00 
 00 
 
GIFT OF 
 
\ 
 
 709 \ \ 
 
 H "7 ! 5 '. 
 
 f LIST OIF 
 
 THE PRINCIPAL TEA DISTRICTS IN CHINA 
 
 AND 
 
 NOTES ON THE NAMES APPLIED TO THE VARIOUS KINDS 
 
 OF 
 
 BLACK AND GREEN TEA. 
 
 BLACK TEA DISTRICTS. 
 
 PROVINCE OF HOO-PEH. 
 M ^ 5$ Han-ning 
 
 Ts'ung-yang 
 
 111 iR 
 
 Hing-kwo 
 
 Districts in the pre- 
 fecture of Woo-chang 
 
 ft! A! 
 
 ( Districts in the pre- 
 
 
OARPENTIER 
 
 [2] 
 
 p'oo is a small town about 9 
 miles to the South-west of the city of Han-ning. 
 
 ffi I& Peli-tun is about 15 miles South-east of the 
 city of Han-ning. 
 
 Teas from these two places reach the Eiver Yang- 
 tsze at ^ p Kin-kh'ow, about 18 miles above Hankow. 
 
 3 tl M Yang-low-tung 
 
 ^. fjj ffj Yang-loiv-sze 
 
 are situated about 21 miles to the South-west of the city 
 of P'oo-ke. Teas from these places pass down by water 
 through fjf Jjg Sin-teen, a small place, 9 miles distant, 
 then through the province of Hoo-nan to Jj^ P Taou- 
 kh'ow on the Yang-tsze, 103 miles above Hankow. 
 
 ^ Jj? Zp Ta-sha-ping is about 18 miles East of the 
 city of Ts'ung-yang. 
 
 >J* J9? Zp Seaou-sha-ping is about 10 miles from 
 Ts'ung-yang. 
 
 6 If Wt Peh-ne-kJieaou is about 5 miles from Ts'ung- 
 
 I I ~7O * IRJ O 
 
 yang. 
 
 Teas from these places pass down to ^ *g| p Liih- 
 kh'e-kh'ow on the Yang-tsze, 93 miles above Hankow. 
 
 MJ 5f W Yang-fang-lin, in the district of T'ung-shan. 
 
 Teas from the district of T'ung-shan are taken by 
 land to Peh-tun, and then on to Hankow by the water 
 route. 
 
 || ^ Lung-keang in the district of Hing-kwo is 
 about 20 miles to the East of the city of T'ung-shan. 
 
 Lung-keang is situated on a river, which, flowing past 
 the city of Hing-kwo, falls into the Yang-tsze at 
 *S $L H Foo-che-kh'ow, just below the Split Hill, and 
 about 40 miles above Kew-keang. 
 
[3] 
 
 PROVINCE OF HOO-NAN. 
 
 |? Un-seang f Districts in the prefec 
 
 ture of Yo-chow. 
 
 I fin 
 
 JJ& Ngan-luva "^ 
 
 IK &VwiK* Districts in the prefec- 
 
 > ture of Chaiig-sha. 
 E Lew-yang g ^ ^ 
 
 g ^ Yun-kh'e is a small town, about 18 miles South 
 of the city of Lin-seang. 
 
 H ^ fil Nee-lcea-slie is about 27 miles from tlie city 
 of Lin-seang. 
 
 6 f'J ^ Peh-king-kJieaou is about 18 miles from 
 the city of Lin-seang. 
 
 Teas from these districts pass down to the Yang-tsze 
 at Taou-kh'ow. 
 
 J| H ;jg Chang-slww-keae is an important town, 
 about 2 1 miles East of the city of Ping-keang. 
 
 ^ g Kaourkh'eaou is distant 24 miles from P'ing- 
 keang. 
 
 ^ J/L Tsin-kh'dng is 9 miles West of P'ing-keang, 
 011 the river running from Chang-show-keae past the city 
 of P'ing-keang to the Tung-t'ing lake. 
 
 $| H Yu-kliow is 9 miles below Tsin-kh'ang on the 
 same river. 
 
 The teas from these districts, after passing through 
 the Tung-t'ing lake, enter the Yang-tsze at Ytf-chow. 
 
[4] 
 
 PROVINCE OF KEANG-SE. 
 
 
 GR Woo-ning (heen) f Districts in the prefec- 
 
 . ^ ture of .Nan-chang. 
 
 )\] E-mng (chow) ( it H /ft 
 
 f District in the prefecture 
 JjJ 83 Lung-ts'euen < of Keih-ngan 
 
 I s 
 
 T District in the prefecture 
 H S Shwuy-chang < of Kew-keang 
 
 I Aa^ 
 
 }j5f |3 Ho-Wiow, a town, 9 miles North of the city of 
 fr lij /K Yuen-shan, in the prefecture of J| ^ Jfi 
 Kwang-sin. 
 
 Teas from these districts are brought by water to 
 Kew-keang. 
 
 PROVINCE OF NGAN-HWUY. 
 
 ^ i* SS Jeen-teh, a district in the prefecture of 
 ?fe #| Jfif Che-chow. 
 
 >^ ^ ffl Z&h-ngan (chmv), an inferior prefecture in 
 the West of the province. 
 
PROVINCE OF FUH-KEEN. 
 
 Ching-Jw 
 
 }f 
 
 US Kiien-yang 
 $?, Tsung-ngan 
 
 Districts in the prefec- 
 ture of Keen-mng. 
 
 Shaou-woo f Districts in the prefec- 
 
 -C ture of Shaou-woo. 
 Kwang-tseh \^ 5(5 5-E Jj-F 
 
 Districts in the prefec- 
 % Yung-ngan ^ ture of Yen-p'ing. 
 fa Shun-cliang 
 fa Tseang-lo 
 
 fa Chang-p'ing ( Districts in the inferior 
 
 District in the prefecture 
 of Ts'euen-chow 
 
 ^ 5 CKWi-shih-keae, a small town, 5 miles to 
 the South of the city of Ts'ung-ngan. 
 
 j| $>f Sing-ts'wi, a town in the district of Ts'ung- 
 ngan, situated on the celebrated jl> $J g| Kew-kh'eiih- 
 kh'e or stream of the nine windings. This town is 
 close to the Woo-e hills, through which the stream 
 flows for a distance of about 5 miles from Sing-ts'un to 
 Woo-e kung, where it joins the river Min, 
 
[6] 
 
 /JC "pi Sliwuy-keili, a town about 21 miles to the 
 East of the city of Keen-yang. 
 
 fffa %j? Ma-slici, a town about 21 miles to the West 
 of the city of Ke'en-yang. 
 
 jjJjl * Keae-show, an important mart about 18 miles 
 East of the city of Shaou-woo, and 9 miles West of 
 Ma-sha. 
 
 ^ $ Ta-lioo and 
 
 >J> jijj Seaou-hoo give their names to Eapids on the 
 river between Shwuy-keih and the city of Keen-ning 
 (foo) ; they are situated about 11 miles below Shwuy- 
 keih and 25 miles above Keen-ning. 
 
 W Yang-ktiow, a town about 30 miles North- 
 west of the city of Yen-p'ing, and 9 miles East of the 
 city of Shun-chang. 
 
 T| Jj Hwang-Kang, about 30 miles East of the city 
 of Yen-p'ing. 
 
 ^ ^ Kaou-ktieaou, about 20 miles North of the 
 city of Sha (heen). 
 
 JU fj| Yung-lttie, a town about 21 miles North-east 
 of the city of Sha (he' en). 
 
 3 ^f: f f Peh-linp'oo, a town close to the district 
 city of jjjg ^ JJGg Fuli-ting in the prefecture of fg ^ Jff 
 Euh-ning. 
 
 ^t Peh-ling, a mountain pass, which gives its 
 name to a small tea-district, about 15 miles North of 
 the city of Fuh-chow. 
 
 fj jy| Tan-yang, a small town, about 33 miles North- 
 north-east of the city of Fuh-chow. 
 
 4 jfj ffi T'ae-ivan foo, or the Island of Formosa. 
 
[7] 
 
 PROVINCE OF KWANG-TUNG. 
 
 * J ! Nan-hae } Districts in the prefec- 
 
 jpf j M Ts'ing-yuen > ture of Kwang-chow. 
 
 ^g JJGJ .Hwa (fc&n; ) ME W /ft 
 
 f District in the prefecture 
 H Hi JJjfc Ho-slian of Chaou-kh'ing 
 
 *# 
 
 fnZpJlJ Homing T Districts in the prefec- 
 
 i-r MS * rr \ ture of Hwuy-chow 
 
 ffif i 0, Ho-yuen 
 
 S S jHI Lo-ting (cliow), an inferior prefecture in 
 the West of the province. 
 
 W ffi ill Se-ts'eaou shan, a hill in the district of 
 Nan-hae. 
 
 fH ^af Hiuang-lio, a small place in the district of 
 Ts'ing-yuen. 
 
 ^ ill Ta-shan, a hill in the district of Ho-shan. 
 
 ^f ^ Koo-laoUy a small place in the district of Ho- 
 shan. 
 
 H ^ ft San-to-chtih, a town about 25 miles East 
 of the city of Hwuy-chow. 
 
 ^L ?E tU Kew-leen shan on the borders of the pro- 
 vince of Keang-se, about 15 miles North of the city of 
 Ho-p'ing. 
 
 gj; 7jC Keili-sliwuy, a small place in Lo-ting chow. 
 
 PROVINCE OF YUN-NAN. 
 W ?S ffi Poo-urh, a prefecture in the South-west of 
 the province. 
 
[3] 
 GKEEN TEA DISTRICTS. 
 
 PROVINCE. OF NGAN-HWUY. 
 
 SB F1 
 
 SI HeVi (keen) 
 
 II JTeA (A&n; 
 
 HI Woo-yiwn 
 
 ,?I Hew-ning 
 
 Districts in the prefec- 
 > ture of Hwuy-chow. 
 
 f District in the prefecture 
 JJ| Tac-p'ing of Ning-kwo 
 
 ?E "^ Tun-klie, a large town in the district of Hew- 
 ning, about 15 miles South-west of the city of Hwuy- 
 chow. 
 
 This is the most important mart for Green Teas. It 
 is situated on the jjGg jff |pf Heen-keang ho, a tributary 
 of the Tseen-tang river, which falls into the sea at 
 Hang-chow. The teas are conveyed from Tun-kh'e to 
 ISTingpo for shipment to Shanghae. The natural route 
 for the tea is through the city of Hang-chow to Shang- 
 hae, but this would involve the export duty falling 
 into the hands of the Governor-General of Keang-nan 
 and Keang-se ; the Governor-General of Fiih-keen and 
 Che-keang therefore places a prohibitive duty on Tea 
 at Hang-chow, thus diverting the Teas to Ningpd" 
 where they pay export duty within his jurisdiction. 
 
PROVINCE OF KEANG-SE. 
 
 /* A 1$ nil-Una ) Districts in the prefec- 
 
 > ture of Jaou-ehow. 
 &*JS Fow-leang j ^ ^ ^ 
 
 Teas from these districts, and also from Woo-yuen 
 and Ke-mun in Ngan-hwuy, pass down by water to the 
 Poyang lake, and then on to Kew-keang. 
 
 PROVINCE OF CHE-KEANG. 
 
 Hp ^ Ping-shwuy, a small town, about 9 'miles 
 South of the city of g} j| ffi Shaou-hing. 
 
 ^ ^ Hwa-fow, a small town, about 7 miles South- 
 west of the district city of gg ^ JUS Kh'ae-hwa, in the 
 prefecture of ff >)$ Jff Kh'eu-chow. 
 
 Teas from these places pass through Ningpo to 
 Shanghae for reasons already given. 
 
NOTES ON THE NAMES APPLIED TO TEA. 
 
 Before proceeding with these notes, it may be as well 
 to mention that the word " Tea " is derived from " Tay," 
 the pronunciation in the Amoy dialect of 3jfc. This 
 character is pronounced in various ways throughout 
 China, and it is generally represented in English by Cha. 
 It is used not only for Tea, but for the Tea oil tree, 
 and other members of the Camellia family, 
 
 BLACK TEAS. 
 
 These are called by the Chinese fj ^ (Hung Cha) 
 Eed Teas. 
 
 Congou is derived from Kong-hoo, the Amoy pro- 
 nunciation of X ^ (Kung-foo) which means "work 
 or labour." 
 
 Souchong is derived from jj> fjf (Seaou-chung) which 
 means " small sort." 
 
 Paou-cliony is derived from j |f (Paou-chung), 
 which means "wrapped sort." This is also called 
 Padre Souchong from the fact of the priests, at the 
 Woo-e shan (Bohea hills) and other celebrated places, 
 cultivating and preparing very choice teas, which are 
 packed in small paper bundles, each of which is sup- 
 posed to be the produce of one shrub only. 
 
 Flowery Pekoe. This is called in Chinese j ^ 
 (Peh-haou), which means " white down/' because it is 
 picked before the leaf-bud has expanded, at which time 
 the convoluted part is covered with a down-like sub- 
 stance. 
 
 Oolong is a conniption of t |=| f| (Woo-lung), which 
 means literally Black Dragon. The origin of this term 
 
[ 11 ] 
 
 being applied to a description of Tea is stated to be as 
 follows : A Tea-planter named Soo noticed that 
 one of his plants bore leaves of remarkable fragrance, 
 and, after carefully watching the plant day by day so 
 as to ascertain the cause, discovered a Black Ser- 
 pent coiled round the stem of the bush, which re- 
 mained there for a considerable period. The tree 
 then became known as the ' Black Dragon/ and it was 
 in great repute for grafting. The seeds of this tree did 
 not produce such good plants as those propagated by 
 grafts. This is said to have occurred at Seao-hoo on the 
 river between the city of Keen-nmg and Shwuy-keih. 
 
 Caper is called in Chinese Jjf j (Shwang-che), which 
 means "doubly manipulated," much labour being 
 bestowed on its preparation with the feet as well as 
 hands. The term Caper was probably given, owing 
 to its resemblance to the flower buds of the Caper bush. 
 
 Scented Caper is called in Chinese ^ Hfj (Choo-lan), 
 on account of its being scented with the flowers of the 
 it J& lit Chin-choo-lan or fa ^ ft Yu-tsze-lan (Agiaia 
 odorata). 
 
 Scented Orange Pekoe is called in Chinese ^ 
 (Hwa-heang), which means literally " aroma of flowers." 
 The blossom of the ^ ffi Kwei-hwa is most commonly 
 used for scenting this description of tea. 
 
 Bolica is derived from Boo-e, the Amoy pronuncia- 
 tion of ]3J |fjS (Woo-e), the name of the celebrated hills 
 in the province of Full-keen. It is somewhat surpris- 
 ing that this name should be given to the very com- 
 monest description of Black Tea, while the hills them- 
 selves have been always famous for producing the very 
 finest kinds. 
 
[ 12.] 
 GREEN TEAS. 
 
 These are called by the Chinese sjjj| ^ (Liih-cha) 
 Green Teas, and fy ^ ^> (Sung-lo-cha), Sung-lo being 
 the name of a hill where Green Tea is supposed to 
 have been first discovered. 
 
 Gunpowder is called >J> J^ (Seaou-choo) "small 
 pearls," and various expressions are used to designate 
 the different qualities, thus : 
 
 Jj| $fc (Ma-choo) Hemp (seed) pearls. 
 5f| J5ft (Paou-choo) Precious pearls. 
 ^ jgfc (Che-choo) Sesamun (seed) pearls. 
 The very best Gunpowders from the P'ing-shwuy dis- 
 trict are called Jg @ (Hea-miih) Crabs-eyes. 
 
 Imperial is called ^ J^ (Ta-choo) "large pearls/c 
 and the different qualities are designated, thus : 
 j IS (Chin-choo) Oyster pearls. 
 [U 3^ (Yuen-choo) Round pearls. 
 J5S ^ (He-choo) Pearly hyson kind. 
 Young Hyson is so called, because it is similar to 
 but smaller than Hyson. The Chinese call it pfif fj 
 (Yu-tseen), literally " before Yu," which implies that 
 it is picked before JJ jff Kiih-yu, a term which falls 
 on or about 20th April every year, The different qua- 
 lities are distinguished, thus ; 
 
 $jjj jj (Ngo^mei) Imperial concubine's eyebrows, 
 Jj Hf (Mei-yu) Eyebrows picked before Kiih-yu, 
 ^ M ( Y a-yu) Buds do. 
 
 S? M (He-yu) Hyson kind do. 
 
 Other expressions are also used, such as : 
 g JJ (Fung-mei) Phoenix eyebrows. 
 ^ M (Sew-mei) Elegant eyebrows. 
 
[ 13 ] 
 
 Hyson. Tliis word is a corruption of j$5 ^ (He- 
 lm n), which means literally "vigorous or nourishing 
 spring/' but the characters do not bear translating in 
 this case. 
 
 Ball in his work on the cultivation and manufacture 
 of tea, states that the characters " He-chun " formed the 
 hong name of a Tea merchant named Le, who was 
 engaged in the Tea-trade in the district of Hew-ning, 
 during the reign of Kh'ang-he (A.D. 1662-1722). 
 
 Another explanation is that He-chun was the name 
 of the daughter of the Tea merchant Le, and that this 
 particular kind of tea was called after her, because she 
 was the first person to separate the leaves, so as to 
 make what is called Hyson. 
 
 Members of this same family are still engaged in 
 the Green Tea trade, and the celebrated chop ^ ffi ^ 
 (Le-yih-hing) continues to be made by them. 
 
 The different qualities of Hyson are described as 
 follows : 
 
 jg EB (Mei-he) Eyebrows Hyson. 
 
 IE SB (Ching-he) Best Hyson. 
 
 glj I5B (Foo-he) Second (best) Hyson. 
 
 Twarikcty. This term is derived from fg gj Tun- 
 kh'e, the well known mart about 15 miles to the South- 
 west of the city of Hwuy-chow. 
 
 This description of tea is, however, generally called 
 by the Chinese fy H (Sung-lo), from the celebrated 
 Sung-lo shan before alluded to; and here we have, 
 another instance of the commonest descriptions of tea 
 being named from places most celebrated for producing 
 and manufacturing the very best kinds. 
 
 Sun^-lo shan is a small hill about 4 miles to the 
 
[ H] 
 
 North of the city of Hew-ning. It is also called ^ fj| llj 
 (Kin-fuh shan) " Golden Buddha hill," and is stated to 
 be 160 jin in height, or say about 1,500 English 
 feet. This hill was visited by Fortune in 18 48, when 
 he found that tea was no longer cultivated upon it. 
 
 In describing the different qualities, the following 
 characters are used as prefixes : 
 
 $t fi] Kung-sze. 
 $5 lij Chang-shan. 
 H llj Hwang-Shan. 
 
 J^ g$ T'een-too. 
 & $ Peh-yo. 
 H llj Hwa-shan. 
 Ifi Yen-sang. 
 J: ^ Shang-pin. 
 jjljj }|f Keen-seuen. 
 
 Kung-sze, which means literally " public company," 
 stands for the old East India Company. 
 
 Chang-shan is the name of a famous hill in the 
 Northern part of the Woo-yuen district. 
 
 Hwang-shan, meaning Imperial or Yellow Mountains 
 is a celebrated group of spiculated hills in the prefec- 
 ture of Hwuy-chow, famous for producing the best Tea. 
 T'een-too is the name of one of the highest and most 
 noted peaks in this group ; the Chinese call it 900 jin 
 in height, or about 8,500 English feet. 
 
 Peh-yo stands for Peh-yo shan, also called ^ | Jg 
 Tse-yun-yen. This is another celebrated group of peaks 
 about 9 miles to the West of the city of Hew-ning, 
 
 Hwa-shan is a contraction of -fa I^G Jj Kew-hwa- 
 shan, a cluster of peaks in the district of ^ ^ JjtjjJ 
 Ts'ing-yang, and about 20 miles from the town of Ta- 
 tung on the Yang-tsze. 
 
[ 15 ] 
 
 Yen-sang is ambiguous, but means generally " very 
 fine." 
 
 Shang-pin means "best," and Keen- seuen, "selected." 
 
 It is now very generally recognised that either Black 
 or Green Tea can be made from the same plant. No 
 doubt some districts produce Tea more suitable for 
 being made into Black than Green, but it is well known 
 that at one time the leaf in the Woo-ning district was 
 made into Green Tea, while it is now made into Black; 
 and in Keen-teh the leaf is made into Black or Green, 
 or Black and Green, according to the demand at the 
 time. 
 
 The essential difference between Black Tea and 
 Green Tea is, that the former is sun-dried soon after 
 being picked and before it is first roasted, while the 
 latter is roasted immediately after being picked, and is 
 not exposed to the sun at all. 
 
 The baskets used by the pickers in the Green Tea 
 districts are very similar to fishing baskets, having 
 small mouths and long necks, while the baskets used 
 in the Black Tea districts are open. It is even said 
 that, in picking the leaves to be made into the choicest 
 Green Tea, the pickers stand with their backs to the 
 sun, so as to prevent the sun's rays acting upon the leaf 
 after being picked from the tree. 
 
 Morrison's orthography is used throughout this paper, 
 as being the most suitable for proper names. 
 

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