REESE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 'Heceived 
 
 ^Accessions H 
 
Library Classification 
 
 BY 
 W. I. FLETCHER, A.M. 
 
 > N 
 
 LIBRARIAN OF AMHERST COLLEGE 
 
 Reprinted, with Alterations, Additions, and an Index 
 from his " Public Libraries in America " 
 
 BOSTON 
 
 ROBERTS BROTHERS 
 1894 
 
G> 
 
 Copyright, 189$, 
 BY ROBERTS BROTHERS. 
 
 JOHN WILSON AND SON, CAMBRIDGE, U.S.A. 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 are already in the field many rival schemes 
 J- of classification for libraries. The present 
 publication is not intended to add one to the number, 
 but rather to offer a way of escape for those who 
 shrink from the intricacies and difficulties of the elab- 
 orate systems, and to substitute for painstaking ana- 
 lytical classification a simple arrangement which it is 
 believed is better adapted to be practically useful in 
 a library, while doing away with most of the work 
 involved in carrying out one of these schemes. 
 
 There is a certain fascination in the classifying of 
 books, and many efforts have been made to provide 
 a philosophical basis of classification. In EDWARDS'S 
 Memoirs of Libraries? a long chapter is devoted to 
 this subject, treating it historically as well as practi- 
 cally, and a comparative exhibit of thirty-two different 
 schemes of classification is given. Many of these are 
 ingenious, and have been found to work fairly well in 
 practice ; but the demands of the modern library 
 call for something different, and much more elaborate 
 schemes have been worked up since the publication of 
 
 1 EDWARDS, E., Memoirs of Libraries, London, 1859, 2 vols. 
 8vo. The reference is to vol. 2, pp. 759-831. 
 
4 Introduction 
 
 EDWARDS'S book. It is generally recognized that mod- 
 ern libraries need a more minute subdivision into 
 classes than was common formerly, and the attempt 
 has been made to meet this need by elaborate logical 
 analysis. But this analytical work, while befitting a 
 classified catalogue or bibliography, is at fault in the 
 actual arrangement of books, for the reason that so 
 many books are of a composite character and so lie 
 across the lines of subdivision. It often happens that 
 with one of these elaborate schemes a large library 
 will have many classes vacant, and in many others 
 only one or two books, while the reader on any of 
 these topics must look to books inclusive of them, but 
 not confined to them, for most of his information. 
 
 Classification, therefore, cannot avail to bring to- 
 gether into one place the material on a given minute 
 topic, and yet, in libraries where much is made of 
 classification, readers are constantly led to use it as a 
 means of getting at the literature of a desired subject. 
 For this purpose catalogues, bibliographies, and in- 
 dexes must always be the main reliance. But if this 
 is so, the main reason for making an elaborate classifi- 
 cation is taken away, and it can readily be seen that 
 the time and labor so lavishly expended on it in some 
 libraries may better be devoted to providing more 
 complete catalogues and bibliographical helps. 
 
 The object to be sought in library classification is 
 simply to bring together, so far as can be done, the 
 books on each particular subject, for the convenience 
 of the attendants and of readers admitted to the 
 shelves. In a purely circulating library the principal 
 
Introduction 5 
 
 use of classification is to facilitate the finding of the 
 books, as readers, in placing numbers on their cards, 
 are likely to select several of one kind, and in looking 
 for them the attendant is saved time and trouble by 
 having the library fairly well classified. So far as 
 readers are admitted to the shelves, they also are 
 greatly helped by finding the books on any subject 
 together. But, as has already been intimated, the 
 attempt, by classification, to make books catalogue 
 themselves, /. <?., to have the shelves show what the 
 library has on a given subject, must always be a fail- 
 ure, and, if dependence is placed upon it, must result 
 in seriously narrowing and hampering the work of the 
 reader or student, who should be referred to many 
 sources of information on his subject which cannot be 
 indicated by the classification. 
 
 Take, for example, the subjects of Taxation or 
 Pauperism. It is well to have any two or three books 
 the library may possess on either of these subjects 
 stand together on a given shelf. But the reader is 
 likely to find three-fourths of the most useful material 
 on either of these subjects in general works on Politi- 
 cal Economy, in articles in periodicals, and in various 
 reports and encyclopaedic works. 
 
 As public libraries are coming to be used more for 
 study in connection with the schools, with university 
 extension, etc., there is a growing tendency to thor- 
 oughness in cataloguing and bibliographical work, and 
 an increasing number of indexes which render avail- 
 able the material in composite books. With the 
 present marked progress in these directions, it is safe 
 
 IBA 
 
 ,1*1 
 
6 Introduction 
 
 to predict that the imperfect and unsatisfactory char- 
 acter of the provision made for literary research by 
 any possible classification of books on the shelves, 
 will be recognized, and classification will be relegated 
 to its proper subordinate place as a practical detail of 
 library work which can be sufficiently well done with 
 very little expenditure of valuable time. The writer 
 has heard no demand oftener than that for a simple 
 classification adapted to the smallest libraries and 
 satisfactory until they have grown much larger. The 
 following may be offered as such a scheme : 
 
 A. Fiction. 
 
 J. Juvenile books. 
 
 B. English and American literature. 
 
 C. History. 
 
 D. Biography. 
 
 E. Travels. 
 
 F. Science. 
 
 G. Useful arts. 
 
 H. Fine and recreative arts. 
 
 I. Political and social science. 
 
 K. Philosophy and religion. 
 
 L. Works on language and in foreign languages. 
 
 R. Reference books. 
 
 The books in each class separately are supposed to 
 be numbered consecutively beginning with i. 
 
 As the library increases, and some sections seem to 
 require subdivision, it can easily be done by dividing 
 the numbers in a class, e . g., assigning to ancient his- 
 tory numbers i to 100 in class C ; to modern European 
 
Introduction 7 
 
 history, numbers 101 to 300 j and to American history, 
 301 to 500, or by making more minute subdivisions, 
 if necessary. By means of much less painstaking in 
 this arrangement of numbers within the classes than is 
 required to apply a more elaborate scheme of classifi- 
 cation, a library can be satisfactorily cared for until it 
 reaches 30,000 or possibly 50,000 volumes. If for any 
 reason the library is to be specialized in one subject, 
 room enough for that subject to expand indefinitely 
 should be assigned, not only on the shelves, but also 
 in the catalogue and classification. And the different 
 classes of books will naturally be so placed in the 
 room that those most in demand will be most conven- 
 ient of access, and others in proportion. The order 
 of classes given in the list above will be found appli- 
 cable to the ordinary public library, beginning with A 
 at the point nearest the delivery counter. 
 
 The list of classes which follows is offered as one 
 likely to serve the purposes of an ordinary public 
 library of not over 100,000 volumes, and competent 
 for even a much larger one if expanded by subdivision 
 as found necessary. 
 
 As intimated above, a small library may be num- 
 bered satisfactorily, with room for expansion, by simply 
 numbering the books in each class consecutively, the 
 classes being designated by capital letters prefixed to 
 the numbers. 
 
 In a larger library, with more subdivisions, the 
 classes will be numbered, and the class number pre- 
 fixed to the book number, a period being placed 
 between the two. In some classes, as in fiction and 
 
8 Introduction 
 
 in literature, the books should be arranged alpha- 
 betically by authors : in biography they are better 
 arranged alphabetically by the subject, so that all 
 lives of the same person will be together. Where 
 there is an attempt to keep the books in these classes 
 in strict alphabetic order, making all additions fall 
 into it, the inserted books may receive a number with 
 a letter added, 169 a following 169, 169^ following 
 that, and 169 aa going between 169 a and 169 b. 
 There are devices for designating books by marks 
 other than numbers to secure this alphabetical arrange- 
 ment, of which the Cutter author-table is best known 
 and most used. But it is doubtful whether it is worth 
 while, at any rate in more than a few classes, to at- 
 tempt the alphabetical arrangement. 
 
 As with the simpler form of classification, further 
 subdivisions may be effected in any class by dividing 
 up the book numbers, and assigning a block of num- 
 bers to each subdivision, as described before. When 
 the assigned numbers have been exhausted, they can 
 be repeated with a letter added, there being thus 
 a possibility of almost indefinite expansion. At the 
 same time, in a library arranged on this principle, 
 most of the books will have simple numbers, and the 
 whole system of numbering will be much more satis- 
 factory to the average reader than the complicated 
 "notation" found with each of the more elaborate 
 schemes of classification. 
 
LIST OF CLASSES 
 
 IT will be observed that these classes are given, not 
 in a logical or philosophical order, but rather in a 
 natural sequence under a few general headings. 
 These are so arranged as to be most likely to fit the 
 needs of an average public library : first fiction, then 
 juveniles, being nearest the delivery desk ; then litera- 
 ture and other classes in about the order of their 
 precedence in the demands of the public. 
 
 Any one using this scheme should feel free to change 
 the numbers or the order of the classes as may seem 
 best to fit the needs of a particular case. The scheme 
 is offered rather as a general guide than as something 
 to be followed with absolute adherence to detail. 
 
 A few numbers have been omitted at the end of 
 each general division, to provide for the insertion of ad- 
 ditional classes ; these may, however, be inserted at any 
 point by giving them the number of the preceding class 
 with a letter added. 
 
 Fiction. 
 
 (English and American in one class, ar- 
 ranged alphabetically by authors (anonymous 
 works alphabetically by titles) . Translations 
 of foreign fiction also included. 
 
IO List of Classes 
 
 Juvenile Books. 
 
 Use J in f Includin g not simply stories, but all 
 place of J books calculated for young readers. Ar- 
 number 1 ran ed alphabetically by authors, etc. as 
 I above. 
 
 English and American Literature; 
 Universal Literature. 
 
 Class No 
 
 1 . Periodicals. 
 
 2. Miscellany and humor. 
 
 3. English authors (arranged alphabetically, with 
 
 biographies and critical works on each 
 author following his works). 
 
 4. American authors (arranged alphabetically, with 
 
 biographies and critical works on each 
 author following his works). 
 
 5 . English literature ; histories, etc. 
 
 6. " " collections. 
 
 7. American " histories. 
 
 8. " " collections. 
 
 9. Drama (Eng. and Amer.) ; histories and col- 
 
 lections. 
 
 10. Poetry (Eng. and Amer.) ; histories and col- 
 
 lections. 
 
 11. Fiction (Eng. and Amer.) ; histories and criti- 
 
 cism. 
 
 12. Universal literature ; history, etc. 
 
 13. Criticism; science and art of poetry ; the 
 
 drama, fiction, etc., (except works refer- 
 ring to the literature of a particular lan- 
 guage.) 
 
List of Classes 1 1 
 
 History. 
 
 Class No. 
 
 15. Philosophy and study of history. 
 
 1 6. History of civilization. 
 
 17. Historical essays and miscellanies. 
 1 8.. Chronology. 
 
 19. Ancient history ; general. 
 
 20. Oriental. 
 
 21. Egypt. 
 
 22. The Jews. 
 
 23. Greece. 
 
 24. Rome. 
 
 25. Middle Ages. The Crusades. 
 
 26. Europe, modern. 
 
 27. England and Great Britain ; general. 
 
 28. England ; before Norman conquest. 
 
 29. 1070 to 1600. 
 
 30. 1 7th century. 
 
 31. 1 8th and i9th centuries. 
 
 32. Scotland and Wales. 
 
 33. Ireland. 
 
 34. France ; general. 
 
 35. Before the Revolution. 
 
 36. Revolution and to 1815. 
 
 37. Since 1815. 
 
 38. Germany. The Netherlands. Belgium. 
 
 39. Austria and Hungary. Switzerland. The Dan- 
 
 ubian and Balkan States. 
 
 40. Italy. 
 
 41. Spain and Portugal. 
 
 42. Greece and Turkey. 
 
 43. Russia. Poland. 
 
12 List of Classes 
 
 History (Continued}. 
 
 Class No. 
 
 44. Scandinavia. 
 
 45. America in general. 
 
 46. Discovery and early voyages. 
 
 47. Indians. 
 
 48. North America ; general. 
 
 49. United States " 
 
 50. Colonial period. 
 
 51. Revolution. Also 1789-1812. 
 
 52. War of 1812 and to 1860. 
 
 53. Civil war. 
 
 54. Later history. 
 
 55. New England. 
 5 6. Maine. 
 
 57. New Hampshire. 
 
 58. Vermont 
 
 59. Massachusetts. 
 
 60. Connecticut. 
 
 This arrangement is sug- 
 gested for a library in New 
 > England. Elsewhere other 
 States would be given speci- 
 fically. 
 
 61. Rhode Island. 
 
 62. Middle States. 
 
 63. Southern States. 
 
 64. Western States. 
 
 65. Pacific slope. Alaska. 
 
 66. Canada. British America. 
 
 67. Mexico. Central America. West Indies. 
 
 68. South America. 
 
 69. Asia; general. 
 
 70. Persia, Arabia, etc. 
 
 71. India. 
 
 72. China and Japan. 
 
 73. Africa; general. 
 
 74. Egypt, modern. 
 
 75. Australia and other islands. 
 
List of Classes 13 
 
 Biography. 
 
 Class No. 
 
 81. Collective works. 
 
 82. Individual biographies (arranged alphabetically 
 
 by names of persons written about, rather 
 than by authors) . 
 
 Voyages and Travels. Geography. 
 
 85. Descriptive geography. Atlases. Maps. 
 
 86. Art of travel, etc. 
 
 87. Voyages; collections. 
 
 88. Travels around the world, etc. 
 
 89. North America. 
 
 90. United States. 
 
 91. New England. 
 
 92. Middle States. 
 
 93. Southern States. 
 
 94. Western States. 
 
 95. Pacific slope. Alaska. 
 
 96. Canada. British America. 
 
 97. Mexico. Central America. W. Indies. 
 
 98. South America. 
 
 99. Europe; general. 
 
 100. Great Britain. 
 
 101. France. Spain and Portugal. 
 
 102. Germany. Austria. Netherlands. 
 
 103. Italy. Switzerland. 
 
 104. Greece and Turkey. 
 
 105. Russia. Poland. 
 
 1 06. Scandinavia. Iceland. 
 
 107. Asia; general. 
 
 1 08. Syria and Palestine. Asia Minor. 
 
 109. Persia, Arabia, etc. 
 
14 List of Classes 
 
 Travels (Continued}. 
 
 Class No. 
 
 1 10. India. 
 
 in. China. Corea. Japan. 
 
 112. Central Asia. Siberia. 
 
 113. Africa. 
 
 114. Northern Africa and the Desert. 
 
 115. Egypt. The Soudan. The Nile. 
 
 1 1 6. Abyssinia. Madagascar. 
 
 117. Central and Southern Africa. 
 
 1 1 8. Australia and Polynesia. 
 
 119. Polar regions. 
 
 120. Islands. 
 
 Sciences. 
 
 125. History and philosophy of the sciences. 
 
 126. Scientific societies and academies. Periodicals. 
 
 127. Essays and miscellanies. 
 
 128. Evolution and cosmology. 
 
 129. Natural history (works combining zoology, bot- 
 
 any, etc.). 
 
 130. Biology and embryology. 
 
 131. Comparative anatomy and physiology. 
 
 132. Zoology. 
 
 133. Lowest forms of animal life. 
 
 134. Mollusca. Insects. 
 
 135. Fishes. 
 
 136. Reptiles. 
 
 137. Birds. 
 
 138. Mammalia. 
 
 139. Man. Anthropology, ethnology, etc. 
 
 140. Botany; general. 
 
 141. Cryptogamia. 
 
 142. Of countries and localities. 
 
List of Classes 
 Sciences (Continued'). 
 
 Class No. 
 
 143. Geology : general works. 
 
 144. Of countries and localities. 
 
 145. Mineralogy and crystallography. 
 
 146. Chemistry; general. 
 
 147. Inorganic. 
 
 148. Organic. 
 
 149. Analysis. Text-books. 
 
 150. Physics. 
 
 151. Heat. 
 
 152. Light. Optics. 
 
 153. Electricity. 
 
 154. Telegraph and telephone. Phonograph. 
 
 155. Electric lighting. 
 
 156. Electro-dynamics. 
 
 157. Sound. 
 
 158. Hydraulics. 
 
 159. Mechanics. 
 
 1 60. Physical geography. 
 
 161. Meteorology. 
 
 162. Astronomy; general. 
 
 163. Descriptive. 
 
 164. Practical. 
 
 165. Almanacs (not statistical). 
 
 1 66. Mathematical sciences : general. 
 
 167. Arithmetic. Book-keeping. 
 1 6 8. Algebra. 
 
 169. Geometry. 
 
 1 70. Higher mathematics. 
 
 171. Geodesy and surveying. 
 
 172. Navigation. 
 
1 6 List of Classes 
 
 Useful Arts. 
 
 Class No. 
 
 1 79. Useful arts : general. 
 
 1 80. Patents. Exhibitions. 
 
 1 8 1. Mechanics. Philosophy of machinery. 
 
 182. Properties of materials. 
 
 183. Mechanical drawing. 
 
 1 84. Hydro-mechanics. Aeronautics. 
 
 185. Steam and the steam engine. 
 
 1 86. Marine engineering. Steam navigation. 
 
 187. The locomotive. Railroads. Street railroads. 
 
 1 88. Electrical engineering. 
 
 189. Civil engineering. 
 
 190. Military art and science. 
 
 191. Drainage and sewerage. 
 
 192. Water supply. 
 
 193. Burial of the dead. Cremation. 
 
 194. Bridge building. 
 
 195. Precious metals. 
 
 196. Iron and steel ; other metals. 
 
 197. Mining. Smelting. 
 
 198. Coal. Oil. Fuels. 
 
 199. Manufactures from metals. 
 
 200. Wood. 
 
 201. Textile. Production of cotton, wool, etc. 
 
 202. Dyeing, etc. 
 
 203. Chemical technology. 
 
 204. Silk culture and manufacture. 
 
 205. Carpentry and woodwork. Building. 
 
 206. Masonry and brickwork. 
 
 207. Plumbing and house sanitation. 
 
 208. Warming and ventilation. 
 
 209. Constructive arts and trades, not otherwise 
 
 specified. 
 
List of Classes 17 
 
 Useful Arts (Continued). 
 Class No. 
 
 210. Shipbuilding. Naval science. 
 
 211. Clocks, watches, etc. Scientific instruments. 
 
 212. Weights, measures, and coinage. 
 
 213. Writing. Phonography. Type-writing, etc, 
 
 Business forms. 
 
 214. Printing. Bookbinding. 
 
 215. Mechanic arts not already specified. 
 
 216. Domestic economy. 
 
 217. Cookery and foods. 
 
 218. Hygiene. Public health. 
 
 219. Physical culture. Athletics, 
 
 220. Outdoor sports : general. 
 
 221. Hunting and fishing. 
 
 222. Boating. 
 
 223. Cycling. 
 
 224. Horse-racing. The horse. Veterinary science. 
 
 225. The dog. Falconry, etc. 
 
 226. Poultry. Pigeons. Pet animals. 
 
 227. Human anatomy and physiology. 
 
 228. Medicine; general. 
 
 229. Practical. 
 
 230. Nursing. 
 
 231. Agriculture; general. 
 
 232. Domestic animals. The dairy. 
 
 233. Care of lands. Agricultural drainage. 
 
 234. Forestry and hydrology. 
 
 235. Landscape gardening. Parks. Cemeteries. 
 
 236. Crops and their treatment. 
 
 237. Horticulture. 
 
 238. Floriculture. 
 
 239. Special products; honey, sugar, tobacco, etc. 
 
 240. Fisheries ; sea products. 
 
 2 
 
 
1 8 List of Classes 
 Fine Arts, etc. 
 
 Class No. 
 
 245. History, philosophy, and study of the fine arts. 
 
 246. ^Esthetics. 
 
 247. Archaeology. 
 
 248. Painting ; history and general works. 
 
 249. Italian school. 
 
 250. Other continental schools. 
 
 251. British and American. 
 
 252. Practical works. 
 
 253. Galleries and collections. 
 
 254. Sculpture; general and modern. 
 
 255. Ancient. 
 
 256. Monumental art. Inscriptions. 
 
 257. Numismatics. 
 
 258. Bronzes. Bric-a-brac. 
 
 259. Pottery and porcelain. 
 
 260. Architecture; general. 
 
 261. Ancient. 
 
 262. Mediaeval and modern. 
 
 263. Practical works. 
 
 264. Decoration and ornament. 
 
 265. Drawing and design. 
 
 266. Art needlework, etc. Costume. 
 
 267. Illumination, alphabets, etc. 
 
 268. Engraving. 
 
 269. Collections of engravings, photographs, etc. 
 
 270. Photography. 
 
 271. Music; history and general works. 
 
 272. Instruments. 
 
 273. Singing. The voice. 
 
 274. Elocution and oratory. 
 
 275. Selections for recitation, etc. 
 
List of Classes 19 
 
 Fine Arts, etc. (Continued}. 
 
 Class No. 
 
 276. Indoor amusements. 
 
 277. Games. 
 
 Political and Social. 
 
 279. Political science ; general. Government. 
 
 280. Collected works of statesmen. 
 
 281. Freedom and democracy. 
 
 282. Suffrage and representation. 
 
 283. Administration. Civil service. 
 
 284. Municipal government. 
 
 285. Taxation. Public funds and debts. 
 
 286. Protection and free trade. 
 
 287. English constitution and government. 
 
 288. Other governments, outside of the United 
 
 States. 
 
 289. United States government. 
 
 290. Slavery and secession. The negroes. 
 
 291. Indians and the United States. 
 
 292. Immigration. Foreign element. 
 
 293. Temperance in politics. 
 
 294. Public lands. 
 
 295. United States finances. 
 
 296. Foreign relations. 
 
 297. Party politics. Presidential elections. 
 
 298. Congress. 
 
 299. Public documents ; United States and States. 
 
 300. Law ; general. 
 
 301. International law. 
 
 302. Common law; text-books. Law reports. 
 
 303. Criminal law and trials. 
 
 304. Law of patents and copyright. 
 
 305. Statutes. 
 
2O List of Classes 
 
 Political and Social (Continued). 
 Class No. 
 
 306. Political economy. 
 
 307. Land and its tenure. 
 
 308. Labor and wages. Prices. Cooperation. 
 
 309. Trade unions. 
 
 310. Capital and investments. Interest. 
 
 311. Finance and banking. Money. 
 
 312. Corporations. Monopolies. 
 
 313. Socialism. Communism. 
 
 314. Population. 
 
 315. Marriage and divorce. The family. 
 
 316. Woman question. 
 
 317. Pauperism. 
 
 318. Public charities and corrections. 
 
 319. Prison s. Reformatories. 
 
 320. Crime. 
 
 321. Children, destitute and criminal. 
 
 322. Asylums. 
 
 323. Deaf and dumb, blind, idiots, etc. 
 
 324. Insanity and insane asylums. 
 
 325. Relief associations. Building societies. 
 
 326. Freemasons. 
 
 327. Other secret societies. 
 
 328. Clubs, etc. 
 
 329. Insurance. 
 
 330. Education ; history, philosophy, etc. 
 
 331. Organization and superintendence. 
 
 332. Teaching and accessory work. 
 
 333. School discipline, buildings, and hygiene. 
 
 334. Kindergarten; child -culture. 
 
 335. Education of women. 
 
 336. Classical studies ; collegiate education. 
 
 337. Technical and industrial training. 
 
List of Classes 21 
 
 Political and Social (Continued'). 
 
 Class No. 
 
 338. Professional training. 
 
 339. Educational institutions. 
 
 340. Chautauqua. Home culture. Summer schools. 
 
 University extension. 
 
 341. Education in relation to religion and morals. 
 
 342. Statistics ; methods, etc. Census reports. 
 
 343. Almanacs and annuals. 
 
 344. Other statistical works. 
 
 345. Commerce, general. 
 
 346. Of the United States. 
 
 347. Of other countries. 
 
 348. Internal commerce. Railroad transportation. 
 
 Local transit. 
 
 349. Water transportation, canals, etc. 
 
 350. Post-office ; telegraph and telephone. 
 
 Philosophy and Religion. 
 
 352. Philosophy; history, etc. 
 
 353. General works. Systems, etc. 
 
 354. Miscellanies. 
 
 355. Metaphysics. 
 
 356. Logic. 
 
 357. Psychology. 
 
 358. The will. 
 
 359. Memory. 
 
 360. Sleep, dreams, somnambulism. 
 
 361. Mesmerism. Psychical research. 
 
 362. Spiritualism, magic, witchcraft, etc. 
 
 363. Phrenology and physiognomy. 
 
 364. Moral philosophy. 
 
 365. Practical morals ; general. 
 
22 List of Classes 
 
 Philosophy and Religion (Continued'), 
 
 Class No. 
 
 366. Temperance, tobacco, etc. 
 
 367. Amusements, Ethics of. 
 
 368. Manners and customs. 
 
 369. Minor morals, etiquette. 
 
 370. Religion and theology ; history and philosophy. 
 
 371. Natural theology. Science and religion. Evi- 
 
 dences. 
 
 372. Miracles. Prayer. 
 
 373. Mythology; general. 
 
 374. Scandinavian and northern. 
 
 375. The Bible, whole or parts. 
 
 376. Inspiration, interpretation, authority, etc. 
 
 377. Concordances, dictionaries, illustrative works. 
 
 378. Commentaries; whole Bible. 
 
 379. Old Testament and parts thereof. 
 
 380. New " " 
 
 381. Judaism. 
 
 382. Christian theology, general and historical. 
 
 383. Jesus Christ, the atonement, etc. 
 
 384. Death and the future state. 
 
 385. Other doctrines. 
 
 386. Sermons and didactic works. 
 
 387. Devotional books. Sunday-school books. 
 
 388. The church; general. 
 
 389. Ecclesiastical history. 
 
 390. Greek church. 
 
 391. Roman Catholic church. 
 
 392. The Reformation. 
 
 393. Protestantism. 
 
 394. Toleration and persecution ; religious liberty. 
 
 395. Church of England and Episcopal church. 
 
 396. Methodist Episcopal denomination. 
 
List of Classes 23 
 
 Philosophy and Religion (Continued). 
 
 Class No. 
 
 397. Baptist denomination. 
 
 398. Presbyterian denomination. 
 
 399. Congregational denomination. 
 
 400. Unitarian and Universalist denominations. 
 
 401. Other Christian denominations. 
 
 402. The Sabbath. 
 
 403. Public worship. Private and family worship. 
 
 404. Sacraments. 
 
 405 . Preaching. 
 
 406. Hymnology and church music. 
 
 407. The Sunday school; church accessories. 
 
 408. Missions ; general and foreign. 
 
 409. Home. 
 
 410. City. 
 
 411. Y. M. C. A. and similar organizations, 
 
 412. Mohammedanism. 
 
 413. Buddhism and other Oriental religions. 
 
 414. Heathenism. 
 
 415. Mormons, Shakers, etc. 
 
 416. Free thought. Rationalism. Positivism. 
 
 Language and Literature. 
 
 (English and American Literatures and Universal Literature excepted.) 
 
 421. Science of language. 
 
 422. Comparative philology. 
 
 423. Indo-European languages. 
 
 424. Other families of speech (not elsewhere speci- 
 
 fied). 
 
 425. Folk-lore and popular antiquities. 
 
 426. Proverbs. 
 
24 List of Classes 
 
 Language and Literature (Continued). 
 
 Class No. 
 
 427. Myths and romances. 
 
 428. Classical languages and literature ; general. 
 
 429. Greek language, text-books, etc. 
 
 430. Greek authors. 
 
 431. Latin language, text-books, etc. 
 
 432. Latin authors. 
 
 433. English language, general. 
 
 434. Gothic, Anglo-Saxon, and early English ; text- 
 
 books, also literature. 
 
 435. English grammar, usage and spelling. 
 
 436. English composition. Rhetoric (English and 
 
 other) . 
 
 437. English dictionaries, synonymy, etc. 
 
 438. English dialects. Americanisms. 
 
 439. French language ; text-books, etc. 
 
 440. French literature ; histories, collections, etc. 
 
 441. French authors. 
 
 442. German language; text-books, etc. 
 
 443. German literature ; histories, etc. 
 
 444. German authors. 
 
 445. Italian language and literature. 
 
 446. Italian authors. 
 
 447. Spanish and Portuguese languages and litera- 
 
 tures. 
 
 448. Spanish and Portuguese authors. 
 
 449. Scandinavian languages and literatures. 
 
 450. Scandinavian authors. 
 
 451. Other European languages and literatures. 
 
 452. Sanskrit and other Indian languages and litera- 
 
 tures. 
 
 453. Semitic languages and literatures. 
 
 454. Chinese and Japanese languages and literatures. 
 
List of Classes 2$, 
 
 Language and Literature (Continued'). 
 
 Class No. 
 
 455. African languages and literatures. 
 
 456. American Indian languages and literatures.. 
 
 Reference-books and Special Classes. 
 
 (In librarian's room and delivery room.) 
 
 461. Library economy. 
 
 462. Bibliography. 
 
 463. Manuscripts and rarities. 
 
 464. Catalogues of libraries. 
 
 465. National and trade bibliography. 
 
 (In reading-room or reference-room.) 
 
 466. Cyclopaedias ; ordinary reference books. 
 
 467. Newspaper files. 
 
 468. Pamphlets. 
 
 NOTE. Classes numbered 461 to 468 will naturally be dif- 
 ferently treated according to circumstances. The arrangement 
 and numbering here given are merely suggestions. 
 
INDEX TO CLASSES 
 
 Administration 
 
 Aeronautics 
 
 ^Esthetics 
 
 Africa, History 
 
 Languages and literature 
 
 Travels 
 
 Agriculture 
 
 Alaska, History 
 
 Travels 
 
 Algebra 
 
 Almanacs 
 
 Statistical 
 
 Alphabets, Ornamental . . 
 America, Discovery etc. . . 
 
 History 
 
 Travels 
 
 American authors . . . . 
 American literature . . . . 
 Americanisms 
 
 . 283 
 
 . 184 
 
 . 246 
 
 73 
 
 . 455 
 113-17 
 231-39 
 
 65 
 
 95 
 . 1 68 
 . 165 
 
 343 
 . 267 
 . 46 
 
 45-68 
 89-98 
 
 '. 7,8 
 438 
 
 Amusements 276-277 
 
 Ethics of 367 
 
 See also Sports .... 219-25 
 
 Anatomy, Comparative .... 131 
 
 Human 227 
 
 Ancient history 19 
 
 Anglo-Saxon language and litera- 
 ture 434 
 
 Anglo-Saxons 28 
 
 Anthropology 
 
 Antiquities 
 
 Popular 
 
 Arabia, History 
 
 Travels 
 
 Archaeology 
 
 Prehistoric *39 
 
 Architecture 260-64 
 
 Arctic regions * 
 
 Arithmetic l6 7 
 
 Asia, History, ancient .... 19-22 
 
 , , modern 69-72 
 
 Travels 107-12 
 
 Astronomy 162-64 
 
 Asylums 32 
 
 Athletics 21 
 
 Atonement, The 3$ 
 
 Australia, History 7 
 
 Travels 
 
 i39 
 247 
 425 
 70 
 109 
 247 
 
 Austria, History 39 
 
 Travels 1O2 
 
 Balkan States, History .... 39 
 
 Travels 104 
 
 Ballot, The 282 
 
 Banking 3" 
 
 Baptists 397 
 
 Belgium, History 3 
 
 Travels 102 
 
 Bible, The 375. 37& 
 
 Concordances, etc 377 
 
 - Commentaries 37 8 ~ 8c> 
 
 3ible in schools 34 I 
 
 Bibliography 462-65 
 
 Bicycling 223 
 
 Biography 81, 82 
 
 Biology 13 
 
 Birds 137 
 
 Blind, The ......... 323 
 
 Boating 222 
 
 Books, Rare 4^3 
 
 Bookbinding 214 
 
 Book-keeping 167 
 
 Botany 140-42 
 
 Brick-masonry 206 
 
 Bridges *94 
 
 British America, History .... 66 
 
 Travels 96 
 
 Bronzes 258 
 
 Buddhism 4*3 
 
 Building 205 
 
 Building societies 3 2 5 
 
 Bulgaria, History 39 
 
 Travels 104 
 
 Business forms 213 
 
 Calculus I 7 
 
 Canada, History 66 
 
 Travels 96 
 
 Canals 349 
 
 Capital 3io 
 
 Carpentry 205 
 
 Catalogues, Library 464 
 
28 
 
 Index to Classes 
 
 Cattle 232 
 
 Cemeteries 235 
 
 Census reports 342 
 
 Central America, History ... 67 
 
 Travels 97 
 
 Ceramic art 259 
 
 Charities 318 
 
 Chautauqua system 340 
 
 Chemistry 146-49 
 
 Applied 203 
 
 Child-culture 334 
 
 Children, Destitute and criminal . 321 
 
 China, History 72 
 
 Travels in 
 
 Chinese in the U. S 292 
 
 Chinese language and literature . 454 
 
 Chronology 18 
 
 Church, The 388 
 
 Church of England 395 
 
 Church music 406 
 
 Cities, Government of 284 
 
 City missions 410 
 
 Civil service 283 
 
 Civilization 16 
 
 Classical education 336 
 
 Classical languages and literature 428-32 
 
 Clocks and watches 211 
 
 Clubs 328 
 
 Coal 198 
 
 Coinage 212 
 
 See also Numismatics . . . 257 
 
 Colleges 339 
 
 Collegiate education 336 
 
 Communism 313 
 
 Commentaries, Biblical . . . 378-80 
 
 Commerce 345-48 
 
 Comparative anatomy and physi- 
 ology 131 
 
 Confucianism 413 
 
 Conchology 134 
 
 Congregationalists 399 
 
 Congress, U. S 298 
 
 Cookery 217 
 
 Cooperation 308 
 
 Copyright 304 
 
 Corea in 
 
 Corporations 312 
 
 Cosmology 128 
 
 Costume 266 
 
 Cotton '. . 201 
 
 Crime 320 
 
 Criminal law 303 
 
 Crusades, The 25 
 
 Cryptogamic botany . . . . . 141 
 
 Crystallography 145 
 
 Customs 368 
 
 Cycling 223 
 
 Dairy 232 
 
 Danish language and literature . 449, 450 
 Danubian States, History ... 39 
 
 Danubian States, Travels .... 104 
 
 Deaf and dumb 323 
 
 Death 384 
 
 Debts, Public 285 
 
 Decimal systems ....*.. 212 
 
 Defective classes 323 
 
 Democracy 281 
 
 Denmark, History 44 
 
 Travels 106 
 
 Designing 265 
 
 Devotional books 387 
 
 Divorce 315 
 
 Dog, The 225 
 
 Domestic animals 232 
 
 Domestic economy 216 
 
 Drainage 191 
 
 Agricultural 233 
 
 House 207 
 
 Drama, American 9 
 
 authors 4 
 
 English 9 
 
 authors 3 
 
 French, German, etc. See 
 
 those literatures. 
 
 General 13 
 
 Drawing 265 
 
 Mechanical 183 
 
 Dreams . 360 
 
 Dyeing 202 
 
 East, The ; History 20 
 
 Travels "7-9 
 
 Ecclesiastical history 389 
 
 Education 330-41 
 
 Moral 341 
 
 Religion in . 341 
 
 Egypt, History, ancient .... 21 
 
 modern 74 
 
 Travels 115 
 
 Electric light 155 
 
 Electrical engineering 188 
 
 Electricity 153 
 
 Electro-dynamics 156 
 
 Elocution 274 
 
 Embryology 130 
 
 Encyclopaedias 466 
 
 Engineering, Civil 189 
 
 Electrical 188 
 
 Marine 186 
 
 Mechanical 181 
 
 Sanitary 191, 192 
 
 England, Church of 395 
 
 Government 288 
 
 History 27-31 
 
 Travels 100 
 
 English authors 3 
 
 English language 433 
 
 Composition and rhetoric . . 436 
 
 Dialects 438 
 
 Dictionaries 437 
 
Index to Classes 
 
 29 
 
 English language, Grammar, etc. . 435 
 English literature .&* 
 
 Engraving 268 
 
 Collections 269 
 
 Entomology 134 
 
 Episcopal church 395 
 
 Ethics 364. 365 
 
 Ethnology 139 
 
 Etiquette 369 
 
 Europe, History 26-44 
 
 Travels 99-106 
 
 Evidences of Christianity . . . . 371 
 
 Evolution 128 
 
 Exhibitions 180 
 
 Falconry 225 
 
 Family 315 
 
 Fertilizers 233 
 
 Fiction, American and English. No 
 
 class number. 
 
 Histories, etc. . . n 
 
 French, German, etc. See 
 
 those literatures. 
 
 General 13 
 
 Finance 311 
 
 Public 285 
 
 Finances, U. S 295 
 
 Fine arts ; History, etc. . . . 245-47 
 
 Fisheries . 240 
 
 Fishes 135 
 
 Floriculture . 238 
 
 Folk-lore 425 
 
 Foods 217 
 
 Foreign relations, U. S 296 
 
 Forestry 234 
 
 France, History 34~37 
 
 Travels 101 
 
 Freedom 281 
 
 Freemasons 326 
 
 Free thought 416 
 
 Free trade 286 
 
 French language 439 
 
 French literature .... 440, 441 
 
 Fuels 198 
 
 Future state . 384 
 
 G 
 
 Games 277 
 
 Outdoor 219 
 
 Geodesy 171 
 
 Geology M3~44 
 
 Geometry 169 
 
 German language 442 
 
 German literature .... 443, 444 
 Germany, History ...... 38 
 
 Travels 102 
 
 Gothic language and literature . . 434 
 
 Government 279, 287-89 
 
 Great Britain, History 27 
 
 Great Britain, Travels 100 
 
 Greece, Archaeology 247 
 
 History, ancient 23 
 
 modern 42 
 
 Travels . . . 104 
 
 Greek church 390 
 
 Greek language and literature 429, 430 
 
 Health, Public 218 
 
 Heat 151 
 
 Heathenism 414 
 
 Heating of buildings 208 
 
 Hebrew language 453 
 
 History, Ancient ...... 19-24 
 
 Essays and miscellanies . . 17 
 
 Mediaeval 25 
 
 Modern 26-75 
 
 Philosophy and study ... 15 
 
 Holland, History 38 
 
 Travels 102 
 
 Home missions ....... 409 
 
 Horology . 211 
 
 Horse, The 224 
 
 Horticulture . 237 
 
 Household economy 216 
 
 Humor . 2 
 
 Hungary. See Austria. 
 
 Hunting 221 
 
 Hydraulics 158 
 
 Hydrology 234 
 
 Hydro-mechanics 184 
 
 Hygiene 218 
 
 Hymnology 406 
 
 Iceland 106 
 
 Idiocy 323 
 
 Illumination 267 
 
 Immigration 292 
 
 India, History 71 
 
 Language and literature . . 452 
 
 Travels no 
 
 Indians, American 47 
 
 and the U. S 291 
 
 Languages, etc. of .... 456 
 
 Indo-European languages .... 423 
 
 Industrial education 337 
 
 Insanity 324 
 
 Inscriptions 256 
 
 Ancient 247 
 
 Insects 134 
 
 Instruments, Scientific 211 
 
 Insurance 329 
 
 Interest 310 
 
 International law 301 
 
 Ireland, History 33 
 
 Travels , 100 
 
 Iron . . 196 
 
 Italian language ...,,.. 445 
 
Index to Classes 
 
 Italian literature 445, 446 
 
 Italy, History 40 
 
 Travels 103 
 
 Japan, History 72 
 
 Travels in 
 
 Japanese language and literature . 454 
 
 Jesus Christ 383 
 
 Jews 22 
 
 Judaism 381 
 
 Kindergarten 334 
 
 Kinematics 181 
 
 Labor 308 
 
 Land 307 
 
 Lands, Public, in U. S 294 
 
 Landscape gardening 235 
 
 Language, Science of 421 
 
 Latin language and literature 431, 432 
 
 Law 300-305 
 
 Education for 338 
 
 Liberty 281 
 
 Religious 394 
 
 Library economy 461 
 
 Light 152 
 
 Liquor traffic 293 
 
 Locomotive 187 
 
 Logic 356 
 
 Machinery 181 
 
 Magic 362 
 
 Mammalia 138 
 
 Man 139 
 
 Manners and customs 368 
 
 Manual training 337 
 
 Manufactures 199-201 
 
 Manuscripts 463 
 
 Marine engineering 186 
 
 Marriage 315 
 
 Masonry 206 
 
 Materials 182 
 
 Mathematics 166-172 
 
 Mechanical drawing 183 
 
 Mechanics 159 
 
 Applied 181 
 
 Medical education 338 
 
 Medicine 228, 229 
 
 Memory 359 
 
 Mesmerism 361 
 
 Metals 196 
 
 Metaphysics 355 
 
 Meteorology 161 
 
 Methodist Episcopal church . . . 396 
 
 Metric system 212 
 
 Mexico, History 67 
 
 Travels 97 
 
 Middle Ages 25 
 
 Middle States, History .... 62 
 
 Travels 92 
 
 Military science 190 
 
 Mineralogy 145 
 
 Mining 197 
 
 Ministry, Education for .... 338 
 
 Miracles 372 
 
 Miscellany 2 
 
 Missions 408-10 
 
 Mohammedanism 412 
 
 Mollusca 134 
 
 Money 311 
 
 Monopolies 312 
 
 Monuments 256 
 
 Morals 364-69 
 
 Mormons 415 
 
 Municipal government 284 
 
 Music 271-73 
 
 Mythology 373 
 
 Northern 374 
 
 Myths 427 
 
 Natural history 129 
 
 Natural religion 371 
 
 Naval science 210 
 
 Navigation 171 
 
 Needlework, Art 266 
 
 Negroes 290 
 
 Netherlands, History 38 
 
 Travels 102 
 
 New England, History . . . 55-61 
 
 Travels 91 
 
 Newspapers 467 
 
 North America, History .... 48 
 
 Travels 89 
 
 Norway, History. 44 
 
 Language and literature . 449, 450 
 
 Travels 106 
 
 Numismatics 257 
 
 Nursing 230 
 
 Oil 198 
 
 Optics 152 
 
 Oratory 274 
 
 Pacific States, History 65 
 
 Travels 105 
 
 Painting 248-53 
 
Index to Classes 
 
 Painting, House 209 
 
 Pamphlets 468 
 
 Parks 235 
 
 Patents, Law of 304 
 
 Reports 180 
 
 Pauperism 3*7 
 
 Periodicals i 
 
 Persecution 394 
 
 Persia, History, ancient .... 20 
 
 modern 70 
 
 Travels 109 
 
 Pets, Care of 226 
 
 Philology, Comparative .... 422 
 
 Philosophy 352~54 
 
 Phonograph 154 
 
 Phonography . 213 
 
 Photography 270 
 
 Phrenology 363 
 
 Physical culture 219 
 
 Physical geography 160 
 
 Physics 150-59 
 
 Physiognomy 363 
 
 Physiology, Comparative .... 131 
 
 Human 227 
 
 Plumbing 207 
 
 Poetry, American 10 
 
 authors 4 
 
 English 10 
 
 authors 3 
 
 French, German, etc. See 
 
 those literatures. 
 
 General 13 
 
 Poland, History 43 
 
 Travels 105 
 
 Polar regions 119 
 
 Political economy 306 
 
 Political science 279 
 
 Politics, U. S 297 
 
 Polynesia 118 
 
 Popular antiquities 425 
 
 Population 314 
 
 Portugal, History 41 
 
 Travels 101 
 
 Portuguese language 447 
 
 Portuguese literature . . . 447, 448 
 
 Positivism 416 
 
 Post-office 350 
 
 Pottery and porcelain 259 
 
 Poultry 226 
 
 Prayer 372 
 
 Preaching 405 
 
 Precious metals 195 
 
 Presbyterians . 
 Prices .... 
 Printing .... 
 Prison discipline . 
 Prohibition . . . 
 Protection . . . 
 Protestantism . 
 Proverbs . . . 
 Psychical research 
 Psychology 
 
 .... 398 
 
 .... 308 
 
 .... 214 
 
 .... 319 
 
 .... 293 
 
 .... 286 
 
 393 
 
 .... 426 
 
 .... 361 
 
 Public documents 299 
 
 Quakers 401 
 
 Railroads 187 
 
 Rationalism 416 
 
 Recitations 275 
 
 Reformation, The 392 
 
 Reformatories 319 
 
 Relief associations 325 
 
 Religion, History and philosophy 
 
 of 370 
 
 Religious liberty 394 
 
 Representation 282 
 
 Reptiles 136 
 
 Rhetoric 436 
 
 Ritual 403 
 
 Roman Catholic church .... 391 
 
 Rome, Archaeology 247 
 
 History, ancient 24 
 
 Romances 425 
 
 Roumania, History 39 
 
 Travels 104 
 
 Russia, History 43 
 
 Travels 105 
 
 S 
 
 Sabbath, The 402 
 
 Sacraments 404 
 
 Sanitary science . . 191,192,207,208 
 
 Sanitation, House ...... 207 
 
 Sanskrit language and literature . 452 
 
 Scandinavia, History 44 
 
 Travels 106 
 
 Scandinavian languages .... 449 
 
 Scandinavian literature . . . 449, 450 
 
 Schools 339 
 
 School buildings 333 
 
 School discipline 331 
 
 School supervision 333 
 
 Science and religion 371 
 
 Sciences, History of 125 
 
 Scientific essays 127 
 
 Scientific instruments 211 
 
 Scientific periodicals 126 
 
 Scientific societies 126 
 
 Scotland, History 32 
 
 Travels 100 
 
 Sculpture 254-56 
 
 Sea products 240 
 
 Secession 290 
 
 Secret societies ...... 326, 327 
 
 Semitic languages and literature . 453 
 
 Sermons 386 
 
 Sewerage 191 
 
 Shakers 415 
 
 Shipbuilding 210 
 
 Shorthand 213 
 
Index to Classes 
 
 c,lV 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Trials 
 Trigonometry 
 Turkey, History .... 
 
 . . 303 
 ... 170 
 
 ... 42 
 
 Slavery 
 Sleep 
 
 . 290 
 . 360 
 
 Soils 
 Somnambulism 
 
 ' 2 E 
 . 360 
 
 Typewriting 
 U 
 
 ... 213 
 
 South America, History . . . 
 
 . 68 
 
 Southern States, History . . . 
 Travels 
 
 63 
 93 
 
 United States, History . . 
 
 - 49-54 
 
 Travels . . ... 
 
 
 United States government 
 Universalists 
 
 . . 289-99 
 ... 4o 
 
 
 
 Spanish literature .... 
 
 447, 448 
 . 362 
 
 . 220 
 
 . 280 
 
 342-44 
 
 
 , . . 340 
 
 
 Useful arts 
 
 V 
 
 Ventilation 
 
 ... 179 
 
 ... 208 
 
 Statesmen, Works of .... 
 
 
 Steam engine 
 
 . 185 
 . 186 
 
 Steel 
 
 . 196 
 . 206 
 
 Veterinary science . . . 
 
 ... 224 
 
 
 . 187 
 
 w 
 
 Wages 
 
 ... 308 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sunday-school books . . . 
 
 . % 
 
 Sweden, History 
 
 44 
 . 106 
 
 Wales, History .... 
 Travels 
 
 ... 32 
 . . 100 
 jnR 
 
 Swedish language and literature 
 
 449, 45 
 
 
 ... 184 
 
 Swedenborgianism .... 
 
 . . 4 01 
 39 
 
 Water supply 
 
 ... 192 
 
 Travels 
 T 
 
 . . 286 
 
 West Indies, History . . 
 
 ... 67 
 
 . . 97 
 
 Western States, History . 
 
 . . 64,65 
 
 
 358 
 
 
 . 362 
 
 Taxation 
 
 . . 285 
 
 
 ... 316 
 
 Teaching 
 Technical education . . . 
 
 . . 332 
 337 
 
 Education of . . . 
 
 ... 335 
 
 . . . 201 
 
 
 43 
 
 Telegraph 
 
 154, 350 
 
 Writing 
 
 ... 213 
 
 Telepathy 
 Telephone 
 
 . . 361 
 154, 35 
 . . 366 
 
 Y 
 
 Young Men's Christian 
 
 Associa- 
 ... 4" 
 
 
 . . 293 
 
 Textile manufacturers . . . 
 Theology, Christian . . . 
 
 . . 20 
 . 382-85 
 
 History, etc 
 
 . 37 
 
 z 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . . 39 
 
 Trade unions 39 
 
 
 
FOURTEEN DAY USE 
 
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 Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. 
 
 
 
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