LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 OK 
 
 Received 
 Accession No. 
 
 Class No 
 
Tfye Univeisities 
 of 
 
 France 
 
 A GUIDE FOR AMERICAN STUDENTS 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 HN^X 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 THE FRANCO-AMERICAN COMITTEE 
 
The Universities 
 of 
 
 France 
 
 A GUIDE FOR AMERICAN STUDENTS 
 
OF THB 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 

 Tfye Universities 
 of 
 
 France 
 
 A GUIDE FOR AMERICAN STUDENTS 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 b\ 
 
 THE FRANCO-AMERICAN COMITTEE 
 
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 7* 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 The following pamphlet, compiled under the direction of the 
 Franco-American Committee, is intended to lay briefly before young 
 Americans the ressources France offers to those amongst them who 
 wish to carry on and finish their studies there after their college 
 courses at home*. 
 
 When a young man, before entering on an active career, desires 
 to complete his education and form his mind by the judicious 
 study of other men and other civilisations, his general culture 
 would hardly be [complete without a journey on the old continent, 
 a visit to that Europe whose civilisation, adapted to modern exi- 
 gencies, has vivified that new continent which is destined to revo- 
 lutionize the world. 
 
 From time immemorial youth has resorted to travelling as the 
 best means of comparing men and manners, and the Americans 
 have never neglected to follow a custom so fruitful in results. But 
 for the last quarter of a century the young men of the United 
 States have seemed to concentrate their attention on German civili- 
 sation to the detriment of the other nations of Europe. There 
 must have been reasons for this current towards Germany and it 
 was a professor of Chicago, Mr. Harry Furber, who set to work to 
 discover them. Having spent some time in Germany as a student, 
 Mr. Furber in passing through France on his return was struck by 
 the superiority of education in many respects in the latter country, 
 
 * Detailed information may be obtained by addressing Mr. Henry Broal, 
 corresponding secretary of the Goinitc Franco-American], 10, rue d'Asssis, Paris, 
 France. 
 
 1 J 
 
and he asked himself why he had heen to Germany rather than to 
 France. 
 
 He drew up the result of his observations in the form of a memo- 
 rial which he submitted without hesitation to the french Minister 
 of Public Instruction, with an energetic promptitude thoroughly 
 American. We reproduce this memorial here. 
 
 CONCERNING THE ATTENDANCE OF AMERICANS 
 AT THE UNIVERSITIES OF FRANCE 
 
 (Memorial presented to the Ministry of Public Instruction.) 
 
 With the advance of education in the United States the number of 
 Americans attending 1 European institutions of learning 1 has increased. 
 This migratory tendency on the part of those best prepared for the 
 assimilation of knowledge and its dissemination in their native land has 
 brought the nation closely into touch with the intellectual life of such 
 countries as its students have been permitted to frequent. There is a 
 growing desire to profit by the thought of other lands, and to over- 
 come the crudities of a new civilization by a study of the old. 
 
 Eminent in every branch of learning, in many unsurpassed, and 
 offering exactly that refinement of culture of which the Transatlantic 
 world is most in need, it might be supposed that France would draw 
 to her shores no small contingent of America's academic pilgrims. 
 Unfortunately this expectation is not sustained by fact. At the Sor 
 bonne there are hardly thirty Americans enrolled, as compared with 
 some two hundred at present in attendance at the University of Berlin ; 
 while comparing the smaller institutions of France and Germany the 
 disparity is even greater. 
 
 To what is this to be ascribed? Unless it be assumed that France is 
 intellectually inferior to Germany, an assumption that can hardly be 
 maintained, the only possible grounds for this phenomenon would 
 seem to be, either that the Americans are unaware of the merits of 
 French scholarship, or that some obstacle deprives them of free access 
 to the schools of France. The former explanation is admissible only 
 as a corollary to the latter. The real reason for the scarcity of 
 American students in France and the successful rivalry of Germany in 
 this particular, may be found, perhaps, in the regulations which affect 
 the foreign student in the universities of these respective countries. 
 
 In Germany an American is allowed to matriculate and qualify for 
 
a degree on the basis of a certificate of graduation from some reput- 
 able college of the United States. In certain instances, though with 
 questionable propriety, even this condition is dispensed with. Through- 
 out his course he is at liberty, moreover, to elect the studies he may 
 desire to pursue. The two functions of the university, that of provid- 
 ing facilities for education, and that of certifying to intellectual attain- 
 ment by the granting of diplomas, are kept rigidly distinct; and the 
 student is free from examination, excepting when he chooses to apply 
 for a degree. Prior to this juncture there is no effort made to test his 
 progress, no disposition to question the nature of method of his 
 work. Credentials certifying to the proficiency of his early schooling, 
 a certain minimum of time spent at the universities of Germany and a 
 severe test of his abilities at the termination of his course are, in short, 
 the only important formalities to which a candidate for academic honors 
 is required to submit. 
 
 In France, on the contrary, the student is throughout his university 
 career subjected to regulations which practically exclude the greater 
 number of Americans. There is no established equivalent for the 
 diploma of the French lycee with which to seek admission into certain 
 faculties; the course of study is to a large extent prescribed; com- 
 pulsory examinations are held at frequent intervals, and a surveillance 
 is thus exercised over the study of the student that deprives him in no 
 small degree of the character of a free investigator. 
 
 It is obvious that, for the type of Americans found in Germany, it 
 would hardly be profitable to submit to the strict regime imposed by 
 France. The students from the United States are, with rare excep- 
 tions, men who have passed beyond the rudimentary grades of educa- 
 tion, and have reached the stage of specialists. They are of intellectual 
 maturity, graduates from native institutions, and are in quest not of 
 discipline but knowledge. To such as these the privilege of indepen- 
 dent research is indispensable, and they seek Germany instead of France. 
 To be sure, it is possible for them to be inscribed as special students, 
 and to secure as such the many educational advantages that the latter 
 country courteously ofl'ers; but this does not lead to a degree, a con- 
 sideration which, though of trivial importance as compared with other 
 fruits of study, is slill sufficient to create a current towards the seats 
 of learning where a diploma can be incidentally secured. When it is 
 remembered that many of the Americans in Europe intend in time to 
 apply for professorships at home, it will be seen that this patent of 
 successful effort while abroad is something more to them than a mere 
 ornament. 
 
 The course of action necessary on the part of France in order to 
 secure the patronage of the Americans may be suggested by what 
 already has been said. It is the formalities alone that cause embarrass- 
 
ment. The American student does not desire that any essential 
 requirement should be suspended. He does not request that the grade 
 of scholarship necessary either to matriculation or to graduation be 
 lowered in his favor. He would only ask that the peculiarity of his 
 purpose and position be taken into due account; and that he be per- 
 mitted to fulfil through some equivalent the requirements which in Hie 
 nature of his case are otherwise next to prohibitive. The only really 
 burdensome regulation is that relating to compulsory examinations, 
 which, when frequent, not only tie the student more closely to set 
 lines of study than is advantageous for the American; but on account 
 of the strangeness of the language, during the early portion of his 
 course are doubly arduous. An arrangement similar in principle to 
 that which the French faculties of medicine have already adopted, 
 whereby a foreigner, under certain circumstances, may take all his 
 tests en bloc, would relieve him of every obstacle in this direction. 
 This, and possibly a designation of the American colleges whose degrees 
 would be accepted as an equivalent for the diploma of the French 
 lycue, are the principal concessions the American student would desire. 
 If it be thought that, other things being equal, he would thus be given 
 an undue advantage over the native students in securing academic 
 distinctions, his examinations might be so increased in their severity 
 as to remove all possibility of any such unjust discrimination. The 
 Americans would discover nothing inimical to their interests in any 
 degree of proficiency which the French universities might consider it 
 proper to demand of them; nor would they regard as inordinate a 
 regulation insisting upon a somewhat lengthy term of residence in 
 France. In this respect they would be satisfied, if only they were 
 permitted to utilize their period of study as they deem most profitable, 
 and to prepare themselves for a final test of their abilities in the manner 
 they find most convenient. 
 
 The educational system of the French is based upon a theory, 
 a theory which implies continual surveillance over the progress of the 
 student; and in this it differs intentionally from that of Germany. 
 That the methods which obtain in France have their own distinctive 
 merits is not to be disputed. There is no desire to criticize the orga- 
 nization of the French universities or to bring them into unfavorable 
 comparison with those of other countries. It is safe to assume, that 
 the educational institutions of the nation are adjusted, as they should 
 be, to its own peculiar needs, as are those of Germany to hers. The 
 purpose here is simply to emphasize the fact, that the American student 
 is not offered by the French the same facilities he enjoys in certain 
 other quarters; it being of course a question whether or not the 
 interests of France are sufficiently at stake to warrant her in taking 
 action to amend the present condition of affairs. 
 
That an American clientele, such as the French schools have it in 
 their power to command, is able to commend itself, is evidenced by 
 the distinguished consideration the students from th*e United States 
 have won in Germany. While the degree in which America appreciates 
 the hospitality accorded her, is shown by the effort of her universities 
 to encourage foreign travel and research. Her faculties contain an 
 increasing per Centura of scholars whose education has been received 
 to some extent abroad; and in many institutions of the United States 
 scholarships exist whose purpose it is to give the students fortunate 
 enough to earn them, the benefit of European study. 
 
 Combining', as our Western civilization does, two great elements, 
 the Latin and Germanic, it is for the interest of America to study both, 
 and in the opinion of many able thinkers, the time has come when the 
 former element, and this as best exemplified in France, is the one to 
 which her students should especially address themselves. It is, there- 
 fore, not to an indifferent public that France is invited to extend her 
 courtesies. 
 
 On the other hand, there are considerations besides those of simple 
 magnanimity that may be of moment in determining the course the 
 French universities may choose to take. The young savants who visit 
 Germany in growing numbers are already influencing American opinion. 
 Berlin, with which Paris easily might vie for honors, is beginning to be 
 regarded as the scientific Mecca of the world; and despite the favor in 
 which French culture stands with many, there are in certain circles in 
 America indications of little less than a German cult, an enthusiasm 
 for German thought and views that unconsciously unites with the 
 high esteem in which the learning of Germany is justly held, a partisan 
 interest in her political aims and aspirations. It is from causes such 
 as these that national friendships and animosities frequently arise. The 
 men who flock to the universities of Europe are the ones who will 
 mould the ideas of the rising generation; and the sympathies of the 
 nation will surely follow in the footsteps of her students. It is accord- 
 ingly not the interests of a few individuals alone that are involved. 
 The intellectual life of the whole United States, together with her 
 sympathies for France, cannot fail to be affected in some measure by 
 the altitude the French assume in regard to the question here sub- 
 mitted. 
 
 HARRY J. FURBER JR. 
 Paris, Mai, 1895. 
 
Mr. Furber's idea was thoroughly sound and founded on the ge- 
 nerous conception of drawing France and America closer together 
 in making them better known to each other. His initiative was 
 very well received. It was introduced to the general public by the 
 following article published in the Journal des Debats of the 
 7 th of June 1895 by M. Michel Breal, member of the Institute, 
 professor at the College de France. 
 
 OPINION OF AN AMERICAN PROFESSOR 
 
 ON THE 
 
 UNIVERSITIES OF FRANCE 
 
 An American professor, Mr. Harry J. Furber, of Chicago, has just 
 written and put into the hands of the proper authorities in France, a 
 paper that has more than one claim to our country's interest, and 
 which we think therefore should be given in substance to our readers. 
 
 It treats of higher education in France. 
 
 Mr. Harry Furber, after having finished his college courses in the 
 United States, like many of his countrymen, enrolled himself as a stu- 
 dent at the German universities. He pursued his studies with success 
 at several of them ; and at the end of his course received the degree of 
 Ph. D. at Halle. He has since then come to Paris. 
 
 Now Mr. Furber happens to possess one of those inquiring minds 
 which do not rest satisfied with accepted ideas, to be one of those inde- 
 pendent thinkers who, liking to form a judgment of their own, are not 
 afraid to open their eyes and look about them. He has visited our 
 School of Law, the Ecole des Sciences Politiques, the Sorbonne. the 
 College de France, the Ecole des Hautes Etudes, the School of Medi- 
 cine. He has inspected our laboratories, our libraries. The further he 
 pushed his investigations the greater was his surprise. Astonished 
 then charmed with the opportunities that Paris, the Paris of 1895, 
 offers to the student, he was not long in coming to the conclusion 
 that we possess all that is needed for receiving worthily those young 
 Americans who are desirous of completing their literary or scientific 
 training by two or three years of post-graduate study. 
 
 But side by side with this discovery he makes another, to wit, the 
 small number of American students attending the Universities of 
 France. They go elsewhere : it is an established fact that the current 
 is towards Germany. There and there alone do they go in search of 
 
science. The smallest German University has its associations, its 
 Verbindung of students from Cambridge, New Haven and Baltimore. 
 The University of Berlin alone numbers at this moment some two 
 hundred students from the United States. While if an enumeration 
 were made of the Americans in attendance at the twenty universities of 
 Germany, they would certainly number more than a thousand, in 
 France the sum total falls far below this number. Paris has a strong 
 attraction for painters and sculptors, for the artistic supremacy of 
 France is undisputed ; but it seems that young America asks nothing 
 of our faculties and schools. For intellectual research she turns to 
 Heidelberg, Leipsic, Freibourg in Brisgau.... There is scarcely an 
 American college that does not possess one or more instructors who 
 have received their scientific training in Germany. These men, I 
 venture to think, believe the true savants to be formed in Germany. 
 We can not be surprised if they do not dream of conveying any other 
 ideas to their pupils; they thus provide them in advance with an 
 itinerary; and the movement once begun grows more and more 
 extended. 
 
 Mr. Harry Furber asks how such regrettable and unjust forgetful- 
 ness of France can have come to pervade the general mind, and he 
 believes that he has found the reasons in the difficulties that confront 
 the foreigner in our university regulations. In Germany nothing is 
 easier than to be accepted and treated as a student. Provided you 
 bring a certificate from some good institution for secondary education, 
 that suffices : you are enrolled and take the academic oath. The 
 Rector bids you welcome. Thenceforth you are admitted to the 
 courses and find yourself on exactly the same footing as the native 
 student, you are a regular pupil of the Albertina or of the Georgia 
 Augusta. You frequent the laboratories, and if an able man, take part 
 in the exercises of the seminar always paying, be it said, the requisite 
 number of gold Fredericks each half year. No examinations for pas- 
 sing to a higher grade, no test of progress casts a shade over the tran- 
 quillity of these happy years. You have time to become familiar with 
 the language of the country and with the spirit of the university, to 
 form friendships and acquaintances, and to steep yourself in the 
 atmosphere of your surroundings. 
 
 But this is not all. The student who has spent two or three years 
 in a foreign country naturally wishes to bear away some reward for his 
 effort, some authentic proof that his time has been worthily employed. 
 The German doctorate is admirably adapted to this purpose. You 
 write a thesis of moderate length and average difficulty, on some 
 subject of your choice. After a series of interrogations in which the 
 good nature of the judges tempers, if need be, their just severity, you 
 are proclaimed doctor; and you take back to your own country a 
 
diploma graced by names venerated and renowned throughout the 
 scientific world. It is true, that this diploma gives no assurance of 
 obtaining a position. It confers no prerogatives either in Germany or 
 elsewhere ; but as this is understood beforehand and as the conditions 
 are the same for Germans also, there is no cause for surprise or for 
 complaint. 
 
 It is to this adaptable and supple organisation that Mr. Harry Furber 
 traces the preference distinctly accorded to the universities of our 
 neighbors. We are far from believing it to be the only cause; but 
 since it has been pointed out by a witness so well placed for forming 
 an opinion, we cannot help thinking that it should be regarded with 
 attention. We have to ask ourselves whether by certain requirements 
 not wholly reasonable, we are not turning from us a clientele which 
 would ask nothing better than to take the road to France; but which, 
 if we persist in our present course, will push forward more and more 
 in the direction towards which it is now tending. 
 
 There are difficulties which result from our educational system. 
 We know, these difficulties are great; but they ought not to be insur- 
 mountable. There has been created, within the last few years, a cer- 
 tificat d'etudes for foreigners; this is something; but we are still far 
 from the advantages, the seductive advances of the German organiza- 
 tion, especially if we take into account the very sensitive amour- 
 propre of youth. What Mr. Harry Furber asks is, that foreigners 
 should have the right to undergo the same examinations as French stu- 
 dents, but that they should undergo them all together, or en bloc, at 
 the end of their studies, provided they prove that they have spent a 
 sufficient time at our Universities. It is for our authorities to see 
 whether this desire exceeds the amount of elasticity possessed by our 
 regulations. If we are not mistaken, something of this kind has 
 already been done for medicine. 
 
 Permit me at this point to make a brief extract from Mr. Harry 
 Furber's paper : u Gombining," he says, u as our Western civilization 
 does, two great elements, the Latin and Germanic, it is for the interest 
 of America to study both ; and in the opinion of many able thinkers, 
 the time has come when the former element, and this as best exem- 
 plified in France, is the one to which her students should especially 
 address themselves. It is therefore not to an indifferent public that 
 France is invited to extend her courtesies." There are other conside- 
 rations also. u The young savants," he continues, "who visit Ger- 
 many in growing numbers are already influencing American opi- 
 nion And despite the favor in which French culture stands with 
 
 many, there are in certain circles in America indications of little less 
 
 than a German cult The men who flock to the universities of 
 
 Europe are the ones who will mould the ideas of the rising generation. 
 
and the sympathies of the nation will surely follow in the footsteps of 
 her students." 
 
 It is our impression that observations of this kind have already been 
 made amongst ourselves; but it will do no harm to hear them from a 
 stranger, and from one well informed and well disposed like Mr. Harry 
 Furber. 
 
 A final word : twelve or fifteen years ago, with our system of centra- 
 lisation, it would have given rise to some embarrassment to bring to- 
 gether upon the same spot Paris, any large number of foreigners, 
 whose presence would have resulted in overcrowding, with all the 
 annoyances and inconveniences that follow in its train. But this dan- 
 ger is no longer to be feared, since we could say to the friends from 
 without : "Our universities are open to you ; we invite you to frequent 
 them, and to sit by the side of our own children. But we counsel you 
 in your own interest not to crowd yourselves into a city already 
 overflowing, on to benches already overfilled. Would you know 
 French life intimately and in its purity? Then choose one of our 
 provincial universities; continue in the provinces the investigations 
 Mr. Harry Furber has so happily begun in Paris. Nowhere will you 
 find scientific institutions that are larger or more convenient than those 
 of Lyons, nowhere equipments more extensive than those at Lille 
 (they have just been inaugurated). In the provinces, you will run no 
 risk of being isolated. The companionships formed so easily in youth, 
 and among us more easily than elsewhere, will not be long in be- 
 coming frank and cordial. Would you revel in a rare climate, a rich 
 and unfroward nature? Go to Dijon, to Toulouse, to Bordeaux, or to 
 Montpellier. For my own part, were I to begin my life again, I would 
 not be a student elsewhere than at Grenoble, within sight of the Alps,' 
 beside the swift waters of the Isere. And you will find everywhere the 
 French, French language, the French literature, French ties. Have no 
 fear that you will be imprisoned in a corner; there are Associations 
 that will undertake to transport you from fete to fete, from South to 
 North, from East to West. Keep Paris, if you like, for the end, when 
 having completed your studies, you want to become acquainted with the 
 furnace in which all these diversities are united and smelted down." 
 That is what I would say to the Americans, and in particular to 
 Mr. Harry Furber, when, having obtained, as it is to be desired, from 
 the heads of our educational world, all that it is possible to grant, he 
 beckons to his young countrymen to start gaily on the discovery of 
 France. 
 
 MICHEL BREAL. 
 
10 
 
 The Heads of the Educational Departement and leaders in the 
 Press were unanimous in meeting out there approbation to these 
 ideas. Reforms were certainly necessary and now that they knew 
 what was to be done, the means of doing it must be found. But 
 action required an instrument to act with. It was therefore decided 
 to form a commitee which, giving to the project the authority of 
 their names, would study the reforms and deliberate on the best 
 way of realizing them. This was done, and a fortnight after 
 Mr. Furber's idea had been laid before the public, the com- 
 mittee had commenced its campaign. Here are the results of its 
 first meeting. 
 
 COMITE FRANCO-AMERICAIN 
 
 (Minutes of the Proceedings of June 16th, 1895.) 
 
 The meeting was opened at two o'clock, M. Greard, Rector of the 
 Academy of Paris, presiding. 
 
 The following gentlemen were also present : MM. Breal, of the 
 Institute, Professeur of the College de France; Bonet-Maury, Professor 
 of the Faculty of Protestant Theology; Golmet de Santerre, Dean of 
 the Faculty of Law; Bufnoir, Professor of the same Faculty; Darboux, 
 of the Institute, Dean of the Faculty of Sciences; Friedel, of the Insti- 
 tute, Professor of the same Faculty; Furber, of Chicago; Giry, Pro- 
 fessor of the Ecole des Ghartes; Lavisse, of the Academic frangaise; 
 Maspero, of the Institute, Professor of the College de France; Paul 
 Meyer, of the Institute, Director of the Ecole des Chartes ; Moissan, of 
 the Institute, Professor of the School of Pharmacy; Gabriel Monod, 
 Professor of the Ecole des Hautes Etudes; G. Perrot, of the Institute, 
 Director of the Ecole Normale; Schefer, of the Institute, Director of 
 the Ecole des Langues Orientales vivantes ; Paul Melon, General Secre- 
 tary of the Committee of Patronage for Foreign Students. 
 
 The following were unable to be present but expressed their desire 
 to cooperate : MM . Liard, Director of Higher Instruction ; Perier, of 
 the Institute, Professor at the Museum; Paul Dubois, of the Institute, 
 Director of the Ecole des Beaux-Arts; the Vicomte de Vogue, of the 
 Academic frangaise; Berthelot, of the Institute; Boutmy, of the 
 Institute, Director of the Ecole des Sciences politiques; Milne-Edwards, 
 of the Institute, Director of the Museum; Lannelongue, Professor of 
 the Academic de meclecine ; Xavier Charmes, of the Institute, Director 
 
11 
 
 in the Ministry of Public Instruction; Planchon, Director of the School 
 of Pharmacy; Levasseur, of the Institute, Professor of the College de 
 France; Jules Simon, of the Academic franchise; Albert Sorel, of 
 the Academic franchise; Sabatier, Professor of the Faculty of Pro- 
 testant Theology. 
 
 M. Breal, being invited to address the meeting, recalled the origin 
 of the Committee and the truly encouraging auspices under which 
 it had been formed. He said, that the response to the appeal made 
 by the organizers, proved better than a long discourse, the favor 
 with which the idea of closer relations with the American universities 
 had been received. The utility and necessity of facilitating scientific 
 intercourse, and thus promoting the interests of youth and science, 
 have long been felt in France; and it is with genuine satisfaction 
 that at the present stage of affairs, I thank Mr. Furber for having 
 taken an initiative which I cannot doubt will be most fruitful in 
 results. 
 
 There must be no mistake as to our intentions. It is by no means 
 -a question of taking away from Germany students who are attracted 
 thither by the just renown of her Univeisities. We have no such 
 thought. But we believe that young Americans may find something 
 to see and learn amongst us also. We want to collaborate in the 
 work of culture, and to help, on our side, to strengthen the bonds 
 between the more civilized nations of the globe. The United States 
 are, in all probability, called to high destinies. Through them the 
 civilization of old Europe will enter upon a new phase. We do not 
 wish to remain strangers to this movement, and since America is 
 preparing her future by uniting the qualities of the different nations 
 of Europe, we desire something of the French genius to enter likewise 
 into it. 
 
 .Mr. Furber rose in turn and expressed his warm sympathy for 
 France, and his admiration for her scientific institutions. U I have been 
 so favorably impressed by all that I have seen, that I have felt it 
 my duty to consider what has kept our students hitherto from seeking 
 in France some portion of the supplementary training for which they 
 turn to Europe. Everything awaits them here, and many of our most 
 serious thinkers feel that the hour is at hand for us to throw into' 
 the crucibles, essentially Germanic, wherein the intellectual qualities 
 of our race are being blended, something of that which makes the 
 germ, the greatness and the grandeur of the Latin culture. 
 
 You have given us, Gentlemen, a convincing proof of your cordia- 
 lity and of your desire to open your schools to our young men, 
 by coming together today in such large numbers. I thank you for 
 it. I shall suggest to my friends in America, the propriety of forming 
 a representative committee to cooperate with you, Such a committee 
 
_ 12 
 
 may, perhaps, be of service in indicating the measures best calculated 
 to attract our students to your universities. 
 
 Permit me, Gentlemen, to thank you for the honor you do me 
 today and for the cordial feeling you have shown towards my 
 country." 
 
 In the course of a discussion in which MM. Greard, Paul 
 Meyer, Lavisse, Bonet-Maury, Perrot, Maspero and Paul Melon took 
 part, M. Lavisse rela'ed the feelings of satisfaction with which 
 MM. Hanotaux, Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Poincare, Minister 
 of Public Instruction, had learned of the proposed formation of the 
 Franco -American Committee. Mr. Furber in turn spoke of the 
 encouraging interest manifested by His Excellency the Ambassador 
 of the United States. This was followed by the nomination of an 
 Executive Commission charged with studying the means for furthering 
 the entrance of Americans into our schools. The members appointed 
 to this Commission were : 
 
 MM. BONET-MAURY, Professor of the Faculty of Protestant Theology, 
 
 32, Rue du Bac; 
 MICHEL BREAL, of the Institute, Professor of the College de 
 
 France, 70, Rue d'Assas, Chairman; 
 
 BUFNOIR, Professor of the Faculty of Law, 1, Quai d'Orsay; 
 DARBOUX, of the Institute, Dean of the Faculty of Sciences, 
 
 36, Rue Gay-Lussac; 
 
 GIRY, Professor of the Ecole des Chartes, 4, Rue des Chartreux; 
 LANNELONGUE, Professor of the Faculty of Medecine, 3, Rue 
 
 Frangois I cr ; 
 
 LAVISSE, of the Academic franchise, 5, Rue de Medicis; 
 LEVASSEUR, Professor of the College de France, 26, Rue Monsieur- 
 
 le-Prince ; 
 
 MASPERO, of the Institute, 24, avenue de 1'Observatoire; 
 PAUL MELON, 24, Place Malesherbes, Secretary; 
 PAUL MEYER, of the Institute, Director of the Ecole des Chartes, 
 
 16, avenue de la Bourdonnais; 
 GABRIEL MONOD, Professor of the Ecole des Hautes Etudes, 
 
 18 bis, Rue du Parc-de-Clagny, a Versailles; 
 SCHEFER, of the Institute, Director of the Ecole des Langues 
 
 Orientales vivantes, 2, Rue de Lille*. 
 
 (Approved at Committee Meeting of July 5th, 1895.) 
 
 * To these has since been added His Excellency Jules Cambon ; Ambassador 
 of France to the United States. 
 
13 
 
 Acting on Mr. Furber's suggestion, a committee was also formed 
 in America to co-operate with the French branch and act simulta- 
 neously with it, 
 
 The membership of the American Committee was as follows : 
 
 MM. PRESIDENT, J. B. ANGELL, University of Michigan. 
 PRESIDENT TIMOTHY DWIGHT, Yale University, 
 PRESIDENT CHARLES W. ELIOT, Harvard University. 
 PRESIDENT D. C. OILMAN, Johns Hopkins University. 
 G. BROWN GOODE, Ast. Sec. U. S. National Museum. 
 E. R. L. GOULD, sec. International Statistical Association. 
 PRESIDENT G. STANLEY HALL, Clark University. 
 W. T. HARRIS, U. S. Commissioner of Education. 
 S. P. LANGLEY, Secretary Smithsonian Institution. 
 PRESIDENT SETII Low, Columbia College. 
 SIMON NEWCOMB, U. S. N., Superintendent Naut. Almanac. 
 PRESIDENT J. C. SCIIURMAN, Cornell University. 
 ANDREW D. WHITE, Ex-Minister to Germany. 
 PRESIDENT B. L. WHITMAN, Columbian University. 
 CARROLL D. WRIGHT, U. S. Commissioner of Labor. 
 
 The impetus thus given, a very active press campaign was carried 
 on in both countries ; we cannot refer to all the encouraging assu- 
 rances we received. Amongst the most important articles we may 
 mention one by Professor Simon Newcomb, president of the Ame- 
 rican branch of the Franco-American committee from which we 
 extract the following passages*. 
 
 It appeared in the Forum of New York in May, 1897**. 
 
 FRANCE AS A /lELEWF.OR AMERICAN STUDENTS 
 /"* ' 
 
 There is no centre of learning more richly supplied than Paris 
 with schools and faculties for advanced instruction in nearly every 
 department of learning and research; and there is no country more 
 ready than France to open the doors of its educational institutions to 
 
 * This article was translated in the Revue Internationale de VEnseignement 
 in July, 1897. 
 
 '" This article was written before the University reform; it is therefore not 
 quite exact, as the desires expressed therein have since been realized. 
 
14 
 
 foreign students. That intellectual sympathy of France with America 
 which dates from the residence of Franklin in Paris has never died 
 out, and is now cherished by leading Frenchmen to an extent which 
 insures a warm welcome to the visiting American. Yet, while our 
 students have been flocking to Germany by thousands, comparatively 
 few have availed themselves of the advantages for pursuing liberal 
 studies which France has to offer them. The subject has been 
 recently discussed by eminent educators both in France and this 
 country; and there is reason to believe that in the reorganization of 
 the University of France, which is now going on, the desirability of 
 making that and similar institutions attractive to the foreign student 
 will not be lost sight of. 
 
 Leaving out of consideration these professional schools, and also 
 such institutions as the Ecole Polytechnique and Ecole Normale 
 superieure, which are intended exclusively for French aspirants to 
 the public service, the visiting student still has a wide choice from 
 the best that the French capital can afford. The special schools 
 which may attract him are too varied and numerous to be even 
 mentioned. I shall therefore confine myself to the three great 
 foundations of liberal education. 
 
 First among these, we have the ancient and renowned University 
 of Paris more familiarly known as the Sorbonuc. The latter is no 
 longer the debating ground for the great questions of theology, it 
 having been invaded and conquered by the faculties of science and 
 letters. The building erected by Richelieu has, during the past ten 
 years, been gradually replaced by another, which, when completed, 
 will be the most magnificent temple ever erected to the cause of 
 education. The cost of this structure has already gone far into the 
 millions; and millions more will doubtless be expended before it is 
 complete. The courses are divided into two sets; viz., those open 
 to all comers, and those which require an enrolment or inscription. 
 It should please the visitor to know that the former include instruction 
 by the full professors; so that the student cannot, under any 
 circumstances, find difficulty in hearing the greatest men of France, 
 unless indeed the mere number of those seeking the privilege 
 should exceed the available accommodations. However this may be 
 in the department of letters, there is not much danger of its occurring 
 in that of exact science. A visit paid by the writer to the lecture- 
 room of the leading professor of mathematics showed the presence 
 of less than a score of auditors, a few of whom were women. 
 
 The Sorbonne is by no means satisfied with simply allowing its 
 students to listen to courses of lectures. It therefore provides, on 
 a large scale, a system of conferences or cours fermes, which are 
 designed to drill the student in special problems and questions, as 
 
15 
 
 well as for explaining and developing' in detail those subjects which 
 the professor cannot fully dwell upon in his regular course. _The 
 instruction here is given mostly by assistant professors; but it must 
 not be inferred from this title that they are tyros in science. In the 
 department of mathematics, the teachers at the Sorbonne include 
 men who, in addition to holding a very high rank among the mathe- 
 maticians of the world, have displayed that force and elegance in 
 treating their subject which has long been a feature of French 
 science, and who have prepared textbooks unequalled for clearness 
 and precision. Heretofore, admission to these courses has been 
 mostly confined to holders of the French Baccalaureate but there 
 is no regulation absolutely requiring this qualification. If any 
 American student who has taken his Bachelor's degree wishes to 
 enroll himself at the Sorbonne as a student, he will experience no 
 difficulty except that arising from the increasing numbers who flock 
 thither for instruction. At a conference at which the writer was 
 present, the number attending was so great that any individual must 
 have felt himself somewhat at a disadvantage. 
 
 Next in age and dignity to the Sorbonne comes the College de 
 France, situated in its immediate neighborhood. This institution 
 laics from the time of Francis I, who was led to found it in conse- 
 quence of the failure of the University to give that attention to 
 Oriental subjects, and especially Greek and Hebrew, which he thought 
 they fairly demanded. Thus, from the beginning, Oriental and 
 general philology has been one of the specialties of the institution. 
 The College occupies^ a field almost as wide as that of the Sorbonne; 
 covering, in fact, special subjects which the latter scarcely touches. 
 The range at the student's choice extends from the discourses of 
 Lovasseur on the economic conditions of various countries, and the 
 advanced mathematics of Jordan, in one direction, to the investi- 
 gations of the leading physiologists and anatomists of France in 
 another. Here, as at the Sorbonne, the instruction is free to all; 
 being limited only by the numbers who seek admission to the more 
 popular courses. 
 
 The third great foundation is the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes. 
 This school is, so far as the writer knows, a quite unique organization. 
 It is of recent origin; dating from the second Empire. The object 
 in view was to utilize those facilities afforded by the Capital for 
 instruction and research which had, until that time, been neglected. 
 Its organization may be said to be almost unhampered by conditions. 
 Its work is divided into five branches, each directed by an adini- 
 nisErafive" commission of five members. Any person eminent in any 
 branch of knowledge, and desiring to teach young men how to study 
 and investigate, may become a member of the faculty. Anj_youth 
 
16 
 
 desiring to learn and investigate may enroll himself in the school 
 without "money and without price, on the single condition that he is 
 able to avail himself of the advantages offered him. The institution 
 has no local habitation. Wherever in Paris there is a laboratory at 
 the command of a professor, there may teacher and students 
 assemble : wherever there is a room, there may the professor be 
 heard. Much of the instruction is given at the Sorbonne ; and 
 probably more will be given when the latter is completed : but the 
 greater part of it is scattered over the innumerable scientific insti- 
 tutions of the Capital. The primary object is to make the student 
 an investigator by the actual practice of investigation, under the 
 direction of his professor. 
 
 Neither this school nor the College de France confers degrees. 
 From the very nature of their constitution they do not offer a well- 
 defined curriculum having a beginning and an end. The conferring 
 of academic degrees is the especial function of the University. Here 
 the only degrees for which the American student is likely to be an 
 aspirant are the Licentiate and the Doctorate*. The regulations 
 governing these honors differ so much from those with which we 
 are familiar in this country and in Germany, that some explanation 
 is necessary. 
 
 The student is supposed to enter the University after taking his 
 Baccalaureate as he does in Germany after completing his course 
 at the Gymnasium, or in this country after having become a Bachelor 
 of Arts. But the system of combining the secondary and higher 
 education is more symmetrical and logical in both France and 
 Germany than it is in England and America. In the former countries 
 a sharp line is drawn between the general liberal training at the 
 Lycee and the Gymnasium which may be supposed to terminate 
 about the age of eighteen and the subsequent work at the University. 
 The completion of the former, in France at least, is marked by the 
 Bachelor's degree. The corresponding sharp line in our own country 
 is found only between the high school and the college. But our 
 scholars do not leave the high school with the degree of Bachelor; 
 on the contrary, they have a four-year course at college before 
 receiving it. Moreover, the advanced or university courses, in our 
 leading educational institutions, have been partially grafted upon 
 and combined with the college courses. Thus it happens that what 
 at Harvard and elsewhere are regarded as courses preparatory to the ,. 
 Bachelor's degree become, in France and Germany, studies prepa- 
 ratory to the Licentiate, or the Doctorate. The result of this is 
 that in France Licentiate may be won by courses little more advanced 
 
 * This article lias been published before the creation of the ^Doctorats d'Uni- 
 versitC'S/' 
 
17 _ 
 
 in the special subjects chosen by the, student than those which have 
 been taken by the Bachelor of Arts leaving Harvard or Johns Hopkins. 
 
 The Doctor's degree in science or letters is also awarded on terms 
 radically different from those of the German or American university. 
 Residence at the University is not obligatory after the Licentiate has 
 been taken. No examination is required, except such as may be 
 implied in the defence of a thesis. The latter is wholly different 
 from the thesis of the German or American student, as regards the 
 amount of research and maturity of work expected of it. Instead 
 of being the first essay of the beginner in original investigation, it 
 is expected to show the mature hand of a master. Instead of being 
 a thin pamphlet, it is either a goodly volume, or a memoir of such 
 a character that it would be accepted by a learned society for its 
 transactions*. It is therefore said, and doubtless with justice, that 
 the Doctor's degree is much more difficult of attainment at the 
 Sorbonne than in Germany. 
 
 The proposed new University Doctorate may materially change 
 these conditions; but the problem of adapting it to the French system 
 is not without difficulty. How it will be grappled with will doubtless 
 appear when all the facilities of the new Sorbonne are at the command 
 of the student. 
 
 The question whether our students should at once transfer their 
 preference in respect of higher education from Germany to France, 
 is one not easy to answer. The fact is that no American student 
 need now go abroad to complete his education, unless in very 
 exceptional cases. The development of our own universities during 
 the past twenty years has been such that he can find as good 
 instruction at home as abroad. The purpose of a residence abroad 
 is not to acquire an education unattainable at home, but to afford 
 the student that breadth of culture which is gained only by residence 
 in a country different from his own, and by intercourse with the 
 masters of learning in other lands. These ends, it appears to me, 
 can be as well gained by the student in France as in any other 
 country; and he will receive a warm welcome when it is once known 
 that he appreciates it. An attempt has been made to form special 
 organizations for his benefit which, though they may not be wholly 
 successful, are none the less worthy of appreciation, especially 
 as evincing the feeling entertained by Frenchmen for our own 
 . country. 
 
 If it be true that the Frenchman does not possess the art of making 
 a foreign visitor feel at home, it is because he aims at so high a 
 standard of hospilalily that it cannot be e.xlt'ndrd to all the wo Id, 
 
 The nature of the thesis for the I'nivorsil Doctoral*? is of Ilio same value. 
 
18 
 
 nor kept up as a daily practice. This, it may be expected, he will 
 remedy when he finds that the foreign visitor expects nothing of the 
 kind, but desires only a friendly welcome, and intercourse without 
 ceremony or display. 
 
 SIMON NEWCOMB. 
 
 Mr. Raphael George Levy, professor at the Ecole des Sciences 
 Politiques, was able to verify while traveling through the United 
 States that the proposal of establishing closer relations between the 
 two universities w r as everywhere most favourably received. On 
 his return, he published in the Revue Internationale de I'Ensei- 
 gnement of February 1897 an article from which we extract the fol- 
 lowing passages : 
 
 In spite of the immense progress realized by America, in spite 
 of the legitimate sentiment the Americans possess, and rightly possess, 
 of their own personal worth, there is among them a general and 
 growing desire to draw their inspiration in the future, as in the 
 past, from European sources, or to find at least in European teaching 
 additional elements of strength and knowledge. 
 
 Their professors have, generally speaking, one year's holiday in 
 every seven years, this they often arrange to spend on the other side 
 of the Ocean, where they recruit their strength by drinking at the 
 old springs. As to the students, a certain number enter their names 
 every year in the English, French, German, Austrian or Italian Uni- 
 versities. It would seem at first sight that the majority would rush 
 off to Oxford and Cambridge, a common language is such a bond of 
 union, and increases to such a degree the advantages derived from a 
 course of instruction abroad, that England seemed the natural pilgrim- 
 age for students of the United States. Psot so however. With the 
 exception of the Fine Arts students, the immense majority of young 
 Americans direct their steps to the German universities. There they 
 easily obtain the coveted diploma of doctor. There they find, parti- 
 cularly in the small provincial towns, a hearty welcome and masters 
 who give them a portion of their time outside the usual lecture hours, 
 striving thus to increase Germany's clientele in one of its most 
 valuable adjuncts, foreign youth. 
 
 And however it was not towards Berlin that the leaders of American 
 thought turned when, at the end of last century, she conquered her 
 
19 
 
 independance and commenced to organize her national life on a solid 
 basis. 
 
 The nation which now occupies almost an entire continent, and 
 which will doubtless offer to the 20 th century the spectacle of unin- 
 terrupted development, had then at her head men who knew France 
 and who desired to borrow her treasures of literature and science to 
 spread them amongst their own students. Thomas Jefferson, one of the 
 most revered presidents of the United States worked ceaselessly to 
 bring about an intimate union between the minds of the two nations. 
 
 When he was minister of the United States at Paris, his dearest 
 wish was to found an Academy of Arts and Sciences at Richmond in 
 Virginia which would have branches in Baltimore, Philadelphia and 
 New York. It was with Quesnay de Beaurepaire, grandson of the 
 great economist, that he studied this plan, which was stopped by the 
 French Revolution before it arrived at maturity. Jefferson did not 
 however relinquish his idea of creating an intellectual centre of which 
 France would furnish the first elements. On his return to his own 
 country, he remained in correspondance with Dupont de Nemours, who 
 himself went to New York in 1800 and at once paid a visit to Jeffer- 
 son, in Philadelphia. 
 
 In the conversations which took place between them, they thoroughly 
 discussed the problem of Higher Education in the United States. Du- 
 pont de Nemours wrote in French a tract on L'Education Nationale 
 aux Elats-Unis in which he recommended the creation of a Universety 
 in Washington, which would consist of four faculties : medicine, mines, 
 mathematics, social science and legislation. 
 
 A few years later, a young Virginian, Joseph Carrington Cabell, 
 returned from Europe where, like Jefferson, he had made Paris the 
 centre of his studies. He attended the lectures of Cuvier and other 
 professors at the College de France, and at Montpellier had worked 
 hard at Natural Science. In 1809 he became a member of the House 
 of Representatives, and two years later of the Senate, where for twenty 
 years he warmly defended Jefferson's ideas on all matters appartain- 
 ing to education. When the latter wrote to him in 1815 to designate 
 the men who appeared the most worthy to occupy chairs in the pro- 
 posed University, he gave the first place to Jean-Baptiste Say, who was 
 then thinking of crossing the Ocean, and to Destutt de Tracy the 
 celebrated ideologist. This is how Jefferson justified his desire of 
 giving a large place to French ideas in every liberal education : 
 "French is the language generally employed in all international 
 communications, it lias received the sacred deposit of human science 
 in a larger measure than any other idiom living or dead." And he 
 added. "There are only two nations in modern history whose 
 
 march it is interesting for us to follow, France and England." 
 
20 
 
 That is what the most eminent men in America thought at the 
 beginning of the century. Have their ideas changed in our day? And 
 if so is there any reason for that change ? These two questions are 
 equally interesting to examine. 
 
 It is certain that if France still holds a preponderating place in the 
 world of letters, arts and sciences, she is no longer the only nation on 
 whom the eyes of the scientific and political world are fixed. 
 
 Germany in particular has, since 1870, considerably developed both 
 in material and economic force. 
 
 England, during the course of the present century, has founded a 
 colonial empire whose bonds with the metropolis are no.t perhaps 
 equally solid everywhere, but which enables Great Britain through her 
 navy, her commerce and her colonists to find an opening in the five 
 parts of the world. It would therefore be astonishing if such vigorous 
 countries failed to attract a number of foreign students simply by 
 the important part they play in the march of human events and the 
 prestige with which they are surrounded. It is easy to understand 
 why the Americans go to Oxford, Cambridge, Berlin, Leipsig, Bonn or 
 Heidelberg. 
 
 A common language is another reason why they should choose 
 England. On the other hand, the German element has powerfully 
 contributed to people the United States. Chicago alone counts hun- 
 dreds of thousands, and although these newcomers with that facility 
 of acclimatalion which characterises the German race, have not been 
 long in becoming good American citizens, it would be astonishing if 
 a secret sympathy did not draw their children towards the old 
 Father Land. 
 
 France must have then a singular force of attraction to retain even a 
 fraction of this precious contingent. She owes this attraction to the 
 splendour of her ancient and modern literature, to the grandeur of 
 her scientific works and above all to those qualities of clearness and 
 logic which are the finest appendage of her genius. The distin- 
 guishing mark of the writings of our great thinkers, poets, histo- 
 rians or philosophers, as well as mathematicians,., physicians and 
 chemists, is that inexorable precision in the idea, which allies itself to 
 the perfection of form giving to the reader or hearer an impression of 
 complete harmony. If there is one place where these qualities are 
 appreciated more than another, it is in the Chair of an University. 
 
 Youth is attracted, and rightly attracted, to those who present the 
 elements of science with order and clearness, whose explanations dissipate 
 all haziness in the minds of their hearers, laying before them, not the 
 .doubts and difficulties they passed through themselves before finding 
 out the truth, but the acquired result of the struggle, that certainly 
 which gives rest to the intelligence and form a reliable starting point 
 
21 
 
 for the work and initiative of new generations. These are the essentially 
 French merits which are known and appreciated by the Americans. 
 
 The works of our great writers, as I have already said, occupy a place of 
 honour in the libraries of the United States; all those who have come for 
 a longer or shorter period to attend the courses in our schools have 
 kept an imperishable memory of the lessons there received. But it is not 
 only science that the Americans strive to acquire amongst us, it is also 
 what I will call, in using a familiar term, the art of life. Those moti- 
 
 TIIE I'ALAIS IJK .IUST1CK 
 
 ves which made Jefferson desire so ardently closer relations between 
 the two countries, are as strong as ever, and the marvellous progress 
 which the United States have realized in certain respects renders the 
 contact still more desirable. We have that love of perfection in all 
 things, artistic and literary tastes, which are marvellous adjuncts to what 
 characterises American genius, the spirit of enterprise and invention. 
 Carried away by the feverish activity of an existence which leaves 
 little or no place for meditation, these sons of the New World too often 
 neglect that inner life, which man needs however, in which he finds a 
 
22 
 
 refuge from the daily round to commune with himself and be still. 
 Now nothing predisposes the mind to these general reflexions like the 
 historical and artistic surroundings of such an ancient country as 
 France. Its history, in the cycle of centuries, has accumulated monu- 
 ments and moral traditions which constitute an atmosphere to whose 
 vivifying influence even foreigners cannot remain indifferent. 
 
 From the stones of a town like Paris, from the sight of that Seine, 
 silent witness of so many dramas, from the horizons which we contem- 
 plate at the different hours of day and night, a mysterious teaching is 
 disengaged, lessons fraught with that mute eloquence which moves the 
 soul in its most hidden recesses and establishes a kind of invisible com- 
 munion between the present generation and the proceeding ones. How 
 often I have heard American professors express their sense of this charm, 
 a charm with which the Parisians are so impregnated that we can hardly 
 imagine our life could finish elsewhere than in the walls that witnes- 
 sed our birth ! How often I have heard them say that life is better 
 regulated amongst us than in their own country ! They think that the 
 accumulated experience of centuries has taught families the art of orga- 
 nization so as to ensure the success of each of their members. They 
 admire the role of the French woman in domestic life, her constant and 
 devoted collaboration which seconds her husband's efforts, and later on, 
 her son's. In a word, they say that even if our centres of instruction 
 were not what they are, even if our University chairs were not occupied 
 by masters whose names are known and whose books are read in all 
 civilized countries, the sole wish of living for a time the life of France 
 would every year attract to Paris numerous American students. 
 
 But the ambition of young men who come among us should not stop 
 at this object lesson. Their own masters have taught them, before they 
 arrived, the value of the lessons they will receive at the Sorbonne, 
 at the College de France, in our Paris or provincial faculties, at the 
 School of Political sciences, and in many other establishments of 
 higher education public or private. It was with pleasure not unmixed 
 with patriotic emotion that I heard last summer a young professor of 
 one of the most brilliant American Universities tell me that he consi- 
 dered the French history school of our days the first in the world and able 
 to defy any comparison as regards science, the beauty of style, the order 
 of composition, in manner as well as in matter. *+ 
 
 The greatest defect of our higher education in the eyes of the Ameri- 
 cans is that its organization is badly known to them. It is so rich in 
 institutions, in lectures of all kinds that the student who draws up in 
 Pensylvania or Illinois the programme of his studies in Paris, comes to 
 a standstill, embarrassed by the multiplicity of programmes he has 
 before him. On the other hand, the different schools and faculties have 
 often courses of a somewhat similar nature which do not replace each 
 
23 
 
 other but which at first sight are not sufficiently distinct for the stu- 
 dent Jo know how to choose between them. 
 
 The Franco-American movement was set on foot at a propi- 
 tious moment. Just at that time certain changes and modifications 
 in higher education were contemplated by the government, and it 
 was decided to take advantage of these changes to obtain the wish- 
 ed for reforms. As in France public instruction is under State 
 control, private initiative could not (at that time) bring about the 
 slightest modification in its working. Before the act of the 10 th 
 of July 1896, higher education was entirely under the control of 
 the Ministry of public instruction. The Act of 1896 modified 
 this organisation in giving more rights to the Universities. 
 
 Each of the 15 large towns in France where higher educa- 
 tion may be obtained constitutes a University since the promulga- 
 tion of the Act of 1896. 
 
 These 15 Universeties are : 
 
 Paris. 
 
 Aix. 
 
 Besangon. 
 
 Bordeaux. 
 
 Caen. 
 
 Glermont. 
 
 Dijon. 
 ^Grenoble. 
 "Lille. 
 
 Lyon. 
 
 Montpellier. 
 
 Nancy. 
 
 Poitiers. 
 
 Rennes. 
 
 Toulouse*. 
 
 * Algiers must be added to this list, for, although it is not a University to\vn ; 
 it possesses establishments of higher education. 
 
24 
 
 Those Universities have an existence of their own manifested in 
 a threefold manner : 
 
 1 By their imlependant regulations: 
 2 By their legal existence : 
 
 3" By their power of discerning diplomas which are not State 
 diplomas but scientific titles. 
 
 1 iNm-:ri-:\n.\NT REGULATION- 
 
 The Universities being no longer under Stale control, the rules 
 by which they are governed are made by a University council 
 composed of the leading members of the corps of professors. 
 Each University regulates its budget and all disciplinary mea- 
 sures affecting its members. 
 
 2 LEGAL PERSONALITY OF UNIVERSITIES 
 
 A juridic existence having been conferred on the Universities, 
 they may be looked on as moral personalities. Consequently they 
 are at liberty to receive gifts and legacies. Formerly it was im- 
 possible to give a certain sum of money to a State educational 
 establishment : this has been rendered possible by the Act of 
 1896. 
 
 Suppose for instance that a generous minded American wished 
 to found in France a number of scholarships for his fellow 
 countrymen ; he would simply have to give a certain capital to the 
 University of his choice, stipulating that the revenue should be 
 devoted to young Americans in such and such a situation. During 
 the last two years a number of like endowments have been created 
 by Frenchmen for the benefit of poor French students. 
 
 3 FACULTY OF CREATING SCIENTIFIC TITLES 
 
 This third point is perhaps the one in which American students 
 are more directly interested, for from it proceeds the University 
 doctorate. 
 
25 
 
 The French I'linei'Mlie^. oriirinallx independant, had heen 
 Consolidated h\ Napoleon 1. into diic irreal institution, (lie I'nivcr- 
 Bite* de France v Of which the Sorhonne al Paris, and the faculties at 
 Lvon. Kordeaux. Monlpellier. etc.. were sections kno\\n as acade- 
 
 mies. The law of,lul\ 10, 1896, restored to the academies their 
 
 old autonomy ; and a ministerial decree dated .July 21, 1897, 
 clothed them inter alia \viih the following jtovxers : 
 
 AKIIC.IK XV. "Hesides the decrees eMahlNied by the State, the 
 I iii\er-itie. are anlhori/ed In inslilnle lille* of a nature pmvlv >cienlilic. 
 
 These titl<>s shall c.uiler none of the rights and prmle-r. ;||;U-|UM| 
 l\ la\\^ and regulations I,, the |S(:\te) de^ree^. and in no ca<e shall 
 he declared a snh>lilnle. 
 
 Tin- stndit^ ;md the examinations which shall determine their 
 di^lrihnlioii shall he subject In ivLriilalinn-s deliheraled hy the council 
 of Hie I'niversity and approved hy Ihe >lamlinir committee of the 
 Superior (louncil of Puhlic lii>lruction. 
 
 Tin* diplomas shall he delivered in Hie name of Ihe I'niver^ilx l>\ 
 Ihe president of Ihe council, in forms dill'erent from the form^ of 
 those delixered 1>\ the ^ovenimeill ." 
 
 This decree assimilates to a \en\ lar^i- <-\lenl the dijilomas of 
 <ierman\ and l-'i-ance. It m\es the I'Yench I'liixcrsilies control of 
 ihe honors lhe\ confer: |iermils them lo adjust their regulations to 
 the needs of a foreign clientele: and ^auctions a doctorate, for 
 \\liich sucli ]iivliminai-\ derives as the //Vrmv Of ln( t -f,tlnin i cl are 
 not indispensalde iv ( |iiiivments. 
 
 The different rniversilies of I-'rance. usini; the ri^hl conferred 
 on them li\ the Kducalioii Act of 1896, have created doctorates, and 
 even in lliose \\liere the title does not vet exist the (jueslioil is 
 under consideration. 
 
 We will studs these doctorates in detail in the chapters which 
 deal with the different I Iniversihes. 
 
 Now that the reader is acquainted with the Franco-American 
 C-ommillee. the end it has in view, and the results already ohlained. 
 we will hrieflv examine : 
 
 1 \Vlial are the material conditions of a journey in I'Yance? 
 
 2 \Yhal scienlilic ends mav he pursued there? 
 
 3 How is higher education organised? 
 
26 
 
 I. WHAT ARE THE MATERIAL CONDITIONS 
 OF A JOURNEY IN FRANCE? 
 
 Time of visit. 
 
 The student must first choose the period of his arrival in France. 
 The University courses begin the first week in November, but the 
 student who wishes to familiarise himself a little with the language 
 and look around him before settling down will do well to arrive 
 at least a fortnight earlier. 
 
 Language. 
 
 As we are speaking of the difficulties of the language, a few 
 hints to the young American student may not be amiss here. 
 
 In order to be understood, speak very slowly. 
 
 To accustom yourself to understand, you must listen to people 
 who speak French well and speak it slowly. And there is nothing 
 better than to go to the theatre to see a play with which you are 
 already familiar (Moliere for instance) in taking care to secure a 
 seat near the stage. 
 
 A good plan is to exchange English lessons with a young French- 
 man who will teach you his own language. All that is necessary, 
 to obtain this exchange, is to put an advertisement, either in the 
 secretary's office at the University, or at the Student's Association. 
 The advertisement may be worded as follows : 
 
 M. X...., graduate of the University o/*...., who has come to 
 France to study.... (science, philosophy, etc....), would like to 
 exchange English lessons with a French student. 
 
 We must here speak of an institution which renders great 
 service to foreigners : the holiday courses of the "Alliance Fran- 
 gaise". 
 
27 
 
 ALLIANCE FRANQAISE 
 
 NATIONAL ASSOCIATION .FOR THE PROPAGATION OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE 
 IN THE COLONIES AND ABROAD 
 
 Committee of Patronage. 
 
 MM. GASTON BOISSIER, GJARETIE, GREARD, LAVISSE, GASTON PARIS, 
 A. VANDAL, members of the French Academy; MICHEL BREAL, member 
 of the Institute ; PARMENTIER, general of division ; LE MYRE DE VILERS, 
 deputy; FONCIN, general inspector of public instruction ; FRANCK PUAUX, 
 member of the superior Council of Colonies; ARMAND COLIN, publisher; 
 L. LEGER, professor, at the College of France ; G. MONOD, lecturer at 
 the Higher Normal school. 
 
 I. RULES 
 
 1 OBJECT OF THE COURSES 
 
 The Cours de vacances of the Alliance Franchise are intended to offer 
 foreigners an opportunity of completing the knowledge they have ac- 
 quired in their own country, of the language, literature, arts, institutions 
 and customs of France. 
 
 2 DURATION 
 
 The courses organized, by the Alliance Franchise take place in 
 summer. 
 
 They are divided into two series. The first series takes place in 
 July, the second in August. 
 
 3 CONDITIONS OF ADMISSION 
 
 The courses are open without distinction of nationality, sex or age to 
 all foreigners, and all Frenchmen born and brought up in a foreign 
 country or in the colonies. No degree or diploma is required to obtain 
 admission to the courses. No course is prescribed. 
 
 A ticket book, referred to below, is given to each student ; from this 
 he detaches a card which is given to the superintendent of the Classes 
 and which allows him to attend whatever course of lectures he may 
 prefer. 
 
28 
 
 The candidates for examination are however required to attend cer- 
 tain specified lectures (Vide 6 : Examinations). 
 
 Names may be inscribed at the Head Quarters of the Alliance Fran- 
 gaise, 45, rue de Crenelle, Paris, from the 1 st of April. Ticket books 
 composed of cards of admission to the different courses and others 
 containing cards of admission to the lectures will be placed at the dis- 
 posal of students who must give their names, profession and place of 
 residence abroad. A course of less than twenty-five lessons cannot be 
 inscribed for. But, after this number, the student may take as many 
 entrance cards as he pleases or even only one. 
 
 4 ENTRANCE FEES 
 
 The price of the book of tickets for the courses is fixed at as many 
 francs as the book contains tickets. 
 
 The price of admission to the lectures is fixed at as many fr. 50 as 
 the book contains tickets. 
 
 No free admission can be accorded. 
 
 5 PERMANENT CARDS 
 
 Permanent cards (not transferable) permitting a student to attend all 
 courses and lectures during the two months, will be delivered at a 
 reduced price of 150 francs (for about 160 lessons and 24 lectures). 
 
 These cards cannot be taken back, they must neither be lent nor 
 parted with to another. II this rule be infringed, they will be imniedially 
 withdrawn. 
 
 6 EXAMINATIONS AND DIPLOMAS 
 
 At the end of each series of the holiday courses, a commission of 
 professors is formed to deliver, after an examination, diplomas of ca- 
 pacity. 
 
 There are two kinds of diplomas. 
 
 1 The elementary diploma awarded to those candidates who show 
 that they understand, speak and write our language correctly. 
 
 To obtain this diploma the candidate must submit to the two fol- 
 lowing tests. 
 
 a. A written test (narration, letter or recital) ; 
 
 6. A viva voce test which consists in interrogation on French vocabu- 
 lary and grammar. The accuracy of pronunciation will be taken into 
 account. 
 
29 
 
 2 The higher diploma is awarded to candidates who show that they 
 are capable of teaching our tongue and literature in foreign lands. 
 
 This examination includes two tests : 
 
 A written one consisting of a literary dissertation on one of the sub- 
 jects of literature treated in the course or on the works of a French 
 classical author (the list of authors who will furnish the subject of 
 composition will be inscribed each year on the programme). 
 
 A viva voce one in which the candidates will be called on to explain 
 with the necessary grammatical, historical or dogmatic remarks, a text 
 of modern French (from the XVII C century to our days). Their manner 
 of reading will be taken into account. 
 
 II. CONDITIONS OF ADMISSION 
 
 The candidates to either of these examinations must prove their 
 identity by an authentic document (passport, university diploma, birth 
 certificate, etc.). 
 
 No one can be admitted as candidate to the elementary examination 
 unless he has been present at thirty lessons at least in one of the two 
 series. 
 
 No one can be admitted as candidate to the higher examination unless 
 he has attended the totality of lessons in one of the two series. 
 
 The attendance of candidates at the prescribed courses will be 
 attested by the signing of their name on a presence register placed 
 with that intention at the entrance of the lecture hall. 
 
 III. EXAMINATION FEES 
 
 The examination fee is fixed at 10 francs. Passed successfully, the 
 diploma is delivered gratuitously. 
 
 If unsuccessful at the higher examination, the candidate may obtain 
 the elementary diploma, if his marks justifiy it and after the commis- 
 sion of professors have deliberated thereon. 
 
 IV. PREPARATION FOR EXAMINATION 
 
 Candidates for the higher diploma who are desirous of having their 
 written compositions corrected are authorized to send them prepaid to 
 the Alliance office after the I 9t of May, at the rate of one composition a 
 week. They will be corrected under the direction of the lecturers and 
 returned to their authors prepaid. 
 
30 
 
 The Alliance will send to those who apply for it a list of eight sub- 
 jects for composition. 
 
 The subscription for the correction of the eight compositions is fixed 
 at 15 francs, which must be sent to the treasurer of the Alliance with 
 the application for the list of subjects. 
 
 OBSERVATIONS 
 
 All complaints or observations must be addressed to the Director of 
 the courses who has the entire management of lectures and examina- 
 tions. 
 
 The Alliance Franchise thanks to whose initiative these ho- 
 liday courses have been organized, also arranges lectures during 
 the whole year. 
 
 There are now holiday courses in the following University 
 towns : Paris, Caen, Glermont, Grenoble, Nancy. 
 
 The subjoined opinion of a young American who attended the 
 summer lectures at the University of Grenoble is taken from an 
 article in the Yale alumni Weekly of the 5 th of January 1899. 
 
 FRENCH SUMMER SCHOOL 
 
 MR. C. U. CLARK AT THE UNIVERSITY OF GRENOBLE. 
 
 Grenoble, September 25, 1898. 
 
 I owe a most delightful month to your recommendation of Grenoble. 
 
 I reached here just four weeks ago yesterday [i. e., Aug. 25]. It rained the 
 next day ; since then we have had uninterrupted fair weather, hot most of the 
 time, hut always tempered by a breeze. As my work-room has nearly ten feet 
 of windows on both East and West sides, I have been exceedingly comfortable. 
 The dust has not been particularly bothersome in the city, but of course there 
 is plenty of it in the roads, outside. But all Europe seems to have suffered 
 from a torrid spell as you have at home, and I have no complaint to make on 
 the score of the weather. 
 
 The elaborate schedule of courses laid out in the prospectus was not 
 exactly adhered to. Only one session a day has been beld, at 8 o'clock A. M. 
 But that is really enough, as the opportunities for work were plenty even with 
 this schedule. Twice a week came a session in conversation, composition, etc., 
 for which every one was invited to write a theme, which was corrected and read 
 aloud by the instructor, M. Varenne, if good enough. His criticisms on pro- 
 
32 
 
 nunciation were exceedingly thorough and valuable. M. Reymond gave us a 
 most interesting talk once a week on Italian art. illustrated by photographs in 
 profusion. 
 
 This month there has been a very good course once or twice a week on 
 French grammar, historically considered, by M. Galland; M. Jacquenot lectured 
 on French literature, and M. LHichner, in August, had one exercise a week for 
 the special benefit of the Germans. In the hot weather we have had, that gave 
 us enough to do. Then M. cle Ueylie gave us a talk on Grenoble's charitable 
 institutions, and the next day took a dozen of us around town in a stage, show- 
 ing us through several of them. 
 
 There have been this month some sixteen or seventeen students in pretty 
 regular attendance. Of these nearly half were Italian (two co-eds) ; the rest 
 Germans, except for three Americans. In August, an Englishman was also 
 here. The Americans were two Harvard men. one, of Chicago, a student of 
 Political Economy, who has spent a year studying- in Germany, and will study 
 in Paris this Winter: the other, of Philadelphia, is a student of Romance Lan- 
 guages, and will also study this Winter in Paris; and I. We came here rather 
 than to Paris purely because of \our Nation article; and the Englishman came 
 here also on your recommendation. So you see you are largely responsible 
 for what has proved to all of us a most thoroughly enjoyable stay at Grenoble. 
 
 Perhaps the most potent factor in making our Grenoble experience here 
 agreeable, is the remarkable advantages we have had in our pensions. There 
 is a large French Protestant congregation here, you know; and several of the 
 members take boarders. I board with a Mine Balme, 6, Place de la Halle. 
 She is one of the salt of the earth. I reached here with my stomach "fatigue"', 
 as they say, and the pains she has taken to provide me with the best and most 
 easily digestible food, and the care with which she looks out for C. and me in 
 general, leave me her debtor to an infinite extent. Any American student com- 
 ing to the Summer School here may be sure of being able to get board and 
 lodging, at live or six francs a day. with these ladies or their friends, and we 
 all feel it is a remarkable privilege. 
 
 And then there are the mountains. As I walked by the Lycee this morning, 
 and happened to look up at the forts across the river. I was struck again, as 
 I have been a hundred times, with the beauty of Grenoble's surroundings. 
 The ease with which you can make such grand excursions as those to La Mure 
 or the Grande Chartreuse, and the views which strike you from every direction 
 as you simply walk around the town, give you advantages which it must be 
 hard to equal. I have now seen three of the beautifully-situated cities of 
 Europe, Salzburg, Innsbruck and Grenoble, and I am glad I don't have to 
 render any judgment on their respective claims. 
 
 Personnally, I feel as if I hadn't done the opportunities here anything like 
 justice. I reached here pretty well used up from unconscious over-exertion on 
 my bicycle ride here from Munich, and I've been taking a vacation most of the 
 time. But I leave Grenoble in (irst class physical trim, and with a multitude 
 of pleasant recollections. I must again thank you for recommending me here, 
 and ask you to send over as many American students as you can. They won't 
 regret it; especially if they ar .> to spend some time in Europe. If one has only 
 a Summer, I think I should advise Paris, for the first term anyway, for the 
 sake of the thousand advantages to be enjoyed there; but of course that depends 
 on what one wants. If he wishes fine mountain air, glorious scenery, excellent 
 instruction and association with congenial French people, he can't do better 
 than come here, in my opinion which is of value, however, only in so far as 
 regards Grenoble, for I haven't visited the other schools. 
 
 CHARLES ("PSON CLARK. 
 
33 
 
 M. Charles Upson Clark appears very satisfied with his sojourn 
 in Grenoble, but he would no doubt have been equally satisfied 
 with a sojourn in any other of our Universities. 
 
 While on this subject, we cannot do better than recall the words 
 of M. Michel Breal* and insist, as he does, on the great advantages 
 offered by a sojourn in the provinces where living is cheaper, inter- 
 course between student and professor easier, and the lecture rooms 
 not so overcrowded. 
 
 The student need not fear that French acquired in the Provincies 
 is less pure than the language spoken in Paris. 
 
 Paris must of course be visited either in going or returning, but 
 the student would certainly find it advantageous to carry on his 
 studies in one of our provincial Universities. 
 
 Our readers will find in every University a description of the 
 town and of the neighbourhood as well as a number of useful 
 addresses. 
 
 Expenses. 
 
 As we have referred to the cheapness of living in the provinces, 
 it may be as well to speak of the general cost of living in France. 
 
 And first with regard to money : the French count by francs ; the 
 franc is a silver coin and worth about twenty cents; there are five 
 francs in a dollar. Besides the one franc piece there are five franc 
 pieces, two franc pieces and pieces of half a franc (fifty centimes). 
 The franc is divided into a hundred centimes, five centimes make 
 a sou. 
 
 In the beginning of his stay in France, an American is naturally 
 enough disposed to confound the French centime with the Ame- 
 rican cent : the latter is worth about five centimes. So an article 
 marked in France Ofr.50 cents (the short for centimes) must be 
 understood to mean fr. 50 centimes and is worth about ten Ame- 
 rican cents. In other words, the American cent is worth five cen- 
 times or one sou. 
 
 When you see the price of an article marked in French centimes, 
 double the number of tens and take away the naught. You will 
 then have the amount in sous or American cents : 
 
 * See a'- 9, 
 
34 - 
 
 For instance : 
 
 O f 80 8x2 =16 
 
 So 0'80 = 16 sous = 16 cents 
 
 Gold is coined in pieces of 
 
 10 francs = 2 dollars. 
 
 20 = k 
 
 There are banknotes of 
 
 50 francs = 10 dollars. 
 
 100 = ' 20 
 
 500 = 100 
 
 Living in France is not dear, above all in the provinces. A stu- 
 dent 'of moderate desires may live in Paris for 200 francs (about 
 40 dollars) a month, comfortable board and lodging may be obtained 
 for 150 francs a month which will leave 50 francs for extras. Of 
 course, educational expenses are not included in this sum, but they 
 are not very heavy. This is the minimum of outlay. Boarding 
 houses (pensions) are comparatively rare in Paris. The French stu- 
 dent often lives at the hotel and takes his meals at a restaurant. 
 His room costs him about 40 francs (8 dollars) a month, his lunch 
 at the restaurant 1 fr. 75 (35 cents) and seven o'clock dinner 2 fr. 25 
 (45 cents). But we would certainly advise a young American to 
 board in a French family. He would find it more economical 
 than going to a hotel, and would besides have greater opportunities 
 of improving his knowledge of French*. 
 
 Voyage. 
 
 We must not forget to say that the Messageries Maritimes and 
 the Transatlantic Company make a reduction of 30 0/0 on the fare 
 of American students coming to France. To obtain this reduction, 
 an application must be made to the corresponding secretary who 
 will take the necessary steps to procure it. 
 
 Of course, the application must be made some time beforehand, 
 two months at least before the departure of the steamer. 
 
 * The corresponding secretary of the Franco-American Committee,, M. II. Br&al, 
 70, rue d'Assas, Paris, will give all information on this subject. 
 
35 
 
 Railways. 
 
 On the French railways you are allowed to take 30 kilos of lug- 
 gage (about sixty pounds) free of charge. 
 
 Cycling 
 
 American cyclists will do well to remember that cycling is a 
 very agreeable mode of traveling on the French roads so universally 
 celebrated by their excellence. 
 
 Of course, while traveling, expenses will be higher. You must 
 expect to spend on an average from ten to twelve francs a day. 
 
 It may be a good thing to become a member of the^French "Tou- 
 ring Club" in order to facilitate matters with the hotel keepers*. 
 
 Sports. 
 
 As the bicycle brings us naturally into the field of sport, we can- 
 not do better than furnish our readers with a little information on 
 the subject. Until within the last few years Frenchmen were but 
 little addicted to games in the open air. A few foot-ball societies 
 and racing clubs exist however, but these sports taking up a good 
 deal of the time of those who practise them, the young Frenchman 
 absorbed by his studies but who nevertheless wishes to keep his 
 bodily vigour and suppleness unimpaired, chooses rather to fre- 
 quent the gymnasium or fencing school. Fencing is an eminently 
 French exercise ; it develops bodily power, increases vivacity, gives 
 to the eye a keener glance and regularizes respiration. It may be 
 practised everywhere, for all over France wherever there is a regi- 
 ment to be found, there you will find a fencing school. It takes up 
 little time, an hour's exercise three times a week being amply suffi- 
 cient. The cost is not exhorbilant, a month's subscription to a 
 fencing school being about 20 francs, which includes shower baths. 
 
 The only fault to be found is perhaps that the first lessons 
 appear a little tiresome, but after the first month or so the adept 
 becomes an enthusiast of the ail. 
 
 * Members of the "Touring Club" pay live francs (one dollar) a year. The 
 'Touring Club" is rue clu Louvre, 1. 
 
36 
 
 M. Legouve, the celebrated academician who at the age of 92 is 
 still an accomplished fencer, declares that there is no psychologi- 
 cal problem more exciting than a fencing match, that you cannot 
 know a man's temper thoroughly unless you have fenced with him, 
 and that a father should never consent to give his daughter in 
 marriage to a man whose character he had not fathomed in this 
 w r ay. Moreover acquaintances are made in the p encing schools, 
 and some clubs are charming places of conversation. 
 
 Companionships aVe easily formed in France, for the French are 
 hospitable and glad to welcome strangers. If you desire to become 
 personnally acquainted with one of your professors to whom you 
 have not been introduced, send in your card and then go to see 
 him either after one of his lessons or at his own house. Explain to 
 him the end you have in view in coming to France and do not 
 hesitate to ask his advice on any subject that may embarrass you. 
 
 Students associations. 
 
 In all University towns there are students associations*. Ameri- 
 can students will not find in them the luxurious installation of their 
 own clubs, but a great deal of unaffected good fellowship. 
 
 The formalities of admission are very simple and the subscription 
 fee about 12 francs a year. 
 
 In many University towns a committee of patronage for foreign 
 students has been formed, this committee helps the young men to 
 find suitable lodgings and to go through the necessary formalities 
 as well as introducing them to their professors**. 
 
 Nature of Studies. 
 
 Now that we have summarily examined the conditions of life in 
 France, let us in the next place see what are the advantages offered 
 by our educational system ; and first we must know exactly what end 
 the American student has in view in coming to France. To our 
 thinking he may be actuated by three different motives. 
 
 * Vide first page of the chapter on Universities. 
 ** Ibidem. 
 
37 
 
 1 A wish to travel to complete his general education and 
 improve his knowledge of the French language and civilisation 
 without confining himself to any settled plan of study. 
 
 2 A desire to make personal investigations on some special 
 point without working to obtain a degree. 
 
 3 To enroll himself as a general student and tipply for the 
 title of Doctor of a University. 
 
 Let us examine the facilities Fran'ce offers to the carrying out one 
 or the other of these three plans. 
 
 I. A WISH TO TRAVEL TO COMPLETE 
 A GENERAL EDUCATION, ETC. 
 
 For studies of this kind no difficulty will present itself and the 
 student will incur no expense whatever. All the courses of higher 
 education in France are public and gratuitous on principle. All 
 educational establishments are free and open. 
 
 They are divided into three kinds : 
 
 A. Establishments under the control of the Universities. 
 
 B. Establishments directly controlled by the state. 
 
 C. Establishments connected with the municipalities or under 
 private control. 
 
 A. UNIVERSITIES 
 
 AJUniversity is generally composed of four Faculties : Faculty of 
 letters, Faculty_of j?cjences 3 Faculty of Law, and Faculty of Medi- 
 cine. 
 
 The courses which have not been reserved by a decision of the 
 Council of the Faculty or School to students alone-, are open to all 
 
 * The University of Paris also includes a Faculty of Protestant Theology as 
 well as Toulouse, 
 
38 
 
 those who wish to attend them. As a measure of order, this liberty 
 may be suspended for all persons not provided with a student's 
 ticket. The suspension is pronounced by the Dean or Director, its 
 duration decided by the Council of the Faculty or School. 
 
 The persons desirous of obtaining students tickets are requested 
 to apply by writing to the Secretary of the Faculty or School, giving 
 their names, profession and residence and stating what courses they 
 wish to attend. The Dean or Director may require them to prove 
 their identity. 
 
 Students tickets are delivered gratuitously. They are only avai- 
 lable for one Scholastic year and for the courses inscribed thereon. 
 
 As a measure of order, the Dean or Director has the power of 
 refusing a ticket or of cancelling one already delivered. 
 
 These tickets are not transferable ; they are distinct from students 
 tickets. 
 
 Any person in the interior, or on the premises of a School or 
 Faculty, may be required either to prove his identity or to produce 
 his student's ticket. On his refusal to do so he would be forbidden 
 to sojourn in the Faculty or School. 
 
 As a measure of order, the Dean or Director may require tickets 
 to be produced at the entrance door or in the lecture hall. 
 
 Any unattached student who has lent his admission ticket may 
 be deprived of it and excluded from the courses, lectures and prac- 
 tical exercises for the whole scholastic year. 
 
 The exclusion is pronounced, without appeal, by the Faculty 
 or School. 
 
 B. ESTABLISHMENTS DIRECTLY UNDER STATE CONTROL 
 
 The French government has created numerous establishments 
 of higher instruction independently of the Universities. Amongst 
 them we have the College of France justly considered as the highest 
 of our scientific institutions, the Museum of Natural History, 
 the Louvre School, etc. In jill these establishments the lectures 
 are free and open to every one. They do not serve as a preparation 
 to anv examination; science is studied there for its own sake, 
 
39 
 
 C. ESTABLISHMENTS CONNECTED WITH THE MUNICIPALITIES 
 OR UNDER PRIVATE CONTROL 
 
 With regard to these establishments such as the courses at the 
 Hotel de Ville in Paris, there is no fixed rule, but in principle liberty 
 and gratuity of Instruction are maintained. 
 
 II. PERSONAL INVESTIGATIONS ON SOME SPECIAL 
 POINT WITHOUT QUALIFYING FOR A DEGREE 
 
 Here, as in the preceding case, the student will have free run of 
 the open courses and lectures, but what he now desires is permission 
 to attend those special lectures reserved for students, where the 
 students' work is examined and corrected, where students and pro- 
 fessors are in more direct contact with each other, and from where 
 access is obtained to the laboratories of practical researches. In 
 order to attain this end, he must matriculate. 
 
 MATRICULATION 
 
 Matriculation is an intermediate state between the free student and 
 the student who is qualifying for a degree. But the latter having 
 enrolled his name on a register is already matriculated by that fact. 
 
 Every Faculty or School possesses a register of matriculation 
 which remains open during the whole scholastic year. On this 
 register the name of each student is written under a distinct num- 
 ber with the date and place of his birth, his own residence and the 
 residence of his parents or guardians, as well as the kind of studies 
 he pursues. 
 
 No one can be admitted to take part in the practical exercises 
 of a Faculty or School unless he has been inscribed as a student 
 on the register of matriculation of that Faculty or School. 
 
 Matriculation is not however compulsory for the following 
 persons : 1 French or foreign savants, professors and doctors 
 
40 - 
 
 admitted by the Dean or Director to attend the lectures and frequent 
 the laboratories of the University on the proposal of a professor. 
 2 The persons provided with student's tickets and authorised to 
 attend classes which a decision of the Council of the Faculty or 
 School has not reserved for matriculated students alone. 
 
 The students whose names are entered for a degree are officially 
 inscribed on the matriculation register. 
 
 Matriculation only extends over the scholastic year and must be 
 annually renewed. 
 
 Matriculation is personal. No one can matriculate for another. 
 
 A student who is matriculated in one Faculty or School can be 
 matriculated in another Faculty or School on presentation of a 
 certificate proving his previous matriculation. 
 
 The annual matriculation fee in each Faculty or School is 20 frs. 
 This fee is not required from students who have paid the registra- 
 tion fee. 
 
 Every matriculated student has to pay besides the library sub- 
 scription 10 francs a year. 
 
 The matriculation rules are applicable to foreign students who 
 may matriculate on the production of a diploma or degree acquired 
 abroad. 
 
 Ill, TO ENROLL HIMSELF AS A GENERAL STUDENT 
 
 AND APPLY 
 FOR THE TITLE OF DOCTOR OF A UNIVERSITY 
 
 An American Student may come to France with the intention of 
 qualifying for a French degree; this is indeed the general rule. 
 
 Now before the Act of 1896 almost all diplomas conferred rights 
 on those who possessed them. A doctor of medicine had the right to 
 practise in France, a doctor of pharmacy could open a shop, a doc- 
 tor of law could claim to be appointed judge; so it is easy to 
 understand that under such conditions the French state required 
 foreigners to pass all the examinations passed by Frenchmen. The 
 latter begin the series of examinations at the age of 16 with the 
 
- 41 - 
 
 baccalaureat and continue till 24 or 25, passing one examination 
 each year, so that 9 years study is necessary to obtain the title of 
 doctor. 
 
 Now the American students who come to France are not lyceens 
 of sixteen, they arrive in our midst ;after having completed their 
 college courses, and do not wish to spend nine years here in order 
 to become doctors. On the other hand, it was not possible to accord 
 to the foreign student a dispensation or accept an equivalent which 
 would have given him an undue advantage over the native student 
 in allowing him to acquire more speedily than the latter a state 
 degree. The progress realized by the Act of 1896 consists in this : 
 that besides the state degrees which still subsist for those who wish 
 to follow a profession in France, Universities have the power of 
 creating purely scientific titles (art. XV of the Act of July 1896)*. 
 
 It was in virtue of this decree that the "doctorats universitaires" 
 were instituted. 
 
 These doctorates have quite as high a scientific value as the 
 state doctorates, the only difference being that so much time is not 
 required to prepare them and that they confer no rights or pri- 
 vileges. 
 
 Of course all French state degrees are still open to foreigners, but 
 on condition that they pass all the examinations that French stu- 
 dents undergo without any equivalent being accepted or dispensa- 
 tion of time accorded. With regard to these "doctorats universi- 
 taires" the regulations are made by the University which delivers 
 them. It is therefore possible to find some slight differences 
 between the regulations of different Universities, but in principle 
 they are identical. We will give these regulations in the chapter 
 which treats of each University. 
 
 To make quite clear the conditions under which a "doctoral 
 universitaire" may be obtained in France, we will give an example. 
 
 Suppose an American student comes to the University of Paris 
 to study history and wishes to acquire the title of "doctor of the 
 University of Paris". On his arrival he must first go to his con- 
 sulate to see that his papers are in due form. He must then 
 
 * Sec page 25, 
 
42 
 
 obtain a "permis de residence" and for this all he has to do is 
 to write to the Prefet de Police (or in the provinces to the Mayor), 
 explaining the motive of his sojourn in France and the prohahle 
 duration of that sojourn. The right to reside which is then ac- 
 corded him carries with it the enjoyment of civil rights, that is to 
 say the protection of the law. Then, as we are dealing with a 
 student of history and as the teaching of history depends on the 
 Faculty of Letters, he must enroll his name at the Sorbonne on 
 a register which he will find at the secretary's office and, at the 
 same time, present his American diplomas with a French trans- 
 lation of the same. He must then attend the courses during four 
 half yearly terms. But he is not obliged to spend the whole of 
 these two years in the University of Paris, he can spend six months 
 or more in a provincial University provided that he enters his name 
 there. He may even spend six months in a foreign University, and 
 in certain exceptional cases the duration of study (two years) may 
 be abridged by a decision of the Faculty, for instance in the case 
 of a foreign savant or an American professor whose erudition 
 leaves no room for discussion and who is ready to pass his exa- 
 mination at the end of the first year. 
 
 The examination for the " doctoral d'Universite" consists of two 
 parts. 
 
 I. THE THESIS 
 
 For each "these de doctoral" one or more professors of the 
 Faculty or school are appointed by the Dean or Director to exa- 
 mine the manuscript which they sign after satisfying themselves 
 that the work before them deserves to be publicly discussed. The 
 Dean or Director submits the manuscript to the Rector with a re- 
 port in which the work is appreciated. 
 
 The Rector may either accord or refuse the authorization to 
 print. 
 
 The Dean or Director may call upon professors of other faculties 
 of the University to form part of the jury, when their teaching has 
 a bearing on the subject of the thesis submitted to their judgment. 
 I the University of Paris, this disposition is applicable to the pro- 
 
- 43 - 
 
 fessors at the College of France, the Museum, the "Ecoles des 
 Charles" the "Ecole des Langues Orientales vivantes" to the 
 "Maitres de Conferences" at the Higher Normal School and to 
 the Directors of the "Ecole pratique des Hautes Etudes" (Decree 
 of the 16 th of January 1898). 
 
 When the thesis has been accepted, there is a public soutenance, 
 that is to say the professors who have examined it discuss with 
 the candidate his opinions or the result of his researches, and the 
 marks the latter receives are in proportion to the degree of brilliancy 
 with which he sustains his arguments in this public discussion. 
 
 II. INTERROGATION ON THE SUBJECTS CHOSEN BY THE 
 CANDIDATE AND ACCEPTED BY THE FACULTY 
 
 The candidate makes a list of the courses he has attended, the 
 subjects he has studied ; he is questioned on these subjects which 
 may be chosen among the courses of the different Faculties. 
 
 In the case under consideration (a student of history), he may 
 choose subjects taught at the Ecole de Droit (history of jurispru- 
 dence) or at the Ecole des Chartes, etc. 
 
 In this case, a professor of one of these establistements is added to 
 the jury of the Faculty of Letters. 
 
 This gives great latitude to the student in the choice of his 
 subject. 
 
 If the candidate passes successfully, he becomes "docteur de 
 TUniversite de Paris" with the mention "history" on his di- 
 ploma. 
 
 Expenses incurred. 
 
 It is not easy to state exactly what expenses will be incurred before 
 obtaining a University doctorate. It depends on the time spent in 
 preparing it. The student who has entered his name in a Faculty 
 pays 30 francs a quarter or 120 francs (24 dollars) a year. 
 
 So that his studies will cost him more or less according to the 
 length of time his name remains on the register. For instance at 
 th Faculty of letters, where the studies should in principle 
 
44 
 
 asl two years, the student will have to spend *240 francs (48 dol- 
 lars) in entrance fees. For studies requiring investigations in labo- 
 ratories, the entrance fee to these laboratories must be added. This 
 fee varies according to the Faculties and Universities, but it is 
 generally 50 francs (ten dollars) a quarter. 
 
 Besides these educational expenses, there will be examination 
 and diploma fees to pay. These fees, which are not yet fixed but 
 which will be so before July 1899, will amount to about^SOO francs 
 (60 dollars) at the highest. Finally, the printing expenses connec- 
 ted with the thesis must not be forgotten. The thesis is printed 
 at the candidate's expenses and the cost spends on the size of the 
 pamphlet. The candidate is expected to give 140 copies to the Uni- 
 versity. Such are, in their entirety, the regulations for the Uni- 
 versity doctorate. 
 
 These regulations have been working since the month of Octo- 
 ber 1898, and already a large number of candidates are preparing 
 for the Doctoral de VUniversite de Paris. 
 
PARIS 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PARIS 
 
 Ambassador of the United States : 
 His Excellency General HORACE PORTER, Avenue Kleber, 24. 
 
 Consul : M. JOHN GOVVDY, avenue de. 1'Oper.a,. 36. . 
 
 Foreign Students Patronage Committee Secretary :' 
 
 M. MELON, at the Sorbonne. 
 
 STUDENTS ASSOCIATION ; . . 
 
 General Students Association, 41, rue des Ecoles. 
 Students Catholic Club, rue du Luxembourg, 18. 
 Students Protestant Club, rue de Vaugirard, 48. 
 American Art Association", impasse de Conti, 2. 
 
 Corresponding Secretary of the Franco-American Committee': M. HENRY BREAL, 
 70, rue d'Assas. 
 
 The doctorate of the University of Paris exists' for' :' Letters, Sciences, Medi- 
 cine, Pharmacy, Protestant Theology, 
 
 FACULTY OF LETTERS 
 
 University Doctorate. 
 
 At the Faculty of Letters, the candidates for the University doctorate of Paris, 
 must, if they are French, have the diploma of licencie es lettres; the Faculty 
 can however accord a dispensation in consideration of other titles they may 
 possess ; if the candidates are foreigners, this diploma- may- be dispensed with 
 on the presentation of credentials of which the FacuUy remains judge. 
 
 * See page 7'u 
 
46 - 
 
 The time given to preparation must extend over at least four half yearly 
 terms. 
 
 The studies may be carried on partly in one of the great scientific establish- 
 ments of Paris, in a French University or even in a foreign University. Their 
 duration may be abridged by decision of the Faculty. 
 
 The tests include : 1 noutenancc de these written either in French or in Latin; 
 2 interrogations on questions chosen by the candidats and accepted by the 
 Faculty (Regulation of the 28 March 1898). 
 
 FACULTY OF LETTERS 
 
 Sorbonne. 
 
 FIRST HALF YEARLY TERM 
 
 Courses. 
 
 Philosophy MM. N. 
 
 History of Ancient Philosophy BROCHARD. 
 
 History of Modern Philosophy < E. BOUTROUX. 
 
 Greek Eloquence A. CROISET. 
 
 Greek Poetry DECHARME. 
 
 Latin Eloquence : J. MARTHA. 
 
 Latin Poetry CARTAULT. 
 
 French Literature in the Middle Ages and History of the 
 
 French Language PETIT DE JULLEVILLE. 
 
 French Eloquence CROUSLE. 
 
 French Poetry FAGUET. 
 
 Foreign Literature MEZIERES. 
 
 Literatures of Southern Europe GBBHART. 
 
 Ancient History BOUCHE-LECLERCQ. 
 
 History ofthe Middle Ages LUCHAIRE. 
 
 Modern History LAVISSE. 
 
 Modern and Contemporary History RAMBAUD. 
 
 History of the French Revolution AULARD. 
 
 Geography N. 
 
 Colonial Geography MARCEL DUBOIS. 
 
 Archeology ' G. PERROT. 
 
 Sanscrit and Comparative Grammar of the Indo-European 
 
 Languages V. HENRY. 
 
 The Education of Volition BUISSON. 
 
 Ancient History P. GUIRAUD. 
 
 French Literature GAZIER. 
 
 English Tongue and Literature BELJAME. 
 
 History B. ZELLER. 
 
 Greek Language and Literature HAUVETTE. 
 
 Complementary Courses. 
 
 Philosophy MM. EGGEK. 
 
 History of Social Economy ESPINAS. 
 
 History of Political Doctrines H. MICHEL. 
 
 Greek and Latin Metre Louis HAVET. 
 
 Comparative Greek and Latin Grammar GOELZER. 
 
 Romance Philology A. THOMAS. 
 
 French Literature LARROUMET. 
 
 Auxiliary Sciences to History LANGLOIS. 
 
 History of French Art LEMONNIER. 
 
 Ancient History of Eastern Peoples GREBAUT. 
 
47 
 
 Lectures. 
 
 Philosophy MM. SEAILLES 
 
 Greek Language and Literature PUECH. 
 
 Latin Language and Literature LAKAYE. 
 
 Latin Language EDET. 
 
 Grammar and Philology BRUNOT. 
 
 French Literature DEJOB. 
 
 German Language and Literature . . LANGE. 
 
 English Language and Literature BARET. 
 
 Geography GALLOIS. 
 
 Classical Paleography . . . ' CHATELAIN. 
 
 Reception of Students. 31. Lnvisse, director of Historical Studies, receives 
 
 students on Fridays 3.30; M. Am. HauVdtte, director of Literary and Philological 
 Studies, on Thursday Mornings at 10.15; M. Seailles, director of Philosophical 
 Lectures, on Thursday afternoons at 3.30. 
 
 Cours libres. 
 
 Historical Literature MM. BERTIN. 
 
 History of the Ottoman Empire L. CAHUN. 
 
 Musical Esthetics and Psychology L. DAURIAC. 
 
 J.-J. RousSeau and the origin of Romanticism A. LE ROY. 
 
 Pleading in the French Language MUNIER-JOLAIN. 
 
 Latin Lexicology and Syntax POIRET. 
 
 English Literature. . , MOREL. 
 
 FACULTY OF SCIENCES 
 
 University Doctorate. 
 
 To obtain the doctorate at the Faculty of Sciences, the candidates must pro- 
 duce two of the following certificates of higher Studies * : 
 
 1 . Differential and Integral Arithmetic. 
 
 2. Rational Mechanics. 
 
 3. Astronomy. 
 
 4. Higher Analysis. 
 
 5. Higher Geometry. 
 
 6. Celestial Mechanics. 
 
 7. Mathematical Physics. 
 
 8. Physical and Experimental Mechanics. 
 
 9. General Physics. 
 
 ' CiTtifirates of Higher Studies. The examination sessions are held twice a year : 
 in July and at the beginning of the scholastic year. 
 
 No insuccessful candidate can present himself before another Faculty during the same 
 session for the same certificate. 
 
 The examinations for each certificate include three tests : a written test, a vive voce test, a 
 practical test. 
 
 The two first tests are eliminatory. The jury is composed of at least three members. The 
 marks obtained by the candidates iii the vive voce examination and practical exercices are 
 communicated to the jury who take them into account in their appreciation. The admissi- 
 bility, admission and postponement are pronounced by the jury after deliberation. 
 
 According to the terms of the article 3 of the decree of the 22 January 1896, three of the 
 certificates mentioned above confer the diploma of licencie es sciences. 
 
48 
 
 10. General Chemistry. 
 
 11. Mineralogy. 
 
 12. Biological Chemistry. 
 
 13. Zoology. 
 
 14. Botany". 
 
 15. Geology. 
 
 16. General Physiology. 
 
 17. Physical Geography. 
 
 The Faculty reserves the right of accepting equivalents. 
 
 The length of time devoted to study is a year. 
 
 The studies may be pursued either at the Facully or in one of the scientific 
 establishments of Paris. 
 
 The tests include the public discussion of a thesis containing the candidate's 
 personal investigalions and interrogations on different questions proposed by 
 the Facultv. 
 
 FACULTY OF SCIENCES 
 At the Sorbonne, rue Michelet and rue de 1'Estrapade. 
 
 FIRST HALF YEARLY TERM 
 
 Courses. 
 
 Superior Geometry MM. G. DARBOUX. 
 
 Differential and Integral Calculation GOURSAT. 
 
 Rational Mechanics APPELL. 
 
 Calculation of Probabilities and Mathematic Physics. . . . BOUSINESQ. 
 
 Physical and Experimental Mechanics G. KCENIGS. 
 
 Physics BOUTY. 
 
 General Chemistry t TROOST. 
 
 Mineral Chemistry DITTE. 
 
 Biological Chemistry DUCLAUX. 
 
 Comparative Zoology, Anatomy and Physiology H. DE LACAZE-DUTHIEH 
 
 Evolution of Organized being GIARD. 
 
 Botany. . . , G. BONNIER. 
 
 Physical Geography CH. VELAIN. 
 
 Annexed Courses. 
 
 Elements of Analysis and Mechanics MM. RAFFY. 
 
 Mathematical Astronomy and Celestial Mechanics ..... AUDOYER. 
 
 General Physics '. . . PELLAT. 
 
 Physical Chemistry PERRIN. 
 
 Analytical Chemistry RIBAN. 
 
 SECOND HALF YEARLY TERM 
 
 Courses. 
 
 Higher Analysis and Higher Algebra MM. PICARD. 
 
 Differential and Integral Calculation GOURSAT. 
 
 Rational Mechanics APPELL. 
 
 Mathematical Astronomy and Celestial Mechanics H. POINCARE. 
 
 Physical Astronomy WOLF. 
 
 Mathematical Physics BOUSINESQ. 
 
 Physical and Experimental Physics KCENIGS. 
 
 I'll \sirs LlPPMANN. 
 
 Organic Chemistry FRIEDEL. 
 
49 
 
 Mineralogy MM. HAUTEFEUILLE. 
 
 Comparative Zoology, Anatomy and Physiology. . 
 
 Physiology 
 
 Geology 
 
 General Physics. . . 
 Physical Chemistry . 
 Analytical Chemistry 
 
 Histology 
 
 Physics 
 
 Chemistry 
 
 Zoology 
 
 Botany 
 
 Y. DELAGE. 
 DASTRE. 
 
 Mu N I E R-C H A LMAS . 
 
 PELLAT. 
 
 PERRIN. 
 
 RIBAN. 
 
 J. CHATIN. 
 
 JANET and L. POINCARE. 
 
 JOANNIS and PECHARD. 
 
 R. PERRIER. 
 
 DAGUILLON. 
 
 FACULTY OF LAW 
 
 The University Doctorate does not yet exist in Paris for Law. 
 
 Courses. 
 
 First Year. 
 
 Roman Law MM. J. DUVAL, PIEDELIEVRE. 
 
 Civil Law LEON MICHEL, MASSIGLI. 
 
 Political Economy BEAUREGARD, SOUCHON. 
 
 History of Law (First Term). Elements of Constitutional Law 
 
 (Second Term) CHENON. 
 
 Second Year. 
 
 Roman Law MM. GIRARD. 
 
 Civil Law (comparative) SALEILLES. 
 
 Civil Law BOISTEL. 
 
 Administrative Law BERTHELEMY. 
 
 Criminal Law LE POITEVIN. 
 
 Public International Law . . . LESEUR. 
 
 Third Year. 
 
 Civil Law ' MM. WEISS. 
 
 Civil Law (comparative) PLANIOL. 
 
 Commercial Law LYON-CAEN. 
 
 Civil Jurisprudence GLASSON. 
 
 Maritime Law THALLER. 
 
 Private International Law LAINE. 
 
 Financial Legislation PILLET. 
 
 Special Courses for Doctorate. 
 
 1" Juridical Sciences. 
 
 Pandectes MM. GIRARDIN. 
 
 Roman Law Idem. 
 
 History of French Law LEFEBVRE. 
 
 Comparative Civil Law SALEILLES, PLANIOL. 
 
 Comparative Penal Legislation LEVEILLE. 
 
 Administrative Law PILLET. 
 
 History of Public Roman Law CUQ. 
 
 4 
 
50 
 
 2 Political and Econominal Sciences. 
 
 History of Public French Law MM. ESMEIN. 
 
 Principles of Public Law ' LARNAUDE. 
 
 Comparative Constitutional Law CHAVEGIUN. 
 
 Administrative Law DUCKOCQ. 
 
 Public International Law L. RENAULT. 
 
 Political Economy CARRES. 
 
 History of Economic Doctrines DESCHAMPS. 
 
 French Legislation and Financial Science ALGLAVE. 
 
 Industrial Legislation and Economy JAY. 
 
 Colonial Economy LEVEILLE. 
 
 Colonial Legislation (First Term) LESEUR. 
 
 Colonial Legislation (Second Term) ESTOUBLON. 
 
 Musulman Law ESTOUBLON. 
 
 Statistics DESCHAMPS. 
 
 Comparative Social Economy GIDE. 
 
 FACULTY OF MEDICINE 
 
 Doctoral d'Universite. 
 
 At the Paris Faculty of medicine, the diploma of "doctor of the University of 
 Paris" is delivered to foreign students who are, in virtue of a dispensation, 
 allowed to pursue their studies and undergo their examinations without pas- 
 sing by the bachelor's degree. This title confers none of the rights or privileges 
 attached to a degree and cannot in any case be accepted as an equivalent to the 
 degree of doctor of medicine. The diploma is delivered under the seal and in 
 the name of the University of Paris by the President of the University Council 
 (Regulations of the 28 th of March and I 8t of April 1898). 
 
 Course of Studies. 
 
 First year : Biological Chemistry, Dissection, Physics, Histology, Physiology. 
 
 Second year : Dissection, Biological Physics, Biological Chemistry, Histo- 
 logy, Physiology. 
 
 Third year : Pathological Anatomy, Parasitology, Pathological Chemistry, 
 Operative Medicine. 
 
 Fourth year : Obstetrics, special course Clinical Chemistry. 
 
 In the first year, the practical exercises of biological chemistry, histology 
 and dissection take place during the winter term, those of physics and physio- 
 logy during the summer. 
 
 In the second year, dissection takes place in winter, the practical exercises 
 of biological chemistry and physics, of histology and physiology during the 
 summer term. 
 
 In the third year, pathological anatomy, parasitology and biological che- 
 mistry take place in winter, the practical exercises and operative medicine 
 during the summer. 
 
 In the fourth year, the exercises of clinical chemistry take place all the year 
 round. 
 
 In the fourth and fifth years (optional), materia medica botany, chemistry, 
 pharmacy, bacteriology, etc., take place through the whole year. 
 
51 
 
 Examinations. 
 
 First Examination. 
 
 Anatomy, topographical anatomy excepted (practical test of dissection and 
 vive voce examination). 
 
 Second Examination. 
 Histology, physiology, biological chemistry and biological physics included. 
 
 Third Examination. 
 
 First Part : Operative medicine and topographical anatomy, surgical patho- 
 logy, midwifery. 
 
 Second Part : General Pathology, animal parasites, vegetal parasites, 
 microbes. 
 Medical pathology, practical test of pathological anatomy. 
 
 Fourth Examination. 
 
 Therapeutics, hygiene, legal medicine, matera medica, pharmacology, with 
 applications of physical and natural sciences. 
 
 Fifth Examination. 
 
 First Part : Surgical clinic, obstetrical clinic. 
 Second Part : Medical Clinic. 
 
 Thesis. 
 
 On a subject left to the candidate's choice. 
 
 The first examination is undergone between the sixth and eighth inscription ; 
 the second between the eighth and tenth, the third between the thirteenth and 
 sixteenth, the fourth and fifth after the sixteenth. 
 
 The fourth and fifth examinations and the thesis must be passed before the 
 same Faculty. 
 
 FACULTY OF MEDICINE 
 
 Rue and Place de l'Ecole-de-Medecine. 
 
 FIRST HALF YEARLY TERM 
 
 Lectures. 
 
 Biological Physiology Prof. MM. GARIEL. 
 
 Chemistry applied to Medicine GAUTIER 
 
 Anatomy FARABEUF. 
 
 Histology MATHIAS DUVAL. 
 
 Physiology RICHET. 
 
 Surgical Pathology. . ... LANNELONGUE. 
 
 Medical Pathology DEBOVE. 
 
 Experimental and Comparative Pathology CHANTEMESSE 
 
 Pathological Anatomy CORNIL 
 
 Therapeutics LANDOUZY. 
 
 Pharmacology and Materia Medica POUCHET 
 
 History of Medicine and Surgery LABOULBENE 
 
 Legal Medicine BROUARDEL. ' 
 
52 
 
 Medical Clinical Lectures. 
 
 Hospitals. 
 
 Charite Prof. MM. POTAIN. 
 
 Pitie JACCOUD. 
 
 Saint-Antoine HAYEM. 
 
 Hotel-Dieu DIEULAFOY 
 
 Surgical Clinical Lectures. 
 
 Hotel-Dieu Prof. MM. DUPLAY. 
 
 Necker LE DENTU. 
 
 Charite TILLAUX. 
 
 Pitie BERGER. 
 
 Clinic of Mental Pathology and Diseases of the Enccphalous. 
 Ste-Anne's Asylum Prof. M. JOFFROY. 
 
 Clinic of Children's Diseases. 
 Children's Hospital Prof. M. GRANCHER. 
 
 Clinic of Syphilitic and Skin Diseases. 
 
 Saint-Louis Prof. M. FOURNIER. 
 
 Diseases of the Nervous System. 
 Salpetriere Prof. M. RAYMOND. 
 
 Ophtalmological Clinic. 
 Hotel-Dieu Prof. M. PANAS. 
 
 Diseases of the Urinary Organs. 
 Necker Prof. M. GUYON. 
 
 Midwifery. 
 
 Clinique Baudelocque, 125, boul. Port-Royal Prof. M. PINARD. 
 
 Clinique Tarnier, rue d'Assas Prof. M. BUDIN. 
 
 Lectures. 
 
 Anatomy 
 
 MM. RlEFFEL. 
 
 General Elementary Pathology 
 
 CHARRIN. 
 
 Medical Pathology 
 
 TEISSIER. 
 
 Surgical Pathology 
 
 LEGUEU. 
 
 Legal Medicine 
 
 THOINOT. 
 
 Hygiene 
 
 WURTZ. 
 
 Obstetrics 
 
 WALLICH. 
 
 Skin Diseases 
 
 GAUCHER. 
 
 Practical Exercises. 
 
 
 Biological Chemistry 
 
 . MM. HANRIOT. 
 
 Dissection 
 
 RlEFFEL. 
 
 Histology 
 
 RETTERER. 
 
 Pathological Anatomy 
 
 BRAULT. 
 
 Parasitology 
 
 GUIART. 
 
53 
 
 WINTER TERM. DIVISION OF STUDIES 
 New Regulation (decree of 31* of July 1893). 
 
 Courses. 
 
 First year : Anatomy, Histology, Physiology. Biological Chemistry, Elemen- 
 tary General Pathology. 
 
 Compulsory Practical Exercices. Biological Chemistry, Dissection, His- 
 tology. 
 
 Second year : Anatomy, Histology, Physiology, Surgical Pathology, Medical 
 Pathology, Medical and Surgical Clinics. 
 
 Compulsory Practical Exercises. Hospital Course, Dissection, Histology. 
 
 Third year : Surgical Pathology, Medical Pathology, Experimental and Com- 
 parative Pathology, Midwifery, Pathological Anatomy, Medical Natural Histology 
 Parasitology, Medical and Surgical Clinics. 
 
 Compulsory Practical Exercises. Hospital Course, Pathological Anatomy, 
 Parasitology (Animal and Vegetal parasites). 
 
 Fourth year : Therapeutics, Hygiene, Legal Medicine, Pharmacology, Bota- 
 nical Materia Medica, Medical and Surgical Clinics, Special Clinics, Obstetrical 
 Clinic, Chemistry and Physics applied to Hygiene and Therapeutics. History 
 of Medicine and Surgery. 
 
 Compulsory Practical Exercises. Special Hospital Course, Obstetrical Course, 
 Clinical Chemistry. 
 
 Optional Practical Exercises. Botanical Materia Medica, Chemical Materia 
 Medica, Pharmaceutical Materia Medica, Bacteriology, etc. 
 
 Fifth year : Optional Practical Exercises. Botanical Materia Medica, Che- 
 mical Materia Medica, Pharmaceutical Materia Medica, Bacteriology, etc. 
 
 The Orfila and Dupuytren Museums are open to students every day from 
 114. 
 
 The Library is open every day from 11 6, in the afternoon and every eve- 
 ning from 7.3010. 30. 
 
 SECOND HALF YEARLY TERM 
 Medical Pathology Prof. MM. TERRIER. 
 
 HUTINEL. 
 
 General Pathology and Therapeutics BOUCHARD. 
 
 Ch.ofC.M. ROGER. 
 
 Hygiene PROUST. 
 
 Legal Medicine BROUARDEL. 
 
 Clinical Lectures (as in First Term). 
 
 Complementary Courses. 
 
 Surgical Pathology MM. WALTHER, agrege. 
 
 Midwifery BONNAIRE, agrege. 
 
54 
 
 Lectures. 
 
 Biological Chemistry MM. DESGREZ. 
 
 Anatomy THIERY. 
 
 Histology LAUNOIS. 
 
 Physiology LANGLOIS. 
 
 Medical Pathology THIROLOIX. 
 
 Surgical Pathology MAUCLAIR. 
 
 Therapeutics VAQUEZ. 
 
 Pathological Anatomy MERY. 
 
 Skin Diseases GAUCHER. 
 
 Practical Exercises. 
 
 Biological Physics MM. WEISS. 
 
 Histology RETTERER. 
 
 Physiology LABORDE. 
 
 Operative Medicine ' HARTMANN. 
 
 Pathological Anatomy BRAULT. 
 
 SUMMER TERM. DIVISION OF STUDIES 
 
 First year. Anatomy, Histology, Physiology, Biological Physics, Propae- 
 deutics. 
 Compulsory Practical Exercises. Physics, Histology, Physiology. 
 
 Second year. Histology, Medical Pathology, Surgical Pathology. Physiology, 
 Biological Physics, Biological Chemistry, Medical and Surgical Clinics. 
 
 Compulsory Practical Exercises. Hospital Course, Operative Medicine, 
 Pathological Anatomy. 
 
 Third year. Medical Pathology, Surgical Pathology, Experimental and Com- 
 parative Pathology, Midwifery, Pathological Anatomy, General Pathology. 
 Medical and Surgical Clinics. 
 
 Compulsory Practical Exercises. Hospital Course, Operative Medicine, 
 Pathological Anatomy. 
 
 Fourth year. Therapeutics, Hygiene, Legal Medicine, Pharmacology. Bota- 
 nical Materia Medica, Medical and Surgical Clinics, Special Clinics, Obstetrical 
 Clinic, Chemistry and Physics applied to Hygiene and Therapeutics, History of 
 Medicine and Surgery. 
 
 Compulsory Practical Exercises. Special Hospital Course, Obstetrical 
 Course, Clinical Chemistry. 
 
 Optional Practical Exercises. Botanical Materia Medica, Chemical Materia 
 Medica, Pharmaceutical Materia Medica, Bacteriology. 
 
 Fifth year. Optional Practical Exercises. Botanical Materia Medica, 
 Chemical Materia Medica, Pharmaceutical Materia Medica, Bacteriology, etc. 
 
 SCHOOL OF PHARMACY 
 
 Doctorat d'Universite. 
 
 At the Higher School of Pharmacy the candidates for the Doctorate of the 
 University of Paris must, if they are French, produce the diploma of 1 st class 
 
55 
 
 pharmaceutical Chemist; if they are foreigners, two study certificates, the first 
 of studies in chemical pharmacy and toxicology, the second of studies in galenic 
 pharmacy and materia medica. 
 
 The School reserves the right of accepting equivalents. 
 
 The length of study extends over a year at [least and takes place at the 
 School. 
 
 The test consists in a soutenance de these containing personal researches- 
 (Regulation of March 28 th 1898.) 
 
 HIGHER SCHOOL OF PHARMACY 
 
 Avenue de 1'Observatoire, 4. 
 
 Courses. 
 
 Zoology Prof. MM. MILNE-EDWARDS. 
 
 Natural History of Medicaments PLANCHON. 
 
 Mineral Chemistry RICHE. 
 
 Physics LE Roux. 
 
 Analytical Chemistry VILLIERS-MORIAME. 
 
 Galenic Pharmacy BOURQUELOT. 
 
 Division of Studies. 
 
 First year. Mineral Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Physics, Cryptogamy, 
 Mineralogy and Hydrology, General Botany. 
 
 Second year. Materia Medica, Mineral Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Che- 
 mical Pharmacy, General Botany, Toxicology, Analytical Chemistry. 
 
 Third year. Zoology, Materia Medica, Galenic Pharmacy, Analytical Che- 
 mistry. 
 
 FACULTY OF PROTESTANT THEOLOGY 
 
 The doctoral d'Universite exists. The regulation are as follows : 
 
 Duration of studies : To be appreciated by the Faculty (minimum : one year). 
 
 Conditions of Education. A proof to be given during the time of study of 
 knowledge which is equivalent to the licence en theologie and to give creden- 
 tials of previous secondary and higher studies by certificates from foreign Uni- 
 versities or by their own works. The licence requires a sufficient knowledge 
 of the following subjects : 
 
 Dogma, and History of Dogmas. 
 
 Evangelical Ethics. 
 
 Exegesis and Criticism of the Old and New Testaments. 
 
 Ecclesiastical History and Practical Theology 
 
 A knowledge of German enters into the licence programme. 
 
 The doctorate examination is composed, besides the Colloquium doctum 
 which the Candidate will give proof of necessary knowledge, of the public dis- 
 cussion of a thesis printed in French or in Latin on a subject which would 
 previously have received the approbation of the Faculty. 
 
 The cost of this doctorate, which is not yet definitively settled, will not exceed 
 500 francs (100 dollars), inscription and examination fees included. 
 
56 
 
 FACULTY OF PROTESTANT THEOLOGY 
 
 Boulevard Arago, 83. 
 
 Courses. 
 
 Lntherian Dogma . . . 
 Reformed Dogma . . . 
 Evangelical Ethics. . . 
 
 Old Testament 
 
 New Testament .... 
 Ecclesiastical History . 
 
 Patristics 
 
 Practical Theology . . . 
 History of Philosophy. . 
 German . 
 
 MM. MENEGOZ. 
 SABATIER. 
 
 N... and E. EHRHARDT. 
 ADOLPHE LODS. 
 EDMOND STAFFER. 
 BONEL-MAUREY and 
 
 BERGER (assist.-prof.). 
 J. BREVILLE. 
 VAUCHER. 
 R. ALLIER. 
 E. EHRHARDT/ 
 
 Free Courses. 
 
 Organisation of the Reformed Churches in France MM. ARMAND LODS. 
 
 Revelation and Holy Scripture LACHERET. 
 
II 
 
 ESTABLISHMENTS 
 
 NOT DEPENDING ON THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 SCHOOLS OF HIGHER EDUCATION 
 
 COLLEGE OF FRANCE 
 
 The College of France depends on the ministry of Public Instruction : 
 It is a unique establishment for the whole of France. It was founded in the 
 year 1529 and then consisted of two chairs : one for Greek, the other for Hebrew. 
 At the present day we find these words over the door : Omnia docet, and 
 it is a fact that all Sciences are taught there. Its staff consists of forty pro- 
 fessors all of vhom are amongst the most distinguished specialists of France. 
 
 It is the type of an establishment of high education. The professors are 
 entirely free from any University or classical preoccupation and contribute 
 solely to the advancement of sciences and letters. The courses are free and 
 open : they are divided into two half yearly terms : the courses of the first 
 term begin on the first Monday in December and last until the Saturday which 
 precedes the Easter holidays. Those of the second term begin on the Monday 
 after Easter and finish at the soonest on the 20 th of July or at the latest on the 
 30 th of the same month. Each course has a register where those who are desi- 
 rous of obtaining a certificate of attendance at the course should write their 
 names. 
 
 COLLEGE OF FRANCE 
 
 Place du College de France. 
 
 Courses. 
 
 Analytical and Celestial Mechanics MM. MAURICE LEVY, prof. 
 
 HADAMARD suppl. 
 Mathematics JORDAN, prof. 
 
58 
 
 General Physics and Mathematics MM. BERTRAND. 
 
 General and Experimental Physics MASGARD. 
 
 Mineral Chemistry CHATELIER. 
 
 Egyptian Philology and Archeology MASPERO. 
 
 Assyrian Philology and Archeology APPERT. 
 
 Hebraic, Chaldean and Syriac Languagues and Literature . . PH. BERGER. 
 
 Arab Language and Literature BARBIER DE MEYNARD, 
 
 Aramen Language and Literature RUBENS DUVAL. 
 
 Chinese and Tartary Language and Literature CHAVANNES. 
 
 Sanscrit Language and Literature SYLVAIN LEVI. 
 
 Greek Language and Literature M. CROISET. 
 
 Latin Philology L. HAVET. 
 
 History of Latin Literature G. BOISSIER. 
 
 Greek and Latin Philosophy CHARLES LEVKQUE : 
 
 Modern Philosophy NOURRISSON. 
 
 French Language and Literature of the Middle Ages GASTON PARIS. 
 
 Modern French Language and Literature EMILE DESCHANEL. 
 
 Language and Literature of Germanic Origin A. CHUQUET. 
 
 Language and Literature of Southern Europe PAUL MEYER. 
 
 Organic Chemistry BERTHELOT. 
 
 Medicine D'ARSONVAL. 
 
 Natural History of Inorganic Bodies FOUQUE. 
 
 Natural History of Organized Bodies MAREY. 
 
 Comparative Embryogeny BALBIANI. 
 
 General Anatomy RANVIER. 
 
 Experimental and Comparative Psychology TH. RIBOT. 
 
 General History of Sciences PIERRE LAFITTE. 
 
 History of Comparative Legislation JACQUES FLACH. 
 
 Political Economy PAUL LEROY-BEAULIEU. 
 
 Economical Geography, History and Statistics E. LEVASSEUR. 
 
 Historical Geography of Franco A. LONGNON. 
 
 History of Religions ALBERT REVILLE. 
 
 Social Philosophy J. IZOULET. 
 
 Esthetics and History of Art E. GUILLAUME, suppl. 
 
 LAFENESTRE. 
 
 Roman Epigraphy and Antiquities CAGNAT. 
 
 Greek Epigraphy and Antiquities FOUCART. 
 
 Semitic Epigraphy and Antiquities CLERMONT-GANNEAU. 
 
 Celtic Languages and .Litterature D'ARBOIS DE JUBAINVILLE 
 
 Languages and Literatures of Slav origine LEGER. 
 
 Comparative Grammar MICHEL BREAL. 
 
 MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 
 
 Created in 1635 under the name of "Royal Garden of Medicinal Plants" to 
 serve "for the study of pharmacological operations and the preservation of all 
 things rare in Nature". 
 
 The principal object of the Museum is the formation, preservation and classi- 
 fication of collection including all the productions of the globe in the three 
 reigns of nature. 
 
 It contains galleries of zoology (more than 1,500,000 specimens of birds, nests, 
 eggs, mammals, reptiles, batrachia, fishes, insects, Crustacea, molluscs, and 
 zoophytes), of botany (herbariums, mushrooms, seaweeds, mosses, woods, fossil 
 plants, fruits, vegetal productions more than 200,000 specimens), of geology 
 (more than 200,000 specimens), of mineralogy (a remarkable collection of pre- 
 cious stones), of comparative anatomy (more than 36,000 preparations), ot paleon- 
 tology (more than 180,000 specimens), a botanical garden extending over nearly 
 
59 
 
 250,000 metres; green houses and hot houses, a collection of medicinal plants, 
 a menagerie of living animals, a library of Natural History. Besides, it includes 
 numerous cours to some of which are joined laboratories depending on the 
 Ecole des Hautes Etudes. 
 
 The laboratory of Marine zoology of Tatihou near Saint-Waast-la-Hougue is 
 attached to the Museum. The courses at the Museum are public and gratui- 
 tous. The students are admitted into the galleries containing the collections on 
 the presentation of cards delivered by the administration. The library is open 
 
 L INSTITUT DE FRANCE. 
 
 every day from 10 3; it contains over 140,000 volumes, 2,000 manuscripts, 
 18,000 original drawings and 3,500 geographical maps. 
 
 Programme of Studies. 
 
 Botany (Organography and vegetal Physiology) 
 
 Comparative Anatomy 
 
 Zoology (Reptiles, Batrachians and Fishes 
 
 (The lessons will be completed by practical demonstrations.) 
 
 Zoology (articulate animals) 
 
 General Physiology 
 
 Comparative Pathology . . . . 
 
 MM. VAN TIEGIIEM. 
 H. FILHOL. 
 L. VAILLANT. 
 
 E. I. BOUVIER. 
 N. GREHANT. 
 CHAUVEAU. 
 
60 
 
 Anthropology MM. E.-T. HAMY. 
 
 Physics applied to Natural History H. BEGQUEREL. 
 
 Botany (classifications and families) ED. BUREAU. 
 
 (Herborizations form part of this course and will be 
 specially announced.) 
 
 Vegetal Physics L. MAQUENNE. 
 
 Chemistry applied to organic bodies ARNAUD. 
 
 Geology STANISLAS MEUNIER ; 
 
 (This course will be completed by geological excursions 
 specially announced.) 
 
 Mineralogy G. LACROIX. 
 
 (Lectures and practical exercises of microchemical analysis 
 of Minerals.) 
 
 Vegetal Physiology applied to Agriculture DEHERAIN. 
 
 (Practical demonstrations on the analytical methods em- 
 ployed in the researches of vegetal Physiology.) 
 
 Zoology (Mammals and Birds) A. MILNE-EDWARDS. 
 
 (Supplementary lectures delivered in the Menagerie will 
 complete this course.) 
 
 Zoology (Annelides, Molluscs and Zoophytes) EDMOND PERRIER. 
 
 Paleontology A. GAUDRY. 
 
 Culture MAXIME CORN. 
 
 Course of Drawing applied to Natural History : 
 
 For Animals FREMIET. 
 
 For Plants MME MADELEINE LEMAIRE. 
 
 Special instruction for Naturalist travelers takes place in the course of the 
 summer. 
 
 The Museum Library is open to readers from 10 4 every day except Sunday 
 and Holidays. 
 
 ECOLE DES HAUTES ETUDES 
 
 It was founded by a decree of M. Duruy the 31 st of July 1868. The aim of 
 the school is to "accustom young men by private lectures and familiar discus- 
 sion to the use of methods of observation and discovery". The essentiel point 
 is less the lesson ex professo, than the personal work of the pupil encouraged 
 by the professor. 
 
 The school is divided into five sections : 
 
 Historical and Philological Sciences. 
 
 Religious Sciences. 
 
 Mathematics. 
 
 Physics and chemistry. 
 
 Natural History and Physiology. 
 
 Although each section has a special object and a special method, they have 
 all one common character : which is to form savants. The professors and 
 savants charged to overlook and direct the work of the pupils, take in the 
 sections of Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry the title of directors of Labo- 
 ratories, in the other sections that of directors of studies and "maitres de 
 conferences". The "Ecole pratique des Hautes Etudes" includes two sorts of 
 pupils : 
 
61 
 
 1 The stagiaires. To be a stagiaire all that is necessary is to give your name 
 to the administration in stating what lectures you mean to follow. 
 
 2 Titular pupils. 
 
 The stagiaires are named titulars at the end of a year on the motion of the 
 professors whose lessons they have attended, if they have shown themselves 
 capable of profiting by the teaching. During the third or fourth year of study, 
 titular pupils may give in a thesis. Those whose thesis is accepted receive the 
 title of "eleves diplomes". The best of these theses are printed, at the ex- 
 pense of the school, in the Library of the Ecole des Hautes Etudes or inserted 
 in the reviews. The work is printed in the same way whether the pupils be fo- 
 reign or French. 
 
 The government of the school consists in the most absolute liberty. "The 
 pupils themselves choose the lectures they wish to attend. On their side, the 
 professors themselves decide on the number, nature and subjects of their lec- 
 tures". No consideration of examination influences their choice. 
 
 The school is entirely gratuitous. 
 
 SECTION OF HISTORICAL AND PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES 
 
 Greek Philology : . . MM. TOURNIER. 
 
 ALFRED JACOB. 
 
 DESROUSSEAUX. 
 
 Byzantine and Neo-Greek Philology JEAN PSICHARI. 
 
 Greek Epigraphy and Antiquities. B. HAUSSOULLIER. 
 
 Latin Philology Louis HA VET. 
 
 EMILE CHATELAIN. 
 
 Latin Epigraphy and Roman Antiquities HERON DE VILLEFOSSE. 
 
 History of Classical Philology P. DE NOLHAC, 
 
 History MONOD, THEVENIN, ROY, 
 
 GIRY, BEMONT, ROD, 
 
 REUSS. 
 History of contempory Doctrines of Physiological Psychology. JULES SOURY. 
 
 Christian Antiquities L'abbe L. DUCHESNE. 
 
 Historical Geography LONGNON. 
 
 VICTOR BERARD. 
 Comparative Grammar. MICHEL BREAL, Louis 
 
 DUVAU. A. MEILLET. 
 
 General and Comparative Phonetics PAUL PASSY. 
 
 Celtic Language and Literature GAIDOZ. 
 
 Romance Philology GASTON PARIS. 
 
 A. MOREL FATIO. 
 
 ANTOINE THOMAS. 
 
 Dialectology of Roman Gaule JULES GILLIERON. 
 
 Sanscrit Tongue SYLVAIN LEVI, SPECHT, 
 
 Louis FINOT. 
 Zend and Pehlevi A. MEILLET, BLOCHET. 
 
 Semitic Languages : 
 
 1 Hebrew and Syriac A. CARRIERS. 
 
 2 Arab ."!!..... HARTWIG DERENBOURG. 
 
 3 Ethiopian, Hungarik and Touranian Languages. . . . HALEVY. 
 
 Assyrian Antiquities and Philology JULES OPPERT, SCHKIL. 
 
 Oriental Archeology CLERMONT-GANNEAU. 
 
 Egyptian Antiquities and Philology MASPERO, GUIEYSSE. 
 
62 
 
 II. SECTION OF MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICO-CHEMICAL 
 AND NATURAL SCIENCES 
 
 1 Section of Mathematical Sciences. 
 
 Commission of Patronage. 
 
 M. HERMITE, member of the Institute, president : MM. BERTRAND, DARBOUX, 
 POINC ARE, members of the Institute; TANNERY. M. FOUSSEREAU, secretary. 
 
 2 Section of Physico-Chemical Sciences. 
 Commission of Patronage. 
 
 M. BERTHELOT, perpetual secretary of the Academy of Sciences, president ; 
 MM. TROOST, LIPPMANN,MOISSAN, members of the Institute; BOUTY. M. FOUS- 
 SEREAU, secretary. 
 
 The section of physico-chemical sciences includes the following laboratories- 
 
 1. Laboratory of physical investigations at the Sorbonne . . MM. LIPPMANN. 
 
 2. Laboratory of physical teaching at the Sorbonne BOUTY. 
 
 3. Laboratory of Physics at the Normal School VIOLLE. 
 
 4. Laboratory of Meteorological investigations at Pare St- 
 
 Maur RENOU. 
 
 5. Laboratory of teaching and chemical investigations at the 
 
 Sorbonne TROOST. 
 
 6. Laboratory of Chemistry at the Higher Normal School. . GERNEZ. 
 
 7. Laboratory of organic Chemistry at the College of France. RERTHELOT. 
 
 8. Laboratory of organic Chemistry at the Sorbonne. . . . FRIEDEL. 
 
 9. Laboratory of physiological Chemistry DUCLAUX. 
 
 10. Laboratory of Mineralogy at the Museum of Natural LACROIX. 
 
 History 
 
 11. Laboratory of teaching and investigations for Mineralogy. HAUTEFEUILLE. 
 
 12. Laboratory of Mineral Chemistry MOISSAN. 
 
 III. SECTION OF NATURAL SCIENCES 
 
 Commission of Patronage. 
 
 M. DE LACAZE-DUTHIERS, member of the Institute, president; MM. DE LACAZE- 
 DUTHIERS, VAN TIEGHEM, MILNE-DWARDS, GASTON BONNIER, members of the 
 Institute; MUNIER-CHALMAS; M. FOUSSEREAU, secretaire. 
 
 The section of Natural Sciences includes the following laboratories : 
 
 1. Laboratory of experimental Zoology at the Sorbonne with maritime Stations at Roscoff 
 
 and at Banyuls-sur-Mer MM. DE LACAZE DUTHIERS. 
 
 2. Laboratory of maritime Zoology at Wimpreux-Amble- 
 
 teuse ALFRED GIARD. 
 
 3. Laboratory of anatomical and physiological Zoology at 
 
 the Museum of Natural History ; . . . . A. MILNE-EDWARDS. 
 
 4. Laboratory of comparative Zoology at the Museum . . . ED. PERRIER. 
 
 5. Laboratory of Histology at College of France BAUVIER. 
 
 6. Laboratory of maritime Zoology at Villefranche BARROIS. 
 
63 
 
 7. Laboratory of maritime Zoology at Marseille MM. MARION. 
 
 8. Laboratory of maritime Zoology at Cette SABATIER. 
 
 9. Laboratory of Physiology at the Sorbonne DASTRE. 
 
 10. Laboratory of Teratology at the Ecole Pratique of the 
 
 Faculty of Medicine DARESTE. 
 
 11. Laboratory of Anthropology at Ecole Pratique of the 
 
 Faculty of Medicine LABORDE. 
 
 12. Laboratory of Ophtalmology at the Sorbonne JAVAL. 
 
 13. Laboratory of Physiology at the College of France. . . . MARCY. 
 
 14. Laboratory of pathological Physiology at the College of 
 
 France FRANCOIS FRANCK. 
 
 15. Laboratory of general Physiology at the Museum of 
 
 Natural History ROUGET. 
 
 16. Laboratory of physiological Psychology BINET. 
 
 17. Laboratory of Botany at the Sorbonne and laboratory of 
 
 vegetal Biology at Fontainebleau G. BONNIER. 
 
 18. Laboratory of practical Botany at the Museum BUREAU. 
 
 19. Laboratory of Botany at the Museum VAN TIEGHEM. 
 
 20. Laboratory of Geology at the Sorbonne MUNIER CHALMAS. 
 
 21. Laboratory of physical Geology, annexed to the chair of 
 
 Natural History of Inorganic Bodies at the College of 
 
 France FOUQUE. 
 
 22. Laboratory of Geology of the Faculty of Sciences of Lille. GOSSELET. 
 
 23. Laboratory of comparative Anatomy. . . . FILHOL. 
 
 24. Laboratory of general Physiology GREHANT. 
 
 25. Laboratory of Physiology of Sensations HENRY. 
 
 26. Laboratory of Experimental Medecine CHARRIN. 
 
 IV. SECTION OF RELIGIOUS SCIENCES 
 
 At the Sorbonne. 
 (Entrance rue des Ecoles at the end of the Gallery of Sciences, 1" floor.) 
 
 Lectures. 
 
 Religions of non-civilized people 
 
 Religions of the Far East and Indian America. 
 Religions of India 
 
 Religions of Egypt 
 
 Religions of Israel and Western Semites . . . 
 
 Talmudic and Rabinical Judaism 
 
 Islamism and Religions of Arabia 
 
 Religions of Greece and Rome 
 
 Christian Literature 
 
 History of Dogmas 
 
 History of the Christian Church. 
 History of Canonical Law. . . . 
 
 MM. L. MARILLIER. 
 LEON DE ROSNY. 
 SYLVAIN LEVI. 
 
 A. FOUCHER. 
 AMELINEAU. 
 MAURICE VERNES. 
 ISRAEL LEVI. 
 HARTWIG DARENBOURG. 
 ANDRE BERTHELOT. 
 A. SABATIER. 
 
 E. DE FAYE. 
 ALBERT REVILLE. 
 
 E. PlCAVET. 
 
 JEAN REVILLE. 
 
 ESMEIN. 
 
 Cours libres. 
 
 History of Ancient Eastern Churches. 
 
 Assyro-Babylonian Religion 
 
 Religions of Ancient Mexico 
 
 J. DERAMEY. 
 
 A. QUENTIN. 
 
 G. REYNAUD. 
 
64 
 
 ECOLE NATIONALE DES CHARTES 
 
 58, rue des Francs-Bourgeois. 
 
 The Ecole des Charles, founded by a royal decree the 21 st Feb. 1821, is now 
 installed in the Palace of National Archives, but as the premises it disposes of 
 are quite insufficient, one of the pavillions of the new Sorbonne facing the rue 
 de la Sorbonne is specially built with a view to a new installation of the 
 school. 
 
 Foreigners of all ages may be admitted, if they present a diploma equivalent 
 to that of bachelier es lettres. They undergo no entrance examination and are 
 classed hors rang. 
 
 The courses of the School are public and gratuitous and last three years. 
 They begin the 3 st of November and terminate the 30 8t of June. 
 
 First Year. 
 
 1. Paleography MM. LEON GAUTIER. 
 
 2. Romance Philology PAUL MEYER. 
 
 3. Bibliography and Classification of Libraries MORTEL. 
 
 Second Year. 
 
 1. Diplomacy MM, A. GIRY. 
 
 2. History of Political, Administrative and Judiciary Institu- 
 
 tions of France J.ROY. 
 
 3. Sources of the History of France AUG. MOLINIER. 
 
 4. Classification of Archives DESJARDINS. 
 
 Third Year. 
 
 1 . History of Civil Law and Canonical Law in the Middle Ages. MM. PAUL VIOLLET. 
 
 2. Archeology of the Middle Ages R. DE LASTEYRIE. 
 
 3. Sources of the History of France AUG. MOLINIER. 
 
 The director of the School is M. Paul Meyer, the secretary is M. Morel-Fatio. 
 The students may work in the rooms of the Library of the School which are 
 equally open to former students. 
 
 PASTEUR INSTITUTE 
 
 The Pasteur Institute, built with the help of funds coming from subscriptions 
 and donations, was opened the 14 th of Nov. 1888. 
 
 Laboratories consisting of five sections and capable of receiving fifty per- 
 sons are placed at the disposal of workers. 
 
 To be admitted into a service, an application must be made to the Institute, 
 specifying the nature [of the investigations and work you wish to pursue. Once 
 admitted, you may remain an indefmit time at the Institute, provided you 
 satisfy the head of the section that your w r ork is continuous; a fixed fee of 
 50 francs a month is paid for working in the Laboratories. 
 
65 
 
 Services of the Institute. 
 
 1. Service of Rabies . 
 
 MM. BOREL, POITETIN, 
 
 1. Service of general Microby . . . 
 
 CHAILLOUX. 
 DUCLAUX. 
 
 3. Service of technical Microby . . 
 
 Roux 
 
 Annexed laboratory for Diphtheria 
 4. Service of Microby applied to Hygiene; vaccinations. . . 
 5. Service of Morphological and Comparative Microby. . . 
 
 MARTIN. 
 CHAMBERLAND. 
 
 METCHNJKOFF. 
 
 Course of M. Roux. The service of technical Microby is not only a service 
 of investigations, it is also destined to instruct. This course lasts six weeks. 
 To be admitted, you must enroll your name and pay a fee of fifty francs. As the 
 number of places for students are limited so' far, it is necessary to enroll your 
 name two years before hand. 
 
 Course of M. Duclaux. The course of Biological Chemistry at the Faculty 
 of Sciences (professor M. Duclaux) is held at the Pasteur Institute. 
 It is public and gratuitous like all the courses of the Sorbonne. 
 
 ECOLE DU LOUVRE 
 
 Cour Lefuel. 
 
 This school has specially in view the training of pupils capable of being 
 employed, either as curators or librarians in the museums of Paris and the 
 provinces, or in scientific missions, or else in researches for the enriching of 
 National Collections. 
 
 The courses may be attended by outsiders or by regular pupils. The latter 
 are divided into two categories : 1 those who have enrolled their names for one 
 or more courses; 2 those enrolled for all organic courses. 
 
 The duration of study is fixed for three years. A fourth year may be 
 employed in travelling in France or abroad. 
 
 At the end of the first year, the pupils of the first category undergo an exami- 
 nation. If the examination be satisfactory, they obtain the title of pupils of 
 second year. 
 
 At the end of the second year, another examination give's the pupil the title 
 of pupil of third year. 
 
 The definite test takes place at the end of the third year. After the third exa- 
 mination, the pupil who has passed successfully is called upon .to, present either 
 that same year, or in the course of the fourth year, a manuscript thesis on one 
 of the subjects treated of in the preparatory instruction. 
 
 If the thesis is considered sufficient, a diploma of fileve de Vficole is deli- 
 vered to him by the Minister of Fine Arts. 
 
 The pupils of the second category must attend all the organic courses for 
 three years. At the end of each year they undergo an examination on all 
 subjects taught in the school. This examination may be divided into several 
 tests. The pupils must present, and publicly discuss, a thesis. Those who 
 undergo this test successfully receive a diploma. 
 
 The pupils of the second category, like those of the first, cannot undergo the 
 same test more than twice. 
 
 The Council of Professors make a choice between the thesis of each category 
 of pupils. 
 
 The thesis chosen give to their authors, if they are French,, title. of attach^ 
 I! />r<' n.u-x Musees Nationaux. 
 
66 
 
 The attache* //A/rs, in order to enjoy the advantages attributed to this title. 
 must take an engagement to remain ten years at the disposal of the Fine 
 Arts administration. 
 
 The persons who desire to attend the courses, either as pupils or listeners, 
 will be kind enough to write their names from 122 at the secretary's office 
 of National Museums, pavilion de 1'Horloge, where cards are distributed. 
 
 The teaching at the school is entirely gratuitous. It is given in form of 
 lectures. 
 
 Lectures,. 
 
 National Archeology MM. BERTRANU. S. REINACH. 
 
 Oriental Archeology and Antique Ceramic HKUZEY, E. POTHER. 
 
 Egyptian Archeology PIERRET. 
 
 Coptic, Demotic, Egyptian Law EUGENE REVILLOUX. 
 
 History of Painting GEORGES LAFENESTRE. 
 
 History of Sculpture of the Middle Ages, the Renaissance and 
 
 Modern Times A. MICHEL. 
 
 History of Arts applied to Industry in France EMILE MOLINIER. 
 
 ECOLE DES LANGUES ORIENTALES 
 - 4, Rue des Saints-Peres, and 2, Rue de Lille. 
 
 The National School of living Eastern tongues is in the jurisdiction of the 
 Ministry of Public Instruction. It is intended for the teaching of living Oriental 
 languages of an unquestionable utility in the political and commercial world, 
 it trains up pupils as interpreters for Eastern countries. 
 
 The school teaching includes courses of literal arabic and vernacular Arabic. 
 Persian, Turkish. Malay. Javanese. Armenian, modern Greek. Hindoostani. 
 Tamoul, Chinese. Japanese, Annamite. Russian and Roumanian, as well as the 
 geography, history and legislation of the states of the Far East. 
 
 The duration of these courses is three years. They are public and gratuitous. 
 
 The professors are assisted by native teachers. 
 
 Courses. 
 
 Literal Arabic MM. HARTWIG, DERENBOURG. 
 
 Vernaculur Arabic 0. HOUDAS. 
 
 (Nat. teacher: MAHMOUD- 
 ABOUL-NASR.) 
 
 Persian N. 
 
 Turkish. BARBIER DE MEYNARD. 
 
 (Native teacher: MIHRAN 
 KALPAKDJIAN.) 
 
 Malay ARISTIKE MARRE. 
 
 (Nat. teach. : RAMISIRAY.) 
 
 Armenian A. CARRIERE. 
 
 Modern Greek EMILE LEGRAND. 
 
 -:. HUBERT PERNOT.) 
 
 Chinese G. DKVERIA. 
 
 (Nat. teach. LIEX-YOCNG.) 
 
 Japanese LEON UK RU-NY. 
 
 (Native teach. : YORODZON 
 ODA.) 
 
 Annamite J. BONET. 
 
 Hindoostani and Tamoul J, YINSON. 
 
 Russian P. BOYER. 
 
 Roumanian . EMILE PICOT. 
 
67 
 
 Abyssinian MM. MONDON-VIDAILHET 
 
 Geography, History and Legislation of the States of the 
 
 Far East HENRI CORDIER, 
 
 Supplementary Course. 
 
 Geography, History and Legislation of the Musulman States. M. PAUL RAVAISSE. 
 
 ECOLE NATIONALE SUPERIEURE DES MINES 
 
 60, Boulevard Saint-Michel. 
 
 The Higher National School of Mines is especially intended for the training of 
 mining engineers. 
 
 Independently of the engineering . pupils, the school receives day pupils, 
 foreign pupils and free pupils. 
 
 The foreign pupils are admitted by ministerial decision at the request of 
 Ambassadors, charge d'affaires of foreign powers, and after an examination of 
 capacity. 
 
 The teaching is common to the different categories of pupils; the foreign 
 pupils can however only take part in the practical exercises in proportion to 
 the number of free places in the laboratories or drawing halls. . 
 
 The foreign pupils must state at the beginning of the scholastic year which 
 are the courses they desire to attend: at the end of the year they undergo corres- 
 ponding examinations. 
 
 The school council then decides whether the foreign pupil should remain 
 another year in the school. 
 
 Certificate cTetudes are delivered to foreign pupils instead of a diploma. 
 
 The teaching at the ficole supericnre des Mines is entirely gratuitous. Its 
 special object is the working and preparing of mineral substances. The study of 
 machinery, steam apparatus, the working of railroads, the research, preservation 
 and arrangement of mineral sources is also carried on there, as well as all the 
 arts and works in general which have any bearing on mineral industry. 
 
 CONSERVATOIRE DES ARTS ET METIERS 
 
 The Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers, rue Saint-Martin, 292, is built on 
 the site of the old abbey of Saint Martins' in the Fields, the chapel and refec- 
 tory of which are still existant and present two of the most remarkable speci- 
 mans of Gothic art in Paris. 
 
 The Conservatoire comprises the Museum founded by a decree of 1795, in 
 which we find models of machines and apparatures and the most varied speci- 
 mens of industrial art; the library, composed principally of works relating to 
 industry, and three amphitheatres where lectures on sciences applied to arts 
 are delivered. 
 
 In 1819 when this instruction was inaugurated there were only three courses 
 of lectures delivered. There are now eighteen. Thirteen are devoted to ma- 
 thematical, physical, mechanical and chemical sciences and their industrial 
 applications, one to art applied to trade, four to economical and social science. 
 
 These courses are public and gratuitous. 
 
 They take place in the three amphitheatres, in the evening from a quarter 
 to eight to a quarter to nine, and from nine to ten. They begin in November 
 immediately after all Saints Day and continue until the end of April. Assiduous 
 
68 
 
 students may obtain from r the professors cards which admit them into a 
 reserved circle. Prizes are awarded to Ihose students, who, having communi- 
 cated their notes to the professor, are judged worthy to receive tliem. 
 
 Courses of Lectures. 
 
 Geometry applied to Arts MM. LAUSSEDAT, HAAG 
 
 Descriptive Geometry E. ROUCHE. 
 
 Mechanics applied to Arts J. HIRSCH. 
 
 Civil Constructions J. FILLET. 
 
 Physics applied to Arts J. VIOLLE. 
 
 Industrial Electricity MARCEL DEPREZ. 
 
 General Chemistry in its relations to Industry E. JUNGFLEISCH. 
 
 Industrial Chemistry ". N 
 
 Metallurgy and Metal Work U. LE VERRIER. 
 
 Chemistry applied to Dyeing Ceramic and Glass blowing. . . V. DE LUYNES. 
 
 Agricultural Chemistry and Chemical Analysis TH. SCHLCESING 
 
 TH. SCHLCESING FILS. 
 
 Agriculture GRANDEAU. 
 
 Spinning and Weaving J. IMBS. 
 
 Political Economy and Industrial Legislation EMILE LEVASSEUR. 
 
 Industrial Economy and Statistics ANDRE LIESSE. 
 
 Art applied to Trade N 
 
 Commercial Law E. ALGLAVE. 
 
 Social Economy . P. BEAUREGARD. 
 
 ECOLE DES PONTS-ET-CHAUSSEES 
 
 21, Rue des Saints-Peres. 
 
 This School is intended to train the engineers of bridges and causeways. 
 The course of instruction lasts three years; it is entirely gratuitous. 
 
 First year. Applied Mechanics (solidity of materials). Construction (roads). 
 Mineralogy and Geology. Architecture (use of wood and iron in building 
 decoration of bridges). General ways of building. Applied Chemistry. 
 
 Second year. Applied Mechanics (hydraulics). Construction (river navigation). 
 Construction (bridges). Steam engines. Architecture (use of wood and iron in 
 building, decoration of bridges). Administrative Law (1 st part). 
 
 Third year. Construction (railroads). Construction (maritime works). Admi- 
 nistrative Law (2 nd part). Fortifications. 
 
 The works carried on at the School are intended to give the pupils practice on 
 the following points. 
 
 1 Graphic work, drawing, coloring, drawing up of memoirs and competitions 
 on the plans for work and construction. 2 Manipulation and trial of building 
 materials. 3 Levelling and surveying. 
 
 From the 1 st of June to the 30 th of October, the pupils of the school are sent 
 on missions and take part in works that are being carried on, that they may 
 acquire a practical knowledge of their art. 
 
 The School receives also outside pupils, foreigners as well as Frenchmen, 
 who are admitted, after a competitive examination and by a special decision of 
 the minister, to attend the classes and take part in the work of the School. 
 These pupils may obtain, by applying for it, the authorization to visit the 
 works that are being executed in the State workshops. They compete between 
 themselves and by class, the rank of merit is determined according to the places 
 obtained in the competitions, graphic work, viva voce examinations, and the 
 assiduity in attending courses. 
 
69 
 
 The day pupils who at the end of their studies have satisfied the required 
 conditions receive a diploma or a certificate of study. 
 
 The examinations for admission as day pupil lake place during the first fort- 
 night in October. 
 
 The candidates born in France must not be younger than eighteen nor older 
 than twenty-five. 
 
 A certificate of morality and their birth certificate must be joined to the appli- 
 cation for admission, which candidates must send to the Minister on stamped 
 paper before the I 9t of September 
 
 The competition tests consist in written compositions, execution of designs 
 and viva voce examinations. 
 
 The programme includes: Arithmetic, Elementary Geometry, Algebra, Rectili- 
 near Trigonometry, Analytical Geometry, notions of Descriptive Geometry applied 
 to stone cutting and woodwork; notions of Differential and Integral Arithmetic, 
 .of Mechanics, Physics, Chemistry, and Architecture. 
 
 Each candidate must undergo successively two viva voce examinations on 
 the subjects of the programme. An interval of at least five days must elapse 
 between the two examinations. 
 
 The list of pupils is fixed by the Minister. The conditions as to age and 
 examinations are equally applicable to foreigners unless the Minister decides 
 otherwise. A sufficient knowledge of French is indispensable to the admission of 
 foreigners. Their applications must be signed by the representatives of their 
 respective government, and sent to the Minister of public Works by the Minister 
 of Foreign Affairs. 
 
 Outside students may obtain permission to attend the oral classes of the 
 School of Fonts et Chaussees on applying to the director. 
 
 INSTITUT NATIONAL AGRONOMIQUE 
 
 Rue Claude-Bernard. 
 
 The Agricultural National Institute was founded by decree of the 3 rd avril 1848 
 at Versailles on the premises of the Chateau. A broad domain was adjoined 
 where the necessary material to give pupils a theoretic and practical instruction 
 was kept up at great expense. The too great outlay required brought about 
 the suppression of the Institute in 1852. The want of a Higher School of Agricul- 
 ture being more and more felt, the decree of the 9 th of August 1876 establishing 
 the new Institut National Agronomique which was installed in the building 
 of the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers. In 1889 the Institute was transferred 
 to the old School of Pharmacy, enlarged and restored. 
 
 The Agricultural Institute has in view the training : 
 
 1 Of agriculturists and landowners possessing the necessary scientific 
 knowledge for the best working of the soil. 
 
 2 Of special professors for agricultural teaching in National Schools, practical 
 schools of agriculture, in the provinces, in normal schools, etc. 
 
 3 Of educated and able administrators for the different services public or 
 private in which the interests of agriculture are engaged (agricultural inspection ; 
 paddock service, phylloxera ditto, central administration of agriculture). 
 
 4 Of agents for forest administration. 
 
 5 Of directors of agricultural station. 
 
 G Of directors or chemists for agricultural industry (sugar works, flour 
 works, distilleries, manure manufactories, etc.). 
 
70 
 
 7 Of agricultural engineers (drainage irrigations, construction of machines). 
 A library receiving all important works published in France or abroad on agri- 
 culture and industry is open to students at stated hours. 
 
 Annexed to the School are : a laboratory of vegetal pathology, a station for 
 grain growing, a special laboratory for the study of fermentations in their con- 
 nexion with brewing, distilling, vintage and dairy work. 
 
 Cabinets of microscopy and anatomy, stalls and stables for experiments 
 furnish all possible facilities for physiological and zootecnical investigations. 
 
 The proximity of the farm of Joinville-Ie-Pont allows professors to make there 
 practical demonstrations of their lessons. 
 
 Fees. The pupils are able to practise the handling of machines and agricul- 
 tural implements, and are initiated into the best methods of investigation. 
 The Institute receives regular pupils and unattached students. All candidates are 
 admitted after a competitive examination. The scholastic fee is 500 francs a year. 
 The unattached students (auditeurs libres) are admitted without an examination. 
 They pay a yearly fee of 50 francs. They are admitted to the courses but neither into 
 the halls of study nor the laboratories. Foreigners are admitted on the same 
 conditions as Frenchmen. The duration of studies is two years, after which the 
 pupils who are deemed worthy receive the diploma of Higher Teaching of 
 Agriculture delivered by the Minister of Agriculture or a certificat d'etudes 
 according to the average number of marks received. 
 
 COLONIAL SCHOOL 
 
 2, Avenue de 1'Observatoire. 
 
 Created in 1885 under the title of Scale Cambodgiennc, this School was at 
 first only a kind of institution where the young Indo-Chinese brought to Paris 
 went through a course of studies before being sent back to their country. 
 
 A decree of the 11 January 1888 gave it the name of Ecole Coloniale. The 
 Colonial School includes four administrative sections : a commercial section, a 
 preparatory division and a native section. The administrative sections are the 
 following : 
 
 Colonial commissariat, 
 Indo-Chinese Careers, 
 African Careers, 
 Penitentiary Administration. 
 
 Besides the pupils of administrative and commercial sections and the prepa- 
 ratory division, the School receives free students who are admitted by authori- 
 zation of the Council of administration. These students are required to pay 
 the entrance fees. They are permitted to take part in the examinations, and 
 receive, if successful, the certificat d'etudes. 
 
 No pupil is authorized to attend the classes unless he has previously paid the 
 entrance fees, and, in the case of pupils of the administrative sections and pre- 
 paratory division, the fee for physical exercises as well. 
 
 SCHOOL OF NAVAL CONSTRUCTIONS 
 
 27, Quai de la Tournelle. 
 
 This school is intended to form naval engineers. 
 
 The students are young men. either French or foreign, who on the presentation 
 
71 
 
 of credentials certifying to the proficiency of their instruction obtain from the 
 Naval Minister the authorization to attend the technical courses of naval 
 construction, naval architecture, steam engine technology, naval artillery, 
 regulation of compasses. 
 
 The course of instruction lasts two years. , The School delivers a diploma to 
 any unattached student who has obtained a certain number of marks fixed by 
 the school regulations; a certificat d 1 etudes is delivered to those among the 
 students who do not obtain the number of marks required for the diploma. 
 
 In order to be admitted to attend the. courses, the unattached students must 
 undergo an examination on 1 Infinitesimal analysis; 2 Mechanics; 3 Descriptive 
 Geometry ; 4 Physics ; 5 Chemistry ; 6 Graphical Drawing and Tinting. Foreign 
 candidates who are officers or officials presented as such by their government 
 are dispensed from the preliminary examination. 
 
 ECOLE DE PHYSIQUE ET DE CHIMIE INDUSTRIELLES 
 
 42, Rue Lhomond. 
 
 The School of Industrial Physics and Chemistry was founded in 1882, for the 
 purpose of giving young men a special instruction at once practical and scien- 
 tific and sufficiently developped to allow them to render real service to chemical 
 industry, either as engineers or as heads of laboratories or workshops. In order 
 tolattain this end, the teaching was invested with a character which does not 
 exist in any of the schools where so far the active staff of our manufactories 
 had been trained. The plan of studies being limited to physico-chemical 
 sciences and their applications, the practical side has been able to receive 
 extensive development and in proportion to its importance. The duration of 
 the courses is three years. 
 
 The School opened the 1 st of April 1893 a laboratory of fourth years Chemistry 
 that receives, not only former pupils desirous of perfecting themselves in 
 manipulations, but also, in consideration of a monthly fee, persons, who are 
 strangers to the school wishing to make original investigations in a scientific 
 or industrial end. 
 
 ECOLE NATIONALE DES BEAUX-ARTS 
 
 The National School of Fine Arts teaches the Arts of Drawing, Painting, 
 Sculpture, Architecture, Copper-plate Engraving, Engraving on medals and 
 precious stones. It includes : 1 classes relating to different branches of Art; 
 2 the School itself, where, after a preliminary examination, the student is 
 allowed to take part in the practical studies, in competitions, to obtain rewards 
 and take degrees; 3 the studios, where the student is admitted after the usual 
 tests, and where he can work, take part in competitions with a view to obtain 
 a prize; 4 collections; 5 a library. 
 
 The teaching of the School is gratuitous. The subjects taught are : 1 General 
 History, 2 Anatomy, 3 Perspective for the use of painters and architects, 
 4 Mathematics and mechanics, 5 Descriptive Geometry, 6 Physics and Chemistry, 
 7 Stereotomy, 8 Construction. 9 Building Legislation, 10 History of Architecture, 
 11 Theory of Architecture, 12 Ornamental drawing, 13 Decorative Compo- 
 sition, 14 Literature, 15 History and Archeology, 16 History of Art and 
 esthetics. 
 
72 
 
 The School properly speaking is divided into three sections : the section of 
 Painting; the section of Sculpture and the section of Architecture. To the 
 section of Painting is annexed Copper-plate Engraving; to the Section of 
 Sculpture, Engraving on medals and precious stones. 
 
 The section of Architecture is divided into a first and second class. 
 
 The School includes : three studios of painting, three of sculpture, three of 
 architecture, one of copper plate engraving and one of engraving on medals 
 and precious stones. 
 
 The studios are open to the pupils of the school, who choose, according to 
 the order and date of their recompenses,, then of their rank on the admission 
 list, the studio of their section in which they desire to study. The inscription of 
 pupils in the studios must be renewed at the beginning of each scholastic year. 
 This can be done personally or by letter. A pupil who has not inscribed his 
 name in the first month is considered to have resigned. 
 
 A pupil who in two years has neither obtained a reward in the competitions 
 of the school, nor in the competitions for the Prix de Rome, nor even a reward 
 or a mention for his studio work, nor a medal in the competitions of Anatomy 
 and Perspective, will no longer belong to the studio unless the Council decides 
 otherwise. 
 
 The studios of the School are open to the pupils every day. 
 
 The studios include : 
 
 For Painters : 
 
 1. Exercises of Drawing and Painting from nature and from the antiquity. 
 
 2. Exercises of Composition. 
 
 3. Exercises of Decorative Composition. 
 
 For Sculptors : 
 
 l e Exercises of Modelling from nature and the antique either in high or 
 low relief. 
 
 2 Exercises of Composition in high or low relief. 
 3 Exercises of Decorative Composition. 
 
 For Architects : 
 1 Scientific Exercises. 
 2 Exercises of Composition. 
 
 For Copper-Plate Engravers : 
 
 1 Elementary exercises in Engraving. 
 
 2 Exercises in Engraving either from antique medals and stones or from 
 models executed by the pupil. 
 
 3 Figures designed and modeled in low relief from nature or the antique. 
 
 4 Exercises of Composition in Medals and Cameos. 
 
 A studio, directed by a special professor, allows sculptor students to fami- 
 liarise themselves with work on stone and marble. 
 
 Titles delivered by the School. 
 
 The Certiftcat d'etudes can only be delivered to those pupils who after 
 admission have obtained : either the right to compels for the Prix de Rome, 
 or the prize for the torso or head, or the prize of decorative painting called 
 prix Jauvain d'Attainville, or a medal in the competitions, or those who 
 have been first in one of the competitions for admission, provided they have 
 also, if they are painters, a mention for perspective, a mention for. anatomy 
 
73 
 
 and the three mentions for history and archeology!; if they are sculptors, a 
 mention for anatomy and three mentions for history and archeology. 
 
 Diploma of Architect. 
 
 To obtain this diploma, at least nine first class valeurs taken in the com- 
 petitions of architecture or for the Prix de Rome are necessary as well as 
 a valeur in the competition for the history of architecture. 
 
 The subject proposed to candidates consists in an architectural project con- 
 ceived and developped as if it were to be executed. The tests are divided in 
 two parts, one graphic, the other oral. 
 
 Conditions of admission to the School. 
 
 A candidate must not be under fifteen nor over thirty to undergo an exa- 
 mination. Foreigners must have a letter of introduction from their ambas- 
 sador. The admission tests for every section take place every year in March 
 and July. Besides the regular pupils, unattached students may be admitted 
 to attend the oral courses; all applications must be adressed to the Director of 
 the School. 
 
 In consequence of the exiguity of the building, the number of places reserved 
 to foreign students is limited. 
 
 But, apart from the official teaching given in the School of Fine Arts, French 
 artists teach in their private studios, and there the American students are 
 received in as great numbers as the heads of the studios think fit. 
 
 CONSERVATOIRE NATIONAL DE MUSIQUE ET DE DECLAMATION 
 
 15, Rue du Faubourg-Poissonniere. 
 
 This Institution is devoted to the gratuitous teaching of vocal and instru- 
 mental music and dramatic and lyrical declamation. 
 
 The teaching is divided into nine sections : 1 Solfeggio and Musical Theory; 
 2 Harmony, Organ, and Composition; 3 Singing and Lyrical Declamation; 
 4 Piano and Harp; 5 Stringed Instruments; 6 Wind Instruments; 7 Classes of 
 Harmony; 8 Reading Aloud, Dramatic Diction and Declamation; 9 General 
 History of Music ; Dramatic History and Literature. 
 
 The scholastic year begins the first Monday in October and ends after the 
 annual competitive examination. 
 
 Conditions of Admission. 
 
 Pupils are only admitted after a competitive examination. These examinations 
 take place from the 14 th of October to the 15 th of November. 
 
 At first the pupils are only admitted provisionally. Their definitive admission 
 is not pronounced until after the half yearly examination which follows their 
 provisional admission. 
 
 Foreign candidates can be received with a special authorization from the 
 Minister. They enjoy the same privileges and are subject to the same services 
 as national pupils. They cannot however be admitted to compete for a prize 
 until their second year of study at the Conservatoire. Unattached student's cards 
 (cartes d'auditeurs benevoles) are exceptionally delivered to students who apply 
 for them to the Director. 
 
74 
 
 AMERICAN ART ASSOCIATION 
 
 The American Art Association of Paris is an organization, the object of which 
 is to afford American artists and students residing in Paris, and any others who 
 may be interested in Art, a place of meeting, opportunities for culture and 
 recreation. It also offers facilities for the promotion of good fellowship, with 
 the advantages of organized effort, and a stimulus to sustain attachment to 
 home and country. Mr. A. A. Anderson conceived the idea of establishing such 
 an association for the benefit of American students in Paris, and to him belongs 
 the honor of being the founder. At first it was located on the Boulevard du 
 Montparnasse in a long narrow building, which had once been a private school- 
 house; a charming feature of this home was an old fashioned garden, with 
 a few trees scattered about, and plenty of vines and bushes. Through the per- 
 sonal efforts of Mr. Anderson and his friends, this half-ruined and abandoned 
 place was entirely restored, and comfortably furnished. It presented a most 
 attractive appearance, on the formal opening of the Association which took 
 place on the 24 th of May, 1890. Each succeding year the event has been cele- 
 brated. Whn, in 1895, Mr. Anderson returned to America. Mr. Rodman Wana- 
 maker, who has always taken an active interest in the Association, was elected 
 President, and to him in a great mesure it owes its success. 
 
 In April, 1897, having outgrown its birth-place, the Association moved to 2, 
 impasse de Conti, corner of the Quai de Conti, between the Institut de France, 
 and the Hotel de la Monnaie, where it occupies the old historic a H6tel de Sil- 
 lery ". It is now in its ninth year, and possesses all the advantages to be 
 found in a modern club : a large Art library, bright reading rooms, a billiard 
 room, commodious parlors where the entertainments and art exhibitions are held, 
 and the good but moderate-priced restaurant. The Association is making a de- 
 termined effort to enlarge its sphere of usefulness, and to become in every way 
 possible a valuable adjunct to Anglo-Saxon student life in this city. To that 
 end it proposes to strengthen its organization, create a permanent fund to be 
 administered by responsible trustees, and eventually erect such a building as 
 will satisfy all possible requirements. 
 
 There are at present, in Paris, over 200 active and associate members. 
 
 The dues are moderate, 20 francs per year, and 10 francs, initiation fee. 
 
 The honorary membership includes many of the prominent French and Ame- 
 rican artists, sculptors and architects. Presidents of the American and English 
 colonies who are interested in this work can render it a very great service by 
 becoming sustaining members of the Association, at an annual due of 100 francs, 
 life members by the payment of 1,000 francs, or patrons by the payment ot 
 5,000 francs. 
 
 The following is the list of officers : 
 
 MM. RODMAN WANAMAKER, President:, CLIFFORD W. BARNES, Acting Presi- 
 dent; THEO A. LESGHER, Vice-President', P. B. Tuzo, Treasurer', G. B. BIGELO, 
 Secretary, CHARLES W. AYTON, Librarian ; HAROLD H. FOLEY, Historian. 
 
Ill 
 
 PROVINCIAL UNIVERSITIES 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF AIX 
 
 DEPARTMENT : BOUGH ES-DU-RHONE 
 
 American Consuls : MM. CLAUDE and THOMAS, Marseilles. 
 
 Vice-Consul : M. PRESSLEY, Marseilles. 
 
 Secretary of Foreign Students Patronage Committee : 
 
 M. CARBONEL, Secretary of the University.' 
 
 The town of Aix is one of the sous-prefectures of the department of Bouches- 
 du-Rhone. It is a town of 30,000 inhabitants, situated at a little distance from 
 Marseilles in a very fine country, where the warm climate of the Mediterranean 
 may be enjoyed. It is consequently a very agreeable winter station. 
 
 The University of Aix. is divided into two parts : 
 
 I. At Aix : 
 
 Faculty of Law, 
 Faculty of Letters. 
 
 II. At Marseilles : 
 
 Faculty of Sciences, 
 
 Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy. 
 
 Diplomas. At the time of printing this pamphlet, the question of a doctoral 
 de rUniversite d'Aix is under consideration. 
 
 Students' Association : There is a Students' Association at Aix. 
 
76 
 
 FACULTY OF LAW 
 
 Dean : M. BRAY. Assessor : M. JOURDAN. Secretary : M. CARBONEL. 
 
 Professors : 
 
 Civil Law MM. ED. JOURDAN, LACOSTE, 
 
 CESAR-BRU. 
 
 Roman Law BRY, VERMOND. 
 
 Criminal Law DE PITTI-FERRANDI. 
 
 Civil Jurisprudence PERRON. 
 
 Commercial Law BOUVIER-BANGILLON. 
 
 Administrative Law POLITIS. 
 
 General History of French Law MOREAU. 
 
 Political Economy CAMILLE PERREAU (sup- 
 plied by M. BROGAUD). 
 
 Public and Constitutional Law MOREAU. 
 
 International Public Law AUDINET. 
 
 International Private Law LEVY. 
 
 Complementary Courses. 
 
 History of French Law MM. HUVELIN. 
 
 Constitutional Law MOREAU. 
 
 Pandectes BRY. 
 
 International Public Law N... 
 
 Maritime Law VERMOND. 
 
 Industrial Legislation and Economy BRY. 
 
 Jurisprudence FERRON. 
 
 Financial Legislation LACOSTE. 
 
 History of Economical Doctrines JOURDAN. 
 
 History of French Public Law HUVELIN. 
 
 Political Economy (doctorate) JOURDAN. * 
 
 Comparative Civil Law CESAR BRU. 
 
 Comparative Administrative Law POLITIS. 
 
 Colonial Legislation and Economy, Rural Legislation and 
 
 Economy ENGELBRECT 
 
 Annexed Courses. 
 
 Commercial Law MM. BOUVIER-BANGILLON 
 
 Administrative Law DE PITTI-FERRANDI. 
 
 Political Economy BROCARD. 
 
 Complementary Course optional. 
 
 Notarial and Registration Regulations. 
 
 Agreges : MM. CESAR BRU, FERRON. 
 
 Dean and Honorary Professor : M. PISON. 
 
 FACULTY OF LETTRES (AIX) 
 
 Dean : M. DUCROS. Assessor : M. JORET. Secretary : M. JOUGLA. 
 Professors : 
 
 French Literature. . . 
 History 
 
 MM. DucRoa. 
 GUIBEL. 
 
77 
 
 Greek Literature and Institutions MM. BRENOUS. 
 
 Latin Literature and Roman Institutions CONSTANS. 
 
 Foreign Literature JORET. 
 
 Languages and Literature of Southern Europe BONAFOUS. 
 
 History of Provence CLERC. 
 
 Assistant Professors : 
 
 Philosophy MM. BLONDEL, DE RIDDER. 
 
 Lectures. 
 
 Greek Language and Literature MM. DE RIDDER. 
 
 Ancient History CLERC. 
 
 Commercial Geography MASSON. 
 
 Grammar and Versification BRENOUS. 
 
 Complementary Courses. 
 
 Geography MM. GIRBAL. 
 
 Archeology DE RIDDER. 
 
 Provencal Language and Literature CONSTANS. 
 
 History GUIBAL. 
 
 French Literature DUCROS. 
 
 Greek Literature BENOUS. 
 
 Latin Literature CONSTANS. 
 
 Foreign Literature JORET. 
 
 Provencal Language and Literature CONSTANS. 
 
 History of Provence CLERC. 
 
 Languages and Literature of Southern Europe BONAFOUS. 
 
 Economical History and Geography MASSON. 
 
 Free Courses. 
 
 Hebrew ' M.'J. DURANTIDELACALADE, 
 
 Physical Geography M. REPELERI. 
 
 Honorary Deans : MM. Bizos, GUIBAL. Honorary Professor : M. PHILIBERT. 
 Honorary Professor of the ancient Faculty of Catholic Theology of Aix : M. L'ABBE RANU. 
 
 FACULTY OF SCIENCES (MARSEILLES) 
 
 Dean : M. REBOUL. Assessor : M. L. CHARVE. Secretary : M.-DU BOURGUET. 
 
 Professors : 
 
 Differential and Integral Arithmetic 
 Rational and Applied Mecanics 
 Astronomy .......... . 
 
 Physics 
 
 Industrial Physics ....... '.'. 
 
 Chemistry .......... . . 
 
 Industrial Chemistry 
 
 Botany 
 
 Agricultural Botany 
 
 Geology and Mineralogy ...... 
 
 Zoology ......... , 
 
 Physiology 
 Agricultural Zoology 
 
 MM. 'SAUVAGE. 
 'L. CHARVE. 
 STEPHAN. 
 MACE DE LEPINAY. 
 PEROT. 
 REBOUL. 
 DUVILLIER. 
 " HECREL. 
 PAUCHON. 
 ' VASSEUR 
 MARION. 
 JOURDAN. 
 VAYSSIERE. 
 
 Assistant Professors : MM, PERDRIX, FABRY, JUMELLE. 
 
78 
 
 Chemistry 
 
 Botany 
 
 Industrial Physics. 
 
 Anatomy and Zoology 
 Mathematics. . 
 
 Complementary Courses. 
 
 MM. PERDRIX. 
 
 JUMELLE. 
 
 FABRY. 
 
 MM. VAYSSIERE. 
 JAMET. 
 
 Preparatory Teaching: for the Certificate of Physical, Chemical and Natural Studies. 
 Laboratory of Marine to the Faculty. 
 
 Director : M. MARION. Sub-Director : M. GOURRET. 
 
 physics MM. FABRY, VAYSSIERE. 
 
 Chemistry PERDRIX, BERG. 
 
 Zoology JUMELLE, BORDAS. 
 
 Botany JACOB DE CORDEMOY. 
 
 Zoology of Endomnc annexed. 
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND PHARMACY (MARSEILLES) 
 
 Director : M. LIVON. Secretary : M. VIGNEAU. 
 
 Professors : 
 
 Anatomy . MM. MAGON. 
 
 Physiology LIVON. 
 
 Medical and General Pathology BORNET. 
 
 Pathological Anatomy NEPVEU. 
 
 Hygiene and Lpgal Medi-cine FALLOT. 
 
 Medical Clinic VILLARD, LAGET. 
 
 Surgical Pathology and Operative Medicine CHAPPLAIN. 
 
 Surgical Clinic COMBALAT, VILLENEUVE. 
 
 Obstetrical Clinic QUEVRIL. 
 
 Histology JOURDAN. 
 
 Therapeutics ARNAUD. 
 
 Materia Medica HECKEL. 
 
 Botany and Elementary Zoology BOUISSON. 
 
 Medical Chemistry RIETSCH. 
 
 Pharmacy. ..." DOMERGUE. 
 
 Medical Physics CAILLOT DE PONGV. 
 
 Bacteriology RIETSCH. 
 
 Mineralogy and Hydrology GOURRET. 
 
 Diseases of the Urinary Organs N... 
 
 Dermatological Clinic PERRIN. 
 
 Ophtalmological Clinic GUEDE. 
 
 Supplying Professors : 
 
 Anatomy and Physiology MM. ALEZAIS. 
 
 Medical Pathology and Clinic ODDO-ARNAUD. 
 
 Surgical Pathology and Clinic, and Obstetrical Clinic. . . . Roux, DELANGLADE. 
 
 Natural Sciences GOURRET. 
 
 Pharmacy and Materia Medica GERBER. 
 
 Physics and Chemistry BERG. 
 
 Honorary Director : M. CHAPPLAIN, 
 Honorary Professors : MM. PIROUDI, GIRARD, MAGAIL. 
 
79 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF BESANQON 
 
 DEPARTMENT I DOUBS 
 
 American Consul : M. JOHN ,E. COVERT, Consul, Lyons. 
 M. THOMAS NICOLL BROWN, Vice-Consul, Lyons. 
 
 Besangon, chef-lieu of the Doubs department, is a town of 57,000 inhabitants, 
 in the neighbourhood of the Vosges and the Jura. It is an agreeable centre 
 for excursions in the mountains and elsewhere. 
 
 The University includes a : 
 
 Faculty of Sciences, 
 
 Faculty of Letters, 
 
 School of Medicine and Pharmacy. 
 
 Diplomas. The Doctoral d'Universite exists at Besangon for Letters and 
 Sciences. 
 
 Students' Association. There is a Students' Association at Besangon. 
 
 FACULTY OF SCIENCES 
 
 Dean : M. BOUTROUC. Assessor : M. SAINT-LOUP. Secretary : M.SOUFFREN. 
 
 Professors : 
 
 Astronomy MM. GRUEY. 
 
 Differential and Integral Arithmetic STOUFF. 
 
 Rational and Applied Mechanics SAINT-LOUP. 
 
 Physics JOUBIN. 
 
 Chemistry L. BOUTROUC. 
 
 Industrial and Agricultural Chemistry GENVRESSE. 
 
 Geology and Mineralogy FOURNIER. 
 
 Zoology. CHARBONNEL-SALLE. 
 
 Botany MAGNIN. 
 
 [Complementary Course. 
 
 Agricultural Botany M. PARMENTIER. 
 
 Dean and Honorary Professor : M. VEZIAN. 
 
80 
 
 FACULTY OF LETTERS 
 
 Dean : M. COLSENET. Assessor : M. BOUCHER. Secretary : M. SUFFREN. 
 
 Professors : 
 
 Philosophy ....................... MM. COLSENET 
 
 History and Geography of Modern Times. ... ..... PINGAUD. 
 
 History and Geography of Antiquity and of the Middle Agos. J. GIRAUD. 
 
 French Literature . . .................. DRON. 
 
 Ancient Literature .................... VERNIER. 
 
 Foreign Litor.iture ................... BOUCHER. 
 
 Greek and Latin Philology ................ VANDAELE. 
 
 Complementary f Courses. 
 
 Latin Language and Literature .............. MM. CHARROT. 
 
 German Language and Literature ............. KONTZ. 
 
 Free Courses. 
 
 Explanation of Old French 
 
 Russian Language : 
 
 Honorary Deans : MM. WEIL, TIVIER 
 Honorary Professor : M. TIVIER. 
 
 MM. DESSIRIER. 
 JEANNERET. 
 
 PREPARATORY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND PHARMACY 
 
 Director : M. CHAPOY. Secretary : M. SUFFREN. 
 
 Professors : 
 
 Anatomy 
 
 Physiology 
 
 Histology 
 
 Pharmacy and Materia Medica . 
 
 Surgical Pathology and Operative Medicine. 
 
 Medical Pathology 
 
 Obstetrical Clinic and Gynecology 
 
 Surgical Clinic 
 
 Medical Clinic . 
 
 Natural History 
 
 Chemistry and Toxicology 
 
 Physics . . 
 
 MM. MAUDEREAU. 
 BOLOT. 
 PRIEUR. 
 THOUVENIN. 
 SAILLARD. 
 HOLLAND. 
 HEITZ. 
 CHAPOY. 
 GAUDERON 
 MAGNIN. 
 BOISSON. 
 
 COLLEATTE. 
 
 Supplying Professors : 
 
 Anatomy and Physiology MM. N.... 
 
 Medical Pathology and Clinic A. BRUCHON. 
 
 Surgical Pathology and Clinic BAIGNE. 
 
 Pharmacy and Materia Medica N.... 
 
 Physics and Chemistry MORIN. 
 
 Natural History MARCEAU. 
 
 Honorary Directors : MM. SAILLARD, DRUHEN. 
 Honorary Professors^: MM. COUTENOT, BRUCHON, DRUHEN. 
 
81 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF BORDEAUX 
 
 DEPARTMENT I GIRONDE 
 
 Secretary of the Committee of Patronage for Foreign Students : 
 
 M. DUGUIT, 2, rue du Jard in-Public. 
 
 American Consul : M. ALBION W. TOURGEE, Bordeaux. Vice-Consul : M. JOHN PRESTON 
 BEECHER, Bordeaux. 
 
 The town of Bordeaux is the prefecture of the department of Gironde : it is a 
 town of 222,000 inhabitants at 578 kilometers from Paris. 
 
 It is a magnificent town, very prosperous thanks to its port and the active 
 trade that is carried on there. It is one of the centres of the wine trade and the 
 chief port for the export of wine and brandy. 
 
 Agriculture, natural sciences, chemistry applied to industry are all especially 
 studied in Bordeaux. The laboratories, collections, agriculture stations, Bota- 
 nical gardens, Museum of Natural History, all contribute to excite here a special 
 interest in that kind of study. 
 
 The University includes : 
 
 Faculty of Law, 
 
 Faculty of Letters, 
 
 Faculty of Sciences, 
 
 Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy. 
 
 Diplomas. The Doctorate of the University of Bordeaux exists for : 
 
 I. Sciences. 
 
 II. Medicine. 
 
 III. Pharmacy. 
 
 Besides which the School of Chemistry has created a diploma. 
 
 SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY 
 
 Applied to Industry and Agriculture. 
 
 This School, founded on the 15 July 1891, is intended to furnish the industry 
 and agriculture of the South-West of France young men well acquainted with 
 the theory and practice of chemistry. 
 
 Foreigners are admitted to take part in the same practical exercises and to 
 attend the same courses as French pupils; manufacturers will obtain from profes- 
 sors of the Faculty all information concerning the aptitudes of pupils who have 
 left the School. 
 
82 
 
 Teaching. The duration of study is fixed at two years as a minimum. 
 
 The teaching- includes : 
 
 1 For the theoretic part, the courses of Chemistry regularly taught at the 
 Faculty for the candidates for the licence es Sciences physiques as well as for 
 those of Industrial and Agricultural Chemistry; 
 
 2 For the practical part, a series of preparations of pure bodies and quanti- 
 tative Analysis. 
 
 The laboratory exerciccs take place every day from 8 11 in the morning and 
 from 1 6 in the afternoon. Attendance is compulsory. 
 
 The pupils receive daily marks and every quarter they undergo examinations 
 on the subjects already treated of by the professors : at the end of the first year, 
 they are subjected to an examination, at which the professors take into account 
 the marks obtained during the year. 
 
 At the end of the second year, they undergo a final examination including 
 written tests, viva voce tests, and practical tests. The marks received added to 
 those of the quarterly examinations help them to obtain the diplume de chimiste. 
 
 This diploma is delivered to pupils having satisfactorily taken the preceding 
 test in the name of the Faculty of Sciences of Bordeaux. 
 
 The diplomes pupils may, on a favourable opinion of competent professors, 
 be admitted to continue their practical exercices in the laboratories of the 
 Faculty during two or three supplementary years. 
 
 Conditions of Admission. In order to be admitted as pupil to the School 
 of Chemistry, young men must give in their names, if possible before the 1 st of 
 November, to the Secretary of the Faculty of Sciences, Cours Victor-Hugo, and 
 deposit the sum of 150 francs a quarter and in advance for manipulation 
 expenses. The student must also in paying the first quarter settle the annual 
 fees of 30 francs for matriculation and library. 
 
 Reviews. The Faculty of Letters publishes the Revue des Lcltres franchises 
 et etrangeres. 
 
 The Faculty of Sciences publishes the Bulletin des Anciens Sieves de VEcole 
 de Chimie. 
 
 Students' Association. There is a Students' Association at Bordeaux. 
 
 FACULTY OF LAW 
 
 Dean : M. BAUDRY-LACANTINEIUE. Assessor : M. SAIGNAT. Secretary : M. SIGUIER. 
 
 Professors : 
 
 Civil Law MM. BAUDRY-LACANTINERIE, 
 
 SAIGNAT, DE LOYNES. 
 
 Roman Law MONNIER, DE BOECK. 
 
 Civil Jurisprudence LE COQ. 
 
 Commercial Lajv LEVILLAIN. 
 
 Administrative Law BARCHAUSER. 
 
 Administrative and Constitutional Law, Principles of Public 
 
 Law and Comparative Constitutional Law DUGUIT. 
 
 Criminal Law . MARAUDONT. 
 
84 
 
 Political Economy 
 
 Maritime Law and Industrial Legislation .... 
 
 History of Law 
 
 International Public and Private Law 
 
 Political Economy. 
 
 Charge dcs Cows : 
 Complementary Courses. 
 
 Private International Law 
 
 History of Public Law 
 
 Constitutional Law 
 
 History of Economical Doctrine. . 
 
 Financial Legislation 
 
 Colonial Legislation and Economy. 
 Political Economy 
 
 MM. N.... 
 
 DlDlER. 
 VlGNEAUX. 
 
 DESPAGNET 
 
 M. BENZUCAR. 
 
 MM. DESPAGNET. 
 
 MONNIER. 
 DUGUIT. 
 
 DE BCECH. 
 
 DlDIER. 
 
 SAIVAIRE-JOURDAN. 
 SAUVAIRE-JOURDAN. 
 
 Courses created by the University. 
 
 Comparative Civil Law MM. DE LOYNES. 
 
 Criminal Law (for the Doctoral <;s Sciences Juridiqucs) . . BENZACAR. 
 
 Administrative Law DUGUIT. 
 
 Complementary Civil Law DIDIER. 
 
 Agreges : MM. SAUVAIRE-JOURDAN, BENZACAR. 
 
 FACULTY OF MEDICINE AND OF PHARMACY 
 
 Dean : M. DE NABIAS. Assessor : ARNOZAN. Secretary : LEMAIRE. 
 
 Professors 
 
 Physiology 
 
 Anatomy 
 
 Pathological Anatomy 
 
 General Anatomy and Histology 
 
 General Pathology 
 
 Materia Medica 
 
 Therapeutics 
 
 Natural History 
 
 Chemistry 
 
 Biological Chemistry 
 
 Physics 
 
 Hygiene 
 
 Legal Medicine 
 
 Experimental Medicine 
 
 Operative Medicine 
 
 Pharmacy 
 
 Medical Clinic 
 
 Surgical Clinic 
 
 Maternity Clinic 
 
 Ophtalmological Clinic 
 
 Surgical Clinic of Children's diseases .... 
 
 Gynecological Clinic 
 
 Medical Clinic of Children's Diseases. . . 
 
 Complementary Courses. 
 
 Midwifery 
 
 Surgical Pathology 
 
 Clinic of Syphilitic and Skin Diseases 
 
 MM. JOLYET. 
 
 BOUCHARD. 
 
 COYNE 
 
 VIAULT. 
 
 VERGELY. 
 
 DE NABIAS. 
 
 ARNOZAN. 
 
 GUILLAUD. 
 
 BLAREY. 
 
 DENIGES. 
 
 BERGONIE. 
 
 LAYET. 
 
 MORACHE. 
 
 FERRE. 
 
 MASSE. 
 
 FIGUIER. 
 
 PlTRES, PlCOT. 
 
 DEMONS, LANNELONGUE. 
 
 LEFOUR. 
 
 BADAL. 
 
 PlEGHAUD. 
 BOURSIER. 
 MOUSSONS. 
 
 MM. I'HAMBRELENT. 
 DEUNCE. 
 DUBREUILH. 
 
85 
 
 Clinic of Diseases of the Urinary Organs. 
 Diseases of the Larynx, Ears and Nose. . 
 
 Mental Diseases 
 
 Medical Pathology ....." 
 
 Chemistry 
 
 Physiology 
 
 Embryology 
 
 Oplitalmology 
 
 MM. 
 
 Hydrology and Mineralogy. 
 
 Lecture. 
 
 Agregcs : 
 
 POUSSON. 
 
 MOURE. 
 
 REGIS. 
 
 RON DOT. 
 
 DUPOUY. 
 
 PACHON. 
 
 CANNIEN. 
 
 LAGRANGE. 
 
 M. CHARLES. 
 
 Medicine . . . MM. 
 
 Surgery. ....... 
 
 Accouchements 
 
 Anatomy and Physiology -....- 
 
 Physics. 
 
 Natural Sciences 
 
 Pharmacy. . . . 
 
 Honorary Dean : M. PITRES. Honorary Professors 
 P, DUPUV, MOUSSONS. 
 
 CASSAET, AUCHE, SABRA- 
 ZES, LE DANTEC, HOBBS. 
 
 BINAUD , BRAQUEHAYE, 
 CHAVANNAY. 
 
 CHAMBRELENT, FIEUX. 
 
 PRINCETEAU , CANNIEU , 
 PUCHON. 
 
 SlGALAS. 
 
 BEILLE. 
 BARTHE. 
 
 MM. MICE, AZAM, 
 
 FACULTY OF SCIENCES 
 
 Dean : M. BRUNEL. Assessor : M. N. Secretary : M. EMILE CHAUDRON. 
 
 Professors : 
 
 Infinitesimal Arithmetic MM. BRUNEL. 
 
 Mechanics DE TAUNEBERG. 
 
 Physical Astronomy RAYET. 
 
 Theoretical Physics DUHEM. 
 
 Experimental Physics GOSSART. 
 
 Chemistry GAYON. 
 
 Industrial Chemistry JOANNIS. 
 
 Zoology and Animal Physiology. . . . . PIRIZ.^ 
 
 Botany MILLARDET. 
 
 Mineralogy and Geology FALLOT. 
 
 Assistant Professors : MM. KUNSTLER, VIZES, PICART. 
 
 Complementary Courses. 
 
 Industrial Electricity MM. GOSSART. 
 
 Zoology KUNSTLER, GRIMEL. 
 
 Physiological Chemistry applied to Agriculture DUBOURG. 
 
 Mathematics FERAUD. 
 
 Lectures. 
 
 Physics MM. MARCHIS. 
 
 Chemistry VEZES. 
 
 Industrial Chemistry VIGOUROUX. 
 
 Botany DEVAUS. 
 
 Mathematics BRUNEL. 
 
 Mineralogy GOGUEL. 
 
 Daan and Honorary Professor ; M. LESPIAULT, Honorary Professor : M. RAUUN. 
 
86 
 
 FACULTY OF LETTERS 
 
 Dean : M. N. Assessor : M. WALTZ. Secretary - M. EM. CuAunnoN. 
 
 Professors : 
 
 Philosophy MM. N. 
 
 History. DENIS. 
 
 Geography N. 
 
 Archeology and History of Art PARIS. 
 
 Greek Language and Literature OUVRE. 
 
 Latin Language and Literature WALTY, DE LA VILLE DE 
 
 MIRMONT. 
 
 French Literature . . . . STAFFER, LE BRETON. 
 
 Foreign Literature DE TREVERRE. 
 
 History of Bordeaux and the South-West of France .... JULLIAN. 
 
 Language and Literature of the South-West of France. . . BOURCIERY. 
 
 History of the Middle Ages IMBERT DE LA TOUR. 
 
 Ancient History RADET. 
 
 Social Science DURKHEIM. 
 
 Assistant Professor : MM. N. RODIER, P. MASQUERY. 
 
 Charges de Cours : 
 
 Modern History MM. MARION. 
 
 Greek Language and Literature P. MASQUERAY. 
 
 Colonial Geography HENRI LORIN. 
 
 Complementary Courses. 
 
 History and Philosophy MM. HAMELIN. 
 
 History JULLIAN. 
 
 Paleography BOUVY. 
 
 Versification WALTZ. 
 
 Oriental Antiquities G. FOUGART. 
 
 Lectures. 
 
 Grammar MM. FOURNIER. 
 
 German Language and Literature ROUGE. 
 
 Philosophy RODIER. 
 
 English Language BIARD. 
 
 Hispanic Studies CIROT. 
 
87 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CAEN 
 
 DEPARTMENT I CALVADOS 
 
 American Consul : M. ALEX. MONTGOMERY MAGHARD (au Havre). 
 Vice-Consul : M. CICERO BROWN (au Havre). 
 
 The town of Caen is the prefecture of Calvados. It is a town of 42,000 inhabi- 
 tants, at 239 kilometers from Paris. Situated near the sea, on a river where 
 much boating is carried on, favoured with an agreable climale, it is a very 
 charming and quiet town. It is in the very heart of Normandy, surrounded by a 
 very pretty and yecy ricli country. Farming and horse breeding are its prin- 
 cipal resources. During the summer, the seaside places in the neighbourhood 
 of Caen are favourite resorts of Parisians. 
 
 The University includes : 
 
 Faculty of Law, 
 
 Faculty of Letters, 
 
 Faculty of Sciences, 
 
 Preparatory School of Medicine and Pharmacy. 
 
 Thanks to the mildness of its climate, the town of Caen possesses a magni- 
 ficent Botanical Garden, model laboratories are fitted up at the Botanical Insti- 
 tute, which is a dependancy of it. There is an agronomic station and a maritime 
 laboratory at Luc. 
 
 Diplomas. 1 Law. Doctoral in Law of the University of Caen. 
 2 Letters. Diploma and certificate of Higher literary Studies instituted in 
 favour of free students (Act 19 nov. 1886). 
 
 I. Every free student who has attended for a year at least two courses or 
 lectures of the Faculty can receive, after an examination, the certificate of 
 Higher Studies. 
 
 II. After a second year, this certificate will be changed for a diploma. 
 
 III. The two courses or lectures may be on different subjects, or treat of 
 one and the same subject; the student has in this respect full and complete 
 liberty to choose as he likes. 
 
 IV. The examination which is viva voce only will be presided over by the 
 professor or professors who have been concerned in the teaching, and will only 
 touch on subjects treated of during the one or two years study. 
 
 V. Certificate and diploma delivered gratuitously mention whether the can- 
 didate has answered the questions put to- him satisfactorily, brilliantly or in 
 a truly remarkable manner. 
 
Holiday Courses. These courses are not officially instituted, but, during 
 the month of August, professors of the Lycee give lectures on History. Litera- 
 ture, etc., which are attended by English teachers. 
 
 Students association. There is a Students' Association at Caen. 
 
 FACULTY OF LAW 
 
 Dean : M. VILLEY. Assessor : M. MARIE. Secretary : M. GILLET. 
 
 Professors : 
 
 Civil Law MM. GUILLOUARD, AMB. COLIN 
 
 Roman Law. LAISNE-DESHAYES,DEBRAY 
 
 Criminel Law MARIE. 
 
 Civil Jurisprudence BEVILLE. 
 
 Commercial Law DAUJON. 
 
 Administrative Law TOUTAIN. 
 
 Political Economy VILLEY. 
 
 International Public and Private Law CABOUAT. 
 
 Complementary Courses. 
 
 Pandectes MM. ASTOUL. 
 
 History of Laws and Customs of Normandy A. COLIN, MARIE. 
 
 Administrative Law TOUTAIN. 
 
 Maritime Law DANJON. 
 
 Financial Legislation LE FUR. 
 
 Civil Jurisprudence BEVILLE. 
 
 Industrial Legislation CABOUAT. 
 
 Elements of Constitutional Law and Organization of Public 
 
 Powers LE FUR. 
 
 History of French Public Law LE FUR. 
 
 General History of French Law BEVILLE. 
 
 Political Economy RENE WORMS. 
 
 History of Economical Doctrines RENE WORMS. 
 
 Principles of Public Law and Comparative Constitutional 
 
 Law VILLEY. 
 
 Charge de Cours : M. SUMIEN. 
 
 Agreges : MM. DEBRAY, RENE WORMS, LE FUR. ASTOUL. 
 
 FACULTY OF SCIENCES 
 
 Dean : M. DE SAINT-GERMAIN. Assessor : M. RIQUIER. Secretary : M. GALLON. 
 
 Professors 
 
 Differential and Integral Arithmetic. . 
 Rational and applied Mechanics. . . . 
 
 Chemistry 
 
 Physics 
 
 Botany 
 
 Geology 
 
 Zoology and Animal Physiology. . . 
 
 MM. RIQUIER. 
 
 DE SAINT-GERMAIN. 
 
 LOUISE. 
 
 NEGRENEUF. 
 
 LlGUIER. 
 
 BEGOT. 
 JOYEUX-LAFFINE, 
 
 Assistant Professors : MM. HUET. BESSON, 
 
89 
 
 Lectures. 
 
 Mathematics MM. LELIEUVRE. 
 
 Zoology HUET. 
 
 Physics GUINCHANT. 
 
 Chemistry . . BESSON. 
 
 Botany LEGER. 
 
 Agronomic Station LOUISE. 
 
 Maritime Laboratory of Luc JOYEUX-LAFFINE. 
 
 Honorary Dean : M. DITTE. 
 
 FACULTY OF LETTERS 
 
 Dean : M. LEMERCIER. Assessor : M. MAURICE SOURIAU. Secretary : M. GALLON. 
 
 Professors : 
 
 Philosophy MM. MABILLEAU, COUTURAL. 
 
 History TESSIER. 
 
 French Language and Literature GASTE. 
 
 Literature and Roman Institutions LEHANNEUR. 
 
 Literature and Greek Institutions LEMERCIER. 
 
 Norman Art and Literature MAURICE SOURIAU. 
 
 Geography CAMENA D'ALMEIDA. 
 
 Complementary Course. 
 
 Ancient History M. BESNIER. 
 
 Assistant Professor : 
 
 Grammar and Philology M. HUGUET. 
 
 Charge de Cours : 
 
 English Language and Literature M. BARBEAU. 
 
 Charges de Conferences : 
 
 Latin MM. HUGUET. 
 
 German BELOUIN. 
 
 Honorary Dean : M. TESSIER. 
 
 Honorary Professors : MM. CHAUVET, BUCHNER. 
 
 PREPARATORY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND PHARMACY 
 
 (Reorganized.) 
 
 Director : M. AUVRAY. Secretary : M. GALLOU. 
 
 Professors : 
 
 Anatomy MM. GIDON. 
 
 Physiology FAYEL-DESLONGRAIS. 
 
 Histology CATOIS. 
 
 Pharmacy and Maleria Medica CIIARBONNIER. 
 
 Surgical Pathology and Operative Medicine NOURY. 
 
 Medical Clinic, , , . , , , . , , AUVRAY, 
 
90 
 
 Obstetrical Clinic. . . . 
 
 Surgical Clinic 
 
 Medical Pathology. . . . 
 
 Natural History 
 
 Chemistry and Toxicology 
 Physics 
 
 Supplying Professors : 
 
 Anatomy and Physiology. . . 
 Medical Pathology and Clinic. 
 Surgical Pathology and Clinic 
 
 Obstetrical Clinic 
 
 Pharmacy and Matcria Medica 
 Physics and Chemistry . . . 
 Natural History 
 
 MM. GUILLET. 
 BARETTE. 
 MOUTIER. 
 CHEVREL. 
 Lou'isK. 
 DEMERLIAG: 
 
 MM. VlGOT 
 
 GOSSELIN. 
 
 OSMONT. 
 
 FREMONT. 
 
 BESSON. 
 
 LEGER. 
 
 Honorary Professor : M. LEPETIT. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CLERMONT-FERRAND 
 
 DEPARTMENT I PUY-DE-DOME 
 
 Secretary of the Foreign Students' Patronage Committee : 
 M. E. ROUGIER, 14, Avenue de Royat. 
 
 American Consulate : M. HILARY S. BRUNOT, Consul, at Saint-Etienne. 
 M. HASTINGS BURROUGHS, Commercial Vice-Agent, at Saint-Etienne. 
 
 The town of Clermont-Ferrand is the prefecture of the department of Puy- 
 de-D6me; it contains 43,000 inhabitants and is 420 kilometers from Paris. It may 
 be called the capital of Auvergne. Its situation in the midst of mountains is 
 extremely picturesque, and there are many delightful excursions in the neigh- 
 bourhood. The town countains some curious churches of the X, XI and XII cen- 
 turies. 
 
 The University Includes a : 
 
 Faculty of Sciences, 
 
 Faculty of Letters, 
 
 Preparatory School of Medicine ane Pharmacy. 
 
 The Faculty of Sciences deserves to attract the student's attention in a very 
 marked degree, above all by the advantages it offers for the study of Geology 
 
91 
 
 and Mineralogy. Clermont is the centre of one of the most important volcanic 
 regions in the world, and from this point of view interests not only geologists 
 and mineralogists, but also geographers. All kinds of rocks are to be found 
 there, from the primary to the quaternary. In the neighbourhood more than 
 1,000 thermal springs are to be found of every kind (chloridic, chalybeate, 
 sodic), hot and cold, which are everywhere in working order and which are useful 
 not only to invalids, but as furnishing a field for numerous hydrological studies. 
 The professor of Mineralogy will draw up, if his pupils desire it, a plan of 
 scientific excursions in the Central massive of France and particularly in the 
 volcanic regions of Monts Dome, of Mount Dore, of Cantal and Yelay, and, if he 
 is able, he will himself accompany the excursionists. 
 
 Diplomas. The question is under consideration. The Doctoral d'Univer- 
 site will probably be created in a short time for Electricity and for Geology. 
 
 Review. The University publishes, in conjunction with the Societe des Amis 
 de I' Universitt, the Revue d'Auvergne. 
 
 Holiday Courses. These courses will be instituted in 1900. At the present 
 time, there are geological excursions during the summer, and the laboratory 
 remains open for the study of the Geology, Mineralogy and Hydrology of Au- 
 vergne. 
 
 FACULTY OF SCIENCES 
 
 Dean : M. POIRIER. Assessor : M. HURION. Secretary : M. LABORDE. 
 
 Professors : 
 
 Differential and Integral Arithmetic. MM. PELLET. 
 
 Physics HURION. 
 
 Chemistry PARMENTIER. 
 
 Geology and Mineralogy JULIEN. 
 
 Zoology POIRIER. 
 
 Botany GROD. 
 
 Mechanics GUICHARD. 
 
 Assistant Professor : 
 Chemistry M. DUBOIN. 
 
 Complementary Course. 
 Industrial Electricity M. HURION. 
 
 Mailres de Conferences : 
 
 Mathematics MM. DRACH. 
 
 Mineralogy N. 
 
 Physics LUGOL. 
 
 Honorary Deans : MM. ALLUARD, GRUEY, SAINT-LOUT. 
 Honorary Professor : M. ALL.UARP. 
 
92 
 
 FACULTY OF LETTERS 
 
 Dean : M. DES ESSARTS. Assessor : M. EHRHARD. Secretary : M. LABORDE. 
 
 Professors : 
 
 Philosophy ....................... MM. JOYAU. 
 
 French Literature .................... DES ESSARTS. 
 
 Foreign Literature .................... EHRHARD. 
 
 History and Geography of Modern Times .......... DESDEVISES DU DEZERT. 
 
 Ancient Language and Literature ............. BARON. 
 
 History and Geography of Antiquity of the Middle Ages. . . HAUSER. 
 
 Complementary Courses. 
 
 Auvergnate Romance Art ................. MM. DU RAUQUKT. 
 
 History of Auvergne ................... ROUCHON. 
 
 Maitre de Conferences : 
 
 Latin Language and Literature .............. M. AUDOLLEAT. 
 
 Charges de Conferences : 
 
 Grammar ........................ MM. E. COLARDEAU. 
 
 English ......................... MAHIEU. 
 
 Free Courses. 
 
 Language and Literature of the Middle Ages ........ MM. LECLERC. 
 
 Italian Language and Literature .............. GONIN. 
 
 Honorary Dean : M. CHOTARD. 
 
 PREPARATORY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND PHARMACY 
 
 Director : M. BOUSQUET. Secretary : M. LABORDE. 
 
 Professors : 
 
 Descriptive Anatomy ................... MM. TIXIER. 
 
 Histology ........................ LEPETIT. 
 
 Physiology .......... . ........... BILLARD. 
 
 Medical Pathology ...................... . . FOURIAUX., 
 
 Surgical Pathology and Operative.Medecine. . .......... GAGNON. . 
 
 Medical Clinic ........................... . . . DU CAZAL.. 
 
 Surgical Clinic ..................... BOUSQUET. 
 
 Obstetrical Clinic ...... ............ . : . . PLANCHARD. 
 
 Physics ..................... : . . . TRUCHOT. 
 
 Natural History ..................... GIROD. 
 
 Chemistry and Toxicology ................ HUGUET. 
 
 Pharmacy and Materia Medica ............... ROCHER 
 
~- 93 
 
 Supplying Professors : 
 
 Anatomy and Physiology MM. N. 
 
 Medical Pathology and Clinic MAURIN. 
 
 Surgical Pathology and Clinic BIDE. 
 
 Pharmacy, Materia Medica LAFONT. 
 
 Physics and Chemistry GROS. 
 
 Natural History BRUYANT. 
 
 Honorary Professors : MM. FREDIT, DOURIS. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF DIJON 
 
 DEPARTMENT : COTE-D'OR 
 
 Secretary of the Foreign Students' Committee of Patronage 
 
 M. BATTUT, 3, Boulevard de Sevigne. 
 American Consul : M. ERNEST BOURETTE. 
 
 The town of Dijon is the prefecture of the department of the Cote-d'Or. It is 
 a town of 56, 000 inhahitants at 315 kilometers from Paris and is situated in a 
 mountainous region in the neighbourhood of the Jura chain. It is more a com- 
 mercial than a manufacturing town. 
 
 The University includes : 
 
 Faculty of Law, 
 
 Faculty of Letters, 
 
 Faculty of Sciences, 
 
 School of Medicine and Pharmacy. 
 
 Diplomas At the time of writing (April 1899), the doctoral d'Universite has 
 not been organized at Dijon. 
 
 Reviews. The University publishes the Revue bourguignonne de I'Ensei- 
 gnement superieur. 
 
 Students' Association. There is at Dijon a Students' Association. 
 
FACULTY OF LAW 
 
 Dean : M. BAILLY. Assessor : M. DESSERTEAUX. Secretary : M. BATTUT. 
 
 Professors : 
 
 Civil Law MM. Louis LUCAS, GENY. 
 
 TissiER. 
 
 Roman Law RENARDET, DESSERTEAUX. 
 
 Commercial Law BAILLY. 
 
 Civil Jurisprudence DUVERDIER DE SUZE. 
 
 Administrative Law GAUUEMET. 
 
 Criminal Law BONNEVILLE. 
 
 Political Economy MONGIN. 
 
 Public Law and Constitutional Law DESLANDRES. 
 
 History of Law Roux. 
 
 Assistant Professor : M. A. TRUCHY. 
 
 Complementary Courses (Doctorat). 
 
 Pendectes MM. RENARDET. 
 
 International Public Law and Administrative Law MOULIN. 
 
 History of French Public Law Roux. 
 
 History of Economical Doctrines TRUCHY. 
 
 Industrial Legislation MONGIN. 
 
 Political Economy TRUCHY. 
 
 Comparative civil Law Louis LUCAS. 
 
 Complementary Courses (Licence). 
 
 International Public Law MM. MOULIN. 
 
 International Private Law TISSIER. 
 
 Financial Legislation TRUCHY. 
 
 Agreges : MM. Roux, MOULIN. 
 
 Doctors of Law Directors of Conferences : MM. DELRAUD, GIGOUT. 
 Honorary Professor : M, GUENEE. 
 
 FACULTY OF SCIENCES 
 
 Dean : M. RECOURA. Assessor : M. COLLOT. Secretary : M. Bossu. 
 
 Professors : 
 
 Differential and Integral Arithmetic MM. MERAY. 
 
 Rational and Applied Mechanics DUPORT. 
 
 Physics BRUNHES. 
 
 Chemistry RECOURA. 
 
 Zoology and Physiology JOBERT. 
 
 Botany SAUVAGEAU. 
 
 Mineralogy and Geology COLLOT. 
 
 Assistant Profe 
 
 Chemistry MM. PIGEON. 
 
 Natural Sciences BATAILLON. 
 
95 
 
 Mailre de Conferences : 
 Physics. M. BAGARD. 
 
 Charge de Conferences : 
 Mineralogy M. BARBIER. 
 
 Complementary Courses. 
 
 Astronomy MM. DUPORT. 
 
 Industrial Physics BAGARD. 
 
 Industrial Chemistry PIGEON. 
 
 Preparatory Teaching for the Certificate of Physical, Chemical and Natural Studies. 
 
 Physics MM. BRUNHES, BAGARD. 
 
 Chemistry PIGEON. 
 
 Natural Sciences BATAILLON. 
 
 Honorary Deans : MM. EMERY, MARGOTTET. 
 
 FACULTY OF LETTERS 
 
 Dean : M. ROYER. Assessor : M. DORISON. Secretary : M. Bossu. 
 
 Professors : 
 
 Philosophy MM. GERARD- VARET. 
 
 History and Geography GAFFAREL. 
 
 French Literature ROY. 
 
 Greek Literature DORISON. 
 
 Foreign Literature LEGRAS. 
 
 Latin Literature ROYER. 
 
 Assistant Professor : 
 History M. STOUFP. 
 
 Maitre de Conferences : 
 Grammar and Philology M. LAMBERT. 
 
 Complementary Courses. 
 
 French Literature MM. LAME. 
 
 History of Burgundy KLEINCLAUSZ. 
 
 History of Fine Arts KLEINCLAUSZ. 
 
 Professional Course. 
 Contemporary History M. GAFKAREL. 
 
 Honorary Deans : MM. H. JOLY, GAFFAREL. 
 Honorary Professors : MM. D'HUGUES, CH. ADAM. 
 
PREPARATORY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND PHARMACY 
 
 (Reorganized.) 
 
 Director : M. DEROYE. Secretary : M. Bossu. 
 
 Professors : 
 
 Anatomy 
 
 Physiology 
 
 Histology 
 
 Pharmacy and Materia Medica 
 
 Surgical Pathology and Operative Medicine 
 
 Medical Pathology 
 
 Obstetrical Clinic and Gynecology 
 
 Medical Clinic 
 
 Surgical Clinic 
 
 Physics 
 
 Chemistry 
 
 Natural History 
 
 Supplying Professors 
 
 Anatomy and Physiology 
 
 Pathology and Medical Clinic 
 
 Pathology, Surgical Clinic and Ohstetrics 
 
 Physics and Chemistry 
 
 Natural History 
 
 Pharmacy and Materia Medica. 
 
 MM. PAUFFARD. 
 TARNIER. 
 COLLETTE. 
 
 VlALLANES. 
 
 BROUSSOLLE. 
 
 MISSET. 
 
 GAUTRELET. 
 
 PARIZOT. 
 
 DEROYE. 
 
 BRUNHES. 
 
 PIGEON. 
 
 LAGUESSE. 
 
 MM. ZIPPEL. 
 
 DUBARD. 
 
 LAGOUTTK. 
 BELLIER. 
 
 BONNABEAUD. 
 
 VINCENT. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF GRENOBLE 
 
 DEPARTMENT : ISERE 
 
 Foreign Students' 1 Patronage Committee : 
 
 M. MAURICE RAYMOND, 4, Place de la Constitution. 
 
 American Consulate : M. MITRTON, Consul, Grenoble. 
 
 Grenoble, the prefecture of the department of Isere, is a town of 64.000 inha- 
 bitants, at 558 kilometers from Paris. Grenoble has always been renowned 
 for its intellectual culture, and for the interest it takes in its educational esta- 
 blishments, which are of very ancient dale. 
 
97 
 
 It is situated in the finest region of France, in the very heart of the Alps. 
 The neighbourhood of those admirable mountains which every year attracts a 
 great number of strangers has tended to develop the taste for excursions and 
 has made of Grenoble the capital of Alpinism. 
 
 The climate is very fine. The sun of the South, and the refreshing coolness of 
 the Alpine region are enjoyed there at the same time. 
 
 Grenoble is an industrial centre whose importance increases daily, thanks to 
 the utilization of water-falls for the production of electric force. Numerous 
 factories may be objects of interesting study for a young man who intends to 
 adopt a commercial career. This industrial development has decided many 
 important American firms to send their representatives to Grenoble. The pre- 
 sence of this colony is in itself an encouragement to Americans to finish their 
 studies here. 
 
 Grenoble has also frequent relations with Italy and possesses a numerons 
 Italian colony. The bonds between Dauphiny and Italy have always been so 
 close that recently the Minister created a chair of Italian Literature at the 
 Faculty of Letters at Grenoble, the only one which exists in France, at the same 
 time Grenoble has always kept up very close scientific relations with the Swiss 
 Universities. 
 
 The situation of this town, equally near the central Alps and the calcareous 
 chains of the Chartreuse and of Vercors, close to the curious anthracitic basin 
 of the Mure, makes it an exceptionally favoured centre for geological studies. 
 Students can with but little expense and without any effort contemplate exam- 
 ples of the grandest geological phenomena, and meet, on a comparatively con- 
 fined space, the most varied formations. In the laboratories of the Faculty of 
 Sciences, they will find all the ressources necessary to the carrying on of these 
 studies. 
 
 To botanists Dauphiny offers a remarkable Alpine flora at the same time as 
 the flora of hills and plains. 
 
 Specimens of the Mediterranean flora are to be meet with in the environs of 
 the town of Grenoble. The Faculty of Sciences possesses two Alpine botanical 
 gardens situated one near Grenoble on the mountain of Chamrousse at about 
 GjOOO feet above the sea-level, the other on the Lanterel about 700 feet higher. 
 
 The University is composed of : 
 
 Faculty of Letters, 
 
 Faculty of Sciences, 
 
 Faculty of Law, 
 
 School of Medicine and Pharmacy. 
 
 Diplomas. The University Doctorate exists at Grenoble for : 
 
 Sciences, 
 
 Letters (philosophy, history, letters, philology). 
 
 Besides this degree, the University delivers a diploma for Electro-technical 
 studies. 
 
 Reviews. The University publishes : 
 
 1. The Annals of the University of Grenoble. 
 
 2. A Year-Book (annuaire). 
 
 Holiday Courses. These courses 'will take place during the months of July, 
 August, September and October in four series of one month each. 
 
 The Courses and Lectures will be held every morning, Monday excepted. Every 
 day there will be a practical course during which the hearers will be called 
 
98 
 
 upon to become speakers in Iheir turn; a lecture will follow this course two or 
 three times a week. The courses will he devoted toreadingand pronounciation, 
 French grammar, literary analysis of French authors and to correcting written 
 exercises; a special course will he reserved to improvisation and discussion. 
 
 The Lectures will comprehend the history of French literature, modern his- 
 tory constitution and legislation of contemporary France, the history of art, etc. ; 
 they will thus complete the practical courses of languages, in giving the 
 hearers an opportunity of forming a correct idea on the intellectual and social 
 movement in France at the present time. 
 
 In the first half of July, the courses will be publicly opened by the Rector, 
 this opening will include a lecture, with photographic illustrations on the geo- 
 graphy of Dauphiny, by M. Collet, professor at the Faculty of Sciences. 
 
 MM. Lachmann, professor of botany, and Kilian, professor of geology at 
 the Faculty of sciences, as well as the heads of the laboratories, will help the 
 students whose names are enrolled for the holiday courses to organize scien- 
 tific excursions. 
 
 The Monday of each week will be reserved to visit the environs of Grenoble. 
 Twice a month mountain excursions will be organized under the direciion of 
 M. Lucien Rourron, general secretary of the Dauphiny Tourist Society. Persons 
 wishing to take part in these excursions should provide themselves with suitable 
 clothing and mountain shoes. 
 
 From Grenoble, you may with a circular ticket visit in a week the South of 
 France, Lyons, Vienne, Orange, Avignon, Nimes, Aigues-Mortes, Aries, Mar- 
 seilles, Cannes and Nice, returning to Grenoble by the picturesque line of the 
 Alps. 
 
 Dauphiny and Provence, by the variety of their sites and the incomparable 
 beauty of the monuments of the Roman period and the middle ages, vie in 
 interest with the finest parts of Italy. 
 
 The inscription fee is 20 francs for a month (whatever bet he date of arrival), 
 10 francs for each supplementary fortnight, or 50 francs for the whole duration 
 of the courses. No supplementary fee is required for correcting exercises. 
 
 A diploma signed by the Rector of the Grenoble Academy will be delivered to 
 students through the Patronage committee. 
 
 Students are informed that, besides the holiday courses, there is a course of 
 French during the whole year at Grenoble especially intended for foreigners. 
 
 Students' Association. There is a Students' Association at Grenoble. 
 
 FACULTY OF LAW 
 
 Dean : M. TARTARI. Assessor : M. FOURNIER. Secretary : M. ROYON. 
 
 Professors : 
 
 Civil Law MM. TARTARI, TESTOUD, CA- 
 
 PITAN, BALLEYDIER. 
 
 Roman Law BEAUDOUIN. 
 
 Criminal Legislation GUETAT. 
 
 Civil Jurisprudence CAPITANT. 
 
 Commercial Law GUEYMARD. 
 
 Administrative Law MICHOUD. 
 
 l^ublic and Private International Law G. DE LAPRADELLE. 
 
 Elements of Constitutional Law BEUDANT. 
 
Complementary Courses. 
 
 General History of French Law . MM. HITIER. 
 
 Political Economy REBOUD. 
 
 Optional Course. 
 
 Financial Legislation M. CUCHE. 
 
 Doctoral es Sciences Juridiques. 
 
 Pandectes t MM. BEAUDOUIN. 
 
 History of Law FOURNIER. 
 
 Civil Law TARTARI. 
 
 Criminal Law GUETAT. 
 
 Administrative Law MJCHOUD. 
 
 Roman Law CUCHE. 
 
 Doctorat es Sciences Politiques et Economiques. 
 
 History of French Public Law MM. HITIER. 
 
 General Public Law and comparative constitutional Law . . BEUDANT. 
 
 Administrative Law MICHOUD. 
 
 Public International Law G. DE LAPRADELLE. 
 
 Political Economy REBOUD. 
 
 Industrial Legislation and Economy CAPITANT. 
 
 Science and Financial Legislation BALLEYDIER. 
 
 History of Economical Doctrines HITIER. 
 
 Complementary Courses. 
 
 Registration MM. TARTARI. 
 
 Notarial Legislation GUETAT. 
 
 Agreges : MM. HITIER, CUCHE, GEOUFFRE, DE. LAPRADELLE. 
 Honorary Dean : M. GCEYMARD. 
 
 FACULTY OF SCIENCES 
 
 Dean : M. RAOULT. Assessor : M. COLLET. Secretary : M. IMUERT. 
 
 Professors : 
 
 Differential and Integral Arithmetic MM. COLLET. 
 
 Rational and Applied Mechanics CESTOR. 
 
 Physics PIONIHON. 
 
 Chemistry RAOULT. 
 
 Mineralogy and Geology KILIAN. 
 
 Botany LACHMANN. 
 
 Zoology PRUVOT. 
 
 Assistant Professors : 
 
 Mathematics 
 
 Physics 
 
 COUSIN. 
 BEAULARD. 
 
 Complementary Courses. 
 
 Astronomy MM. COLLET. 
 
 Industrial Electricity . PIONCHON. 
 
 Lecturer. 
 
 Chemistry 
 
 M. CHAVASTELON. 
 
100 
 
 FACULTY OF LETTERS 
 
 Dean : M. DUGIT. Assessor : M. DE CROZALS. Secretary : M. IMBERT. 
 
 Professors : 
 
 Philosophy MM. DI'MESNIL. 
 
 History and Geography DE CROZALS. 
 
 Greek Literature and Institutions DUGIT. 
 
 Latin Literature and Roman Institutions CHADERT. 
 
 French Literature MORILLOT. 
 
 Foreign Literature BESSON. 
 
 Complementary Courses. 
 
 Geography MM. DE CROZALS. 
 
 French Language and Explanation of Old Texts MORILLOT. 
 
 Italian Language and Literature HAUVETTE. 
 
 Pedagogy PERES. 
 
 Lectures. 
 
 Ancient History and Greek and Latin Antiquities MM. BARDOT. 
 
 Grammar and Versification CHABERT. 
 
 English Language MATHIAS. 
 
 Honorary Professors : MM. CHARAUX, BERTRAND. 
 
 PREPARATORY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND PHARMACY 
 
 Director : M. BORDIER. Secretary : M. IMBERT. 
 
 Professors 
 
 Anatomy 
 
 Physiology 
 
 Histology 
 
 Pharmacy and Materia Medica 
 
 Surgical Pathology and Operative Medicine 
 
 Medical Pathology 
 
 Bacteriology 
 
 Obstetrical Clinic and Gynecology 
 
 Surgical Clinic 
 
 Medical Clinic 
 
 Chemistry and Toxicology 
 
 Natural History 
 
 Physics. ..." 
 
 Supplying Professors : 
 
 Anatomy and Physiology. . . 
 Medical Pathology and Clinic. 
 Pharmacy and Materia Medica. 
 
 Natural History 
 
 Physics and Chemistry .... 
 
 MM. 
 
 ALLARO. 
 
 NICOLAS. 
 
 DOUILLET. 
 
 VERNE. 
 
 PERRIOL. 
 
 PEGOUD. 
 
 BERLIOZ. 
 
 GALLOIS. 
 
 GIRARD. 
 
 PORTE. 
 
 LABATUT. 
 
 BORDIER. 
 
 PIONCHON. 
 
 MM. SALVA. 
 
 ClBERT. 
 
 RABOIN. 
 
 P. DODERO. 
 
 G. DODERO. 
 
 Honorary Director : M. BERGER. Honorary Professor '. M. BERGEH. 
 
101 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF LILLE 
 
 DEPARTMENT : NORD 
 
 Secretary of the Foreign Students' Patronage Committee 
 
 M. HAUMANT, professor at the Faculty of Letters. 
 American Consul : M. DUBOIS, Consular Agent at Lille. 
 
 The town of Lille, prefecture of the Nord department, is a town of 180,000 in- 
 habitants and lies at about 250 kilometers from Paris. It is the ancient capital 
 of Flanders, and is one of the principal manufacturing towns in France. 
 
 The staple manufactures are cotton and metallurgy. 
 
 The University dates from the year 1562, it was founded by king Philippe II of 
 Spain. Until 1895, the faculties were divided between the towns of Douai and of 
 Lille. Since that date they have been united in the new buildings at Lille, 
 buildings of a palatial like structure and provided with all the latest improve- 
 ments. 
 
 The University of Lille includes : 
 
 Faculty of Law, 
 
 Faculty of Letters, 
 
 Faculty of Sciences, 
 
 Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy. 
 
 FACULTY OF LETTERS 
 
 Diplomas. Credential of Higher Studies. A certificate of High Studies 
 may be delivered by the Faculty to students having fulfilled the following condi- 
 tions : 
 
 1 Who have produced at the time of their inscription the diploma of bache- 
 lier es lettres, or, if they are foreigners, an equivalent title. 
 
 2 Who have attended at least during a year the lectures of one or more 
 members of the Faculty. 
 
 3 Who have taken part in practical exercices, or have given in writing a proof 
 of their personal investigations. 
 
 The length of time devoted to studies at the Faculty will be mentioned in the 
 certificate, and the participation of the student in practical exercises, or the 
 merit of what he has writen on his own investigations will be appreciated by 
 marks graduated as follows : satisfactory, very satisfactory, with distinction. 
 
 The Certificate will be signed by the Dean, by the secretary and by one or 
 more members of the Faculty whose courses the student has attended. 
 
102 
 
 FACULTY OF SCIENCES 
 
 Diplomas. The creation of a diploma is under consideration for young men 
 who have studied electricity at the Faculty of sciences, that branch having 
 received a special development in the University of Lille. 
 
 Reviews. The University (publishes a monthly bulletin and a collection of 
 works and memoirs 
 
 Students' Association. There is a students' Association at Lille. 
 
 New Pasteur Institute. The 10 th of April 1899 a new Pasteur Institute was 
 opened at Lille. 
 
 This Institute, raised by a public subscription to which nearly all the towns in 
 the North contributed, is a magnificent building which cost nearly a million not 
 including the ground given by the town of Lille. 
 
 The director, D r Calmette, officer of the Legion of honor, was for a long time 
 one of Pasteur's fellow-workers. 
 
 The plan of the building was drawn up with a view to open large labora- 
 tories of application for bacteriology in sciences, studies of general biology, agri- 
 culture and fermentation; some of these laboratories fitted up like little works 
 and provided with very complete mechanical instruments allow all kinds of expe- 
 riments to be made with regard to alcoolic fermentation, distillery, brewery, sugar 
 refining, industrial sterilisation of waters, etc. 
 
 The staff of the laboratories includes, beside the director, six heads, two assis- 
 tants, a secretary in charge of the library and accounts, and fourteen porters, 
 engineers, stokers or grooms. 
 
 The distribution of services is effected in the following manner : 
 Laboratory of medical bacteriology and service of rabies. 
 Head of the laboratory and head of practical works of bacteriology, D r DE- 
 
 LEARDE, agrege at the Faculty of Medicine, D r PAINBLAN. assistant. 
 Laboratory of serum and vaccine, M. GUERIN (veterinary surgeon). 
 Laboratory of biological chemistry : Head : M. SANGUINETI. Assistant : 
 
 M. DELANGHE. 
 Laboratory of fermentations : Head : M. ROLAXTS, Pharmaceutical chemist. 
 
 FACULTY OF LAW 
 
 Dean : M. VALLAS. Assessor : M. LACOUR. Secretary : M. SAUSA. 
 Clerk: M. DESGARDIN. 
 
 Professors : 
 
 Civil Law MM. FEDER, VALLAS. 
 
 Roman Law MOUCHET, COLLINET. 
 
 Criminal Law PEUCERON. 
 
 Civil Jurisprudence WAHL. 
 
 Commercial Law and Maritime Law LACOUR. 
 
 Administrative Law BOURGUIN, JACQUELIN. 
 
 International private Law JACQUEV. 
 
 Political Economy BOURGUIN. 
 
 General History of French Law JACQUEY, PELTIER. 
 
 Financial Legislation WAHL. 
 
 Assistant Professor : M. JACQUELIN. 
 
Roman Law 
 
 History of French Law 
 Administrative Law . 
 Criminal Law .... 
 
 Roman Law 
 
 Civil Law. . 
 
 103 
 
 Doctoral ea Sciences Juridiques. 
 
 . MM. 
 
 COLLINET 
 PELTIER. 
 JACQUELIN. 
 PERCERON. 
 COLLINET. 
 VALLAS, FEDER and 
 MARGAT. 
 
 Doctoral es Sciences Politiques et Economiques. 
 
 History of French Public Law MM. FEDER. 
 
 Principles of Public Law, Comparative Constitutional Law. . JACQUEY. 
 
 Political Economy and History of Economical Doctrines. . . DUBOIS. 
 
 Financial French Legislation and Financial Science WAHL. 
 
 Industrial Legislation and Economy VALLAS. 
 
 Rural Legislation and Economy BOURGUW. 
 
 Administrative Law BOURGUIN, JACQUELIN. 
 
 International Public Law JACQUEY. 
 
 Agreges : MM. PELTIER, COLLINET, MARGAT, PERCERON. 
 
 Honorary Dean : M. DANIEL DE FOLLEVILLE. 
 
 Honorary Secretary : M. PROVANSAL. 
 
 FACULTY OF MEDICINE AND PHARMACY 
 
 Dean : M. DE LAPERSONNE. Assessor : M. FOLET. Secretary: M. ROCHETTE. 
 Clerk : MM. HACHET, LEBRI-N. 
 
 Professors : 
 
 Physiology MM. WERTHEIMER. 
 
 Anatomy DEBIERRE. 
 
 Pathological Anatomy and General Pathology CURTIS. 
 
 Histology LAGUESSE. 
 
 Medical and Experimental Pathology LEROY-. 
 
 Surgical Pathology BAUDRY. 
 
 Bacteriology and Experimental Therapeutics CALMETTE. 
 
 Natural History FOCKEU. 
 
 Organic Chemistry LAMBLENY. 
 
 Mineral Chemistry and Toxicology LESCCEUR. 
 
 Physics bouMAR. 
 
 Hygiene SURMONT. 
 
 Legal Medecine CASTIAUX. 
 
 Pharmacy M. 
 
 Medical Clinic LEMOINE, COMBEMALE. 
 
 Surgical Clinic FOLET, DUBAR. 
 
 Obstetrical Clinic and Midwifery GAULARD. 
 
 Clinic ot Syphilitic and Skin diseases CHARMEIL. 
 
 Ophtalmological Clinic DE LAPERSONNE. 
 
 Materia Medica MORELLE. 
 
 Natural History of Parasites TH. BARROIS 
 
 (Supplied by) VERDUN. 
 
 Complementary Courses. 
 
 Operative Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of the Urinary 
 
 Organs MM. CARLIER. 
 
 Clin : c of Childrens' diseases and Infant Syphilis AUSSET. 
 
 Surgical Clinic of Children . . . PHOCAS. 
 
 Midwifery . . GUI. 
 
104 
 
 Agreges : 
 
 Medicine MM. AUSSET, CARRIERS, 
 
 DELEARDE. 
 
 Surgery C.ARLIER, GAUDIER. 
 
 Anatomy and Physiology BEDART, COUSIN. 
 
 Natural History . . VERDUN. 
 
 Pharmacy DEROIDE. 
 
 Midwifery GUI. 
 
 Free Agreges : MM. THIBAUT, MOCAS. 
 Honorary Dean : M. FOLET. Honorary Professor : M. MONIES. 
 
 FACULTY OF SCIENCES 
 
 Place Philippe-le-Bel. 
 
 Dean : M. GOSSELET. Assessor : M. DAMIEN. Secretary : M. ROCHETTL. 
 Clerks : MM. HACHET, LEBRUN. 
 
 Professors : 
 
 Differential and Integral Arithmetic MM. DEMARTRES. 
 
 Rational and applied Mechanics PETOT. 
 
 Physics DAMIEN. 
 
 General Chemistry WILLM. 
 
 Chemistry applied to Industry nnd Agriculture BUISINE. 
 
 Zoology P. HALLEZ. 
 
 Botany BETRAND. 
 
 Geology and Mineralogy GOSSELET. 
 
 Astronomy PICARD. 
 
 Assistant Professor : 
 Geology M. CH. BARROIS. 
 
 Maitre de Conferences : 
 
 Mathematics MM. PADE. 
 
 Physics CAMICHEL. 
 
 SWYNGEDAUW. 
 
 Botany QUEVA. 
 
 Zoology MALAQUIN. 
 
 Chemistry .- BOUVEAULT. 
 
 PBLABON. 
 
 [Complementary Lectures. 
 Mathematics M. BOULANGER. 
 
 Honorary Dean : M. DEMARTRES. honorary Professor : M. HANRIOT. 
 
 FACULTY OF LETTERS 
 
 Dean : M. ANGELLIER. Assessor : M. HAUMONT. Secretary : M. SANSON. 
 Clerk : M. DESGARDIN. 
 
 Professors : 
 
 Philosophy MM. PENJON. 
 
 History FLOMMERMONT. 
 
 Geography ARDAILLON. 
 
105 
 
 Greek Language and Literature MM. DUFOUR. 
 
 Latin Language and Literature THOMAS. 
 
 French Language and Literature DUPONT. 
 
 German Language and Literature PIQUET. 
 
 Walloon and Picardy Language and Literature LANGLOIS. 
 
 English Language and Literature ANGELLIER. 
 
 History of the Middle Ages PETIT-DUTAILLIS. 
 
 History Language and Literature of Russia and Sclavonic 
 
 Nations. HAUMANT. 
 
 Assistant Professor : M. FOUGERES. 
 
 Maitres de Conferences : 
 
 French Language and Literature MM. CHAMARD. 
 
 Latin Language and Literature DAUTREMES. 
 
 Philosophy G. LEFEVRK. 
 
 Classical Philology JONQUET. 
 
 English Language and Literature DEROCQUIGNY. 
 
 Complementary Course. 
 
 Archeology and History of Art M. FOUGERES. 
 
 Honorary Professors : MM. CONS, PINLOCHE. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF LYONS 
 
 DEPARTMENT : RHONE 
 
 Secretary of the Foreign Students' Patronage Committee. 
 (Will be appointed in a short time.) 
 
 American Consulate : 
 M. JOHN E. COVERT, Consul, Lyons. M. THOMAS NICOLL BROWN, Vice-Consul, Lyons. 
 
 Lyons is the prefecture of the Rhone department. It is a town of 500,000 inha- 
 bitants, at 507 kilometers from Paris, situated at the confluence of the Sa6ne 
 and the Rh6ne, and very near Switzerland. It is one of the finest towns of 
 France. 
 
 From an archeological point of view, it is celebrated by its numerous churches 
 and its beautiful cathedral of Saint-Jean. The pilgrimage ol Notre-Dame de 
 Fourvieres, a church situated on a hill which command an extensive wiew, is 
 one of the most celebrated in France. 
 
 From an industrial point of view, the town of Lyons is unique in the world 
 
106 
 
 for the production of stuffs and particularly silk stuffs. Melallurgic industry 
 holds also a very important place there. The University of Lyons is one of the 
 most important from a material standpoint. The recent installation of the School 
 of Medicine is considered as the model of its kind. The study of psycho-phy- 
 siology is a speciality of the University of Lyons. University life is most active 
 there. 
 
 The University includes : 
 
 Faculty of Law, 
 
 Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy. 
 
 Faculty of Sciences, 
 
 Faculty of Letters. 
 
 Diplomas. < ; The doctoral de 1'Universite de Lyon" exists : 
 
 1 For Medicine. The diploma of doctor of University is delivered in the 
 medical order to foreign students who have obtained leave to carry on their 
 medical studies in France with a dispensation from a bachelier degree and 
 who, after their courses and examinations, have publickly discussed their theses 
 before the Faculty of Lyons. 
 
 The foreign students who aspire to this diploma take part in the same 
 exercises (practical works and hospital course) and undergo the same exami- 
 nations as the French students who aspire to a state diploma. 
 
 The University diploma does not confer the right of practising medicine in 
 France. 
 
 2 Pharmacy. The candidates for the University Doctorate (Pharmacy) must 
 produce the higher diploma of a first class pharmaceutical chemist, have accom- 
 plished a fourth years' study at the Faculty of Lyons either before or after 
 taking this diploma, and discuss a thesis containing the results of personal 
 investigations. 
 
 The thesis presented for the higher diploma of a pharmaceutical chemist is 
 not admitted for the doctorate. 
 
 The diploma of University doctor confers none of the rights and privileges 
 attached by laws and regulations to state diplomas. 
 
 3 Sciences (Mathematics, Physics, etc.). The candidates for the University 
 doctorate are only admitted to apply for the diploma after a year's study. 
 The Faculty reserves the right of granting dispensations in certain cases. 
 
 The tests include : 
 
 1 The public discussion of a thesis containing personal investigations. 
 
 2 Practical tests and interrogations proposed beforehand by the Faculty on 
 that branch of science which forms the subject of the thesis. 
 
 The diploma contains the mention of the order of studies to which the exa- 
 mination corresponds. 
 
 The candidates must produce in matriculating : 1 their birth certificate ; 
 2 the indication of their previous studies: 3 one or more certificates of higher 
 studies obtained before a Faculty of Sciences, either diplomas or scientific 
 titles obtained in France or abroad or else scientific work. The Faculty reserves 
 the right of staling in each case on the value of diplomas, lilies, or work 
 produced by Ihe candidate. 
 
 4 Letters. The French or Foreign candidales for Ihe diploma of Universily 
 doctor must produce in matriculing : 1 Iheir birlh cerlificale; 2 credentials 
 of their previous studies; 3 Ihe diploma of licencie es lettres or. in Iheir slead. 
 certificales of sludies or scientific lilies Ihe value of which will be apprecialed 
 bv Ihe Facultv. 
 
LYONS : SAINT-NIZIER. 
 
108 
 
 The candidates for the University doctorate must produce one of the above 
 mentioned titles and have a year's study either in the Faculty of Letters of the 
 University, or with the authorization of this Faculty in another French University. 
 The time of study may he abridged by decision of the Faculty. 
 
 The tests include : 1 the public discussion of a thesis written either in French 
 or Latin; 2 interrogations on subjects chosen by the candidates and accepted 
 by the Faculty. 
 
 Besides the doctorate, the University of Lyons has created a diploma of psycho- 
 physiological studies. 
 
 The candidates for this diploma attend a complete series of lessons which 
 include every year the course of psycho-physiology, and take part in the prac- 
 tical works of this teaching. 
 
 They undergo, at the end of the course, before a jury composed of three 
 examiners, an examination including : the discussion of a paper on a subject 
 given beforehand, a practical test and questions on the subjects treated of by 
 the professor. 
 
 The diploma, signed by the members of the jury and the Dean, is delivered 
 under the seal and in the name of the University of Lyons by the Rector Presi- 
 dent of the University Council. 
 
 Reviews. The University of Lyons publishes : 1 the Annales de 1'Univer- 
 site de Lyon; 2 the Annuaire de 1'Universite de Lyon. 
 
 Holiday Courses. Are now under consideration and will soon be created. 
 Students' Association. There is a Students' Association at Lyons. 
 
 FACULTY OF LAW 
 
 Dean : M. CAILLEMET. Assessor : M. FLURER. Secretary : M. J. BECQ. 
 Clerk : M. CLERE. 
 
 Professors : 
 
 Civil Law MM. CAILLEMER , FLURER , 
 
 BARTIN. 
 
 Roman Law CH. APPLETON, AUDIBERT. 
 
 Civil Jurisprudence JOSSERAND. 
 
 Criminal Law GARRAUD. 
 
 Commercial Law COHENDY. 
 
 Administrative Law J. APPLETON. 
 
 Political Economy ROUGIER. 
 
 History of Law LAMBERT. 
 
 International Public Law Pic. 
 
 Political Economy and History of Economical Doctrines. . . SONCHON, GUERNIER. 
 
 Complementary Courses. 
 
 Licence : 
 
 Elements of Constitutional Law MM. CH. APPLETON. 
 
 International Private Law BARTIN. 
 
 Financial Legislation BOUVIER. 
 
109 
 
 Complementary Courses. 
 
 Doctorate : 
 
 Hi-story of French Public Law MM. LAMEIRE. 
 
 Comparative Constitutional Law AUDJBERT. 
 
 Financial Legislation BOUVIER. 
 
 Complementary Courses created by the University. 
 
 Civil Law MM. N. 
 
 Comparative Civil Law LAMBERT. 
 
 Administrative Law J. APPLETON. 
 
 General Principles of Public Law LAMEIRE, BOUVIER. 
 
 Rural Legislation and Economy JOSSERAND. 
 
 Maritime La* COHENDY. 
 
 Juridic Epigraphy AUDIBERT. 
 
 Penitentiary Science GARRAUD. 
 
 Legal Medicine LACASSAGNE. 
 
 Notarial Legislation COHENDY. 
 
 Registration GARRAUD. 
 
 Commercial and Civil Law FLURER, Pic. 
 
 Agrcges : MM. JEAN APPLETON, LAMBERT, BOUVIER, LAMEIRE, JOSSERAND. 
 
 Directors of Lectures : MM. GALLAND, GONNARD. 
 
 Honorary Professors : MM. THALLER, MABIRE. 
 
 MIXED FACULTY OF MEDICINE AND PHARMACY 
 
 Dean : M. LORTET. Assessor : M. LACASSAGNE. Secretary : N. BEAUDUN. 
 Clerks : MM. ULRIGH, CHAUMONNOT, CAPIFALI. 
 
 Professors : 
 
 Anatomy MM. TESTUT. 
 
 Physiology . . MORAT. 
 
 General Anatomy and Histology RENAUT. 
 
 Pathological Anatomy DEVIC. 
 
 Experimental and Comparative Medicine ARLOING. 
 
 Legal Medicine LACASSAGNE. 
 
 Medical and Pharmaceutical Chemistry HUGONNENQ. 
 
 Medical Physics MONOYER. 
 
 Natural History LORTET. 
 
 Pharmacy CROLAS. 
 
 Medical Pathology TEISSIER. 
 
 Surgical Pathology AUGAGNEUR. 
 
 General Pathology and Therapeutics MAYET. 
 
 Hygiene BARD. 
 
 Therapeutics SOULIER. 
 
 Materia Medica and Botany FLORENCE. 
 
 Organic Chemistry and Toxicology CAZENEUVE. 
 
 Operative Medicine POLLOSSON. 
 
 Medical Clinic BONDET, LEPINE. 
 
 Surgical Clinic OLLIER, PONCET. 
 
 Obstetrical Clinic FOCHIER. 
 
 Ophtalmological Clinic GAYET. 
 
 Clinic of Syphilitic and Cutaneous Diseases GAILLETON. 
 
 Mental Diseases PIERRET. 
 
 Assistant Professor : M. LAROYENNE. 
 
. no 
 
 Complementary Courses. 
 
 Topographical Anatomy MM. SIRAND. 
 
 Clinic of Women's Diseases . LAROYENNE. 
 
 Clinic of Children's Diseases WEILL. 
 
 Midwifery POLOSSON. 
 
 Diseases of the Larynx, Ears and Nose LAUNOIS. 
 
 Botany BEAUVJSAGE. 
 
 Agreges : 
 
 Medicine MM. BOYER, COLLET, COUR- 
 
 MONT, DEVIC, Pic, PA- 
 VIOT. 
 
 Surgery and Midwifery VALLAS, ROCHET, ROL- 
 
 LET, CONDAMIN, NOVE- 
 JOSSERAND, BERARD. 
 
 Anatomy and Physiology DOYON, SIRAUD, DURAND. 
 
 Physical Sciences BARRAL, BORDIER, SAM- 
 
 BUG. 
 
 Natural History BEAUVISAGE, Roux. 
 
 Pharmacy MOREAU. 
 
 Honorary Professors : MM. PAULET, CHAUVEAU, BERNE. 
 
 FACULTY OF SCIENCES 
 
 Dean : M. DEPERET. Assessor : M. BARBIER. Secretary : M. BEAUDUN. 
 Clerk : M. GEOFFRIAUD. 
 
 Professors : 
 
 Mathematics MM. VESSIOT. 
 
 Applied Mathematics FLAMME. 
 
 Physical astronomy ANDRE. 
 
 Physics GOUY. 
 
 Chemistry BARBIER. 
 
 Industrial and Agricultural Chemistry VIGNON. 
 
 Geology DEPERET. 
 
 Mineralogy OPPET. 
 
 Zoology FCEPLER. 
 
 Botany GERARD. 
 
 General and Comparative Physiology DUBOIS. 
 
 Assistant Professor : M. VAUTIER. 
 
 Complementary Course. 
 
 Astronomy MM. GONNESIAT. 
 
 Lectures. 
 
 Mathematics MM. AUTONNE, CARTARE. 
 
 Physics HOULLEVIGNE. 
 
 Chemistry. . HELIER. 
 
 Industrial Chemistry COUTURIER. 
 
 Zoology CAULLERY. 
 
 Botany RAY. 
 
 Free Courses. 
 
 Mathematical Physics MM. LIENARD. 
 
 Industrial Electricity BUSQUET. 
 
 Petrography DOUCAMI. 
 
 Honorary Professors : MM. FRENET, LOIR, LAFOI. 
 
FACULTY OF LETTERS 
 
 Dean: M. CLEDAT. Assessor : M. P. REGNAUD. Secretary : M. BEGQ. Clerk : M. CLERE. 
 
 Professors : 
 
 Philosophy MM. BERTRAND. 
 
 History of Philosophy and Sciences MANNEQUIN. 
 
 Modern History ALBERT WADDINGTON. 
 
 Contemporary History MARIEJOL. 
 
 Geography LESPAGNOL. 
 
 Comparative Modern Literature TEXTE. 
 
 English Language and Literature LEGOUIS. 
 
 Greek and Latin Antiquities BLOCH, HOLLEAUX. 
 
 Latin Language and Literature JULLIEN. 
 
 Greek Language and Literature ALLEGRE. 
 
 French Literature FONTAINE. 
 
 Foreign Literature FIRMERV. 
 
 Comparative Grammar and Sanscrit REGNAUD. 
 
 History and Antiquities of the Middle Ages COVILLE. 
 
 Language and Literature of Middle Ages CLEDAT. 
 
 Classical Philology FABIA. 
 
 Assistant Professors : MM. CHABOT, LEGRAND. 
 
 Complementary Courses. 
 
 German MM. GRUBER. 
 
 Physical Geography DEPEREL. 
 
 Epigraphy LEGRAND. 
 
 Ethnology CHANTRE. 
 
 Science of Education CHABOT. 
 
 Psychology BERTRAND. 
 
 Logic HANNEQUIN. 
 
 Diplomacy COVILLE. 
 
 English LEGOUIS. 
 
 Ancient History HOLLEAUX. 
 
 History of Art LECHAT. 
 
 Latin and French Paleography CLEDAT. 
 
 Greek Paleography ALLEGRE. 
 
 Latin Epigraphy JULLIEN. 
 
 French Bibliography TEXTE. 
 
 Lectures. 
 
 Greek Literature MM. LEGRAND. 
 
 Egyptology MORET. 
 
 Grammar RENEL. 
 
 History of Lyons CHARLETY. 
 
 Honorary Deans : MM. BAYET, FONTAINE. 
 
 Honorary Professors : MM. PH. SOUPE, BERLIOUX, CLAVEL. 
 
 Dean of the Ancient Faculty of Catholic Theology of Lyons : M. 1'abbe GUINAND. 
 
 Honorary Professors : MM. les abbes BERNARD, CHEVALLARD, COSTEL. 
 
112 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF MONTPELLIER 
 
 DEPARTMENT ! HERAULT 
 
 Secretary of the Foreign Students' Patronage Committee : 
 M. FLAHAULT, Botanical Institute. 
 
 American Consulate : 
 MM. CLAUDE M. THOMAS, Consul, Marseilles. PRESSLEY, Vice-Consul, Marseille?. 
 
 Montpellier, prefecture of Herault, is a town containing 57000 inhabitants, 
 situated at 775 kilometers from Paris. It is one of the most picturesque towns 
 of Southern France, prettily seated on a hill looking over a branch of the 
 Canal du Midi. The climate is warm without ever being too hot, thanks to the 
 neighbourhood of the sea. The University dates from 1160, at the present 
 time it is a most active intellectual centre ; all studies are zealously carried on 
 there, natural sciences being especially distinguished thanks to the existence of 
 the Jardin des Plantes and the zoological station of Cette. 
 
 The Jardin des Plantes of Montpellier covers a surface of about 14 acres. It 
 is indisputably one of the most remarkable of Southern Europe as much by the 
 rarely of a great number of trees and plants it contains as by the exceptional 
 dimensions some of these plants have attained. 
 
 The Institutes depending on the Faculty of Sciences are : 
 
 The Institutes of Mathematical Sciences (Mathematics, higher Algebra. Mecha- 
 nics, and Astronomy), of Physics, of Mineralogy and Geology, of Zoology, at the 
 palace of the University. 
 
 The Institute of Chemistry. 
 
 The Botanical Institute, at the Jardin des Plantes. 
 
 Zoological Station of Cette. The Zoological Station of Cette. depending on 
 the Faculty of Sciences of Montpellier and attached to the Ecole des Hautes 
 Etudes of Paris, is open all the year. 
 
 The short distance from Montpellier (one hour by an ordinary train, half an 
 hour by express) allows professors and students to go there easily. 
 
 Tickets at a reduced price are accorded to groups of students who go there 
 every Saturday accompanied by the professor of the Faculty of Sciences, director 
 of the station, the lecturer, the head of the Laboratory of Zoology and his 
 assistants. The day passes in draggings, dissections, and explanations given 
 by the professors. A fisherman attached to the station is charged to furnish its 
 aquariums and jars with animals. The fauna is incomparably rich and the types 
 found are numerous and varied. 
 
 The zoological station is liberally open to foreign savants who are welcomed 
 there; several of them have produced work known in the scientific world. The 
 new installation will allow a greater hospitality to be shown to workers, and the 
 
113 
 
 zoological stalion is undoubtedly destined to become more and more a centre of 
 important studies. 
 
 The University includes : 
 Faculty of Law, 
 Faculty of Letters, 
 Faculty of Sciences, 
 Faculty of Medecine, 
 School of Pharmacy. 
 
 There is besides a National School of Agriculture where free students are 
 received and a School of Fine Arts. 
 
 MONTPELLIER : THE JARDIN DBS PLANTES. 
 
 Diplomas. The University doctorate exists so far at Montpellier only for 
 Pharmacy. It is likely that it will be extended to other branches of 
 teaching. 
 
 French Courses. The patronage Committee, in order to facilitate to foreign 
 students residing at Montpellier the means of perfecting themselves in the 
 knowledge of French, has been able to found gratuitous courses of French at 
 the University. These courses are exclusively reserved to foreigners. One. of 
 a very elementary nature, is destined to students recently arrived in France; 
 the other, called cours de perfectionnement. is intended for all foreign students 
 who desire to perfect themselves in the knowledge of our language. 
 
- 114 
 
 A certificate may be delivered, after an examination, to young men who have 
 given proof of a sufficient knowledge of the French language and literature. 
 
 Students' Association. There is at Montpellier a Students' Association which 
 publishes a newspaper. 
 
 FACULTY OF LAW 
 
 Dean : M. VIGIE. Assessor : M. BREMOND. Secretary : M. GIRAUD. 
 
 Professors : 
 
 Civil Law MM. VIGIE, LAUR,CHARMONT. 
 
 Roman Law CHAUSSE-DECLAREUIL. 
 
 Commercial Law VALERY. 
 
 Administrative Law BREMOND. 
 
 Political Economy BROUILHET. 
 
 Civil Jurisprudence GLAIZE. 
 
 Criminal Jurisprudence LABORDE. 
 
 History of Law MEYNIAL. 
 
 Constitutional Law BARDE. 
 
 International Public Law MOYE. 
 
 Assistant Professor : 
 
 International Private Law M. VALERY. 
 
 Complementary Course. 
 
 Political Economy M. GIDE (supplied by M. GA- 
 
 RIEL). 
 Doctoral es Sciences Juridiques. 
 
 Pandectes MM. CHAUSSE. 
 
 Administrative Law BREMONT. 
 
 History of Law MEYNIAL. 
 
 Civil Law PERREAU. 
 
 Doctoral es Sciences Politiques el Economiques. 
 
 Political Economy and History of Economic Doctrines. . . M. GIDE (supplied byM. GA- 
 
 RIEL). 
 
 Industrial Legislation and Economy MM. LABORDE. 
 
 Principles of Public Law and Comparative constitutional 
 
 La'v BARDE. 
 
 International Public Law MOVE. 
 
 History of French Public Law DECLAREUIL. 
 
 Complementary Courses. 
 
 Registration MM. VIGIE. 
 
 Notarial Legislation LAURENS 
 
 Civil Law in relation to Notarial Law CHARMONT. 
 
 Agreges : MM. VALERY, PERREAU. 
 
115 
 
 FACULTY OF MEDICINE 
 
 Dean : M. VIALLETON. Assessor : M. CARRIERS. Secretary : M. GOT. 
 
 Professors : 
 
 Anatomy MM. Gins. 
 
 Physiology HEDON. 
 
 Medical Chemistry and Pharmacology VILLE. 
 
 Microbiology RODET. 
 
 Medical Natural History GRANEL. 
 
 Hygiene BERTIN-SANS. 
 
 Operative Medicine ESTOR. 
 
 Medical Pathology DUCAMP. 
 
 Therapeutics and Materia Medica HAMELW. 
 
 Medical Physics IMBERT. 
 
 Clinic of Mental and Nervous Diseases MAIRET. 
 
 Legal Medecin and Toxicology SARDA. 
 
 Surgical Clinic TEDENAT, FORGNE. 
 
 Medical Clinic GRASSET, CARRIERE. 
 
 Obstetrical Clinic and Gynecology GRYNFELT. 
 
 Pathological Anatomy F. Bosc. 
 
 Ophtalmological Clinic TRUC. 
 
 Histology VIALLETON. 
 
 Clinic of Children's Diseases BAUMEL. 
 
 Annexed Clinics. 
 
 Clinic of Diseases of the Old MM. VIRES. 
 
 Clinic of Syphilitic and Cutaneous Diseases BROUSSE 
 
 Surgery of Children and the Old ESTOR. 
 
 Complementary Courses and Lectures. 
 
 Midwifery -MM. PUBCH, VALLOIS. 
 
 Surgical Pathology DE ROUVILLE. 
 
 Medical Pathology VIRES. 
 
 Medical Physics BEKTIN-SANS. 
 
 Medical Chemistry MOITESSIER. 
 
 Medical Natural History GALAVIELLE. 
 
 Anatomy MONRIT, ITIE. 
 
 General Pathology RAYMOND. 
 
 Agreges : 
 
 Medicine MM. F. Bosc, RAUZIER, VIRES, 
 
 RAYMOND. 
 
 Surgery. . LAPEYKE, L. DE ROU- 
 VILLE, IMBERT. 
 
 Anatomy and Physiology DELEZENNE, MOURET. 
 
 Natural History GALAVIELLE. 
 
 Physical Sciences BERTIN-SANS, MOITESSIER 
 
 Midwifery PUECH, VALLOIS. 
 
 Propoedeutical Clinics. 
 
 Medicine MM. RAUZIER. 
 
 Surgery LAPEYRE. 
 
 Syphilitic and Cutaneous Diseases BROUSS. 
 
 Midwifery, Women's Diseases GRYNKELLT. 
 
116 
 
 Eye Disease MM. TRUC. 
 
 Children's Diseases BAUMBL. 
 
 Diseases of the Throat, Nose, and Ears HEDON. 
 
 Honorary Dean : M. MAIRET. Honorary professors : MM. DUBREUIL, JAUMES, 
 PAULET. Honorary Secretary : M. BLAISE. 
 
 FACULTY OF SCIENCES 
 
 Dean : M. SABATIER. Assessor : M. DAUTHEVILLE. Secretary : M. GRANGE. 
 
 Professors : 
 
 Differential and Integral Arithmetic MM. FABRY. 
 
 Rational Mechanics DAUTHEVILLE. 
 
 Physics CROVA, MESLIN. 
 
 Chemistry DE FORCRAND, CEciiSNER 
 
 DE CONINCK. 
 
 Geology and Mineralogy DELAGE. 
 
 Botany FLAHAUT. 
 
 Zoology and Comparative Anatomy SABATIER. 
 
 Assistant Professor : M. (ECHSNER DE CONINCK. 
 
 Complementary Courses. 
 
 Mineralogy MM. CURIL. 
 
 Chemistry DE FORCRAND, CECHSNER 
 
 DE CONINCK. 
 
 Physics CROVA, MESLIN. 
 
 Botany PAVILLARD. 
 
 Zoology SOULIER. 
 
 Lecturers. 
 
 Mathematics MM. ANDRADE, LEBCEUF. 
 
 Zoology SOULIER. 
 
 Chemistry GIRAN. 
 
 Dean and Honorary Professor : M. DE ROUVILLE. 
 
 FACULTY OF LETTERS 
 
 Dean : M. CASTETS. Assessor : M. GACHON. Secretary : M. GRANGE. 
 
 Professors : 
 
 Philosophy MM. MILHAUD. 
 
 History GACHON. 
 
 Latin Language and Literature BONNET. 
 
 Greek Language and Literature MAURY. 
 
 French Literature RIGAL. 
 
 Foreign Literature - CASTETS. 
 
 Assistan Professor : MM. FECAMP, PELISSIER. 
 
117 
 
 Complementary Courses. 
 
 French Language and Literature of the Middle Ages . . . . 
 
 History 
 
 Latin Language and Literature 
 
 Paleography 
 
 Archeology ., 
 
 German Language 
 
 MM. CHABANEAU. 
 PELISSIER. 
 REYNAUD 
 BERTHELE 
 ANDRE JOUBIN. 
 FECAMP. 
 
 Lecturers. 
 
 Grammar and Philology MM. GRAMMONT. 
 
 French Literature VIANEY. 
 
 Philosophy BOUGLE. 
 
 Greek Language and Literature .BOURGUET. 
 
 Geography MALAVIALLE. 
 
 Honorary Professor : M. REVILLAUT. 
 
 HIGH SCHOOL OF PHARMACY 
 
 Director : M. JEANJEAN. Assessor : M. MASSOL. Secretary : M. GOT. 
 
 Professors : 
 
 Pharmacy MM. JADIN. 
 
 Organic Chemistry ASTRE 
 
 Toxicology aud Analytical Chemistry JEANJEAN. 
 
 Botany and Materia Medica COURCHET. 
 
 Physics MASSOL. 
 
 Materia Mediea L. PLANCHON. 
 
 Complementary Courses. 
 
 Mineral Chemistry MM. IMBERT. 
 
 Pharmacy. 
 
 Hydrology BELUGON. 
 
 Natural History PLANCHON. 
 
 Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis FONZET-DIACON. 
 
 Agregia : 
 
 Physical and Chemical Sciences MM. IMBERT. 
 
 Natural Sciences PLANCHON. 
 
 Pharmacy. . JADIN. 
 
118 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF NANCY 
 
 DEPARTMENT I MEURTHE-ET-MOSELLE 
 
 American Consulate : M. MOUGENOT (LEON). Vice-Consul, NANCY. 
 Secretary of the Foreign Stiidents Patronage Committee : The dean of each Faculty. 
 
 Nancy, the prefecture of Meurthe-et-Moselle, is a town of 80,000 inhabitants, 
 at 353 kilometers from Paris. It is the ancient capital of the Duchy of Lorraine. 
 
 The University includes : 
 
 Faculty of Letters, 
 
 Faculty of Law, 
 
 Faculty of Sciences, 
 
 Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy. 
 
 It comprises besides a Chemical Institute and a School of Brewery depen- 
 ding on the Faculty of Sciences. 
 
 Chemical Institute. The Chemical Institute of the Faculty of Sciences was 
 founded with the intention of offering young men, who intend to adopt Chemistry 
 as a profession, a general instruction at once theoretic and practical. 
 
 The theoretic instruction comprises courses of general, mineral, organic and 
 analytic chemistry. These courses, which constitute the basis of the teaching, are 
 completed by lessons in which a series of special industries such as metallurgy, 
 ceramic, chemical industry, colouring matters, fermented drinks, distillery, etc. 
 
 The practical instruction is given in vast laboratories, each of which is 
 adapted to the kind of manipulations necessary to the gradual development of 
 the teaching, and where the pupils are admitted every day of the week save 
 on holidays from eight o'clock in the morning till twelve and from two till six 
 in the afternoon. 
 
 In the course of the year, and in connexion with each industry treated of, 
 visits to the different works of the region will be organized with the consent 
 of the heads of the Establishments. 
 
 The course of study lasts three years, a Chemist's diploma is delivered to 
 young men who, at the end of this period, have successfully undergone an 
 examination bearing on all the subjects taught during their sojourn at the 
 Institute. Candidates furnished with diplomas of bachelieres Sciences or es Arts, 
 or else the brevet superieur, are admitted to the courses and manipulations. 
 In default of these diplomas, the young men will have to give proof of attain- 
 ments equivalent to these baccalaureats in a preliminary examination under- 
 gone before a commission composed of professors of the Institute. 
 
 An annual fee of 600 francs (about 120 dollars) payable in half yearly instate- 
 ments is required from students who frequent the Institute. 
 
 School of Brewery. Director : M. PETIT. Courses of three months beginn- 
 ing the I 1 ' of March and the 3 rd of November : 
 
 1 Exercises of chemical and bacteriological analysis concerning brewing; 
 
119 
 
 2 Theoretic course on malting and brewing, fermentations and diseases of 
 beer ; J 
 
 3 Exercises of brewing in the experimental brewery provided with a free/ing 
 machine and a cellar. 
 
 Fees : 260 fiancs (about 52 dollars) findings and instruments included. 
 
 Diplomas after examinations. 
 
 The laboratories of I he Chemical Institute receive also persons who without 
 attending the courses wish to perfect themselves in the practice of chemistry, 
 or pursue special investigations. 
 
 Diplomas. The Doctoral de I'Universite de Nancy exists : 
 
 I 9 ' For Law, 
 
 2 nd For Sciences, 
 
 3 rd For Pharmacy. 
 
 Holiday Courses. At Nancy, the holiday courses are carried on under the 
 direction of the Society for the propagation of the French language. 
 President : M. JAVET, professor at the Faculty of Law. 
 
 Students' Association. A students' Association exists at Nancy. 
 
 FACULTY OF LAW 
 
 Dean : M. LEDERLIN. Assessor : M. BLONDEL. Secretary : M. VALEGER. 
 
 Professors : 
 
 Civil Law MM. BLONDEL, BINET. 
 
 GAUCHLER. 
 
 Roman Law LEDERLIN, MAY. 
 
 Civil Jurisprudence BEAUCHET. 
 
 Criminal Law GARDEIL. 
 
 Commercial Law BOURCART. 
 
 Administrative Law LIEGEOIS. 
 
 Political Economy GARNIER. 
 
 Constitutional and Administrative. 
 
 Law MM. CARRE DE MALBERG. 
 
 History of Law GAVET. 
 
 International Public and Private Law CHRETIEN. 
 
 Optional half yearly Courses (Licence). 
 
 Civil Jurisprudence MM. BEAUCHET. 
 
 Financial Legislation GARNIER. 
 
 Doctorat es Sciences Juridiques. 
 
 Pandectes MM. MAY. 
 
 History of French Law LEDERLIN. 
 
 Natural Law GAVET. 
 
 Doctorat es Sciences Politiques et Economiques. 
 
 Principles of Public Law and Comparative Constitutional Law. MM. BLONDEL. 
 
 History of Public French Law GAVET. 
 
 Administrative Law . CARRE DE MALBERG. 
 
120 
 
 Public International Law 
 
 History of Economical Doctrines. . . 
 Industrial Legislation and Economy. 
 Colonial Legislation and Economy. . 
 Financial Legislation 
 
 Complementary Course. 
 
 MM. MAY. 
 
 LlEGEOIS. 
 
 GARDEIL. 
 
 BEAUCHET. 
 
 GARNIER. 
 
 Registration. 
 
 MM. BINET. 
 
 HENAUD. 
 
 Honorary Dean 
 
 M. JALABERT. Honorary Professor 
 Honorary Secretary : M. LACHASSE 
 
 M. A. LOMBARD. 
 
 FACULTY OF MEDICINE 
 
 Dean : M. GROS. Assessor : M. BERNHEIM. 
 Secretary : M. F. LAMBERT DBS CILLEULS. 
 
 Professors : 
 
 Anatomy MM. NICOLAS. 
 
 Histology PRENANT. 
 
 Physiology MEYER. 
 
 Pathological Anatomy and Physiology BARABAN 
 
 Medical Pathology SIMON. 
 
 Surgical Pathology FRCELICH. 
 
 Obstetrical Clinic and Midwifery A. HERRGOTT. 
 
 Medical Clinic SPILLMANN. 
 
 Operative Medicine CHRETIEN. 
 
 Therapeutics and Materia Medica SCHMITT. 
 
 Medical Natural History VUILLEMIN. 
 
 Medical Chemistry and Toxicology GARNIER. 
 
 Medical Physics CHARPENTIER. 
 
 Legal Medicine DEMANGE. 
 
 Surgical Clinic GROS, WEISS. 
 
 Medical Clinic BERNHEIM, SPILLMANN. 
 
 Hygiene MACE. 
 
 Annexed Clinics. 
 
 Eye Diseases MM. ROHMER. 
 
 Mental Diseases N... 
 
 Diseases of the Old P. PARISOT. 
 
 Syphilitic and Cutaneous Diseases FEVRIER. 
 
 Children's Diseases HAUSSHALTER. 
 
 Complementary Course. 
 Midwifery M. SCHUHL. 
 
 Agreges in practice. 
 
 Anatomy, Physiology, and Natural History MM. JACQUES, BOUIN. 
 
 Medicine HAUSHALTER , ETIENNE , 
 
 ZILGIEN. 
 Surgery and Midwifery FEVRIER, FRCELICH, 
 
 SCHUHL, ANDRE. 
 Physics and Chemistry GUERIN, GUILLON. 
 
 Free Agreges : MM. SCHLAGDENHAUFFEN, BOHMER, VAUTRIN, PARISOT, REMY. 
 
 Honorary Dean : M. TOURDES. 
 Honorary Professors : MM. TOURDES, HERGOTT, BEAUNIS. 
 
121 
 
 FACULTY OF SCIENCES 
 
 Dean : M. BICHAT. Assessor : M. FLOQUET. Secretary . M. GEORGEL 
 
 Professors : 
 
 Analysis MM. FLOQUET. 
 
 Rational Mechanics MOLK. 
 
 Physics BIGHAT, BLONDLOT. 
 
 Organic Chemistry HALLER. 
 
 Agricultural Chemistry PETIT. 
 
 Industrial Chemistry ARTH. 
 
 Mineral Chemistry GUNTZ. 
 
 Zoology and Physiology CUENOT. 
 
 Mineralogy THOULET. 
 
 Botany LE MONNIER. 
 
 Assistant Professors : MM. VOGT, LACOUR. 
 
 Complementary Courses. 
 
 Geology MM. NICKLES. 
 
 Meteorology MILLOT. 
 
 Lectures/ 
 
 Mathematics MM. LACOUR, VOGT. 
 
 Physics PERREAU. 
 
 Chemistry MULLER, MINGUIN. 
 
 Zoology SAINT REMY. 
 
 Botany GAIN. 
 
 Honorary Dean : M. GRANDEAU. Honorary Professor : M. FRIANT. 
 
 FACULTY OF LETTERS 
 
 Dean : M. EM. KRANTZ. Assessor : M. N.... Secretary : M. GEORGEL. 
 
 Professors : 
 
 Philosophy MM. SOURIAN. 
 
 Ancient History and Archeology CH. DIEHL. 
 
 Geography AUERBACH. 
 
 French Literature EM. KRANTZ. 
 
 Latin Language and Literature THIAUCOURT. 
 
 History of Latin Literature COLLIGNON. 
 
 Greek Language and Literature ALBERT MARTIN. 
 
 Foreign Literature LICHTENBERGER. 
 
 History of the East of France PFISTER. 
 
 Assistant Professors : MM. LICHTENBERGER, PARISET, SOURIAN. 
 
 Complementary Courses. 
 
 Modern History MM. PARISET. 
 
 French Literature ETIENNE. 
 
122 
 
 Lectures. 
 
 German Philology MM. BALDENSPERGER. 
 
 Grammar COUSIN. 
 
 Greek Language and Literature COUVE. 
 
 Honorary Dean : M. DEBIDOUR. Honorary Professors : MM. CAMPANA, GRUCKER. 
 
 HIGHER SCHOOL OF PHARMACY 
 
 Director : M. SCHLAGDENHAUFFEN. 
 Assessor : M. BLEECHER. Secretary : M. F. LAMBERT DBS CILLEULS. 
 
 Professors : 
 
 Toxicology and Physics MM. SCHLAGDENHAUFFEN. 
 
 Medical Natural History BLEECHER. 
 
 Materia Medica GODFRIN. 
 
 Chemistry HELD. 
 
 Pharmacy KLOBB. 
 
 Complementary Courses. 
 
 Galenic Pharmacy MM. DELCOMINETE. 
 
 Mineralogy and Hydrology FAVREL. 
 
 Agreges : 
 
 Section of Chemistry and Toxicology MM. MESLANS. 
 
 Natural Sciences BRUNOTTE. 
 
 Honorary Professor : M. JACQUEMIN. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF POITIERS 
 
 DEPARTMENT : V1ENNE 
 
 Secretary of the Foreign Students Patronage Committee : M. ROCHE, 38, rue Carnot. 
 
 American Consul : M. GRIFFEN (W. F.), Commercial Agent, Limoges. 
 
 M. JOUHANNAUD, Vice Commercial Agent, Limoges. 
 
 Poitiers, the prefecture of the department of Vienne. is a town of 37 000 inha- 
 bitants, at 337 kilometers from Paris. 
 
 It is one of the towns of France where the fewest changes have taken place. 
 Life is very quiet there; there is comparatively speaking little commerce and 
 
123 
 
 all the activity of the town appears to be centered in its University and garrison. 
 The cathedral of Saint-Pierre ; a 12 th century building, is celebrated. 
 
 The University includes : 
 
 Faculty of Law, 
 
 Faculty of Sciences, 
 
 Faculty of Letters, 
 
 Preparatory School of Medicine and Pharmacy. 
 
 Diploma. So far there is no Doctoral Universitaire. 
 
 Students' Association. There is a Students' Association at Poitiers which 
 publishes a monthly report entitled Poitiers Universitaire. 
 
 FACULTY OF LAW 
 
 Dean : M. LE COURTOIS. Assessor : M. NORMAND. 
 
 Professors : 
 
 Civil Law MM. LE COUHTOIS, THEZARD, 
 
 MICHON, ARNAULT DE 
 LA MENARDIERE. 
 
 Roman Law BONNET, PETIT. 
 
 Criminal Law NORMAND. 
 
 CivilJurisprudence PARENTEAU-DUBEUGNOX. 
 
 Commercial Law ARTHUYS. 
 
 Administrative Law BARRILLEAU. 
 
 Political Economy GIRAULT. 
 
 Public and Private International Law SURVILLE. 
 
 Constitutional Law and History of Public Law PREVOT-LEYGONIE. 
 
 General History of French Law and Elements of Constitutional 
 
 Law MICHON. 
 
 Complementary compulsory Courses. 
 
 International Private Law MM. SURVILLE. 
 
 International Public Law PREVOT-LEYGONIE. 
 
 Complementary optional Courses. 
 
 CivilJurisprudence MM. PARENTEAU-DUBEUGNON. 
 
 Financial Legislation PETIT. 
 
 Maritime Law ARTHUYS. 
 
 Doctorat es Sciences Juridiques. 
 
 Pandectes MM. PETIT. 
 
 History of Law MICHON. 
 
 Administrative Law BARRILLEAU. 
 
 Comparative Civil Law AUDINET. 
 
 Doctorat es Sciences Politiques et Economiques. 
 
 History of Public French Law MM. PREVOT-LEYGONIE. 
 
 Principles of Public Law and Comparative Constitutional Law. PREVOT-LEYGONIE. 
 
 Administrative Law BARRILLEAU. 
 
124 
 
 Political Economy and History of Economic Doctrines. . . . MM. CHBNEAUX. 
 French Legislation of Finances and Financial Science. . . . PETIT 
 
 Rural Legislation and Economy. . . . '. CHENEAUX. 
 
 Colonial Legislation and Economy GIRAULT. 
 
 Agreges : MM. CHENEAUX, GIRAULT, AUDINET. Honorary Deans : MM. DUCKOQ, THEZAUD 
 Honorary Professor : M. DUGROQ. 
 
 FACULTY OF SCIENCES 
 
 Dean : M. GARBE. Assessor : M. Roux. 
 
 Professors : 
 
 Rational and Applied Mechanics MM. DURRANDE. 
 
 Differential and Integral Arithmetic MAILLARD. 
 
 Physics GARBE. 
 
 Chemistry Roux. 
 
 Zoology SCHNEIDER 
 
 Botany DAUGEARD. 
 
 Geology and Mineialogy WELSCH. 
 
 Complementary Courses. 
 
 Astronomy MM. MAILLARD. 
 
 Physics DELVALEZ. 
 
 Physical Geography WELSCH. 
 
 Maitre de Conferences : 
 
 Chemistry M. GUITTEAU. 
 
 Honorary Dean : M. DURRANDE. Honorary Professor : M. CONTEJEAN. 
 
 FACULTY OF LETTERS 
 
 Dean : M. HILD. Assessor : M. CARRE. 
 
 Professors : 
 
 Philosophy MM. MAUCION. 
 
 History CARRE. 
 
 French Literature ARNOULD. 
 
 Foreign Literature PARMENTIER. 
 
 Greek Institutions and Literature ERNAULT. 
 
 Latin Literature and Roman Institutions HILD. 
 
 History of Poitou BOISSONNADE. 
 
 Lectures. 
 
 French Literature MM. LAUMONIER. 
 
 Grammar AUDOUIN. 
 
 English Language and Literature . . . ' CASTELIN. 
 
 Honorary Professor : M. LUGUET. 
 
125 
 
 PREPARATORY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND PHARMACY 
 
 Director : M. CHEDEVERGNE. 
 
 Professors : 
 
 Anatomy MM. BUFFET-DELMAS. 
 
 Physiology DELAUNAY. 
 
 Histology BROSSARD. 
 
 Pharmacy and Materia Medica JOUTEAU. 
 
 Surgical Pathology MALAPERT 
 
 Medical Pathology ALBAN DE LA GARDE. 
 
 Obstetrical Clinic and Gynecology HOLLAND. 
 
 Surgical Clinic CHRETIEN. 
 
 Medical Clinic CHEDEVERGNE. 
 
 Natural History POIRAULT. 
 
 Chemistry and Toxicology GUITTEAU- 
 
 Physics GARBE. 
 
 Complementary Courses. 
 
 Natural History MM. MAURICE LEGER. 
 
 Army Surgery MALAPERT. 
 
 Supplying Professors : 
 
 Anatomy and Physiology MM. LATRILLE. 
 
 Medical Pathology and Clinic FAIVRE. 
 
 Surgical Pathology and Clinic Midwifery N.... 
 
 Physics and Chemistry SAUVAGE. 
 
 Pharmacy and Materia Medica FLAGUET. 
 
 Natural History MAURICE LEGER. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF RENNES 
 
 DEPARTMENT : ILLE-ET-VILAINE 
 
 American Consulate : M. FOLLIARD (ERNEST), Consular Agent at Rennes. 
 
 Rennes, the prefecture of the department of Ille-et-Vilaine, is a town of 
 66 000 inhabitants, at 373 kilometers from Paris. Rennes is an industrial town ; 
 its climate is mild but rainy. 
 
 It is a convenient centre for excursions to visit the picturesque coast of Brittany. 
 
126 
 
 The University includes : 
 
 Faculty of Law, 
 
 Faculty of Letters, 
 
 Faculty of Sciences, 
 
 School of Medicine and Pharmacy. 
 
 Diplomas. The Doctoral d'Universite does not yet exist at Rennes. 
 Reviews. The Faculty of Letters publishes the Annales de Bretagne. 
 Students' Association. A Students' Association exists at Rennes. 
 
 FACULTY OF LAW 
 
 Dean : M. G. de CAQUERAY. Assessor : M. CHATEL. Secretary : M. FOURNIE-GORRE. 
 
 Professors : 
 \ 
 
 Civil Law MM. CHATEL, FELTUBLONDEL. 
 
 Roman Law VIGNERTE, RHELONHAN. 
 
 Civil Jurisprudence G. DE CAQUERY. 
 
 Criminal Law CHAUVEAU. 
 
 Commercial L.-uv GRANDMOULIN. 
 
 Administrative Law ARTHUR. 
 
 Political Economy and History of Economical Doctrines. . . TUKGEON, BODIN. 
 
 International Public and Private Law AUBRY. 
 
 History of Law and Elements of Constitutional Law and 
 
 Organization of Public Powers JARUD. 
 
 Financial Legislation THELVHAN. 
 
 -Assistant Professor : M. BODIN. 
 
 Complementary Course. 
 Maritime Law M. GRANDMOULIN. 
 
 Doctoral es Sciences Juridiques. 
 
 Pandectes MM. VIGNERTT. 
 
 History of Law FERRADON. 
 
 Comparative Civil Law CHATEL. 
 
 Administrative Law ARTHUR. 
 
 Doctoral es Sciences Politiques et Eeonomiques. 
 
 Political Economy MM. TURGEON. 
 
 Principles of Public Law and Comparative Constitutional 
 
 Law BLONDEL. 
 
 History of Public French Law. . FERRADOU. 
 
 International Public Law AUBRY. 
 
 History of Economical Doctrines and Industrial Legislation. TURGEON. 
 
 Rural Legislation BODIN. 
 
 Agreges : MM. GRANDMOULIN, THELVAN, FURADON. Honorary Professors 
 DURAND, WORMS. 
 
127 
 
 FALCULTY OF SCIENCES 
 
 Dean : M. LECHARTIER. Assessor : M. MORIN. Secretary : M. G. DUROCHER 
 
 Professors : 
 
 Mathematics MM. PUJET. 
 
 Rational and applied Mechanics MORIN. 
 
 Physics . . . . MORAU. 
 
 Chemistry LECHARTIER. 
 
 Zoology JOUBIN. 
 
 Botany CRIE. 
 
 Mineralogy and Geology SEUNES. 
 
 Lecturers. 
 
 Mathematics MM. LE Roux. 
 
 Physics WEISS. 
 
 Chemistry CAVALIER, PERRIER 
 
 Botany LESAGE. 
 
 Zoology GUITEL: 
 
 Honorary Dean : M. SIRODOT. Honorary Professor : M. GRIPON. 
 
 FACULTY OF LETTERS 
 
 Dean : M. LOTH. Assessor : M. DELAUNAY. Secretary : M. G. DUROCHER. 
 
 Professors : 
 
 Philosophy MM. BOURDON. 
 
 History LEE. 
 
 Greek Literature and Institutions LOTH. 
 
 Latin Literature and Roman Institutions DELAUNAY. 
 
 French Literature ALLAIS. 
 
 Foreign Literature BASCH. 
 
 Assistant Professor : M. DOTTIN. 
 
 Complementary Courses. 
 
 Celtic Language and Literature MM. LOTH. 
 
 Ancient History JORDAN. 
 
 Geography RAINAUD. 
 
 Lecturers. 
 
 Latin Literature MM. MACE. 
 
 English Language and Litenitura THOMAS. 
 
 Grammar and Philology DOTTIN. 
 
 Physical Geography SEUNES. 
 
 Roman Philology COULET, 
 
 History of Philosophy LAPIE. 
 
 Free Courses. 
 
 MM. A. DE LA BORDBRIE, PARFOURU, LE THEO. 
 
128 
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND PHARMACY 
 
 Director : M. DELACOUR. Secretary : M. DUROCHER. 
 
 Professors : 
 
 Anatomy MM. LHUISSIER. 
 
 Physiology LEFEUVRE. 
 
 Histology PERRIN DE LA TOUCHE. 
 
 Pathological Anatomy FOLLET. 
 
 Medical Clinic DELACOUR, BERTHEUX. 
 
 Surgical Clinic. AUBREE, DAYOT, 
 
 Obstetrical Clinic and Gynecology PERRET. 
 
 Ophtalmological Clinic BRUTE. 
 
 Hygiene Boom. 
 
 Therapeutics BLIN. 
 
 Materia Medica FLEURY. 
 
 Medical Natural History TOPSENT. 
 
 Medical Chemistry BELLAMY. 
 
 Medical Physics CASTEX. 
 
 Pharmacy MACE. 
 
 Supplying Professors : 
 
 Anatomy and Physiology MM. LAUTIER. 
 
 Medicine FOLLET, BODIN. 
 
 Surgery and Midwifery LE MONICT. 
 
 Pharmacy and Materia Medica FAINT 
 
 Physics et Chemistry LAURENT. 
 
 Natural History CRIE. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF TOULOUSE 
 
 DEPARTMENT : HAUTE-GARONNE 
 
 Secretary of the Foreign Students Patronage Committee : 
 M. DUMAS, professor at the Faculty of Letters. 
 
 American Consulate : 
 
 M. ALBION W. TOURGEE, Consul (Bordeaux). M. JOHN PRESTON BEECHER, Vice-Consul 
 
 (Bordeaux). 
 
 Toulouse, prefecture of the Haute-Garonne ; is a town of 141 000 inhabitants, 
 at 835 kilometers from Paris. 
 
129 
 
 Situated in the South of France, in a mountainous district ; on the Garonne, 
 it is the ancient capital of Languedoc. The town, very ancient and very curious, 
 contains celebrated churches, the church of Saint-Sernin, the cathedral of Saint- 
 Etienne dating from the thirteenth century, etc. 
 
 The University includes : 
 
 Faculty of Law, 
 
 Faculty of Letters, 
 
 Faculty of Sciences, 
 
 Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, 
 
 Faculty of Protestant Theology of Montauban. 
 
 Diplomas. The question of the creation of the "Doctoral d'Universite de 
 Toulouse", is under consideration and will be probably decided affirmatively. 
 
 Reviews. The University publishes : 
 
 1 A Bulletin (or report), 
 
 2 Annales de la Faculte des Sciences, 
 
 3 Annales of the South (history, archeology), 
 
 4 Review of Theology and of Religious Questions. 
 
 Students' Association. A Students' Association exists at Toulouse. 
 
 FACULTY OF LAW 
 
 Dean : M. PAGET. Assessor : M. VIDAL. Secretary : M. HABERT. 
 Clerks : MM. DUBOS, LACAZE, COLL. 
 
 Professors : 
 
 Civil Law MM. CAMPESTRON, WALLON, 
 
 ROUARD DE CARD. 
 
 Roman Law DELOUME, PAGET. 
 
 Civil Jurisprudence J. BRESSOLLES. 
 
 Criminal Law VIDAL. 
 
 Commercial Law FRArssAiNGEA. 
 
 Administrative Law HAURIOU. 
 
 Political Economy HOUQUES-FOURCADE. 
 
 General History of Law BRISSAUD. 
 
 Public and Private International Law MERIGNHAC. 
 
 Constitutional Law TIMBAL. 
 
 French Financial Legislation, and Industrial Legislation and 
 
 Economy DESPIAU. 
 
 Complementary Courses. 
 
 Comparative civil Law and Maritime Law MM. GHEUSI. 
 
 Rural Legislation and Economy DESPIAU. 
 
 Pandectes PAGET. 
 
 Principles of Public Law and Comparative Constitutional Law. TIMBAL. 
 
 Political Economy HOUQUES-FOURCADE. 
 
 History of Public French Law and History of Economic 
 
 Doctrines MARIA. 
 
130 
 
 Free Courses. 
 
 MM. VIDAL, HAURIOU, BRISSAUD, ROSCHACH. 
 
 Agreges : MM. MARIE, GHEUSI. 
 Honorary Professors : MM. Hue, POUBELLE. 
 
 FACULTY OF MEDICINE AND PHARMACY 
 
 Dean : M. LAOEDA. Assessor : M. DUPUY. Secretary : M. CHAUDRON. Clerk : M. MAURY. 
 
 Professors : 
 
 Anatomy MM. CHARPY. 
 
 Normal Histology TOURNEUX. 
 
 Physiology ABELOUS. 
 
 Pathological Anatomy TAPIE. 
 
 General Pathology and Therapeutics HERRMANN. 
 
 Medical Pathology ANDRE. 
 
 Surgical Pathology PENIERES. 
 
 Operative Medicine LABEDA. 
 
 Therapeutics SAINT-ANGE. 
 
 Medical Clinic CAUBET, MOSSE. 
 
 Surgical Clinic JEANNEL, CHALOT. 
 
 Obstetrical Clinic CROUZAT. 
 
 Clinic of Mental Diseases REMOND. 
 
 Pharmacy DUPUY. 
 
 Chemistry and Toxicology FREBAULT. 
 
 Materia Medica BRCEMER. 
 
 Assistant Professors : 
 
 Physics MM. MARIE. 
 
 Chemistry BIARNES. 
 
 Natural History LAMIC, Luis. 
 
 Hygiene GUIRAUD. 
 
 Legal Medicine GUILHEM. 
 
 Bacteriology MOREL. 
 
 Clinic of Syphilitic and Cutaneous Diseases AUDRY. 
 
 Children Medical Clinic BEZY. 
 
 Ophtalmology VIEUSSE. 
 
 Complementary Course. 
 Hydrology M. GARRIGOU. 
 
 Agreges : 
 
 Medical Pathology and Legal Medicine. . .- . . -MM.- MOREL,-RISPAL,FRENKEL 
 
 Surgical Pathology BAULY, CERTAN. 
 
 Midwifery AUDEBERT. 
 
 Anatomy and Histology SOULIE. 
 
 Physiology , , ........... BARDIER. 
 
 Chemistry . i ; ; ; ; BIARNES. 
 
 Pharmacy ' ....;.-.. GERARD. 
 
 Honorary Dean : M. CAUBET. 
 Honorary Professors : MM. J. MOGNES, J. BUSSET. 
 

132 
 
 FACULTY OF SCIENCES 
 
 Dean : M. LECLBRC nu SABLON. Assessor : M. LARTEL. Secretary : CHAUDRON. 
 Clerk : FAGEDET, 
 
 Professors : 
 
 Differential and Integral Arithmetic MM. COSSERAT. 
 
 Rational and Applied Mechanics LEGOUX. 
 
 Astronomy BAILLAUD. 
 
 Physics MATHIAS, BONASSE. 
 
 Chemistry SABATIER, DESTREM. 
 
 Natural History ROULE. 
 
 Zoology MOQUIN-TANDON. 
 
 Botany LECLERC DU SABLON. 
 
 Mineralogy et Geology CARALP. 
 
 Agricultural and Industrial Chemistry FABRE. 
 
 Mathematics. 
 
 Complementary Course. 
 
 DELASSUS. 
 
 Mathematics. 
 Physics . . . 
 Zoology. . . 
 
 Lecturers. 
 
 Honorary Dean : M. BAILLAUD. 
 Honorary Professor : M. CLOS. 
 
 FACULTY OF LETTERS 
 
 BOURGET. 
 
 COTTON. 
 JAUMES. 
 
 Dean : M. MERIMEE. Assessor : M. JEAUROY. Secretary : M. HABERT. Clerk : COLL. 
 
 Professors : 
 
 Philosophy MM. RAUCH. 
 
 History C. LECRIVAIN. 
 
 Modern and Contemporary History .'.... F. DUMAS. 
 
 History of Southern France C. MOLINIER. 
 
 Geography DOGNON. 
 
 Greek and Latin Antiquities DURSBACH. 
 
 French Literature GYROMSKI. 
 
 Latin Language and Literature F. ANTOINE. 
 
 Greek Language and Literature M. BEAUDOUIN. 
 
 Foreign Literature HALLBERG. 
 
 Spanish Language and Literature MERIMEE. 
 
 Southern Languages and Literatures JEAUROY. 
 
 Assistant Professors : 
 
 English Language and Literature 
 
 History 
 
 History of Southern Law .... 
 
 Complementary Course. 
 
 Science of Education. 
 
 MM. H. DUMERIL. 
 MARION. 
 BRISSAUD. 
 
 M. THOUVEREY. 
 
133 
 
 Lecturers. 
 
 Greek Literature MM. L.NAVARRE. 
 
 French Literature H. GUY. 
 
 Latin Literature MARSAN. 
 
 German LOISEAU. 
 
 Philosophy GOBLOT. 
 
 Auxiliary Sciences of History ROSGHACH. 
 
 History of Art GRAILLOT. 
 
 Free Course. 
 
 National Antiquities. 
 
 M. CARTAILHAC. 
 
 Honorary Professors : MM. THOMAS, BENOIST. 
 
 FACULTY OF PROTESTANT THEOLOGY 
 
 Introduction to Theology MM. MAISONNEUVE. 
 
 Holy Scriptures P. CONDAMIN. 
 
 Patrology BAREILLE. 
 
 Theology P. GUILLERMIN. 
 
 Canonic Law P. DESJARDINS. 
 
 Ecclesiastical History SALTET. 
 
 Philosophy P. MONTAGNE. 
 
 History of Philosophy BAYLAC. 
 
 Philosophy of Sciences SEUDERENS. 
 
 Complementary Courses. 
 
 Theological Literature MM. COUTURE. 
 
 Religious Archeology SAINT-RAYMOND. 
 
 Living Languages P. SUPLICY. 
 
 Scientific Philology P. CONDAMIN. 
 
 Ancient Christian Literature BALTIFFOL. 
 
 Courses of Letters. 
 
 General Literature MM. COUTURE. 
 
 French Literature ARNAUD. 
 
 Ancient Literature GIMAZNAES. 
 
 Complementary Courses. 
 
 Greek Language MM. VALENTIN. 
 
 French Language SAMOUILHAN. 
 
 Scientific Courses. 
 
 Mathematics MM. THOMAS, DOMEC. 
 
 Physics and Chemistry SEUDERENS. 
 
134 
 
 SCHOOLS OF HIGHER EDUCATION OF ALGIERS 
 
 American Consulate : 
 M. GRELLET F. Consul, Algiers. M. GRELLET (Victor A.) Vice-Consul, Algiers. 
 
 Algiers, the capital of French Africa, is a town of 71,000 inhabitants, situated 
 on the Mediterranean. It is celebrated throughout the world for its beauty and 
 the excellent climate enjoyed there during the winter months. 
 
 It is not a University town, that is to say no examinations are passed there but 
 the High School courses are analogous to the courses of Faculties, depending 
 on Universities. After having attended the courses at Algiers, you are at liberty 
 to pass your examinations in any University you may choose. 
 
 The Schools are : 
 
 Law School, 
 
 School of Medicine and Pharmacy, 
 
 School of Sciences, 
 
 School of Letters. 
 
 Diplomas. Algiers not being a University town does not confer the doctorate. 
 Certificates are given to students who have attended the courses with assiduity. 
 
 Reviews. Revue Algerienne et Tunisienne. Bulletin de correspondance 
 Africaine. 
 
 Students' Association. There is a Students' Association at Algiers 
 
 SCHOOL OF LAW 
 
 Director : M. DUJARIER. 
 
 Professors : 
 
 Musulman Law and Native Customs MM. MORAND. 
 
 Criminal Law OLTER. 
 
 Civil Law DUJARIER, VINCENT, LAR- 
 
 CHER. 
 
 Roman Law ROMAN, THOMAS. 
 
 Administrative Law MAURICE COLIN. 
 
 Algerian Legislation CHARPENTIER. 
 
 Commercial Law . GERARD. 
 
135 
 
 Complementary Courses. 
 
 Political Economy MM. MORAND. 
 
 Civil and Penal French Law CHARPENTIER. 
 
 Constitutional Law MAURICE COLIN.. 
 
 Civil Jurisprudence DUJARIER. 
 
 Maritime Law and Financial Legislation VINCENT. 
 
 Public International Law . GERARD. 
 
 Private International Law THOMAS. 
 
 Honorary Director : M. ESTOUBLON. Honorary Professors : MM. ZEYS, LEKEBURE. 
 
 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND PHARMACY 
 
 Director : M. BRUCH. 
 
 Professors : 
 
 Anatomy > . MM. TROLARD. 
 
 Pathological Anatomy and Histology . PLANTEAU. 
 
 Physiology REY. 
 
 Medical Pathology BLAISE. 
 
 Surgical Pathology and Operative Medicine VINCENT. 
 
 Medical Clinic COCHEY. 
 
 Syphilitic and Cutaneous Diseases GEMY. 
 
 Children's Clinic CURTILLET. 
 
 Surgical Clinic BRUCH 
 
 Obstetrical Clinic and Gynecology , . MERZ. 
 
 Cliemistry and Toxicology MALOSSE. 
 
 Natural History TRABUT. 
 
 Pharmacy '.*.' BATTANDIER. 
 
 Hygiene and Legal Medicine MOREAU. 
 
 Therapeutics AUG. BOURLIER. 
 
 Physics GUILLEMIN. 
 
 Materia Medica HERAIL. 
 
 Diseases of hot Countries BRAULT. 
 
 Supplying Professors : 
 
 Anatomy and Physiology MM. LABBE. 
 
 Medical Pathology and Clinic CRESPIN 
 
 Surgical Pathology and Clinic and Obstetrical Clinic . . . GOINARD. 
 
 Pharmacy and Materia Medica BEULAYGUE. 
 
 Physics and Chemistry N. 
 
 Natural History SOULIB. 
 
 Honorary Professor : M. TREILLE. 
 
 PREPARATORY SCHOOL OF SCIENCES 
 
 Director : M. THEVENET. 
 
 Professors : 
 
 Mathematics . . . MM. THEVENET. 
 
 General Physics and Meteorology THOMAS. 
 
 Chemistry MULLER. 
 
136 
 
 Zoology 
 
 Botany 
 
 Mineralogy and Geology, 
 
 MM. VIGUIE 
 DEBRAY. 
 FICHEUR. 
 
 Assistant Professor : M. TREPIED. 
 Complementary Courses. 
 
 Mineralogy 
 Astronomy 
 Chemistry 
 
 MM. FLAMAND. 
 TREPIED. 
 MALBOT. 
 
 PREPARATORY SCHOOL FOR THE HIGHER TEACHING OF LETTER 
 
 Director : M. BASSET. 
 
 Professors : 
 
 Philosophy and History of Philosophy 
 
 Ancient Language and Literature 
 
 French Language and Literature 
 
 Foreign Language and Literature 
 
 Geography 'of Africa 
 
 History of Modern Africa 
 
 Antiquities of Africa 
 
 Arab . 
 
 MM. N. 
 
 FOURNIER. 
 
 WAILLE. 
 MESPLE. 
 BERNARD. 
 CAT. 
 
 GSELL. 
 
 BASSET. 
 
 Complementary Courses. 
 
 Vernacular Arab 
 
 Arab and Persian Literature 
 Egyptology 
 
 MM. BELKASSEM DEN SED;RA. 
 FAGNAN. 
 LEKEBURE. 
 
 Honorary Professor 
 
 ALAUX 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 I ages 
 
 Introduction . . ... 1 
 
 Memorial of Mr. Harry J. Furber Jr , 
 
 Article of M. Michel Breal 6 
 
 Meeting of the Comite Franco-Americain 10 
 
 Article of Professor Simon Newcomb 13 
 
 Article of Professor Raphael George Levy 18 
 
 Organization of the French Universities 23 
 
 Conditions of a journey in France 26 
 
 Alliance Francaise 27 
 
 Expenses 33 
 
 Voyage . . . 34 
 
 Railways 35 
 
 Cycling 35 
 
 Sports 35 
 
 - Students' Association 36 
 
 ./ Nature of Studies 36 
 
 General education 37 
 
 Personal investigations 39 
 
 University doctorate 40 
 
 University of Paris 45 
 
 Establishments of Paris not depending on the University 57 
 
 College of France 57 
 
 Museum of Natural History 58 
 
 Ecole des Hautes Etudes 60 
 
 Pasteur Institute 64 
 
 Ecole du Louvre 65 
 
 Ecole des Langues Orientales .... 66 
 
 Ecole superieure des Mines 67 
 
 Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers 67 
 
138 
 
 Ecole des Fonts et Chaussees 68 
 
 Institut national Agronomique 69 
 
 Colonial School 70 
 
 School of Naval Constructions 70 
 
 Ecole de Physique et de Chimie indtistrielles 71 
 
 Ecole nalionale des Beaux-Arts 71 
 
 Conservatoire national de Musique et dc Declamation 73 
 
 American Art Association 74 
 
 University of Aix 75 
 
 Besangon 79 
 
 Bordeaux 81 
 
 Caen 87 
 
 Clermont-Ferrand 90 
 
 Dijon 93 
 
 Grenoble 96 
 
 Lille 101 
 
 Lyons 105 
 
 Montpellier 112 
 
 Nancy US 
 
 Poitiers 122 
 
 Rennes 125 
 
 Toulouse 128 
 
 Schools of Higher Education of Algiers 134 
 
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