, 138 ; in Modern Cadency, 
 198. 
 
 Martin ; Crest and Motto, 140. 
 
 Mary Tudor, Queen ; Arms, 269 ; Sup 
 porters, 273 ; Badges, 236 ; grants 
 Derby House to the Heralds, 131. 
 
 Mary Stuart, Queen ; Arms, 269. 
 
 Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots ; her 
 Signet, 274 ; Heraldry of her Monu 
 ment, 288. 
 
 Mary, The Princess, of Teck, 280. 
 
 Mary de Saint Paul ; Seal, 166, 168. 
 
 Mascle, Mascutee, 69, 138. 
 
 Masoned, 138. 
 
 Matilda de Chaworth, 167 ; of Lan 
 caster, 167. 
 
 Medals, 294. 
 
 Medjidie, Order of the, 295. 
 
 Melfort, Earl ; Seal, 252. 
 
 Membered, 138. 
 
 Menteith. Earl of, 94 ; Sir J., 95. 
 
 Merchant s Mark, 138. 
 
 Mere, De la. See Delamere. 
 
 Merevale, Brass at, 222. 
 
 Merit, Order of, 289. 
 
 Mermaid, Merman, or Triton, 139. 
 
 Metals, 40, 42, 139. 
 
342 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Methuen, the Baron, 95. 
 
 Mill-rind. See Fer-de-Moline. 
 
 " Miscellanea Genealogica et He- 
 
 raldica," 303. 
 Mitre, 139. 
 Moline, 56, 139. 
 
 Molines, Molyneux, De ; Arms, 56. 
 Monecastre, SirW. de ; Arms, 208. 
 Monson, the Baron ; Supporters, 92. 
 Montacute, De, Montagu ; Origin of 
 
 the Name, 16 ; Arms, 70, 96. 
 Montagu, Mr., his work on Heraldry, 
 
 a, 9, 196. 
 Montfort, De ; Arms, 59 ; Sir de, 
 
 209. 
 
 Montgomerie, Sir W. de, 96. 
 Montgomerie, Earl of Eglintoun ; 
 
 Arms, 10. 
 
 Monthermer, Sir Ralph de, 95, 99. 
 Moon, the, 80. 
 
 Monypeny, Thomas ; Seal, 320 
 Mortimer, De ; Origin of the Name, 
 
 16 ; Arms, 65,173; Differences, 187; 
 
 Crest, 143. 
 Mortimer, Edmund de, Earl of March; 
 
 Seal, 250. 
 
 Motto, 139, 178, 227 ; Royal, 227 
 Moule, Mr., his " Heraldry of Fish," 
 
 77, 122. 
 Mound, 140. 
 Mounpynzon ; Arms, 77. 
 Mount, 140. 
 Mounteney, De ; Arms, 203; SirE de, 
 
 204; Sir J. de, 204; SirT. de, 204. 
 Mowbray, Sir J., 209 ; Roger de, 89 ; 
 
 Thomas de, Duke of Norfolk, 213, 
 
 223, 240. 
 
 Mullet, 140 ; in Modern Cadency, 198. 
 Mundegumri, John ; Seal, 10. 
 Mural Crown, 141. 
 Murallee, Walled. See Walled. 
 Mure, Wm. ; Seal, 320. 
 Murrey, 42. 
 Muschamp ; Arms, 79. 
 
 Naiant, 82, 141. 
 
 Naissant, 141. 
 
 Names, 31. 
 
 Nassau ; Arms, 270. 
 
 Natural Objects, in Heraldry, 79. 
 
 Naval Crown, 141. 
 
 Navarre ; Arms, 124, 236. 
 
 Naveret, Battle of, 256. 
 
 Nebulee, 34, 141. 
 
 Nelson, Admiral Lord: Arms, 23. 
 
 Nerved, 141. 
 
 Neville ; Arms, 61 ; Differences, 191 ; 
 
 Badge, 148. 
 
 Neville, George de. Lord Latimer, 191. 
 Neville, Earl Richard de, 204, 214, 229. 
 Newburgh ; Arms, 321, 322. 
 Nicholas, Sir N. Harris, 9 ; on Ostrich 
 
 Feather Badge, 237 ; on " Union 
 
 Jack," 263. 
 Nichols, Mr. J. Gough, 9, 15, 303. 
 
 Nimbus, Nimbed, 95, 98, 141. 
 
 Nomenclature, Heraldic, 29. 
 
 Norfolk, the Duke of; Arms, 21 T ; 
 quarters Mowbray, 89: Supporters, 
 92 ; Crest, 223 ; Earl Marshal, 131. 
 
 Norfolk, Thomas Mowbray, Duke of, 
 240. 
 
 Normans, their Shields and Standards, 
 
 Norroy, 131. See Herald. 
 
 Northkigh, 326. 
 
 Northumberland, Earls of; Arms, 78, 
 
 89, 255. 
 Northumberland, Henry, ist Earl of, 
 
 170; the Duke of, 92, 223. 
 Nortone, Sir J. de ; Arms, 209. 
 Norway ; Arms, 83. 
 Norwich; Arms of See, 189; Henry, 
 
 Bishop of, r8g. 
 
 Nova Scotia, Badge. See Baronet 
 Nowed, 82, 141. 
 
 Octofoil, in Modern Cadency, 198. 
 
 Official Insignia, 179 ; in Cadency, 189, 
 
 Official Arms, 177. 
 
 Ogress, 72, 141. 
 
 Oldenburgh ; Arms, 278. 
 
 Oldham, Bishop ; Rebus, 148. 
 
 Onslow ; Motto, 140. 
 
 Opinicus, 141. 
 
 Oppressed, Debruised, 141. 
 
 Or, 40, 141. 
 
 Orders of Knighthood. See Knight 
 hood. 
 
 Order of Merit, 289. 
 
 Ordinaries, 42, 49, 141 ; their struc 
 tural Origin, 14, 63. 
 
 Ordinary of Arms, 141. See Armory. 
 
 Oreiller, 142. 
 
 Orle, In Orle, 66, 142, 160. 
 
 Ostrevant, Comte of, 237. 
 
 Ostrich Feather Badge, 142, 223, 237. 
 
 Otter, 76. 
 
 Ousflet, Sir G. de ; Arms, 208. 
 
 Overall, Sur tout, 142. 
 
 Overstone, the Baron ; Supporters, 99. 
 
 Overt, 8r, 142. 
 
 Oxford, De Veres, Earls of, 213. 
 
 Oxney, John ; Rebus, 148. 
 
 Padlock, Badge, 249. 
 Paignel, John ; Arms, 202. 
 Painted Chamber, Westminster, 255. 
 Pale, Pale-wise, In Pale, Paly, 53. 54. 
 
 Pall, 142. 
 
 Palliot, French Writer on Heraldry, 
 
 253. 
 
 Paly Bendy, 60, 142. 
 Fame", 82. 
 
 Panache, 142, 220, 221. 
 Parr, Queen Catherine, 236. 
 Party, Parted, 33, 143. 
 Pascuant, 143. 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 343 
 
 Passant, Passant Guardant, Passant 
 Reguardant, Passant Repassant, 85, 
 144. 
 
 Pastoral Staff, 144. 
 Patee, or Formee, 57, 144. 
 Pateshulle, J. de. ; Arms, 51. 
 Patonce, 57, 144. 
 Patriarchal, 57, 144. 
 Pawne, Peacock, 76. 
 Peach-Branches, 149. 
 Pean, 41, 144. 
 Pebmarsh, Brass at, 202. 
 Peche, Sir John, 149. 
 Pedro, King of Castile, 257. 
 Peer, 144. 
 Peerage, 144. 
 
 Peeress in her own Right, 177. 
 Pegasus, 144, 284. 
 Pelham ; Arms, 76 ; Badge, 231. 
 Pelican, 76, 144. 
 Pellet, 72, 144. 
 
 Pembridge, Sir R. de ; Crest, 221. 
 Pembroke, the Earl of, 166 ; De 
 
 Valences, Earls of, 326. 
 Pembroke College, Cambridge, 166,167. 
 Penbrugge ; Arms, 53. 
 Pendent, 144. 
 Pennon, 3, 144, 254. 
 Per, 33, 145. 
 Perceval ; Motto, 140. 
 Perci, Percy ; Arms, 70, 84, 170 ; 
 Crest, 91, 223; Badges, 231, 249, 
 255 ; Seals, 249. 
 
 Perci, Henry de, 78, 80, 186, 209, 216. 
 Perci, Henry de, 3rd Baron, 186 ; 
 
 Agnes de, 164. 
 
 Percy Shrine, Beverley Minster, 27. 
 Percy Effigy, at Beverley, 162. 
 Peterborough Cathedral and Deanery, 
 238. 
 
 Petrasancta, Silvester de, 40. 
 
 Petre, the Baron ; Supporters, 92. 
 
 Peverel ; Badge, 231 ; Catherine, 232. 
 
 Peyvre, Sir R. de ; Arms, 62, 209. 
 
 Philip, " the Hardy," 162. 
 
 Philippa, Queen, of Hainault ; Badge, 
 237, 239 ; Heraldry of her Monu 
 ment, 173, 326. 
 
 Pickering, Sir T. de ; Arms, 209. 
 
 Pigot ; Arms, 17. 
 
 Pile, In Pile, 62, 145. 
 
 Pirepound, Sir R. ; Arms, 209. 
 
 Planch^, Mr., 9, 74, 97, 201, 242. 
 
 Plantagenet, The Royal House of, 
 17, 192 ; Livery Colours of, 136 ; 
 Arthur, 195. 
 
 Planta Genista, 17, 145, 235. 
 
 Plate, Plattde, 72, 145. 
 
 Plenitude, 145. 
 
 Plume, 145. 
 
 Points, or Stops, in Heraldry, 46. 
 
 Points of a Shield, 33, 145 ; of a Label, 
 162 ; In Point, 145. 
 
 Pole ; Motto, 140. 
 
 Pomme, Pommee, 56, 72, 145. 
 
 Poninge, Sir T. de ; Arms, 208. 
 Popinjay, 76, 145. 
 Port, 145. 
 
 Portcullis, 145 ; Pursuivant, 131. 
 Portland, Duke of; Supporters, 92. 
 Potent 41, 57, 145. 
 Poudree, Powdered, 45, 145. 
 Poutrel, Sir R. ; Arms, 207. 
 Preieres, Sir J. de ; Arms, 208. 
 Precedence, Order of, 296 ; in the 
 
 Royal Family, 300 ; of Women, 299. 
 Prelates ; Arms, 177. 
 Pretence, Escutcheon of, 120, 174, 316. 
 Preying, 145. 
 Prince, Princess, 145. 
 Princes and Princesses of the Royal 
 
 Family ; Armorial Insignia, 278, 
 
 279; Coronets, 145. 
 Proper, 42. 
 Provence ; Arms, 38. 
 Prussia, H.R.H., The Crown Princess, 
 
 Princess Royal, 280. 
 Purfled, 146. 
 Purpure, 41, 146. 
 Pursuivant, 131, 146. 
 "Pursuivant of Arms," by Mr. Planch^. 
 
 See Planche. 
 Pycot, Sir B. Arms, 208. 
 
 Quadrate, 55, 146. 
 
 Quarter, 64, 146, 170. See Canton. 
 
 Quarter Pierced, 55. 
 
 Quartering, 34, 146 ; Simple, 34 ; 
 
 Compound, 34, 170; Grand, 170; 
 
 Marshalling by, 169; the Bordure 
 
 and Tressure, 173. 
 Quarterings, Quarters, 34, 170 ; Grand, 
 
 34, 170. 
 
 Quartered Coats, Marshalling of, 170. 
 Quarterly Quartered, 34, 147. 
 Quarterly Quartering, 34, 147. 
 Quarterly Pierced, 55. 
 Quatrefoil, 147. 
 QUEEN, H.M.,The; Crown, 115, 275; 
 
 Arms, 272 ; Banner, 260. 
 Queen s College, Oxford, 97. 
 " Queen s Colour," the, 265. 
 Quency, De ; Arms, 17. 
 Queue Fourchde, 86, 147. 
 Quilled, 147. 
 
 Radclyffe, Radcliffe ; Arms, 58. 
 
 Radiant, Rayonee, 147. 
 
 Radstock, the Baron ; Supporters, 99. 
 
 Ragged Staff, 135, 147, 205, 228, 321. 
 
 Ragulde, Raguly, 34, 147. 
 
 Ram, 76. 
 
 Rampant, Rampant Guardant and 
 
 Reguardant, 84, 85, 148. 
 Ramryge, Thomas, 
 
 Albans, 25, 76, 
 Ramsey ; Arms, 
 Ready, Mr., his ( 
 Rebated, 148. 
 Rebus, 148, 227. 
 
 Abbot of St. 
 , 210, 239, 326. 
 
 its of Seals, 318. 
 
344 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Recercelee, 56, 150. 
 
 Red Ensign, 263 
 
 References to Authorities, 13. 
 
 Reflexed, Reflected, 150. 
 
 " Regimental Colour," the, 265. 
 
 Reguardant, 85, 150. 
 
 Rein-deer, 102, 150. 
 
 Removed, 150. 
 
 Renfrew, the Barony of, 276. 
 
 Reptiles, in Heraldry, 79. 
 
 Respecting, 150. 
 
 Rest. See Clarion. 
 
 Retorted, 150. 
 
 Rhode Island, 324. 
 
 Ribbon, Riband, 58, 150 : of the Gar 
 ter, 287 ; Bath, 291 ; Thistle, 288 ; 
 St. Patrick, 289 ; Star of India, 293. 
 
 Richard I. ; Arms, 88, 268 ; Crest, 
 121, 216; Seals, 88, 215; Badges, 
 
 Richard II.; Arms, 212, 268; Crest, 
 91,223; Badges, 27, 223, 235, 240; 
 Roll of Arms of his Era, 13. 
 
 Richard III.; Arms, 269; Badges, 
 235 ; Supporters, 273 ; incorporates 
 Heralds, 131, 305. 
 
 Richard, Earl of Cornwall, and King 
 of the Romans, 68, 94. 
 
 Richard, Earl of Warwick, 214. 
 
 Richmond, Henry, Duke of, 195, 197. 
 
 Richmond, John de Dreux, Earl of, 
 168. 
 
 Richmond and Lennox, Ludovic 
 Stuart, Duke of, 118. 
 
 Richmond Herald, 131. 
 
 Rising, Roussant, 81, 150. 
 
 Riveres ; Arms, 52. 
 
 Robert II. of Scotland, 273. 
 
 Robsart.Earl Ludovic ; Monument, 248 
 
 Rolls of Arms ; 12, 29. 
 
 Romans, Richard, King of the, 68,94. 
 
 Roringe, Sir R. de; Arms, 208. 
 
 Ross, Euphemia, Countess of, 95 ; 
 Margaret, Lady de, 164; the Earl 
 of, 95. 
 
 Rosamond, Fair, 90, 192. 
 
 Rose, 150; en Soleil, 150 ; of England, 
 150, 235 ; of Lancaster, 150, 235 ; of 
 York, 150, 235 ; Badge of Edward I., 
 235 ; in Modern Cadency, 198. 
 
 Rossel, Sir G. ; Arms. 17, 209. 
 
 Rothsay, H.R.H., The Prince of 
 Wales. Duke of, 276. 
 
 Rouge Croix, Pursuivant, 131. 
 
 Rouge Dragon, Pursuivant, 131. 
 
 Roundle, Roundlet, 71, 72. 
 
 Royal Badges, 234 ; Banners, 275 ; 
 Personages, their Arms, 178 ; Mot 
 toes, 274 ; Standards, 6o, 275 ; 
 Supporters, 273. 
 
 Rue, Chaplet of, 109. 
 
 Ruskin, Mr., 327. 
 
 Rustre, 69, 151. 
 
 Sable, 41, 151. 
 
 Sagittarius, Sagittary, 151, 267. 
 Sails, Heraldic, 257. 
 Saint Alban, Abbey Church and Arms 
 f> 2 5> 75> 3 2 6 ; Heraldic Tiles at, 
 
 Saint Albans, Duke of, 195. 
 
 Saint Andrew ; Arms, 60 ; Banner, 
 
 261. 
 
 Saint Anthony ; Badge, 156. 
 Saint Edmund. See Edmund. 
 Saint Edward, the Confessor. See 
 
 Edward. 
 
 Saint George ; Arms and Banner, 54, 
 259, 261, 287 ; Ensign, 264 ; Chapel, 
 285. 
 Saint John, of Jerusalem, Knights of, 
 
 283. 
 Saint Michael and Saint George, 
 
 Order of, 292. 
 Saint Michael s Church, St. Albans, 
 
 159- 
 
 Saint Patrick ; Arms and Banner, 60, 
 . 262 ; Order of, 288. 
 Saint Paul ; Badge, 155. 
 Saint Paul, Mary de, 166 ; Guy, Count 
 
 de, 166. 
 
 Saint Vincent, the Viscount; Sup 
 porters, 99. 
 
 Saint Waly, Sir R. de ; Arms, 209. 
 Salamander, 151. 
 Salient, 86, 151. 
 Salisbury, Longespee, Earl of, 90, 96, 
 
 192. 
 
 Salisbury, D Eureux, Earl of, 192. 
 Salisbury Cathedral, 326. 
 Salisbury, Marquess of; Supporters, 
 
 92. 
 
 Saltire, Saltire-wise, In Saltire, 60, 151. 
 Sanglier, 106, 151. 
 Sans, 52, 151. 
 Sarcelee, 151. 
 
 Sardinian, or Italian Medal, 295. 
 Savage-man, Wood-man, 151. 
 Saw. Frame-Saw, 151. 
 Saxony ; Dukedom and Arms, 113, 277. 
 Scales, Rob. de ; Arms, 78. 
 Scarpe, Escarpe, 151. 
 Science of Heraldry, 24, 30, 330. 
 Scintillant, 151. 
 
 Scotland, Early Heraldry of, 94; 
 Heraldry of, 204 ; Royal Heraldry 
 of, 267; Royal Arms of, 67, 83, 173, 
 267 ; Crests. 91, 252. 273 ; Badge, 
 156, 236; Supporters, 273, 274; 
 Mottoes, 274; Scottish Supporters, 
 245 ; Differenced Shield of, 211 ; 
 Early Seals of, 165 (see Laing, 
 
 Scott, Sir Walter, of Abbotsford, i, 
 
 330. 
 
 Scott, Sir Walter, 330. 
 Scottish Seals, Laing s Catalogue of, 
 
 ii. See Laing. 
 Scrope, Le; Arms, 58, 206; Badge, 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 345 
 
 Scrope, Sir R. le, 58, 206; Thos. le, 
 190 ; Controversy, 206. 
 
 Scudamore ; Arms, 154 ; Motto, 140. 
 
 Seals; their Value in Heraldry, 10, 
 318 ; Early Scottish, u ; Casts of, 
 318 ; Suggestive of Supporters, 246 ; 
 Examples, 318 ; American, 323. 
 
 Seax, 152. 
 
 Secondary Charges, 187. 
 
 Seeded, 82, 150, 152. 
 
 Segrave ; Arms, 84 ; Sir John, 89. 
 
 Segreant, 152. 
 
 Sejant, Sejant Rampant, 86, 152. 
 
 Seme, 45, 152; de lys, 125. 
 
 Seruse, Cerise, 152. 
 
 Seton, Mr., his " Scottish Heraldry," 
 9, 68, 94, 140, 204, 269, 309. 
 
 Sevans, Septvans ; Arms, 121. 
 
 Seymour, Queen Jane, 236. 
 
 Shakefork, 152. 
 
 Shakespeare ; Arms, 153 ; grant of 
 Arms to, 310. 
 
 Shamrock, 152, 235. 
 
 Shelly ; Arms, 17. 
 
 Shield, or Escutcheon, Heraldic, 14, 
 37, 152; Parts, Points, and Divisions 
 of, 32 ; Varieties, 35 ; Bowed, 35 ; 
 k Bouche, 36 ; Couch&j, 38 ; Differ 
 enced, 207. 
 
 Shield-belt. -SV^Guige. 
 
 Shield-boss, 15. 
 
 Ship, 152. 
 
 Shoveller, 152. 
 
 Sickle, 232, 233. 
 
 Simple Quartering, 34, 153. 
 
 Single Small Charges, for Difference, 
 190. 
 
 Sinister, 32, 33, 153. 
 
 Sinople, 153, 158. 
 
 Six-foil, 153. 
 
 Skere, Robt., Esquire, 243. 
 
 Sleswick ; Arms, 278. 
 
 Slipped, 82, 153. 
 
 Soaring, 81. 
 
 Someri, Sir J. de ; Arms, 209. 
 
 Somerset, Henry, Duke of, 193, 194 ; 
 John, Duke of, 242. 
 
 Somerset Herald, 131. 
 
 Sottone, Sutton, Sir R. de; Arms, 
 
 Southacre, 224. 
 
 Southampton, the Baron ; Supporters, 
 
 " Soutiens, Les," 253. 
 Spear, 153. 
 Spiritual Peers, 106. 
 Spur, 153. 
 
 S. S., Collar of, no. See Collar. 
 Stafford, De ; Arms, 61 ; Badge, 155. 
 Stafford, Sir H. de ; Standard, 259. 
 Stafford, Sir Humphrey de ; Crest- 
 wreath, 225. 
 
 Stafford Knot, 134, 153, 259. 
 Stall-Plate, 153, 285. 
 Standard, 154, 259 ; Anglo-Saxon, 5 ; 
 
 Anglo-Norman, 5 ; Marked for Ca 
 dency, 198 ; Royal, 260, 275. 
 
 Staple, 154. 
 
 Stapleton ; Badge, 154. 
 
 Star, 154. 
 
 Statant, Statant Guardant, 86, 154. 
 
 Staunton Harcourt, 224. 
 
 Stephen ; Arms, 88, 262 ; Badges, 108, 
 151, 235, 262. 
 
 Steward, Alexander, Earl of Men- 
 teith ; Seal, 94. 
 
 Stewart, Margaret, Countess of Angus, 
 
 C 95- 
 
 Stirrup, 154. 
 
 Stock, 154. 
 
 Stormerk ; Arms, 278. 
 
 Strange, Le Strange ; Arms, 89. 
 
 Strange, Hamon Le, 89; Sir J. Le, 
 209. 
 
 Stringed, 154. 
 
 " Strongbow ; " Seal, 62. 
 
 Stuart, Ludovic, 118; Sir Richard; 
 Seal, 320 ; Badge, 240. 
 
 Stuarts ; Arms, 125 ; Livery Colours, 
 136. ^ 
 
 Subordinaries, 42, 64. 
 
 Suns and Roses, Collar of, no. See 
 Collar. 
 
 Supporters, 154, 178, 245 ; their pro 
 bable Origin, 94, 246 ; their heraldic 
 Significance, 251 ; rightly supported, 
 251 ; Royal, 273 ; of the United 
 Kingdom, 274 ; of Scotland, 273 j 
 granted by the Lord Lyon, 246. 
 
 " Supports, Les," 252. 
 
 Surcoat, 155, 198. 
 
 Surmounted, 155. 
 
 Surrey, Earl of, 165. 
 
 Sustained, 155. 
 
 Swan, 81, 155, 259. 
 
 Sweden ; Arms, 278. 
 
 Sword, 155. 
 
 Swyneborne ; Arms, 17. 
 
 Sykes ; Arms, 72. 
 
 Symbolical Expression and Record, 
 ancient and universal, 5. 
 
 Tabard, 131, 156. 
 
 Talbot ; Badge, 231. 
 
 Tanfield, 222. 
 
 Tau Cross, 55, 233. 
 
 Tawke ; Arms, 156. 
 
 Tax on "Armorial Bearings," 314. 
 
 Templars, Order of, 284 ; their Banner, 
 13, 284. * 
 
 Templars, Barristers of the Temple, 
 284. 
 
 Temple Church, London, 15, 107. 
 
 Tenent, 156, 253. 
 
 Tenne, Tawny, 42, 156. 
 
 Tetlow ; Arms, 23. 
 
 Tey ; Motto, 104. 
 
 Thane, 104. 
 
 Thistle, 68, 156, 235 ; Order and In 
 signia of the, 287. 
 
346 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Glou 
 cester, 148, 185, 240, 242. 
 
 Thomas, Duke of Clarence, 185. 
 
 Thorpe, Sir E. de ; Helm and Crest, 
 222. 
 
 Through, 54. 
 
 Tiercde, In Tierce, Per Tierce, 34, 157. 
 
 Tiles, Encaustic, 327. 
 
 Timbre, Timbred, 157. 
 
 Tiptoft, John, Lord ; Seal, 222. 
 
 Tinctures, 40, 157 ; Law of, 43, 46 ; 
 Blazoning in, 47 j Change of, for 
 Cadency, iS6. 
 
 Titles, 31. 
 
 Tong, 224. 
 
 Torse, 157. 
 
 Torteau, Torteaux, 72, 157. 
 
 Tower. Turret, 157. 
 
 Transfluent, 157. 
 
 Transmuted, 157. 
 
 Transposed, 157. 
 
 Traversed, 157. 
 
 Treflee, or Boton^e, 56, 157. 
 
 Trefoil, 157. 
 
 Treille, Trellis, 71, 157. 
 
 Tremaine ; Arms, 75. 
 
 Tressure, 66, 157 ; impaled and quar 
 tered, 173 ; incorrectly blazoned, 316. 
 
 Tricked, In Trick, 42, 157. 
 
 Tripping, 81, 157. 
 
 Triton, 157. 
 
 Trivet, 157. 
 
 Trompintoun, Trumpington, Sir R. 
 de, 17, 158. 
 
 Trotton ; Brass at, in. 
 
 Trumpet, 158. 
 
 Trumpington ; Brass at, 17, 158. 
 
 Trussed, Trussing, 81, 158. 
 
 Trussell, Tressell ; Arms, 71. 
 
 Tryvett; Arms; 157. 
 
 Tudor, Arthur ; Badge, 238, 240. 
 
 Tudor, Margaret, 174. 
 
 Tudor; Badge, 145; Livery Colours, 
 136; Rose, 158, 235. 
 
 Tun, 148, 158. 
 
 Tyndall ; Crest, 143. 
 
 Tynes, 81, 158. 
 
 Uffbrd, Sir Ralph de ; Arms, 167, 190. 
 Ulster, Badge of, 104, 260. See Baronet 
 
 and Herald. 
 
 Ulster, William, Earl of, 167 
 Ulster King-of-Arms, 132, 309. 
 Und(5e, Undy, 34, 158. 
 Unguled, 80, 158. 
 Unicorn, 91, 158, 273, 274. 
 " Union Jack," 158, 260 ; the First, 
 
 261 ; the Second, 261, 262. 
 Union Device, 103, 211. 
 United Kingdom ; Supporters, 274. 
 Unmarried Ladies ; Arms, 176. 
 Urdde, 57- 
 Uriant, 82, 158. 
 
 Vair, 41, 42, 158. 
 
 I Valence, De ; Arms, 166, 171, 326 ; 
 
 Dimidiating Claremont Nesle, 172. 
 Valence, Earl William de, 45, 53, 77, 
 
 225 ; Earl Aymer de, 166. 
 Vandalia; Arms, 278. 
 Vane. See Fan. 
 Varied Fields, 42, 59. 
 Vavasour, William le, 51. 
 Vele, De ; Arms, 76. 
 Verdy, Verdde, Verdoy, 158. 
 Vere, De ; Motto, 139. 
 Vere, Robert de, 138, 213. 
 Verley, Sir Philip de, 96. 
 Vernon, Sir William, 224. 
 Vert, 41, 48, 158. 
 Vervels, Vervals, 158. 
 Vesci, William de, 56. 
 Vested, 158. 
 VICTORIA, H.M.,The QUEEN ; Arms, 
 
 272. 
 
 Victoria Cross, 293. 
 Vigilant, 156. 
 Villiers, de L Isle Adam, Phillippe de, 
 
 57, 283. 
 
 Viscount, Viscountess, 158. 
 Vivre, 159. 
 Voided, 55, 159. 
 Vol, 96, 159. 
 Volant, 81, 82, 159. 
 Volunteers ; Motto and Flag, 265. 
 Vulned, 159. 
 
 Wachesham, Sir G. de ; Arms, 208. 
 
 Wadsle, Wadseley, De ; Arms, 202. 
 
 Wake ; Arms, 52, 183 ; Sir J., 208. 
 
 Wake Knot, 134, 159. 
 
 Waldegrave ; Arms, 14. 
 
 Wales, Native Princes of, 83. 
 
 Wales, the Princes of, always K.G., 
 285 ; also Earls of Chester, 201. 
 
 Wales, Arms of the Principality of, 
 276. 
 
 Wales, H.R.H., Albert Edward, The 
 Prince of; his Armorial Insignia, 
 276, 280; his Label, 135, 183; his 
 Coronet, 140 ; his Badge, 240 ; his 
 eldest son s Label, 280. 
 
 Wales, H.R.H. Alexandra, The Prin 
 cess of; her Armorial Insignia, 277. 
 
 Walford, Mr., 9. 
 
 Walled, Murallde, 159. 
 
 Waltone, De ; Arms, 68. 
 
 Warkworth, 326. 
 
 Warrenne, De, the Earls; Arms, 43, 
 45, 205. 
 
 Warwick, the Earls of; Arms and 
 Seals, 96, 173, 175, 188, 214, 321. 
 
 Water Bouget, 159. 
 
 Wattled, 159- 
 
 Wavy, Undee, 34, 159. 
 
 Wedone, Sir R. de ; Arms, 208. 
 
 Welles ; Arms, 72. 
 
 Wellington, the Duke of; Arms, 23; 
 Supporters, 92 ; Augmentation, 103, 
 158, 211. 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 347 
 
 Westminster Abbey, Heraldry of, 19, 
 
 26, 67, 93, 291, 326. 
 Westminster Hall, Heraldry of, 27, gi, 
 
 223, 269. 
 
 Westphalia ; Arms, 272. 
 Wheathamstede, John de, Abbot of 
 
 St. Albans, 75, 148, 326. 
 Wheathampstead Church, Brass at, 79. 
 Wheat-Sheaf. See Garbe. 
 Wheel, Catherine Wheel, 160. 
 White Ensign, 264. 
 Whitmore, Mr., his " Elements of 
 
 Heraldry," 323. 
 Whitworth, Shield at, 14. 
 Widow, Widower ; Arms, 176. 
 Wife and Husband, Marshalling their 
 
 Arms, 175. 
 
 Willers, De ; Arms, 65. 
 William I. ; Arms, 18, 88, 267. 
 William II.; Arms, 88, 267; Badge, 
 
 2 35- 
 
 William III. and Mary ; Arms, 269. 
 William III. ; Arms, 271. 
 William IV. ; Arms, 272. 
 Winchelsea ; Seal of the Mayor of, 171. 
 Windsor Herald, 131. 
 
 Wingfield ; Arms, 17. 
 Wings in Crests, 219. 
 Woodstock, Duke Thomas of, 185,240, 
 
 242; Badge, 148. 
 Worcester, Charles, Earl of, 194 ; 
 
 Henry, Earl of, 193 ; John, Earl of, 
 
 222. 
 
 Worcester Cathedral, 238, 327. 
 Wortele, Worteley, De ; Arms, 203. 
 Vreath, Orle.Crest-Wreath, Wreathed, 
 
 160. 
 
 Wyndesor, Wm. de ; Seal, 221, 250. 
 Wynford, The Baron ; Supporters, 99. 
 Wyvern, Wivern, 72, 160. 
 
 Yarmouth, Great ; Arms, 171. 
 Yngelfeld, Sir R. de ; Arms, 208. 
 York, Dukes of, 183. 
 York, Archbishop of; Arms, 101. 
 York, Rose of, 150, 235 ; Collar of, 
 
 no; Livery Colours of, 136. 
 York Cathedral, Heraldic Glass at, 92. 
 York Herald, 131. 
 
 Zouche, de La ; Arms, 72 ; Differenced 
 Arms, 1 86. 
 
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f 
 
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