Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2008 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/etymologicaldictOObracrich CIar«nbon ^«ss S'ttm ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE EoiiDon MACMILLAN AND CO. PUBLISHERS TO THE UNIVERSITY OF AN ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE • Jbv' '•' A^BRACHET AUTHOR OF *A HISTORICAL GRAMMAR OF THE FRENCH TONGUE' TRANSLATED BY G. W. KITCHIN, M.A. AT THE CLARENDON PRESS M DCCC LXXIII [All rights reserved} 4 AUTHOR'S PREFACE This Etymological Dictionary is the natural sequel to the His- torical Grammar. In that work I had traced out the history of French grammatical forms : with a view to the completion of my task, and the full cycle of the history of the language, I was bound to write also a history of its vocabulary. This is attempted in this volume, which seeks to register for general use the results of philo- logical enquiry, hitherto too much confined to a narrow circle of literary men. It is not that philological enquiry has been lacking in France during the last three centuries. In the anarchical period of philo- logy — the period between the sixteenth century and our day, during which philology was little but a confused mass of erudite errors — two etymological Dictionaries were written, that of Manage in 1650, and that of Roquefort in 1829. Seven years later the illustrious Frederick Diez pubHshed at Bonn the first volume of his Grammar of the Rornance Languages (1836), a comparative history of the six lan- guages which have sprung from the Latin, in which he showed by what invariable laws Latin passed into French, Italian, Spanish, Portugese, Wallachian; at the same moment he created a scientific history of the French tongue. Thenceforth French philology was revolutionised ; and, just as in the eighteenth century chemistry shook itself free from alchemy, so then the study of the French language became a science based on observation^ the progress of which was destined to be very rapid, under the influence of a spirit of exact in- vestigation : the latest born of experimental sciences, it seemed likely to outstrip them all, except chemistry, in the rapidity and unbroken succession of its discoveries. Every new result is enrolled in its order in the three etymological Dictionaries which followed one another at intervals: in 18^'^ Diez ipuhlished his I^/ymologi'sc/ier Worterbuch; in 1862 appeared M. Scheler's Dictionary of French Etymology; in 1863 the first parts of M. Littre's admirable Dictionary of the French Tongue came out. ^ It is but fair to say that a Frenchman, M. Raynouard, had already prepared the way by a comparative study of the six Neo-Latin tongues ; still to M. Diez belongs the honour of having created the science by introducing into French phi- lology an exactitude quite unknown before his time. iVVt90209 author's preface. These three works give us all the philological discoveries made during the last thirty years in the French language ; and the chasm which separates them from the dreams of Manage and Roquefort can only be compared to that which lies between the chemistry of Lavoisier and the reveries of Raymond LuUi, or Van Helmont. It may there- fore seem needless to wish to swell the catalogue with a new philo- logical Dictionary ; but still I have decided on writing this book ; for there is a blank to be filled up. In scientific subjects there is always room for two kinds of books — those which teach established scientific knowledge and transmit our learned acquisitions in a collective form, and those which leave former discoveries alone, in order to at- tempt new research, to work out the solution or the discussion of problems hitherto untouched. Thus, in zoology, a treatise intended for the general public would be silent as to all doubtful or unsettled questions (such as the origin of species, or the like), and would occupy itself solely with the minute proof of established truths : but if on the other hand the treatise were addressed to the narrower class of professed naturalists, it would be satisfied with simply stating known facts (assuming their proof to be known by the reader) and would set itself specially to elucidate by new observations or hypotheses those problems which were yet uncertain. This distinction applies with equal force to etymological Dictionaries, according as they address themselves to students of philology only or to the general literary public : in the former case the main task of the author will be to attempt unsolved etymological problems, simply stating established etymologies without stopping to give the proofs. This has been done by Diez, Scheler, and Littr^, who have been more anxious to discover or explore unknown regions than to descril2£_the^^nown. But by the side of these works, which assume in the reader a previous acquaintance with philological principles and a knowledge of the position of each question that comes up, there is room for another Dictionary which shall take the science in its pre- sent condition, shall provisionally regard the etymology of all words whose origin is still under discussion as unknown, shall limit itself to the statement of etymologies already settled, and shall then lay before the eyes of the reader all the philological principles on which these interesting results depend. Of such a kind is this manual of the science of etymology which I have endeavoured to make, in the full persuasion that, imperfect as it is, it may yet render some service to the cause of higher education^. /j ^ M. Breal, Professor in the College of France, has admirably pointed out the / dangers of ' a method which professes to explain everything, and does not know ^^ how to resign itself to be ignorant of many things.' For education nothing is so /': mischievous to the authority of a science as an inconclusive discussion. i AUTHORS PREFACE, As an example of the difference between the two methods, let us take the two words marcassin and pourrir. The etymology of marcassin is unknown ; and while Diez and Littrd discuss the hypo- theses already started as to the origin of the word, and throw out new suggestions, I content myself with the simple statement that here is a blank in our knowledge, and so I leave it. For in education uncer- tainty is worse than ignorance, and the maxim ' in dubiis abstine ' finds its application. But under the word pourrir, whose etymology [l(from Lat. putrere) is well known, Littrd and Scheler merely [Imention the Latin word, and do not stop to explain ; but in my [•JDictionary I set myself to prove it, and to show how putrere becomes \pourrir, in answer to the questions, Why such and such a change? ;Have the Latin letters been altered by chance .? or Is there any invariable law of change .? Has putrere become pourrir all at once, or have there been successive changes, letter by letter? and can one fix the steps of the process in their chronological order ^? — questions which a Dictionary professing to teach ' laymen ' (as the Germans would say) the science of etymology cannot possibly neglect. ' Scientific etymology,' says M. Brdal, ' does not consist in a vague statement of the affinity which may exist between two words ; it must ' track out, letter by letter, the history of the formation of a word, and show all the intermediate stages through which it has passed.' Thus, in the example taken above, one must show that the u of putrere has passed into on {pourrir), like ursus, ours\ surdus, sourd; turris, tour; — that the Latin tr becomes rr, like latronem, hirron; nutrire, nqurrir ; — lastly, that the long e of putrere is represented by the French i, like tenere, ienir ; abolere, abolir, &c. The philologer, when he has reached this point, has done but half his work ; he has shown that pourrir answers, letter for letter, to putrere ; he must now show how this change has come about : we have as yet only the end-links of the chain, we must find the intermediate and connecting ones. Between the grub and the butterfly the naturahst studies all the different conditions of the chrysalis ; between the Latin and the French we find, on the one side the Low Latin, on the other the Early French. Thus pourrir has not leapt at one bound from putrere : Latin MSS. of the Merovingian period show us that the word became first putrire, then pudrire ; whence the earliest French form podrir, whence follows porrir, and lastly pourrir. By what slow and almost insensible changes has the Latin word slipped into ^ Our remarks on the three Dictionaries of Diez, Littre, and Scheler, must not ■ be taken to indicate any want of esteem for such admirable works. Far from challenging their method I seek only to support it by supplementing it ; methods must vary according to the end proposed, the audience addressed. Let me seize this opportunity of expressing my hearty gratitude for the advantages I owe to these masters in the science of etymology, and to their labours. author's preface, French ! — tr has been successively softened into dr, thence into rr ; u passes through o into ou ; and, as one can prove by the steps taken, the Latin word has never accomplished more than one of these changes at a time. Thus penetrating by means of a strict analysis into the innermost organisation of language, one sees that living words change and grow, and that Latin and French, for ex- ample, are in reality only two successive conditions of one language. By patient study, by careful comparison of thousands of little facts, insignificant by themselves, etymological science has been able to prove that languages, like plants or animals, are born, grow, and die, according to definite determinable laws. This fact saves us from the reproach of lingering over petty details. * Every building raised on abstract ideas,' says Buflfon, in his noble language, ' is a temple dedicated to a lie.' It is high time that men should abandon meta- physical speculations as to the origin of human speech, and betake themselves to the humbler observation of facts : for they alone can lead us on to a just conception of the laws of language ; and one may apply to them the saying of Quinctilian, ' Parva quidem, sed sine quibus magna non possent consistere,' — these are but details indeed, yet without them general principles could not stand. A. B. VOUVRAY, September 3, 1868. CONTENTS, INTRODUCTION. BOOK I. Of the Rules to be followed in Etymological investigations Chap. i. Phonetics ii. History iii. Comparison iv. Variations of meaning V. Conclusion BOOK II, Etymological Elements of the pRENcri Tongue Part I, Elements of Popular Origin Chap. i. The Latin element ii. The Celtic element iii. The Germanic element . iv. The Greek element Part ii. Elements of Learned Origin Part hi. Elements of Foreign Origin Chap. i. Words of Provengal origin ii. Words of Italian origin iii. Words of Spanish origin iv. Words of German origin v. Words of English origin vi. Words of Slavonic origin vii. Words of Semitic origin viii. Words of Oriental origin ix. W^ords of American origin Part rv. Elements of Various Origin Chap. i. Words of Historical origin ii. Words of Onomatopoetic origin iii. Words of Unknown origin iv. Etymological statistics of the French Tongue m iv vi ix xiv xvi xvii xvii xix xxii xxiv XXV xxvii xxix XXX xxxiii xxxiv XXXV XXXV XXXV xxxvii XXX vii xxxvii xxxvii xxxviii xxxix xli CONTENTS, PAGE BOOK III. Phonetics, or the Study of Sounds. .... xlii "Part i. Description of Sounds xliii Chap. i. The vowels xlv ii. History of the Latin vowels . . . liii iii. The Latin diphthongs .... Ixxvii iv. The Latin consonants .... Ixxix Part n. The Principles which rule the Permutations of Language . xcv Part m. Exceptions to Phonetics. Effect of Corruption on the Formation of the French Language .... xcvii Part iv. Derivation c Section i. Derivation of substantives ci Chap. i. French substantives derived from Latin sub- stantives . . . . . . ci ii. French substantives derived from Latin adjec- tives cii iii. French substantives derived from Latin pre- positions cii iv. French substantives derived from Latin verbs cii Section ii. Derivation of adjectives cvi Section iii. List of nominal suffixes cvii Chap. i. Accented cvii ii. Atonic cxxii Section iv. Verbal suffixes cxxv Chap. i. Accented cxxv ii. Atonic cxxv Section v. Diminutive suffixes cxxvi List of Abbreviations ex. viii ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 1-376 INTRODUCTION. BOOK I. OF THE RULES TO BE FOLLOWED IN ETYMOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS. Axiomata a particularibus rite et ordine ahstracta nova particularia rursus facile indicant et designant, itaque scientias reddunt activas. — Bacon, Novum Organon, i. 24. § 1. Etymology, which investigates the origin of words and the laws of the transformation of languages, is a new science. It is scarcely thirty years since it became one of the sciences of observation ; and the good work it has since done has speedily won for it among the historical sciences a place which it can never lose. Before attaining its present precision, etymology — like every other science, and perhaps more than any other — passed through a long period of infancy, of uncertain groping and effort, during which it subsisted chiefly on arbitrary relations, superficial analogies, and fanciful combinations. 'One can scarcely imagine how arbitrary was the search for etymologies while it was solely an attempt to connect words at haphazard by their apparent resemblance, without any farther proof. The dreams of Plato's Cratylus, the absurd etymologies of Varro and Quinctilian, the philological fancies of Menage in the seventeenth century, are known to every one. There was no difficulty in con- necting jeiine with Jeune, for youth is the morning of life, and one rises fasting. Most frequently one word was derived from another of an entirely different form, and to fill up the gap between them, fictitious intermediates were invented. Thus Menage derived rat from the Latin mus ! " They must have said, first mus, then muratus, then ratus, then rat!' Nay, farther, they went so far as to suppose that an object could derive its name from a quality the opposite of that which that name denoted, because affirmation provokes negation, and so, . 'f b i. INTRODUCTION. for instance, they affirmed that lucus came from luoere, " quia non lucet."'^ At last, the dreams of etymologists became proverbial, and this branch of human knowledge fell into utterrtiost discredit. How then has this confused heap of erudite error given place to an established science of etymology? Simply by the discovery and application of the comparative method, the method of the natural sciences. * Com- parison is the chief instrument of science. Science is made up of general facts ; scientific knowledge is the formation of groups, the establishment of laws, consequently the separation of the general out of the particular. Now, if we would compel facts to surrender to us their inner meaning, we must draw them together, explain them by one another, in other words compare them. 'Every one knows something of the discoveries of comparative anatomy. We know how the study of the structure of animals, and the comparison of organs, whose infinite modifications form the diifer- entiae of class, order, genus, have revealed to us, so to speak, the plan of nature; have provided us with a solid foundation for our classifications.' ^ Just so with languages also : here also comparison is doubtless as ancient as observation; but there are two kinds of comparison, or rather, two degrees of comparison through which the mind must pass in succession. § 2. The first is hasty and superficial comparison, which was omni- potent in all physical sciences down to the end of the seventeenth century; it was satisfied with connecting beings or words by their superficial resemblances. Thus, naturalists called the dolphin and the whale fishes, by reason of their outer shape, their habits, their con- stant living in the sea; and etymologists derived the word par esse from the Greek irapfais ^, because of all words they knew this was the one most like the French word, and they concluded, without any further proof, that this was the origin of paresse : an easy proof indeed ! These arbitrary comparisons have been succeeded in our own days by thoughtful and methodical comparison, an exact and scientific method ; one not satisfied with outer resemblances or differences, but seeking by careful dissection to penetrate to the essence and inner- most analogies of things. The anatomist now studies the internal structure of the whale, and discerns that the conformation of its organs excludes it from the class of fishes, and places it among the mammals. And the philologist, instead of studying the mere outside of words, dissects them into their elements, their letters ; observes their origin, and the way in which they are transformed. ^ M. Reville, Les ancetres des europeens. * E. Soberer, Etudes d'histoire et de critique, ^ See below, § 21. H PHONETICS. iii " It is by a strict application of this new method, by following facts instead of trying to lead them, that modern philology has proved that language is developed according to invariable laws, and follows in its transformations certain necessary rules. This book will lay out the principal characteristics of this natural history of language: it will be found that they furnish the ety- mologist with unexpected help, and are a valuable instrument, a powerful microscope for the observation of the most delicate phenomena. § 3. The instruments of observation are three in number : Pho- netics, History, Comparis.on. CHAPTER I. Phonetics. B § 4. Take any Latin letter, and ask what it has become in French you will soon see that the transition has followed a regular course, or, in other words, that each Latin letter passes into French in an invariable way : thus e long usually becomes oi : as me, moi ; regem, roi; legem, loi; te, toi ; se, sot; tela, toile ; velum, voile: ea be- comes che ; caballus, cheval ; ea^inus, chemin ; canile, chenil : o becomes ou ; tormentum, tourment ; vos, vous ; nos, nous ; sori- cem, souris ; &c. We give the name of Phonetics ^ to the collection of these laws of transformation. The bearings of this discovery are plain enough ; these laws of transformation once observed for each letter are a guiding line in investigation, and stop us if we are on a wrong track ; if the derivation does not satisfy the conditions of phonetic change, it is null and void. Thus then the knowledge of the sum total of these transformations from Latin to French letters^ is the first condition which must be fulfilled if we would busy ourselves with etymology. If any one thinks this preparatory study too minute or needless, we would remind him that anatomy observes and describes muscles, nerves, vessels, with most minute detail : this vast collection of facts may seem dry and tiresome ; but yet, even as comparative anatomy is the basis of all physiology, so is the exact knowledge of phonetics the starting-point for all etymology ; from it alone the science gets its character of solidity and exactitude. § 5. We may then state this new principle as follows : — every ety- mology which does not, according to the rules of permutation laid down by phonetics, account for every letter kept, changed, or dropped, must be set aside as worthless. See below, § 37. ' Ibid. §§ 46, sqq. b2 Iv INTRODUCTION. Taking this principle as our guide, let us look, for example, for the derivation of the word iai'/ue. One sees at once that the letters if represent the Latin ct, as is found \Xi fait from factus; lait from lactem ; fruit from fructus, &c. Thus then the first part of the word will answer to a Latin form lact ; what is the origin of the suffix -ue ? Now we can prove that this suffix comes from the Latin suffix -uca \ as in verr-ue, verr-uca ; charr-ue^ carr-uca, &c. Hence we arrive at the form lactuca, the actual Latin name for a lettuce. Thus it is seen that the search for etymologies corresponds to researches in chemical analysis. When a substance is put into the crucible and reduced into its elements, the chemist ought to find those elements equivalent in weight to the original substance : in this case the elements are the letters, and the analysis, that is, the etymology, is uncertain until all the elements are accounted for . j^ § 6. To sum up ; etymological research is subjected to two laws : (i) No etymology is admissible unless it accounts for every one of the letters of the word which it professes to explain; (2) In every etymo- logy which involves a change of letters we must be able to produce at least one example of a change thoroughly like the one suggested ; otherwise, so long as no such example can be adduced, the attempted etymology is valueless. D CHAPTER n. History. § 7. Every Latin word has undergone two successive changes in its descent to modern times : it has passed out of Latin into Old French, out of Old French into Modern French : festa became first feste, then fite. In searching for the origin of a French word it would be a great mistake to speculate on it in its present condition, and to leap at one bound back to the Latin : we ought first to enquire whether any intgr- ni^ediateiprms exist in Old French which illustrate the transition and mark the patH thirougli which the Latin word has passed down to the present time. These intermediate steps lead us up to the point of departure, and enable us to see with greater distinctness, and even sometimes to discover without any further investigation, the original word from which our French word is derived. One example will explain clearly enough the difference which sepa- rates the old from the new etymological method: formerly etymo- logists were much divided in opinion as to the origin of the word dme : some, thinking only of the sense, derived the word from the * See below, § 237. HISTORY. V Latin anima, without being able to explain how the transformation was accomplished ; others, thinking this transformation from anima to dme too harsh, derived it from the Gothic ahnia (breath). The dispute would have still been unsettled had not modern philo- logy intervened with the solution of the problem in its hand. Substi- tuting for imagination the observation of facts, modern philologers laid it down that it is absurd to debate for ever over a word in its present form, without troubling oneself with the changes it has under- gone since the first beginning of the language ; and so, reconstructing the history of this word by means of the study of early texts, they have shewn that in the thirteenth c^ntury,it was written ^^a^^ in the de^yenth aneme, in'lhe~tenth anime, a form which leads directly back to anima. " ' ~ We can avoid mistakes only by observing step by step all the intermediate forms, so as to study the gradual transformation of the Latin word ; but even so, we ought to distinguish between two kinds of intermediates, those of the old and those of the new philological school. The first assumed at a venture a very dissimilar word as the origin of the word under enquiry, and then, in order to connect the two extremes, invented fictitious intermediates, which thus led them on to the point they wished to reach. Manage, for example, thought he found the origin of the word haricot in the Latin faba ; and, to fill up the blank between, he added, 'People must have said faba, then fabaricus, then fabaricotus, arieotus, haricot.' It is like a dream, to listen to such lucubrations : they more than justified the laughter of the wits, * Alfana ^ vient ^equus sans doute, Mais il faut convenir aussi Qu'a venir de la jusqu'ici, II a bien change sur la route.' ^ § 8. But the intermediates which modern etymology demands are of a different kind : the science now no longer asks what people ought to have said, but what they did say. No more fanciful intermediates, invented as they were wanted : It is enough to trace the word through French texts from the nineteenth to the tenth century. Modern etymology notes the first appearance of words, and observes their changes age by age ; nothing is left to conjecture or invention. And this exact observation is a preliminary but indispensable portion of every etymological investigation: before passing on to the analysis of a French word in its present state, one must try to find as many examples as possible of the word in Old French. ^ Alfana is the name given by Ariosto to the steed of Gradasso. Menage derives it from equus. ^ The epigram is by the Chevalier d'Aceilly. vi INTRODUCTION. Thus, instead of inventing an arbitrary series of intermediates, we must collect under each word a series of examples taken from actual documents, running back to the very origin of the French language. These landmarks once established, we must go on to discover the etymology, starting from the word as it stood at the very birthplace of the language. Thus then the comparison of Old French with Modern French — two successive states, in fact, of one language— is absolutely indispens- able. How much better do we understand that modulare is the parent of motiler, when we see the intermediate steps— the Merovingian Latin modlare, the old French modler of the eleventh century, molle of the twelfth. This word becomes mouler by the same change of ol into ou, which we find in fou from fol, cou from col, &c.^ We need not have any doubts as to the meaning of the word ddur/^oriQ who will no longer let himself be deceived {leurre), — when we have before us the old form deleurre. In many cases we have lost the primitive form in use in Old French, and have retained the diminutive, as alouelte, moiiette, belette, whose primitives aloue, moue, bele, are gone. We have no longer the old verbs lentir, freindre, penttr, oeuvrer, ver- gonder, bouter ; but we have their compounds, retentir, enfreindre, repent ir, de'soeuvrer, devergonde\ de'bouti : and it is important that the etymologist should know all these forms, as, before we find the origin of a word, we are bound to reduce it to its simplest form.^ CHAPTER m. Comparison. § 9. When popular Latin gave birth to the French, it created four other sister languages, formed, like the French, with amazing regu- ^ The chief reason why the French language is so perfect a model for etymological study lies in the fact that these intermediary forms have an ascertained existence. We learn from this birth and this development of the French language, — in a historical age, well-known to us, — how such languages as Latin and Greek (which are known only in their full age) came first into being. This enquiry into the development of languages, through the study of the French tongue, in which all the conditions re- quired by the philologer are to be found, answers to the process in chemistry which is styled ' une experience en 'vase close.'' ^ Other examples of primitives lost in Modern French, but retained solely in their derivatives, are to be seen under the words — accabler, beani, compagnon, corset, criance, dernier, doleance, effroi, emoi, engeance, finance, galant, herboriste, issue, laitance, mechant, mecreant, nuance, outrecuidance, sure an, &c. COMPARISON. vii larity and similarity — the Proven9al, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese ;Mj or, as the Germans would say, the Romance languages. Consequently, uf we must use comparison between the Romance forms and the French, as a touchstone by which to verify and confirm our hypo- theses. We have, for instance, just shewn that laitue answers letter for letter to lactuca. If this etymology is correct, the Italian lattuga, the Spanish lechuga, must also come from the same word, their sense being also the same. Hence we may gather that the ItaUan // and the Spanish ch, came from the Latin ci, thus : — Italian : noile from noctem ; otto, octo ; biscotto, biscoctus ; tratto, tractus ; &c. ; — whence lattuga = lactuca. Spanish: noche from nocteia ; oc/io, octo; discocho, hiacoctus; irecho, tractus ; &c. ; — whence lechuga = lactuca. Thus one sees how a comparison of the Romance languages with the French confirms our'"pm[immary observations and verifies our hypotheses. These comparisons have a farther use : they often shew us the route we may follow. Between the Latin and the French the Romance tongues stand in the same relation of space as Old French does in relation of time : router seems less distant from rotulare when the gap is filled up by the Proven9al rolar (early Prov. rotlar) and Italian rotolare. Chou is directly related to caulis, through old French chol, Spanish col, Proven9al caul : between coude and cubitus, we find the Proven9al code, the old Spanish cohdo, the Italian cubito. The stages between nourrir and nutrire are filled up when one has passed through the three steps of Proven9al norrir, Catalan nudrir, Italian nutrire. If, on the other hand, we study the chronological sequence of the transformations of nutrire into the French language, we shall see that the word was nudrire in Merovingian Latin, nodrir in the eleventh century, norrir in the twelfth, nourrir in the thirteenth : and thence we may conclude that it is a natural law of such develop- ments, that the Romance languages off"er simultaneously to our sight, and, as it were, in living examples, the same series of linguistic degra- dations and dead forms that the French language sets before us at different periods in its history : just as the globe shews us in different parts the successive formations on its surface, while at the same time we have those same beds ranged one under another in a vertical series.-^ § 10. By the side of thesejour Romance languages, the great divi- sions of the Latin tongue, we have '"patois,'^vhich"are secondary divi- ^ Other examples of the value of the comparison of Romance forms for French etymology may be found under the words courroucer, guere, pouj tuer^ tuyaUj &c. ^ viii INTRODUCTION. / sions under each language. We have shewn elsewhere ^ that at first there was no one literary language in France ; that, in the different districts, the Latin was broken up into a like number of dialects — Norman, Burgundian, Picard, French (i.e. the dialect of the inhabit- ants of the He de France). We know by what succession of political events, by the conquests of the Dukes of France, and the successive augmentation of the royal domain, three of these dialects were ab- sorbed at last in the fourth, the French, which, as it rose to the rank of the one literary language, depressed the others into patois, at this day slowly dying out in the country districts. These patois are not, as is commonly thought, literary French corrupted in the mouth of peasants, but they are the remains of ancient provincial dialects, which, thanks to political events, have fallen from the position of official and literary languages to that of simple patois.^ The history of patois shews us their importance in the study of French etymology. Side by side with the fo ur Romance languag es, which form as it were four distinct colours, lie patois, filling up the intermediate spaces, and providing us with all the secondary and intermediate stages : thus regarded they throw a very strong light on many words. The bivalve shell, called in Latin musculus, is moule in French. How can we connect these words together, without passing through the Norman patois moucle, then the Languedoc mouscle, which form the inter- mediate links ? One can understand th^l/resaie and praesaga are the same word by seeing the forms presaie in Poitou, and bresague in Gascony.^ Even exceptions or corruptions of language often find their expla- nation in patois. At the outset it would seem very strange that the Old French ombril (the navel),* from umbilicus, should have become novibril in or about the fifteenth century. But if we consider that the Old' French aim (a hook), from hamus, has become naim in the modern patois of Touraine, by an euphonic corruption of un-aim, into un naim, whence h naim, we shall find that we have a clear instance of the process which has converted un-ombril into un nombril, le nombril. ^ 111 the Historical Grammar of the French 7ongue,-p. i8, sqq. English translation. ^ In the same way the Tuscan obtained the supremacy over all the other Italian dialects (the Milanese, Venetian, Neapolitan, Sicilian), which dropped into the position of patois; and in Spain also, the Navarrois, Andalusian, &c., gave place to the Castilian dialect, which became the literary language of the whole country. ^ For other examples of the value of patois in etymological research, see under the words coulis, godet, levis, nombril, &c. * Ombril is the form used in Froissart (?) VARIATIONS OF MEANING. ix Thus one sees what manner of help etymology may expect to get from the comparative study of patois. The li nguist can. .also, verify this fact, which appears in all the Romance languages : in them, as also in the patois, the Latin tongue becomes more dull and contracted the farther itjs removed in space from Latimn. And thus the progress of the Latin word is a kind of sensitive thermometer, which falls lower and lower as we^g^o^ northwards, by a series of slow and insensible degrees, not by a sudden leap or instantaneous change. CHAPTER IV. Variations of Meaning. § 11. Of the two elements which compose a word, its form and meaning, we have now considered the first, its form, ' in space and time,' as philosophers say — in space by means of Phonetics and Com- parison, in time by me ans of ..Hkt_Qry_._ But the knowledge of the history and changes of meaning in words is an indispensable instru- merifnT'the study of forms. In this branch of the subject we may study the history of the meaning either by following the changes in its own language, or by instituting a comparison, setting the word side by side with words of the same signification in other languages. § 12. History of Meaning. — If we compare a number of French words with the Latin words whence they have sprung, we soon see that most of them have changed in meaning as they have passed from Latin to French, and have not retained their original intensity aiiH i power. Sometimes the meaning is wider : carpentarius (a wheel- 1 Wright) becomes charpentier (a carpenter); caballus (a nag) has risen J to nobility in cheval ; minare (to guide a cart, or a flock) is menerl^ (to lead generally) ; villa ( = a farmstead, and then = a hamlet) be-j comes ville, a town.^ In other cases the sense is narrowed : passing \ from general to particular — ^jumentum (every kind of beast of burden) | becomes jument (a mare) ; peregrinus (properly a stranger, one who i travels) is restricted in pelerin to travellers to the Holy Land^ or ^ For other examples of expansion of sense see the words abonder, abon- ner, acerer, accorder, accoster, agneau, alarme, alerte^ alter, arri-ver, bdtard, beugler, boucher, bourg, corbeille, corneille, &c. ^ The Latin peregrinus (found in the form pelegrinus as e&rly as in the Inscriptions) had already taken the sense of 'pilgrim' in Low Latin. Thus Mapes, De Nugis Curialium, i. i8, has 'Miles quidam, a pago Bur- gundiae .... venit Jerusalem peregrinus.' It X INTRODUCTION. some other holy place; arista (fish-bone or ear of corn) has lost its second meaning in ar^fe (a fish-bone); carruca (a chariot) be- comes an agricultural cart in charrue} Sometimes the abstract Latin word becomes concrete in French : as punctionem (the act of pricking), tonsionem (the act of clipping), morsus (the act of biting), become poin^otiy lotson, mors (used of horses' bites) : similarly nutritionem is the act of nourishing, and becomes nourrisson, one who nourishes.^ Sometimes, on the other hand, a Latin concrete word becomes abstract or metaphorical in French : thus ovicula (a sheep) has pro- duced the word ouailles, which in French ecclesiastical speech is used of the flock of a spiritual pastor.^ It is clear that the French lan- guage, having before it the many rich and slightly different senses of the Latin word, takes one of its facets, regards it as if it were the only one, and thus givesTTrth to the modern signification. § 13. But these changes of meaning do not merely take place in the passage from Latin to French : * Consuetudo loquendi est in motu,' says Varro (De Ling. Lat. ix. 17); and if we were to confine our- selves to observing the history of the French tongue from the eleventh century to the present time, we should find, even in the heart of the language, many words whose sense has grown or shrunk as they have passed from Old to Modern French. Words formerly used in a noble or refined sense have fallen into the humblest and meanest condi- tion : thus pectus (the breast) kept its original sense when it passed into Old French ; and pis (from pectus, like lit from lectum, co7tfit from confectum) meant at first the breast or chest ; in feudal speech a man was said, in taking an oath, ' mettre la main au pis,' to lay his hand on his breast. The word has gradually been restricted and lowered to its present meaning. Mutare has become muer (so remutare, commutare are remuer, commuer). Muer, which had at first retained the whole energy of the Latin word (so Froissart says : * les dieux et les deesses muoient les hommes en bestes * '), presently was restricted to the moulting of ' For other examples of restriction of sense see the words ame, ampoule, ancetre, andouitle, apothicaire, appeau, arche, billon, bdilan, botteux, brosse, brouette, couper, &C. ^ For other examples see ablette, accessit, accoucher, aleruin, ambe, amble, angelique, armee, artillerie, braire, cannelle, corset, defense, dejeuner, diner, ecluse, engin, fort, habit, hiver, jour, maison, meute, mallet, poison, printemps, quaterne, rouget, serre, su(;on, temoin, tenue, terne. ' For pther examples see barreau, cbambre, chancellerie, &c. * Voltaire has still preserved this etymological signification in the lines ' Qui de Meduse eut vu jadis la tete Etait en roc mue soudainement.' HISTORY OF MEANING. xi birds, the skin-shedding of certain beasts; — labourer (laborare, to work) was restricted quite late to the sense of turning the soil. Oresme, in the fourteenth century, in translating the Ethics of Aristotle, says : * Les excellens medecins laboiirent moult a avoir cognoissance des choses du corps.' Mardtre (from matraster) meant only 'mother-in-law', or 'step-mother'; it later took the sense of a ' harsh and cruel step-mother.' Pre'au (from pratellum, Yikefleau from'\ flagellum) is literally a ' little meadow,' and kept this sense in old I French; later ^ it was restricted to the meaning, a ' little meadow behind j a prison,' where the prisoners take their exercise ; thence, the prison- \ court.^ By the side of these narrowings and diminutions of meaning [ we must notice some cases in which it is extended and enlarged.^ Many \ terms of trade, or technical and special words, have thus entered into general use : and this has been specially the case with hunting terms. Attraper was at first ' to catch in a trap' ; leurrer to ' call in the falcon with the lure'; — one who refuses to be deceived by the lure is a de'leurre {p\d form of the modern deliire). When a falcon was caught after his second moulting season, he was hard to tame, and fierce, or» as the falconers said, hagard ; whence Fr. hagard, Eng. haggard, came to have the sense of wild, then wan and wasted. But when the bird was taken from the nest, it was called mats (nidacem from nidus) and the weakness of young falcons gave the word nzais, niaiserie, to express the simpleness and awkwardness of young people who ' are scarcely out of their nest.' Another term of falconry is the expression des siller les yeiix (formerly de'ciller). It was usual to sew up the eyes of falcons to tame them, an operation expressed by the word ciller : when the bird was tame enough, they re-opened its eyes {de'ciller^ by cutting the thread which sewed together the eyelids {cils)} It was, similarly, very natural that man should give to the machines invented by him in order to economise his energy, or to -augment the effect of his work, the names of beasts of burden or of other animals which paid him service, or interested him by some fanciful analogy. Thus the Latin aries is a ram, a buttress, and a war-engine ; capre- ^ Marot, iii. 308 (sixteenth century), writes — 'Bientost apres, allans d'accord tous quatre Par les preaux toujours herbus s'esbattre.' ^ For examples see atterrer, dais, depit, ennui, etonner, fer, froisser, gene, granjelle, manant, &c. J For examples see arri'ver, aubaine, avanie, banal, banlieue, boucher, debardeur, &c. * For other examples see abois, ackarner, agacer, aburir, aigrette, ama- doner, ameuter (?), appas, bejaune, beugler, blottir, boucher, braconnier, brisees, brouter, bute, butor, curee, emerillonne , enjoleur, /ureter, herisser, bobereaux, ruser, sacre, taniere, trace, &c. xu INTRODUCTION. olus has the two meanings of a chamois and of stays ; corvus is a raven, a grappling-hook, and a crane, &c. Similarly, the French language gives this kind of double meaning to several words : thus mouton is a wether and a rammer; corbeau, a raven and a corbel; grue, a crane and the engine which bears the same name ; b^lier, a ram and an engine of war ; chevre, a goat and a crab ; chevron, a kid and a rafter. In many cases the earlier sense, that of the animal, has disappeared from Modern French, and that of the implement has survived alone : thus poutre, a beam, signifies also a mare in Old French : * De toutes parts les poutres hennissantes,' says Ronsard (sixteenth century). This word, originally poltre, Italian poledro, comes from the Latin puUetrmn, a derivation of puUus, a foal, and found in the Germanic laws; thus in the Lex Salica, tit. xl. (sixth century), we read ' Si quis pulletrum furaverit.* Again, just as equuleus signifies a young horse, and a block, and the French chevalet is a little horse and a buttress, so poutre passed from the sense of a mare to that of a beam by the application of that well- known metaphor which likens a supporting piece of wood to an animal which bears up a burden.^ So also land and water transport are assimilated, sea-terms being applied to land journeys : thus debarcadere, derived from debarquer, to disembark, is used for the terminus of a road or railroad ; the platform of a station is called quai, a wharf: some kinds of omnibus are called gondoles or galeres ; coche signifies first a barge for travelling, then a coach; from caboter to coast from port to port comes cabotin, a strolling player who goes from town to town, &c.^ § 14. To complete this series we must quote some very singular meta- phors which come from the vulgar Latin, and prove what a ^eat part the common_jpeople took in the formation-Qf^the Frendf language": from testa (a brokehvessel), gurges (a gulf),b6tellus (aTpudding), pellis (a fur hide), come the French tete, gorge, boyau, peau ; and the classical words caput, guttur, intestinum, cutis, are set aside. The French tongue adopted these metaphors from the vulgar Latin : testa means a *skuir in Ausonius, botellus an 'intestine' in Tertullian. These fanciful metaphors of the Roman common folk are not at all as- tonishing, if one remembers that in French slang a head is likened to a ball, the legs to skittles, the hand to pincers, &c. By the side of these metaphors, sprung from the Latin and transmitted thence to the French, there are a great number of native growth, and charming in their simplicity : thus the people have given the name of bergeron- nette ( = petite bergere, little shepherdess) to the wagtail, a meadow- loving bird; the bouvreuil (bovariolus from bovarius, = a little * For other examples see demoiselle, grue, &c. ^ For other examples see canard, &c. COMPARISON OF MEANING. xiii bouvier, or neat-herd) is the bullfinch, a bird which follows the herds, and Hngers about in their neighbourhood. § 15. Comparison of Meaning. — What we have already said is enough to shew how much more difficult it is to study the mean- ings than the forms of words. In dealing with the latter we have simply to deal with regular and observable changes. Climate and race have given to each of the peoples of Gaul, Italy, and Spain, a vocal apparatus differing in certain inflexions of pronunciation ; and according to these, the Latin language has been transformed with an unchanging regularity into three diflferent languages. This part of philology, styled Phonetics, is in reality a part of Natural History, for it depends, after all, on the physical conditions special to certain families of languages and peoples. In fact it is as much dependent on material conditions as the study of meanings is in- dependent of them. While the study of form can only have in view a single group or family of languages of common origin, the study of meanings attacks all languages alike, observes in all the progress of the human mind, and passes out of the domain of natural sciences into that of psychology : etymology draws largely on this comparison ) of metaphors which explain and cdhfirm the derivations suggested \ for certain words, even when we cannot give a full explanation \ of them. Thus, it is curious that popular language should have I called a certain bird (the wren) roitelei [= peiii roi, kinglet); but the ^ etymology becomes absolutely certain if we compare the Latin, Greek, German, Dutch, Swedish, Spanish, and Portuguese, and find the same metaphor in all.^ This coincidence does not indeed explain_the_cause A^ of the name^, but it proverifs~exrstence,"ahd"the correctness of the derivatlonr ""It makes it easier to understand that the Latin causa became chose, when one notices that the German <^ac^e has the meaning of both these words. We are certain that chardonnet, the goldfinch, means the bird which feeds on the grains of the thistle, chardon, when we see that in Latin the bird is called carduelis, from carduus, and in Greek aKavQX's, from uKavdos, in German 2)iftelfitif, the * thistle-finch,' in Dutch distelvink, in Italian cardellino, from cardo^ a thistle. We have just said that bouvreuil (from bovariolus, diminutive ^ The wren, roitelet, is in all the following languages called by names which are connected with the word which signifies a king in each case : Latin, regulus, from regem ; Greek, ^aaCKiaKos, from IBaatXevs ; in Ger- rnan, 3*iunfonig (the ' hedge king ') ; in Dutch, Winter koningje (the ' winter- king'); fti Swedish, fugl-konung, and in DdLvash, fugl-konge (the 'bird- king') ; in Spanish, reyezuelo, from rey ; in Portuguese, reisete, from rei. ^ The origin of this metaphor must be looked for in the legends of the I Indo-Germanic races, under the guidance of the principles of comparative ^ ' mythology. xiv INTRODUCTION. of bovariuB, a neat-herd) signifies a little neat-herd ; its English name bullfinch, and one of its Gefman names, !i8u(lenkipcr (the bull-biter '), join in confirming this derivation. Contree comes from Low Latin contrata ( = the land stretched out before one), and contrata comes from contra : here the German ©cgenb from the prep, gccjen ( = over against) explains and confirms the derivation. DejeUner (to break one's fast) from jeilner (like defaire, horn /cure), is used of the morning meal, just like the English breakfast, which means exactly the same thing. Corset is a diminution of corps'^, a little body — a metaphor confirmed by other like expressions, as the German HJeibcfcen (Ceib^, a body); English boddice, from body, Italian cor petto {corpo, a body). It seems quite natural that habitus, which signifies an habitual manner of being, should become in French habit, dress, when we see that the Greek (txw^^ ^^^d the Italian costuma have the same double sense of manner of being, habit and clothing. It is by making a delicate and careful comparison of the operations of the human mind that the etymologist is enabled to explain the origin of all such metaphors, which spring either from caprice, or the imagina- tion of the people.^ CHAPTER V. Conclusion. § 16. By shewing that words have growth and history, and that, like plants or animals, they pass through regular transformations — in shewing in a word that, here as elsewhere, law rules, and that it is possible to lay down strict laws by which one language is derived from another — modern philologers have established the firm basis of comparative etymology, and have made a science of that which I seemed doomed to abide in the region of imagination and individual caprice. ^ Originally written cors ; the p was added by the learned after the fourteenth century. At first the word corset was not used, but corps (the corset being regarded as the body of the skirt) : and in the eighteenth century, Rousseau found fault with the tightness of ladies' corps. Corset simply means a ' little body.' ^ We must not imagine from instances like this that the German language has taught the French its method of procedure : the resemblance springs from the identity of the operations of the human mind in general, and is not transmitted from language to language. ^ For other examples of the value of this comparison of meaning in other languages see arborer, helette, belier, berner^ blaireau, ble, boucher, bourdon, brocket, broder, cabus, chardonnet, &c. CONCLUSIVE REMARKS. xv Of old, etymology tried to explain a priori the origin of words according to their apparent likenesses^ or differences^ : modern ety- mology, applying the method of the natural sciences, holds that words ought to explain themselves, and that, instead of inventing systems, we ought to observe facts, by the help of three instruments; (i) the History of the word, which by regular transitions leads us up to the derivation we are seeking, or, at any rate, brings us nearer to it; (2) Phonetics^ which gives us the rules of transition from one language to another, rules to which we must submit blindly, or we shall lose our way; (3) Comparison, which assures and confirms the results arrived at. To the fantastic aberrations of learned men of old is due the discredit into which etymology had sunk ; but it is by the strict application of this method and these principles that comparative etymology has risen in our days to the dignity of a science. ^ For example, the etymologists of the seventeenth century deduced me, te, se, njos, nos, tres, heur, from the Latin me, te, se, vos, nos, tres, hora, without any suspicion that these words, which have certainly produced moi, tdi, soi, 'vous, nous, trots, heure, could not possibly have produced any- thing else. They similarly deduced boucher from bouche (as being the man who caters for the mouth), while the history of this word shews that it means the man who kills the houc or buck ; they derived cordonnier from cordon, forcene from force, while the Old French forms cordouanier and forsene prove at once that such derivations are impossible ; similarly they connected ecuyer and ecurie with the Latin equus, which has in reality no relation whatever to either of them. We may, in fact, always to lay down as an invariable axiom in etymology the principle that * t<u)o identical words are never deri-ved from one another.'' ^ Were we not acquainted with the successive progress of etymological transformation, we could not believe that pou and peduculum., age and aetaticum, ^«^ and craticulum, y^ « and fatutum* were in reality the same words. BOOK II. ETYMOLOGICAL ELEMENTS OF THE FRENCH TONGUE. § 17. A VERY brief re'sum^ of the history of the French Tongue is necessary, if we would understand what is to follow. The * Vulgar Latin/ carried into Gaul by Caesar's soldiers and by colonists, quickly swallowed up the original Celtic language (see below, pp. xix-xxii), and four centuries later was deeply affected, as to its vocabulary, by the invasion of the Germanic tribes ; more than five hundred German words establishing themselves in the Gallo-Roman language (see pp. xxii-xxiv): this language, thus modified by the intro- duction of barbarous words, under the influence of slow and insensible changes, became a new language, the French tongue, which shews itself independent of the Latin from the ninth century. Between the eighth century and the eleventh this language advances, and in the twelfth century it may be regarded as fully formed; to this ancient and popular foundation are added successively, in the thirteenth century, a number of Oriental words, introduced by the Crusades; in the sixteenth century a certain number of Italian and Spanish words ; in the eighteenth, terms of German origin ; in the nineteenth, English words; to these must be added words borrowed by the learned from the Latin and Greek, between the fourteenth century and our own day. To sum up, the French language has two great deposits of words : one before the twelfth century, the unconscious work of the people, formed from the three elements, Latin, Celtic, German; the other later than the twelfth century, formed on the one hand of elements borrowed from the modern, on the other hand from the ancient anguages. Thus then French words must be divided into three classes, — words of popular origin ; words of learned origin ; words of foreign origin. THE LATIN ELEMENT. PART I. ELEMENTS OF POPULAR ORIGIN. CHAPTER I. The Latin Element. § 18. As we have shewn in the Historical Grammar of the French Tongue, we may study any language from four points of view : — 1. The study of sounds, of the origin and history of each letter, called Phonetics. 2. The study of words, of the manner of their creation or defor- mation ; this is called ' the formation of words! 3. When we have thus studied the constituent elements of words, and their aggregation, we have still to consider how words are modified when they are brought together ; this is Inflexion (divided into declension and conjugation). 4. Lastly, Syntax shews us how words may be grouped together so as to form phrases or sentences. In describing the transition from Latin to French we must review these four divisions in succession ; the third Book of this Introduction will give us the rules which have guided the Latin letters in their transi- tion into French ; — we have elsewhere studied the changes which the Latin declensions and conjugations have undergone ; how the article was created to replace case inflexions; how declension lost one gender, the neuter, and at first was reduced from six cases to two in Merovingian Latin and Old French, and then from two cases to one at the end of the thirteenth century ; how conjugation lost the passive voice, created the auxiliary verbs etre and avoir to take the place of the Latin compound tenses, and gave a new form to the future : we do not propose to reconsider these purely grammatical points. As to vocabulary, such French words as are the simple product of the slow development of the ' vulgar Latin' differ, necessarily and essentially, from those formed from classical Latin ; for sometimes the vulgar and the classical Latin had two different forms of the same word to express the same idea; thus doubler, avant, ivraie, come from the vulgar forms duplare, abante, ebriaca, while the classical forms c 0/ xviii INTRODUCTION. duplicare, ante, ebrius have produced no French words : at other times the people and the learned employ two words of entirely different origin ; thus semaine, chemin^ bataille^ batser, iourner correspond, not to the classical forms hebdomas, via, pugna, osculari, verti, but to the popular words septimana, caminus, batalia, basiare, tornare. Many other Latin words have disappeared from different causes ; some because they had not sufficient hold on the language, or sufficient power of resistance — as e.g. spes gave way to speres, espoir, a word to be found in Ennius ; others because they would have pro- duced the same form in French as was being produced by some other word of different meaning, — as bellum disappeared because of bellus, beau, for the French word for 'war' derived from bellum must also have been beau; — lastly, many synonyms have perished, — thus fluvius, fleuve, has extinguished amnis and flumen ; janua and ostium have perished before porta, porte. Next after these modifications of the Latin vocabulary we must enumerate briefly the changes introduced in the formation of words either in derivation or in composition. Of these the most important is the addition of diminutive suffixes to Latin primitives, without any change in sense : thus we have stumus, sturnellus, ^tourneau ; corvuB, corvellus, corbeau ; passer, passerellus, passereau. The * Lingua Romana rustica,' the ' field-Latin,' had already shewn this influence by giving the full meaning of the primitive to its diminutives, as apicula for apis, comicula for comix, &c., whence we have in French chevreuil from capreolus, abeille from apicula, agneau from agnellus, &c., in which the diminutive signification is entirely lost in the French. Other means have also been employed to create new substantives from existing verbs. The Latin language had the remarkable power of being able to make substantives out of its past participles: e.g. peccatum properly the p. p. of peccare, scriptum of scribere, fossa of fodere. The French language has carried on this grammatical process, and has thereby produced thousands of substantives, as regu, fait, dH, the p. p. of recevoir,faire, devoir. And this is especially the case with feminine participles, as vue, e'touffe'e, venue, avenue, &c. ^ Next after the past participle comes the infinitive, whence are formed verbal substantives, about three hundred of them, answering to no Latin form, but derived directly from a French verb by cutting off the infinitival termination : thus, the Latin apportare, appellare, purgare have produced the French verbs apporter, appeler,purger, and these verbs in their turn, by dropping the verbal ending, become the verbal substantives apport, appel, purge, which have no corresponding substantives in Latin. But Latin and French are but successive con- ditions of the same language, and there is scarcely any grammatical * For details, see the Historical Grammar, pp. 140, 141. THE CELTIC ELEMENT. xix procedure employed in French whose germ cannot be found in Latin : so the Latins also created their verbal substantives by means of the infinitive ; from notare, copulare, probare, &c., came the substantives nota, copula, proba ^. Thus, too, it is after the Latin pattern that the French language has formed new verbs by means of the participles of existing verbs : from edere, cogere, quatere, detrahere, videre, they had formed, by adding the infinitival ending to the participles editus, cogitus, quassus, detractus, visus, the verbs editare, cogitare, quassare, detractare, visere ; and the * rustic Latin ' built a crowd of verbs on this plan; it rejected such primitives as uti, radere, audere, &c., and from the participles usus, rasus, ausus, produced the verbs usare, rasare, ausare, &c., whence have sprung the French verbs user, raser, oser, &c. These are the principal changes introduced into the structure of the Latin language by the Gallic peoples^. We shall see in the Etymological Dictionary, and in the next book of the Introduction {Phonetics), through what intermediate stages the Latin, thus mo- dified in inflexion, syntax, formation of words, passed before reaching its present state in Modern French. CHAPTER IL The Celtic Element. % § 19. We need not again ^ discuss the reasons of the absorption of the Gallic language by the Latin : let us simply state that two centuries after Caesar's conquest, the Celtic tongue had all but disappeared from Gaul. Still that language did not perish without leaving behind it slight but yet distinct traces. Thus, the Romans noticed that their ^ The subject of verbal substantives has been exhaustively treated by M. Egger, in an admirable article in the Memoires de V Academie des In- scriptions, 24. 2, a model of sure and acute scientific study, which leaves his successors no gleanings in the field which he has reaped. ^ There are many more modifications, but they will be found in the body of the Dictionary ; we here attempt only a general view. ^ See the Historical Grammar, pp. 4, 5. It is so difficult to describe the etymological elements of the French tongue without reproducing the history of the language, that the reader must excuse our frequent references to the book in which that history has already been given ; the introduction of certain elements in the language can only be ex- plained by a historical account of the vicissitudes of that language ; and thus we have more than once repeated here what we have already said elsewhere. c 2 IX INTRODUCTION. galerita (the crested lark) was called 'alauda' by the Gauls; that fermented barley, theii; zythum, was in Gaul ' cervisia ' ; they accepted these words as incomers; and from them, six centuries later, sprang the French words alouette \ cervoise. This is also true of bee, Iteue, alose, braie, banne, arpent, brasseur, bouleau, marne, which answer to beccus, leuca, alosa, braca, benna, arepennis, brace (Pliny), betula, margula, words which Roman writers cite as borrowed from the Celtic. There are also many Latin words, which have not descended to the French, which are stated to be of Gallic origin: such are ambactus, bardus, druida, galba, rheda, soldurius. These isolated words, and certain other such^, especially names of places, are all that are due to the Gallic language ; and indeed, to speak more exactly, nothing is due to it, for these words have reached the French through the Latin ; they did not p^ss straight from Celtic to French, but underwent a translation into Latin first. In short, these words " are so few that one may fairly say that the influence of the Celtic on the French has been insensible. ' Thus, while the French nation is in the main Celtic, the French language has preserved but a few words which can be traced to a Celtic origin : — a singular fact, and one which shews even better than history can do, how absorbing was the Roman power. The Gallic language, thrust back into Armorica by the Roman conquerors, survived in isolation for centuries ; in the seventh century its strength was renewed by the immigration of refugees from Wales. The Bretons resisted the Frankish conquest even as they had resisted the Roman ; the Low Breton dialect of the present day is the direct heir of the old Celtic speech. It has a considerable literature, tales, national ballads, plays, — which, however, date no farther back than the fourteenth century. For a thousand years it has been incessantly pressed, in its last refuge, by the French language, and it is there- fore now very different from the original Celtic : the original Celtic elements have necessarily suffered degradation from eighteen centuries of use, and, besides, many strange, that is, French, words have forced themselves in. And thus many Breton words run in pairs, the ^ Alauda is not the immediate parent of alouette, but of aloue, which existed in Old French ; alouette is its diminutive ; cp. cwvette and cwve^ amourette and amour, &c. ^ Bagage, balai, barre, betoine, bidet, bouge, bran, bruyere, bassin, claie, cormoran, cruche, darne, dartre, dru, galerne, garotter, gober, goeland, goelette, harnais, houle, jarret, lais, matras, pinson, pot, quai, ruche, sornette, toque, truand, 'vassal. And beside these there are the words which modem history has introduced, as loans from the Latin (such as barde, ambacte, druide), or from the Low Breton (as dolmen, men-hir\ THE CELTIC ELEMENT. xxi one old and of Celtic birth, the other newer, French in origin, and dressed up with a Celtic termination : thus the French word juste is, in Breton, either egwirion or just, k trouble „ „ enkrezet or trouhlet, ^^ ■' colere „ „ buanegez or coler, &c. Of these synonyms, the first column {egwirion, &c.) is of old words of Celtic origin; the second {just, &c.) is of French words slightly altered. It would not have been needful to insist on this simple matter, had not some bold speculators in the eighteenth century, struck with this resemblance, concluded at once that such words as just, trouhlet, &c. were not French importations, but were rather the originals of the corresponding French words. Le Brigant and the illustrious La Tour d'Auvergne (as bad as a philologer as he was good as a patriot) declared that the French language was derived from the Low Breton ^ They would have been rather astonished had they seen the proof that the contrary is the case, and that these words {just, troublet, &c.) instead of being the parents, are the children of the French language, French words corrupted and concealed under a Celtic termination. These etymological follies, which Voltaire derided under the name of ' a Celtomania,' formed the amusement of the eighteenth century ; the * Celtomaniacs ' gave loose rein to their fancies, and declared that the Celtic was the language of Paradise, and that Adam, Eve, the serpent himself, talked Low Breton. » One would have thought that, after all the discoveries of modern philology, which has cleared up the Latin origin of the French lan- guage, and has worked out by observation the laws of its transforma- tion, there would have been an end of such fancies; on the contrary, the Celtomaniacs are as lively as ever, and we may read in the Memoirs of the Celtic International Congress, that ' France, whose magnanimity impels her to the four corners of the earth to succour the oppressed, will never allow the literature whence hers has sprung to languish at her side. The Pelican feeds her young with her blood; we have never heard that they have shewn themselves ungrateful for such unparalleled generosity. But I am wrong: — such ingratitude does exist! The Celtic tongue has nourished all ^ These unfortunate mistakes have also had a worse result — that of throwing undeserved discredit on Celtic studies. Instead of trying to p. ove that the French language springs from the Celtic, as the Low Breton philologers have done, they ought to have studied the Celtic in and for itself, and to have written the comparative history of the dialects of Brittany, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, as has been done for Italian, Spanish, and French. It is to a German, Zeuss, that Breton philologists owe the com- pletion of this task, in an excellent work, the Grammatica Celtica, published at Leipzig in 1853. ^ zxU INTRODUCTION. the languages of Europe, and specially the French, with her best blood: must we then say of France what we cannot say of the Pelican's offspring — s/ie has forgotten her mother * ?^ CHAPTER III. The Germanic Element. § 20. Since the formation of the French language, it has received a considerable number of German words, brought in by the invasion of the Germanic tribes. Three successive strata of such imported words may be noted : (i) those prior to the invasion introduced by the bar- barians who served under the Roman eagles, such as burgus, used by Vegetius for a fortified work; (2) war-terms, feudal-terms, &c., which Franks, Goths, and Burgundians brought in with them ; (3) a great number of sea-terms, imported in the tenth century by the Normans. Under these three heads there are, in all, about 450 words ; if we were to add German words imported into Modern French, the number might easily be doubled. This invasion of foreign words seems to be the necessary consequence of the adoption of barbaric manners and institutions. How could such ideas as those expressed by the words vassal, alien, ban, mall, fief, be rendered into Latin? When the con- (juerors substituted the feudal regime of the Germanic tribes for the monarchical and centralised organization of the Roman Empire, they were obliged at the same time to introduce into the language words relating to their institutions ; and thus the titles of the feudal hierarchy and all terms referring to its political or judicial institutions are of German origin. Thus, such words as mahal, bann, alod, skepeno, marahscalh, siniscalh, &c., introduced by the Franks into the common Latin, became mallum, bannum, alodium, skabinus, mariscallus, siniscallus, &c., and when, together with the rest of the common Latin, they passed into French, they became mall, ban, alien, echevin, mare'chal, se'ne'chal, &c. ^ These words, thus introduced, represent ' Congres Celtique international, Saint-Brieuc, October, 1867, p. 309. 2 These German words having been latinised by the Gallo-Romans, we will cite them as much as we can in their Latin form, which lies between the German and the French. Thus, echevin is nearer to scabinus than to skepeno. There are also two other questions connected with this subject, which have not yet been noticed: (i) the exact determination, in the case of each word, of the particular German dialect to which it belongs; (2) the date of its introduction into the Low-Latin. There is one class whose origin we know, the sea-faring terms, which come, almost without exception, from the Dutch or the Norse. This uncertainty, and our ignorance as to the ancient German dialects, have hindered us from giving (as we have done THE GERMANIC ELEMENT. xxiii classes of ideas of very different kinds ^ ; war, seafaring, hunting, are the most considerable, as may be seen by the following examples. The following is a full hst of these borrowed words, classified under a few of the most general heads : — 1. Military terms : — arroi, auberge, balk, bande, baudrier, beffroi, berme, blinder, boulevard, bourg, brandir, breche, brette, bride, briser, butin, cible, dard, de'sarroi, drille, e'charpe, e'craser, e'curie, e'peron, epier, esquiver, ^tape, e'trier, fourrage, fleche, fourreau, f rapper, gage, galoper, gonfalon, guerdon, gue'rite, guerre, guet, guichet, guide, hallebarde, halte, haubert, heaume, Mberger, he'raut, houseaux, housse, marcher, marichal, marque, navrer, rang, rapiere, targe, treve, vacarme. 2. Seafaring terms : — agres, amarrer, avarie, bac, bitte, bord, brasse, canot, caquer, chaloupe, cingler, crique, digue, drague, e'cume, elingue, equiper, esquif, esturgeon, e'tangue, falaise , foe , fresange, fret , gaffe , gar er , guinder, halage, hamac, hauban, hdvre, hisser, hune, lisse, mat, mousse, quille, rade, radouber, tillac, vague, varangue, varech, voguer. 3. Hunting terms, names of animals, &c. : — aigrette, baudir, be'lier, blesser, bramer, braque, breuil, broncher, brouter, caille, canard, carpe, chopper, chouette, clabauder, clapir, crabe, creche^ croupe, ^caille, e'chasse, e'chine, e'crevisse, e'peiche, epervier, ipois, estrive, f anon, faucon, gar enne, gerfaut, glapir, grimper, grincer, gripper, grommeler, hanche, hanneton, happer, hareng, hargneux, heron, homard, le'cher, leurrer, madre', marsouin, mite, mouette, mulot, rat, re'nard, rosse, rotir, taudis, trappe, traquer. 4. Titles, and names of political or judicial institutions: — aban- donner, alleu, ban, bedeau, carcan, chambellan, e'chafaud, e'chanson, e'chevin, e'cot,fourrier, fief , franc, gabelle, gai, galant, hanse, hardi, haro, honnir, joli, lisle, lot, malle, marc, mignard, mignon, nantir, orgueil, race, radoter, riche, saisir, se'nechal. /. G^k 5. Cardinal points, and geographical terms : — dune, est, nord, ouest^ '' sud. 6. The human body : — blafard, ble'mir, bosse, bot, brun, dandiner, danser, empan,forcene, gauche, giron, grimace, gue'rir, hocher,jaser, laid, lippe, moue, nuque, rdler, rider, rincer, t^ter, touffu, toupet. 7. The vegetable world: — alise, aune, bille, bois, bourgeon, brouir, drageon, dreche, eclisse, e'laguer, epeautre, emousse, framboise, gale, gaude, gerbe, grappe, groseille, gruau, haie, haver on, hetre, houblon, houx, laiche^ regain, roseau, saule, tuyau. 8. The earth, eleinents, &c.: — fiaque,frimas, gazon, gres, vase. for the Latin element) a complete phonetic system for the words of German origin ; we have only given, under each word, the chief examples which support the observed rules. ^ This intermixture of German words affected only the Latin vocabulary ; it left the syntax almost untouched, and was scarcely more than an acci- dental and superficial disturbance. xxiv INTRODUCTION. 9. Dress, &c. '.—agrafe, brodequin, coiffe, cotte, etoffe , fard, feuire.froc, gantygodery guimpe, guipure, haillon, laye, layette, mitaine, rochet, touail/e. 10. Instruments, &c. : — anche, banc, bloc, brandon, canif, clinquant, crampe, crampon, cremaillhe, ^matl, /tau, fauteuil, gaule, hanap, houe, huche, latte, loquet, manne, mannequin, noue, pincer, rdper, iamis, tas, ionneau, triteau, vilbrequin. 11. Dwellings: — /choppe, e'tal, itayer, ituve, gdcher, halle, hameau, hanter, hutte, loger, salle. 12. Food, &c. : — beignet, bief, bihe, drogue, flan, gdteau, gaufre, saur, soupe. 13. Abstract terms, &c. : — affreux, agace, bafouer, blanc, blette, bleu, imboiser, imoi, gai, gris, guere, hair, hdle, hdve, teste, sombre, sur. 14. Other words: — bisse, bouter, braise, brelan, broyer, bru, bru/e, choisir, choquer, cracher, clocher, dauber, de'chirer, defalquer, de'guerpir, d&ober, drole, iclater, ipeler, faude, fournir, frais, gaber, gagner, gamboison, garant, garder, garnir, garou, gaspiller, gatine, gauchoir, gehir, gletteron, glisser, gratter, graver, grenon, groupe, guerpir, guille, guiller, guise, harangue, hdte,jardin, lot, marri, meurtre, musser, regretter, river, rouir, sale, siller, sillon, souhait, suif, suie, suinier, taisson, tarir, ternir, tirer, toucher, trdle, trop. CHAPTER IV. The Greek Element. § 21. The Greek language has given scarcely anything to the French since the time of its popular formation ; it could not be otherwise, as the Gallo-Romans and Greeks never came into contact, and all the patriotic tales invented by Henri Estienne, Manage, and others, to prove the affinity between French and Greek, are mere fancies. The one city which could have brought France into connection with the Greek language, Marseilles, a Phocean colony, was early absorbed into the Roman Empire, and lost its Greek character and language. There are a few Greek words ^, such as, chere, somme, parole, bourse, bocal ; but these do not come straight from the Greek Kapa, adyfia, napa^oXri, ' We are speaking here of words of popular, not scientific, origin. We must also distinguish, in the case of Greek compounds, between those which existed in Greek, as dpio-roKpaTfia, aristocracie, and those which have been framed by French writers, as photographic, typographic, &c. ; in the latter case we must study each of the elements of these new words, un- known to the Greek language ; in the former case, we should be wandering into the history of the Greek language were we to decompose these words and their component elements. As for the numerous class of words in- troduced from Greek into Latin (such as allegoria, philosophia, carya- tides, &c.), they have come to the French language through the Latin, and are therefore, for our purposes, Latin words. ELEMENTS OF LEARNED ORIGIN. xxv ^vpaa, ^avKciXiov, but from the Latin cara, sagma, parabola, byrsa, baucalis, derived from the Greek ; all these words are to be found in Latin authors of the seventh century \ The discovery of the laws of transformation of Latin into French has given us the true origin of many words formerly considered as derived from the Greek; thus, the chance likeness oi par esse and trap^cns had led etymologists in old times to connect the two words ; but if we divide the word par esse into its elements, we shall see that the suffix -esse must answer to a termination -itia^ (trtstesse, tristitia, mollesse, moUitia, &c.) ; such words as entiere from Integra, noire from nigra, shew us that the r oi par esse answers to a Latin gr; the French a is the Latin i (as in balance, bilancia ; aronde, hirundo, &c.) ; and thus we reach, by these three observations, the word pigritia, the true original oi pares se. To sum up, we may say for Greek what we said for Celtic ; its influence on popular French has been altogether insignificant. PART II. ELEMENTS OF LEARNED ORIGINS C| § 22. By words of learned origin we mean all words introduced into a language after the epoch of its formation ^ ; that is, in the case of ^ To this list may be added adragant, almanach, bouteille, chomer, gouff're, golfe, osier, serin, poele, plat, chimie, emeri, dragee, migraine, clopin. Mangon- neau, chaland, accabler, are military terms, imported into the French lan- guage at the time of the crusades by the Byzantines. Two Oriental words, chicane and a'vanie, have passed into the language through the medieval Greek. ^ It is not always easy to distinguish between words of popular and words of learned origin. I have placed among the latter a very large number of words composed of two parts, the one popular, the other learned ; sometimes a learned prefix has been joined to a popular word, as in ad-joindre, ad-mettre, sub-ordonner, pro-ft, pro-duire, dis-joindre, dis-courir, in-clinaison, im-payable (words which should have been a-joindre, a-mettre, sou-v-ordonner, pour-fit, pour-duire, de-joindre, de-courir, en-clinaison, en- payable); sometimes a learned termination suffixed to a popular word, as in^ en-luminer, fer-mete, nourri-ture (which should have been en-lumer, fer-te, nourr-ure'). Among these words we meet with some ghastly philo- logical monsters, like pre-alabk, in-surmontable. ^ The persistence of the Latin tonic accent (see § 49) is the rule and guide for the discovery of such words. All popular words introduced dur- ing the formation of a language res pec t the Latin accent, proving that they have been formed by the ear, not by the eye, and spring direct from the living and spoken language. All words which neglect the accent are of xxvi INTRODUCTION. the French language, between the eleventh century* and our own days. They have been created, long after the death of the Latin language, by learned men and clerks, who got them out of books, as they needed them to express their thoughts, and who transplanted them just as they were into the French speech. Thus, in the eleventh century we find in some MSS. the word innocent, the exact and servile reproduction of innocentem ; the French tongue had then no term for such a quality, and the writer, embarrassed in his attempt to ex- press himself, was obliged to copy the Latin word. The learned origin of the word is shewn from the fact that it has not undergone those transformations which popular usage imposes on all the words it adopts; thus, in popular words, in becomes en (as infantem, enfant ; inimicus, ennemi), and nocentem becomes nuisant ; so that if innocentem had suffered popular transformation it would have become ennuisant, not innocent. Popular words are the fruit of a spontaneous and natural growth, learned words are artificial, matters of conscious reflection ; the former are instinctive, the latter deliberate. At first, each learned word, for some time after its introduction into the French language, remained as unknown to the people as scientific terms are in our day. The barons and villains of the days of Robert the Pious were as little able to understand the word innocent, as the labourers of our day are to Q,OTi\^x€^t.xidi paleography or stratification ; but as there was no popular word for the thing, innocent presently passed out from the learned into general use : it appears for the first time in ecclesiastical works ; less than a century later it is to be found in the Chanson de Roland, and other popular poems ; it has passed from the scientific and ^special vocabulary to the usual and daily language of men ^ In writing the history of the French language, it is necessary to state that it is in the popular part alone that we can grasp the laws according to which the instincts of the people have transformed Latin learned origin. This distinction enables us to determine exactly the time when the French language took its birth ; the French tongue, that is, the popular and vulgar tongue, was born, and the Latin language was utterly dead from that day on which the people no longer spontaneously recog- nised the Latin accent. This was about the eleventh century; thence- forward the formation of the popular French is complete ; all the rest is of learned origin. ^ These are words borrowed from ancient languages — at any rate, from Greek or Latin ; as to words borrowed from modern languages, they will be found below, under the head of ' Elements of Foreign Origin ' (§ 23). ^ Philologers who divide all languages into two deposits, the instinctive and the conscious, need not draw any distinction between learned words and what we call scientific words ; for both of these are of conscious origin (whether they are in common use, like innocent, or technical, like paleograpble) ■ and besides, each word in common use whose origin is learned has begun by being a scientific term, employed by the few. ELEMENTS OF FOREIGN ORIGIN. xxvli into French; from this point of view, learned words are'useless to the philologer ; but this settled, we must not think that learned words are therefore to be banished ; they have proved their right to exist by existing ; as M. Sainte-Beuve has rightly said, ' ils sont une des saisons de la langue;' when the French language was formed the popular speech was meagre \ answering to the wants of a simple and un- refined state of society, and to the scanty ideas of a warlike, agricultural, and feudal population ; all scientific ideas, the property of the clerks, were expressed only in Latin. After a time feudal so- ciety was modified, then declined, lastly perished, and gave place to a new order; to expre-ss new ideas the French language had to enrich itself by either developing popular terms ^, or borrowing from the 5eacr languages learned terms, which after a time passed into the comiTLQQ tongue. These borrowed words, rare in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, and more numerous in the fourteenth, have become countless from the sixteenth downwards ; they have increased in proportion to the growth of ideas, and the daily quickening succes- sion of inventions and discoveries ^. PART III. ELEMENTS OF FOREIGN ORIGIN. § 23. Besides the classes already enumerated there are many words of foreign origin, borrowed directly by the French from now existing languages. These follow no fixed law, being the simple results of chance. Thus a succession of marriages in the sixteenth century ^ In the French language, there are not much more than 4000 popular primitives. See below, § 36, for the statistics of the language. ^ By means of compounds, or fresh derivatives; as from regie have sprung in course of ages, deregler^ dereglement; regler, reglementer, regie- mentation, &c. ^ I only give the immediate etymology, having neither time nor room for more. Thus I simply cite enormis as the primitive of enorme ; if I went on and gave the derivation of enormis (ex norm.a), I should have to write the history of the Latin language. Those who desire to know more of that history are referred to the valuable Manuel des racines grecques et latines by M. Bailly. It often happens, that after a Latin word has produced a popular French word, it produces, later on, a learned term ; thus from rationem, raison in popular French, comes later the learned ration ; this process of double reproduction has received, from a seventeenth-century Grammarian, the name of ' Doublets.' I have abstained from dealing here with this subject, as I have already studied this philological phenomenon in detail in a Dictionnaire des Doublets ou doubles formes de la langue /ran^aise ; Paris, 1868. % xxviii INTRODUCTION. between Valois princes and Italian princesses brought in suddenly a number of Italian terms : when France borrowed from England last century some of her judicial and political institutions, she also took jthe terms which expressed them. Thus a minute study of the political, (artistic, or colonial history of a country enables us to shew the precise /part taken by each language in the vocabulary of its neighbour. On the other side, the attentive observation of early texts will teach us the age of these words, and will give us one more element of our know- ledge by fixing for us the epoch of their introduction. Thus we know th3.t piano ( = soft) is imported from Italy, partly because the word exists, and means the same in Italian, partly because it does not appear in French musical writings till the end of the sixteenth century. Besides these a posteriori proofs, furnished by history, there are other a priori proofs, provided by philology, which enable us to declare at once that the word sought for is not of French origin, and point out to us its true source. These words have all entered in since the formation of the language : accordingly, they have not penetrated or combined with it, nor have they received any of the characteristics which the French language impresses on those words which it assimilates. Thus, to refer again to the word piano ; we have already studied it by the historical or a posteriori method; let us see what philology tells us about it. Piano, which answers to the Latin planus, cannot, a priori, be a word of French origin, for pi never becomes /'/in French, but remains pi ; plorare, pleurer ; plenus, plein ; plus, plus, &c. ; but more, piano must be of Italian stock, for in Italian only does pi turn into pi, witness plorare, piorare ; plus, piii ; plenus, pieno, &c. Thus it is seen how the laws discovered by philology often enable us to anticipate correctly the inductions of the historical method. To enumerate according to the scale of importance the languages which have thus affected the French, we must begin with the family of the Romance languages (Proven9al, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese) : these have furnished the most. It was natural that the kindred languages should provide most : then comes the Teutonic family (German, English, Flemish). Modern Greek, Hungarian, and the Sclavonic tongues (Polish, Russian) have given some words. If we leave Europe, something is due to the Semitic languages (Hebrew, Turkish, Arabic), and also to the East Indian, Chinese, and Malayan. The American Colonies have introduced a few special terms into the French language. We have now nothing to do but to lay before our readers a formal catalogue of all these borrowed words, and the history of these importations ^. ^ As we have done in the case of Greek and Latin, we only give in this Dictionary the immediate etymology of the words borrowed from modern languages ; thus we shall see that the French dilettante is a nineteenth-cen- WORDS OF PROVENCAL ORIGIN. xxix CHAPTER I. Words of Provencal Origin. § 24. Some persons may doubtless be astonished at seeing the Proven9al here as a distinct language, parallel with Italian, Spanish, Portuguese. But if we would really understand its importance, and the influence it has exercised over the French, we must leave off regarding it in its modern form, an obscure despised patois, and look at it in its historical development ; we shall . see that before its decadence it had, between the eleventh and the fourteenth century, a brilliant and flourishing existence. Proven9al, or the ' Langue d' Oc' is the language of all the population of the Garonne basin, and of the southern part of the Rhone basin : it gives the name to a race of men, quite distinct from the French of the North ; it is parent of a brilliant lyrical literature, translated into German in the thirteenth century, admired by Dante, imitated by Petrarch ; and lastly, it satisfies the two criteria which in a historian's eyes distinguish a language from a patois — it is the instrument of a people and of a literature. The philologer sees stilTniore clearly the lingufstic originality of the language when compared with the French ^ ; of equal age, it has certain more archaic characteristics, which bring it nearer the Latin and give it the same intermediate position between Frencnand Italian that Provence holds geographically between France tury importation of the Italian dilettante ( = amateur, slight person of taste) ; but it would be outside our sphere, and a part of the history of the Italian language, to go on and shew that the Italian dilettante comes from the Latin delectantem., like atto, friitto, &c., from actum^, fructum, &c., by regular change of ct into tt. Want of space forbids us to carry out the relationship between words of French origin and those of foreign origin which have a common root. Delectantem, for example, has produced the Italian dilettante, the French delectant ; in the nineteenth century dilettante crossed the Alps and became French : it would be interesting to explain that delectant and dilettante are two forms of a common root, that dilettante is a ' double ' of delectant, and that these two words form what we call a 'doublet' (see § 22, note 3). ^ In the middle ages the southerners regarded the French language as so thoroughly foreign that the Leys d' Amor (a kind of poetical and gram- matical code of laws, written in the fourteenth century) says (ii. 318) of the French language : ' Apelam lengatge estranh coma f ranees, engles, espanhol, lombard.' ' We mean by foreign tongues such as the French, English, Spanish, Lombard.' In 1229, in a municipal document of Albi, a notary excuses himself for not having read the inscription on a seal ([If*' because it was in French, or some other foreign tongue : ' In lingua Gallica vel alia nobis extranea, quam licet literae essent integrae, perfecto non potuimus perspicere.' ^ 1 XXX INTRODUCTION. and Italy. But the course of events quickly put an end to this inde- pendent life. The rivalry between South and North which ended with the Albigensian war and the defeat of the South, gave a deadly blow to the Proven9al tongue. In A.D. 1272, Languedoc fell into the hands of France, and the introduction of the French language followed close after. The Proven9al was no longer written; it fell from the rank of a literary language to that of a patois. The Proven9al, Langue- docian, and Gascon patois of our day are the mere wrecks of that ' Langue d'Oc ' which in its day had been so brilliant. But it has left in the French language a great number of terms of different meanings, introduced chiefly during the middle ages, since the twelfth century ; and a small number in modern times. These words repre- sent the most different ideas ; thus there are seafaring terms, carguer, cap, espade, gabarrit, aulan, mistral, corsaire, carre, vergue ; names of plants and animals, dorade, ji'gale, cabri, carnassier, ortolan, isard^, grenade, radis, bigarrade ; abstract terms, jaser, ruser, fdcher, roder, malotru, hadin, badaud,fat, croisade,/orgat, donzelle, m^nestrel ; names of precious stones, cornaline, grenat ; terms of dress, dwelling, hor- ticulture, camail, barette, bastide, pelouse, caisse, cadenas, cambouis ^. CHAPTER 11. Words of Italian Origin. § 25. The expeditions of Charles Vlll, Louis Xll, and Francois I beyond the Alps, and the prolonged sojourn of the French armies in Italy, during the early years of the sixteenth century, made the Italian language very familiar to the French. * The brilliancy of arts and letters in the Peninsula attracted men's minds at the very time when the regency of Catherine dei Medici set the fashion of ad- miring everything Italian ^.' This Italian influence was omnipotent over the courts of Francis I, and Henri II, and the courtiers did their best to make it felt through- out the nation. Then for the first time there appeared in the writings of the day a crowd of hitherto unknown words ; terms of military art used by the French throughout the middle ages, such as heaume, haubert, &c., disappeared, and gave place to corresponding * Peculiar to the Beam patois, which has also given the word beret. Before leaving the countries which border on France, let us say that the Walloon has contributed ducasse, and the Orisons' patois ran%, chalet^ avalanche, cretin. ^ Add to these ballade, baladin, beton, cdlin. ' M. Littr^. WORDS OF ITALIAN ORIGIN. xxxi Italian words, brought in by the Italian wars. From this time date terms of fence, dof/e, escriine ; words relating to military usages and qualities, affront, brave, altier, bravade, bravoure, bravache, accolade ; camp-words, fortification, alarme, alerte, anspessade, bandiere, ban- douUere, barricade, bastion, bastonnade, brigade; weapons, arquebuse, .baguette, bovibe, &c. This mania for ' Italianisms' roused the just wrath of a cotemporary, Henri Estienne : ' Messieurs les courtisans se sont oubliez jusque-la d'emprunter d'ltalie leurs termes de guerre sans avoir esgard a la consequence que portoit un tel emprunt; car d'ici a peu d'ans qui sera celuy qui ne pensera .que la France ait appris Tart de la guerre, en I'eschole de Tltalie, quand il verra qu'elle usera des termes italiens ? Ne plus ne moins qu'en voyant les termes grecs et tous les arts liberaulx estre gardez es autres langues, nous jugeons, et a bon droict, que la Grece a dt^ Teschole de toutes les sciences ^! But Catherine dei Medici brought in not only court terms, and words expressing amusements, but also terms of art, needed to express new ideas, which had come from Italy with Primaticcio and Leonardo da Vinci; such as architectural* words, painters' and sculptors' words, terms of music, brought in at the end of the sixteenth and throughout the seventeenth century, commercial words, sea terms, thief-language, names of plants, diminutives, and many others. We subjoin a full list of these borrowed words : — 1 . Court-terms : — accolade, accort, affide, affront, altesse, altier, banquet, bravade, brigue, cameriste, canaille, caracoler, carrosse, cavalcade, cavegon, cocarde, cortege, courtisan, escorte, estafier, estrade,fanfreluche, grandesse, grandiose, imbroglio, incognito, page, paladin, partisan, s&e'nissime. 2. Names of games, &c. : — arlequin, baladin, bamboche, batifoler, bouffon, burlesque, cabriole, capot, caricature, carnaval, carrousel, comparse, entrechat, escapade, gala, gambade, Jovial, lazzi, loio, mascarade, pasquinade, polichinelle, prestidigitateur, quadrille, raquette, saliimbanque, tarot, tremplin, voltege. 3. Terms of art. Architecture: — arcade, archivolte, balcon, balda- quin, balustrade, balustre, belve'dere, cabinet, campanile, casino, cata- falque, cimaise, corniche, coupole, dome, fagade, galbe, niche, paravent, pilastre, stuc, villa. Painters terms : — aquarelle, calquer, canevas, carmin, diaprer, esquisse, estamper,fresque, gouache, grotesque, tncarnat, madone, maquette, modele, mosdique, pcilette, pastel, pastiche, pittoresque, profit, se'pia, virtuoso. Sculptors' and other artists' terms: — artisan, bronze, burin, buste, came'e, cicerone, concetti, dilettante, feston, filigrane, filoselle, girandole, improviser, madj'igal, midaille, orvi/tan, panache, ^ Henri Estienne, Conformiie du langage franqois a'vec le grec, ed. Feugere, p. 24. xxxii INTRODUCTION. ptVdes/al, porcelaine^ stance^ stage, torse. Musical terms: — adagio, andante, ariette, arplge, barcarolle, bicarre, be'mol, cadence, cantate, cavatine, concert, crescendo, ipinette, fausset, fioriiure, fugue, mandoline, op&a, oratorio, piano, preste, rebec, ritournelle, solfege, solo, sonate, soprano, t/nor, timbale, trille, trombone, violon, violoncelle, vite. 4. Terms of commerce : — agio, banque, banqueroute, bilan, billon, bulletin, cambiste, carafe, carton, citadin, colis, contracter, dito, doge, douane, ducat, franco, gazette, grege, jeton, mercantile, noliser, nume'ro, patache, piastre, pistole, sequin, tare, tarif tirelire, tontine, turquoise. 5. Seafaring terms : — bastingage, boussole, brigantin, calfater, cara- velle, coche, e scale, escadre,fanal,felouque,fregate,gabier,gondole, nocher, palan, regale, tartane. 6. Terms of war: — alarme, alerte, arquebuse, arsenal, bandiere, bandouliere, baraque, barricade, bastion, bombe, botte, bravache, brave, bra- voure, brigade, calibre, canon, cantine, caporal, carabine, cartel, cartouche, casemate, casque, castel, cavalerie, cavalier, chevaleresque, citadelle, colonel, condottiere, croisade, cuirasse, embusquer, escadron, escalade, escarmouche, escarper, escopette, escrinu, espadon, esplanade, esponion, estacade, estafette, estafilade, estoc, estramagon, fantassin, fleuret, fougue, fracasser, gabion, generalissime, giberne, infanterie, javeline, manage, mousqueton, parade, parapet, pertuisane, patrouille, pavois, pennon, piller, plastron, poltron, rebuffade, redoute, reprisaille, sacoche, saccade, sentinelle, soldat, sol- datesque, spadassin, taillade, vedette,, volte, 7. Names of plants, &c. : — artichaut, belladonne, brugnon, cabus, caroubier, ce'drat, ce'leri, espalier, gousse, lavande, muscade, muscat, oleandre, pisiache, primevere, scorsonere. 8. Dress, &c. : — cadenas, calegon, camisole, capote, casaque, costume, grlgues, pantalon, parasol, perruque, pommade, postiche, satin, serviette, simarre, valise,- zibeline. 9. Names, &c., of animals : — balzan, cagneux, caresser, ganache, impregner, madrepore, marmotte, perroquet, piste, tarentule, zibeline. 10. Food: — biscotte, brouet, candi, capiteux, capon, carbonnade, casse- rolle, cervelas, frangipane, macaron, macaroni, marasquin, marmite, massepain, muscadin, panade, reveche, rissoler, riz, salade, semoule, sir op, sorbet, zeste. 11. Man's person: — attitude, caboche, camus, carcasse, esquinancie, estropier, in-petto, moustache, pavaner, scarlatine, seton, svelte. 12. Thief- terms and slang : — bagne, bandit, bastonnade, bravo, brigand, charlatan, chiourme, contrebande, escroc, espion, estrapade,faquin, lazaret, lazzarone, rodomont, sacripant, sbirre, supercherie. 13. Diminutives: — babiole, bagatelle, baguette, bambin, caprice, pec- cadille. 14. The elements, &c. : — bise, bourrasque, brusque, calme, cascade, filon, granit, lagune, lave, sirocco, tramontane, volcan. WORDS OF SPANISH ORIGIN. xxxiii 15. Other terms, not classified: — anspessade, ballon, balourd, haster^ boucon, boutade, camerine, cantone, capilotade, capiionner , cariole, cala- combe, chagrin, deesse, desinvolte, douche, fiasco, forfanterie, frasque, gabie, gambet, gigantesque, girouette, gourdin, isoler, improviste, ingambe, Ihine, malandr in, palade, pas sade, pedant, piston, populace, revolte, riposte, sarbacane, sorte, talisman, iromblon, ville'giature. CHAPTER III. Word's of Spanish Origin. § 26. The Wars of the League and the long occupation of French soil by Spanish armies towards the end of the sixteenth century spread wide among the French nation the knowledge of the Castilian speech. This invasion which lasted from the time of Henry IV to the death of Louis XIII left very distinct marks on the French language. Hence come the names of many exotic plants and their manufactured products, as cannelle, vanille, indigo, tabac, tomate, cigare, benjoin, abricot. Union, jasmin, jonquille, jujube, savane, tulipe, Union ; animals ^, musaraigne, epagneul, me'rinos, cochenille, anchois, pintade ; colours, basa7ie, alezan, nacarat, albinos ; parts of dwelling- places, alcove, case, corridor ; furniture, calebasse, cassolette, mantille ; dress, galon, savate, pagne, mantille, basquine, caban, chamarrer ; con- fectionary, marmelade, caramel, chocolat, nougat ; some musical terms, castagnette, guitare, se're'nade, aubade ; games, or enjoyments, sieste^ sarabande, regaler, hombre, ponte, dominos ; titles or qualifications, laquais, menin, duegne, grandesse ; sea terms, arrimer, embargo, embar- cadere, de'barcadere, mousse, cabestan, pinte, recif, subre'cargue ; military terms, adjudant, caserne, diane, colonel, escouade, camarade, haquen/e, cabrer, caparagofi, salade, espadon, incartade, algarade, capitan, matamore. Abstract terms are rare, baroque, bizarre, disparate, casuiste, barbon, paragon, eldorado, transe, soubresaut, risquer, hdbler '^. Creole, muldtre, negre, come from the Spanish-American colonies, as also does liane, which is not to be found in Hterary Spanish. We may add that most of these importations are later than the time of Charles IX, with ■^ Certain organs also, as carapace, or their products, as hasane. ^ Habler comes from hahlar, ' to speak,' and answers to the Low Latin fablare from fabulari. As it passed into French the word took the sig- nification of exaggeration in speech. It is curious that the same change has overtaken parler ; the Spaniards borrowed the word in the seventeenth century from France, and have given to it the sense of boastfulness in speech. Ambassade came from Spain about the end of the fifteenth century. I xxxiv INTR on UCTION. the exception of a few words like algarade, which is to be found as far back as the middle of the sixteenth century ^ The Portuguese language has given some words bearing on Indian and Chinese manners, as he'zoard, bayadere, mandarin, caste, fetiche ; one term signifying an ecclesiastical punishment, auto-da-fi ; one of military discipline, chamade ; and some names of fruits, coco, abricot, bergamote. CHAPTER IV. Words of German Origin, § 27. All French words of German origin are later than the first half of the sixteenth century. The religious wars, the Thirty Years' War, the German wars of the eighteenth century, have introduced a number of military terms, bivouac, blocus, blockhaus, chabraque, colback, jiam- berge, fifre, havresac, hourrah, loustic, lansquenet, retire, obus, sabre, rosse, sabretache, schlague, vaguemestre ; words expressing drink, pot- house terms, trinquer, brandevin, choucroute, cannette, gargotte, kirsch, bonde, fleche, nouille ; some names of animals, dan, renne, hamster, brtme ; some terms of art, graver, estomper ; of dancing, valser ; of sea- faring, bdbord'^. Mining industry, so general in Germany, has given a great number of specific mineralogical terms, bismuth, cobalt, cou- perose, igriser, emb&ize, gangue, gueuse, glette, manganese, potasse, quartz, spath, zinc. Nickel is a Swedish word. We have said above that French words of German origin are not earlier than the sixteenth century; but this remark does not apply to words of Old Gennan or Teutonic origin, which came into the Latin language between the tenth and the thirteenth centuries, and passed from the Latin into the French. These two classes of words are very distinct ; the Teutonic, in passing through the Latin, have lost their native form, and have gone through regular transformations before becoming French ; the others, German words, borrowed straight from Modern German, and introduced in their natural state, break into the general regularity of the language. The former unite closely and absolutely with the French, the latter are but super- ' ficially connected : in the language of chemistry, words of German origin mix only with the French, those of Teutonic birth enter into combination with it. ^ Add, as debts to the Spanish, the name of one metal, platine, and of a typographical abbreviation, cedille. One word, mesquin, came in about the twelfth century. "^ House furniture owes to German some special terms, hahut, edredon. Abstract terms are few, chenapan, gamin, chic, anicroche, and almost always bear a bad sense. The Flemish has given bouquin ; the name of a plant, colza, and one name of a festival, kermesse. WORDS OF ENGLISH ORIGIN. xxxv CHAPTER V. Words of English Origin. § 28. Communications between England and France have daily grown more and more frequent from the time of the Restoration, and have brought with them a large number of English words. These refer to industrial pursuits, tender, rail, wagon, tunnel, ballast, express, coke, flint, lias, malt; agriculture, drainer, cottage; poHtics, legislation, budget, jury, bill, convict, comite', speech, verdict, club, meeting, pamphlet, toast ; banking, cheque, warrant, drawback ; sundry moral states, spleen, comfort, humour, dress, chdle, car rick, redingote, plaid, lasting, spencer ; food, bifteck, rosbif, pudding, mess, bol, grog, gin, punch, rhum ; racing, sport, amusements, sport, boxe, turf, jockey, clown, bouledogue, groom, steeple-chasse, stalk, tilbury, break, dogcart, festival, raout, lunch, whist, touriste, fashionable, dandy ; medicine, croup ; sea-terms, many of which are of old standing in the French language, dock, bosseman, accore, beaupre, cabine, boulingrin, cabestan, cachalot, cambuse, coaltar, cutter, eperlan, flibustier, hiler, interlope, loch, lof, paquebot, poulie, touage,yacht^, CHAPTER VI. Words of Slavonic Origin. § 29. The Polish language has provided certain dance-words, ;5<?/^^, mazurka, redowa, the word caliche, and one heraldic term, sable. Russian gives steppe, knout, czar, palache, cosaque, cravache (though this last word travelled into France through Germany). Besides the Slavonic languages the Uralian tongues have also borne their very slender part in influencing the French language ; Louis XIV having introduced the hussards (a Hungarian word), the new corps kept its Magyar name, huszdr, and some of its old technical terms, shako, dolman. In the fifteenth century, horde, a word of Mongol origin, meaning in Tartar the camp and court of the king, was brought into France. CHAPTER VII. Words of Semitic Origin. § 30. The Semitic words in the French language are Hebrew, or Turkish, or Arabic. It was a pet notion of the old etymologists to ^ France also owes to the English the w^ords square, billet, and alligator, d2 xxxiri INTRODUCTION. derive all languages from the Hebrew : the labours of modern philo- logers have shewn that such dreams were a vanity: and the most important result of modern science has been the discovery of the law that elements of languages answer exactly to the elements of race. Now the French belong to a very different race from the Jew, and therefore the relations between the French and Hebrew tongues must be illusory, a mere chapter of accidental coincidences. When St. Jerome ren- dered the Old Testament out of Hebrew into Latin, he brought into his version a number of Hebrew words which had no Latin equivalent, such as seraphim, gehennon, pascha, &c., and from ecclesiastical Latin they passed, five centuries later, into French, se'raphin, gene, pdque, &c. * But it is through the Latin that the French received them, and we may fairly say that Hebrew has had no direct influence on French. The same is true of the Arabic, whose relations to the French have been entirely matters of chance : without saying anything of words expressing things purely Oriental, like Alcoran, bey, cadi, caravane, derinche, firman, janissaire, narghiU, odalisque, pacha, cara- vanse'rail, babouche, cimeterre, drogman, calife, mameluk, marabout, minaret, marfil, mosque'e, turban, chacal, gazelle, girafe, genette, once, talisman, sequin^ serail, sultan, vizir, &c., which have been brought straight from the east by travellers, the French language received during the middle ages several Arabic words from another source : the effect of the crusades, the great scientific progress made by the Arabs, the study of oriental philosophers, common in France between the twelfth and fourteenth centuries, have enriched the vocabulary with words bearing on the three sciences cultivated successfully by the Arabs, namely, astronomical terms, azimuth, nadir, zenith ; alchemist terms, alcali, alcool, alambic, alchimie, elixir, borax, ambre, julep, sir op ; mathematical terms, alglbre, algorithme, zero, chijfre ; but even these words of exclusively learned origin, did not pass straight from Arabic into French, but passed first through the scientific medieval Latin. The commercial relations between France and the East have also introduced a number of terms bearing on dress, bouracan, colon, hoqueton, taffetas, jupe, colback ; on building and furnishing, kiosque, divan, matelas, sofa, bazar, magasin ; jewellery, colours, perfumes, nacre, laque, carat, orange, azur, lazuli, talc, civette ; lastly, words which come under no special classification, echec, mat, hazard, cafe', tamarin, amiral, haras, truchement. The frequent invasions and long sojourn of the Saracens in Southern France between the eighth and the eleventh centuries have left absolutely no traces either on the southern dialects, or on the French language ^. ^ We may add to this list the Talmudic words cahale and rabbin. * See Reinaud, Invasions des Sarrasins en France^ pp. 306, 307. WORDS OF AMERICAN ORIGIN. xxxvii CHAPTER VIII. Words of Oriental Origin. § 31. By words of Oriental origin are meant all those terms which have been brought by travellers from India, nadad, drakme, palanquin^ pagode, paria^ jongle, carnac, bambou, mousson, &c. ; from China, the ; from the Malay Archipelago, casoar, orangoutang. The word zebre is of African origin. CHAPTER IX. Words of American Origin. § 32. The words collected in the three last chapters do not express French notions, and are, properly speaking, not French words at all ; the same is true of local terms introduced into the language by the relations kept up between France and the American colonies. Such words are acajou, ananas, boucanier, cacao, caiman, calumet, chocolat, colibri, condor, jalap, mais, ouragan, quinquina, quinine, sagou, tabac, tapioca, tatouer. PART IV. ELEMENTS OF VARIOUS ORIGIN. Under this head come all the words whose introduction into the language may be said to be purely accidental, whether their origin be historical, as the word S^ide ^, or onomatopoetic (due to the imita- tion of sounds), as craquer. After these, which will close the list of words of known origin, we shall come to a hst of all the words as to which etymology has arrived at no definite conclusion. CHAPTER I. Words of Historical Origin. § 33. These words, few in number, are due to some accidental cir- cumstance ; but this makes it all the more needful to recognise them properly ; for if we were to shut our eyes to their origin, and try to discover a scientific etymology for them, we should be sure to go 1 From Voltaire's Mahomet, in which there is a blind agent of the Prophet's will named Seide^ the French form of the Arabic Sdid, xxxviii INTRODUCTION. wrong. If we were to forget that guilloiine, macadam, mansarde, quinquety are named after their inventors, and set ourselves to de- compose them into their elements, with a view to finding, by the rules of permutation, their Greek or Latin origin, we should certainly fall into the most fantastic mistakes. Words of historic origin almost always refer to concrete things or material objects, and especially, as is natural, new inventions or impor- tations, as, for example, stuffs, madras, nankin, mousseline, cachemire, calicot, astrakan, rouennerie, gaze, from the names of places, Madras, Nankin, Mossoul, Cachemire, Calicot, Astrakan, Rouen, Gaza, where these goods were first made ; carriages, berline, made at Berlin, fiacre, Victoria, d'Aumont, &c. ; vegetables. Dahlia, named after the botanist Dahl by Cavanilles in 1790, cantaloup, or melon, cultivated at Can- ialuppo, a papal villa near Rome, &c. Abstract words are scarcer : such as jirimiade, from the Prophet, lambiner, from Lambin (d. 1577), a professor in the College of France, and famous for the immense length of his explanations, and the diifuseness of his commentaries. Other words are either invented by the learned, as gaz, which was created in the sixteenth century by Van Helmont the alchemist, or they are the expression of some ancient circumstance, as the word greve ( = combination of working men) comes from the phrase se mettre en Greve, and this from the fact that under the old regime the working men of the different cor- porations used to assemble on the old Place de la Greve at Paris, to wait to be hired, or to prefer complaints against their employers before the Pr^v6t des Marchands ^. CHAPTER II. Onomatopoetic Words. § 34. There are very few words in the French language which are formed ' onomatopoetically", that is, by imitation of sounds. These express the cries of animals, croasser, miauler, hdfrer,japer, taper ; the phases of human speech, babiller, fredonner, caqueter, chuchoter, chut, ^ The following is the list of French words of historic origin : — Artesien, Amphitryon, Angora, Atlas, Assassin, Ba'ionnette, Balais, Baragouin, Basque, Beguin, Berline, Besant, Bicoque, Biscaien, Bougie, Bretteur, Brocard, Bareme, Cacl^emire, Calepin, Calicot, Canari, Cantaloup, Cannibale, Carlin, Carmagnole, Carme, Casimir, Cauchois, Celadon, Chiner, Cognac, Cordonnier, Cranjate, Curasao, Dahlia, Damasser, Damasquiner, Dedale, Dinde, Echalotte, Epa- gneul, Esclave, Escobard, Espiegle, Faience, Fiacre, Flandrin, Florin, Fontange, Fra7ic, Frise (cheval de), Futaine, Galetas, Gal'vanisme, Ga'vote, Gaze, Gilet, Gothique, Guillotine, Guinee, Gre've, Guillemet, Hermetiquement, Hermine, Hongre, Inde, Jarnac, Jaquette, Laconique, Louis, Lambiner, Jeremiade, Macadam^ Madras^ Meringue, Magnolier, Mansarde, Marionnette, Marotte, WORDS WHOSE ORIGIN IS UNKNOWN. xxxix cancan, marmotter, hoquei ; certain conditions of size or movement, bouffer, botcffir, zigzag ; some natural sounds, dapoier, croquer, humer, claque, crac, craquer, eric, tic, toper, pouffer, bruissement, cliquetis, fan- fare ; the speech of children, manian, papa, fanfan ; and some inter- jections, from bah, ebahir ; from hu, huer. CHAPTER HI. Words whose Origin is Unknown. § 35. We have now described all the known provinces of that vast domain which men call the French Language, but there are other provinces which philologers have not yet recognised or explored. The limits of these must now be carefully traced out on our linguistic map of the language; the line which separates the known from the unknown cannot be fixed till we have made out the map of the former, and have fixed the frontiers of the provinces with which we are certainly acquainted. This unknown region, as might be expected, embraces hardly any but words of popular origin, and gives us a collection of more than six hundred words whose derivation is as yet undiscovered. It would be not strictly true to say that the etymology of all these words is un- known to us ; there are very few of them as to which the philologer cannot give us several conjectures, each equally plausible ; and it is quite certain that the day will come when the science, with more powerful instruments, will resolve all these problems ^ ; but in the present state of our philological knowledge, these hypotheses can be neither verified nor refuted, and we therefore pass them by in silence, deeming unknown all those words as to which philology has not attained to any definite conclusion. To reproduce discussions which lead to no conclusion, would be to act in opposition to the end we have set before us ; for purposes of instruction, doubt is worse than ignorance, and in teaching the young Maroquin, Marotique, Martinet, Mercuriale, Mousseline, Nankin, Nicotine^ Pierrot, Patelinage, Perse, Persienne, Phaeton, Pistolet, Praline, Quinquet, Renard, Ripaille, Robinet, Rouennerie, Roquet, Salsepareille, Serin, Sansonnet, Sardonique, Sarrasin, Seide, Serin, Silhouette, Simonie, Strass, Tartufe, Truie, Tournois, Turlupinade, Faude'ville, Vandalisme. ^ It is hard to foresee into what these 650 words will be resolved ; a large and marked portion of them is certainly formed from words altered from the Latin or the Teutonic, and the action of degradation has been so great that it conceals from us their origin. The rest, doubtless less than one half, are related, and will be traced back, to the indigenous lan- guages, the Basque, the Celtic, &c., which were spoken on the Gallic soil at the time of the Roman Conquest. xl INTRODUCTION. we are apt to lose some of the fruits of knowledge unless the distinc- tion between the known and the unknown is laid down clearly and without hestitation. The French words whose origin is unknown amount to about 650 ^ : — Adn, accoufrer, atgrejin, ai'se, ajonc, aloyau, amalgame, amphi- gouri, andouiller^ antilope, antimoine, ardillon, ardoise, aigot, armet, atieler, aiiifer, aube, aumusse, auvent. Babine, babouin, bdche, badigeon, baguenauder, bala/re, balise, baltverne, halle, bancal, bancroche, barai, baratte, barder, barguigner, baril, baron, basan/, bascule, bdiir, baudruche, bauge, bedaine, blgue, belitre, bercer, berge, berne, besogne, besoin, biche, bidon, bielle, bifier, bigarrer, btgle, bigot, bijou, bilboquet, billevesie, billon, bimbeloi, bique, bis, bise, biseau, hisquer, bistouri, bistre, blaser, blason, blette, blond, blotiir, blouse, bobeche, bobine, bombance, bombe, borgne, bosse,. bot, bouder, boudin, boue, bougon, boulanger, bourbe, bourdon, bourreau, bousculer, bouse, braire, branche, brande, branler, braquemart, braquer, bredouiller, brehaigne, breloque, bretauder, bretelle, bribe, bricole, brimborion, brin, brioche, broc, brocanter, brou, brouir, bruine, bruire, buffet, burette, butor. Cabaret, cabas, cafard, cagot, cahoter, caieu, caillou, calembour, cali- fourchon, calotte, camard, camion, camouflet, cant, canton, caramboler, cassis, catimini, chalet, chalit, chamailler, chambranle, chanfrein, charade, charangon, charivari, chassie, chiffe, choyer, ciron, ciseau, civiere, claque- murer, cocasse, coche (a notch), cochevis, colifichet, complot, concierge, copeau, coqueluche, coquin, corme, cosse {/cosser), coterie, cotret, courge, cre'celle, crepe (a cake), cretonne, creuset, crotte. Dague, dalle, dibaucher, dicruer, de'gingande', de'gringoU, divelopper, diner, disette, dodu, dorloter, doucine, douve, drap, dupe. Eblouir, ibouriffer, ^carquiller, e'chouer, eclabousser, eclanche, ecran, icrouer, e'crouir, egrillard, embaucher, imoustiller, empeigne, endever, engouer, enlizer, enticher, ^pargner, iparvin, ergot, estaminet, itancher, dtoiler, Etiquette. Fagot, falbala, falun, fardeau, farfadet, felon, feuillette, filou, flagorner, flanelle, fldner, flatter, foulard, fredaine, freluquet, fretin, fricasser, friche, fricot, frime, fringant, fripe, f riser. Gadoue, gaillard, galet, galetas, galimatias, galvauder, ganse, gargon, gargote, gargouille, gargouse, gibet, gibier, giboule'e, gifle, gigot, givre, se goberger, godailler, godelureau, gogo, goinfre, gonelle, goret, gosier, goujat, gourmand, gourme, gourmet, grabuge, graillon, gravier, gredin, grile, gribouiller, groimoire, gringalet, grive, gruger, guenille, guenon, gueridon, guetre, guilleret, guimbarde, guinguette, guisarfue. Harasser, hardes, haricot, haridelle, heurter, horion, houille, houppe- lande, houspiller, hure. ^ This is calculated on the base of the Dictionnaire de V Academic ; if we were to include every unknown word in the language the number would be considerably larger. STATISTICS OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE. xli Jachere, Jalon, jargon, J auger, javarte, javelot, jucher. Laie, laiton, lambeau, landier, laudanum, liais. Hard, lice, lie, lijigot, lopin, losange, loupe, luron, lutin, luzerne. Mdche, machicoulis, macquer, magnanerie, magot, viammouth, niani- gance, manivelle, maquereau, maraud, marc, marcassin, marmot, mar- mouset, viatelot, matois, matou, mauvais, megissier, meleze, meringue^ merisier, merlan, mievre, mijauree, mijoter, mince, mirliton, moellon, moignon, moquer, moquette, morgue, morlaise, morue, motte, mouron^ mufle, maser. Nabot, nigaud. Omelette, orseille, ouate. ■ Patois, patraque, patte, pepin, percale, percer, petit, pile (reverse, of coins), pilori, pimpant, pingre, pirouette, piton, pivot, pleige, pompe, pompon, potele', potiron^ preux. Quinaud, quintal. Rabdcher, rable, rabougrir, rahrouer, racher ; rafale, rainure, ratatiner, raz, ren/rogner, requin, r^ve, ricaner, ricocher, ronfler, rosser, ruban. Sabord, sabot, salmis, sarrau, sebile, semelle, serpilliere, sobriquet, soin, sot, soubrette, souche, soupape, souquenille, sournois, sparadrap. Tache, taloche, tan, tangage, taper, tapir, tarabusier, tarauder, tarte, tintamarre, trancher, trapu, tricoter, trimbaler, trimer, tringle, tripot, tripoter, trique, trogne, trognon, frompe, truffe, trumeau. Varlope, vasistas, vigie. CHAPTER IV. Of the Statistics of the French Language. § 36. Let us finally express in figures the chief results we have now arrived at: although statistics are hardly in their right place here, and although we may not wish to follow Malherbe's precept, that it is very pretty to ' nombrer ndcessairement,' we may apply to our subject M. Sainte-Beuve's excellent maxim, that il faut, tot ou tard, dans ce vaste arriere humain qui sainoncelle, en venir . . . a des reglements du passe', a des conceptions sommaires,fussent elks un peu artificielles, a des me'thodes qui ressemblent a ces machines qui abregent et re'sument un tra- vail de plus en plus interminable et infini'^. We must not, then, press our figures too hard ; they only express approximately the relations and proportion of the different elements which combine to form the French language. ^ Sainte-Beuve, Nowveaux Lundis, VIII. p. 44. xlii STATISTICS OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE. Statistics of the Modern French Language. 1. Words, whose origin is unknown 650 2. Words of popular origin: — i. Latin element (primitive words) . 3800 ii. Germanic element 420 iii. Greek element 20 iv. Celtic element 20 4260 3. Words of foreign origin : — i. Italian 450 V ii. Proven9a:l 50^ iii. Spanish 100 iv. German 60 V. English . 100 vi. Slavonic 16 vii. Semitic no viii. Oriental 16 ix. American 20 922 4. Words of historic origin . 115 5. Ononiatopoetic words 40 Total number of words 5987 If we substract from the 27,000 words contained in the DicHonnaire de tAcademie these 5987 just enumerated, we shall find a remainder of about 21,000 words, created either by the people from primitive words, by composition and derivation, or by the learned, who have borrowed a crowd of words direct from Greek and Latin. BOOK III. PHONETICS, OR THE STUDY OF SOUNDS. § 37. There are two objects which Phonetics set before them : first, the description of sounds, which are the elements of language ; secondly, the study of the origin and history of these sounds when once we have clearly described them \ PART I. DESCRIPTION OF SOUNDS. § 38. Without attempting to describe the organs of the human voice, or encroaching on the sphere of the anatomist, we must still state in this place (though without endeavouring to prove our pro- ^ I have already defined Phonetics (§ 4), and have shewn what help etymology gets from it : guided by these fixed laws of transformation of sounds in passing from a parent language to its offspring, etymology is no longer obliged to trust to fallacious analogies of sound or signification; but can usually tell beforehand the form which any particular Latin word naturally adopts in French. The true place of Phonetics is under the head of Grammar, of which it is an integral part; and I have discussed the Phonetics of the French language in the Historical Grammar. It might have been enough to refer the student to that work ; but as I am now endeavouring to lay before him for the first time the proof of every etymology, I wish him to have ready to hand the means of verifying and controlling my statements, and the complete collection of the transformations of Latin into French. These two treatises on Phonetics are not the same. In the Grammar I limited myself to the exposition of the chief laws, with a few examples only; but here, on the contrary, I lay down not only the list of facts which confirm the chief laws, but also most of the secondary laws and the exceptions. xHv INTRODUCTION. positions) the chief results which have been attained by physiology *, in its researches into the mechanism of language and the classification of sounds. It is only by dissecting sounds that we can get a detailed account of the marvellous instrument on which, as Max Miiller well says, * we play our words and thoughts.' And besides, these physio- logical preliminaries are an indispensable prelude to the study of the history of the sounds of the French language. § 39. All that the human ear can perceive may be divided into sounds, or successions of periodical vibrations, and noises, or irregular successions of discontinuous vibrations. Sounds may be noted musi- cally ; noises cannot. The human voice is a current of air emitted from the lungs, under the pressure of the thorax, vibrating as it passes across the vocal chords. § 40. If the current of breath reaches the open air without having been interrupted or troubled in its passage through the mouth, there is produced a sound, which we call a vowei'^. § 41. If, on the other hand, this current of air is suddenly stopped in its progress by any barrier, such as the tongue, teeth, or lips, the sound is spoilt, and instead thereof comes out a noise, known by the name of consonant; whose different varieties are due to the differences in orjgans (tongue, teeth, lips), which thus interrupt the emission of the voice. Thus, then, human speech is to be divided into two modes and forms ; the consonant which is but a noise; and the vowel which is a sound, and is consequently subject to certain musical conditions which we must now pass on to discuss. ^ The two works of the highest value on this subject (placed in chrono- logical order) are Briicke's Grundziige der Physiologie und Systematik der Sprachlaute (Vienna, 1856), and Helmholtz's Lehre von den Tonempfindungen (Brunswick, 1863). Of these, the former has settled, quite finally or nearly so, the laws of consonants ; the latter is all-important for the vowels. Both have been combined, and thrown into a short and useful form, by Dr. Rumpelt, in 1869 {Das naturliche System der Sprachlaute'). I need not name Mr. Max Miiller's admirable lecture (Lect. II. p. 103) on the same subject : it is a real chef-dcewvre of penetration and clearness. 2 Literally an emission of the voice : 'vocalis from vox. THE VOWELS. xlv CHAPTER I. The Vowels. § 42. Setting aside the question of its duration, each note has three aspects : — 1. As to its elevation or tone; that is, its place in the scale of sounds. The elevation of a note is a result of the number of vibra- tions which take place in a given time. When we say that a si is more shrill, a higher note than a mi, we mean to say that si is pro- duced by a greater number of vibrations in the same time than are required to produce the sound called mi. 2. As to it's, power; that is, the degree of intensity with which the note strikes the ear. This depends on the length of the curves of oscillation of the air-particles ; or (as it would be phrased in acoustics) on the amplitude of the vibrations. When we sing a note softly we displace or set in vibration a less volume of air than if we were singing the same note at the full pitch of our voice. 3. As to its quality; that is, the timbre, or sonorous characteristics of a note. Thus, if we hear the same note sounded at the same moment on a violin and on a piano, why is it that we distinguish the two? Whence comes it that these two notes, of the same elevation and power (identical, that is, in number and amplitude of their vibrations), are yet perfecdy distinguishable? The answer is that the piano and violin have different qualities; they give, as one may say, two distinct colours, just as when we see the same object through two panes of coloured glass, one making it look green, the other red. Each instrument has its own peculiar quality; a colour which tinges each sound, and gives its timbre to it. This modification of sounds arises from the different shapes and materials of the in- struments which generate them ; for these differences in shape and material naturally produce a corresponding difference in the form of the vibrations which create the sound. But whence then comes it that, in the case of two notes, identical in intensity and eleva- tion, the form of the vibrations can produce this diversity of quality ? This brings us to the theory known under the name of that of * Multiple Resonance,' or of 'Harmonic Sounds.' As long ago as a.d. 1700, Sauveur remarked that if the string of a clavichord be pinched tight, one hears at once, in addition to the note which has been struck, and at the same time with it (supposing the ear is acute and practised), other notes which are more acute than the one struck, and which sound feebly through a sort of sympathy. These accom- panying secondary notes, which emerge directly we strike a note, are called 'the harmonics' or 'resonant sounds:' the experiment by xlvi INTRODUCTION. which the existence of these harmonics can be materially proved is well known : — if we put leaden soldiers on the notes of a piano, and then strike a note, all the men standing on the notes which are harmonics to the note struck will be upset, while the others all remain unmoved. Helmholtz then discovered the important fact that the har- monics which wait on each note vary in number and quality, according to the nature of the instrument ; or, in a word, that the form of the instrument giving its own form to the vibrations, the harmonics were modified in different ways, while the note struck remained always the same, and this difference in the nature and intensity of the harmonics was in fact the cause of that difference in quality of which we have been speaking. This discovery, that the shape of the instrument modifies the form of the vibrations, and that this determines the different varieties of harmonics, whence come the varieties of quality, gave Helmholtz the clue to the explanation of the manner in which vowel-sounds are produced. Thinking that, in order to pronounce each of the vowels a, z, u (the last to be sounded ou, as in Italian), we have to modify the form of the tube made by the cheeks, and that thereby we modify the form of the vibration, and thereby also we change the character of the harmonics, Helmholtz succeeded in proving that the different vowels are only the different qualiiies (or iimbres) of the human voice, due to the different forms taken by the orifice of the cheeks, the mouth, during the emission of the voice. § 43. The gamut of vowels, as Helmholtz has established it, is : «, 0, a, e, i ; the relationship and transformation of the vowels will be more visible by means of the vocal triangle, as Briicke determined it in 1856 1: — o(aa in e^trorfj This triangle shews us the progress of vowel sounds as they pass through the phases of their transformation: -thus on its way to H * In this diagram are given the sounds which exist in French or Latin. Briicke's triangle marks several other vowels, foreign to these two lan- guages, and therefore not inserted or studied here. THE VOWELS. xlvii must necessarily first pass through eu ; and this law, directly established by physiological investigation, is confirmed by history, which shews that it has always existed, and has always been obeyed: thus Lat. morum became first O. Fr. meure, and is now mure; motum, O. Fr. meu^ now mu. Is it not clear then, that the previous study of the physio- logical law of sounds is a very valuable guiding fine for the history of the transformations of language ? In fact, strange as it may seem, this preamble to etymological research is an absolute necessity. The human organs ever obey the same laws, and it is natural that we should make use of discoveries made by investigation into the Hving organ, if we would explain the changes of sound caused by the vocal organism of races which have now disappeared from the earth. § 44. By the side of these vowels which we have just studied, known by the name of 'pure or sonorous vowel-sounds,' we find a second class of vowels known as the 'nasal or muffled vowel sounds ; ' so called, not because they are really pronounced through the nose, but because in pronouncing them the veil of the palate is lowered, and the air thus compelled to vibrate through the cavities which connect the nose with the pharynx : in fact, if while these sounds are being emitted, we close the nose altogether, we make the vowel still more strongly nasal, which shews that they cannot be formed through the nose. These nasal sounds, unknown to the Latins and to most European languages, are, we may say, a French speciality, represented by the following groups of letters, an, en, in, on, un. § 45. In addition to these vowels, pure and nasal, are the diph- thongs, or mixed sounds, made up of two vowels pronounced together xlviii INTRODUCTION. by a single voice-utterance : these we must consider ilext. Now, according as we rest on the first or on the second of these vowels, so shall we produce one or other of two kinds of diphthongs : those which are accented on the former vowel, as the Italian ^i {poi, nSi), we will call strong diphthongs ; those accented on the latter vowel, like the French oui, are called the weak. §46. Application of the above-stated Principles. Inventory of Latin Vowels. I. There are eleven Latin vowels : a, a ; e, e ; 6, 6 ; i, i ; y ; u, u. The pronunciation of a, o, i was identical with that of the French a, o, i; e was pronounced like the open French e (as in aprh) ; u like the French ou; y was a sound unknown in common Latin, and imported into dbe_learne3~iaSguage from Greece ; It answeT5~to- French «, or to"(jerman ii in Muller, with, however, a somewhat more marked tendency to pass into i. The nasal sounds are unknown in Latin. II. The diphthongs. These are six in number, all of them with the accent on the former vowel : they are du, 6u, 6i, ui, de, 6e. These strong diphthongs are pronounced as follows : — 'Au like German au (in ^avi^))^ and answers to the combination of French letters dou : thus, durum was pronounced aouroum : in the latter days of the Empire this aou became o in the speech of the peasantry; for Festus (p. 189) tells us that from the third century downwards the peasantry said orum for aurum, oricula for auricula ('orum pro aurum rustic! dicebant'). 'Eu was pronounced eou (as in Italian Europa). 'Ei like the French eille (in corbeille), or like Spanish ey (in rejf), or like Italian e'i (in le'i). 'Ui, like the French out, if the accent be shifted to the earlier part of the diphthong {dUi, instead of oui) : the Italian ui (in fui) exactly reproduces the Latin sound. It is useless to say anything about the pronunciation of ae and 6e, which at quite an early Latin period were transformed into e (as in edus for hoedus, Mesius for Maesius). § 47. Further application of above-stated Principles. Inventory of French Vowels. I. The pure vowels. As is well known, the French alphabet is very ill constructed ; for it has several orthographic signs for the same sound, and, on the other hand, it is so meagre that it has to denote several different sounds by the same letter : thus, for the one sound THE VOWELS. xlix 0, it has the three signs o, au, and eau ; while for the two different sounds of c, hard and soft, it has only one sign, c (as in calomnie = kalomm'e, and cerveau = sefveau). Further on we shall explain the grounds of this lack and surplus in French orthography, when we treat of the history of the language; now we will only deal with the list of French vowels, neglecting the multiple orthographic signs which stand for one sound. The French vowels, then, are eleven in number : a, d; e, ^(also written as e or ai); o, 6 (also written au, eau); i (also written j/), i; u; ou; eu (also written oeu, as in boeu/, and ue, as in accueillir). If we compare this list with the Latin vocal sounds, we shall see that the French language has gained the sounds ii and eu, and the closed /, none of which existed in Latin; the letter u (which in Latin marked the sound ou) is used in French to represent the new sound u, and in order to represent the Latin sound, the ou group has been created : thus murum has become mur, while ursus is ours. Hence has come an unfortunate confusion : it would have been better to keep for the letter u the sound it already had in Latin, and to represent the Modern French u sound (as the Germans have it) by u. Another and more important gain to the French language is that of the vague sound indicated by the name of the e mute. This sound, unknown in Latin, is produced from every one of the Latin vowels : thus the Latin a, e, i, o, u, have all alike become e mute, as in rosam, rose; caballum, cheval; venire, venir ; fraXveva., frere ; vestimentum, vetement; minutum., menu; conucla*, quenouille; ju- niprum, genievre ; templimi, temple. Now if we draw the Latin vocal triangle within a circle, the circumference will stand for the e mute, that sound to which, in French, all the Latin vowels descend when they become deadened ; thus — e mute emute etnute e mute This loss of vocal power in the Latin final vowels had advanced far at the time of the fall of the Empire ; and Inscriptions of that e 1 INTRODUCTION. period are full of such forms as domino for dominiun (see Schuchardt), in which the final vowels are confused with one another and used one for another, a confusion which shews how very undecided their pronunciation had become : towards the seventh century all these vowels were lost in one common sound, which was between the French eu and o, an uniform sound which really required only one sign, and has been represented in French orthography by the e mute. But this symbol was not adopted at once : in the very first specimen of the French language — the well-known Strasburg Oaths of a.d. 842 ^ — we find, two lines apart, two different signs for the silent final vowels : thus the Latin fratrem is thrice rendered by fradre, once hy /radra; instead o{ nStre, peuple, Charles, we find thus nostra, pobloy Karlo, which is also written Karle. This difiiculty, experienced by the scribe in rendering this new sound by a common and uniform sign, may be seen at every step in the linguistic remains of the period between the ninth and the eleventh century. After that time e is always used to represent the mute sound. This letter was not chosen because it answered to the e sound (for that new mute sound would have been better represented by or eu than by e), but simply because, as a matter of fact, of all the Latin final vowels, the e was the one which occurred the most frequently. But this e mute, which now is almost imperceptible in pronunciation, was, up to about the middle of the sixteenth century, a distinct and sufficiently marked sound (like the final still heard in the pronunciation of the Proven9al peasantry, as in franciso, musico, pSsto, for frangaise, musique, posle). Palsgrave, the old English grammarian, in his Esdaircissement de la langue frangoise, a.d. 1530, says expressly (lib. i. regula 5, ed. G^nin, p. 4) : ' If ^ be the laste vowell in a frenche worde beynge of many syllables, eyther alone or with an s ffolowynge hym, the worde not havyng his accent upon the same e, then shall he in that place sound almost lyke an and very moche in the noose, as these wordes homme, fimme, honeste, pdrle, hSmmes, /e'mmes, honesies, shall have theyr laste e sounded in maner lyke an 0, as hommo,/emmo, hones io, par lo, hommos, femmos, honestos : so that, if the reder lyft up his voyce upon the syllable that commeth nexte before the same e, and sodaynly depresse his voyce whan he commeth to the soundynge of hym, and also sounde hym very moche in the noose, he shall sounde e beyng written in this place accordyng as the Frenchmen do. Whiche upon this warnynge if the lerner wyll observe by the frenchmen's spekynge, he shall easely perceive.' Then, passing from theory to practice, Palsgrave gives us (p. 56) the pronunciation as it ought to be : La tr/s honnore'e magnificence {la-tres-ounororio-manifisdnso) : secretaire du roy nostre sire {secretdyro - deu - ray - nStro - siro) ; glorieuse renommee {glorieUzo renoumme'o). This leaves us no room to doubt what was ^ See the Historical Grammar, p. 14. I the THE VOWELS. the pronunciation of the e mute at that time, and shews that it was plainly discernible. How to study the transit of the Latin Vowels into French, and the Rules of Accent. § 48. If we compare words to a living organism, the consonants will be the bones, which can only move by help of the vowels, which are the connecting muscles. The vowels then are the fugitive and shifting part of a word ; the consonants its stable and resisting part. Hence the permutation of vowels is subject to less certain laws than that of consonants ; they pass more readily from one to another. The Latin vowels must be studied in two ways, — as to quantity, and as to accent. 1. As to their quantity ; they may be short like the e of ferum, long by nature like the e of avena, or long by position ^ like the e of ferrum. This distinction may seem trifling, but is really far from un- important ; for, following these three differences of quantity, the Latin e is transformed into French in three diff"erent ways : the short e be- comes ie (ferus, fier) ; the long e becomes oi (avena, avoine) ; and the e long by position does not change (ferrum, y^r). 2. As to their accent ; in every word of more syllables than one there is always one syllable on which the voice lays more stress than on the others. This raising of the voice is called the * tonic accent,' or more simply, the ' accent.' Thus in the word raison the accent is on the last syllable ; in raisonndble, it is on the last but one. This syl- lable, on which the voice lays more stress than on the others, is called the ' accented ' or * tonic ' syllable : the others are unaccented, or, as the Germans name them, ' atonic ' ^. The tonic accent gives to each word its proper physiognomy, its special character ; it has been well called ' the soul of words.' In the French language the accent is always placed on one of two syllables ; — on the last when the termina- tion is masculine^ (as chanteiir, aime'r,finir, recevrd) ; on the penulti- mate when the termination is feminine (as r6ide,p6rche, voyage). In Latin also, the accent occupies one of two places; penultimate, when ^ A term borrowed from Latin prosody, which so calls words followed by two consonants, which are * long by position,' not by nature. ^ In short, every word has one accented syllable, and only one ; the rest are unaccented, or atonic ; thus, in the word formule, the last syllable is tonic, the other vowels are unaccented ; in Latin, in cantorem, the penul- timate is accented, the others are atonic. ^ That is to say, when the word does not end with e mute ; when it ends with e mute, the termination is said to be feminine. e 2 Hi INTRODUCTION. that syllable is long (as cantorem, amare, finire), antepenultimate, when the penultimate syllable is short (rigidus, porticus, viaticum). We have just seen how important it is, with a view to the origin of the French language, to distinguish the quantity of the Latin vowels. It is still more so to distinguish their accent ; the tonic and atonic vowels do not change into the same vowels in French. We will now state the five rules of Phonetics : they are the fundamental laws for the transformation of Latin into French, and of the constitution of the French word. § 49. I. The Latin Accent always survives in French ; i.e. the tonic accent always remains in the French on that syllable which it occupied in the Latin word ; whether that syllable was the penulti- mate, as in amdre, aimer ; t6mplum, temple ; or the antepenult, as ordcTilum, oracle; articulus, article ; durdbilis, durable. Thus we see that the accented syllable is the same in each language ^ In studying the fate of the other syllables, which are of course all atonic, we must distinguish between those which come after the tonic syllable, as the e of cantorem, and those which precede it, as the a of cantorem.. We will first consider those which follow the tonic syllable ; they can occupy only one of two places, the last syllable, or the last but one, when it is a short syllable. § 50. II. Every atonic Latin vowel, in the last syllable of a WORD, DISAPPEARS IN French. — Thus, m^re, mer ; amare, aimer ; porcus, pore ; mortdlis, mortel; or, which is in fact the same thing, it is written as an e mute, as ^wsi\x^, ferme ; templum, temple. § 51. III. When the penultimate of a Latin word is atonic, the Latin vowel disappears in French. — In words accented on the antepenult, as ordculum, tabula, articulus, durabilis the penultimate vowel is necessarily short in Latin ; this vowel, being absorbed by the tonic vowel preceding it, was scarcely sounded at all; the refined Romans may have given it a slight sound, but the popular voice neglected altogether such delicate shades of pronunciation. In all the remains of popular Latin that have come down to us (the Graffiti of Pompeii, inscriptions, epitaphs, &c.), the short penultimate is already gone : we find oraclum, tabla, postus, moblis, vincre, suspendre, &c. ^; and when this common Latin became French, the words thus contracted became in turn oracle, table, poste, meuble, vaincre, suspendre, &c. Indeed, by the law which forbids the French ^ We are not speaking here of words of learned origin ; these rules refer only to words of popular origin. ^ In more than one case the short penultimate had already disappeared even in classical Latin, as in saeclum, poclum, vinclum. THE VOWELS. liii language to throw the accent farther back than the penultimate syl-*^"^?^ lable, it was compelled, if it would retain the Latin accent in its proper place in words formed from oraculum, tabula, &c., to suppress the short u of the penultimate, and to say oracle, table, &c. We have now considered the two classes of atonic syllables which follow the tonic syllable, let us go on to enquire according to what law atonies which precede the tonic syllable pass into French. These atonies may be divided into two classes : those which precede the tonic syllable immediately, as the o of derogare, and those which are at a farther distance from it, as the e of derogare. § 52. IV. Every AxoNit Latin vowel which immediately precedes THE TONIC SYLLABLE DISAPPEARS IF IT IS SHORT, REMAINS IF IT IS LONG \ — It disappears if short, as sanitatem, bonitatem, positura becom2 sante, bonM, posture'^. It remains if long, as coemeterium, ornamentum, cimetiere, ornemeni. § 53. V. Every atonic Latin vowel which precedes the tonic SYLLABLE AT A GREATER DISTANCE REMAINS IN THE FrENCH. — ThuS the o in positura remains in the French posture ; sanitatera, sant^ ; ves- tim6ntum, vitement. (See the Dictionary, s.v, ble', briller.) CHAPTER II. History of the Latin Vowels. Thus, by help of the Latin accent, and the quantity of syllables, we have fixed the five laws according to which the Latin vowels dis- appear or remain in passing into French. Let us now reconsider these, and see whether the French language has retained intact the vowels it has received from the Latin, or has altered them, and, if so, after what laws. This study of Latin vowels in their nature must be thus divided — first the simple vowels (a, e, i, o, u), then the diph- thongs (ae, oe, au, eu), and each of these subdivided again into accented and atonic. History of A. § 54. I. The Latin a, when long by position, remains, as arbor, ^ For examples, see the Dictionary, s.v. able, affable, ancre, asperge. * For examples, see the Dictionary, s.v. accointer, aider. I have also rorked out these two laws in detail in the Jahrbuch fur romanische Lit- tratur (Leipzig, 1867). " In a very few instances it becomes e (see acheter'), or at (see aigle). liv INTRODUCTION. 2. The Latin a and a, treated alike in French, become ai before the liquids /, m, n, if these consonants are followed by a vowel. This at answers also to e, and is found under that form in the suffix len (see ana'en), which stands for iai'n by a slight alteration. 3. a and a may also become at, by the attraction of the t, in words which have the accent on the antepenultimate, when the t is con- sequently penultimate (see dnier). 4. a and a become e before the rest of the simple consonants ; they become an open e before a consonant followed by r {br, tr, dr, pr) ^, as fratrem, frere ; they become a closed e before mute consonants (see abbi), and before final consonants. 5. a and a become also ie in some words like canis, chien ; gravis, grief; pietatem, pili^ ; but this has been arrived at by passing through <?, and then by strengthening the e with an i, which has produced the diphthong I History of E. § 55. We have already said (§ 46) that the Latin e was sounded by the Romans like the open French e in aprh ; and e was a similar but longer sound, like the French e in tete. L— E. § 56. The Latin e becomes a diphthong ie in French (except before gutturals): as in ferum, jff^ry mel, miel ; fel, fiel ; pedem, pied; tenet, iient ; venit, vient ; -getvaiXCi, pierre ; febviva, fievre ; deretro, derriere ; palpebram, paupiere ^ : and this tendency to turn e into a diphthong is so strong that it affects even the French ^ in position and treats it as e before a simple consonant; as in ped(i)ca, piege ; lep(o)rem, lievre ; tep(i)duiQ, tiede ; eb(u)luin, hieble ; he- ^ R in this case does not lengthen the preceding vowel by position. 2 a becomes / in eerasus, cerise ; in tabanus, taon ; phiala,/o/^. ^ Brefirom. brevis, tu es from es, are not true exceptions to this rule ; for in Old French the words were more correctly brief and tu ies : the words have been re-fashioned by the clerks and latinists of the close of the middle ages, in order that they might be brought to a nearer re- semblance to the Latin forms. The only true exception is et from et. Such words as lepra, lepre ; tenebras, tenebres ; celeber, celebre, are learned, not popular, words. THE VOWELS. Iv d(e)ra, lierre ^ The history of the change of e into the diphthong ie is very short; it did not take place in Latin times, for there is no trace in the common Latin of that strengthening of the sound which is got by the change into a diphthong le; still the common Latin bears witness in its own way to the need it felt of strengthening the short e ; for we find it constantly written ae after the sixth cen- tury : thus inscriptions and barbarous diplomas always write paedem for pedem, faerum for ferum, paetra for petra; an important fact, which shews, not that the Mer^viugians pronounced e as ae, but that they gaye^^the. | so much emphasis as to oblige Jhe_.s^^^ find _a distinct _symbol to expxess„iha..ne.w, 5Qu.nd. From the ninth century downwards ze is found (as c aelum, d el, in the Song of St. Eulalia ; ' Qu'elle Deo raneiet chi maent sus en del,' literally ' Quod ilia Deum renegabit qui manet sursum in caelo '). The only word which is a true exception to this rule is Dieu from Deum, D6um first became, in very early French, De'o, and is so written in the Oaths of a.d. 842 ; it is also written Deu in the eleventh century in the Oxford Psalter (Ps. 149, 6) ^; then Diu, by the change of eu into , m. Next the accent was displaced, Diu becoming Dm, and the strong diphthong a weak one. Finally, Dm becomes Dieu, just as plus becomes pieux. § 57. Let us pass to the case of e in a word accented on the ante- penult, and followed by eus, ius, ia, ium : we shall see that it becomes ie in levium, lie'ge ; ministerium, me'iier ; melius, O. Fr. miels, mieux ; but i in imperium., empire ; pretium, prix ; mLedium, mi ; ingenium., engin ; species, e'pice. § 58. Before gutturals e and e are treated in the same manner in passing into French ; we shall therefore treat of these together, although this chapter properly deals with e only. E and e before a guttural pass into i (this influence of gut- turals in like manner affects a, by transforming it into ai) : thus, nee, ni ; decem, dix ; legit, lii^ ; peius, pis; vervecem, ^ The exceptions are gen(e)rum., gendre ; ten(e)rumi, tendre ; and this exception is doubtless due to an intercalated euphonic d, which made a group of these consonants, and weighted the word so heavily, that it was easier to keep the short e than to pronounce the diphthong ie. Merle (mer(u)la), was written correctly mierle in Old French, and transformed into merle by the learned. 2 For the accentuation of this Psalter, and its value as helping to fix the history and pronunciation of the French vowels, I refer the reader to my article in the Reruue Critique, 1871, ii. 247. ^ Legit is written ligit in several Merovingian documents of the seventh century : this i was certainly pronounced very much like ei, and did not take the sound of i pure till after it had received its French form. Ivi INTRODUCTION. hrehis ; and this tendency is a very early one, for we can trace the change from e into i even in the common Latin (as berbicem for vervecem in the Lex Salica). Before hard g and c, e and e change to oi ; as legem, loi ; neco, noie. The chronological evolution of e may be expressed thus : — e (as in pedem, medium, legit, &c.) i ae (in the 6th century, nq ^ as paedem) 2 <T> ^ ft) ie (from the 9th cent, as pied). i in the 3rd century before ^ ^ gutturals, &c., as ligit, ;5 p- midium, &c.) 5 3 / (from the 8th century ; as //V, mi^ dix^ &c.). IL— B. § 59. E is found to have taken the i form in early common Latin documents ; and Inscriptions of as early a date as the second century (see Schuchardt, i. 104) are full of such forms as mercidem, dibet, virus, cadire, capire, tradire. This i must have had a sound inter- mediate between closed / and pure i (perhaps one something like that of the French ei in veille), for it has taken two different French sounds, as i on the one side (mercedem, mercidem, merci) and as ei on the other side, whence comes the oi of Modern French (thus verum. Low Lat. virum. Old Fr. veir, Mod. Fr. voir). We must consider these two developments of the Latin e in detail, and trace the path by which they have at last arrived at two such very different results. § 60. To clear the way ^, let us begin by at once making out a list of the words which have sharpened into a pure i the natural tendency of the Latin e to become i in Merovingian days : e became i before a simple consonant (except the nasals) in the following words : mercedem, merci; cera, cire ; berbecem, brebis ; presus *, pris ; pagesis *, pays ; marchesis *, marquis ; and sometimes even before a ^ In a very few instances, and before /, n only, e continues unchanged : strena, etrenne; candela, chandelle; crudelis, cruel. All other cases of the continuance of the e, such as severus, se'vere; extradere, extrader^ are cases of learned words. THE VOWELS. Ivii nasal, as in venenum, venin ; saracenus, sarrasin ; racemus, raisin ; pullicenum, poussin ; pergamemum., parchemin ^. § 61. Before the nasal consonants, e, after becoming ?', is developed into ei; just as before the nasals a becomes ai (§ 54). This e, which became ei before a nasal at the very origin of the French language, was accentuated on the former vowel, and was pronounced sonorously, like the /?' in Ital. ///. In the eleventh century we find in the Oxford Psalter (of which we have already spoken in § 56) the forms con- se'il, ceint, vie'il, veine ; and, in the sixteenth century, Palsgrave gives us the true pronunciation of ei in his * Example howe prose shulde be sounded' (Book i. p. 57). There he writes the phrase conseil de la souverdyne, by the phonetic forms ' counsey de la sovuerdyne! After the sixteenth century ^i was flattened into ei, then into /: thus vena was vina in Merovingian Latin, veine in the eleventh century, veine in the sixteenth, and now is pronounced vene, though still written veine, a form which remains as an orthographic indication of the old pronunciation which has gone. The like change is to be found in serena, sereine ; verbena, verveine ; balena, baleine ; ren, rein; plenum, plein ; frenum, frein ^ / and in some cases this ei has dropt to oi, as avena, O. Fr. aveine, Mod. Fr. avoine ; fenum, O. Fr. fein, now foin ; and indeed the process has gone yet further, and has reached to ai, as terrenum, terrain ^. § 62. Before a simple consonant (except the nasals) e becomes oi, in : habere, avoir ; sapere, savoir ; debere, devoir ; sedere, seoir ; raesiB'^ , mois ; hourgesia* , bourgeois ; regem., roi ; legem., loi; serus, soir ; verus, voir; heres, hoir ; me, mot; te, loi; se, soi; tres, trois ; tela, toile ; velum, voile ; in which words oi is pronounced as French oua : in a few other cases oi has gone and is replaced by ai : thus theca, O. Fr. loie, taie ; creta, O. Fr. croie, craie ; alnetum, O. Fr. Aunoi, Aunay ; franeesis *, O. Fr. Frangois, Frangais. But hitherto we have only stated the mechanical facts of these changes; we must also describe their history, and point out (i) how e becomes oi ; (2) how, and in what cases 02' becomes ai. § 63. How e becomes oi, and then ai. We have seen already (§ 60) that before nasal consonants the classical Latin e becomes i in Merovingian Latin, then a sonorous ^ For the nasal sound of i in in, see § 73. 2 Notice that ei is sounded like e when n has continued to be sounded, as in sereine, •veine; while it takes the nasal sound of in in words of a masculine termination, such as frein, plein, whose ein is sounded exactly like the in of -venin, raisin : for this nasalisation, see § 73. ^ In the body of the Dictionary will be found the explanation of the two exceptions, remus, rame ; sebum, suif. Iviii INTRODUCTION. ei in the oldest French monuments, then was stopped in its progress, and was flattened to I. Before all other consonants, on the contrary, this development was not so suddenly arrested : thus debere, francesis, become successively debire, francisis (seventh century), deveir, fran^e'is (tenth century). At the end of the tenth century this sonorous // became a sonorous Si'^, and we get devoir ^ frangSis. By the end of the twelfth century this sonorous 6i is softened into a sonorous 6e : just as the Latin foidere, Coilius became foedere, Coelius, so devSir, frangois changed their pronunciation and became devSer, frangSes. But it may be noticed that at the end of the twelfth century it was a characteristic and uniform mark of French vocalisation, that it weakened all the strong diphthongs, and that the accent passed from the first vowel of the diphthong to the second : then devoer, frangSes became devoe'r, frangoe's. In this thirteenth- century pronunciation the modern pronunciation can already be recognised ; for Modern French has been formed by the simple change of the strong diphthong into a weak one. Let us now sum up this first period of the evolution of change by means of a table : — Classical Latin . . . . e 1 Merovingian Latin . 1 . . i 1 Tenth century . . . . ei 1 Before a.d. 1050 . . 1 . . oi 1 After A.D. 1050 . . I . . oe 1 Twelfth century . . 1^ . . oe From the fourteenth century onward a new evolution of oe' begins to take place, and this in two directions : (i) 0^' advances towards a more closed sound ; (2) towards a more open sound. 1. The closed sound. — Just as the Latin foem.ina, coelum, poena, coena, quickly took the weaker forms femina, eelum, pena, cena, so did the French 0/ in certain cases drop to the weaker e (between the thirteenth and the fifteenth century) : thus the pronunciation Frangois, Angloes^ dropped to the simple sound Frange's, Angle's. ^ By sonorous oi I mean the sound of oi in the English word 'voice (which is also the Italian and Greek oi) ; that is to say, a strong diphthong, accented on the first part, in contradistinction to the sound of the Modern French oi ( = Fr. oua), which is a weak diphthong, accented on the last vowel. THE VOWELS. lix This new sound is often, in documents before the seventeenth cen- tury, rendered by e, which is its proper symbol; but for the most part the Old French spelling in oi was kept, as in Frangois, Anglois, although it in no way answered to the pronunciation. In order to end this discrepancy between the sound and the spelling, Nicolas B^rain (a.d. i68i?), and after him Voltaire, proposed to represent by ai'^ the sound so ill represented by oi ; it would have been more logically proper had this sound, really an open e, been expressed by e ; but at was chosen, a symbol which simply still farther in- creases the orthographic difficulties of the French language. Adopted and pushed by Voltaire, the fashion of spelling in ai triumphed, and the French Academy adopted it authoritatively, to the exclusion oi 01, in the sixth edition of its Dictionary (a.d. 1835). II. The open sound. — In another direction, oe instead of becoming weaker constantly gathered strength. From 0^ in the fifteenth century it passed to the sound oue, transformed in the sixteenth by popular usage into oua. Palsgrave, in his specimens of French pronunciation (a.d. 1535), Book i. p. 61, gives us droit, vicioire, pronounced as droat, vicioare. Still this pronunciation of oi as oa, which was that of the Parisian citizens (as Henri Estienne tells us), was not at once adopted by the court and the literary circles : they retained the oue' sound for more than two centuries. Moli^re makes fun of the peasantry for saying oua for oi', and Louis XIV and Louis XV used to say un ouezeau (oiseau), la /oue {/oi), la hue {lot) : the oua sound did not triumph finally till the end of the eighteenth century. The ( stage stuck to oue up to the beginning of the present century ; and | Lafayette in 1830 pronounced le roi, le roue'. The oua sound, — which has two shades of pronunciation, oua when it stands at the end of a word, as /oua {/oi), loua {loi) ; and oa when the word has a final consonant which is sounded, as devoir, gloire, vidoire, — is then ex- pressed in French by oi, which is the eleventh century orthography. By this example may be seen how in certain cases orthography falls far behind the progress of pronunciation. § 64. The study of the history and developments of the Latin e will best be shewn by the following table : — ^ This ai at a later time became confounded with e, and finally sup- planted it, very wrongly; for the two symbols e and ai originally re- presented two entirely different sounds. C« w H O a PQ <1 O t— I o o o o INTRODUCTION. g w g « J^ 2 " -^ _•« a a o . r o o o o >. >» i c o i2 o r«5- i2 __.^^ <» 'W « Z O J2 H H •5 S .ti'^ O C 3 3 ir o fe o Cm w> > en w no .5 h So •£<5j5 THE VOWELS. Ixi III. — E in Position. § 65. E in Latin position (i. e. when it is followed in the Latin word by two consonants) always remains unchanged : as herba, her be ; testa, teie ; festa, fete ; fernim, /er ; inferniun, enfer ; hibemum, hiver^ ; except that before gutturals the e is 'iotacised,' or passes into the i form, under the usual influence (§ 58) of the guttural: and this either into /.' as pectus, />u/ lectum, lit ; confectum, confit ; sex, six ; despectum, de'pit ; or into ei, as sed'cim, tred'cim, seize, treize ; and later on this ei becomes oi, as tectum, toit ; cresco (by transposition crecso*), crois ; directiun (Low Lat. dirictum, drietum, O. Fr. dreii), droit ; and finally into ai, as in paresco (Low Lat. parisco, O. Fr. pareis, then parois), parais. For e becoming ei, oi, and ai, see §§ 61, 62, 63. § 66. E in French position (i. e. when followed in the later stages of transition by two consonants), as debita, deb'ta, dette. 1. e is treated as if it were not in position, and therefore it follows the course of e, which passes into ie (§ 56): as lep(6)rein, lievre ; ped(i)ca, /"/^"^ / tep(i)dus, tiede ; eb(u)luni, Jiieble, &c. ^ 2. e in position remains unchanged: as deb(i)ta, dette ; quadra- ges(i)ma, careme ; cler(i)cus, clerc, &c. And this may be thus expressed : — E in Latin position I -^ -1 before gutturals becomes continues as e, except Merovingian i, before gutturals ; as which passes into whence Fr. / ; 1 . ei ; as sed'cim, seize, as lectum., //'/. 2. oi; as tectum, toit, 3. ai; as -pareaco, parais. herba, berbe. ^ The only true exceptions are lucerna, lucarne, and lacerta, le%ard: in the Dictionary will be found the history of each of these exceptional forms. The change of e into a before r (as is also seen in per, par) follows a secondary law which is explained in my Memoire sur le changement de /'e latin en a, in the Memoires de la Societe de Linguistique, i. 418. In niece from neptia, tiers from tertius, the ie has been formed by the transposition of the i; as also in siecle, which is a bad and semi-learned form, as is shewn by the retention of the c ; seule would have been the good form of the word. ^ Merula, posterula, and asperagus*, have been treated as if they had an e in Latin position ; and have given rise to merle, poterne, asperge. Ixii INTRODUCTION. E in French position I ' 1 if e, if e, becomes ie ; as remains unchanged ; as lep(o)rein, lie'vre. dericus, clerc, § 67. General r^sumd of the passage of the Latin e into the French language : — I. e always becomes ie (except before gutturals, when it always becomes i). • 2. e becomes t, which sometimes, though very seldom, con- tinues as t ; but usually passes on to ei, oi, ai. 3. e in Latin position always remains unchanged (except before gutturals, when it becomes i)\ e in French position re- mains as ^, if long ; becomes z<?, if short. History of I. L— i. § 68. The Latin i is treated in common Latin, and also in French, as if it was e. We have seen, § 63, that the classical Latin e took in common Latin an iotacised sound, like ei, which became i, and was developed consecutively into ei in Old F>ench before the eleventh century ; then into oi, as legem, ligem, le% hi. Similarly the Latin i, in Merovingian times, was sounded like ei, and written in Merovingian texts as e\ which simply became e'i in very early French, then 6i\ as fidem, Merovingian Latin fedem, O. Fr. fei, then foi. This remarkable parallel may be best seen by the following table :— Classical Latin e (legem). i (fidem.). Merov. Latin, i, pronounced 6i (ligem). e, pronounced 6i (fedem). French of the nth century . . . eiQei,fei). After that date oi (Jot, foi). ^ The forms vecem, bebere, fedem, menus, &c., for vicem, bibere, fidem, minus, &c., occur in Inscriptions of the times of the Empire: and this pronunciation of i as //', expressed by e, dates from very early times ; for we find in Varro ' Rustici nunc viam . . veham appellant.' THE VOWELS. Ixiii This change of i into ot through O. Fr. ei, is also to be found in pirum, poire ; pilum, poil ; picem, poix ; nigrum, noir ; minus, moins ; sit, soil ; &itim,soi/; Yisim.,voie; iidem., foi ; \yi\y've, boire ; pip'r, poivre ; Lig'rim, Loire ^ For details, and for the history of the passage from Old French ei into oi, see above, § 61. IL— I. § 69. i usually remains in French: as nidum, nid ; ripa, rive ; fvsMsm., fin ; vinum, 57z«/ ■gYYrQ.^x![n., prin (m prinie?nps) ; s\Q,si; vita, vie ; pica, />z"<? ; and so too in the suffixes ills, il; as Aprilis, avril ; icem = is, ix, as perdicem, perdrix ; radicem, rais (in raifort) ; icum, icam = ?', ie, as am.icum, ami; vesica, vessie ; inum = ?>/, as molinum, moulin ; ire = ir, as audire, ouir ; itum = i, as maritum, mari ; ivum = ?/] as captivum, cMiif^. § 70. Before a consonant followed by ius (eus), ia, ium, this 1, whether long or short, usually remains: as filius, fil ; cilium, cil ; servitium, service ; — lineum, linge ; tibiam, tige ; simia, singe ; — familia famille; fili&,, fille ; linea, ligne ; vinea, vigne. In a few cases, however, this i passes into ei (pronounced like e, as we have seen in § 61): as consilium, conseil ; mirabilia, merveille ; nivea, neige ; tinea, teigne : insignia, enseigne : and this ei, pronounced as e, is met with in the latter form in vicia, vesce ; tristitia, tristesse ; laetitia, Hesse ; -j^i^vitiEi, par esse ^. The history of the passage of the Latin ~ and " into the French language may be shewn as follows : — ^ Sinus has stopped at sein, and vitrum at n^erre, because these monosyllables instinctively keep all the strength they can. The Dictionary explains how it is that sine has become sans : mine, ligo, plico, formed the regular O. Fr. moine, loie, ploie; and these again have been reformed in Modern French into mene, lie, plie. The only true exceptions are eicer, chiche ; librum, li-vre (but the quantity of librum was uncertain); other words, such as tigris, tigre, &c., are of learned origin. ^ Patrinum, parrain ; matrina, marraine, at first changed the i into ei (§ 70), whence O. Fr. parrein, marreine : for the change from ei to «i, see §§ 61, 62, 63. Glirem, loir; pisum, pois, have treated the i as if it were i : perhaps pois, which in regular course ought to have been pis, is so formed in order to escape from the confusion between pis from pectus, and pis from peius, and also pic from picus. Cer'voise does not come from cerevisia, but from cervisa. ^ See above, § 2. This change of i into e is also to be met with in vidua, vidva, vedva, 've've, 'vewve. Courroie, from corrigia, has treated the i as if it were i, see § 68. Ixiv INTRODUCTION. In Merovingian "I ' f^., ^ before ius, ia, before ius, ia, before any oth times J ® <^^®^®°^>' ium ium letter it remain always unchangi / ifds). in I oth century . ei {fe't) in nth century . oi (^foi) ' in nth century . 6e in 1 2th century . oe {foi) i (Jlle) sometimes becomes ei, as (^conseit), then e (tristesje). e one in 1 5th century, as njerre from O. Fr. | •voirre, vitrum. oua in i6th century. III. — I in Position. § 71. I in Latin position is changed to e in Merovingian Latin ^ : thus fermum, ceppum, mettere, for firmum, cippum, mittere, are found in Inscriptions ; and this e, pronounced et (see § 66), has produced two distinct French forms, according as it has preferred the open e sound, or the i sound. § 72. (i) The e sound. — This is the usual way in which i in position before all consonants, except the gutturals and nasals, is changed : as ilia, elle ; axilla, aisselle ; firm.uin, ferme ; siccum, sec ; missum, mets ; fissa, /esse ; arista, ar^ie ^ ; cippum, cep ; crista, cr^te; evisT^a, cre'pe^. ^ For details and history of the development of oi, see the table which gives the history of e, above, § 63. ^ i in position rarely remains unchanged; instances are ille, il ; villa, wl/e; mille, mil ; millia, milk ; missum, mis (but also mets) ; scriptum, ecrit. Such words as triste from tristis, argile from argilla, epitre from epistola, are learned or half-learned words. ^ Illos, capillos, ilicem, have formed, quite regularly, the O. Fr. els, chevels, yelce, whence, at a later time, by softening /into u (see § 157), came the Modern French eux, che^eux, yeux. Vierge, from virgo, is an ex- ception ; but in O. Fr. the correct form, virge, was in use. * In en, from inde, the word has taken the sound of an, a sound which appears orthographically in such words as langue, dans, sangle, tanche, ceans, dimanche, from the Latin lingua, &c. : these words were correctly written as lengue, dens, &c., in Old French. THE VOWELS. Ixv § 73. (ii). The ei sound, before nasals, whether they are (i) pure : as imprim(e)re, empreindre ; exprim(e)re, epreindre ; or (2) fortified by a guttural : as eing(e)re, ceindre ; exstingu(e)re, eieindre ; tin- g(e)re, teindre ; fmg(e)re, y^zWr^; T^in^{e)ve, peindre ; string(e)re, etreindre \ For the history of this ei sound, see § 61. § 74. Before pure gutturals i first becomes ei, which later passes into oi, and sometimes even into ai : as rig(i)dura, reide, roide, raide. For the history of ei, oi, and ai, see §§ 61, 62, 63. But i is not in all cases so fully developed ; in some words it even remains unchanged : as periculiim, /£7V// GlsL-vicvlo,, cheville ; lenticvUa,, leniille ; craticula, grille ; dictum, dit ; delictum, delii. Before gl, ch, i drops to ei : as apic(u)la, aheille ; somnic(u)lus, sommeil ; sicla*, seille ; vig(i)lo, veille ; triehila, ireille ; ovic(u)la, O. Fr. otieille, now ouaille. (For ei = ai, see § 61.) Axic(u)lum. and spic(u)lum made the O. Fr. aissieil, espieil, which, by the later soften- ing of I to u (§ 157), have produced essieu, e'pieu. It is only before c, g, followed by a dental, that the i is completely developed : thus strictus, digitus, rigidus, frigidum, explicitum, become O. Fr. estreit, deil, reide, freii, expleit, now elroit, doigt, roide, froid, exploit'^. .This oi (following the rule given in § 63) becomes ai in roide, raide ; but e in implicita, empleite *, emploiie *, now emplette. To sum up : — I in French position becomes e in Merovingian Latin, in nth century is open e before all consonants in i ith century is ei (sonorous) before except nasals and ^ j gutturals. I I nasals gutturals 12th cent. «■ nasal remains as « becomes oi in before/ 12th century before dentals. Why is constringere, contraindre, written with at f Vincire makes -vaincre, though O. Fr. t^eincre. Benignus, maUgnus, keep the i, as benin, malin : setng and daigne come, through O. Fr. sein, daingne, deingne, from signum, digno. Signum remains as sin in tocsin. The attraction of the i with gutturals is so strong that it makes itself lelt, even though a consonant be between it and the gutturals : thus discus, meniscus, theodiscus, become dicsus, menicsus, theodicsus, whence O. Fr. dets, meneis, tieis, then dots (now dais), menois, tiois. Ixri INTRODUCTION. History of O. I— O. § 75. 6 only continues unchanged in French in a very few cases ; that is, before the nasals : as sono, sonne ; bonus, bon ; sonum, son ; homo, on : this o, which was sonorous (like the Italian o) in the earliest French, becomes nasal (on) from the twelfth century.^ § 76. Before all other consonants 6 becomes a diphthong in French, in consequence of the necessity of strengthening the accented short vowels. In all the Romance tongues, except Portuguese, the Latin 6 becomes a diphthong by placing u before it, the vowel which comes next after it in the scale of vowels : just as e called in t to form t'e, so 6 attracted u, and formed the group ud, some traces of which are even to be found in popular Latin ^; it also has produced the Italian uo (novuni, It. nuovd). This uo was softened into ue in Spanish (novum, nuevo), and, still more, into eu in French (novum, neuf). But the remark made above, that the Romance tongues offer us in space the same phenomena as are presented by the French language in time, is here again shewn to be just; for the Latin 6 was uo in ninth-century French — the Hymn of St. Eulalia has buona ; in the eleventh century this uo had softened into ue : thus novum, proba *, were nuef, prueve in the Chanson de Roland. In the twelfth century the u dropped to o, the group ue became oe, whence noef, proeve ; this group, oe, in the thirteenth century takes the sound of the German d (as the rhymes of that age clearly shew). Now, this German '6 being expressed in French by eu, the oe group was transcribed into eu towards the end of the fourteenth century. It may be noticed that, here as elsewhere, orthography has taken two centuries to accommodate itself to pronunciation. Hence comes the modern orthography of noviim, neuf; novem, neuf; proba, preuve ; m.ovita*, meute ; volo, veux ; mola, meule ; Mesa, Meuse ; coquus, queux; dolium*, ^<?«z7/ fd\i&,, feuille ; aolea.* , seui'l ; jocum, j'eu : also locum, O. Fr. /eu, now written h'eu, just as Deu has become Di'eu. But here also there are many orthographical irregularities : although the pronunciation is eu, we find even now (i) the orthographical twelfth-century form ue in accueillir, orguetl, cueillir^ : (2) the ortho- * Let us add the two words, schola, ecole ; rota, O. Fr. roe, now roue. ^ Schuchardt, ii. 329, cites buona for bona in a MS. of the seventh century. ^ While the O. Fr. muete, from movita, was changed in regular course to meute in Modern French, the old form remained in the hunting-term muette, a. house in which hunting relays are kept : hence comes the name La Muette, a chateau in the Bois de Boulogne, mentioned in the cor- respondence of the eighteenth century. THE VOWELS. Ixvii graphic form oeu, which is still more uncouth, is bovem, bceuf; sororem, soeur ; cor coeur, which were buef, siier, cuer in the twelfth century. This strange orthography was invented by the copyists, who were embarrassed by ue, oe, and eu ; they got rid of the difficulty by a compromise between oe and eu; that is, by sticking these two diphthongal forms together {pe-\-eu = oeu). This ceu is even reduced to ce, in ml. We must not be deceived by these irregularities of the written language ; we must never forget that the true language, the spoken tongue, is, on the contrary, perfectly regular in its aevelopments. § 77. After reaching eu, the Latin 6 usually remains stationary : it does, however, sometimes undergo a change, and descends to u : thus forum was first O. Fr. /uer, then /eur, now /ur : and the O. Fr. meure, deu, meu, meutin, bleuet, peure'e, have dropped to mure, bu, mil, mutin, bluet, pure'e. Gageure is still pronounced gagure. To sum up : — Latin 6 before all consonants except the gutturals becomes 1 in 6th century Merovingian uo I in 9th century French . . uo in nth century French . . ue in 12th century French . . oe in 1 3th century French . , eu (0) written alike as ue, eu, ceu, oe, before the nasals in the i ith cent, on (sonorous) in the 12th cent, on (nasal). remains as eu I drops to u in i6th cent. IL— O. § 78. 6 in popular Latin early took a sound intermediate between pure and ou — a sound which transcribers expressed by u : thus we find honur, amur, neputem, nus, vus, &c., in the Inscriptions of the fifth century, and in later Merovingian diplomas. This new sound passed into the French language, which, in the eighth century, in the Glosses of Cassel, has lu/li, purcelli, iundi ; in the ninth century, in the Oaths of a.d. 842, we find amur, dunat, returnar, nun ; while side by side with these are om, contra, non, which f 2 iil Ixviii INTRODUCTION. shews clearly how undecided^as the scribe as to the best way of expressing this new sound, rendering iFsometimes by u, sometimes by 0. From the ninth to the eleventh century it is usually noted by u by French scribes : thus we commonly find, till the twelfth century, duner, amur, ublier, sun, tute^ hume, lur {leur), in all French texts ^: after the twelfth century the French scribes seem to prefer o to express this sound ^, and write amor, honor, lor, oblier, tote, &c. Finally, the thirteenth century abandons this misleading orthography (which did not express the true sound, and made a confusion between o and u), and created the two special notations eu and ou, for the two sounds into which the Latin 6 sound is divided. § 79. 6 passes regularly into eu (save in the cases stated below) : as nepotem, neveu ; horam, heure ; florem, fleur ; cotem, queux ; mobilis, meuble; illorum., leur; solum., seul; mores, moeurs; nodum, noeud; votiim, voeu ; ovum, ceuf^; seniorem, seigneur: and all suffixes in osum become eux : as virtutosum *, vertueux ; pedu- culosum *, pouilleux ; ventosum, venteux * .* suffixes in orem be- come eur : as dolorem., douleur ; honorem., honneur ; im.peratorem., empereur^. Before we end, let us say that this eu coming from 6 (and expressed in the twelfth century by o, in the tenth and in Merovingian Latin by u), cannot be confounded with the eu which comes from 6 (expressed in the twelfth century by oe, in the eleventh by ue, in the ninth by uo, see § 77). § 80. Sometimes eu drops to u : thus morum becomes O. Fr. meure, but from the sixteenth century mure, § 81. There are a few cases (chiefly before dentals between two vowels) in which 6 prefers to become ou : as nodo, noue ; voto, zjoue ; doto, doue : and to these let us add sposus *, /poux ; nos, nous ; vos, vous ; totum, tout ; amorem, amour ; zelosum, jaloux, § 82. Before the nasals, 6, after becoming u in the eleventh century, settles down as o in the twelfth century ; first as sonorous o (§ 75), ^ And the editors of medieval works are wrong in concluding hence that in these words u was pronounced as Modern French u: it is easy to see, by means of rhymes of the period, that the pure u sound (like mur^ from Latin u in m.urum.) never rhymes with such a word as amur (from Latin o in amorem). ^ On the other hand Anglo-Norman scribes retain the orthography in tt, a fact which for a long time kept alive the belief that this u was the distinctive sign of the Norman dialect; it is so, in fact, only from the thirteenth century. ^ In the words mceurs, nceud, 'vceu, ceufs, the oeu for eu is an unlucky imitation of the ceu group, already treated in § 76. * A remarkable exception is to be seen in zelosum, jaloux : compare ^lou, gabelou, for Jileur, gabeleur. ^ Amorem, amour, forms a single and singular exception. Labour is simply the verbal substantive of labourer , and is therefore no exception. THE VOWELS. Ixix then as nasal on (§ 75) thus leonem, donum, nomen, after having been leun, dun, num in the eleventh century, are fixed as lion, don, nam in Modern French. § 83. Before the gutturals 6 is ' iotacised ; ' and, just as a becomes ai, and e ei, so o becomes 6i, which in the eleventh century is sonorous, like the Italian voi, but is weakened in the twelfth century into the modern oi ; as vocem, votx. For the history of French oi, see § 63. § 84. Before proparoxytons in eus, ea, eum, ius, ia, ium, the 6 attracts to it the i, and then one of two results follow: either (i) the o remains, while it softens the subsequent consonant; either continuing as o, as in ciconia, cigogne^, or following the regular changes into eu, as folia, feuille ; solium, seuil ; or into ou, as de-ex-spoliare, de'pouilkr (as is expounded in §§ 78, 79) : or (2) the 6 is * iotacised/ and becomes ui, as corium, cuir ; podium, pui ; m.odium., muid ; hodie, hui ; oleum, huile ; troja, iruie : and this sound afterwards drops to oivi\ eboreum*, ivoire ; m.onius *, moine ; testimonium, temoin; dormitorium, dortoir ; gloria, gloire; historia, histoire ^. To sum up : — O In Merovingian Latin u I in 9th century either u or c, indifferently, t in nth century by | | | preference . . u but ui before propar- oi before gutturals in I I oxytons nth century, I nth cent, oi in 1 2 th century by | | preference . . 12th cent, ot 12th cent, ot I ' 1 which divides in 13th which is strengthened into cent, into pure before nasals I ' 1 I eu ou on nasal, in Modern f— ;— ' 1 French. remains eu u in i6th cent. (as morum, mure') ^ Cicogne is a learned word ; and the true popular form of it is O. Fr. soigne, which remains in the derivative soignole, from ciconiola {the le-ver of a well, in Isidore of Seville). "^ This oi, coming from Latin o + i, must not be confounded with oi which comes from e or i: (1) because oi from o + i was never ei, whilst the other oi was ei at the beginning of the French language. (2) oi from e or i is a natural outcome of the Latin sound, while oi from o + i comes from the addition of a Latin i to the Latin o. Ixx INTRODUCTION. III. — O in Position. § 85. O in Latin position, except in the two cases con- sidered below (§§ 86, 87), always continues in French: as ossum, os ; portum, porf ; longum, /ong ; soccum, soc ; porta, porte ; corpus, corps ; comu, cor ; comua, come ; montem, moni. The same is the case when o Latin is in French position (§ 88) : as coph(i)num, coffre ; pon(e)re, pondre ; coni(i)tem, comte ; rot(u)lum, role ; com- p(u)tum, compte ; hosp(i)teni, hSte ^ § 86. In certain words this o drops to ou (see § 88) : as cortem *, O. Fr. cort^ cour ; tomo *, O. Fr. tome, iourne ; torta, O. Fr. torle, iourte ; coventus (from conventus), O. Fr. covent, convent; costare (from constare), O. Fr. couster, coUter ; consuere, cosuere, O. Fr. cousdre, coudre. This is not the same kind of softening that has changed o into ou in the following : mollis, O. Fr. mot, mou ; collis, O. Fr. col, cou ; follis*, O. Yx.fol,fou ; pollicem, O. Fr. poke, pouce ; resolvere, O. Fr. resoldre, re'soudre ; molere, O. Fr. moldre, vioudre ; vol(u)ta, O. Fr. volte, voute ; colaphum, O. Fr. colp, coup ; rotulo, O. Fr. rolle, route ; eorotulo, O. Fr. crolle, croule ; poljrpum, O- Fr. polpe, poulpe : for these come from the resolution of ol into ou ; for the history of which see § 157. § 87. Before gutturals, and in proparoxyton words ending in ius, ia, ea, &c., o is ' iotacised,' like all other vowels in the same position (see §§ 70, 84), and becomes ol in the eleventh century (§ 84) ; this at a later time becomes oi (§ 84), then ui towards the end of the middle ages: thus noetem, O. Fr. nolt, null; cocsa (coxa), O. Fr. coisse, cuisse ; octo, O. Fr. oil, huii ; coq(ue)re, O.Fr. coire, cuire ; noc(e)re, O.Fr. noire, nuire ; ostium, O.Fr. oistre"^, huitre. Even in common Latin we find ustium for ostium, ustiarius for ostiarius^. For the history of French oi, see § 63. ^ Why should dom(i)na, written domna in Merovingian texts, have taken the strange form dame, while dom(i)nuin became dom in regular course ? - As late as Villon we find oistre (whence Engl, oyster) rhyme with cloistre. ^ This influence has been so strong that possum produced the O. Fr. pots, now puis, although there is no guttural in the word : the probability is that the word was treated as if it was pocsum. A remarkable irre- gularity is to be seen in oc(u)lum, oclum in the fourth century (Appendix ad Probum). Oclum produced the O. Fr. ucil, then oc'il whence comes the transformation into (euU, U, as we have seen above, in § 76. Why then have we a-veugle from aboculum, and not a'vcBil'? From the form euil, plural euils comes the diphthongal form in ' ' by dropping the /, comes the plural j'^'w*-. ■ THE VOWELS. Ixxi § 88. This mutual attraction between o and the gutturals is 'so strong, that it even affects them when they are separated by another consonant. In this case the o attracts the guttural, transposes it, and produces the <?/ sound : thus cognosco, boscum *, becoming cognocso, bocsum ^, produced connois, now connais ^, and hois. Similarly, when the letters are divided from one another by a nasal: longe, mon- (a)clius, canon(i)cus, become logne, moc'nus, canoc'nus, whence loin, moift, chanoin. It should further be noticed that in the two cases treated in this paragraph o stops at oi, and does not descend to ui. To sum up : — O in Latin and French position is I similarly treated. In Merovingian Latin . . u r ^ , before all consonants (except before gutturals and pro- gutturals and proparoxy- paroxytons in tons in ius, &c.) ius, &c. is strengthened to . o in nth cent. . di in 1 2th cent. . or in 1 5th cent. . . ou which 1 ' . descends to I (?) eu oi in 15th cent Kt remains unchanged if the gutturals are separated from it by a consonant. General resume of the history of the Latin o : — 1. 6 remains unchanged before nasals; becomes a diphthong eu before all other consonants. 2. 6 remains unchanged before nasals ; becomes oi before gutturals ; eu or ou before other consonants. 3. o in position (Latin or French) becomes ui before gutturals; remains unchanged before other consonants. Thus we see that as the tendency of a is towards e, of e towards i, so is that of towards u. History of IT. § 89. This vowel was pronounced like French ou by the Romans : they used to express the French u sound ( = German u ^ Similarly, we find in Inscriptions of the fifth century the form crex- entem. ( = crecsentem.) for crescentem. ^ For the later change of oi into ai, see § 63. Ixxii INTRODUCTION. and Greek v) by the letter y, which in imperial times took (like Gr. v) the sound of i pure. Towards the end of the Empire the classical u sound is often softened into il, which the copyists could not render by y, seeing that that letter was softened in turn from U to /. Consequently, we find a great confusion in the written language: u being taken to represent the new ii sound, it was necessary in order to express the old classical sound of u, to introduce a new orthographic sign, ou. This is apparently a diphthong, but in reality has always ex- pressed a simple sound ^ I.— U. § 90. Just as e and i become confounded together in Merovingian Latin, and are both rendered in French by oi, so 6 and u undergo the same fortune in French, o becoming ou, as is also the case with u (except before nasals). The Latin u sound is represented in Merovingian Latin by o, a letter which certainly must have differed from pure u, since the Appendix ad Probum (Keil, 199. 2) has * coluber non colober.' Thus we find cobetus for cubitus in the Formulae Andega- venses; jogum for jugum in the MS. of the Theodosian Code. This sound, certainly intermediate between ou and eu, was usually represented by u, then by 0, in the hands of the French scribes, at the beginning of the language ; and it is only at the end of the twelfth century that we notice this sound dividing in two very different directions, and passing one way towards ou pure, as cubo, couve ; ^xxigyxm., joug ; ubi, ou ; lupum, hup; and on the other side towards eu ^, as gula, gueule ; colubra, conleuvre ; juvenis, jeune ; supra, O. Fr. seur, now sur. For the softening of eu into u, see §77^ ^ We must take care not to confound ou, as found in sourd, which is a simple orthographic transcription of the classical Latin u, with ou in cou (a softened form of O. Fr. cou, originally col, from Lat. collem). In the former case ou is a simple sound, and has always been such ; in the latter, ou is the softened form of a strong diphthong, ou in the eleventh century (§ 157), which also is a resultant of the softening of / into u. In the eleventh century these two sounds, now altogether confused together, were completely distinct. '^ For this change of Merovingian 6 into eu, see § 76. ' The same word has often undergone this double treatment, passing into a form with eu and another with ou: thus lupum becomes O. Fr. both leu and loup ; supra both seur (jur) and sor ; juvenis both jeune and jcne. Modern French has only adopted one of these two forms. This eu from u must not be confounded with the eu which really comes from 6, and which has been treated of in § 76. The former was always eu in the middle ages, but the latter was originally ue. THE VOWELS. Ixxiii § 91. Before gutturals this parallelism of 6 and u is again met with. Just as 6 becomes oi (vocem, voix), so i also becomes oi (nucem, noix ; crucem, croix). § 92. There is a parallel phenomenon in proparoxytons in ius, eus, ia, ea, &c. : o then becomes ui (as podium, puy ?), and li becomes ui also in cupreum*, cuivre. A strange exception is ducem, due. § 93. So again before nasals : 6 and u become 6», which is sonorous when followed by a single nasal and a vowel, but is nasal in all other cases : sumus, sommes ; tuiun, ton ; suum, son. Classical u Merovingian . . . . .6 in nth cent u in 1 2th cent o before nasals is dulled to n I ith cent, o sonorous n 1 2th cent, o nasal before gutturals and proparoxytons in ius, &c., it is 'iotacised' 1 before other consonants 1 2th cent, ou in 12th cent. eu. II.— U. § 94. The classical Latin u was at an early date transformed into a softened u, and the scribes have kept the orthographic sign which formerly designated ou to express this new sound. This change of classical u into ii is general: crudum, cru ; cupa, cuve ; culum, cul ; durum, dur ; scutum, ecu; gluten, glu ; jus, Jus ; luna, lune ; maturum, miir ; miurum, mur ; mula, mule ; m.uta, mue ^ / nudum, nu ; nuTbem, wz^^y purum,/z^r/ ^lixmsb, plume ; ^id^o, sue ; securum, stir ; susum*, sus ; usus, us; and in the suffixes (i): \iva. = ure, as armatura, armure ; secatura, sciure ; (2) utem = z/, as virtutem, vertu ; salutem, saluf^ ; (3) utum = z^, as acutura, aigu ; minutum, menu ; canutum, chenu. ^ In the one word rage mue. The masculine mu from mutum remains in the diminutive muet. ■^ This is a form reconstructed by the learned : the O. Fr. regular form was salu. Ixxiv INTRODUCTION. § 95. Before the nasals u becomes nasal: as jejimiim, jmne ; unum, un ; Melodunum, Melun ; Augustodunum, Autun ; Eburo- dunum, Embrun : and this sometimes passed into a nasal o, as Sedunmn, Sion ; Lugdunum, Laon, Lyon. § 96. In proparoxyton words ending in -ius, -eus, &c., u or u, through the reflex action of the i (or e) of the suffix, are transformed into ui, 01 : as fugio, fuis ; Junius, juin ; pluvia, pluie ; puteus, puits ; qvl^YAa, coiffe ; Cwcia,, Coi're ; cuneus, com : and this iotacism is extended even to u when in position : angustia, angoisse ; bustia *, boite. Diluvium has undergone peculiar treatment : instead of falling under the influence of the i, and becoming oi, it has turned the i into a consonant, whence comes diluvjum ; and then the u, being before two consonants, does not follow the rule given below (§97) for vowels in position, but becomes il {ddluge). Fleuve from fluvius, and bute from buteo, are harder to explain : so also is heur in boiiheur, malheur ; O. Fr. eilr^ ceiir ; Proven9al agur, from Lat. augurium : here the i has no perceptible influence. (Can there have been a late Latin form augurum * ?) To resume the history of u : — Classical . . . . u Marovingian . . ii (which stands to classical I u as ^« does to o) before consonants before proparoxytons in I ius, becomes « I I in nth cent, ui, oi before nasals before other I consonants in nth cent, u sonorous I in 1 2th cent, u nasal afterwards o nasal IV.— U in Position. § 97. It is an ascertained fact that the being *in position' (i.e. followed by two or more consonants) protects vowels, and keeps them unchanged : thus a in position remains as a : arbor, arbre ; e is still e, as ferrum, fer. In order to preserve itself, u ought to keep the pure ou sound, and not to drop to u; and this is exactly what happens. U in position retains its classical purity, but under the new orthographic sign of ou, as gutta, goutte. U having, even in Merovingian times, become ii (see above § 94), THE VOWELS. Ixxv .IS in purum, pur, the scribes of that time, wishing to shew that u in position kept its ou sound, were obliged to have recourse to a new symbol, and took for this purpose the letter o. Thus the Inscriptions orlEe Empire and Merovingian diplomas are full of such forms as fornum, mosca, dolcem, comolo, sordum, oltra, orsum, in all of which o stands for u. This Merovingian o was transcribed by the French scribes some- times into «, sometimes into o; for they were as undecided about the best sign for this new sound as the Merovingian scribes had been : from the thirteenth century however it settled down definitely into the oti sign. Thus turrim is turre in Merovingian Latin, tor in Old French, and now four. The same continuance of the Latin u in French, under the form of ou, is to be seen in ampulla, ampoule ; bulla, boule ; betulla, boute ; bucca, louche ; cub'tus, coude ; cultrum, coutre ; cursus, cours ; curvum, courbe ; cuppa, coupe; curtum, court; culc'ta-puncta, courte-pointe ; dulcem, doux ; dubito, doute ; fulgurem, foudre ; furnum, four ; gutta, goutte ; gluttus *, glout * ^ / diumum, jour ; luscum, louche; luridum, lourd ; musca, viouche ; ultra, outre; ursum, ours; utrem, outre; pulv'rem, poudre ; pulsum, pouls ; pulla, poule ; russum, roux ; sol'dum, sou ; subtus, sous ; satullum, soul; suf'ero, souffre ; sulphur, sou/re; surdus, sourd; turba, tourbe ; turbo *, trouve ; turrem, tour ; turnum *, tour ; tussem, toux. The Old French o has remained in fluctus, _;?(?// multum, mot; nuptiae, noces ; viburnum, viorne ; ulmum, orme ; ructus, rot; gurges, gorge. Hence it can be seen how very generally this rule is applied : there are but few exceptions to it, and such are (i) in Latin position : as nullum, nul ; rusticum, rustre ; fustem, fut; justum, juste ; purgo, purge; dieusq\xe, jusque ; (2) in French position (§66): as hum'lis, humble; jud'cem, juge ; pul'cem., puce; consuetud'nem, coutume ; amaritud'nem, amertume. The cause of these exceptions is not easily to be discovered ; nor is that of the two words burrus, O. Fr. bidre, now burre, and butyrum, O. Fr. bur re, now beurre. § 98. Before a nasal the Merovingian o remains as in French : as columba, Low Latin colomba, colombe. This was sonorous at first, in the eleventh century, then nasal (§ 77) from the twelfth century. Similarly rotundus, rond ; undecim, onze ; unda, onde ; mundum, monde ; num.erus, nombre ; pumicem., ponce ; rumpere, rompre ; ciunulum, comble ; fMn.6.\nrL, . fond ; fundus, fonds; de-unde *, dont ; summa, somme ; grundis *, gronde ; vere- cundiam, vergogne ; Burgundia, Bourgogne. § 99. Before gutturals u in position is iotacised, and becomes ui : ^ Whence comes the derivative glouton. Ixxvi INTRODUCTION. thus finictus, fruit ; buxus ( = bucsus) \ bids ; tructa, truite ; lucere, hiire ; conducere, conduire ; luota*, O. Fr. luiie (now lutte) : this rule, however, does not hold good for u before cl, in which case it becomes oi in very early French, and afterwards oui : as foenuculum. Low Latin fenuelum, O. Fr. fenoil, now fenouil ; so too inductilis (later form induclis*), andouille ; ranuda (for ranuncula), grenouille ; colucula, quenouille ; as well as the Old Fr. pouil, verroutl, genouil (now pou, verrou, genou, see § 157), from peduclum, veruclum, genu- clum. Acucula has certainly produced aiguille; but the Old Fr. was regularly formed, agoille and agouille. § 100. When u is followed by a gutturalised nasal (i. e. by nc, ng, gn) it is iotacised, and becomes oi ; at first sonorous (§ 43) and strong, and now nasal (§ 44), in the form oin : as punctum, point ; -pugniun., poing ; jungere, joindre ; ungere, oindre ; -pungerey poindre. But unquam, onques ; ungula, ongle ; truncus, ironc ; juncus, jonct have kept the o without becoming iotacised. To sum up the history of u in position (Latin or French) : — U in Latin or French position, I in Merovingian days . . o before gutturals before the other consonants in nth cent, u nth cent, oi sonorous nth cent, k/, oui strong I before nasals remains as nth cent, o sonorous 1 2th cent. 0/ 12th cent. «/, o«/ 12th cent. nasal weak nasal before the others 1 2th cent. ou. Finally, as a general r^sum^ of the history of the passage of the Latin u into French : — Just as i has a tendency to ascend to e, u {ou) has a like tendency towards 0. 1. 1 remains either as ou pure, or softened to eu (except before gutturals, when it becomes ui or oi, and before the nasals, when it remains as 0). 2. u is softened into ii (except when iotacised into ui by the gutturals). 3. u in Latin or French position remains as ou (except when iota- cised into ui, oui, oi by the gutturals, or into by the nasals). * The X has had no influence on O. Fr. jouste from juxta, whence the derivatives jouster, ajouster (now jouter, ajouter). So the guttural has gone without leaving a trace from fl.uctus,^o^; ructus *, rot. THE LATIN DIPHTHONGS. Ixxvii Y. § 101. This letter, an importation from Greece, and intended to represent Upsilon in the numerous words borrowed by the learned Latin from the Greek, stands for the exact sound of the modern u. The Greeks expressed the Latin u sound by ov. Now this ii sound has been dealt with in three different ways by the French : either (i) it has retained the ii sound, as CiCvcpov, zizyj>hMm., Jujuie ; or (2) has risen to the full ou sound: thus ^vpa-r], TTv^lda, KpvTrrr}, rvfi^os, which were byrsa, pjrxida, crypta, tumba*, in Latin; then bursa, buxida, crupta, tumba, in Mero- vingian Latin, and were treated as if formed with an original Latin u, so making quite regularly the forms dourse (§ 97), M/e (§ 100), gro//e (§ 97), fomde (§ 97) : or (3) il has followed the descending course, which is towards z (just as the German Milller becomes English miller^ and as the Latin maxumus passed first to maxumus, then to raaximus), as tympanum, timbre ; m.yrtus, O. Fr. mirie (the modern myrte is a classical reproduction). Similarly myxa became micsa, and was treated in French as if written with an original i ; whence come the two regular changes of micsa into misca (§170), then misca to mesche (§ 126), lastly vieche. CHAPTER IIL The Latin Diphthongs. § 102. Just as the tendency of the classical Latin was to soften the primitive diphthongs of the Indo-European language \ so it is the tendency of the popular Latin to reduce the diphthongs to simple vowels, which are then treated as such by the French tongue ^. L— AE. § 103. Ae appears about the time of the Gracchi as a degenerate form of the Old Latin ai (aidem, datai, then aedem, datae). Then in turn this diphthong, already half-gone, is reduced to the simple e sound, which must have taken place somewhat early, for Varro speaks of edus, Mesius, as a popular pronunciation for haedus, Maesius, and Lucilius ridicules the pronunciation Cecilius, pretor, instead of Caecilius, praetor. Still, except on the Graffiti, or wall- ' Of the six old Latin diphthongs, ai, ei, oi, au, eu, ou, classical Latin has reduced ei to 1, and ou to u ; has changed ai to ae, and oi into oe ; and only au and eu have remained untouched. "^ Common Latin reduced ae and oe to e, au to o, and retained only eu. Ixxviii INTRODUCTION. inscriptions of Pompeii, e for ae is rather rare in Inscriptions down to the third century ; after that time it becomes common in monuments and MSS. : as preda, prefectus, presens, Grecus, for praeda, &c. § 104. This ae has been treated, when in position, as a primitive e (see § 65), whence comes regularly praesto, pre'/. When not in position, the e which comes from ae is treated by the French language ( i ) sometimes as an e, whence in due form (§ 61) comes ei, then o/(§63): as balaena, balena, baleine ; praeda, preda, proie ; blaesus, blesus, blois ; or (2) as a e, whence, in due form (§56) the diphthong ie : as laeta, leta, lie ; quaerit, querit, quiert ; saeculum, sec'lum, siecle. But how has ae become eu, ieu, in hibreu (Old Fr. ibrieii), from Hebraeus ; Matthieu from Matthaeus, and Old Fr. cieu for caecus; grieu from Graecus ; Dieu^ Old Fr. Deu, from Deus .? This is a phonetic difficulty, which has as yet received no answer, and remains very obscure. The same is the case with the transformation of Judaeus into juif^ in which the d has become y (as in sitim, soif) : and here the change from ae to i cannot be explained, unless we suppose that it has taken place in the same way in which iniquus, concido, illido, requiro, have come from aequus, caedo, laedo, quaere. II.— OE. § 105. Just as the Old Latin ai became ae in classical times, and then e in popular Latin, so the archaic Latin oi (foidere, Coilius) is softened by the time of Plautus into oe (foedere, Coelius), which becomes e in late imperial times. By the third century a.d. it was difficult to distinguish between oe and e ^ : whence ae and oe, having alike become e, have been similarly treated : thus we have oi, foenum, (§ QQ),/oin ; ei in poena (which was poine in Old French, § 63), peine ; also e from foemina, femme ; and ie (§ 56) in coelum, tenth century eel (in St. Eulalia), del. III.— AU. § 106. Just as ai became ae, then e, so au becomes ao, then 0. This change is to be seen more than once in classical times ; as in Clodius for Claudius, oUa for aula, plostrum for plaustrum, ex- plode from plaudo, suffoco from fauces : it becomes common in the decadence of the Latin language : thus Festus says that in his days auricula, aurum were pronounced oricula,*orum by country people. In Merovingian documents the substitution of o for au is general. ^ When once ae and oe had both become e, an inextricable confusion sprang up in Latin orthography between them ; and thus we find coelum, poena, coena, wrongly written caelum, paena, caena. THE LATIN CONSONANTS. Ixxix § 107. Au always begins by becoming o in French : as aurum, or ; clausus, clos ; ausare*, oser ; causa, chose^. This o usually remains in Modern French^, except when followed by a consonant which disappears : in this case o becomes ou in Modern French : as in laudo, O. Fr. he, loue ; compare also aut, ou ; inrauco *, enroue. It is clear that we may not confound this ou from O. Fr. o, the ou which comes from the softening of / into u, as in caulis, O. Fr. chol, chou. § 108. Before a guttural (as auca), or in a proparoxyton word ending in ius, ia, ea, &c., au, after passing into o, follows the rule which we have noticed as holding invariably in this case (§§ 83, 84), and is iotacised into oi: as auca, oie^ ; nausea, noise '^ ; gaudium, joie ; Sabaudia, Savoie : a change which even reaches to such words as claustrum, cloiti'e * ; adbaubare, aboyer, in which cases there is no guttural. CHAPTER IV. The Latin Consonants. § 110. The consonants may be divided into : — I. Explosive : (i) Labials, p, b (dull p, sonorous b). (ii) Dentals, t, d (dull t, sonorous d). (iii) Gutturals, c, g (dull c, sonorous g). II. Aspirate: h. III. Semi-vocals : j, v. IV. Prolonged : (i) Labial, f (ph). (ii) Dentals, s, x, z. V. Liquids : r, 1. VI. Nasals : m, n. * Learned writers have often reconstructed, and wrongly so, the Old French forms, with a view to bringing them back to what they conceived to be the original Latin form : thus the very correct Old Fr. po-vre from pauper, torel from taurelliim, have been rewritten as pawvre, taureaUf by the clerks. 2 In one or two cases Modern French has treated this Old Fr. o as if it had been a primitive Latin o, and has changed it regularly (§ 79) into eu : thus cauda, paucum., gave the Old Fr. coe, po, softened in Modern French into queue, peu. The old form coe, or coue, is still to be seen in the derivative couard. ^ We have seen (§ 84) how often the Latin as it becomes weaker in French takes two forms : thus paucum, when it lost its guttural influence, became peu, but in Old French, when it retained some memory of it, it was pot; and similarly auca loses all trace of the guttural in the O. Fr. oe, oue, but recovers it again in oie. * In Old French we have also the more regular form clostre. Ixxx INTRODUCTION. I. — Explosive Consonants. P, B. (i) Labials. Strong P. § 110. The Latin initial p always remains unchanged ' : pauper- tatem, pauvreti ; pacare, payer ; palatium, palais. § 111. Medial p drops to b in popular Latin, and this b in its turn drops to v in French : thus the classical saponem, ripa, crepare, saporem, become sabonem, riba, crebare, saborem in Merovingian days : but (as we see, § 113) b drops necessarily to v in French, and the forms sabonem, riba, crebare, saborem, become savon, rive, crever, saveur? P, having such a distance to pass (p to b, b to v) ^, it is easy to see that when medial it is not syncopated in French ; still there is one example of this syncope in sil, O. Fr. seii, from sa(p)utus *. § 112. Final p disappears : lupum becomes O. Fr. lou, which the learned from the fifteenth century onwards have rewritten in the form loup ; while this imitative p still remains mute *. ^ It is no objection to this rule that we have boite from puxida because the Romans themselves called it buxida, Placidus the grammarian mentions it as a popular and incorrect pronunciation of the word. — (Glosses of Placidus, ap. Mai. CI. Auct. vi. 570.) Compare also the classical Latin buxus from Gr. ttv^os. The change of initial p into b cannot therefore be attributed here to the French, but to the popular Latin. '^ In apicla*, abeille', apotheca, boutique; caepulla, ciboule; capanna, cabane, it seems at first that the Latin p had been arrested in its descent at b, without being able to drop to v : but, in fact, these words are not French (i. e. they have not come straight from the Latin) ; they have been imported (as may be seen in the Dictionary) some from Provence, others from Italy : and consequently they do not vitiate the rule laid down. The same is the case with the word acabit, which is an offensive corruption of accapitum *. •^ Such words as vaporem, 'vapeur; stupidus, stupide ; occupare, oc- cuper ; capitale, capkale, &c., which retain the medial p intact, are all of learned origin (§ 36). We must, however, except some such forms as eapitulum, chapitre ; epistola, epitre ; papilionem, papillon ; caponem, chapon ; apostolus, apotre ; capitellum *, chapiteau , capulare, chapeler, which are clearly more than half popular, and have yet partly remained in a learned form, for reasons which one cannot always readily explain. * As to chef hom caput, the permutation comes in another way. Caput became capu in common Latin, then the regular permutation (p to b, b to n)) gave in Merovingian Latin the form cabo ; and this is succeeded by the French form che've in the tenth century (et preparavit dominus ederam super caput Jone . . un edre sore sen che've, ' an ivy-bush over his head'), is a phrase found in a homily on Jonah of the tenth century. Che've became chef, like bovem, b(Buf; ovum, <£uf; vivum, 'vif see § 142. Compare aput = ab, a. EXPLOSIVE DENTALS. Ixxxi When followed by a (in French e mute), the final p again becomes a medial, and passes regularly into v : as ripa, rive ; cupa, cuve ; lupa, louve ; rapa, rave ; sapa, seve ; caepa, cive. Soft B. § 113. The Latin initial b remains unchanged : bucca, louche ; bovem, bocuf; bene, bien; bonum, bien. The Latin medial b : when soft it never remains in the middle of a word ^ but drops to the aspirated v. In some cases the Latin b, having become v, does not stay there, but treats that v as if it were the original letter ; it then undergoes the change considered below, § 141, i. e. it disappears : adbau(b)are * becomes aboyer ; ha(b)enteni, ay ant ; de(b)utus, die; ha(b)utus*^, O. Fr. eii, eu ; ro(b)iginem, rogne ; su(b)urra, saorre ; su(b)umbrare, sombrer ; su(b)undare, sonder ; ta(b)anum, taon ; tu(b)elluin (?), /z^(2«y ^i{b)^x!o■a.Si, viorne ; n.\xbem., nue ; bi(b)utus*^ formerly beii, now bu. § 114. Final b disappears : ibi, O. Fr. first iv, then i, Modern Fr. y; ubi, ou ; debeo, O. Fr. doi, dots; scribo, O. Fr. escrt, icris ; unless followed by a, in which case it becomes v : feibaf/eve ; proba, preuve ; entyba, endive'^. (ii) Dentals. T, D. Soft T. § 115. The Latin t had always a dental sound, except when it preceded the combined vowels ia, ie, io, iu, in which cases it was sibilant. This sound having already been considered in § 70, we need only now deal with the dental t. § 116. Initial t always remains: tantum, iant ; tabula, table; totum, tout ; titionem., tison ; tutare, tuer ; testa, tete. ^ The words which retain the b are all learned, such as probus, probe ; subitus, JW/^/V, &c. ; and even laborare, /«/^o«r^r; hsibitVLa, babit ; laborem, labeur; habitare, habiter, which, in spite of their adoption into common use, are of learned origin. The only exceptions to the rule of p passing into v, are the popular forms obedire, obe'ir ; abismum *, abtme. '^ In Western patois we still have the form evut, for eu, marking the transition from ha(b)utus * to a-vut, then e'vut, eil, eu. ^ Similarly the imperfects in a(b)ani, &c., have formed successively e've^ eie, oie, ois, ais : lavabam, O. Fr. la've've, then, by dropping the second •y, lanjeie, lai'oie, la'vois, Iwvais. * The exception sebum, suif, is not due to the French : Pliny writes it sevum, so that the change is not from b to^^ but from v tof. g Ixxxii INTRODUCTION. § 117. Medial t undergoes two successive changes: (i) it becomes ^in Old French, (2) this ^disappears; and then the two vowels thus brought together are in turn contracted. Thus mutare, vitellum, imperatorem, aetaticum, became O. Fr. muder, vedal, emperador, edage. In the twelfth century this medial d begins to be regarded as if it had been an original Latin d (see § 120), and as such it disappeared^; and the words became viu-er, ve-el, emper/-ur, i-age, and these again, towards the close of the middle ages, were con- tracted into veau, empereur, dge ^. Thus one sees that the medial Latin t passes through three stages : ist, at the origin of the French language it passes from the soft to the sonorous state, becoming d) 2nd, this medial d is dropped; 3rd, the vowels thus brought together are contracted. We subjoin the full list of Latin words which contain the medial t, and have passed through these three stages ^ : — Abbatissa, abbadissa, abba-esse, abbesse ; aetaticum, aedaticum, edage, e-age, dge ; so also with armure from armatura ; boyau from botellus ; cahier from quatemusi ; carreau from quadratellum ; censter from censitarius ; chaine from catena ; coussin from culcitinus ; commuer from coinm.utare; crier from quiritare; delayer from dilatare; de'vouer from devotare ; doloire from dolatoria ; doner, from dotare ; duchesse from ducatissa * ; dcuyer from scutarius ; e'ternuer from stemutare ; feu from fatutus * ; grille from craticula ; marier from maritare ; m^me from metipsimus ; me'tayer from medietarius ; mtiet from mutettus; noel from natalis; oublier from oblitare; poele from patella; pouvoir from potere; prairie from prataria; pre'au from pratellum ; poussif from pnlsativus * ; puer from putere ; rouelle from rotella ; seau from sitellus ; secouer from succutere ; soucier from soliicitare ; terroir from territorium ; trier from tritare * ; ttier from tutare ; vertueux from virtutosus * ; melle from vitella ; vouer from votare. § 118. Final t undergoes like changes with medial t. Before a ^ Such words 2& paladin, salade, cascade, are of foreign origin. "^ Such a hiatus as may exist between two Latin vowels is not allowed in French, but is put an end to in one of two ways : i . by contraction, which combines the two in one; 2. by intercalation, which disjoins them, and separates them by an interposed consonant. We have just seen con- traction at work; intercalation may be seen in the following example: po(t)ere, O. Fr. podir, then po-oir by loss of the d; then, to avoid hiatus, a -z; is introduced, and it becomes ;5o-i>-o/>, whence Modern Fr. powvoir. ^ Medial t naturally persists in all learned words : natalis, natal ; nativns, natif; votare, voter. Still it is found also in some popular words : buticula, bouteille ; catuUiare, chatouiller ; capitaneum, che'vetain ; quatere (?), catir ; Britannia, Bretagne ; medietatem, moitie ; pietatem, pttie\ pietantia, pitance; pietosum, piteux ; tota, toute: and it even becomes tt in beta, bette; blitum, blitte ; carota, carotte ; quietus, quitte. EXPLOSIVE DENTALS. Ixxxiii masculine ending in um t disappears, together with the termination, as pratum, pre; cornutum, cornu. [For further examples see under the suffixes -atus, § 201 ; -utus, § 201 ; Fr. tatem, § 230 \] Sonorous D. § 119. Initial d always persists: dies, di ; decanus, doyen; donare, donner ; dextrarius, destrier. Jour, from djurnum ; jusque, from de-usque, diusque, djusque, fall under a different case ; namely, that in which d is followed by iu, and the i being consonnified eventually ejects the d, though it has been retained for centuries in the dj, dz forms (the form zabolus is found in Latin for diabolus) ; and the dg sound remains in the Italian g. § 120. Medial d remained in French up to about the middle of | the eleventh century, and is found in French MSS. of that age ; \ in the latter half of that century this d is softened into a sound \ half sibilant, answering to the two English ih sounds ; and this, in j certain French MSS. written in England, has actually been indicated by the sign th : thus videre becomes successively vedeir (in the ■ Chanson de Roland, in the eleventh century) ;. veiheir (in the Vie | j de St.'^ran(r6n,"a twelfth century poem); then vieir in later texts d (whence successively ve'oir and voir'). So similarly for accahler, \\ cadabulum ; aimanf, adamantem ; asseoir, assedere ; bailler, bada- culare * ; bayer, badare ; b^nir, benedicere ; chance, cadentla * ; choir, cadere ; chuie, caduta * ; confier, confidare * ; confiance, con- fidentia; croyance, cxq^qtsAAs^', cruel, crudelis; creance, credentia ; cruaut^, crudelitatem ; de'nue\ denudatus ; dech/a?ice, decadentia ; I dimanche, diedominica ; e'cMance, excadentia * ; enfouir, infodere ; I envahir, invadere ; fe'al, fidelis ; jiancer, fidentiare * ; fier, fidare ; I fouir, fodere ; fouiller, fodiculare * ; gldieul, gladiolus ; gravir, j gradire * ; joyau, gaudiellum ; jouir, gaudere ; joyeux, gaudiosus ; I juif, judaeus ; louer, laudare ; moelle, medulla ; michant, minus- I cadentem * ; ;;^(9/(f/z'/, m.edietatem. ; 7;z^^«, medianus; »z^^;z, modiolus ; i niais, nidacem ; nouer, nodare ; noueux, nodosus ; nettoyer, nitidare ; j obeir, obedire ; ouir, audire ; parvis, paradisus ; pe'age, pedaticum * ; j pion, pedonem ; poti, peduclus * ; pr^se'ance, praesidentia ; rangon, re- j demptionem ; suer, sudare ; suaire, sudarium ; se'oir, sedere ; siance^ '■ sedentia ; irahir, tradere ; trahison, traditionem. ; traitre, traditor. This rule has no true exceptions : odorem, odeur ; rudis, rude ; ^ We must not forget that the hiatus protects the consonant: see pascuatieum, />«rfl^f, not pactage. Similarly /<7^ from fatuus. Compare G. Paris, in the Soc. de linguistique, s. v. fade. g2 Ixxxiv INTRODUCTION. studium, //ude \ are not in point, being learned words, whatever may be said. As to viduum, vide, this persistence of the d is, on the contrary, confirmatory of this rule. We have seen (§ 118, note i) that the dental t remains in like manner before the hiatus of uu, uo, which protects the preceding consonant : compare fatuus, /ai ; quatuordecim, quatorze ; batualia, baiaille. § 121. Final d is softened into / in very early French, then this / ceases to be pronounced, and disappears from MSS. : thus mer- cedem becomes successively mercii, then merci. A certain number of words, however, have directly lost the dental without passing through the / stage in any extant MS. : as fidem, foi ; crudum, cru ; nudum, nu ; medium, mi ; hodie, hut ; podium, put. Some of these words have been recast by the learned and the clerks at the end of the middle ages, so as to get back to the Latin forms : thus medium, pedem, nodum, nidum, after having become ?nu/,pie, fleu, ni, were altered to muid, pied, noeud, nid ; but this d is not pronounced. § 122. In a few cases there is a transformation of this final d into / (compare the / under t in sitim, soi/; ablatum *, blei/*) : similarly feodum makes jfie/; modum, meuf ; Judaeum, juif ; and such names of places as Marbodus, Marbceuf ; Pambodus, Paim- boeuf, &c. Chronological Resume of the History of the Dentals. Merovingian Latin Inf riAL d d d d d Me t DIAL d Final t Masc. d d d d d • d d French before loth century . d t After A.D. 1050 .... th th '• " From the 1 2th century " " (iii) Gutturals. C, G. C. § 123. The Latin c was hard and pronounced like k, whether before e and i, or before a, o, and u : thus they said kikero, fekerunt, kivitatem. In French this hard sound has perished before e and /, and has been replaced by the sibilant sound (s) ; before a, 0, and u it keeps its hard sound : it is then well to distinguish these two cases. Before the groups ia, io, iu, Latin c ^ The true popular form of studere is estovoir. EXPLOSIVE GUTTURALS. Ixxxv however did not retain its k sound, but became a tz (juditzium, contzio, offitzia), whose history we will consider separately. § 124. Initial c remains unchanged before o and u : ( i ) before o : cooperire, couvrir ; coUum, cou ; cornu, cor ; cornua, come ; corpus, corps : and sometimes this c becomes a ^ : coquus, queux ; cotem, queux. In such words as coactare *, cacher ; coagulare, cailler, in which the primitive o has been absorbed by the subsequent vowel, the rule of continuance of the c is respected, because the Old French certainly was coacher (the form coailler is to be found in the Oxford Psalter) ; and the o has been dropped at a later time. (2) Similarly, c remains before u: cutenna, couenne ; curtem, court ; eurrere, courir ; culpa, culpe. Before au, c remains when the au is treated as a simple o ; whence Cauda, coda, queue ; while causa, caulis, have changed c into ch {chose, chou). § 125. In confiare, gonfler, the c has dropped to g. The same change is met with in a word whose French origin is doubtful, cupellettum *, gohelei. § 126. Before a, initial c undergoes a very peculiar change : it passes through the successive aspirated sounds k'h, tk'h, kh, ch ; whence carrus, char. This change, of which there is not a trace in Merovingian Latin, was produced early in French: chief [?, found for caput in the Cantilene de Sainte Eulalie ; still it was long before it got into general use in writing : as late as the end of the eleventh century we find camhre and canter in French MSS., whereas it is 1 certain that at that date the pronunciation was chamhre and chanter, j This change of c into ch is to be met with in : — / Champ, campus ; chance, cadentia * ; chaine, catena ; chef, caput ; chair, caro ; chevre, capra ; chien, canis ; chose, causa ; champetre, campestris ; champion, campionem. * ; chicoree, cichoreum ; chenal, canalis ; chape, cappa ; chapeau, capellum * ; chapelle, capella * ; cheptel, capitale ; charnel, carnalis ; charnier, carnarium ; chaire, cathedra ; chaloir, calere ; chalumeau, calamellus ; chaleur, calorem ; chamhre, camera ; chancel, cancellus ; chanceler, cancellare * ; chancir, canutire ; chancre, cancer ; chandelle, candela ; changer, cambiare * ; chanoine, canonicus ; chanson, cantionem * ; chantre, cantor ; chanter, cantare; chantier , Q2JcA.Qr\\icai-, chanvre, oaxmsibia; chapeIer,csi]p-alaTe; chapiteau, capitellum ; chapitre, capitulum ; chapon, caponem * ; char, carrus ; charger, carricare ; charbon, carbonem ; chardon, cardonem * ; charrier, carricare ; cherts, caritatem ; charme, carmen ; charme, carpinus* ; charnier e, cardinaria*; charpeniier, carpentarius; charpie, carpere * ; charrue, carruca ; chartre, career ; chdsse, capsa ; chasser, captiare * ; chaste, castus ; chasuble, casibula * ; chat, catus * ; chdtaigne, castanea ; chateau, castellum ; chignon, catenionem * ; chdtier, castigare ; chatouiller, catulliare * ; chdtrer, castrare ; chaud, Ixxxvi INTRODUCTION. calidus ; chaudi7re, caldaria * ; chauffer, calefacere * ; chaume, calamus ; chausse, calceus ; chauss/e, calceata * ; chauve, calvum ; chaux, calcem ; chemin, caminus ; cheminee, caminata * ; chemise, camisia ; chenal, canalis ; chefiil, canile ; chenille, canicula * ; chenu^ canutus ; cher, carus ; ch^re, cara ; chercher, circare ; chetif, captivus ; cheval, caballus ; chevaucher, caballicare; chevecier, capicerium * ; chevitre, capistrum ; cheveu, capillus ; cheville, clavicula ; chevre, oapra ; chevreuil, capreolus * ; chez, casa ; chien, canis ; chiche^ ciccum ; chiche, cicer ; choir, cadere ; chose, causa ; chou, caulis. § 127. In a certain number of cases the initial ch goes rather • further, and becomes j : capella*, javelle ; caryophyllum, girofle ; camba, jamhe ; camitem (from cames), jante ; caveloa, geole ; cam- marus, O. Fr. jamble (a crayfish) ; and perhaps janger from quali- ficare, cal'f care ? §128. This ch for ca did not exist in the Picard dialect^; whence cartie the double forms camp, campagne, casse, which have entered the French language side by side with the original forms champ, champagne, chasse, from campus, campania, capsa. To the same influence may be attributed such irregular forms as cavea, cage, side by side with caveola, geole ; cable from capulum (sup- planting the O. Fr. chable) ; cdcher from calcare (supplanting the O. Fr. chocher, which survives in the names of certain birds, choche- pierre, choche-poule) ; whence cauchemar, and the diminutive caillou (from calcullum *, whence O. Fr. caillel, Bartsch, Pasturelles, 1 20) ; and also cava, cave. f By the side of these exceptions, due to the influence of certain dia- I lects of the Langue d'Oil, we must put the words due to the influence ; of the Proven9al; such as capitellum (O. Fr. chadel), cadeau ; capsa, r caisse (doublet of chdsse) : or due to the influence of the Italian : such as caput, cap (It, capo); cadentia, cadence (It. cadenza); cal- care, calquer (It. calcare) ; cavalier, canaille, capitaine, calegon, &c. § 129. Medial c. Before a, o, u, medial c passes into g in Mero- vingian Latin, which has pagare, vogare, logare, instead of pacare, vocare, locare, &c. This g drops to the semi- vocal j ^, which later ^ See Historical Grammar, p. 21. ^ In acutum, aigu ; acucla*, aiguille; secundum, second, the Latin c has been exceptionally stopped in its descent at g ; but we cannot put among such cases the words cicadula, cigale ; fica, ^gue ; vicarium., viguier ; flcarium, figuier ; draconem, dragon, which have been borrowed from the Proven9al cigala, Jiga (O. Fr. form vfdisjie and Jier, see the Oxford Psalter), viguier, drago (?). Ciconia, cigogyie, is a case, as the Old French form was soigne. As to locusta, langouste, this nasal form must come from a form loncusta : the simple form has regularly lost its c, and has become laouste (found in the Oxford Psalter). Finally cigue from cicuta is probably a learned word. THE ASPIRA TED GUTTURAL. Ixxxvii is again reduced to a simple i : thus braca becomes braga, then braja, then braie. When the c is between two vowels it disappears; as amicus, ami. Soft c becomes s, as avicellus^ oiseau ; placere, plaisir. a. ^ § 130. Initial Latin g, whether hard or soft, remains in French : as gustus, gout; gobionem, goujon; gigantem, gea7tt ; gemere, geindre ; gemma, gemvie ; gentem, gens {gent). It sometimes is softened intoy, as in g&uder e, j'oui'r ; gemellus, Jumeau ; galbin\ia,jatme. § 131. Medial g also remains : as angustia, angoisse ; cingulum, sangle ; ungula, ongle ; largus, large. Also it drops to / .• as Ande- gavi, Anjou. But g before m, n, r, and d, disappears in French, in whatever part of the word it occurs, being vocalised into aj/; pigmentum, piment ; tragere, traire ; legere, lire; m.alignum., malin ; Mag- dalena, Madeleine ; frigidus (frig'dus), froid. Compare yiyvaa-Koi , gnosco, nosco ; gnatus, natus. §132. Final g remains : as longus, /i?«^/ at&gDMm., e'tang ; pugnus, poing ; dignus, digne. II. — The Aspirate. H. § 133. The Latin h was not, like the French h, a mute letter, unpronounced and only written ^ : the Romans originally aspirated their h with a certain vigour (like the German h) ; for Marius Victorinus, the grammarian, as late as the fourth century, directs his countrymen thus : ' Profundo spiritu, anhelis faucibus, exploso ore fundetur.' The aspirate, being of all letters the hardest to pronounce and requiring the most effort, it must necessarily suffer more softening than any other letter, following the ' law of least action,' § 139. Just ^ as the Latin had abandoned almost all the aspirates of the Indo- | European primitive languages (aspirates which were retained in the \ Greek, and still more in the Sanscrit), the French has completely I dropped the Latin aspirated h, and, ceasing to pronounce the letter, * naturally also gave up writing it ^. ^ What is called the French aspirated h is not really such; it is not really pronounced, but simply has the power of stopping the elision of the preceding vowel : as le-heros, me-hdir ; or it stands for a final consonant : thus Pierre est haissable is pronounced Pierre eh-aissable ; whilst, on the other hand, the words Pierre est homme and etonne are pronounced alike. ^ It is unnecessary to repeat that we do not trouble ourselves about learned words such as hom.icida; homicide ; halitare, haliter ; habitare, babiter ; heros, heros, &c. Ixxxviii INTRODUCTION. § 134. Initial h. Just as the archaic Latin words holus (a bean) ; hera (a mistress) ; her (a hedgehog), dropped to olus, era, er, in classical days, so the common Latin suppressed this aspirated h, and wrote oc, ordeus, eredes, onestus, omo, which are found in Inscriptions of imperial days for hoc, hordeum, heredes, honestus, homo. The French language, carrying on this tendency, said avot'r, on, or, orge, oui, encore, for habere, homo, hora, hordeum., hoc-illud, hanc-horam. Similarly we have ordure from O. Fr. ord, horridus ; and Herre, O. Fr. lerre, hedera\ The French language, invariably suppressing this (to them) useless letter, said also hominem, omme ; hodie, ui ; herba, erbe ; hereditare, e'riter ; heres, oir ; heri, ier ; hibemum, iver ; hora, eure, regular forms, afterwards corrupted by the learned, by the restoration of the mute h ; whence the modern forms homme, hui, her be, &c., which, therefore, do not really break the law laid down in § 133, as might appear at first sight. §135. Medial h. Just as classical Latin suppressed the aspirate sound in ni(h)il, co(h)ortem, mi(h)i, pre(h)endo, contracting these words into nil, cortem, prendo, so the French, seeking to abolish this medial aspirate, employed the two usual methods given above (§ 117, note 2) — contraction or intercalation: Jo(h)annes is con- tracted into Je-an, then Jean, pronounced Jan ; but in trai're from tra(h)ere we have another process ; the aspirate becomes a guttural, and tra(h)ere becomes tra-g-ere. (For tragere, see traire in the Dictionary^.) Tragere, regularly contracted into trag're, becomes traire, by changing gr to ir (§ 131). The same case is found in medieval Latin : vehere becomes vegere, to soften the hiatus ; and similarly we have grugem for gruem. This suppression of the aspirated h explains to us why th, ph, ch, which were learned importations of Latin savants for the Greek 6, 0, X, have been treated in French as if they were /, J, c. III. — The Semi- Vocals. J, V. § 136. Two consonants (j, v) bear this name : they had in Latin a sound which floated between that of a vowel and that of a consonant ; the Latin j approaching to i, the Latin v to ou. From this double tendency of these two Latin letters we get in French two very distinct ways of treating these semi-vocals, according as they incline towards the French consonantal or the French vowel state. In the first case, the Latin v and j take in French the form of two well-marked ^ Ortolan comes from hortulanus *, through the Provengal. 2 The form tragere explains how trahentem has produced trayant, where the y represents the usual vocalisation (§ 131) of the g of tra- gentem. SEMI-VOCAL CONSONANTS. Ixxxix consonants v ^ and j (which is a soft g) : thus avena ^ became avoine, and junicem ^, ge'nisse. In the second case, the Latin j and v, be- coming real vowels, are represented by i and ou : hence Troja becomes Troie (an i which finally disappears in such words as je-junum, Je-Un, then jetm) : and the v = otc at last disappears and leaves no trace ; as pa-vonem, pa-wonem, pa-ou-on, pa-on. This, however, does not hold good of initial v, which remains in French. We must now inquire how these changes have taken place. J. § 137. This letter, pronounced i-i by the Latins, who said i-iuvenis, mai-ior, for juvenis, major *, soon underwent two distinct changes : I. the one transforming this Latin i-i, in order to mark it better, into d-i, as in ma-di-us, found in medieval Latin ^, for ma-i-us ; or di-acere for jacere. 2. But when once the j has got behind a d, how does it consonify itself? It takes a dj sound, diacere = djacere, a sound represented in modern Italian by gi (pronounced dgi), as m. giacere. This compound dgi sound loses its dental, and is then reduced to the soft g or / sound (as pronounced by the French). This, then, is the scale of sounds : — J ( = i-i) -♦ di-i — dj-i — gi — j (French) : i-iugum -^ di-iugum — dj-iugum — giugum, joug. Helped by these preliminary distinctions, we may study the history of the Latin semi-vocal j into French. § 138. Initial j becomes a consonant, and is sounded as ge : jam, ja ; jaculare, jaillir ; Januarius, Janvier ; jactare, Jeter ; jocus, Jeu ; Jovis-dies, jeudi ; jejunus, jeun ; jungere, joindre ; juncus, jonc ; joc\xi.8iri,jongkr ; jocsiri, jouer ; jugvim, j'oug ; j-axtare, j'oufer ; juventia, jouvence ; jocale, joyou ; Judaeus, juif; judicare, jtiger ; inveneva, jhine ; Junius, Jm'n ; juYnentura, j'umenf ; jurare, Jurer ; jus, JUS ; Justus, jusie : a change also often expressed by soft g, which is the same letter as j in French : hence jacere, ge'sir ; junicem, g^nisse ; juniperum, gemevre. ^ The French «!; is a labial consonant, degenerated from the Latin b, just as the French y, or soft g, is a degenerated form of the guttural ch. (?) 2 Pronounced a-ou-ena at Rome. ^ Pronounced i-iunicem at Rome. * Cicero, Quinctilian tells us, was accustomed to write this medial j , as i. ' Sciat enim Ciceroni placuisse aiio, Maiiamque, geminata i | scribere.' Instit. Orat. i. 4, 11. We find liulius for Julius in Inscriptions ^ under the Empire. Those Inscriptions and MSS. which write Hiesu, | Hiaspidis, Hiericho, Hieremie, Trahiani, for Jesu, Jaspidis, Jericho, j Jeremias, Trajani, have accurately expressed this pronunciation. Com- I pare with this pronunciation that of the English j/^'^r, or German Jabr. ^ For examples, see under Mai in the Dictionary. xc INTRODUCTION. § 139. Medial j retains the Latin i sound, and disappears when it immediately precedes the tonic vowel : jejunium., Je-unyjhm ; when, on the other hand, it follows the tonic vowel, it remains as i : Troja, Troie ; raja, raie ; boja, O. Fr. boie^ bouie ; majus, mai ; major, maire ; bajiilare (?), bailler ; pejor, /^r*? / pejus, /w^. V. § 140. Initial v always continues, except in the important case of V = gu, as in Vasconia, Guascogne, Gascogne ; -sriscyxva^gui ; vadum, gti/; veapa,, guepe ; vipera, gm'vre. Thus vajLwon, vain ; vinum, z'm/ vectura, voiture ; vulturius, vautour ; virtutem, vertu ; vaeca, vache. In a few cases v is strengthened into either/^ as vicem, fois ; or into ^, as vervecem, brebi's ; vaccalarius, bachelier ; vervecarius, berger ; vettonica, be bine ; Vesontionem, Besangon ; but this rise from v to b is not the work of the French language ; it was done in the Latin. Petronius writes berbecem, Pliny bettonica: in the fifth century we find berbecarius; in a tenth century MS. we have baccalarius. § 141. Medial v. We know that the Latin v was not pronounced like the French v, but rather like the English w (or like the French ou sound) ^. This sound, which was not a pure consonant like the French Vy nor a pure vowel like the French u, but lay between the two, J has properly been called semivocal. It has undergone two different * methods of treatment in French, according to its approximation to the consonantal or to the vowel condition : if the former, it has produced the French v, as in lavare, laver .; levare, lever ; privare, priver ; novellum, nouveau ; lixivia, lessive ; viventem, vivani ; November, novembre ; gingiva, gencive. This, however, is not universal : on the contrary, when the semivocal inclines towards the vowel sound, it disappears in French: thus pavonem (pronounced ^ The word aider^ very irregularly formed from adjutare, may here be considered. Adjutare at a very early period became ajutare, as the Inscriptions shew us (see Dictionary, s. v. aider, where also the details of these changes are worked out). Ajutare soon became aj'tare, whence aider. . ^ This rise from v to b, rare in the Latin also, especially before the fourth century, became the rule in certain patois of the Romance lan- guages; as the Neapolitan in the East, the Gascon in the West. In Gascony the pronunciation has always been bos from vos ; boide from volere *, benir from venire, &c. ; a rule noticed by Scaliger, who founded on it the neat and well-known epigram — 'Non temere antiquas mutat Vasconia voces, Cui nihil est aliud vivere quam bibere.' It is curious that this same pun occurs, more than a thousand years before Scaliger, on a Roman tomb : ' Dum vixi bibi libenter ; bibite vos qui vivite.' — Heuzer, Or. 6674. SEMI-VOCAL CONSONANTS. • ; . , , , ,xc^ pa-ou-nem in Rome) soon became pa-onem, whence p'tuM";' s\mihfif avunculus (pronounced a-ou-unculus) soon was contracted to a-uneulus ; the Latin poets treat it as a trisyllabic word ; it is also to be found as aunculus in several Inscriptions. Thus, too, we find in Inscriptions noember for no-v-ember, juentutem for ju-v-entutem. This loss of the v is to be found also in classical Latin, as in bourn for bovum * ; audii for audivi ; redii for redivi * ; amarunt for amaerunt*, for amaverunt; pluere for pluvere*. The Appendix Probi speaks of ais for avis ; rius for rivus ^. This loss of v^ also takes place in French : as in pavonem, paon; pavorem, peur; aviolus *, aieul ; vivenda, viande; clavare, doner; avunculus, oncle ; ovicla, ouaille ; pluvia, pluie ; caveola, geole ; uvetta *, luetle ; obliviosus, oublieux. § 142. Final v is always hardened into f at the end of words : this phenomenon, which is opposed to the law stated below § 167, is easily explained. Notice that most of the popular words which change v into f are monosyllabic : bovem, bcEuf ; brevem, href; cervum, cerf ; captivum, che'tif ; clavem^, clef; nativum, nmf ; navem, nef; nervum, nerf; novus, neu ; novum, neuf; ovum, ceuf ; pulsativum *, poussf ; salvum, saif ; servum, serf ; sevum, suf; vivum, vf; ^ejveva., grief ; augivum *, ogif*; restivum*, re'ttf ; vidvum, veuf Now we know that monosyllables shew a marked desire to strengthen themselves, either at the beginning by aspiration or at the end, by introducing a strong consonant as a bulwark against phonetic decay. Besides, without insisting on this fact, the true cause of the change from v to yiies in the tendency which leads the French language to replace soft consonants at the end of words by strong ones, in order to give greater support to the voice. For this reason the soft d and g in this position are replaced in pro- nunciation by the strong / and c, as in sang et eau, grand homme, where sa?tg is pronounced sajic, and grand, grant * ; whence it follows that the final v is necessarily strengthened into y'^. When v is not ^ ' Rivus non rius, avis non ais.' — App. Probi. ^ In Andegavi, Pictavi, clavus, pronounced by the Romans Ande- ga-ou-i, Picta-ou-i, cla-ou-is, &c., the Latin v (ou) joins the preceding a, and forms the diphthong aou; which, following the law of trans- formation into French (au, then o, lastly ou), has formed the three words Anjou, Poitou, clou. ^ Why is the /of clef mnte (whence the orthography cle) while it remains sonorous in the other words ? * Why then does the strong s form an exception, being softened into a z, at the end of words, as in nous aimons, aux enfants, che'vaux admirables, &c., where nous, aux, che'vaux, are pronounced nou-%, au-'z, chenjau-z ? ^ This tendency is so strong that it even transforms words of learned origin, which also change final v into /, as in activus, actif; passivus, passif; nativus, natif; relativus, relatif. xcii INTRODUCTION. iincrl, there- is no longer any reason for this strengthening process, and it remains unchanged according to § 140. This is the reason why the feminine of adjectives in -z/'is -we ; and why we have bovem, dcvuf, but bovarius, houvier ; navem, nef, but navile, navire; servum, serf, but servire, servir ; salvum, sauf but salvare, sauver ; nativum, naif but nativitatem, naivete. The same rule enables us to explain the relation between the primitive chef and the derivatives chevetj achever, and between such words as ^rf/'and brevet, relief diXid. relever. IV. Prolonged. (i) Labial. F. § 143. Initial f remains : fortem, fort ; focum, feu ; fata, fe'e ; fabula, fable ; foras, fors, which last word became hors at an early date, just as O. Fr. faras (a troop of stallions) and fardes (clothes ?) became haras and hardes. The Latin f being only one degree stronger than h, we find this same exchange between the archaic Latin fostis, fircum, folus, and the classical hostis, hircum, (olus?). § 144. Medial f invariably remains : refutiare, refuser ; defendere, defefidre, &c., with'the one exception of scrofella *, ^crouelle. § 145. Final f remains ; tufus, iuf; but, if followed by a mute a, it becomes v, as genovefa, genevieve. § 146. By the side of the spirant f the Latin had received from the Greek, and has passed on to the French, another aspirate 0, whose history must now be considered. The Greek 0, ph (wrongly pronounced by us as an/"), had a very / distinct sound of its own, differing from the Latin f Quinctilian and i Priscian tell us that to pronounce f we must use a stronger aspiration I than we should with <^, and that in so doing the lower lip should not \ touch the upper row of teeth. The was pronounced like the English ph in shepherd. A p thus aspirated necessarily dropped down to the common p when used by persons whose ears were not fine enough to recognise so slight a distinction ; and thus at Rome, whilst the upper classes, in transferring ^ made it first ph, afterwards f, the common people made it a p, thus suppressing its delicate aspirate: as in af^vn], which has produced the double Latin form, the learned aphya, and the popular apua. Thus, whilst the learned called the dfx(popevs amphora, and the arpocpr} stropha, the people made them ampora and stropa, as the Appendix Probi (in the time of Nero) tells us. Probus blames the vulgar pronunciation 'stropha non stropa, amphora non ampora.' This vulgar pronunciation remains in a few French words : thus rropcfivpa produced the popular Latin purpura, whence pourpre ; KoKa^o^ has both forms, learned colaphus, PROLONGED CONSONANTS. xciii and vulgar colapus, so frequent in Merovingian documents, Avhence O.Yv.colp, now coup^ : (f)a\ayyai, in classical Latin phalangae, popular Latin palangae, has preserved the latter form in the French palan, palafique. On the other hand, the ph used by the Latin literati to represent 4> in the words they borrowed from the Greek (as 4)i\o(ro(}ila, philosophia), soon, in spite of the outcries of the grammarians, was confounded with the Latin f. Side by side with phaselus, phlegma, sulphur, tophus, sylphi, phalangae, &c., we find, at an early date, the forms faselus, flegma, sulfur, tofus, sylfi, falangae, &c. This change of ph into f goes on in French in popular words ^ : as phantasma,y^«/^;^^^/ -phi^la, Jiole ; ■p'ha.sia.nuSy/'aiscm; elephantum, olifant ; graphium, greffe^. Similarly orphaninus * produced the O. Fr. orfenin, whence orfelin, which the learned of the middle ages have recast in the form orphelin, believing that they were thereby approaching nearer to the original Latin form. (ii) Dentals. S, X, Z. S. §147. Initial s, if followed by a vowel, remains: solus, seul ; subtus, sous; sella, selle ; ^^xv6^x^, sourd. But st becomes est; sp, esp ; sc, esc, the prefixed e tending to render the pronunciation more easy : thus we have stare, O. Fr. ester ; scribere, O. Fr. escrire ; sperare, esperer ; and this s is not uncommonly absorbed, its place being marked by the acute accent on the initial e : as escrire, e'crire ; statum, estat, etat. § 148. Medial s remains : as cerasus, cerise ; quassare, casser. But sc'r drops the s, as is seen in crescere, croitre ; pascere, paitre ; cognoscere, connaitre. §149. Final s sometimes remains: ursus, ours; subtus, sous; minus, moins. Or it becomes z, as casa, chez ; nasus, nez ; adsatis, assez. Or x, as duos, deux ; tussis, toux ; otiosus, oiseux ; sponsus, e'poux, ^ Sometimes a p sprung from a is treated in French as if it were an original p : thus the Greek (}.^v^ov became ziziphus, with a popular form zizupus, which then underwent the regular change of p into b (§ 111), whence zizubus, whence the ill-formed y«y«^(f. ^ It remains as ■ph in learned words: philosophia, philosophie • pha- langeus, phalange; phoebus, phebus ; except in some scientific terms, introduced somewhat early (as we have seen in § 146), which have changed ph into f, as (^avTaty'ia^ fantaisie ; (pauTaariKos, fantastique ; phrenesis, frenesie. ^ There are a few of these double consonants which have a like origin ; as cophinus, common Latin co£bius, coffre. INTRODUCTION. X. § 150. Medial x sometimes remains : as sexaginta, soixanie. Or it becomes ss : as examen, essairn ; laxare, laisser ; coxa, cutsse ; axilla, ai'sselle. § 151. Final x remains : sex, six ; luxum, luxe. Z. § 152. Initial z remains : zelum, zeie ; but zelosus becomes ya^^Jtr. V. — Liquids. R, L. R. § 153. Initial r remains : regnum, regne ; rupta, route ; regem, roi ; ripa, rive. § 154. Medial r remains : soricem, souris ; carmen, charme. It also becomes / in some few cases : as paraveredus, palefroi. It is some- times dropped before j, as dorsum,, dos ; persica, O. Fr. pesche, p^che. §155. Final r remains usually: as audire, ouir ; carrus, char ; but in some cases it becomes /, as altare, autel ; cribrum, crible. §156. Initial 1 remains: littera, letire ; lingua, langue ; legem, hi. It also becomes r, a change which dates back to Merovingian days : lusciniola, rossig?ioL Also n, as libella, niveau. § 157. Medial 1 remains : as aquila, aigle ; filius, fils ; circulus, cercle. There is also the change into n, as is seen in posterula* (O. Fr. posterle, posterne), poterne ; margula (O. Fr. marie), marne. Also into r, as ulmus, orne ; cartula, chartre ; capitulum, chapitre. It should be noticed that this 1 is often softened into u in the combinations ol, ul preceding a consonant: as collem, cou ; aus- cultare, /couter ; pulverem, poudre ; sulphur, sou/re; col'phus, coup. This process took place in French times. §158. Final 1 remains in solus, seul ; sal, sel ; supercilium, sourcil ; mille, mil; mel, miel. VI.— Nasals. M, N. M. §150. Initial m remains: mare, mer ; m.B.mxa, main ; mille, mil. It also becomes n, as mappa, nappe ; matta, natte. § 160. Medial m remains : camera, chafnbre ; computare, compter ; RULE OF PERMUTATIONS. xcv or it becomes n, as semita, senie ; computare, confer ; simius (simiMB), singe ; ^vixixvnn, prin'm p7'intemps . Also in the double mn the m becomes n, as colunina, colonne. § 161. Final m remains : dama, daim; nomen, nom ; faxaeva^/ai'm. Also it becomes n, as rem, rien ; meum, taxim, suum, ?7ion, ton, son. § 162. Initial n remains : nomen, nom ; non, non ; nos, ' nous ; nasum, nez. §163. Medial n remains: as ruina, ruine ; mentiri, mentir ; mentum, menfon. Also it becomes m, as nominare, nommer ; car- ■^vmxs,, charme ; hominem, homme. Also/.- orphaninus *, orphelin ; Panorm.us, Palerme ; Bononia, BologJte. Also r : ordinem, ordre ; diaconus, diaa'e ; Londinum., Londres. N also disappears in some cases before the origin of the French language, as in pagensis, pagesis *, pais, pays. § 164. Final n remains : non, non ; sonus, son ; bonus, bon. Or it disappears, as nomen, ?iom. PART II. THE PRINCIPLES WHICH RULE THE PERMUTATIONS OF LANGUAGE. § 165. We may thus sum up the results of our inquiry by statmg the Laws on which the change of the Latin letters into French rests ; and these (using the language of natural history) we may call the laws of least action, and of transition. § 166. I. Law of Least Action \ — It is a characteristic of every human effort to try to exert itself with the least action, that is, with the smallest possible expenditure of energy. Language follows this law, and its successive transformations are caused by the endeavour to diminish this effort, and by the desire of reaching a more easy pronunciation. This, combined with the structure of the vocal apparatus, gives us the true cause of these changes of language. ^ In his admirable Grammaire comparee du Sanskrit, du Grec, et du Latin, M. Baudry has shewn the influence of these two principles on the formation of ancient languages. I hope to shew that they may be further confirmed by the history of the French language. xcvi INTRODUCTION. § 167. This need of greater ease in pronunciation shews itself in the history of the French language, by the general weakening of the Latin letters : thus the c and g, pronounced hard by the Romans before e and i \ as fekerunt, kivitatem, guemellus, guibba (fecerunt, civi- tatem, gemellus, gibba) have become soft in French, the hard o passing into the f sound, the hard g into they sound, so that where the Latins said kedere, aguere, the French say ceder, agir. Similarly the Latin p is softened into v, ripa, crepare, saponem, becoming rive^ crever, savon : in some cases the weakening is so great that the Latin letter altogether disappears; as crudelis passes into crue/, sudare into siier, obedire into od/tr. § 168. In other cases, the letters in contact being dissimilar, the French language assimilates them, to make the pronunciation easier ; thus it changes dr into rr ; adripare, arriver ; quadratum, carre ; similarly tr is softened into rr, as putrere, pourrir ; latronem, larron. Here moreover, as in most cases, the French only follows the example of the Latin itself, whose tendency towards assimilation was strongly developed ; thus the Romans said arridere for adridere, arrogantem for adrogantem, &c. From this regular progress of languages towards an easier pronunciation, we may conclude at once that languages are ever descending, never climbing, the scales of sounds : thus tr is softened into rr ; rr is never hardened into tr ; latronem may des- cend into larron, but parricidium never ascends in French to patri- cide ; either it must remain as it is, parricide, or grow softer still by simplifying the rr into r. § 169. Another phenomenon, the correlative of this assimilation of letters, and also springing from the desire of ease in pronunciation, is the separation or differentiation of similar letters, so as to render their emission from the mouth easier. If a Latin word has two r's, in French it will be softened by changing the one r into /, as cribrum, crible : thus the Latin parafredus becomes palefroi, not pare/roi] peregrinus becomes pelerin, not pereri?t. So too, if there are two I's, the French changes one into r; lusciniola becomes rossignol, not lossignol. This process has received the name of dis~ similation. This balancing of letters and effort after the vocal equilibrium were not unknown to the Latins, who, to avoid the two r's, said ruralis, muralis, instead of ruraris, m.uraris : to avoid the two /'s, they said epularis, stellaris, instead of epulalis, stellalis^. ^ See the word agencer in the Dictionary. ^ In a word, the suffixes aris, alls, being alike in origin and meaning, the Romans preferred aris, when the word had already an 1 in it (as stellaris, from stella), and alis, if the word had an r in it (ruralis, from ruris). See Baudry, Grammaire comparee du Sanskrit, du Grec, et du Latin, p. loi. EXCEPTIONS TO PHONETICS. xcvii § 170. Together with this ' dissimilation/ which seeks to avoid the disagreeable repetition of the same letter, we must notice another process, 'metathesis,' the transposition or displacement of a con- sonant, to facilitate pronunciation: thus, formaticum, turbare, paupertatem, at first became formage, iourver, pauverie, as may be seen in old French texts; these words afterwards underwent the j displacement of the r, and h&C2imQ/romage, irouver, pauvrete. § 171. II. Law of Transition. — The law of least action shews us the cause of the transformations of language, and of the per- mutation of letters; that of transition will teach us the conditions of these changes, and their course. ' Permutation moves on step by step, and never more than one step at a time. A letter does not at a bound change its order, degree, or family; it can only make one of these changes at once ^' Thus, to resume the study of the word putrere, given above, the classical putrere did not turn at once into the French pourrir ; it passed in the Merovingian Latin into the forms putrire, pudrire, and in Old French through the successive ioiras podrir, porrir, whence pourrir : the tr had to pass the intermediate dr before it became rr. In like manner the Dic- tionary will present to us, so far as it is possible to write it, the history of every letter, and will connect the Latin with the French by the intermediate links of medieval Latin, and the Old French. PART III. \ EXCEPTIONS TO PHONETICS. EFFECT OF CORRUPTION ON THE FORMATION OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE. § 172. Though the laws of Phonetics rule with precision almost all the words in the French language, there are still a few which seem, as far as we know, to be refractory, and to refuse to be classified under established heads: just as in natural history there are some beings which have not yet found their proper place under the divisions of science. These exceptions to the rules of Phonetics have a double cause : or rather, the infraction of the rules is only apparent, and is due to in- fluences which we are as yet unacquainted with, and to secondary laws ^ F- Baudry, Grammaire compare e du Sanskrit, du Grec, et du Latin, p. 83. h xcviii INTRODUCTION. which limit or modify the primary ones ; or these infractions of law are the result of corruption. Words thus corrupted cannot be used as arguments to throw doubt on the existence of the laws of lan- guage and their firm establishment : for, as M. Littrd says, * it is the general and positive rules which enable us to affirm that there is an error even where we do not know the circumstances or the conditions of the error ; they enable us to divide the whole into the regular and correct part, and the part altered and mutilated by the inevitable faults of time and of mankind.' And besides, in many cases the corruption is only apparent, not real, or if it does exist, it is not the French language that is to blame : thus ecouter (Old French escouter, escolter, originally esculter) is a very irregular derivation from the classical Latin auscultare, for the Latin au never becomes e in French, and if the word had been regularly formed, it would have been oscouter, not escouter, as the Latin au habitually becomes o (aurum, or; pausare, poser, &c.). Now here to all appearance is a flagrant exception, and Phonetics seem to be at fault. But not so: Phonetics are blameless, for we know from Flavins Caper that in the third century men said, not auscultare, but ascultare, whence, according to rule, comes the form escouter, as a becomes e (patrem, pere ; pratum, pre'; gratum, gr^ ; &c.). Thus in this case the corruption dates back to the popular Latin, and the French language has nothing to do with it. The same is the case when the French language seems to violate the Latin accent, in such words as encre from encaustum. / persil from petroselinum, borrowed by the Romans from the Greek (eyfcauoToi/, nerpocreXLuov). Here the French retains the original Greek accent, pre- served by the Latins in these borrowed words. In souris, seigle, mordre, foie, fin, faite, from soricem, secdle, mord^re, ficatum, finitus, fastigium, the accent had already been displaced in vulgar Latin, which said soricem, s6cale, mordere, ficatum, finitus, fastigium. But beside these apparent infractions of the laws of Phonetics, there are also real exceptions, caused by corruption or chance, — cases of Latin words whose passage into French is governed by no known laws, and which seem to us to be painful discords in the harmonious unity of the language. These errors are man's mark left on the vocabulary, the arbitrary element in the formation of the French tongue. If we compare with their Latin originals the words ^^r- mandree, cham.aedrys ; amidon, am.yluin^ ; camomille, chamaemelum; ancolie, aquilegia; erable, acer arbor; e'chalotie, Ascalonicum; estragon, draconem; regime, Ucim.Titm\ girofle, caryophyllum; marjolaine, ama- racana*, we shall find ourselves face to face with the worst corruptions ^ Here the corruption is older than the French language ; amidum for amylum is found in a Latin document of the ninth century. EXCEPTIONS TO PHONETICS. xcix in the language : let us note at the same time that almost all these words indicate medicinal plants, and have come down to us through herbalists and apothecaries. Nor is it astonishing that a long special use has deformed and corrupted such words ; for the people torture learned words so as to give them a sense of some kind — thus one may any day hear the common folk ask for de Veau d'anon for lauda- num, and the like. To this class also belongs boutique, from apotheca, one of the most striking instances of corruption. Apotheca would regularly have produced aboutaie, as the Latin initial a never drops out in French, and it is contrary to rule for the Latin c between, two vowels to become q in French at the end of a word ; in such a posi- tion the Latin c always disappears (baca, haie ; braca, braie ; ebriaca, ivraie) ; so that, like theca, iaie, apotheca ought to have become aboutaie ^. If we add to this list certain other words ^, we shall have the full catalogue of all forms due to chance or inexplicable disturb- ance : it will be seen how very small their sum total is, compared with the whole French language. Still, it is most important for us to be able to ascertain the truth. From the days of St. Augustine, who said ^ that the explanation of words depends on the fancy of each person who ■ I tries them, and who likened it to the interpreting of dreams, down to Voltaire, who believed that chance or corruption were the sole causes of the revolutions of language, human speech has ever been regarded as the product of the arbitrary caprice of men. But modern science has shewn that languages are not the work of chance, but a natural and organic growth, of which man is not the author, but the instru- ment. Philology has narrowed and limited the part played by caprice and corruption in the formation of languages, without utterly annihi- lating it. ^ Aboutaie is not the final form. We know on one hand that the Latin p does not stop at b, but drops down to t : on the other hand we know that t between two vowels always drops out in French ; so that aboutaie would become avoutaie^ and finally a'vouaie, the last regular contraction of apotheca. ^ Adamantem, diamant; emendare, amender ; amygdale, amande ; tremere, craindre ; carbunculus, escarboucle ; scintilla, etincelle ; sarco- phagus, cercueil • fracticium, friche\ lampetra, lamproie ; imicomu, Ucorne ; umbilicus, nombril. As to the words lendemain, loriot, lierre, which in Old French were rightly spelt endemain, oriot, terre (see the Dictionary for these words), they must not be reckoned as corruptions of the Latin word, but of the French. h2 INTRODUCTION. PART IV. DERIVATION. § 173. Before we enter into necessary details in dealing with deriva- tion, under tlie three heads of substantive, adjective, and verb, we must first forewarn our reader that every suffix ought always to be regarded from three points of view ; — with reference to its origin, form, and accentuation. § 174. I. Origin. — Suffixes maybe of Latin origin (as pfemz'^r from primarius), or of French origin, that is, formed on the model of Latin suffixes, as encrzVr from encre), but having no correspon- dent Latin original. § 175. 2. Form. — We must carefully distinguish suffixes of learned formation from those of popular origin ; i. e. such derivatives as prinWr^, sdcuWr^, schokzW, which come from the learned, from such as prem?'<?r (primarius), "SjioxMer (secularis), ^colz'<?r (scholaris), which have been formed by the common people. § 176. 3. Accentuation. — Here the Latin suffixes may be put under two heads : a. the accented, whose penultimate is long, as mort^lis, humanus, vulgaris ; and, /3. the unaccented or atonic, whose penul- timate is short; as dsinus, porticus, mobilis. § 177. Accented Latin suffixes are retained in the French, as mortely humain, vulgaire. The language having got possession of these suffixes, -el, -ain, -aire, presently uses them to form new derivatives, applying them to words which had no corresponding suffixes in Latin: by such additions have been formed such words as vis-uel^ loini-ain, visionn-aire, derivatives created at first hand by the French language. § 178. Atonic Latin suffixes, ds-inus, port-icus, jud-icem, all perish as they pass into French by a natural consequence of the law of accentuation: thus dsinus gives us dne ; port-icus, pore he ; j'dd-^cem^juge. After losing the atonic i these suffixes had no strength left in them for the production of new derivatives. What, in fact, does the suffix -k in gre-te (gracilis) ; humb-le (humilis) ; douib-h (ductilis), represent to the common ear ? Who would believe that these three French words are formed by means of the same suffix, if he had not the Latin words before him ? While the Latin -ilis is very fruitful, the French -le is but a sterile termination. Similarly, it may be seen by such examples as diab-le (diabolus) ; meub-le (mobilis) ; peup-le (populus), that the three Latin suffixes, -olus, -ilis, -lilus, are uniformly merged in the French -le ; a fact which indicates DERIVATION OF SUBSTANTIVES. cr the indistinctness of their sound on the popular ear, owing to the dropping of the atonic penultimate vowel. It was not till several centuries after the birth of the French language that the learned, - not understanding the proper function of accent in the formation i of terminations, foolishly followed the Latin form, imposing on it / a false accent, displacing the true accent. Then sprang up words j like portique (porticus) ; mobile (mobilis) ; fragile (fragilis) ; words * opposed to the genius of the French language, barbarous words, neither Latin nor French, defying the laws of accent of both languages. In a word, of these two classes of suffixes, the former, the accented, are alone strong enough to bear any development in French ; the others, the atonic, have fallen dead, without producing a single new derivative. This is the principle which will form the basis of our study of suffixes. SECTION 1. Derivation of Substantives. Latin substantives, adjectives, verbs, prepositions ^, have produced French substantives. CHAPTER I. French Substantives derived from Latin Substantives^. § 179. The French language has carried over several thousands of Latin substantives, such as chanire, cantor; pdtre, pastor; kgon, lectionem, &c. ; and has also created a vast number of others from French substantives already existing ; such as journe'e, anne'e, soiree, matinee, from Jour, an, soir, matin; chevalerie from chevalier, &c* All these formations are studied in detail in §§ 191, sqq., under the heads of the suffixes -alls, -anus, -aris, -arius, -aticum, -atus, -etum, -eria *, -ianus, -ile, -iste, to which the reader is referred. ^ We do not here speak of pronouns, for there is only one French word which has sprung from a Latin pronoun, that is, identite from idem ; and .even in this case, it is not from classical but scholastic Latin, which produced the forms identitatem and identicus ; so that even this word is not of popular origin. ^ For all parts of this treatise on derivation and composition I have followed Matzner's admirable classification. eU INTRODUCTION. CHAPTER II. French Substantives derived from Latin Adjectives. § 180. Just as un mort stands for un homme mort, un mortel for un itre mortel, by excluding the substantive and calling the object by the name of its epithet, so the words matin Jour, hiver, have been formed from the Latin adjectives matutinum, diurnum, hibemum, sc. tempus: similarly cierge, roche, netge, grange, lange, longe, U, ch^ne, droit, hdtel, are from the adjectives cereus, rupea *, nivea, granea *, lanea, lumbea*, latus, quercinus*, directum, hospitalis. Several substantives of this class, such as sanglier, linge^ coursier, bouclier^ were adjectives in Old French (as may be seen under these words in the Dictionary), the Old French phrase running un drap linge, un pore sanglier, un cheval coursier, un icu bouclier ; and they became substantives at a comparatively late epoch in the history of the language. For details, see under the suffixes cited in § 179, and also under the three suffixes, -tas, -tudo, -ia (it-ia). CHAPTER III. French Substantives derived from Latin Prepositions. § 181. These are very rare, whether they come direct from the Latin, as contre'e from contrata* (derived from contra), entr allies from interanea (derived from inter), or whether they have been formed first hand by the French, as avantage from avant, devanture from devant. CHAPTER IV. French Substantives derived from Latin Verbs. § 182. The French language derives substantives from verbs either by using the root of the verb, with or without suffixes ; or by using the present infinitive, or the present participle, the past participle, or the future passive participle. § 183. I. i. From the verb-root with suffix. — By joining to the verb- root certain terminations, each of which brings with it a special modi- fication of the meaning, the French language has created a multitude of substantives : thus from abreuv-er, e'clair-er, all-er, it has produced abreuv-oir, eclair-eur, all-ure. These suffixes thus used for the creation of substantives are about twenty in number [-alls, -anda (-enda), -antia, -anus, -aldus, -ardus, -aris, -arius, -aster, -aticum, -atus, -etum, -eria * ? -ela, -ianus, -icius, -ile, -ina, -issa, -iste,* -m.en (-amen, -imen, -umen), -mentum, -or (-tor, -sor), -orius, -tionem, -ura]. See Sect. III. Chapter I. for the detailed study of each of these suffixes. DERIVA TION OF SUBSTANTIVES. Ciii § 184. ii. From the verb-root without suffix. — The French language creates new substantives by taking them from the verb, by the simple addition to its root of the gender-ending : thus, after the Latin verbs apportare, purgare, appellare, have given the verbs apporter, purger, appeler, the French language takes the roots of these verbs, apport, purge, appel, and uses them as new substantives, which had no originals in Latin, and are called verbal substantives. These verbs number about three hundred ^, and are all of the first conjugation ^. A certain number of these substantives are concrete : as ragout from ragoHter, rabat from rabattre, decor from decorer, e'gout from e'goutter, empois from empeser, engrais from engraisser, reverbere from riverberer, repaire from O. Fr. repairer ^ rechaud from re and e'chauder, depeche from de'p^cher, cri from crier, conserve from conserver, contour from contourner, traite from traiter, relief from relever, repli from replier ; but most of them are abstract, and indicate the action expressed by the verb : such are appel from appeler, apport from apporter, baisse from baisser, aide from aider, avance from avancer, epouvante from e'pouvanter, offre from offrir, peche from picher, recherche from rechercher, tremp from tremper, &c. ^ Whence has the genius of the French language learnt so fruitful and ingenious a process, enabling it to create so large a number of substantives which have no Latin parent? The answer _ is at hand — The FrencJ;i.and the Latin are simply successive con-^-*^^-^ ditions of the same language ; and there is no grammatical process ^ij employed in the . French which is not to be found, in germ at least, in the Latin ; thus the Romans in their day created (especially inllieir time of decadence) verbal substantives out of their infinitives : thus from probare, luetari, &c. came proba, lucta, which appear for the first time long after the verb ; proba in Ammianus Marcellinus. lucta in Ausonius. Two characteristic facts shew us with what fertility the French \ language has developed this process thus handed down to it from the Latin. On the one hand, it has been applied to words which are completely strangers to the Latin language, and such substantives as galop, debut, regard, have been formed from verbs of Germanic ^ These derivatives have a peculiarity which is quite unique ; they are shorter than the words whence they come. We must carefully avoid confounding these substantives, which spring from verbs, with those which have given birth to verbs (such d&fete, lard, whence^/eter, larder). ^ The eight or ten substantives (such as maintien from maintenir, recueil from recueil lir, accueil from accueillir) which belong to other conjugations have been formed by analogy. The other conjugations have formed no verbal substantives like those of the first conjugation, because they have at their disposal the strong participial substantives (studied in § 188). ^ About one-third of these substantives are of the masculine gender. civ INTRODUCTION. origin, such as galoper^ dibuter^ regarder ; on the other hand, the process is still in active operation, and daily gives birth to fresh words ; thus of late years have appeared casse from casser, chauffe froni chauffer ^y and this fact shews us the persistent nature and spontaneous action of the laws of language, and the certainty with which the popular instinct advances, quite unconsciously, in the formation of new words. § 185. II. The Infinitive. — From the present infinitive come a tolerably large number of masculine substantives, such as diner, dejeuner, souper, goUter, vivre and vivres, manger, boire, loyer, savoir, pouvoir, devoir, plaisir, itre, loisir, repentir, avenir, sourire, baiser, souvenir, &c., all of them used as masculine substantives. § 186. III. The Present Participle. — Just as the Latin language had created a substantive, amans (a lover), from the present participle of the verb amare, so the French language has created, by help of present participles, the substantives marchand from mercantem *, manant from manentem ; sergent, servientem ; se'ant, sedentem, to say nothing of forms which have come direct from the French participle, such as tranchant, vivant, servant, gouvernante, me'chant, from trancher, vivir, servir, gouverner ; michant, O. Fr. meschant, is from the old verb mescheoir, like se'ant from seoir, ichiant from ichoir. § 187. IV. The Past Participle. — The Latin tongue possessed the faculty of creating substantives out of its past participles : thus from peccatmn, p. p. of peccare, came the substantive peceatum, a sin ; from fossa, p. p. of fodere, came fossa, a ditch, &c. And the French language, not content with thus turning the Latin participles into sub- stantives (as in avoui, advocatus; ecrit, scriptum, &c.), in its turn expanded this grammatical process, and created from French parti- ciples a multitude of substantives masculine and feminine, such as/ait, regu, dH, re'duit, masculines, and crois/e, nichee, durie, trancMe, partie, issue, feminines, all of them past participles of the vtxh^faire, devoir, recevoir, &c. And this it does especially with feminine par- ticiples. The number of substantives thus obtained is considerable ; for the French language forms substantives with both classes of par- ticiples, the strong as well as the weak ^ ^ La chauffe, a furnace ; une surface de chauffe, a fire-surface, flue-surface. ^ A strong participle is one which is accented on the root, as dictus, fdctus, trdctus ; a 'weak participle is accented on the ending, as am-dtus, purg-dtus. Similarly, in French, dit, fait, joint, are strong; aimee, purgee, iveak participles. The strong participles are those which ordinary gram- marians class mechanically under the name of irregular participles, and fweak ones under the name of the regular. For further details, see Historical Grammar, p. 140. DERIVATION OF SUBSTANTIVES. cv T. Formed from ze;<?(2/^ (or regular) participles; such as chevauchee, accouchee, &c. 2. Formed from strong (or irregular) participles ; such as dit, joint, r^duit, trait, &c. We know (see Historical Grammar, p. 140) that Modern French has replaced most of these strong participles by weak ones ; still the substantives formed from the strong forms remain : thus the old feminine participle defense, defensa, has been replaced by the weak form difendue, while it remains as a sub- stantive. § 188. The following is a list of these strong participles ^ no longer in use as such, but still remaining as substantives. , It will be seen that the modern form, the correspondent weak participle, is set side by side (within brackets) with the old strong participle, which has become a substantive, and the Latin word whence it comes : — Emplette, implieita {employee) ; exploit, explicitum {/ploy^) ; meute, movita {mue^., and its compound imeute, exmovita [emue) ; pointe, puncta [poindre, in the sense of to prick = pungere ; this word remains as a participle in the word courte-pointe, in O. Fr. coulte-pointe, from Latin culcita-puncta) ; course, eursa {courue) ; trait, tractum, and its compounds por- trait, retrait, traite, &c. ; source, sursa {surgie), and its compound ressource ; the verb is sourdre, siirgere; route, rupta {rompue), and its compounds deroute, banqueroute, i. e. banque, rompue ; defense, defensa {difendtie), and its congeners offense, &c. ; tente, t6ndita {tendue), and its compounds attente, de'tente, entente, &c. ; rente, r6ddita {r endue) ; pente, p6ndita * {pendue), and its compounds soupente, susp6ndita * isuspendue) ; poste, posita {pose'e) ; repas, re- pastus (repu) ; croit, cr§scituni * (crue), and its compound surer oit; semonce, formerly semonse, summonsa * ; entorse, intorsa * ; suite, s6quita* (suivie), yAiencQ poursuite ; vente, v^ndita, ■ (vendue) ; perte, p6rdita (perdue); quete, qua§sita (quet/e), and its compounds con- quete, requite, enquete ; recette, recepta (regue) ; ^dette, d6bita (dUe) ; reponse, responsa (ripondue) ; elite, electa (Hue) ; tonte, t6ndita * (tondue); mors, morsus (mordu) ; fonte, fiindita {fondue); compound refonte ; toise, tensa (tendue) ; ponte, pondita* (pondue) ; fente, f6ndita (f endue) ; faute, fallita (faillie) ; maltote, male-tollita ; boite, blbita ^ More than one participle in this list has never been used in French except as a substantive; and its participial usage dates either from the classical or the rustic Latin, which latter often created forms of which no trace remains in any text, but which survive in the corresponding French words. Thus entorse, semonce, suite (in Italian seguita), croit (It. cresciuto), cannot answer to the classical forms intorta, summonita, secuta, eretum, but to the popular forms intorsa *, summonsa *, sequita*, crescitum*. cri INTRODUCTION. (bue) ; secousse, succussa {secouee) ; and its congener rescousse, from O. Fr. escousse, which is the Latin excussa ; /m'/e, ftigita ; promesse^ promissa ( promise) ; e'cluse, ezclusa {exclue) ; itnpoi, impositum {impost); d/pot, depositum {diposi); privSt^ praepositum {propose) ; suppot, suppositum {suppose) ; entrepSl, interp6situni * {entrepose') ^ / descente, desc6ndita * {descendue) ; plaid ^ pldcitum ^. Thus, while Old French said itre mors, morsua ; etre route, rupta, for itre mordue, rompue, Modern French, while it replaced the Old French mors and route by mordu and rompu, created from these old participles new substantives (un mors de cheval, une route). In a few cases, very rare ones, the strong participle survives beside the weak one ; as in un fit tors, and un fil tordu, which has not hindered the formation of the substantive tort, conformably with the rule we have described ^ Side by side with these two forms of expression we have the triple form une femme absoute, une femme absolm^ and the substantive absoute. SECTION II. Derivation of Adjectives. §189. Adjectives are formed (i) by the present participle; as charmant, savant, de'vorant, the present participles of the verbs charmer y savoir, d/vorer. It often happens that a verb has disappeared in Modern French, while its present participle remains as an adjective ; thus the Old French verbs michoir, bier, galer, remain only in their participles michant, biant, galant, which are now used as adjectives. 2. From the past participle : — poli, connu, fleuri, &.C., from polir, connaitre,fleurir, &c. 3. From the verb-root. — This process, which we shewed, § 184, to be so fruitful for substantives, has not been equally so for adjectives ; still some traces of it occur in the adjectives gonfle from gonfler, dispos, which comes from disposer, not from the Latin dispositus, ^ Propos and repos have no place in this list, as they are the substantives of the verbs proposer and reposer, as has been seen in § 184. ^ We may add to this list dessert, desserte, formed by analogy from the verb desservir ; absoute, absoluta ; soute, soluta ; chute, caduta *, although these participles are not strong in Latin. ^ I have naturally included in this list only those strong participles which have remained only as substantives, leaving out all those which remain in French as both participles and substantives; such as dit, joint, adjoint, reduit, conduit, conduite, produit, enduit, biscuit, ouie, clos, enclos, cowvert, decowverte, miscy remise, prise, surprise, defaite, crue, contrainte, empreintCy feinte, &c. ' ACCENTED SUFFIXES. cvii which would have given d^pdt. Compare impositus, impot ; suppo- situs, suppot ; praepositus, privdt. 4. By suffixes. — By this means the French language produces fresh adjectives ; a. from substantives, as mensonger, courageux, age, from mensonge, courage, dge ; or, jS. from adjectives, as jaundtre, lourdaud, vieillot, from jaune, lourd, vieil ; or y. from verbs, as com- parable, redoubtable, semblable, as comparer, redouter, sembler ; or 8. from prepositions, as ancien from antianus *, derivative of ante ; souverain from superanus*, derivative of supra. In the next chapter will be found a list of all these suffixes, and of the derivations which they have supplied to the French language. I SECTION III. List of Nominal Suffixes. § 190. Here follows a detailed catalogue of nominal suffixes (i. e. of suffixes which form substantives and adjectives), divided, as has been already done in § 176, into accented and atonic. In this list of suffixes will be found the three of Germanic origin (viz. -ard, -inc, and -aud), which are to be met with in the French tongue : diminutive and augmentative suffixes will be treated of separately. CHAPTER I. Accented Suffixes. § 191. Alls, ale become al, eP in popular French^: chenal, canalis^,* journal, diumalis ; royal, regalis ; loyal, legalis ; hotel, hospitale ; cheptel, capitale ; noel, natalis ; me'nestrel, ministrale * ; mortel, mortalis ; charnel, earnalis ; voyelle, vocalis. Pluralis produced in the regular way the, Old French plurel, changed afterwards into the diphthongal />/«rz'^/, by changing e into ie. See § 56. The suffixes -alls, -aris have been replaced, so far as French derivatives are concerned, by the form -arius, and have disappeared, leaving no posterity behind them. § 192. Antia, entia become ance in popular French *". as in enfance, ^ For the letter-change, see % 54. "^ The learned form is al : cardinalis, cardinal ; hospitale, hopital. ^ Canalis has also produced another form, chenel, which was afterwards softened into cheneau, just as bel became beau. * The learned form from antia is ance, as in arrogance, arrogantia ; of entia, ence^ as in innocence, innocentia. I cviii INTRODUCTION. infantia; contenance, oontinentia *. We know that these abstract substantives are formed from the present participle by adding the suffix -ia ; thus from infantem has come infantia ; from con- tinentem, continentia, &c. The French language, imitating this process, has similarly created vengeance from vengeant, croyance from croyant, confiance from confiant, e'chiance from icMant, jouissance from jouissant. Participial substantives often come from forms which have disappeared from Modern French, and are, as it were, living witnesses to their dead ancestors : thus chance, formerly cheance, carries us back to che'ant, participle of ch/oir, primitive form of choir, cadere ; and ichiance carries us back, through dcMant, to echoir. Fiani, participle of fier, gives us the Old French substantive fiance, whence again the \trhfiancer. Engeance, finance, outrecuidance, similarly come from the old verbs enger (to multiply oneself) ; finer (to conclude a bargain, pay); outrecuider, ultra-cogitare. Cre'ance answers to the archaic participle criani, to be found in the compound m/cr/ant. DoUance, whence condoUaTue, similarly carries us through a participle doUant, to a verb doUier, from a Latin type dolicare * ; while nuance, laitance come through nuant, laitant, from the old verbs nuer, latter, which are derived from the words nue, laite. § 193. Andus, endus. The passive future participle has provided us, through its nominative plural neuter, with a certain number of substantives. We must, however, take note that the French language, following its customary use^, has treated these neuter plurals as if they were feminine singulars, and has produced from them a number of feminine substantives, such as viande from vivenda; provende from praebenda ^ ; whence, by analogy, the French derivatives offrande from offrir ; jurande ^romjurer ; re'primande from reprimer, &c. From the combination of the suffix and with the suffix /<?r (see § 198), come the derivatives in andier, such as taill-andier from iailler, filandiere from filer ; lavandiere from laver, &c. ^ It is well known that by a strange error the Merovingian Latin mistook neuter pluralsJDu^. for feminine singulars of the-.£rst_de£lension. Thus'from J)6cus^as formed pecoras r "* mter'^ecoras ' says aTlhar- tulary of a.d. 757 (in Muratori). The same author has published a collection of industrial receipts of the Merovingian epoch, in which we find a feminine pergamina, from the neuter plural of pergamenum : ' per- gamina quomodo fieri debet: mitte illam in calcem., at jaceat ibi per dies tres.' In this way the French language has produced a certain number of feminine substantives ; as mer'veille, mirabilia ; bible, biblia * ; come, cornua ; aumailk, animalia ; tempe, tempera ; brasse, brachia ; arme, arma ; muraille, muralia ; 'volatile, volatilia ; feuille, folia ; saussaiey saliceta ; and all the suffixes in ate from eta, plural of etum. 2 Learned forms are legende from legenda ; prebende from praebenda. ACCENTED SUFFIXES. cix § 194. Anus, ana become am, en — aim, enne ^ / as chdtelain, castellanus * ; auhain, albanus * ; ecrivain, scribanus ; poulain, pullanus * ; humain, humanus ; souverain, superanus * ; vilain, villanus * ; lointain, longitanus * ; fontaine, fontana. When anus follows i it becomes en, whether the i be original, as in ancien, antianus; chre'tien, christianus, or whether it comes from the dropping of the medial consonant (see Historical Grammar, p. 37), as m. paien, paganus; doyen, decanus ; mqyen, medianus; miioyen, medietanus *; citoyen, civitadanus *. French derivatives formed by analogy are also very numerous; such are quatre, quatrain,^; dix, dizain ; six, sixain; douze,douzaine ; neuf, neuvaine ; haut, hautain ; proche, prochain ; Afric-ain, Napolit- ain, Americ-ain : the one exception under this class is paysan, pays, which should have been pay sain, and indeed is found so in the twelfth century and onwards : this one deviation may be due to dissimilation (§169). The form en is especially applied to professional nouns, such as m/canicien, chirurgien, musicien, grammairien ^. § 195. Aldu§,.a,siiffix of Germariic origin. In a great many Prankish proper names we may notice a suHTx, wald, which denotes force, command, answering to the modern German Ge-walt, walten, to wield ; thus Chlodo-wald, Grimo-wald, Anso-wald, &c. This suffix was transcribed into aldus by the Gallo-Romans ^ ; and we find in Merovingian Latin the names Chlodo-aldus, Grimo-aldus, Anso- aldus, Regin-aldus, which in Carolingian times became Grim-aldus, Regin-aldus, by the regular change of oaldus into aldus. By the customary softening of al into au (§ 157), aldus became aud ; whence Grimaldus, Grimaud ; Reginaldus, Regnaud. This suffix has, i)£.en employed by the French language, but always in a depreciatory or a bad sense, whether as attached to words of QttxmSxSt on^xxi, 2J& clai-aud, crap-aud, or by analogy in French derivatives, as lourd-aud, nig-aud, fin-aud, ronge-aud, sal-aud. pat-aud ; and with a diminutive sense in levr-aui, a leveret. § 196. Ardus, a suffix of Germanic origin (Gothic hardus, German hart, hard). This suffix, which has helped to form a great many proper names, such as Regin-hart, Rein-hart, Renard ; Eber-hart, Ehrart, Ebrard, Evrard, denotes intensity in French words ; and also in very many cases takes a bad sense : thus ard is found in com- ^ For letter-changes, see § 54. ^ Faisan, phasianus, is in the same position as paysan ; on grounds of dissimilation it could not become faisain. Such words as partisan, capitan, "volcan, artisan, courtisan, are not to be added to the list, as they have come in in modern times from Spain or Italy, and are not genuine French words ^ Waldus (pronounced valdus) became aldus by dropping the medial V (§ 141) : as Chlodo(v)aldus, Chlodoaldus, Qlodoald, ex INTRODUCTION. bination (i) with substantives; as monfagne, montagnard ; hdt, bdtard ; canSy canard ; bt'lle, billard ; bras, brassard ; cutsse, cuissard ; couard, oaud-arduB * / hagard (Lat. haga) ; brancard, from O. Fr. branc^ masculine form of branche ; mouche, mouchard ; poing, poignard ; moiit, moutarde ; poule, poularde ; campagne, campagnard ; corbeil, corbillard ; /pine, ipinard ; putts, puisard ; or (2) with adjectives, as vteil, viellard ; or (3) with verbs, as pend-re, pendard ; etend-re, itendard ; fui-r,fuyard ; babiller, babillard ; baver, bavard ; brailler^ braillari ; brocher, brocart ; brouiller, brouillard ; crier, criard ; nasiller, nasillard ; p/ter, pilar d ; piller, pillar d ; plaquer, placard. § 197. Aris becomes ier in popular French *, as sanglier, singularis ; icolier, scholaris. § 198. Arius. This suffix, which is derived from aris, and has entirely supplanted it in new-formed French words, becomes ier, as premier, primarius. In popular French^ this form ier is reduced to er after ch, g^ ; as in vacher, porcher, boucher, archer, bUcher, clocher, cocher, gaucher, picker, plancher, rocher ; berger, danger, boulanger, itranger, leger, verger, oranger, viager, mensofiger. This suffix, ier, is the most productive of all French suffixes : ist, in adjectives, 2.% premier, primarius; le'ger, leviarius*, whence, by analogy, the French derivatives plenier from plein ; bocager from bocage ; men- songer from mensonge ; dernier, formerly derrenier, from O. Fr. derrain, dernier, Lat. deretranus *. 2nd, in substantives which vary exceed- ingly in sense : thus, ier designates, (i) the names of plants or trees, as poirier, pommier, noyer, nucarius * ; amandier, laurier, figuier, peuplier, grenadier, prunier,/raisier, miirier, cerisier, citronnier, oranger, eglantier, from O. Fr. aiglent, a thorn: (2) names of animals, as le'vrier, lepo- rarius, be'lier, from O. Fr. belle, limier, formerly liemier, from lien, originally Hem ? (3) Names of trades : poller, pot ; batelier, from O. Fr. batel ; chamelier, from O. Fr. chamel ; cordonnier, formerly cordouanier, from O. Fr. cordouan ; huissier, from O. Fr. huis ; conseiller, con- siliarius ; icuyer, scutarius ; berger, vervecarius. In bijou-l-ier from bijou; cafe-l-ier from cafe' ; clou-t-ier from clou; boyau-d-ier from boyau, the consonant is intercalated to avoid the hiatus. (4) The con- ception of a receptacle : as colombier, columbarium ; verger, viri- ^ For letter-changes, see § 54. The learned form is aire ; as vulgaire, vulgaris ; populaire, popularis, by the side of which, for learned words of rather greater antiquity, we find again the form ier ; as regulier, regu- laris ; singulier, singularis. ^ Anus has similarly supplanted the suffix alis, which is, in fact, only another form of aris, § 176. * In this list of suffixes in er we do not name those which follow j* or soft //, because these letters have included in them the i of ier ; such are ecuyer, noyer, bruyere, gruyer f, metayer, foyer, -voyer ; conseiller, cornouiller, ecaillere, poulailler, oreiller. ACCENTED SUFFIXES. cxi diarium * ; foyer, focarium ; chartrier, chartularium ; grenier, gra- narium ; encrier from encre ; sablier from sahle. Hence it is plain that ier produces, in each of these cases, such varied changes of sense that it is not easy to reduce its effects to one formulary. We may read with advantage the reflections which this great variety of results has suggested to M. Br^al ^, in a fine passage full of the philosophy of language. He says : — '■ Thus from pomme, figue, amande, we have created pommier, figuier, amandier. Judging from these, we might think that -ier indicates the thing which produces the object named by the primitive word. But, on the other hand, there are words like encrier, huilier, herbier, colandier, in which -ier indicates not the thing which produces, but the thing which receives. It may be suggested that this idea of reception has led to that of origination, and that the two ideas may be thus merged in one. But then what shall we do with such words as prisonnier, where -ier indicates neither the producing agent nor the receptacle, but, on the contrary, the thing contained .? Again, if we have prisonnier from prison, so have we also geolier from geSle, which is quite the opposite thing. Nor is this all : the connection in sense which couples chevalier with cheval is not the same with that which connects bouvier with boeuf, or levrier with lievre. One could easily multiply examples ; but these are enough to shew that the mind must come to the rescue in the case of so variable a suffix. ' It certainly would not be impossible to conceive a sense so abstract as to suit all these derivatives, especially if we imagine ourselves re-establishing that neuter gender which the language has lost. But let us consider what passes in our mind when we use these words : each time we supply to ourselves a relation of a concrete kind and of a particular species. The word voiturier means the coachman of a voiture, while carrossier means the maker of a carrosse ; a cuirassier is a soldier who wears a cuirasse, but an armurier is a man who makes or sells arms. The mind divines or knows by tradition these relations, which are not in the least expressed by the words themselves, and our intelligence fills up the blank. ' It is possible that, originally, man tried to give a proper suffix to each relation which his mind could conceive. But this attempt he must fain abandon ere long, as the crowd of the relations, which his growing experience called up, pressed more and more on him. And thus, too, just as idioms grow older, these auxiliaries of thought, far from increasing in number, as one might have expected, shew a distinct tendency to decrease. The more common suffixes elbow out the weaker ones : the mind, content with a certain number of ^ M. Breal, Idtes latentes du langagCy p. lo, 1. 13 — p. 12, 1. 24. cxii INTRODUCTION. signs, trusts more and more to its own intelligence, helped by- tradition. * We have, no doubt, artificial nomenclatures, in which the termina- tion at once tells us the position of the object designated in a scientific classification. Thus chemical nomenclature is a kind of spoken catalogue, in which every change in the composition of a body is indicated by a corresponding change in the form of its name. But we must remember that, amidst the infinity of relations in which things can stand to one another in the world, the language of chemistry chooses out a few and neglects the rest, thus arriving at exactitude by specialising rigorously. On the contrary, common speech, which ought to sufiice for the universality of our knowledge, very properly dispenses with scientific rigour, and, without striving after impossibilities, compels new ideas into the existing forms which have been handed down to it from ages past.' I" § 199. Aster. This suffix retains in French the depreciatory and bad sense it had in the Latin poetaster, philosophaster, and the diminutive sense it had in surdaster, novellaster, &c. Aster be- came in popular French dtre, originally aslre ; mardtre, matrasta * ; pardtre, patraster ; saumdtre, salmaster * ; noirdtre from noir ; grisdtre from gris ; hleudtre from hleu ; rougedire from rouge ; foldtre from fol § 200. Atus (of the fourth declension). This suffix becomes / in popular French ^ As a substantive -atus indicates employment, oflfice, dignity; as in consulatus, senatus, pontificatus, legatus; comti^ comitatus ; duche\ ducatus ; clergi^ clerieatus. By analogy mar/ckaussee, sinichaussee, from marechal, s^n^chal. § 201. Atus, utus, suffixes which indicate possession, form adjectives drawn straight from substantives (following the analogy of the present participle ?), but are not to be confounded with § 200. Thus the Latins said alatus from ala, barbatus from barba, comutus from comu, &c., whence (by the regular changes of atus into e"^, and of utus into u ^, come the adjectives ros^, rosatus ; ail/, alatus ; comu, comutus ; chenu, canutus ; eu, bit, vu, sH, formerly <?«, heil, veil, seii, from Latin habutus*, bibutus*, vidutus*, saputus*, as is shewn by the Italian forms avuio, veduto, &c.; whence also, by analogy, come numerous French derivatives, as age from dge ; ^ The learned form is at; as senat, senatus; consulate consulatus; pontificate pontificatus. On this model have been constructed such de- generate and ill-formed words as marquisat from marquis, generalat from general. 2 For letter-changes, see §§ 187, 188. ^ For letter-changes, see §§ 187, 188. ACCENTED SUFFIXES. cxiii maniere, mam'/re ; a f aire, affaire ; orangey orangi ; bar be, barbu ; ventre, ventru ; tete, teiu ; point, pointu. The feminine suffix ata, ee in French, imitating the feminine of the past participle, see § 200 (care must be taken not to confuse them together), is joined to substantives, with a view to the creation of other substantives which shall express either (i) the quantity con- tained in the primitive, as charrette, charrettee ; assi'ette, assiette'e ; gorge, gorg^e ; cuiller, cuillere'e ; bouche, bouchie ; and, consequently, relations of times : jour, journe'e ; soir, soire'e ; matin, matine'e ; an, anne'e ; or (2) the object produced by the primitive, as araignee, araneata*, originally a cobweb spun by the aragne, aranea. By the side'*of this suffix, ee, which is the old popular and true French form of ata, there is also a form ade, imported from the Romance languages of the South '^ — from Provengal, in or about the thirteenth century^, from Spanish and Italian. Thus, grenade, dorade, bigarrade, croisade, ballade, come from Provengal grenada (Lat. granata), daurada (Lat. de-aurata*), crozada (Lat. cruciata *, from crucem), balada (Lat. ballata * ^). Arcade, balustrade, embuscade, esplanade, estrade, gambade, panade, are from Italian areata, balustrata, imboscata, splanata, strata, gambata, panata. Camarade, algarade are from Spanish camarada, algarada *. This foreign suffix ade has oeen so largely imported, and at a time when the French language had still a certain plastic force, that it has been adopted as a popular suffix, and is still employed to form a crowd of new words, such as promenade, embrassade, glissade, bourfade, &c. § 202. Ela becomes elle in French, as in chandelle, candela; querelle, querela, is perhaps a learned word. This suffix has remained unfruitful, and has produced no new French words. § 203. Elis usually becomes el : cruel, crudelis ; but becomes al after a guttural. This suffix has also been barren. § 204. Ellus becomes first el, flien eau, as has been seen § 157 ; thus agnellus becomes agnel, then agneau ; vascellum, vaissel, then ^ The Latin suffix ata became Italian dta, Spanish and Proven9al ada', thus diumata* is in Italian giornata, in Provencal and ^^zmsh Jornada. ^^ ■^ The oldest example, known to us, of the suffix ade in French is noix \ mugade (nux muscata), in the Roman de la Rose. / " Auhade, bigarrade, are from the modern Provenyal auhado, albata ; ' higarrado. * When one of these foreign words in ade falls in with a popular word, coming from the same Latin root, there ensues a doublet : thus the Latin salata becomes salee in French, salada in Spanish ; salee and salade, on the entry of the latter word from Spain, form a ' doublet ' ; so too with che'vauchee, caballicata *, and ca'valcade ; panee, panata, and panadcy and so on. i cxiv INTRODUCTION. vaisseau ; gemellus, Jumel, then jumeau, &c. ^ Cerveau, cerebellum \ chalumeau, calamellus ; nouveau, novellus ; oiseau, aucellum ; pourceau, porcellum. This eau becomes tau in fabliau, originally fableau and fablel from fisibulellum *, and in boyau from bo(t)ellum, by a letter- change studied in § 157 ^. We have seen, under § 18, how the suffix ellus, a diminutive in Latin, loses in French its diminutive force; in some words, such as vaisseau, vascellum* (properly *a little vessel'), it has even taken an augmentative sense. § 205. Emia becomes ange, as has been shewn in § 244, and Historical Grammar, p. 66 : vendange, vindem.ia ; louar^e^ laudemia *; and, by analogy, vidange from vider ; melange from meler ; lavange from laver. § 206. Ensis. This suffix is reduced first to esis, as is shewn §163, and in this form produces the French is^ in pays, originally pais, from pa(g)esis * ; marquis, marchesis * ; ois * in bourgeois, burgesis*. § 207. Enus, ena becomes ain, oin, ein, in, ine, ene ; as venin, venenum ; plein, plenus ; terrain, terrenum ; seine, sagena ; avoine, avena ; chaine, O. Fr. chaene, ca(t)ena. § 208. Eria, see under ia, § 244. § 209. Ernum becomes er, as in hiver, hibemum; enfer, infer- num ; cahier, quaternum. Erna becomes erne : lanterne, laterna ; taverne, tabema; citerne, cistema. § 210. Estus becomes este in Old French, ete ^ in Modern French, as honnete, honestus. This suffix has been barren in French. § 211. Etum. Derivatives with this ending denote a district planted with trees. It becomes ay ^, found in such proper names as Chatenay, Castanetum; Rouvray, Roboretum ; Aulnay, Alnetum. It is chiefly through the plural eta that this suffix has developed itself in French, by producing (after the rule of neuter plurals. Hist. Gram. p. 97) feminine substantives in aie'^ : shussaie, saliceta; ormaie, ulmeta; aunaie, alneta. There are many French derivations formed on this model : roseraie from rosier ; oseraie from osier ; chdtaigneraie from 'chdtaignier ; houssaie from houx, &c. Ronceraie has either been formed from a lost primitive, roncier, or by analogy ? § 212. Icus becomes i^ : ami, amicus ; ennemi, inimicus; fourwA, * The primitive form in el remains in some few expressions: in the phrase 'se mettre martel en tete,' euphonic feeling has retained the old form instead of the more modern marteau. "^ The feminine form ella becomes el/e in French : as pastourelle, pas- torella * ; ecuelle, scutella ; 'vaisselle, vascella *. ^ For letter-changes, see § 58. * For letter-changes, see § 62. * For letter-changes, see § 147. ^ For letter-changes, see § 62. ^ For letter-changes, see § 62. * For letter-changes, see § 129. ACCENTED SUFFIXES. cx^ formicus * : ica becomes t'e : amie, arnica ; orft'e, urtica ; vessi'e, vesica. § 213. Icem becomes t's ^ in perdicem, whence O. Fr. perdn's, now perdrix : isse in genisse, from junicem. § 214. Itius, icius (a suffix attached to verbs.?) becomes is"^ ; as in mills, mixtitius ; plessis, plexLtius ; levis, levaticius * ; coulis, cola- ticius * ; pdtis, pasticium * ; and hence the French derivatives, diquelis, cliqueter ; hachis, hacher ; abatis, abattre ; gdchis, gdcher ; logis, loger ; color is, color er. § 215. Ignus becomes in^ : benin, benignus ; malin, malignus. § 216. ilis becomes il: chenil, Q2,-mi.Q', fusil, focnlQ ) fenil, foenile; gentil, gentilis ; avril, aprilis, &c. We must takecare not to confound ilis with ilis, which is dis- cussed § 250. Ilis is joined only to substantives or adverbs, as puerilis, puer ; gentilis, gens ; subtilis, subter ; while ilis is com- bined only with verbs, as agilis, agere ; facilis, facere ; utilis, uti. § 217. Ista becomes isle. This learned suffix, which comes from I the Greek KTri]^, and was introduced by Christian writers into the Latin \ language (baptista, evangelista, psalmista), denotes persons by the | name of the science which they pursue ; as legiste, juriste, journalisie, » oculiste from oculus ; herborisle from O. Fr. herbor, her be; dentiste from dent, &c. § 218. Ismus becomes isme. This suffix, which comes from the I Greek kt/jlos, is, like ista, purely a learned suffix : syllogisme, syllo- I gismus; barbarisme, barbarismus; solecisme, soloecismus; whence I the modern derivatives germanisme, communisme, socialisme, anglicisme, mahometisme. . § 219. Iscus becomes ois^, in Thiois from Thiotiscus, i^r<2;zf m from I Franciscus; and this drops to ais in marais, O. Fr. marois, from I mariscus. (Compareyr^zzj from friscus *.) ^ For letter-changes, see § 129. ^ The learned form is ice, as mfactice, factitius; adnjentice, adventicius. ^ For letter-changes, see § 131. * For letter-changes, see § 58. The suffix iscus is of Latin origin. | We find in Roman writers mariscus, syriscus, libyscus, scutiscum, 1 calathiscus. The Greeks also had this diminutive suffix, ore^ai/iV/coff, j dficfjopicTKos, &c. But iscus was very rarely used in Latin, and the Romance \ languages in employing it so frequently, have been influenced by the Germanic suffix isk (Modern German iscb), which often caused a confusion between the two idioms, — a confusion which has been very fruitful in the production of new words. The Wallachian has iscus under the form esc, a fact which proves to us that the origin of it is Latin and not Ger- manic, as the separation of the Wallachians from the Empire took place as early as the second century, and therefore long before the Germanic invasion. i 2 cxvi INTRODUCTION. I This suffix becomes esco ii\Jtalian, as in iedesco, theotiscus. The Italian language uses it in a ""gresniumber of new formations ; as pittoresco from pittore ; grottesco from grotta ; gigantesco from gigante ; burlesco from burla ; arabesco from arahc ; pedantesco from pedante ; soldaie^ca from soldato. In the sixteenth century all these Italian words migrated across the mountains, and produced in France the forms arabesque, burlesque, grotesque, gigantesque,pe'danlesque, pittoresque, { soldatesque, iudesque. The French language has employed this suffix ! to form new words ; thus she says romanesque, chevaleresque (imitating \ the Italian caballeresco). § 220. Inus becomes in : devin, divinus ; pelerin, peregrinus ; voisin, vicinus ; moultn, molinum * ; chemin, caminus ; dauphin, delphinus ; ichevin, scabinus ; matin, matutinum ; matin, man- satinum *. Ina becomes ine : poitrine, peetorina ; courtine, cortina ; cuisine, cocina * ; geline, gallina ; racine, radicina ; routine, rup- tina*. We may here cite, among French derivatives, substantives drawn (i) from verbs: saisine, saisir ; gisine, g^sir ; (2) from other sub- stantives: titin, tette ; crapaudine, crapaud ; becassine, bicasse ; bottine, botte ; chopine, chope ^ ; couleuvrine, couleuvre ; Eglantine from O. Fr. aiglant ; houssine, houx ; serpentine, serpent ; terrine, terre ; sourdine^ sourd. § 221. Inc. A suffix of Germanic origin, denoting filiation, origin, which regularly became enc ^ in Old French, whence it is reduced to an in modern French (wrongly written and in some cases) : thus Flaeming becomes O. Fr. Flamenc, now Flamand ; chamarling be- comes O. Fr. chambrelene, chamberlenc, now chambellan ; Lodaring became Loherenc, then Loherai?!, lastly Lorraitt. This suffix has even been applied to words which are not of Germanic origin ; thus from kisser comes O. Fr. tisserenc, later tisseranc, whence tisseratid. § 222. Issa becomes esse. This suffix in imperial Rome in- dicated the feminine : abbatissa from abbatem ; prophetissa from prophetam ; sacerdotissa from sacerdotem. It appears in the French derivatives abbes se, abbatissa; traitresse ixom. traitre; prophetesse ivova. prophete ; vengeresse ivomvengeur ; duchesse iv<ya\ due ; enchanteresse from enchanteur ; pe'cheresse from pe'cheur ; chanoinesse from chanoine. § 223. Ivus becomes if^ ; ch/tif, captivus ; naif, nativus ; ratify restivus*. Its French derivatives are plentiful : poussif {lova pousser ; hdtif from hdter ; pensif from penser ; craintif from crainte. Iva becomes ive ; ogive, augiva* ; che'tive, captiva ; olive, oliva, &c. ^ In these words ine acts as a diminutive suffix. ^ For letter-changes, see § 72. ' For letter-changes, see § 142. In bajulivus * the O. Fr. bAiliff is reduced in Modern French to bailli. ACCENTED SUFFIXES. cxvii § 224. Lentus becomes lant in popular French^: sanglani, sangui- | lentus. § 225. Mentum becomes ment^, 2&froment, fmmentum ; viiement, vestimentum ; tourment, tormentum, &c. The French language | uses this suffix to produce substantives from verbs, by intercalating j an e between the verbal root and the suffix : thus we have from \ hurl-er, hurl-e-ment ; from commenc-er , commenc-e-ment ; from aboy-er^ aboi-e-meni, &c. This e is intercalated only with verbs in er ^ ; with verbs in ir * i is intercalated, as sent-i-ment, sentir ; ressent-i-meniy ressentir ; but it should be noticed that these are learned words ; the popular form is certainly that with e ^. § 226. Men. This suffix, which is the root of mentum, under the i three forms, a-men, i-men, u-men, has produced a certain number of French words, but has made no new creations, having been sup- planted in this by its derivative mentum, see § 225. Amen becomes atn, aim : eirain, stram^en ^ ; airain, aeramen, levain, levam.en ; merrain, m.aterianien ; lien for liain, from ligam.en; essaim, examen. Imen becomes in, ain '^ : sain, formerly sa'm, from sa(g)inien ; irain, formerly fra'm, from tra(g)im.en ; nourrain, nutrimen. Umen becomes un in alun, alumen^ § 227. Orem, which forms abstract substantives, becomes eur^ ; as ^ The learned form is ent : 'violent^ violentus ; somnolent, somnolentus, &c. 2 Why not mant 1 ^ Except a few words like •vet-e-ment from 'vetir ; recueill-e-ment from recueillir ; c6nsent-e-ment from consentir ; tressaill-e-ment from tressaillir. * It may be remarked that these verbs are not inchoative (i.e. they reproduce the Latin forms). As for inchoative verbs (i. e. those which form their imperfect in -issais, not -ais, like rugir), they form substantives in -ment, by inserting the inchoative particle iss : rug-iss-e-ment from rugir ; accompl-iss-e-ment from accomplir ; abrut-iss-e-ment from ahrutir. There are a few exceptions, like hdt-i-ment from bdtir ; blanch-i-ment from blan- chir ; assort-i-ment from assortir. ^ Verbs of the fourth conjugation (in re) form substantives by adding e to the verbal root ; rend-e-ment, batUe-ment, entend-e-ment, from rendre, battre, entendre. Bruire, accroitre, decrottre, connaitre, which have ss in the imperfect, bruissais, acroissais, decroissais, connaissais, make bruissementy accro'issem, dectroissement, connaissement. ^ For letter-changes, see § 54. The learned form is amen, as examen, exam.en. "^ The learned form is ime : as crime, crimen ; regime, regimen. * For letter-changes, see § 161. The learned form is ume: as bitume, bitumen ; legume, legumen ; volume, volumen. ^ By a change, studied § 79. There is but one exception to this rule ; cxviu INTRODUCTION. douleur, dolorem ; doucettr, dulcorem ; couleur, colorem ; sueurj sudorem ; peur, pavorem. On this model the French language has formed new words: puanteur from puant ; pesanieur from pesant ; largeur from large ; grandeur from grand, &c. § 228. Sorem, torem. These suffixes (not to be confounded with orem) which express the name of the agent, become seur and ieur * ; de/enseur, defensorem ; pecheur, piscatorem ; chanfeur, canto- rem ; pasteur, pastorem ; p/cheur, peccatorem ; sauveur, salvatorem ; empereur, imperatorem, &c. The French derivatives under this head, which are very numerous, follow the same rules of formation as have been studied above in § 225, mentum ; i. e. non-inchoative verbs form their substantives in eur, as jouer, joueur, while inchoatives form them in iss-eur^ as nourrtr, nourrisseur ; blanchir, blanchisseur ^. The feminine trix, as in nutricem, nourrice, whence ledeur, ledrice ; bien/aiieur, bten/actrice, has been almost entirely replaced in Modern French by the two other feminine suffixes euse, and eresse thus lavatrix* from lavator, becomes laveuse ; we ha^ve p^cheur, pecca- torem, but packer esse is the equivalent of peccatricem. § 229. Osus, which forms substantives from adjectives, becomes eux ^, and osa, euse : noueux, nodosus ; envieux, invidiosus ; amou- reux, amorosus ; Mdeux, hispidosus *. New forms under this head are very numerous : as chanceux from chance ; pierreux from pierre ; soigneux from soin ; courageux from courage ; heureux from O. Fr. heur ; affreux from O. Fr. affre ; doucereux from douceur^ ; orgueilleux from orgueiP. § 230. Tatem, which in Latin produces substantives from ad- amour, not ameur, from amorem. Labour does not fall under this head of exception, as it does not come from laborem (which has duly pro- duced labeur), but is the verbal substantive of labourer, see § 18. ^ For letter-changes, see § 79. "^ The suffix eur was softened later into eux in the words piqueux, piqueur ; porteux, porteurs ; faucheux, Jaucheur ; 'violonneux, 'violonneur ; and into ou in ^lou, Jileur ; gabelou, gabeleur ; ou for eur is met with in some patois (?). ^ For letter-changes, see § 149. The learned form is ose: as morose, m.orosus ; 'ventSse, ventosus ; sinose, sinosus. * Jaloux from zelosus, and 'ventouse from ventosus ; compare Toulouse from Tolosa, are exceptions. Pelouse is Provengal, as also are two of the others. ^ Doucereux is a softened form of douceureux. ® Pieux and serieux have no place here, see Italian Dictionaries for pietose, seriose. ^ ACCENTED SUFFIXES. cxix '^ jectives, becomes //, as mpauvrete, paupertatem; surete, securitatem ; j cite\ civitatem ; sante\ sanitatem ; bonte\ bonitatem ; fierte, feritatem ; ' heauie, bellitatem ; cherte, caritatem ; loyaule, legalitatem ; naivete, nativitatem ; royaute, regalitatem. The i, which in the Latin connects the root with the suffix (as bon-i-tatem, from bonus, san-i-tatem from sanus), and which disappears in French from all words derived directly from the Latin (as bonte, sante), reappears as e in derivatives formed from French words at first hand with no corresponding Latin words : thus from gai comes gai-e-te ; from souverain, souverain-e-ie ; from sal, leger, ancien, net, sal-e-te', leger-e^te', ancienn-e-ti, nett-e-ie^, § 231. Onem. Substantives derived by help of this suffix in Latin are of many kinds of meaning : thus they designate animals, as falco, pavo, leo, capo ; persons, as latro ; things, as carbo, pulmo, sapo. It becomes on in French : as faucon, falconem ; paon, pa- vonem ; lion, leonem ; chapon, caponem. ; larron, latronem ; charbon, carbonem ; poumon, pulmonem. ; savon, saponem. The French language uses this suffix to reinforce such Latin primitives as had not enough strength to stand by themselves: thus from mentum, talus, piscis, ren, ericius, glutus, it formed mentonem *, talonem *, piscionem *, renionem *, ericionem *, glutonem., whence menton, talon, poisson, rognon, he'risson, glouton. By analogy have come such words as jambe, jambon ; coche, cochon ; pied, pieton ; friper, fripon ; souiller, souillon ; jurer, juron ; plonger, plongeon ; boucher, bouchon ; manche, manchon ; pierre, perron; char, charron ; virer, aviron ; ceinture, ceinturon ; chaudron, formerly chauderon, from chaudiere ? or chaud, compare laidron ; chevron, chevre ; clair, clairon ; fleur, fleuron ; tendre, tendron. In the words buche, bUch-er-on ; chape, chap-er-on ; forge, forg-er-on ; laid, laid-er-on ; lys, li-r-on ; mouche, mouch-er-on ; mousse, mouss-er-on ; puce, puc-er-on ; quart, quart- er-on; vigne, vign-er-on^, the suffix is strengthened by an inter- calated er. The French language similarly employs on in the formation of dii^inutives : as aigle, aiglon ; chat, chaton ; lievre, levron ; rat, raton ; cruche, cruchon; sable, sablon; Marie, Marion. This diminutive particle is often strengthened by the insertion of (i) ?■// whence carpe, carp-ill-on ; barbe,barb-ill-on; cotte, cot-ill-on ; croix, crois-ill-on ; dur, dur-ill-on ; moine, moin-ill-on ; negre, ne'gr- ill-on ; poste, post-ill-on ; tdter, tat-ill-on ; ecouv-ill-on, from O. Fr. ^ Mechancete comes not from mechant, but from O. Fr. tnechance (derived from mechant, Wke Jouissance from Jouissant, or puissance from puissant^. '^ In imitation of this suffix in eron, the le the Latin bibere the barbarous word biberon. cxx INTRODUCTION. /couve; grape, grap-ill-on^ : or (ii), iche, whence harh-ich-on, corn- tch-on,/ol-ich-on, from the primitives barbe, corne,/ol. We may add to this list substantives in ionem, such as magon, macionem * ; oignon, iinionem ; soupgon, suspicionem, &c. By analogy there have been formed from Latin substantives the following words : champion, campionem * from campus ; argon, arcionem * from arcus ; chevron, caprionem * from capra ; limagon, limacionem* from Umax ; compagnon, companionem * from cum-panis ; oison, aucionem * from auea '^ ; /cusson, scutionem * from scutiim ; troncon, truncionem * from truncus ; whence lampion, lampe, § 232. Tionem, sionem. This suffix must not be confounded with § 231 ; it is joined to the supine to form abstract substantives denoting the action expressed by the verb: thus from press-um, sta-t-um, comparat-um, m.ess-um, supines of premere, stare, comparare, metere, came press-io (the act of pressing) ; stat-io (the act of stand- ing still) ; comparat-io (the act of comparing) ; mess-io (the act of reaping) '. These suffixes become gon * infagon, factionem ; legon, lectionem ; poingon, punctionem. ; rangon, redemptionem. ; sugon, suctionem : sson in boisson, bibitionemi * ; moisson, m.essionem. ; cuisson, coctionem. ; e'cusson, ^cutionem; frisson, frictionem; nourrisson, nutritionem ; cresson, cretionem * : son, with hard s, in chanson, cantionem : son, with soft s, in poison, potionem ; raison, rationem ; tison, titionem ; trahison, traditionem ; cargaison, carricationem. * ; f oison, fusionem ; liaison., ligationem ; livraison, ligationem ; venaison, venationem. ^ Take care not to confound with these derivatives in illon such words as 'vermill-on, aiguill-on, corhill-on, guen'tll-on, tortill-on, tourill-on, echant'tll-on^ goupill-on, ohill-on, which come from the primitives 'vermeil, aiguille, cor- beille, guenille, tortille, tourelle, echantil, O. Fr., gbupily O. Fr., oisel, O. Fr. by simple addition of the suffix on. ^ Oison does not come from oie, for it would have been oyon, not oison, Qora^diTQ joyeux from Joie. * A certain number of these substantives had taken a concrete significa- tion even in the Latin : thus potio passed from its first sense of ' ^e act of drinking ' to that of ' the thing drunk,' a potion, draught ; m.ansio, first ' the act of remaining,' became ' a place of continuance,' habitation, mansion ; ligatio, * the act of binding,' became a ligature, a bond. In imitation of the Latin, the French language also gave to many of these sub- stantives a concrete sense : tonsionem, cantionem, venationem, prehen- sionem, clausionem*, bibitionem*, sationem, originally 'the act of clipping,' &c., became toison, chanson, -venaison, prison, cloison, boisson, saison. In this case the concrete substantive is often masculine, whereas the abstract was feminine; as in^owow, potionem; «o«rmjo«, nutritionem ; cresson, cre- tionem * ; poingon, punctionem ; sugon, suctionem. Similarly ele-ve, the concrete result of the act of education, is masculine in its concrete sense. * The learned form is tion for tionem ; potion, potionem ; faction, fac- tionem ; and sion, sionem ; pression, pressionem ; illusion, illusionem. ACCENTED SUFFIXES. cxxi Numerous French substantives have been formed analogously, either from verbs in I'r, B-S guerzson from gueri'r ; garmson ivova garnir ; or from verbs in er, as demangeaison from demanger ; echauffaison from echaiiffer ; fauchaison from faucher ; flotiaison from flatter ; or from verbs in re, as pendaison from pendre. § 233. Torius, sorius. Substantives in tor, sor (see § 33), denoting the name of the agent, have produced Latin adjectives in torius, sorius, which indicate a quality proper to the action accomplished by the agent; as oratorius from orator; laudatorius from laudator^. The neuter of these adjectives was early employed as a substantive, and usually denoted the place of residence of the agent, or the instrument that hi uses ; as praetorium from praetor ; dormitorium | from dormitor ; auditorium, dolatorium. These newer words, already frequent under the Empire, became exceedingly numerous at a later time, especially in ecclesiastical and scholastic Latin ; as purgatorium, refectorium, laboratorium, observatorium., &c. i This suffix becomes oir ^ ; dortoir, dorm.itorium. ; pressoir, presso- rium; ^<9/(9?r^, dolatoria * ; /<:rz'/(9z'r^, scriptoria *. There are many French derivatives, masculine and feminine; as parler, parloir ; arroser, arrosoir ; compter, comptoir ; trotter, trottoir ; tirer, iiroir ; raser, rasoir ; battre, hattoir ; abattre, abattoir ; eteindre, e'teignoir ; balancer, balangoire ; mdcher, mdchoire ; e'cumer, /cumoire ; nager, nageoire ; manger, mangeoire ^. § 234. Tudinem. This suffix, which had been reduced to tuma in common Latin, in which we fi*d costuma for consuetu- dinem, becomes tume^-, as coutume, consuetudinem ; amertume, amaritudinem. § 235. Quin. This suffix, which usually gives a bad sense,^„Qf Gerrnapic origin, from the Old Netherland Mn^ ; as bouquin from boecMn rmannequin from mannekin ; brodequin from brosekin. Hence also casaquin from casaque^. This suffix, which is almost barren in French, has been more largely developed in the Picard patois, which uses it for new forms, like verquin, a little verre ; painequin, a bad little loaf (pain) ; Pierrequin, poor little Pierre, &c. ^ On this model the bad form dinatoire has been formed from diner. ^ For letter-changes, see § 84. ^ Derivatives of inchoative verbs insert the particle iss, as rotissoire from rotir ; polissoir from polir. * The learned form is ude ; as aptitude, aptitudo * ; mansuetude, man- suetudo ; whence the modern forms platitude irom plat, &c. ^ This suffix kin answers to the German diminutive chen. % ^ We must not add to these words arlequin, faquin, baldaquin, pasquin^ for they come from the Italian; nor mesquin, which is Spanish; nor palanquin, sequin, Oriental words ; nor requin, whose origin is unknown. cxxii INTRODCUTION. § 236. Tura, sura. This sufRx denotes the result of the action indicated by the verb, just as tor, sor (see § 233) denotes the name of the agent. It becomee Jure, ure, as in ?nesure, mensura; peinture, pictura; niasure, mansura; roture, ruptura; chevelure, formerly cheveleUre, capillatura ; armure, formerly armeilre, armatura, &c. On this model have been formed many substantives, drawn originally from verbs; as aller, allure; parer, parure ; bouler, bouture ; serrer, serrure ; blesser, blessure ; paitre \ pdture ; then, by analogy, from adjectives ; as vert, verdure ; confit, confiture ; froid, froidure ; ordure from O. Fr. <7r^/ and from substantives: voile, voilure ; coP, en- colure. § 237. Ucus, uca become u and ue ^ : as fe'tu, fettucus * * ; laitue, lactuca ; verrue, verruca ; charrue, carruca ; massue, maxuca * ; iortue, tortuca *. § 238. Undus becomes ond; as rond, formerly roond, from ro- (t)undus ^. § 239. Unus becomes un; 2JS>jeun, formerly /<?««, from je(j)unus. § 240. Umus becomes our^ ; as jour, diumus; aubour, al- bumum. CHAPTER II. , Atonic Suffixes. § 241. *A11 these suffixes disappear in the French, and are con- sequently useless for the purpose of producing new derivatives ; they have however recovered their place from the time that men utterly lost sight of the genius of the language, and became ignorant of the rule of accent '^.' Thus people began to use such words as portique, fragile, rigide, instead of porche, /rile, roide, from porticus, frdgilis, rigidus. In considering these Latin atonic suffixes we are bound strictly ^ As we have seen, § 35, substantives formed from inchoative verbs intercalate the particle iss : as bouffir, bouff-iss-ure ; moisir, mois-iss-ure ; brunir, brun-iss-ure ; meurtrir, meurtr-iss-ure ; fietrir,fietr-iss-ure. ^ Brauoure does not come from bra-ve, for then its form would have been brwvure, but is drawn directly from the Italian brwvura. ^ The learned form is uc ; as caduc from caducus. * From sa(b)ucus * has come the O. Fr. seii, whence the derivative setiereau (compare poetereau from poete'), now contracted to sureau. ^ The Jearned form is also ond; as 'vagabond from vagabundus. ^ For the changes of urnus into our, see § 87. The learned form is urne ; as diurne, diurnus ; nocturne, nocturnus. ■^ G. Paris, Accent latino p. 92. ATONIC SUFFIXES. cxxiii to reject every word that has been introduced into the French language since the period of its natural formation. § 242. Eus, ius, Fr. ge, che. Strange, extraneus ; lange, laneus ; deluge, diluvium ; tinge, lineus ; proche, propius ; sage, sapius ; singe, simius ; orge, hordeum ; rouge, rubeus ; auge, alvea ; songe^ somniuin ; Li^ge, Leodium ; Mauheuge, Malbodium ; cierge, cereus ^. For the change of eus, ius into ge, che, see Historical Grammar^ p. 66. § 243. Ea, Fr. ge, gne. Cage, cavea, grange, granea ; vigne, vinea; ligne, linea; teigne, tinea. For the change of ea into ge, see Historical Grammar, p. 66. § 244. la, Fr. ge, che, ce ; or it disappears altogether. Vendange, vindemia ; angoisse, angustia ; cigogne, eiconia ; tige, tibia ; seche, sepia ; sauge, salvia ; envie, invidia ; grace, gratia ; histoire, historia ; Bourgogne, Burgundia ; France, Francia ; Grece, Graecia ; Bretagne, Britannia ^. For the change of ia into ge, see Historical Grammar ^ p. 65. § 245. It-ia, Fr, esse. Justesse, justitia ; mollesse,-m.d)i^\\ii.&,', par esse, pigi^itia; tristesse, tristitia. French derivatives: ivresse, politessey tendresse. § 246. Icem (from ex, ix, represented in French only by ce, se, ge) : herse, herpicem ; puce, pulicem ; juge, judicem; pouce, pollicem; ponce, pumicem ; e'corce, cortieem ^. § 247. Icus, a, um, Fr. che, ge. P or che, porticus ; manche, manica; serge, serica; dimanche, dominica; Saintonge, Santonica, forge (O. Yy. faurge), fabrica; per che, pertica; piege, pedica*. § 248. Aticus is a suffix formed with icus, Fr. age. Voyage (O.Fr. viatage), viaticum ; fromage, formaticum ; volage, volaticum ; ombrage, umbraticum; ramage, ramaticum; message, missaticum ; sauvage, silvaticus ^. ^ Learned form e, as igne, igneus. ^ Learned form ie, as chimie, philosophie, symphonie, Australie. But we must not confound this termination with the proper French derivatives, in ie, as felonie {felon), tromperie {tromper), &c., which are popular and very numerous. ^ Learned form ice : calice, ealicem. * Learned form ique : portique, porticus ; fabrique, fabrica ; 'viatique, viaticum. ^ Silva in Old French became sel've, sawve, which, as a common noun, is lost, but survives in certain names of places, as sawve-Satnt-Benoit, silva- S.-Benedicti. From silva came silvaticus, whence sawv-age, O. Fr. sel'vatge. Nothing but a complete misunderstanding or ignorance of the laws of the formation of the French language could have ever allowed people to derive sawvage from solivagus. This word could only have produced in French the form seulige. cxxiv INTR0DUCT70N. Hence come French derivatives : mesurage, ladourage, alliage, arrosage, &c. It has been said that these words come from a Low Latin suffix in -agium (as message from messagium), homage from homagium). But though messagium certainly exists, it is far from being the parent of the Fr. message ; on the contrary, it is nothing but the Fr. message latinised by the clergy, at a time when no one knew either the origin of the word (missaticum) or the nature of the suffix which formed it. § 249. Idus disappears in French. Pale, pallidus ; net, nitidus ; chaud, calidus (Low Lat. caldus) ; tiede, tepidus ; roide^ rigidus ; sade, sapidus ; whence maussade^ male sapidus ^. § 250. nis, Fr. le. Humble, humilis \ faille (O. Yr.floible), flebilis ; douille, ductilis ; meuhle, mobilis ; frele, fragilis ; grele, gracilis "-. § 251. Inus disappears in French. Page, pagina ; jaune, galb- inus ; femme, femina ; frine, fraxinus ; dame, domina ; charme, carpinus ; coffre, cophinus ^. § 252. Itus, Fr. te. Vente, vendita; rente, reddita; dette, debita; perte, perdita; qu^te, quaesita. §253. Olus, Fr. le. Diable, diabolus; apStre (O. Fr. apostle), apostolus. The compound suffixes iolus, eolus, dissyllabic (io, eo) in Latin, were contracted into a long penultimate in the seventh century, io, eo, thenceforwards accented iolus, eolus, whence came the French ter- minations ieul, euil, iol : i\ms filleul, filiolus; chevreuil, eapreolus ; linceul, linteolum ; glaieul, gladiolus ; rossignol, lusciniolus ; aieul, aviolus. § 254. ITlus, Fr. le. Table, tabula ; fable, fabula ; amble, ambula; peuple, populus ; hieble, ebulum ; seille, situla ; sangle, cingulum ; ongle, ungula ; chapitre, capitulum ; merle, merula ; epingle, spinula ; ensouple, insubulura *. The following suffixes are formed from ulus : — §255. I. Aculus, Fr. ail. Gouvernail, gubemaculum ; tetiaille, tenaculum ; soupirail, suspiraculum. French derivatives : travail, fermail, e'ventail, &c. § 256. 2. Eculus, Fr. il. Goupil, vulpecula. In Old French this word meant a fox, and survives still in the diminutive goupillon, a sprinkler, originally made of a fox's tail. ^ Learned form ide: r'tgide, rigidus; safide, sapidus; ar'ide, aridus, &c. 2 Learned form He: mobile, m.obilis ; ductile, ductilis ; fr agile ^ fragilis, &c. ^ Learned form ine : machine, machina, &c. * Learned form ule : cellule, cellula; calcul, calcTilus; funambule, funambulus. VERBAL SUFFIXES. cxxv § 257. 3. Iculus, Fr. ez7. Abeille, apicula ; orieil (O. Fr. art- eil), articulum; sommeil, somniculus * ; soleil, soliculus*; oreille^ auricula ; corneilk, comicula ; ouaille, ovicula ; vermeil, verm- iculus ; aiguille, acicula. § 268. 4. Uculus, Fr. ouil. Fenouil, feniculum ; grenouille, ran- ucula ; verroiL (O. Fr. verrouil, surviving in verrouiller), veruculum ; genou (O. Fr. genouil, surviving in agenouiller) , genuculum. Vowels which follow the tonic syllable disappear in French; consequently the learned forms of atonic suffixes, such as fragile, mobile, &c., from fragilis, mobilis, &c., are incorrect, seeing that they all retain the vowel's after the tonic syllable, and in fact displace the Latin accent. One may indeed lay it down as a general rule that, in the case of Latin atonic suffixes, all French words of learned origin break the law of Latin accefituation. SECTION IV. Verbal Suffixes. CHAPTER I. Accented. §259. Aseo, Fr. «z> / eseo, Fr. ois ; isco, Fr. is. Nais, nasco'; pais, pasco ; parais, paresco ; crois, cresco, &c. § 260. Ascere, Fr. ailre, O. Fr. aistre. Naitre, nascere; paitre^ pascere. § 261. Ico, igo, Fr. ie. Lie, ligo ; chdtie, castigo ; nie, nego, &c. § 262. Illo, Fr. lie. Chancele, grommele, harcele, &c. § 263. Are, Fr. er. Peser, pensare ; chanter, cantare, &c. § 264. Tiare, Fr. cer, ser. These are forms peculiar to the common Latin : tracer, tractiare ; sucer, suctiare ; chasser, captiare. CHAPTER II. Atonic Suffixes. §265. Ico, Fr. che, ge. fuge, judico; mdche, mastico; venge, vendico ; ronge, rumigo ; charge, carrico, &c. The learned form is ique : revendique, revendico ; mastique, mastico. ^ We have seen, Historical Grammar, p. 119, that all deponent verbs became active in form in the Low Latin. cxxvi INTRODUCTION. § 266. Ere, Fr. re. Sourdre, surgere ; moudre, molere ; tordre^ torquere ; ardre, ardere. This Old French verb, which signified * to burn,' remains in the participle ardent, and substantive ardeur. § 267. lo disappears in French. Depouille, despolio. § 268. ITlo, Fr. le. Moule, modulo; comble, cumulo; tremble, tremulo ; trouble, turbulo. Under ulo we may put : — § 269. I. Aculo, Fr. atlle, as in tiraille, criaille, &c. § 270. 2. Iculo, Fr. z'lle. Fouille, fodiculo ; sautille, tortille, &c. § 271. 3. Uculo, Fr. ouille. Chatouille, bredouille, barbouille, &c. SECTION V. Diminutive Suffixes. These are sixteen in number. § 272. Aceus, Fr. ace, asse. Villace, grimace {grimer), populace, paperasse, &c. § 273. Iceus, Fr. use, iche. Coulisse {couler), pelisse {peau), caniche. § 274. Oceus, Fr. oche. Epinoche, pioche. § 275. Uceus, Fr. uche. Peluche, guenuche. § 276. Aculus. See above, § 255. § 277. Aldus. See above, § 195. § 278. Alia, Fr. aille. Betail, bestialia; poitrail, pectoralia; merveille, mirabilia ; portail, portalia ; canaille, viuraille, bataille, &c. § 279. Ardus. See above, §§ 175, 196. § 280. Aster, Fr. dtre. See above, §§ 178, 199. § 281. At, et, ot. (i) At : aiglat, louvat, verrat. (2) Et, ette : sachet (sac), cachet {coq), mollet {niol), maisonnette, alouetie. (3) Ot, otte : billot {bilk), cachot (cache), brulot (brtUe), Hot (tie), &c. § 282. Ellus, illus, Fr. eau, el, elle. Agneau, agnellus ; jumeau, gemellus ; anneau, annellus ; icuelle, scutella ; vaisseau, vascellus ; oiseau, avicollus. § 283. Onem, ionem. See above, § 231. § 284. Ulus. See above, § 254. ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. abl. ablative. Goth. Gothic, O.S. Old Saxon. abbrev. abbreviation. Gr. Greek, partic. participle, parti- accus. accusative. Gram. Grammatical, cipial. adj. adjective. grammar. Pers. Persian. adv. adverb. Heb. Hebrew. Pharm, Pharmacopoeia. Agric. Agricultural. hist. historical. Physiol. Physiological. Ageb. Algebraical. Hist. Gram. Historical Gram- Port. Portuguese. Anat. Anatomical. mar. poss.pron. possessive pro- Ar. Arabic. Hortic. horticultural. noun. Archit. Architectural. Icel. Icelandic. p.p. past participle. A.S. Anglo-Saxon. Ichth. Ichthyological. prep. preposition. Bot. Botanical. introd. introduced. prim. primitive. Cat. Catalan. It. Italian. proncd. pronounced. Carol. Carolingian. Kymr. Kymric. Prov. Proven9al. cent. century. L. or Lat. Latin. q,v. quod vide, see. Chem. Chemical. lit. literally. Rhet, Rhetorical. Chron. Chronological. Lomb. Lombardic, Scand. Scandinavian. Class. Classical. M.H.G. Middle High Schol. Lat, Scholastic Latin. compd. compound, com- German. Slav. Slavonian, pounded. Math. Mathematical. Surg. Surgical, Conch. Conchological. Med. Medical. sf- substantive femi- contr. contraction. Merov. Merovingian or nine. contrd. contracted. Merwing, /.//. plural substan- cp. compare. Met. Metallurgical. tive feminine. Dan. Danish. metaph. metaphorical. sm. substantive mas- Der. or deriv. derivative. metaphorically. culine. der. derived. Min. Mineralogical. smf. substantive of dim. diminutive. mod. Fr. modem French. common gender. Eccles. Ecclesiastical. MS. Manuscript. sm. pi. plural substan- Entom. Entomological. MSS. Manuscripts. tive masculine. etymol. etymological. Mus. Musical. Sp. Spanish. Fr. French. Naut. Nautical. Theol. Theological. frequent. frequentative. Neth. Netherlandish. Turk. Turkish. Gael. Gaelic. O.Fr. Old Frenth. subst. substantive. Geogr. Geographical. O.H.G. Old High Ger- V. verb. Geol. Geological. man. va. verb active. Geom. Geometrical. Ornith. Ornithological. Venet. Venetian. Germ. Germanic, Ger- 0. Scand. Old Scandi- vn. verb neuter. man. navian. VpT. verb reciprocal. = signifies * having become,' as 'e = a,' signifies 'e having become a.' When, in constructing a geological map, we xvish to distinguish the strata which lie one above another, and form, as it were, the history of the earth, we are wont to mark them out by the use of different shades or colours ; so, in distinguishing the two great layers of the French language, we shall mark them off from one another by employing two different kinds of type. Thus, the older or popular stratum, which is anterior to the Eleventh Century, and forms the main part and foundation of the language, will in this Dictionary be denoted by capital letters, as in the case q/" ABBA YE; and the newer or non-popular stratum, the work of the learned, which comprises all words borrowed straight from the classical languages or from foreign modern tongues, will be denoted by thick Roman type, as Aberration ; and again of these, the words borrowed directly from modern tongues will be distinguished from those taken from the classical languages by being printed in thick type, spaced, with f pre- fixed, as f Abrieot. The sections referred to, as ' § 53,' are those of the Introduction, to which the student is requested to turn. ( A, prep, to ; It. a and ad, from L. ad, which took successively in barbarous Latin the three meanings ( = avec, with ; =pour, for ; = d, to) which have descended to the Fr. a. Thus, ad = avec is found in the Lex SaHca (6th cent.) ed. Pardessus, p. I2i: 'Si quis unum vasum ad apis furaverit, sohdos XV. culpabilis iudicetur.' In a less popu- larly worded copy of the same law we find ' Si quis unum vas cum apibus,' etc., proving that ad was used as =cum. Hence comes the use of a, = avec in such phrases as chandelier a, tranche, fusil a aiguille. This prep, plays an important part in the inflexion of the language, and in the forma- tion of words. In inflexion, ad with the accus. takes the place of the Latin dative. This tendency, found in germ in classical Latinity (as in ' quod apparet ad agri- colas,' Terence ; ' hunc ad carnificem dabo,' Plautus ; ' pauperem ad ditem dari,' Terence), and found also in several other languages (as in modern Greek, which uses the accus. with €ts = ad for the lost dative, and as in the English use of to), is developed very strongly in Merovingian Latin, and forms the dative in all the Romance languages. Thus, for example, in a Diploma of a.d. 693, Briquigny, ii. 431, we have ' Sed veniens ad eo placito ; * and in a Donation of a.d. 713, id. ii. 437, ' Ergo donavi ad monasterium ;' in a Donation of A.D, 671, id. ii. 154, ' Idcirco dono ad sacrosanctum monasterium ;' in Markulf. A-PP. 58, ' Mihi contigit quod ego . . . caballum ad hominem aliquem in furto subdixi;' in the Formulae Andegav. 28, ' Nam terra ad illo homine nunquam fossa- dasset.' Ad becomes a by dropping d, a process which had already taken place before con- sonants in Merovingian Latin ; thus, in the 8th cent, we find in Markulf. Formul. i. 37i ' a quo placito veniens ; * a passage found in another part of Markulfus (Ap- pendix 38) in the form ' ad quod pi. veniens.' A Donation of a.d. 739 has ' In portionem quam a liberto nostro dedimus,' Brequigny, ii. 370. — Der. au, aux, q.v. ABAISSER, va. to abase. Sp. abaxar. It. ab- bassare, from L. adbassare, compd. of ad and bassare, der. from bassus, see bas. Adbassare, by db = bb (§ 168) and bb = b, becomes abassare : ' Molendina, quae sunt infra fossam civitatis, abassen- tur medietate unius brachii rationis ' (Char- ter of a.d. 1 192, Muratori, Ant. It. v. 87). Abassare becomes abaisser by are = er (§ 263), a = ai (§ 54), and by continuance of b, ss, and initial a. — Der. abaissement (§ 225), rabaisser (Hist. Gram. p. 179). ABANDON, sm. abandonment, giving up, un- constraint. In 13th cent, in the form a bandon in Marie de France, i. 488, which shows that the word is formed by a com- paratively modern junction of the prep, a with O. Fr. subst. bandon, = permission, liberty, authorisation, a word found as late as the 1 6th cent, in R. Estienne's Diet. Fr.-Latin (a.d. 1549): Bandon, indul- gentia, licentia. Permettre et donner bandon a aulcun, indulge re. Mettre sa forest a bandon was a feudal law phrase in the 13th cent. = m^//re sa foret a permis- sion, i. e. to open it freely to any one for pasture or to cut wood in ; hence the later sense of giving up one's rights for a time, letting go, leaving, abandoning. For this change of sense see § 12. The words d bandon were joined as early as the 13th cent. ; the form abandon appearing in Beau- manoir, 43, 13. The O. Fr. bandon, like all terms of feudal custom, is of Germ, origin, derived from feudal L. bandum, an order, decree : ' Tunc nos demum secundum canouicam auctoritatem ferula excommunicationis et B A BA QUE — A BEILLE. band! nostri constrinximus praelibatum Ermengandum comitcm,' says an Excom- munication of Gregory V, a.d. 998 (Concil. Rom., Baluze, i. 6). Bandum represents Dan. hand, an order, decree. — Der. aban- rfonner. Abaque, sm. an abacus; from L. abacus. ABASOURDIR, va. to stun, deafen; an ill- formed and corrupt form (§ 172), of a type abassourdir, compd. of ab and assourdir. See sourd. ABATARDIR, va. to abase, corrupt ; see bdlard. — Der. afta/arrfissement (§ 225). ABATIS, sm. a demolition, felling (of trees). In the 1 2 th cent, abateis in the Chanson d'Antioche 6, 9,^, from L. abbatere* (see abattre) through a deriv. abbaticius*. For abbat = a6a/ see abattre, for -icium = -eis = -is see under § 214. ABAT-JOUR, sm. a trunk-light, reflector, lampshade. See abattre and jour. ABATTRE, va. to beat down, knock down ; from L. abbattere, found in 6th cent, in the Germanic Laws : * Si quis hominem de furca abbattere presumpserit ' (Lex. , Sal. Nov. 273). Abbattere is compd. of ab and battere (see batlre). Abbattere by bb = b and tt = t (§ 168), becomes abatere, contrd. (§ 51) to abat're, whence O. Fr. abatre (in nth cent., in the Chanson de Roland, 267), wrongly afterwards written abbattre by the Latinists of the Renais- sance (1604, in Nicot-s Diet.), in order to make the word look more like its Latin parent. In the 17th cent, the older and correct orthography was resumed in the words abatage and abatis ; but abattre un- fortunately kept the tt. — Der. abati% (q. v.), abatage (§ 242). ABBAYE, sf. an abbey ; from L. abbatia (in St. Jerome). Abbatia, by bb =b, and t = d (§ 117), early became abadia: 'Ilia abadia de Rubiaco una medietas rema- neat,' says a will of a.d. 961 (Vaissette, ii. p. 108). Aba(d)iani becomes abe'ie (nth cent., Lois de Guillaume le Con- querant, l) by dropping d (§ 1 17), by a. = e (§ 54), and persistence of initial a and i (§ 69), and by final am = « (§ 54). Abeie is written in 13th cent, abate; in 1 6th cent, abbaye. ABBjfi, sm. an abbot, head of a religious house ; from L. abbatem, a word introduced in the last ages of the Roman Empire by Christian writers, who had borrowed it from Syriac abba, a father. For change of sense see § 5 2. Abbatem becomes abe (nth cent., Chanson de Roland, 209) by bb =b (§ 168), atein = J (§ 230), and continuance of initial a. For later change of ah6 to abbe sec abattre. ABBESSE, sf. an abbess. It. abbadessa, from L. abbatissa, a deriv. in -issa (§ 222) from abbatem, see abbd; found in an epitaph, a.d. 569 (Muratori, A. 429, 3) : ' Hie requiescit in somno paucis lustiiiu abbatissa.' Abba(t)issa, by dropping t (§ 117), and bybb = b (§ 168), a = e (§ 54), issa = esse (§ 222), and continuance of initial a, becomes O. Fr. abeesse (13th cent., Roman de la Rose, 8800), whence, later, abesse (§ 1 1 7), For the change from abesse to abbesse see abattre. Abcfes, sm. an abcess ; from L. abcessus. Abdication, sf. abdication; from L. abdi- cationem. Abdiquer, va. to abdicate; from L. ab- dicare. Abdomen, sm. the abdomen, stomach ; from L. abdomen. Ab6c6daire, sm. a spelling-book ; from L. abecedarium. For arium = aire see § 197, note I. t Abe ill e, sf. a bee; a word introd. towards the 15th cent. ; found in 1460 in a letter of remission quoted by Ducange; from Prov. abelha, which from L. apicvQa, Plin. N. H. 2, 21, 21: properly a little bee (for enlarge- ment of meaning see § 13). Jnst as we early find abis for apis (' de furtis abium.,' Lex Salica, ed. Pardessus, p. 163), so api- cula in Merov. Lat, becomes abicula, whence Prov. abelha, just as auricula, ovicula, corbicula, became Prov. au- relha, ovelha, corhelha. That abeille is not a true Fr. word derived directly from Lat. is shown by the fact that in Fr. the Lat. p never stops at h, but always descends to v (§ III), while in Prov. it always stops at h ; consequently if apicula, abicula, had directly produced a Fr. word, it would have taken the form aveille, by p = v (§ in), icxil& = eille (§ 257), and by the continu- ance of initial a. This true Fr. form is not imaginary ; it is to be found in the Diet, of R. Estienne (1549): Aveille, mousch a miel, mot duquel on use en Tou- raine et en Anjou. This form, which thus, even in 1549, was restricted to one or two western provinces, entirely disappeared when apiculture was localised in and re- stricted to Languedoc and Provence, and was replaced, as was to be expected, by a form brought from the district in which the ABERRA TION—ABOVER. , production of honey and care of bees was chiefly attended to. i Aberration, s/". aberration; properly of stars, I tl^e figurative meaning being later ; from L. aberrationem. i ABfiTIR, va. to brutalise. See bete and Hist. Gram. p. 177. i Abhorrer, va. to abhor, detest ; from L. abhorrere. ' ABIME, sm. an abyss. Sp. abismo, from L. abyssimus *, a deriv. of abyssus, with superlative termination -issimus, found suffixed to other Lat. subst., as ocul- -issimus, domin-issimus, marking the highest degree of intensity ; thus abys- simus signifies the deepest depth. Abys- simum, contr. to abyss'mum. (§ 51), becomes abisme (12th cent., St. Bernard's Sermons, p. 167) by persistence of a and m, and by y = £ (§ loi), ss = s (§ 168), and tun = e. For the very unusual continuance of b see § 113. For abisme = abime see § 148. — Der. abimer, to hurl into an abyss, thence to ruin, damage, thence to spoil (as in un ckapeau abime), by a reduction of meaning, see § 13; found also in gene and ennui, q. v. This sense is later than the 17th cent., for the Diet, of the Acad., 1694, recognises only the etymological meaning. Abject, adj. abject; from L. abjectus. — DtT. abjection (L. abjectionem). Abjurer, va. to abjure, renounce ; from L. abjurare. — Der. abjurztion (L. abjur- ationem). Ablatif, sm. the ablative case ; from L. ablativum. For final v=/ see § 142. Ablation, sf. ablation (Med.); from L. ablationem. ABLE, sm. a bleak (Ichth.) ; from L. albula, properly a little white fish, from the adj. al- bulus (in Catullus, 29 19), which is probably the fish called alburnus by Ausonius (an- other derivative of albus); 'Et albiirnos praedam puer ilibus hamis' (Mosella, 126). The albula got its name from its whiteness, just as the rotiget is so called from being partly red. Albula is found in the Lat.-Gr. glossaries, Albula, iKTapa, which is a kind of little fish. In the Schola Salernita, d. Moreau, p. 80, we find ' Lucius, et perca et saxaulis, albula, tinea.' Albula, losing 1 by dissimilation (§ 169), becomes abula, found in a MS. account of a.d. 1239, quoted by Ducange (s. v.) : 'Decano Turon. ille qui capit abulas, de dono ad unum batellum emendum xl. solid. Tur.' Ab(u)lam (§51) contr. to ab'lam becomes able by aTO. = e, and continuance of bl, and of initial a. — Der. aWette (§ 281). ABLETTE, sf. a bleak. See able. Ablution, sf. ablution, washing; from L. ablutionem. Abnegation, sf abnegation, renunciation, sacrifice (of self ) ; from L. abnegationem. ABOI, verbal sm. barking, baying. Aboi, which expresses the bark of a dog (aboie- ment is the present word), remains in the Fr. language in the phrase etre aux abois. The stag is said to be aux abois when he is hard pressed by the dogs, and close followed by their cry. This hunting-term has taken a figurative sense, and etre aux abois now means ' to be hard pressed,' ' at one's wits' end,' ' at bay.' ABOIEMENT, sm. barking. See aboyer. Abolir, «/a. to abolish; from L. abolere. For e = i see § 59. — Der. aSo/issement (§ 225, note 4). Abolition, sf. abolition; from L. abo- litionem. Abominable, adj. abominable; from L. abominabilis. Forabilis = aWesee§250. Abomination sf. abomination ; from L. abominationem. Abondamment, adv. abundantly; from abondant, q. v. Abondance, sf abundance ; from L. abun- dantia. For u = o see § 98; for antia = ance § 244. Abondant, adj. abundant; from L. abun- dantem. For u = o see § 98. Abonder, va. to abound; from L. abun- dare. — Der. sur abonder. ABONNER, va. to subscribe, pay a subscrip- tion ; see bon. — Der. abonnement (§ 225), abonne (§ 201). ABORDER, va. to reach shore, to draw nigh to shore ; see bord. — Der. abord, abordzge, abordMe (§ 250). Aborigene, smf an aboriginal, primitive in- habitant; from L. aborigines. ABORNER, va. to border on, touch limits of. See borne. ABOUCHER, va. to bring together, bring about an interview (s'aboucher avec quel- qu'un is lit. to place one mouth to mouth with another). See bouche. ABOUTIR, va. to arrive at, end in ; see bout. ABOYER, va. to bark, bay ; from L. abbau- bare*, compd. of ad (Hist. Gram. p. 177) and baubare *. For change from deponent to active, see Hist. Gram. p. 1 1 9 ; for db = bb § 1 68. Abbau(b)are, by bb = 6 ( § 1 68), loss of second b (§ 113), continuance of A brEger —a bstinence. initial a, and by au = o (§ 107), are = er (§ 54)» became in nth cent, aboer. The law of balance between the tonic and atonic vowels, spoken of § 48 etc, here plays an important part. In I2th cent, il abaie, Le Livre des Rois, 129; in 13th cent, aboer, Villehardouin, 109; in 14th cent, abayer, Oresme, Eth. 205. — Der. aboytuv (§ 227), aboiement (§ 225). For y = t see § 101. ABR^GER, va. to abridge, shorten ; from L. abbreviare, found in Vegetius, Prol. 3, De Re Mil. : ' Quae me per diversos auc- tores .... abbreviare iussisti.' Abbre- viare becomes abbrevjare by consoni- fication of i (Hist. Gram. p. 65), whence abreger by bb = 6 (§ 168), vj=j (§ 141), continuance of initial a, br, e, and j=g, axe = er. — Der. abrege (§ 201), abregcur, of which the learned doublet (§ 22) is abreviateur. ABREUVER, va. to give to drink, water. It. abbeverare, from L. adbiberare*, a compd. of ad and biberare, a deriv. of bibere ; see breuvage. Adbib(e)rare, dropping § (§ 52), and assimilating db to bb (§ 168), becomes abbib'rare, whence abevrer (13th cent., Floire et Blancheflor, 195), by bb =6 (§ 168), i = e (§ 72), br = vr (§ 113), are = fir (§ 263), and by continuance of initial a. Abevrer is in l6th cent, abrever (Hist, Gram. p. 77) by transposition, whence finally abreuver. — Der. abreuvo'iT (§ 183). Abr^viation, sf. abbreviation; from L. abbreviationem. See abreger. ABRI, sm. a shelter ; introd. in 1 2th cent. (Livre des Rois, 251) from Prov. abric, Sp. abrigo. Origin unknown. t Abricot, sm. an apricot (1549, R--Esti- enne's Diet.) ; introd. from Port, albricoque (§ 26). — Der. abricotier (§ 193). ABRITER, va. to shelter (a modern word, appearing first in 1740, Diet, de I'Academie, as a special horticult. term : Abrite, terme de jardinage — ' un espalier bien abrite ') ; from abri, by euphonic intercalation of t. There was, up to the 1 8th cent, another form, abrier, formed direct from abri, which has been supplanted by abriter: Etifin le bon Dieu nous abrie, St. Arnaud, Podsies, iii. 92 (17th cent.), and in 1728, Richelet's Diet., has Abrier, mettre a I' abri; ne se dit qu'en riant. Abrogation, sf. abrogation; from L. abro- gationem. Abroger, va. to abrogate, annul ; from L. abrogare. Der. atro^ation. Abrupt, adj. abrupt ; from L. abrup- tus. Abrutir, va. to brutalise ; see brute. — Der. a6r?//issement (§ 225). Abscisse, sf. an abscissa (Math.) ; from L. abscissa. Absence, sf. absence; from L. absentia. For &ntia. = ence see § 244. Absent, adj. absent; from L. absentem. Der. absenter (§ 183). Abside, s/l a vault ; (Archit.); from L. apsi- dem. Absinthe, s/". wormwood ; from L. absin- thium. Absolu, adj. absolute ; from L. absolutus. For utus = tt see § 201. — Der. a6so/wment (§ 225). Absolution, sf. absolution; from L. abso- lutionem. Absorber, va. to absorb; from L. absor- ber e. — Der. absolvtion (§ 232, note 4). Absorption, sf. absorption; from L. ab- sorptionem. ABSOUDRE, va. to absolve, acquit. It. assolvere, from L. absolvere. Absol- v(e)re, contr. regularly (§ 51) to ab- solv're, drops the v (§ 141), whence absol're, whence O. Fr. assoldre (nth cent.. Chanson de Roland, 25) by assimi- lating bs to ss (§ 168), by changing Ir to Idr (Hist. Gram. p. 73), and by continuance of a and o. Assoldre in 12th cent, becomes assoudre (§ 157); in 13th cent, is recon- structed into absoudre by the clerks and lawyers who wished to bring it back to the Lat. form. But the popular pronunciation continued in spite of this classical restora- tion of the b, and we know from Palsgrave (Eclairc. p. 23) that in 1530 it was still proncd. assoudre. — Der. absoute, strong partic. subst. (§ 188), from L. absoluta. For contr. of abs51(u)ta to absol'ta see § 51. ABSTENIR(S') vpr. to abstain. Sp. abstenir, from L. abstenere, a common Lat. form of abstinere. Abstenere becomes aste- nir (nth cent., Chanson de Roland, 203) by bs = ss = s (§ 168), by ere = z> (§ 60), and by continuance of a, t, e, n. In the 14th cent, astenir was reconstructed into abstenir (§56, note 4) by the clerks and lawyers. See absoudre. Abstention, sf. abstention, withholding; from L. abstentionem. Abstinence, sf abstinence; from L. ab- stinentiam. For eutia = ence see I § 244- ABSTRAC TION — A CCA BLER. Abstraction, sf. abstraction ; from L. ab- stractionem. Abstraire, va. to abstract, separate ; from L. abstrahere. For trahere = /ra/re see § 135 ; and see traire. Abstrait, adj. abstract; from L. abstrac- tus. For ct = 2Vsee § 129. Absurde, adj. absurd; from L. absurdus. — Der, absurdite (§ 230). Absurdity sf. absurdity; from L. absurdi- tatem. Abus, sm. an abuse ; from L. abusus. — Der. abuser (§ 183). Ablisif, adj. abusive; from L. abusivus. For iviis = 27see § 223. ACABIT, sm. a quality of anything (good or bad). This word originally signified purchase, and afterwards became limited to the thing purchased, then to the state or condition of that thing, lastly to the qualities of any object whatever. (In the 1 8th cent, it was used only of fruits; the Diet, of the Academy, 1740, has Acabit, ne se dit guere que des fruits : ' Des poires d'un hon acabit.') Acabit is a learned word, a corrupt form of the feudal L. accapitum, which in Custom Law signifies a right of entry (' deinde dono burgos . . . acca- pita . . .' in a Will of 11 50, Martene, Anecd. i. 410), and is itself only a bar- barous compound of the L. caput in the sense of rent, etc. For cc = c see § 168, for p = & § III. Acacia, sf. an acacia ; a Lat. word intro- duced by botanists. Among the Romans it signified the white-flowering locust-tree. More fortunate than many botanical names (such as mimosa, salvia, etc.) which are still used only by the learned, acacia has taken root in the language, where it holds its ground with as much right as the Lat. words quietus, omnibus, etc. Acad6niie, sf an academy, learned society; from L. academia (the garden near Athens in which Plato taught, thence ex- tended to signify any meeting of philoso- phers or learned persons). — Der. acat/^'mique, academmtn. Acaddmique, adj. academic ; from L. academicus. — Der. academicxtn, from L. academicus through a form academic- ianus (§ 194). *t" Acajou, sm. mahogany; an American word, introduced with the wood into Europe in the 18th cent. (§ 32). Acanthe, sf the acanthus; from L. acan- thus. ACARIATRE, adj. crabbed, cross-grained. The Lat. cara, a face, then a head (see chere), produced a verb adcariare*, acca- rare, whence O. Fr. acarier, whence the deriv. acanastre (§ 199), found in R. Esti- enne's Diet., a. d. 1549, i" sense of in- sanus, mente captus, then acariatre (§ 199). From its sense of foolish, mad, in 1604, Nicot's Diet., it has come to its modern sense, Diet, of the Academy, 1694. ACCABLER, va. to overwhelm. The Gr. Kara^oK-f], in sense of an overthrow, passing from the abstract to the concrete sense of a machine wherewith to overthrow (a fre- quent change of sense, see § 12, and cp. Fr. poin^on, from L. punctionem), produced late Lat. cadabulum, a balista. This word came in from the Byzantine Greeks, through the Crusaders, as did several other terms of medieval military art : ' Tribus lapidibus magna petraria, quae cadabula vocabatur, emissis,' sa3's (12 19) William the Breton, De Gestis Philippi Augusti, A, 1202. Cad6b(u)la, dropping u regularly (§ 51), became O. Fr. cadable (iith cent. Chan- son de Roland, strophe viii.) : Cordres a prise e les murs peceiez, Od ses cadables les turs en abatied (and his catapults beat down the towers thereof). Next ca[d)able, by dropping medial d (§ 120), becomes caable, found in another passage of the same poem, strophe xvi. : Od vos caables avez fruiset ses murs (and your catapults have broken its walls). From this proper sense of a machine of war to crush one's foe by throwing great stones to overthrow him, caable comes to have the more general sense of the act of overthrowing (§ 12). An old Custom- book of Normandy cited by Ducange (s.v.) has ' De prostratione ad terram, quod cadabiiluin dicitur, xxiii. solidos,' ren- dered in the Fr. version (12th cent.) by De ahatre a terre, que Von apele caable. Caable, later contr. to cable, gave the deriv. accabler, signifying to be crushed under some heavy mass : Accabler, estre accable de quelque chose qui chet sur nous, ou estre esc ache ; obrui (1549), R. Estienne's Diet. In 1604 Nicot's Diet, also gives this term in the active sense : Accabler, c'est affouler aulcun de coups pesans, Vatterrer a force de pesanteur, et de charger sur lui ; opprimere aliquem, obruere. Finally, the word loses all but its figura- tive sense, and is found in its modern ACCAPARER — A CCOMPLIR, signification alone in i68i, Richelet's Diet. — Der. accablement (§ 225). Accaparer, va. to buy up, to monopolise ; a word first found in 1762 in the Diet, de I'Academie, having eome in through the comineree of Genoa and Leghorn with Marseilles, from It. caparrare, to stop mer- chandise. Accaparer, which ought to have been caparrer, has got an initial a from the It. accapare, to choose, take, whose meaning is so similar to that of caparrare, that it naturally produced a confusion be- tween the two words. Very many modern Fr. words of trade and commerce are of It. origin (as banque, bilan, agio, etc., see § 25). — Der. accaparemexit (§ 225), ac- capartxxr (§ 227). Acc6der, va. to consent, accede (to) ; from L. accedere. Accel6rer, va. to accelerate, hasten ; from L. accelerare. — Der. acceVe'ration. Accent, sm. accent; from L. accentus. — Der. accentViQT, accew/uation. Accentuer, va. to accent ; from L. accen- tuare*, deriv. from accentus, see Ducange s. V. — Der. accen/wation, a learned form (§ 232, note 4), from L. accentuatioaem, Ducange, 92. Acceptation, sf. acceptance ; from L. ae- ceptationem*. See accepter. Accepter, va. to accept, receive ; from L. aceeptare. — Der. accepiion, accepution (§ 232, note 4), accepuhle. Acception, sf. acceptance ; from L. accep- tionem. Accds, sm. access, approach, entry ; from L. accessus. — Der. accessoire (§ 233). Accessible, adj. accessible ; from L. acces- sibilis. Accession, sf. consent, adhesion, accession ; from L. accessionem. + Accessit, sm. ' accessit,' honourable mention ; a Lat. word, introduced into scho- lastic language. Its meaning is that one ' ap- proached near' the prize without getting it. Accessoire, adj. accessory; from L. ac- cessorius, in Ducange. Accident, sm. an accident; from L. acci- dentem. — Der. accidenttX. Accidentel, adj. accidental; from L. acci- dentalis* found in Ducange. For alls = el see § 191. Acclamation, sf acclamation ; from L. acclamationem. Acclamer, va. to proclaim; from L. ac- c lam a re. — Der. acc/amation. Acclimater. See climat. ACCOINTANCE, sf. intimacy, close con- nection ; deriv. of accointer, q. v. ACCOINTER (S'), vpr. to become intimate (with one). It. accontare, from L. ad- cognitare *, a compd. of ad and cogni- tare *, deriv. of cogtiitus. Cognitare * is not classical, though cognitamentum occurs in Forcellini. Adcognitare is not uncommon in Carolingian texts : * Quarum exemplar Domination! vestrae transmitto, ut . . . ad aliquem diem ju- beatis venire fideles vestros dieentes quia eis adcognitare vultis . . . .' Hinc- mar, Opusc. De coereendis mil. rap. (a.d. 848). Dc = cc by assimilation (§ 168) pro- duced accognitare, as in a Capitulary of Charles the Bald, a.d. 856, § 11, * Et habet . . . fideles suos convocatos ut . . . nostram, qui fideles illius sumus devo- tionem accognitet.' Accogn(i)tare, contr. regularly (§ 51) to accogn'tare, becomes acointer by cc = c (§ 168), g = « (§ 131), are = er (§§ 49, 263), and by con- tinuance of o, nt, and initial a. Acointer inserted a diphthong regularly (§ 56) acoin- tier : for its return to the form accointer in the 15th cent, see § 56, note 4. — Der. accom/ance (§ 192). i'Accolade, sf an embrace, kiss. See accoler. ACCOLER, va. to embrace ; der. from col (see cou). For the transcription back to accoler from acoler in the 15th cent, see § 56, note 4. — Der. acco/lee, partic. subst. (§ 187). This word, which rightly means an embrace, kiss, and especially that given to a new-made knight, was transformed in the 1 6th cent, into accolade, in imitation (§ 25) of It. accollata : for the Fr. sufRx in ade see § 201. As late as the beginning of the 17th cent, accolade still solely signi- fied the embrace of a knight. Nicot (1604) says, AccoLLADE, se fait en jetant les bras autour du col. Accollee, embrassement, comme Le faisant chevalier, il lui donna I'accollee. Accom m oder , va. to suit, arrange, dress; from L. accommodare. — Der. accom- modement (§ 225). ACCOMPAGNER, va. to accompany; der. from O. Fr. compaing. For details see compagnon. ACCOMPLIR, va. to accomplish; from L. ac- complere *, compd. of ad and complere. For dc = cc by assimilation see § 168. Ac- complere becomes acomplir (12th cent., Raoul de Cambrai, 193) by cc = c (§ i68), A CCORDER—A CCR OIRE. ere = zV (§ 59), and continuance of a, o, m, and pi. For the return in 1 6th cent, from acomplir to accomplir see § 56, note 4. — Der. accomplisstmQnt (§ 225). ACCORDER, va. to reconcile, to agree. Sp. acordar, It. accordare, from L. accordare, der. (like concordare) from L. cor, cordis ; — ' quasi ad unum cor, sive ad eamdem voluntatem adducere' is R. Esti- enne's explanation (1549). We find in a treaty between Henry of Castile and Charles V. (Martini, Anecd. i. 1501) 'Cum parte adversa pactum seu pacem facere, tractare ; accordare . . .' Accordare becomes acorder (nth cent., C. de Roland, 285) by cc = c (§ l68), and continuance of initial a, o, and rd. For acorder = accorder in the 15th cent., see § 56, note 4. — Der. accord (§ 184). t Accort, adj. compliant, supple; from It. accorto. In 1560 Pasquier says, in his Recherches sur la France, viii. 3, Nous averts deptiis 30 oil 40 ans emprunte plu- sieurs mots d'llalie, comtne ' cofitrasie' pour ' contention,' ' concert ' pour ' conference,' * accort ' pour ' avise.' ACCOSTER, va. to accost. Sp. acostar. It. accostare, from L. accostare, deriv. of ad (Hist. Gram. p. 177) and costa, and so properly signifying to set oneself side by side : ' Fuit et stetit ita contractus .... quod . . . unum crus vel genu cum alio non potebat accostare . . . .' Mirac. S. Zitae, in the Acta SS. iii. Apr. 523. Accostare becomes acoster (12th cent., Livre des Rois, 363) by cc = c (§ 168), axe^er (§ 263), and continuance of initial a, o, and st. For 15th cent, accoster for acoster see § 56, note 4. For unusual continuance of s see §H7- ACCOTER, va. to prop up, support. Origin unknown (§ 35). — Der. accotoir (§ 183). ACCOUCHER, va. n. to deliver (as a mid- wife), to be delivered (of a child). This word, der. from couche (q. v.), was written acoucher in the 13th cent., and acouchier in the 14th. For er = ier see § 56. The history of this word is an example of those restrictions of meaning mentioned in the Introduction (§ 12). In the 12th cent, accoucher meant, according to its ety- mology, to lie down in bed. Mathieu de Montmorency, says Villehardouin, accoucha malade (lay down ill), et taut fut agreve gn'il mouriit. Joinville, when ill, uses the following expression, Et pour les dites maladies j'accouchai au lit malade^ en la mi-careme. Accoucher was soon restricted to the sense of lying down, because of illness, and then, later still, to ' He in ' for childbirth. From the 13th cent, onwards we see ac- coucher used in this modern sense, though not exclusively so : La contesse Marie accoucha d'une fille. Villehardouin, 180. On the other hand the word kept its sense of simply lying down in bed till the 17th cent., as we see in Nicot's Diet. 1604 : // s'est accouche malade, ex morbo decumbit. — Der. accouches. (§ 201), accouchement (§ 225), accouchtwx (§ 227). ACCOUDER (S'), vpr. to lean on one's elbow. Sp. acodar, from L. accubitare, der. from cubitus : ' Cum causa convivii fuisset accubitatus,' says S. Branle (640) in his life of S. Aemilianus. Accub(i)tare, contr. regularly (§ 51) to accub'tare, be- comes acouter (12th cent., Raoul de Cam- brai, 51) by cc = c (§ 168), u = om (§ 90), bt = / (§ 168), are = cr (§ 263), and by continuance of initial a. Acouter in the 1 6th cent, was altered into accoubder by the Latinists of the Renaissance. For c = cc, and t = hd, see § 56, note 4. For loss of b, see § 120. ACCOUPLER, va. to join, couple (dogs, etc.); der. from cople, O. Fr. form of cottple, q. V. For o = ou see § 86 ; for c = cc § 56, note 4. — Der. accouplement. ACCOURCIR, va. to shorten; der. from court, q. V. For c = cc see § 56, note 4. — Der. raccourcir. ACCOURIR, vn. to run up, come up hastily. Sp. acorrer. It. accorrere, from L. accur- rere. For the successive changes of c\xxvev& — curir = corir = courir, see courir. For c = cc see § 56, note 4. ACCOUTRER, va. to dress up, accoutre. Prov. acotrar : origin unknown (§ 35). For acoustrer = accoutrer see §§ 56, note 4, and 158. — Der. accoutrement (§ 225). ACCOUTUMER, va. to accustom; der. from coustume, O. Fr. form of coutume, q. V. For Q = cc see § 56, note 4; for loss of s § 158. — Der. accoutumznce (§ 192). Accrdditer, va. to accredit; der. from credit, q. v. ACCROCHER, va. to hook up, tear with a hook ; der. from croc, q. v. For c = cc in the 1 6th cent, see § 56, note 4. — Der. accroc (§ 184), xaccrocher. ACCROIRE, va. to believe ; from L. accre- dere, by regular contr. of accred(e)re to accred're, whence acreire (12th cent., 8 A CCR OISSEMENT—A CHETER, St. Thomas le Martyr). For oo = c see § i68, e = « § 6i, dr = r § i68. For ei = oi see § 6i. for o — cc, § 56 note 4. ACCROISSEMENT, sm. growth, increase. It. accrescimento, from L. aocrescimen- tmn. (13th cent, acroissement, H. de Valenc. x. 10.) For o = cc see § 56, note 4. ACCROITRE, va. to increase, enlarge. Sp. acrecer. It. accrescere, from L. aoorescere. For crescere = croistre, croitre, see croitre. For o = cc, see § 56, note 4. ACCROUPIR, vn. to cower down, squat; der. from crope, O. Fr. form of croupe, q. V. Etre accroupi is properly to sit on one's tail. (13th cent, acropir, R. de Renard, 5852 ; 14th cent, acroupir, Du Guesclin, 16413.) For o=^ou see § 81, for o = ctf § 56, note 4. ACCUEILLIR, va. to welcome. It. acco- gliere, from L. adcollegere, compd. of ad and coUegere, a common Lat. form of colligere: ' Et hospites tres vel am- plius collegere debet,' in the Lex Salica, 6th cent. ed. Pardessus, p. 26 ; hence by as- similation of do = cc (§ 168), accollegere, found in the sense of associating, making to partake, in medieval Lat. : ' Dominus etiam Rex aooollegit abbatem et Ecclesiam in omnibus quae in villa habebat,' Charter of Louis VII. A.D. 1 1 50, in Thomass. Coutu- mier de Bourges, p. 396. For collegere = coillir (i2th cent.) = cueilltr (13th cent.) see cueilltr. For o = cc see § 56, note 4. — Der. accueil (§ 1 84). ACCULER, va. to drive into a corner, bring to a stand ; deriv. of cul, q. v. AccuniTller, va. to accumulate ; from L. accumulare. — Der. accumuhtion. Accusateur, sm, an accuser; from L. ac- cusatorem. Accusatif, sm. the accusative case ; from L. accusativum. Accusation, sf. an accusation ; from L. accusationem. Accuser, va. to accuse; from L. accusare. — Der. accusation, -ateur, -atif. Acerbe, adj. bitter ; from L. acerbus. — Der. acerbitL AC^RER, va. to temper, steel. From acier, q.v. Acetate, sm. acetate; from L. acetum with termination ate. Ac6teux, adj. acetous ; from L. acetosus*, deriv. of acetum. For osus = ^wa; see § 229. Ac6tique, adj. acetic; from L. aceticus*, deriv. of acetum. ACHALANDER, va. to attract customers. From chaland, q. v. ACHARNER, va. to flesh, to excite, set against. It is an example of that numerous class of hunting terms spoken of in the Introduction, § 13, which have passed from their special and technical sense to a general use. Acharner was originally a term of falconry, meaning to put flesh on the lure, to excite the bird. From this proper sense of giving the falcon a taste of flesh, to teach him to tear other birds to pieces, comes the figurative sense of exciting, irritating animals, then men, against one another. At the beginning of the 1 7th cent, the word still had both senses: 1604, Nicot's Diet, has Acharner, c'est mettre de la chair dessus : le contraire descharner, pour oster la chair de dessus le leurre. On prend aussi acharner />Ottr ireusement addenter et deschirer aucun soil en son corps, sa chevance ou son honneur, ce qui est par metaphore. Acharner is from L. adcarnare*, like decamare, found in Vegetius. Acamare is found, without any instance cited, in Ducange. Adcarnare assimilates dc = cc (§ 168), whence accar- nare, whence (§ 168) by cc = c, acarnare, whence acharner by c = ci (§ 1 26), are = er (§ 263), and continuance of initial a, rn, and medial a. For the phonetic relation of acharner to chair see § 54. — Der. acharnevnent (§ 225). ACHAT, sm. a purchase. The medieval L. accaptare ( = acheter, under which word the history of letter -changes is studied) early produced a verbal subst. (§ 184) accaptum = achat : ' Et sciendum quod .... dedistis michi, priori S. Nazarii, v. solidos pro acapto,' from a Charter of 1 1 18, Cartul. S. Victoris de Massilia, ii. 573. Accaptum becomes achat by cc = c = ch (§§ 168, 126), pt = / (Hist. Gram. p. 76), loss of um, and continuance of the accented a, and of the atonic a. ACHE, sf. water-parsley; from L. apium, by consonification pi = pj, whence ache, by continuance of a, and reduction of pj —j (Hist, Gram. p. 76), and uin = «. ACHEMINER, va. to forward, advance ; from chemin, q.v. — Der. acheminement (§ 225). ACHETER, va. to buy. O. Sp. acaptar, from L. adcaptare* compd. of class. Lat. cap- tare. That Fr. acheter, though derived from the same root with accipere, should bear a different sense, will not seem astonish- ing, when we find in Festus that the early A CHE VER — A CQUITTJ^R . Romans said emere for accipere : ' Nam emere anliqni dicebant pro accipere.' Ad- captare becomes accaptare by assimi- lation of dc = cc (§ i68). ' Et est ipse alodes in comitatu Lutevense quem pater meus et ego accaptavimus,' Charter of A.D. looo, and Vaissette, ii. p. 157. In a Donation of 1060, Cartul. S. Victoris de Massillia, 1. 414, we read, ' Accaptavit vineas de Embreugo, quas plantavit Guido K. . . accaptavit terram subter ecclesiam S. - ' " Crucis.' Accaptare becomes flca/er (lith cent.) by cc = c (§ 168), pt = ^ (Hist. Gram, p. 76), are = er (§ 263), and by continuance of initial a and medial a. Acater is suc- cessively softened to achater (§ 126), l2th cent., Livre des Rois, 119, then acheter (§ 54), 13th cent., Berte aux Grans Pics, 115. In the 1 6th cent, the Latinists and pedants of the Renaissance wished to bring the word back to its Latin original, and wrote it achapter, as we see in Amyot and even in Rabelais. But the popular in- stinct rebelled, and did not let this word, like absoj/dre (q. v.), relapse into its Latin- ised form ; and from the beginning of the 17th cent, the learned had to abandon their innovation and conform to the popular pronunciation by writing the word as of old, acheter. — Der. achat (q. v.), achetem (§227). ACHEVER, va. to finish. The Lat. caput, towards the end of the Empire, and in Merov. times, took the sense of an end, whence the phrase ad caput venire, in the sense of to come to an end : ' Filum filabo de quo Justinus Imperator, nee Augusta, ad caput venire non possint,' says Narses in the Ancient Chronology quoted by Gregory of Tours. We also, in like man- ner, find ad caput venire for ' to finish,' in Fredegaire's Epit. ch. 65 (Monod). Venire ad caput naturally produced the Fr. phrase venir a chef= venir a bout. (For caput = cAe/" see chef.) Aucun d'eux ne put venir a chef de son dessein, Lafontaine, Contes ; Quand le due d'AnJou vit qn'il ri'eti viendroit point a chef, Froissart, ii. 2, 20; whence the sense of chef =a.n end. term, conclusion. Sur cette route, ati chief de chaque journee, tl y a de beaux palais. Montaigne, iv. 26; and in the 13th cent. Joinville, ch. 235, says, Au chef de ix jours, les corps de nos gens que ils avoient tue. vindrent au dessus de I'eau. From this chief, O. Fr. form of chef (q. v.), in sense of term, end, comes the Fr. compd. achever = venir a chef, to end, finish. For compd. of ad see Hist. Gram. p. 177. For/=t/ see § 145. — Der. achevemeni (§ 225). ACHOPPER, vn. to stumble; compd. of ad (Hist. Gram. p. 177) and coper, O. Fr. form of chopper, q. v. for origin of coper (13th cent.) = choper (14th cent.) = chopper. — Der. achoppemtnt (§ 225). Achromatique, adj. achromatic. See chro- mafique. Acide, adj. acid; from L. acidus. Aciditd, sf. acidity; from L. aciditatem. Acidule, arf/ subacid ; from L. acidulus*, deriv. of acidus. ACIER, sm. steel. Sp. acero. It. acciajo, from L. acierium.*, found in loth cent, in Graeco-Lat. glossaries, der. from acies, a sword-edge. Acierium becomes acer (nth cent., Ch. de Roland, 771) by §rium = er (§ 198), ci = c, and continuance of a. For acer = acier see § 198. — Der. acerer, acierer. For the diflferent forms acerer and acierer see § 56, note 4. Acolyte,sm. an acolyte; fromL. acolythus, from Gr. aKoXovdos. Aconit, sm. aconite ; from L. aconitum. ACOQUINER, va. to captivate, illure. See coquin. Acoustique, sf. acoustics ; from Gr. olkovo- TiKos, from aKovo). ACQUERIR, va. to acquire; from L. ac- quaerere, popular Lat. form of acqm- rere. For quaerere = gwe'r/r see § 104 and Hist. Gram. p. 140. For aquerir (12th cent.) = acqidrir see § 56, note 4. — Der. acquereuT (§ 227). ACQUfiT, sm. an acquisition (in legal lan- guage), property acquired ; from L, ac- quaesitum, common Lat. form of acqui- situm (see above acquerir from acquae- rere not acquirere). For the transition from a past part, to a subst. see § 187. Acquaesitum becomes acquet by qua6- 8itMia = quest = quet: for details see quete and querir. For aquest = acquest see § 56, note 4. Acquiescir, vn. to acquiesce, consent ; from L. acquiescere. Acquisition, sf. an acquisition ; from L. acquisitionem. ACQUITTER, va. to acquit, clear, discharge; from L. adquietare, compd. of ad (Hist. Gram. p. 177) and quietare, see quitter. Adquietare, making dq = cq by assimila- tion (§ 168), becomes acquietare, a form found in both senses of acquitter in medieval writers. * Et qui terram adquietatam. lO A CRE — A DMIRA TiF. habet comitatus testimonio ..." is to be found in the Laws of Edward the Confessor, cap. 35 J and 13th cent, in Matthew Paris, Chron. a.d. 1267, ' Petitum est, ut clerus aoquietaret novem millia marcarum;' and ib. Vita Henr. iii. 5 ; * Debita dicti abbatis . . . mercatoribus benigne acquie- tabat.' For the successive changes of qtiietare = gutter = quitter see quitter. For cq = 7 see § 168, for the French reverse process q = eg § 56, note 4. — Der. acquit (§ 187), acquittement (§ 225). ACRE, sm. an acre ; from L. acrum * : * Ego Starchrius do S. Florentino octo acra de terra,' Chartul. de S. Florentino, a.d. 1050 (quoted by Ducange, s. v.). Acrum is of Germ, origin (§ 27), and answers to Goth, akr, Engl, acre. Germ, acker. Acre, adj. sharp, acrid; from L. acris. — Der. acrete (§ 230). The doublet of this word (§ 22, note 3) is aigre, q. v. Acrimonie, sf. pungency, acrimony; from L. acrimonia. Acrobate, sm. an acrobat ; from Gr. da/jo- ficLTTjs (one who walks on tiptoe). Acrostiche, sm. an acrostic; from Gr. cLKpoarixov (the beginning of a line). Acte, sm. an act, action ; from L. actus. Acteur, sm. an actor; from L. actorem. — Der. actr'ict, from L. actrix. Actif, adj. active; from L. activus. — Der. activite, from L. activitatem. Action, s/l an action; from L. actionem. — Der. actionner, aclionmire. Actrice, sf. an actress; from L. actricem. Actuel, adj. real, actual; from L. actualis. — Der. actuaUte. Adage, sm. an adage, saying ; from L. adagium. Adapter, va. to adapt ; from L. a dap- tare. Addition, sf. addition; from L. addi- tion em. — Der. additionnd, additionev. Adepte, sm. an adept; from L, adeptus (one who has obtained knowledge of a subject). Adh6rent, sm. an adherent; from L. ad- haerentem. See adherer. Adherer, vn. to adhere; from L. adhae- rere. — Der. adherence. Adhdsion, sf. adhesion; from L. adhae- sionem. Adieu, adv. adieu, farewell ; compd. of d and Dieu, q. v. Sp. adios is a similar compd. of a and Dios, and It. addio of ad and Dio. All these forms are the products of an elliptical e:?cpression, such as soyez a Dieu, or je vous recommande a Dieu. The fact that the Prov. keeps the whole phrase in its d Dieu siatz confirms this view of the origin of the word. Adipeux, adj. fat, adipose; from L. adi- posus. For OB\XB = eux see § 229. Adjacent, adj. adjacent; from L. adja- centem. Adjectif, sm. an adjective; from L. ad- jectivus. ADJOINDRE, va. to assign as a colleague; from L. adjungere. For j\ing6re =join- dre seejoindre. For adj = aj see § 120. For the return aj = adj see § 56, note 4. — Der. adjoint (§ 187). Adjonction, sf addition; from L. adjunc- tionem. t Adjudant, sm. an adjutant; from Sp. ayudante, an aide-de-camp, a word recon- structed under the influence of Lat. adju- tantem*, the original of the Sp. word. The doublet of this word (§ 22, note 3) is aidant, q. v. ADJUGER, va. to adjudge, grant (as a con- tract, etc.), knock down (at an auction) ; from L. adjudicare, by dj=j (§ 120), whence ajugier : see juger. For the return 2=dj see § 56, note 4. Adjurer, va. to adjure; from L. ad- jurare(§ 263). ADMETTRE, va. to admit. It. ammittere, from L. admittere. This word was first reduced to amittere in Merov. Lat. ; we find amissarius for admissarius in the Salic Law, xl. § 5 ; whence O. Fr. amettre, by mittere = mettre : see mettre. In 16th cent, the d was reinserted by the Latinists (§ 56, note 4). Administrateur, sm. an administrator; from L. administratorem. Administratif, adj. administrative; from L. administrativus. For ivus = i/ see § 223. Administration, sf. administration ; from L. administrationem. Administrer, va. to administer; from L. administrare. ADMIRABLE, adj. admirable, wonderful; from L. admirabilem, by dm = m (§ 168), abilem = able (§ 51), whence amirable. For reinsertion of of by the Latinists see § 56, note 4 Der. admirablement (§ 225). Admirateur, sm. an admirer; from L. admiratorem. Admiratif, adj. pertaining to admiration ; from L. admirativus. For ivus = if see § 223. A DMIRA TION — A FFA IRE. II Admiration, sf. admiration; from L. ad- mirationem. Admirer, va. to admire; from L. admi- rari. — Der. ac?m/rable, -ateur, -atif, -ation. Admonestation, sf. See admonester. Admonester, va. to admonish. L, ad- moner^ produced, through its p. p. ad- monitum, a frequentative admonitare (admonitor is in the Cod. Theod. Leg. 7, De Execut. 88). Admonitare is later corrupted to admonistare *, then ad- mo nestare *, whence Fr. admonester, which is a term of jurisprudence = to repri- mand judicially, whence the later and more general sense of to admonish (§ 13). Adolescence, sf. youth; from L. ado- lescentiam. Adolescent, smf a youth, stripling, young girl; from L. adolescentem. ADONNER, vn. to veer aft ; reflex. S'ADON- NER, to give oneself up to. See don, and Hist. Gram. p. 177. Adopter, verb, to adopt, to choose; from L. adoptare. — Der. adoption, adopti^. Adoptif, adj. adoptive ; from L. adopt- ivus. For ivns = if see § 223. Adoption, sf. adoption; from L. adop- tionem. Adorable, adj. adorable; from L. adora- bilis. For sihilis — able see § 51. Adorateur, sm. an adorer; from. L. ador- atorem. Adoration, sf. adoration; from L. ador- ationem. Adorer, va. to adore; from L. adorare. ADOSSER, va. to lean the back against. See dos, and Hist. Gram. p. 177. ADOUBER, va. to dub, in the phrase adouher chevalier, to strike the knight with the flat of the sword as he is being armed ; also to hammer, strike, in the sea phrase adouberle coq d'uti vaisseau, i. e. to repair it. Sp. adobar, It. addobbare. Aduber (i ith cent., Ch. de Roland, 54) is a compd. of a and of a form duber*, of Germ, origin, as are many terms of feudal use and of seafaring (§ 27). A. S. dubban, to strike, beat, ham- mer, whence the two senses of the Fr. verb. For aduber = adober (12th cent.) see § 93, for adober = adouber § 93. — Der. xadouber (Hist. Gram. p. 179). ADRAGANT, sin. gum tragacanth, corruption of Gr. TpaycLKavOa. ADRESSE, verbal sf. (i) address, direction; (2) dexterity; from adresser. See aboi. ADRRSSER, va. to address, send. See dresser. ADROIT, adj. adroit, dexterous. See droit. Aduler, va. to flatter ; from L. adulari. — Der. aduhtion (§ 232, note 4), adid&teuT (§ 227). Adulte, adj. full grown ; from L. adul- tus. Adultdre, sm. an adulterer; from L. adul- ter. Adultere is a doublet of O. Fr. avoutre, q. V. — Der. adulterm. Advenir, vn. to happen, fall out, befall; from L. advenire. It is a doublet of avenir, q. v. Adventice, adj. adventitious ; from L. adventitius. Adverbe, sm. an adverb ; from L. adverb- ium. — Der. adverbi:a.\. Adverse, adj. adverse, opposite ; from L. adversus. It is a doublet of averse, q. v. — Der. advers2i\x& (doublet of O. Fr. aver- sier), adversite (§ 230). A6rer, va. (i) to ventilate, (2) Chem. to aerate; from L. a e rare, from aer (air), whence the learned compds. aerien, aeri- forme, etc. A6rolitlie, sm. an aerolite ; from Gr. a-{]p and Kidos. A6ronaute, sm. an aeronaut; from Gr. a-qp and vavr-qs. A6rostat, sm. an air balloon ; from Gr. d-fip and (TTaTos. Affability, sf affability, graciousness ; from L. affabilitatem. AFFABLE, adj. aifable, courteous; from. L. affabilis (easy of access for speech). Note that the Lat. suffix -^bilis, accented on the a, is contr. into -able. This is quite regular, according to the law of the Lat. accent, which rules that all words of this class lose their short penult, as they pass into Fr. See able. (We do not speak of learned words ending in -abile, as habilis, habile; the reasons for their exclusion are given in the Introduction, § 22). The Fr. uses the sufBx -able to form numerous adjs., specially from verbs ; thus from attaquer, durer, manger, etc., it forms attaquable, dur- able, mangeable, etc. Herein it only carries out a very marked tendency of the last ages of the Empire, in which we find the Romans making out of verbs like affirmare, ven- tilare, etc., the adjs. affirmabilis, ventil- abilis, etc., which are found in Virgilius the grammarian. AFFADIR, va. to make insipid, to cloy. See fade. — Der. q^Jissement (§ 225). AFFAIBLIR, va. to weaken. See faible. — Der. aj^a/6/issement (§ 225). AFFAIRE, sf. business, occupation. In O. Fr. 12 AFFA ISSER — AFFUBLER. more properly written a/aire, a compd. of a And /aire. Der. affaire. AFFAISSJIR, va. to sink, weigh down. See faix. — Der. affaissemcnt (§ 725). AFFAMER, va. to starve. See/a/m. Affecter, va. to aftect; from L. affectare. Affecter is a doublet of affaiter. — Der. af- /<?c/ation (§232, note 4). Afifection, s/ affection; from L. affec- tion em — Der. ajffectuenx, from L. affec- tuosus. Afferent, adj. contributory; from L. affer- entem. AFFERMER, va. (i) to lease, let; (2) to hire. Seeferme. AFFERMIR, va. to strengthen, confirm ; see ferme. Affermir is a doublet of affermer. — Der. a^ermissement. AFFETE, adj. affected, AFFETERIE, ^f. affectation ; der. from O. Fr. affeter, which from L, affectare. The Lat. ct, in affectare is here reduced to / in affeter (§168). In a certain number of words, like oint from unctum, saint from sanc- tum, the Lat. c is dropped, but influences the preceding vowel by adding an i. The change of ct into t is found in common Lat., in which maleditus was used for ma led ictus : it can also be traced in class. Lat. as in sitis, artus, fultus, for sictis, arctus, fulctus. AFFICHE, verbal sf. of afficher, a placard, posting-bill. See ahoi. AFFICHER, va. to stick (bills). Seejicher. + Affid6, sm. and adj. (i) a trustworthy agent, (2) trusty; from 1 6th cent. It. aff- dato. Affide is a doublet of O. Fr. affie. AflBler, va. to sharpen, whet. See^l. AFFILIER, va. to affiliate, adopt ; from L. adflliare. This word is of early use in Lat. ; it occurs in Gains, ' De adoptivis hoc est adfiliatis.' To be affiliated into a corporation, properly means to be re- ceived as one of the sons of that corpora- ation. For df=/'see § 168.— Der. affilia- tion (§ 232, note 4). AFFINER, va. to refine. See Jin. — Der. xnffner, -eur, -erie. Afmiit6, sf. affinity, connexion, alliance; from L. affinitatem. Affirmer, va. to affirm; from L. affirm- are. — Der. o^rwation, -atif. AFFLEURER, va. to level. Seejleur. Affliger, f a. to afflict; from L. affligere. Affliger is a doublet of O. Fr. afflire. — Der. afflicXion. AfQ.uer, vn. to flow, fall into ; from L. affluere. — Der. affluent (§ 186), -ence (§ 192). AFFOLER, va. to make one dote on. See fou. — Der. laffoler (Hist. Gram, p. 179). AFFOUAGE, sm. the right of cutting wood for fuel in a forest. The Lat. focus {set feu) produced the verb focare*, whence the compd. affocare*, whence, with the sufi^ix -aticum came the deriv. affocaticum* (,Ht. the right of lighting the fire to warm oneself). To get from the Lat. to the Fr., affocati- cum has gone through three changes : — 1. The suffix -aticum (affocaticum) becomes -age {affouage) (§ 248). For the rule see age. 2. The medial c of affo(c)aticum dis- appears in affou-age, as in allocare, al- louer (§ 129), as is usually the case with those words whose medial consonant pre- cedes the accented vowel. 3. The Lat. o becomes o;< : affocaticum becomes affouage. The Lat. o becomes Fr. ou when accented, if short, as in rota, roue, see Hist. Gram. pp. 53, 54; if long by nature, as in fer5cem, farotiche, see § 81 ; if long by position, as in copula, cop'la, couple, etc., see § 86. The atonic Lat. o becomes Fr. on, when short, as in apotheca, boutique, etc., see Hist. Gram, p. 54; when long by nature, as in advo- tare*, avouer, etc., see § 81 ; when long by position, as in constare, costare, couter, etc., see § 84. AFFRANCHIR, va. to free; -ISSEMENT, sm. enfranchisement. See franc. AFFREUX, adj. frightful, horrible; from a subst. affre, fright, used as late as the 1 7th cent, by Bossuet ; in the i8th cent, by S. Simon, in the phrase Les affres de la mort. Affreux comes from affre, as dartreux from dartre. Affre, $f. fright, terror, in O. Fr. afre, comes from O. H. G. eiver, contr. to eiv'r, whence afre (§ 20); as liber has produced livre. g 1 a b e r , glabre. AFFRETER, va. to freight (a ship). See freter. AFFRIANDER, va. to make dainty, entice. Seefriand. + Affront, sm. an aflfront, insult, shame; brought in in the 1 6th cent, from It. affronio (§ 25). AFFUBLER, va. to wrap up, muffle ; from Low L. aflblare, contr. from aflB.bulare (found in a 12th cent, treaty, 'Pallium quo in curia afllbulatus erit'), compd. of class. Lat. fibulare. This word is A FF ur — A GENCER. 13 a singular example of the changes in meaning which we have noticed (§ 12). The signi- fication of fibulare, to clasp, was enlarged to that of ' to dress ' in afflbulare ; and in the Fr. affubler, which at first meant simply to dress, it took (in the 16th cent.) the sense of dressing absurdly, muffling up. For the dropping of the short atonic u immediately before the tonic syllable in afflb(u)lare = affubler see § 51. For the change of i into u cp. bibebat, buvait, etc., and see Hist. Gram. p. 51. AFFLJT, sm. gun-carriage, gun-rest, ambush. AFFUTER, va. to mount a guri, set, sharpen (tools). See /it/. AFIN, conj. to the end (that). See/w. fAga, sm. an agha (military officer), a Turkish word (§ 30). AGASSE, sf. a magpie; from O. H. G. agal- stra (§ 20). AGACER, va. to set on edge. It. agazzare, from O. H. G. hazjan, to harry, whence regularly hacer. This verb, compd. with d, becomes ahacer, which, through the aspirate sound, became transformed into agacer (§ 20). t Agape, sf. a love-feast ; from Gr. ayairq (§ 21, note i). Agaric, s^n. a mushroom, fungus; from L. agaricum. AGATE, sf. agate; from L. achates. For the change of ch into g see adjuger and . § 127- AGE, sm. age. The circumflex accent shows that a letter has been suppressed : and so we find in the 1 6th cent, the word written aage ; in the 12th cent, eage ; in the nth cent, (in the Chanson de Roland) edage, from common Lat. aetaticum*, deriv. form of aetatem. For the fall of the Lat. medial t, ae(t)aticum — edage, eage, aage, age, see § 117. The change of the Lat. suffix -aticiun into -age (aet-aticiiin, ed-age) requires some notice. This suffix, not uncommon in class. Lat., as silv-aticus (Varro), aqu-aticum (Pliny), fan-aticus (Juvenal), umbr- aticus, vol-aticus (Cicero), vi-aticum (Plautus), apost-aticum (TertuUian), be- came very common in popular Lat. towards the last days of the Empire, and the early Merovingian era : the Theodosian code has agr-aticum for agrarium, August-ati- cum from Augustus. Lat. documents of the 6th and 7th cent, are full of such forms as riv-aticum, port-aticum, ret-aticum, daemon-aticum, avi-aticum, etc. ; even allelui-aticum from alleluia, is met with in a 6th cent, document. From these numer- ous derivatives in -aticum have come the corresponding Fr. words in -age (§ 248). One can see how this permutation took place, and how, e.g., volaticus (used by Cicero in sense of light, inconstant) became volage eight centuries later: volaticus being accented on the antepenult, the short penultimate i disappears (see §51); volat'cus then becomes volat'ge (c changed into g, see § 127), and lastly volage. This successive change of the suffix -aticum into -at'cum, -atge, -age, is to be found also in arrivaticum *, arrivage; biberaticum, breuvage, etc.; see § 248. On this model many Fr. words have been formed, as mouill-age, from mouiller, cousin-age from cousin, etc. The Provenfal, which changes -aticum into -atge (as in very O. Fr,), and writes carnatge, messatge, ramatge, for carnage, es&age, ramage, confirms this rule of per- mutation. Towards the end of the nth cent., when the Lat. accent was lost, and the Fr. language already formed, Lat. forms in -aticum. disappeared from Lat. documents, and the termination -agium, copied from the Fr. termination, alone is to be found. Thus, while we find up to the nth cent, the low Lat. forms, such as arrivaticum, arrivage; hominaticum, Aomma^e; mis- saticum, message; formaticum, /roma^g, the I3th-cent. Lat. will not have them, but says arrivagium, hominagium, messagium, fromagium, etc., which are only Fr. words wrapped up in a Latin termination by the clerks at a time when no one knew the origin of these words, or of their formative suffix. This distinc- tion between the late Lat. which gave birth to the Fr. language, and the Low Lat. remodelled on Fr. forms, is most im- portant for the historical study of the Fr. language, and the student ought to have it always in his mind. AGENCER, va. to arrange, dispose gracefully ; from Low L. agentiare *, deriv. of gen- tus *. See geni. In passing from -tia to -cc, this word has undergone two successive changes : — I. It is unnecessary here to remind the reader that the Lat. c was always pro- nounced k before all vowels: fecerunt, vicem, civitate, were proncd. feker- unt, vikem, klvitate, save before an i followed by a vowel (c-ia, c-ie, c-io, c-iu). 14 A GENO UILLER — A GRSA BLE. in which case the o was proncd. tz (as is proved by Merovingian Formulas, where we find unzias/or uncias). The groups t-ia, t-ie, t-io, t-iu, were proncd., not like ti in amitie, but like // in pricaution ; as is proved by Prankish charters, which change ti into ci, si, ssi, writing eciam, solacio, precium, per- dicio, racionem, concrecasione, nep- sia, altercasione, for etiam, solatio, pretium, perditio, rationem, congre- gatione, neptia, altercatione ; show- ing also that in pronunciation tia and cia were the same thing. 2. When the c is followed by one of the groups, ia, ie, io, iu, and forms the combinations cia, cie, cio, ciu — ci is usually changed into a soft s, ss, p, and the Lat. i is dropped; as in macioni, ma- fon; provinciuli, proven fal ; suspicio- nem, soupgon ; crescionem*, cresson, etc. Thenceforward ti, which (when followed by an a, o, or u) is identical with ci (as is shown above), must, like ci, drop the i and become p, hard s, ss: denuntiare becomes denoncer ; cant ion em, chan- son; scutionem*, ecMssow. A like change takes place with -tea, which becomes -tia (ea, eo, eu, becoming ia, io, iu, as may be seen under abreger ; cp. also the forms Dius, for Deus, mius for meus, in very ancient Lat. inscriptions) : then such words as platea, matea, linteolus, becoming platia, matia, lintiolus, are rendered according to rule into place, masse, linceul. The following are the cases of change of tia, tio, tiu, into g, ss, s hard : — 1. c soft in antianus, ancien; caden- tia, chance, etc. 2. ss, as in captiare, chasser, etc. 3. s hard, as in cantionem, chanson, etc. See Hist. Gram. p. 61. The change of ti into soft s, as in acu- tiare, aiguiser, is uncommon. See Hist. Gram. p. 192. AGENOUILLER, (S), vpr. to kneel ; from L. adgeniculari, as in Tertullian, ' Presby- teris advolvi et caris Dei adgeniculari.' Aggloin6rer, va. to agglomerate, collect ; from L. agglomerare. — Der. agglomer- ation. Agglutiner, va, to glue together, unite; from L. agglutinare. — Der. agglutin- ation. Aggraver, va. to aggravate, make worse ; -ation, sf. aggravation, increase. See grave. I Agile, adj. agile; from L. agilis. — Der. flj^/7ite (§ 230). + Agio, sm. rate of exchange ; an It. word introd. towards the end of the 17th cent., from aggio (§ 25).— Der. agioXtx (§ 263), -age (§ 248), -eur (§ 227). AGIR, va. to act, do; from L. agere. For 6 = 1 see § 59. — Der. o^ent, from agentem ; but f agenda, a Lat. word imported bodily into Fr., is not to be reckoned as a deriv. Agiter, va. to agitate, stir; from L. agi- tare. Der. a^i/ation, -ateur. Aguat, sm. an agnate, collateral relation on the father's side; from L. agnatus. AGNEAU, sm. a lamb ; from O. F. agnel, and this from L. agnellus. 1 preceded by a vowel (al, el, il, ol, ul) remains un- changed in Fr. in the early period of the language (mollis, mol; malva, malve; porcellus, pour eel) ; then was softened into « (mou, mauve, pourceau) towards the middle of the 12th cent. See § 157. 1. Lat. al became au, eau; as in alba, aube, etc. 2. Lat. el became au, eau, as in el'- mosyna*, aumone, etc.; ieu in melius, mieux ; similarly with dim. suffixes in -ellus, in O. Fr. el ; then softened for the most part into -eau, -au, as agnellus, agneau, etc. 3. Lat. il became eu in capillus, cheveu, etc.; -eau in sigillum, O. Fr. seel, sceau ; o, ou, in basil'ca, basoche, and fil'caria, /ougere, which was written more correctly feugere in O. Fr. 4. Lat. ol became OM in colis ( = caulis), chou, etc.; eu in mol'narius, meunier, etc.; 071 in voltulare*, vautrer. 5. Lat. Til became ou in bulicare, bouger, etc.; au in vulturius, vauiour; o in remorque (O. Fr. remolque) from re- mulcum. Agonie, sf. agony, struggle against death; from Gr. dycuvia. — Der. a^owiser. AGRAFE, sf. a hook, clasp ; 0. Fr. agrnpe. Low L. agrappa, compd. of ad and Low L. grappa, a word found in documents of the 7th cent. Grappa again comes from O. H. G. krap/o (§ 20). — Der. agra/er. Agraire, arf/. agrarian ; from L. agrarius. Agraire is a doublet of O. Fr. agrier. AGGRANDIR, va. to enlarge ; -ISSEMENT, sm. increase, aggrandisement. See grand. AGREABLE, adj. agreeable ; der. from agreer, like gueable from gueer. — Der. desagreable (Hist. Gram. p. 1 78). AGRSER — AIEUL. 15 AGREER, va. to receive favourably, accept {\\t. = prendre a gre). See gre. — Der. agrement, desa^re'ment. Agr^ger, va. to admit, incorporate (into a public body); from L. aggregare — Der. agrege (of which agregat is a doublet), agrega.tion. AGREMENT, sm. consent, approbation. See agreer. AGRES, sm. pi. rigging, tackling. See greer. Agresseur, sm. an aggressor ; from L. aggressor em. — Der. agression, -if. Agreste, adj. rustic; from L. agrestis. Agricole, adj. agricultural ; ftom L. agri- cola. The Lat. subst. has become a Fr. adj. Agriculteur, sm. a farmer, agriculturist; from L. agricultorem. — Der. agricultwre. Agronome, sm. an agriculturist ; from Gr. aypovofios (which from aypos and vo/xos) (§ 21). AGUERRIR, va. to accustom to war. See guerre. AGUETS, sm. pi. a word used only in the pi. in mod. Fr. (etre aiix aguets, to be on the look out, to be lying in wait) ; but in O. Fr. it had a sing. also. It is used as late as Malherbe, Quand /'aguet d'un pirate arreta leur voyage. Aguet is the verbal sm. (§ 184) of the old verb aguetter, compd, of guetter, q. v. AHEURTER (S'), vpr. to be bent on, ob- stinate. See heurter. AHURIR, va. to amaze. The word hure, originally meaning hair standing on end, produced ahuri (la gent barbue et ahuri, ' a folk bearded and of up-standing locks,' is a phrase of the 13th cent.). Ahuri later received the sense of ' standing on end from fright,' then ' terrified ' ; lastly, the modern sense, which is nothing but a di- minution of the old signification (§ 13). AIDER, va. to aid, help; from L. adjutare (Varro and Terence), later ajutare, which must be written aiutare, as the Latins pronounced j between two vowels as i. For this cause raja, boja, major, baju- lare, have become in Fr. raie, bouee (O. Fr. boie), maire, bailler, as they were proncd. raia, boia, ma'ior, baiulare. To pass from aiutare to aider we find two philological changes: (1) the fall of the u, aiutare becoming a'itare (§ 52); (2) the change of t into d, aitaxe = a'idar, then aider (§ 117). I. Fall of the u. We have seen (§ 52) that every vowel immediately preceding the tonic vowel (like the i of sanitatem), dis- appears in Fr. if short (san-!l!-tatem = satite), remains if long (caem-e-terium = cim-e-tiere). This continuance of a long atonic vowel has only a few exceptions : the atonic vowel which directly precedes the tonic syllable disappears, when long, in mirabilia, merveille, etc. § 52. There are about twenty of these exceptions to the rule of the continuance of the long atonic vowel, which are to be explained by two facts : (1) that in many of these words the con- traction is quite modern, and the long atonic vowel remained inO.Fr.; — courtier, serment, soup^on, larcin, were in O. Fr., more regu- larly, couretier, serement, soupe^on, larecen : (2) that in the common Lat. many of these words had already lost this long atonic vowel, and the Fr. simply reproduced this irregularity, and could do nothing else ; thus in the 7th cent, we find cosinus for consobrinus, costuma for consuetu- dinem, matinum for matutinum, el- mosna for eleemosyna, vercundia for verecundia. 2. The softening of the t into d. Aiu- tare having become aitare changes into aidare. This softening had already taken place in common Lat., in which it was very frequent, especially when the t lay between two vowels : iradam is found for i rat am in an inscription of a. D. 142; limides, sidus, terridoriam, mercadum, stradu, for limites, litus, territorium, mer- catum, strata, in 5th cent, documents, and in the Salic Law ; thus again. Classical Lat. said quadraginta, quadratus, from quatuor, which, regularly, should have been quatraginta, quatratus. Por the full history of the Lat. t see aigu and §§ 117, 118. Der. aide, verbal subst. of aider, aidant^ which is a doublet of adjudant, q. v. AIEUL, sm. a grandfather ; from L. aviolus. By the side of the class, form avus, the popular Lat. had a form avius, which is to be found in certain 5th-cent. documents. (Such double forms as avius and avus are not rare in Lat.; witness luscinius and luscinus, etc.) From this form avius the Romans made the derivative aviolus, by adding the dim. suffix -olus (cp. gladi- olus, filiolus, lusciniolus, etc.). Avi- olus, properly ' a little grandfather,' soon supplanted avius, in accordance with the Roman tendency to use diminutives. See §13- i6 AIGLE — AIGU. In the passage from aviolus to aieul (O. Fr. aiol, Prov. aviol, forms which help to explain that transition), there were two philological changes : — 1. The medial V was dropped: a(v)iolu8, aieul, AS pa(v)onem, paon ', pa(v)orem, peur, etc. (§ 141). This dropping of v between two vowels is not rare in Lat. ; the Class. Lat. said bourn for bo(v)um, audii for audi(v)i, redii for redi(v)i ; and this tendency became yet more marked in popular Lat., where we find rius for ri(v)us, ais for a(v)is, also noember for no(v)ember in Inscriptions; and in the 7th cent, paonem for pa(v)onem in the Glosses of Cassel. 2. Avioltis thus reduced to aiolus, produced in O. Fr. aiol, which became aieul by softening the o into eu (see accueillir). On this change of the suffix -olxis into •eul two remarks are needed : (i) suffixes in -iolus (and with these may be classed those in -eolus, for they were early changed into -iolus, as is shown by the hiscriptions, which give us capriolus for capreolus, and the Glosses of Cassel, which have linciolo for linceolo, etc.) were, about the 7th cent., subjected to a change which turned the two short syllables i-6 into a single long syllable io ; so that these words were no longer accented -iolus, but -iolus : (2) these suffixes in Fr. became -eul, -euil, or -ol ; as in aviolus, aieul ; capreolus, chev- reuil ; lusciniolus, rossignol (§ 253). AIGLE, sm. an eagle ; from L. aquila. Re- gularly contracted into aq'la (see rule in § 52), the Lat. aquila has undergone two changes in its transit into Fr. : (i) the accented a becomes at, and (2) the q be- came g. 1. The Lat. accented a became Fr. at, when short, as in ft mo, aime ; when long by nature, as in clarus, clair ; when long by position, as in acrum, aigre (§ 54). The atonic Lat. a becomes at in Fr. when it is short, as in S,cutus, aigu; when long by nature, as in alatus, aile ; when long by position, as in (zsceUum, faisceau, etc. 2. q becomes g, aq'la, aigle (§ 129); or rather ql becomes gl, and has thus undergone the same change as has be- fallen the corresponding cl, which has become gl in ecclesia, eglise (§ 129). Thus many French persons still pronounce the words reine claude as reine glaude, etc. AIGLON, sm. a little eagle, eaglet ; dim. of aigle, q.v.; formed by the addition of the suf- fix -on, as in anon, chaion, ourson, raton, from ane, chat, ours, rat. This suffix -on is derived from the Lat. suffix -onem, which was used for the same purpose; from sabu- lum, sahle, sand, the Romans formed sabulonem, sablon. Aiglon is a doublet of aquilon, q. v. AIGRE, adj. acid, sour ; firom L. acrem. For a = a/ see § 54; for c=^ § 129. Aigre is a doublet of acre, q.v. — Der. aigrem, aigrelet, aignr, aigrement. AIGREFIN, sm. sl sharper, swindler. Origin unknown. AIGRETTE, sf. an egret, a kind of heron, whose head is tufted with feathers, which have come to take the same name. Ma- nage, in the 17th cent., said, II y a certaines plumes en deux costez des oelles sur le dos de V aigrette, qui sont deliees et blanches et qui sont vendues bien cheres es basefaus de Turquie. The O. H. G. biegro (a heron) (§ 27) be- came Fr. aigre, of which aigrette is the dim., meaning a little heron. (For dim. suffix in -ette see § 281.) This O. H. G. beigro became in Low L. aigronem, in the loth cent, aironem, whence O. Fr. hairon ; 15th cent, heron. The reduction of gr into r may be found in peregrinus, pelerin (§131). AIGU, adj. sharp, pointed ; from L. acutus. For B. = ai see § 54, for c = ^ § 129. As to the reduction of the termination -utus into M (§ 201), or (to narrow the subject still more) the dropping of the Lat. dental t, this did not take place in the passage from Lat. to Fr. ; t is at first changed into d in Merovingian Lat. (see under aider'), and this d remained in the earliest O. Fr. monu- ments, down to the end of the llth cent.; thus spatha, natum, honorata, became spada, nadum, honorada, whence come the O. Fr. forms espede, ned, bonorede, which after the beginning of the 12th cent, dropped the d and became espee, ne, honoree. Acutus must have passed through the form aigud before reaching aigu, as vir- tutem, cornutum, canutum, became ver- tud, comud, chenud, and then vertu, cornu, chenu. — Der. The only word derived from aigu is the verb aiguiser, from L. acuti- are *. We have just seen how acutus became aigu: for the change of the ter- mination -tiare into -ser (or of Lat. -ti into soft s) see Hist. Gram. p. 192, and agencer. AIGUE — AIN^. 17 AIGUE, sf. water ; from L. aqua. For the change of a into ai see § 54, and of q into g see § 129, note 2. The word aigue, lost in mod. Fr., remains in some names of places, as Aigues-Mortes, Chaudes-Aigues ; and in a certain number of derived words, as aigniere, a water-vessel, ewer ; aiguade, a water supply (for ships at sea); aigue- marine, lit. eau-marine, sea-water, the aqua-marina or beryl. AIGUE^MARTNE, sf. aqua-marine. See aigue. AIGUIERE, sf. a jug, ewer. See aigue. AIGUILLE, sf. a needle; from L. acucla*. The Lat. acicula, dim. of acus, which, hke so many diminutives, has taken the place of its primitive (see § 18), had two forms, acicTila which is to be found in the Theodosian Code, ' oportet eam usque ad aciculam capitis in domo mariti,' and acucxila, which was soon contracted into acucla (for the law, see able). For a, = ai see § 54; for o = g, § 129; and for -ucla = -uille, § 257. — Der. aiguillee, aiguillette, aiguillon. AIGUILLEE, sf a needlefull. See aiguille. AIGUILLETTE, sf a little needle ; dim. of aiguille. AIGUILLON, sm. a goad. See aiguille. — Der. aiguilloner . AIGUISER, va. to sharpen. See aigu. AIL, sm. garlic; from L. allium, by 11 = /, and the attraction of the Lat. i, as in mol- liare*, mouiller ; meliorum, tneilleur, etc., see § 70. AILE, sf a wing ; from L. ala. For a = ai see § 54. — Der. aile. AILERON, sm. a pinion ; formed from aile, like bucheron from buche, chaperon from chape, forgeron from forge, moucheron from viouche, mousseron from mousse, pu- ceroji from puce, etc. AILLEURS, adv. elsewhere ; from L. alior- sum. For '\i = ill see § 70; and for o = eu, § 79- — Der. d'ailleurs. AIMABLE, adj. amiable ; from L. amabilis. The suffix -abilis was regularly contracted into -ablis in common Lat. -abilis is accented on the antepenult, and we have shown that every short penultimate vowel disappears in Fr. (see § 51). -dbilis, in form of -ablis, produced the suffix -able (§ 250), which is very common in Fr. AIMANT, sm. a loadstone, magnet ; from L. adamantem. Aimant, in O. Fr. atmant, Prov. adiman, has lost the medial Lat. d (see § 120); ad(a)mantem has become aimant, by changing a into ? (§ 54, note 3), a change found in a few words : cerasus, cerise; cariophyllum, g'zrq^e; avellana, aveline ; jacitum, g-i/e ; bombitare, 6o«- dir ; retimita.re, relentir. This change belongs to the Lat. period, in which men said equally avellina or avellana, and formed in-sipidus from sapidus, ini-micus from amicus, in- stituo from statuo, dif-ficilis from fa- cilis, ac-cipere from capere, e-ripio from rapio, etc. AIMER, va. to love ; from. L. amare. For a, = ai, see § 54. AINE, sf. the groin ; corruption of O. Fr. aigne, which from Lat. inguinem. In- guinem has produced aigne, as sanguin- em, saigne. Inguinem, contracted into ing'nem (after the law given § 51), has become aigne, by i = ai (see § 74), and by ng = gn, as may be seen in jun- gentem, joignant; tingentem, teignant; sanguinem, saigne. AINE, sm. and adj. elder, eldest. O. Fr. ainsne, before the 13th cent, ainsne, compd. of ains and ne. Instead ofprimogenitus, the common Lat. usually said ante natus. In the 7th cent. Isidore of Seville translates antenatus by privignus, and primo- genitus by ante natus. He opposes antenatus to postnatus, the latter stand- ing for the younger, the former for the eldest, son. Ante having become ains in Fr. (by a = ai, § 54), and natus having be- come ne (q. v.), ante natus became first ains-ne, as post-natus became puis-ne (whence puine). Just as the common Lat. said ante-natus and post-natus, for older and younger sons, so O. Fr. opposed ains-ne to puis-ne or moins-ne. The same dis- tinction is met with in the Coutumes de Beaumanoir, where the rights of the ains-ne are legally distinguished from those of the puis-ne. The form ains-ne was changed in the 14th cent, into ais-ne by dropping the «, a process met with in the Lat. ; for while the texts of early Lat. read formonsus, quadragensimus, quotiens, Class. Lat. wrote formosus, quadragesimus, quo- ties; and thus, in turn, the Class, forms, censor, mensis, impensa, inscitia, mensa, Viennensis, were reduced to cesor, mesis, impesa, iscitia, mesa, Viennesis, in common Lat., as Varro, Festus, and Flavius Caper tell us. The C i8 AINSI—AJUSTER. Merovingian Lat. carried on this tendency : in Chartularies of the 7th cent, we read masus for mansus, remasisse for re- man si sse, etc. The following is the full list of cases in which this reduction takes place: — mansionem, maison; mensura, mesure; sponsus, dpoux; constzre, co-uier; insula, i/ff; ministerium,ni<f//cr; mensis, mois; monasterium, moutier; pensum, poids; pTtnsus *, pris; tensz, toise; ton- sionem, toison; trans, tres; pagensis, pays; prensionem*, prison; mansura, masure ; pensare, peser ; mensurare, mesurer ; turonensis, tournois; grae- censis*, gregeois; pensile*, poele. But language incessantly undergoes modi- fication : Lat. and Fr, are only succes- sive conditions of one language, and this reduction of ns into s took place not only in the transition from Lat. to O. Fr., but also in the passage from O. Fr. to mod. Fr. ; ains-ne became ais-ne in the 14th cent., and aisne passed into nine in the 1 7th cent. — Der. amesse. AINSI, adv. so, thus, in this manner ; O. Fr. ensi, further back insi; from L. in-sic. See si. (Cp. Hist. Gram. p. 158.) AIR, sm. air ; from L. aer. It is easy to see how air came to bear the sense of natural disposition, by comparing it with the Lat. spiritus, which means both breath, wind, passion, and disposition (§ 15). The musical signification of the word was adopted in the 1 7th cent, from the It. aria, which is also derived from Lat. aer : from it Fr. air has taken the It. sense, but has retained its Fr. form. AIRAIN, sm. brass ; from L, aeramen. The suffix -amen became -ain {airain) as in levamen, levain, etc. (§ 226). Just as the suffix -amen became -ain, -aim, -en, in Fr., so the corresponding suffixes -imen, -tuneii, had become -in, -ain, -or, -un, in Fr. (see § 226). AIRE, sf. an eyry; indirectly from the Germ, aren, to make one's rest, which in turn comes from Germ, aar, an eagle (§ 20). AIRE, sf. a barn-floor, threshing-floor ; from L. area. Area first became aria by the regular change of ea into ia (see under abreger and agencer) ; aria became aire by transposition of i (see under anier). Aire is a doublet of are. AIRELLE, sf. the whortle-berry. Origin un- known (§ 35). AIS, sm. a. plank, board ; from L. assis. For 8S = s, see passus, pas; crassus, gras; pressus, /res; bassus, bas ; lassus, las. For the transposition of i, see Hist. Gram. P- 77- AISE, sf. satisfaction, joy, content. Origin unknown. — Der. ais6 (§ 201), a/5^nient (§ 225), atsance (§ 192), malo/se, mala?s^, malaisement. (For the prefix see mal, and Hist. Gram. p. 180.) AISSELLE, sf. the armpit ; from L. axilla. For a = ai see § 54. For x = ss, cp. exagium, essai; examen, essaim; etc. (§ 150). This change had also taken place in Lat. : x, which is in fact cs, soon was assimilated into ss. In Lat. we find the forms lassus, assis, cossim, side by side with laxus, axis, coxim ; the In- scriptions give us conflississet, essor- cista, for conflixisset, exorcista, — and we have in MSS. frassinus, tossicum, for fraxinus, toxicum. For i = e see § 72. Aisselle is a doublet of axille, q. v. AJONC, sm. sea-rush (?). Origin unknown (§35). Seejonc. AJOURNER, va. to adjourn; from L. ad- journare, in Charlemagne's Capitularies ' qui non erant adiurnati.' See jour. — Der. adjournement. AJ OUTER, va. to add, join; O. Fr, ajouster, Prov. ajostar, from L. adjxixtare*. The etymological meaning, which is *to put side by side,' is to be found in the llth cent. ; thus in the Chanson de Roland one of the peers bids the French s'ajouler en bataille (place themselves in rank, side by side). Adjuxtare, which becomes ajuxtare (for dj=j cp. djurnum*, jour; hord- jum*, orge; assedjare*, assieger; and §§ 120, 137), produced ajouster by u = 07^ (§ 97)> 3nd by x = s (to be met with in Lat. inscriptions, in which we find sistus for sextus, obstrinserit for obstrinxerit). This change of x into s occurs in Fr. in axis, ais; buxus, buis; dextrarius*, destrier; and in the eight O. Fr. words sextarius, sestier; buxda*, boiste; tax'tare*, taster; ix2LXxn\is, fresne; juxtare *, _;oMS/er ; de- exducere*, desduire ; deexviare*, des- vier; exclusa, escluse, which in mod. Fr. have lost the s and are setier, boite, later, frene, jouter, deduire, devier, ecluse, just as ajouster has become ajouter. (For the dropping of s, see § 147.) Ajouter is a doublet of ajuster, q. v. — Der. ajut&ge for ajouUge (§ 248). AJUSTER, va. to adjust. Ste juste. Ajuster ALAMBIC — ALLECHER. 19 is a doublet oiajouter, q. v. — Der. ajustage, ajustement. t Alambic, sm. an alembic, a still. This word was introduced in the 12th cent, from the alchemist's Lat. alambiquus, bor- rowed, together with the instrument itself, from Ar. al-anbiq, a distilling vessel (§ 30). — Der. alambiqneT. ALANGUIR, va. to enfeeble. See languir. + Alarine, sf. alarm, a military term in- troduced in the 1 6th cent. (§ 25) from Ital. alVarme, a word of similar sense, but literally a cry 'to arms,' the call of sentinels surprised by the enemy. In the 1 7th cent, alarme was still written allarme, in accordance with its etymology. — Der. alarmer, alarmiste (§ 217). ALBATRE, sm. alabaster ; from Lat. ala- bastrum, written albastrum in some Lat. MSS. For this dropping of a see § 52, and accointer ; for the fall of the s see abime. + Albinos, sm. an albino, a word intro- duced in the 17th cent, from Sp. albino (§ 26). + Album, sm. an album, scrap-book ; from L. album. Album is a doublet of aube, q.v. Albumine, sf. albumen; from L. albu- men. Albumine is a doublet of aubun. + Alcade, sm. an alcade; from Sp. alcade (§ 26). + Alcali, sm. alkali, a word introduced into Fr. through the alchemist's Lat. from the Ar. alcali, salts of soda (§ 30). — Der. alcal'm. tAlchimie, sf. alchemy, a word intro- duced into Fr. through alchemist's Lat. from Ar. al-chymia (§ 30). — Der. alchimiste. + Alcool, sm. alcohol, formerly alcohol, an alchemist's word, taken from Ar. alqohl (§ 30). tAlcdve, sf an alcove, recess, a word introduced in the 1 6th cent, from the It. alcovo (§ 25). Alcyon, sm. the kingfisher ; from L. al- cyone. Al6atoire, adj. uncertain, depending on chance; from L. aleatorius. ALENE, sf an awl. O. F. alesne, from O. H. G. alasna, a transposition of alansa (§ 20). ALENTIR, va. to slacken, formed from lent. This word, used by Corneille and Moliere, survives in mod. Fr. in the compd. ra- lentir. ALENTOUR, adv. around, round about ; O. Fr. a I'entour. See entour. t Alerte, interj. sf and adj. (i) take care! (2) an alarm ; (3) alert, vigilant. O. Fr. allerte, in Montaigne and Rabelais a I'erte, originally a military term, borrowed from It. in the i6th cent. (§25) from the cry alVerte (take care !). The It. phrase stare all' erta means ' to stand on the alert. ' ALEVIN, sm. fry of fish; from L. alleva- men. For the termination amen = in, see § 226. Alexandria, adj. Alexandrine (verse). Origin unknown (§ 35). + Alezan, adj. sorrel (horse); introduced in the 17th cent, from Sp. alazan (§ 26). tAlgarade, sf a sudden outburst of temper; introduced in the 17th cent, from Sp. algarada (§ 26). + Algdbre, sf algebra; from medieval scientific Lat. algebra, which from Ar. aldjabroun (§ 30). + Alguazil, sm. an alguazil (officer); from Sp. alguazil. Algue, sf sea- weed; from L. alga. + Alibi, sm. an alibi; from L. alibi. ALIBORON, sm. a wiseacre, ass. Origin un- known (§ 35). f Alidade, sf reckoning; from medieval scientific Lat. alidada, which from Ar. alidad (§30). Ali6ner, va. to alienate, transfer property ; from L. alienare. — Der. a/ze«ation, alien- able (§ 250). The sense of derangement is to be found in the Lat. word also. ALIGNER, va. to square, draw out by line. See ligne. — Der. alignement. Aliment, sm. aliment, nourishment; from L. alimentum. — Der. alimenter, -ation (§ 232, note 4). t Aline a, adv. (sf) a paragraph ; formerly d linea, from the Lat. a linea, used in dic- tation to show that the writer must break off and begin a new line. Aliquante, adj. (Math.) some ; from L. aliquantus. Aliquote, adj. (Math.) aliquot ; from L. ali- quot. ALITER, va. to lay in bed. See lit. ALIZE (also written alise), sf. the lote-tree berry ; of Germ, origin, from O. H. G. eliza (§ 20). — Der. alisier (§ 198). ALLAITER, va. to suckle; from L. allac- tare. For ct = it see § 129 and Hist. Gram. p. 50. — Der. allaitement. ALLECHER, va. to allure, attract ; from L. allectare. The very unusual change of ct into ch is to be found also in flectere, flechir; tc fleeter c,rejlechir; impactare, C 2 a,o A LINGER — A LL UMER . empecher ; coactare*, cacher. — Der. al- lechement. ALLEGER, va. to lighten, ease; from L. alleviare. Alleviare became allevjare by i=j (see Hist. Gram. p. 65); allevjare became aUejare, and then alleger, by yj=^, as in nivea, nivja, neige, etc. (Hist. Gram. p. 81). This change of the V also takes place (l) before the other gutturals {vc, vg), as in nav'gare nager; (3) before the dentals (vt, vd), as in civ'ta- tem, cite; (3) before the liquids, as in juv'nis, jeune. — Der. allegeznce. A116gorie, sf. an allegory; from L. alle- goria. — Der. allegoriqae. ALLEGRE, adj. brisk, nimble, lively. O. Fr. alegre, from L. alacris. For a = e see § 54 ; for CT=gr see § 129. — Der. a//e^r^ment, allegresse. + Allegro, adv. and sm. allegro; from It. allegro (§ 25). All^guer, va. to quote, allege ; from L. allegare Der. allegziidn. Allelllia, sm. hallelujah, introduced by St. Jerome in 4th cent, into ecclesiastical Lat. Heb. hallelujah (§ .^o). ALLER, va. to go. This word has borrowed its tenses from three different Lat. verbs : — (l) The I, 2, 3 sing. pres. indie, from Lat. vadere ; vado, je vais ; vadis, tu vas ; vadit, il va. (O. Fr. il vat). (2) The fut. and condit.firaiyfirais, from the Lat. ire, by the usual formation of the fut. (See Hist. Gram. p. 149.) (3) The remaining tenses, allais, allai, allasse, aille, allant^ alle, are related to the infin. aller, which was in O. Fr. aler, and aner, and comes from Merovingian Lat. anare, a soft form of adnare, which properly signifies ' to come by water ' (as in Cicero), but soon was much widened in sense ; thus, in Papias adnare is used for • to come by land.' The same remark may be made as to the corresponding word enare (to swim, in Cicero), which even in Class. Lat. signifies ' to come ' (no matter how) : ' Daedalus .... gelidas enavit ad Arctos,' Virg. Aen. 6. 16 (i.e. by fly- ing), or ' Enavimus has valles,' Silius Ital. (i. e. by land). It is singular that .the same transition from water to land occurs in the word adripare, at first meaning ' to touch the shore,' afterwards ' to reach one's aim,' whence Fr. arriver. See also § 13. To pass from adnare, anare, to Fr. allevt through the intermediate forms aner and aler, there has been an important change of n into /. This change of a nasal into a liquid is not rare in Fr., as in orphaninus *, orphelin; Ruscinonem, Roussillon, § 1 63; and even in falol and juillet, which stand for fanot, juinet. For are = er see § 263. — Der. a//^e, participial subst. (§ 187). ALLEU, sm. allodial ownership. O. Fr. alou, aloud, Sp. alodio. It. allodia ; from Mero- vingian Lat. allodium, a word of Germ, origin, in common with all feudal terms. Allodium is from O. H. G. alod (§ 20), full ownership, the franc-alleu (hereditary property, free from all duties to a higher lord) being opposed to benefice, which was originally a life-ownership, dependent on the will of the lord of the fief. ALLIER, va. to mix, unite, ally; from L. alligare. The Lat. g disappears from alli(g)are : this phenomenon, found in the last ages of Latinity (niellatas is found for nigellatas in a Merovingian docu- ment), is common in Fr. (i) when the g preceded the accented vowel, as in au(g)ustus, aout', gigantem, geant, etc.; (2) when the g followed the accented vowel, as in exa(g)ium, essaim; re(g)em, roi. — Der. alliance (§ 192), allie (§ 201), alliage (§ 248), me&allier, mesaZ/zance (Hist. Gram. p. 180), lallier (Hist. Gram, p. 179), ralliement. t Alligator, sm. an alligator ; intro- duced by English travellers (§ 28, note l). Allocation, sf. an allocation, allowance; from L. allocationem*, from allocare. Allocution, sf. an allocution ; from L. allocutionem. ALLONGER, va. to lengthen. See long. — Der. allonge. Allopathie, sf. (Med.) allopathy ; from Gr. aWos and vdOos, a medical system. See homceopaihie. — Der. allopathe, ALLOUER, va. to allow (a stipend) ; from L. allocare *. For letter-changes see louer : for ad = a/ see Hist. Gram. p. 177, and for assimilation of d to /, § 168. See also allumer. ALLUMER, va. to kindle; from L. ad- luminare*, compd. of luminare. Ad- luminare is alluminare in several 7th- cent. documents, by dl = ll, a frequent Lat. assimilation, as in allucere or adlu- cere, alludere or adludere, alluere or adluere, allocutio or adlocutio, alli- gare or adligare, allevare or adlevare, etc. This assimilation also went on in Fr. by change of dl into / or //, as in mod'lus, moule (§ 168). Allum(i)nare first be- ALLURE— AMADOUER. 31 came allum'nare by the regular dropping of the short vowel (§ 52). Allum'nare again became allumer, by ran = m, as in sem'nare, semer ; dom'na, dame, mn also often becomes mm, as fem'na, femme (Hist. Gram. p. 72). It. alluminare, Prov. alhimenar, alhanar, will mark the transition from L. alluminare to Fr. allumer. — Der. allumeuT (§ 227), allumette (§ 281). ALLURE, sf. gait, way of going (or dealing) ; from aller; like coiffwe, soidllure, brochure, etc., from coiffer, souiller, brocher (§ 183). Allusion, sf. an allusion; from L. allu- sionem. Alluvion, sf. alluvium*; from L. alluvi- onem. Almanach, sm. an almanac; Low Lat. almanachus, from Gr. a\ixiva)(a,, used in 3rd cent, by Eusebius for an almanac (§ 21). Alo§S, sm. the aloe. O. Fr. aloe, from L. aloe. ALOI. sm. a standard, quality (of coin) ; compd. of a and loi, which in O. Fr. signified the standard of coin, as still in Sp. For the etymology of loi see that word. ALORS, adv. then. See lors. ALOSE, sf. a shad ; from L. alausa, which was written also alosa. For au = o see § 107. ALOUETTE, sf a lark, dim. of O. Fr. alone, just as herbette is derived from herbe, cuvette from cuve. (For the suffix -ette, see ablette.) Here, as often, the primitive form is gone, and the derivative, though dim. in form, has the sense of the original word (see § 18). Aloue is from L. alauda (as used by Pliny for the sky-lark), a word borrowed by the Romans from Gaul, and introduced into Lat. by Caesar. (The true Lat. names for the lark are galerita, corydalus.) To get from alauda to aloue, the Lat. drops the medial d after the accented vowel ; as is found in the following cases: (l) when the subsequent vowel remains, as in invi(d)ia, envie; (2) when the subsequent vowel is dropped, as in cru(d)us, cru, § 120. The diphthong au is also changed into ou : this diphthong was pronounced by the Latins, not like Fr. 0, but a-ou ; thus for aurum, taurus, the Romans said a-ou- rum, ta-ourus, not orum, torus. This o pronunciation was looked on as quite faulty by the educated Romans, and grammarians speak of it as common to peasants, and a thing to be avoided, Festus tells us that the Roman country-folks said orum for aurum, oriculas for auriculas, etc. The Fr. language, sprung from popular not from Class. Lat., has kept the rustic pronuncia- tion, as in aurum, or; ausare*, oser (§ 107); and in certain secondary forma- tions, as parole, paraula, secondary form of parabola ; forger, faurcare, of fabri- care; tole, taula, of tabula; somme, sauma, of salma. In all these words the au became, and has continued to be ; in a certain num- ber of words this was in O. Fr., and in mod. Fr. has become ou (see also § 107). The following is the complete list of these changes: — laudo, Zo/^e; laudemia*, louange ; aut, ou; audire, ouir; gau- dere, jouir ; claus (for clavus), clou; Cauda, couard ; inraucare *, enrouer; colis (=caulis), chou; austarda (for avistarda), outarde ; gauta *, joue. ALOURDIR, va. to make heavy. See lourd. ALOYAU, sm. a sirloin. Origin unknown (§ 35). t Alpaga, sm. alpaca; a kind of wool got from the alpaga, a kind of llama in South America. Alphabet, S7«. the alphabet ; from L. alphabeta. — Der. alphabetique. Altercation, sf an altercation, dispute ; from. L. altercationem. Alt^rer, va. (i) to alter, (2) to be thirsty; from scholastic Lat. alterare, deriv. of alter ; as in Germ,, dnder?i comes from ajider. Why or how alterer passed from the sense of ' to change,' to that of ' to be thirsty,' is a thing that has no explanation, — Der. a//eration, -able, Alteme, adj. alternate ; from L. alternus. — Der. alterner, -ation, -atif, -ative, -ative- ment. + Altesse, sf highness ; introduced in the 1 6th cent, from It. altezza (§ 25), Altesse is a doublet of hautesse, q. v. + Altier, adj. haughty; introduced in the l6th cent, from It. altiere (§ 25). Altitude, sf height; from L. altitude. + Alto, sm. alto ; from It. alto (§ 25). Alumine, sf alumina; from L. alumine. — Der. aluminium. ALUN, sm. alum ; from. L, alumen. For -umen = -M« see § 226. Alv6ole, sf alveole, a little channel ; from L. alveolus, AMADOUER, va. to coax, cajole; a compd, of madouer *, a word of Germ, origin, from Old Scand, mata, Dan. 7nade, to bait, allure 22 A MA IGRIR—A MBR OISIE. (§ 20). — Der. amadou. Although there is no relation, as to meaning, between ama- douer and amadou, it is nevertheless certain that the latter is derived from the former. In It., adescare comes from esca, which means both bait and touchwood, as is also the case with Lat. esca. These relations show that the same metaphor which con- nects amadouer with amadou exists in several languages ; and this comparison of metaphors makes clear what is the origin of the word, though we may not be able to explain it. See also § 15. AMAIGRIR, va. to emaciate. See maigrir. — Der. amat^ssement. AMALGAME, sm. an amalgam. Origin un- known (§ 35). — Der. amalgamer. AMANDE, sf. an almond. O. Fr. amende, corruption of L. amygdalTim. Amyg- dSlum, contracted into amydlum, ac- cording to the rule of the Lat. accent (§ 51), first reduced the Lat. gd into d, as in Magdalena, Madeleine (§ 131). Amyd'lum afterwards underwent the in- sertion of n, and became amyndlum, just as, in Class. Lat., lanterna was used for laterna, thensaurus for thesaurus, rendere for reddere (in the Salic Law), Inculisma at early times for Iculisma. This may be seen in the App. ad Probum, •Amygdala non amiddola,' and in the Cap, de Villis, ' Volumus quod habeat pomarios avellanarios amandalarios.' Amynd'- lum or amindlTim produced the O. Fr. amende, by in = en, as in infantem, enfant; in en (§ 72). Amende finally became a/nande in Fr. by en = an, as we see in lingua, langue, singularis, sanglier, etc., which words were written in O. Fr. with more etymological propriety lengue, sen- glier, etc. The reader will have noticed that the laws of phonetics have enabled us to ex- plain every letter of this word, except the Lat. 1, which disappears: it is in the anomalous dropping of this 1 that the corruption of the word amande consists (as we have seen in § 172, note 2). We have seen (§ 168) that Lat. dl is always assimilated in Fr. into II or I; so that amind'lum ought to have produced, not amande, but amanlle, amanle ; just as hrandler has become branler. Amande is a doublet of amygdale, q. v. — Der. amandiex (§ 198). Amant, sw. a lover; from L. amantem. Amant is a doublet oi aimant. Amaranthe, sf. amaranth ; from L. amar- antus. AMARRER, va, to moor ; D^MARRER, va. to unmoor, cast off; compds. of prim. marrer*, which comes from Neth. marren (§ 20). — Der. amarre, amamge. AMASSER, va. to amass. See masse. — Der. amas (verbal subst., § 1 84), ramasser (Hist. Gram. p. 179), xamas, ramassis. Amateur, sm. an amateur; from L. ama- torem. Amaurose, sf. (Med.) amaurosis ; from Gr. dfiaijpojais. Amazone, sf. an amazon; from L. ama- zon. Ambages, sf. pi. ambages, circumlocution, prevarication; from L, ambages. t Am.baBSade, sf. an embassy; in the 15th cent, ambaxade, a word not found in Fr. before the 14th cent., and which is shown to be foreign by its ending -ade (unknown in Fr., which has -ee for -ade. See § 201). It comes from Sp. ambaxada, a word related to the low L. aiubaxiata. This word is .derived from ambaxiare, ambactiare, formed from ambactia, a very common term in the Salic Law, meaning Merov. Lat. a mission, embassy. Ambactia comes from am.bactus (a ser- vant who is sent with a message). For the enlargement of meaning see § 13. — Der. ambassadeur, -drice (§ 228). AMBE, (l) adj. both, (2) sm. a pair ; from L. ambo. In the middle ages the phrases ambes mains, ambes parts, etc., were used for deux mains, les deux parts. The word survives as a gambling term; thus fai gagne un ambe a la loterie, i. e. 'I have drawn two figures,' ' a pair of chances.' Ambiant, adj. ambient, surrounding ; from L. ambientem. Ambigu, (i) adj. ambiguous, (2) sm. a medley; from L. ambiguus. — Der. am- biguity. Ajnbitieux, adj. ambitious; from L. am- bitiosus. Ambition, sf. ambition ; from L. ambit io- nem. — Der. ambitionner. AMBLER, va. to amble ; from L. ambtilare. For the contraction of signification see § 13. For the dropping of the u see § 52. — Der. amble (verbal subst., § 1 84). + Ambre, sm. amber; introduced in the time of the Crusades, from Ar. anb'r (§ 30). — Der. ambrer. Ambroisie, sf. ambrosia; from L. am- brosia. AMB ULA NT—AMITlS. 23 Ambulant, ao?/. strolling; from L. ambu- lant em. — Der. amb2ehnce. A ME, s/. the soul ; from L. anima. Aniraa being accented on the first syllable loses the atonic i (see § 51), and is contracted into an'ma, whence O. Fr. anme. In Joinville the word takes the form amme, by assimi- lating nm into mm (§ 168), a regular step, known even in Lat. (as in immemor for inmemor, immigrare for inmigrare, immaturus for inmaturus, etc.) In the 15th cent, amme became am£, by the re- duction of the 7nm into m, a process marked by the addition of the circumflex on the a in^mod. Fr. AME, adj. well-beloved ; from L. amatus. For -atus = -e see § 201. Ame is 2. doublet of aime. Am^liorer, va. to ameliorate, improve ; from L. ameliorare. — Der. ameliora- tion. + Amen, sm. amen ; introduced from Heb. into Church Lat. of the early ritual (§ 30). AMENAGER, va. to parcel out, dispose of. See menager. — Der. amenagement. AMENDER, va. to amend, better ; from L. emendare. (For the unusual change of e into a see Hist. Gram. p. 48.) Accented e becomes a in per, par; lemus, rame; \a.certa., lezard. Atonic Lat. e becomes a in fSrocem, farouche; emendare, amender ; perga- menum, parchemin. In common Lat. we find lucarna for lucerna; marcadus for mercatus in Merov. Chartularies. — Der. amende (verbal subst., § 184), amendement, amendAhle. AMENER, va. to bring, conduct. See mener. — Der. ra7nener. Am.enit§, ff. amenity, pleasantness ; from L. amoenitatem. AMER, adj. bitter ; from L. amarus. For a = e see § 54. — Der. amerem&nt. AMERTUME, sf. bitterness ; from L. amari- tudinem. Amaritiidinein first lost its atonic i (§ 52): then, just as amarus be- came amer, amar'tudinem changed its second a into e (§ 54). In the suffix -tidinem the atonic 1 disappears, according to the law of Lat. accent (§ 51), and it becomes -ud'nera, which becomes Fr. -time: so consiietiidinem, coutume; in- cudinem, enclume (§ 234). This change doubtless took place before the beginning of the Fr. language, as we find in 6th-cent. documents the forms constuma, costuma, for cons'tudinem, consuetudinem. Am^thyste, sf. the amethyst ; from L. amethystus. AMEUBLEMENT, sm. furniture. See meu- ble. AMEUBLIR, va. to furnish. See meuhle. AMEUTER, va. to break dogs to hunt in pack, to get them together ; a hunting- term which has passed into common speech (see § 13). Amenter is 'to set the dogs en meute,' to collect them. For etymology of ameuter, see meute. AMI, S7n. a friend ; from L. amicus. The medial c after the accented vowel dis- appears, carrying with it the vowel that follows it, as in inimicus, ennemi; focus, feu (§ 212). When the medial c after the accented vowel is followed by an a, that vowel remains in Ff., as in ami(c)a, amie (§ 212). AMIABLE, adj. friendly, amicable ; from L. am.icabilis. For the loss of the Lat. c see § 129 ; for -aibUis = -able see § 250. Amiante, sm. amianthus; from L. amian- tus. Amical, adj. friendly; from L. amicalis. — Der. amzca/ement. Amict, sm. an amice ; from L. amictus. Amidon, sm. starch ; corruption of L. amy- lum (§ 172). In the 9th cent, this word is found in the form amydum. — Der. am,idonneT, -ier. AMINCIR, va. to make thin. See mince. — Der. aminchsement. fAmiral, sm. an admiral; introduced soon after the Crusades, from Ar. It answers to the low Lat. amiralius, which also is from Ar. (§ 30). — Der. amirah^, which is amiraute in mod. Fr. For \ = u, see §^89, note I, and § 157- AMITIE, sf. friendship ; in O. Fr. amistie, which is formed through amiste from amista (for a = e = ie, cp. gravis, griff; pietatem, pilie ; inimicitatem, inimitie, § 54): an earlier form is amistet, which answers to It. amista, Sp. amistad, Cata- lan amistat, and comes, as do these three words, from L. amicitatem., a common Lat. form of amicitia. (Amicitas was formed from amicus, like mendicitas from mendicus, antiquitas from anti- quus, etc.) In passing from amicitatem to amitie, or rather to O. Fr. amiste, we find three philological changes: (i) the i just before the accented vowel, amic(i)tatem, disappears (for the law, see § 52); (2) in the thus contracted Lat. word amic'tatem, final H AMMONIA QUE — ANA CHOR^TE. -atein = -^ (see § 330), and o = s, as we have seen it in the soft Lat. c under agencer: it is not so common in the case of the low Lat. o (§ 129). Lat. hard c becomes s in Fr., or more usually the guttural becomes a sibilant, as may be seen in the following : — I. o = s, as cingulum, san^/tf. a. c = ss,as in junicem, gSmisse. 3. c = «, as crucem, croix. 4. c = z, as lacerta, lizard. Amistid finally became amitiS by sup- pression of the s. (See Hist. Gram. p. 81.) ArnTnoniaque, sf. ammonia. O. Fr. am- moniac, from L. ammoniacus (sal) (§ 180). — Der. ammoniaca}. Anmistie, sf. an amnesty ; from Gr. dji- vrjcTTia (§ 22). — Der. omn/srier, AMOINDRIR, va. to lessen. See moindre. — Der. a;wom(/nssement. AMOLLIR, va. to soften. See mou. — Der. amoZ/issement. AMONCELER, va. to heap up, amass. See monceau. AMONT, adv. up stream. See aval. AMORCE, sf. a bait, lure ; corruption of O. Fr. amorse, strong p. p. (see § 187) of amordre, which is an O. Fr. compd. of mordre. Amorse comes from amordre, like entorse from entordre (see tordre). The original meaning is * that which lures,' makes fish, etc. take the bait, bite. — Der. omorcer. AMORTIR, va. to slacken, soothe, deaden. See mort. — Der. amorrissement (§ 225, note 4). AMOUR, sm. love ; from L. amorem. For o = ou see § 81. — Der. amourette. + Amouracher (S'), vpr. to be en- amoured; introduced in the 1 6th cent, by the Italians (§ 25). Amouracher is formed from amourache, which from It. amorracio, an ill-regulated passion. AMOUREUX, adv. loving, amorous; from L. amorosus. For o = om see § 81; for -OB\ia = -eux, cp. spinosus, epinetix, § 229. This suffix was afterwards employed in the Fr. language to form new derivatives which have no corresponding Lat. words, as hetir- eux, honteux, etc. which come straight from Fr. heur, honte, etc. — Der. amoureuse- ment. Amovible, adj. removable; from L. aftio- vibilis. For the dropping of the penult i, see § 51. — Der, inamovible, inamovibilite. Amphibie, adj. amphibious; from Gr. dijupi^ios. AmphibolOgie, «/". ambiguousness of lan- guage; from L. amphibologia. AMPHIGOURI, sm. nonsense, rigmarole. Origin unknown (§ 35). A TTi phithe&.tr e, sm. an amphitheatre ; from L. amphitheatrum. Amphitiyon, sm. an amphitryon, host (at dinner), alluding to the saying of Sosie in Moli^re's Amphitryon, 3. 5, Le veritable Amphitryon est I' Amphitryon oil Von dine. (§ 3.S.) Amphore, sf. an amphora; from L. am- phora. AMPLE, adj. ample, full, copious; from L. amplus. — Der. amplement, -eur. Ampliation, sf. an official copy, duplicate ; from L. ampliationem. Amplifier, va. to amplify, enlarge on ; from L. amplificare. For the loss of c, see Hist. Gram. p. 37. Am.plification, sf. exaggeration ; from L. amplificatio- nem. Am.plitude, sf. amplitude; from L. am- plitude. AMPOULE, sf (I) a little vessel, (2) the holy ampulla ; from L. ampulla, which signifies (l) a little bottle, and (2) a small tumour or boil. The sense of 'bottle' is still to be seen in the Sainte Ampoule, which held the sacred oil for the consecration of the kings of France. ^ For u = om see § 90. AMPOULE, adj. bombastic ; from L. am- pullatus. For u = om see § 90 ; for atus = e see § 201. The suffix -atus always becomes Fr. e, as in pratum, pre; curatum, cure (§ 200). The suffix -ata drops the t and becomes ee, as in annata, annee (§ 201). Amputer, z/a. to amputate; from L. ampu- tare. — Der. amputation. Am.lllette, s/. an amulet; from. L. amu- letum, a talisman (Pliny). AMURE, sf. a tack (of a ship). Origin un- known (§ 35). AMUSER, va. to amuse ; compd. of O. Fr. verb muser (preserved in its deriv. musard). Origin unknown (§ 35). — Der. amusement, amusewr. Amygdale, sf the tonsil ; from L. amyg- dalus, an almond, as this gland is almond- shaped. A mygdale is a doublet of amande. AN, sm. a year ; from L. annus. For nn = n cp. v annus, van; pannus, pan; bannum *, ban. Ajiachordte, sm. an anchoret ; from L, anachoreta, from Gr. avaxoip'r}7^s, one who withdraws from the world. A NA CHR ONISME — ANl VRISME. 25 Anadironisme, sm. an anachronism ; from Gr. avaxpoviOfibs, a chronological error. Anagramme, sf. an anagram ; from Gr. dvdypafi/jia, a transposition of letters. Analogie, ff. analogy ; from L. analogia. Analogue, adj. analogous; from L. ana- logus. Analyse, sf. analysis; from Gr. dvdXvais, the resolution of a whole into its parts, from dvaXvoJ. — Der. analydque (§ 247, note 4). + Ananas, sm. a pine-apple; introduced by travellers from the Indies (§ 31). An archie, sf. anarchy ; from" Gr. dvapxia. Anath^me, sm, an anathema ; from Gr. dvddifxa, an exposure (to the public curse). — Der. anathemzViStr. Anatomie, sf. anatomy ; from L. ana- tomia, which from Gr. dvaTOfxfi. — Der. a«a/omiste, -ique. ANCETRE, sm. an ancestor ; from L. ante- cessor. Antecessor, according to the rule in § 52, loses its atonic e, and is con- tracted into ant'cessor, which is written ancessor in a Lat. document of the year 980. Ancessor, accented on the penult, and consequently proncd. anc^ss'r, became in O. Fr. ancestre, by change of sr into str, a t being euphonically inserted. (See Hist. Gram. p. 74.) This insertion was not done by the Fr. language, but by the Lat., which transformed esserix, tonsorix, into estrix, tonstrix. The form Istrael for Israel is to be found in a biblical MS. of the 5th cent., and the Fr, has car- ried on this tendency in ^tre, O. Fr. eslre, from ess're; paraitre, O. Fi. paraistre, from pares're ; croirfe, O. Fr. croistre, from cres're* ; connaiire, O. Fr. connaistre, from cognos're ; pattre, O. Fr. paistre, from pas're*; naitre, O. Fr. naistre, from nas're ; coudre, O. Fr. cousdre, from cons're ; ladre, laz'rus; tistre, tex're. The common peo- ple, ever faithful to their instincts, con- tinue this euphonic transformation, and say, castrole for casserole, etc. Ancetre is one of the rare nominatives retained in the French language ; see Hist, Gram. p. 96. ANCHE, sf. a reed, pipe ; from O. H. G. anche, which was first the leg-bone, then a pipe; just like tibia, which was first the bone of the leg, then a pipe, then a flute (§ 15). Anche is a doublet of hanche, q. v. + Anchois, sm. anchovy, formerly an- choie; introduced about the 15th cent, from Sp. anchoa (§ 26). ANCIEN, adj. ancient, old ; from L. anti- anus * (an adj. derived from ante, and to be found in Papal bulls of the nth cent.) For ti = ci, see agencer. The suffix -anus usually becomes -aih in Fr., as in humanus, humain, § 198. But -anus usually be- comes -ten, -yen, when preceded in Lat. by a medial consonant, which is dropped in Fr., as we see in de(c)anus, doyen, etc. § 198. — Der. ancienneie. ANCRE, sf. an anchor ; from L. ancora. The atonic o of 6ncli6ra disappears, ac- cording to the strict rule of the Lat. accent (§ 51), as we see also in such words as arbor, arbre, etc. + Andante, sm. (Mus.) an andante, slow movement ; an It. word which properly signifies 'going,' 'walking' (§ 25). ANDOUILLE, sf. chitterlings, corruption of O. Fr. endouille, which comes from L. inductilis, which in low Lat. glossaries is given for a ' sausage,' and comes from L. inducere. Inductilis is properly a gut into which minced meat has been intro- duced (inductus). In passing from inductilis to the O. Fr. endouille, there have been four philological changes: — (l) in into en, a regular tran- sition, as in infantem, enfant (§ 72); (2) ductilis was at first regularly contracted into duct'lis (§ 51) ; (3) this was changed into ducllis by assimilation of the t'l into // (§ 268), and its change into cl, a change which occurred in Lat. (the Roman people changed vet'lus, vetulus ; sit'la, situla, into vec'lus, sicla); (4) ducllis became douille, by cl = il (Hist. Gram. p. 71), and VL — ou (§ 90). So too sicla he- c?Lme seille ; v e c\us, vieil; and volat'lia, volatile. — Der. andouillette. ANDOUILLER, sm. an antler. Origin un- ^ known (§ 35). ANE, sm. an ass. O. Fr. asne, from L. asinus. For the loss of the short i see § 51 ; for the loss of the s, and for the circumflex accent, see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. awesse (§ 222), anon (§ 231), anerie (§ 244, note 2). ANEANTIR, va. to annihilate. See neant. — Der. aneanlissement (§ 225, note 5). Anecdote, sf an anecdote, from Gr. dven- 80TOS, that which has never yet been given out, kept secret. — Der. anecdoiique (§ 247, note 4). Anemone, sf. the anemone ; from L. ane- mone. An^vrisme, sm. an aneurism; in the 15th a6 A NFRA CTUE UX — A NNONCER. cent, an^vrysme, from Gr. ayfvpvfffm, a dilatation (of the veins). Anfractueux, adj. crooked, tortuous ; from L. anfractuosus. — Der. anfractuos\t6. ANGE, sm. an angel ; from L. angelus. Angdlus became ange, according to the law of the Lat. accent (§ 51). Ange is a doublet of angelus. Ang61ique, (i) adj, angelic, (2) sf. the angelica; from L. angel icus. The plant called the • angelica ' received this name from the excellence ascribed to it by l6th- cent. physicians, who believed that it would cure the stings of insects, and serpents' bites. Angine, sf. (Med.) angina (pectoris) ; from L. angina. ANGLE, sf. an angle ; from L. angulus. For the loss of the penult, ti, see § 51. — Der. anguleux, from L. angulosus (for -os\xa = -etix see § 229); angulaire, from L. angularis. ANGOISSE, sf. anguish, pang ; from L. an- gustia. For st = ss cp. testonem*, tesson (§ 168). This very uncommon reduction of st into s was known to the Lat. : we find pos-legem for post-legem in Roman land-surveyors, and posquam for post- quam in some gloss writers. Angustia, thus changed into angusia, became angoisse, by the change of Lat. u into oi, which is often caused by the attrac- tion of an i, as in fusionem, foison (§ 96) ; but it also occurs when u is alone, (l) if accented, as in crticem, croix, etc. (§ 91); (2) or of u atonic, as in muc^re, moisir. "t Angora, sf. angora, a word of historic origin (§ 33), a kind of cat brought from Angora in Asia Minor (L. Ancyredes). The Angora cat, the Angora goat and rabbit, are notable for the fineness and length of the hair of their coat. ANGUILLE, sf. an eel ; from L. angixilla. ANICROCHE, sf. a hindrance, obstacle; in the 16th cent, hanicroche, something that catches one as on a hook. Tous ces gens-la, says Regnard, sont faits de croche et d^anicroche. Anicroche originally, then, meant the same as croche, a crook, quaver. In Rabelais, hanicroche is used for the sharp point of a hook, lis aiguisoient piques, hallebardes, hanicroches. Origin unknown (§ 35). ANIER, sm. an ass-driver. O. Fr. asnier, from L. asinarius, by dropping the short i (§ 52), and by a = ie (as'-narius = asnier), a change to be seen also in can is, chien, etc. (§ 54) ; and in all Lat. suf- fixes in -aris, -arius, which become -er, -ier, as primarius, premier (§§ 197, 198). The suffix -ier, perhaps the most common in Fr., has formed many deriv. which had no original in Lat., as barriere from barre, per- ruqiiier ^xom perruque, arbale trier from arba- lete, etc. This suffix usually marks (l) trades, boutiquier, potier, batelier, berger, archer, ecuyer, viguier; (2) objects of daily use, sablier, encrier, foyer, etc. ; (3) vegetables, laurier, grenadier, figuier, pommier, poirier, peuplier, cerisier, etc. Animadversion, sf. animadversion ; from L. animadversionem. Animal, sm. an animal; from L. animal. — Der. animaliser, animalite, animalcule' (§ 154, note 4). Animer, va. to animate ; from L. animare. — Der. a«2TOation, lanimer (Hist. Gram, p. 179). Anis, sm. anise, aniseed ; from L. anisum. — Der. aniser, anisette (§ 282). Ankylose, sf. (Med.) ankylosis ; from Gr. dyKvXojms. — Der. ankylose. Annales, sf. pi. annals; from L. annales. Der. a?tnaliste (§ 217). Annate, sf. annates, yearly income ; from L. an n at a* (found in medieval documents in the sense of yearly revenue). ANNEAU, sm. a ring ; from L. annellus (in Horace). For -ellus = -ea2^ see § 204. Anneau in O. Fr. was annel, a form which is retained in the deriv. annelet, anneler, annelnxe. ANNEE, sf. a year; from Merov. Lat. an- nata, which from L. annus. For -ata = -ee see § 201. Annee is a doublet of annate, q. v. Annexe, sf. an annexe; from L. annexus. — Der. annexex, annexion. Annihiler, va. to annihilate; from L. an- nihilare. Anniversaire, adj. anniversary; from L. anniversarius. ANNONCER, va. to announce ; from L. an- nuntiare. — Der. annonce (verbal subst., § 184). For -tiare = -cer, see agencer. The change of u into is to be found in very many words : the accented Lat, u becomes when long by position, as in columba, colombe (§ 97). The atonic Lat. u be- comes o, when short, as in ciineata, cognee, etc. (§ 93) ; when long by nature, ANNOTER — ANTIMOINE. 27 as in frumentum, frotnent, etc. (§ 96); when long by position, as in urtica, ortie, etc. (§ 97). This change of the Lat. u into most frequently occurs (as we have just seen) before nasals and liquids, following a u in position : it is also found in the Lat. ; thus volpes, volsus, voltus, volnus, volt, exist by the side of vulpes, vulsus, vultus, vulnus, vult. In Old Lat. the finals -us, -um, -unt, and the sufBxes -ulus, -ula, are usually -OS, -om, -ont, -olos, -ola ; we also find popolus, tabola, vincola, non- tiare, sont, consolere, for populus, tabula, vincula, nuntiare, sunt, con- sul ere, in the oldest Roman inscriptions. The rostral column has on it pop lorn, diebos, navebos, primos, for populum, diebus, navibus, primus : we may also mention the beginning of the well-known inscription on the tomb of the Scipios, ' Hone oino ploirume consentiont duonoro optumo fuise viro, Luciom Scipione, fi- lios Barbati, consol.' The Graffiti of Pompeii, and certain inscriptions of the later Empire, have also dolcissima, mon- do, tomolo, for dulcissima, mundo, tumulo ; and solcus, fornus, moltus, sordus, polchrum, colpam are found in texts of the 5th and 6th cent. Lastly, several Merov. diplomas have titolum, singoli, somus, fondamentis, polsatur, onde, for singuli, sumus, fundamentis, pulsatur, unde. Annoter, va. to annotate; from L. anno- tare. — Der. a««o/ation. Annuaire, sm. a year-book; from L. an- nuarium. ANNUEL, adj. annual; from L. annualis. See 071. Annuite, s/. an annuity; from L. annui- tatem. Annulaire, adj. annular; from L. annu- larius. Aimuler, va. to annul ; from L. annullare, to annihilate (used by S. Jerome). — Der. annuhixon. ANOBLIR, va. to ennoble ; -ISSEMENT, sm. ennoblement (§ 225, note 5). See noble. Auodin, {i)adj. soothing; (2) sm. an ano- dyne; from L. anodynos, painless (used by Marcellus Empiricus). Anomal, adj. anomalous ; from Gr. dvw/jia- \os — Der. anomalie. ANON, sm. a young ass. See ane. — Der. dnonner. Anonyme, (1) adj. anonymous, (2) sf. an anonymous author ; from L. anony- mus. ANSE, sf. a handle ; from L. ansa. Antagonisme, sm. antagonism ; from Gr. avTayuviafia. — Der. antagonists (§ 217). Antarctique, adj. antarctic; from Gr. dvrapKTLKds. Ant6c6dent, adj. antecedent; from L. antecedentem. Antechrist, sm. antichrist ; in Rabelais an- tichrist ; from Gr. dvTixpiOTos. Ant6diluvien, adj. antediluvian ; imitated from antediluvianus. Antenne, sf. an antenna; from L. antenna. Ant6p6nulti§ine, (l) adj. antepenulti- mate, (2) sf. the antepenult, that which precedes (ante) the penultimate. See penultieme. Ant6rieur, adj. anterior; from L. anterior. — Der. anterionte. Anthdre, sf. an anther ; from Gr. dvOrjpos, from dvOos. Anthologie, sf. anthology ; from Gr. dvOo- \oyia. Anthracite, sf. anthracite, stone coal ; de- rived from L. anthracem. Anthracites is used by Pliny for a precious stone. Anthrax, sm. (Med.) anthrax ; from L. anthrax. Anthropologie, sf. anthropology; from Gr. dvOpoorros, and \6yos. Anthropophage, adj. anthropophagous; from Gr. dvOpojiros and (pajeiv. Antichambre, sf. an antechamber; from L. ante, and Fr. chambre, a learned and irregular compd. Anticiper, va. to anticipate; from L. an- ticipare. Antidate, sf an antedate; from L. ante, and Fr. date, a false date earlier than the right one. — Der. antidatex. Antidote, sm. an antidote; from L. anti- dotum. ANTIENNE, sf. an anthem ; from L. anti- ph.ona (chant of alternate voices). Anti- (ph)6na lost its medial ph (/), a loss very uncommon in Fr. and only met with in three other words, viz. scro(f)ellae*, ecrouelles; Stephanus, Etienne ; bi(f)a- cem*, biais. Antienne is a doublet of antiphone, q. v. For o = e (a very rare change), cp. non- illud, nennil. Antilope, sf. the antelope. Origin un- known (§ 35). Antimoine, sm. antimony. Origin un- known (§ 35). 28 A NTINOMIE — A POSTOLIQUE. Antinomie, sf. antinomy ; from Gr. dyri- vofua. Antipathie, sf. antipathy ; from Gr. &vti- irdOfia. Antiphonaire, sf. an anthem-book ; from L. antiphonarium from antiphona, antiphone, which is a doublet of antienne, q.v. Antiphrase, sf. an antiphrase; from Gr. ovr'nppaais. See phrase. Antipode, sm. antipodes; from L. anti- podes. Antiquaille, sf. an old curiosity; intro- duced in the 1 6th cent, from It. anticaglia (§ ^5). Antique, adj. ancient, antique; from L. antiquus. — Der. an/Zyr/aire, antiqmXe. An- tique is a doublet of O. Fr. anti, antif. An-tithdse, sf. antithesis; from Gr. avri- deais. See these. Antonomase, sf. (Rhet.) antonomasia; from Gr. avTojuo/Maia. Afltre, sm. a cave, den; from L. antrum. Anus, sm. (Med.) the anus; from L. anus. Anxi6t6, sf. anxiety; from L. anxieta- tem. Anxieux, adj. anxious ; from L. anxiosus. Aorte, sf. (Med.) the aorta ; from Gk. doprr] (Aristotle). AOUT, sm. august. O. Fr. aoust, Pro v. aost, It. agosto; from L. augustus. ' For the fall of g in augustus, aout, see Hist. Gram, p. 82 ; for au = see § 106 (this o is dropped unusually to a, as in orichalcum, archal) ; for u = ou see § 90 ; for the sup- pression of the s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. AoUt is a doublet of atigiiste, q. v. APAISER, va. to appease ; der. from paix through the O. Fr. form pais. See paix. — Der. apaisement. APANAGE, sm. an apanage, now restricted to a domain given to princes of the blood royal for their sustenance : in feudal law it meant any pension or alimentation. Apa- nage is derived from the O. Fr. verb apaner, to nourish ; apanage being derived from apaner, like badinage from badiner, patenlin- age from pateliner, savonnage from savon- ner, etc. (§ 248). Apaner is the feudal Lat. apanare, adpanare, from panis. + Aparte, adv. aside; two unaltered Lat. words (a, parte). Apathie, sf. apathy ; from Gr. andSfia. — Der. apath\(\\it. APERCEVOIR, va. to perceive. See perce- voir. — Der. apergvi, aperception. Ap6rltif, adj. aperient ; from L. aperitivus, from aperire. Apetisser, va. to make little. See petit. — Der. lapelisser. Aphorisme, sm. an aphorism; from Gr. d<popi(Tix6s. Aphthe, sm. (Med.) thrush, mouth-ulcer ; from L. aphtha. Api, sm. rosiness (of apples) ; from L. ap- piana. Pliny uses the phrase * appiana mala' for ' rosy-cheeked apples.' APITOYER, va. to touch with pity ; compd. of a (Hist. Gram. p. 177) and a primitive pitoyer (which survives in pitoyable, impitoy- able). Pitoyer is derived from pitie, q. v. APLANIR, va. to make level. See plane. — Der. a/)/amssement (§ 255, note 5). APLATIR, va. to flatten. See plat.— Der. appl a/i^sement (§ 255, note 5). APLOMB, sm. (Archit.) perpendicularity (as of a wall), thence stability, self-possession ; derived from a and plomb, because one plumbs a wall with a leaden plummet. Apocalypse, sf. the apocalypse ; from Gr. dnoKoXvipis. — Der. apocalyptique. Apocope, sf. (Gram.) apocope; from Gr. dtTOKOirrj. Apocryphe, adj. apocryphal; from Gr. drroKpvcpos. Apog6e, sm. (Astron.) apogee, greatest dis- ance from earth ; from Gk. dnoyaiov. Apolog6tique, adj. apologetic; from Gr. dnoKoyrjTiKds. Apologie, sf. apology ; from Gr. dvoXoyia. — Der. apologiste (§ 217). Apologue, sm. an apologue, fable; from Gr. dnoKoyos. Apophthegme, sm. an apophthegm ; from Gr. dn6<pO€yfw.. Apoplexie, sf. apoplexy; from Gr. drro- Apostasie, sf apostasy ; from Gr. dnoaTa- aia. — Der. apostat, from Gr. dTroffrdTTjs. APOSTER, va. to place, post (for a bad pur- pose) ; compd. of poster, q. v. Apostille, sf a postil, postscript; compd. of a and pastille, which is simply a transcript of the schol. Lat. post ill a (meaning explana- tion, subjoined annotation). The full phrase is post ilia [verba auctoris]. Several medieval treatises have this word in their titles ; as ' Postillae in Psalterium,' 'Postillae Morales,' etc. — Der. apostiller. Apostolat, sm. the apostolate ; from L. apostolatus (Tertullian). Apostolique, adj. apostolical ; from L. apostolicus. APOSTR OPHE—A PPOINTER . 29 Apostrophe, (i) (Rhet.) an apostrophe, rebuke, quick interruption ; from Gk. avo- arpocpij (used of an orator who turns aside to address any one) : (2) (Gram.) the or- thographic sign called an apostrophe ; from L. apostrophus. Apostume, sm. an abscess ; corruption (§ 172) of aposteme, which is from Gr. Apoth.6ose, sf. apotheosis, deification ; from Gr. airoOiOJOLS. Apothicaire, sm. an apothecary ; from L, apothecarius, one who keeps an apotheca, or shop. Apothicaire is a doublet of boutiquier, q. v. APOTRE, sm. an apostle. O. Fr. apostre, still earlier apostle ; from L. apostolus. Apostolus, contracted into apost'lus after the law of Lat. accent (see § 51), pro- duced the O. Fr. apostle, which became apostre by changing I into r, as in ulmus, orme, (§ 157), and, at the beginning of a word, in the single example of lusciniola, rossigfiol, which is written .ruse inio la in a 7th-cent. text (§ 157). This change of / into r was not un- known to the Romans, who said either palilia or parilia, caeluleus or caeru- leus. ^ APPARAITRE, va. to become visible, ap- pear, look, seem ; from popular L. appa- rescere. Appar6sc(e)re being accented on the antepenult, became regularly (§51) appares're ; this gave the O. Fr. appar- oistre, (i) by ST — str (see under ancetre, and Hist. Gram. p. 74), (2) by e = oi and oi = ai (§ 63). For the loss of the s {appar- aistre, apparaitre), see Hist. Gram. p. 81. Apparat, sm. pomp, state ; from L. appa- ratus. APPAREIL, sm. preparation ; verbal subst. from appareiller (§ 184). APPAREILLER, va. to pair, match, to put together. For the etymology see pareil; for ad = ap see Hist. Gram. p. 177 and § 168. — Der. appareil. APPAREMMENT, cc?i/. apparently; formed from the adj. apparent. On apparemment for apparentment see § 168. Apparent, adj. apparent; from L. appa- rentem. APPARENTER, va. to ally by marriage. See parent. APPARIER, va. to match, pair. See paire. Appariteur, sm. an apparitor ; from L. apparitorem (a servant, or inferior officer, attached to the Roman magistrates). Apparition, sf. an apparition ; from L. apparitionem. APPAROIR, vn. to be apparent ; from L. apparere. For e = oz see § 62. APPARTEMENT, sm. an apartment; from low L. appartiiuentuni. APPARTENIR, vn. to appertain, belong; from L. adpertinere, appertinere, compd. of pertinere (to belong, in Ter- tullian). For e = a see amender and Hist. Gram. p. 48; for i=^e see Hist. Gram, p. 49 ; for accented e^i see Hist. Gram, p. 50. APPAS, sm. pi. attractions, charms, anything that allures : a pi. word simply because it is in fact the pi. of appat. Appdt, O. Fr, appast, was then in pi. appasts, of which appas is a corruption. For the etymology see appat, which is its doublet. APPAT, sm. a bait, allurement ; O. Fr. appast, medieval Lat. appastum, adpastum (food to allure game or fish), compd. of class. Lat. pastum. — Der. appdter. Ap- pdt is a doublet of appas, q. v. APPAUVRIR, va. to impoverish ; -ISSE- MENT, sm. impoverishment. See pauvre. APPEAU, sm. a bird-call, decoy-bird, formerly appel (as beau has come from bel, § 1 5 7), an instrument which, by imitating a bird's note, draws it into a snare. Appeau is then only a secondary form of appel, q. v. APPEL, sm. a call, appeal ; verbal subst. of appeler. APPELER, va. to call ; from L. appellare. — Der. appel. Appellation, sf. an appellation, naming, appeal; from L. appellationem. Appendice, sm. an appendix ; from L. appendicem. APPENDRE, va. to hang up; from L. ap- pendere. For the dropping of the penult. Lat. e. see § 51. APPENTIS, sm. a shed, pent-house ; from L. appendicium, deriv. of appendere. APPESANTIR, va. to make heavy, weigh down . See pesant. App6tit, sm. appetite; from L. appetitus. — Der. appetissznt. Applaudir, va. to applaud ; from L. ap- plaudere. — Der. applaud\%s&mQi\t (§ 225, note 5). Appliquer, va. to apply; from L. appli- care. — Der. appliczhle, applicztxon. APPOINT, sm. odd money, balance due on account. See point. APPOINTER, va. to refer a cause ; -MENT, sm. a salary. See point. 30 APPORTER — A QUILIN. APPORTER, va. to bring ; from L. appor- , tare. — Der. apport (verbal subst., § 184), rapport, rapporter, rapporteur. APPOSER, va. to set, affix ; from L. appau- sare, compd. of pausare, whence poser. For au = o see § 107. Appr6cier, va. to appreciate, ascertain (weight) ; from L. appretiare (to estimate worth, in TertuUian). — Der. a/»/>re«ation, apprecuh\e. Appr6hender, va. to apprehend ; from L. apprehendere. Apprehender is a doublet of apprendre. — Der. apprehension, from L. apprehensionem. APPRENDRE, va. {i') to learn, (2) to teach; from L. apprendSre, a form which co- existed in Lat. with apprekendere. (Ap- prendere is found in Silius Italicus.) For the loss of the penult, e, see § 51. — Der. dhapprendre, apprenti (which was in O. Fr. apprentif, from low L. apprendivus, a medieval deriv. of apprendere. Apprendre is a doublet of apprehender, q. v. APPRENTI, sm. an apprentice. See appren- dre. — Der. apprentisszge. APPRETER, va. to make ready. See pret. — Der. appret (verbal subst.). APPRIVOISER, va. to tame; from L. ap- privitiaie *. Apprivitiare is from privus. For -tiaxe = -ser see agencer; for i = oi see § 68. Approbation, sf. approbation ; from L. approbationem. APPROCHER, va. to approach; from L. appropiare (in Sulpicius Severus and St. Jerome). For •pi = ch by consonification of the i into 7, and consequent disappearance of the first consonant p, see Hist. Gram, p. 65. — Der. approche (verbal subst.), rap- procher, rapprochement. APPROFONDIR, va. to deepen, to fathom. See profond. Approprier, va. to appropriate ; from L. appropriare. — Der. appropriztion. APPROUVER, va. to approve ; from L. ap- probare. For o = ow see § 81 ; for b = i/ see § 113. — Der, desapprouver. APPROVISIONNER, va. to provision ; -EMENT, sm. storing, stock, supply. See provision, Approximatif, adj. approximate; from schol. L. approximativus. Approximation, sf, an approximation; from schol. L. approximationem. APPUI, sm. a support, stay; verbal subst. of appuyer (§ 184). APPUYER, va. to support, prop up; from late Lat. appodiare*, found in William of Nangis, 'Appodiantes gladios lateri eius': and in the Philipp. of William the Breton, we have, ' Fossis iam plenis parmas ad moenia miles appodiat.' Pui is from podium (a balcony, in Pliny ; a base, pedestal, in other writers). S'appuyer is, therefore, to support oneself by the help of something, of a pui, a prop. That podium produced pui, as hodie has hui (in aujourd'hui), as m odium, itiuid, as in odio, ennui, is perfectly certain. For the attraction of the Lat. i see Hist. Gram. PP' 53» 77 ; for the loss of the d see Hist. Gram. p. 81. Lastly, low Lat. appodiare, from po- divma, and It. appogiare from poggio, both in the sense of appuyer, confirm this ^ etymology. APRE, adj. rough, harsh ; formerly aspre, from L. asper. — Der. apremenl. APRES,^re/). after. See /res. APRETE, sf. roughness, harshness. O. Fr. asprete, from L. asperitatem. Asper(i)- tatem, contracted into asper'tatem. (§52), at first produced asperte (for atem = e, see § 230), and asperte became asprete, by the displacement and transposition of the r, with a view to an easier pronunciation. This metathesis (discussed in Hist. Gram, p. 77), frequent in Fr., also takes place in Gr., as in KapSia and Kpabia ; and in Lat., as in crevi,pret. of cerno, sprevi of sperno, etc. In Fr. this metathesis of the r is seen in vervecem, brebis; it has also taken place within the Fr. language in com- paratively modern days : in the 1 7th cent, the word brelan was proncd. either berlan or brelan ; peasants say berbis, bertaudre, berteche, for brebis, bretauder, breteche, etc. Aprete is a doublet of asperite, q. v. A-PROPOS, adv. apropos. See propos. Apte, adj. apt ; from L. aptus. — Der. apt- itude, which is a doublet of attitude, q. v. APURER, va. to audit (accounts) ; -MENT, sm. an audit. See pur. t Aquarelle, sf. water-colour; from It. acquarella (§ 25). + Aquarium, an aquarium; from. L. aquarium. Aquarium is a doublet of evier, q. v. Aquatique, adj. aquatic; from L. aqua- ticus. Aqueduc, sm. an aqueduct ; from L. aquae- ductus. Aquilin, adj, aquiline; from L. aquili- nus. A QUILON — ARCHITECTONIQUE. 31 Aquilon, sm. the north wind ; from L. aquilonem. Aquilon is a doublet of aiglon. t Arabesque, sm. ac?/. arabesque ; from arabe, through the It. arahesco (§ 25). Arable, adj. arable; from L. arabilis. ARAGNE, sf. a spider ; O. Fr. araigne, from L. aranea. For the change of the suffix -anea into -agne, -aigne, cp. castanea*, chataigne ; montanea*, montague ; Cam- pania*, campagne. -aneus usually be- came -ain, as subitaneus, soudain. In O. Fr. aranea was called araigne, and its web araignee, from araneata (the work of the aranea). For the loss of Lat. t see § 201. In the 16th cent, the etymol. meaning was lost, and the insect was called either araigne or araignee. In the 1 7th cent, araignee drove out the other form, and we find araigne no later than La Fontaine. The word is now banished to patois. The loss of it is certainly to be regretted. It survives only in the compd. tnusaraigne. ARAIGNEE, s/. a spider. See aragne. Aratoire, adj. belonging to tillage ; from L. aratorius. ARBALETE, sf. an arbalet, cross-bow. O. Fr. arhaleste, from L, arcubalista (in Ve- getius). Arcubalista, contracted into arc'balista in low Lat., became arbalete, (1) by reduction of re into r, as in quadri- furcum*, carrefour ; (2) by the loss of the s of O. Fr. arhaleste ; see Hist. Gram, p. 81. — Der. arbaletritr. 1. ARBITRE, sm. an umpire, arbiter; from L. arbiter. — Der. arbiirage, arbitniie, arbitrA. 2. Arbitre, sm. arbitrement, free-will ; from L. arbitrium. — Der. arbitrniie. Arborer, va. to set up (a standard), lit. to raise upright like a tree (arbre) ; from low L. arborare, from arbor. The It. word alberare is similarly formed from albero (a tree). See § 15. ARBOUSE, sf. the arbutus berry ; from L. ar- buteus, deriv. of arbutus. Arbuteus, regularly changed into arbutius (see § 58), gives arbouse, by u = om (see § 90), and ti^s (sfee agencer, and § 264). — Der. ar- bousier. ARBRE, sf a tree ; from L. arborem. For the loss of the o, see § 51. ARBRISSEAU, sm. a shrub, small tree ; from L. arborieeUus, dim. of arbor. For the loss of o see § 52; for c = ss see amide; for -ellus = -eaM see § 282. Arbuste, sm. a bush; from L. arbus- tum. ARC, sm. a bow, arc, arch ; from L. arcus. Arc n z doublet of arche. — Der. archer. t Arcade, sf an arcade; from the It. (§ 25). Arc-boutant, sm. (Archit.) an arched but- tress, flying buttress. See bouter. ARCEAU, sm. a vault, arch; O. Fr. arcel (lit. a little arc). See arc. ARC-EN-CIEL, sm. a rainbow ; from arc, en, and del. See Hist. Gram. p. 176. Archaisme, sm. an archaism ; from Gr. apx°'^^i^^^- — D^r- archdi(\we. ARCHAL, sm. brass wire; from L. orichal- cum. For o = a see aout; for loss of i see § 52. ARCHANGE, sm. an archangel; from L. archangelus (St. Jerome). Arcbangelus is Gr. apxayye^os, from dpx^i- and dy- yfXos. ARCHE, (i) sf. an ark; from L. area. (2) sf. an arch ; from L. archia *, deriv. of arcus, a bow. — Der. archev, which is a doublet of arquer. Arch^ologie, sf. archaeology ; from Gr. apxaiokoyia, from dpxaios and \6yos. — Der. arc/te'o/ogue. ARCHET, sm. a bow, fiddlestick; dim. of arc, cp. cochet from coq, § 281. Arche t was ori- ginally a wand bent in form of a bow. ARCHEVEQUE, sm. an archbishop ; from eccles. Lat. archiepiseopus, from Gr. dpxi- and kmaKoitos. Episc(6)pus, fol- lowing the law of Lat. accent (see § 51), dropped the short vowel 6, then, for euphony, not being able to bear the three consonants scp together, it dropped the p ; the word, then reduced to episc, became evesque, (i) by p = i', see § iii; (2) by i = e, see § 72 ; (3) hy c^q, see § 124, and Hist. Gram. p. 63 : then evesque became eveque, by the suppression of the s; see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. archeveche. ARCHIDIACRE, sm. an archdeacon; from Gr. dpxi- and diacre. Archiduc, sm. an archduke ; from Gr. dpx*- and due. t Archipel, sm. an archipelago; from It. arcipelago. In the 1 7th cent, the It. form was still retained by some, who wrote archi- pelague (§25). ARCHITECTE, sm. an architect; from L. architectus. — Der. architectare, -ural. Architectonique, adj. related to archi- tecture, architectonic; from Gr. apxircK- TOVlKOS. ■ 32 ARCHITRA VE — ARRIRA GES. Architrave, sf. (Archlt.) an architrave; from Gr. <Jpx*~ *"^ L. trabem. Archives, sf.pl. archives; from L. archi- vum (Tenullian). — Der. arc/»"t/iste. tArchivolte, sf. (Archit.) archivault, introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. arcivoUo (§ 25). AR(^ON, sm. saddlebow (like It. arcione) ; from Low Lat. axcionem, dim. of arcus. The saddlebow is a piece of arched wood. — Der. ddsarponner (Hist. Gram. p. 178). Arctique, adj. arctic; from Gr. &pktik6s, which from apKTos, the Bear, the constella- tion near the North Pole. Ardent, adj. burning, ardent ; from L. ardentem. — Der. ardemment. Ardeur, sf. heat, ardour ; from L. ar- dorem. ARDILLON, sm. the tongue of a buckle. Origin unknown (§ 35). ARDOISE, sf. slate. Origin unknown (§ 35). Ardu, adj. steep ; from L, arduus. Are, sw. an are (in Mensuration) = 1,196,049 sq. yards ; from L. area. Are is a doublet of aire, q. v. Ar^ne, sf. sand ; from L. arena. ARETE, sf. fish-bone ; from L. arista (used for a fish-bone in Ausonius). For i = e see § 72 ; for the loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. ARGENT, sm. silver; from L. argentum. — Der. argenttx (formed from argent, after the pattern of are = cr, § 263), -erie (§§ 208, 244), -ure (§ 236), -ier (§ i98),-in(§ 220), A^inrgent&x (Hist. Gram. p. 178). Argile, «/. clay; from L. argilla. — Der. argilleux. Argot, sm. slang. Origin unknown (§ 35). i" Argousin, sm. a convict-warder ; in the 1 6th cent, algosans, corrupted from Sp. alguazil (§ 26). Arguer, va. to accuse, reprove; from L. arguere. Argument, sm. an argument ; from L. argumentum. — Der. argumentei, -ation. Argutie, sf. a quibble; from L. argutia. Aride, adj. arid, dry; from L. aridus. — Der. aridite. + Ariette, s/a little air, tune; dim. of It. aria, introd. by LuUi (§ 25). Aristocratie, sf. an aristocracy ; ftom Gr. dpiaTOKparda. ^ f Arithm6tique, sf. arithmetic f" from L. arithmetica. + Arlequin, sm. a harlequin; introduced in i6th cent, from Jt. arlechino (§ 25). Armateur, sm. a shipowner, privateer cap- tain, privateer ; from L. armator. ARME, sf arm, weapon ; from L. arma. — Der. armtx (§ 263), -^e (§ 201) (part, subst., § 184), -enient (§ 225), -ure (§ 236) (of which the doublet is armature), -orier (§ 198), -orial (§ 191). Armet, sm. a helmet, headpiece. Origin unknown (§ 35). Armistice, sm. an armistice; from L. ar- mistitium *. ARMOIRE, sf. clothes-press, chest of drawers. O. Fr. armaire, from L. ariuariuxa. For oi and ai see § 63 ; in this case the process is reversed. ARMOIRIES, sf. pi. a coat of arms, arms ; O. Fr. armoyeries, der. from the old verb armoyer, to emblazon, which from arme, like larmoyer from larme. ARMOISE, sf (Bot.) mugwort ; from L. artemisia. For the loss of the atonic e see § 52 ; for the accented i = oi see § 68. ARMORIAL, adj. armorial. See arme. Arm.ure, sf. armour. See arme. — Der. ar- mtir'xtx. Arome, sm. aroma ; from L. aroma. — Der. aromatique, aromatiser. ARONDE, sf. a swallow; from L. hirundo. This word is used in the 1 7th cent, by La Fontaine ; in the iSth by Voltaire. For loss of the Lat. initial h see §134; for atonic i = a see Hist. Gram. p. 48; for u = o see § 97. + Arp§ge, sm. (Mus.) an arpeggio; from It. arpeggio, derived from arpa, a harp (§ 25)- ARPENT, sm. an acre. Prov. arpen, from L. arepennis. For the loss of the atonic e see § 52. (In class. Lat, we find arpennis as well as arepennis.) — Der. arpentex, -age, -eur. t Arquebuse, sf. an arquebuse; introd. in 16th cent, from It. archibuso (§ 25). — Der. arquebuslex. Arquer, va. to bend, curve. See arc. Ar- guer is a doublet of archer. ARRACHER, va. to pluck out, eradicate; from L. eradicare, which is first contr. into erad'care (§52); it next became era'care (Hist. Gram. p. 81), then arra- cher, (l) byo = ch (§ 126), (2) by er = arr, the passage of which seems to be er = o/r = air = arr, formed as if from adr (§ 168). — Der. arrachement, -pied. ARRANGER, va. to arrange. See rang. — Der. arrangement. ARRERAGES, sm. pi. arrears. See arriere. ARREST A TION— ARTIFICE. Z3 Arrestation, sf. arrest. See arreter. ARRET, sm. a judgment, decree, sentence; verbal subst. oi arreter (§ 184). ARRfiTER, va. to stop, arrest ; from L. ad- restare, arrestare. Arrestare first became, in O. Fr., arrester, then arreter, by loss of the s (see Hist. Gram. p. 8l); but the prim, form survives in arrestation, which properly ought to have been arretation. Arrh.es, sf. pi. earnest-money ; from L, arrha. ARRIERE, adv. behind ; from L. ad-retro*, like derriere from de retro, The L. retro became in O. Fr. riere (as 'petra pro- duced pierre) : — 1. By e = ie, whether it be (l) accented, as bSne, bien ; i^\, fiel (§ 56); or (2) atonic, as brgvitatem, brievete (§ 56 and Hist. Gram. p. 68). 2. By tr = r, as in retro, riere. Lat. tr first became dr (see aider and § 117); dr became rr by assimilation (§ 168), as in latronem, larron. The rr is softened into r in such words as fratrem, frere; deretranus*, derrain, whence O. Fr. der- rainier, now dernier (§ 168). We thus see how retro became riere : next, the Merov. Lat. having produced the compds. ad-retro, de-retro, these became respectively arriere, derriere, by dr being assimilated into rr and thence to r (see § 168), as in quadratum, carre; quadra- ginta, quarante, etc. The O. Fr. had the form arrere, which comes from arriere ; cp. acerer, from acier. — Der. arrerage, arriertx. ARRIVER, vn. to arrive ; from L. adri- pare*, which is arripare in a Qth-cent. text, and arribare in a iith-cent. chartu- lary. Arriver was first a sea-term ; and, like its primitive adripare, it meant to come to shore. In a 1 2th-cent. poem, the Life of Gregory the Great, a fisherman pilots travellers to an island in the high sea: after many efforts, says the old poet, au rocher il les arriva, i. e. he made them touch, or reach, the shore. This original meaning is still visible in a collection of ad- ministrative rulings of the 13th cent, in the Livre de Justice. Here we read that boat- men may arriver their boats, and fasten them to the trees ashore. From the 14th cent, arriver loses its first meaning and takes the more general sense of reaching one's end, arriving. We have seen under aller the passing from the metaphor of seafaring to that of walk- ing : a d n a r e , in Cicero, = to come by sea, in Papias, to come by land (§ 13). For dr = rr see § 168, for p = v see § III. We have seen that p first becomes b before becoming v, and that between Lat. arripare and Fr. arriver we have the inter- mediate Low L. arribare. This softening of p into V is found in Fr. in assopire*, assouvir, etc., puree (O. Fr. pevree) from pip'rata*. — Der. arrivage, -ee. Arrogance, sf. arrogance; from L. arro- gant i a. — Der. arrogant. Arroger, va. to arrogate; from L. arro- gare. ARRONDIR, va. to make round, enlarge. See rond. — Der. arrowcfissement (§ 225, note 4). ARROSER, va. to sprinkle, water ; from L. adrorare (Marcellus Empiricus). For dr = rr see § 168 ; as for r = s (adro-r-are, arro-s-er), it is to be seen in plusieurs, beside (O. Fr. bericle, beryllus); chaise {chair e, cathedra). This phonetic change of r into s or z is old: Theodore Beza, in the 1 6th cent., tells us that the Parisians said peze, tneze, chaize, Th4odoze, Mazie, for pere, mere, chaire, Theodore, Marie. Pals- grave (1530) remarks that at the court people said not Paris, but Pazis. This permutation is still to be found in some patois, specially in that of Champagne, which says ecuzie for ecurie, freze for frere, etc. — Der. orrosage, arrosoir. t Arsenal, sm. an arsenal; introd. in 16th cent, from It. arsenate (§ 25). Arsenic, sm. arsenic; from L. arsenicum. Arsenic is a doublet of O. Fr. arsoine.— Der. arsenicsil. arsenieux. Art, sm. art; from L. artem. Art^re, s/. an artery ; from L. arteria. — • Der, arteriel. ARTESIEN, adj. artesian; a word of hist, origin, these wells having been bored in France for the first time in Artois (§ 33). tArtichaut, sm. an artichoke; introd, in 1 6th cent, from It. articiocco (§ 25). Article, sm. (1) an articulation, knuckle, (2) article ; from L. articulum. Article is a doublet of orteil, q. v. Articuler, va. to articulate; from L. arti- culare/ Articuler is a doublet of ar tiller. — Der. articulztion (§ 232, note 4), -aire (§ 197, note i), d^sarticuler (Hist. Gram, p. l'jS),marticule. Artifice, sf. an artifice ; from L. artificium. — Der. artificial. D 34 A R TIFICIEL — A SSA SSIN. Artiflciel, adj. artificial ; from L. art i fie i- alis. Artificieux, adj. artful, cunning ; from L. artificiosus. ARTILLERIE, sf. artillery; a word existing in Fr. more than two hundred years before I the invention of gunpowder. It then had ' a double sense, (i) arms or engines of war, generally ; and specially such arms as the bow, arbalest, etc., weapons of offence, to shoot with : — Qtticonque doresenavanl vou- dra etre artilleur et user du mestier rf'ar- tillerie en la ville et banlieue de Paris, c'est a savoir faiseur d'arcs, de flesches, d'arbalestes (from a document of a. d. '375)- (2) Also, as in Joinville, in the 1 3th cent., the arsenal in which such arms were deposited. The soldiers of the artillerie were archers and crossbowmen ; then gunpowder came in, and fire-arms sup- planted the bow, etc., but the name for the older weapons was retained for the new. Joinville also calls the maitre des arbales- triers the maistre de /'artillerie; and again he has nul ne tiroit d'arc d'arbaleste, ou d' autre artillerie. Artillerie is derived from O. Fr. ar tiller, to arm. (This word survived long in the navy: as late as the 1 6th cent, the phrase un vaisseau artille was used for ' an armed ship.') Artiller is in Low Lat. artillare, answer- ing to L. axticulare, derived from artem through articulus. That artem should take in late Lat. the sense of the 'art of war ' will be better understood when we remember that the same metaphor has pro- duced en^in.{({.y.) from ingenium (§ 13). ARTILLEUR, sm. an artillery-man ; derived from artiller. See artillerie. ARTIMON, sm. the mizen-mast ; from L. artemonem, used by Isidore of Seville in the same sense. For e = t see § 60. + Artisan, sm. an artisan, mechanic; in- trod. in 16th cent, from It. artigiano (§ 25). Originally ar/isa« meant an artist: Peintre poete ou aultre artisan, says Montaigne. + Artiste, sm, an artist; introd. in l6th cent, from It. artista (§ 25). As, sm. an ' as ' (Roman coin) ; from L. as. Ascendant, (i) adj. ascendant ; (2) sm. ascendancy, influence ; from L. ascend- ent em, ascendnnce. Ascension, s/. ascension, ascent; from L. ascensionem. — Der. ascensionnd. Ascdte, smf. an ascetic ; from Gr. daKfjTr)s (§ 21). — Der. asceVisme, -ique. Asile, sm. an asylum; from L. asylum. Aspect, sm. aspect, sight; from L. aspec- tus, deriv. of aspicere. ASPERGE, s/. asparagus; from L. aspara- gus. Aspar(fi,)gus, contracted into as- p^r'gus (§ 51), becomes asperge by a=c (see § 54). Asperger, va. to sprinkle ; from L. asper- gere. Asp6rit6, sf. asperity, roughness ; from L. asperitatem. Asperitd is a doublet of aprete, q. v. Aspersion, sf. an aspersion, sprinkling ; from L. aspersionem. Aspersoir, sm. a sprinkling-brush ; from L. aspersorium*. Asphalte, sm. asphalte; from L. asphal- tum. Asphyxie, sf. (Med.) asphyxy, suffocation ; from Gr, dacpv^ia. ASPIC, sm. lavender-spike, corruption of espic, from Lat. spicus (lavender). The sweet and volatile oil from the large laven- der, known commonly as huile d' aspic, is called by Fr, chemists huile de.spic. For sp = esp see Hist. Gram. p. 78. + Aspic, sm. an aspic, a kind of viper. The word is not found in Fr. before the i6th cent., and comes from Prov. aspic (§ 24), from L. aspidem. In O. Fr. aspic existed under the form of aspe, which is its doublet. Aspirer, va. (i) to draw breath, (2) to aspire (to); from L. aspirare. — Der. as/>z>ation, -ateur. ASSAILLIR, va. to assail, attack ; from L. assSlire (used in this sense in the Salic Law ; also in one of Charlemagne's Capitu- laries, ' Qui peregrine nocuerit vel eum adsalierit '). For the change of salire into saillir see saillir. For assimilated ass for ads see § 168. ASSAINIR, va. to make wholesome. See sain. — Der. assamissement (§ 225, note 4). ASSAISONNER, va. to season, dress. See saison. — Der. assaisonnement. Assassin, sm. an assassin, a word of historic origin (see § 33), Assassin, which is assacis in Joinville. in the 13th cent., in late Lat. hassessin, is the name of a well- known sect in Palestine who flourished in the 13th cent., the Haschischin (drinkers of haschisch, an intoxicating drink, a decoc- tion of hemp). The Scheik Haschischin, known by the name of the Old Man of the Mountain, roused his followers' spirits by help of this drink, and sent them to stab his enemies, especially the leading A SSA UT — A SSONANT. 55 Crusaders. Joinville uses' the word assassin in the sense of a member of this sect, but from the 15th cent, the word becomes a synonym for a murderer, and loses its original and special signification. We have at this day quite forgotten the origin of the word, an(t*the fact which introduced it to Europe. The same is true of several other words of the same kind, like the berline, which originally meant a Berlin carriage, or seide, which is the name for a fanatic blindly de- voted to the Prophet in Voltaire's ' Ma- homet.' ASSAUT, sm. an assault. O. Fr. assalt, from L. assaltus, compd. of saltus. For al = au see § 157. ASSEMBLER, va. to assemble, collect, gather; from L. adsxmiilare, assimulare. A.s- sirauldre becomes assim'lare (see § 52), and thence assembler, by (l) val^mbl (see Hist. Gram. p. 73); (2) i = e (§ 72). — Der. assemblee (partic. subst., § 201), -age, rassembler, rassemblement. ASSENER, va. to strike hard, to deal a blow ; from L. assignare. Assener at first meant to direct a blow, to hit the mark : Froissart speaks of an archer who drew un carreau, et assena un chevalier en la teste, i. e. hit him on the head. Little by little assener lost its etymol. meaning, and came to signify, as it does now, 'to hit hard' (§ 13). The forms assinare, assenare are to be found in chartularies of the llth cent. The Romans similarly used either aprugna or apruna. This gn = « is to be met with in benignus, benin, etc. (§ 131). It is also found, orally, in the word signet, proncd. sinet. For i = e see § 72. Assener is a doublet of assigner, q. v. Assentiment, sm. assent, approval ; from O. Fr. assentir, from L. assentire. ASSEOIR, va. to seat ; from L. assidere. For the loss of the d see § 117; for i = e see § 72; for e — oi see § 62. — Der. rasseoir, rassis. The fem. part, assise has become a subst. (§ 187). ASSERMENTER, va. to swear (a witness, etc.). See serment. Assertion, s/. an assertion; from L. asser- tionem, ASSERVIR, va. to reduce to servitude ; from L. asservire. — Der. asseri/issement. ASSESSEUR, sm. an assessor ; from L. as- sessorem. For 6 = eu see § 79. ASSEZ, adv. enough ; from L. adsatis* (the t may be traced in Prov. assatz). Assez at first meant ' much,' and was placed after the subst. It may be found on every page of the Chanson de Roland : ' I will give you or et argent assez ' (i. e. plenty of gold and silver), trop assez (i. e. far too much), plus assez, etc. Similarly with It. assai: presto assai (prestus adsatis) = very quick, tresvite, not assez vite. For change and comparison of meanings see §§ 13, 15. In this word ds is assimilated to ss, as in aliud-sic, aussi (§ 168). For a = e see § 54. Adsatis becomes assez, just as amatis, portatis become aimez, portez. Assidu, adj. assiduous, punctual; from L. assiduus. — Der. assiduxXe, assiduvntxiX.. ASSIEGER, va. to besiege ; from L. assedi- are*, used in sense of laying siege in 8th- cent. texts. For diare=^er see Hist. Gram. p. 65 and §§ 137, 263; for e = /c see § 56. ASSIETI'E, (i) s/. a position, site, equilibrium, incidence (of taxation). This word is simply the strong part, of asseoir (§§ 187, 188; see also aftsow/^). (2) s/. a plate. The Lat. assecare (compd. of ad and secare. Hist. Gram. p. 177 and § 1 68) gave birth, through the supine assectum, to the fictitious verb assectare, whence It. assettare. The Fr. assiette, also spelt assiecte, answers to assecta*, and means properly ' the platter on which meat is cut up.' For § = ie see §§ 56, 66; as to ct = « (a change which maybe seen in dact'lum, datte, etc., § 18), this assimilation had already taken place in Lat. ; thus we find mattea for mactea, natta for nacta, gluttio for gluctio. — Der. assiettee. Assigner, va. to assign; from L. assignare. — Der. assigna.tion, -at. Assimiler, va. to assimilate; from L. as- similar e. — Der. assimihtion. ASSISE, sf. a course (of stones). See as- seoir. Assister, (i) va. to assist, help, (2) va. to be present, attend; from L. assistere. — Der. assistance. Associer, va. to associate ; from L. asso- ciare. — Der. assoc/ation. Assolement, sm. a distribution of crops. See sole. ASSOMBRIR, va. to darken. See sombre. ASSOMMER, va. to fell, knock down. See somme. — Der. assommoir. Assomption, sf. an assumption ; from L. assumptionem. ASSONANT, adj. (Rhet.) assonant ; from L. assouautem. — Der. assowance. D 2 3« ASSORTIR—ATRE. ASSORTIR, va. and «. to match, sort. See sorte. — Der. assortiment, d^sassortir. Assoupir, va. to make drowsy, lull to sleep; from L. assopire. Assoupir is a . doublet of assouvir, q. v. — Der. assoupisse- ment. ASSOUPLIR, va. to make supple. See souple. ASSOURDIR, va. to deafen. See sourd.— Der. asso«rrfi ssement. ASSOUVIR, va. to satiate, glut; from L. assopire. For 6 = om see § 8i ; for p = t/ see § 1 1 1 . Assouvir is a doublet of assoupir, q. V. — Der. assoj/vissement. ASSUJETTIR, va. to subject. See sujet Der. assujettissement. Assumer, va. to assume ; from L. assu- , mere. ASSURER, va. to secure, prop up; in the 1 6th cent, asseurer, from L. assecu- , rare (found in a 12th -cent, document, * Adsec\iravit in manu domini regis patris sui'). For the loss of the c see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. assurance, lassurer. Ast6risque, sm. an asterisk; from Gr. daTfpiaKos. Asthme, sm. the asthma ; from Gr. aaOpa. — Der. asthmat\(\ne. ASTICOTER, va. to plague, tease. See astiquer. ASTIQUER, va. to polish leather with a glazing-stick, called an astic. Origin un- known (§ 35). Asticoter is derived from astiquer in the metaph. sense of ' to plague, • tease.' Frequentative verbs of this kind are not rare in Fr. as picoter for piquer, tremhloter for trembler, etc. Astragale, sm. the ankle-bone ; from L. astragalus. Astre, sm. a star; from L. astrum. ASTREINDRE, va. to oblige, compel, bind ; from L. astringere. Astringere, regu- larly contr. to astrin*re (see § 51), pro- duced astreindre by wc — ndr (see Hist. Gram. p. 73). Astringent, adj. astringent; from L. as- tringentem. Astrolabe, sm. an astrolabe ; from Gr. d(TTp6\a^ov, lit. an instrument for taking the position of stars. Astrologie, .«/. astrology ; from Gr. aarpo- \oyia. — Der. astrologae. 'AarpoKoyia had . "no bad sense in Gr., and answered exactly to our Astronomy, not to Astrology. Astronoinie, .</". astronomy ; from L. as- tronomic. — Der. astronome, as/rowowique. Astuce, sf. cunning, astuteness ; from L. astucia. — Der. asft/cieux (§ 229). ATELIER, sm. a workshop. O. Fr. astelier (Bernard Palissy has bastelier), from L. has- tellarius*, a place at which are made the hastellae (for hastulae, i. e. little planks, splints, in Isidore of S<5ville). Hastella* becomes in O. Fr. astelle, a splint, now attelle. The astelier (place for making these astelles) was at first simply a carpenter's workshop, whence it came to mean a work- shop generally, (For such enlargements of meaning see § 13). As to the philological changes, the chief is the loss of the h, which may also be seen in habere, avoir, etc. (§ 134). This is to be noted even in Class. Lat. ; er, olus, era (Old Lat. her, holus, hera), are very common in inscrip- tions, in which we also find ujus, ic, oc, eredes, onestus, omo, for hujus, hie, hoc, heredes, honestus, homo ; and this though the Romans aspirated the initial h strongly, just as is done in England or Germany. For the loss of the s see Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; for arius = «Vr see § 198. ATERMOYER, va. to delay payment of, put off the terme (q. v.) Atermoyer is derived from terme, Hke riidoyer from rude, nettoyer from net, etc. — Der. atermoiement. Ath6e, sm. an atheist; from Gr. d9€os. — Der. atheisme. Athlete, sm. an athlete ; from Gr. dOXtjr-qs. — Der. athletique. Atlas, sm. (i) Atlas, (2) an atlas, map-book ; a word of historic origin. Mercator first gave this name to a volume of geographical maps, because Atlas was thought in classical mythology to bear the world on his shoul- ders (§ 33). Atmosphere, sf. the atmosphere ; a word constructed by the learned (§22) from Gr. drfids and acpaipa. — Der. atmospherique. A.tome, sm. an atom ; from Gr. dro- fiOS. Atonie, sf. (Med.) atony ; from Gr. drovia. — Der. alone. Atour, sm. attire, ornament ; derived from O. Fr. verb atourner. Atour comes from atourner, like tour from tourner, contour from contourner. For the etymology of atourner see tourner. ATRE, sm. a hearthstone, fireplace. O. Fr. in 8th cent, astre (in the Glosses of Reiche- nau, meaning 'tile-flooring'). For as = a see Hist. Gram. p. 81. The atre was rightly the tiled floor of a corner, nook, or fire-hearth, and the word comes, through A TROCE—A TTOUCHEMENT. 11 astre, astrum, from O. H. G. astrih, flag- ging, paved flooring (§ 20). The Glosses of Reichenau confirm this, translating astrum. by pavimentum. Atroce, adj. atrocious; from L. atrocem. — Der. atroc'ii^. ik Atrophie, &f. atrophy; fiom Gr. dTpo(pia. — Der. s'atrophiev. ATTABLER, va. to place at table. See table. ATTACHER, va. to attach, fasten, tie; DETACHER, to detach, unfasten ; from a common radical lacher, as attendre and de- tendre are from tendre, and attirer and de- tirer from tirer. This radical verb has dis- appeared, leaving no traces in O.Fr., and its origin is unknown (§ 35). Attacker is a doublet of attaquer, q. v. — Der. attachemtnt, rattacher, soustacher, detachement. ATTAQUER. va. to attack, assail. We have explained (Hist. Gram. pp. 21, 22) how the He de France dialect grew in the middle ages at the expense of the Norman, Picard, and other dialects, and ended by supplanting them ; how, nevertheless, it accepted certain words from these dialects, words which al- ready existed in the He de Fr. dialect under ^ a different form, and how thenceforth the I two forms were used indiff'erently, either with the same meaning, or with two mean- ings. Attaquer, really the same word as attacker, as may be seen by the phrase s'attaquer a = s' attacker a, was one of the latter. The history of the language also proves it, the two words being formerly used indiff'erently, attaquer being sometimes used in the sense of attacker, as in the following passage (14th cent.): Elle attaque au mantel line ricke escarboucle (Baudoin de Sebourc). Sometimes, on the other hand, attacker means attaquer, livrer un combat, as in the following extract from a letter of Calvin to the Regent of England : A ce que j'entends, Monseigneur, vous avez deux especes de mu- tins qui se sont eslevez centre le roy et I'estat du royaume : les uns sont gens fantastiques qui soubs couleur de VSvangile vouldroient mettre tout en confusion; les autres sont gens obstines aux superstitions de VAntechrist de Rome. Tous ensemble meritent bien d'es- tre reprimes parle glayve qui vous est commis, veu quails s'attaschent nonseulement au roy, mais a, Dieu qui Va assis au siege royal, et vous a commis la protection tant de sa per Sonne que de sa majeste. (Lettres de Calvin recueillies par M. Bonnet, ii. 201). Attaquer, then, being simply a doublet of attacker, I refer the student to attacker for its etymology. — Der. attaque, mattU' qu2.h\t. ATTARDER, va. to retard, delay. See tard. ATTEINDRE, va. to touch, strike, reach, attain ; from L. attingire. For i = ei see § 73 ; for loss of atonic e (ng're) see § 51 ; for iig'r = nr see § 131 ; for nv^ndr see Hist. Gram. p. 73. — Der. atteinte (partic. subst., § 188), see absoute. ATTELER, va. to yoke, put to ; DETELER, to unyoke. Both these words come from a common radical teler, whose origin is unknown (§ 35). — Der. atteUge. ATTENANT, adj. adjoining, contiguous ; from L. attinentem. See tenir. ATTENDRE, va. to await, wait for, expect ; from L. attendere. For the loss of the penult e see § 51. — Der. attente (participial subst., § 188), see absoute. ATTENDRIR, va. to soften, affect. See tendre. — Der. a/^ewcfrissement. ATTENTE, sf. expectation, hope. See at- tendre. Attenter, va. to attempt; from L. atten- tare. — Der. attentat, attenta-toire. Attentif, adj. attentive; from L. atten- tivus. Attention, sf. attention ; from L. atten- tionem. Att6nuer, va. to weaken, waste ; from L. attenuare Der. attenuation. ATTERRER, va. to throw down; lit. to throw down to the ground. The etymol. meaning is still to be traced in Bossuet : Se ralentir apres V avoir atterr^, c'est luifaire reprendre ses forces. ATTERRIR, vn. to land. See terre.—'Dtr. atterrissa.ge (§ 248), -issement (§ 225). Attester, va. to attest; from L. attestari. — Der. attestsition, Attieisme, sm. an atticism ; from Gr. oltti- Kiafius. ATTIEDIR, va. to cool. See tiede — Der. attiedisstmtnt. ATTIFER, va. to dress one's head. Origin unknown (§ 35). ATTIRER, va. to attract. See tirer. — Der. attirail. ATTISER, va. to stir (the fire); from L. attitiare * (deriv. from titio). For tiare = ser see agencer. + Attitude, s/. an attitude ; introd. in i6th cent, from It. attitudine (§ 25). Attitude is a doublet of aptitude. ATTOUCHEMENT, sm. a touch, contact ; from attoucker. See toucher. 38 A TTRA CTION—A UGURE. Attraction, s/. attraction ; fromL. attrac- tionem. ATTRAIT, 5m. attraction, allurement, pi. charms ; from L. attractus, found in sense of allurement in Dictys of Crete, ct be- comes it by an incomplete assimilation (§ 168) : ot first became jt, which passed into it, wherein the French i represents the Lat. o. This change is not rare in Fr. ; thus after a, as in factus, fait', after e, as in confectus, con/it; after i, as strictus, etroit; after o, as coctus, cuit; after u, as fructus, /rwt'/. See Hist. Gram. p. 50. The spelling, faict, traict, etc., is the grotesque and barbarous work of I5th-cent. pedants. The medieval Fr. wrote it, as now, fait, trait, etc. Wishing to bring these words nearer to their Latin original the pedantic Latinists intercalated a c, and wrote faict, traict, not knowing that the it already represented the Lat. ct. ATTRAPER, va. to catch; from trappe. For the etymology see trappe. — Der. attrape (verbal subst.), rattraper. Attribuer, va. to attribute ; from L. at- tribuere. — Der. attribution, attributif. Attribut, S7W. an attribute; fromL. attri- butum. ATTRISTER, va. to sadden. See triste. ATTROUPER, va. to gather, assemble. See troupe. — Der. attroupement. AU, art. to the. O. Fr. al, contr. from a le (see le). AUX, O. Fr. aus, earlier als, for d les (see les). For Z = «, in these words, see §157. AUBAINE, sf. escheat, right of succession to the goods of an alien at his death. An aubain was a foreigner who had not been naturalised. Origin unknown (§ 35). AUBE, sf. the dawn of day, daybreak, formerly albe, from L. alba. For l = w see § 157. — Der. auba.de, introd. in 15th cent, from Sp. albada (§ 26). AUBE, sf. an alb, vestment of white linen ; from L. alba. AUBE, sf. a paddle (of a wheel). Origin un- known (§ 35). AUBEPINE, sf. the hawthorn. O. Fr. albespine, from L. albaspina. For l = u see § 157; for Bp = ep see Hist. Gram, p. 74. AUBERGE, sf. an inn, public house. O. Fr. alberge, earlier still helberge; in the nth cent, herberge in the Chanson de Roland, meaning a military station — a word of Germanic origin, like most war-terms, and from O. H.G. her'berga, heriberga (§ 21). It is curious that the mod. Germ, deriv. herberg also signifies * an inn,' by the same extension of meaning as has modified the sense of the Fr. word (§ 15). AUBIER, sm. (Bot.) the blea ; from L. alba- rius% from albuB (by reason of the white- ness of the inner bark of the plant). For al = AM see § 157 ; for -arius = -/er see § 198. AUBOUR, sm. (Bot.) the cytisus, laburnum; from L. albtumum. For al = ou see § 157 ; for u = OM see § 97 ; for m = r cp. cornu, cor, § 163. AUCUN, adj. any, any one, some one. This word (in the 1 3th cent, alcun, in the 1 2th alquti) is a compd. of alque, as chacun of cheque, and quelqu'un of quelque. AUquis produced O. Fr. alque'. aUqul venerunt, in O. Fr. alque vinrent. Alque therefore answers to quelque, and alqun to quelqu'un. The history and etymology of aucun show that the word is properly affirmative, not negative : Avez-vousf entendu aucun dis- cours qui vous fit croire? . . . Allez au bord de la mer attendre les vaisseaux, et si vous en voyez aucuns, revenez me le dire. . . . Pbedre etait si succinct yw' aucuns Cen ont bldme. La Fontaine, Fables, 6. i. Aucun becomes negative when accompanied by ne: J' en attendais trois, aucun ne vint; but we must not forget that the word it- self is positive, meaning quelqu'un, ' some one.' For the change of aliqiiis into alque, by the fall of the Lat. i, see § 51 ; for al = aw see § 157. Audace, sf boldness; from L. audacia. — Der. audacieux. Audience, sf. an audience, hearing; from L. audientia. — Der. audiencitx. Auditeur, sm. an auditor; from L. audi- torem. Auditif, adj. auditory; from L. audi Vi- tus. Audition, sf. a hearing; from L. auditio- nem. Auditoire, sm. (l) a court, hall, (2) audi- ence; from L. auditorium. AUGE, sf. a trough ; from L, alvSus. For al = QM see § 157 ; for -veus = -ge, through yjus, 'jus, ge, see Hist. Gram, p. 66 ; for the loss of v see Hist. Gram, p. 81. Augment, sm. an augment, increase ; from L. augmentum. Augmenter, va. to augment; from L. augmentare, — Der. augmentation. Augure, sm. an augury; from L. augurium. A UGVSTE — A VTO-BA-Tt, 39 Atigure is a doublet of O. Fr. heur Der. augiirer. AugUSte, adj. august, noble ; from L. au- gustus. Auguste is a doublet of aout, q. v. AUJOURD'HUI, adv. to-day. Hni is L. hodie. For hodie = odie see § 134; for odie=w see § 120; for loss of d, and for 6 = M, see § 77. The O. Fr. word re- mains in the law term, d'hui en un an. Aujoiird'hui, in O. Fr. written more cor- rectly an jour d'hui, is a pleonasm, lit. meaning ' on the day of to-day.' AUMONE, sf. alms, charity. O. Fr. aumosne ; in nth cent, almosne ; in 9th cent. almosna, elmosna, from L. eleemosyna. For the loss of the Lat. y, under the rule of the Lat. accent, see § 51 ; for the loss of the ee see § 52; for e\ = au see § 157; for the loss of s see Hist. Gram, p. 8x. Der. aumomtx, -erie, -ifere. AUMUSSE, sf. amess, a kind of fur worn on Church vestments. Origin unknown (§ 35). AUNE, sm. (Bot.) an alder-tree ; from L. al- nus. For Ql = au see § 157. AUNE, sf. an ell. O. Fr. alne, from Low L. alena, which from Goth, aleina. For al = au see § 157. — Der. auner, aunage. AUPARAVANT, adv. before; from au and paravant. The article au was not attached to this word till towards the 15th cent.: O.Fr. said par-avant. Je ne votdus point etre ingrat, says Froissart, quand je consid6rai la honte miil me montra par-avant. AUPRfeS, adv. near. See pres. Aur6ole, sf. an aureole, glory, halo ; from L. aureola, sc. corona, a crown of gold. Aureole is a doublet of loriot, q. v. Auriculaire, adj. auricular; from L. aur- icular is. Auriculaire is a doublet of oreiller, q. v. AURONE, sf. (Bot.) southernwood; from L. abrotonum. Abrotonum, regularly contrd. into abrot'num, according to the law of the Lat. accent (see § 51), reduced tn to n, as in plat'nus, plane; retna, rene (Hist. Gram. p. 81). br becomes ur as follows : b is softened first into v ; this is next vocalised and becomes u, a transition very common in Lat. as nauta for nav'ta ; naufragium for nav'fragium ; aucellus for av'cellus, etc. (§ 113). Even in Lat. there are examples in which the u (as in Fr.) comes from b through v; thus ab- fero becomes aufero, by the way of avfero ; abfugio, avfugio, aufugio. Cp. also the common Lat. form gauta for gab'ta (gabata). This change of b into u is found in parol^ tole, forge, puree, which words have lost their etymol. form in mod. Fr., but in O. Fr. were paraide (parab'la), taule (iAWXi), faurge, (fabr'- cz), petiree (pevree, pip'rata). This soft- ening also goes on within the Fr. language : thus aurai, saurai, were in O. Fr. avrai, for averai, from habere; savrai, saver ai from sap ere, as has been shown in the Hist. Gram. p. 128. Aurore, sf. the dawn, break of day ; from L. aurora. Ausculter, va. (Med.) to auscultate, Hsten ; from L. auscultare. Ausculter is a doublet of ecouter, q. v. — Der. awscw/^ation. Auspice, sm. an auspice; from L. auspi- cium. AUSSI, adv. also, likewise. O. Fr. alsi, from L. aliud sic (Hist. Gram. p. 158), aliud having regularly produced al in O. Fr. by dropping the d of the medial consonants ds (see Hist. Gram. p. 81), and then by drop- ping the short atonic vowels iu (§ 51). Then for sic = s/ see si; for al = au see § 157-^ AUSSITOT, adv. immediately. See aussi and tot. Austere, adj. austere; from L. austerus. — Der. austerhe. Austral, adj. austral, southern ; from L. australis. + Autan, sm. the south wind ; from Prov. autan (§ 24). This word, originally altan, is from L. altanus (the south wind, in Vitruvius). AUTANT, adv. as much, as many ; so much, so many. O. Fr. altant, from L. aliud tantum (Hist. Gram. p. 159). For aliud — al = au see aussi. AUTEL, sm. an ahar. O. Fr. altel (in the nth cent, alter, in the Chanson de Roland), from L. altare. For al = aM see § 157; for a, = e see § 54; for r = / cp. pere- grin us, pelerin, § 154. Auteur, sm. an author ; from L. autorem, which is found as well as auctorem. Authentique, adj. authentic ; from L. authenticus. — Der. authenticite. Autochthone, (l) adj. autochthonic, ab- original, (2) sm. an aboriginal ; from Gr. avToxOojv. Autocrate, sm. an autocrat; from Gr. avTOKp&T-qs. + Auto-da-f6, sm. an auto-da-fe, 'act of faith '; a word introduced from Port., used of the execution of the victims of the Inquisi- tion (§ 26). 40 A UTOGRAPHE — A VEC. Autographe, S1^. an autograph ; from Gr. avT6ypa<po$, Automate, sm. an automaton; from Gr. avT6fMros. — Der. aw/owa/ique, Automne, sm. the autumn; from L. au- tumnus, a form of auctumnus. Autonome, adj. autonomous, independent ; from Gr. avT6voyiOS. — Der. autonomic. Autopsie, sf. an autopsy, post-mortem ex- amination ; from Gr. avTO\pia. Autoriser, va. to authorise ; from Low L. auctorisare*. Autorit6, s/ authority; from L. auctori- tatem. AUTOUR, prep, round about. See tmr. AUTOUR, sm. a goshawk. Pro v. austor. It. astore ; Low L. ast6rius, from L. astu- rius *, from astur, used in 4th cent, by Firmicus Maternus. For ast = aust see autruche ; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. AUTRE, adj. other ; formerly altre, from L. alter. Autrui answers to autre as cettui to ctf/ (see Hist. Gram. p. 1 15); consequently autrui had no article in O. Fr. : men said V autrui cheval or le cheval autrui (al- terius equus) for le cheval d'un autre. AUTRUCHE, sf. an ostrich; O. Fr. autruce and austruce from L. avistrutliio (strucio for struthio is to be found in medieval Lat.). Avis -struthio, avis-strucio, is contr. into av'strucio; v then becomes u, as in navifragium, nav'fragium, naufragiuiu (§ 141). For the loss of the s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. The Sp. avestruz, an ostrich, confirms this derivation from avis struthio (§ 15). AUVENT, sm. a penthouse. Origin unknown (§ 35). Auxiliare, adj. auxiliary; from L. auxili- aris. AVAL, adv. down-stream ; from L. ad val- lem, used of a river flowing vale-wards : its opposite is amont (ad montem), which is upwards, towards the hill. The verb avaler (lit. to go aval) signified at first ' to descend,' and was but gradually restricted to its present sense of swallowing. (For such restrictions, see § 13.) Some traces of the original meaning remain in mod. Fr., such as the phrase les bateaux avalent le fleuve, and in the word avalanche, which is properly a mass of snow which slides to- wards the vale. Lat. dv is here reduced to V, as in advertere, avertir (§ 120). "t Avalanche, sf. an avalanche; a word introduced from Switzerland. For its ety- mology see avcd. AVALER, va. to swallow. See aval. A V ANGER, {l)va. to advance, stretch forth; (2) vn. to come forward. See avant. — Der. avance, avancemtni. \ Avanie, sf. molestation, annoyance. This word is a curious instance of the vicissi- tudes in meaning described in § 13. Avanie, which is simply the common Gr. d^avla (an affront), which again is from the Turkish avan (a vexation, trouble), signified origin- ally the exactions practised on Christian mer- chants by the Turks. Brought by travellers into Europe, the word soon passed out of its special signification of annoyance to Christians, to its present sense of annoyance generally. AVANT, (l) prep, before, (2) adv. far, for- ward ; from L. abante, a form found in a few inscriptions of the Empire, e. g, in the epitaph, ' Fundi hujus dominus infans hie jacet similis Deo; hunc abante oculis parentis rapuerunt nymphaeo in gurgite.' Abante was certainly a common Lat. form, answering to ante, the Class, form. There is preserved a curious testimony on this point : the common folk said ab-ante for ante, and an old Roman grammarian finds great fault with the form, and bids his readers avoid it: '"Ante me fugit" dicimus non " ab-ante me fugit " ; nam praepositio praepositioni adjungitur impru- denter : quia ante et ab sunt duae praepo- sitiones.' (From the Glosses of Placidus in Mai, iii. 431.) The Lat. b becomes v : this softening is found in Lat. ; in the oldest monuments we see incomparavilis for incomparabilis, acervus for acerbus, devitum for debitum ; in 6th-cent. documents deliverationem for deliber- ationem. This softening also takes place in Fr. in habere, avoir, etc. (§ 113). — Der. avantage (that which advances, profits us, sets us avant). A VANTAGE, sm. an advantage. See avant. — Der. avantager, desavantager, avantageux, d^savantageux. Avare, adj. avaricious, greedy ; from L. a varus. Avare is a doublet of O. Fr. aver. — Der. avarice. AVARIE, sf. a damage, injury (properly the damage done to a cargo in transit). Avarie, in late Lat. havaria, haveria, answers to the Dutch havery. AVEC, prep, with ; formerly aveuc, originally avoc, from a barbarous Lat. abhoc, aboc, which is a transformation of the expression apud hoc, lit. 'with this,' apud having A VELINE — A VO UER. 41 the signification of cum in several Merov. and Carol, documents, as in one of the Formulae of Marculphus, ' Apud xii Francos debeat coniuvare.' Apud soon lost its d (as is seen from the form apue, found for apud in an inscription of the Empire), and then became ap, which passed into ab by the regular transition of p into b (see § ili). Ab for apud is found in a Chartulary of Louis the Pious, *ab eum,' ' Ab his celluhs,' and in the oldest monument of the language, the Strasburg oaths (a.d. 814), we have ' Ab Ludher nul plaid numquam prindrai'=: avec Lothaire je ne ferai aucun accord. This ab came to have the same sense as Fr. avec. The Lat. hoc lost its h (see § 134) and the compd. ab-oc changing b into V (§ 113) became avoc, a form found in iith-cent. documents. The o of avoc then became en (§ 79), aveuc, which towards the 14th cent, became avec. AVELINE, sf. a filbert ; from L. avellina. AVENIR, vn. to occur ; from L. advenire. For dv = i/ see § 120. Avenir (as a verb) is now archaic : it was still in use in the 17th cent,, Ce que les prophetes ont dit de- voir avenir dans la suiie des temps (Pas- cal), Avenir is a doublet of advenir, q, v. — Der, avenir (sm. arrival, the infin, taken as a subst,, § 185), avenue (partic. subst,, § 187), aventme. AVENT, sm. Advent, the coming of Jesus Christ ; from L. adventus. AVENTURE, sf. an adventure. See avenir.— Der. aventurer, -eux, -ier, -iere. AVENUE, sf. an avenue, approach. See avenir. AVERER, va. to aver, prove the truth of; from L. adverare*. For dv = v see § 120. AVERSE, sf. a shower. See verser. Averse is a doublet of adverse, q. v. Aversion, sf an aversion, dislike ; from L. aversionem, AVERTIR, va. to inform, warn ; from L. advertere. — Der. avertisstment. AVEU, sm. an avowal. See avouer. AVEUGLE, adj. blind ; from L. abdeillus*, compd. of ab (privative) and oculus, like amens, out of one's mind, which is compd. of a and mens. This word is old in common Lat. ; it is found in Petronius (ist cent.) in the phrase ' aboeulo librum legere ' (to read with eyes shut). Abo- culus is regularly contrd. into aboclus (§ 51). This derivation is confirmed (§15) by It, avocolo, now vocolo : oclus is to be found for oculus in the Appendix ad Probum. For b=v see § ill ; for o = eu see § 88; for c\ = gl see § 129. — Der. aveughr, aveuglement. Avide, adj. greedy ; from L. avidus. AVILIR, va. to vilify. See vil. — Der. avil- issement. AVINER, va. to season with wine. See vin. AVIRON, sm. any instrument which serves to turn an object with, an oar. See virer. AVIS, sm. an opinion, mind, vote, advice; from ct and vis, which, from L. visum, in O. Fr. meant opinion, way of seeing a thing. The medieval expression was il m'est a vis (my opinion is that . . .). A and vis be- came presently united in avis. — Der. aviser, raviser, mzlaviser. AVITAILLER, va. to provision, victual. Vitaille in O.Fr. signified 'provisions,' from L. victualia. For ct^^ see Hist. Gram, p. 50 ; for the loss of u see coudre ; and, besides, we find vitalia for victualia in Carlov. Chartularies. — Der. ravitailler. AVIVER, va. to polish, burnish. See vif. — Der. raviver. Avocat, sm. an advocate, pleader, barrister ; from L. advocatusj Avocat is a doublet of avoue, q. v. — Der. ai/ocasserie. AVOINE, sf. oats ; from L. avena. For e = oi see § 62. AVOIR, va. to have ; from L. habere. For the loss of h see § 134; for b = 2/ see § 113 ; for e = oi see § 62. AVOISINER, va. to border on. See voi- sin. AVORTER, va. to miscarry ; from L, abor- tare (Varro), For h—v see § 113, — Der, avortement, avorton. AVOUE, sm. an attorney ; from L, advoca- tus. For the loss of c see § 129; for dv — v see aval and § 120; for o = ow (the 6 being treated as if it were 6) see § 81; for -atus = -e see § 200. Avoue is a doublet of avocat, q. v. AVOUER, va. to avow, confess ; compd. of vouer, q. v. The history of this word gives us a curious example of those changes of meaning treated of in § 15. Originally avouer was a term of feudal custom : avouer un seigneur is ' to re- cognise him for one's lord,' ' to swear him fealty, to approve all his acts.' Thence came the second sense ' to approve.' Je t^avouerai detout, says Racine in his Phfedre. Corneille says, Et sans dotite son coeur vous en avouera bien. Paul Louis Courier uses the word in this sense, when he says in 42 A VRIL—BACHELIER. one of his letters, Parle, ^cris, je t'avouerai de tout. After ' approval ' it passes to ' ratification,* thence to ' recognition as one's own,' as in avouer une lettre. Lastly it means *to recognise 'generally, 'to avow.' — Der. aveu (verbal subst., § 184), A^%avouer (whose verbal subst. is d^sav^w). AVRIL, sm, April; from L. apriLis. For p=v see § III. Axe,5m. an axis; from L, axis. — Der. oxille, of which the doublet is aisselle, q. v. Axiome, sm. an axiom ; from Gr. a{ia)/jia. Axonge, sf. (Pharm.) axunge; from L. axungia (pig's fat, in Pliny). Azote, sm. (Chem.) azote ; a word made up of Gr. a priv. and ^<ui]. + Azur, sm. azure, sky-blue. This word, which can be traced in Fr. back to the ilth cent., is of Eastern origin, a corruption of Low Lat. lazzurum, lazur, which is the Persian lazur, the stone now called lapis lazuli (§ 31). Azyme, sm. unleavened bread ; from Gr. d^vfJios. B. Babeurre, sf. butter-milk. In 1604 Nicot's Diet, has Batbeurre, instrument pour hattre le lait. The implement thus gave its name to the substance it created. For change of sense see § 13. Batbeurre is a compd. of bat (see battre) and beurre. For such compds. of subst. and verb see Hist. Gram, p. 1 76 ; for loss of t see Hist. Gram, p. 81. BABILLER, vn. to babble, chatter (15th cent, in the Farce de Patelin) ; an onomatop. word (§ 34). Cp. analogous words in other languages ; Engl, babble. Germ, bab- heln. — Der. babilUTd,babilhge, babil (verbal subst.). BABINE, sf. a lip, chops (of apes, etc.) (i6th cent, in Beroalde de Verville, p. 258); der., with suffix ine, from root bab (a lip), of Germ, origin, found in several mod. Germ, patois as b'dppe. For pp=6 see § ill. tBabiole, sf. a plaything; from It. bab- bole. + Babord, sm. (Naut.) larboard, port; from Germ, bachbord. + Babouche, sf. a slipper; from Ar. baboudj. BABOUIN, sm. a baboon, monkey. Origin unknown {baboin in R. Estienne's Diet., 1549). I know no example of the word before the 14th cent., but it certainly existed in the 13th, as we read in an English in- ventory of 1295, in Ducange, 'Imago B.V. . . . cum pede quadrato stante super quatuor parvos babewynos;' and the verb bebuinare signified, in the 13th cent., to paint grotesque figures in MSS. BAG, sm. a ferryboat ; from Netherl. bak (in 15th cent, in Eustache Deschamps). From this prim, has come the dim. bachot, a little bac, or boat. For the suffix 0/ see § 281. For c — ch see § 128. Bac also signifies a trough ; brewers call the wooden vessel in which they prepare their hops a bac. In this sense the word has produced another dim. baquet ; for dim. in -et see ablette. For transition of sense from boat to vat see § 13. Baccalaur6at, sm. bachelorship. See bachelier. Bacchanales, sf. pi. bacchanalia ; from L. bacchanalia. Bacchante, sf. a Bacchante, priestess of Bacchus; from L. bacchantem. BACHE, sf. (l) an awning, (2) cistern, (3) frame. Origin unknown (a word not older than the 19th cent.). BACHELIER, sm. a bachelor. Prov. bac- calar. It. baccalare, Merov. Lat. bacca- larius* (a man attached to a baccalaria, or grazing-farm). ' Cedimus res proprie- tatis nostrae ad monasterium quod vocatur Bellus Locus, cum ipsa baccalaria et mansis,' from a Donation of 895, Chartulary of Beaulieu, p. 95. Baccalaria, which is connected with baccalator, a cow-herd, found in 9th-cent. documents, comes from baccalia, a herd of cows, which from bacca, a cow, a form used for vacca in Low Lat. For change of v into b see § 1 40. Baccalarius is then rightly a cow-herd, a farm-servant; moreover, in Carolingian texts which have lists of serfs we see that baccalarius and baccalaria are applied only to young persons over sixteen years of age, old enough to be engaged on field- labour : thus, in a Descriptio mancipio- rum, or list of property of the Abbey of St. Victor at Marseilles (9th cent.), we find a JBA CHIQUE — BA GA RRE. 43 list of serfs living on a colonica (or breadth of land tilled by a colonus) : ' Colonica in Campania : Stephanus, colo- nus ; uxor Dara ; Dominicus, filius bacca- larius; Martina, filia baccalaria, Vera, filia annorum xv ' (Chart, of S. Victor, ii. 633). The word has thus passed through a series of meanings before reaching its present modern sense. The bachelier, farm- servant, attached to a baecalaria, works under a colonus ; this word then takes the sense, in feudal custom, of a lower vassal who marches under the banner of another ; then it comes to mean a youth too young to carry his banner as yet, who serves under a lord ; then, in old University speech, he is a young man who studies under a Master, with a view to gaining the degree below that of Doctor ; lastly, it means a graduate in a Faculty. Baccalarium becomes bacalarium by cc — e, whence in nth cent, baceler. For a = e see § 54; for arium = 5r see Hist. Gram. p. 1 84. Baceler in 1 2th cent, becomes hacheler: for c = ch see § 128. Bacheler in 13th cent, becomes bachelier: for eT = ier see § 66. From O. Fr. bachelier comes through the Normans the Engl, bachelor. Let us add that towards the end of the middle ages bachelier, in the sense of a Graduate in a Faculty, was latinised into baccalaureus by the University clerks, who also gave to this new-formed word the et)'^mology bacca lauri, thus alluding to Apollo's bay. After inventing baccalau- reus (a word found in 15th cent, in N. de Clemengis de Studio Theol.), they made out of it baccalaiireatus, which was then turned into baccalaureat. It is hardly neces- sary to add that this etymology has no foundation. Bachique, adj. Bacchic; from L. bacchi- cus. BACHOT, sm. a wherry (1549, R. Estienne's Diet.) ; see bac. — Der. bachoteur. BACLER, va. to bar, fasten (door or window) ; a word not found in Fr. before the 17th cent. It came in towards the end of the l6th cent, from Prov. baclar, to close a door with a wooden bar, a baculus, whence baculare, whence baclar by loss of u (§ 52). In 1604 Nicot's Diet, gives this definition of bacler: Bacler estfermer huys avec un baston par dedens, Pessulum fori- busobdere; et s' entend de ce petit baston ou cheville d'un pied de long qjii ferme I'huys en maniere de verroil de fer. From this literal sense the word got, in the mid- dle of the 1 7th cent., the figurative sense of ' closing an affair'; and in 1690 Furetiere's Diet, says, Bacler, fermer avec des chaines barres, bateaux . . . on dit figiircment et bassement: C'est une affaire baclee, c'est a dire conclue et arretee. For change of meaning see § 1 3. The original meaning of 'to shut' remains in some technical phrases, such as bacler un port, to close it with chains ; bacler une riviere, etc, — Der. debdcler, debacle (verbal subst.). + Badaud, sm, a booby, ninny; introd. towards the 16th cent, from Prov. badau, which is connected with Lat. badare (see under bayer). BADIGEON, adj. stone-coloured (1690, Fure- tiere's Diet.). Origin unknown. — Der. ba- digeonner, -age. t Badiner, vn. to jest, make merry ; from Prov. badiner, which is connected with Lat, badare (see bayer). For badiner from bader, cp, trottener, trotter. — Der, badimge, -erie. BADINE, sf. a switch (not found in Diet, before the present cent.); verbal subst. of badiner (see badin), of which Richelet's Diet. (1728) says, Badiner, joiier et folatrer de la main. A badine is something, then, to amuse the hand : Trevoux's Diet. (1743) says, Badines, pincettes legeres qu'on appelle ainsi parce qu'elles servent a, badiner et a s'amuser en arrangeattt, quel- ques charbons. Hence can easily be seen how the word coqi^es to mean ' a switch, cane,' to hold in the hand and 'flirt^but not to use. BAFOUER, va. to baffle, scoff at (l6th cent, in Montaigne, ii. 153); from O. Fr, baffer, beffer. A word of Germ, origin, from Netherl, beffen. For e = a cp. Hist. Gram. p. 48. Bafrer, vn. to gourmandise, stuff; from L, baferare*, der. from bafer, found in a Gloss, published by Mai (Class, auct. Fragm. viii) : ' Bafer, grossus, turgidus, ventriculosus.' Baf(e)rare, contr. to baf- rare, becomes bafrer by are = er. — Der. bafre (verbal subst.), bafreur. BAGAGE, sf. baggage ; deriv. in age (§ 248) of bague, which originally meant ' parcels,' ' bundles.' The word remains in the phrase Sortir d'un danger vie et bagues sauves. Bague comes from Celt. (Gael, bag, a parcel, see § 19). Bagarre, sf. a hubbub, fray. Origin un- known. 44 BA GA TELLE^BALLOT. t Bagatelle, sf. a trifle; introd. in the 1 6th cent, from It. hagatella. tBagne, sm. galleys; introd. in l6th cent, from It. bagno. Bagne is a doublet of hain, q. v. BAGUE, sf. a ring ; from L. bacoa, which bears the sense of a ring in early middle ages. For 00 =g see adjuger. + Baguette, s/". a switch, rod, wand; in- trod. in 1 6th cent, from It. bacchetta. + Bahut, sm. a chest, a trunk ; from M.H.G. behut, a hutch for provisions. BAI, adj. bay ; from L. badius, bay-coloured (in Varro). For the loss of the d see alouette . and appiiyer. BAIE, sf. a bay ; from L. baia (in Isidore of Seville) : ' Hunc portum veteres vocabant baias.' BAIE, sf. a berry; from L. bacca, baca. For the loss of the c see ami. BAIGNER, va. to bathe ; from L. balneare. The 1 disappears, as in albula, able, q. v.; and baneare becomes baigner, by the change of ne into gn (see cigogne), and of a into ai (see aigle). — Der. bain (verbal subst., see aboi), baigneur, baignoire. BAIL, sm. a lease, verbal subst. of battler, to lease, give by contract (still used in sense of *to give,' as in // lui bail la cent coups), had in O. Fr., under the form bailler, the sense of to hold, keep, administer ; whence the deriv. bail\i, fcaz/liage. Bailler comes from L. bajulare. For the loss of the u, and change of baj'lare into bai'lare, and thence into bailler, see aider. BAILLER, vn. to yawn. O. Fr. baailler, Prov. badailler, Cat. badallar, from L. bada- culare*, dim. of L. badare. Atonic u disappears : for cl = // see Hist. Gram. p. 71 ; for loss of d (ba(d)ac'lare, baailler) see § 1 20. — Der. bdillement, eniTebdiller. BAILLER, va. to deliver, lease. See bail. BAILLI, sm. a bailiff; BAILLIAGE, sm. a bailiwick. See bail. BAILLON, sm. a gag ; from L. baculonem, deriv. of baculus. Atonic ti disappears : for ol = il see Hist. Gram. p. 71. — Der. Millonntx. BAIN, sm. a bath. See baigner. Bain is a doublet of bagne. Baionnette, sf. a bayonet ; a weapon named from Bayonne, where it was invented. BAISER, va. to kiss ; from L. basiare. For the transposition of the i see Hist. Gram. p. 77. BAISSER, vn. to lower. See bas. — Der. baisse, baissieTj abaisser, rzbaisser, rzbais, surbaisser. BAL, sm. a ball, verbal subst. of O.Fr. bailer, to dance, from L. ballare. — Der. bal\et. Bal- , lade, a ballad, came in 14th cent, from Prov. ! ballada. Baladin, a mountebank, also from Prov. baladin, is connected with the verb balar, to dance. t Baladin, sm. a dancer, mountebank. See bal. BALAFRE, sf. a gash. Origin unknown. BALAI, sm. a broom. O. Fr. balain, from Celt. (Breton balaen). — Der. balaytx. + Balais, adj. a balass (ruby). It. balascio, late Lat. balascius, a word introd. from the East with many other terms of jewellery, and der. from Ar. balchash, a kind of ruby. BALANCE, sf. a balance, scales : from L. bilancem. This change of atonic i into a is to be found in common Lat. (as in calan- drus for cylindrus in Schuchardt, sal- vaticus for silvaticus, in the Glosses of Cassel, It occurs in Fr. in such words as cylandrus, calandre ; lingua, langue (Hist. Gram. p. 48). See andouille. Balance is a doublet of bilan, q. v. — Der. balancer, -poire, -ier. Balauste, sm. a pomegranate-tree ; from L. balaustium. BALAYER, va. to sweep. See balai. Der. balayem. Balbutier, I'M. to stammer; from L. bal- butire. fBalcon, sw. a balcony; introd. in l6th cent, from It. balcone. ^Baldaquin, STW. a baldaquin, canopy; in- trod. in 16th cent, from It. baldacchino. BALEINE, sf. a whale ; from L. balaena. For ae = « see § 104. — Der. baleineau, -ier. BALISE, sf. a buoy, beacon. Origin unknown. — Der. balisex. BALISIER, sm. (Bot.) carmacorus, a kind of Indian cane. Origin unknown. Baliste, sf a balista (for slinging stones) ; from L. balista. BALIVERNE, sm. nonsense, stuff. Origin unknown. + Ballade, sf a ballad. See bal. BALLE, sf. a ball, from O. H. G. balla.— Der. ballon, -ot, de6a//er, emballex. BALLE, sf. chaff. Origin unknown. BALLET, sm. a ballet. See bal. BALLON, sm. n balloon. See balle (i). — Der. ballonne. BALLOT, sm. a bale, package. See balle ( 1 ). — Der. ballolter, originally to vote by means of ballottes, little balls ; still used in that sense by Montaigne : Le peuple neut pas le cceur de prendre les ballottes en main. — Der. fea//o/tage. BALOURDE — BARA GOUIN. 45 t Balourde, sm. a dolt, dullard ; introd, in 1 6th cent, from It. balordo. — Der. ba- lonrd'ise. Balsamine, sf. balsam; from L. balsam- inus. Balsamique, adj. balsamic; from L. bal- samicus, from balsamum, balsam, balm. f Balustre, sm. a balustrade, banisters; in- trod. in 1 6th cent, from It. balaustro. — Der. balustrade, answering to It. balaustrata. f Balzan, sm. a white-footed horse; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. balzano. \ Bambin, sm. a babe; introd. in i6th cent, from It. bambino, t Bamboo he, j^/". a puppet; from It. bam- boccio. fBambou, sm. bamboo; a Hindu word, introd. from India by travellers (§ 31). BAN, sm. ban, a proclamation, ordinance ; of Germ, origin, from H. G. batman, to or- dain, publish a decree or sentence. As a feudal term the four a ban ox four banal is the oven at which all the vassals were bound to bake their bread, by ban of their lord : there were also moulins banaux, putts ban- aux, i. e. mills and wells to which all per- sons subject to a seignorial jurisdiction or ban were bound to go, and hence the origin of the word banal; meaning (i) what is used by all alike; and then (2), by a natural transition, that which is well known to all, vulgar, without originality. The expres- sion rompre son ban signifies lit. to break the command, or ban, imposed on one. Ban in certain cases has taken the special . sense of a sentence of banishment, and in the phrase mettre au ban, the actual sense of banishment. In O. Fr. bannir had a corn^A. forbannir (for = hors, and bannir), a reminiscence of which remains in the Vfordforban, q. v. From the word ban, in sense of permission, comes bandon, permit, whence the phrase a bandon = in liberty, whence abandonner, q. v. BANAL, adj. common, vulgar. See ban. — . Der. banalhe. + Banane, sf. a banana ; introd. from India by travellers (§ 31). — Der. bananier. BANC, sm. a bench ; from O. H. G. banc. . Banc is a doublet of banque, q. v. — Der. banquet (cp. the Germ, tafel, which means both table and feast), banquette. BANCAL,arf/. bandy-legged. Origin unknown. BANDE, sf. a band, strip (of stuff), from . O. H. G. band. — Der. bandea.VL (formerly - bandeX, whence bandellette), -er, -age, -agiste. BANDE, sf. a troop, band; from Germ. bande. + Banderole, sf a streamer, pennant ; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. banderuola. t Bandidre, sf. a banner, streamer; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. bandiera. Bandiere is a doublet of banniere, q. v. + Bandit, sm. a bandit; introd. in l6th cent, from It. bandito. Bandit is a doublet of banni. t Bandouli^dre, sf (i) a bandoleer, (2) a shoulder belt; introd. in i6th cent, from It. bandoliera. BANLIEUE, sf. suburbs, precincts; in cus- tomary Lat. banleuca, from leuca (a league) and ban. Leuca had, in medieval Lat., the sense not only of a league, but of an indefinite extent of territory : it is found with this meaning in the Capitu- laries of Charles the Bald, and also in the modern Fr. banlieue. Banlieue, properly the extent of ban, is the territory within which a ban is of force (for the etymology see ban and lieue), and thence a territory subject to one jurisdiction. BANNE, sf. an awning, tilt (of a wagon) ; from L. benna (a car of osier), noticed by Festus as a word of Gaulish origin. BANNlJlRE, sf. a banner, dim. of a radical 6a«*, from Low Lat. bandum, der. from Germ. band. Banniere is a doublet of bandiere, q. v. — Der. banneret. BANNIR, va. to banish. See ban. t Banque, sf. a bank ; introd. in i6th cent, from It. banca. Ba?ique is a doublet of banc, q. v. — Der. banqmer. tBanqueroute, sf bankruptcy; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. bancarotta. — Der. banquerout'xex. BANQUET, sm. a banquet. See banc— Der. banqueter. BAPTEME, sm. baptism ; formerly baptesme ; from L. baptisma. For i = e see § 72; for loss of s see § 148. Baptiser, va. to baptize; from L. bapti- zare. Baptistdre, sm. a baptistery; from L. baptisterium. BAQUET, sm. a tub, trough. See bac. Baragouin, sm. jargon, gibberish ; origi- nally the Bas-Breton language, now any unintelligible speech. A word of hist, origin (see § 33). Baragouin, written by Rabelais baraguoin, is formed from two Breton words bar a (bread) and gwin (wine), words which occurred most often in conver- sation between the Bas-Br&tons and the 46 BA RA Q UE — BA RRIQUE, French, and so applied by the latter as a nickname to the Breton tongue. — Der. haragouintx, -age. + Baraque, sf. a barrack ; introd. in i6th cent, from It. baracca. BARATTER, va. to churn. Origin unknown. — Der. baratte (verbal subst.). + Sarbacane, ^f. a barbican ; introd. from the East by the Crusaders, like many other military terms. Barbacane (originally bar- baquane in Joinville) is the transcription of the Ar. barbak-khaneh (a rampart). Barbara, adj. barbarous ; from L. bar- barus. — Der. barbarie, -isme. BARBE, sf. a beard ; from L. barba. — Der. barbicbe, barbe\e, barbier, barbxi, barbve, ^barber, 6ar6ouiller, q. v. BARBEAU, sm. a barbel. O. Fr. barbel, from barbellus, dim. of barbus. For ellus = ea74, see agneau. Another dim. of barbus is barbillon. + Barb on, sm. a greybeard, old dotard; introd. in i6th cent, from Sp. barbon (§ 26). BARBOTER, vn. to dabble, muddle. Origin unknown. BARBOUILLER, va. to daub, besmear. Ori- ginally se barbotiiller meant * to dirty one's beard,' then to dirty oneself generally. — Der. debarbouiller, barbouilhge, barbouil- /eur. + Barcarolle, s/". a barcarole; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. barcarola (song of the Venetian gondoliers). Barcarolle is a doublet of barquerolle. BARD, sm. a hand-barrow. O. Fr. bar, a word of Germ, origin, from O. H. G. bara (a barrow). — Der. border, bardem, debarder (to discharge a load), debardeur (properly a workman who unloads wood). The dress of the debardeur introduced into fancy balls has given the word a fresh sense. BARDE, sf. (i) bard, horse-armour, (2) thin slices of bacon with'which woodcocks or partridges are larded. Origin unknown. — Der. bardtT. Barde, sm. a bard ; from L. bardus. BARGUIGNER, vn. to haggle. Origin un- known. BARIL, sm. a barrel. Origin unknown. — Der. barihtt. BARIOLER, va. to variegate; from L. bis- regulare* (to stripe with divers colours). Hegulare, which becomes re-ulare by the regular dropping of the medial g (see Hist. Gram. p. 82), and ri-ulare by change of eu into iu (see § 60), produced O. Fr. riuler, changed into rioler by the ordinary transformation of u into before a liquid (see § 93). Riole in Ambroise Pare is used as meaning freckled, spotted. For bis = ba see Hist. Gram. p. 48 ; and for the loss of the s see § 148. For the meaning and form of the word, see bis. — Der. bariohge. BARLONG, adj. twice as long as broad, parallelogram-shaped ; from L. bis-longus. For i = a see Hist. Gram. p. 48; for s = r see Hist. Gram. p. 5 7, See also bis. Baromdtre, sm. a barometer; a word formed by the learned by the help of the two Gr. words 0apos and /ierpov. BARON, sm. a baron. Origin unknown. — Der. baronne, baronmge, baronnet, baron- nie. t Baroque, a<^'. (l) irregular-shaped, (2) whimsical, odd. Originally a jeweller's term (a baroque pearl was one not spherical, of a strange shape) it soon was much extended in sense, and was applied to the shape of dif- ferent objects (as furniture, houses, etc.), then to intellectual qualities {une pensee baroque = a. whimsical thought). Baroque was introd. in 1 6th cent, from Sp. barruco, and Port, barroco, in connection with the pearl trade (§ 26). t Barque, sJF. a bark ; not found in Fr. be- fore the i6th cent.: from L. barca(a little boat, in Isidore of Seville), through the in- termediate Sp. or It. forms barca, these two nations on the Mediterranean having provided the Fr. language with many sea- faring terms. The form barque proves that the word did not come direct from Lat. to Fr., for barca would have produced fearcA^, as area came to arche. Barque is a doublet of barge, barche. — Der. embarquer, embarc- ation, debarquer, -ement. BARRE, sf. 2L bar. Low Lat. barra, from Celt. bar. — Der. barreau, properly a little bar : this law term designates the enclosure, divided oif by railings from the rest of the hall, reserved for barristers. — Der. barrVexe, barrtr, barrage. BARRETTE, sf. a cap, bonnet; from L. birretum, a word found in the 6th cent, meaning a cap : the phrase ' birreto auri- culari' is in a Chartulary of a.d. 532. For i = a see Hist. Gram. p. 48. Barrette is a doublet of beret, q. v. f Barricade, sf. a barricade; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. barricata. — Der. barri- cader.^ BARRIERE, sf. a barrier, fence. See barre. BARRIQUE, sf. a barrel, cask. Origin un- known. BARYTON — BA UDET. 47 Baryton, stn. barytone ; from Gr. ^apv- TOVOS. BAS, (i) adj. low; from L. bassus (in Isi- dore of Seville, and stated by Papias to = curtus, humilis). A word clearly belong- ing to the popular Roman speech. — Der.bass- esse, basset, basson, 6aisser, a&aisser, rafea- isser, rafeais. (2) sot. a stocking ; abbrev. from the phrase has de chausses, used for- merly in contradistinction from haut de chausses. Basalte, sm. basalt; from L. basaltes. — Der. basaltiqae. BASANE, sf. sheep-leather. Origin unknown. — Der. basaner, basaft6. BASCULE, s/. poise, balance. Origin un- known. Base, sf. a basis, foundation; from L. basis. — Der. baser. Basilic, sm. a basilisk ; from L, basiliscus. Basilique, sf. a basilica ; from L. basilica. Basiligue is a doublet of basoche, q. v. BASOCHE, sf. a legal tribunal, which in the middle ages had cognisance of difficulties and disputes between the Clerks of the Parliament ; from L. basilica. Basil- (i)ca contrd. into basil'ca (§51), became baselche (for a = ch see § 126), then baseuche (by softening of 1 into m, see agneau), and thence the modern basoche, which seems at first sight very unlike the primitive Lat. word. The expression Clerc de la Basoche de Paris, simply meant a clerk of the tribunal of Paris : these clerks were styled clercs basilicams, and in popular language basochiens, a word answering exactly to basilicanus. Basoche is a doublet of basilique. Basque, sf. a* skirt. Origin unknown. Basquine, sf. a petticoat; from Sp.basquina. Basse, sf. (Mus.) bass. See bas. BASSIN, sm. a basin. O. Fr. bacin and bachin, from L. baech.inon * (a vessel), which Gre- gory of Tours cites as a word of rustic use : ' Paterae quas vulgo bacchinon vocant.' — Der. bassiner, bassinet, bassinoire. t Bastide, sf a country house : from Prov. bastida, partic. subst. of Prov. vb. act. bastir, answering to Fr, batir. Bastide is a doublet of hade, q. v. BASTILLE, sf. a fortress, Bastille. See batir. BASTINGAGES, sm. netting. Origin un- known. + Bastion, sm. a bastion ; introd. in i6th cent, from It, bastione. tBastonnade, sf. a bastinado; introd. in i6th cent, from It. bastonnata, as were many other terms of military discipline. Bastonnade is a doublet of batonnee. BAT, SOT. a packsaddle. O. Fr. bast, from L. bastum, a word of common Lat.: 'Sagma,' says a gloss writer, ' sella quam vulgus bastum vocat, super quo componuntur sar- cinae.' For as = d see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. bdter. BATAILLE, sf a battle ; from L. batalia, a word which in common Lat. answered to the Class. Lat. pugna. The testimony of Cassiodorus is positive : ' Quae vulgo bata- lia dicuntur exercitationes militum signifi- cant.* For -alia = -aille see § 278. — Der. baiailler, bataillewr. + Bataillon, sot. a battalion; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. battaglione. BATARD, sot. a bastard, from bastard, a son of a bast. For as = a see Hist. Gram. p. 81; for the affix -ard see § 196. For other details see M. G. Paris, Histoire poet- ique de Charlemagne, p. 441. BATARDEAU, sot. a dyke, dam ; dim. of O. Fr. bastard (a dyke). Origin unknown. BATEAU, SOT, a boat. O. Fr. batel ; dim. of a root bat, which survived in Merov. Lat. batus (used in 7th cent. = bateau, boat). This word, of Germ, origin, like most Fr. sea terms, comes from A.S. bat. For -el = -eau see § 282. BATELEUR, sm. a juggler, mountebank. Origin unknown. + Batifoler, vn. to trifle, play ; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. batifolle (to play at fighting under the ramparts). BATIR, va. to build. Origin unknown. — Der. batiment, bathse, 6as/ille (from the O. Fr. form bastir'). BATIR, va. to baste (of needlework), formerly bastir, of Germ, origin ; O. H. G. bestan (to sew). BATON, sm. a stick. Origin unknown. — Der. bdtonnev, batonnieT. BATTERIE, sf a battery. See battre. Battologie, sf. vain repetition; from Gr. PaTToXoyia. BATTRE, va. to beat. O. Fr. batre, from L. batere, popular form of batuere. For the loss of the ii see coudre ; for loss of e see § 51, — Der, feasant, battoix, battevr, battene, battage, battement, battue (partic. subst,), zbattre, rabattre, combattre (whence com6a/, verbal subst,), debattre (whence de- bat, verbal subst.), rebattre, xebattu, ebattre (whence ebat, verbal subst,). BAUDET, sm. an ass, donkey ; a word of hist, origin (see § 33). In O. Fr. there 48 BA UDRIER — BEFFROI, was an adj. baud, originally hald, from O. H. G. bald, gay, pleased, content. (For 1 ■! M, see § 157.) This adj. baud, fre- quently used in O. Fr., survives in modern Fr. in the compd. s'ebaudir, to rejoice ( = 6tre baud). Again, we know that in the middle ages there was developed, if not invented, a great cycle of fables on the life and adven- tures of beasts, each personified under a special and significant name. Thus the Fox was Maitre Renard (lit. the cruel) ; the Bear was Bernard', the Ram, Belin. The Ass, ever gay and content (the beast ever baud, as they said in the llth cent.), re- ceived in that mythology the surname of Maitre Baudet, or Baudouin (both names dim. of baud). This soubriquet stuck to the Ass, which is still nicknamed in Fr. Baudet, ' the sprightly,' just as the Fox still goes by the name of Reynard. B A UDRIER, sm. a baldric, shoulder-belt; from L. baltSrarius*, deriv. of balteus. Balt(d)rarius loses its §, see § 52; it then becomes baudrier by changing (l) -arius into -ier (see § 198), (2) tr into dr (see § 117), (3) al into au (see § 157). The present sense of baudrier is not earlier than the 14th cent. In the 12th cent., to designate the soldier's shoulder- belt, the word baudre was adapted (from balteratus, deriv. from balteus), and the maker of these baudres was called a baudrier. This distinction, well marked in the early middle ages, became obliterated in the T4th cent., which in its ignorance gave the name of the thing made to the maker (just as it thought Piraeus was the name of a man). We have seen a similar example of confusion between aragne and araignee, q, v. See also § 198. BAUDRUCHE, sm. goldbeater's skin. Origin unknown. BAUGE, sf. a lair. Origin unknown. BAUME, sm. balm, balsam. O. Fr. bausme, from L. balsSjuum. Bals(a)muin loses its a (§ 51), Bals'mum produced O. Fr. bausme by change of al into au (see § 1 5 7). For the loss of s in bausme see Hist. Gram, p. 81. — Der. baumier, embaumer. BAVARD. adj. talkative. See bave. — Der. bavarder, -age. BAVE, sf. drivel, slaver, foam ; an onomato- poetic word. — Der. bavette, baveux, bavnd, bavure. BAVOLET, sm. head-dress of a country lass, curtain (of a bonnet). Origin unknown. BAYER, vn. to gape. O. Fr. baer, Prov. badar. It. badare; from L. badare (in Isidore of Seville = to gape). For loss of mpdial d see § 1 20 ; for -are = -er see § 263. Another form of baer is beer, by change of atonic a into e (§ 54). This O. Fr. verb is gone from modern Fr., leav- ing its pres. part, b^ant. — The Prov. badur had two deriv. badau and badin (q. v.) which have got footing in modern Fr. + Bazar, sm. a bazaar; introd. by travel- lers from the East. Ar. bdzar, a market. BEANT (p. pres. of beer or bayer) adj. gap- ing. See bayer. B^at, sm. a devotee, bigot; from L. bea- tus. — Der. fcfi'a/itude, 6<?a/ifique, fee'arifier, fct'a/ification. BEAU, adj. fine, beautiful. O. Fr. bel. For / = M see § 157. Bel comes from L. bel- lus. — Der. belUUe, embellk. BEAUCOUP, adv. much; from beau and coup, q. V. The O. Fr. phrase was more often grant coup than beaucoup: Le rot eut grant coup de la terre du comte, says Joinville. This sense of grant is to be seen in other phrases, as un beau mangeur. + Beaupr§, sm. a bowsprit; from Engl. bowsprit (§ 28). BEAUTE, sf. beauty. O. Fr. belte, originally beltet, from L. bellitatem. The 1 is dropped after the rule (§ 52); then it becomes beaute by changing (l) el into eau (§ 157), (2) -atem into -e (§ 230). BEG, sm. a beak, bill; from L. beccus, a word quoted by Suetonius as of Gaulish origin. For cc = c cp. siccus, sec; soccus, soc, saccus, sac, and § 168. — Der. becquetet, becusse, bequiWe (properly canne u bee). B6carre, sm. B natural, thence a natural (Mus.) ; a transcription of the abbreviation B B. This was formerly called B carre : B being Si in the scale of La, was called B carre (i. e. = S dur, hard B) when in its natural tone, as distinguished from B mol (i. e = 5 moti, soft B), for Bt7. BECASSE, sf. a woodcock. See bee— Der. becasshie. BECHE, sf. a spade ; from L. becca*, fem. form of beccus. For -ca = -cA^ see § 126. — Der. bechtr. BEDAINE, sf. a paunch. Origin unknown. BEDEAU, sm. a beadle. O. Fr. bedel, a word of Germ origin, from O. H. G. butil, a herald. BEFFROI, sm. a belfry. O. Fr. berfroi, in bSga yersequille. 49 Low Lat. berfredxis. For e = oi see § 63. This word, of Germ, origin, like most terms of military art in the middle ages, comes from M. H. G. bervrit, a watch- tower. BEGAYER, vn. to stammer. See begue. BEGUE, adj. stammering. Origin unknown. — Der. begaytr. BEGUEULE, sf. a haughty disdainful woman, a prude. O. Fr. beegueule, or gueule bee. For the etymology see under gueule and bayer : bee is the past partic. of beer, see bayer. Avoir la gueule bee, or etre gueule bee, is properly to remain bouche beante, open- mouthed : begueule, formerly signified folly, now prudery. Beguin, sm. a Beguine's head-dress (the Be- guines are a Neth. religious order) ; a word of hist, origin (§ 33), — Der. emb^guinei. BEIGNET, sm. a fritter. Origin unknown. BSJAUNE, sm. (l) a nias hawk, (2) a ninny. O. Fr. becjautie, a form which makes the deriv. quite plain. See bee nadjaune. BEL, adj. fair. See beau. t B e 1 a n d r e, s/. a bilander, an EngHsh word, ^signifying a flat-bottomed coasting vessel. ! BELER, vn. to bleat ; from L. balare. For a = e see § 54. The form belaxe for balare is to be found in Varro. — Der. belement. \ BELETTE, sf. a weasel; dim. of O. Fr. bele. For dim. in -etfe see § 28 1. The O. Fr. bele is Lat. bella ; belette is therefore — la jolie petite bete (the pretty little beast). While speaking (§ 15) of these popular me- taphors, we remarked that their characteristic feature was that they were never isolated, but occurred side by side in several Euro- pean languages. This is true of this word : in Dan. the weasel is called den kjcenne (the pretty) ; in Bavarian schonthierlein (the jiretty little beast); and in O.Eng. /a/ry. BELIER, sm. a ram. The Neth. bell (a bell) produced Low Lat. bella, and in Fr. bele (a little bell), which has gone without leaving a trace of itself, though its existence is re- vealed by the word beliere, q. v., der. from it, and by belier, which rightly means ' he who bears the bell,' We know the custom of fastening a bell to a ram's neck, as a signal for the flock and the shepherd. Thence by a metaphor common in Europe it comes to designate the ram. In Eng. bellwether ; in Neth. belhamel; and lastly, in several Fr. provinces the belier is simply the belled- j! jheep, thus plainly confirming the deriv. given. |i BfiLIERE, sf. a clapper-ring. See belier. B^LITRE, sm. a scoundrel. Origin unknown. + Belladone, sf. belladonna ; from It. bel- ladonna. Belladonna is a doublet of belle dame. Bellig^rant, aof/. belligerent; from L. bel- ligerantem. Belliqueux, adj. warlike; from L. belli- cosus. + Belv6d§re,sw.abelvidere; introd.ini6th cent., with many other archit. terms, from It. belvedere, which means strictly ' a beauti- ful view,' a spot where one gets a fine view. Belvedere is a doublet of beau voir. B6inol, sm. (Mus.) (i) B flat, (2) flat (in music). See becarre. Benedicit6, sm. a grace, a blessing ; a Lat. word signifying ' bless ye.* Ben6dictin, sm. a Benedictine, monk of the Order of S. Benedict. Benediction, sf. benediction; from L. be- nedictionem. Benefice, sm. a benefit; from L. benefi- cium. — Der. 6e'«y?ciaire, -er. BENfiT, adj. silly, simple ; sm. a simpleton ; from L. benedictus. This metaphor, which may seem strange, is still quite cor- rect ; the Gospel says that the Kingdom of Heaven belongs to the ' poor in spirit,' who are the blessed (benedicti) of God: thence the word benedictus came to be used for the simple, thence for the silly. For change of ct into t see affete, and loss of medial d see § 1 20 ; hence beneit, which by contrac- tion took two forms btnit and benet. The same metaphor is to be found in the word innocent. Benet is a doublet of benoit. B6n6vole, adj. benevolent; from L. bene- ^volus. BENIN, adj. benign; from L, benignus. J^'or gn = « see assener and § 131. B^NIR, va. to bless. O. Fr. bencir. It. bene- dire ; from L.benedicere. Bened£c(§)re, contrd. to benedic're after the rule of Lat. accent, became b^nir (i) by changing cr into r, as in fac're, faire (Hist. Gram. p. 82), a change which is usually accompanied by the formation of a diphthong in room of the preceding vowel ; (2) by losing the medial d (§ 120), and becoming beneir, a form found in llth cent, in the Chanson de Roland, which leads us on to the mod. form. Benir is a doublet of bien dire. — Der. betiit, benitier. For the gram, distinc- tion between benite and benie see Hist. Gram. p. 150. Benit is a doublet of bentt, benoit. BEQUILLE, sf. a crutch. See bee. 50 BERCAIL — BSVUE. BERCAIL, sm. a sheepfold ; from L. berbSoa- lia* for vervecalia* ; heThecemfoTvervecem being found in the 1st cent. For v = 6 see bachelier and § 140. The 6 is dropped after the rule given in § 51 ; and berb'calia became bercail by reduction of bo to c after assimilation (see § 168), and the change of -alia into -ail, see ail and § 278. BERCEAU, sm. a cradle. See bercer. BERCER, va. to rock, lull. Origin unknown. •f"B6ret, sm. a beretto, flat cap, introd. from Beam patois {berreto)', from L. birretum*, found in a 6th-cent. MS. Bhet is a doublet of barrette. + Bergainote, sf. a bergamot pear; in- trod. from Port, bergamofa. BERGE, sf. a bank (of a ditch). Origin un- known. BERGER, sm. a shepherd ; from L. verve- carius, berb§carius, which wasbercarius in the 5th cent, and even earlier. Ver- v(§)c£rius loses its S after the rule given under accointer. Verv'carius became berger by changing (1) v into 6, see bache- lier ; (2) vc into c, see alleger ; (3) c into g, see § 129; (4) -arius into -ier, see dnier. — Der. bergerie. Berline, sf. a berlin ; a carriage first introd. at Berlin. BERLUE, sf. dimness of sight ; properly a condition of the eyes which makes people see the same objects repeated, or even fictitious objects ; der. indirectly from L. bis-lucere. For bis = ber see bis ; the relation between lue and lueur, luire, is clear. A softened form of berlue is bellue (for r = 1 see § 154), whose dim. is beluette, a spark, now contrd. into bluette, q. v. + Ber me, sf. bench or sloping bank of a canal ; from Germ, berme. BERNER, va. to toss in a blanket. O. Fr. berne, a garment, cloth. Similarly the Ro- mans used the subst. sagatio, as they tossed persons in a sagum (military cloak). Origin unknown. B6ryl, sm. a beryl; from L. beryllus. BESACE, sf a beggar's double wallet. It. bisaccia, from L. bisaccia (used by Pe- tronius for a wallet with a pouch at either end). For i = e see § 71; for -cia = -ce see § 244. BESAIGRE, adj. doubly acid ; from bis and aigre, q. v. BESAIGUE, sf. a double axe, bill; from bis and aigue, q. v. BESANT, sm. a bezant. Prov. bezan, It. bizanie, originally meaning a gold coin, struck by the Eastern Emperors, from L. byzantius*, sc. nummus (coin of Byzan- tium). For y = je see § 71. BESICLES, sf. pi. spectacles. O. Fr. bericle, meaning crystal, or spectacles ; from bery- ciilus, beryclus*, dim. of L. beryllus (used in both senses in medieval writers). For r = s see arroser. BESOGNE, sf. work, business. Origin un- known. Besogne is a doublet of besoin. BESOIN, sm. need, desire. Origin unknown. — Der. besoigneux. Bestiare, sm. a gladiator, bestiarius ; from L. bestiarius. Bestial, arf/. bestial ; from L. bestialis. — Der. bestiality. BESTIAUX, sm.pl. cattle; from L. bestialia. For 1 = « see agneau. Bestiole, sf. a small beast, a ninny ; from L. ^bestiola. BfiTAIL, sm. cattle ; from L. bestialia. For loss of s see § 148 ; for -alia=-az7 see ail ^and § 278. BETE, sf a beast. O, Fr. beste, from L. bestia. For loss of s see § 148. — Der. bk'xst, zbetir, embeter. BETOINE, sf. (Bot.) betony; from L.bet6nica cited by Lat. authors as a word of Gaulish origin. Betonioa loses its two short syl- lables under the influence of the Lat. accent, see §§ 50, 51, and the Lat. o becomes oi by the attraction of the subsequent i : see ckanoine &nd Hist. Gram. p. 52. + B6ton, sm. bitumen; from Prov. betun, L. bitumen. Beton is a doublet of bitume. BETTE, */. (Bot.) beet ; from L. beta. For betterave, beetroot (in 1 6th cent, so written), see bette and rave. BEUGLER, vn. to low, bellow; from L. buculare*, to low like an ox, from bucu- lus, in Columella. Buc('u)lare, regularly contrd. into buc'lare (see § 52), pro- duced beugler by change of cl into gl, see aigle ; and of u into en, a change found in fluvius, fleuve. — Der, beuglemtnt. BEURRE, sm. butter; from L. butyrum. Butyrum is regularly contrd. into but'rum (§ 51), and becomes beurre by changing (l) u into eu, see beugler; (2) br into rr, see § 168. B^VUE, sf. a blunder, oversight ; formerly besvue, a false view. Cettefausselumiere est une b^vue de ses yeux, says a lyth-cent. writer. This is the right meaning ; an error springing from an optical illusion ; — one has believed one saw something that had no existence, or had seen amiss, had SEZOARD— BILLET. 51 hevu, seen double. See his for bis = fee; for vue see voir. ■fB^zoard, sm. a bezoar, in the 16th cent, bezoar ; introd. from India by the Port, bezuar. BIAIS, sm. slant, slope; from L. bifacem, used by Isidore of Seville in the sense of squinting, of one who looks sidelong. For loss of f see antienne ; for -acem = -ais see vrai. — 'Der. biaiser. Biberon, sm. a sucking-bottle, a toper ; a bastard word formed from bibere and the suffix -on, like forgeron {rom forger. Bible, sf. the Bible ; from L. biblia, which from Gr. ISipXia, collection of sacred books. — Der. bibliqvie. Bibliographie, sf. bibliography ; from Gr. ^i^Kiov and ypacp'q. — Der. bibliograph. Bibliomanie, sf. bibliomania ; from Gr. ^i^Kiov and ixavia. — Der. bibliomane. Bibliophile, sm. a lover of books; from Gr. ^i^Xiov and (piXos. Bibliothdque, sf. a library ; from Gr. ^i^XioOtikt]. — Der. bibliothecHre. BICHE, sf. a hind, roebuck. Origin un- known. tBicoque, sf. a little paltry town, a hovel; introd. in i6th cent, from It. bicocca. BIDET, sm. a nag, pony. Origin unknown. BIDON, sm. a jug, can. Origin unknown. BIEF, sm. a mill-race. See biez. BIEILLE, sf. a connecting rod. Origin un- known. BIEN, adv. well, sm. good; from L. bene. For e = ie see § 56. — Der. bien-etre, bien- fare, 6/enfaisant, bienhisa.nce (a word not invented by the Abbe de Saint Pierre, as has been said, but brought into fashion by him), bienfa.h, 6fenfaiteur, fez'enheureux, bien- seant, bientbt, bienveiWant, bienvenu, bien- venue. Biennal, adj. biennial; from L. bienna- lis. ^ BIENSEANT, adj. becoming, proper; from hien and seant partic. of seoir, q. v. — Der. hienseanct. BIENT6t, adj. soon. See tot. BIENVEILLANT, adj. kind, benevolent; MALVEILLANT, adj. unkind, malevolent. One might believe, on a superficial exami- i nation of these words, that they were formed from veillant, partic. of veiller. This is not the case. The old form of these words is bienveuillant, malveuillant : veuillant the old pres. part, of vouloir, q. v., and hien- mal- veillant are simply = i/ott/a«/ le hien, voulant le mal. This origin is proved by It. benivolente : had the word been formed from veiller, the It. form would have been bene vegliante ; hence it is clear that vouloir is the true original of the words. — Der. bienveillance, malveillanct. BIERE, sf. beer ; from O. H. G. bisr. BI^RE, sf. a bier ; from O. H. G. hara, a litter. BIEVRE, sm. the beaver ; from L. bibrum (' castorem, bibrum,' says the Schol. on Juvenal, Sat. 12). For i = e see § 71 ; and then for e = ie see § 56; for b=v see § 113. Bibrum has given bievre, like febrim_;fei're. BIEZ, Ibief) sm. a mill-race. O. Fr. hied. Low L. bedum; of Germ, origin, from O.H.G. betti, lit. of a water-course. BIFFER, va. to strike out, erase. Origin unknown. tBifteck, sm. a beefsteak; a word introd. into the Fr. language after the inva- sions of 1814, 1815; corruption of Engl, beefsteak. Bifurquer, vn. to fork ; from L. bifurcus. — Der. bifurc^tjpn. Bigame, adj. bigamous ; from L. bigamus. — Der. bigamie. tBigarade, sf. a bitter orange; from Prov. bigarrat. Origin unknown. Bigarrer, va. to streak, chequer; a word which does not seem to be old in the Fr. language. Origin unknown. BIGLE, adj. squint-eyed. Origin unknown. BIGORNE, sf. a beaked anvil ; from L. bi- cornis. For e=^see § 129. BIGOT, adj. bigoted ; sm. a bigot. Origin unknown. — Der. bigot'isme, bigoterk. BIJOU, sm. a jewel, trinket. Origin un- known —Der. bijouiiei, bijouttrie. t Bilan, sm. a balance-sheet; introd. in 1 6th cent., with many other commercial terms, from It. bilancio. Bilan is a doublet of balance, q. v. BILBOQUET, sm. cup and ball. Origin un- known. Bile, sf. bile; from L. bills. — Der. hilieux. t Bill, sm. a bill ; an Engl, word introd, in the first years after the Restoration into parliamentary language. Bill is a doublet of bulle. BILLARD, sm. billiards. See bille. BILLE, sf. a ball. Origin unknown. — Der. bilhTd. BILLE, sf. a log of wood, ready to be sawn into planks ; from Celt. (Irish hille, a tree I trunk). — Der. billot. 1 Billet, sm. a note, billet. The form bill a is E2 . 5» billeves^e—blAmer. found in medieval Lat. parallel to Class. Lat. bulla ; of this word billet is the dim. BILLEVESEE, sf. nonsense, trash. Origin un- known. BILLON, sm. copper coin ; a word traceable to the 13th cent. Origin unknown. — Der. hillonntx, -age. BILLOT, sm. a block. See hille. BIMBELOT, sm. a plaything, toy. Origin unknown. — Der. bimbelotier, -erie. Binaire, adj. binary; from L. binarius. BINER, va. to turn up the ground a second time; from L. binaxe*, deriv. from bintis. Binocle, sm. binocle, double eye-glass ; a faulty word made since the beginning of this cent., from L. bini-oculi (bin-ocli, bin-ocle). Bindme, sm. a binomial; from L. bis and Gr. vofxrj. Biographe, sm. a biographer; from two Gr. words, Pios and ypd<peiy. — Der. bio- ^raphie, -ique. Bipdde, adj. two-legged ; from L. b ip e d e m. BIQUE, s/. a she-goat. Origin unknown. Bis, adv. again, encore; a Lat. word used as a prefix to bisaHeul, bissac, biscuit, etc. By changing i into e (see § 71) bis becomes bes in besaigre, besaigue, besace, q. v. ; and this is reduced to be in bevue, q. v. By changing s into r (see or- fraie) bes becomes ber in berlue, q. v., and in berouette, q. v., which has been contrd. to brouette, q. v, Ber before / even assimi- lates its r into /, as in belluette, later bluette, q. V. Lastly in the two words barlong, ba- rioler, q. v., the prefix ber becomes bar by changing e into a, see amender. Along with these changes of form has come an important change in sense; bis in passing into the Romance languages takes a bad sense, which affects the rest of the compound. Thus the Sp. bis-ojo (lit. two- eyed), Walloon bes-iemps (lit. double-time or weather), It. bis-cantare (lit. to sing double), Cat. bes-compte (lit. double ac- count), signify respectively, squinting, bad weather, to sing false, a false account. Similarly in Fr. biscomu (lit. two-horned), bistorne (lit. twice-bent), have taken the sense of crooked, queer, and deformed. So also with bevue, berlue, q. v., which etymo- logically do not deserve the bad sense given them by the Fr. language. BIS, adj. brown. Origin unknown. BISAIEUL, sm. a great-grandfather. See bis and aieul. fBisbille, sf. bickering, jangling; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. bisbiglio. BISCAYEN, sm. a long-barrelled musket, invented in Biscay. The name is still ap- plied to the balls which fitted it, though of a calibre no longer useful. BISCORNU, adj. strange, queer, crotchety. See bis and cornu. BISCUIT, sm. biscuit ; from L. bis cocttis. For oct = uit see attrait. BISE, sf. the north wind. Origin unknown. BISEAU, sm. a slant, bevil. Origin unknown. t Bismuth, sm. bismuth; from Germ, bissmuth. The ordinary form of the Germ, word is wissmuth. Bison, sm. a bison; from L. bison. BISQUE, sf. odds. Origin unknown, BISQUER, vn. to be vexed. Origin unknown. Bissac, sm. a wallet; from L, bissacium. Bissexte, sm. the bissextile (day) ; from L. bissextus,the 'double-sixth,' TheRomans once in four years reckoned two sixth days before the Kalends of March, so that there was a second sixth day, whence the name bissextus, — Der. bissextWe. Bistouri, sm. (Surg.) bistoury. Origin un- known. BISTOURNER, va. to twist. See bis and tourner. BISTRE, sm. bistre. Origin unknown. — Der. bistrer. BITORD, sm. spun yarn ; from L. bis tortus. Bitume, sffz. bitumen ; from L. bitumen. Bitume is a doublet of beton. tBivouaC, sm. a bivouac, guard; origi- nally bivac, from Germ, beiivache; introd. at the time of the Thirty Years* War.— Der. bivaqutr. + Bizarre, adj. strange, capricious. It originally meant valiant, intrepid ; then angry, headlong ; lastly strange, capricious. From Sp. bizarro, valiant. — Der. bizarrerie. BLAFARD, adj. wan, pallid; of Germ, origin, from O. H. G. bleifaro. BLAIREAU, sm. a badger. O. Fr. blereau, a form which shows the origin of the word better. Blereau is a dim. of ble, the blereau being rightly an animal which feeds on corn, ble, q, v. The Engl, badger signifies lit. a corn merchant, and thus illustrates the etymology of blereau. See § 15 for these rnetaphors. BLAMER, va. to blame. O, Fr. blasmer, from L, blasphemare (used by Gregory of Tours in the sense of blame) ; in the glossaries we find ' blasphemare, vituperare, reprehendere.' * Tantummodo BLANC— BOIRE. 53 blasphemabatur a pluribus,' says Aymon the Monk, ' quod esset avaritiae deditus.' For the loss of the e see § 52. Blas'mare gives us the O. Fr. blasmer, whence bldmer. For the loss of the s see abime. Bldmer is a doublet of blasphemer, q. v. BLANC, adj. white ; from O.H.G. blanch. — Der. blanchet, blancher, blanchatre, blajich- ir, blanchi$sa.ge, blanchissem, blanquette. BLANQUETTE, sf. a blanket. See blanc. Blanquette is a doublet of blanchette. BLASER, va. to blunt, cloy, satiate. Origin unknown. BLASON, sm. arms, coat of arms, in the llth cent, a buckler, shield ; then a shield with a coat of arms of a knight painted on it ; lastly, towards the 15th cent, the coats of arms themselves. Origin unknown. — Der. blasonntr. Blasphemer, va. to blaspheme; from L. blasphemare. Blasphemer is a doublet of bldmer, q. v. — Der. blaspheme (verbal subst.), blasphemiteuT. BLATIER, sm. a corn factor. See ble. Blatte, sf. a cockroach; from L. blatta. BLE, sm. corn. O. Fr. bled, Prov. blat, Low L. bladum, abladum (meaning corn harvested), from L. ablatum * (gathering in, harvest, in medieval texts). Ablatum is properly what one has gathered in and carried off: the metaphor is not unusual in the Indo-Germanic languages ; in Gr. KapiTos, fruit, is lit. ' destined to be carried off, gathered ; ' the Germ, herbst means properly what is carried off. Ablatum becomes ble, (i) by changing -atum. into -e, see § 201 ; (2) by loss of initial a, as in adamantem, diamant. Hist. Gram. p. 80. — Der. 6/a/reau (q.v.), Watier (q.v.), in Low L.bladarius. For -arius = -/er see § 198. BL£ME,arf;. wan, pale ; of Germ, origin, from Scand. bldman (bluish, livid). — Der. blemir. BLESSER, va. to wound. Origin unknown. — Der. blessme. BLETTE, adj. mellow, over-ripe. Origin un- known. BLEU, adj. blue; of Germ, origin, from O.H.G. blao. — Der. bleuir, bleuktie, bleuet. * Blinde, sf. sheeting; from Germ, blende. — Der. blinder, blindage. BLOC, sm. a block, lump ; of Germ, origin, from O. H. G. bloc. — Der. bloquer, de- bloquer. t BlockhaUS, sm. a block-house ; introd. lately into the military art, from Germ. . blockhaus. Blockhaus is a doublet of blocus, • q. V. under bloc. fBloeUS, sm. a blockade, investment. A word introd. in the 1 6th cent., comes from the old Germ, form blockhuis (a little fort intended to block the communications of a besieged town). BLOND, adj. fair, light, flaxen. Origin un- known. — Der. blond'm, blond'ir, blonde. BLOQUER, va. to block. See bloc. BLOTTIR (Se), vpr. to squat, cower, crouch ; originally a falconry term, used of the falcon when it gathers itself up to roost on its perch {blot). From this special meaning the word gets (by one of those widenings of signification spoken of in § 12) the general sense of to gather oneself up, crouch. Origin unknown. BLOUSE, (l) sf. pocket (in billiards). Origin unknown. (2) sf. a smock-frock, blouse. Origin unknown. BLUET, sm. a cornflower. O. Fr. bleuet, from bleu, q. V. For eu = M seejumeau. BLUETTE, .<f. a spark (from hot iron, etc.), a literary trifle, jeu d'esprit. O. Fr. beluette, belluette, in Norm, patois berluette, dim. of bellue (see berlue). The prim, sense of bluette is a spark ; thus R^gnier speaks of a great conflagration qui nait d'une bluette : hence metaph. a little poem is called a bluette, a passing spark of wit. BLUTER, va. to bolt, sift (meal). O. Fr. beluter, buleter, originally bureter, to sift over the coarse cloth, bure, q. v. For T = l see § 154. As a confirmation of this origin, we find buratare in the sense of bluter in a Lat. work of the llth cent.; and moreover the It. use buratello for bluteau, a bolter. — Der. blutezxx, blutok, blutAge. Boa, sm. a boa-constrictor; from L. boa. Bobdche, sf. a sconce, socket. Origin un- known. Bobine, ./. a bobbin. Origin unknown. BOCAGE, sm. a grove, thicket. O. Fr. boscage, Prov. boscatge, from L. bosca- ticum, dim. of boscum. (see bois). For -aticum = -age see § 248 ; for the loss of s see § 148. + Bocal, sm. a wide-mouthed bottle ; introd. in i6th cent, from It. boccale. BCEUF, sm. an ox ; from L. bovem. For o = (Bu see accueillir ; for v =/ (a rare change in Lat., though we find parafredus for paraveredus in the Germanic Laws), we find it in Fr. (i) for the initial v, as in vie em, fois ; and (2) for the final v, as in brevem, bref, see Hist. Gram. p. 59. BOIRE, va. to drink; from L. bibere. 54 BOIS — BORD. Bib(6)re, regularly contrd. into bib*re (see § 51), has undergone two changes: (i) br into r, as in scrib're, 6crire, § 168. (2) Accented 1 becomes ol, in the case of I, as in fidem, foi, § 68; in the case of i, as in cervisia, cervoise, § 69, note 2 ; in the case of i long by position, as in dig'tus, doigt, § 74. Atonic i becomes oi, when short, as in ^\ickrQ,ployer, § 68 ; when long by nature, as in vicinus, voisin when long by position, as in piscionem, poisson. — Der. 6oJte (in the expression kre en boite, speaking of wine; strong partic. of boire, see absoute), bu (O. Fr. beii, contrd. from bibiitus, a barbarous form of the p.p. of bibere). For loss of medial b in bi(b)utTis see § 1 13 ; for loss of final t see aigu; for i = e see § 71. This form, bibuttis for bibitus is not alone ; we find pendtitus, in the Lex Alaman ; battatus, in a decree of a.d. 585; reddutus, in a chartulary of a.d. 796. BOIS, sm. wood. Prov. bosc. It. bosco, in oldest Low L. boscum, buscxun, mean- ing wood. Origin unknown. For u = oz see § 88; for sc = s, cp. discus, dais. — Der. boiiCT, debotser, leboisei, boiserie. BOISSEAU, sm. a bushel. O. Fr. boissel, from L. bustellus*, dim. of busta, properly a vessel to measure grain ; see bolie. For st = ss see Hist. Gram. p. 73, and u = ot see § 88; for -ellus =-eatt see § 282. BOISSON, sf. a beverage, drink; from L. bibitionem*. For loss of b, bi(b)ition- em see § 113; for -tionem = -5so» see § 132 ; for i = oi see § 68. BOITE, sf. a box. O. Fr. boiste, which is successively bossida, boxida, in Lat. documents : when we reach the 9th cent. we find the original form btxxida. Bux- ida is the Gr. irv^iSa. Bilxida, after be- coming bossida by change of x into s (see aisselle), and of u into (see § 98), is regularly contrd. into boss'da. Boss'da becomes boiste by changing o into oi, see § 87 ; and d into /, see doni. For loss of s in boisie, see § 148. Boite is a doublet of buste, q. v. Boile is also used for the socket or ' box ' of a joint ; a mean- ing preserved in such phrases as, se de- boiter un bras, 'to put one's arm out,' i.e. of the socket; emboiter un os, ' to but a bone in'; boiler, to be malformed at the joints, i. e. to limp. — Der. boitiei. BOfTER, vn. to limp, halt. See boite. — Der. 6orVeux. Bol, sm. a bolus, pill ; from Gr. fiw\os. + Bol, sm. a bowl ; from Engl. howl. BOMBANCE, sf. feasting, junketing. Origin unknown. BOMB, sf. a bomb. Origin unknown. — Der. 6ow6arde, 6o»i6arder, 6om6ardement, bombcT. BOMBER, va and n. to swell out. See bombe. BON, adj. good ; from L. bonus. — Der. bon (sm. a good thing, whence abonnex, lit. prendre un bon pour quelque chose), bonne (sf.), 6onasse, 6o«ifier, iowification, bonbon, bonbonmhie. + Bonace, 5/'. a calm smooth sea; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. bonaccia. BOND, sm. a bound. See bondir. BONDE, sf. a sluice, floodgate ; a word of Germ, origin, from Swab, bunte. — Der. bondon, bonder, debonder. BONDIR, vn. to bound, leap: this sense however is comparatively modern, and scarcely appears before the i6th cent. Origi- nally it meant to resound, re-echo ; in the Chanson de Roland the elephant of Charle- magne's nephew bondissait, trumpeted more loudly than all the others. Bondir comes from L. bombitare*. For the change of conjugation see aimant. Bombitare, re- gularly contrd. into bomb 'tare, changes bt into d, see accouder; m into n, see § 160. — Der. bond (verbal subst.), bondissement, rebondir. BONHEUR, sm. happiness. See heur. fBoni, sm. a bonus; a Lat. word, lit. *of good.' BONNET, sm. a cap. The original sense is ' stuff.' There were robes de bonnet : the phrase chapel de bonnet is several times found ; this was abridged into un bonnet, as we say un feutre for un chapeau de feutre (' a beaver ' for ' a hat of beaver '). Origin unknown. — Der. bonnetier, bonneterie. BONTE, sf. goodness ; from L. bonitatem. For the loss of i see § 52 ; and for -tatem = -te see § 230. + Borax, sm. borax; introd. from the East, with many other chem. terms, from the Heb. borak, white. BORD, sm. edge, border, bank, shore ; from Neth. bord. — Der. border, bordme, ^border, deborder, bordage, rebord, borderenu, bordee (a broadside, from their arming the same side, of the ship). — Another form of border is broder, by transposing the r, see Hist. Gram. p. 77. The original sense oi border is to ornament the edge (bord) of a gar- ment, etc., with needlework, to make a border. By way of confirming this etymology B ORtA L — B UFFON. 55 the Sp. bordar means both ' to edge ' and ' to embroider.' Border is a doublet of trader, q. v. Bor6al, adj. boreal, northerly ; from L. borealis. BORGNE, adj. one-eyed, blind of one eye. Origin unknown. — Der. eborgnei. BORNE, sf. a boundary, landmark. O. Fr. bontie, in nth cent, bodne, from Merov. L. bodina, in a 7th-cent. document. The origin of the word is unknown. B6d(i)na, contrd. into bod'na, became bodne, which then became bonne by assimilating dn into nn, see aller : just as 11 becomes rl by dis- similation in ul'lare, hurler, so nn {bonne) becomes rn {borne), § 169. — Der. bornei, bornzge. BOSQUET, sm. a thicket, grove; dim. of boscus (see bois), properly ' a little wood.* Bosquet is a doublet of bouquet, q. v. BOSSE, sf. a hump. Origin unknown. — Der. bossii, bossMtv, bosstl&t, 6ossette. BOSSE, sf. a hawser. Origin unknown. — Der. em6os5er. [ t Bosseman, sm. a boatswain's mate; I introd. from Germ, bootsmann. • BOT, sm. a club-foot. Origin unknown. ! BOTANIQUE, adj. botanical ; from Gr. j ^oraviKT]. — Der. botaniste. j BOTTE, sf. a truss, bundle (of hay, etc.) ; from O. H. G. bozo, a fagot. — Der. botteler. I BOTTE, a butt, leather bottle; of Germ. I origin, from butte ; botle (boot) is the same I word. The transition from the 'leather i bottle ' to ' boot ' is not peculiar to Fr. ; the I Engl. 600/ is used to signify both foot-gear (and the luggage-box in a stage coach. — Der. bottier, bottine. tBotte, sf. a thrust, lunge (in fence); from It. botta. BOTTINE, sf. a half-boot. See botte. i BOUC, sm. a buck, he-goat. Origin unknown. I — Der. boiiqu'm, bouquetin, toucher. JBOUCHE, sf. a mouth; from L. bucca. For u = ou see § 90; for co = ch see § 126. — Der. boucMe, emboucktr, em- bouchnre, nbouch^t, boucher (properly to shut the mouth, close up an opening). Boueaner, va. to ' buccan,' smoke-dry ; Boucanier, sm. a buccaneer. Origin un- known. BOUCHER, va. to block up. See bouche.— Der. bouchon, bouchonner. BOUCHER, sm. a butcher, properly one who kills ' bucks ' (he-goats) ; BOUCHERIE, sf. the place where goat's flesh is sold ( it was eaten by the common folk in the middle ages). One knows the medieval jealousy^ between corporations, and with what rigour the division of labour was maintained and protected. As late as the i8th cent, shoe- makers, who made new shoes, might not act as cobblers ; and the cobblers seem to have often sued them at the law for trans- gressing their limits. Similarly the medieval bouchers, i. e. the salesmen of goat's flesh, were not allowed to sell meat of any other kind : thus we read in the Statuts de la Ville de Montpellier, a.d. 1204, Ni el mazel de bocarid ?io sid venduda earn de feda — ' Merchants in boucherie are for- bidden to sell lamb.' Here the word bouch- erie— viande de bouc (its proper sense). As a full confirmation of this deriv. of boucher we may note the It. beccaio, which is de- rived in exactly the same way from becco^ the he-goat. BOUCHON, sm. a wisp (of straw) ; of Germ. origin. Germ, busch. BOUCLE, sf. a buckle; from L. bucula*. •Bucxila, umbo scuti,' says Isidore of Se- ville. For loss of the atonic u see § 51 ; for u = o« see § 90. Boucle in the middle ages had the double sense of a ' shield's boss' and 'a ring'; the last sense has alone survived, and is metaph. developed in the boucle de cheveux, ringlets. The first sense has disappeared in the radical, but remains in the deriv. bouclier, which in very early Fr. was simply an adj. Before the 13th cent, the phrase ran un ecu bouclier (as one says un jour ouvrier), i. e. a shield with a boss {boucle) ; then the epithet drove out the subst., and from the 14th cent, onwards the word bouclier is used alone. BOUDER, vn. to pout, sulk. Origin un- known. — Der. boudoir (a word created in the 13th cent.), 6ottc/me. BOUDIN, sm. a black-pudding. Origin un- known. BOUE, sf. mud, mire. Origin unknown.— Der. fcoweux. BOUEE, sf. a buoy, dim. of boue ; originally boye, a buoy, in O. Fr., from L. boja, a chain or rope fastened to a piece of floating wood. For j = i see aider ; for o = ou see affouage. BOUFFER, va. to puff, swell ; onomatopoeia, see § 34. Bouffer is a doublet of bouffir.—- Der. bouffe. BOUFFIR, va. to puff up, inflate ; onoma- topoeia. — Der. bouffissure. tBouffon, sm. a buffoon; introd, in 86 BOUOE^BOURG^ 1 6th cent, from It. huffone. — Der. houffon- nerie. BOUGE, sf. a closet, hovel, bulge ; from L. bvilga, a little bag ; according to Festus, a word of Gaulish origin, * bulgas Galli sac- culos scorteos vocant.' From hag it passed to the sense of * box,' thence metaph. to that of • a retreat,' room as narrow and dark as a box. The same metaphor sur- vives in the vulgar speech of Paris ; whence we can better understand how this change came in among the Romans. BOUGER, vn. to stir, 'budge.' Prov. bolegar, to disturb oneself; It. bulicare*, to bubble up; from L. bullicare*, frequent, of bullire. Each of the three Romance forms works a fresh step in the change of sense. Bull(i)c&re, regularly contrd. into bull'care, becomes bouger by changing (i) ull into o«, see agneau ; (2) care into ger, see adjuger. Bougie, ^f. wax candle; of hist, origin, § 33- Wax candles were first made in the town of Bougie. — ^Der. feoK^eoir. BOUGON, adj. grumbling. Origin unknown. BOUILLIR, vn. to boil; from L. bullire. For u = OM see accouder; for lli = «7/ see ail. — Der. bouillon, bouillonner ; bouill'i, bouillie, bouilloixQ. BOULANGER, sm. a baker. Origin un- known. — Der. boulanger'it. BOULE, ./. a ball ; from L. biilla. For u = ou see accouder. — Der. boulet, boulette, boulon, botilevtrstr, whose proper meaning is ' to make one turn like a ball.' ^bouler is properly ' to roll like a ball as one falls.' Boule is a doublet of bulle, q. v. BOULEAU, sm. a birch tree ; dim. of O. Fr. boule, from L. betula. Betula, regularly contrd. into bet'la, changes tl into //, then into /, as in rot'lus, rule; see § 168. + Bouledogue, sm. a bull-dog; lately introd. from Engl, bulldog. BOULEVARD, sm. a boulevard, bulwark, rampart. O. Fr. boulevart, boulevert, boule- vera, introd. early in the 15th cent, from Germ, bollwerk, a fortification. We know that originally the word was a term of military art, meaning the terre-pleins, plat- forms of the ramparts. The Boulevards of Paris were, in the time of Louis XIV, simply the line of fortifications round the city; this, planted with trees, became a fashion- able walk, and the word boulevard became synonymous with a walk or street planted with trees, a meaning quite foreign to its etymol. sense. BOULEVERSER, va. to overthrow. See boule. — Der. bouleversemenX.. Boulimie, sf. voracity, diseased hunger; from Gr. PovXtfiia. fBouline, sf. a bowline; from Engl. bowline. — Der. boulinex. tBoulingrin, sm. a bowling-green; introd. from Engl, boivlifig-green. BOULON, sm. a bolt, pin. See boule.— Der. bordonner. BOUQUET, sm. a bouquet, posy. O. Fr. bousquet, originally bosquet, properly =/)e/iV bois : the phrase bouquet d'arbres is still used. This sense of ' a little wood ' is quite plain in Mme. de S^vign6's phrase, II a voulu vendre un petit bouquet qui faisait un assez grande beaute. The prim, form bosquet is a dim. of L. boscum* ; see bois. For o = OM see affouage ; for loss of s see § 148. — Der. bouquetihie. BOUQUIN, sm. an old he -goat. See bouc. tBouquin, sm. an old buck; introd. from Netherl. bceckin. — Der. bouquintx, bouquiniste. BOURACAN, sm. a barracan. Origin un- known. BOURSE, sf. mire, mud. Origin unknown. Der. bourbeux, bourbier, embourber. BOURDE, sf. a falsehood, ' bouncer.' Origin unknown. BOURDON, sm. a pilgrim's staff; from L. burdo, an ass. For vi = ou see accouder. This metaphor is not peculiar to the Ro- mance languages : there are many instances of the analogy between the stick which supports, and the beast which carries ; the Sp. muleta means either ' a mule ' or ' a crutch ' ; It. mula means also ' a stick.' In the 1 7th cent, the staff" was called ' the cordelier's hackney,' a phrase answering to the Sp. el caballo de S. Francisco, St. Francis's horse, i. e. a stick. BOURDON, (1) sm. the drone-stop in an organ. Origin unknown. — Der. bourdon, an insect whose buzzing is Hke the sound of the organ's bourdon. (2) sm. a drone. — Der. bourdonntr, bourdonv.ement. BOURG, sm. a borough, burgh; from L. biirgus, which usually means a small for- tified place, as in Vegetius, ' Castellum par- vum, quod burgum vocant.' In Isidore of Seville the word has already got its modern sense; ' Burgus,' he says, * domo- rum congregatio, quae muro non clauditur.' From burgensis (a form to be found in Merov. documents; and in an iith-cent. BOURGEOIS — BOUVREUIL. 57 document we find Remenses bvirgen- ses) we get Fr. bourgeois, a dweller in a bourg. For ns = s see aine ; for e = oi see accroire ; for u = ou see accouder. — Der. bourg^At. BOURGEOIS, sm. a burger, townsman. See bourg. — Der. bourgeoisie. BOURGEON, sm. a 'burgeon,' bud, shoot. O. Fr. bourgeon, originally burjon; of Germ, origin. O. H. G. burjan, to lift; properly that which pushes, lifts, as the first out- pushing of a sprouting tree. — Der. bour- geonner. tBourginestre, sm. a burgomaster; introd. from Germ, bur germeister. BOURRACHE, sf. borage. It. borragine, from L. borraginem. Borraginem having lost the syllables after the accented syllable (Hist Gram. p. 34), produces bour- rache. For o — ou see affouage ; for g = c (the O. Fr. form was borrace) see fraise ; for c = ch see § 126. fBourrasque, sf. a squall; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. burrasca. i BOURRE, sf. hair, flock; from Low L. burra* (a heap of wool). For u = om see accouder. The bourre of a gun is the same word, the wads being ordinarily made of wool and hair. From this word comes 6owrrcr, (to ram the wad, bourre, home), thence to stuff; hence the deriv. Aibourrer, embourrer, Tembourrer, bourrade, bourree, bottrra, ■ bourreXex, bourrelet, bourlet. BOURREAU, sm. an executioner. Origin unknown. BOURRELET, sm. a pad, cushion. See bourre. BOURRIQUE, sf. a she-ass ; from L. burri- cus in Isidore of Seville, which means a wretched little nag, ' mannus quem vulgo buricum vocant.' For n = ou see accou- der. — Der. bourriquet. BOURRU, adj. peevish, crabbed ; one who crams (bourrer) one with insults. See bourre. BOURSE, sf. a purse, exchange ; from L. byrsa, the Gr. ^vpaa. For y = ou see § lOi. — Der. boursier ; debourser, debours ; rem6o7/r5er, -ement, -able. BOURSOUFLER, va. to puff up, bloat ; BOURSOUFLE, adj. swollen, bloated, botir- sesoufle, i.e. soufle, puffed out like a purse. For etymology see bourse and souffler. In Wallachia bosunfla is used similarly : the word means literally to blow up (unfla) Hke a purse (60s), a parallel which confirms the metaphor in the Fr. word. — Der. bour- souflmQ. BOUSCULER, va. to turn upsidedown. Origin unknown. BOUSE, sf. cow-dung. Origin unknown. — Der. bousiWer. tBoussole, sf a compass; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. bossolo, properly the little box in which the needle, etc., are kept. BOUT, sm. end. See bouter. — Der. dtbout^ tmbouttr, aboudi. t Boutade, sf. a whim, freak. See bouter. BOUTE-EN-TRAIN, sm. a breeding-horse. See bo7iter. BOUTE-FEU, sm. a linstock. See bouter. BOUTEILLE, sf. a bottle ; from L. buticula, found in the Glosses of Reichenau, 8th cent., and after that in the well-known Capitulary de Villis. Buticula is dim. of butica, which occurs in Papias with the explanation 'vasis genus' : butica is from Gr. /3vTts (a flask). Buticula becomes bouteille by changing (i) -icula into -eille, see § 257; (2) u into ou, see accouder. BOUTER. va. to put, set, push. O. Fr. boter, from M. H. G. bi'izen. — Der. bout (verbal subst., properly that part of a body which pushes or touches first), 6ow^ure (a cutting, the piece one puts into the ground), bouton (that which pushes out, makes knobs on plants ; thence by analogy, pieces of wood or metal shaped like buds), boute- feu (which is used to set fire, bouter feu, to guns), boute-en-train (that which sets going), boute-selle (a signal to cavalry to set them- selves, see bouter, in the saddle), arc-boutant (an arched buttress, flying buttress, an arch which pushes back a wall), boutoir (a but- tress), boutade (an attack, push, introd. in 1 6th cent, from It., as is shown by its ter- mination -ade). See § 201. BOUTIQUE, sf. a shop ; corrupted from L. apotheca. For the analysis of this word see § 172, where it has been fully discussed. — Der. boutiquier. Boutiquier is a doublet of apothecaire, q. v. BOUTON, sm. a button. See bouter.— Titr. boutonner, deboutonner, boutonmhre. BOUTURE, /. a slip, cutting. See bouter. BOUVIER, sm. a neatherd, drover ; from L. bovarius. For -arius = -zer see § 198 ; for o = ou see affouage. Another deriv. of bovus is bouvillon. BOUVREUIL, sm. a bullfinch ; from L. bo- vSriolus, a little neatherd, dim. of bo- varius. For the cause of this name see § 15, where it is discussed. Bov(a)riolus is contrd. into bov'riolus, see § 5 2 ; it then becomes bouvreuil by changing (i) -iolus 5« BOVINE — BREBIS. into -euil, see § 353; (2) o into ou, see affouage. Bovine, adj. bovine; from L. bovinus. t Boxer, vn. to box, spar; from Eng. box. — Der. 6o*eur. BOYAU, sm. a gut. O. Fr. boyel, originally boel. It. hudello, from L. botelluB, intes- tines, sausage, in Martial ; human intestines in the Barbaric Laws. * Si botellum vul- neraverit ' occurs in the Lex Frisionum (5, 52). For the change of meaning see § 14. For loss of the t see § 117; for -ellus = -eau see agneau. BRACELET, sm. a bracelet ; see hras. Dim. of bracel, which answers to L. brachile, which is found in the Germanic Laws : * Signis mulieri brachile furaverit,' Salic Law, 29, 37. For i = e see admettre. BRACONNER, va. to poach. See braque.— Der. braconnieT. BRAI, sm. residue of tar. Prov. brae. It. brago, from Scand. (Nors. 6ra'S, tar). BRAIE, sf. breeches. Prov. braya. It. braca, from L. braca, a word which Lat. writers consider to have been borrowed from Gael. — Der. brayette, debraiWer, d6brayeT. BRAILLER, vn. to brawl, bawl ; sec braire. — Der. brailhrd. BRAIRE, vn. to bray. Origin unknown. — Der. 6ra/ment, brailler. BRAISE, sf. embers. Sp. brasa, Port, braza, a word of Germ, origin (O. G. bras, fire). — Der. braistv, brasicr, embrasti. f Br axner, va. to bell (the stag) ; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. bramare. BRAN, sm. bran ; a word of Celt, origin (Gael. bran). BRANCARD, sm. a litter, handbarrow ; from branc, masc. form of branche, q. v. BRANCHE, sf. a branch. Origin unknown. — Der. ebrancher, embrancher, embranche- ment, brancard (which properly means a great bough stripped of its leaves, a great stick ; then the word is used of the shafts of a carriage, and of a litter originally formed of crossed sticks). BRANCHIES, s/.pl. branchix, gills (of a fish); from Gr. fipdyxia. BRANDE, sf. heather. Origin unknown. BRANDEBOURG, sm. frogs (of a coat) ; a word of hist, origin (§ 33), introd. in 17th cent, in sense of a coat adorned with trim- ming, like those worn in 1674 by the soldiers of the Elector of Brandenbourg, when they entered France. fBrandevin, sm. brandy; from Germ. branntwein. BRANDIR, va. to brandish, properly to shake a brand (sword), then to brandish any weapon. For such expansions of meaning see § 1 2. The O. Fr. brand is of Germ, origin (Scand. brandr). BRANDON, sm. a wisp of straw, dim. of O. H. G. brani. BRANLER, va. to shake. Origin unknown. — Der. branle (verbal subst.), 6ran/oire, 6raw/ement, dbranhx. BRAQUE, sm. a brach-hound ; of Germ, origin (Germ, bracke). The signification, a fool, hare-brained fellow, is metaph. = stu- pider than a brack, i.e. than a sporting dog. — Der. bracon, dim. braque, a little brach : the servant who looked after them was called the braconnier {c^. fauconnier ixom faucon). From this sense braconnier has come by a natural transition to its present sense : the servant in charge of the dogs hunted them on his own account in his master's absence ; thence it comes to mean a poacher. BRAQUEMART, sm. a broadsword. Origin unknown. BRAQUER, va. to point. Origin unknown. BRAS, sm. an arm ; from L. brachium. chi becomes first ci, and then s; see agencer. Brachia, by the regular change of chi into ci, and of ci into c (see agencer), produced O. Fr. brace ; this word again underwent the change of c into ss (see amide), and became brasse (the distance between one's extended arms, a fathom). — Der. Wrasse, ferassard, embrasser. BRAISER, sm. a brazier. See braise. BRASSER, va. to stir up, mix together. O. Fr. bracer, to make beer, from O. Fr. brace (malt). O. Fr. brace comes from L. brace (used by Pliny, who gives the word a Gaulish origin). Lat. brace had a deriv. bracivuu (' Bracirun unde cervisia fit,' says Papias) which has produced the O. Fr. brace, by changing ci into c, see agencer ; O. Fr. bracer has changed e into ss (see ami tie), whence brasser. + Brave, adj. brave, sm. a brave man; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. bravo. — 'Der. braver, brava.de, bravache, bravo. BRAYETTE, sf. flap (of trowsers). See braie. BREBIS, sf. a sheep. O. Fr. berbis, It. berbice, from L. berbicem*. For the transposition of the r see Hist. Gram. p. 77. Berbicem, a form found as early as Vopiscus, is common in the Germanic Laws : • Si quis berbicem furaverit,' Salic Law (t. 4, § 2). Berbi- cem is another form of berbecem, to be found in Petronius, ist cent. (For e = ? I BRECHE — BR OCHE. see § 59.) Berbecem, used by Petronius as a popular Lat. form, answers to the ver- vecem of the literary language. For v = 6 see § 140. BRECHE, sf. a gap, break; from O. H. G. brecha. — Der. ebrecher. BRECHET, sm. the breast-bone, brisket. O. Fr. breschet, originally brtschet, a word of Celtic origin (Kymri brisket, the breast). BREDOUILLER, vn. to stammer. Origin unknown. BREF, adj. short, brief; from L. brevis. For final v=/see § 142. BREF, sm. a papal brief; from L. breve (used for an act, document, by Justinian I and Jerome;. For final v=/ see § 142 — Der. brevet (see achever) jBREHAIGNE, adj. barren, sterile. Origin j unknown, ! BRELAN, sm. brelan (a game of cards) ; from j brelenc, of Germ, origin (Germ, bretling, \ dim. of brett, a board, whence a diceboard). BRELOQUE, sf. a trinket. Origin unknown. BREME, sf. a bream. O. Fr. bresme, from 1 Germ, brassen. BRETAUDER, va. to crop close (hair, etc.). Origin unknown. JBRETELLE, sf. a strap, brace. Origin un- ! known. JBRETTE, sf. a rapier, long sword; of Germ, origin {Sand, bregma). — Der. brettem. 8REUVAGE, sm. beverage. O. Fr. beuvrage, Sp. bebrage, It. beveraggio, from L. biber- aticum* (see Ducange). Biberaticum is from biberare * (frequent, of bibere). Bib(e)rdticuin, contrd. into bib'rdticum (§ 52). produced O. Fr. beuvrage by change (l) of -aticum into -age (§ 248) ; (2) of i into e (§ 72); e = eu is uncommon; (3) of b into V (see § 113). Beuvrage became breuvage by the transposition of r, discussed under dprete. Just as biberaticum has produced first beuvrage, then breuvage, biberare (a 1 medieval Lat. word) has produced, by means ! of its compd. adbiberare, the O. Fr. abeu- ! vrer, which has become abreuver as beuvrage t has become breuvage. For the permuta- ! tions see dprele. iJREVET, sm. brevet, letters-patent. See I bref{2). i3r6viaire, sm. a breviary; from L. brevi- ; arium (a manual, and, in particular, in I eccles. language, a manual of daily prayers). RIBE, ./. a hunch of bread. Origin un- known. Brick, sm. a brig ; from Engl. brig. 59 BR I COLE, sf. a breast-band. Origin un- known. BRIDE, /. a bridle ; of Germ, origin (O.H.G. brit'l, britiil). — Der. brid&x, bndon, de- brider. + Brigade, sf. a brigade; introd. in i6th cent, from It. brigata (division of an army). Brigade is a doublet of briguee. — Der. brigandage. BRIGUE, §f. an intrigue. Origin unknown. — ^Der. briguev. BRILLER, vn. to glitter, shine; from L. beryllare * (to sparkle like a precious stone ; from L. beryllus). For loss of e cp. perustulare, bruler. This loss, other- wise very rare, is found in other vowels, as in quiritare, crier; corrosus, creux; corotulare, crouler: it also occurs in the second degree in the Fr. forms bluter (beluter), bluette (belueite), brouette (berou- ette), etc. — Der. brilUnt, brUhnter. Briraborion, sm. a bauble, toy. Origin unknown. BRIN, sm. a blade (of grass, etc.). Origin unknown. BRIOCHE, sf. a cake. Origin unknown. BRIQUE, sf. a brick ; originally a fragment. The Bresse patois has the phrase brique de pain for a piece of bread. Of Germ, origin (Engl, brick, A. S. brice, a fragment). — Der. briquetitx, briqueter, briquet. •\' 'Briae, sfa breeze ; a sea term introd. to- wards the end of the 1 7th cent, from Engl. breeze. BRISER, va. to break ; from O. H. G. bristan. — Der. bris (verbal subst,), brisee (partic. subst.), 6mant, 6nseur. BROC, sm. a jug. Origin unknown. BROCANTER, va. to deal in second-hand goods. Origin unknown. — Der. brocantage, brocanleuT. t Brocard, sm. a taunt, jeer; word of hist, origin. In the middle ages, in scholastic phrase, brocard (Schol. Lat. brocarda) meant the ' sentences ' of Brocardus, Bishop of Worms, who compiled twenty books of ' Regulae Ecclesiasticae.' BROCART, sm. brocade; from brochart, a stuff brochee with gold. See broche. BROCHE, sf. a spit; from L. brocca * (a needle, der. from broccus, used by Plautus for a point, a sharp tooth). — Der. brocher, brochette, embrocher, brochure, brochige, brocket, dim. of broche, a word which in O. Fr. meant a pike, so called by reason of its pointed head : this metaphor is not pe* culiar; Engl, pike is a similar case. 6o BROCHER — BR ULER. BROCHER, va. to stitch (a book). See broche. — Der. brochure. BROCHET, sm. a pike. See broche. BRODEQ.UIN, sm. (i) a buskin, sock; (2) a half-boot. Sp. borcegui. It. borzacchino, from Flem. brosekin. The It. and Sp.have kept the Flem. s, while the Fr. has changed it, very irregularly, into the dental d. BRODER, va. to embroider. See border, of which it is a doublet Der. broderie. Bronches, sf. (Med.) the bronchus; from Gr. ^p6yxof- — Der. bronckite. BRONCHER, vn. to stumble. Origin un- known. + Bronze, sm. bronze; introd. in i6th cent, from It. bronzo. — Der. bronzer. BROSSE, sf. a brush. This word, now a piece of wood stuck with bristles, and for- merly with couch-grass or heather, is an example of restriction of meaning, see § 12. Brosse, Low L. brustia, from O. H. G. brustia, signified at the beginning of the Fr. language, heather, broom, and only slowly was taken to mean a branch of broom used to sweep away dust. This original sense of the word ( = broussailles, brush-wood) remains in some phrases and usages. Speaking of woodland, brushwood is still called une brosse ; to beat a thicket is still called brosser in hunting- speech; cp. *to brush the covers': so Ronsard says, // brossa longuement sans trouver nulle proie ; and Saint-Simon even uses the word in the general sense of passing or crossing, Le premier president brossa a trovers la compaigne et disparut. This verb brosser, to traverse, cross, exists still in the deriv. rebrousser, originally rebrosser. Lastly, hroussaille, in the 16th .cent, brossaille, is the dim. of brosse, and signifies a little brosse, a little brush. BROUET, sm. caudle, broth. The broth which Le Fontaine's fox serves up for the stork is brouet. Like It. brodetto, which is the dim. of It. brodo, brouet is the dim. in et of O. Fr. brou, which answers to Low L. brodum and to O. H. G. brod (gravy). For change of brodum into brou see affou- age ; for the loss of d see accabler. BROUETTE, sf. a wheelbarrow; in 12th cent, berouaite, Walloon berouette. This word signified as late as the 1 8th cent, a little two-wheeled truck ; in Louis XIV's days it was a chaise-a-porteur on two wheels. In the 1 5th cent, it was a cart of considerable size, for Andr6 de la Vigne speaks of des charrettes e/ brouettes yw« estoient a V entree de Charles VIII a Florence. Brouefte or rather berouette (the prim, orthography) is a dim. of beroue * (for dim. in -el(e see ab- lette). Beroue is from L. birota, a two- wheeled car. For bi = be see bis ; for rota = ro»/tf see roue. The O. Fr. berouette is contrd. into brouette by dropping the e, see briller ; but in many patois the old form is still retained and the word is proncd. 6c- rouette. BROUILLARD, sm. a fog. See brouiller. BROUILLER, va. to mingle, embroil. Origin unknown. — Der. brouille (verbal subst.), brouillon, debrouiller, embrouiller. BROUIR, va. to blight. Origin unknown. BROUSSAILLES, sf. brushwood. See brosse. BROUT, sm. shoots of young wood. O. Fr. broust, originally brost, a word of Germ, origin (A. S. brustian, to burgeon, sprout). — Der. broutti (to browse, lit. to eat the brouts, or shoots), ^rowriller. BROYER, va. to grind, crush ; word of Germ. origin (Goth, brihan, to break). The Lat. bricare* which springs from the Germ, word, produces regularly broyer, just as plicare produces p/qyer, q. v. BRU, sf. a daughter-in-law. O. Fr. brut, from O. H. G. prut, a bride. + Brugnon, sm. a nectarine ; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. brugna. BRUINE, sf. drizzling rain. Origin un- known. BRUIRE, vn. to roar. Origin unknown. — Der. bruit, ebruiter, bruissemeat. The pres. p. of bruire is bruyant. BRUIT, sm. a noise. See bruire. BRULE-POURPOINT, sm. originally a gun discharged so near as to set fire to the pourpoint, doublet. See bruler and pour- point. BRULER, va. to burn ; formerly brusler. It. brustolare, from L. pSrustulare*, to bum entirely. From ustus, partic. of urere came the verb ustare, whence again the dim. ustulare (which is to be seen in O. Sp. uslar for ust'lar). Just as ustus produced ustulare so perustus produced, with in- termediate perustare, the form perustu- lare (which remains almost unchanged in It. brustolare). For change of perustulare into brusler, — perust(u)lare loses its u ; perus'tlare is contri. into p'rust'lare by losing the first vowel, see briller ; p becomes b, see §11; then brustlare, by assimilation of tl into // and reduction of // into / (§ 168), becomes bruslar, then O. Fr. brusler, whence BR UME — B UVEUR. 61 bruler, by loss of s, see § 148. — Der. hrul- ure, briilot. Brume, sf. fog, mist; from L. bruma. — Der. brumeux. BRUN, adj. brown ; from O. H. G. brdn.— Der. brune (sf.) ; brunix, 6r««issage, brun- atre, embrunix, rexnbrumx. + Brusque, adj. brusque, sharp, short (in manner) ; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. brusco. — Der. brusqutr, brusqueue. Brut, adj. raw, unwrought, uncultivated ; from L. brutus. — Der. 6r«^al, bruUlh^, brutidiser. BRUYANT, adj. noisy. See brmre.—Der. bruyamment for bruyantment ; see abon- daviment. BRUYERE, sf. heather. O. Fr. bruiere, from L. brugaria, used for heather in several Lat. texts of the early middle ages. The word comes from Celt., a dim. of Breton briig. For the passage from brugaria to bruyere, for loss of g see allier ; for -aria = -lire see dnier. BUANDIER, sf. a bleacher. See buee. Bubon, sm. a tumour (in the groin) ; from Gr. Pov^cuv. Buccal, adj. buccal, relating to the mouth ; from L. buccalis. BtJCHE, sf. a log of wood. O. Fr. busche, Prov. busca, from L. bosca*, fem. form of boscum ; see bois. For -ca = -che see acharner; for o = m see curee. — Der. buchtr, bucheron. Bucolique, adj. bucolic ; from Gr. ^ovko- \ik6s. + Budget, sm.a. budget; introd. at the fall of the Empire (1814) from Engl, budget. BUEE, sf. lye. Origm unknown. — Der. 6wan- dier, Jwanderie. BUFFET, sm. a cupboard, sideboard, buffet. Origin unknown. I BUFFLE, sm. a buffalo ; from L. bufalus, used by Fortunatus, a secondary form of bubalus. — Der. buffietin, buffieterie. BUIS, sm. a box-tree; from L. buxus For x = s see ajouter; accented u becomes ui, see § 96. — Der. buison. (For the ex- tension of sense see § 1 2.) BUISSON, sm. a bush. See buis. Bulbe, sm. a bulb ; from L. bulbus. Bulle,s/. a bubble; from L. bulla. Bulle is also the little ball of metal appended to the seal of letters-patent, whence the name of bull, given to papal letters-patent. Bulle is a doublet of bill, q. v. t Bulletin, sm. a bulletin ; introd. in i6th cent, from It. bulletina. BURE, sf. drugget, coarse woollen cloth ; from L. burra*. 'Nobilis horribili jungatur purpura burrae,' says an epigram attributed to Eucerias. — Der. fewreau (woollen stuff: vetu de simple bureau, says Boileau) ; then a table covered with baize. BUREAU, sm. a writing table. See bure. — Der. 6wraliste,6wreawcra tie (from bureau and cratie ; see aristocratie, dSmocraiie), bureau- crate. BURETTE, sf. a cruet ; dim. of O. Fr. bure (a bottle). Origin unknown. + Bur grave, sm. a burgrave ; introd. from Germ, burggraf. + Burin, sm. a graver; introd. (see § 25) from It. borino. + Burlesque, adj. burlesque, ludicrous; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. burlesco. + Burnous, sm. a burnous, cloak; introd. by travellers from Africa. Ar. bornos. + Busc, sm. a busk, bust (for stays) ; also written busque and buste in i6th cent., a corruption of It. busto. See buste. BUSE, sf. a buzzard ; from L. buteo, a sparrowhawk in Pliny. For change of -teo into -se, through -tio, see agencer. — Der. 6«sard. + Buste, sm. a bust ; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. busto. Buste is a doublet of boite, q. v. BUT, sm. aim, mark. See buter. BUTER, va. to strike, in O. Fr. ; but in mod. Fr. restricted to certain special mean- ings. Etymologically buter is a dialectial variant of bouter, q. v. — Der. but (verbal subst. ; properly the point one aims at, where one wishes to end), bouter, lebuter, rebut, debut, debuter. BUTIN, sm. booty ; of Germ, origin, M. H.G. bitten. — Der. butinex. BUTOR, sm. a bittern. Origin unknown. The stupidity of this bird is proverbial, and butor is metaph. used for a stupid fellow just as buse (a bird of prey which cannot be tamed for hawking, q. v.) is used. BUTTE, sf. a butt, rising ground, knoll. O. Fr. bute, fem. 'form of but, q. v. These two words had the same primitive meaning, as is seen 'mXh.tT^h.xzsGetreenbuttea = servir de but a. The but being usually placed on a rising knoll, the word presently came to be used for the knoll itself; and then the original meaning perished. BUVEUR, sm. a drinker. O. Fr. beuveur, older still beveur, originally beveor, from L. bibitorem (in Isidore of Seville). Bibi- (t)orem produced beveor by loss of medial 6a BVSSUS — CACHER. t, see § 1 1 7 ; and the two atonic i's became e, see mettre. Beveor became beveur by changing eo into eu, see ateul ; then beu- veur by changing the first vowel e into eu ; and finally buveur by change of eu into u, see jumeau. The Sp. bevedor, It. bevitore, confirm this derivation. By a transforma- tion like the above, bibentem becomes buvant (for the changes see above), whence buvahle, buvette, etc. BysBUS, sm. byssus, a kind of fine linen; from L. byssus. ^A, adv, here; from L. ecc'ao * (compd. of ecce-hac, like ecciste, eccille, for ecce- iste, ecce-ille). For loss of the h see atelier. Eooe means • here,' in several 7th and 8th cent, documents, e.g. 'Parentes , ecce habeo multos,' * I have here many re- lations.' The phrase ecce-hac is therefore pleonastic. For ecc'ac = fa see ce. + Cabale, sf. cabala, cabal; a word of Heb. origin, meaning properly the Jewish traditional interpretation of the O. Test., from Heb. habala, traditional teaching. This word in the middle ages signified (i) a secret interpretation, (2) a mysterious science of commerce with supernatural beings. It has produced the adj. caba- listique. From the sense of occult measures, secret efforts to attain one's end, comes the modern signification of cabal, whence the verb cabaler. Cabale is a doublet of frabelle, q. v. •f-Caban, sm. a hooded cloak; introd. in 1 6th cent, from Sp. gahan. CABANE, sf. a cabin; from L. capanna (in Isidore of Seville : ' Tugurium parva casa est; hoc rustici capanna vocant.* The form cabanna is to be seen in the 8th cent, in the Glosses of Reichenau). For p = 6 see dbeille. Cabane is a doublet of cabine, q. v. — Der. cabanon. CABARET, sm. a public-house, tavern. Ori- gin unknown. — Dfer. cabaretitr. CABAS, sm. a frail, basket of rushes. Origin unknown. + Cabestan, sm. a capstan ; in 17th cent. capestan, introd. from Eng. capstan. + Cabine, sf. a cabin; introd. from Eng. cabin. Cabine is a doublet of cabane, q. v. + Cabinet, sm. a cabinet; introd. in l6th ^cent. from It. gabinetto. CABLE, sm. a cable ; from L. caplum (found in sense of a cord in Isidore of Seville beside the form capuliun). For p = 6 see § ill. CABOCHE, sf. head, pate, noddle ; dim. of L. caput by suffix oceus = oche, which is to be seen in Spinoche, pinoche, etc. For p = 6 (caput is cabo in the Salic Law) see § III. + Cabot er, vn. to coast. Cabotage, sm. coasting ; introd. from It. cabotaggio. — Der. cabotcax, cabot'm (a strolling come- dian, who goes from village to village, just as the coasters go from port to port). Cabotin, sm. a strolling player. See' ea- boter. t Cabrer, vpr. to rear, prance, like a goat on its hind legs; introd. in l6th cent, from Sp. cabra. t Cabri, sm. a kid. O. Fr. cabrit, from Prov. cabrit, which from L. capritum * (a goat in the Germanic Laws), from capra. + Cabriole, sf. a caper ; in Montaigne ca- priole; introd. in i6th cent, from It. capriola (properly the leap of a kid). Cabriole is a doublet of chevreuil, q. v. — Der. cabrioler, cabriolet (a two-wheeled carriage which leaps ; from its lightness). Cabriolet, sm. a cabriolet, cab. See ca- briole. CABUS, sm. cabbage, cauliflower ; der. in- directly from L. caput (properly = a cabbage without a head). For p = i see § 1 1 1 . For chou-cabus the Germ, is kopfkohl (lit. head- cabbage). It. capuccio (lit. little head), forms which show what the origin of the word is. t Cacao, sm. cacao, cocoa ; introd. at end of 1 6th cent, from America. — Der. cacao- tier. •\ Cachalot, sm. the sperm-whale; introd. from Engl, cachalot. + Cachemire, sm. cashmere, a kind of stuff originally worn in Cashmere. CACHER, va. to hide, conceal ; from L. coactare, to be pressed together, whence by extension comes se cacher, i.e. to crouch down, to hide oneself. Cacher was used in Fr. in the active sense of ' to press under foot,* in the line of Ronsard, A pieds CACHET— CAGOT. «3 desckaux cache le vin noveau, ' Barefoot he presses out the grape,' which proves the origin of the word without doubt. Similarly It. quatto signifies both concealed and com- pressed. Coactare produces cacher (l) by chang- ing ct into ch, see Hist. Gram. p. 60 ; (2) by suppressing the o before a (cp. c o a g 1 a r e , d. Fr. coailler, cailler). — Der. cache (verbal subst.), cncAette, cachtX (rightly that which serves to hide the contents of a letter), cacAotter (whence cachot, verbal subst.), cflcAotterie. CACHET, sm. a seal, stamp. See cacher. — Der. cacheter, decacheier. CACHOT, sm. a dungeon. This word, ori- ginally meaning ( = cachette) a hiding-place (Ambroise Pare speaks' of cachots des betes sauvages), is the verbal subst. of cachotter. See cacher. Cacochyme, adj. ' cacochymic,' peevish ; from Gr. Kanoxv/xos. Cacographie, s/.'cacography,' bad-spelling; from Gr. KaKoypacpia. Cacologie, sf. ' cacology,' bad choice of words ; from Gr. KaKoKoyia. Cacophonie, sf. 'cacophony,' jarring sounds ; from' Gr. KaKO<pcovia. Cactus, sm. a cactus ; from Gr. kAktos. CADASTRE, sm. a 'cadastre,' official report on real property. O. Fr. capdastre, It. catastro, from L. capitastrum* (a register serving to regulate incidence of taxation), der. from caput, which in Class. Lat. is used for the capital-sum of a contribution. The Sp. similarly has cabezon for cabeza (the head). Cap(i)tdstrum loses its i according to rule, see § 52 ; and becomes cadastre by changing pt into d, as in male-aptus, malade ; captellum *, ca^/e/. Cadavre, sm. a corpse; from L. cadaver. — Der, cadaveri(\vie, cadavereux. CADEAU, sm. a gift, present; properly the feather-flourishes with which writing-masters adorn their specimens of skill : in this sense it is found in 1 6th cent., then it came to mean trifles, agreeable pastimes of no value. Faire des cadeaux was used for ' to amuse oneself with trifles ' ; then cadeau was used for amusement, entertainment, fete: thus Moli<-re, in the Mariage force, has J'aimeles visifes, les cadeaux, les promenades, en un . mot toutes les choses de plaisir. The word is especially used of entertainments given to women ; in the I yth cent, the phrase don- ner auxfemmes k« cadeau off musique etde dance was used. From this phrase donner un cadeau comes the modern sense of a present. The word is a good example of the way in which words drift away from their original sense. In its signification of the feather-flourishes of the writing- master, a sort of calligraphic ' chain,* ca- deau, O. Fr. (i2th cent.), cadel (in Gerard de Roussillon) comes, through the Prov., from L. catellus (a little catena, chain). tCadenas, sm. a padlock, in Rabelais catenas. Introd. in 16th cent, from It. catenaccio Der. cadenasser. + Cadence, sf. a cadence, measure ; introd. in 16th cent, from It. cadenza. Cadence is a doublet of chance, q. v Der. cadenctx. + Caddne, sf. a chain ; from Prov. cadena, which from L. catena. Cadene is a doublet of chaine, q. v. Cadenette, sf. plaited hair (as worn by men) ; a word of hist, origin (see § 33) ; a kind of coiffure brought into fashion in the time of Louis XIII by Honor^ d'Albret, brother of the Duke de Luynes, the Lord of Cadanet. \ Cadet, adj. younger ; from Prov. capdef, which from L. cap'tettum *, capitet- ttim, dim. of caput, head ; the eldest son being regarded as the first head of the family, the second son the cadet, or little head. Cadran, sm. a dial-plate, clock-face. O. Fr. quadrant, from L. quadrantem (a sundial, surface on which the hours are traced). t Cadre, sm. a frame; introd. in l6th cent, from It. quadra. — Der. cadrer, en- cadrtT. Caduc, adj. decrepit, decayed; from L. caducus. — Der. caducite. Caduc6e, sm. a caduceus, herald's staff : from L. caduceum. Cafard, sm. a hypocrite. Origin unknown. + Caf6, sm. coffee ; introd. from the East by travellers at beginning of 17th cent.; it is the Turkish kahveh, — Der. ca/ier, ca/etier, ca/etiere. CAGE, sf. a cage ; from L. cavea. For -ea, = -ge see § 243 ; for loss of v see § 141. Cage is a doublet of gabie, q.v. — Der, cfl/oler (for cageoler), which in O.Fr. bore sense of to sing like a caged bird, but by a natural transition has come to mean to seduce by flattering words. tCagneux, adj. knock-kneed (like a beagle), dim. of cagne, from It. cagna, a bitch. Cagot, sm. a bigot. Origin unknown. 64 CAHIER — C A LICE, CAHIER. sm. a writing-book, copy-book. O. Fr. cayer, originally quayer, from L. qua- temum* (a book of four leaves, then a writing-book). For loss of medial t, qua(t)em\im, see § 117; for rn = r see aubour; for qua = ca see car; for the in- tercalation of an h see Hist. Gram. p. 79. The It. quaderno. Cat. cuern, both confirm this derivation. Cahier is a doublet of caserne, and quaterne, q. v. Cahin-caha, adj. so-so, indifferently ; from L. qua hinc, — qua hac (hither-thither). CAHOTER, va. to jolt. Origin unknown. — Der. cahot (verbal subst.). tCahute, sf. a hut; prop, ship's cabin: sailors say cajute. From Du. kajuit. CAIEU, sm. a clove. Origin unknown. CAILLE, sf. a quail. O.Fr. quaille. It. quaglia, from medieval Lat. Quaquila, regularly contrd. (§51) into quaq'la, becomes caille, (l) by changing qtia into ca, see car; (2) cl into iU see abeille. The form quaquila is of Germ, origin, answering to O. Neth. quakele. CAILLER, va. to curdle. O. Fr. coailler, from L. coagiilare. Coag(u)lare, contrd, re- gularly (§52) into coag'lare, produced the O. Fr. coailler by changing gl into il, as in vigl'are, veiller; see Hist. Gram. p. 71. For loss of o see cacher. Cailler is a doublet of coaguler, q. v. — Der. caillot. CAILLOU, sm. a flint, pebble. Origin un- known Der. cailloutSLge. f Caiman, sm. cayman, alligator ; introd. from American colonies through the Sp. cayman. + Caisse, sf. a case, chest, box; from L. capsa, through Prov; caissa. For a. = ai see aigle. ps becomes ss by assimilation ; a phenomenon visible in Lat.: we find issa scrisi, for ipsa scripsi, in an 8th-cent. document ; and this change of ps into ss was accomplished ages before in popular Lat., for Suetonius tells us that the Emperor Claudius punished a senator for saying isse instead of ipse, pt is similarly assimi- lated, as in recepta, recette, see § 168; and pm becomes m, as in sept i man a, setnaine. Caisse is a doublet of casse, chasse, q. v. CAJOLER, va. to cajole. See cage. — Der. cajolerie. Cal, sm. a callosity ; from L. callus. Calamity, sf. a calamity; from L. calami- tatem. Calandre, sf. (Ornith.) • calandra,' a kind of lark ; from Gr. Kapadpios, through L. caradrion, used in the Vulgate. For r = / see autel and § 154; for intercalation of an n see concombre. CALANDRE, sf. a calender, mangle ; from L. oylindrus. For y = a see balance ; for in = a« see § 72, note 4. Calandre is a doublet of cylindre, q. v. Calcaire, adj, calcareous, chalky ; from L. calcarius. Calciner, va.to calcine ; from L.calcinare*, which from calcem. Calcul, sm. a reckoning; from L. calculus (properly a pebble, used to count with). — Der. calculex, ca/cw/ateur, inca/cw/able, cal- culeux. + Cale, sf. stocks (in a ship); from It. cala. + Cale, sf. a wedge, to support, steady (caler) anything ; from Germ. keil. + Calebasse, sf. a calabash; introd. in l6th cent, from Sp. calabaza. tCaleche, sf a barouche; introd. from Sclav, languages (Polish holasha, holassa) through Germ, kalesche. 't'Cale^On, sm. drawers; introd. in l6th cent, from It. calzone. Calepon is a double? of chausson, q. v. Calembour, sm. a pun. Origin unknown. Calendes, sf. pi. the calends; from L. ca- lendae. CALENDRIER, sm. a calendar. O. Fr. calen- dier, from L. calendarium. For -arium = -ier see §198; for insertion of r see chanvre. Calepin, sm. a Latin dictionary, note-book, a word of hist, origin, see § 33. This word, which now only signifies a little agenda book, meant in the 1 7th cent, a vast collec- tion of notes, as we see in Boileau : Qui de ses revenus ecrils par alphabet Pent fournir aisement un calepin complet. Originally the word signified a huge dictionary in six languages, very famous in early 1 6th cent., by Ambrosius Calepinus, an Augustin monk, who died a.d. 151 1. CALER, va. to wedge up, steady. See cale. t Calfater, va. to caulk; in Rabelais ca- j lafter; introd in i6th cent, from It. cala- fatare. — Der. calf at (verbal subst). After ] the 1 6th cent, calfater was corrupted into | calfeutrer {calfeutrer un navire is not rare in j i6th-cent. authors). Calfeutrer, va. to caulk. See calfater. + Calibre, sm. calibre; introd. in l6thcent. from It. calibro. CALICE, sf. (i) Bot. a calix; (2) a chalice, cup ; from L. calicem. CALICOT— CANAPE. 65 Calicot, sm. calico; a word of hist, origin (see § 33), from the city of Calicut, the seat of this manufacture. t Calife, SOT. a khalif ; from Ar. Khalifa, the successor of the Prophet (§ 30). CALIFOURCHON, adv. a-straddle, a-stride. Origin unknown. CALIN, sm. a cajoler, wheedler. Origin un- known. — Der. cdlifier, calinene. Calleux, adj. callous; from L. callosus. For -osus = -«/«! see § 229. Calleux is a doublet o{ galeux. — Der. callosite. Calligraphe, sm. a calligraphist ; from Gr. k6.\\os and ypdcpdv. — Der. calligraphie. "f-Calme, sot. tranquillity, quiet; from It. calma. — Der. calmer, which is a doublet of chfJmer, q. v. Calomnie, sf. calumny; from L. calum- nia. Calomnie is a doublet of chalenge, q. V. — Der. calomnicLteur, calomiiier. Calorif^re, sm. a stove ; a word made up of L. calor and fero. CALOTTE, sf. a skullcap. Origin unknown. fCalquer, va. to trace, draw on tracing paper; introd. in i6th cent., with many other terms of art, from It. calcare. Calquer is a doublet of cocher, q. v. — Der. calqiie (verbal subst.), decalquer. Calvitie, s/. baldness; from L. calvities. CAMAIEU, SOT. a cameo. See camee. •f Cam ail, S7n. camail ; originally a coat of mail, covering the head and shoulders; now a clerical vestment covering head and shoulders, down to the waist: introd. in middle age from Prov. capmail, from L. caput and macula, properly therefore mail-armour for the head. For etymology of maille, see that word. fCaraarade, SOT. a comrade; introd. in 1 6th cent, from Sp. camarada, properly one who shares the same chamber (camera), originally a military term. Camarade is a doublet of chambree, q. v. — Der. camarad- erie. CAMARD, adj. flat-nosed. Origin unknown. See camns. + Cambouis, sm. cartgrease. O. Fr. cam- bois, from Prov. camois, dirt. Origin un- known. CAMBRER, va. to arch, bend, vault ; from L. camerare. For loss of e see §52; for ra.'v = mbr see absoudre. Cambrer is a doublet of chambrer, q. v. — Der. cam- brure. f Cambuse, sf. steward's room, cook's room (on board ship) ; introd. from Engl. caboose. + Carafe, sf. a cameo; introd. in i6th cent, from It. cameo. — Der. caOTaieu. Cam^leon, sm. a chameleon; from Gr. Cainelot, sm. camlet ; originally stuff made of camel's hair. The word, in medieval Lat. documents written camelotum, is a deriv. of L. camelus. t Cani6rier, SOT, a chamberlain ; introd. from It. cameriere. Camerier is a doublet of chambrier, q. v. fCam^riste, sf. a waiting-woman; in- trod. from It. camerista. Camion, sot. a dray. Origin unknown, + Cam.isole, sf. a short night-dress, morn- ing jacket ; introd. in i6th cent, from It. camiciuola. tCam.om.ille, sf. camomile; introd. in 16th cent, from It. camomilla. Cam.ouflet, sm. a puff of smoke in a sleeper's face, an aflfiront. Origin unknown, Cam^p, SOT. a camp; from L. campus, pro- perly field of battle, hence the place where an army encamps before a battle). Camp is a doublet of champ, q, v, — Der. camp- er, Aecamper. CAMPAGNE, sf. country, champaign, plain- land ; from L. campania, found in sense of a plain in the Roman surveyors. For -ania = -agne see moniagne and § 244. — The O. Fr. form was champagne, which belongs primarily to the Picard dialect (see Hist. Gram. p. 21), and came late into Fr. Cam- pagne is a doublet of champagne, q.v. — Der. ca7npagn!ird. f Cam.panile, sot, a campanile; introd, from It. campanile. t Cam,parLule, sf. a campanula; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It, campanula. Cam.pech.e, sot. logwood ; a word of hist, origin (see § 33), meaning wood from the forests which line Campeachy bay. CAMPER, va. to encamp. See camp. — Der. campement. Cam.ph.re, sm. camphor; from L. c am- phora*, which is of Ar. origin (^a/ar). F'or loss of o see ancre and § 51, CAMUS, adj. flat-nosed. Origin unknown. t Canaille, sf. mob. rabble; introd, in 1 6th cent, from It. canaglia. Canaille is a doublet oi chienaille and §51. Canal, sot. a pipe; from L. canalis. Canal is a doublet of chenal, q. v. — Der. canal- iser. + Canape, sm. a sofa; introd. in i6th cent, from It. canape. Rabelais has cono- pee. 66 CANARD — CAPITAL, CANARD, sm. a drake. See cane. — Der. canarder. Canari, sm. a canary-bird. O. Fr. canaries, a word of hist, origin (§ 33), a bird brought from the Canaries. CANCAN, sm. gossip, tittle-tattle. An ono- matopoeia (§ 34). — Der. caticantr. Cancer, sm. a cancer; from L. cancer. Cancer is a doublet of chancre, q. v. — Der. cancertux. CANCRE, sm. a crab, rightly crahe ; from L. canc6rem. For loss of e see § 51. This word belongs properly to the Picard dialect (see Hist. Gram, p. 21), and has come late into the Fr. language. Candelabra, sm. a candelabrum ; from L. candelabrum. Candeur, &f. candour, openness; from L. candorem. + Candi, adj. candied; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. candi. Candidal, sm. a candidate; from L. can- didatus. — Der. candidature. Candide,ac?7. candid, fair; fromL.candidus. CANE, sf. SL duck. In O. Fr. a boat.— Der. canard. This word took its present sense late ; the transition of ideas being that of a bird floating on the water like a boat. Cane is from Germ. kahn. — Der. canard, caneton, in sense of 'a boat.' Cane has left the dim. canot. Can§phore, sf. a basket-bearer ; from Gr. Kavq<p6pos. + Canette, s/. a beer-jug; dim. of cane, which is the Germ, kanne, a can. — Der. canon, the ^ of a litre, ■f Cane V as, sm. canvas; introd. in i6th cent, from It. canavaccio, properly a large piece of stuff for embroidery. Caniche, sm. a poodle; deriv. of L. canis. Canicule, sf. the dog-star; from L. cani- cula. CAN IF, sm. a penknife. Of Germ, origin, from A, S. cnif. Canine, adj. canine; from L. canina. CANIVEAU, sm. a sewer, drain. Origin un- known. CANNE, sf, a cane; from L. canna. — Der. cannelle, cannele, cannelure, canon. Before meaning a piece of artillery it signified the gun-barrel, and earlier still the stock of the arbaHst. CANON, sm. a cannon. See canne. — Der. canonner, -nade, -nier, -niere. Canon, sm. a rule, decree; from L. canon. — Der. canonique (of which chanoine, q. v., is a doublet), canoniser. Canonicat, sm. a canonry; from L. can- onicatus*, the benefice of a canonicus, or canon. Canoniser, va. to canonise. See canon. — Der. canon/sation. CANOT, sm. a canoe. See cane. t Cantaloup, sm. (Bot.) a cantalupe ; a word of hist, origin, the etymology of which is given § 33, fCantfete, sf. a cantata; introd. from It. cantata. Cantate is a doublet of chantte, q.v. t Can tat rice, sf. a female singer; introd. from It. cantatrice. * Cantharide, s/". cantharis; from L. can- tharidem. Cantildne, sf. (Mus.) a cantilene, melody ; from L. cantilena. + Cantine, sf. a canteen; introd. in i6th cent, from It. cantina. Cantine is a doublet of quintaine, q. v. — Der. cantimhxe. Cantique, sm. a canticle, hymn ; from L. canticum. CANTON, sm. a canton. Origin unknown. — Der. can/onal, -ner, -nement, -nier. t Cantonade, sf. interior of the slips (in a theatre) ; from It. cantonata. Canule, sf. (Med.) a clyster-pipe ; from L. cannula. + Caoutchouc, sm. caoutchouc, india- rubber. A word of American origin, cahtit- chu. fCap, sm. a cape; introd. in 1 6th cent. from It. capo. The It. also signifies ' a head,' whence the phrase cap-d-pie, i. e. from head to foot. Cap is a doublet of chef, q. V. Capable, adj. capable; from L. capa- bilis. For -abilis — -aWc see o^fc/c. Capacity, sf. capacity; from L, capaci- tatem. + Capara90n, sm. caparison; introd. in 1 6th cent, from Sp. caparayon. CAPE, sf. a cape, hooded cloak ; from L. cappa, found in Isidore of Seville. For pp —p see chape. — Der. ca^eline, capoiit. CAPELINE, sf. a kind of hood. See cape. Capillaire, adj. capillary; from L. capil- laris. t Capilotade, sf. a hash. In i6th cent. cabirotade, from Sp. cabirotada. Capitaine, sm. a captain ; introd. about the 14th cent, from capitaneus, a form der. by the medieval Lat. from L. caput. Capitaine is a doublet of capitan. Capital, adj. capital, chief; sm. capital, principal; from L. capitalis. Capital is CAPITAN — CAREME. ■67 a doublet of cheptal, q. v. — Der. capitaliser, -iste. + Capitan, sm. a hector, bully; introd. in 1 6th cent, from Sp. capitan. t Capiteux, adj. heady (of wine, &c.) ; introd. in i6th cent, from It. capitoso. + Capiton, sm. cappadine, silk flock; introd. from It. capitone. — Der. capkonner. Capituler, va. to capitulate; from L. capitulare*, i. e. to fix the conditions or heads of a surrender. Capituler is a doublet of chapitrer. — Der. capituhtion, -aire. + Capon, sm. a hypocrite, sneak; from It. cappoiie. Capon is a doublet of chapon. — Der. caponner. "t Caporal, sm. a corporal; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. caporale. CAPOTE, sf. a great coat, large cape. See cape. CAPRE, sf. (Bot.) a caper ; from L. capparis. For loss of a see § 51. + Caprice, sm. a whim, freak ; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. capriccio. — Der. capric- ieux. Capricorne, sm. Capricorn ; from L. capricornus. Capsule, sf. a capsule, pod; from L. cap- sula. Capter, va. to captivate ; from L. captare. — Der. captation, -ateur. Captif, adj. a captive; from L. captivus. Captif is a doublet of chetif q. v. — Der. captiv'ite, -er. Capture, sf. capture; from L. captura. — Der. capturer. tCapuce, sm. a hood; introd. in i6th cent, from It. capuccio. — Der. capucin, capuc'me (a hood-shaped flower), tCaquer, va. to cure, barrel (fish, &c.). O. Fr. quaquer, from Dutch kaaken. — Der. caque, tncaquer. CAQUETER, va. to cackle, cluck; an onoma- topoetic word (§ 34). — Der. caquet (verbal subst.). CAR, conj. for, because ; from L. quare. In O. Fr. car kept its etymol. sense ; in the 13th cent, men said Je ne sais ni car, ni comment, where now they would say Je ne sais ni p o u r q u o i , «f comment. The change, qu = c, is to be seen in many inscriptions under the Empire: cotidie, condam,alico, etc., for quotidie, quondam, aliquo. qu becomes hard c in quare, car; quas- , sare, casser; quomodo, comme, etc. qu becomes soft c in quinque, cinq; quinquaginta, cinquante; querquedula, cercelle. qu becomes ch in quercinus, chene; quisque-unus, cTiacun. qu be- comes s in coquina, cuisine. Certain Roman inscriptions of the 3rd cent, give us cocere, cinque, for coquere, quin- que. + Carabine, sf. a rifle, carbine; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. carahina. — Der. carabin a 'sawbones,' medical student (which in the i6th cent, signified a skir- misher armed with a carbine ; thence it came to be used for surgeons' appren- tices, and originally for those of apothe- caries, by way of a nickname, carabin a genoux; and thence the present significa- tion of the word), carabinier. + Caracole, sf. a caracole, gambol ; introd. in 16th cent, from Sp. caracal. — Der. cara- coller. CaractSre, sm. character; from L. cha- racter. — Der. caracteriser, -istique. t Carafe, s/. a decanter; introd. in l6th cent, from It. caraffa. — Der. carafon. Caramboler, vn. to make a cannon (in billiards). Origin unknown. — Der. caram- bohge. t Caramel, sm. burnt sugar; introd. from Sp. caramello. t Carapace, s/". carapace (of a tortoise) ; introd. from Sp. carapacho. + Carat, sm. carat; introd., with many other jewellers' terms, from It. carato. f Caravane, sf. a caravan; introd. from the East by travellers. Ar. hairavan. — Der. caravam^XdW (properly = matsow des cara- vanes), Pers. karvan-sarat. t Caravelle, sf a caravel (ship); introd. from It. caravella. Carbone, sm. carbon; from L. carbonem. Carbojie is a doublet of charbon, q. v. — Der. ca^5owiser, -ique, -ate. tCarbonade, sf fried or boiled pork; from It. carbonata. Carbonade is a doublet o( charbonnee. CARCAN, sm. an iron collar, pillory. O. Fr. quercant, from O. H. G. querca, the throat. t Care ass e, sf a carcass ; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. carcassa. Carde, sf a chard, teasel-frame; from L. carduus. — Der. car don, carder (to comb with cardes, i. e. with brushes of iron, formed like the teasel), cardtw. Cardinal, adj. cardinal; from L. cardina- lis, that on which all hinges. — Der. car- dinal, sm. CAREME, sm. Lent. O. Fr. quaresme, origin- ally ywaraesme; lt.quaresima; fromL.quad- ragesima. Q,uadrages(i)ma having F a 68 CA RkNE—CA R VILA GE. lost its 1 (see § 51), becomes quadra- ges'ma, thence cart'me: (i) by loss of medial g, whence O. Fr. quaraesme, see Hist. Gram. p. 82 ; (2) by change of dr into r, see § 168 ; (3) by change of qua into ca, see car ; (4) by loss of s, see Hist. Gram. p. 81. Careme is a doublet oi quadragesime. Cardne, sf. a keel. In 16th cent, carine, from L. carina. tCaresse, sf. a caress; introd. in i6th cent, from It. carezza. — Der. caresser. tCarguer, va. to braii, clew up (sails); from Prov. cargar, which from L. carri- oare. Carguer is a doublet of charger, q. v. — Der. cargue (verbal subst.), carg-aison. Cariatide, sf. a caryatide; from Gr. KapvdriSfs. + Caricature, sf. a caricature; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. caricatura. — Der. cari- caturiste. Carie, sf. decay; from L. caries. — Der. carier. CARILLON, sm. chimes ; from L. quadri- lionem, properly the chiming of four bells. For qua = <;a see car; for dr = r see § 168 ; for 11 = 11 see Hist. Gram. p. 57. — Der. can7/o«ner. Carlin, sm. a pug dog. Origin unknown. t Carmagnole, sf. carmagnole, a sort of revolutionary dance ; a word of hist, origin (see § 33), from the town of Carmagnole in Piedmont. CARNAGE, sm. carnage, slaughter ; from L. carnaticum *, der. from L. caruem. For -aticum = -a^e see § 248. + Carnassier, adj. carnivorous; a word introd. from Prov. carnaza, whence also camassiere, a game-bag. The Prov. carnaza is from L. carnacea *, deriv. from carnem. Carnation, sf. carnation (colour) ; from L. carnationem. + Carnaval, sm. carnival ; introd. in i6th cent, from It. carnovale. — Der. carnaval- esque. CARNET, sm^ a note-book ; from L. quater- netum, dim. of quaternum, q. v. Q,ua(t)eriietum ; loses its medial t (see abbaye and § 117) and changes qua into ca (see car). Carnivore, adj. carnivorous; from L. car- nivorus. Carotide, adj. carotid (artery) ; from Gr. Kapcarides. Carotte, sf. a carrot ; from L. carota (used by Apicius). "tCaroube, sm. the caroub, locust-tree; introd. from It. carruba. — Der. caroubicx. CARPE, sf. a carp ; from L. carpa, in Cassio- dorus, lib. xii. ep. 4 : ' Destinet carpam Danubius.' — Der. carpillon. t Carquois, sm. a quiver; originally tarquois, tarquais, from Low L, tarcasia, transcription of Low Gr. ropKaaiov (a quiver), introd. from the East by the early Crusaders, with many other military terms : it answers to the Turk, turkash. CARRE, adj. and sm. square. See carrer. CARREAU, sm. a tile. O. Fr. carrel, origin- ally quarreel, from L. quadratell\iin, dim. of quadratus (see carr4). Q,uadra(t)el- lum loses its medial t (see abbaye and § 117), softens dr into r (see § 148), changes qua into ca, see car; whence O. Fr. carrel (which remains in carreler, carrellage, decarreler), which has become carreau by el = eau, see agneau. CARREFOUR, sm. a cross-way (where four ways meet). O. Fr, quarrefour, Prov. carreforc, from L. quadrifureum. For rc = rsee arbalete; for dr = rsee § 148; for u = OM see § 90 ; for qua = ca see car. CARRELER, va. to pave with tiles. See carreau. — Der. carrelet, -age. CARRER, va. to square ; from L. quadrare. For qua = ca see car ; for dr = r see § 148. Carrer is a doublet of cadrer, q. v. — Der. carre, contre-carrer, carruie (which is a doublet of quadrature). + Car rick, sm. a top-coat, over-coat ; from Engl, carrick. CARRIERE, sf. a quarry (stone); from L. quadraria * (in this sense used in several medieval documents : a quarry is properly the spot whence one draws out squared stone, quadrata saxa). For qua = ca see car ; for dr = r see § 148 ; for -&Tia, = -iere see § 198. — Der. carrier. Carri^re, sf. a career, a racecourse ; from L, carrus. f Carriole, sf. a carriole; introd. from It. carriuola. •j* Carrosse, sm. a coach, carriage; introd. * in 16th cent, from It. carrozza. — Der. car- rossier, carrossable. t Carrousel, sm. a tilt, carousal ; introd. from It. carosello. Carte, sf. a chart ; from L. charta, carta *. ¥ox ch. = c see § 126. Carte is a doublet of charte, q. v. + Cartel, sm. a challenge ; from It. car- tello. Cartilage, sf. cartilage; from L. cartila- ginem.— Der. cartilagintMK. CA R TON — CA TIMINI. 69 i* Carton, sm. pasteboard; introd. from It. cartone. — Der. car/oranage, cartonmer. t Cartouche, 5m. a cartouche, case (Archit. and Military) ; introd. in i6th cent, from It. cartoccio, which bears both senses, as in the Fr. Cartulaire, sm. a chartulary ; from L. chartularium, a register of title-deeds, acts, chartulae of a religious house. Car- tulaire is a doublet of chartrier, q. v. Cas, sm. a case ; from L. casus. Casanier, adj. domestic ; der. through casana * from L. casa : properly one who stays at home is called casanier. + Casaque, sf. a cassock; introd. in i6th cent, from It. casacca. — Der. casaqu'in. CASAQUIN, sm. a jacket. See casaque. i* Cascade, sf. a cascade; introd. in l6th cent, from It. cascata. t Case, s/, a little house; from Sp. casa. From the sense of little house it comes to that of a hut, a compartment, square. — Der. crtsier, caser. ^Casemate, sf. a casemate ; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. casamatta. t Caserne, s/. barracks; introd. from Sp. caserne. Caserne is a doublet of quaterne, q. V. — Der. caserntx, casernement. Casimir, sm. kerseymere, cashmere; cor- ruption of cachemire, q. v. 'f Casoar, sm. the cassowary, the Malay name of the bird. 'f Casque, sm. a helmet; from It. casco. — Der. casquet, a little light casque ; whence casquette. CASQUETTE, sf. a cap. See casque. CASSE, sf. a case; now restricted in sense to a printer's case, in compartments, but in O. Fr. in the general sense of chest, box { = caisse). Its original meaning survives in cassette, a little box. Casse is from L. capsa. For ps = S5 see § 168 and caisse, of which word it is a doublet. — Der. cassette, cassetin. CASSE, §/". a crucible ; from Low L. caza, which from O. H. G. kezi, a stove. — Der. casserole. Casse, sf cassia; from L. casia. — Der. cassier. CASSE, sf. a breaking, cashiering ; verbal subst. of casser, q. v. CASSER, va. to break ; from L. quassare. For qua = ca see car. — Der. casse, cassuie, cassation, concasscr. CASSEROLLE, sf a saucepan. See casse. CASSETTE, sf. a little box. See casse. Cassis, sm. a black-currant bush. Origin unknown. tCassolette, -s^a scent-box, perfume-pan; introd. from Sp. cazoleta. t Cassonade, sf moist sugar; introd. from Port, cassonada. t Castagnettes,s/./)/. castanets; introd. from Sp. Castanet as, t Caste, sf caste ; from Port, casta^ of pure unmixed race ; a word first applied to Hindu ' castes.' f Castel, sm. a castle ; introd. in i6th cent. from It. castello. Castel is a doublet of chateau, q. v. Castor, sm. a beaver; from L. castor. Castrat, adj. and sm. castrated, an eunuch ; from L. castratus. Caitrat'is a doublet of chdtre. — Der. cas/ration. Casuel, adj. casual, accidental ; from L. casualis. fCasuiste, sm. a casuist; introd. from Sp. casuista. Catachr^se, sf catachresis ; from Gr. Karaxprjais. Cataclysme, sm. a cataclysm, deluge ; from Gr. KaraKAvafios. t Catacombes,././)/. catacombs; introd. from It. catacomba. f Catafalque, sm. a catafalque; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. catafalco. Catafalque is a doublet of echafaud, q. v. Catalepsie, sf. catalepsy; from Gr. Kara- XrjipLS. — Der. cataleptique. Catalogue, sf a catalogue ; from Gr. Kard- \oyos. = Der. cataloguer. Cataplasme, sm. a cataplasm, poultice ; from Gr. fcaTairXacrfM. Catapulte, s/. a catapult; from L. cata- pulta. Cataracte,s/'. a cataract; fromL.cataracta. Catarrhe, sm. a catarrh, cold ; from Gr. Karappoos. — Der. catarrhs.], -eux. Catastrophe, sf. a catastrophe ; from Gr. KaTaaTpofp-q. Catechiser, va. to catechise ; from Gr. KaTTjxi-C^LV. Cat^chisme, sm. a cate- chism; fr om Gr. KaTTjxicTfios*. Catech- iste, sm.a catechist; from Gr. KaTr]xi'0"rr]S*. Catechum^ne, sm. a catechumen ; from Gr. KaTr]xovfj.(vos. Cat6gorie, sf a category ; from Gr. Arariy- yopia. — Der. ca^e^orique. Cath6drale, sf. a cathedral; from eccles. L. cathedralis, sc. ecclesia, a church in which is the bishop's seat (cathedra). Catholique, adj. catholic ; from Gr, naOo- Klkos. — Der. catholicl&me, catholicity. CATIMINI, adv. in a corner, stealthily. Ori- gin unknown. 70 CA TIR — CEINDRE, CATIR, va. to press, gloss (cloth) ; from cat *, which is from L, coactus. For loss of o see cacker; for ct = / see § i68 : the It. quatto (from coactus) confirms this etymology. — Der. cati (verbal subst.), cn//ssage, dccatir. CAUCHEMAR, sm. a nightmare, an incubus, caused, according to old mythology, by the presence of a supernatural being sitting on the breast of the sleeper. Cauchemar is properly a demon who presses, from the two words mar (a demon in the Germ., which survives in Engl, night-mare and in Germ, nacht-mar), and from cauche, the O. Fr, verb caucher, to press. Caucher is formed regularly from L. calcare. For c = cA see § 126; for al = au see agneau. Menage tells us that in his day the cauchemar was called cauchevieille in the Lyons dialect. Cauche-vieille,ihe old woman who presses one down, = la vieille qtiipresse, confirms the etymology given above. Caudataire, adj. and sm. train-bearing, a train-bearer; from L. caudatarius. Cause, sf. cause; from L. causa. Cause is a doublet of chose, q. v. — Der. causer (to be the cause of), causalhe. Causer, vn. to talk, chat; from L. causari, to defend a cause, then to discuss, lastly to talk. Causator is used for a pleader in the Lex Salica. — Der. causewr, cawsette. Caustique, adj. caustic ; from L.causticus. Caut^le, sf. cunning, craft; from L. cautela. — Der. cateltMX. CatltSre, sm. a cautery, cauterizing iron ; from L. cauterium. — Der. cau tenser, cau- terisation. Caution, sf. a caution ; from L. cautionem. — Der. cautionner, cautionnement. t Cavalcade, sf. a cavalcade; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. cavalcata. Cavalcade is a doublet of chevauchee, q. v. t Cavalcadour, sm. an equerry; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. cavalcalore. i" Cavale, sf. a mare ; introd. in i6th cent, from It. cavalla. i* Cavalier, sm. a cavalier ; introd. in i6th cent, from It. cavaliers. Cavalier is a doublet of chevalier, q. v. — Der. cavalierement. fCavalerie, sf cavalry; introd. in l6th cent, from It; cavalleria. Cavalerie is a doublet of chevalerie, q.v. i*Cavatine, sf. a cavatina; introd. from It. cavatina. Cave, sf. a cellar, vault ; from L. cava (used in this sense in the Roman land-surveyors). — Der. eaveau. Cave, adj. hollow ; from L. cavus. CAVEAU, sm. a small cellar, vault. See cave. t Cavecon, sm. a snaffle-bridle; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. cavezzone. Caver, va. to hollow ; from L. cavare. t Caver, va. to stake; from It. cavare.-^ Der. Aicaver. Caveme, sf. a cave, cavern ; from L. ca- vern a. — Der. caverneviX. + Caviar, sm. caviare ; in i6th cent, cavial, from It. caviale. Cavit6, sf. a cavity ; from L. cavitatem. CE, pron. this. O. Fr. fo, originally if 0, from L. ecce-hoc, which has lost its h, see atelier, and its final c, see ami and Hist. Gram. p. 82 ; and then ecce-o (or ecc'o) is changed to /fo by reducing cc into soft c, and by changing e into i, see accomplir. The O. Fr. igo was afterwards reduced to fo (as ici to ci) whence mod. Fr. ce. Just as ecce-hoc became ipo, ecce-hic became ici (whence the adv. ci) ; ecce-hac became 2fa* (whence the adv. fa) ; ecciste became O. Fr. icist, later cist ( = celuci-ci in O. Fr.), and this became cest (for i = e see mettre), whence the mod. Fr. cet (for the loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81) ; eccille became O.Yr. icil, then icel; icel (whose fem. icelle survives in some legal phrases) is reduced to eel (whose fem. celle remains, while the masc. has perished, leav- ing behind celui (for details see Hist. Gram. p. 113). Eccillos produced O. Fr. iceux (for i\\. = eu see agneau), just as illos produced eux, and as capillos produced cheveux ; iceux finally was reduced to mod. Fr. ceux. CEANS, adv. within, in this house. O. Fr. Qaiens, originally ^aens, compd. of adv. fa (q. V.) and ens, which from L. intus. For in = 0. Fr. m = mod. Fr. an, see § 68, and under andouille. CECI, pron. this here ; compd. of ce and ci, q.v. C6cit§, sf. blindness; from L. caecitatem. C6der, va. to yield; from L. cedere. fC^dille, sf. a cedilla; introd. from Sp. cedilla. t C6dr at, sm. (Bot.) cedrat ; introd. in i6th cent, from It. cedrato. Cddre, sm. a cedar; from L. cedrus. C6dule, sf. a schedule, note of hand ; from L. schedula. CEINDRE, va. to encompass, gird ; from L. cingere. Cing(e)re having lost the atonic penult (see § 51), becomes cin're, whence CEINTURE — CERCLE. 71 ceindre, by euphonic intercalcation of d (n'r = n-d-r), as in astringere, astreindre ; pingere, peindre, etc., see Hist. Gram. p. 7.:;. (See cem/7/re and absoiidre.) CEINTURE,. sf. a girdle, sash; from L. cinctura. For ct = / see § 168 ; for i = ei cp. sinus, sein ; insignia, enseigne, etc.; and all verbs in eindre answering to Lat. -ingere, -imere : stringere, etreindre ; astringere, astreindre, etc. — Der. cein- turon. CELA, pron. that ; compd. of ce and la, q. v. Celadon, sm. a sentimental lover; of hist. origin, see § 33 ; an allusion to Celadon de I'Astree. Cel^bre, adj. celebrated, famous ; from L. celebrem. — Der. celebr'ile. Celebrer, va. to celebrate ;■ from L. cele- brare. — Der. ce7e6ration. Celer, va. to conceal; from L. celare. — Der. A&celer, receler. f C61eri, sm. celery ; introd. from It. seleri, a Piedmontese word. C616rit6, sf. swiftness; from L. celerita- tem. C61este, adj. heavenly; from L. caelestis. C61ibat, sm. celibate, celibacy ; from L. caelibatus. — Der. celibata.iiQ. CELLE, pron.f. that. See ce. CELLIER, sm. cellar ; from L. cellarium. For -Qxi\xra — -ier see § 198. Cellule, sf. a little cell; from L. cellula. Cellule is a doublet of ciaule, q. v. — Der. celhdeux, celhihixe. CELUI, pron. sm. this one. See ce. Cement, sm. cement ; from L. caementum. Cement is a doublet of ciment, q. v. — Der. cementer, cemenUiion. C6nacle, sm. a guest-chamber ; from L. caenaculum. CENDRE, sf. ashes, cinders. It. cenere, from L. cinerem. Cin(e)rem, contrd. after the rule. § 51, into cin'rem, becomes cendre by change of i into e (see meitre), of nr into ndr (see Hist. Gram. p. 73). — Der. cendrex, cendrier, cendreux, cendriWon. Cdne, sf. the Lord's Supper ; from L. coena. C6llobite, sm. a cenobite ; from L. coeno- bita, one who Kves in the coenobium, or convent. Cenotaphe, sm. a cenotaph; from Gr. KevoTa.<piov. Cans, sm. census, annual quit-rent ; from L. census. — Der. cens'iex, ce/zsitaire, censlve. Censer, va. to deem, reckon ; whence partic. cense, reputed; from L. censere. Censeur, sm. a censor ; from L. censor. Censure, sf. censure, blame; from L. c en- sura. — Der. censurer. CENT, adj. hundred ; from L. centum. — Der. centa.ine, cenlennire. CENTENIER, sm. a centurion; from L. eentenarius. For -arius = -2Vr see § 198. Centenier is a doublet of centenaire. CENTIEME, adj. hundredth. O. Fr. cen- tiesme, from L. centesimus. Centes(i)- mus, conlr. into centes'raus after the rule (§ 51), becomes centieme by the change of e into ie (see arriere), and loss of s (see Hist. Gram, p, 81). Centieme is a doublet of centime, q. v. CENTIME, sm. a centime (^ part of a franc) ; from L. centesimus. Oen- tes(i)mus, contrd. into centes'mus (see § 51), becomes centime by changing e into i (see accomplir), and dropping s (Hist. Gram, p. 81). Centime is a doublet of centieme, q.v. Centon, sm. a cento ; from L. centonem. CENTRE, sm. centre; from L. centrum. CENTRAL, from L. centralis.— Der. cen- traliser, decentraliser, concentrer, concen- trique, excentrique. Centrifuge, adj. centrifugal. Centripdte, adj. centripetal. Words coined by the learned, the first centrum with fugere, and the second with petere. Centuple, adj. augmented a hundredfold, centuple; from L. centuplus. — Der. ceu' tnpltr. Centurie, sf. a century; from L. centuria. Centurion, sm. a centurion; from L. cen- turionem. CEP, sm. a tree-stock, vine-stock; from L. cippus *. For i = e see mettre ; for V'9=P see chape. Cep is a doublet of cippe^ q.v. — Der. cepnge. CEPENDANT, adv. however, =pendant cela. See ce and pendant. Cephalalgie, sf. head-ache; from Gr. Ceramique, adj. ceramic ; from Gr. «€pa- C6raste, sm. the cerastes ; from Gr. Acepa- CTT^S. Cerat, sm. cerate ; from L. ceratum, a salve whose chief compound is wax, cera. Cerat is a doublet of cire, q. v. CERCEAU, sm. a hoop. O. Fr. cercel, from L. circellus *. For i = e see mettre ; for -ellus = -e/ = -eaw , see agneau. CERCLE, sm. a circle; from L. circulus. Circ(ii)lus, contrd. after rule (see § 51) into circ'lus, changes i into e (see 7a CERCUEIL — CHA IR . mettre). — Der. eerchr, of which circuler is a doublet. CERCUEIL, sm. a coffin. O. Fr. sarcueil, originally sarcueu, from L. sarcopha- gus. Sarc6pMgus loses (see § 51) the two final atonic syllables, and be- comes sarmett by changing o into ue ; see accueillir. Hence again, by corruption from sarcueu, comes the form sarcueil, in which the presence of the final / is unexplained. Sarcueil has changed a into e, see acheter, and s into c, as in salsa, sauce. The study of proper names, which usually gives us valuable aid in establishing the origin of common nouns, here confirms for us the above etymology, which connects cercueil with sarcophagus : in the arron- dissement of Lisieux is a place called Cer- cueux, which in medieval documents is called ' Ecclesia de Sarcophagis.' Cercueil is a doublet of sarcophage, q. v. C6r6ale, adj. cereal; from L. cerealis. C6r6bral, adj. cerebral; from L. cere- bralis. C§r§inonie, s/. a ceremony; from L. caeremonia. — Der. ceremonial, -eux. CERF, sm. a stag; from L. cervus. For final v=/see § 142. CERFEUIL, sm. chervil ; from L. caere- folium. For loss of e, cer'folium, see § 52 ; for -6liwoa. = -euil seefeuille. CERISE, sf. a cherry ; from L. cerasa, pi. of cerastun. For a = t see aimant. — Der. cmsier, cemaie. CERNE, sm. a ring, circle ; from L. circinus. Cir(ci)iius, contrd. according to rule (see § 51) into cir'nus, became cerne by changing i into e ; see mettre. — Der. cern- eau, cerner. CERNER, va. to encircle. See cerne. CERTAIN, adj. certain ; from L. certus, by the adjunction of the Lat. suffix -anus = ~ain; see § 194. — Der. certainement. CERTES, adv. certainly ; from L. certe. For this addition of s see Hist. Gram, p. 80. Certiiicat, sm. a certificate; from L. cer- tificatum*, partic. of verb certificare*, whence certifier. Certifier, va. to certify. See certificat. Certitude, sf. certitude, certainty ; from L. certitudo*. C6ruse, sf. white lead; from L. cerussa. CERVEAU, sm. the brain. O. Fr. cervel*, from L. cerebellum. Cer(§)beUum, contrd. according to rule (see § 52) into cer'belluin, produced cerveau, by b = v, see avant; (2) -ellum into -eau, see agneau. Just as cerebellum becomes cer- veau, so the fern, form cerebella became cervelle. — Der. cerveht, 6cervel^. t Cervel as, sm. a saveloy. In 16th cent. cervelat ; introd. from It. cervellata. CERVELLE, 5/ the brain. See cerveau. Cervical, flrf/. cervical ; from L. cervical is. CERVOISE, ./. ale, beer ; from L. cervisia (in Pliny, who cites it as a word of Gaulish origin, see § 19). For i = oi see § 68. CESSER, vn. to cease ; from L. cessare. — Der. cesse (verbal subst.), incessant, cass- ation. Cession, sf. a cession ; from L. cessionem. — Der. cesszown aire. Ceste, sm. a cestus, girdle ; from L. cestus. ensure, sf. caesura ; from L. caesura. GET, pron. this. See ce. C6tace, ofi?;. cetaceous ; from L. cetaceus*, der. from cetus. CHABOT, sm. a miller's-thumb, chub (a big- headed fish) ; from L. caput, with addition of the suffix ot, to be found in Fr. in cachot, bntlot, billot, etc. For c = ch see achamer ; for p = fe see aheille. This fish was called, for a like reason, Kk(f>aKos in Gr. and capito in Lat. t Chabraque, sf. the cloths on a cavalry horse. A word introd. from Germ, scka- brake. fChacal, sm. a jackal; introd. from the East by travellers. Pers. and Turk, schakal. CHACUN, distrib. pron. each one. O. Fr. chascun, chasqun, from L. quisque unus. Quisque unus or quisq'unus becomes cAasc7m by changing qu into ch (see § 126), and i into a (see balance). For the loss of s see § 148. CHAFOUIN, sm. a pitiful-looking person. In patois chatfouin, compd. of chat and fouine. + Chagrin, sm. shagreen; introd. about the 15th cent, from It. Venetian zagrin. Chagrin, sm. affliction. Origin unknown. — Der. chagriner. CHAINE, sf. a chain ; from L. catena. For loss of medial t see abbaye and § 1 1 7 ; for e = i see accomplir. Chaine is a doublet of cadcne. — Der. chainon (of which chignon, q. v., is the doublet), chainette, enchainer, d^chainer. CHAIR, sf. flesh. O. Fr. char, originally charn, from L. carnem. For c = cA see § 126; for a = ai see § 54 ; for rn = n see aubonr. — Der. charnQ\, charnier, chartiu, charn- ure, cAarogne, decAarner, achamer. CHA IRE — CHA NCELER . 73 CHAIRE, sf. a pulpit. O. Fr. chaere, from L. cathedra, i. e. a raised seat from which one speaks. For loss of medial t (th.) see abbaye; for G — ch see § 126; for dr = r see § 168. Before the 1 6th cent, the word chaise did not exist, and chaire, like cathedra, had the two meanings, ' a chair, and ' a pulpit.' Thus Montaigne says, <S"t'' lanpant d'tme chaire (chaise), ok elle esloit assise. In the 1 6th cent, the Parisians substi tuted s for r (see arroser), and so transformed chaire into chaise. Under Louis XIV the phrase ran not une chaire de Droit, but U7ie chaise de Droit, une chaise de Theologie. Moliere says, Les savants ne sont bons que pour precher en chaise ; shewing plainly that chaise long kept the sense of chaire, and is nothing but a slight variation of the same word. CHAISE, sf. a chair. See chaire. CHALAND, sm. a lighter, barge. A word of Byzantine origin, like many terms of sea- faring and military art of the middle ages ; from Low L. chelandium, Gr. x^^'^i'Stoi/. Chaland, sm. a customer. Origin un- known. — Der. achalander. t Chale, sf. a shawl ; introd. from the East by travellers. Ar. schdl. + Chalet, sm. a cheese-house, a chalet. A Swiss word, from the Grisons patois. Chalet is a doublet of chdtelet. CHALEUR, sf. heat; from L. calorem. For o = ch see § 126; for o = eu see § 79. — Der. chaleureux. CHALIT, sm. a wooden bedstead. Origin unknown. CHALOIR, vn. to be important, matter, lit. to be hot ; from L. calere. For o = ch see § 126; for e = oz see § 63. For this verb see Hist. Gram. p. 147. — Der. uonchaloir (to care for nothing), whence the pres. partic. nonchalant. tChaloupe, sf. a launch, shallop. In l6ih cent, chaluppe ; introd. from It. scia- luppa. CHALUMEAU, sm. straw, blow-pipe. O. Fr. chalemel,ixom L. calamellus, dim. of cala- mus. For o = ch see § 126; for -ellus = -eau see agneau ; for a = u, through e, cp. saccharum, Sucre; rhabarbarum, " rhubarbe. + Chamade, sf. a parley ; introd. in i6th cent, from It. chiamata. CHAMAILLER, vn. to scuffle. Origin un- known. + Chaniarre, ./. lace-work, embroidery; from Sp. chamarra. — Der, chamarrex. CHAMBELLAN, sm. a chamberlain. O. Fr. chambellanc, originally chamberlenc ; It. cam- arlittgo, from O, H. G. chamarlinc, an officer of the chamber. For the assimilation of rl into // see § 168 ; for the dissimilation of mm into mb see § 169. CHAMBRANLE, sm. a doorcase, window- frame. Origin unknown. CHAMBRE, sf. a chamber; from L. ca- mera*. Cam(e)ra, contrd. regularly (see § 51) into cam'ra, becomes chambre, by changing (1) c into ch, see § 126; (2) m'r into mbr, see absoudre. — Der. cham- brer (whose doublet is cambrer), cham- brette, chambree (whose doublet is camer- ade), chambritx, chambrieie (whose doublet is catnerier). CHAMEAU, sm. a camel. Originally chamel, from L. camelus. For c = cA see § 126 ; for -el = -eau see agneau — Der, cAamelle, chameXitr. + Chamois, sm. a chamois; a word of Swiss origin. — Der. chamoisem. CHAMP, sm. a field ; from L. campus. For c = ch see § 126. Champ is a doublet of camp, q. v. — Der. champion, (who fights in champ clos). CHAMPART, sm. a field-rent; for champ- part. A feudal term. See champ and part. CHAMPETRE, adj. rural, rustic; from L. campestris. Forc=^ch see § 126; for loss of s see § 126 and Hist. Gram. p. 81. CHAMPIGNON, sm. a mushroom ; from L. campinionem.*, i. e. that which grows in the fields; deriv. of cam.pus. For G = ch see § 126; {orni= gn see Hist. Gram, p. 64. CHAMPION, sm. a champion. See champ. CHANCE, sf chance, hazard. O. Fr. che- ance, It. cadenza, from L. cadentia, that which falls out fortunately, from cadere, a term used in dice-playing. For loss of medial d see accabler and § 120; iox Q = ch see § 126 ; for -tia = -ce see § 192. Chance is a doublet oi cadence, q. v. — Der. chanceux. CHANCEL, sm. a chancel, the grating sepa- rating the choir from the nave ; from L. cancellus, the grating or bar dividing the judgment-seat from the people. The cancel- larius was the officer who stood by this bar. From cancellarius, first an usher, then a scribe, a notary, comes mod. Fr. chancelier, by changing (l) c into ch, see § 126; (2) -arius into -ier, see § 198. Chajtcel is a doublet of cancel, q. v. CHANCELER, vn. to stagger, reel ; from L. cancellare, to make zigzags, thence to walk unevenly, to stagger. For G = ch see § 126. 74 CHANCRE — CHAPEA U, CHANCRE, sm. a canker, cancer; from L. cancrum. For o = ch see § 126. Chancre is a doublet of cancre, cancer. CHANDELLE, sf. a candle; from L. can- dela. For c = cA see § 126 Der. chandelier, chandehnx, the feast of candles (oandelae). Chandeleur represents the Lat. candelarum in the phrase ' festa S. Mariae candelarum.' CHANFREIN, sm. chamfron, armour for a horse's head. Origin unknown. CHANGER, va. to change, exchange, barter ; from L. cambiare*, in the Lex Salica, der. from the form cambire, to be found in Apuleius). Cambiare becomes changer by consonification of ia (see abrSger and Hist. Gram. p. 65) and fall of b (see Hist. Gram, p. 81). Forc = cAsee § 126. For the change of m into n, we find it in Lat. tamdiu or tandiu, quandiu or quamdiu, and in in- scriptions quen, tan, ren, for quem, tarn, rem. This change also takes place in Fr. (i) At the beginning of words, as in matta, «a//^; ma.p pa., nappe; mespi- lum, nPJle. Natta is to be found in Gre- gory of Tours, and nespilum in Low Lat. (2) In the middle of words, most often when m is blunted by being in contact with another consonant, as in commjatus*, conge; pum'cem, ponce, etc. Also in dama, daine; comestabilis*, coufittahle. (3) At the end of words, in summum, son ; suum, son; meum, man, etc. See also imder airain. — Der. change (verbal subst.), Techanger, rtchange, echanger, changem, changement. CHANOINE, sm. a canon ; from L. canon- icus. Thi« word, accented on the o, has, according to rule (see § 51), lost its two atonic vowels. For c = ck see § 126. o becomes oi by the attraction of the i, as in historia, histoire, § 84. o also becomes o«, as in focarium, /o^er, § 83. Chanoine is a doublet of canonique, q. v. — Der. chanoine&se. CHANSON, sf. a song; from L. cantio- nem. For c = cA see § 126; for tiare = ser see § 264. — Der. chansonnler, chanson- nette. CHANT, sm. a song, chant ; from L. cantus. For c = c/t see § 126. CHANTEAU, sm. a cantle, hunch. O. Fr. chanlel, from L. cantellus*, dim. of can- tus* (a corner). For -e\lvis = -eau see agneau ; for G = ch see § 1 26. CHANTEPLEURE, sf. a long funnel, tap. See chanter and pl^urer. CHANTER, va. to sing ; from L. cantare. For o = ch see § 126. — Der. chanfear (whose doublet is chantre), chanttuse, de- chanter, chantoimcr , chatitereWe. CHANTIER, sm. a yard, timber-yard, &c. ; from L. canterium, a beam of strong wood. For o = ch see § 126; for e = ie see § 56. CHANTRE, sm. a singer, chanter ; from L. cantorem. This word, coming to be proncd. cant(6)rem, was contrd. according to rule (§51) into cant'r, changing c into ch ; see § 1 26. Chantre is a doublet of chanteur. CHANVRE, sm. hemp ; from L. cannabis. Cann(a)bis, contrd. according to rule (§ 51) into cann'bis, ought to have become chanve, by change of c into ch (see § 126) and b into v (see § 113). This form chanve exists in fact in Picardy in patois, and doubtless existed in O. Fr. The intercalation of an r, whence chanvre, is to be met with in a few words, as in funda, fronde; encaustum, encre,8cc. See Hist. Gram. p. 80. The form regestrum for re- gestum is to be found at a very earlyperiod. Chaos, sm. chaos; from L. chaos. — Der. chaotique. CHAPE, sf. a cope ; from L. cappa(a hooded cloak, in Isidore of Seville). For G = ch see § 126. pp becomes p, as in cuppa, coupe; sappa, sape ; pupis, poupe ; stuppa*, etottpe. And we also find the form capa beside cappa in certain Lat. documents. — Der. chaperon, chapezu (O. Fr. chapel, properly a little chape). For -el = eau see agneau. The O. Fr. form had a dim. chapelet, a little head-dress, con- sisting usually of a crown of flowers. Ronsard, speaking of a maiden watering lilies, says Soir et matin les arrose Et a ses noces propose De s'en faire un chapelet. The chapelet de roses, a chaplet of roses placed on the statues of the Virgin, shortly called a rosaire, or rosary, came later to mean a sort of chain, intended for counting prayers, made of threaded beads, which at first were made to re- semble the chaplets of the Madonna. Another deriv. of capa is the dim. ca- pella, which from the 7th cent, has had the sense of a chapel : originally a ca- pella was the sanctuary in which was pre- served the cappa, or cope of S. Martin, and thence it was expanded to mean any sanctuary containing relics. CHAPEAU, sm. a hat. See chape.— Dei. chapeUei, from O. Fr. chapel'. CHAPELA IN — CHARRIER. 75 CHAPELAIN, sm. a chaplain. See chapelle. CHAPELER, va. to chip, rasp, bread ; from L. capulare. For o^ch see § 126. Here u = e as in juniperus, genievre. — Der. chapelmt. CHAPELET, sm. a chaplet. See chape. CHAPELLE, /. a chapel. See chape.— Der. chapehin. CHAPERON, sm. a hood. See chape.— Der. chaperonner. CHAPITEAU, sm. a capital, top, cap. O. Fr. chapitel, from L. capitellum. For c — ch see § 126; for -ellum = -e(37^ seeagrieatt. CHAPITRE, sm. a chapter. O. Fr. chapitle, from L, capitulum. Capit(u)lum, con- tracted by rule (see § 51) into capit'lum, becomes chapitre by changing (l) cinto ch, see § 126; (2) 1 into r, see § 157. — Der. chapitrev (to reprimand in full chapter). Chapitrer is a doublet o{ capituler, q. v. CHAPON, sm. a capon ; from L. caponem. For c = cA see § 126, Chapon is a doublet of capon, q. v. CHAQUE, adj. each. O. Fr. chasque. For its etymology see chacun. ^HAR, sm. a car, chariot ; from L. carrus. For c = ch see § 126. — Der, charner, charvoyer, charrette, charron, chariot. ^ Charade, sf. a charade ; a word of Prov. origin (§ 24), introd. during the l8th cent. Origin unknown. CHARANgON, sm. a weevil. Origin un- known. CHARBON, sm. coal ; from L. carbonem. For Q = ch see § 126. Charbon is a doublet of carbone. — Der. charbonner, char- bonnier, charbonnee (of which carbonade is the doublet). CHARCUTIER, sm. a pork-butcher. Chair- cutier as late as Rousseau ; in the 17th cent. chaircuitier; hx\gmA\y chair cuitier, properly a seller of cooked meat, as opposed to a butcher, who sells it raw. For the etymology see chair and cuite. — Der. charcuieiie, char- cuter. CHARDON, sm. a thistle; from L. cardu- onem*, der. from carduus. For c = ch see § 126 ; for loss of the u see § 52. — Der. chardonneret, a goldfinch; O. Fr. chardonnet, properly a bird which frequents the thistle. As a confirmation of this origin we may mention the fact ^that the Latins similarly called the bird car- duelis from carduus, and the Greeks d/cavBis from aKavOos ; and lastly, the Germans call it distelfinh, the thistle-finch. It. caricare, from L. carricare, used by St. Jerome for ' to load.' Carr(i)Gare was soon contrd., according to rule (see § 52), into car'care. The Glosses of Reichenau (8th cent.) have 'onerati = carcati.' Carcare became charger by changing (i) the initial c into ch (see § 126 ; (2) re into rg (see § 129). Charger is a doublet of carguer, q.v. — Der. charge (verbal subst.), chargemenX., dccharger, sur- charger. CHARIOT, sm. a wagon. See char. CHARITE, sf. charity ; from L. caritatem. For c = cA see § 126 ; for -atem = -e see § 230. Charite is a doublet of cherte, q. V. — Der. chariiMe. CHARIVARI, sm. a mock serenade. Origin unknown. t Charlatan, sm. charlatan, quack; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. ciarlatano. — Der. charlata?ii%me. CHARME, sm. a witch-elm ; in the Berry patois charne. It. carpino, from L. carpi- nus. Car(pi)nus is contrd. according to rule (§ 51) into car'nus, whence charme by changing (i) c into ch (see § 126); (2) n into m, a change of which this word is almost the only example. — Der, charmoie. CHARME, sm. a charm, enchantment; from L. carmen. For o = ch see § 126. — Der. charmer, charmant. CHARNEL, adj. carnal. See chair. CHARNIER, sm. a larder. See chair. Char- nier is a doublet of cornier. CHARNU, adj. fleshy, brawnv. See chair. CHARNIERE, sf. a hinge;' from L. ear- dindria, der. from cardinem. Card- (i)ndria, contrd. according to rule (see § 52) into card'naria, becomes charniere by changing (l) c into cA (see § 126); (2) dn into n (see aller) ; (3) -aria into -i?re (see § 198). CHAROGNE, sf. carrion. See chair.— Cha- rogne is a doublet of carogne. CHARPENTIER, sm. a carpenter ; from L. carpentarius, which is properly a cart- wright or wheelwright = cAarro«, for which see § 12. For o — ch see § 126; for -arius = -?er see § 198. — Der. charpenter, charpente (verbal subst.). CHARPIE, sf. lint, a partic. subst. (see § 188) of O. Fr. verb active charpir; from L. carpere. For c = ch see § 126; for e = i see § 59. CHARRETTE, sf. a cart. See c^ar.— Der. charretier, charretee. CHARRIER, va. to cart, carry. See char. 75 CHARROVER — CHA UDl'^RE. CHARROYER, va. to cart, carry. See char. — Der. ckarroi (verbal subst.). CHARRUE, sf. a plough ; from L. oarruca. For c = cA see § 126; for -uca = -we see §237. CHARTE, sf. a charter, chartulary ; from L. oharta. Charta, being really proncd, carta, afterwards became charte by re- turning from c to ch (see § 126). Charte is a doublet of carte, q. v. CHARTRE, sf. a charter ; from L. char- tula, dim. of charta (see charte). Char- t(ii)la, contrd. according to rule (§ 51) into chart'la, changed 1 into r; see § 157. — Der. chartriei (of which the doublet is cartulaire, q. v.). CHARTRE, ./. a prison ; from L. car- eer. For o = ch see § 126; c'r (care'r) becomes tr by change of c into t, of which there is no other example in the modern Fr. language. CHAS, sm. the eye of a needle. Origin un- known, CHASSE, sf. a shrine, reliquary ; from L. capsa. For c = ch see § 126 ; for ps = ss see caisse. — Der. chassis, enc^asser. CHASSE, sf chase, hunting, verbal subst. of chasser, q. v. Chasser is a doublet of caisse, q. v, CHASSER, va. to hunt, chase ; from L. cap- tiare*, deriv. of captare, which has taken the sense of 'to chase' in late Lat. In Propertius ' captare feras ' is used in the sense of ' to hunt wild beasts.' For c = ch see § 126 ; for tiare = sser see agencer; for assimilation of r see caisse. — Der. chasse, chasseur, chasseresse, pomchasser. CHASSIE, sf blear -eyedness. Origin un- known. — Der. chassieux. CHASSIS, sm. a frame, sash, chase. See chasse. CHASTE, adj. chaste ; from L. castus. For c = ch see § 126. — Der. chastele (of which the O. Fr. doublet was chastee). CHASUBLE, sf. a chasuble ; from L. casi- bula *, dim. of casula, which is used by Isidore of Seville for a mantle. Casibula or casubula, contrd. regularly (§ 51) into casub'la, became chasuble by changing c into ch (see § 126). CHAT, sm. a cat ; from L. catus (Isidore of Seville). For c = ch see § 126. — Der. chatoyer (to change colour Hke a cat's eye : those precious stones which jewellers call cat's eyes are pierres chatoyantes), chatte mite (from chatte and mite, L. mitis). CHATAIGNE, sf a chestnut. O. Fr. chas- taigne, from L. castdnea. For G — ch see § 126 ; for a = a/ see 54; for -nea = -^«c see 244; for loss of 8 see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. chdtaigmer, chdtaignenie. CHATEAU, sm. a castle. O. Fr. chastel, from L. castellum. For -ellum = -ea7i see agneau ; for c = cA see § 126; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. Chateau is a doublet of O. Fr. castel. — Der. (from O. Fr. chalel) chatelime, chdtelenie, chdtelet. CHAT-HUANT, sm. the screech-owl ; in 17th cent, chahuan in Menage, chnuhan and chouhan in the Anjou patois; in the 16th cent, chouan in Ronsard. This form chouan is the real form of the word (and besides, naturalists still give the name of chouan to the middle-sized horned owl). Chouan is a dim. of O. Fr. choue. Choue is in its turn derived from O. H. G. chouch, the owl : the Germ, root-word has also a form choue, whence Fr. choucas. The O. Fr. choue has left two derivations, chouette and chouan, whence chat-huant, a word whose present spelling would mislead us to imagine a deriv. from chat and huer, which is very far from being the case. CHATIER, va. to chastise. O. Fr. chastier, from L. castigdre. For loss of g see § 131 ; for c — ch see § 126; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. chdtiment. CHATON, sm. a bezel. O. Fr. chaston, originally caston, from Germ, hasten. CHATOUILLER, va. to tickle; from L. cattuliare* (der. from cattvilire = titil- lare, to tickle). For c = ch see § 126; for u = ou see § 90; for Ui = ill see ail. — Der. chatouillement. CHATOYER, va. to sparkle, change in hue. See chat. CHATRER, va. to castrate, geld. O. Fr. chastrer, from L. castrare. For c = ch see § 126 ; for loss of s see Hist.feram. p. 81. — Der. chdtre (of which the doublet is castrat). CHATTEMITE, sf. a demure-looking person. See chat. CHAUD, adj. warm. O. Fr. chald. It. caldo, from L. caldus, which was used in Rome in the time of Augustus for calidus, as is seen in Quinctilian, i. 6, 'Sed Augustus quoque in epistolis ad Caium Caesareni scriptis, emendat quod is dicere calidum quam caldum malit : non quia illud non sit latinum, sed quia sit odiosum.' For c — ch see § 126; for al = aM see agneau. — Der. 6chaudeT, rechaud. CHAUDIERE, sf a copper ; from L. calda- ria : ' Vasa caldaria' is used by Vitruvius, For c = ch see § 126; for al = om see CHA UDRON — CHENIL. 17 agneati ; for -aria = -zVre see § 198. — Der. chaudron (O. Fr. chauderon, der. from chaudere, another form of chaudiere. Simi- larly m'Si^.c alder on is deriv. from caldera). CHAUDRON, sm. a caldron, kettle. See chaudiere. — Der. chaudronnler. CHAUFFER, va. to warm, heat. Prov. cal- far. It. calefare, from calefare *, contrd. form of calefacere. For loss of e (cal'fare) see § 52 ; for c = cA see § 126 ; for al = au see agneau. — Der. chauffe (verbal subst.), chauffzgt, chattffoir, chauf- ferette, chauffeur, ^chauffer, rechauffer. CHAULER, va. to lime, steep in. lime-water. See chanx. CHAUME, sm. a stalk, haulm ; from L. cala- mus, which is written calmus in a docu- ment dated A. d, 672. Cal(a)raus, contrd. regularly (§ 51) into cal'inus, became chaume by changing c into ch, see § I26; and al into au, see agneau. — Der. chaum- iere, chaumme. CHAUSSE, sf. a shoulder-knot. See chausser. CHAUSSEE, sf. a causeway, embankment. Prov. causada, Sp. calzada, from L. cal- ciata* (sc. via) properly = i»ozc ma^onnee h la chaux (a road made with lime). Cal- ciata is from calcem. For Q = ch see § 126; for al = au see agneau; for ci = ss see agencer ; for -ata = -e'e see am- poule. CHAUSSER, va. to put on (shoes or stock- ings) ; from L. calceare. For c = ch see § 126; for al = aw see agneau ; for ce = ss see agencer. — Der. chausses (verbal subst.), chaussette, chausson (of which the doublet is cale^on), chausswve, dechausses, d6chaux, chatisse-trape (properly a snare, trap, which shoes the foot). CHAUSSE-TRAPPE, sf. a caltrop, trap. See chausser and trappe. CHAUVE, adj. bald ; from L. calvus. For , c = c/i see § 126 ; for al = aM see agneau. — Der. chajwe-somis (a bat), so called be- cause its wings are membranaceous and have no feathers. The Glosses of Reichenau (8th cent.) give us ' Vespertiliones = calves sorices.' AUVE-SOURIS, sm. a bat. See chauve. UX, sf. lime. Prov. calz, It. cake, from L. calcem. For c=-ch see § 126; for al = aw see agneau. AVIRER, vna. to capsize, upset ; from chapvirer, properly to be turned upside down ; from virer (q. v.) and chap (from L. caput). For c = cA see § 126. HEF, sm, a head, chief; originally head, as in Ze ch e f c?'w« saint, un corwr e-ch.e f : from L. caput. For c = ch see § 126; for a = e see § 54. p has here become / after having gone through all the stages of the phonetic scale (p, b, v,f), as is shown by Low Lat. cabo (for caput), and loth- cent. Fr. cheve. Like chef, the two words praesaga, /resarV, mespilum, nefle, have also changed p into/. Chef is a doublet of cap, q. v. — Der. a.cheveT (q. v.), chevet (the ' head ' of a bed), chef-lieu. CHEMIN, sm. a way, road. Prov. camin. It. cammino, from L. carainus *, found in 6th- cent. documents for a road. For ca = cAe see §§ 126 and 54. — Der. cheminer, acheminex. CHEMINEE, sf. a chimney. It. camminata, from L. caminata, deriv. of caminus, used by Vitruvius for a chimney. Forca== che see §§ 126 and 54; for -ata = -ee see § 201. CHEMISE, sf a shirt, shift ; from L. camisia. Paulus, the abbreviator of Festus, says of the word supparus : ' Supparus, vesti- mentum lineum quod camisia dicitur.' For 00, = che see §§ 126 and 54. CHENAL, sm. a channel; from L. cana- lis. For 00. = che see §§ 126 and 54. Another form of this word is chcneau (for l = w see ag?ieau). Chenal is a doublet of canal. + Chenapan, sw. a scamp, blackguard; introd. towards end of 17th cent, by the Germ, wars, from Germ. sch?iapphahn. CHENE, sm. an oak. O. Fr. chesne, from L. casnus * ( = an oak in a Chartulary of A. d, 508). For ca, = che see §§ 126 and 54; for loss of s see Hist, Gram. p. 81. The form casnus is a transformation of the regular quercinus (querc'nus) by changing re into rs, s : this rs = s is found in Fr. in dorsum, dos, etc. (§ 154), and also in Lat. The Romans said dos sum for dor- sum, sussum for sursum, prosa for prorsa, retrosum for retrorsum. Even introsus is found for introrsus in an in- scription (Orelli, 14034). For qn = c see car. — Der. chena.ie. CHENET, sm. a dog, andiron. O. Fr. chien- net. See chien. CHENEVIS, S7n. hempseed ; from L. canna- bisium. *, deriv. of cannabis. Forca = che see §§ 126 and 54 ; for b = t/ see avant and § 113. — Der. chenevihxe, chenevotte. CHENIL, sm. a kennel ; from L. canile *, place where dogs are kept. Canile is from canis, like equile from equus. 78 CHENILLE — CHE VA LIER. agnile from agnus, etc. Foroa = cAesee §§ 126 and 54. CHENILLE, sf. a caterpillar ; from L. canf- oiila, a name drawn from the likeness of the head of certain caterpillars to that of a little dog. This etymology, which at first sight seems strange, is confirmed by the fact that the caterpillar has in many idioms received the name of other animals ; as in Milanese cagnon ( = a little dog) : in other parts of Italy it it called gattola (a little cat). The Portuguese call it lagarta (a Uzard). For ca. = che see §§ 120 and 54 ; for -icula, = -ille see § 257. Chenille is a doublet of canicule. — Der. 4cheniller. CHENU, adj. hoar-headed ; from L. canutus, deriv. ofcanus. ¥oTC& = che see §§ 126 and 54 ; for -utus = -tt see § 201. CHEPTEL, sm. leased-out cattle. Prov. capial, from L. capitale. Cap(i)tale, contrd, regularly (see § 52) into cap'- tale, becomes cheptel by changing ca into che (see §§ 126 and 54), and -ale into -el (see § 191.) Cheptel is a doublet of captel, capitale. CHER, acf;. dear ; fromL. carus. For ca = che see §§ 126 and 54. — Der. cher'ii, c/ierement. CHERCHER, va. to seek. Prov. cercar. It. cercare, from L. circare, used by Proper- tius for to wander hither and thither. For o = ch see § 126; for i = e see mettre ; for Q, = e see § 54. — Der. cherchem, re- chercher, recherche. CHERE, sf. cheer, good fare ; from L. cara, a face, countenance, used by Corippus, a 6th-cent. poet, in his Paneg. ad Justinum : ' Postquam venere verendam Caesaris ante caram.' Faire bonne chere took its present sense of 'eating a good dinner' only in modern times ; formerly it was —faire bon accueil, and originally —faire bon visage, as the proper sense of chere is a face, as in Patelin's lines. Que ressemblez-vous bien de chere Et du tout a vostre feu pere. For ca, = che see §§ 126 and 54. CHERIR, va. to cherish. See cher. — Der. cherissMe, cncherir, rencherir, smencherir. CHERTE, sf, dearness, high price; from L. .caritatem. Car(i)tatein, contrd. regu- larly (see § 52) into car'tatem, be- comes cherte by changing (l) ca into che, see §§ 126 and 54 ; (2) -atem into -e, see § 230. Ch^rubin, sm. a cherub; from eccles, L. cherubim, introd. into Lat. by St. Jerome (§ 30). CHETIF, adj. poor, mean, bad; in 13th cent. c/jfliV// (Joinville), in nth cent, caitif (Chanson de Roland) ; It. cattivo ; from L. captivus, a prisoner, in Class. Lat., but used in sense of chetif, mean, poor-looking, in Imperial times, as we see in the Mathesis of Firmicus Maternus, viii. 24, a treatise on astrology written by this Christian contro- versialist, who was a contemporary of Con- stantine, and died about a. d. 436 : ' Vice- sima pars Sagittarii, si in horoscopo in- venta fuerit, homines facit nanos, gibbosos, captivos, ridiculosque.' How then has the word passed from its proper Lat. sense of * captive ' to that of ' mean ' and * weak ' ? A parallel Fr. metaphor will help to explain it : the word chartre, which properly means a prison, is also said in the Diet, de I'Acaddmie Fran9aise to signify the mesen- teric phthisis to which children are liable ; the phrase un enfant est en chartre being used for a child attacked by this malady. Popular superstition, in its faith in fairies and evil spirits, likened consumption to a mysterious prison-house in which the sick person is held captive till he dies by an in- visible hand : and thus the sick person, the chetif, is the ' captive ' of that fatal malady. The L. captivus having thus this double signification, handed it down to the Romance languages : thus It. cattivo is both ' captive ' and ' bad.' O. Fr., richer and fuller than the modern language, gave to the word chetif both, senses ; as we see in Joinville that St. Louis delivered les chetifs (i. e. the Christian ' captives ' of the Sara- cens). As to the form of the word, captivus becomes caitif by dropping final -us, by final v=/ (§ 142), by pt = ^ (§ 168), and by a = cz (§ 54). Caitif (introd. into England by the Normans in the form caitiff) becomes in the 1 2th cent. chaitifhy c = ch (§ 126), in the 13th cent. chetif by ai = e (§ 103). Chetif is a doublet of captif. CHEVAL, sm. a horse; from L. caballus. For GO, = che see §§ 126 and 54; for h=v see § 113. — Der. cheval'm, chevalet, dim. oicheval; similarly the Romans used equuleus, the dim. of equus. Cheval is a doublet of cavale. CHEVALIER, sm. a knight ; from L. cabal- larius, used by Isidore of Seville as = alaris eques. For ca = che see §§ 126 and 54; for l) = i/ see § 113; for -arius = -ier see § 198. Chevalier is a doublet of cavalier, q. v. — Der. chevaltxic (whose CHEVA UCHER — CHIEN. 79 doublet is cavalerie), chevalihre, chevaler- esque (a word formed after It. cavaller- esco). CHEVAUCHER, vn. to ride. O. Fr. cheval- cker, It. cavalcare, Sp. cabalgar, from L. caballicare*. We find in the Salic Law, tit. 25, ' Si quis caballum sine permissu domini sui ascenderit, et euni caballica- verit.' Caball(i)care, contrd. regularly (see § 52) into cabal'care, becomes che- vaiicher by changing (l) ca into che, see §§ 126 and 54; (2) b into v, see § 113; (3) al into au, stt agneau. — Der. chevauchee (whose doublet is cavalcade, q. v.). CHEVELU, adj. long-haired. See cheveu. CHEVELURE, sf. head of hair, hair. O. Fr. cheveleure. It. capellatura, from L. capilla- tura, used by S. Augustine, der. from capillum. Capella(t)ura having regu- larly lost its medial t (se^ abbnye) becomes chevelure by changing (i) ca into che, see §§ 126 and 54; (2) p into v, see § III; (3) by contracting eu into u, see mur. CHEVET, sm. a bed-head. See chef.— Der. cheveder (a choir-master, from chevet, for- merly the name for the choir of a church). CHEVETRE, sm. a halter. O. Fr. chevestre, Sp. cabestro, It. capestro; from L. capis- trum. For ca, = che see §§126 and 54; for p = u see § 1 1 1 ; for i = « see mettre ; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. s'enchevetrer, used of a horse which catches its leg in the halter (chevetre), whence metaph. to get entangled, embarrassed. CHEVEU, sm. a hair. O. Fr. chevel, from L. capillum. For CQ, = che see §§ 126 and 54; for p = u see § ill; for i\ = el see mettre ; for el = eu see agfteau. — Der. (from O. Fr, chevel) cheveln, echeveler {echevezu). GHEVILLE, sf. a peg, pin. It. caviglia, from L. clavicula * , a wooden peg. For -iciila = -27Ze see § 257; for a=e see § 54. Clavicula ought to have given cleville; but euphony caused a dissimila- tion (§ 169) ; for the reduction of cl I into c see able; for c — ch see § 126. i Cheville is a doublet of clavictde, q. v. CHEVRE, smf. a goat ; from L. capra. For ca, = che see §§ 126 and 54; for p = v see § III. — Der. chevrea.n, chevreite, chevron, chevrier, chevroter, chevrotin, chevroiine (buckshot, shot to shoot goats L. caprifolium. For the changes here see under chevre zfid feuille. CHEVREUIL, sm. a roe, roebuck ; from L. capreolus. For ca = c/ie see §§ 126 and 54 ; for p = 1/ see § 1 1 1 ; for -eolus = -euil see a'iejil and § 253, Chevreuil is a doublet of cabriole. CHEVRON, sm. a rafter; from L, caprio- nem *. The word capriones is found in the Glosses of Cassel (8th cent,). For the changes of letters see chevre. As to the transition in meaning (§ 13), the like meta- phor existed in Lat, The Romans called a rafter capreolus (a little goat), CHEVROTER, vn. to sing tremulously (like a kid's bleating). See chevre. CHEVROTINE, sf buckshot. See chevre. CHEZ, prep, at the house of; from L. casa. For ca = che see §§ 126 and 54; for s = z see 7tez. Chez was in very O, Fr, a subst, meaning a house. The Grand Coutumier speaks of ces maisons et chez esquels les marchands mettent leur mar- chandise. In the lith cent, people said je vais a chez Gautier = ^ Ya.do ad casaru Walterii,' to Walter's cottage ; or je viens de chez Gautier. But this distinction speedily shifted ; the phrase a chez became chez, but de chez remains, and bears witness by its form that the word was originally a subst. See § 13. Chez is a doublet of case, q. V. t Chicane, sf. chicanery, sharp practice ; another example of those changes of mean- ing noticed in § 13, Before being used for sharp practice in lawsuits, it meant a dispute in games, particularly in the game of the mall; and originally it meant the game of the mall : in this sense chicane re- presents a form zicanum *, which is from medieval Gr. r^vKaviov, a word of Byzan- tine origin. — Der. chicaner. CHICHE, sf. chick-peas; from L, cicer. For c = ch see § 126, CHICHE, adj. niggardly ; from L, ciccum, that which is of little worth. For o = ch see § 126; for cc — ch see acheter and § 168, Chicor§e, sf chicory ; in 1 6th cent, cichoree, from L. cichorium. CHIEN, sm. a dog ; from L, canis. For o = ch see § 126; for a. = ie see § 54. —Der. chienne, che?iet (which in O. Fr, was chiennet, a dog, andiron, so called because it had a dog's head on its end : in Provence it was called formerly un chenet cafuec, — chien de feu, a dog which guards the fire ; 8o CHIFFE — CHOU. ^ ill Germ, the word feiierbock is used in this sense). CHIFFE, sf. a rag. Origin unknown. — Der, chiffon, chiffonnier. CHIFFRE, sm. a numeral, digit, figure. O. Fr. ci/re, which in early O. Fr. meant zero, like low Lat. cifra (' cifra, figura nihil! ' says the Breviloquus) a word of Ar. origin, like so many mathematical terms, represent- ing the Ar. ^ifr. Chiffre is a doublet of zero, q. v. — Der. chiffrer, dochiffrer. CHIGNON, sm, the nape of the neck, cervical vertebrae. Buffon often speaks of le chig- non du cou (by extension it is used to de- signate the back hair of a lady gathered by a riband and resting on* the back of the neck). Chignon in its proper sense was in O. Fr. chaignon, originally chaaignon, from L. catenionem *. Ca(t)enionem loses its medial t regularly (see ahbaye), and be- comes chaignon. For c = cA see § 126 ; for Txi = gn see cigogne and § 244. Chignon is a doublet of chainon, q. v. Chim^re, sf. a chimera ; from L. chimaera. — Der. chimerique. Chimie, sf. chemistry; from L. chymia *. — Der. chimique, chimiste. Chiner, va. to colour, dye, stuffs, to resemble Chinese silks, etc. ; a word of hist, origin (§ 3.^). + Chiourme, sf. the crew of a galley, convicts; introd. in l6th cent, from It. citirma. Chiquenaude, sf. a fillip. Origin un- known. Chiragre, sf. (Med.) chiraga; from Gr. Chiromancie, sf. chiromancy; from Gr. X^ipofiavrda. Chirurgie, sf. surgery ; from Gr. x^i^povpyia. — Der. chirurgien (of which the doublet is sargien). Chlore, sm. chlorine; from Gr. x^'^P^s- — Der. chlorique, chlonte, chlorose (a disease which gives the skin a greenish-yellow tint), chloroforme (compounded of chlorine and formic acid ; stt formique). 'f'Choc, sm. a shock, collision; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. cicoco. f CAocolat, sm. chocolate; in 17th cent. chocolate, introd. in 1 6th cent, from Sp. chocolate. CHCEUR, sm. a chorus, choir ; from L, chorus. For o = ceu see cueiller. Choeur is a doublet of chorus. CHOIR, vn. to fall. O. Fr. chhir, originally chaer and coder, from L. cadere by chang- ing (1) c into ch, see § 126; (2) g into oi, see § 61 ; (3) by losing d, see accO' bier; (4) by synaeresis of e-oir into oir. Just as ca(d)ere becomes chioir, ca- (d)utus* (for partic. in utus see boire) produced O. Fr. ch6-ut, then chu, and the fem. ca(d)uta, gave che-ute, then chute, now a subst., by a change considered under absoute. — Der. choir, 4choir, d^choir; chute, xtchute. CHOISIR, va. to choose. At an earlier period it signified to see, perceive : in the middle ages men said de sa tour le guetteur choisit les ennemis. Choisir, O. Fr. coisir, originally cosir, Prov. causir, It. causire, is a word of Germ, origin, der. from Goth. Jcausjan, to see, examine. — Der. choix (verbal subst.) Chol6ra, sm. cholera, a Lat. word der, from Gr. xoAe'pa. Cholera is a doublet of colle, coltre. — Der. cholerique. CH6MER, vn. to be without work; often written chaumer in i6th cent. : it means pro- , perly ' to rest.' Prov. chaume is the time ' when flocks rest. This word is der. from medieval Lat. cauma, heat of the sun, the time of day when heat is too great for work, a word found in sense of great heat in St. Jerome, Isidore of Se- ville, and Fortunatus. This Lat. cauma represents Gr. x"^^"- Fo'^ au = o see § 106; for o = ch see § 126. Chomer is a doublet of calmer, q. v. — Der. chum- age. CHOPE,s/ a beer-glass; from Germ. schoppen. — Der. chopme. CHOPPER, vn. to stumble ; a word of Germ, origin, from Germ, schnpfen. fChoquer, va. to strike, knock. Origin unknown. CHOSE, sf. a thing. It. cosa^ from L. causa, - which first meaning ' a cause ' came in the ^■Xat. of the later Empire to mean 'a thing.' \ Hyginus uses causa for res ; Pliny says 'quam ob causam' for ' quam ob rem'; the Reichenau Glosses (8th cent.) give us ' rerum = causarum.' We find in the Lex Longobard ' Quia viri istam causam faciunt, non autem mulieres.' Causa becomes chose by changing (1) c into ch see § 126; (2) au into see § 106. Chose is a doublet of cause. CHOU, sm. a cabbage. O. Fr. chol, from L. caulis. Caulis becomes chol by changing (l) c into ch, see § 126; (2) au into 0, see § 106. CAo/ becomes cAo7/ by softening 0/ into ou, see agneau. \ CHO UCA S — CINI^RA IRE. 8i CHOUCAS, sm. a daw, jackdaw. See chat- huant. + Choucroute, sf. sour-crout ; corruption of Germ, sauerkraut, introd. through Alsace. CHOUETTE, sf. an owl, owlet. See chat- huant. CHOYER, va. to pet, cosset. Origin unknown. CHREME, stn. chrism ; from eccles. L. ehrisma, Gr. XP^'^A'O- F<^r i = * see mettre; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 8i. Chrestomathie, sf. a chrestomathy, se- lection of pieces ; from Gr. xp'?o"''o/id0€£a. CHRETIEN, adj. christian; from L. chris- tlanus. For -ianus = -ien . see ancien ; for i= e see mettre ; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 8i. Chretien is the doublet of Swiss cretin, q. v. CHRETIENTE, sf. Christianity; from L. christianitatera, which is contrd. regularly (see § 52) into cliristian'tatem, whence chreiiente by changing (i) christian into Chretien (q. v.) ; (2) -atem into -e see § 230. Christianisme, sm. Christianity; fromGr. XptCTiavtOfjios. Chrome, sm. chrome ; from Gr. ^pa>ijui. Chromatique, adj. chromatic ; from Gr. XpCOfMTlKOS. Chronique, sf. a chronicle; from L. chronica. — Der. chroniqueur. Chronique, adj. chronic ; from L. chron- icus. Chronogramme, sm. a chronogram ; from Gr. xpoJ'os and ypacpeiv. Chronologie, sf chronology; from Gr. XpovoKoyia. — Der. chronologique. Chronomdtre, sm. a chronometer; from Gr. xp6vos and fxirpov. Chrysalide, sf. a chrysalis ; from L. chry- salidem. Chrysocale, sm. pinchbeck ; a word made up of two Gr. words xP^^^^s and KaXos. CHUCHOTER, vn. to whisper ; an onoma- topoeia ; see § 34. — Der. chuchotement. ! CHUT, interj, hush ! an onomatopoeia ; see § 34- CHUTE, sf. fall ; partic. subst. (see absoute and § 188) of choir,q.v. iChyle, sm. chyle ; from Gr. xw^<5*. jCI, adv. here. See ici. plBLE, sf a target. O. Ft. cibe, from O.H.G. sciba. Ciboire, sm. a ciborium, p)^x; from L. cibo- rium. CIBOULE, sf. a shalot ; from L. caepuUa*. For p = 6 see abeille and § 1 1 1 ; for u = Ott see § 90; for ae=-t see § 104. Cicatrice, sf a scar ; from L. cicatricem. — Der. cicatrisev. tCic^rone, sm. a cicerone; introd. from It. cicerone. CIDRE, sm. cider. O. Fr. sidre, from L. sicera, from Gr. a'lKipa. Sieera, contrd. regularly into sic'ra, became sis'ra by changing c into s (see amitii) : sis'ra has regularly intercalated an euphonic dental between s and r (see ancetre), and be- comes sisdre, just as lazarus becomes ladre (laz'rus), or S. Lusor becomes S. Ludre (Lus'r). Sisdre becomes sidre (see Hist. Gram. p. 81), then cidre (see amitie). CIEL, sm. heaven; from L. coelum, written celum by the Romans themselves. See § 105. For e = e« see arriere. CIERGE, sm. a wax candle ; from L. cereus, from cera. For -eua = -ge see § 272 ; for e = ie see arriere. tCigale, sf a cicala, grasshopper; from Prov. cicala, which from L. cicadxila, dim of cicada. t Cigarre, sm. a cigar ; introd. from Sp. cigarro. — Der. cigarette. CIGOGNE, sf. a stork; from L. ciconia. For 0=^^ see § 129. For the change of ni into gn before a vowel see § 244. See also under aragne. Cigogne is a doublet of O. Fr. soigne. CIGUE, sf. hemlock; from L. cicuta. For o=g see § 129 ; for -uta= -ue see § 201. CIL, sm. an eyelash, hair of eyebrows ; from L. cilium. — Der. c//ler (whence O. Fr. d^- ciRer, now desszV/er). CI ME, sf. a summit, mountain-top. O. Fr. cyme, from L. cyma, a summit, in Isidore of Seville : ' Cjrma est enim summitas ar- borum.' — Der. cimier (an ornament on the top of a helmet). CIMENT, sm. cement ; from L. caementum. Here ae becomes i as in caepuUa, ci- boule; caepa, cive ; caepatum*, civet; 1 a e t a , //« ; p a e o n i a , pivoine. ae reduced to e becomes ie, as in saeclum, siecle ; graeca, grieche. See § 104. Ciment is a doublet of cement. — Der. cimenter. tCimeterre, sm. a scimitar. O. Fr. cimt- terre, introd. from the East through It. scimitej^ra. CIMETIERE, sm. a cemetery; from L. coemeterium. For oe = « see §§ 105, 64 ; for e = ie see arriere. CIMIER, sm. a crest. See eime. Cin6raire, arf/. cinerary ; from L. cinera- rius. Cineraire is a doublet oi cendriers G 82 CINGLER — CTVI^RE. CINGLER, va. to lash, whip; from L. oingiil^e, to whip with a cingulum. For regular loss of penult, ii see § 52. CINGLER, vn. to sail, make sail, O. Fr. singler, originally sigler, a word of Germ. origin, from O. Scand. sigla, to sail. Cing- ler is a doublet of sangler, q. v. CINNABRE, sm. cinnabar; from L. cinnfi.- b&ris. For loss of penult, a see § 51. Cixmaine, sm. cinnamon ; from L. cinna- mum. CINQ, num. adj. five; from L. quinque, written cinque in a 3rd-cent, inscription. For qu = c see car. — Der. cinqmhme. CINQUANTE, num. adj. fifty; from L. quinquaginta. For change of qu into c see car, and for loss of medial g see allier. — Der. cinquant'iQxnc, cinquantzine. CINTRER, va. to arch ; from L. cincturdre*. For regular loss of u see § 52 ; for change of ct into t see affete. — Der. cintre (verbal subst.), decintrer. Cippe, sm. a cippus ; from L. cippus. Cippe is a doublet of cep, q, v. Circoncire, va. to circumcise ; from L. circumcidere. For -cidere = -cire see occ'tre. — Der. circoncision. Circonf6rence, sf. a circumference ; from L. circumferentia. Circonflexe, adj. circumflex; from L. cir- cumflexus. Circonlocution, sf. circumlocution; from L. circumlocutionem. Circonscrire, va. to circumscribe; from L. circumscribere . — Der. «rco«scnption. Circonspect, adj. circumspect, cautious; fromL.circumspectus . — Der. circonspec- tion. Circonstance, sf. a circumstance ; from L. circumstantia. — Der. circonstancier, -iel. Circonvallation, sf. circumvallation; from L. circumvallationera, der. from cir- cumvallare. Circonvenir, va. to circumvent, deceive ; from L. circumvenire. Circonvoisin, adj. neighbouring, adjacent; compd. of voisin and the prefix circon, from L. circum. Circonvolution, sf. circumvolution ; from L. circumvolutionem*, der. from cir- cumvolvere. Circuit, sm. circuit, compass; from L. cir- cuitus. Circiilaire,ac//.circular;fromL.circularis. Circuler, vn. to circulate; from L. circu- lari. Circuler is a doublet of cercler, q. v. —Der. circuhtion. J CIRE, sf. wax; from L. cera. For e = i see § 59. — Der. cirii (which is a doublet of cerat, q. v.), c/rer, -age, -ier. CIRON, sm. a fleshworm, mite. Origin un- known. Cirque, sm. a circus; from L. circus, Cirre, s?«. a curl, lock (of hair) ; from L. cirrus. CISAILLES, sf pi. shears. See ciseau.— Der. cisailleT. CISEAU, sm. a chisel. Origin unknown. — Der. mailles, ciseler (from O. Fr. cisel for ciseau. See agneau). CISELER, va. to chisel, carve. See ciseau. — Der. ciseleuT, -ure. tCitadelle, ./. a citadel ; from It. citea- della. + Citadin, sm. a citizen ; from It. cittadino. CITE, sf a city ; from L. citateiu for civitatem, so written in several inscrip- tions before the 3rd cent. a.d. For loss of i (civ'tatem) see §51; for v't = / see alleger; tor -ateni = -e' see § 230. Citer, va. to cite; from L. citare. — Der. citation. Cit6rieur, adj. hither, hithermost ; from L. cilerior. CITERNE, sf a cistern; from L. cisterna. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. citer nea.u. Cithare, sf. a cithara, lyre; from L. ci- thara. Cithare is a doublet of guitare and O.Fr. cedre. CITOYEN, sm. a citizen. Prov. ciptadan, from L. civitadanus*, der. from civi- tatem. For the change of the first part of the word, civita- = «V-, see cite; for loss of medial d see accabler; for suffix yen see § 194. CITRIN, adj. citrine ; from L. citrinus. Citrin is a doublet of sSrin, q. v. CITRON, sm. a lemon, citron ; from L. citrum, through a dim. citronem*. CITROUILLE, sf a pumpkin, gourd; dim. of O. Fr, citre, which is L. citrum (the yellow colour of the gourd resembling that of a lemon). CIVE, sf a chive ; from L. caepa. For ae = e = i see § 104 and ciment. For p = v see § III. — Der. civet (in O.Fr. «W, properly a stew with chives), civette. + Civette, ./. a civet cat; a word of Eastern origin ; Ar. zibed. The word came into Fr. through medieval Gr. ^avi- riov. CIVI!:RE, sf a handbarrow, litter. Origin unknown. CIVIL — CLIN. 83 Civil, adj. civil; from L. civilis. — Der. civilite, civiliser, civilisation. Civique, adj. civic; from L. civicus. — Der. civisme. CLABAUD, sm. a babbler, liar. Of Germ, ori- gin. Neth. Happen. — Der. clabander, -age. CLAIE. sf. a hurdle, screen. O. Fr. cloie, Prov. cleda, from L. clida*, found in the Lex Bajuwariorum, tit. Ixxvii, ' Si eum in- terfecerit, coram testibus in quadrivio in clida eum levare debet.' The Lat. clida is of Celt, origin, Kymri clwyd, a. hurdle. Lat. clida becomes O. Fr. cloie by loss of medial d (see alouette), and by i =■ oi (see boire) ; oi in turn becomes ai, see § 61, whence claie. — Der. clayon; cloy- ere (from O. Fr. cloye). CLAIR, adj. clear, bright; from L. clarus. For a = az see § 54. — Der. clairet, -iere, -on; cZarine, -inette; eclaircr, 6clairciT, clairvoy&nt. CLAIRIERE, sf. a glade. See clair. CLAIRON, sm. a clarion (clear-sounding trumpet). See clair. CLAIRVOYANT, adj. clear-seeing. See clair. Der. clairvoyance. CLAM EUR, sf. clamour, din ; from L. clamorem. For 6 = eu see § 79. Claudestin, adj. clandestine ; from L. clandestinus. + Clapet, sm. a valve ; from Germ, klappe. CLAPIER, sm. a burrow. See clapir. CLAPIR (SE), vpr. to squat (of rabbits) ; from L, clepere (se clepere = to hide one- self). For accented e = i see § 60; for atonic e = a see amender. — Der. clapicT. CLAPOTER, vn. to clap, chop, splash. Dim. of clapper. An onomatopoeia. CLAQUE, sf. a slap, smack. An onomatopoeia. — Der. claquer (which is a doublet of clicker, q. v.), clacquear. JCLAQUEMURER, va. to immure. Origin unknown. CLARIFIER, va. to clarify ; from L. clarifi- care. See clair. — Der. c/fln)fcation. CLARINETTE, sf. a clarionet; dim. of clarine^ See clair. CLARTE, sf. clearness ; from L. claritatem, J by regular loss of 1 (see § 52), and by I -atein = -e' (see § 230). IjClasse, sf. a class; from L. class is. — Der. classer, classement, declasser, cZassique (which is a doublet of glas, q. v.), class- ification, ause, sf. a clause, a thing concluded, closed up ; from L. clausa, partic. of clau- dere. Clause is a doublet of close, q. v. Claustral, adj. claustral; from L. claus- tralis. CLAVEAU, sm. (Archit.) a keystone. O. Fr. clavel, from L. clavellus, dim of clavis. For -ellu8 = -el = -eaM see § 204. CLAVEAU, sm. the rot, sheep rot. O. Fr. cla- vel, from L. clavellus ; the lumps formed in this disease being thought to be like nail- heads (clavis). — Der. clavelee (from O. Fr. clavele). . + Clavecin, sm. a harpsichord; from It. clavicembalo. Clavicule, sf. collar bone; from L. clavi- cula. Clavicule is a doublet of cheville, q.v.^ Clavier, sm. a key-chain, key-board (of a piano) ; from L. claviarius*, from clavis. In O.Yr.=porte-clef,i.t. 2. key-ring; ap- plied afterwards to a collection of piano- keys. CLEF, sf. a key ; from L. clavis. For a = « see § 54 ; for v=/see § 142. C16inatite, sf. clematis; from L. clema- tidem. Clement, adj. clement, merciful ; from L. clementem Der. cUmt.nct, from L. dementia. Clepsydre, sf. a clepsydra, water-clock; from L. clepsydra. CLERC, sm. a clerk, scholar; from L deri- cus, Gr. kXtjplkSs, one who belongs to the Kkripos, or clergy, as opposed to a lay- man. The prim, sense has been expanded to that of a man of learning, then a pen- man, clerk (in all its senses), agent, as in clerc d'avoue, etc. For loss of i see § 51. CLERGE, sm. the clerical body; from L. clericatus, from clericus. For loss of atonic i see § 52; for c=g see § 129; for -atus = -e see § 201. Clerical, adj. clerical; from L. clericalis. CLICHER, va. to stereotype. O. Fr. cliquer, a form which shows that clicker is a vari- ant of cliquer, q. v. : it is also a doublet of claquer. Similarly in Germ, ab-klitschen, = clicker, is derived from hlatschen, = cla- quer. — Der. clicks, clickzgt. Client, sm. a client, dependent; from L. client em. — Der. clientele. CLIGNER, va. to wink ; from L. clinare. n becomes gn, and undergoes the same change as nn in grunnire, grogner ; pinnonem*, pignon. Climat, sm. climate; from climatem. — Der. c/tma^erique. CLIN, sm. a wink; verbal subst. of cligner, q.v. G 2 84 CLTNIQUE^-COCHE. diniqne, adj. clinical, sf. clinical surgery; from L. clinice, a medical lesson given at the sick man's bedside. CLINQUANT, sm. tinsel, Dutch gold-leaf; abbrev. of O. Fr. phrase or clinquant. Clin- quer, Neth. klinken, properly means to make a clinking noise. A like metaphor is found in Germ., which calls this metal rauschgold. CLIQUER, see clicker, of which it is another form. CLIQUETER,t;a.to clack, click. Frequent, of O. Fr. cliquer. An onotnatop. word. — Der. cliquetis. * + Oliver, va. to cleave; from Engl, cleave. Der. clivige. Cloaque, sf. a sewer; from L. cloaca. CLOCHE, sf. a bell ; from Merov. L. clocca. Origin unknown. For c = ch see § 126. — Der. clocher, -ette, -eton. CLOCHER, vn. to halt, limp, hobble. Prov. clopchar, Gr. x^w^t^Trovs (lame) gave birth, in the first ages after the fall of the Em- pire, to a Lat. cloppus. This word is found in the Glosses of Philoxenus, * clop- pus =x'''^<^5'>* ^nd the Lex Alamannorum gives cloppus for claudus, 'ut cloppus permaneat.' This adj. cloppus has given the Fr. two important words : — 1. O. Fr. adj. clop (lame), whence the vn, eloper, lost in mod. Fr., leaving its pres. partic. in the expression clopin- clopant, of which the first part is the verbal subst. of clopiner, another deriv. of eloper. Sclope is also a compd, of eloper. 2. Through a deriv., cloppicus, came the vn. cloppicare, which regularly losing i became clop'care, whence on one hand the Prov. clopchar, on the other the Fr. clocher. For c = ch see § 126. CLOISON, sf. a partition ; from L. closi- onem*, by transposition of i: see Hist. Gram, p, 77. CLOfTRE, sm. a cloister, monastery. O. Fr. cloistre, from L. claustrum. For au = o = ot see ahoyer and § 107; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. cloitrer. CLOPIN - CLOPANT, adv. loc. haltingly, ' clop-clop.' See clocher. CLOPORTE, sm. a wood-louse. In 17th cfent. written clausp6rte, degraded from clausporc, which should be its true form, from Lat. clausus porcus (lit. ' a shut-up pig'). It is hard to say why this name should be applied to the wood-louse; still the Wood-louse is* almost everywhere called a pig. The Lat. called it sometimes asellus, sometimes porcellio, the \\. porcellino, the Gr. 6vtaK6s. Similarly in the French pro- vinces; in Champagne cochon de saint An- toine, in Dauphin^ ka'ion (a pig), in Anjou tree{ = truie, a sow). These parallels confirm the existence of this metaphor, without however explaining it, CLORE, va. to close, shut; from L. clau- d§re. For the regular loss of the penult. 6 see § 51; for au = see alouette ; for dr = r see § 168, — Der. 6clore, enclore, enc/os, dMore ; clos, close (whose doublet is^clause)f closene, c/osier. CL6TURE, ,/. an enclosure, fence, close. O, Fr. closture, from L. clausitura*, from clausus. For regular loss of i see § 52 ; for au = see alouette ; for loss of s see Hist, Gram, p. 8i. CLOU, sm. a nail, O. Fr, do, from L, clavus. For av = au = = om see alouette. — Der, clouer, -tier, enclouex, de- clouer. CLOYERE, sf. an oyster basket. See date. + Club, sm. a club ; from Engl, club. — Der. dub'xste. Clyst^re, sm. a clyster; from L, clyster, Coactif, adj. coactive; from L, coactivus, Coaguler, va. to curdle, coagulate ; from L. coagulare. Coaguler is a doublet of cailler, q. v. Coaliser, vn. to coalesce. An ill-foi'med word from L, coalescere, — Der, coaZition, Coasser, vn. to croak. In l6th cent, co- axer, from L. coaxare. — Der. coassement. t Cobalt, sm. cobalt; from Germ, cobalt. COCAGNE, sf Cockayne. O. Fr. quaigne, in medieval mythology an imaginary land the houses of which are made of cakes (cogues as they were then called, now couque). COCARDE, /. a cockade. O, Fr, coquarde, a cock's comb, then a red device in the hat, like a cock's comb. See coq. COCASSE, adj. ludicrous. Origin unknown. COCHE, (i) sf. a boat; from L. concha*, which from its proper sense of shell, conch, came to that of a little boat. For nc = c see coque and Hist. Gram. p. 82. The word was early appHed to certain public carriages by the common transfer of words relating to water-carriage to land-carriage. In Paris before 1855 some omnibuses were called gondoles, others galires, thus taking their names from terms of navigation. Hence (2) sf a coach, carriage; see above.— Der. cocher, porte-cocAfere. COCHE, sf. a tally, notch. Origin unknown. — Der. decocAer is to shoot an arrow, COCHE — COLIS. 85 by freeing it from the notch of the arba- list. COCHE, sf. a sow. Origin unknown. — Der. chocon. fCochenille, sf. cochineal; introd. in 16th cent, from Sp. cochinilla. COCHER, stn. a coachman. See coche. COCHET, sm. a cockerel. See coq. COCHEVIS, sm. the crested lark. Origin unknown. COCHON, sm. a pig. See coche. + Coco, sm cocoa ; introd. from Port, coquo. — Der. cocotier. COCON, sm. a cocoon. See coque. Coction, sf. a coction, boiling; from L. coctionem. Coction is a doublet of cidsson, q. v. Code, sm. a code; from L. codex.— Der. corfifier. Code is a doublet of codex. Codicille, sm. a codicil; from L. codi- cillus. CoefiBLCient, sm. a coefEcient ; from co, L. cum, and efficient from L. efficientem. Coemption, sf. coemption; from L. co- emptionem. Coercition, s/. coercion ; from L. coerci- t ion em. — Der. coercitii. CCEUR, sm. the heart; from L. cor. For O = oeu see cueillir. COFFRE, sm. a chest, trunk, coffer; from L. cophinus, a basket, but used for a coffer in the Capit. de Villis. art. 62 : ' coflnis id est scriniis.' C6ph(i)lius was first regularly contrd. (see § 51) into coph'nus ; then ph became /, after a general Fr. rule. The Romans proncd. ph and f differently, as we see from Priscian : •Non tam fixis labris est pronuntianda f, quomodo ph,' but this shade of difference was soon effaced, and has entirely dis- appeared from modern languages. For pli=/ cp. phasianus, faison, § 146. Cofnus becomes coffre by changing n ! into r : this permutation of the nasal into ! a liquid is also to be found in ord'nem, ordre, etc., § 163. Coffre is a doublet of coffin. — Der. coffrtX, coffrtx, en- coffrex. COGNEE, sf. an axe, hatchet. O. Fr. coignee, from L. cvmeata*, a wedge to cleave « wood with. First ea became ia (see Hist. I Gram. p. 66), then cuniata becomes coignee by (i) ni=^ra (see aragne), (2) u = o/(see § ioo),(3)-ata = -e'e(see § 201). jpOGNER, va. to drive in (a nail, wedge). O. Fr. coigner, from L. cuneare. For (Hineare = coigner see cognee. •Cohabiter, vn. to cohabit; from L. co- habitare. — Der. cohabita.tiox\. Coh.6rent, a<^'. coherent ; from L. cohae- rentem. Cohesion, sf. cohesion; from L. cohae- sionem. Cohorte, sf. a cohort ; from L. cohortem. Cokorte is a doublet of cour. COHUE, sf. a rout, crowd ; verbal subst. of cohuer (to cry, hue and cry together). For the etymology see heur. COl,fem. coite, quiet, coy, still; from L. quie- tus. For loss of t see aigu ; for i = oi see § 68; for qu = c see car. Coi is a doublet of quitte, q. v. COIFFE, sf a headdress, cap ; from L. cofea, used by Fortunatus. First ea became ia (see Hist. Gram. p. 66), then cofla becomes coiffe by attraction of i, which changes o into oi (see Hist. Gram. p. 77). — Der. coiffei, -eur, -ure, decoiffer. COIN, sm. a corner, nook; from L. cuneus. For eus = tMS see Hist. Gram, p. 189; for iii= gn see aragne; for \i = oi see § 100, — Der. Tecoin. Coincider, vn. to coincide; from L. co- incidere. — Der. co'incidence, GOING, sm. a quince. O. Fr. cooing, Prov. codoing. It. cotogna, from L, cotoneus. -eus becoming regularly -ius (see Hist. Gram. p. 66), cotonius produced O. Fr. cooing, (l) by dropping medial t (see § 117), (2) by changing ui into ng, (3) by changing o into oi (see Hist. Gram. p. 77). — Der. co^wasse, -assier. t Coke, sm. coke ; from Eng. coke. COL, sm. a neck, of which cou is the softer form, see agneau ; from L. collum. Col is a doublet of cou, q. v. — Der. collier, -let, -lerette, deco/ler, enco/ure, acco/er. tColback, sm. colback; from Turk. kolbdk, a furred hat, adopted by certain French cavalry regiments on their return from the campaign of Egypt. Col6optdre, sm. a beetle, adj. coleopterous ; from Gr. KoKeoTrrepos, sheath-winged. Colore,./, wrath; from L. cholera, Co- lere is a doublet of cholera and O. Fr. colle. + Colibri, sm. a humming-bird; introd. from the American colonies. COLIFICHET, sm. a trinket. Origin un- known. CO LI MACON, sm. a snail. See limapon. Colique, sf. colic ; from L. colica. t Colis, sm. a package, more correctly written coli, from It. collo, the neck. 85 COLLA BORER — COMITS. Collaborer, va. to work with; from L. col labor a re. — Dcr. co//a6orateur, -ation. Collateral, adj. collateral; from L. col la- teralis*. Collateur, sm. a collator; from L. colla- tor. Collation, sf. a collation ; from L. collatio. The sense of a light repast comes from convents, in which the monks made a daily 'collation ' or reading and discussion on Holy Writ. This conference was followed by a light meal, which accordingly took the name of collatio. — Der. collationner. Colle, sf. paste, glue ; from Gr. nSWa. — Der. collcr, d^co/Ter, encoder. Collecte, sf. a collection, collect ; from L. coUecta * (partic.of colligere). Collecte is a doublet of cueillette, q. v. — Der. col- lecteuT. Collectif, adj. collective; from L. collec- tivus. Collection, sf. a collection; from L. col- lect ion em. — Der. collectionner. College, sm. a college, high school ; from L. collegium. — Der. collegizl, collegien. Colldgue, sm. a colleague ; from L. col- lega. Coller, va. to stick, glue, paste. See colle. COLLERETTE, sf. a collar, frill. See collier. COLLET, sm. a collar. See co/.— Der. collet- er, se decolletcT. COLLIER, sm. a necklace. See cou. — Der. collerette, dim. of O. Fr. coller for collier. COLLINE, sf. a little hill, hillock ; from L. collina, a word used by Roman surveyors. Columella uses the form collinum. Collision, sf. a collision; from L. collisi- onem. Collocation, sf. a collocation; from L. coUocationem. Colloque, sm. a colloquy; from L. col- loquium. Colloquer, va. to class, marshall, place; from L. collocare. Colloquer is a doublet of coucher, q. v. Collusion, sf. collusion ; from L. col- lusionem. Colljrre, sm. collyrium, eye-salve ; from L. collyrium. Colombo, ./. a dove ; from L. columba. — Der. colombxQi, colombxn. Colon, sm. a husbandman ; from L. col onus. —Der. colonie (which is a doublet of O. Fr. colonge), colonial, coloniser. + Colonel, sm. a colonel; introd. in i6th cent, from It. colonello. COLONNE, sf. a column ; from L. columna. For u = o see annoncer ; for mn = nn cp. Garumna, Garonne, This assimilation is to be found in Lat., where we have con- necto for cum-necto, etc. (§ i68). — Dei. colonn3.de, colonnette. Colophane, sf. colophony; in l6th cent. colophone, from L. colophonia, rosin of Colophon. Coloquinte, sf colocynth; from L. colo- cynthis. Colorer, va. to colour; from L. colorare. Colorer is a doublet of colorier. — Der. co/oration. t Color is, sm. colouring; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. colorito. — Der. colorier, color'isXe. Colosse, sm. a colossus ; from L. colossus. — Der. colosszX. COLPORTER, va. to hawk, peddle; from col and porter, q. v. The colporteur was rightly a pedlar with a pack on his shoulders. — Der. colporteur, colportige. Colore, sf. (Astron.) colure ; from Gr. k6\ov- pos, sc. ypafxfifi, properly = ligne colure. t Colza, sm. colza, rape-seed ; from Flem. koolsaed. COMBATTRE, va. to fight, combat ; from battre (q. v.) and cum. — Der. combat (verbal subst.). COMBIEN, adv. how many; from com ( = to what point), O. Fr. form of comme (q. v.), and bien. See Hist. Gram. p. i6o. Combiner, va. to combine; from L. com- binare. — Der. cow6maison. COMBLE, sm. top, summit, fulfilment ; from L. cumulus, which signifies a summit in several medieval texts. Cura(u)lus, regu- larly contrd. (see § 51) into cum'lus, be- comes comble. For u = see annoncer ; for nil = w&/ see Hist. Gram. p. 72. Comble is a doublet of combrer. COMBLER, va. to fill up, fulfil; from L. cumulare, regularly contrd. (see accointer) into cum'lare, whence combler. For letter-changes see comble. Combler is a doublet of cumuler, q. v. Combustion, sf. combustion; from L. combustionem. Com6d.ie, ^f. a comedy, play ; from L. comoedia. — Der. comedien. t Comestible, adj. eatable, edible; in- trod. in 1 6th cent, from It. comestibile. Com^tes, sf pi. a comet; from L. co- metes. Comice, sm.pl. comitia; from L. comitia. Com.ique, adj. comic; from L. comicus. t Comit6, sm. a committee; introd. during COMMA NDER — COMPA GNE. 87 the Regency from Engl, committee. Comite is a doublet of comte, q. v. COMMANDER, va. to command; from L. commendare (used for 'to order' in the late Lat.). — Der. commands (verbal subst.), commandtmtx\\., commandant, commendeur, commenderie, commandite, rtco^nmander. COMMANDITE, sf. a joint-stock company. See commander, — Der. commandittx, com- manditzire, COMME, adv. how ; from L. qudmodo. For loss of the last two syllables see § § 50, 5 1. For qu = c see car. — Der. comment (compd. of comme and ent, which is from L. indd). For i = e see § 71 ; for d = / § 121 : ent is also found in the word souv-ent, from sub- inde. Commemoration, sf. commemoration ; from L. commemorationem. — Der. com- memoratxi. COMMENCER, va. to commence, begin. It. cominciare, from L. cominitiare *, compd. of cum and initiare. Co- min(i)tidre, losing its i regularly (see § 52), becomes comin'tiare, which gives commencer. For -tiare = -cer see agencer ; for -in = e« see § 72 ; foru = o see annon- cer. — Der. commencement. Com.m.ensal, sm. a messmate; from L. commensalis*, one who lives at the same table, mensa. Com.m.ensurable, adj. commensurable ; from L. cum and mensurabilis. COMMENT, adv. why, how. See comme. Com m entaire, sm. a commentary, com- ment ; from L. commentarius. Com.m.enter, va. to comment, annotate ; from L. commentari. — Der. comment- ateur. Com.mdre, sf. a gossip, joint godmother. The Church gives to infants at their bap- tism a spiritual father and mother, whose it is to replace the natural parents should they die, the godfather and godmother (parrain, marraine) of the child being counted as its second father and mother (or, -as would now be said, its co-pere and co- mere) : eccles. Lat. expressed this double idea by the words com-pater, com-mater, whence compere and commere, which origin- ally signified the two persons who held the child at the font. For commater = corn- mere see mere. — Der. commer&ge. COMMETTRE, va. to commit; from L. committere. For mittere = mc//re see mettre. — Der. commis, comm/ssaire, com- mission. Com.minatoire, adj. comminatory, threat- ening; from L. comminatorius * (from comminationem, which from commi- nari). COMMIS, sm. a clerk. See commettre. Com.mis6ration, sf. commiseration, pity ; from L. commiserationem. COMMISSAIRE, sm. a commissary, com- missioner. See commettre. — Der. commis- ariat. COMMISSION, sf. a commission. See com- mettre. — Der. commissionner, commission- naire. Com.mode, (i) adj. commodious; from L. commodus. (2) sf. a chest of drawers, so called from its commodiousness. Com.m.otion, sf. a commotion ; from L. commotionem. COMMUER, va. to commute ; from L. com- mutare. For loss of t see abbaye. — Der. commwable. COMMUN, adj. common ; from L. com- munis. — Der. commune, communzl, com- mwwisme, communiste. COMMUNAUT^, sf. a community ; from L. commvmalitdtem by regularly dropping i (see § 52) and reduction of com- m.unal'tatem. into communaute by (i) sl = au (see agneau); (2) -atem = -e (see § 230). COMMUNIER, va. to communicate ; from L. communicare (which in eccles. language signified to receive the Eucharist). For loss of medial c see affouage. Communier is a doublet of cornmuniqtierandO.Fr.comenger, Com.munion, sf communion ; from L. communionem. Com.m.uniquer, va. to communicate; from L. communicare. Communiquer is a doublet of communier. — Der. commu- nication, communicatif. Com.mutation, sf commutation ; from L. commutationem. Com.pacte, adj. compact; from L. com- pactus. COMPAGNE.s/. a companion; fem. of O.Fr. compaign. Lat. cum-panis * produced in Merov. Lat. a subst. com.pdnio*, whence the O. Fr. compaing (for a = ofj see § 54), while its accus. com.panionem produced the form compagnon (for ni = ^n see ci- gogne). Of these two cases, subjective and objective, the latter only survives ; see Hist. Gram. p. 8g sqq. Compaing has gone, but leaves its fem. compagne and the deriv. compagnie, and compagnon has taken its place. The oldest known occurrence of 88 COMPA GNIE — COMPRENDRE. this word is in the Gcrmano-Lat. Glosses of the Vatican, which are of the time of Louis the Debonair, in the phrase, no longer Lat. but Romance, ' ubi (h)abuisti mansionem (h)ac nocte, oompagn ?' — Der. compagnie, compagnon, Accompagner. COMPAGNIE, sf. a company. See com- pagru. COMPAGNON, sm. a companion. See com- pagne. — Der, compagnonnzge. COMPARAITRE, vn. to appear; from L. comporesoere. For parescero '^paraitre see npparaitre. Comparer, va. to compare ; from L. com- parare. Comparer is a doublet of O. Fr. comprer Der. compair^i%oTi, cowiparable, cofftparatif. COMPAROIR, vn. to ' put in an appearance '; from L. comparere. For e = oi see § 62. + Comparse, sf. a figure-dancer; introd. from It. comparsa. COMPARTIMENT, sm. a compartment, panel, division ; from O. Fr. verb compartir, which from L, compartiri *. Comparti- ment is derived from compartir, like senti- ment from sentir. Comparution, sf. an appearance; corrupted from L. comparitionem. COMPAS, sm. a compass, pair of compasses ; properly measure, equal distance. In O. Fr. it signified pas egal, pas regulier, from L. oompassus (see pas). — Der. compasser, to measure by compass, whence the wider sense to measure one's acts. Compassion, sf. compassion ; from L. compassionem. Com.patir, vn. to compassionate, pity ; from L. compatiri*.-Der. cowparible, incompat- ible (compatibilis*, incompatibilis*). Com.patriote, sm. a compatriot ; from L compatriota. + Compendium., sm. a compendium, abridgement ; a Lat. word. Compenser, va. to compensate, set off, balance; from L. compensare. — Der. compensation, recompenser. COMPARE, sm. a godfather, gossip. See commere. Comp6ter, vn. to be due, in the competency of; from L, competere. — Der. competent, competence, incompetent, incompetence. Com.p6titeur, sm. a competitor ; from L. competitor. — Der. compe'/ition. Compiler, va. to compile ; from L. com- pilare. — Der. com/)?7ation. COMPLAINTE, ./. a complaint ; partic. subst. of O. Fr. verb complain Jre (see plaindre). COMPLAIRE, vn. to please, gratify; from L. complacere. See plaire. — Der. com- plaisant, complaisznce. Com.pl6ment, sm. complement, fulness ; from L. complementum. — Der. comple- menti'ne. Complet, adj. complete; from L. comple- tus. Complete is a doublet of complies, q. v. — Der. completer. Complexe, adj. complex; from L. com- plexus. Complexion, sf. complexion; from L. complexionem. Complice, ( i ) adj. privy to, (2) smf. accom- plice; from L. compile em. — Der. com- plicity. COMPLIES, sf. complines; in eccles. Lat. completae. For e = i see § 60; for loss of t see aigu. In liturgical language this part of the divine office is called the horae completae, because it completes the service, which comprehends prime, tierce, sexte, none and complies, or in liturgical Lat. prima, tertia, sexta, nona, comple- torium. Complies is a doublet of complete. t Compliment, sm. a compHment; in- trod. in 1 6th cent, from It. complim£nto. — Der. complimented. Compliquer, va. to complicate ; from L. complicare. — Der. complicztion. COMPLOT, sm. a plot. Origin unknown. — Der. complotet. Com.ponction, sf. compunction ; from L. compunctionem * (strong sorrow at having offended God). Comporter, va. to admit of, allow ; from L. comportare. COMPOSER, va. to compose ; from L. com- pausare, compd. of cum and pausare. For au = o see § 106. — Der. xecomposer, decomposer, compositeur, com/>osition (L. compositorem, compositionem). Composite, adj. composite ; from L. com- pos it us. Composite is a doublet of com- pote, q. V. COMPOSTEUR,sOT. a composing-stick ; from L. composit6rem. For loss of atonic i see § 52; for o = eu see § 79. Com- pGsteur is a doublet of compositeur. COMPOTE, sf. stewed fruit. O. Fr. com- poste. It. composta, from L. composita. Compote is a doublet of composite. COMPRENDRE, va. to comprehend ; from L. eomprendere. For the loss of the penult, e see § 51. — Der. comprehen- sion (straight from L. comprehen- sionem). COMPRESSE—CONDESCENDRE. 89 COMPRESSE,^/: (Med.) a surgical compress; verbal subst. of O. Fr. verb compresser. See presser. Comprimer, va. to compress, repress ; from L. comprimere. COMPROMETTRE, va. to compromise; from L. compromittere. For mittere = mettre see mettre. — Der. cotnpromis. COMPTABLE, adj. accountable, responsible. See compter. — Der, comptabilite. COMPTER, va. to count, reckon; from L. computare, by regular loss of u (see § 51). — Der. compte (verbal subst., which is a doublet of compJii), comptMe, compt- oir, k-compie, decompler, m^compte (verbal subst. of tnecompter). Compulser, va. to search, examine ; from L. compulsare*, to push, then to collect, gather. Comput, sm. a computation ; from L. com- putum. Comput is a doublet of compte. Der. computet. Comte, sm. a count; from L, com it em, by regularly losing the 1 (§ 51). — Der. com^esse, comte (whose doublet is comiid), vicomte. CONCASSER, va. to pound, crush ; from L. conquassare. See casser. Concave, ctc^". concave ; from L. concavus. Conc6der, va. to concede, grant ; from L. concedere. Concentrer, va. to concentrate; from con ( = euin) and centre — Der. concentra.tion, concentrique. Concept, sm. a concept (philosophical term) ; from L. conceptus. Conception, sf. a conception ; from L. conceptionem. Concerner, va. to concern, regard ; from L. concernere *. + Concert, sm. a concert; introd. in i6th cent, from It. concerto. + Concert er, va. to rehearse, concert ; introd. in i6th cent, from It. concertare. — Der. deconcerter. Concession, sf. a concession; from L. con- cession em. — Der. concessionnziie. i" Concetto, sm. a conceit; an It. word, properly of brilliant and false thoughts. CONCEVOIR, va. to conceive ; from L. con- cipere. In this verb the accent has been displaced in Low Lat. from concipere to concip6re ; this -6re has become -oir regularly, see § 63. For i = e see mettre; for p = v see § lll.^ — Der. inconcevable. Conchyliologie, sf. conchology ; from Gr. tf07X»5A.to and \6yos. CONCIERGE, smf. a doorkeeper. Origin unknown. Concile, sm. a council ; from L. concilium. Conciliabule, sm. a conventicle ; from L. conciliabulum. Concilier, va. to conciliate ; from L. con- ciliare. — Der. co««7iation, r^con«7/ation. Concis, adj. concise; from L. concisus Der. concision. CONCITOYEN, sm. a fellow-citizen; from con ( = cum) and citoyen, q. v. t Conclave, sm. a conclave; from It. conclave. Conclure, va. to conclude; from L. con- cludere. This word, contrd. into con- clud're regularly (see § 51), changes dr into r; see § 168. Conclusion, sf. a conclusion; from L. con- clusionem. CONCOMBRE, sm. a cucumber; from L. cucumerem. This word is contrd. regu- larly (see § 52) into cucum'rem, and then undergoes three changes : (i) it intercalates n, as in laterna, lanterne. Hist. Gram. p. 79. This intercalation was not uncommon in Lat., in which we find pinctor, lanterna, rendere, for pictor, laterna, reddere. (2) m'r becomes mhr, see absoudre. (3) u becomes 0, see § 98. Concorde, sf. concord ; from L. con- cord i a. — Der. concordeT, concordance, concordzi. CONCOURIR, va. (i) to concur, co-operate, (2) to compete; from L. concvirrere. See courir. CONCOURS, sm. (l) concurrence, (2) com- petition ; from L. concursus. See cours. Concret, adj. concrete ; from L. concretus. Concretion, s/. a concretion; from L. con- cretionem. Concubine, sf. a concubine ; from L, con- cub in a. — Der. concubinage. Concupiscence, sf concupiscence ; from L. concupiscentia. Concurrent, sm. a competitor ; from L. concurrentem. — Der. concurrence. Concussion, sf. a concussion, extortion ; from L. concussionem (used in Roman Law for peculation, extortion). — Der. con- cussionm.[re. CONDAMNER, va. to condemn ; from L. condemnare. — Der. condammtion, con- dam?ia.hle. Condenser, va. to condense ; from L. con- den s a r e . — Der. co«cfe«sation, co«<i!e«sateur, condensable. Condescendre, va. to condescend i from CONDIMENT — CONOR U. L. condescendere. See descendre. — Der. condescendant, condescendence. Condiment, sm. condiment, seasoning ; from L. condimentum. Condition, sf. condition; from L. condi- tion em. — Der. conditionner, conditionnel. t Condor, sm. a condor ; a word of Ame- rican origin. CONDOLEANCE.s/: condolence. See t/o/e'a«ce. Conducteur, sm. a conductor, guard, guide ; from L. conductorem. CONDUIRE, va. to conduct, guide ; from L. conducere. Conduc(d)re, contrd. regu- larly (see § 51) into conduc're, becomes conduire. For u = m» see § 96 ; for cr = r see benir — Der. conduite (partic. subst.), conduit, Tcconduire, inconduite. Cdne, sm. a cone; from L. conus. — Der, co«ique, conifere. Confection, sf. construction, making ; from L. confectionem. — Der. confectionn&x. Conf6d6rer, va. to confederate; from L. confoederare. — Der. confederi\.\on. Confer er, va. to confer, collate ; from L. confer re Der. conference. CONFESSOR, va. to confess ; from L. con- fessari * (frequent, of confiteri ; for its formation see Hist. Gram. p. 131). — Der. confesse (verbal subst.), confessenr, con- fession, cow/essional. Confidence, sf. a secret, trust; from L. confidentia. Confidence is a doublet of confiafice. — Der. confidentiei, confident (L. confidentem). CONFIER, va. to trust, confide ; from L. confldare*. For the changes see /?er. — Der. co«;?ance (whose doublet is confidence), confi^nt. Configuration, sf. configuration, shape; from L. configurationem. ConfLns, sm. pi. confines, borders ; from L. confinis. CONFIRE, va. to preserve, pickle; from L. conficere, = to preserve fruit. Conficere took, especially in medieval Latinity, the sense of 'making up' a medicine. Thus we read in the Leges Neapolitanae, * Quod perveniet ad notitiam suam quod aliquis confectionarius minus bene conficiat curiae denuntiabit.* Contrd. regularly (§ 51) into confic're, it becomes confire by cr = r, see henir. — Der. confit, confixme, confiseuT, deconfit, deconfitme. Confirmer, va. to confirm ; from L. con- fir mare. — Der. confirmalion. CONFISEUR, sm. a confectioner. See confire. ■• — Der. confisevie. Confisquer, va. to confiscate; from L. confiscare. — Der. co«/?scation. CONFITURE, sf preserve, jam. See confire. Conflagration, sf. a conflagration ; from L. conflagrationem. CONFLIT, sm. a conflict; from L. con- fliotus. For ct = ^ see § 168. Confluer, vn. to flow together, be con- ■ fluent; from L. confluere. — Der. con- fluent. CONFONDRE, va. to confound; from L. confundSre. For loss of § see § 51 ; for u = see annoncer. Conformation, sf. conformation; from L. conformationem. Conforme, adj. conformable; from L. conform is. — Der. conformex, conformiie. tConfort, sm. comfort, Confort- able, adj. comfortable; introd. from Engl. comfort, comfortable. Confort is a doublet of comfort. CONFORTER, va. to strengthen ; from L. confortare*. — Der. xkconforter. Confraternity, sf. a confraternity. See fraternite. CONFRERE, sm. a colleague. See frere.-^ Der. confrerie. CONFRONTER, va. to confront. See front. — Der. co«/ro«/ation. Confus, adj. confused; from L. confusus. — Der. confusion. CONGE, sm. (l) leave, permission ; (2) leave of absence ; from L. commeatus = per- mission, authorization, written commi- atus in 8th-cent. documents, e. g. in Char- lemagne's Capitularies, vi. 16 : ' Mulier, si sinfe comiato viri sui velum in caput suum miserit.' For commeatus = commiatus see abreger and agencer. Comiatus gives Prov. comjat and Fr. conge. For i ■=g see Hist. Gram. pp. 65, 66 ; for -atus = -e' see § 200; for m=« see changer. — Der. con^edier. Congeler, va. to congeal; from L. conge- lare. — Der. co«^e/ation. Cong^ndre, adj. congeneric; from L. con- gener. Congestion, sf. congestion: from L. con- gestionem. Congre, sm. a conger-eel ; from L. con- grus. Congregation, sf. a congregation; from L congregationem. Congrds, sm. a congress; from L. con- gressus. Congru, adj. congruous, suitable; from L., congruus. — Der. incongru, incongruiXQ. CONJECTURE — CONSOR TS. 91 Conjecture, sf. a conjecture; from L. conjectura. — Der. conjectural. CoDJoindre, va. to conjoin; from L. con- jungere. Seejoindre. — Der. conjoint. Conjonctif, adj. conjunctive ; from L. conjunctivus. — Der, conjonctWe. Conjonction, sf. a conjunction ; from L. conjunctionem. Conjoncture, sf. a conjuncture; from L. conjunctura. Conjugal, adj. conjugal; from L. conju- galis. Conjuguer, va. to conjugate; from L. conjugare. — Der. conjugaison.- Conjurer, va. to conjure, conspire ; from L. conjurare. — Der. cow/wration. CONNAlTRE, va. to know. O. Fr. con- oistre, from L. cognoscere. Cognos- c(e)re, regularly contrd. (see § 51) into cognos're, becomes conoistre. For gn = n see assener and § 131; for o = oi see § 83; for sr = str see ancetre. Conoistre becomes connaitre. For 11 = nn see en- nemi ; for oi = a/ see § 1 1 1 ; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. cowwaissant, C07i«aissance, co/inaisseur, co««aissement, cowraaissable, recowwaissable, rtconnaitre, -recowwaissant, reco««aissance, meconnaitre. CONNETABLE, sm. the constable. O. Fr. conestable. It. conestabile, from L. comes stabuli, count of the stable (a dignitary of the Roman Empire, transferred to the Frankish courts). The comes-stabuli, or as he was soon called in one word, the commestabiilus, entrusted under the early kings with the charge of the cavalry, be- came in the 13th cent, the commander of the forces generally. Comes-stabuli be- coming comestabulus, changed after the 8th cent, into conestabulus. A docu- ment of A. D. 807 has 'com.es stabuli quem corrupte conestabulus appellamus.* Comestdb(u)lus, regularly contrd. (see § 51) into com.estab'lu8, becomes cone- stable by the very irregular change of the medial m into n, see changer. For the later loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. Connexe, adj. connected; from L. con- nexus. Conniver, vn. to connive, wink at ; from L. connivere. — Der. connivence (L. con- niventia). Conque, sf. a conch, shell; from L. con- :ha. CONQUERIR, va. to conquer; from L. con- quirere. For qvdrere =querir see ac- querir. —Der. conquer&nt., conquQte (strong partic. subst., for which see absoiite and quete). Consacrer, va. to consecrate ; from L. consecrare. Consanguin, adj. a relation, cousin (by the father's side); from L. consanguineus. Conscience, sf. conscience; from L. con- scientia Der. conscienc'xeMX. Conscription, sf. a conscription ; from L. conscriptionem. Conscrit, sm. a conscript; from L. con- scriptus. Consecration, sf a consecration ; from L. consecrationem. Cons6cutif, adj. consecutive ; from L. consecutivus*, deriv. of consecutum. CONSEIL, sm. counsel, advice; from L. con- silium. For i = ei see § 70. — Der. conseiRer, deco«s«71er. CONSENTIR, vn. to consent; from L. con- sent ire. — Der. consenttment. Consequence, sf. consequence ; from L. consequentia. — Der. consequent (conse- quentem), consequemment {for consequent- ment ; see abondamment), inconsequent, in- consequence. CON SERVER, va. to preserve; from L. con- servare. — Der. conservation, -atoire, con- serve (verbal subst.), conservatenx . Consid6rer, va. to consider; from L. considerare. — Der. considtnCiion, -able, mconsidere, d6consider6. Consigner, va. to consign ; from L. con- signare. — Der. consigne (verbal subst.), consignation, consignatake. Consister, vn. to consist (of) ; from L. consistere. — Der. consistent, -ance. Consistoire, sm. a consistory ; from L. consistorium. CONSOLE, sf a bracket, console. Origin unknown. Consoler, va. to console; from L. conso- lari. — Der, conso/ation, consohh\e, consol- ateur. Consolider,va, to consolidate; fromL. con- solidare. — Der. conso//a?ation, Consommer, va. to complete, consum- mate; from L. consummare. — Der. co«- sommation, consomme, consommatem. Consomption, sf. a consumption ; from L. consumptionem. Consonne, sf. a consonant; from L. con- sona. Consonnance, sf a consonance ; from L. consonnantia. Consorts, sm. pi. associates; from L, con-* sortes. 92 CONSO UDE — CONTRASTS, CONSOUDE, sf. (Bot.) consound, comfrey. O. Fr. consolde, It. consoUda, from L. con- solida. For changes see soude. Conspirer, t/«. to conspire ; from L. con- spirare. — Der, conspimtion, conspirzttur. Conspuer, va. to scoff at, spit at ; from L. conspuere. Constant, adj. constant; from L. con- stantem. — Der. Constance, cons/amment. Constater, va, to ascertain, verify, state ; formed from L. status. Constater is pro- perly to describe the actual state of any- thing. Constell^, adj. made under influence of some constellation; from L. constellatus. Constellation, sf. a constellation; from L. constellationem. Consterner, va. to dismay, strike terror; from L. consternare. — Der. constern- ation. Constiper, va. to constipate ; from L. constipare — Der. constipa.tion. Constituer, va. to constitute; from L. const ituere. — Der. constitution, constitu- tionnel, cons/Z/wtionalit^, constituent, consti- tutif. Constricteur, adj. constrictive ; from L. constrictor. — Der. constriction. Construction, sf. a construction ; from L. constructionem. Construire, va. to construct; from L. construere. Consul, sm. a consul; from L. consul. — Der. consuht, consuhive. Consulter, va. to consult; from L. con- sultare. — Der. consulte (verbal subst.), consultant, consulta.tion, consultztii. Consumer, va. to consume ; from L. consumere. Contact, sm. contact; from L. contactus. Contagion, sf. contagion; from L. con- tagionem. — Der. contagieux (L. conta- giosus). CONTE, sm. a tale, narrative. See conter. Contempler, va. to contemplate ; from L. contemplari. — Der. contemplation, con- temphteuT, contemphtif. Contemporain, adj. contemporary ; from L. contemporaneus. Contempteur, sm. a contemner, scorner ; from L. contemptor. Contenance, sf. capacity, extent, bearing. See contenir. Contenir, va. to contain, hold; from L. contenire. For i = e see mettre ; for e = i see § 58. — Der. contemnt, conten&nce, dicontensinccT. Content, adj. content ; 'from L. contentus. — Der. contentCT, m&contenter, content- ement. Contentieux, adj. contentious; from L. contentiosus. Contention, sf. a contention ; from L. contentionem. CONTER, va. to tell, narrate. Prov. contar, from L. cozaputaxe, which meant first to compute, count, then to enumerate, lastly to relate, recount. The correctness of this etymology is proved by the fact that It. con- tare and Sp. contar, mean both to count and to recount ; so also Germ, erzahlen (to relate) is derived from zaklen (to count). Comp(u)t^e, contrd. regularly (see § 52) into compt'are, becomes conter. For va. = n see changer ; for pt = / see § 168. Co«/«r is a doublet of compter, q. v. — Der. conte (verbal subst.), conteai, ra- conter. Contester, va. to contest, dispute ; from L. contestari. — Der. conteste (verbal subst.), coM^cs/ation, contestsble. Contexte,s;«. context; from L. contextus. Contigu, adj. contiguous; from L. con- tiguus. Continent, adj. continent; sm. a continent; from L. continentem. — Der. continence. Contingent, adj. contingent; from L. contingent em. — Der. contingence. Continu, adj. continuous ; from L. con- tinuus. — Der. continuity, co«/j«ttellement, cotitinuex, continuation, discontinue!. Contondant, adj. contusing, blunt; frpm L. contundentem. Contorsion, sf. contortion, twist ; from L. contorsionem. Contoumer, va. to give a contour to, to twist. See tourner. — Der. contour (verbal subst. ; see tour.) Contractor, va. to contract; from L. con- tractare*. — Der. contraction. Contradicteur, sm. a contradicter, legal adversary; from L. contradictorem.— ■ Der. contradiction (L. contradictionem);i contradictioie (L. contradictorius), CONTRAINDRE, va. to constrain ; from constringere. For loss of s see abh for -iagere = -eindre see astreindre; eindre = aindre see § 63. — Der. contrain\ (partic. subst.). Contraire, adj. contrary ; from L. contra rius. — Der. contrarier, contrariety. tContraste, sm. a contrast; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. contrasto. — Der. con- trastex. CONTRA T — CONVOITISE. 93 Contrat, sm. a contract, agreement. O. Fr. contract, from L, contractus.- — Contrat is a doublet of contracte. Contravention, sf. contravention; from L. contraventionem*. Contre, prep, against; from L. contra. — Der. encontre. tContrebande, sf. smuggling, contra- band ; introd. in i6th cent, from It. contra- bando. — Der. contrebandier. CONTRECARRER, va. to thwart, cross. See 'contre and carrer. CONTRE-DANSE, sf. a quadrille, country- dance. See danse. CONTREDIRE, va. to contradict. See con- tre ind dire. CONTRSe, sf. a country. It. contrada, from L. contrata*, properly the country before, or against you, contra. We find the word in the Leges Sicil. 3. 38, a medieval document : ' Statuimus, ut in utraque con- trata, tam in terris domanii nostri quam in baronum,' etc. Just as contrata is from contra, so the Germ, gegend is from the prep, gegen. For ata = ee see § 201. CONTREFACON, sf. counterfeit, forgery. See contre and fa f on. CONTREFAIRE, va. to counterfeit, forge. See contre zndfaire. — Der. contrefah. CONTREMANDER, va. to countermand. See contre and mander. CONTRE-PARTIE, sf. a counterpart. See partie. CONTRE-PIED, sm. a back-scent (in hunting), the contrary. See pied. CONTRE-POIDS, sm. a counterpoise. See contre and poids. CONTRE-POINT, sm. counterpoint. See contre and point. CONTRE-TEMPS, sm. a contretemps, mis- chance. See contre and temps. CONTREVENIR, vn. to offend, transgress. See contre and venir. CONTREVENT, sm. an outside shutter. See contre and vent. Contribuer, va. to contribute; from L. contribuere . — Der. contribu2\At, contribu- tion (L. contributionem). Contrister, va. to sadden; from L. con- tristare. Contrit, adj. contrite; from L. contritus. — Der.^con/nVion. CONTROLE, sm. a register, counter-roll. 10. Fr. contre-role is a duplicate register, used to verify the official or first roll. — Der. controkr, contrdkni. CONTROUVER, va. to invent, fabricate. See trouver. Controverse, sf. a controversy ; from L. controversia. — Der. controversiste. Contumax, adj. contumacious; from L. contumax.- — Der. contumace. Contus, adj. bruised; from L. contusus. Contusion, sf. a contusion; from L. con- tusionem. CONVAINCRE, va. to convince; from L. convincere. For the permutations in this -word see vaincre. Convalescent, adj. convalescent ; from L. convalescentem. — Der. convalesce7ice. CONVENIR, vn. to agree; from L. con- venire. — Der. convenu, -able,-ance(L.con- venientia), deconvenue. Convention, ./. a convention, agreement; from L. conventionem. — Der. conven- tionnel. Conventuel, adj. conventual; from L. conventualis from conventus. Converger, va. to converge ; from L. con- vergere*. — Der. convergent, convergence. Convers, adj. lay, serving (of monastic ser- vants) ; from L. conversus. Converser, vn. to discourse, converse ; from L. conversari, to live with one, thence to converse. — Der. conversation. Conversion, sf. a conversion ; from L. conversionem. CONVERTIR, va. to convert ; from L. con- vertere. For the displacement of the Lat. accent see accourir and concevoir ; for e = t see § 59. — Der. convertible. Convexe, adj. convex, from L. convexus. — Der. convexWe. Conviction, sf. " a conviction ; from L. convictionem. CONVIER, va. to invite. It. convitare, from L. convitare*, formed from con and a radical vitare*, found also in invitare. For loss of t see § 1 1 7. Convive, smf. a guest ; from L. conviva. Convocation, ^. convocation ; from L. convocationem. CONVOI, sm. a funeral procession, convoy. See convoyer. CONVOITER, va. to covet. O. Fr. covoiter. It. cupitare, from L. cupiditare, deriv. of cupitum, partie. of cupere, by the ordinary formation of freq. verbs. Cupitare be- comes O. Fr. covoiter, thence mod, Fr. convoiter. For u = see annoncer ; for insertion of n see concombre ; for p = 6 see § III; fori = 01 see § 68. CONVOITISE, sf. covetousness, lust. O.Fr. 94 CONVOLER — CORDONNIER, covoitise. Cat. cobdicia, It. cupidizia, from L. oupiditia*, a Low Lat. form for cupi- ditas. ' Qui cupiditia aestuant,' says Rathe- riijs Vero : whence covoitise, then convoitise. For u = see annoncer ; for addition of n see concombre ; for p = 6 see § III; for the unusual hardening of d into t see § I2i; for ti = soft s see agencer; for i = oi see § 68. Convoler, 't^i. to marry again; from L. convolare. Convoquer, va. to convoke; from L. convocare. COiNVOYER, va. to escort, convoy. O. Fr. voier, from L. conviare*. For i = oi see § 68. — Der. convoi (verbal subst.) Convulsion, sf. a convulsion; from L. convulsionem. — Der. convulsif, convul- sionnaire. Cooperer, va. to cooperate, concur; from L. cooperari. — Der. cooperation, -ateur, -atif. Coordonner, va. to arrange, dispose. See ordonner. COPEAU, sm. a chip. Origin unknown. Copie, sf. a copy; from L. copia, properly abundance, reproduction ; to multiply a MS. (facere copiam) by frequently writ- ing it out. Hence the restricted sense of copia, for the reproduction or copying of a document. — Der. copiste, copier. Copieux, adj, copious; from L. copiosus. Copnle, sf. a copula; from L. copula. — Der. copuhtiL COQ, sm. a cock. O. Fr. coc, from L. coccvun*, a cock, in the Germ. Laws. *Si quis coccum aut gallinam furaverit,' says the Lex Salica (vii. i6). Coccum is onomatop. from the crowing of the bird. — Der. cochet, cocarde (coxscomb), coquet (formerly a little cock, whence the adj. coquet, meaning as vain as a little cock), coyuelicot (in O. Fr. co juelicoq = cog : this word now means the corn-poppy, the flower of which is red like a cock's comb. The origin of the word coquelicot, is onomatop,, from the crowing of the cock.) COQUE, sf. a shell ; from L. concha. Con- clia becomes coque, as conchylium, coquille. This change of nc into c may be seen in carbunculus, escarboucle ; of nc into s in domincella, demoiselle ; domin- cellus, damoiseau. For ch. — c = q see Hist. Gram. p. 63. Coque is a doublet of conque, coche. COQyECIGRUE, sf fiddle-faddle, idle tales. Origin unknown. COQUELICOT, sm. the wild poppy. See coq. COQUELUCHE, sf. a hood. Origin un- known. COQUET, adj. coquettish. See coq. — Der. co- quetex, -terie. COQUILLE, sf a shell; from L. conchylixim. For the changes of the letters see coqtie. — Der. coquilhge, -ier. COQUIN, sm. a scoundrel, rogue. Origin un- known. — Der. coyj^merie. COR, sm. (i) a corn (on the feet, etc.); (1) a horn, bugle ; from L. comu. For m = r see § 163. — Der. comer, comet (a little horn, then a horn-shaped roll of j paper). CORAIL, sm. coral ; from L. corallium. For the changes of letters see ail. — Der, cora/lin. CORBEAU, sm. a raven, corbie. ©. Fr. cor- bel, from L. corvellus, dim. of corvus. For the extension of sense see § 13. For v = b see § 140; for -e\hx& — -eau see agneau. — Der. encor6e/lement (from O. Fr, corbel). CORBEILLE, sf. a basket ; from L, corbi- cula. For -icula = -«7/e see § 257, — Der. cor6illon. Corbillard, sm. a coach, hearse ; a word 1 of hist, origin (§ 33), Corbillard, O, Fr. ' corbeillard was used in the 17th cent, for the coach which, plied between Paris and Corbeil; Menage speaks of it as of a word much used in his day : ' Corbillart. On appelle ainsi le coche de Corbeil a Paris; duquel lieu de Corbeil il a ete appele Cor- billart, comme le Melunois de Melun.' Cor- billard towards the end of the 1 7th cent, took the sense of a great show carriage, a wedding coach ; its present sense dates only from the i8th cent. CORDE, sf. a cord ; from L. chorda. For ch = c see Hist, Gram. p. 63. — Der. corrfeau (O. Fr. cordel, which in the older form has given the deriv. cor^elle, corrfclier, cordeler, j cordeWere), cor der, cordage, cordon, cordier, ^ corderie. Cordial, adj. cordial; from L, cordiale*, deriv, from cordis, cor. — Der. cordiality, cordialement. CORDON, sm. a string, twist. See corde. — Der, corrfonnerie, cordonnet. CORDONNIER, sm. a shoemaker, cordwainer. ' O. Fr. cordouanier, properly one who works ' with cordouan {Cordovan leather for shoes). Cp, the word maroquin, which means Mo- rocco leather, etc. Similarly It. cordovaniere is from Cordova. CORIA CE — COR VSE. 95 Coriace, adj. tough, leathery ; from L. cor- iaceus*, from corium. Coriandre, sf. coriander ; from L. corian- drum, CORME, sf. the service-apple. Origin un- known. — Der. Cormier. CORMORAN, sm. a cormorant; corruption of cormaran, which form, the more regular one, is still used by fishermen. Catal. corb- mari. Port, corvomarinho, from L. corvns- marinus. The Reichenau Glosses (8th cent.) have ' Mergulus = corvus marinus.' As for the transformation of corvus mari- nus into cor-maran by changing in into an, as in sine, sans, lingua, langue, etc., see amande. + Cornac, sm. an elephant-driver, a Hindu word. + Cornaline, sf. a corneHan ; introd. from It. cornalina. CORNE, sf. a horn ; from L. cornua, plural of cornu, whence cor, q. v. — Der. come, cornee, corwouille, cornemuse (see muse), ecorner, racor«ir, corwichon. CORNEILLE, sf. a rook, crow ; from L. cor- nicula, dim. of comicem. For -icula = -eille see § 257. CORNEMUSE, sf a bagpipe. See come and muse. CORNET, sm. a horn, cornet. See cor. — Der. cor«ette. •f Corniche, sf. a cornice. O. Fr. cornice, introd. from It, corniccio. CORNICHON, sm. prep, a little horn, then a little horn-shaped cucumber, gherkin. See come. CORNOUILLE, sf. a cornel-berry. See corne. — Der. cornouilltx. CORNU, adj. horned ; from L. comutus. For -utus = -u see § 201. — Der. cornue, bis- cornu. Corollaire, sm. a corollary; from L. co- rollarium, lit. a little crown, i.e. a mark indicating the deduction from the proposition. CoroUe, sf. a corolla ; from L. corolla. Corporation, sf. a corporation ; from L. corporationem* (from corporatus*, which from corpus). Corporel, flc?/. corporal ; from L. corporalis. CORPS, sm. a body ; from L. corpus. — Der. corset (q. v.), corsage, corselet. Corpulence, sf corpulence; from L. cor- pulentia Correct, adj. correct; from L, correctus. — Der. correc^eur, correction, corrects. Corr61atif, adj. correlative. See relatif Correlation, sf. correlation. See relation. CORRESPONDRE, va. to correspond, answer; from L. correspondere *, for correspon- dere (from cum and respondere). For loss of penult, e see § 51. — Der. corre- spondant, correspondence. t Corridor, sm. a corridor; introd. in 16th cent, from It. corridore. Corriger, va. to correct; from L, cor- rigere. — Der. corrigible, incorWg-ible. Corroborer, va. to corroborate, confirm ; from L. corroborare. — Der. corroftoratif, corroboration. Corroder, va. to corrode; from L. corro- dere. CORROMPRE, va. to corrupt ; from L. cor- rumpere. — For the changes see rompre. Corrosif, adj. corrosive; from L. corro- sivus. Corrosion, sf. corrosion; from L. corro- sionem. CORROYER, va. to curry (leather) , deriv. of prepared skin. Corroi, O. Fr. conroi, Low L. conredum is compd, of cum and redum (arrangement, preparation), a word of Germ, origin, Flem. reden, Goth, raidjan. — Der. corrqyeur. Corrupteur, sm. a corrupter ; from L. cor- ruptorem. Corruption, sf. corruption ; from L. cor- ruptionem. Corruptible, adj. corruptible ; from L. cor ruptib ills — Der. incorruptible. CORSAGE, sm. bust, shape, waist. See corps. tCorsaire, sm. a corsair; from Prov. corsari, one who makes the corsa, the course. See course. Corsaire is a doublet of coursier. CORSELET, sm. a corset. See corps. CORSET, sm. a corset, stays. See corps : also for the change of sense see § 15. + Cort6ge, sm. a procession, cortege ; in- trod. from It. corteggio. CORVEE, sf. statute-labour, fatigue-duty, drudgery ; in 8th cent, corvada, in Charle- magne's Capitularies, from L. corrogata*, lit. work done by command. — Der. corve- able. The most interesting philological pheno- menon presented by this word is the inter- calation of a V which had no existence in Latin. This intercalation was thus effected : the medial g disappeared (see allier), and the word became corro-ata, whence a hiatus between the o and the a. Now in this case the Lat. often intercalates v, as from plu-ere comes plu-v-ia and not plu-ia ; from apyuos, argi-v-us, not argi-us; from viduus, vidu-v-ium, not 96 COR VETTE^ CO UCHER, vidu-ium; from fluere, flu-v-ius, not flu-ius. This tendency is carried on in Fr. : thus from pluere comes not //^w-o/r, but pleu-v-oir ; from paeonia comes pi-v- oine, not pi-oine; and this intercalation is even extended to words which originally had no hiatus, but in which the medial consonant has been ejected, thus making room for an euphonic v: thus from gra(d)ire comes gra-ire,gra-v-ir; from gla(d)ius, gla-ius, glai-v-e; from imbla(d)are*, embla-are, embla-v-er ; from ipo(t)eTe, po-ere, pou-v- oir ; from par a(d) i su s, ^ara-«s, />ar-i/-is; from corro(g)ata, corro-ata, corro-v- ata, which leads us to the Carlovingian form cofrvada, Fr. corv6e. For the changes from corrSvata to corvada, by the loss of 6, see § 52; for -ata = -a(/a=-^e see 4 201. The Fr. has even applied this intercala- tion to a foreign word, croate, in order to destroy the hiatus : the 1 6th and 1 7th cen- turies did not S3.y croate hut cra-v-ate ; — Un cheval cravate ; S'enroler dans une coni- pagnie de cravates: La crainte des embuches des Cravates (says Voiture) leur donne Valarme. Hence the name of the regiment Royal-cravate, which simply = Royal-croate. Hence also the common subst. cravate, a piece of light material worn round the neck originally by the first Croatians who entered the French service, came to be called by the name of those who wore it. ^Corvette, sf. a corvette; introd. from Port, corveia. Coryph6e, sm. a corypheus, leader ; from Gr. KopvcpaTos, Cosin6tique, adj. cosmetic; from Gr. KoapLrjTiKos. Cosmogonie, sf. a cosmogony; from Gr. Koafxoyovia. Cosmographie, sf. cosmography ; from Gr. KOGfxoypa(pla. Cosmologie, sf. cosmology ; from Gr. ko<t- fioKoyia. Cosmopolite, am. a cosmopolitan; from Gr. KocrfioTroXlrrjs. COSSE, sf, a pod, shell, husk. Origin un- known.-^— Der. ecosser. + Costume, sm. dress, garb, costume; from It. costume. Costume is a doublet of cou- tume, q. V. COTE, sf. a quota, share. See coter. — Der. coriser, corisation. COTE, s/". a rib, slope (of a hill), shore, coast. O. Fr. coste, from L. costa. For loss of 8 see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. c(5/oyer, c«/ier, co/eau ; co/elette (deriv. of cotelle, a little cote, rib). COTE, sm. a side. O. Fr. cost4. It. costato, from L. costatvun, used in medieval Lat. For -atum = -e see § 201 ; for loss of s see Hist. Gram, p. 81. COTEAU, sm. a slope, hill-side. See cdte. COTELETTE, sf. a cutlet. See cote. COTER, va. to number, quote; from L. quotare* (to note the price of a thing, deriv. of quotum). For qu = c see car. — Der. cote (verbal subst.). COTERIE, sf. a coterie, set. Origin un- known. Cothume, sm. a buskin ; from L. cothur- nus. COTIER, adj. coasting. See cote. COTILLON, sm. a cotillon, petticoat. See cotte. COTIR, va. to bruise. Origin unknown. COTISER, va. to assess, rate. See cote, + Co ton, sm. cotton, a word of Oriental origin, Ar. qoton. — Der. co/o«neux, coton- nade, cotonniei. COTOYER, va. to coast, go by the side (of one). See cote. COTRET, sm. a short fagot. Origin un- known. COTTE, sf. a coat, petticoat. O.Fr. cote, a word of Germ, origin, O. H. G. kott. — Der. corillon (a little cotille, deriv. oi cotte). Cotyledon, sm. a cotyledon; from L. cotyledon. COU, sm. a neck. See col, whose doublet it is. COUARD, adj. cowardly, properly one who drops his tail ; from O. Fr. coue. In heraldic language a lion couard is one with his tail between his legs. Animals which, when afraid, drop their tails are called couards, whence the word takes the sense of timid, cowardly. O. Fr. coue is from L. Cauda. For au = 0M, and for loss of medial d, see alouette. The It. codardo, deriv. of coda, confirms this derivation. — Der. couardise. COUCHER, vn. to lie down. O. Fr. colcher. It. colcare, from L. coUocare (so used in Suetonius, Caligula, 24). Coll(6)ctoe regularly losing its o (see § 52), becomes colcare, a form found in the Lex Salica (tit. 60) : ' Et si tunc . . . legem distulerint, sole colcato' ( = du soleil couche). Col- care becomes coucher. For ol = o« see agneau; for c = ch see § 126. Coucher is a doublet of colloquer, q. v. — Der. couche (verbal subst.), coucher, couch- COUCOU — COUR. 97 ette, couch&nt, zccoucJier (q. v.), de- coucher. COUCOU, sm. the cuckoo ; from L. cucii- lus. For u = OM see § 90; for \il = ow see agneau. Coucou is a doublet of cocu. COUDE, SOT. the elbow; from L.' cubitus. Ciibitus becomes cub'tus by the re- gular loss of i (see § 51), then changes bt into d, see accouder, and u into ou, see § 90. — Der. cotidee, coudoyer. COUDRE, sm. a nut-tree. O. Fr. coldre, from L. corylus. Corylus, regularly contrd. (§51) into cor'lus, has had its 1 transposed (see sangloter), arud becomes col'rus. (The word colrina is to be seen in a 9th-cent. document.) Col'rus becomes O. Fr. coldre by regularly changing Ir into Idr, see Hist. Gram. p. 73, whence coudre by softening ol into ou, see agneau. — Der. cowcfraie, coudr'itr. COUDRE, va. to sew. O. Fr. cousdre, from L. consuere ; written cosere as early as the 8th cent. By the very regular transformation of ns into s, consuere became cosuere, see aim ; then the diph- thong ue was simplified into e, a change not rare in Lat., Cicero using mortus for mortuus, and the Appendix ad Probum having febrarius for februarius. Ada- mantinus Martyr says expressly ' batuali quae vulgo batalia dicuntur.' Cosere, accented on the first syllable, becomes cos're (see § 51). Now s and r cannot stand together (see under ancetre), and consequently when they come together by the dropping of a Lat. vowel, an eu- phonic letter is intercalated, sometimes t sometimes d : thus cos're become cos-d-re, and the o becoming a diphthong ou (see affouage) the word becomes cousdre; this loses its s (see Hist. Gram. p. 81), and then presents its modern form coudre. COUENNE, s/. rind, skin. It. cotenna, from L. cutenna*, der. from cutis. For loss of t see § 117; for u = OM see § 90. COUETTE, sf. a feather bed. O. Fr. coute, originally coulte, from L. culcita. Culcita, contrd. regularly (§ 51) into culc'ta, then into cul'ta (see affete), becomes couette, by changing u into ou, see § 90. POULER, vn. to run, flow ; from L. colare properly to filter, then to run. For o = ow see affouage. — Der, couhge, coulee, couloir, ecouler, decotder. OULEUR, sf. colour; from L. colorem For accented o = eu see § 79 ; for atonic o = om see § 76. COULEUVRE, sf. an adder; from L.coltlbra. For o = OM see § 76 ; for u = eu see beugler; for b = f see avant and §11 3. — Der. couleu- irine (a long and slender piece of ordnance). COULIS, adj. drafty (of wind) ; now re- stricted to a few special phrases, as vent coulis, etc., but in O. Fr. signifying generally run- ning, gliding. O. Fr. colels, Prov. cola- ditz, represents L. colaticus*, deriv. of colare. For loss of t see § 117. — Der. coulis (sm.), coulisse. COULISSE, sf. a groove, slide. See couler. COULOIR,sm. a strainer, a passage. See couler. COUP, sm. a blow, stroke. O.Fr. colp. It. colpo, from L. colpus, found in the Germanic Laws : ' Si quis voluerit alterum occidere et colpus ei fallerit.' (Lex Salica, tit. 19.) Colpus is a contrd, form of colapus, found in the Lex Alamannorum, For the regular loss of penult, a see § 5.1. Col- apus in its turn is a secondary form of Lat. colapbus, by a change not unusual in popular Lat, of ph. into p: thus at Rome men said stropa, ampora, for stropha, amphora, as an old Lat. gram- marian tells us. For change of O. Fr. colp into coup see agneau. — "Dex.coupex (properly to give a blow with a cutting instrument). COUP ABLE, adj. culpable ; from L. culpa- bilis. For ul = om see agneau ; for -abilis = -able see affable. COUPE, sf cutting, felling. Verbal subst. of couper. COUPE, sf. a cup, vase; from L. cuppa. For u = OM see § 90, — Der. soncoupe (for sous-coupe), coupeWe. COUPER, va. to cut. See coup.— Der. coupe, coupe, coupeuT, couperet, coupxxxe, coupon, decouper, entrecouper. + Couperose, (l) ac^", blotched, pimpled; introd. from It. copparosa. — Der. cou- peros6. (2) sf. copperas. COUPLE, sf a couple ; from L. c6piila, by the regular loss of penult. u(§ 51), and by change of o into ou, see § 76. Couple is a doublet of copule, q. v. — Der. coupler, decoupler, couplet (that which is united, coupled, a verse). COUPLET, sm. a couplet (of lines), verse. See couple. tCoupole, s/". a cupola; from It. cupola. Coupole is a doublet of cuptde. COUR, sf a court, yard. O. Fr . court, originally cort, from L, cobortem, a yard, thence a farm, in Palladius ; also in Varro, who tells us that the Roman peasants said cortem : ' Nam cortes quidem audimus vulgo, sed H 98- barbare dici.' This oortem was succeeded by the form ourtem, used of the country- house of a Prankish lord, also of his house- hold (officers, friends, servants), and lastly his court of justice holden in his name. The Lex Alamannorum has anlong its , headings the following : • De eo qui in curte Regis hominem occiderit,' an ex- ample of the word in the sense of a prince's court. Synesius Confl. gives us an instance of it in the sense of a judicial court : ♦Ad placitum sive ad curtem veniens.' Curtem becomes court by change of u into ou (see § 90). — Der. courtois (from O.Fr. court). COURAGE, sm. courage. O.Fr. corage, Prov. coratge, from L. coraticum*, deriv. of cor. For -aticwod'^-age see § 248 ; for o = ou see § 76. — Der. couragenx, d^- couragGT, encourager. GOURDE, sf. a curve, adj. crooked; from L. ctorvus. For vl = ou see § 90; for v = 6 see § 140. — Der. courber, courhxxxt (whose doublet is courbature), courbette, recourber. COURGE, sf. a gourd. Origin unknown. COURIR, vn, to run; from L. currere. For the changes see accourir. Courir is a doublet of O. Fr. courre. — Der. cowrant, courenr, courrier. COURONNE, sf. a crown ; from L. c6r6na. For o = ou see § 76 ; for n = nn see ennetni. — Der. couronner, couronnement. COURRE, va. to hunt. See accourir. — Der. courrier. COURRIER, sm. a courier. See courre. COURROIE, sf. a strap. It. corregia, from L. corrigia. For loss of medial g see allier ; for i = oi see boire. COURROUX, sm. wrath. Besides this word, O. Fr. had a form corrot, answering to the Prov. corroptz. It. corrotto, which from L. corruptum*, properly ruin, overthrow, dejection, then indignation, lastly wrath. For 11 = ou see § 90; for pt = /see Hist. Gram. p. 76. The modern form courroux is derived from courroucer, which in turn is from L. corruptiare*, deriv. of cor- ruptus. For o = ou see § 76 ; for u = ou see § 90; for pt = / see Hist. Gram. p. 76; for -tiaxe = -cer see agencer. The Prov. corropt and It. corrotto (in It. tt always = pt, as in ca///fO = captivus,scf///o = scrip- tus) confirms this etymology. COURS, sm. course ; from L. cursus. For u = 0K see § 90. COURSE, sf running, coursing ; from L. cursa. COURAGE — COUTEA U. — Der. coursiCT (whose doublet is corsaire, q. v.). COURT, adj. short ; from L. ctirtus. For \i = ou see § 90. — Der. ^courttt, court- aud, Accourcn, Tuccourcir. COURTAGE, sm. brokerage. See courtier. COURTE-POINTE, sf a counterpane, quilt. O.Fr, coulte ' pointe, from L. ciolcita puncta. For culcita = coulte see couette ; for ■p\uxc\iB,= pointe see poindre. Coulte- pointe becomes courte-pointe by change of / into r, see apntre. COURTIER, sm. a broker. O. Fr. couretier, originally couratier. It. curattiere, from L. curatarius* (one who looks after buying and selling), der. from curatus. For loss of a in cur(a)t£rius see § 52; for -arius = -ier see § 198. — Der. courtage (through a verb courter*, L. curatare*). COURTINE, sf. a curtain (in fortification), a bed-curtain; from L. cortlna, which in medieval Lat. means a wall between two bastions. For o = ou see § 76. fCourtiaan, sm. a courtier; introd. in 16th cent, from It. cortigiano. t Courtiser, va. to pay court to; introd. towards end of the middle ages from Prov. cortezar, deriv. of cort. COURTOIS, adj. courteous. See cowr.— Der. courtoisie. COUSIN, sm. a cousin. Prov. cosin, Grisons patois cusrin, from L. cosinus*, found in the 7th cent, in the St. Gall Vocabulary. Cosinus is from conso- brinus by the regular change of ns into s (cossobrinus), see aine; then by loss of o (cos*rinus), see § 52. The r is weakened into s (see arroser) in a very unusual way, whence cosinus, found in a Merov. document. Cosinus becomes cousin by changing o into ou, see § 76. — Der. cousinage. COUSIN, sm. a gnat ; from L. culicinus*, dim. of cvilicem. Ctaliclnus, contrd. regularly (see § 52) into cvil'cinus, becomes cousin. For ti1 = om see agneau; for c = s see amitie. COUSSIN, sm. a cushion; from L. culciti- num*, dim. of culcita, properly a little mattress. Culcitinum first loses its medial t (see § 117), then becomes coussin. For c = ss see agencer and amitie; for ul = ou, see agneau. — Der. coussinet. COUT, sm. cost, charge. See couter. COUTEAU, sm. a knife. O. Fr. coutel, ori- ginally coltel, It. cultello, from L. cultellus. For ul = 0M, and -ellus = eaw, see agneau. COUTER — CRA VATE, 99 ■ — Der. coutelitr (from O. Fr, coutel), coutel- lerie, coulela.s. CO0TER, vn. to cost. O, Fr. conster, ori- ginally coster, It. costare, from L. constare. For ns = s (costare) see aine ; for o = ou see § 76 ; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. coitt (verbal subst.), coiitewx. COUTIL, sm. bed-ticking, duck; deriv. of coute. See couette. COUTRE, sm. a coulter. It. coltro, from L. cultrum. For ul = om see agneau. COUTUME, sf. custom. O. Fr. comhime, ori- ginally costume', in medieval Lat. costuma (Chartulary of 705), from L. consuetu- dinem. Cons(ue)tudineni, contrd. (see § 52) into cons'tudinem, becomes cos- tudinem. by regular change of ns into s, see aine', thence costume by -udinem = -ume, see amertume ; thence coutume by o = ou, see § 76 ; and by loss of s, see Hist. Gram. p. 81. Coutume is a doublet of cos- tiime. — Der. coutumiei, zccoutumer. COUTURE, sf. a seam. O. Fr. cousture, ori- ginally costure, Sp. costura, from L. con- sutura*, deriv. of consuere. Cons(u)- tiira, contrd. (see § 52) into cons'tura, became costura by ns = s, see aine; thence cousture by o = ou, see § 76 ; thence couture by loss of s, see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. couturier, coutnrieie. COUVENT, sm. a convent; from L. con- ventum. For nv = v see Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; for o = 0M see § 76. COUVER, va. to hatch, sit ; from L. cubare. For b=v see § 113 ; for u = om see § 96. — Der. couv6e, couvense, couvaison. COUVERCLE, sm. a lid, cover; from L. coop^rculum, contrd. regularly (§ 51) into cooperc'lum, whence couvercle. For o = oz/ see § 76; for p = v see § III. COUVERT, sm. a cover. See couvrir. COUVRIR, va. to wrap up, cover; from L. cooperire. Cooperire, contrd. re- gularly (see § 51) into coop'rire, be- comes couvrir. For o = ou see § 76 ; for p=i/ see § ill. — Der. convert, couv- erte, cowverture, couvrtxxr, recouvrir, dd- couvrir. CRABE, sm. a crab; from Germ, krabhe. — Der. crevette, dim. of crabe, through the following steps ; first crdbette, then cravette. For the regular change of b into 1/ see § 113. DRAG, inter] . (an onomatopoetic word), crack ! (§ 34)- — Der. craquer. 3RACHER, va. to spit. O. Fr. racher, a word of Germ, origin, Norse hraki, saliva. — Der. crachemtnX., crachzt, crachoix. J ■ CRAIE, sf. chalk. O. Fr. croie, It. creta from L. creta. For loss of t see aigu ; for e = oi = ai see § 61. — Der. croyeux, crayon. CRAINDRE, va. to fear ; from L. tremere, by the ordinary change of -emere into -eindre (see geindre), and by the unusual change of tr into cr. — Der. crainte (partic. subst., see absoudre), craintii. CRAMOISI, sm. crimson ; a word of Oriental origin (Ar. karmesi), whence Low L. car- raesinus ; whence Fr. cramoisi, by trans- position of r, see aprete, and change of e into oi, see § 61. CRAMPE, sf. cramp ; a word of Germ, origin (Engl, cramp). CRAMPON, sm. a cramp-iron; dim. of O.Fr. crampe, which is Germ, krampe. — Der. cramponner. CRAN, sm. a notch ; from L. crena, by the unusual change of e into a. — Der. creweau (O. Fr. crenel, from crenellum, dim. of crena), cre«ele. Cr&ne, sm. a skull; from Gr. Kpaviov. — Der. crdnerle. CRAPAUD, sm. a toad ; deriv. of O. Fr. verb craper. Crapaud properly signifies the crawler, creeper. Craper is of Germ, origin, Icel. krjupa, to creep. — Der. crapaud'me. Crapule, sf. crapulency; from L. crapula. — Der. crapuhux. CRAQUER, vn. to crack (onomatop.). See crac. Craquer is a doublet of croquer. — Der. craquement. craqueter. Crase, sf. crasis ; from Gr. Kpdffis. Crasse, adj. gross, thick; from L. crassus. Crasse is a doublet of gras, q. v. — Der. crasse (sf.), crasseux, decrasser, encrasser. CratSre, sm. a crater; from L. crater. fCravache, sf a riding-whip; introd. by Germ, soldiers from Germ, karbatsche ; a word of Sclav, origin. Cravate, sm. a Croat, sf. a cravat ; a word of hist, origin, see § 33. Under corvee we have explained the origin etc. of this word. Manage, who lived when ' cravats ' were first brought into France, confirms this etymology : he says — Cravate, on appelle ainsi ce linge blanc qu^on entortille a Ventour du cou, dont les deux bouts pen- dent par devant; lequel linge tient lieu de collet. Et on I'appelle de la sorte, a cause que nous avons emprunte, cette sorte d'orne- ment des Croates, qu'on appelle ordinaire- ment Cravates. Et ce fut en 1636 que nous prismes cette sorte de collet des Cra- vates, par le commtrce que nous eusmes en H2 lOO €RA YON — CRISTAL. ct tans-la en AUemagne au sujet de la guerre que nous avians avec VEmpereur. Cravate is a doublet of the proper name Croate. CRAYON, sm. a lead pencil. See craie. — Der. crayonxitx. CR^ANCE, 5/. credit ; properly = croyance in the phrases lettres de creance, donner creance a tine chose ; from L. oredentia*, der. from credere. For loss of medial t see abbaye; for -iia, = -ce see agencer. Creance is a doublet of croyance and cre- dence. — Der. creancitx. Cr6ateur, sm. a creator ; from L. crea- torem. Creation, s/. creation; from L.creationem. Creature, sf. a creature; from L. creatura. CRECELLE, sf. a rattle.' Origin unknown. CRfeCHE, sf. a manger, crib. Prov. crepcha, It. greppia,z word of Germ, origin, O. Sax. cribbia. For -pia = -pja = -pcha = -che see Hist. Gram. p. 65. Credibility, sf. credibility; from credi- bilitatem. Credit, sm. credit; from L. creditum. — Der. credittx, creditcux, accrediiex, discredit- ex, decreditex. Cr6dule, adj. credulous ; from L. credul.us. — Der. creduhte, incr6dule. CREER, va. to create ; from L. creare. CREMAILLfiRE, sf. a pothook ; from O. Fr. cremaille, which from L. cramaculus*, found (8th cent.) in the Capitul. de Villis, part 41 ; ' catenas cramaculos.' For -aculus = -az7Ze see § 255; for a = e see § 54. Cramaculus is of Germ, origin, a dim. of Neth. kram. Cr^me, sf cream; from L. crema (used by Fortunatus). — Der. ecremtx. CR^NEAU, sm. an embrasure, battlement. See cran. — Der. creneler. + Creole, sm. a Creole; introd. from Sp. criollo. CREPER, va. to crisp, crimp (hair) ; from L. crispare. For i = e see mettre; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. Creper is a doublet of crepir (used in the phrase crepir du crin, to crisp horsehair), crisper, q.v. — Der. (l) crepe (crape, stuff lightly crisped), (2) crepe (a thin cake like crape), crepu, crepme. CREPIR, va. to crisp. See creper. — Der. crept (panic, subst.), (Te/>issure. Crepitation, sf crackling; from L. cre- pitationem. Cr6puseule, sm. twilight, dawn ; from L. crepusculum. — Der. crepuscuhixe. + Crescendo, adv. (Mus.) crescendo; an It. word, = Fr. croissant. CRESSON, sm. cress. It. crescione, from L. crescionem *, from crescere, lit, a plant which grows quickly. sc is assimilated into ss before e and i, as in crescentem, croisi^nnt; nascentem, naissant, etc. CRftTE, sf a crest, cock's comb. O. Fr. creste, from L. crista. For i = e see mettre; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. f Cretin, sm. a cretin, idiot ; a Swiss word, from the Grisons patois. Cretin is a doublet of Chretien, q. v. — Der. cre'/misme. Cretonne, sf. linen cloth, stout calico. Origin unknown. CREUSER, va. to dig a pit. See creux. CREUSET, sm. a crucible, melting-pot. Origin unknown. CREUX, adj. hollow. Prov. cros, Low L. crosuin, contrd. from L. corrosum. For '08\mx = -eux see § 229; for contrac- tion of corrosus into c'rosus see briller. — Der. cr^Mser. CREVER, vn. to burst. Prov. crebar. It. crepare, from L. erepare. For p = v see § III. — Der. crevasse, creve-coeur. CREVETTE, sf a shrimp, prawn. See crabe. CRIAILLER, vn. to bawl, squall. See crier. — Der. criailler'ie. CRIBLE, sm. a sieve, riddle ; from L. cri- brum. For dissimilation of r into / see § 169 and autel. — Der. criblex. CRIC, sm. a screw-jack (an onomatopoetic word). See § 34. CRIER, vn. to cry. Prov. cridar, Sp. gritar, from L. quiritare. For contraction of q(\u)ritare into q'ritare see briller ; for q = e see car ; for loss of medial t see abbaye and §11 7. — Der. cri (verbal subst.), crzeur, mard, criee,decrier, s'^crier, cria.i\lex. Crime, sm. a crime ; from L. crimen. Criminel, adj. criminal; from L. crimi- nalis. — Der. criminality, criminalisex, cri- mmaliste. CRIN, sm. horsehair ; from L. crinis. For the restriction of sense see § 12. — Der. cnVziere, crmoline. CRI QUE, sf a creek; a word of Germ, origin, Neth. hreeli. CRIQUET, sm. a field-cricket, grasshopper; der. from eric, an onomatopoetic word. The cricket is similarly called cri-cri. Crise, sf a crisis ; from L. crisis. Crisper, vn. to shrivel; from L. crispare. — Der. cr/spation. Cristal, sm.a crystal; fromL.crystallum. — Der. cristal\xxi, crisiallistx, cns/a/lisation. CRITERIUM— CRYPTOGRAPHIC. lOI Criterium, sm. a criterion; a Lat. word, from Gr. KpiT-qpiov. Critique, adj. critical, sf. criticism, sm. a critic; from Gr. Kpirifcos. — Der. cri- tiquex, critiquahle. CROASSER, vn. to croak, caw (an onoma- topoetic word), — Der. croassement. CROC, sm. a hook ; of Germ, origin, Neth. krok. — Der. crochet, crochu, crochi, ac- crocher, decrocher. CROCHET, sm. a little hook. See croc— Der. crochettx, crochetem. CROCHU, adj. hooked, crooked. See croc. Crocodile, sm. a crocodile; from L. cro- codilus. CROIRE, va. to believe ; from L. credere. For the changes see under accroire. — Der. crqyant, cro>'ance, cro^able, Accroire, me- crotre. tCroisade, /, a crusade; from Pro v. crozada, which from cro2, which from L. crucem. Croisade is a doublet of croisee. CROISER, va. to cross. See croix. — Der. croise, crofsement, croisee (primitively =/c- nctre croisee, i.e. divided into four compart- ments by mullion and transom), cro/siere. CROISSANT, sm. a crescent. See croitre. Croissant is a doublet of It. crescendo. CROITRE, vn. to grow, increase ; from L. cr^scere. For the changes see under ac- croitre. — Der. croit (verbal subst.), cru, crue, accroitre, d4croitre, lecroitre, surcroitre. The partic. croissant is from L.creseentem. For e = oi see §§ 61,62; for sc = ss see cxesson : hence the two subst. croissant and croissance. CROIX, sf. a cross ; from L. crucem. For u = oi see angoisse ; for c = « see amitie. — Der. croiser. CROQUER, va. to crunch (an onomatopoetic word). Croqner is a doublet of craquer. — Der. croywette, croquh, croyj/ignole. CROQUIS, sm. a sketch. See croquer. CROSSE, sf. a crozier. O. Fr. croce. It. croccia, medieval L. crucea, deriv. of cru- cem. Crucea signifies properly a cross- shaped crutch ; the exclusive sense of crozier is modern. In some provinces the phrase marcher aiix crosses, is still used of infirm persons who walk with crutches. CROTTE, sf. dirt, mud. Origin unknown. — Der. crotler, decrotter, crottin. CROULER, vn. to fall down, sink down. O. Fr. croller, originally crodler, Prov. crotlar, from L, corotulfire*, to roll toge- ther. It loses its atonic u regularly (see § 52) and becomes corot'lare, and thence c'rot'laa-e by losing the first o (see hriller). Crotlare assimilates tl into // (see § 168), and becomes O. Fr. croller, whence crouler, by resolution of ol into ou (see agneau). — Der. ecrouler. t Croup, sm. croup; an Engl, word introd. into Fr. about 181 5. CROUPE, sf. crupper, rump. O. Fr. crope. The original sense is a protuberance, as in croupe d'une montagne, etc. ; of Germ, origin, Norse^ro/>pr, hryppa. — Der. crow/>ion, crow/iere, croup'n (which in O. Fr. meant to cover, s'accro«//>ir, croupier (properly one's associate in the game, metaph. from one who rides on one's crupper). CROUPIER, sm. a croupier. See croupe. CROUPION, sm. a rump. See croupe. CROUPIR, vn. to stagnate. See croupe. CROCtTE, sf. a crust. O. Fr. crouste, from L. crusta. For u = om see § 90 ; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81,' — Der. crouton, encroiiter, crowstiller. CROYABLE, adj. credible. See croire. CROYANCE, /. belief. See croire. Croyance is a doublet of credence, creance, q. v. CRU, sm. growth. See croitre. CRU, adj. crude; from L. crudus, by loss of d, see alouette. CRUAUTE, sf. cruelty. O. Fr. crualte, originally cruelte, from L. crudelitdtem, which, contrd. regularly (see § 52) into orudel'tatem, becomes O. Fr. crualtet by loss of medial d, see § 120; and then cruaute, by softening 1 into u, see agneau ; and by -atem = e/=e, see § 230. CRUCHE, sf. a pitcher, jug, cruse. Of Celtic origin, Kymri cruc, crwc. — Der. cruchon. Cnicifere, adj. (Bot.) cruciferous ; from L. crucifer. Crucifier, va. to crucify; from L. cruci- ficare*. For loss of c see affouage. — Der. criicifiemen\. Crucifix, sm. a crucifix; from L. cruci- fixus. Crudit6, sf. crudity, rawness ; from L. cru- ditatem. CRUE, sf. rising, increase. See croitre. CRUEL, adj. cruel ; from L. crudelis, by loss of medial d, see § 1 20. Crustac6, adj. crustaceous; from L. crus- ta ce us*, clothed in a crust, crusta. Crypte, sf. a crypt; from L. crypta. Crypte is a doublet oi grotte, q. v. Cryptogame, adj. cryptogamous ; from Gr. KpvnTos and yafieiy. Cryptographic, sf cryptography; from Gr. Kpvnros, and ypd^eiv. 102 CUBE — CYLINDRE. Cube, sw. a cube; from L. cubus. — Der. cubtr, cubige, cj/6ique, t Cubitus, sm. a cubit; from L. cubitus. CUEILLIR, va. to collect ; from L. oolligere. For the changes see accueillir. Cueillir is a doublet of colliger. — Der. cueillette (L. collecta, of which the doublet is collecte ; for ct = // see assiette and § i68), ^iCcueilUr, recueillir. CUIDER, va. to think; from L. cogitare. Cogit^e is contrd. regularly (see § 52) into cog'tare. o becomes ui as in co- quina, cuisine, etc., § 84. In some words the o has become ui by attraction of the i, as in i n-o d i o, ennui. For gt = c? see aider. — Der. outrecwicfance. CUILLER, ff. a spoon ; from L. cochleare (found in Pliny and Martial), written co- cleare in the last ages of the Empire. For o = ui see cuider ; for cl = il see Hist. Gram, p. 71. — Der. cuillere, cuiller6e. CUIR, sm. hide, skin, leather; from L. ce- rium. For o = ui see chanoine. + Cuirasse, sf. a cuirass; introd. from It. corazza. — Der. cuirasser, cuirassieT. CUIRE, va. to cook, dress ; from L, coquere, written cocere in a 3rd-cent. inscription: see car. CocSre, contrd. regularly (see § 51) into coc*re becomes cuire by change of o into ui through the influence of the cr (see cuider), which cr is reduced to r, see benir. CUISINE, sf. a kitchen. It. cucina, Sp. coci- na, from L. coquina, used by Palladius and Isidore of Seville. Coquina, written cocina in the Glosses (see car), becomes cuisine. For o = ui see cuider ; for c = s seeamitie. — Der. cuisineT,cuisinieT,cmsinihTe. CUISSE, sf. a thigh, leg; from L. coxa, a word written cossa by the Romans. For 7i = ss see aisselle ; for o = ui see cuider. — Der. cuissot, cuiss^rd. CUISSON, sf. cooking, baking ; from L. coc- tionem. For o = ui under influence of c see cuider and attrait ; for ti = ss see agencer. Cuisspn is a doublet of coction, q.v. CUISTRE, sm. originally a cook, then a college-servant, then a pedant; from L. cocistro*, used by Isidore of Seville, a form of L. coquaster*, deriv. of coquus. For loss of medial c of co(c)istro see affouage ; for o = ui see cuider. CUIVRE, sm. copper ; from L. cuprum. For p=v see § ill ; for u = ttj see buis. — Der. cuivrer. CUL, sm. a bottom ; from L. cuius. — Der. cuhsse, accw/er, 6culer, rectt/er, culie, cul- otte; cw/buter {ieebuter), c«/-de-sac. Culinaire, adj. culinary; from L. cuH- narius. Culminer, vti. to culminate ; from L. cul- minare. Culpabilit6, sf. culpability ; from L. cul- pabilitatem. Culte, sm. worship; from L. cultus. Cultiver, va. to cultivate ; from L. culti- vare*, used in Low Lat. Culture, sf. culture; from L. cultura. Cumin, sm. cumin; from L. cuminum. Cumuler, va. to accumulate ; from L. cu- mulare. — Der. cumul (verbal subst.). Cun^iforme.flfl?/. cuneiform, wedge-shaped; from L. cuneus. Cupide, ac?/. greedy; from L. cupidus.— Der. cupidiie. 't'Cura9ao, sm. cura5oa, a liqueur imported from the Island of Curagao. Curateur, sm. a guardian, curator ; from L. curatorem, deriv. of curare. — Der. curat- elle. Cure, (i) sf. cure, doctoring; (2) cure (of souls) ; from L. cura, in eccles. Lat. the cure of souls. Cura took the sense of the duty of a curate, then by extension (3) a parsonage, vicarage. — Der. cure (one who holds a cure), CUREE, sf. a quarry (^hunting term); from L. corata*, the entrails etc. of an animal, from cor ; cur^e being properly the en- entrails etc. of the stag, thrown to the dogs. For -ata = -ee see § 201. o here becomes u, as in forum, fur. CURER, va. to cleanse, clean, prune; from L. curare. — Der. c^^rage, cwreur, recurer, cure-dent, cwre-oreille. Curieux, adj. curious; from L. cur iosus. For -osus = -eux see § 229. Curiosity, s/^. curiosity ; from L. curiosi- tateni. Cursive, adj. cursive; from L. cursiva*, which from cu'rsum, supine of currere. Cutan6, adj. cutaneous; from L. cuta- neus*, deriv. of cutis. t Cutter, sm. a cutter; sea-term, from Engl, cutter. CUVE, sf. a vat, tub ; from L. cupa. For p = v see § III. — Der. cuviev, cuv6e, cuv- ette, cuvex. Cycle, sm. a cycle ; from Gr. kvkXos. — Der. cyc/ique. Cyclope, sm, a cyclop ; from Gr. KvK\ai\p. — Der. cyclopeen. Cygne. sm. a swan; from L. cygnus. Cylindre, sm. a cylinder; from L. cylin- CYMAISE—DAMOISEA U, 103 drus. Cylindre is a doublet of calandre. — Der. cylindr'i(]\ie. f Cymaise, sf. (Archit.) an ogee; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. cimasa. Cjrmbale, sf. a cymbal; from L. cymbal- um. Cymbale is a doublet of cymble. — Der. cymbaliev. Cynique, adj. cynical; from L. cynicus. — Der. cynisme. Cyprus, sm. a cypress; from L. cu- pressus. Cytise, sm. a cytisus ; from Gr. kvthtos. t Czar, sm. the Czar; from Russ. tzar. D. DA, inter}, truly, indeed ! O. Fr. dea, dia, originally diva, compd. of the two im- peratives di (dis) and va. See dire and aller. We even find the interjection diva followed by di. Ruteboeuf (13th cent.), in his Miracle de Theophile, has diva di, lit. ' say- go-say ' showing clearly the presence of the imperative dis in the word. Dactyle, sm. a dactyl; from L. dactylus. Dactyle is a doublet of datte. DAGUE, sf. a dagger. Origin unknown. — Der. daguet (a young stag, with straight horns like daggers). Dahlia, sf. a dahlia ; a word of hist, origin, see § 33. A plant named after Dahl by Cavanilles. DAIGNER, vn. to deign ; from L. dignari. For i = ai see marraine. — Der. didaigner. DAIM, sm. a deer ; from L. damus*, secon- dary form of dama. For a = a« see aigle. — Der, daine. As O. Fr. wrote dain for dai7n, the corresponding fem. is daine. DAIS, sm. a canopy. O. Fr. dois, It. desco, from L. discus. Dais in O. Fr. always meant a dinner-table, but specially a state- table with a canopy ; gradually the sense of table has been lost and that of canopy prevails, whereas in Eng. the sense of canopy is lost, while that of a state-table remains. Discus gives O. Fr, dois, as meniscus, menois, by change of i into oi, see hois. Dois becomes dais by change of oi into ai, see § 61. Dais is a doublet of disque. DALLE, sf. a flagstone. Origin unknown. — Der. dalhx. DAM, cost, loss ; from L, damnum. For inn = m see allumer and § 168, Damas, sm. Damascus, damask ; a word of hist, origin (§ 33), from Damascus, where damask was first made, — Der, damas^tx. t Damasquiner, va. to inlay with gold and silver ; from damasquin. Introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. damaschino, a Damas- cus blade. DAME, sf. a lady ; from L. domina, written dom.na in the inscriptions. Domna be- comes dame by changing m.11 into m (see allumer and § 168) and o into a, the only instance of this change for accented o, though there are several examples of atonic o being changed to a, as domicellus*, damoiseau; dominiarium*, danger; lo- cust a, langouste. Dame is a doublet of dom, masc, and of duegne, fem. — Der. t/aweret, damtx, damiex. DAME, interj. why 1 indeed ! This word is all that remains of the medieval exclama- tion Dame-Dieu! (from L. domine Deus ! i. e. Seigneur Dieu !) The right sense of dame ! is therefore Lord ! D6m.mus was reduced to domnus by the Romans themselves : the form is found in several inscriptions under the Empire, see § 51. Dom.ine similarly becomes dom.ne, whence dame (interj.), just as dom.na be- came dame (sf.). For details of these changes see above, under dame (l), f Dame, sf. a dam ; from Germ. damm. DAMER, va. to crown a man (at draughts). See dame (1). DAMERET, sm. a ladies' man. See dame (i). DAMIER, sm. a draught-board. See dame (i). Damner, va. to damn, condemn ; from L. damnare Der. cfamwation, damnMe. DAMOISEAU, sm. a page (a gentleman who is not yet knighted), O. Fr, damoisel, from L. dom.inicellus*, dim. of dominus. Dominicellus, contrd, regularly (see § 52) to domin'cellus, drops the n (see coque) and becomes domicellus, the form used in medieval Lat. : ' Non habeant I04 DANDINER — DSbARQUER. domicellos,' in the Statutes of Cluni. From domicellus comes straight the O. Fr. datnoisel. For o=»a see datne (l) ; for i = oi see boire; for c = s see amitie. Datnoisel afterwards became datnoiseau, by resolution of -el into -eau ; see agneau. — Der. demoisdh (O. Fr. t/amoiselle, fem. of O. Fr. datnoisel). DANDINER, vn. to walk awkwardly, like a dandin, an O. Fr. adj. meaning clumsy, boobyish. This adj. is personified in such names as Perrin Dandin, Georges Dandin, etc. Origin unknown. + Dandy, sm. a <^ndy; introd. from Engl, during the Restoration period. DANGER, sm. danger, peril. The original sense of this word is 'power.* Eire en dan- ger rfe Vennemi signified in the middle ages to be in one's enemy's power, at his mercy. From this signification it passed by natural transition to the sense of peril, danger ; it is perilous to be in the enemy's •danger.* This sense of power remained up to the middle of the l6th cent. Danger, O. Fr. dongier (for o = a see dame l), comes from L. dominiarium*, deriv. of dominium, used in sense of 'sovereignty' by Cicero. Just as dominus had become doxonus in Roman days (see dame 2), so dominiarium became domniarium, which consonified the ia (see the rule under ahreger and Hist. Gram. p. 65) ; whence domnjaritmi, whence O. Fr. dongier For m = « see changer; for -arium = -fer see § 198. — Der. dangereux. DANS, prep. in. O. Fr. dens {d'ens contrd. from de and ens) ; ens is L. intus. For intus = ens see mettre ; for dens = dans see § 65, note I. — Der. derfaws. DANSER, vn. to dance ; a word of Germ, origin, O.H.G. danson. — Dei.danse (verbal subst.), dansem, coniTedatts. DARD, sm. a dart. It. dardo, a word of Germ, origin, A. S. dara^. — Der. darder. DARNE, sf. a slice ; a word of Celtic origin, Kymri darn, a slice, piece. + Darse, sf. a floating wet-dock; introd, from It. darsena. Dartre, sf. (Med.) shingles, rash. Origin unknown. — Der. dartreux. Date, sf. a date. It. data, from L. data, rightly meaning • given,' in the expression • datum Romae.' — Der. datei, zntidatei, postrfa/er. Datif, sm. a dative; from L. dativus. DATTE, sf. a date ; also written dacte. Port. datil, from L. dactyUis. For ct=//see § 168; for loss of the two last syllables, -ylus, see §§ 50, 51. Daile is a doublet of dactyle, q.v. — Der. dattier. Daube, sf a stew. Origin unknown. DAUBER, va. properly to beat, cuff. A word of Germ, origin ; O. G. dubban, to dab, strike. DAUPHIN, sm. a dolphin. Prov. dalfin, from L. delphinus. The eldest son of the King of France began to bear the name of the Dauphin in the year 1343, the date of the absorption of Dauphine into the kingdom. Dauphin^, or rather the Viennois, had had several lords named Dauphin, a proper name which is simply the L. delphinus. For el = aM see agneau; for ph.=/ see coffre and § 146. DA VANTAGE, adv. more. O.Ft. d'avant- age ; see de and vantage. Davier, sm. (Med.) the forceps. Origin un- known. DE, prep, of; from L. de. DE-. A prefix which answers (i) to L. de ; (2) to L, dis (in the latter case the original Fr. form was des: calceare, chausser; dis-calceare, des-chausser, then dechausser. For dis = des = de see mettre and Hist. Gram. p. 81. We have in the double form decrediter, discrediter a strik- ing example of the opposition of the popular and learned forms) ; (3) to L. de-ex in a few words, devier, deduire, etc., which in O. Fr. were desvier (de-ex-viare), desduire J^de-exducere), etc. DE, sm. a thimble. O. Fr. del, originally deel, Sp. dedal, It. ditale; from L. digitale*. Digitdle, contrd. regularly (see § 52) into dig'tale, loses its medial t, di-t-ale (see abbaye), whence O. Fr. deel. For -ale = -el see § 191; for i = g see mettre. De is a doublet of doigt, q.v. DE, sm. a die, pi. dice ; from L. datum, i. e. what is thrown on the table, from dare, to throw, as in such phrases as * Dare ad terram.' etc. For -atum = -e see am- poule. DEBACLE, sf. a break-up (of ice). See bacler. d£bALLER, va. to unpack. See balle. — Der. debalhge. DEBANDER. va. to disband. See bande (2). — Der. debandade. DEBARDER, DEBARDEUR, va. to unlade ; sm. lighterman. See bard. DEBARQUER, va. to unship (goods); vn. to land. See barque. — Der. debarcudhve (cp. Sp. sembarcddero). d£ba rrasser — dScharger . 105 DSBARRASSER, va. to clear up, rid. See embarrasser. — Der. debarras (verbal subst.). D^BATTRE, va. to argue, debate. See battre. — Der debat (verbal subst.). DEBAUCHER, va. to debauch, entice aw^ay from one's duty, i. e. from bauche, O. Fr. for a workshop. The origin of bauche is unknown. — Der. debauche (properly cessa- tion of work, then idleness, then debauch). fD^het, sm. a debit; a Lat. word, debet. D§bile, a(i;. weak ; from L. debilis. Debile is a doublet of O. Fr. dieble. — Der. debilitei, debilite. D6bit, sm. a sale, shop; from L. debitum. Debit is a doublet of dette. — Der. debitor, debiteuT. D6blat6rer, w. to rail at; from L. debla- terare. DEBLAYER, va. to clear away; from L. debladare*. In medieval Lat. this word kept its original sense of carrying corn from a field, then of carrying off, clearing away generally. In a Chartulary of 1272 we read, ' Similiter in pratis ipsorum de dicto loco, postquam fuerint debladata.' De- bladare is a deriv. of bladura*, q. v. Debladare becomes deblayer by loss of medial d ; see accabler. — Der. deblai (verbal subst.), DEBLOQUER, va. to raise a blockade. See bloquer. DEBOIRE, sm. an after-taste, disappointment. See boire. DEBOITER, va. to dislocate. See hotte. DEBONNAIRE, adj. meek, goodnatured. O. Fr. de bon aire. See air (in sense of jiatural disposition). DEBORDER, vn. to overflow, run over. See bord. — Der. debord, debordement (verbal subst.). DEBOUCHER, va. to uncork ; vn. to emerge. See boucher. — Der. debouche. DEBOURSER, va. to disburse. See bourse. — Der. debours (verbal subst.). DEBOUT, adv. on end. See bout. DEBOUTER, va. to nonsuit. See bouter. DEBRAILLER, va. to uncover the breast. See braie. DEBRIS, sm. pi. remains, fragments. See briser. DEBUCHER, vn. to break cover (hunting). See buche and bois. tP6busquer, va. to drive out. See embusquer and de-. DEBUT, sm. a beginning, first stroke, outset. . See but. — Der. debuter, debutant. •jDEQA, prep, on this side of. See de and fa. Decade, sf. a decade ; from Gr. Sifcas, -6.S0S. Decadence, sf. decadence; from L. deca- de nti a*, from decadere*. Decadence is a doublet of decheance, q. v. D6cadi, sm. the tenth and last day of the decade in the calendar of the first French republic ; from Gr. Se'/fo and L. dies. Decagone, sm. a decagon ; from Gr. 56«a- yojvos. Decagramme, sm. a decagram; from Gr. Sifca, and gramme, q. v. Decalitre, sm. a measure of ten litres ; from Gr. Siita, and litre, q. v. Decalogue, sm. the decalogue; from Gr. deKaXoyos. DECAMPER, vn. to decamp. See camper. D6eanat, sm. a deanery; from L. deca- natus, from decanus. Decanat is a doublet of doyenne. Decanter, va. to decant. It. decantare, from L. decanthare*, to pour wine out gently, which from L. canthus, the angle o( a wine-jar. DECAPER, va. to clean (properly to scrape off the crust of dirt or rust on a metallic surface), deriv. of cape, a cloak, q. v. Thus decaper would mean to uncloak the metal, strip it naked. — Der. decapage. D6capiter, va. to behead ; from L. deca- p it are*, deriv. oi caput. Deceder, vn. to depart this life, die ; from L. decedere. DECELER, va. to disclose. See celer. DECEMBRE, sm. December; from L. de- cembrem. Deceimal, adj. decennial; from L. decen- nalis. Decent, adj. decent; from L. decentem. — Der. decence. Deception, sf. deception; from L. decep- tionem. D^cerner, va. to award (honours, etc.) ; from L. decernere. D6cds, sm. decease, death; fromL.decessus. DECEVOIR, va. to deceive ; from L. deci- pere. For -cipere = -cevoir see concevoir. — Der. decevable. DECHAINER, va. to let loose (a dog). O. Fr. deschainer, from L. dis-catenare*. For the changes see de- and chaine. — Der. dechainement. * DECHANTER, vn. to change one's note. O. Fr. deachanter. See de- and chanter. DECHARGER, va. to unload, discharge. O. Fr. descharger. See de- and charger. — Der. decharge (verbal subst.), decharge- ment. io5 DECHA RNER — D^CRE T. DECHARNER, va. to strip the flesh off. O. Fr. descharner, Sp. descarnar, from L. discamare'*'. To take off the flesh, car- nem. For o = ch see § 126. For dxH = de see de-. DfiCHAUSSER, va. to pull off boots, shoes, etc, O. Fr. desckausser, from L. discal- ceare. For the changes see chausser and de-. — Der. ddchaux (the barefooted friars, Carmelites'). DfiCHEANCE, sf. forfeiture ; from L. deca- dentia, from decadere. For loss of medial d see accabler; for ca, — che see §§ 126 and 54; iox-tia, = -ce stt agencer. Decheance is a doublet of decadence, il-v. DECHET, sm. waste, loss. See dechoir. Dechet is a doublet of dcchoit. DECHIFFRER, va. to decipher. See chiffre. J— Der. deckiffrahle, indeckiffrzhle. DECHIQUETER, va. to cut up, slash, chop into ; a word which seems to be a dim. of chiqidet, from L. ciccum (an insignificant thing, trifle). DECHIRER, va. to tear up. O. Fr. des- chirer, compd. of O. Fr. eschirer, Prov. esqnirar; a word of Germ, origin, O. H. G. skerran. — Der. dechirement, dechirure. DECHOIR, vn. to fall (from), sink, decline. See de andchoir. — Der. cfecAet (another form of dechoit). See § 187. Decider, va. to decide (a case), settle ; vn. to decide,- judge; from L. decidere. — Der. indecis (from in and decisus), decisis (from decisivus*, deriv. of decisus). D^cime, sm. a tenth, tithe; from L. de- cima. Decime is a doublet of dixieme and dime, q. v. — Der. decimtx, decitmXion, decimal. D^cimdtre, sm. a decimeter ; from L. prefix deci- and metre, q. v. The prefix deci- denotes ten, so that the word is ill- formed, as it rightly means ' ten metres,' not ' a tenth of a metre ' ; for the Lat. deci- multiplies, not divides. Decisif, adj. decisive. See decider. Decision, sf. a decision; from L. de- cisionem. D6clamer, va. to declaim, recite ; from L. dec lam are. — Der. declamation, declam- atoirer Declarer, va. to declare ; from L. de- ci ar are. — Der. declamation. !D6clmer, vn. to wane, decline ; va. to de- cline (an invitation, etc.); from L. de- clinare — Der. declin (verbal subst.), de- c/mable, declinzison. D6clive, adj. sloping; from L. declivus. — Der. d(^clivit6. DECLORE, va. to unclose. See d4- and clore. DECLOUER, va. to unnail, unfasten. See de- and clouer. DECOCHER, va. to discharge, shoot. See de- and coche, D6coction, sf. a decoction ; from L. decoctionem. DECOIFFER, va. to take off a coif, head- dress. See coiffer. D6collation, sf. a beheading; from L. de- j:ollationem. DECOLLER, va. to behead. See col. DECOLLER, va. to unpaste, unglue. See colle. DECOLLETER, va. to bare neck and shoul- ders. See collet. DECOLORER, va. to discolour. See de- and colorer. DECOMBRES, sm. pi. rubbish. See en- comhre. Decomposer, va. to decompose. See composer. — Der. decomposition. DECONFIRE, va. to discomfit, rout. Mal- herbe writes that la France a deconfit I'Espagne. Deconjire, O. Fr. desconjire, is from L. disconficere (compd. of con- ficere). For changes see de- and confire. —Der. deconjitme. DECONTENANCER, va. to abash. See contenance, DECONVENUE, sf mishap, ill-luck. See de- and convenir. D6corer, va. to decorate; from L. deco- ra re. — Der. decor (verbal subst.), decora- tion, decorat&nx, decoratif. D6coruin, sm. decorum, propriety; from L. decorum. DECOUCHER, vn. to sleep out. See de- and coucher. DECOUDRE, va. to unsew. See de- and coudre. DECOULER, vn. to flow down. See de- and couler. ' DECOUPER, va. to carve, cut out. See de- and couper. — Der. decotipnre. DECOUVRIR, va. to uncover, discover. See de- and couvrir. — Der. decouv&rtt (partic, subst.). DECRASSER, va. to cleanse. See crasse. DECREDITER, va. to discredit. See de- and crediter. , D6cr6pit, adj. decrepit; from L. decre- pitus. — Der. decrepitude. D6cret, sm. a decree; from L. decretum. — Der. decrettx, decretalt. DJ^CRIER — DjSgSnSreSCENCE. 107 DECRIER, va. to decry. See de- and crier. — Der. decri (verbal subst.). DECRIRE, va. to describe. O. Fr. descrire, from L. describere. For changes see ecrire. DECROCHER, va. to unhook, take down. See croc. DECROITRE, vn. to shorten, decrease. See croitre. — Der. t/ecroissant, cfeVroissance, decree. DECROTTER, va. to clean, brush. See crotte. — Der. decrotieur, decrottovc. Decuple, adj. tenfold; from L. decuplus. — Der. dectipler. D^DAIGNER, va. to scorn, disdain. O. Fr. desdaigner. It. disdegnare, from L. dis (see de-) and dignari (see daigner). — Der. dedain (verbal subst.), dedaigtieux. Dedale, sm. a maze, labyrinth; from Gr. Aaida\os (who made the Cretan labyrinth). DEDANS, adv. insist, within. See de and dans. Dedicace, 5/". dedication; from L. dedicatio. DEDIER, va. to dedicate ; from L. dedicare. For loss of medial c see affouage. DEDIRE, va. to contradict. See de- and dire. — Der. dediX.. Deduction, sf. a deduction; from L. de- ductionem. DEDUIRE, va. to deduct; from L. de- ducere. Dediicere, contrd. regularly, by the rule of the Lat. accent, into de- duc're, becomes deduire by changing cr into ir, for which see benir. DEESSE, sf. a goddess. O. Fr. deuesse, formed from O. Fr. deu (which from L. deus), and the fem. sufBx -esse. See abbesse. DEFAILLIR, vn. to fail. See de- and faillir. J— Der. defaithncQ. DEFAIRE, va. to undo, unmake. O. Fr. desfaire. See de- and /aire. — Der. defaite (partic. subst.). DEFALQUER, va. to deduct, subtract. It. diffalcare, compd. of de- (q. v.) and the radical falquer, a word of Germ, origin, O. H. G.falcan. — Der. defalcuXion. DEFAUT, sm. a defect, blemish. Seefaute. DEFAVEUR, sf. disfavour, disgrace. See de- andfaveiir. — Der. defavoxa.h[e. Defectif, adj. defective; from L. defec- tivus. Defection, sf. defection; from L. defec- tionem. D6fectueux, adj. defective; from L. de- fectuosus*. DEFENDRE, va. to defend; from L. de- fendere. For loss of penult, e see § 51. — Der. defendMe, defendem, dtfenderesss. DEFENSE, sf. defence ; from L. defensa *, a word found in TertuUian. D6fenseur, sm. a defender; from L. de- fensorem. fD^fensif, adj. defensive; introd. in i6th cent, from It. defensivo. D§ferer, va. to confer, bestow ; from L. de- fer re. — Der. defer QWCQ. DfiFERLER, va. to unfurl. ?>Qeferler. DEFERRER, va. to unshoe, take the tires off a wheel. See fer. DEFIANCE, sf distrust, diffidence. See defter. t Deficit, s/n. a deficit; aLat. word. DEFIER, va. to defy. O. Fr. desfier. It. dis- fidare. For the etymology see de- and_/?er. — Der. deft (verbal subst.), diftunce. D6figurer, va. to disfigure. See figure. DEFILE, sm. a pass, defile. See deftler (2). DEFILER, va. to unthread. Seefil. DEFILER, vn. to file off, defile. See file.— Der. defile (a narrow way, through which one must pass in file). D§finer, va. to define; from L. definire. — Der. deftnif indefini, definissdihle, iudefin- issable. D6finitif, adj. definitive; from L. defini- tivus. D6finition, sf. a definition ; from L. defi- nitionem. DEFLEURIR, vn. to shed blossoms ; va. to blight. See fleur. D6florer, va. to deflower; fromL. deflo- rare. DEFONCER, va. to stave in, dig up. See fond. — Der. defoncement. DEFORMER, va. to deform. See forme. — Der. deforma.t\on. DEFRAYER, va. to defray. Seefrais. DEFRICHER, va. to clear (of ground). See friche. — Der. defrichement. DEFROQUER, va. to unfrock.— Der. de- froque (verbal subst.). D6funt, adj. dead, defunct ; from L. de- functus. DEGAGER, va. to redeem a pledge. See jgager. — Der. degagement. DEGAINER, va. to unsheath. See game. — Der. degaine (verbal subst.). DEGARNIR, va. to unfurnish, unrig, strip. Stegarnir. DEGAT, sm. damage, depredation; verbal subst. of O. Fr. degater. See gater. DEGELER, va. to thaw. See geler. — Der. degel (verbal subst.). Degen^rer, va. to degenerate; from L. de- generare. — Der. degener^Xion. Degenerescence, s/". degeneracy; from io8 DSGL UTITION— DELIMITER. d^g^nirescent, from L. degenerescen- tem* (degenerescere*) from degene- rare. Deglutition, sf. deglutition; from L. de- glutitionem, from deglutire. DEGOISER, va. to chirp, chatter. See gosier. DEGORGER, va. to disgorge, vomit. See J^orge. DEGOURDIR, va. to take off the stiffness, sharpen, brighten. See gourd. DEGOOT, sm. disgust. O. Fr. desgoust, It. disgusto. See de- and gout. — Der. de- gouttx. DEGO UTTER, vn. to drop, trickle. See goutte. D6grader, va. to degrade; from L. degra- dare. — Der. degrad&\.ion. DEGRAFER, va. to unhook. See agrafer. DEGRAISSER, va. to skim off the fat, scour, fleece. See graisse. — Der. degraisseur, de- graissige. DEGRE, sm. a step. Prov. degrat. This word answers to a type degradus*, compd. of de- and gradus. For loss of d see alouette ; for & = e see § 54. DEGREVER, va. to reduce (a tax). See ^rever. — Der. degrevement, DEGRINGOLER, vn. to tumble down. Origin unknown. DEGRISER, va. to sober. See griser. DEGROSSIR, va. to rough-hew. See grosstr. DEGUENILLE, adj. tattered. See guenille. DEGUERPIR, va. to give up, quit ; vn. to pack off; compd, of de- and O. Fr. verb guerpir to abandon, which is in medieval Lat. -werpire, a word of Germ, origin, Scand. verpa. For yr = gu see gaine. — Der. deguerpissement. DEGUISER, va. to disguise. See guise.' — Der. deguisement. D6guster, va. to taste; from L. degus- tare. — Der. degusta.tion, degustateur. Dehiscence, sf. (Bot.) dehiscence ; from L. ^dehiscentia* (dehiscere). DEHONTE, adj. shameless. See honte. DEHORS, adj. outside, without. See hors. Deicide.sra. deicide(used of the Jews); from L. deicida*. D6ifier, va. to deify ; from L. deificare. — Der. cfe'//?cation. Deisme, sm. deism; from L. Deus, with suffix -isme. — Der. deiste. D6it6, sf. a deity ; from L. deitatem. DEJA, adv. already. O. Fr. desja. See des and ja. Dejection, sf. dejection; from L. dejec- tionem. DEJETER, va. to warp, make crooked ; from L. dejectare. For ct=»/ see § 168. DEJEONER, vn. to breakfast. O. Fr. des- jeuner. See d6- and jeiiner, lit. to break one's fast. For the contraction in mean- ing see § 12. — Der. dejeuner {sm.). DEJOINDRE, va. to disjoin. Seejoindre. DEJOUER, va. to baffle, frustrate. Seejouer. DEJUCHER, vn. to leave the roost. Seejucher. DELA, prep, beyond, on the other side. See la. f Deiabrer, va. to dilapidate, destroy, ruin. O. Fr. deslabrer, from It., Milanese disla- brare. — Der. delabrement. DELAI, sm. delay. See delayer. DELAISSER, va. to abandon, forsake. See laisser. — Der. delaissement. DELASSER, va. to refresh, relax. See las. — Der. delassement. ^'"^ Deiateur, sm. an informer; from L. de- latorem. Delation, sf. delation, information ; from L. delationem. DELAYER, va. to dilute ; from L. dilatare. For loss of medial t see abbaye; for i = e see mettre. The change of sense from dilatare, to dilate, broaden, to that of delayer is seen in the phrase delayer un discours. Delayer is a doublet of dilater, q. v.— Der. delai (verbal subst. of delayer, in its sense of extension ; delai being an extension of time granted). Deiecter, va. to delight ; from L, delectare. — Der. delectation, delectable. Deieguer, va. to delegate, commission; from L. delegare. — Der. delegation. Deleter©, adj. deleterious; from Gr. SrjXij- TTJptOS. Deiiberer, vn. to deliberate; from L. de- liberare. — Der. deliberation, deliberatxf. Delicat, adj. delicate; from L. delicatus. Delicat is a doublet of delie, q. v. — Der. in- delicat, delicatesse. Deiices, sf. pi. delights, pleasures ; from L. deljciae. — Der, delicieux. DELIE, adj. fine, slender, delicate, as in un fX delie, un style delie, etc, ; from L. deli- catus. For loss of medial c see affouage ; for -atus = e see § 201. Delie is a doublet of delicat, q. v. DELIE, partic of delier, unbound. DELIER, va. to unbind. O. Fr. deslier. See de- and Her. Delimiter, va. to fix boundaries ; from L. delimitare. — Der. delimitation. BtLINtA TION — DSMORDRE. 109 Delineation, sf. delineation; from L, de- lineationem, from delineare. Delinquant, sm. a delinquent ; from L. delinquentem. D6lire, sm. delirium; from L. delirium. Der. delirer. Delit, sm. a crime, offence; from L. de- lictum, DELIVRER, va. to deliver, free; from £. deliberare*, compd. of liberare. De- liber^re, regularly contrd. (see § 52) into delib'rare, becomes delivrer (see avant and § 113). — Der. delivriLnce. DELOGER, vn to remove, get away ; va. to dislodge. See loger. DELOYAL, adj. disloyal, false. O. Fr. des- loyal. It. disleale, from de- (q. v.) and loyal. Der. cfe/qyaut^ (see de- and loyaute). DELUGE, sm. a deluge, flood. It. diluvio, from L. diluvium. For consonification of iu into ge (diluyjum) and for vj ^7 see Hist. Gram. p. 65 ; for i = e see mettre. DELURE, adj. disenchanted. See § 8 and leurre. Demagogue, sm. a demagogue ; from Gr. Srjimy or/OS. — Der. demagogic, demagog- ique. DEMAIN, adv. to-morrow. Prov. demon. It. dimane; from L. de-mane*, compd. of mand. For a = m see aigle. — Der. len- demain (in O. Fr. Vendemain, as in It. it is Vindomani ; a form compd. of en and de- main). In the 14th cent, the article le by a singular misunderstanding became attached to the body of the word (see lierre) and produced the sm. lendemain, which in its turn is again preceded by the article (le len- demain). DEMANDER, va. to ask ; from L. deman- dare. — Der. demands (verbal subst.), de- mandewT, demanderesse. DEMANGER, vn. to itch. See manger.— Der. demangeaison. DEMANTELER, va. to dismantle, i.e. to take off the mantle, then to strip a town of its protection by destroying its walls. — Der. demantel ement. D^mantibuler, va. to break. O. Fr, de- mandibuler, properly to break the jaw ; /rom de- (q. v.) and mandibula. DEMARCATION, sf. demarcation. See mar- qtter. DEMARCHE, sf. gait, bearing, step. See marche. DEMARIER, va. to unmarry. See marier. DEMARQUER, va. to unmark, take out a mark. See marquer. DEMARRER, va. to unmoor. See amarrer. DEMASQUER, va. to unmask. See masque. DEMELER, va. to disentangle. See de- and meler. — Der. demel, demeloix. DEMEMBRER, va. to dismember. See mem- bre.—DeT. detnembrement. DEMENAGER, va. to remove. See menage. — Der. demenagement. D6nience, s/". madness; from L. dementia. DEMENER, va. to kick, struggle. See mener. DEMENTIR, va. to contradict, deny. O. Fr. desmentir. See de- and mentir. — Der. de- menti. Dein6riter, vn. to do amiss. See meriter. _;— Der. demerile (verbal subst.). DEMESURE, adj. unmeasured, huge. See mestire. DEMETTRE, va. to dislocate, dismiss. See mettre. DEMEURER, vn. to dwell, live. It. dimo- rare, from L. demorari, found in sense of tarrying, dwelling, in the Theodosian Code. — Der. demeure (verbal subst.), au demeur- ant. DEMI, adj. half; from L. dimidius. For loss of medial d see alouette ; for atonic i = e see mettre. Demission, sf. resignation (of an ofBce,etc.); introd. in 1 6th cent, from L. demis- sion em. — Der. demissionna.ire. D^mocratie, sf. democracy ; from Gr. SrjfjLOKpaTia. — Der. democrate, democrat- ique. DEMOISELLE, sf. a damsel, young lady. See damoiseau. Demoiselle is a doublet of dozelle. D6niolir, va. to demolish; from L. de- moliri. — Der. c?emo/isseur, demolition, (L. demolitionem). D^mon, sm. a demon ; from L. daemonem. — Der. Je'mowiaque. D6nionetiser, va. to alter the value of a coin, call it in ; from de- and mo net a. D6monstratif, adj. demonstrative ; from L. demonstrativus. Demonstration, sf a demonstration, proof; from L. demonstrationem. Demonstrateur, sm. a demonstrator ; from L. demonstratorem. DEMONTER, va. to unhorse, dismount (a rider). See de- and monter. DEMONTRER, va. to demonstrate. O. Fr. demonstrer, from L. dem,onstrare. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. de- mows^able. DEMORDRE, vn. to let go (grip), swerve from. See de- and mordre. no LENA IRE — DEpENSER . Denedre, adj . denary; from L. denarius. Denaire is a doublet of denier, q. v. DENATURER, va. to alter the nature of. See nature. D6n6gation, sf. denial; from L. denega- tionem. DENI, stn. a refusal (law term). See dinier. DENICHER, va. to take out of a niche, out of a nest. See nicher. — Der. denichem. DENIER, >sm. a denarius, denier (-J^ of a sou), mite; from L. denarius. For -arius = 'ier see § 198. Denier is a doublet of denaire. DENIER, va. to deny, refuse ; from L. de- negare. For loss of medial g see allier ; for e = i see § 58. — Der. d^ni (verbal subst.). D6liigrer, va. to revile, blacken (character, etc.); from L. denigrare. — Der. denigre- ment. DENOMBRER, va. to number; from L. dentunerare. For numerare = «om6rer see nombre. — Der. denombrement. I>6noininatif, adj. denominative ; from L. denominativus. D^nominateur, stn. a denominator ; from L. denominatorem. Denomination, sf. a denomination ; from L. denominationem. DENOMMER, va. to name (in a deed) ; from L. denominare. For letter-changes see nommer. DENONCER, va. to denounce; from L. demintiare. For nxintiare = noncer see annoncer. D§nonciateur, $m. a denunciator, in- former; from L. denuntiatorem. D6nonciation,s/". a denouncement, declara- tion ; from L. denuntiationem. D6noter, va. to denote, describe ; from L. jienotare. DENOUER, va. to untie, unravel. See dc- and nouer. — Der. denotement. DENREE,s^. food, commodity; from late L.de- nerata, found in the Capitularies of Charles the Bald : * Ministri Reip. provideant, ne ilH qui panem ... per deneratas . . . ven- dunt.' Originally merchandise generally, and specially such goods as were worth a denier. Similarly Sp. has dinerada, from dinero. From denier came O. Fr. deneree, just as from panier came panneree. Deneree is contrd. into den'ree, denree. Similarly in Bavaria pfenningwerth properly means a pfenning's worth of anything. For loss of the § (denSrdta) see § 52; for -ata = -ee see § 201. Dense, adj. dense; from L. densus. — Der. dens'xi^. DENT, 5/ a tooth ; from L. dentem.— Der. eudent(\ ^dentk, dentier, dentiste, dentcWe. Dentaire, adj. dental; from L. dentarius. Dentaire is a doublet of O. Fr. dentier. DENTELLE, sf. lace, properly a little tooth. — Der. dentel6, dentelme. Dentifrice, stn. dentifrice, tooth-powder; from L. dentifricium (tooth-powder, in Pliny). Dentition, s/. dentition; from L. denti- tionem. D6nuder, va. to denude, lay bare; from L. denudare. DENUER, va. to deprive, strip ; from L. denudare, by loss of medial d, see ac- cabler. — Der. rfeWment. DEPAREILLER, va. to render incomplete, spoil a pair. See pariel. DEPARER, va. to strip. See parer. DEPARLER, va. to cease speaking. See parler. DEPARTEMENT, sm. a department. See departir. DEPARTIR, va. to distribute. O. Fr. des- partir, from L. dispartire. Fordis = </e see de. — Der. depart (verbal subst.), de- partement. DEPASSER, va. to pass by, go beyond. See passer. DEPAYSER, va. to send abroad, expatriate. See pays. DEP]&CER, va. to break up (into pieces). See piece. DEPECHER, va. to despatch, hasten. See empecker. — Der. d^peche (verbal subst.). DEPEINDRE, va. to depict, paint, describe ; from L. depingere. For -ingere = -eindre see ceindre. DEPENDRE, va. to take down (from a j;ibbet). See de- and pendre. DEPENDRE, vn. to be dependent (on); from L. dependere. For changes see pendre. Notice the displacement of the accent from dependere to dependere, whence the form dependre, not dependoir. (Hist. Gram. p. 133.) DEPENDRE, va. to spend ; from L. depen- jiere. For loss of e see § 51. DEPENS, sm. pi. expense, cost, charge. See depenser. DEPENSE, sf. expense, outlay. See depenser. DEPENSER, va. to spend. O. Fr. despenser, from L. dispensare. For 6is = de- see de-. Depenser is a doublet of dispenser, q. V. — Der. depens, depense, depensitx. D^PERDITION — DERNIER. Ill Deperdition, sf. loss, waste; from L. de- perditionem*, from deperdere. D6p6rir, vn. to perish utterly; from L, de- peri re. — Der. c?e/)enssement. DEPftTRER, va. to disengage, extricate. O. Fr. despestrer, the opposite of einpetrer, O. Fr. empestrer. Empetrer signifies pro- perly to hobble a horse while he feeds afield, and depetrer is to free his legs from the bonds. These words come from medi- eval Lat. pastorium*, a clog for horses at pasture. Pastorium (der. through pas- tum, from pascere) is common in this sense in the Germanic Laws: 'Si quis in ex- ercitu aliquid furaverit, pastorium, capis- trum, frenum,' etc. (Lex Bavar. tit. IL vi. i). So also in the Lex Langobard. tit. L xx. 5 : ' Si quis pastorium de caballo alieno tu- lerit.' Pastorium, by means of the two compounds, pastoriare *, dispastoriare *, has produced the two. O. Fr. verbs, empes- trer, despestrer, by changing (i) im. into in, then into en, see mettre ; (2) dis into des, then de, see de- ; (3) and pas- toriare into pestrer, by dropping the o, see § 52, whence the modern form pttrer. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; for a = «, see § 54. DEPEUPLER, va. to depopulate. See peupler. — Der. depeuplement. D6piler, va. to take the hair off; from ^L. depilare. — Der. c?e/>/7ation, d4pila.toire. DEPISTER, va. to track, hunt out. See piste. DEPIT, sm. despite, vexation. O. Fr. despit, from L. despectus. For des = de see de- ; for e = t see § 59 ; for ct = / see § 168. — Der. depitex. DEPLACER, va. to displace. See place.— Der. deplacemenU DEPLAIRE, va. to displease. See plaire. — Der. deplaisiT, deplaisa.nt. DEPLIER, va. to unfold, open. See de- and plier. D6plorer, va. to deplore; from L. deplo- rare. — Der. deplorable. DEPLOYER, va. to unroll. See de- and ployer. — Der. deploiement. DEPLUMER, va. to pluck (a bird). See de- and plume. Depopulation, sf. depopulation; from L. depopulationem. D6porter, va. to deport, transport ; from L. deport are. — Der. deport, deportation, de- ^portement. DEPOSER, va. to depose. See poser. Depositaire, sm. a depositary, guardian, confidant; from L. depositarius. Depositeur, sm. a depositor; from L. de- positorem. Deposition, sf. deposition; from L. depo- sitionem. D6poss§der, va. to dispossess. See posse- der. DEPOUILLER, va. to strip, spoil. O. Fr. despouiller, from L. despoliare. For o = ou see affouage ; for li = ill see ail ; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. depouille (verbal subst.), depotiillement. DEPOURVOIR, va. to deprive, strip. See pourvoir. — Der. depourvu. Depraver, va. to deprave, vitiate; from L. depravare. — Der. depravation. D6pr6cier, va. to depreciate; from L. de- pretiare. Deprecier is a doublet of de- priser. — Der. depreciation. D6pr6dation, sf. depredation; from L. depraedationem. Depression, sf. depression; from L. de- pressionem. D6prinier, va. to depress; from L. depri- mere. DEPUIS, prep, since. See puis. D6purer, va. (Chem.) to depurate, purify ; from L. depurare. — Der. depuration, de- puratiL D§puter, va. to depute; from L. depu- tare. — Der. deputation, depute. DERACINER, va. to uproot. See racine. DERAILLER, vn. to run off the rails. See rail. DERAISON, sf. unreason. See raison. — Der. deraisonner, deraisonnahie. DERANGER, va. to derange, displace. See ranger. — Der. derangement. DERECHEF, adv. again, afresh; formerly written de rechef compound of re, marking repetition, and chef, meaning end, ex- tremity. We have seen under achever the medieval phrase venir a chef for venir a hout. See chef. DEREGLER, va. to derange, disorder. See regie. — Der. dereglement. Derision, sf. derision; from L. derisi- onem. Derisoire, adj. derisive; from L. deriso- rius. D6river, vn. to leave shore, drift ; to spring, derive; va. to turn off (a stream). — Der. derive (verbal subst.), derivation, deriv- atif. Derme, sm. skin ; from Gr. Sippia. DERNIER, adj. last; formerly derrenier, derrainier, der. from O. Fr. derrain. Der- rain answers to L. deretranus*, deriv. of 112 D^R OBER — DESPO TE, de-retro, properly one who walks behind. DerStrdnus, contrd. regularly (see § 52) into dertr'anus, softens tr into dr, then rr (see § 168), and changes a into ai (see aigle). DfiROBER, va. to rob, steal. See robe. D6roger, vn. to derogate (from) ; from L. ^derogare. — Der. derogation. DEROULER, va. to unroll, spread out. See rouler. DfiROUTE, sf. rout, defeat. O.Fr. des- route, from L. disrupta, from disrum- pere, to break up an army in battle. For dis = de see de- ; for u = o« see § 90 ; for pt = / see acheter. DEROUTER, va. to lead astray. See route. DEKKltKE, prep and adv. behind; from L. de retro*. ' Visa itaque turba de retro et ab ante adorantes dicite ' (Baruch vi. 5). For retro = riere see arriere. DES, art.gen.pl. of the; contr. oi dels = deles. See for details Hist. Gram. p. 10 1. Y)r.S,prep. from; from L. deipso, sc. tem- pore, De-ipso, contrd, into d'ipso, be- comes dis. For i = e see mettre ; for ps = s jee caisse. DESAIMER, va. to cease loving. See de- ^and aimer. DESAPPOINTER, va. to disappoint. See de- and appointer. — Der, desappointement. DfiSARROI, sm. disarray, confusion ; compd. of des (see de-) and O, Fr. arroi. Des- arroi therefore = des-ordre. A rroi is a compd. of O. Fr. roi, just as arranger is of ranger, arrondir of rond, etc. Roi, meaning in O. Fr. order, measure (a sense which re- mains in the phrase pied de roi), answers to the It, root redo*, to medieval L, redum*, and comes from Germ, source, Dan. rede, Swed, reda, to set in order, + D6sastre, sm. a disaster; introd, in 1 6th cent, from It. desastro. — Der, desas- trcMX. DESAVANTAGE, sm. a disadvantage. See avantage. DESAVEU, sm. a disavowal. See aveu. DESAVOUER, va. to disavow. See avouer. DESCELLER, va. to unfasten, unseal. See sceller. DESCENDRE, vn. to descend ; from L. de- sc^nd§re. For loss of g see § 51, — Der, descents (partic. subst., see ahsoute), de- scendance, redescendre, condescendre. Descriptif, adj. descriptive; from L. de- scriptivus. Description, s/. a description; from L, descriptionem. DfiSEMPARER, va. and n. to quit, go away. See emparer. DESERT, adj. deserted ; from L, desertus, — Der, dherttr, deserteur, desertion. DESERT, sm. a desert ; from L. desertum, DESESPERER, vn. to despair. See d4- and esperer. DESESPOIR, sm. despair. See de- and espoir. DESHABILLER, va. to undress. See d4- and habiller. DESHERENCE, sf. escheat. See hoir. DESHONNETE, adj. immodest. See hon- nete. DESHONNEUR, sm. dishonour. See hon- neur. DESHONORER, va. to dishonour. See hon- orer. Designer, va. to designate, describe ; from L. designare. Designer is a doublet of dessiner, q. v, — Der, designation. Desinence, sf. (Gram,) a desinence, termin- ation; from L. desinentia. DESINTERESSER, va. to buy out (creditors, etc.). See de- and interesser. — Der, desin- teressement. tD§sinvolture, sf. ease of carriage; from It. disinvoltura. DESIR, sm. desire, wish. See desirer. DESIRER, va. to desire. O.Fr, desirrer, from L. desiderare, Desiderdre, contrd, regu- larly (see § 52) into desid'rare, becomes desirer. For 6x = rr = r see § 168, — Der. desir (verbal subst,), desir&nx, desirabXt. D^sister (Se), vpr. to desist ; from L, de- sist ere, — Der, desistemtnt. DESGEUVRER, va. to throw out of work. See ceuvre. — Der, desceuvrement. D6soler, va. to desolate, ravage; from L. desolari. — Der, desohnt, desolation. D6sopiler, va. (Med,) to empty, clear out ; from L, dis-oppilare*, DfiSORDONNE, adj. disorderly. See de- and ordonner. DESORDRE, sm. disorder. See de- and ordre. DESORMAIS, adv. henceforth, O, Fr. des ore mais. Ore is from L. hora; mais from L, magis, Des ore mais properly means from this hour forward, i, e, dating from this present hour. For etymology see des, or, and mais. Similarly dormavant, q, v., which was in O. Fr. d'ore en avant, means from this present hour forward, DESOSSER, va. to bone. See os. Despote, sm. a despot ; from Gr, ScCTTc^riys. — Der. despotiqae, despotisme. DESSAISIR — DETROIT, 113 DESSAISIR, va. to dispossess. See saisir. — — Der. rfessa/sissemetit. DESSECHER, va. to dry up. See seeker.— Der. dessechement. DESSEIN, sm. design. See dessin, which is its doublet. DESSERT, sm. dessert. See desservir. DESSERVANT, sm. an officiating priest. See desservir. DESSERVIR, va.to clear away (after dinner). See servir. — Der. desservnr\t, dessert and desserie (partic. subst, of desservir, see absoute ; similarly O. Fr. had sert from servir^. Dessiceation, sf. desiccation; from L. dessiccationem. DESSILLER, va. to open (eyelids). On this word, written in O. Fr. deciller, see § 13 and oil. DESSIN, sm. design, drawing. See dessiner. DESSINER, va. to draw; in Regnier dessigner. It. disegnare, from L. designare. For 8 — ss, cp. vessica, vessie; pulsare, pous- ser. For gn = w see assener. Dessiner is a doublet of designer, q. v. DESSOUS, adv. below. See sous. DESSUS, adv. above. See sus. DESTIN, sm. destiny. See destiner. Destination, sf. destination ; from L. destinationem. DESTINEE, sf. destiny. See destiner. DESTINER, va. to destine, doom ; from L. destinare.— Der. destin (verbal subst.), destines (partic. subst.). Destituer, va. to dismiss ; from L. desti- tuere. — Der. destitution. DESTRIER, sm. a knight's warhorse, a horse led by the squire on his right hand (dextra), whence the deriv. dextrarius for a war- horse in medieval texts, as in an llth-cent. chronicle we read ' equo ejus militari, quem dextrariura vocant, ablato.' For x = s see ajouter; for -arius = -zer see § 198. Destructeur, sm. a destroyer ; from L. de- structorem. Destructible, adj. destructible; from L. destructibilis. — Der. indestructible. Destructif, adj. destructive; from L. de- structivus. Destruction, sf destruction; from L. destructionem. Desuetude, sf. desuetude, disuse ; from L. jiesuetudinem. DETACHER, va. to unfasten. See attacker. — Der. deiachement. DETAILLER, va. to cut up. See tailler.— Der. detail (verbal subst.), detailhnX. DETALER, va. to clear away, pack up. See etal. DETEINDRE, va. to take colour from ; vn. to lose colour. See teindre. DETELER, va. to unyoke. See atteler. DETENDRE, va. to unbend, relax. See tendre. —Der. detente (partic. subst., see ah- soute). DETENIR, va. to detain ; from L: detinere. For atonic i = e see mettre ; for e = i see § 59 — Der. detenu. Detenteur, sm. a holder of property ; from L. detentorem. Detention, sf. detention; from L, deten- tionem. « Deterger, va. to clean (a wound) ; from L. detergere. Deteriorer, va. to deface, damage ; from L. deteriorare. — Der. deteriora.tion. Determiner, va. to settle, determine ; from L, determinare. — Der. determination. D6terrer, va, to dig up, exhume. See terre. Detersif, adj. detersive; from L. deter- sivus*, from detersus, p.p. of detergere. D6tester, va. to detest ; from L. detestari. — Der. detestMe. Detoner, vn. to detonate; from L. de- Jtonare. — Der. detonation. DETONNER, vn. to sing out of tune. See ton. Detorquer, va. to twist, wrest; from L. detorquere. DETORS, adj. untwisted. See tordre. DETOURNER, va. to turn away. See tour- ner Der. detour (verbal subst.), detourne- ment, Detracteur, sm. a detractor; from L. de- tractorem. DETRAQUER, va. to spoil the paces (of a horse, etc.), disorder. See traquer. DETREMPER, va. to dilute. See tremper.— Der. detrempe (verbal subst.") DETRESSE, sf. distress. O. Fr. destrece, oppression, verbal subst. of destrecer, means to oppress, and represents the L. de- strictiare*, derived regularly from de- strictus, p.p. of destringere. De- strictiare becomes destrecer. For ct = / see § 168 ; for -tiare = -cer see ngencer and § 264; fori=esee mettre. Next destrece becomes detresse. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; for c = ss see agencer. Detriment, sm. detriment, loss ; from L, detrimentum, DETROIT, sm. a strait. O. Fr. destroit, from L. districtus. In medieval documents we 114 DSTR UIRE — DIABLE. find • districtus fluvii ' (rendered by Du- cange as a place where a stream is crossed). Distriotus becomes detroit as strictus becomes ^troit. For dia = di see de- ; for iot =» oit see attrait. Detroit is a doublet oi district, q. v. DETRUIRE, va. to destroy. O. Fr. destruire, from L. destruSre. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 8l ; for e = f see § 59. DETTE, sf. a debt ; from L. d6bita, what is due, from debitum. For loss of i (d6b'ta) see § 51; for bt = « see § 168. — Der. endetter. DEUIL, sm. mourning, grief. See douloir. DEUXf num. adj. two ; from L. duos. For uo = see § 90 ; then for o = eu see cueiller ; for s = « cp sposus, epoux ; russus, roux; tnssi s, toux; cor ossus*, creux ; otiosus, oiseux ; and for suffix in osus = eux see § 229. Deux is a doublet of duo. — Der. deux\Qme. DEVALER, va. to let down, lower. See aval. DEVALISER, va. to rifle, plunder. See valise. DEVANCER, va. to precede. See devant. — Der. devancieT. DEVANT, prep, and adv. before, in front. O. Fr. davant (d'avant), compd. of de and avant, q. v. — Der. devancer. IJ6vaster, va. to devastate; from L. de- vast a re. — Der. t/e'i/as/ation, devastAtem. DEVELOPPER, va. to develop. Formed from a radical ' velop.' Origin unknown. Cp. envelopper, q.v. — Der. developpement. DEVENIR, vn. to become; from L. de- venire. DEVERGONDE, adj. dissolute; partic. of O. Fr. verb devergonder, to lose all shame ; compd. of de (q. v.) and vergonder, which from L. verecunddri. Verecundari, contrd. regularly (see § 53) into ver'- cundari, becomes vergonder. For c=g see adjuger ; for u = see annoncer Der. devergond2igt. DEVERS, prep, towards. See vers. DEVERS, adj. leaning; from L. deversus. — Der. deversei (to bend a piece of wood). DEVERSER, vn. to lean, bend. See verser.— Der. deversoir. DEVIDER, va. to wind off. O. Fr. desvider ; see vide. Devider properly means to make the spindle bare {vide) of wool. — Der. devidok. Deviation, ./.deviation; from L. devia- tionem. DEVIER, vn. to deviate. O. Fr. desvier, from L. de-ex- viare* (to leave the right path). See under dS- and vote. Ddvier is a doublet of devoyer. DEVIN, sm. a diviner ; from L. divinus. — Der. deviner, devineur, rfmweresse. DEVIS, sm. (I) chat, talk; {2\ estimate; verbal subst. of deviser, signifying in O. Fr. to distribute, regulate, whence the meaning of devis as an estimate of all costs of a building. DE VISAGER, va. to scratch the face (of one). See visage. DEVISE, sf. device ; verbal subst. of deviser, O. Fr. to distribute. Devise was first a heraldic term, meaning a division or part of a shield in which some emblematical figure ( = corps de la devise) was inscribed, and above a legend or sentence explaining it (technically called dme de la devise). This motto, which was originally only a part of the device, presently took to itself the name of the whole. DEVISER, va. to chat, talk; in O. Fr. to regulate ; from L. divisare. Divisare is a frequent, of dividere, formed in the usual way from the p.p. divisus. For i = e see mettre. Deviser is a doublet of diviser. ^ — Der. devis, devise. DEVISSER, va. to unscrew. See vis. DEVOIEMENT, sm. looseness, diarrhoea. See devoyer. DEVOILER, va. to unveil. See voile. DEVOIR, va. to owe, be in debt ; from L. debere. For b = v see avant and § 113 ; for e = oi see accroire and § 61. — Der. de- voir (verbal subst.). D6volu, adj. vested, devolved ; from L. de- volutus. D6vorer, va. to devour; from L. devo- rare. D6vot, adj. devoted, pious; from L. devo- tus. — Der. devotieux. Devotion, sf. devotion; from L. devo- tionem. DEVOUER, va. to devote, consecrate ; from L. devotare. For loss of medial t see abhaye ; for o = ou see affouage. — Der. de- vouem&nX. DEVOYER, va. to mislead. See voie.— T>tr. devoiement. Dexter it6, sf. dexterity; fromL. dexteri- tatem. Dextre, sf. the right hand ; from L. dextra. Diabdte, sm. (Med.) diabetes; from Gr. Siap-ffTrjs. DIABLE, sm. the devil ; from L. di&bolus. For regular loss of 6 see § 52 and ancre. — Der. diablene, diable$se, diablotin. DIABOLIQUE—DILEMME. 115 Diabolique, ac?/. diabolical ; from L. dia- bolicus. Diaconat, sm. the diaconate; from L. dia- conatus (in St. Jerome). Diaconesse, sf. a deaconess; from L. dia- conissa (in St. Jerome). DIACRE, sm. a deacon. O. Fr. diacne, from L. diaconus (in Tertullian). Diaconus is contrd. regularly (see § 52 and ancre) into diac'nus. For n = r see coffre. Diaddrae, sm. a diadem ; from L. diadema. Diagnostic, sm. (Med.) diagnostic; from adj. diagnostique, from Gr. SiayvoicrriKSs. Diagonal, adj. diagonal; from L. diagon- alis. Dialecte, sm. a dialect ; fromL. dialectus. — Der. dialect^]. Dialectique, sf. dialectics; from L. dia- lectica. Dialogue, sf. a dialogue ; from L. dialogus. Diamant, sm. a diamond ; from It. dia- mante. Diamant is a doublet oi aimant, adamant, q, v. Diamdtre, sm. a diameter ; from Gr. Stci- fifTpos. — Der. diametraX, diametr^lement. f Diane, s/. a morning gun, reveille ; introd. in 1 6th cent, from Sp. diana. + Diapason, sm. diapason, octave; fromL. diapason. Diaphane, adj. diaphanous ; from Gr. hia(pavus. Diaphragme, sm. (Med.) the diaphragm ; from L. diaphragma. "tDiaprer, va. to diaper, variegate; me- dieval diasprer, formed from O. Fr. subst. diaspre (a stuff of jasper-colour). Diaspre is from It. diaspro. Diarrh6e, sf. (Med.) diarrhoea; from L. diarrhoea. Diath^se, s/. a disposition; fromGr.Sm^ects. Diatribe, sf a diatribe, philippic ; from L, diatriba. Dietame, sm. (Bot.) dittany; from L. dic- tamnus. Dictateur, sm. a dictator; from L. dicta- tore m. — Der. dictatonal. Dictature, sf a dictature ; from L. dicta- tura. Dieter, va. to dictate; from L. dictare. — Der. dictee (partic. subst.). Diction, sf diction; from L. dictionem. — Der. dictionn&ire. + Diet on, sm. a saying, bye-word, a word corrupted from L. dictum. It is a doublet of dit. Didactique, adj. didactic; from Gr. 5i- daKTlK6s. Di^r^se, sf diaeresis ; from Gr. Siaipems. Didse, sm. (Mus.) diesis, a sharp ; adj. sharp. — Der. diestx. Di§te, sf. (i) a diet, assembly ; from L. diaeta*, an assembly on a fixed day, deriv. of Gr. hlaira. (2) diet (food, etc.). DIEU, sm. God ; in the Oaths of a. d. 842 Deo ; from L. deus. From 9th-cent. deo comes modern dieu. For eo = zo see abreger; then for o = eu see accueillir Der. zdieu (lit. A Dieu), for a Dieu soyezl which was the complete form of the phrase in O.Fr. Diffamer, va. to defame; from L. diffa- mare. — Der. diffamzitm, diffamz\o\rt. Difference, s/. a difference; from L. differ- entia. Different, adj. different; from L. differ- ent em. Differend is simply an orthogra- phic alteration of the word. DifPirer, va. (i) to put off, defer, (2) to differ; from L. differre. Diflacile, adj. difficult; from L. difficilis. — Der. difficilemtnt. Diflacult6, sf a difficulty; from L. diffi- cult a tem. — Der. dijfficultvitMX. fDifforme, adj. deformed; introd. in 15th cent, from It. difforme. — Der. difform- ' it^. DifFus, adj. diffuse; from L. diffusus. Dig6rer, va. to digest; from L. digerere. Digestif, adj. digestive; from L. diges- tivus*. Digestion, sf digestion; from L. diges- tionem. Digitale, sf fox-glove, digitalis ; in botanical Lat. digitalis purpurea. Digne, adj. worthy; from L. dignus. — Der. dignement. Dignity, sf a dignity; from L. dignita- tem. — Der. dignitn'iTe. Digression, sf a digression; from L. di- gressionem. DIGUE, sf. an embankment, bank. O.Fr. dicque, word of Germ, origin, Neth. dyk. — Der. endiguer. ' Dilapider, va. to dilapidate, waste ; from L. dilapidare. — Der. dilapidation, dilapid- ateur. Dilater, vfl. to dilate ; from L. dilatare. It is a Aowhltloi delayer, q.v. — Der.rfz'/a^ation. Dilatoire, adj. dilatory; from L. dila- torius. Dilection, sf affection; from L. dilec- tionem. Dilemme, sm. a dilemma ; from L. di- lemma. I 2 116 DILE TTANTE-'DISPENDIE UX, t Dilettante, sm. a dilettante, amateur; from It. dilettante. It is a doublet of de- lecfant, q. v. — Der. dilettantisms. Diligence,./, diligence; fromL.diligentia. Diligent, adj. diligent; from L. diligen- tem. — Der. diligenter. Diluvien, adj. diluvian; from L. diluvia- nus* from diluvium . — D er. znt^diluvien . DIMANCHE, sm. Sunday. O. Fr. diemenche, from L. dies-domiziica, the Lord's Day, in St. Augustine and Tertullian. Domin- ica loses its penult, i regularly (§ 51), and becomes domin'ca. Die-dominica having thus become die -domin'ca, loses medial d (see accabler), and becomes O. Fr. diemenche, whence dimanche. For ca = cA see §§126 and 54; for in = e« see Hist. Gram. p. 178. 'en = a« in modern Fr. is a very rare change, see § 65, note I. DIME, sf. tithe ; formerly disme, It. decima, from L. decima (found in Varro). D6- Cima loses its i regularly (§ 51), and is contrd. to dec'ma, whence disme. For e=t see § 59; for o = s seeamitie; for the loss of s at a later time, see Hist. Gram, p. 81. Dime is a doublet of decime, q. v. Dimension, sf. dimension ; from L. di- mensionem. Diminuer, va. to diminish ; from L. di- minuere. Diminution, s/. diminution; from L. di- minutionem. Dinde, sm. a turkey ; a word of hist, origin (§ .^3)> abbrev. of the phrase coq d'Inde. — Der. dindon, dindonnea.\i. DINER, vn. to dine ; formerly disner, in the 9th- cent. Lat. disnare *, in the Vatican Glosses. Origin unknown. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. diner (sm.). Diocdse, sm. a diocese; from L. diocesis, found in Tertullian. — Der. diocesa.in. Diphthongue, sf. a diphthong; from L. diphthongus. Diplomate, sm. a diplomatist. See di- plome. — Der. diplomatic, diplomatique Dipldme, sm. a diploma ; from L. diploma. — Der. diplomate. Diptyque, sm. a diptych : from L. dipty- cha. DIRE, va. to say ; from L. dicere. Di- cSre, contrd. regularly (§51) into dic're, becomes dire by reduction of cr to r, see henir. — Der. dire (sm.), contrerf/re, vnedire, d^dire, maurf/r, h^nir, xtdire, dit, disenr, disexise. Direct, adj. direct; from L. directus. It is a doublet of droit, <j. v. Directeur, sm. a director ; from L. direc- torem (deriv. of directus). Direction, sf. direction; from L. direc- tionem. Directoire, sm. a directory; from L. di- rectorium (deriv. of director). Diriger, va. to direct ; from L. dirigere. Dirimant, arf/. invalidating ; from L. diri- mentem, pres. part, of dirimere. Discerner, va. to discern ; from L. dis- cern ere. — Der. discernement. Disciple, sm. a disciple; from L. discipulus. Discipline, sf. discipline; from L. disci- pi ina. — Der. discipliner. disciplinAire. Discorder, vn. to be in a state of disagree- ment ; from L. discordare. — Der. discord (verbal subst.), discordzut (whence discord- ance). Discorde, §f. discord; from L. discordia. DISCOURIR, vn. to expatiate, discourse; from L. discurrere. For changes see courir. — Der. discourexxx. Discours, sm. a discourse; from L. dis- cursus, found in the Theodosian Code. Discret. adj. discreet ; from L. discretus. Discretion, sf discretion, distinction ; from L. discretionem. — Der. discretionriAixe. Disculper, i/a. to exculpate; from L. dis- culpare * compd. of culpare. Discussion, sf. a discussion; from L. dis- cussionem. Discuter, va. to discuss; from L. dis- cutere. — Der, discutzhXe, mdiscutzhXe. Disert, adj. eloquent; from L. disertus. DISETTE, sf dearth. Origin unknown. Disgrace, sf disgrace. See grace. — Der. disgrac'itx. Disgracieux, adj. ungraceful, uncomely. See gracieux. DISJOINDRE, va. to disjoin ; from L. dis- jungere. For changes seejoittdre. Disjonction, sf disjunction; from L. dis- junctionem. Disloquer, va. to dislocate ; from dis (see de-) and locare. Disloquer properly means to displace ; so disloquer le bras, is to throw the arm out of joint. — Der. disloc- ation. DISPARAtTRE, vn. to disappear. See pa- raitre. — Der. dispar'ition (formed after ap- parition). Disparate, adj. incongruous; from L. dis- paratus (in Boethius). Disparition, sf disappearance. See dis- paraitre. Dispendieux, adj. expensive, burdensome ; from L. dispendiosus. DISPENSER — DIVA N. 117 Dispenser, va. to dispense, distribute ; from L. dispensare, to grant, whence the use of dispenser de = to give permission to one not to do something, grant dispensation to. Dispenser is a doublet of depenser, q. V. — Der. dispense (verbal subst.). Disperser, va. to disperse; from L. dis- persare * a deriv. of dispersus, partic. of dispergere. Dispersion, sf. dispersion; from L. dis- persionem. Disponible, adj. disposable ; from L. dis- ponibilis*, deriv. of disponere. DISPOS, adj. disposed ; from L, dispositus. For loss of the last two atonic syllables, see §§ 5o> 51- Disposer, va. to dispose. See poser. — Der. mdispnser. Disposition, sf. a disposition ; from L. dispositionem . — Der. dispositif. Disputer, va. to dispute; from L. dispu- tare. — Der. dispute (verbal subst.). Disque, sm. a disc: from L. discus. It is a doublet of da^is, q. v. Dissection, sf. a dissection; from L. dis- sectionem. Diss^miner, va. to disseminate, spread abroad; from L. disseminare. Dissension, sf. dissension; from L. dis- sensionem. Dissentiment, sm. dissent. See sentiment. Diss^quer, va. to dissect; from L. disse- care. Dissertation, sf. a dissertation ; from L. dissertationem. Disserter, va. to make a dissertation ; from L. dissertare. Dissidence, sf. dissidence, disagreement; from L. dissidentia. Dissident, adj. dissident; from L. dissi- dentem. Dissimulation, ./. dissimulation ; from L. dissimulationem. — Der. dissimulatenr. Dissimuler, va. to dissimulate; from L. dissimulare. Dissipateur, sm. a dissipator, spender ; from L. d issipatorem. Dissipation, sf. dissipation ; from L. d issi- pationem. Dissiper, va. to dissipate; from L. dissi- pare. Dissolu, adj. dissolute; from L. disso- lutus. Dissolution, s/. dissolution ; from L. dis- solutionem. Dissolvant, adj. dissolvent; from L. dis- solventem. Dissoner, vn. to be dissonant ; from L. dissonare. — Der. dissonznt, dissonance. DISSOUDRE, va. to dissolve ; from L. dis- solvere. For solveTe = soudre see ab- soudre. Dissuader, va. to dissuade; from L. dis- suadere. Dissuasion, sf. dissuasion; from L. dis- suasionem. Distance, sf distance; from L. dis- tantia. Distant, adj. distant; from L. distantem. Distendre, va. to distend; from L. dis- tendere. Distiller, va. to distil; from L. dis- tillare. — Der. distilhteur, distilhtion. Distinct, adj. distinct; from L. dis- tinctus. Distinctif, adj. distinctive; from L. dis- tinctivus. Distinction, sf distinction; from L. dis- tinctionem. Distinguer, va. to distinguish; from L. distinguere. Distique, sm. a distich; from L. dis- tichus. Distraction, sf distraction; from L. dis- tractionem. DISTRAIRE, va. to distract; from L. dis- trahere. For changes see traire. DISTRAIT, adj. distracted; from L. dis- tractus. For Qt = it see attrait. Distribuer, va. to distribute; from L. dis- tribuere. Distributeur, sm. a distributer ; from L. distributorem. Distributif, adj. distributive ; from L. distributivus*, from distribuere. Distribution, sf distribution ; from L. distributionem. District, sf a district; from medieval L. districtum, a territory under one juris- diction. District is a doublet of detroit, q. v, DIT, sm. a saying, maxim. See dire. It is a doublet of dicton, q. v. Dithjrrambe, sm. a dithyramb; from L, dithyrambus. + Dito, adv. ditto ; from It. deito. Diurnal, adj. diurnal; from L. diurnalis. Its doublet is journal, q. v. Diurne, adj. diurnal; from L. diurnus. Its doublet IS jour, q. v. Divaguer, vn. to wander hither and thither; from L. divagari. + Divan, sw. a divan; a word of Oriental origin, Ar. diouann. Its doublet is douane, q.v. ii8 DIVE— DOMINO. Sive, adj. divine ; from L. diva. Diverger, vn, to diverge; from L. diver- gere. Divers, adj. diverse; from L. di versus. Diversifier, va. to diversify; from L. di- versificare*, deriv. of diversus. Diversion, sf. a diversion; from L. diver- sionem. Diversit6, sf. a diversity; from L. diver- sitatem. Divertir, va. to turn aside; from L. di- vert ere. — Der. tfji/er/issement. Dividende, sm. a dividend; from L. divi- denda, from dividere. Divin, flrf/. divine ; from L. divinus. Its doublet is devin, q. v. Divination, sf. divination ; from L. divin- ationem. Divinit6, sf. divinity ; from L. divini- tatem. Divis, adj. divided; from L. divisus. Diviser, va. to divide; from L. divisare, frequent, of dividere. Its doublet is de- viser, q. V. Diviseur, sm. a divisor; from L. divis- orem. Divisible, adj. divisible; from L. divis- ibjlis. Division, sf. a division; from L. divis- ionem. Divorce, sm. a divorce; from L. divor tium. Divulguer, va. to divulge; from L. divul- gare. DIX, num. adj. ten ; frdm L. decern. For e = / see accomplir; for c = » see amide. Der. dizzin, diznine, dixihmc (whose doublet is dime). Docile, adj. docile; from L, docilis. Docility, sf. docility ; from L. docilitatem. + Dock, sm. a dock ; from Engl. dock. Docte, adj. learned; from L. doctus. Docteur, sm. a doctor; from L. doctor. — Der. doctorat, doctoral. Doctrine, sf. doctrine; from L. doctrina. Document, sm. a document; from L. documentum. DODU, adj. plump. Origin unknown. i'Doge, sm. a doge; from It. doge. Its doublet is due, q. v. — Der. dogzt. Dogmatique, adj. dogmatic; from L dogmaticus. Dogmatiser, vn. to dogmatise; from L. dogmatizare. Dogmatiste, sm. a dogmatist; from L dogmatistes. Dogme, sm. a dogma; from L. dogma. + Dogue, sm. a dog; from Engl. dog. Gros chien d'Angleterre, says Menage in the 17th cent. DOIGT, sm. a finger ; from L. digitus. Digitus, regularly contrd. (see § 51) into dig*tu8, becomes doigt by changing i into oi, see boire. Doigt is a doublet of de, q. v. — Der. doigttx, doigixtx. Dol, sm. deceit, cozenage; from L. dolus. DOLEANCE, sf. complaint, grief; answering to a verb doleir, which represents a Lat. form dolicare. DOLENT, adj. suffering; from L. do- lentem. Doler, va. to chip with an adze; from L. dolare. + Dollar, sm. a dollar, from Engl, dollar. + Dolman, sm, a hussar's coat, a word of Magyar origin. Hung, dolman. See §33. + Dolmen, sm. a dolmen; a word of Low Breton patois, introd. into Fr. towards the end of the 18th cent. It is of Celtic origin, Gael, tolmen, a stone table. DOLOIRE, sm. an adze. O. Fr, doleoire, from L. dolatoria, in Vegetius : 'cum securibus et dolatoriis.' For loss of medial t see abbaye ; doleoire = doloire is a rare change. DOM, sm. lord ; from L. dominus, which is domnus in several Merov. documents. For loss of i see §51; for inn = m see § 168, Dom is a doublet of dame^ q. v. DOMAINE, sm. domain; from L. domi- nium. For i = az, seen in daigne from digno, see marraine. — Der. domamzX. tD6me, sm. a dome; introd. about the 15th cent, from It. duomo. Domesticity, sf. domesticity; from L. domesticitatem*. Dom.estique, adj. domestic; from L, do- mesticus. Domicile, sm. a domicile; from L. do- mieilium. — Der. domiciliaiTe, domiciHer. Dominateur, sm. a dominator; from L, dominatorem. Domination, sf. domination ; from L, dominationem, Dominer, va. to dominate; from L. domi- nari. Dominical, adj. dominical; from L. do- minicalis, der. from dominus. + Domino, sm. a domino; from Sp. do- mino, a black hood worn by priests. — Der. domino (a game composed of pieces of ivory, backed with black, and, so far, re- sembling a domino). DOMMA GE — DO ULOUREUX. IT9 DOMMAGE, sm. damage; originally damage, from L. damnaticum*, der. from dam- num. For in.n = mm~m see § i68. — Der. dommage'dhle, dedommager, endotn- mager. DOMPTER, va. to daunt; from L, domi- tare, contrd. regularly (see § 52) into dom.'tare : the intercalated p is euphonic. — Der. dompttMT, domptahle, indompuhle. DON, sm. a gift; from L. donum. — Der. donation, c?owateur, c?o«ataire. DONC, adv. then ; aphaeresis of O. Fr. adonc. Adonc is from L. ad-tixnc, compd. of tunc. For u = ow see annoncer. DONJON, sm. a donjon, tower. Prov. dompnhon, from medieval L. domni- onem.*, a tower which dominates. Domni- onem is regularly contrd. from domini- 6nem by loss of i, see § 52. Domini- onem is a deriv. of dominium. From domnionem we come to donjon. For mn = m (domionem) see § 168; for io=_;o see abreger ; for change of m into n (domjonem) see conge. DONNER, va. to give; from L. donare. For n = n« cp. inimicus, ennemi. — Der. doTinee. (partic. subst.), donneur. DONT, adv. then pron. whence, from whence, whose. In Clement Marot d'ond, from L. de-undd, whose etymol. mean- ing the Fr. of the 17th cent, had pre- served, as Corneille uses it in Nic. v, 2 : Le Mont Avenfin, dont // Vaurait vu faire une horrible descente. For u = o see annoncer. The second d here becomes /, as in subinde, soiwent. i Donzelle, sf. a damsel ; introd. in 16th cent, from It. donzella. Donzelle is a doublet of demoiselle, q. v. fDorade, sf. a dorado, gold-fish; introd. from Prov. daurada. Daurada signifies rightly 'gilded' (doree), partic. of Prov. verb daurar, from L. deaurare. Dorade is a doublet of doree. DORENAVANT, adv. henceforward. See desormais. DORER, va. to gild; from L. deaurare (in Seneca). Deaurare, contrd. regularly into d'aurare, becomes dorer. For au = see alouette. — Der. dorem, dedorer. DORLOTER, va. to coddle. Origin un- known. DORMIR, vn. to sleep ; from L. dormire. — Der. dormeuT, dormeuse, endormir. Dorsal, adj. dorsal; from L. dorsalis*, from dorsum. DORTOIR, sm. a bedroom, dormitory; from L. dormitorium. Dormitorium, regu- larly contrd. (see § 52) into dorm'torium, becomes dor'torium (for loss of m see Hist. Gram. p. 81), and then dorioir by attraction of the i ; see chanoine. DOS, sm. the back; from L. dossum, a form found (for dorsum) in several in- scriptions of the Empire. For rs = s see chine. — Der. rfoisier, adosser. Dose, sf. a dose ; from Gr. 86cns. — Der. doser. DOSSIER, sm. back (of seats, etc.), a bundle of papers labelled on the back; from dos, q.v. Dot, sf. a dowry; from L. dot em. — Der. c?o/er (which is a doublet of doner, q. v.), dotz\. Dotation, sf. a dotation; from L. dota- tionem. DOUAIRE, sm. a dowry; from L. dota- rium. For loss of medial t see abbaye; for o = ou see affouage. — Der, douairVext. fDouane, sf. custom-house; introd. to- wards the 15th cent, from It. doana, old form of dogana. Douane is a doublet of divan, q. v. — Der. douanier. DOUBLE, adj. double; from L. duplus. For u = OM see § 90 ; for p = 6 see abeille. — Der. doublet, dedoubler, redoubler, doublet, doublure. tDoublon, sm. a doubloon; introd. from Sp. doublon. DOUCET, adj. mild. See doux. DOUCEUR, sf. sweetness ; from L. dul- corem. For vlI — ou see agneau ; for 6 = eu see § 79. — Der. doucereux, doucer- eusement. t Douche, sf. a douche, bath; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. doccia. — Der. doucher, DOUELLE, sf. an archivolt. See douve. DOUER, va. to endow ; from L. dotare. For loss of t see abbaye; for o = o« see affouage. Doner is a doublet of doter. DOUILLE, sf. a socket ; from L. ductile * used in medieval Lat. for a culvert ; thus we have ' ductilis aquae ' in a Chartulary of 1016. For ductile = douille see andouille. — Douille is a doublet of ductile, q. v. DOUILLET, adj. soft, downy, effeminate; dim. of O. Fr. donille (soft, tender), which is from L. ductilis. For ductilis = douille, see andouille. — Der. douilletiement. DOULEUR, sf. pain ; from L. dolorem. For accented o = eu see § 79 ; for atonic o = OM see affouage. DOULOUREUX, adj. painful, sorrowful, lao DOULOIR—^DU. grievous; from L. dolor6su8. For -osu8 = -«/* see § 229; for atonic o — ou see affouafre. DOULOIR (SE), vpr. to mourn, grieve ; from L. ddlere. For 6 = ow see q^owa"-* ; for S = ot see § 61. — Der. deiiil (O. Fr. deul, verbal subst. of -doloir). For o = eu see § 79. DOUTER, vn. to doubt. Cat. duhtar, from L. dubitare. For loss of i in dubitare see § 52 ; for Vi = ou see § 90; for bt = ^ see § 168. — Der.doute (verbal subst.), dout- eux, redoufer. DOUVE, sf. stave (of casks). Origin un- known. — Der. ffowelle (for dou-v-elle). For loss of V see aieul. DOUX, adj. sweet, soft. O. Fr. dous, origin- ally dols, from L. dulcis. For ul = ow see agneau ; for G = x see agencer. — Der. zdoiich, doticet, douce&tre. DOUZE, adj. twelve ; from L. duodecim, by regular contr. of du6d§cini into duod'cim, see § 51. For uo = see deux; for d'c = c see § 168; for o = ou see affouage; for c = z see amitie. — Der. douzihmt, rfoMzaine. DOYEN, sm. a dean ; from L. decanus. For loss of medial c see affouage ; for e = oi see § 61 ; for -anus = -en see § 194. — Der. doyenn6 (which is a doublet of decanat, q. v.). Drachme, s/". a drachma ; from L. drach- ma. f Dr ag§e, 5/ a sugarplum ; introd. through Prov. dragea, from It. treggea. — Der, drageoxr. DRAGEON, sm. (Bot.) a sucker ; a word of Germ, origin, Goth, draibjain. DRAGON, sm. a dragon; from L. dra- conein. For Q=g see adjuger. — Der. dragon (a dragoon), dragonne, dragonna.de. + Drague, sf. a drag, dredge ; introd. from Eng. drag. — Der. dragutr, dragueur. t Drainer, va. to drain; introd. from Eng. drain. — Der. drainzgt. Dramatique, adj. dramatic; from L. dra- maticus. Dramaturge, sm. a dramatist, playwright ; from Gr. dpafxarovpyos. Drame, sm. the drama ; from L. drama. DRAP, sm. cloth ; from L. drappum *, in Charlemagne's Capitularies. Origin un- known. — Der. draper, drapier, drapene. DRAPEAU, sm. an ensign ; originally stuff, a rag ; dim. of drap, q. v. Drastique, adj. drastic ; from Gr. dpaan- KOi, DRfeCHE, sf. malt. O. Fr. dresche, crushed barley, which is Low L. drascus, coming from O. H. G. drascan (to thresh corn in a barn). For a. = e see § 54 ; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. s DRESSER, va. to erect, set up, arrange. It. drizzare, dirizzaire, from L, drictiare*, a verb derived from drictus, a form explained under droit, q. v. For -ctiare (cciare) = -sser see agencer; for i = e see meUre. — Der. dressoxx, xedresser. DRILLE, s/. (i) rag (for paper-making), (2) drill, (3) a soldier, comrade; of Germ, origin, O. H. G. drigil, a servant, lad. f Drogman, sm. a dragoman; in Ville- hardouin drugkemant, It. drogomanno, a word of Eastern origin, introd. from Con- stantinople by the Cru«aders, who had bor- rowed it from the medieval Gr. Spayovfiavos, an interpreter. DROGUE, sf. a drug. Origin unknown. — Der. drogmste, droguer. DROGUE, sf. game of drogue (played by soldiers and sailors). Origin unknown. DROIT, sm. right; from L. directum, which came to have the sense of justice or right. (Thus we find * directum facere ' for 'to do justice' in the Formulae of Marculfus.) Directus becomes dirictus in medieval Lat. documents, as in ' et ultro hoc debet habere dirictum,' for e = i see § 59 ; dirictum. soon became contrd. to dric- tum, to be seen in Charlemagne's Capitu- laries, ' Et plus per drictum et legem fecissent' : lastly drictum becomes droit, by regular change of ict into oil, see attrait; cp. St rictus, etroit. — Der. droilnre. DROIT, crrf/. straight, right; from L. direc- tus. For changes see above. Droit is a doublet of direct, q. v. — Der, zdroit. + Dr61e, adj. droll; sm. a knave, sharp rogue. Formerly drolle. Introd. from Eng. droll. — Der. drolerie, drolesse, cfro/atique. Dromadaire, sm. a dromedary ; from L. dromadarius, which from L, dromadem, DRU, adj. fledged, lively, vigorous, thickset ; of Celtic origin, Kymr, drud, vigorous. Druide, sm. a druid; from L. druida, a Celtic priest. — Der. druidesse, druid- isme. Drupe, sm. (Bot.) drupe; from L. drupa (properly the olive). Dryade, sf. a dryad ; from L, dryad em. DU, art. m. of the* O. Fr. deu, originally del, which is a contr. of de le. Del be- comes deu by softening / into u ; see agneau. DU — JSbRUITER. 121 DU, sm. due, duty ; formerly deii, p.p. of devoir used substantively. Under boire we have shown that the p.p. of debere should have been debutus. Fordebutus = deu^dii see boire. — Der, diim&xit (from fem. due and suffix merit). Dubitatif, adj. dubitative, expressive of doubt; from L. dubitativus. DUG, stn. a duke ; from L. ducem. Its doublet is doge, q. v. + Ducat, 5m. a ducat; iromlt. ducato. Its doublet is duche. — Der. ducaton. DUCHE, sm. a duchy. See due. DUG HESSE, s/. a duchess. See disc. Ductile, adj. ductile; from L. ductilis. Its doublet is douille, q, v. — Der. ductilite. fDudgne, sf. a duenna; from Sp. duena. Its doublet is dame, q. v. Duel, sm. a duel ; from L. duellum. — Der. duel\\ste. Dulcifier, va. to dulcify, sweeten ; from L. dulcificare * (which from dulcem), DUNE, sf. a down ; of Celtic origin, Irish diln, a hill. t Duo, sm. a duet ; from It. duo. Its doublet is deux, q. v. DUPE, sf. a dupe. Origin unknown. — Der. dnper, diiperie, dupeur. tDuplicata, swz. a duplicate, a Lat. word ; neut. pi. of duplicatus, p.p. of dupli- care. Duplicity, s/". duplicity; from L. duplici- tatem. DUR, adj. hard ; from L, d\irus. — Der. dur- et6 (L. duritatem), durillon, durcir. DURER, vn. to endure, last ; from L. durare. — Der. dur^e (partic. subst.), rfwrant, dur- able. DUVET, sm. down, wool, nap ; from L. du- metum, through a form dubetum*, whence diwet; for b=i/ see § 113. Dynastie, sf. a dynasty ; from Gr. Svva- (TTfia. Dyspepsie, sf dyspepsia; from Gr. Sva- ■niipia. Dyssenterie, sf. dysentery ; from Gr, 8u<r- ivr^pia. Dysurie, sf. dysuria ; from Gr. hvaovpia. EAU, sf water; in T5th cent, eawe, earlier eave, originally eve, from L. aqua. Aqua becomes aqva by the consonification of u (see Janvier), thence ava by reduction of qv into v (see Janvier and suivre). Ava becomes eve by regular softening of a into e (see § 54); cp, faba, sapa, feve, seve. Eve soon changed e to the diphthong ea {eave); cp. bel, beal, whence beau. Eave next vocalises v into w (see aurone), whence the form eaue which was reduced to eau from the 16th cent. EBAHIR, vn. to be amazed; an onomatopoetic word formed from the interj. bah I — Der. eiaAissement. EBARBER, va. to pare, scrape. See barbe. — Der, e6ar6age, EBATTRE, vn. to sport, frolic. See battre. — Der. ebat (verbal subst,), EBAUBI, adj. wonderstruck. Ebaubi is p.p, of O, Fr, ebaubir. Ebaubir means ' to make baube,' just as faroucher means ' to make farouche'; O.Yr. baube, — begue, stammering, is from L. balbus by softening 1 into u, see agneau. EBAUGHER, va. to sketch out. Origin un- known. — Der. ebauche (verbal subst.), ebauchoir. EBAUDIR, vpr. to frisk, frolic ; lit. to make gay. For etymology of baud see baudet. ifib^ne, §/". ebony ; from L. ebenus. — Der. ebemer, ebeniste, eftmisterie. EBLOUIR, va. to dazzle. Origin unknown. — Der. e'Wowissement, EBORGNER, va. to make blind of one eye. See borgne. EBOULER, vn. to fall (like a ball). See boule. — Per, eboulement. EBOURIFFE, panic, disordered (of the hair). Origin unknown. EBRANLER, va. to shake. See branler.-^ Der. ebranlement. EBRECHER, va. to make a breach in, impair. — See breche. EBROUER (S'), vpr. to snort, sneeze. Origin unknown. tifibrouer, va. to wash (before dyeing a stuff) ; from Germ, bruhen. EBRUITER, va. to make known, noise about. See bruit. 122 SB ULLITION — SCHA RPE. Ebullition, s/. ebullition; from L. ebul- litionem. feCACHER, va. to crush ; formerly escacker, compd. of intensive prefix ez and O. Fr, verb cacher, q, v. l^CAILLE, sf. scale, shell. O. Fr. escaille, originally escale, a word of Germ, origin, Goth, scalja. Germ, schale. For initial sc — ec, see Hist. Gram. p. 78. Scaille isa doublet of tcale, q. v. — Der. icailltx, icaillhxe. 6CALE, sf. hull (of beans, etc.). shell; formerly escale. For its etymology see its doublet ecaille. — Der. ecaler. ECARLATE, adj. scarlet ; formerly escarla(e, word of Eastern origin, Pers. scarlat. For sc = esc = tc, see Hist. Gram. p. 78. ECARQUILLER, va. to open (one's eyes, etc.). Origin unknown. ECART, sm. a step aside, flight, digression, fault. See ecarter. ECARTELER, vn. to quarter ; formerly escarteler, compd. of ex and cartel : ecar- ieler is to make into cartel. Cartel is from L, quartellus*, dim. of quartus. For qu = c see car. — Der. ecartelemQw^.. ^CARTER, va. to divert, turn aside; for- merly escarter, compd. of ex and carte, ^carter, originally a term of card-playing, means properly to put the cards aside, reject them ; thence by extension to reject generally. — Der. ecart (verbal subst.), ecarte, ecartement. Ecchymose, sf. ecchymosis ; from Gr. Ecclesiastique, adj. and sm. ecclesiastical, an ecclesiastic; from L. ecclesiasticus. ECERVELE, adj. harebrained. See cervelle. £CHAFAUD, sm. a scaffold. O. Fr. escha- faud, eschaafaut ; originally escadafaut, meaning first a platform whence to see a tourney, etc. Escadafaut, from Low Lat. scadafaltum, is compd. of ex and cadafaltum. Cadafaltum is in Prov. cadafalc, in It. catafalco. This form catafalco is compd. of cata and falco : cata is derived from a Romance verb catar (to see), origin unknown ; falco is of Germ, origin, answering to O. H. G. palcho. Catafalco is properly a scaffolding whence one sees a show. As to changes from exca- dafaltum * to eschadafaut, eschaafaut, es- chafaut ; for c = cA see § 126 ; for loss of d see accabler; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; for l = tt see agneau. Schafaud is a doublet of catafalque, q. v. — Der. echa- -^ faudzge. echafaudtx. ECHALAS, sm. a. lath, stake ; formerly es- chalas, escalas ; originally escaras, from L. ex-oaratium *. Caratium, a pale or stake in the Lex Langobardcrum (' Si quis palum, quod est caratium, de vite tulerit'), is from Gr. X'^P°i- Ex-caratixim becomes escaras, then eschalas. For o — cA see § 126; for r = / see § 154 ; for x^s see ajouter. ECHALOTE, ./. a shalot ; formerly escha- lote ; corruption of eschalone, escalone, the O. Fr. form. Escalone is from L. asca- lonia (Pliny). For a = « see § 54; for c = cA see § 126; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. ECHANCRER, va. to hollow out, slope, cut in form of a chancre. Chancre is from L. cancriim ; properly a crab, then a canker, crab-shaped. For <i = ch see § 126. — Der. echancrnxe. ECHANGER, va. to exchange, barter. See changer. — Der. echange (verbal subst.), echange^hle, echanglsie. ECHANSON, sm. a cupbearer. O. Fr. es- fhancon, from L. scantionem* (used in the Germanic laws). Scantio is from O. H. G. scenfo. For initial 8G = esc = ec see Hist. Gram. p. 78 ; for c = ch see § 1 26 ; for ti = f! = s see agencer. ECHANTILLON, sm. a sample, pattern; dim. of O. Fr. echantil. Schantil, originally eschantil, escantil, is compd. of ex and O. Fr. cant (a corner, piece), which comes from L. cantlius. For G = ch see § 126. — Der. echantillonnex. ECHAPPER, va. to escape, avoid ; formerly eschaper, escaper; properly to get out of the cape (of the cloak), thence by extension, to flee, escape. A parallel metaphor exists in Gr. hKlv^aOai ; for this analogy of metaphors see § 15. The It. confirms this derivation by having two verbs scappare (to escape), formed from ex and cappa (a robe) ; and incappare (to fall into), formed from in and cappa. — Der. echappee (verbal subst., whose doublet is escapade, q. v.), echappexnent, echappzlo'ut. ECHARDE, sf. a prickle (lit. of a thistle), splinter. O. Fr. escharde, compd. of ex and charde, which from L. carduus. For e = cA see § 126. ECHARPE, sf. a scarp, sling (for a broken arm, etc.); in middle ages a great purse hung round a pilgrim's neck. Joinville speaks of one who put in son escharpe grant foison d'or et d'argent. Then it designated the belt or band from which the purse hung. For this change of meaning ScHARPER — Colore. 123 see § 13. Scharpe, O. Fr. esckarpe, escherpe, is a word of Germ, origin, O.H.G. scherbe. This Germ, word gave to Low Lat. a type Scarpa *, whence the dim. scarpicella *. Scarpicella becomes escarcelle. For the regular loss of i see § 52, whence scarp'' - cella; for &o=esc see Hist. Gram. p. 78; for pc = c see caisse. Echarpe is a doublet o( escarpe. q. v. ECHARPER, va. to slash, cut to bits ; second- ary form, with change of conjugation, of O. Fr. echarpir, originally escharpir, which from L. excarpere, compd. of ex and carpere. For c = cA see § 126; fore = i , see § 59. ECHASSE, sf. a stilt, tressel. O. Fr. eschace, word of Germ, origin, O. Flem. schoetse. For sch = esch = ech see Hist. Gram. p. 78. — Der. echassier. ECHAUDER, va. to scald ; formerly chauder, from L. excaldare (in Apicius), For G = ch see § 126, for aX = au see agneau. — Der. echaude, echaudoir. ECHAUFFER, va. to warm, heat. See chauffer. — Der. echai-iffement, rechauffer. ECHAUFFOUREE, sf. an affray; partic. subst. of O. Fr. echauffbnrer, compd. of ex and O. Fr. chajiffourer. Origin unknown. ECHAULER, va. to steep in lime-water. See chauler. ECHE, sf. a bait. O. Fr. escke, from L. esca. For csL = che see §§126 and 54, For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. ECHEANCE, sf. expiration, falling due (of bills, &c.). See echoir. ^CHECS, sm. pi. (i) chess. (2) in the sing. a check, defeat. For such metaphorical senses see § 12. O. Fr. eschac: both the game and name are oriental ; Pers. schah, a king, the game taking its name from the principal piece. From the Pers. phrase sckach-mai = the king is dead, comes the expression echec et mat (checkmate). Echec is a doublet of schah. — Der. echiqnitr. ECHELLE, sf a ladder. O. Fr. eschele, from L. scala. For o = ch see § 126, for sc = esc = ec see Hist. Gram. p. 78, for a = e see § 54. Echelle is a doublet of escale. — Der. echelon, echelonner. ECHEVEAU, sm. a skein. O. Fr. echevel. For el = eau see agneau. Echevel is verbal subst. of echeveler. See echevele. ECHEVELE, partic. dishevelled ; from O. Fr. echeveler. See cheveu. ECHEVIN, sm. an alderman, judge ; formerly eschevin. It. scabino, from L. scabinus * ; - a Carolingian word of Germ, origin, from 0*H. G. skepeno. For oa, = che see §§126 and 54; for 80 = esc = ec see Hist. Gram. p. 78: for b = v see avant and § 113. — Der. echevinnge, echevinzl. ECHINE, sf. a spine, chine ; formerly eschine, Prov. esquina ; of Germ, origin, O. H. G. sJiina. Its doublet is esquine. ECHIQUIER, sm. a chess-board, exchequer. See echecs. ^cho, sm. an echo; from L. echo. ECHOIR, vn. to fall to, become due ; formerly eschoir, from L. excadere *. For ca- dere = choir see choir. — Der. ech6^nt (pres. partic), whence sf. echeauce. ECHOPPE, sf a graver. Origin unknown. ECHOPPE, sf a carved stall (in market); formerly eschoppe, from Germ, schoppen. For sc = esc = ec see Hist. Gram. p. 78. ECHOUER, vn. to run aground, to fail, mis- carry. Origin unknown. ECLABOUSSER, va. to splash. Origin un- known. ECLAIR, sm. lightning; verbal subst. of eclairer. ECLAIRCIR, va. to clear up, brighten. See clair. — Der. eclaircie (partic. subst.), eclair- cissement. ECLAIRER, va. to light, illuminate ; formerly esclairer, from L. exclarare. For a, = ai see aigle ; for x = s see ajouter; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. eclair, eclainge, eclairem. ECLANCHE, sf. a shoulder of mutton. Origin unknown. * ECLAT, sm. a fragment, an explosion, splen- dour. See eclater. ECLATER, vn. to fly into fragments, burst, shine brilliantly; of Germ, origin, O.H.G. skleizan, afterwards sMeitan, whence O. Fr. esclater, then eclater. — Der. eclat, eclaUnt. ificlectique, adj. eclectic ; from Gr. €k\€k- TiKos. — Der. eclectisme. Eclipse, s/. an eclipse; from L. eclipsis. — Der. eclipser. ificliptique, sf the ecliptic ; from L. eclip- ticus. ECLISSE, sf. split wood ; compd. of clisse, a piece of split wood ; of Germ, origin, O. H. G. kliozan, to cleave. ECLOPPE, adj. lame. See clopin-clopant. ECLORE, vn. to hatch, open, dawn ; formerly esclore, from L. ex-claudere *. The compd. ex-claudere signified to hatch, come out. Columella often uses ' ex- cludere ova ' for ' to hatch eggs.' For olaudere = clore see clore ; for x = s see ajouter.-— Dex. eclos, ec/osion. 124 SCLUSE — SCRU, ECLUSE, §^. a mill-dam ; formerly escluse,^ Sp. esclusa, from L. ezclusa. Exclusa aqua, properly water dammed up, is used thus in Fortunatiis and several Merov, documents. Exolusa becomes sclusa in the 8th cent, in the Lex Salica : * Si quis sclusam de molendino alieno rumperit.' For x = s see ajouter; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 8l. — Der. edusier, eclusdt. ECOLE, s/l a school; formerly escole, from L. schola. For ch = c see § 135; for sc = esc = cc see Hist. Gram. p. 78. — Der. e'co/ier (whose doublet is scolaire). ilSconome, smf. an economist; from L. oeconomus, so used in the Theodosian Code. — Der. econom\e, econotnlser, econom- ists. Ilconomique, adj. economical; from L. oeconomicus, so used in Quintilian. ECORCE, ^. bark; formerly escorce. It. scorzxi, in 7th cent, scorzia, in the Vocabulary of St. Gall, from L. excor- ticea*, deriv. of corticem. For ex = e see ecluse; for corticea = cort'cea see § 51 ; for cort'cea = cortcia see agencer. — Der. ecorcei. tCORCHER, va. to flay, skin; formerly escorcher, from L. excorticare, to take away the bark (corticem) ; then in the Salic law to flay. Excorticare is scorti- care in the Capitularies of Charlemagne : ' antea flagellatus et scorticatus.' Excorticdre, contrd. regularly (see §«S2) into excort'care, excor'care, be- comes escorcher. For x = s see ajouter; for ca, = che see §§126 and 54. Scorcher is a doublet of ecorcer. — Der. e'corcAeur, ecorchate. ECORNER, va. to break the horn, curtail. See corne. — Der. ecorniBer. ECORNIFLER, va. to sponge on (any one). See ecorner. — Der. ecornijleur. ECOSSER, va. to husk, shell. See cosse. ECOT, sm. branch of a tree. O. Fr. escot ; of Germ, origin, O. Norse skot. ECOT, sm. share, 'scot'; formerly e^cot; of Germ, origin, Engl, scot, contribution. ECOULER (S'), vpr. to run off", drain ; formerly escouler, from L. excolare (occurring in a Latin version of the Bible). For x = s see ajouter ; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 8 1 ; for o = oti see affouage. — Der. ecoulement. ICOURTER, vn. to curtail, shorten. See court. ECOUTE, s/. a listening-place. See ecouter. ECOUTE, sf. sheet (of a sail); formerly escow^e, of Germ, origin, Dan. skicede, Swed. skot. JECOUTER, va. to listen to, hearken, O. Fr. escolter, from L. auscultfire, which in lat" Lat. is often written asoultare. For a = * see § 54; for esc = ec see Hist. Gram. p. 78; for ul=OM see Hist. Gram, p. 54. Its doublet is ausculter, q. v. ECOUTILLE, s/^. a hatchway. Origin unknown, ECOUVETTE, sf. a broom, brush ; dim. of 4couve *, O. Fr. escouve, from L. scopa. For sc = esc = ec see Hist Gram. p. 78 ; for o = OM see affouage ; for p = 6 = v see § ill. Another dim. of ecouvi is ecouvillon. ECOUVILLON, sm. a gunner's sponge. See ecouvefte. * EC RAN, sm. a screen ; formerly escran. Origin unknown. ECRASER, va. to crush; formerly escraser, compd. of a radical eraser, of Germ, origin, Swed. krasa. — Der. ecrasement. ECREVISSE, sf. a crayfish; in 13th cent. crevice, from O. H. G. krebiz. ECRIER(S'), vpr. to exclaim, cry out. Seecrier. ECRIN, sm. a casket, shrine ; formerly escrin, from L. scrinium. For 80 = esc = ec see Hist. Gram. p. 78. ECRIRE, va. to write ; formerly escrire, from L. scribere. For regular loss of penult. 6 see § 51 ; for br = r see boire ; for sc = esc = ec see Hist. Gram. p. 78, — Der. ecnveur, g'cnvassier. ECRIT, sm. a writing ; formerly escrit, from L. scriptum. For sc = ec see Hist. Gram. p. 78; for pt = / see § 168. — Der. ecnVeau. ECRITOIRE, sf. an inkstand ; from L. scrip- torixim. For script- =ecrit- see ecrit; for O = oi, see chanoine. ECRITURE, sf. writing ; from L. scriptiira. For script- = ecrit- see ecrit. ECRIVAIN, sm. a writer, author; from L. scribanus *, deriv. of scriba. For scri- = ecri- see ecrit ; for b = v see § 113; for -anus = -am see § 192. ECROU, sm. a screw-nut; formerly escrou, from L. scrobem. For sc = esc = 6c see Hist. Gram. p. 78 ; for o = ou see affouage ; for loss of b see aboyer and §113. ECROU, sm. a gaol register. See ecro7/er. ECROUELLES, sf. pi. scrofula, the king's evil; formerly escronelles, from L. scro- fella*, a secondary form of scrofula. For loss of f see antienne ; for o = ou see affou- age ', for sc = esc = ec see Hist. Gram. p. 78. ECROUER, va. to enter in the gaol register. Origin unknown. — Der. eVrow (verbal subst.). ECROUIR, va. to harden. Origin unknown. ECROULER, vn. to fall to pieces. See crouler. — Der. ecroulemexit. ECRU, adj. unbleached; compd. of cru, q. v. ^C U — EFFRA C TION. 125 Cuir ecru is what the Romans called cru- diim scorium, untanned leather. ECU, sm. a shield, a crowu-piece, money ; for- merly escw, originally escw/, from L. scutum. For so = esc = ec see Hist. Gram. p. 78 ; for loss of t see aigu. The sense of crown piece comes from the three fleur-de-lys stamped on the coin as on a shield. — Der. e'cwsson (properly a little ecu, from L. seutionem ; for ti = ss see agencer). ECUEIL, sm. a rock ; formerly escueil, from L. scopulus. For regular contr. into scop'lus see § 51; for pi = il see Hist. Gram. p. 8i ; for o — ue see accueillir ; for sc = ec see Hist. Gram. p. 78,' ECUELLE, sf. a porringer, O. Fr. escuelle, Prov. escudela, from L. scutella. For loss of t see abbaye ; for sc = esc = ec see Hist. Gram. p. 78. ECULER, va. to tread down the heels (of boots). See cul. Legume, sm. foam; ioxxnexly escume ; of Germ, origin, Q, H. G. scum. — Der. ecumtr, ecum- eux, ecjwtGUT, ecumoixe. ECURER, va. to scour (pots and pans). See curer. — Der, recurer. ECUREUIL, sm. a squirrel ; formerly escu- reuil, from L. sciuriolus, dim. of sciurus. For -iolus = -ewz7 see § 253; forsc = esc = ec see Hist. Gram. p. 78. ECURIE, sf. a stable ; formerly escurie, from Merov. L. scTiria (' Si quis scuriam cum animalibus incenderit,' Sahc Law). For sc ~esc=^ec see Hist. Gram. p. 78. Scuria is of Germ, origin, O. H. G. skura. ECUSSON, sm. a knob, shield, escutcheon. See ecu. — Der. ecusso?ier (to bud). ECUYER, sm. a squire; formerly escuyer, Prov. escudier. It. scudiere, from L. scuta- rius * (who carries the scutum of a knight). For loss of medial t see abbaye ; for -arius = -ier see §198; for sc = esc = ec see Hist. Gram. p. 178. — Der. ecuyhie. !!fiden, sm. Eden (in St. Jerome). EDENTER, va. to break the teeth of. See dent. ^dificateur, sm. a builder; from L. aedi- ficatorem. Edification, sf. building, edification ; from ^ L. aedificationem. Edifice, sm. an edifice; from L. aedificium. :fidifier, va. to build, edify; from L. aedi- ficare. ifidile, sm. an aedile ; from L. aedilis. Edilit6, sf. aedileship ; from L. aedilitatem. Edit, sm. an edict; from L. edictum. For Ct = ^ see § 168. Editer, va. to edit; from L. edit are, fre- quent, of edere, to publish. Editeur, sm. an editor; from L. editor em, deriv. of edere, to publish. Edition, sf. an edition; from L. editio- nem. fEdredon, sm. eider-down; formerly ederdon, from Germ, eiderdune. jfiducation, sf. education; from L. educa- tionem, Edulcorer, va. (Chem.), to sweeten ; from L. e and dulcorem. EFFACER, va. to efface ; meaning originally to erase, wipe out, a face. See face. — Der, Capable, in^a^able, effacexntnt. EFFARER, va. to scare, make to look wild ; from L. eflPerare. For e = a see amender. EFFAROUCHER, va. to scare away. See farouche. EflPectif, adj. effective; from L. effec- tivus. EfFectuer, va. to effect, execute ; from L. effectuare*, dim. verb from effectus. Effeminer, va. to effeminate; from L, effeminare. E£Eervescent, adj. effervescent; from L. effervescentem. EFFET, sm. effect ; from L. efifectum. For ct = / see § 168. Efficace, adj. efficient; from L, effica- cem. Efficacit^, sf. efficacy; from L, efficaci- tatem. Efi&cient, adj. efficient; from L. effici- entem. Effigie, sf. an effigy; from L. effigiem. EFFILE, sm. a fringe. EFFILER, va. to ravel out, Seefil. EFFILOCHER, va. to unravel. Seefiloche. EFFLANQUER, va. to render lean. See flanc. EFFLEURER, va. to graze, rub a surface. See fleur. Ef9.orescent, adj. efflorescent; from L. efflorescentem. Eflorescence, sf. efflorescence; from L. efflorescentia,deriv.of efflorescentem. Effluve, sm. effluvium; from L. efflu- vium. EFFONDRER, vn. to fall in. ?>&e fond Der. effondrement. EFFORCER (S'), vpr. to make an effort. See forcer. — Der. effort (verbal subst,). Effracteur, va. a breaker open; from L, effractor em. Effraction, sf. a breaking open ; from L. effractionem*. 126 EFFRA YER — SLIMER. EFFRAYER, va. to frighten, affray; for- merly eff'royer,es/royer,'Prov. esfreidar; from L. exfrigidare*, compd. of frigidus, so properly to freeze with fright. Exfrigi ddre, contrd. regularly (see § 52) into exfrig'dare, reduces gd to d (see amande), whence exfridare, whence es/royer. For X = s see ajouter ; for i = oi see boire ; for loss of d see accabler. Next it loses s and X = s becomes effroyer, see Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; then effrayer by changing oi into ai, see § 61 Der. (from O. Fr. effroyer) effroi (verbal subst.), ^^royable. EFFRENE, adj. unbridled; from L. efifre- natus. For -atus = -e see § 201. EFFROI, va. fright. See effrayer. EFFRONTE, adj. bold-faced. See front.— Der. effronttnt. EFFROYABLE, adj. frightful. See effrayer. Effusion, sf. effusion; from L. effu- sionem. EGAL, adj. equal ; from L. aequalis. For ae = « see § 104; for qu=^ see aigle. — Der. egaler, egalistr, egalit^. EGARD, sm. regard. See garder. EGARER, va. to mislead. See garer. — Der. egarement, egare. EGAYER, va. to enliven. See gai. !]£gide, sf. an aegis, protection; from L, aegi- dem. 6GLANTIER, sm. eglantine, dog-rose ; for- merly aiglentier, properly a plant covered with aiglents, thorns. Aiglent is from L. aculentus*, deriv. of actQeus*. Acu- lentus, contrd. regularly (see § 52) into aclentus, becomes aiglent. For cl =ge, and for & = ai, see aigle. — Aiglant has produced two Fr. derivations : aiglaniiei (now eglantier), aiglantine (now eglan- ^ tine). EGLANTINE sf. eglantine, columbine. See eglantier. EGLISE, sf. a church; from L. ecclesia. For e = 2 see § 59 ; for cl =gl see aigle. Eglogue, sf. an eclogue; from L. ecloga. ifigoisme, sm. egotism, selfishness ; der. from L. ego. — Der. egdiitt. EGORGER, va. to cut the throat, slay. See gorge. — Der. egorgemctvt, egorgeur. EGOSILLER, va. to make the throat sore, make hoarse. See gosier. EGOUT, sm. a fall (of water), sewer. See Sgoutter. — Der. egoutier. EGOUTTER, va. to drain. See goutte.— Der. egout (verbal subst.). EGRATIGNER, va. to scratch (the skin). See gratter. — Der. egratignutc. EGRENER, va. to shell (seeds), pick grapes (from the bunch) ; formerly egrainer. See grain. EGRILLARD, adj. brisk. Origin unknowo. t Ifigriser, va. to clean (diamonds); compd. of a radical grise*, which is Germ. gries. Egrisee is diamond-powder, used to polish diamonds. EHONTE, adj. shameless. See honte. !£|jacillation, sf. ejaculation ; from L. ejaculationem*. ifilaboration, sf. elaboration ; from L. elaborationem. Ifilaborer, va. to elaborate; from L. ela- borare. ELAGUER, va. to prune, curtail ; of Germ. origin, Dutch lalten. — Der. elagngt. ELAN, sm. a burst, spring. See 6lancer. t !filan, sm. an elan (a kind of elk) ; from Germ, elenn. ELANCER. va to dart, shoot, push on. See lancer. — Der. elan (verbal subst), elance, elancement. ELARGIR, va. to widen. See Ibrge. — Der. e'/ar^-issement. ifilastique, arf/. elastic; from Gr.kKaaTiKos. — Der. elasticite. t Eldorado, sm. Eldorado; from Sp. eldorado. ^lecteur, sm. an elector; from L. elec- tor em. — Der. e/ec/oral, electorzX. ifilectif, adj. elective; from L. electivus*, der. from electus. See elire. ifilection, sf an election; from L. elec- tionem. ifilectrique, adj. electrical; from L. elec- trum. — Der. electricite. electriser. Ifilectuaire, sm. an electuary; from L. electuarium. !fil6gance, s/. elegance; fromL. elegantia. !fil6gant, ac?/. elegant ; from L. elegantem. ]Sl6giaque, adj. elegiac; from L. eligi- acus. I6l6gie, sf. an elegy ; from L. elegia. l6l6nient, sm. an element; from L. ele- mentum. — Der. eUmenta'ne. I6l6phant, sm. an elephant; fromL. ele- phantem. Its doublet is O. Fr. olifant. ELfeVE, sm. a pupil. See lever. ELEVER, va. to raise, bring up, educate. See lever. — Der. eleve (verbal subst.), elevQ, eUvztion, elevtnx. ifilider, va. to elide, cut off; from L. eli- dere. ifiligible, adj. eligible; from L. eligibilis. Der. eligibility. ELIMER, va. to file out. See limer. ^LI MINER — EMDRA SER . 127 ifiliminer, va. to eliminate; from L, elim- inate. — Der. e'/fm/wation. ELIRE, va. to elect, choose ; from L. elig- . ere. The e disappears (§ 51) whence eli'gre ; then gr becomes r (see § i68\ whence elire. Eligere, signifying to choose, try, the O. Fr. elire, meant the same ; whence the O. Fr. p.p. elite, now used as a subst., signifying that which has been chosen, choice. Slite represents L. electa. For e = i see § 59; for ct = t see § 168. ]Slision, */■. elision; from L. elisionem, ELITE, sf. the elite, chosen ones. See elire. fifilixir, sm. an elixir; of Eastern origin, together with many other chemical terms. It represents Ar. al-ahsir, quintessence, ELLE, pers. pr. she ; from L. ilia. For i = e see mettre. E116bore, sm. hellebore; from L. elle- borum. Ellipse, sf. an ellipsis, ellipse; from L. ellip- sis (found in Priscian). — Der. ellipt'ique. !filocution, sf. elocution ; from L. elocu- tionem. ^filoge, sm. an eulogium, eulogy; from L. elogium. — Der. elogieux. ELOIGNER, va. to remove afar. See loin. — Der. eloignement. Eloquence, sf. eloquence; from L. elo- quentia, Eloquent, ac?/, eloquent; from L. eloquen- tem. iSlucider, va. to elucidate; from L, eluci- dare. Ifilucubration, sf. a lucubration ; from L, elucubrationem. ifiluder, va. to elude ; from L. eludere. ^Iys6e, sm. elysium; from L, elysium. EMAIL, sm. enamel ; formerly esmail. It, smalto; of Germ, origin, O, H.G. smalti, that which has been fused, melted. For sm = esm = em see Hist. Gram, p. 78, — Der. emailler, emailleur. Emancipation, sf. emancipation ; from L. emancipationem. iSmanciper, va. to emancipate ; from L, emancipare. Emaner, vn. to emanate; from L. ema- nate. — Der, emamtion. fiMARGER, va. to wtite in the margin. See marge. — Der. emargement. EMBALLER, va. to pack up. See balle.— Der. embalhge, emballeuv. fEmbarcaddre, sm. a wharf, place of embarkation ; from Sp. emharcadero. t Embarcation, sf. embarkation ; from Sp. embarcacion. t Embargo, sm. an embargo; from Sp. embargo. EMBARQUER, va. to embark, ship. See barque, — Der. embarquement. EMBARRASSER, va. to obstruct, embarrass; DEBARRASSER, va. to disembarrass; compds, of radical barras*, which in Sp. is also barras, whence verb active barrasser* (cp, barrer from harre). Barras* is from Fr. barre, q.v. — Der, embarras (verbal subst,). EMBAUCHER, va. to hite, seduce. See de- baucher. — Der. embauch^ge, efnbaucheur. EMBAUMER, va. to embalm. See baume. — Der, embaumeur, embanmement. EMBELLIR, va. to embellish. See beau.— Der. emfc^Z/issement. EMBLAVER, va. to sow with corn ; from L. imbladare*, from bladum, q. v. Imbla- dare is a common word in medieval docu- ments, and has also given birth to It. imbia- dare, which answers exactly to emblaver. Imbladare drops its medial d, see accabler ; it intercalates an euphonic v, see corvee. For i = e see mettre. — Der. em- blavme. EMBLEE, adv. at the first onset ; an adverbial phrase, compd. of de and emblee, partic. subst. of embler, O. Fr. verb meaning to steal. It comes from L. involare, written irabolare in the Germanic Laws. For v = 6 see bachelier ; for contr. of imboldre into imbl'lare see § 52, whence embler; for i = e see mettre. Embl6matique, adj. emblematic See embleme. Embldme, sm. an emblem ; from L, em- blem a. — Der. emWe'matique. EMBOIRE, va. to cover (with wax or oil). See boire, EMBOtTER, va. to fit in, joint. See boite. EMBONPOINT, sm. stoutness, plumpness, O. Fr, en bon point. See point. EMBOSSER, va,(Naut,) to bring the broadside to bear (on) ; compd, of en and bosse (the name of certain parts of a ship's rigging). — Der, embossage. EMBOUCHER, va. to put to the mouth. See bouche. — Der. embouchure, embouchoir. EMBOURBER, va. to thtust into mite. See bourbe. EMBRANCHEMENT, sm. branching off; deriv. of embrancher, compd. of en and branche, q. v. EMBRASER, va. to set on fire. — Der. em- brasement, embrasure ; originally a term of fortification, a narrow window in a parapet, through which to lay a cannon, or fire a 138 EMBRA SSER — EMPiCHER . gun : properly a window whence one sets fire to (embraser) a gun. EMBRASSER, va. to embrace. O. Fr. evi- bracer, properly to take in one's arms (brace). For explanation and etymology of O. Fr. brace see bras. — Der. embrassement, embrasszde, embrasse (verbal subst.). EMBRASURE, sm. an embrasure. See em- braser. EMBROCHER, va. to spit (a fowl). See broche. EMBROUILLER, va. to embroil, confuse. See brouiller. Embryon, sm. an embryo; from Gr. • efi,0pvov. EMBUCHE, sf. an ambush, snare ; verbal sf. of O. Fr. embucher, originally embuscher. It. imboscare, Low L. imboscare, pro- perly to allure into the boscum, or bush. For origin of boscus, see bois. Imbos- care becomes embiicher. For i = e see mettre ; for o = w see curee ; for ca = ch see § 126 and § 52; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. fEmbuscade, sf. an ambuscade; in- trod. in i6th cent, from It. imboscata. It is a doublet of embusquee. fEmbusquer, va. to place in ambush; introd, in i6th cent, from It. imboscare. ifimender, va. to amend; from L. emen- dare. tMERAUDE, sf. an emerald. O. Fr. esme- ralde. It. smeraldo, from L. smaragdus. For ara. = esm = em see Hist. Gram. p. 78; for a = e see § 52; for ed = ld^ud see amande and agneau. ^merger, vn. to emerge; from L. emer- ge re. — Der. emergent, emergence. •)■ iSmeri, sm. emery ; formerly esmeril, in- trod. in 1 6th cent, from It. smeriglio. EMERILLON, sm. a merlin ; formerly es- merillon, dim. of a form esmerle*, compd. of the prefix es and merle, q. v. £in6rite, adj. superannuated, who has served his time ; from L. emeritus. EMERVEILLER, va. to amaze. See merveille. ^in6tique, sm. an emetic; from Gr. c/xe- TiKus. — Der. emelisei. EMETTRE, va. to emit ; from L. emittere. See mettre. EMEUTE, sf. a riot, disturbance; from L. exiuota (that which is disturbed, troubled). For x = s see ajouter; for loss of s see Hist. G am. p. 81 ; iox o = eu see accueillir. — Der. emsutlex, •ifimigrer, va. to emigrate; from L. emi- grate — Der. e'TMi^ration, 4migr2int, €migr6. Eminence, sf. eminence; from L. emi- nentia. Eminent, adj. eminent; from L. eminen- tem. £missaire, sm. an emissary ; from L. emis- sarius. Amission, sf. emission; from L, emis- sionem. EMMANCHER, va. to haft, put handle to. See manche. EMMENER, va. to lead away. See mener. EMOI, sm. anxiety, emotion ; fromerly esmoi, originally csma/. Prov. esmag, It. smago; verbal subst. of esmaier (to be anxious). This O. Fr. verb, answering to It. smagare, is of Germ, origin, being compd. of prefix es (Lat. ex) and O. H. G. magan, and means properly to lose all one's ' main,* strength. ifimollient, adj. emollient ; from L. emol- lientem. Emolument, sm. emolument ; from L. emolumentum. ifimonctoire, sm. (Med.) an emunctory ; from L. emunctorius. ifimonder, va. to prune, trim ; from L. emundare. — Der. emondaige. Emotion, sf. an emotion; from L. emo- tionem. — Der. emotionnex. EMOUDRE, va. to grind ; formerly emoldre, from L. emolere. For regular contr. of emolere into emorre, see § 52 ; for lr = Idr see Hist. Gram. p. 73 ; for o = ou see af- fouage. — Der. emouleux, xemouleux. EMOUSSER, va. to blunt, dull the edge of. See mousse. EMOUSTILLER, va. to exhilarate, rouse. Origin unknown. EMOUVOIR, va. to move; from L. emS- vere. Fox o = ou see affouage; for ere = oir see Hist. Gram. p. 132. EMPALER, va. to empale. See pal. EMPAN, sm. a span ; formerly espan. It. spanna, a word of Germ, origin. Germ. spanne. EMPARER, va. to fortify, in O. Fr. ; compd. of en and parer, to prepare. S'emparer in 15th cent, meant to fortify oneself, hence to grow strong, acquire, seize. — Der. xemparer (compd. of re and emparer, whence verbal subst. rempar, now remparl). EMPATER, va. to cover with paste. See pate. — Der. empdtement. EMPfeCHER, va. to hinder; formerly em- pacher, from L. impactare *, deriv. of impactus, partic. of impingere. Im- pactare becomes first empacher, then EMPEIGNE — EN. 139 empecher. For ct = ch see allecher ; for a = c see § 54 ; for i = e see mettre. — Der, empbchement, depecher (answering to a type dis-pactare * ; see de- and em- pecher for changes. Depecher signifies pro- perly to free oneself from hindrances, opposed to empecher, to embarrass oneself). EMPEIGNE, sf. the upper leather, vamp (of a shoe). Origin unknown. EMPEREUR, sm. an emperor ; formerly em- pereiir, originally empereor, emperedor, from L. imperatorem. For i = e see mettre; for a = e see § 54; for loss of t see abbaye; for eo~eu see aieul and § 79. EMPESER, va. to starch. It rnay be seen in §§ 102, 103 why the deriv. of empois is empeser, and not empoiser. EMPESTER, va. to taint. See pesle. EMPETRER, va. to entangle, embarrass. See depitrer. Emphase, sm. emphasis ; from L. empha- sis. — Der. emphai\<\\xe. Emphyt^ose, sf. emphyteusis (legal) ; for- merly emphyteuse, from L. emphyteusis. EMPIETER, va. to encroach. See pied. — Der. empieiement. EMPIRE, sm. empire ; from L. imperixun. For i =» e see mettre ; for e = i see § 59- EMPIRER, va. to make worse, aggravate. See pire. Empirique, adj. empiric; from L. empi- ricus. — Der. empirhme. Empirisme, sm. empiricism. See empir^ ique. EMPLACER, va. to place, establish. See place. — Der. emplacement, xemplacer. Empl^tre, sm. plaster ; formerly emplastre, from L. emplastrum. EMPLETTE, sf. a purchase ; from L. impli- cita *. This word means ' expenditure ' in several medieval texts : thus a 1 2th-cent. regulation says, ' implicitam vero decla- ramus emptionem mercium per commit- tentes ordinatam.' Implicita, regularly contrd. (§ 51) into implic'ta, becomes emplette. For i = e see mettre ; for ct = tt see § 168. Emplette is a doublet of implicite, q. v. EMPLIR, va. to fill ; from L. implere. For i = e see mettre ; for e = i see § 59. — Der. xemplir. EMPLOYER, va. to employ ; from L. impli- care, which in medieval documents means to employ for some one's profit. We read in a I3th-cent. document, ' Dedit 40 libras implicandas in augmentum com- munitatis.* For loss of c, impli(cUre, see affouage ; for i = e see mettre ; for i = oi see boire. Employer is a doublet of impli- quer, q. v. — Der. emploi (verbal subst.), em- ploye. EMPOIS, sm. starch. See poix. EMPOISONNER, va. to poison. See poison. — Der. e?npoisonnement, empoisonnenr. EMPORTER, va. to carry oflf; formerly en- porter, for entporter, from L. indd portare. For inde = ent see souvent ; for ent = en see en. — Der. emportement, emporte, lemporter. EMPOTER, va. to pot (flowers, etc.). See pot. EMPREINDRE, va. to imprint ; from L. imprimere. For imere = eindre see geindre. Empreindre is a doublet of im- primer, q. v. — Der. empreinte (strong partic. subst., see absoiite). EMPRESSER (S'), vpr. to be eager, ardent. See presse. — Der. empresse, empressement. EMPRUNTER, va. to borrow : from L. im- promutuare *, compd. of promutuari, which is from promutuum, a loan. Inipromutud,re, contrd. into improm'- tuare (see § 52), changes ua into a, see § 52 ; whence impromtare, whence em- prunter. For i = e see mettre; for m = « see change ; for o = « see ctiree. — Der. em- primt (verbal subst.), emprnnttnt. Empyree, sm. the empyrean ; from Gr. 'ifxiTvpos. Empyreume, sm. the empyreum ; from L. empyreuma. — Der. empyreumntique. ifimulation, sf. emulation ; from L. aemu- lationem. — Der. emulateur. ifimule, sm. a rival ; from L. aemulus. ifimulgent, adj. emulgent ; from L. emul- gentem. ifimulsion, sf. an emulsion ; from L. emul- sion em *, deriv. of emulsus. — Der. emul- sionner, emulsif. EN, prep, in ; in 9th-cent. Fr. tn, from L, in, by change of i into e, see mettre. EN, rel. pron. of him, her, etc. ; formerly ent^ originally int, from L. inde. For i = e see mettre ; for nd = nt = n see § 121. Indd had, in popular Lat., the sense of ex illo, ab illo : ' Cadus erat vini ; indS implevi Cirneam ' (Plautus, Aniphyt. i. l). This use of ind§ was very common in Low Lat., and Merovingian documents have many examples of it : thus in a For- mula of the 7th cent., • Si potes inde man- ducare ' = si tu peux e n manger ; in a Di- ploma of 543, ' Ut mater nostra ecclesia Viennensis indd nostra haeres fiat,' etc. K 130 ENCA DRER — ENDIVE. Indd becomes in O. Fr. inl, a word extant in the Oaths of 842 ; in the loth cent, it is ent, a form still surviving in souvent, from subinde ; in the 12th cent. en. ENCM)RER, va. to frame. See cadre. ENCAISSER, va. to pack in a case. See caisse. — Der. encaisse (verbal subst.), en- caissemeni. ENCAN, stn. an auction. O. Fr. encant, en quant, originally inquant, from L. in- quantum. For qu = c see car; for i = e see meltre. ENCAQUER, va. to pack in barrels. See caque. Encastrer, va. to fit in, set in ; from L. incastrare (in Isidore of Seville). Eucaustique, sf. encaustic; from L. en- causticus. ENCEINDRE, va. to encircle, surround ; from L. incingere. For changes see ceindre. — Der. enceinte (a circuit of walls, which sur- rounds a city). ENCEINTE, s/. circuit (of walls), enclosure; from L. incincta (used of a pregnant woman in Isidore of Seville). For i = esee met(re; for ct = t see § 168. ENCENS, sm. incense ; from L. incensum (in Isidore of Seville). For i = e see mettre. — Der. encensei, encefisoir, Enc6phale, sm. the brain ; from Gr. kyai- (paXov. — Der. encephalic, encephalite. ENCHANTER, va. to enchant, bewitch; from L. incantare. For changes see chanter. — Der. enchantemtnl, enchanteuT, desenchanter. ENCHERIR, va. to bid for, outbid. See chere. — Der. enchere (verbal subst.), en- cAerissement, encherisseur, xencherir, sxxren- cherir, surenchere. ENCHEVfiTRER, va. to halter, entangle in a noose; from L. incapistrare, used by Apuleius. For i = e see mettre; for ca = che see § § 126 and 54 ; for p = v see ar river ; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. Si. — Der. enchevetremtnt. ENCHIFRENER, va. to stop up the nose- passages. Origin unknown. Enchymose, sf. enchymosis; from Gr. Enclaver, va. to enclose; from L. incla- vare*, a medieval word, meaning to shut in. Its doublet is ejiclouer, q. v. — Der. enclave (verbal subst.). ENCLIN, adj. inclined, prone ; from L. in- clinis. For i=e see mettre. ENCLORE, va. to enclose ; from L. inclau- dere* (forincludere). Forolaudere = clore see clore. Enclore is a doublet of in- clure. — Der. enclos (partic. subst.). ENCLOS, sm. a close, enclosure. See enclore. ENCLOUER, va. to prick (a horse's foot), to spike (a gun). See clouer. — Der. enclouzge. ENCLUME, sf. an anvil; from L. incu- dinem. For in = en see mettre ; for -udi- nem = -vme see amertume : the intercala- tion of / is remarkable. ENCOGNER, va. to wedge in, to strike in. See cogne and coin. — Der. encognxat. ENCOGNURE, sf. a corner. See encogner. ENCOLURE, sf. neck and shoulders (of a horse), appearance, mien (of man). See col. ENCOMBRE, sm. an impediment. See de- combres, compd, of the prefixes de and en and a radical combre*, signifying a heap. The Lat.CTimiiluslost its u regularly(§ 51), so becoming cum'lus ; m'l intercalating a regular b (see absoudre), it became ctim- blus ; the 1 became r (see apotre), and thus we have cumbrus, a heap, found in several Merovingian documents, e. g. in the Gesta Regum_^Francorum, chap. 25. ENCONTRE (A L'), against, counter; pro- perly a verbal subst. of O. Fr. encontrer, compd. of contre. — Der. rencontrer. ENCORBELLEMENT, sm. (Archit.) a corbel- table. See corbeau. ENCORE, adv. again ; formerly ancore, from L. banc boram, by loss of initial b ; see atelier. ENCOURAGER, va. to encourage. See courage. — Der. encouragement. ENCOURIR, va. to incur ; from L. incur- rere. For changes see coiirir and en. ENCRASSER, va. to dirty, soil. See crasse. Its doublet is engraisser, q. v. ENCRE, sf. ink; formerly enque, originally enca ; from L. encaustum, by intercalating r (see chanvre). This word preserves the Gr. accentuation (eyKavarov), not the Lat. (encailstum). — Der. encrier. Encyclique, adj. encyclical ; from Gr. €yKVK\l0S. Encyclop6d.ie, sf. an encyclopaedia ; from Gr. kyKv/cXonaiSda. — Der. encyclopediqxic, encyclopediste. End6mique, adj. endemic; from Gr. hdrjpuKos. ENDfiVER, vn. to be vexed, wild, mad. Origin unknown. ENDIVE, sf. endive ; from L. intyba *, fern. of intybus (chicory). For i = « see mettre; for b = z; see avant and § 1 13 ; for t = c? see aider and §117. ENDOLORIR — ENGRENER. 13 ENDOLORIR, vn. to be in pain. See dou- leur. ENDORMIR, va. to lull to sleep. See dor- mir. ENDOSSER, va. to don, put on one's back. See dos. — Der. endos (verbal subst.), en- dossement, endosseur. ENDROIT, sm. a place ; compd. of en and droit, q. v. Endroit, an adv. in O. Fr., meaning ' right before one,' became later a subst,, meaning ' a place right before one.' Endroit is a doublet of indirect, q. v. ENDUIRE, va. to coat, cover ; from L. in- dueere. For regular contr, of inducere into induc're see § 51; for cr = ir see benir ; for in = en see mettre. Enduire is a doublet of induire. — Der. enduit (partic. subst.). ENDURCIR, va. to harden. See dur. — Der. ewrfwrcissement, ENDURER, va. to endure ; from L, indu- rare. For i = e see mettre. — Der. endur- ant, ifinergie, sf. energy; from L, energia*. — Der. energ'xqat. !finerguin%ne, smf. a demoniac, fanatic; from Gr. kvepyovfievos. jfinerver, va. to enervate ; from L, ener- vare, ENFANCE, sf. infancy; from L. infantia. For tia, = ce see agencer. ENFANT, sm. a child, infant ; from L. in- fantem. For m=e« see mettre. Its doublet is infant, q. v. — Der. enfanttx, en- fant'm, fw/h«rillage, enfanttmtnt. ENFARINER, va. to flour, Seefarine. ENFER, sm. hell. Prov. enfern, It. inferno, from L. infer mim. For i = e see mettre; for rn = r see aubour. ENFERMER, va. to shut in. See fermer.— Der. renfermer. ENFILER, va. to thread. See;?/,— Der. enjil- ade. ENFIN, adv. at last. See en znd Jin. ENFLAMMER, va. to inflame ; from L. in- flammare. For i = e see mettre. ENFLER, va. to inflate ; from L. inflare. For i = e see mettre. — Der. desenfler, xen- fler, enflnre. ENFONCER, va. to sink, plunge, bury. See fond. — Der. enfoncement, lenfoncer. ENFORCIR, va. to strengthen. See force. ENFOUIR, va. to bury, dig in ; from L. in- fodere. For loss of medial d see accabler ; for i = e see mettre; for e = z see § 59; for o = ou see affouage. — Der. enfouKse- ment. ENFOURCHER, va. to stride, bestride. See fourcJie. ENFOURNER, va. to put in the oven. Sec four. ENFREINDRE, va. to infringe. Seefreindre. ENFUIR (S'), vpr. to run away. See en and ' fuir. ENGAGE ANT, adj. engaging. See engager. ENGAGEMENT, sm. an engagement. See engager. ENGAGER, va. to engage. See gage. — Der. engagea.nt, engagement. ENGAINER, va. to sheath. See gatne.— Der. rengainer. ENGEANCE.s/. breed (of animals). See enger. ENGELURE, sf. a chilblain; from O. Fr. verb engeler. See geler. ENGENDRER, va. to engender; from L. ingenerare. For regular contr. of in- generare to ingen'rare see § 52; for i = e see mettre; for n'r = ndr see ab- soudre. ENGER, va. to burden, multiply. Origin unknown. — Der. engennce. ENGIN, sm. skill, engine. It. ingegno, from L. ingenium, used for a war-engine by Tertullian, de Pallio : ' Cum tamen ultima- rent tempora patriae et aries jam Romanus in muros quondam suos auderet ; stupuere illico Carthaginienses ut novum extraneum ingenium ' ; and by Isidore of Seville, * Apud antiquos Minerva vocata quasi Dea et manus artium variarum. Hanc enim multorum ingeniorum prohibent.* For i = e see mettre ; for e = i see § 59. ENGLOBER, va. to unite. See globe, ENGLOUTIR, va. to engulf, absorb ; from L. inglutire, in Isidore of Seville. For u = OM see § 90. — Der. englout'issement. ENGORGER, va. to obstruct, choke. See gorge. — Der. engorgement, rengorger. ENGOUER, va. to obstruct (the throat). Origin unknown. — Der. engouement. ENGOURDIR, va. to benumb. See gourd. — Der. engourdissement. ENGRAISSER, va. to fatten, manure ; vn. to grow fat; from L. incrassare. For i=e see mettre; for G=g see adjuger; for B, = ai see § 54. Engraisser is a doublet of encrasser, q. v. — Der. engrais (verbal subst.), engraissement, engraisseur. ENGRAVER, va. to bed in sand. See gravier. — Der. engravement, ENGRENER, va. to put corn (into the hopper); formerly engrainer. See grain. ENGRENER, va. to tooth (a wheel) ; from L. increnare *, from crena, tooth of a K 2 132 ENHARDIR — ENTENDRE. wheel. For 1 = « see mettre ; for O — g' see adjuger. — Der. engremge. ENHARDIR, va. to embolden. See hardi. £nigrQatique, adj. enigmatic. See enigme. £lligm.e, sm. an enigma ; from L. aenigma. — Der. 6nigmaA(\Mc. ENIVRER, va. to intoxicate. See ivre. — Der. enivremtnX., c«ivrant. ENJAMBER, va. to stride. See jamhe.— Der. enjambemtnt, enjamb^e. ENJOINDRE, va. to enjoin; from L. in- jungere. For changes see en and joindre. ENJOLER, va. to inveigle. See geole Der. enjohm. ENJOLIVER, va. to adorn, embellish. See jolt. — Der. ««;o/*Wment, enjolitfuxt, enjoliv- eur. ENJOUE, adj. playful ; properly p. p. of O.Fr. enjouer, corapd. oijouer, q. v. — Der. enjoue- ment. ENLACER, va. to entwine, clasp. See lac. — Der. enlacemtnl. ENLEVER, va. to raise, lift, carry oflF. See en and lever. — Der. etilevevataX. Enluminer, va. to illuminate ; from L. in (see en and Ituninare) properly to brighten, whence to paint with brilliant colours. Its doublet is illuminer, q. v. — Der. enlumin- eur, enluminuTe. ENNEMI, sm. an enemy ; from L, inimicus. For icus = i see § 212 ; for i = « see mettre. n here becomes nn, as in m on eta, mon- naie, ENNUI, sm. ennui, weariness ; formerly enui, meaning annoyance, pain, hatred. Sp. enojo, O. Venet, inodio, from L, inodio. In the Glosses of Cassel (Charlemagne's time) we have in odio habut, i. e. I was sick and tired of. For iii = en see en, for odio = tti see alouette and cuider. — Der. ennuyer, ennuytxxx. ENONCER, va. to enunciate, state ; from L. enuntiare. For changes see annoncer. — Der. e«o«ciation, enonce. ENORGUEILLIR, va. to make proud. See orgueil. ^nornie, adj. enormous; from L. enormis. — Der. enormement. ^normit^, sf. an enormity; from L. enor- mitatem. ENQUERIR, vn. to enquire ; from L. in- qxiirere. For changes see en and acquerir. ENQUfiTE, sf. inquiry ; formerly enqueste, from L. inquisita; strong partic. subst., see absoute. For regular contr. into in- qtiis'ta see § 51; for i = e see mettre ; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 8i. — Der. enquktuT (whose doublet is inquisiteur, q.v.). ENRAGER, va. to enrage. See rage. ENRAYER, va. to put spokes in a wheel. See rayon. — Der. enrayme. ENREGISTRER, va. to register, enrol. See registre. — Der. enregistrement. ENRICHIR, va. to enrich. See riche. ENR6lER, va. to enrol. See role. Its doublet is enrouler, q.v. — Der. enrolement, enroleur. ENROUER, va. to make hoarse ; from L. inraucare, deriv. of raucus. For loss of medial c see affouage; for au = ow see alouette ; for i = e see mettre. — Der. enroue- ment. ENROULER, va. to roll up. See rouler. Its doublet is enroler, q. v. ENSABLER, va. to run on a sandbank. See sable. — 'Der. ensablemtnt. ENSEIGNE, sf. a sign, ensign. It. insegne, from L. insignia *. For i = e see mettre ; for i = ei see ceinture. Enseigne is a doublet of insigne. ENSEIGNER, va. to teach; from L. insig- nare *, properly to engrave, then to teach. For changes see enseigne. — Der. enseigne- ment, renseigner. ENSEMBLE, adv. together; from L. in- simul. For i = e see mettre, for siniul = semble see assembler. ENSEMENCER, va. to sow. See semence. ENSEVELIR, va. to bury ; from L. insepe- lire*, compd. of sepelire. For i = c see mettre ; for p = v see §111. — Der. ensevel- issement. ENSQRCELER, va. to bewitch. See sorcier. — Der. ensorce/lement, ensorceleut. ENSUITE, adv. afterwards. See en and suite. ENSUIVRE (S'), vpr. to ensue. See en and suivre. ENTABLEMENT, sm. an entablature. See table. ENTACHER, va. to infect. See tacher. ENTAILLER, va. to cut away. See tailler. • — Der. entaille (verbal subst.), entaillme. ENTAMER, va. to cut in, attack. Prov. enta- menar, from Lat. form intaminare, compd. of in and a radical taminare, which is found also in contaminare, attaminare. Inta- minare, contrd. regularly (see § 52) to intam'nare, becomes entamer. For i = e see mettre, for nin = m see § 168. ENTASSER, va. to heap up. See ^as.— Der. entassement. ENTE, sf a graft. See enter. ENTENDRE, va. to hear, understand ; from L. intendere, to apply to, direct towards. ENTENTE — ENVA HIR. ^S3 thence pay attention, thence hear. For - changes see en and attendre. — Der. entente (partic. subst., see absoute), en/e«c?ant (whose doublet is mtendant),entendement, entendeur, entendn. ENTENTE, sf. a meaning, agreement. See entendre. ENTER, va. to graft, engraft ; from L. im- potare *, deriv. of impotus, a graft, in the Lex Sahca. Impetus is Gr. e/xipvTov. Irapot^re, contrd. regularly (see § 52) into imp'tare, becomes e?iter. For pt = / see acheter, for m = « see changer, for i = e see mettre. — Der. eiite (verbal subst.), ewAire. ENTERINER, va. to ratify; "from O. Fr. enterin, entire, complete, which answers to a Lat. type integrinus *, deriv. of in- tegrum. For in = m see en, for gr = r see § 168. — Der. enterinement. ENTERRER, va. to inter, bury. See terre. — , Der. enterrement. ENTETER, va. to affect the head, make giddy, vain. See tete. — Der. entetement. Enthousiasme, sm. enthusiasm ; from- Gr. h9ovaiacfx6s. — Der. enthousiasmtr, enthou- siaste. Enthousiaste, sm. an enthusiast. See enthousiasme. Enthym^me, sm. an enthymeme; from L. enthymema. ENTIER, adj. entire. Prov. enteir, It. intero, from L. integrum. For in. = en see en, for e = ie see § 67, for gr = r see § 168. Entier is a doublet of integre, q. v. ENTICHER, va. to spoil, taint. Origin unknown. Entite, sf. an entity; in schol. Lat. enti- tatem *, deriv. of entem. Entomologie, sf. entomology; from Gr. evTo/jLov and A.070S. — Der. entomologique, entomologiste. ENTONNER, va. to tun. See tonne.— Der. entonno'ix. ENTONNER, va. to begin (a song), to sing. See ton. ENTORSE, ./. a sprain. See tordre. ENTORTILLER, va. to twist, wind. See tortiller. ENTOUR, sm. neighbourhood. See tour. — Der. entourtx, entourz^Q, alentour. ENTOURNURE, sf. slope (of sleeves, etc.). See tournure. ENTRAILLES, sf. pi. bowels, entrails. Prov. intralia, from L. intrania*, in the Lex Salica : ' Si vero intra costas vulnus in- traverit, et usque ad intrania pervenerit.' Intrania is from L. interanea (Pliny). For regular loss of e see § 5 2 ; for ea — ia see abreger. Intrania in turn becomes enlrailles. For in = en see en; for n = / see § 163. ENTRAIN, sm. spirits, animation. See entrainer. ENTRAINER, va. to carry away, hurry on, inspirit. See en and trainer. — Der. entrain (verbal subst.), entralnement. ENTRAVER, va. to clog, trammel, put an entrave to act as a clog. From L. tra- bem comes a compd. intrabare *, whence entraver. For in = en see en, for b = v see § 113. — Der. entrave (verbal subst.). ENTRE, prep, between ; from L. intra. For in — en see eti. ENTRE-BAILLER, va. to half-open. See entre and bailler. tEntrechat, sm. cutting (in dancing), introd. in 1 6th cent., with many other dance- terms, from It. intrecciato, in the phrase capriola intrecciata. ENTREE, sf. entrance, admission. See entrer. ENTREFAITES, sf. (in the) interval, i.e. entre. ENTRELACER, va. to interlace. See lacer. — Der. efitrelacs, entrelacement. ENTREMELER, va. to intermingle. Seemeler. ENTREMETS, sm. a side-dish. See mets. ENTREMETTRE, va. to interpose (an ob- stacle). See mettre. — Der. entremetteui . ENTREMISE, sf. mediation. See mise. ENTREPOSER, va. to warehouse. See e?itre and poser. Its doublet is interposer. — Der. entrepot (like depot from deposer), entre- poseuT, entreposxizirt. ENTREPRENDRE, va. to undertake. See prendre. — Der. entreprise (partic. subst.), entreprena.nt, e?itrepreneuT. ENTRER, va. to enter; from L. intrare. For in = c« see en. — Der. entree (partic. subst.), rentrer. ENTRE-SOL, sm. the suite of rooms between ground-floor and first-floor. See entre and sol. ENTRETENIR, va. to hold together, sup- port. See entre and tenir. — Der. entre^ca (verbal subst.). ENTREVOIR, va. to see imperfectly, catch a glimpse of. See entre and voir. — Der. entrevwe (partic. subst.). ^nura^ration, sf. enumeration; from L. enumerationem . — Der. enumeratit ^num^rer, va. to enumerate; from L. enumerare, ENVAHIR, va. to invade. Sp. envadir. It. invadire, from L. invaders. For loss of medial d see accabler ; for intercalation of h see Hist. Gram. p. 72; for xa. = en see 134 ENVELOPPER — ^PA ULE. mettre ; for ere = ir see § 59. Invadere having lost its d became in O. Fr. enva-ir ; the intercalated h is put in to save the hiatus, as is also done in trader e, trahir. h is added at the beginning of words, such as altus, haut, see Hist. Gram. p. 79, Even in Lat. we find the forms hornamentum, hobi- tus, hac, for ornamentum, obitus, ac, in Griiter's Recueil d'Inscriptions. The as- piration of the letter k in Fr. words is due to the influence of corresponding Germ, words, such as, hoch, heulen, etc., compd. with Fr. haut, Hurler, etc. This remark is due to Professor Max Miiller, who has worked it out in detail in the Zeitschrift fiir vergleichende Sprachforschung (v. 11-24: •iiber deutsche Schattirung romanischer Worte'). In my Historical Grammar (Engl. ed. 1869) I rejected Professor Max Miiller's theory, but I now believe it to be entirely correct. — Der. envahisseni, envah- issement. ENVELOPPER, va. to wrap up. See develop- per. — Der, enveloppe (verbal subst.). ENVENIMER, va. to envenom. See venin. ENVERGUER, va. to bend (sails). See ver- gue. — Der. tnvergwxt (the bending of sails, thence metaph. the unfolding of birds' wings). ENVERS, sm. the reverse, wrong side (of Stuffs); from L. inversus. For in. = en see en. Envers is a doublet of inverse, q. v. ENVERS, prep, towards ; from L. en and vers, q. v. ENVI, prep, in emulation of. For etymology of this word see renvier. EN VIE, sf. envy, desire; from L. invidia. For in = en see en ; for loss of d see ac- cabler. — Der. enviev. ENVIER, va. to envy. See envie. — Der. en- wable, envieux. ENVIRON, adv. about. See virer.—Der. en- vironner. ENVISAGER, va. to look at, consider. See visage. ENVOI, sm. a sending, parcel. See envoyer. ENVOLER (S'), vpr. to fly away. See en and voter. ENVOOTER, va. to enchant (by melting etc. a wax figure) ; originally envolter, from medieval L. invultudre*, i. e. to make a waxen face, deriv. of vultus. For loss of ii see § 52; for a = e see §54; for in = en see en; for iil = o/ = Ott see agneau. — Der. envotkemcnt. ENVOYER, va. to send ; formerly enveier, originally entveier, from L. indSviare*. For inde = ent = en see en ; for viare = voyer (by change of i to oi) see boire. — Der. envoi (verbal subst.), xenvoyer. £pacte, sf. the epact; from L. epactae. EPAGNEUL, sm. a spaniel ; in Montaigne espagneul, in Rabelais espagnol. Avec une demi-douzaine d'espagnols, et deux levriers, vous voila roy des perdrix et lievres pour tout cet hyver, says Gargantua, i. 12. This breed coming from Spain got the name of chiens espagnols, or, as is now said, chiens epagneuls. For o = eu see § 79 ; for e$p=iep see Hist. Gram. p. 81. £pag- neul is a doublet of espagnol, q. v. EPAIS, adj. thick ; formerly espais, originally espois, from L. spissus. For i = o/ see boire; for oi = at see § 62; for sp = esp = ip see Hist. Gram. p. 78. — Der. epais- sir, epa/sseur, epct/ssissement. EPANCHER, va. to pour out ; formerly es- pancher, from L. expandicare * (deriv. of expandere. Expandicdre, contrd. re- gularly (see § 52) into expand'care, be- comes epancher. For x = s see ajouter; for es = e see Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; for dc = c see § 168 ; for e = cA see § 126; for a = e see § 54. — Der. epanchemtnX. EPANDRE, va. to spread; ioxmexXy espandre , from L. expanders. For regular loss of penult, e see § 51; for ex = es see ajouter ; for es = e' see Hist. Gram, p. 81. — Der. re- fandre. EPANOUIR, va. to expand, smoothen ; for- merly espanouir, developed from O. Fr. espanir from espandir, which from L. ex- pandere. For expandere = expandere see courir ; for ex = es = e see ajouter ; for e = t see § 59. — Der. epanouissement. EPARGNER, va. to spare. Origin unknown. — Der. epargne (verbal subst.). EPARPILLER, va. to scatter, disperse ; for- merly esparpiller, properly, in the middle ages, to scatter, fly off like a butterfly. Esparpiller is compd. of ex and the radical parpille *, which answers to L. papilio. For addition of r see chanvre. This ety- mology is fully proved by It. sparpagliare, similarly formed from parpaglione ; and Prov. esfarfalha ixom falfalla. — Der. epar- pillexxient. EPARS, adj. scattered, straggling ; formerly es- pars, from L. sparsus. For 8p = esp = ep see Hist. Gram. p. 78. E PATER, va. to break off the foot (of a glass). See palte. EPAULE, sf. a shoulder; formerly espaule, originally espalle, from L. spatula (used ^PA VE — Episode. -^35 by Apicius). Spatula, contrd. regularly into spat'la (see able and § 51), becomes espalle by assimilation of tl into // (see § 168), and by sp = esp (see Hist. Gram. p. 78). Espalle then becomes espaule by al = au (see agneau); lastly epaule by loss of s (see Hist. Gram. p. 81). Epaule is a doublet of spatule, q. v. — Der. epaulet, epaulement, epaulette. EPAVE, adj. stray, sf. a waif; formerly es- pave, a word now applied only to things lost, though still used, in some legal phrases, of animals, aszm cheval epave. In O.Fr. epave was only applied to animals, not to things. Espave comes from L, expavidus, i. e. frightened, then running away, strayed. For ex = e5 = e see aj outer and Hist, Gram, p. 8 1 ; for loss of two last atonic syllables see Hist. Gram. p. 34. EPEAUTRE, sm, spelt, bearded wheat ; for- merly espeautre, Sp. espelta. It. spelta, from L. spelta. For s-p = esp = ep see Hist. Gram. p. 78 ; for el = eal see eau ; for eal = eau see agneau; for intercalation of r see chanvre. EPEE, sf. a sword ; formerly espee, originally spede, It. spada, from L. spatha (Tacitus). For sip = esp = ep see Hist. Gram. p. 78; for ata = ee see § 201, Spee is a doublet of spathe, espade, EPELER, va. to spell ; formerly espeler (meaning in the middle ages to explain, enunciate generally), a word of Germ, origin, O. H. G. spellun. — Der. epellation. EPERDU, adj. distracted. See perdu. EPERLAN, sm. a sprat, smelt ; formerly es- perlan, originally esperlanc, from Germ. spierling. For sp = esp = ep see Hist. Gram. . p. 78- EPERON, sm. a spur ; formerly esperon, es- poron, from O. H. G. sporon. For sp = esp — ep see Hist. Gram. p. 78. — Der. eperonner. EPERVIER, sm. a sparrow-hawk; formerly espervier, Prov. esparvier, It. sparviere, from O. H. G. sparvari. For sp = esp = ep see Hist. Gram. p. 78. fiph61ide, sf. a freckle; from L. epheli- dem. !fiph.6m5re, adj. ephemeral ; from Gr. I<^^- lifpos. ;fiphem§rides, sf. pi. ephemerides, journal ; from L. ephemeridem. EPI, SOT. an ear (of corn), spike ; formerly espi, from L. spicus * (a masc. form of spica). For sp = esp = ep see Hist. Gram. p. 78 ; for icu8 = i see § 212. EPICE. sf. spice, pi. sweetmeats; formerly espice, from L. species (used for spice in the Digest, de Publicanis et vectigalibus : ' species pertinentes ad vectigal, cinna- monum, piper longum.' For sp = esp =: ep see Hist. Gram. p. 78; fore = zsee § 59. Epice is a doublet of espece, q. v. — Der, epicier, epicene, epicet. !]6pid6inie, sf. an epidemic ; from Gr. km^fxios, sc. voaos. — Der. epidemiqae. !]6pideniique, adj. epidemic See epidemic. Ifipiderme, sm. epidermis, cuticle ; from L. epidermis. EPIER, va. to spy ; formerly espier. It. spiare, a word of Germ origin, Engl, to spy, O. H. G. spehen. For sp = esp = ep see Hist. Gram. p. 78. EPIEU, sw. a boar-spear; formerly espieu, originally espiel, from L. spiculum. For regular contr. into spic'lum see § 51. For sp = esp = ep see esperer ; for cl = il see abeille ; for espiel = espieu see agneau. Epigrammatique, adj. epigrammatic ; from L. epigrammaticus. ifipigramme, sf. an epigram; from L. epigramma. ifipigraphe, sf an epigraph; from Gr. I7ri7pa077. i^pilepsie, sf. epilepsy; from L, epilepsia. ifipileptique, a^'. epileptic ; from L. epi- lepticus. ifipiler, va. to depilate, strip of hair; from L.epilare.deriv. of pilus. — Der. epihto'ire. Epilogue, sm. an epilogue; from L. epilo- gus. — Der. epiloguex. EPINARD, sm. spinach. See epine. EPINE, sf. a thorn ; formerly espine, from L. spina. For 8jp = esp = €p see Hist. Gram, p. 78. — Der. epineux, epinoche, epinihre, epimxA (so called from the thorn-shaped dents in its calyx), epine-vinette. t Epinette, sf. a spinet ; in the l6th cent. espinette, from It. spinnetla. EPINGLE, sf. a pin : formerly espingle, from L. spiniila, properly a little thorn. For regular contr. into spin'la see able and § 51; for n'l = ngl see absotidre ; for sp = esp = ep see Hist. Gram. p. 78. Epingle is a doublet of spinule. — Der. epinglette, epingler. EPINOCHE, sm. a stickleback. See epine. Epique. adj. epic ; from L. epicus. ifipiscopal, adj. episcopal; from L. epi- scopalis. ifipiscopat, SOT. the episcopate; from L. episcopatus. Its doublet is eveche, q. v, ifipisode, SOT. an episode ; from Gr. kmiff- udiov. — Der. episodiqne. 136 Spispastique — EquitjE. ifipispastique, adj. (Med.) epispastic; from Gr. (manaaTiKot. fePISSER, va. to splice ; formerly espisser, word of Germ, origin, Engl, to splice. — Der. epissoire, epissmc. fipistolaire, arf/. epistolary ; from L. epi- st Claris. Its doublet is epistolier. ifipitaphe, sm. an epitaph; from L. epi- taphium. iJ^pithalame, sm. a marriage song; from L. epithalamium. ]]@pithdte, sm. an epithet; from L. epi- thetum, used by Macrobius. Epitome, sm. an epitome; from L. epitome. EPITRE, sf. an epistle, letter; formerly epistre ; originally epistle, from L. episto- la. For regular contr. into epist'la see §51; for 1 = r see apotre ; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. ;fipizootie, sf. distemper; from Gr, inl and ^wov. — Der. epizootique. EPLORE, adj. weeping. See pleurer. EPLOYE, adj. spread (eagle) ; from L. expli- catus. For changes see ployer; for -atus = -^' see §201. Eploye \sz6.o\ih\tloi explique. EPLUCHER, va. to pick, examine closely; formerly esplucher, espelucher. See peluche. — Der. epluchsige, epluchement, epluchenr, epluchoir, epluchure. EPOINTER, va. to break the point off. See ^ pointe. EFOIS, sm. branches (of horns) ; formerly espois, from O. H. G. spiz, a pointed piece of wood, whence the pointed antlers of the stag. For sp = esp = ep see Hist. Gram, p. 78 ; for i = oi see boire. EPONGE, sf. a sponge; formerly esponge, from L. spongia. For 8p = esp = ep see Hist. Gram. p. 78. — Der. eponge.r. ;fipop6e, sm. an epopee ; from Gr. eiroiroiia. ^poque, sf. an epoch ; from Gr. eiroxv- EPOUSER, va. to espouse, marry; formerly espouser, originally esposer. It. sposare, from L. sponsare (used in the Digest). For ns = s see atne ; for sp = esp = ep see Hist. Gram. p. 78; for o = ow see affouage. EPOUSSETER, va. to dust. See ponssiere. — Der. epoussete. EPOUVANTER, ra. to scare, frighten; for- merly espouvanter, originally espaventer. It. spaventare, from L. expaventare (deriv. of expaventem, p. p. of expavere). For ex=es = e see ajouter and Hist. Gram, p. 78 ; a = ou and e = a are peculiar changes which have taken place since the word be- came French. — Der. epouvante (verbal subst.), epouvantzWt, epouvantzW. EPOUX, sm. a spouse, husband; from L. sponsus. For changes see ipouser, — Der. e.pousziWts, ^pouseur. EPREINDRE, va. to express, squeeze out ; from L. exprimere. For primere =prein- dre see empreindre. Epreindre is a doublet of exprimer, q. v. — Der. epreinte (verbal Subst.). EPRENDRE (S'), vpr. to become enamoured. See prendre. — Der. epris. EPREUVE, sf. a trial, proof. See eprouver. EPROUVER, va. to try. See prouver.—Dtx. ^preuve (verbal subst.), eprouvette. EPUISER, va. to exhaust. See puiser. — Der. epuisemtnt, epuisMe, inepw/sable. EPURER, va. to purify. See pur.— Dei. epure (verbal subst.), epur&tion. EQUARRIR, va. to quarry, cut into an equerre, q. V. — Der. equarriss&ge, equarrisseuT. Ifiquateur, sm. the equator; from L. ae- quatorem * (i. e. a circle dividing the earth into two equal parts). — Der. equaiona\. ifiquatorial, adj. equatorial. See equateur. Equation, sf. an equation; from L. aequa- tionem. EQUERRE, sf. a square (instrument); formerly esquerre, originally esquarre, verbal subst. of a type esquarrerer * , answering to L. exquadrare *, whence the name equerre for the instrument which enables us to draw right angles. Squerre is a doublet oi square, escadre, q. v. Exquadrare * produces es- quarrer* by ex ==65, see ajouter; by es = e, see Hist. Gram. p. 81; by dr = rr, see § 168. — Der. equarrh (formerly esquarrir, from esquarre, O. Fr. form of equarre). ^questre, adj. equestrian ; from L. eques- tris. ifiquidistant, adj. equidistant; from L. aequidistantem. ;fiquilat6ral, adj. equilateral; from L. ae- quilateralis. Ifiquilibre, sm. equilibrium ; from L. aequi- librium. — Der. equilibrtr. ifiquinoxe, sm. the equinox; from L. ae- quinoctium. — Der. e'y7««o»ial. EQUIPER, va. to equip, fit out (a ship), purvey (generally). Equiper, O. Fr. esquiper, to rig a ship, is from Goth. skip. For sq = esq = eq see Hist. Gram. p. 78. — Der. equips (verbal subst.), equipage, equipee, equipement. Ifiquipollent, stn. an equivalent ; from L. equipoUentem. — Der. equipollence. ifiquitation, sf. horsemanship: from L. equitationem. Equity, sf. equity ; from L. aequitatem. — I Der. equitable. Equivalent — escient. ^31 Equivalent, sm. the equivalent; from L. aequivalentem. — Der. equivalence. ilfiquivaloir, vn. to be equivalent; from L. aequivalere. See valoir. iSquivoque, adj. equivocal ; from L. aequi- vocus. — Der. equivoquer. ERABLE, sm. the maple; formerly erabre, erarbrejxom L. acer and arbor. For arbor = arbre see arbre; for acer = ac'r see § 5 2 ; for cr = r see benir and § 168; for a = e see § 54. Erabre becomes erable by chang- ing r into /, see a^itel. 6RAFLER, vn. to graze. See rafle.—Dtr. eraflme. ERAILLER, va. to fray, fret; O. Fr. esrailler, from L. exrallare*, properly to heat by friction, der. from rallum, a scraper. For ex = es = e see Hist. Gram. p. 78. — Der. eraille- ment, eraillnre. Ere, sf. an era; from L. aera. Ifirectile, adj. erectile; from L. erectilis*. !!Srection, sf. an erection, raising ; from L. erectionem. EREINTER, va. to break the back of, tire out. See rein. ifir^sipdlCj sm. erysipelas. See erysipele. ERGOT, sm. spur (of a bird). Origin un- known. — Der. ergo(e. Ergoter, vn. to quibble, weary a disputant with syllogisms; der. from L. ergo, sign of the conclusion in syllogism. — Der. ergotcui. ifiriger, va. to erect; from L. erigere. ERMITE, sm. a hermit; from L. eremita. j For loss of e see § 52. — Der. ermitage. Erosion, sf. erosion ; from L. erosionem. Erotique, adj. erotic: from L. eroticus. + Errata, sm.pl. errata; a Lat. word. Erratique, arf/. erratic; from L. erraticus. ERREMENTS, sm. track, way, manner; from O. Fr. errer, to travel, which remains in verbal subst. erre, and in the knightly word errant. Errer, Prov. edrar, is from L. iterare* (to travel, from iter), contrd. regularly into it'rare, see § 52. For tr = rr see § 168 ; for i = e see mettre. ERREUR, sm. an error, wandering ; from L. errorem. See accueillir. Erron6, adj. erroneous; from L. erroneus. jfiruetation, sf. eructation, belching ; from L. eructationem. ifirudit, adj. erudite; from L. eruditus. Erudition, sf erudition; from L. erudi- tionem, ifirugineux, adj. (Med.) eruginous ; from L. aeruginosus. Erysipdle, sm, erysipelas; from L. erysi- pelas. ES, contr. of en les (enls, then ens, whence es, by regular reduction of ns to s, see aine). Es {en les) has left some few traces in the language, as in the phrases maitre es arts, docteur es sciences, es mains, Saint-Pierre es liens, etc. ESCABEAU, sm. a stool ; from L. scabellum. For sc = esc see Hist. Gram. p. 78 ; for elluni = eaM see agneau. t Escadre, sf. a squadron; introd. from It. squadra. Its doublet is equerre, q. v. t Escadron, sm. a squadron (of cavalry) ; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. squadrone. + Escalade, s/. escalade, scaling (of walls); introd. in 16th cent, from It. scalata Der. escalader. t Escale, 5/ putting in (naval) ; from It. scala. Its doublet is echelle, q. v. tEacalier, sm. a staircase; from Prov. escalier, which from L. scalarium,* deriv. of scala. Its doublet is echalier. tEscamoter, va. to juggle; from Sp. escamotar. — Der. escamotsige, escamottuT. "Y Escamper, vn. to scamper off, decamp ; from It. scampare, whence the phrase prendre la poudre c?'escampette. t Escapade, sf an escapade, frolic; from It. scappata. Its doublet is echappee. ESCARBOT, sm. a stag-horn beetle ; dim. of a type escarbe*, answering to L. scara- baeus. Scarabaeus is contrd. to scar'- baeus (see § 52), whence escarbot. For BG = esc see Hist. Gram. p. 78; and for addition of o^ see chabot. ESCARBOUCLE, 5/. a carbuncle; from L. carbunculus, with prosthesis of s. Ex- carbunculus loses its u, see § 51. For nc — c see coque ; for u = ou see accouder. Escarboucle is a doublet of carboucle. ESCARCELLE, sf a purse. See echarpe. ESCARGOT, sm. an edible snail ; originally escargol, from ex and the root cargo}, answering to Sp. caracol and It. caragollo. Origin unknown. t Escarmouche, sf. a skirmish; from It. scaramuccia. t Escarpe, s/". a scarp, escarpment ; from It. Scarpa. It is a doublet of echarpe, q.v. — Der. escarper, escarpment, contrescarpe. + Escarpin, sm. a pump (shoe) ; from It. scarpino. tEscarpolette, sf a swing; from It. scarpoletta. Escarre, sf. (Med.) a slought (of a wound) ; better written escharre, from L. eschara. Escient, sm. knowledge; from L. scientem. For so = es see Hist. Gram. p. 78. 138 ESCLA NDRE — ESQUILLE, ESCLANDRE, sm. a scandal; formerly es- candle, from L. soandalvun. So&nd&- luxn, regularly contrd. (see § 51), be- comes scandlvim, whence O. Fr. escandle. For sc = esc see Hist. Gram, p, 78 ; then esclandre by intercalation of /, which is un- common ; for dl = dr (see apotre). Esclan- dre is a doublet of scandale, q. v. ESCLA VE, sm. a slave; in lOth cent, sclavus, in 9th cent, slavus, a word which rightly means a Slavonian, and was originally applied only to Charlemagne's Slavonian prisoners, who were reduced to slavery. After the loth cent, the word sclavus takes the general sense of slave, without distinction of nationality. For -bo\ = -escl see Hist. Gram. p. 78, Esclave is a doublet of slave. — Der. esclavage. Escobarderie, sf. subterfuge, shuffle ; of hist, origin, see § 33 , meaning to use Escobar's reticence. Escobar was a Spanish casuist immortalized in Pascal's Provincial Letters. ESCOGRIFFE, sm. a sharper. Origin un- known. + Escompter, va. to discount; from It. scontare. — Der. escompte (verbal subst.). + Escopette, sf. a carbine; from It. schioppetto. fEscorte, sf. an escort; from It. scoria. — Der. escorter. tEscouade, /. a squad, i6th cent. escouadre and scouadre, from It. squadra. It is a doublet of escadre and equerre, q. v. ESCOURGEE, sf. a scourge; from L. ex- oonigiata *. Excorrigidta, contrd. regularly (see § 52), becomes escourgee. For ex = es see ajouter; for o = ou see affouage ; for -ata = -e« see § 201. ESCOURGEON, sm. winter barley. Origin unknown. ESCOUSSE, sf. a run (before leaping) ; from L. excussa*. — Der. rescousse. t Esc rimer, vn. to fence ; from It. scher- m^re. — Der. escrime (verbal subst.). , +Escroc, sm. a swindler ; from It. scrocco. — Der. escroquer, escroqueur, escroqutx\e. ESPACE, sm. a space ; from L, spatium. For 8p = esp see Hist. Gram. p. 78 ; for ti = c see agencer. — Der. espacei, espacement. i'Espadon, sm. a sword, sword-fish ; from It. spadone. fEspagnolette, ./. baize; introd. in 17th cent, from It, spagnoletta. tEspalier, sm. a fruit-wall; from It. spalliere. ESPECE, sf. a kind; from L, species. For sp = esp see Hist. Gram. p. 78. Espece is a doublet of epice, q, v, ESP^RER, vn. to hope; from L. sperare. To the initial sounds sc (scribere), sm (smaragdus), sp (sperare), st (status), which were hard to pronounce, the Roman people early prefixed the letter i to divide the two consonants in pronunciation. As early as the 4th cent, we find in Roman in- scriptions ispatium for spatium, istare for stare, istatua for statua, ispiritu for spiritu, istabilis for stabilis, isma- ragdus for smaragdus. This i soon be- came e (see mettre), and in the 5th cent, we find in Christian inscriptions the forms , estatua, espatium ; in Merov. Diplomas; especiem, esperare, estudium. This I change of sc into esc, sm into esm, sp into , esp, st into est, went on in Fr. in suchj words as spatium, espace. Since the i6th cent, many of these words have been again j modified by loss of the s, see Hist, Gram. J p, 80, and the suppression is marked by the ; acute accent on the initial e, as in statu m^i etat. Even farther, a false assimilation led to the prefixing of e before words which had no Latin s ; thus c orticem, ecorce ; car- bunculus, escarboucle, etc.— Der. esper- ance, d6sesperer. Espidgle, adj. frolicsome ; of hist, origin, see § 33, £s/)zeg'/e isa wordof the l6th cent., at which time a very popular German tale (Eulenspiegel) was translated and introduced into Fr. under the title of ' L' Histoife joyeuse de Till Ulespi^gle.' In this story the hero performs a number of waggeries and tricks. This ' Histoire de Tiel Ules- piegle,' or, as it was written, * Histoire de I'Espiegle,' soon became popular, and the word espiegle became a name for a tricky, mischievous spirit. — Der, espiegleiie. fEspion, sm. a spy; from It. spione. — Der. espionner, espionnage. t Esplanade, sf. an esplanade. In Montaigne splanade, from It, splanata. ESPOIR, sm. hope ; from L. speres *. For sp = ^s/> see esperer ; for e = oi see § 61. fEsponton, sm. a spontoon; from It. spunlona. ESPRIT, sm. spirit; from L. spiritus, by displacing the Lat. accent (spiritus for spiritus) and by sp = esp, see esperer ; for loss of i see § 52. Esprit is a doublet of spirite. ESQUIF, sm. a skiff; from O. H. G. sMf For sli = esq see esperer. ESQUILLE, sf. a splinter ; from L. schidu- ESQ UINA NCIE — S TA BLIR . 139 lae*, dim, of schidiae, splinters of wood, by the regular contr. (see § 51) into schid'- lae. For dl=:// see §168; for sch. = sc — esq see esperer and Hist. Gram, p. 63. fEsquinancie, &f. the quinsey. i6th cent, sqninancie, from It. schinanzia. fEsquisse, sf. a sketch; from It.schizzo. — Der. esquisser. ESQUIVER, va. to evade (a blow), avoid ; from O. H. G. skiuhan. ESSAI, sm. a. trial ; from L. exagium, weigh- ing, a trial of exact weight. For :s. = ss see aisselle ; for -agivim = -a« see allier. — Der. essay&r, essayeuv. ESSAIM, sm. a swarm; from L. examen. For x = ss see aisselle; for -amen = -aim see airain. Essaim is a doublet of examen. — Der. essaimer. ESSARTER, va. to grub up; from L. ex- saritare *, a frequent., der. from ex- saritum, p. p. of ex-sarire. Exsari- tare becomes essarter by regular fall of i, see § 52; by xs = ss, see aisselle. — Der. essartenitxii. ESSAYER, va. to essay. See essai. Essence, sf. essence; from L. essentia. Essential, adj. essential; from L. essenti- alis, in Isidore of Seville. ESSIEU, sm. an axle-tree ; in Amyot aissieu, in Montaigne aixieu, from L. axicvilus. For Sb = ai = e see § 54; for x = ss see aisselle ; for iculus = ieu see epieti. ESSOR, sm. flight (of birds). See essorer. ESSORER, va.to soar; from L. exaurare*, deriv. of aura. For :s. = ss see aisselle ; for au = o see alouette. Essorer in O. Fr. meant to balance in air, soar, whence verbal subst. essor. ESSORILLER, va. to crop ears (of dogs); from L, exauriculare *, der. from auri- cula. For regular contr. of exaxu-icu- Idre into exauriclare see § 52; for X = ss see aisselle ; for au = see alouette ; for cl = il see abeille, ESSOUFFLER, va. to put out of breath. See souffier. ESSUYER, va. to wipe, wipe away. It. as- ciugare, from L. exsuccare. Exsuccare, reducing cc to c (see bee), becomes exsu- (c)are, thence essnyer. For xs=ss see aisselle ; for loss of medial c see affouage. Essuyer is a doublet of essucquer.—T)Qx. essui (verbal subst.). EST, sm. the east ; of Germ, origin, Germ. qst, Engl. east. + Estacade, sf. a stockade ; from It. stoccata. t Estafette, sf. an express; from It. sta^etta. + Estafier, sm. a tall footman; from It. staffiere. t Estafilade, sf. a gash; from It. staffilata. Estaminet, sm. a smoking-room. Origin unknown. f Estampe, sf. a print, stamp; from It. stampa. — Der. estampxWt. fEstamper, va. to print, stamp; from It. stampare. Estampille, sf. a stamp. See estampe. ESTER, vn. (Legal) to appear (in court) ; from L. stare. For st — est see esperer. Esth6tique, adj. aesthetic; from Gr. ai- adrjTiKos. Estimation, s/. esteem ; from L. aestima- tionem. — Der. estimateur, estimatif. Estimer, va. to esteem ; from L. aesti- mare. — Der. estime (verbal subst.), estim- able, vcxQiestimer, mesestime. ESTOC, swz. (l) a stick, (2) a sword. It. stocco, from Germ, stock. For st = est see esperer. t Estocade, sf. a stockade; from It. stoc- cata. ESTOMAC, sm. a stomach ; from L. stoma- ch.us. FoT 8t = est see esperer. fEstompe, sf. a stump; from Germ. stumpf. fEstrade, sf. a route; from It. strada, whence the phrase battre Vestrade. Its doublet is estree. fEstrade, /. a platform ; from It. strata. ESTRAGON, sm. (Bot.) tarragon ; corruption of L. draconem (primitive of dracuncu- lus) with prefix ex. For Fr. words which spring from corruption see § 172. tEstram.a90n, sm. a two-edged sword ; from It. stramazzone. fEstrapade, sf. a strappado; from It. strappata. fEstropier, va. to cripple, maim; from It. stroppiare. Estuaire, sm. an estuary; from L. aestu- arium. Its doublet is O. Fr. eV/er. ESTURGEON, sm. a sturgeon. Sp. esturion, medieval Lat. sturionem. Sturio is de- rived from O. H. G. sturio. For st = est see esperer; for io = jo =geo see abreger. ET, conj. and ; from L. et. ETABLE, sf. a stable ; formerly estable, from L. stdbulum. For loss of u see § 51 ; for &t — est = et see esperer and Hist. Gram. p. 81. ETABLIR, va. to establish ; formerly establir, from L. stabilire. Stabilire, contrd. regularly (see § 52) into stab'lire, becomes 140 ^ TA GE — ETERNUER, etablir. For st = «/■=<?/ see esperer and Hist. Gram. p. 8l. — Der. elabli (verbal subst.), etablissement. £TAGE, sm. a story (of a house) ; formerly estage, Prov. eslatge, from L. staticum* (properly a place where one establishes oneself), deriv. of status. Staticum in- dicates the state or order of the rooms of a house. For -aticum == -o^^ see age; for st = est = <f/ see esperer and Hist. Gram, p. 81. Elage is a doublet of stage, q. v. — Der. etagtr, etaghre. £TAI, stn. stay, support; formerly estay, word of Germ, origin, Flem. staeye. — Der. etaytx. £TAIM, sm. fine carded wool ; formerly estaim, from L. stamen. For -amen = -aim see airain; for at=^est=et see esperer and Hist. Gram. p. 81, 6TAIN, sm. tin, pewter ; formerly estain. It. stagno, from L. stagnum* (archaic form of stannum*). For sX = e&t = et see esperer and Hist, Gram. p. 81 ; for gn = m see § 131. — Der. etamtx (from etain, like veni- meux from venin). ETAL, sm. a stall, butcher's shop ; formerly estal. It. stallo, word of Germ, origin, O. H. G. stal, Engl, stall. Etal is a doublet of stalle, q. v. — Der. etaler, detaler (to gather in one's goods and be gone). ETALER, va. to expose for sale. See etal. — Der. etalige, etahgiste. ETALON, sm. a stallion; formerly estalon, It. Stallone (a horse kept in the stall, and not worked). It. Stallone is derived from L. stalla, similarly the Fr. estalon is from medieval L. btallum. For s,X, = est = et see esperer and Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; for addition of suffix on see aiglon. Stallum is O.H.G. stall. The certainty of this etymology is proved by the Germanic Laws, in which we find 'equus ad stallum,' for a stallion. The Lex Wisigothoruni, viii. 4, has ' qui alie- num animal aut quemcumqae quadrupedem qui ad stallum servatur, castraverit.* ETALON, sjn. a standard (measure) ; for- merly estalon, in Low Lat. stallonem, from O. H. G. stihil, a stick (measure). For st = est = et see esperer and Hist. Gram. p. 8 1 . ETAMER, va. to tin. See etain.— Det. etamage, etamtnr. ETAMINE, sf. stamin, bolting - cloth ; for- merly estamine, from estame, which from L. stamen. For 8t = est =et see esperer and Hist. Gram. p. 81. ETAMINE, sf. a stamen ; from L, stamina. For st = est = et see esperer and Hist. Grifai. p. 81. fiTANCHER, va. to stanch. Origin unknown. ETANCON, sm. a stanchion ; formerly estanfon, from O. Fr. estance, which from L. stantia* (that which stands upright). For st = est = et see esperer and Hist. Gram. p. 8 1 ; ior -%iQ. = -ce stt agencer. — Der. etanfonner. ETANG, sm. a pond, pool, O. Fr. estang, from L. stagnum. For st = est =et see esperer and Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; for gn = «^, as in pugnus, poing, etc., see Hist. Gram. _ P- 77. ETAPE, sf. rations, halting-place; formerly estaple, = a warehouse full of necessaries of life (so used even by Montesquieu), then specially a dep6t of food for troops on march; and lastly the place where troops halt. Etaple, in medieval Lat. stapula, is of Germ, origin, Flem. stapel. Stdpula, regularly contrd. (§ 51) hito stap'la, be- comes estaple, then estape, etape. For st = est = et see esperer and Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; for loss of 1 see able. ETAT, sm. state, condition; formerly estat, from L. status. For st = est =et see esperer and Hist. Gram. p. 81. ETAU, sm. a vice ; formerly estau, from Germ, stock, in the Germ, compd. schraub- stock. For st = est = et see espdrer and Hist. Gram. p. 81. ETAYER, va. to stay, shore up. See etai. — Der. etayement. ETE, p.p. V. subst. been. See etre. ETE, sm. summer; formerly este, from L. aestatem. For ae = e see § 103; for -atem = -e see § 230; for loss of s see Hist. Gram, p. 81. ETEINDRE, va. to extinguish; formerly esteindre, from L, exstinguere. Ex- stinguere becomes exstinggre, then ex- sting're (see § 51), whence exstin're ; whence esteindre by intercalation of d (see Hist, Gram, p, 73), lastly eteindre by loss of s (see Hist, Gram. p. 81). — Der. eleignoxx. ETENDARD, sm. a standard, flag; der. with suffix -ard from L. extendere. For changes see etendre. ETENDRE, va. to extend, stretch forth; formerly estendre, from L, extendere. For ex. = es = e see ajouter and Hist. Gram, p. 8 1 ; for tendere = tendre see tendre, — Der, etendue (partic, subst.). ^ternel, adj. eternal; from L. aeternalis. ifiternit^, s/". eternity; from L. aeterni- tatem, — Der, eternher. ETERNUER, vn. to sneeze ; formerly estern- uer, from L. sternutare. For loss of medial t see abbaye; for at = est =et see tTEVLE — ETRE. T4I esperer and Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. eternuen\&n\.. ETEULE, sf. stubble ; formerly estenle, origi- nally estuble, from L. stiptQa. Stipilla, regularly contrd. (see § 51) into stip'la, becomes estuble. For st = est =^et see es- perer and Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; for p = 6 see abeille. Estuble, by changing bl into ul (see aurone and alouette), becomes estule, whence esteule by changing u into eu (see beugler), then eteule by loss of s (see Hist. Gram. p. 81). Eteule is a doublet of stipule, q. v. :fither, sm. the aether; from L. aether. — Der. ethere. Ifithique, adj. ethical; from L. ethica. Ethnique, adj. ethnical ; from L. ethnicus. Ethnographie, sf. ethnography; from Gr. eOvos and ypdcpeiv. — Der. ethnographique, ethnographe. ETIAGE, sm. low water ; from L. aestirati- cum*, properly summer (i.e. low) level of waters. For loss of medial v see a'ieul ; for loss of s, see Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; for -aticum = -age see age ; for ae = e see , § 103- ETINCELLE, sf. a spark ; formerly estincelle. It. scintilla, from L. scintilla, by trans- position of scintilla into stincilla* (see Hist. Gram. p. 77), whence etincelle. For i = e see mettre; for 8t = est = et see esperer and Hist. Gram. p. 8l. — Der. etinceler (whose doublet is scintiller, q. v.). ETIOLER, va. to emaciate ; from L. stipu- lare. Its doublet is stipuler, q. v. — Der. eV/o/ement. !fitiologie, sf. (Med.) etiology; from Gr. airioXoyia, that part of medicine which treats of causes of disease. ifitique, adj. consumptive, hectic. See hec- tiqne (of which it is a doublet). — Der. eVzsie. Etiquette, sf. a label. Ongin unknown. — Der. etiqjieter. ETOFFE, sf. stuff, cloth ; formeriy estoffe. It. stoffa, from Germ, sioff. — Der. etofftx. ETOILE, sf. a star ; formerly estoile, from L. Stella. For e = ot see § 61; forst = es/ ^ =et see esperer and Hist. Gram. p. 81. ETOLE, sf. a stole ; formerly estole, from L. stola. For st = est = ei see esperer ant^ Hist. Gram. p. 81. ETONNER, va. to astonish ; formerly eston- ner, from L. extonare, compd. of ex and radical tonare, seen in at-tonare. For ex = es see ajouter; for es = e see Hist. . Gram. p. 81. — Der. etonnement. ETOUFFER, va. to stifle ;'^ formerly estouffer, compd. of ex and a radical touffer *, deriv. of Gr. TV(pos, a word which remains in Prov. touffe, and Sp. tttfo. Etouffer is then rightly ' to stifle in vapour.' — Der. etouffee (partic. subst.), etouffemQnt, etouffoix. ETOUPE, sf. tow ; formerly estoupe, from L. stuppa. For st = est = et see esperer and Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; for u = om see § 90 ; for pp=/'see chape. Etoupe is a doublet of eteuf. ETOURDIR, va. to din, deafen; formerly estourdir. It. stordire, from L. extorpi- dire, to make torpidus. Extorpidire, regularly contrd. (see § 52) into extorp'- dire, becomes extordire (for pd — d-see § 168), whence estourdir (for o = ou see affouage; for ex = es see ajouter), lastly etourdir (for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81). — Der. etovrdi, e/o?/rc?issement, etotirderie. ETOURNEAU, sm. a starling ; formerly es- tournel, from L. sturnellus, dim. of sturnus. For st = est =■ et see esperer and Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; foru = OM see §-90; for -ellus = -e/ = -eaw see agneau. ETRANGE, adj. strange ; formerly estrange, from L. extraneus. For ex = es = e see ajouter and Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; for -eus = -ge see abreger. — Der. elrangete, etrange- ment. ETRANGER, adj. strange, sm. a stranger; formerly estranger. It. straniere, from L. extranearius*, der. from extraneus. For extranearius = extraniarius see agencer ; for m=ge see abreger; for other changes see etrange. — Der. etrangeid. ETRANGLER, va. to strangle, throttle; formerly estr angler, from L. strangul^re. For loss of ii see § 52 ; for s,t = est = et see esperer and Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. etranglement. ETRE, V. subst. to be. The Lat. esse being defective borrowed six tenses (fui, fueram, fuero, fuerim, fuissem, forem) from unused fuere. In Fr, etre is composed of three verbs: (l) fuo, whence pret. fus (fui), and subj. fusse (fuissem) ; (2) stare, whence the p.p. ete, O. Fr. este (status) ; (3) esse, whence all other tenses, and specially the inf. pres. Sire, O. Fr. estre. To such defective verbs as velle, posse, offere, inferre, esse, too short to provide the usual infinitives, the vulgar Lat. added a termination re, and thus assimilated them falsely to verbs of the second con- jugation. Thus in the 6th cent, we may 142 ETRSCIR — EVADER. find in Merov. • documents vol ^ re for velle, potere for posse, offerrere for offerre, inferrere for inferre, essere for esse. fissure was regularly contrd. (see § 51) into ess're ; sr became sfr (see accroitre) ; whence estre, now etre; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. This etymology is farther confirmed by the form the verb takes in the other Romance languages, as It. essere, Sp. ser. Port, ser, Prov. esser. If any doubt whether essere ever existed we may reply by producing documentary proofs. In Gruter's Collection of Roman Inscriptions may be read the following epitaph found in Rome in a yth-cent. church, ' Cod estis fui et quod sum essere abetis,' i. e. ' quod estis, fui : et quod sum, esse habetis.' In a series of Carolingian Diplomas we have, A. D. 820, 'quod essere debuissent;' a. d. 821, ' essere de beneficio ;' a.d. 836, ' quod de ista ecclesia Vulfaldo episcopus essere debuisset.' The same suffix re is to be seen in compds. of esse, such as adesse, etc., as e. g. in a Chartulary of a.d, 818, ♦quam ingenuus adessere.' Farther proof is unnecessary. No one now be- lieves that etre is from L. stare. How could stdre (accented on the a) have become etre") And again, how could stare produce, with the other Romance forms, Prov. esser. It. essere, Sp. and Port, serf Lastly, we know exactly that stare has given us the Fr. ester, as in the phrase ester en justice ('stare in justitia '). Ester still remains in certain compds. as rester, re-stare; arreter, ad-re-stare (O. Fr. arrester). ETRECIR, va. to narrow. See itroit.—Der. retrecir, r^^re'cissement. ETREINDRE, va. to bind, tie up ; formerly estreindre, from L. stringere. For st = est = et see esperer and Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; for ingere — eindre see astreindre. — Der. etreinte (verbal subst.). fiTRENNE, sf. first sale, pi. Christmas-box ; formerly estrenne, from L, strena. For st = est — et see espdrer and Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. ^trenner. fiTRIER, sm. a stirrup, properly a leathern strap ; formerly estrier, contr. of estri(v)ier. This form with v remains in etriviere, formerly estriviere. Estrivier * is a deriv. of O. Fr. estrif, which is of Germ, origin, from Germ. strippe, a leathern strap. For st = est = et see esperer and Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; for loss of 1/ see aieul. ^TRILLE, sf. a curry-comb; formerly estrille, from L. strigilis. Strigilis, regularly contrd. into strig'lis, becomes etrille. For st = est = it see esplrer and Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; for gl = j7 sec Hist. Gram. p. 71.— Der. ^/n7/er. fiTRIQUE, adj. scanty. Origin unknown. fiTRIVIERE, sf. a leathern strap. See etrier. fiTROIT, adj. narrow ; formerly estroit, from L. strictus. For Bt = est = it see esperer and Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; for ict = ot7 see at- trait. Etroit is a doublet of strict, q. v. — Der. itroitesse, etr^ck. £TUDE, sf. study ; formerly estude, from L. studiiun. For st = est = it see esperer and Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. etudier, eVwdiant. ETUI, sm. a case, sheath; formerly estui. Prov. esiug, Sp. estuche, a word of Germ, origin, M. H. G. stiiche. For st — est = it see espirer and Hist. Gram. p. 81. ETUVE, sf. a stove ; formerly estuve. Prov. estuba, from medieval Lat. stuba, which from O. H. G. stupa. For st = est = it s^ esperer and Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; for b =v see § 113. — Der. etuvcT, etuv&e (partic. subst.), etuviste. jfitymologie,./. etymology; from L.etymo- logia. — Der. e/?ymo/o^ique, <?'/yr«o/o^iste. EU, p.p. of va. avoir, had; formerly eii, originally aii, avud, from L. habitus (for p. p. in utus see bil). For loss of medial b see aboyer ; for a = e see § 54 ; for utus = u see § 201 ; for loss of initial h. see atelier. Eucharistie, sf. the eucharist ; from L. eucharistia (so used in Cyprian). — Der. eucharistique. Eucologe, sm. euchology ; from Gr. (i/xv and \6yos. Eudiom^tre, sm. an eudiometer ; from Gr. cvSios and ixerpov. Eimuque, sm. an eunuch ; from L. eunu- chus. Eupli6niisnie, sm. an euphemism ; from Gr €V(pr)fj,i(Tfi6s. Euphonie, sf. euphony ; from Gr. cu^an'ta. — Der. et/phonique. Euphorbe, sf. (Bot.) an euphorbia ; from L. euphorbia. EUX, pr. pers. m. pi. they, them ; formerly eus, originally els, from L. illos. For f regular contr. of illos into ill's see Hist. Gram. p. 70 ; for i = « see mettre ; for ils = els = eus see agneau ; for eus = eux see deux. ifivacuation, sf. evacuation; from L. eva- cuationem. !fivacuer,va. to evacuate; fromL. evacuare. ifivader (S'),i'/'r.to escape; fromL. evadere. ^VALUER — EXCELLENT. 143 ifivaluer, va. to value. See valoir. — Der. c'va/wation. ifivangelique, adj. evangelical ; from L. evangelicus. ]6vangeliser, va. to evangelize; from L. evangelizare. ifivangeliste, sm. an evangelist ; from L. evangelista. EVANGILE, sm. the Gospel ; from L. evan- gelium. For e = i see mettre. EVANOUIR, vn. to vanish ; formerly esva- nouir. It. svanire, compd. of L. ex and adj. vanus, unreal, as in the phrases ' vana simualcra,' 'vana imago.* It would be diffi- cult to give the exact relation between the Lat. radical and Fr. deriv. — Der. evanou- issement. Evaporation, sf. evaporation; from L. evaporationem. fivaporer, va. to evaporate ; from L. eva- porare. EVASER, va. to widen. See vase. — Der. evasement. ifivasif, adj. evasive; from L. evasivus*, der. from evasus. See evader. Evasion, s/". evasion; from L. evasionem ( = deliverance, in S. Jerome). EVECHE, sm. a bishopric, bishop's palace. Its doublet is episcopal, q. v. EVEILLER, va. to waken ; formerly esveiller, ■ from L. exvigilare *. For changes see veiller. — Der. eveil (verbal subst.), xeveiller. 't'!fiv6nement, sm. an occurrence, event ; introd. in l6th cent, from It. evenimenio. EVENTAIL, sm. a fan. See eventer.—Der. eventailliste. f;VENTER, va. to fan. See vent.— Der. eventai], eventa.ire, event (verbal subst.). EVENTRER, va. to disembowel. See ventre. Eventuel, adj. eventual; from L. eventu- alis * (from eventus). — Der. eventuality. fevfiQUE, sm. a bishop ; from L. episcopus. For changes see archeveque. — Der. eveche. Aversion, s/l overthrow ; from L. eversi- onem. EVERTUER (S'), vpr. to strive, exert (one- self). See vertu. Eviction, sf. an eviction, ejection ; from L. evictionem. Evidence, s/". evidence ; fromL. evidentia. Evident, adj. evident ; from L. eviden- tern. EVIDER, va. to hollow out. See vide. — Der. evidoxr. lEVIER, sm. a sink ; der. from eve, O. Fr. eau. For etymology see eau. Svier is a doublet of aquarium, and of O. Fr. aiguiere. Evincer, va. to evict, oust ; from L. evin- cere. Eviter, va. to avoid; from L. evitare. — Der. evitzhle. Evocation, sf. evocation, raising (of spirits) ; from L. evocationem. Evolution, sf. evolution; from L. evolu- tionem. Evoquer, va. to evoke ; from L. evocare. — Der. eVocable. Exacerbation, sf exacerbation, embitter- ing; from L. exacerbationem. Exact, adj. exact; from L. exactus. — Der. exactement. Exacteur, stn. an exactor; from L. ex- actorem. Exaction, sf. an exaction ; from L. ex- actionem. Exactitude, sf. exactness; from L. ex- actitudo *, deriv, of exactus. Exag6ration, sf exaggeration ; from L. exaggerationem . — Der. exagerateur. Exag6rer, va. to exaggerate; from L. exaggerare. Exaltation, sf exaltation ; from L. exal- tationem, used for 'pride' in Tertullian. Exalter, va. to exalt ; from L. exaltare. Examen, sm. a survey, examination ; fnom L. examert. Examinateur, sm. an examiner ; from L. examinatorem. Examiner, va. ta examine ; from L. ex- aminare. Exanthdme, sm. exanthema ; from L. ex- anthema. Exasperation, sf. exasperation; from L. exasperationem. Exasp6rer, va. to exasperate, enrage ; from L. exasperare. EXAU^ER, va. to grant, hear favourably (prayers, etc.) ; lit. to exalt, lift up, the peti- tioner, by granting his prayer, from L. exaltiare *, deriv. of altus. For al = au see agneau ; for tiare = cer see agencer. Exauger is a doublet of exhausser, — Der. exaucemeat. Excavation, sf excavation ; from L. exca- vationem. Exc^dant, sm. excess, surplus; from L. excedentem. Exc6der, i/a. to exceed; from L. excedere. Excellemment, adv. excellently. See ex- celhr. Excellence, sf excellence; from L. excel- lentia. Excellent, adj. excellent; from L, ex- cellentem. 144 EXCELLENTISSIME — EXIGENCE, Excellentissime, adj. most excellent; from L, excellentissimus. iBxceller, va. to excel ; from L. excellere. tExcentricit6, sf. eccentricity; re- cently introd. from Engl, eccentricity. tExcentrique, adj. eccentric; recently introd. from Engl, eccentric. Exceptor, ffl. to except; from L. excep- tare. Exception, sf. exception ; from L. excep- tionem. — Der. exceptionntl. Excds, sm. an excess; from L. excessus. — ■ Der. excessM. Exciper, va. to plead an exception (legal) ; from L. excipere. Excision, ^. excision; from L. excisio- nem. Excitable, adj. excitable; from L, excita- bilis. — Der. excitability Excitation, sf. excitement; from L. exci- tationem. — Der. excitatem, excitatii. Exciter, va. to excite; from L. excitare. — Der. excitant. Exclamation, sf. exclamation; from L. exclamation em. — Der. exclamatii. EXCLURE, va. to exclude ; from L, exclu- dere. For changes see conclure. i^j^clusion, sf. exclusion; from L. exclu- sionem. — Der. exclusiL Excommunication, sf excommunication ; from L. excommunicationem. Excommunier, va. to excommunicate; from L. excommunicare. Excr6m.ent, sm. excrement ; from L. ex- crementum. Excretion, sf. excretion; from L. excre- tionem *. EXCROISSANCE, sf. an excrescence; from L. excrescentia*, deriv. of excrescentem, pres. partic. of excreseere. For changes see croissance. Excursion, sf an excursion ; from L. ex- cursionem. Excuse, sf. an excuse. See excuser. — Der. excusMe. Excuser, va. to excuse ; from L. excusare. — Der. excuse (verbal subst.). Execrable, adj. execrable; from L. exe- crabilis. Execration, sf execration ; from L. exe- crationem. Ex6crer, va. to execrate; from L. execrari. Ex§cuter, va. to execute; from L. execu- tare*, der. from executus. — Der. ex- ecutant, executahle. Ex6cuteur, sm. an executor; from L. executorem. Execution, sf an execution; from L. exe- cution em, — Der. ex/cutif. Ex6cutoire, adj. executory; from L. exe- cutorius *, der. of executare. Exegdse, sf exegesis; from Gr. ^-qyijais. — Der. exf'getique. Exemplaire, adj. exemplary; from L. exemplaris (used in theological Lat.). Exemplaire, sm. a copy; from L. exem- plarium (in Arnobius). Exemple, sm. an example; from L. ex- emplum. Exempt, adj. exempt ; from L. exemptus. The sense of ' an officer of police' comes from the fact that under the former French monarchy officers of cavalry were exempt from regular service, and detached to com- maiKi squadrons of horse-police. Exempter, va. to exempt ; from L. exemp- tare *, deriv. of exemptus. Exemption, sf. exemption; from L. ex- emptionem. f Exequatur, sm. an exequatur; a Lat. word = ' let him execute ' (a sentence). Exercer, va. to exercise; from L. exercere. Exercice, sm. an exercise; from L. exer- citium. Exergue, sm. exergue; from Gr. l£ and epyov. Exfoliation, sf exfoliation; from L. ex- foliationem. Exfolier, va. to exfoliate; from L. exfo- liare. Its doublet is effeuiller, q. v. EXHALAISON, sf. an exhalation, expiration ; from exhalationem. For -ationem = -aison see fenaison. Its doublet is exhala- tion, q. V. Exhalation, sf. exhalation; from L. exha- lationem. Its doublet is exhalaison, q. v. Exhaler, va. to exhale; from L. exhalare. EXHAUSSER, va. to raise, run up ; from L. exaltiare *, der. from altus. For al = aM see agneau ; for -tiare = -sser see agencer ; for addition of h see haut. Exhausser is a doublet of exaufer, q. v. Exh6r6der, va. to disinherit ; from L. ex- heredare. — Der. exheredation. Exhiber, va. to exhibit ; from L. exhibere. Exhibition, sf. an exhibition; from L. exhibitionem. Exhortation, sf an exhortation ; from L. exhortationem. Exhorter, va. to exhort ; from L. exhor- tari. Exhumer, va. to exhume; from L. exhu- mare. — Der. exhumztion. Exigence, s/". exigency; from L. exigentia. EXIGER — EXP ULSER . 145 Exiger, va. to exact; from L. exigere. — Der. exig'xhlt. Exigu, adj. scanty ; from L, exiguus. Exiguite, */". scantiness; from L. exigui- tatem. Exil, sm. exile; from L. exilium. — Der. exiU, exiler. Exister, va. to exist; from L. existere. — Der. existence. Exorable, adj. exorable; from L. exor- abilis. Exorbitant, adj. exorbitant; from L. exorbitantem. Exerciser, va. to exorcise; fromL, exor- cizare. Exorcisrae, sm. an exorcism ; from L. exorcismus. Exorde, sm. an exordium ; from L. exor- dium. Exoterique, adj. exoteric ; from L. exote- ricus. Exotique, adj. exotic; from L. exoticus. Expansif, adj. expansive ; from L. expan- sivus *, der. of expansus. Expansion, sf. expansion ; from L. ex- pansionem. Expatrier, va. to expatriate; from L. ex- patriare *, a medieval Lat. word. Expectant, adj. expectant ; from L. expec- tantem. Expectative, adj. expectant ; from L. e x- pectativa *, from L. expectatus. Expectorer, va. to spit; from L. expec- torare *. — Der. expec/oration. Expedient, adj. expedient; from L. ex- pedientem. EXPEDIER, va. to despatch, expedite ; from L. expeditare*, frequent, of expedire. For loss of medial t see abbaye. Exp6diteur, sm. a shipper, sender; from L. expeditorem*. ; Exp6ditif, adj. expeditious; from L. expe- ditivus*, der. from expedire. I Expedition, sf. expedition; from L. expe- ditionem. — Der. expeditionn-dire. Experience, sf. experience; from L. expe- rientia. Experimental, adj. experimental; from ' L. experimentalis *. Experimenter, va. to experience ; from j L. experimentare. |j Expert, ac?/. expert; from L. expertus. — ij Der. expertise. ! Expiation, s/". expiation; from L. expia- 1 tionem. ! Expiatoire, adj. expiatory; from L. ex- piatorius. Expier, va. to expiate; from L. expiare. Expirer, va. to expire ; fromL. exspirare. Expietif, adj. expletive; from L. exple- tivus. Explicatif, adj. explanatory; from L. ex- plicativus *. Explication, sf. an explanation; from L. explicationem. Explicite, adj. explicit; from L. expli- citus. Its doublet is exploit, q. v. Expliquer, va. to explain; from L. expli- care. EXPLOIT, stn. an exploit; verbal subst. of exploiter. Its doublet is explicite, q. v. EXPLOITER, va. to work, cultivate, employ, make the most of. Prov. explectar, from L. explicitare, frequent, of explicare. For change of sense see § 13. Explici- tare, regularly contrd. (see § 52) into explic'tare, becomes exploiter. For let = ait see attrait. — Der. exploit (verbal subst., signifying rightly an act, just as its primi- tive explicare came to mean 'to act'), exploitation. Explorateur, sm. an explorer; from L. exploratorem. Exploration, sf an exploration ; from L. explorationem. Explorer, va. to explore ; from L. explo- rare. Explosion, sf. an explosion ; from L. e x- plosionem. Exporter, va. to export; from L. expor- tare. — Der. exportation, exportateur. Exposer, va. to expose; from L. expau- sare, compd. of pausare. — Der. exposa.nt. Exposition, s/^. exposure; fromL. expo- sitionem. EXPRES, adj. express ; from L. expressus. Its doublet is express, q. v. — Der. expres (adv.). t Express, sm, an express ; recently introd. from Engl, express. Its doublet is expres, q.v. Expressif, adj. expressive; from L. ex- pressivus*, deriv, of expressus. Expression, sf. an expression; from L. expressionem. Exprimer, va. to express; from L. expri- mere. Its doublet is epreindre, q.v. Expropriation, sf expropriation, a taking possession of a debtor's landed property. See exproprier. Exproprier, va. to expropriate; from L. expropriare *. — Der. expropriation. Expulser, va. to expel; from L. expul- sare. L 14^ EXPULSION — FA CILE, XiXpulsion, sf. expulsion; from L. expul- sionem. Sxpurger, va. to purge out ; from L. expurgare. EXQUIS, adj. exquisite ; from L, exquisitus. The accent became misplaced (exqtiisitus for exquisitus), and then the last two syllables, being atonic, were dropped. !Ex8uder, va. to exude; from L. exsu- dare. — Der. exsudiiXion. Bxtase, .«/■. a trance, ecstasy ; from Gr. tK- araais. — Der. exlasier. Extatique, adj. ecstatic; from Gr. I«- CTariKus. XjXtensif, adj. expanding, capable of exten- tension ; from L. extensivus. Extension, s/. extension ; from L. exten- sionem. — Der. extenseur, extens\h]e. Extenuation, sf. extenuation; from L. extenuationem. Ext6nuer, va. to extenuate; from L. ex- tenuare. — Der. extenuation. Ext6rieur, sm. exterior ; from L. exterior. Exterminateur, sm. an exterminator; from L. exterminatorem. Extermination, sf. extermination ; from L. exterminationem. Exterminer, va. to exterminate ; from L. exterminare. Externe, adj. external ; sm. a day scholar ; from L. externus. — Der. exterml. Extinction, /. extinction; from L. ex- tinctionem. Extirpation, sf. extirpation; from L. ex- tirpationem. Extirper, va. to extirpate; from L. ex- tirpare. Extorquer, va. to extort; from L. extor- quere. Extorsion, ./. extortion ; from L. extor- tionem*, der. from extortus. Extraction, sf. extraction ; from L. ex- tractionem*, der. from extractus. Extradition, sf extradition ; frgm L. ex and traditionem. EXTRAIRE, va. to extract ; from L. extra- here. For trahere = ^a/re see traire. — Der. extrait (verbal subst.). Extraordinaire, adj. extraodinary ; from L. extraordinarius, Extravaguer, vn. to rave; from L. ex- travagari *. — Der, extravagance, extrava- gant. Extreme, arf;. extreme ; from L. extremus. — Der. ^«/rew^-onction (see onction). Extr6mit6, sf. extremity ; from L. extrem- itatem, Extrinsdque, a(^'. extrinsic; from L. ex- trinsecus. Exuberance, sf. exuberance; from L. ex- uberantia. Exuberant, adj. exuberant ; from L. ex- uberantem. Exulc6rer, va, to exulcerate; from L, exulcerare. Exutoire, sm. (Med.) an issue; from L, exutorium*, der. from exutus, p.p. of exuere. fEx-voto, sm. a votive offering; from L. ex and voto. F. FABLE, sf. a fable; from L. fdbiila. For regular loss of ■& see § 51. FABLIAU, sm. a fableau, metrical tale ; for- merly also fableau, originally fahlel ; from L. fabul611us *, dim. of fabula. For loss of atonic u see § 52 ; for el = eau see agneau. Fableau has htcome fabliau just as beau becomes biau or epeautre becomes epiautre in certain patois. Eabrique, sf. a fabric, factory; from L. fabrica. Its doublet is /org-e, q: v. — Der. fabriqueT,fabricznt, fabriatioa, fabriczttMX, fabricien. Pabuleux, adj. fabulous ; from L.fabulosus. Fabuliste, sm. a fabulist ; a word framed from L. fabula and the sufSx iste. + Pa9ade, sf. a facade, front; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. facciata. FACE, 5/. a face ; from L. faoies. For ci = c see agencer. — Der. /acette, facex, effacer, surface. Pacetie, sf. facetiousness, joke, jest ; from L. facetia. — Der. /aceV/eux. FACETTE, sf. a facet, face. See face. FACHER, va. to offend, afflict; formerly fascher, from Pro v. fastigar by loss of i (see § 52), whence fast' gar, fas' gar, then fascher. The Prov. fastigar comes iioTdf astig = ennui, and represents L. fas- tidium. — Der. fdcherie, (se) ^kfacher, facheax. Facile, adj. easy, facile; from L. facilis. FA CILITS—FALOT, H7 racilit6, s/. facility; fromL. facilitatem. •)• Faciliter, va. to facilitate; introd. in l6th cent, from It. facilitare. FACON, sf. make, fashion, way, manner; from L. factionem. For ctio = mo = czo = C'o, see agencer. Fafon is a doublet of faction, fashion. — Der. faponneT. Faconde, adj. eloquent; from L. facun- dus. fFac- simile, sm. a facsimile; from L. fac and simile. Facteur, sm. a maker, postman, factor; from L. factor em. — Der./ac/orerie. Factiee, adj. factitious ; from L. facti- cius. Its doublet is fetiche, q. v. Factieux, flf//, factious; from L. factio- sus. Faction, sf. a faction ; from L. factionem. Its doublets are fapon, fashion. Factionnaire, sm. a sentinel, der. from faction in its sense of military service, which from L. factionem. ^Factotum, sm. a. factotum; from L. fac and totum. + Factum, sm. a statement of a case; from L. factum (properly a fact, thing done : then a statement of the facts of a case in law). Its doublet is fait, q. v. Facture, sf. composition, bill; from L. factura. — Der. mznufactzire, manii/ac/wrer. Faculty, 5/1 faculty; from L. facultatem. — Der. facult&tif. FADE, adj. insipid, dull ; from L. vd,pidus (properly flat, savourless, without scent). For regular loss of i see § 51, hence vap'dus, whence fade; for pd = J see Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; for v=/ see § 140. — Der. fadeur, fadaise, fadasse. FAGOT, sm. a fagot. Origin unknown. — Der. fagoteT,fagotm,fagoteur. FAIBLE, adj. weak; formerly /ot'We, from L. flebilis. For regular loss of i see § 51 ; for e = oi = ai see § 61; for loss of the first 1, a result of dissimilation, see § 169. Faible is a doublet of flebile, q. v. — Der. faibhss,t,faihl\x, nffatbliT. t Faience, sf. faience, pottery of glazed earth, first made at Faenza, whence the name. — 'De.r.fa'ienc'xtx, fac'ienctne. FAILLIR, vn. to err, mistake, fail, be near to ; from L fallere. For 11 = ill see ail ; for e = t see § 59. For the change of fallere into fallere see courir. Faillir is a doublet of falloir, q. v. — Der. failli (partic. subst.), faillite, defaillir, faillihle, /ai/Zibilite, in/ai7/ible. FAIM, sf. hunger; from L. fames. For a=ai see § 54. — Der. af/amer, /azmvalle (the origin of valle is unknown). FAINE, sm. a beech-nut ; from L. fagina *. Fagma regularly loses its i (see § 51), hence fag'na, whence faj'na (seejumeau), then faina (for j—i see aider). Fagina becomes faine as vagina becomes gaine. FAINEANT, adj. idle, do-nothing; formerly fait neant, from fait and n^ant. — Der. faineatiter, faineanlise. FAIRE, va. to do, act, effect ; from L. facere. For regular loss of e, fdicere, see § 51 ;' for acr = air see benir. — Der. /a/sant, faiseui, faisable, affaire, hienfaire, contre- faire, dcfaire, iorfaire, ma.]faire, m^faire, xtfaire, snvfaire. FAISAN, sm. a pheasant; from L. phasia- nus. For ph. =/ see coffre ; for a = ai see § 54. — From the old spelling faisant, come faisande, faisandtr (i. e. to give a flavour of high game to), faisanderie, faisandeau. FAISCEAU, sm. a bundle ; from L. fascel- lus*, dim. of fascis. For a, = ai see § 54; for -ellus = -eati see agneau, FAISEUR, sm. a maker, doer. Seefaire. FAIT, sm. a fact, deed; from L. factura. For ct = it see attrait. Its doublet is fac- tum, q. V. FAITE, sm. the top, pinnacle ; formerly /a/s/^, from L. fastigium., by an irregular dis- placement of the tonic accent into fasti- gium, whence faiste by loss of last two atonic syllables; by a = az see § 54, and lastly fatte by loss of s (see Hist. Gram, p. 8 1 ). — Der. faitzgt, fait'ihre. FAIX, sm. a burden ; from L. fascis. For a = ai see § 54 ; for s = « see deux. — Der. s'a.{faisseT (i. e. to bend under a burden), porte/a?*. FALAISE, sm. a cliff; formerly faloize and falize, from O. H. G. felisa, a rock. For- i= oi = ai see §§ 68, 61. Falbala, sm. a furbelow, a word traced back to the 1 7th cent. Origin unknown. Fallace, sf. deception ; from L. fallacia. FallacieUX, adj. fallacious; from L. falla- ciosus. For -osus = -«/x, see § 229. FALLOIR, vn. (impers. irregular), to be necessary, to require, need, ask; properly to fail of, as in the phrase il s'en faut de, etc ; from L. fallere. For fallere becoming failure see accourir ; for e = o/ see § 61. FALOT, sm. a lantern ; formerly fanot, compd. of radical fan * and dim. ot. Fan, ^ is Gr. <pav6s (a lantern). For n = / see aller. L 2 148 FALOURDE — FARFA DET FALOURDE, sf. a bundle of firewood. Origin unknown. Falsification, sf. falsification ; from L. falsificationem *, der, from falsifica- tus. — Der. fahijicateur. Falsifier, va. to falsify; from L. falsifi- care. FALUN, sm. shell-marl. Origin unknown. — Der. faluneTj/alumhre. Fame, sf. renown, fame; from L. fama. FAME, adj. famed ; from L. famatus. For -atU8 = -<*see § 201. Fain6lique, sm. a starveling ; from L. famelicus. FAMEUX, adj. famous, notorious; from L. famosus. For -osus = -c?/x see § 229, Familiariser, va. to familiarise. See familier. Familiarity, sf. familiarity; from L. fa- miliaritatem. Fam.ilier, adj. familiar; from L. famili- ar i s . — Der. familiariser. Fam.ille, sf. a family ; from L. familia. Fam.ine, sf. famine; from L. famina*, barbarous deriv. of fames. i* Fanal, sm. a ship's lantern, beacon ; introd. in l6th cent, from It.fanale. Fanatique, sm. a fanatic; from L. fanati- cus. — Der./ctwa/isme, fanatistx. FANER, va. properly to make hay by" turn- ing the mown grass, whence to dry, wither up; from L. foenare*, deriv. of foenum. For oe =e see § 105 ; for e = a see amender. -.JDex. faifa.gt, fane (verbal subst.), fantMX. FANFARE, sf. a flourish of trumpets. Origin unknown. ■f Fanfaron, adj. and sm. blustering, a blustering fellow, swaggerer ; from Sp. fan- farron. — Der.ya«/aro«nade, fanfaronvitnt. + Fanfreluche, sf. a bauble; from It. fanfaluca. ^ANGE, sf. mud, dirt ; from L, famicem *, whose deriv. famicosus, is found in Festus. Famicem, contrd. regularly into fam'- cem, changes c into g (see juge and ad- juger) and m into n (see changer). FANGEUX, adj. muddy, miry ; from L. fami- cosus. ramic6sus becomes fam'co- sus (see § 52), then fangeux. For G=g see adjuger; for m = M see changer; for -oa\ia = -eux see § 229. FANON, sm. properly a piece of stuff which acts as a kind of flag, thence (by extension) the dewlap of an ox, which hangs down under his throat; of Germ, origin, O. H. G.fano. Fantaisie, sf. imagination, fancy, whim: from Gr. (pavraaia. Fantasmagorie, sf. a phantasmagoria, dissolving-view ; from Gr. (pSLvraa/jia and AyopA. — Der. fantasmagorique. FANTASQUE, adj. fantastic, homfantasche ; from L. fantasticus, capricious, disorderly, in medieval Lat. texts. Fantdsticus, contrd. regularly into fantast'cus (see § 51), becomes fantas'cus ; thence /««- tasqiie. For tc=c see § 168. Fantasque is a doublet oifantastique, q. v. t Fantassin, sm. a foot-soldier ; from It. fantacci7io. Fantastique, adj. fantastic ; from Gr. (pavTaariKos. FANTOME, .sm. a phantom ; formerly/a«/osm«, from L. phantasma, by ph=/see coffre; by accented a = o (a change which is an exception to all rules) ; by loss of s, see Hist. Gram. p. 81. FAON, sm. a doe, fawn ; formerly /ton, from L. foetonus*, deriv. of foetus, properly = little. The sense of/aon was not restricted to the young of deer till very late ; in me- dieval Fr. it meant the young of any beast, and was used of those of the tigress, sheep, etc. Foe(t)onus=/ao« by loss of medial t, see abbaye; by & = e, see § 51 ; bye = a, see amender. — Der./aowner. t Faquin, sm. a mean rascal, puppy ; from It. facchino, — Der. faquinene. + Far andole, sf a Proven9al dance ; from Vxov.farandolo. Origin unknown. FARCE, /. a farce. See farcir.—Dex. far- ceur. FARCIN, sm. farcy, glanders (pi.) ; from L. farciminum. For loss of the two last syllables see §§ 50, 51 ; for m = « see changer. — Der. farcineax. FARCIR, va. to stuff; from L. farcire. — Der. farce (verbal subst., meaning force- meat, stuffing). Farce, meaning a broad comedy, is verbal subst. of farcir (in such phrases as epitres farcies, pieces farcies, i. e. Latin letters etc. in which are intro- duced expressions or words belonging to the vulgar tongue). FARD, sm. paint (for the face), varnish ; for- merly /ar/: of Germ, origin, O. H.G. /ar- jon, to tint, with colour used to rouge the face. — Der. fardex. FARDE, sf. formerly in general sense of ' a bur- den,' now restricted to the commercial sense of bales of coflfee. Origin unknown. — Der. /arrfeau. FARDEAU, sm. a burden, Seefarde. FARFADET, sm. a familiar spirit. Origin unknown. FARFOUILLER — FA VORABLE. 149 FARFOUILLER, vn. to rummage ; compd. of fouiller and a prefix far, the origin of which is unknown. FARIBOLE, sf. an idle tale. Origin unknown. FARINE, sf. flour; from L. farina.— Der. farineux, fariniex, enfarifier. FAROUCHE, adj. fierce ; from L. ferocem. For e = a see amender ; for c = ch see § 126. Farouche is a doublet of feroce, q. V. — Der. effaroucher. Fasce, sf. a fesse (heraldry) ; from L. fascia. Fascicule, sm. a bundle, fasciculus; from L. fasciculus. Fascine, sf a hurdle, fascine ; from L. fa sc i na. — Der. /ascmage. Fascination, sf fascination; from L. fas- cinationem. Fasciner , wa. to fascinate ; from L.fascinare. Faseole, sf a bean; from L. phaseolus. For ph.=/see § 146. •} Fashion, sf fashion; an Engl. word. Its doublet is fagon, faction, q. v. — Der. faskionzhle. Faste, sm. pomp; from L. fastus. — Der. fastueuK. Fastes, sm. pi. the Fasti, the consular records ; thence annals, histories, from L. fasti. Fastidieux, adj. fastidious; from L. fas- tidiosus. For -osus = -e2/x see § 229. FastueUX, adj. pompous, magnificent; from L. fastuosus. For -osus = -«/;<; see § 229. + Fat, sm. a fop ; from Prov. fat, which from L. fatuus. Fat is a doublet of fade, q. v. — Der.fatuite. Fatal, adj. fatal; from L, fatalis. — Der. fatalisme. Fatality, sf. a fatality; from L. fatalitatem. Fatidique, adj. fatidical; from L.fatidicus. Fatiguer, va. to fatigue ; from L. fatigare. — Dqt. fatigue (verbal subst.), defaiiguer. FATRAS, sm. a litter, medley ; from L. far- taceus *, deriv. of fartus. Fatras rightly means a confused heap of all kinds of things. Fartaceus becomes fatras (for fartas *) by transposing the r, see aprete. Fatuite, sf. fatuity, foppishness ; from L. fatuitatem. FAUBOURG, sm. a suburb, faubourg, quarter outside the gates of a city ; more properly written in O. Yr.forhourg,forsbourg; from medieval Lat. forisburgus *, compd. of foris and burgus. For forisbiirgus = forsburg see § 52 ; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; for or = aur see § 86 ; for loss of r see Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; for u = om see § 97. See also bourg. FAUCHER, va. to maw, cut down, reap; from L. falcare, a middle Lat. word. For al = au see agneau ; for ca = che see §§ 126 and 54. Faucher is a doublet of falquer. — Der.fauche (verbal suhst.),fauch- age, fauchcL\son, fauchet (partic. subst.), fauch&nr (whose doublet is faucheux). FAUCILLE, sf. a sickle, reaping-hook ; from L. falcilla, used for falcula in Carolingian documents. For al = au see agneau. FAUCON, sm. a falcon ; from L. falconem. For al = au see agneau. — Der. fauconneau, fauconnerie, fauconnler. FAUFILER, va. to tack, baste (in sewing). Tacking was done with a fatixfil, i. e. a thread which is not meant to remain. For origin set faux zndfil. Faune, sm. a faun ; from L. faunus. FAUSSAIRE, sm. a forger ; from L. falsarius. For al = aM see agneau. FAUSSER, va. to forge; from L. falsare. For al = au see agneau. FAUSSET, sm. a spigot. See faux. FAUTE, sf a fault. It.falta, from L. fallita* act of failing, der. from fallere. For subst. of this kind see absoute. Fdllita, contrd. regularly into fall'ta (see § 51) becomes faute. For al — au see agneau. Just as fallita * becomes faute, so fal- litum becomes faut, which remains in the compd. d(faut, formed of de- (q. v.) and faut ; this word answers to defailler, just as faute to failler. — Der. fautxi. FAUTEUIL, sm. an arm-chair ; formerly /nz/- destetiil, origmsWy faldesteuil. It. faldistorio, from L. faldestolium *, found in a 9th- cent. document. This word clearly is of Germ, origin, and answers to O.Yi.G. faltstuol. For -olium = -euil see accueillir and aleul ; for al = aw see agneau; for loss of d see ac- cabler; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. Fauteur,sra.an abettor; from L. faut or em. FAUTIF, adj. faulty ; deriv. of faute, q. v. FAUVE, adj. tawny; formerly falve, Prov. falb, It.falbo; of Germ, origin. Germ. falb. For h=v see avant ; for al = au see ag^ neau. — Der. fauvette. FAUX, adj. false ; from L. falsus. For al = au see agneau ; for a = x see deux. — Der. fausset (a word formed from /aw;v, imitating It. falsetto). FAUX, sf. a scythe ; from L. falcem. For al = au see agneau ; for c = s see agencer ; for s = x see deux. Faveur, sm. favour; from L.'favorem. — Der. defaveiir. Favorable, adj. favourable ; from L. favo- rabilis. — Der, defavorable. 150 FA VORI — FERME, t Pavori, sm. a whisker ; from It. favorito. — Der. favoriscT, favorixismc. + Favorite, sf. a favourite; from It. /a- vorita. FEAL, adj. trusty, faithful ; from L. fidelis. For loss of medial d see accabler ; for i = e see tnettre ; for e = a see amender. Feal is a doublet oifidele, q. v. Febrifuge, sf. a febrifuge; from L. febri- fugia. F6brile, adj. febrile; from L. febrilis. F6cal, adj. fecal ; from L. fecal is. Fdces, sm. pi. (Med.) feces ; from L. fecem. F6coild, adj. fertile, fruitful, prolific ; from L. fecundus. Feconder, va. to fertilise; from L. fecun- d a r e . — Der . /ccowrfant, fccondzxXon. F6condit6, sf. fertility; from L. fecundi- tatem. F6cule, sf. (Med.) fecula ; from L. faecula. — Der. feculent. Federal, ai/. federal; from L. foederalis*, deriv. of foedus. F§d6ration, sf. a federation ; from L. foederationem . — Der. federat\(. Federer, va. to make a federation, confede- rate ; from L. foederare. — Der. federe ^(verbal subst.). FEE, sf. a fay, elf; properly a supernatural being, which (according to medieval mytho- logy) presides over our destinies, like the ancient Parcae. Fee, Fort, fada, It. fata, is from L. fata ( = fairy, in an inscription of Diocletian's time). Pata is the being who presides over our fatum or destiny. The inscription uses fata for Parca, so leaving no doubt as to the exact meaning of this common Lat. word. For -ata = -ee see § 201 . — Der. /eerie, /mique. FEINDRE, vn. to feign; from L. fingere. For -ingere = -eindre see ceindre. — Der. feinte (partic. subst., see ahsoule), feintise. FELER, va. to crack, spht (glass) ; from L. fissulare*, deriv. of fissus. For regular loss of u see § 52; hence fiss'lare, whence fesler, then filer. For i = e see mettre ; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der./e/ure. Felicite, sf felicity; from L. felicitatem. F6liciter, va. to congratulate ; from L. felicitare (to make happy, in Donatus). — Y>tr. felicitation. F61in, adj. feline ; from L. felinus. FELON, sm. a felon; from L. fellonem*, a word found in the Capitularies of Karl the Bald. Origin unknown. — Der. /e7o«ie. + F61ouque, sf. a felucca; from It. feluca. Femelle, adj. female; from L. feme 11 a*, dim. of femina. F6ininin, adj. feminine; from L. femi- ninus. FEMME, sf. a woman; from L. f^iuina. For regular loss of 1 see § 51 ; for fem'ua =femme, by assimilation of mn to mm, see § 168. — Dex.femmelette. F6niur, sm. the thigh - bone ; from L. femur Der./e'moral. FENAISON, sf. hay-making ; from L. foena- tionem*, deriv. of foenare*. For oe = 5 see §105; for -ationem = -a«o«, by at- traction of i and softening of t, see agencer. FENDRE, va. to cleave; from L. flndere. For regular contraction of findere into find're see § 51 ; for i = « see ceinture. — Der. fente (partic. subst,, see absoute), fend'iWer. FEN£TRE, sf. a window ; formerly fenestre, from L. fenestra. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. FENIL, sm. a hay-loft ; from L. foenile. FENOUIL, sm. fennel; from L. foenu- culum, secondary form of foeniculum/ For oe — e see § 105; for -uculum= , -otiille see abeille. — T>er. fenouillette. FENTEj sf. a slit. Seefendre. Feodal, adj. feudal ; from medieval L. feodalis (that which relates to zfief q.v.) — Der. feodal'ite. FER, sm. iron ; from L. ferrum. — Der, ferrer, ferrage, ferrement, /errant, /errure, /erraille, ferret, ferriere, ferronnier,ferron- nerie, enferrer, deferrer. FER-BLANC, sm. tin-plate, tinned iron. — Der./erWa«tier. Ferie, sf. holidays; from L. feriae. Its doublet is foire, q. v. — Der. ferie, feria]. Feri6, adj. relating to holidays. See ferie. FERIR, va. to strike ; from L. ferire, in the phrase sans coup /eWr = without striking a blow. + Ferler, i/a. to furl ; from Engl. furl. — Der. diferler. FERMAIL, sm. a clasp, locket ; from L. firmaculum * (a clasp, in medieval Lat.) For i = e see mettre; for -aculvtm = -a// see § 155. FERME, adj. firm; from L. firmus. For i = e see mettre. — Der. af/ermir. Fermete is from L. flrmitatem. For -atem = -e' see § 230. FERME, sf. a farm ; properly a compact, agreement for letting (specially of rural properties), then by extension used of those FERMENT— FIA NCER . 151 lands let out to farm, thence the house of the farmer. Ferme in sense of an agreement is from L. firmus. For i = e see mettre. — Der./er?nage,/(?rmier, ^ifermftr. Ferment, sm. leaven; from L. fermentum. — Der. ferment2k.'C\{. Fermentation, sf. fermentation ; from L. fermentationem*, der. from fermen- tatus. Fermenter, vn. to ferment; from L. fer- mentare. FERMER, va. to shut, close; from L. firmare, which is used for claudere in Isaiah xxxiii. 15 : 'et firraaijs oculos suos, ut ne videat.' For i = e see mettre. — Der. fermoir, en/ermer, /ermt ture. FERMETE, sf. firmness. ?,te ferine. FERMIER, sm. a farmer, ^tt ferme. Feroce, adj. ferocious, fierce ; from L. ferocem. Its doublet \% farouche, q. v. Ferocity, sf. ferocity; from -L. feroci- tatem. FERRAILLE, sf. old iron. See /er._Der. fa-raill&x, ferrailleur. Ferrugineux, adj. ferrugineous ; from L. ferruginosus, deriv. of ferruginem. Fertile, adj. fertile; from L. fertilem. — Der. fertiliser, fertilisation. Fertility, sf fertility; from L. fertili- tatem. F6rille, sf a ferule, rod; from L. ferula. Fervent, adj. fervent; from L. ferven- tem. Ferveur, sm. fervour; from L. fervorem. FESSE, sf. a buttock ; from L. fissa, from fissus, partic. of findere. + Festin, sm. a feast; from It. festino. — Der. festintr. Festival, sm. a festival; from L. festi- valis *, deriv. of festivus. f Fes ton, sm. a festoon; {xom.lt. festone. — Der, festonner. FESTOYER, va. to entertain, feast; from L. festicare*, der. from festum. For loss of medial c see affouage ; for i = oi see boire. FETE, sf. a festival, feast, holiday; formerly feste, from L. festa, pi. of festum. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der./eVer. + Fetiche, sm.. a Fetiche; a name given by the Portuguese to the rough idols wor- shipped by the inhabitants of the West African coast. It comes from Fort, feitifo. Fetiche is a doublet of factice, q. v. — Der. /f;ftc/iisme. Fetide, adj. fetid; from L. fetidus.— Der. /('Vrrfite. FETU, sm. straw, bit of straw ; formerly festii, Prov. festuc, from L. festucus, masc. form of festuca. For -ucus = -u see § 237 ; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. FEU, sm. fire ; from L. focus. For loss of c see ami ; for o = eu see § 76. FEU, adj. late, lately dead ; formerly feu (in fem.feude, in St. Alexis), from L. fatutus*, deriv. of fatum. Feu means properly one who has fulfilled his fate. Fa(t)utus loses its medial t (see abbaye), and changes -utus into -u (see § 201), whence fail, whence feu, by softening a into e (see §54)- Feudataire, sm. f feudatory ; from L. feudatarius*, a term of feudal law, der. from feudum, a fief. For etymology of feudum seejief. Feudiste, sm. a feudist ; from L. feu- dista*, der. from feudum, see fief . FEUILLE, sf a leaf; from L. folia, pi. of folium. For li = t7 see ail; {or o = eu see § 76. — Der. feuilhge, fenillex, feuillie, feuilln, fezdlhison, feuillet, feuilletex,feuill- eton. FEUILLETTE. sf. a measure of wine (30-8 gallons'). Origin unknown. FEURRE, sm. straw. Sp. forro. It. fodero., word of Germ, origin, O. Scand. /orfr. For dr = rr see § 168; for o = eu see § 76. FEUTRE, sm. felt ; formerly feltre, It. feltro, from L. filtrum.*, a medieval word. Fil- trum. is of Germ, origin, Neth. vilt. Germ. Jilz. Fetitre is a doublet of alchemist's vf Old filtre. Filtrum becomes feltre, then feutre. For i = e see mettre ; for el = eu see agneau. — Der. feutrex, feutrzge. FEV£, sf. a bean ; from L. faba. For a = ff see § 54; for b = v see § 113 — Der. fevexoXe. FEVRIER, sm. February; from L. febru- arius, febrarius*. For b = t/ see § 113; for -arius = -/er see § 198. FI, interj. fie ! (onomatopoetic). See § 34. Fiacre, sm. a hackney-coach, cab ; a word of hist, origin (see § 33) : it dates from A. D. 1640, when the first carriages for hire were stationed in Paris, at the Hotel de Saint Fiacre. Menage wrote in 1650-: Fiacre. On appelle ainsi a Paris depuis guelques annees un carosse de louage, a cause cfe. I'image Saint Fiacre qui pendoit pour enseigne a un logis de la rue Saint- Antoine, oil on louoit ces sortes de carr asses. Cest dont je suis temoin oculaire. FIANCER, va. to affiance, betroth. It. fidan- sare, from L. fidantiare*, found in some 152 FIBRE — FILLEUL. medieval Lat. documents. Fidantiare is der. through fidantia from fldantem, partic. of fldare* (seejier). Fi(d)antiare becomes fi-ancer. For loss of medial d see § 120; for -tiare = -<:«• see agencer. — Der, fianc^t, ^anf ailles. Fibre, sf. a fibre; from L. fibra. — Der. jf6reux,jfffcrilie,^6nne. FICELLE, sf. a string, twine ; from L. fili- oellum*, dim. of filum. Filic^Uum is contrd. regularly into fil'cellum (see § 52). whence _/f/ce//e *, whence _;fce//e. — Der. ficehx. FICHER, va. to drive in (as a nail), fix (eyes on) ; from L. figicare*, der. from flgere. Figicdre is contrd. regularly into fig'care (see § 52), whence _/?cAcr. For Qa, = che see § 126 and § 54. — Der. fiche (verbal subst.), fichn. Pictif, adj. fictitious; from L. fictivus*, deriv. of fictus. Fiction, sf. a fiction ; from L. fiction em. Fid^icommis, sm. a trust (in law) ; from L. fideicommissum. Fid^USSeur, sm. a ' fideijussor,' guarantor ; from L. fidejussorem. Fiddle, adj. faithful; from L. fi delis. Its doublet is feal, q. v. - Fid61it6, sf. fidelity; from L. fidelitatem. Its doublet hfealte, q. v. Fiduciaire, sm. a fiduciary; from L. fidu- ciarius. FIEF, sm. a fief; in nth cent. fied. Low L, feodum, from O. H. G. feod, possessions, goods, properly cattle. For eo = ieu see in detail under dieu ; ieu (which is found in the form fieu in several medieval texts) is reduced to ie in a very unusual way. Next, for </=/ see § 121; this resolution of a dental into a labial is found in sitis, soif; judaeus, jnif; viduus, veuf; modus, moeuf and in all Norman names of places ending in -beuf, derived from a Lat. type bodus, as Marbodus, Marbeuf; Pam- podus, Pa/m6^«/, etc. — Der. ^e/fe (which formerly was a subst. signifying one who possesses a fief: in the i8th cent, the phrase un hzdssier fieffe was used. Later the word became an adj. used to strengthen an insulting epithet, as un coquin fieffe, un ignorant fieffe, etc.). FIEL, sm. gall, bile ; from L. feL ^ For e = ie see § 56. — Der. tnfielhx. FIENTE, sf. dung. Prov. fenta. Cat. fempta, from L. flmitus* der. from flmum. Fimitus, contrd. regularly into flm'tus (see § 51), becomes fiente. For i = e see mettre; for e = ie see § 56; form = nsee changer. — Der. Jienter. FIER, va. to trust. Sp. fiar, It. Jidare, from L. fldare* (found in this sense in a 13th- cent. document ' habeant perfectam fidem, ita ut omnes . . possint se in illis fldare')* For loss of medial d see § 120. — ^Der. d^fier, confier, m^fier. FIER, adj. proud, haughty ; from L. ferus. For e = ie see § 56. FIERTE, sf pride; from L. feritatem. Ferit6.tein is contrd. regularly (see § 52) into fer'tatem, whence }f«r/^. For e — ie see § 56 ; for -atexn = -e' see § 230. FIEVRE, sf. a fever ; from L. febris. For e = /e see § 56; for b = v see § 113. — Dex.fievrtMX. FIFRE, sm. a fife. Of Germ, origin (Jififfer in the Germ, patois of Switzerland). Figer, va. to congeal, curdle; from L. figere. fFlgue, s/". a fig; a word introd. in this form from Vxoy.figa, which from L. flea, fem. of ficus. The more correct O. Fr. ren- dering of fica was fie (see affouage). — Der. ;?^wier. Figure, sf a face; from L. figura. — Der. Jigurine, figurati f . Figurer, va. to figure, form ; from L. figurare. — Der. figtirznt, configur^X\ox\, difigurtx, tX3.nsfigurex, ^gure (partic. subst.). FIL, sm. thread; from L. filum (used also for a sword's edge by Ennius). — Der.^/er, fileux, fileuse, fihudihre, enjilex, fau/f/er, effilex, affilex ; Jile (properly ranged along a thread, whence 7?/er, defiltx),Jih\., ^lihxe, j^/oche, Jilon, JiUsse, Jihndreux (from filandres, deriv. of filer), fihge. Filament, sm. a filament; from L. fila- mentum*, from filare, from which verb come also the non-classical forms filator *, filatura *, whence ^latejir znd filature. — Der. filamenteux. Filateur, sm. a spinner. See filament. Its doublet \sfileur. Filature, sf. spinning, ^ee filament. Filial, adj. filial ; from L. filial is. Filiation, sf filiation, affiliation; from L. filiationem. FILlfiRE, sf. a draw-plate. See//. tFiligrane, sm. filigree-work; introd. for It. filigrana. FILLE, sf a girl, female, maid, daughter ; from L. filia. For lia = //e see ail. — Der. _;?//ette. FILLEUL, sm. a god-son ; from L. filiolus, FILOCHE — FLAMBERGE. (dim. of Alius). We may see under the words commere, compere, marrai?ie, par- rain how the Church gave the name of father (j)ere) and mother (mere) to those who held the child at the baptismal font as sponsors; she has also given the name of filiolus, = darling little son, to the baptised infant. P'or olus = eM/ see dieul ; for li = // see ail. FILOCHE, s/. a network. See//.— Der. ef- filocher. FILON, sm. a vein, course, lode. See//. t Filoselle, sf. floss-silk; from It. jilu- gello. FILOU, sm. a pickpocket, sharper. Its doublet xsfileur, q. v. — Der.//o?^ter,^/owterie. FILS, sm. a son; from L. filius. For the continuance of the s see § 149. Filtre, sm. a philtre, love-potion ; from the pharmacy of the middle ages, which used filtrum, originally a bit of felt, then of stuff or linen, through which liquids were strained. For etymology of filtrum stefeutre (which is its doublet). — Der. filtreT,Jiltr^\.\on, \nfiltre. FIN, sm. an end ; from L. finis. — Der. 2Lfin, enjin. From O. Fr. verb finer, to bring to an end, finish, then to pay, comes, through the partic. finant, the deriv. finance. FIN, adj. fine, slender ; from L. finitus, finished, perfected, hence by extension re- fined, then keen, sly. This word, while still Lat. displaced its accent from finitus to finitus; it then dropped the two final short syllables, see §§ 50,51. — Der.7?«esse,/«aud, /passer, /nasserie, zifiintr, a{fi?ta.ge, afjin- eur, ra/«er, ra/«eur, ra/«erie. Final, adj. final; from L. finalis. — Der. finality. FINANCE, sf. cash, fine, finance. See fin.— DcT.financer, financier. FINASSER, vn. to finesse. See fin. FINAUD, adj. cunning, sly. See fin. FINESSE, sf. fineness, delicacy, subtlety. See fin. FINI, sm. finish (in art). See finir. FINIR, va. to finish; from L. finire (sm.). — Der. fini (partic. subst.), Aefinir. FIOLE, sf. a phial, bottle ; from L. pMala. For ph.=/ see coffre; for a = o, in an un- usual way, see taon. t Fioritures, sf graces (in music) ; from It. fioriture. Firmament, sm. firmament; from L. fir- mamentum. + Firman, sm, a firman ; of Oriental origin, Pers. firman, an order signed by the Grand Vizier. Fisc, sm. the treasury; from L. fiscus. Fiscal, adj. fiscal; from L. fiscalis (sm.). — Der. fiscaliie. Fissure, sf a fissure; from L. fissura. Fistule, sf. a fistula; from L. fistula. — Dex.fistulenx. Fixe, adj. fixed ; from L. fixus. — Der. /;cer (whose doublet is ficher, q. v.), fix- ation,/xite. Flaccidite, sf flaccidity, flabbiness; from L. flacciditatem *, from flaccidus. FLACON, sm. a bottle, flagon ; from L, flasconem*, found in Merov. and Carol, documents. We may quote from Flodoard : ' Vas, quod vulgo flasconem vocant, vini a se benedicti plenum dedit.' Flasconem is a dim. of fiasca, used for a phial in Isidore of Seville. Flasconem becomes flacon by dropping the s (see Hist. Gram. p. 81). Flagellation, sf whipping, scourging ; from L. flagellationem. Flageller, va. to scourge ; from L. flagel- lar e . — Der. flagelhm. FLAGEOLET, sin. a flageolet. Seefiiite.-^ T>er. flageolet (horn flageol*, see fliite). FLAGORNER, va. to fawn on. Origin un- known. — Der. flagorner'ie, flagornexxr. Flagrant, ac(/. flagrant ; from L. flagran- tem. FLAIR, sm. scent (of dogs). See flairer. FLAIRER, va. to scent, smell ; in O. Fr. in neut. sense of exhaling an odour ; from L. flagrare, by reduction of gr to r (see § 168), whence flarare, whence fiairer. Forr = l see § 154; for Q. = ai see § 54. Flairer is a doublet of fleurer, q. v. — 'Der. flair (verbal subst.), /aiVeur. FLAMANT, sm. a flamingo ; formerly flam- mant, a name given from the flaming colour of the bird's plumage. Its doublet is flambant. FLAiVlBE, sf. the German iris {iox flamhle) ; from L. flammula, dim. of flamma. For regular contr. of fidmmula to flam'la, then to flamble, see § 51. For change of ml into mbl see absoudre ; for loss of 1 see able. — Der. flamber, flamb- eau. FLAMBEAU, sm. a torch. Seeflambe. FLAMBER, vn. to flame. See flamhe. — Der. flainboyer. Flamberge, sf a sword, a word of hist, origin, being the name of the sword of Renard de Montauban, in medieval romance ; hence by extension applied to any sword. 154 FLA MME — FL UER. FLAMME, s/. a flame ; from L. flamma. — Der. /lammhche, cujlammer, FLAN, sm. a custard, tart. O. Fr. /laon. It. Jiadone, from L. flatonem* (a soufflet in Fortunatus), der. from flatus. For loss of medial t of flatonem see abhaye. FLANC, sm. flank, side (soft, weak, i. e. the soft part of the body) ; from L. flaocus. A similar metaphor exists in Germ., where we have weiche (the flank), from weich, soft. On such analogies see § 13. Flaccus be- comes fianc by adding n, see concombre. — \y&x.flanqutr, tiflanqu^. Plandrin, sm. a lanky lad, a word of hist, origin (see § 33), being a nickname given to the Flemings, then used of any tall and meagre man, like them. FLANELLE, sf. flannel. Origin unknown. FLANER, vn. to stroll. Origin unknown. — Der. fldntvix. FLAQUE, sf. a puddle, pool ; of Germ, origin, Flem. vlaque, the sea. FLASQUE, adj. lanky, soft, flabby: from L. flaxidus*, a transformation of flaccidus. Flaxidus, = flacsidus, is transposed to flascidus (see Idche and § '170), flasqu- idus ; whence flasque by dropping the atonic syllables (see §§ 50, 51). FLATTER, va. to flatter. Origin unknown. —Der. flatter\&, flattenx. FLEAU, sm. a flail, scourge. O. Fr. flael, Prov. flagel, It.JlageUo, from L. flagel- lum. For loss of medial g see allier ; for a, = e see § 54; for el = au see agneau. Fleau is a doublet oiflagelle. FLEBILE, adj. lamentable, weak ; from L. flebilis. Its doublet is faible, q. v. FLECHE, sf. an arrow, point, pinnacle ; for- merly ^escA? ; of Germ, origin, M. H. G. jlitsch =fleche. FLECHE, sf. a flitch of bacon; formerly Jlesche; of Germ, origin, Dan. _/?es^. FLECHIR, va. to bend ; from L. flectere. For e = i see § 58; for c% = ch see allecher. — Der. ^e'cAissement, _^e'cAisseur. Plegme, sm. phlegm ; from L. flegma. — Der. flegmz.\.\(\w&. FLETRIR, va. to blast, wither; formerly flestrir, from O. Fr. flestre, flaistre. Flais- tre corresponds to a L. flaccaster*, deriv. of flaccere (i. e. to be flaccid, faded, withered). Flaccaster becomes flacas- ter, then loses its medial c regularly (see affouage), whence flaistre. For a = a/ see i54. FLETRIR, va. to dishonour, brand, properly with a hot iron; to burn, dry up; in which way it is connected with flttrir I . — Der. ^('Vrissure. FLEUR, sm. a flower ; from L. florem. For o^eu see § 79. — Der. ^^wron, ^ewrette, fieur'xsie, flei/ret, fleurAisoxi. FLEUR, sm. level with, in the phrase afleur de. Of Germ, origin, Germ. flur. — Der. ifflevrex, eifleurex. FLEURDELISER, va. to brand with a fleur- de-lys ; der. ixoxn. fleur de lis, q. v. tPleuret, sm. a foil, dagger, a word created in the i6th cent, to answer to It. fioretto. FLEURIR, va. to flower, flourish ; from L. florere. For e = i see § 58 ; for o = eu see § 79. Fleurir is a doublet oi florir, q.v. — Derj^«?/raison. FLEUVE, sm. a river; from L. fluvius. For u = ew see betigler. Flexibility, sf. flexibility; from L. flexi- bilitatem. Flexible, adj. flexible; from L. flexi- bilis. Flexion, sf. flexion, bending ; from L. flexionem. fFlibustier, sm. a buccaneer, freebooter; ioxmexly fribustier, a naval term of Germ. origin, Dutch vrybuiter, a marauder ; Engl, freebooter. tFlint-glass, sm. flintglass. From Engl. flintglass. FLOCON, sm. a flake, flock; dim. of root floe*, remaining in Prov. floe; from L. floccus. — Der. floconnewx. FLORAISON, sf. efflorescence. Seeflorir. Flore, ./. Flora; from L. Flora. Flor§al, adj. floral, deriv. of florem. + Florin, sm. a florin; from It. fiorino. FLORIR, vn. to bloom, flower; from L. florere. For e = r see § 58. — Der. _/?oraison. FLOT, sm. a wave ; from L. fluctus. For u = o see § 97; for ct = ^ see § 168. — Der. flottex, flott^ge, ^o/taison (whose doublet '\s fluctuation, q. v.) PLOTTER, va. to float. See flot Der. flotte (verbal subst.),_;?o//ille,_;?o«eur. FLOU, sm. softness of touch ; formerly flo (weak), a word of Germ, origin, Flem. flauw. For au = o = ow see alouette. — Der. flueX.. Fluctuation, sf. a fluctuation; from L. fluctuation em. Its doublet is flott- aison. Fluctueux, adj. fluctuating; from L. fluctuosus. For -osus = -ewac see § 229. Fluer^ vn, to flow, run; from L. fluere. FL UET — FONGIBLES, ^55 FLUET, adj. mean, thin, lanky. Fhiet, in Lafontaine^owe^, is a dim. o^ floti, q. v. Fluide, adj. fluid; from L. fluidus. — Der. JIuidite. Fluor, sm. (Chem.) fluorine, the presumed root of the fluorhydric acid; formerly a name given by alchemists to all mineral acids, because of their fluidity: from L. fj^uorem. FLUTE, sf. a flute ; formerly Jlaiite, It. flauta ; verbal subst. of O. Fr. flaider (to blow into a wind instrument). Flauter is from L. flatuare, deriv. of flatus, by transposition of u : flautare for flatuare. Flauta*, or rather its masc. flautus*, gives the dim. flautiolus *. This, by consonification of io into jo (see abreger), has produced Prov. flaujol, O. Fr. flajol, flageol. Flageol disappeared at end of the 1 6th cent., but left its dim. Jlageolet. — Der. flUt&m, Jiuliste. Fluvial, adj. fluvial; from L. fluvialis. Flux, sm. flux, flow; from L. flux us. Fluxion, sf. fluxion, inflammation; from L. flux ion em. — Der. Jluxionnaire. + Foc, sm. a jib-sail; from Dutch fok. f Foetus, sm. a foetus; from L. foetus. FOI, sf. faith; from L. fldem. For i = oi see boire ; for loss of d see alouette. FOIE, sm. liver. It. fegato, from L. ficatum, found in Marcellus Empiricus. The accent has been misplaced (ficatum for ficdtum). Ficatura then loses its atonic syllable (see § 51), then is reduced to flea, whence foie by loss of medial c, see affou- age. For i = oi see hoire. FOIN, sm. hay ; from L. foenum. For oe = e see § 105 ; for e = oi see § 63. FOIRE, sf. a fair. Sp. feria, from L. feria, found in medieval documents, as ' Quod nullus in regno potest facere feriam sine permissu Regis.' Feriae, properly holidays, has taken the sense of fair, because me- dieval fairs were held on saints' days. For e = oi see § 61. Foire is a doublet oiferie, q. v. FOIS, sf. time. Prov. fes. It. vece, from L. vice. For v=/see § 140 ; for i = oi see boire ; for c = s see amitie. FOISON, sf abundance ; from L. fusionem, pouring forth with plenty. For \x = oi, by attraction of the i, see bids. Foison is a doublet of fusion, q. v. — Der. /ozsowner. FOL, adj. mad, crazy ; from L. follus *, found in a Lat. document, a.d. 879. Follus is properly one who grimaces, moves affectedly, and is connected with L. foUere *, which is from follis, a grimace made by puffing out the cheeks, used by Juvenal. The idea of motion survives in the phrases feu follei, esprit follet. — Fol is a doublet of fori, q. v. — Der. /o/ie, /o/let, folatve, folichon, zffoleT. FOLATRE, adj. foolish. See fou.— Der. foldtrer. FOLIE, s/. folly. See fol. Folio, sm. a folio, a Lat. word, abl. of folium. Its doublet \s feuille, q. v. FOLLET, adj. wanton, playful. See fol. FoUiculaire, sm. a pamphleteer ; der. from follicule, used by Voltaire to signify a small sheet of paper. Follicule is an absurd word, made out of the L. folium. Follicule, sf. a follicle; from L. folli- culus. Fomenter, 1/fl. to foment; from L. fo men- tare. — Der. fomentation. FONCER, va. to bottom a cask. See fond. — Der. fonce, enfoncer, defoncer. FONCIER, adj. landed. Seefoftds. Fonction, sf a function; from L. func- tion em, — Der. fonctionner, fonctionnaiie, fonctionnement. FOND, sm. a bottom, foundation; from L. fundus. For u = o see § 97. O. Fr. form was fonds for the nom., whence fofiser *, now written foncer. For this nominatival s see Hist. Gram. p. 89. — Der. effondrer {see fondriere). Fondainental, adj. fundamental ; from L. fundamentalis *, der. from fundamen- tum, Fondateur, sm. a founder ; from L. fundatorem. Fondation, sf. a foundation ; from L. fundationem *. Fondement, sm. a fundament ; from L. fundamentum. Fonder, va. to found ; from L. fundare. FONDRE, va. to melt; from L. fiindere. For u = o see § 97. For loss of e see § 51. — Der. fonte (partic. subst,, see ab- soute), fondexxr, fondexie, xefondre. F0NDRI£RE, sf a slough, bog; der. from fondrer, an O. Fr. verb which survives in its compd. effondrer. Fondrer is from fond. For the addition of r see chanvre. FONDS, sm. ground, soil, landed property, funds, cash ; from L. fundus. For u = o see § 97. — Der. /owcier. Fongibles, adj. that which being lent or leased may be replaced by other like things; from L. fungibiles. »5« FONG UEUX— FORME. Fongueuz, adj. fungous, upstart; from L.' fungosus. FONTAINE, sf. a fountain ; from L. fon- tana * ; from fontem. There are several examples of fontana in yth-cent. docu- ments. For a = ai see § 54.— Der. fon- /Oinier. Fontange, sf. a top-knot, a word of hist, origin (see § 33), being a form of coiffure introduced by Mile, de Fontange, a.d. 1679. FONTE, sf. melting, founding. Seefondre. tFontes, s/. holster (of a saddle), introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. fonda. Fonts, sm. pi. the baptismal font ; from L, fontes ; der. from fons. For, sm. a tribunal; from L. forum. Its doublet is/j/r, q. v. FORAGE, sm. boring, drilling. Seeforer. FORAIN, adj. foreign ; from L. foraneus *, that which is without, strange, foreign, Foraneus* is from foras. Travelling pedlars are called forains in opposition to home-staying traders. FORBAN, sm. a pirate, bandit, one out of the pale of law, who is under ban. See ban. + Forcat, sm. a convict; from Prov, forcat, which from L, fortiatus ♦ ; see forcer. Its doublet is forc^. FORCE, sf force, strength ; from L. fortia * ; used in the Germanic Laws as in this pas- sage in the Lex Bajuariorum il, 5 : ' Si cui Deus dederit fortiam et victoriam.' For tia = ce see agencer. F( RCENE, sf. a madman ; formerly forsene, It. forsennato, properly one out of his senses ; compd. of for, which is from L. foris, and O. Fr. sene, der. from sen, which means sense, reason, judgment, in O. Fr. Sen is of Germ, origin, O. H. G. sin. fForceps, sm. a forceps; from L. for- ceps. FORCER, va. to force, break open, oblige, impose by force; der. from fortia*; see force. For -tia = -ce see agencer. — Der. ^{forcer, xtnforcer. FORCES, .</. pi. shears ; from L. forcipes, contr. regularly (see § 51) into forc'pes, whence forces, by assimilation of pc into c (see § 168). FORCLORE, va. to forclose ; from L, foris and claudere, lit. to exclude from. For the changes see clore. Forer, va. to bore; from L. forare. — Der. for3t.gi&, foret. FORESTIER, adj. of forests ; der, from /ores/, O. Fr. form of foret. See foret. FORET, sm. a drill, See/or«*. FORfiT, sf. a forest ; formerly forest, from L. forestis *, which in Carolingian docu- ments means an open piece of ground over which the rights of the chase are reserved. Medieval writers oppose the forestis or open wood, wherein the lord has sole hunt- ing rights, to the walled-in wood, the parous, Forestis is from foris, out of, i. e, not shut. There is a medieval docu- ment which clearly draws this distinction : — ' Forestis est ubi sunt ferae non inclusae ; parens locus ubi sunt ferae inclusae.' From the special sense of unenclosed woodland the word came to signify any kind of forest. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. FORFAIRE, va. to forfeit ; from L. foris and facere, properly to do things contrary to what is right, to act criminally. For the letter-changes see f aire. — Dei. forf ait (verbal (subst.), forfaitnxe. FORFAIT, sm. a crime. See forf aire. FORFAIT, sm. a contract, properly a thing done at a settled price; from L, forum factum *, from forumi, a price, and fac- tum. For letter-changes see fait. Of the sense of price given to forum, take some ex- amples from medieval Lat.: 'Quod victualia eis vendantur et tradantur ad rationabilem forum..' (Ordonn. des Rois de France.) Again, in a document of a.d, 742 : ' Ut per omnes civitates legitimum forum et men- sura fiat, secundum abundantiam temporis.' -j-Forfanterie, sf. boasting, bragging; from Vi.furfanteria. FORGE, sf. a forge, Prov,. faurga, from L. fabrica. For regular contr, of fabrica into fabr'ca see § 51 ; for br = ur see aurone, whence faurca. For c—g see ad- juger, whence faurga, whence forge by ati = 0, see alouette. Forge is a doublet of fahrique, q. v. FORGER, va. to forge, Prov, faurgar, from L, fabricare. For the regular contr, of fabricdre into fabr'care see § 52. For letter-changes seeforge. — Der.forgeron, forgeur. FORJETER, vn. to project; from L. foris and Jeter. Formality, sf. formality. Seeformel. Format, sm. size (of books); from L. for- matus. Its doublet is formS. Formateur, adj. creative; from L. for- matorem. Formation, sf. a formation; from L. for- mationem. Forme, sf. form; from L. forma. FORMEL — FO UINE. ^57 Formel, atf^'. formal ; from L. formalis. — Der. formalite, formalisme, formaliste, for- maliser. Former, va. to form ; from L. formare. Formidable, adj. formidable; from L. formidabilis. Form.ule, sf. a formula; from L. formula. — Der. formultr, fortmihire. Forniquer, va. to fornicate; from L. for- n i c a r i , — Der. /orrazcateur, forntca.tion. FORS, prep, save, except ; from L. foris. Its doublet is hors, q. v. FORT, adj. strong; from L. fortis.— Der. fori (sm.),/or/in. t Forte, adv. (Mus.) forte; from It. forte. FORTERESSE, sf a fortress. Prov. fortalessa, Sp. fortalezza, from L.fortalitia*,der. from fortis, used for a strong work. We find in a I3th-cent. chronicler the phrase ' Con- sules occurrebant et regi fortalitia trade- bant.' Forl = rsee§ 157; for atonic a = c see § 54; for -itia = -^sse see § 245. Fortification, sf. fortification; from L. fortificationem. Fortifier, va. to fortify; from L. forti- ficare. Fortuit, adj. fortuitous, casual; from L. fortuitus. Fortune, sf fortune; from L. fortuna. — Der. mfortune. Fortune, adj. happy ; from L. fortunatus — Der. mf or tune. FOSSE, sf. a pit, grave; from L. fossa. — Den /ossette, /ossoyer. FOSSE, sm. a ditch, drain; from L, fos- satum *, der. from fossa. Fossatum is found in the Lex Longobardorum : ' Si quis fossatum in terra alterius fecerit.' For -atuin = -f' see § 201. Fossile, adj. fossil; from L. fossilis. FOSSOYER, va. to ditch, dig a trench round. See fosse. — Der./osso_yeur, fossoy<ige. FOU, sm. a madman ; a softened form of its doublet /o/, q. v. For l = u see agneau. FOUACE, sf a buttered roll. Prov. fogassa, It. foccacia, from L. focacia, fem. of fo- caeius, used of bread baked under the ashes : ' Subcinericius, cinere coctus et re- versatus ipse est et focacius,' says Isidore of Seville, Focacius is der. from focus. Focacia becomes fouace. For loss of medial c see affouage; for o = oz/ see § 81 ; for -cia = -ce see agencer. Fouace is a doublet oifougasse. FOUAGE, sm. hearth-penny. Vxov.foguatge, from L. focaticura * (a tax on every hearth), from focus. Ducange quotes a passage, ' Forma litterarum quae mittitur praedictis superfocatico.' For letter-changes see affouage. FOUAILLER, va. to whip away. Seefouet. + Foudre, sm. a tun (for liquids); from Germ, fuder. FOUDRE, sm. a thunderbolt ; formerly /oWr^, from L. fulgurera. For regular contr. of fulgurem into fulg'rem see § 51 ; hence furrem. by reduction of gr to r, see § 168. Lastly f Til'rem becomes foldre. For u = o see § 97 ; for Ir = Idr see absoudre. Foldre softens 0/ into on (see agneau), hence foudre. — Der. foudroyer. FOUET, sm. a whip, properly a bundle of twigs ; dim. of fou, properly a branch of the beech, then branch of any tree. O. Fr. foil, originally fau, is from L. fagus. For a, = au — o see taon and alouette ; for loss of medial g see allier. — Der. fouetXex'. from prim. /oM comes /oz/ailler. FOUGER, va. to grub (of boars) ; from L. fodicare. For regular contr. into fod'care see § 52, whence /ow^er ; for dc = c = g- see adjuger; for = 07/ see § 81. FOUGERE, sf. fern. O. Fr. feugere, from L. filicaria *, der. from filicem. For regular contr. of filicaria into fll'caria see § 52; hence Algeria. Forc=g'see adjuger; for a = e see § 54. Filgeria is found in an iith-cent. document: 'Dedit perpetualiter . . . percursum centum porco- rum in glande et Algeria.' Filgeria be- comes felgere (for i=^e see mettre), then feugere (for el = eu see agneau). fFougue, sf fury, fire, spirit; from It. foga. — Der. fougueux. FOUILLER, va. to excavate, dig; from. L. fodiculare, frequent, of fodicare *. For regular contr. of fodiciilare into fodic'- lare see § 52. Fodiclare loses its medial d, see accabler, and becomes fouiller. For cl = /7 see aheille; for o — ou see § 8r. — Der. fouille (verbal snbst.). For the coimpd. farfouiller, see that word. FOUINE, sf a beech-martin ; formerly foine, originally /aiwe, It.faina, C^t. fagina, from L. faglna *, der. from fagus. The word fagina is used for the beech-martin in the following article of the Council of Tarragon : ' Nulli canonici vel clerici . . . vestes rubeas vel virides nee forraturas pel- lium de martis, de faginis . . . portare prae- sumant.' For letter-changes see faine. FOUINE, sf. a. fork ; for fousine, from L. fuscina. For the regular contr. of fusciua into fus'na see § 51 ; hence 158 FO VIR — FOURRIER. fouisne* (see hnis and accouder), then fouine (see Hist. Gram. p. 8l). FOUIR, va. to dig ; from L. fodere, found in the form fodire in a document of a.d. 470. For fodSre = fodire see accourir. Fo(d)8re becomes /ow/r. For loss of medial d see accabler ', for o=ou see § 81 ; for e=i see § 60. Foulard, sm. a silk handkerchief. Origin unknown. FOULE, sf. a crowd. Stt fouler. FOULER, va. to press, tread. It. follare, from L. fuUare * ; in Class. Lat. we only find the deriv. fullonem. For u = o« see § 97. — Der. foule (verbal subst.), foul- eur, /o7//erie, foulmc, x&fouler. FOULON, sm. a fuller ; from L. fullonem. For u = o see § 97. FOULQUE, sf. a coot; from L. fulica. For regular contr. of fulica into fiil*ca see § 51 ; for u = OM see § 97. FOUR, sm. an oven ; formerly for, originally forn. It. forno, from L. fumus. For u = o see § 97; for o = om see § 81 ; for rn = n see ahour. — Der. from O. Fr. form foumel (whence fourneau ; for el = eau see agneau), fourn^Q, fournxtr, fournz.gt, four- nil, en_^wr«er. fFourbe, adj. cheating; introd in l6th cent, from It. furho. — Xitx.fourhe, fourb&r'xQ. FOURBIR, va. to furbish ; of Germ, origin, O. H. G. furban. For u = o« see § 97. — Der. /owrfcissage, /orWssure, /o«r6isseur. FOURBU, adj. foundered, having foot disease ; formerly forbu, partic. of O. Fr. verb for- hoire, to drink hard. It was believed that this disease was caused by giving horses too much water after a long journey. For ety- mology of forboire see boire ; for is from L. foris. ¥ or forbu— fourbu see § 81. FOURCHE, sf. a fork ; from L. furca. For u = OM see § 97; forc = cA see § 126. — Der. fourchttte,fourchon,fourchu,fourcheT, fourgon (a poker). FOURGON, sm. a van, carriage. Origin un- known. FOURMI, sm. an ant ; formerly formi, from L. formicus*, masc. form of formica. For -icus = -i see § 212; for o = oti see §81. FOURMILLER, vn. to swarm (with) ; from L. formiculare*, der. from formi- cula, used by Apuleius for a small ant. For regular contr. into formiclare see accointer; hence fourmiller. For = 0?/ see § 81 ; for c\--il see abeille. — Der. fourmilihre, fourmillement. FOURMILLON, sm. an ant-lion; from L. formiculonem*, deriv. of forznicula. For letter-changes see fourmiller. FOURNAISE, sf. a furnace, h.fornace, from L. fornaoem. For o — ou see § . 81 ; for c = s see amitie ; for a = at see § 54. FOURNEAU, sm. a stove (for cooking), fur- nace. See four. FOURNEE, sf. a batch, baking. See four. FOURNIER, sm. a (public) baker. See four. FOURNIL, sm. a bakehouse. See four. FOURNIR, va. to furnish ; formerly fomir, Prov.formir and fromir, a word of Germ, origin, O. H. G. frumjan, to furnish, pro- cure. The Germ, radical first becomes fromir, by u = o (see § 97) ihen formir by transposing r (see dprete), hence fomir (for m = « see changer) ; lastly /orm> softens o into ou (see § 81). — Der. /oKr/«"ment, /o?/rnisseur, fournitoxe. FOURRAGE, sm. forage ; formerly forrage, from O. Fr. forre, which from fodrum, in Carolingian documents. In a Chartulary of Louis the Pious, a.d. 796, we find : * Inhibuit a plebeiis . . . annonas militares quas vulgo fodriun vocant, dari.' Po- drum is of Germ, origin, answering to Goth. fudr. Fodrum becomes forre by chang- ing dr into rr (see § 168), hence deriv, forrage, whence fourrage (see § 81). — Der. fourrager,fourraghxe, fourragem. FOURREAU, sm. a sheath, case, frock ; for- merly fourrel; for el = eau see agneau. Fourrel is dim. of O. Fr. fourre. Fourre is of Germ, origin, answering to Goth. fodr. For dr = rr see § 168; for o = om see § 81. — From O. Fr. forre comes va. fourrer, to thrust, poke, as with a f our r eau. FOURRER, va. to thrust, poke, stuff in.— Der. fourr^, fourrare, fourrem. FOURRIER, sm. formerly an officer of the royal household, employed to see to quarters and food, a courier, properly one who sees to the forage. From L. fodrarius*, used of one who looks after forage in Carol, documents, as e. g. in Hincmar, Opusc. 5 : ' De coercendis militum rapinis : Et mitte homines secundum consuetudinem prae- decessorum vestrorum, qui in longius per- gant propter fodrarios.' Fodrarius is from fodrum, see under fourrage. Fo- drarius becomes fourrir. For o = o« see § 81; for dr -rr see § 168; for -arius = -iVr see § 198. The place where these fourriers lodged was called four- riere, a word applied later to the pound in FOURR URE — FRA TERNITS. 159 which strayed beasts are put and kept for a time, FOURRURE, sf. fur. Seefourrer. FOURVOYER, va. to mislead ; formerly /or- voyer, to go out of the way, compd. of for (L. foris) and voyer (deriv. from voie). For o = ou see § 81. — Der. fourvoie- ment. FOYER, sm. a fire-grate ; from L. focarium, der; from focus. We find in a medieval glossary the following : ' Igniarium : foca- rius locus in quo fit ignis.' Focarium losing its medial c (see affouage) becomes foyer by changing -arium into -ier (see § 198). + Frac, sm. a dress-coat, frock ; from Germ. frack. tFracasser, sm. to shatter; introd. in the 1 6th cent, from It. fracassare. — Der. fracas. Fraction, sf. a fraction; from L. frac- tionem. — Der. /rac//o7jnaire, fractionner, fractionnement. Fracture, s/ a fracture; from L. fractura. — Der. fraciurev. Fragile, adj. frail; from L. fragilis. Its doublet is frele, q. v. Fragility, sf. fragility, frailty ; from L. fra- gilitatem. Fragment, sm. a fragment ; from L. frag- mentum. FRAI, sm. spawn. See frayer. FRAIRIE, sf. an entertainment, merry-mak- ing ; properly a meeting, assembly, then a pleasure party; from L. fratia. For tr = r see § 168 ; for & = ai see § 54. FRAIS, adj. fresh, Prov. fresc, It. fresco, a word of Germ, origin, A.S. fresc. For e = oi = at see § § 60, 63 ; for sc = s see bois. The Germ, form fresc was Latinised into frescus by the Gallo-Romans, whence fem. fresca became fresche by changing c into ch (see § 1 26) ; fraische htczme fraiche by loss of s (see Hist. Gram. p. 81). — Der. ^atcheur, fraichk, tzfraichxr. FRAIS, sm. pi, cost, expense ; pi. of O. Fr. frait, which is from L. fredum*, a fine, in the Germanic laws, as in the Ripuarian Code: 'Fredum autem non illi judici tribuat, qui culpam commisit, sed illi qui solu- tionem recipit.' Fredum, of Germ, origin, answers to Dan. fred, Germ, friede, and signifies rightly a payment for having broken the public peace. Frais is a doublet of fresque. Fredum. becomes /razV. For e = oi = ai see §§ 60, 63. — Der. defrayer. FRAISE, sf a strawberry ; from L. fragea, deriv. of fragum*. For ea = m see abreger ; for gia = se see agencer : cp. also gesier from gigerium, gencive from gin- giva. For a = az see § 54. — Der. /raesier. FRAISE, sf. a fringe, lacework ; introd. from Sp. /reso. — Dtr.fraiser. FRAISE, sf a ruffle (a term used by butchers). Origin unknown. FRAMBOISE, sf. a raspberry; of Germ, origin, Dutch brambezie, a blackberry. For b = v=^f, an unique change at the beginning of a word, see avant and bceuf; for e = oi see § 63 Der. /ramftomer, framboistr. FRANC, sm. a franc, value 9.69 pence; "so called from the old device on it, Francorum Rex. FRANC, adj. free, exempt; from L. fran- cus*, meaning ' free ' in Merov. documents. This sense remains in such phrases zs franc de port, etc. Francus is from O. Yi.G. fran- co. — Der. /rawchir (to free oneself, to leap ""^over an obstacle), franchise., af/rctnchir. FRAN^AIS, sm. a Frenchman, sf a French- woman; formerly/ra«^o/s, fromL.francen- sis*, deriv. of Franc, as the name of a peo- ple, with sufhx -ensis.used in Lat. to express nationality. Francensis, regularly re- ducing ns to s (see aine), became france- sis, thence fran^-ois, then frangais (^for e = oi^azsee §§ 60,63). — Der. franciser, francisa.tion. FRANC HIR, va. to leap over. See franc. FRANCHISE, sf franchise, freedom (of a city). See franc. FRANGE, sf a fringe ; formerly fringe, Wallachian frimbie, from L. fimbria*. For transposition of r see aprete, whence frimbia, whence the Wallachian frimbie. Frimbia consonifies ia into ge (see abre- ger), loses b (see abreger), whence fringe ; changes m. into n (see changer), hence frange. For \XL — en = an see andouille. — Der. franger. fFrangipane, sf. frangipane; from It. frangipane. FRAPPER, va. to strike. Piov.frappar, It. frappare, from Scand. hrappa, to handle roughly, thence by extension to strike. For hr=frcp.freux,hr6c; froc,hroch; frimas, hrim. — Der. frappe (verbal, subst.), frappe- ment, frappexm. tFrasque, s/. a farce; from \t.frasca. Fratemel, adj. fraternal; from L. frater- nal is. Fraternity, sf. fraternity; from L. frater- n i t a t e m . — Der. fratermsex. i6o FRA TRICIDE — FRILEUX. Fratricide, (l) sm. fratricide (the act); from L. fratricidium. (2) sm. a fratricide, (the person); from L. fratricida. Fraude, sf. fraud; from L. fraudem. — Der. fraudex, fraudtnx. Frauduleux, adj. fraudulous ; from L. fraudulosus^ FRAYER, va. to trace out (a road), to mark out ; formerly froyer, from L. fricare. For icare = oyer see employer ; for oy — ay see § 63. — Der./rai (verbal snbst.). FRAYEUR, sf. fright, fear; formerly >qy«/r, from L. frigorem (shuddering caused by fright). Frigorem loses its medial g (see allier) and becomes /raye«r. For o = eu see § 79; for i = oi see hoire; for oi = ai see § 63. FREDAINE, sf. a frolic. Origin unknown. FREDONNER, va. to hum. Origin un- known, — Der. fredonnement. + Fr6gate, sf. a frigate; introd. in l6th cent, from It. fregata. FREIN, sm. a bridle ; from L. freniiin. For e = ei before n, m, cp. plenum, plein; see § 61. f Frelater, va. to sophisticate, adulterate. This word signified formerly to decant, transfuse; from Fltm. verlaten, by metathesis of verlaten into vrelaten (see dprete). — Der. frelateuT, frelaiage. FRfiLE, adj. frail ; formerly fraile, from L. fragilis. For regular contr. of frdgilis into frag'lis see § 51 ; hence fraile. For gl = il see cailler ; for ai = e see § 112, note I, and § 1 14. Frele is a doublet of fragile, q. v. — Der. frelon (properly an insect whose body is frail and feeble; a hornet, drone). FRELON, sm. a hornet. See frele. FRELUCHE, sf. a tuft (of silk, etc.). Origin unknown. — Der. freluquet. FRELUQUET, sm. a coxcomb. Seefreluche. FREMIR, vn. to shudder at; from L. fre- mere. For change of accent (frem^re for fir6m6re) see accourir; for e = i see § 59. — Der./re'missement. FRENE, sm. an ash ; formerly fresne. It. frassino, from L. fraxinus, by regular change from fraxinus to frassinus (' Quomodo vadit ad caput frassino- rum,' says Ducange). Pr6,ssinus, contrd. (see § 51) into frass'nus, becomes fresne. For a = e see § 54 ; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 8t. Fr6n6si6, sf. a phrensy; from L. phre- nesis. Fren6tique, adj. frantic; from L. phre- neticus. Fr6quence, sf. frequency; from L. fre- quentia. Frequent, adj. frequent; from L. fre- quentem. Fr6quenter, va. to frequent; from L. frequentare. — Der. frequenUtiou, fre- quentitif. FRfeRE, sm. a brother; from L. fratrem. For tr = r see § 168; for a. = e see § 54, " — Der. confrere, confrerie. FRESAIE, sf. a white owl ; in Poitevin patois presaie, in Gascon bresague, from L. prae- saga * (properly a bird of ill omen). For &e = e see § 103; for p =/ see chef; for loss of g see allier ; for a = ai see § 54. + Fresque, .f. a fresco; introd. in i6th cent, from It. fresco. Its doublet is frais, q.v. PRESSURE, sf. pluck (of animals). Origin unknown. FRET, sm. freight (of a ship); of Germ, origin, O. H. G.freht. — Der. fritex,freteMX, 2SJretex. FRETILLER, va. to frisk, wriggle ; from L. frictillare*, der. of frictare*, frequent, of fricare. For ct =/ see § 168 ; for i = « see mettre. — Der. fretillement. FRETIN, sm. fry, small fry, trash. Origin unknown. FRETTE, sf. a hoop (in building), curbing. Origin unknown. — Dex.freitei. FREUX, sm. a rook ; of Germ, origin, O. Sax. hroc. For hr =fr see frapper ; for = eu see § 79. Friable, adj. friable; from L. friabilis. — Der. friabilite (from L. friabilitatem, deriv. of friabilis). FRIAND, smf. an epicure. See frire. — Der. friandise, affriandex. FRICANDEAU, sm. a fricandeau (in cook- ery). Origin unknown. FRICASSER, va. to fricassee, metaph. to squander. Origin unknown. — Der. fri- cassee. FRICHE, sf. waste (of land). Origin un- known. — Der. d^frickex. FRICOT, sm. a ragout, stew. Origin un- known. — Der. fricotex, fricotewx. Friction, sf. friction; from L. frictionem. Its doublet is frisson, q. v. — Der. friction- ner. FRILEUX, adj. chilly. O. Fr. frilleux, from L. frigidvilosus, deriv. of frigidiilus. Under froid we see that frigidus was found in popular Lat. in the form frigdus; which shows that the contr. from frigid- ulosus into frig'dtilosus had taken place FRIMA S — FR ONTI^RE. l6l in the Lat. of the time of the later Em- pire. Frigdulosus reduced gd to d (see amande), then fridulosus was regularly contrd. (see § 52) into fridlosus, whence frileux by assimilating dl into U, then into / (see § 168), and by -osus^-^wa; (see § 229). FRIMAS, &m. hoar frost ; der. from O. Scand. hrim. For hr = fr see frapper. — Der. /n'maire. PRIME, sf. a pretence, sham. Origin un- known. — Der. /r/mousse. FRINGALE, sf. a sudden hunger; in Norm, patois frainvale, a corruption of faimvalle, ' hungry-evil ' (a veterinary term). FRINGANT, adj. dapper, brisk; der. from fringuer. Origin unknown. FRIPE, sf. a rag, scrap. See /riper. — Der. fripier, fripevie. FRIPER, va. to rumple, squander, swallow down. Origin unknown. — Der. fripon. FRIPON, sm. (also adj.) a knave, cheat, originally a gourmand; der. from /riper. — Der. /riponntrie, /riponnex, /riponne^u. FRIRE, va. to fry ; from L. frigere. For regular contr. of frigere into frig're see § 51 ; whence /rire by reduction of gr to r, see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. /rzand (irom/riant, partic. of /rire, like riattt from rire. Friand means properly anything ap- petising, thence, by a remarkable extension of meaning, an epicure. The old form of /riand is always /riant, showing that the above is the correct etymology). fFrise.s/. (Archit.) a frieze; irom It./regio. Frise, sf. woollen frieze ; a word of hist, origin, see § 33. It came from Friesland. Frise (Cheval de), s/. a military term, so called because it was first used in de- fensive warfare in the province of Fries- land. FRISER, va. to frizz, curl (hair). Origin unknown. — Der. /risure, /rison, /risotter, de/mer. FRISSON, sm. a shivering, shudder ; formerly /rifon, from L. frictionem, found in Gregory of Tours : ' Ita sospitati est resti- tutus ut nee illas, quas vulgo frictiones vccant, ultra perferret.' For -ctionein = -fon see § 232; for /rigon —/risson see agencer. Frisson is a doublet of /riciion, q. V. — Der. /rissonner, /msownement. FRITURE, sf. frying; from L. frictura*. For ct = / see affete. Frivole, adj. frivolous; from L. frivolus. — Der./rit/o/ite. FROC, sm. a frock, coat ; in Low Lat. hrocus, from O. H. G. hrocJi. For hr=/r see /rapper. — Der. /rocard. de/rogue, de/roqueT. FROID, adj. cold; from L. frigdus, used popularly at Rome for frigidus. ' Frigida non fricda/ says the Appendix ad Probum. We also tind frigdor for frigidor, frig- dosus for frigidosus, &c. For this loss of 1 see § 52. Frigdus becomes /ro/rf by gd — d (see amatide), i = oi (see § 74). — Der. /roideur, /roidme, xe/roidir. FROISSER, va. to bruise, rub violently; from L. frictiare*, der. from frictus, partic. of fricare. For -ctiare = -sser see agencer ; for i = oi see § 74. — Der. /roissement,/roiss- ure. FROLER, va. to graze ; from L. frictulare, dim. of frictare*, frequent, of fricare. Frictulare becomes fritulare by ct = t (see affete) ; frituMre, regularly contrd. (see § 52) to frit'lare, changes i into (see /rotter), whence /rot'ler, whence /roler, by assimilating // into / (see § 168). — Der. /ro/ement. FROMAGE, sm. cheese ; formerly /ormage, Prov. /ormatge, from L. formaticum ( = caseum in Merov. and Carol, docu- ments. In the Glosses of Reichenau, 8th cent., we have ' caseum = formaticiiJtn'). Formaticum is properly something made in a form. Papias quotes formaticum. as a popular word : ' caseus vulgo form.ati- eum.' Ducange quotes a pth-cent. pas- sage to like effect : ' Ova manducant et formaticum, id est, caseum.' Formati- cum. becomes /ormage by -aticum — -age (see § 248) ; then /romage by transposing r (see aprete). — Der. /romager, /romagerie. FROMENT, SOT. wheat ; from L. fru- m.entum. For u = see annoncer. FRONCER, va. to wrinkle up, frown; from L. frontiare *, der. from frontem. For -tiare = -cer see agencer. — Der. /ronce (verbal subst.), /rowcement, /roncis, d6- /roncer. FRONDE, s/. a sling ; from L. funda. For u = see annoncer ; for intercalated r see chanvre. — Der. /rondtr , /rondenr . FRONT, sm. forehead, front ; from L. fron- tem. — Der. /ronta.\, /rontea.\x, /ronton, af- /ront, zf/ronttx, con/ronttr, tf/rontd, ef/ront- erie. FRONTIERE, s/. a frontier ; from L. fron- teria*, a word used for a boundary line between two countries in medieval docu- ments, literally the face-to-face boundaries between two countries : from firontem. For e = ie see § 56. M l^^ FR ONTISPICE — F USSE. Prontispice, ftn. a frontispiece; from L. frontibpicium*. FRONTON, itn. a frontal, pediment. See front. FROTTER, vn. to rub ; from L. frictare *, frequent, of frioare. For ot = tt see § l68 ; for i = o cp. ordino, ordonne; {t ictxxl SLT e, froler.— Der. froUement, frott- age, JroUeuT. frottoxr. fPructidor, sm. Fructidor (the 12th month in the Republican Calendar, from Aug. 18 to Sept. 16) ; der. from L. fructus. Fructification, ./. fructification ; from L. fructificationem. Pructifier, vn. to fructify ; from L. fruc- tificare. PructueilX, adj. fruitful; from L. fruc- tuosus. For -os\XB = -eiix see § 2^29. Frugal, adj. frugal; from L. frugal is. Frugality, s/". frugality; from L. frugali- tatem. Frugivore, adj. frugivorous; from L. frugem and vorare. FRUIT, SOT. fruit; from L. ftiictus. For ct = iV see at trail. — Der. fruititx, fruit- erie. FRUSQUIN, sm. in pi., sticks and stems, one's goods and chattels. Origin unknown. + Pruste, adj. defaced (of coins, etc.); from \\. frusta. Frustration, sf. frustration; from L. frus- trationem. Frustrer, va. to defraud, frustrate ; from L. frustrari. Fugace, adj. fugitive, transient; from L. fugacem. Fugitif, adj. fugitive, sm. a fugitive ; from L. fugitivus. t Fugue, •/. a fugue; from It. fuga. Its doublet is fuie. FUIR, vn. to flee; from L. fugSre. For regular contr. into fug're see § 51, whence yi/i'r. For gr — ir see accueillir and buis. — Der. fuite (partic. subst., see absoute), fuyzrd, s'en/w/r. FUITE, s/. flight. See/wV. Fulgural, adj. fulgurous; from L. fulgu- ralis. Fulguration, sf. lightning; from L. ful- gurationem. Fuligineux, adj. fuliginous; from L. fuliginosus. Fulminer, va. to fulminate ; from L. ful- minare. — Der. fulminznt, fulmimtion. FUMER, vn. to smoke, va. to dry by smoke ; from L. fmnaxe. — Der. fumee (partic. subst.), fumzge, fumet, /wmeur, fumoir, fumcron, /wmiste, enfi/mcT, par- fumcr. FUMEUX, adj. smoky; from L. fumosus. For -osus = -fj/jc see § 229. FUMIER, sm. dung : formerly femier ; from L. fimariuin*, deriv. of fimus. For -arius — -«er see § 198; for i-e = u see affubler. Fumigation, sf. fumigation. See fum- iger. Fumiger, va. to fumigate: from L. fum- igare. — Der. fumigzHon, fumignXoire. Funanibule,sOT. a rope-dancer, adj dancing on the rope; from L. funambulus. Fundbre, adj. funeral; from L. funebris. Fun6railles, sf. pi. funeral ; from L. fune- ralia *. For -alia= -aille see ail. . Fun6raire, adj. funeral; from L. func-j rarius. ' Funeste, adj. fatal, baleful; from L. funestus. Funin, sm. a hawser ; dim, of fune, which from L. funis. FUR, sm. in proportion ; a pleonastic expres- sion, for fur means price, measure, pro- portion. Fur is from L. forum, in sense of price; see h forfait. For o = « see curee; cp. mesure. Fur is a doublet of for, q. V. FURET, SOT, a ferret; dim. of/wr*; a root answering to L. furo, in Isidore of Seville. — Der. fureter (properly to hunt with the ferret, then to rummage). FURETER, vn. to ferret, rummage. See furet. — Der. fureteur. Fureur, sw, fury ; from L. furore m. Furibond, adj. furious; from L. furi- bundus, Furie, sf fury ; from L. furia. Furieux, adj. furious; from L. furiosus. For -osua = -eux see § 229. Furoncle, sot. a gathering, boil ; from L. furunculus. Furtif, adj. furtive; from L. furtivus. FUSAIN, SOT. spindlewood, a tree whose wood makes good spindles (fuseau). Fusain an- swers to a Lat. fusanus *, deriv. of fasus. For -anus = -am see § 194. The word is also used for the charcoal used by draughts- men, which is made of spindlewood. FUSEAU, SOT. a spindle, distaff; formerly fusel. For el = eau see agneau. Fusel re- presents L. fasellus *, from fusus. FUSEE, sf. a spindleful ; properly the ball of thread on the spindle, then a piece of artillery of that shape. In its first sense fuseau comes from L. fusata *, which has FUSER — GA GNA GE. 1 53 the same meaning. ' Portans secum duas fusatas fili,' says a document of a.d. 1355. For -ata = -eV see § 201. FllSer, va. to fuse; from L, fusare*, deriv. of partic. fusus, from fundere. Fusible, adj. fusible; from L. fusibilis. — Der. fusibilixe (from fusibilitatem *, from fusibilis). FUSIL, sm. a steel (to strike flint with), tinderbox, hammer (of a gun), then a musket, by extension. Fu&il is in It. focile, from L. focile*, steel (to strike fire with), from focus. For o = u see curee; for o = s see amitie. — Der. f7isilhT,fusilhde, fusilier . Fusion, sf. fusion; from L. fusionem. Its doublet isfoison, q. v. — Der./Mszowner. Fustiger, va. to beat, whip; from L. fustigare — Der. /ws/z^ation. FUT, sm. a cask ; formerly fust ; properly wood (as in the phrase le fut cfune lance). from L. fustis. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. fut^ie, futa.i\le (a little cask), fiite (crafty, one who has experience, has suffered, in O. Fr. one who has been beaten with ayw/ or stick), af/i// (compd, of a and fut, i. e. = au bois, properly the leaning up against a tree to watch game ; thence a gun-carriage). FUTAIE, sf a forest. See fut. FUTAILLE, sf. a small cask. Seefiit. t Futaine, sf fustian ; {oxmerXy fustaigne ; introd. in middle ages, through Genoese commerce, from It. fustagno. FCtTE, adj. crafty. See/«^ Futile, adj. futile ; from L. futilis. Futility, sf. futility; from L. futilitatem. Futur, adj. future; from L. futurus. FUYANT, adj. flying, fleeting, fading. See fuir. FUYARD, sm. a fugitive. See fuir. G. t Gabarre, /. a storeship, lighter; from It. gabarra. — Der. gabarier, gabarit (a model for the construction of these ships, then used for any naval model). GABELLE, sf. gabel, salt-tax ; originally any kind of tax, a word of Germ, origin, Engl. gabel, gavel, A. S. gafol. Gabelle is a doublet of cabale, q. v. — Der. gabelem, gabelou, gabeler, gabehge. GABER, va. to mock at, gibe at. It. gab- bare; of Germ, origin, O. Scand. gabba, to deceive. fGabier, sm. a topman; introd. from. It. gabbiere. + Gabion, sm. a gabion; introd. from It. gabbione. — Der, gabionner. G&che, sf. a staple. Origin unknown. — Der. gnchette. GACHER, va. to bungle ; formerly gascher ; properly to temper mortar : of Germ, origin, O. H. G. washan, to wash ; whence in Low Lat. a form wascare*, whence gascher, by regular transformation. For initial ■w=^w = g' before a, as in wadiare, gager; weidaniare*, gagner; wantus, gant; warant, garant; warten, garder; warenn^L, garenne; wa.r on, garer; war- nian, garnir; wastel, gateau; welk, gauche; wafer, gaufre; walu, gaule; WASO, gazon. ^w remains before e ; werra, guerre; w er } a.n, guerir; wahten, guetter. For GSk — che see §§ 126 and 54; for loss of s see Hist. Gram p. 8 1 — DcT.gdche (verbal subst.), gachtur, gncheux, gachh. GACHE TTE, sf a tumbler (term of gunnery). See gache. Gade, sm. a codfish ; from Gr, 7(i5o$. GADOUE, sf. a clearing out (of cesspools, etc.). Origin unknown. — Der. gadousLtd. GAFFE, sf. a boat-hook ; of Celtic origin, Gael. gaf. — Der. gaffer. GAGE, sm. a pledge, forfeit. See gager. — Der. ^a^iste. GAGER, va. to wager, hire, pay. Pro v. gatjar, from L. wadiare *, found in Ger- manic codes: it is der. from wadium*, found in the same codes in sense of a pledge, "Wadium is of Germ, origin, and answers to Goth. vadi. "Wadiare, regularly trans- formed (see abreger, and Hist. Gram. p. 65) into "wadjare, becomes gager. For dj =^ see ajouter; for vr^g see gdcher. — Der. gage (verbal subst.), ^a^erie, ^a^eur, ^a^eure, engager, d^gager. GAGNAGE, sm. pasture land, pasturage. See gagner. M 2 164 GA GNER — GA L VA NIQUE. GAGNER, va. to earn; formerly to make pfofit out of cultivation, originally to make profit by pasturing cattle ; hence the word first means to pasture : this sense is kept in gagnage, q. v., and in such hunting phrases as le lievre gagne, le cerf gcigne, i.e. the hare, stag, feeds. Gagner, in O. Fr. gaagner, Prov. gazanhar. It. guadagnare, O. Sp. guadanar, is , of Germ, origin, O. H. G. weidanjan, to pasture cattle. This form answers to the Low Lat. form ■weidaniare *. For loss of medial d see accabler ; for w =^ see gdcher ; for ni =gn see cigogne. Gaagner had formed the O. Fr. verbal subst. gaaing, now contrd. into gain. GAI, adj. gay, blithe; of Germ, origin, O. H. G. gaki, lively, alert, whence later gay. — Der. gaiet6, egaytx. •fQ-aiac, sm. guiac, holywood; a word introd. from St, Uomingo. GAIETE, sf. gaiety. See gat. GAILLARD, sm. sprightly, merry. Origin unknown. — Der. gaillardise, ragaillardiT. GAIN, sm. earnings, profits. See gagner. GAINE, sf. a sheath; from L. vagina. For -agina. = -ame see faine. The form vaina became gaine by changing the initial v into g, as in vastare, gdter, and Hist. Gram. p. 64. Gaine is a doublet oivagine. — Der. gain\e.x, gainerie, engainer, rengaintr, degainer. "t-Qala, sm. a gala; introd. from It. gala. GALANT, adj. worthy, good, gallant ; partic. of verb galer, meaning in O. Fr, to rejoice. This word is of Germ, origin, from A. S, gal. — Der, galanterie, galantm, galantisei. Q-alantine, sf. a galantine (dish of turkey or veal, fish, with herbs, etc.); found in medieval documents. For the insertion of n see con- , combre. Galalina is a corruption oi gelatma (see gelatine). For this word see an example in the Philippide of Guillaume le Breton (liv. X.) : ' Millia salmonum murenarumque ministrat Britigenis, quos inde procul com- mercia mittunt Chara diu, dum servat eis Galatina vigorem,' A MS, account-book of A.D. 1240 gives the same sense to the word : ' De duodecim lampredis portatis in galatina.' G-alaxie, sf. a galaxy; from Gr, yaKa^ia. Galbanum, sm. galbanum; from L. gal- banum. "f-Galbe, sm. (Archit.) entasis, entour; garbe in Ronsard (i6th cent.) : from It. garbo. GALE, 5/, scab (on fruit, etc), itch; properly a hardness of skin, thence a cutaneous dis- order which makes the skin hard and thick : from L. callus. Callus is found in sense of the itch in medieval Lat. We find its deriv. callosus in sense of scurfy in an i ith- cent. document : ' Insuper expertus calloso corpore lepram.' For c =^ see adjuger. — Der. gahux (whose doublet is calleux). tGalega, sm. (Bot.) goatsbeard; from Sp. gallega. Galdne, sf. (Min.) galena ; from L. ga- lena. t Galore, s/. galley; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. galera. — Der. galeritn. t Galer ie, sf. a gallery; introd. from It. galleria. GALERNE, sf. the north-west wind ; of Celtic origin, Bret, givalern. GALET, sm. a pebble, shovel-board. Origin unknown. — Der. galette (which has the flat and round shape of the galet). GALETAS, sm. a garret. Origin unknown. GALIMATIAS, sm. nonsense. Origin un- known, GALION, GALIOTE, sm. a galleon; from O, Fr. galee. Origin unknown. GALIOTE, sf a galliot. See galion. Galle, sf. an oak-apple, gall; from L. galla, — Der. ^a//ique, Galilean, adj. Gallican; from L. galli- canus*, from gallus. Gallinace, adj. gallinaceous; from L. gal- linaceus. i Gallon, sm. a gallon ; from "Exi^. gallon. GALOCHE, sf. a galoshe; properly a shoe with a wooden sole : from L. calopedia *, used often for a wooden shoe in medieval writers. Calopedia is from Gr. Ka\o- TToSiov. Calopedia is contr, (see § 52) into calop'dia, which is transformed regu- larly (see abreger) into calopd'ja, whence galoche. YoxG=g see adjuger] for pd = c? see hideux; for dja. = che see ajouter and abreger. GALONNER, va. to lace (with gold, silver, etc). Origin unknown.— Der. galon. GALOPER, vn. to gallop. Prov. -galaupar; of Germ, origin, GoXh.. gahlaupan* (compd. of hlaupan, to run, and the prefix ga. For ajc — o see alouette, — Der, galop (verbal subst,), galopin, galopa.de. Galoubet, sm. a kind of flute. Origin un- known. Galvanique, adj. galvanic ; of hist, origin (see § 33), from Galvani, the Italian physician, who discovered the phenomenon i named after him in a.d, 1780. GALVA UDER — GASCON. l6'^ Galvauder, va. to throw into disorder. Origin unknown. f Gambade, sf. a gambol; introd. from It. gambata, — Der. gambadev. t Gambit, sm. gambit (chess); from It. gambetto. GAMELLE, sf. a platter, bowl ; from L. camella. For c=g see adjuger. GAMIN, sm. an urchin, street boy. Origin unknown. — Der. gaminer, gaminene. Gam.me, sf. (Mus.) gamut, scale; named after the Gr. letter gamma. Guy of Arezzo used to end the series of seven notes of the musical scale by this mark y. . He named ■ the notes a, b, c, d, e, f, g, and the last of the series has given its name to the whole scale. f Ganache, sf. the lower jaw, a dunce; from It. ganascia. Ganglion, sm. a ganglion; from L. gan- glionem. Gangrene, sf a gangrene; from L. gan- graena. — Der. gangreneux, gangrener. fGangue, sf (Min.) gangue, veinstone; from Germ. gang. GANSE, sf bobbin. Origin unknown. GANT, sm. a glove ; from L. wantus *. In Karl's Capitularies we have ' wantos in aestate,' and in the Acta Sanctorum, ' chiro- thecas quas vulgo "wantos vocant.' "Wan- tus is of Germ, origin, answering to Swed. watite. "Wantus becomes gant by chang- ing w into g (see gdcher). Der. gander, ganter, ganterie, gantelex (through gantel*). GARANCE, sf. (Bot.) madder. Origin un- known. — Der. garancer. GARANT, sm. a guarantee, voucher, surety. Low L. warantus ; of Germ. origiPx, Engl. warrant, Fries, warend. For vr=g see gdcher. — Der. garant'n, garande. tGarcette, sf (Naut.) a gasket; from Sp. garceta. GARCON, sm. a boy ; dim. of gars. Origin unknown. GARDER, va. to guard, keep, take care of; of Germ, origin, O. H. G warten, to watch over. For ^=g see gdcher. — Der. garde (verbal subst.), gardeuT, gardien, xegarder, regard. GARDIEN, sm. a guardian. See garder. GARDON, sw. a roach. Origin unknown, GARE, sf. a basin (river), railway platform, terminus. See garer. GARENNE, sf. a warren, properly a district in which the rights of hunting were reserved, originally a prohibition to hunt in a wood. Garenne, in medieval L, warenna^ is of Germ, origin, from O. H. G. ivaron, to forbid. "Warenna becomes gare?ine by w =g, for which see gdcher. — Y)tr. gar ennxer. GARER, va. (Naut.) to put into dock ; of Germ, origin, O. H.G. waron. — Der. gare (verbal subst.), kgarer. Gargariser, va. to gargle ; from L. gar- garizare. Gargarisme, sm. gargling; from L. gar- garisma. GARGOTE, /. a cook-shop. Origin un- known. — Der. gargotxer, gargoter, gargot- age. GARGOUILLE, sj. a gargoyle. Origin un- known. — Der. gargouiller, gargouillement, gargoidU'is, gargouilhde. Gargousse, sf a cartridge. Origin un- known. GARNEMENT, sm. a scapegrace, worthless fellow. See garnir. GARNIR, va. to garnish, furnish; of Germ, origin, A. S. warnian, to take care, defend. For w=g see gdcher. — Der. ^arw'ture, garnement (properly that which seems to defend, protect ; so mauvais garnement is that which defends badly, i. e. is worth nothing, thence by extension a bad fel- low), garnison (from garnir, in its first sense of to defend), garnis^ire, garni (partic. subst.). GARNISON, sf. a garrison. See garni. GARNITURE, sf. garnishing, set, furniture, lining. See garnir. GAROU(LOUP), sm. a were-wolf,in medieval mythology a man who is changed into a wolf and roams at night. Garou, O. Fr. garonl, is from gerulphus, found in medieval Lat. Gervasius Tilberiensis says of this imaginary creature, 'Vidimus enim frequenter in Anglia per lunationes homines in lupos mutari, quod hominum genus gerulphos Galli nominant, Angli vero were-vulf dicunt.' Gerulphus is of Germ, origin, and answers to Swed. varulf Varulf is compd. of var (a man) and ulf (a wolf), and means a man-wolf. Gerulphus produced O. Fr. garoul. For e = a see amender ; for w. — ou see § 90 ; for lpli = Zcp.Radulphus, i?ao?^Z; for oul = ou cp. St. Ulfus, St. Ou. GARROT, sm. a packing-stick. Origin un- known. — Der. garrotter. GARROT, sm. withers (of a horse). Origin unknown. GARROTTER, va. to bind with strong cords, tie down. See garrot. GARS, sm. a boy. See gargon. GASCON, adj. Gascon ; from L. Vasconem, i66 GA SPILLER — QELINE. an inhabitant of Vasconia. For v=^ see gaxne. - Der. gascorinei, gasconuzde. GASPILLER, va. to throw into confusion, squander, waste ; of Germ, origin, A. S. gaspillan, to waste, spend. — Der. gaspilleuT, gaspilhge. Qaster, sm. (Med.) gaster; from Or. yaarrjp. — Der. gaslrique, gastrite. Gastralgie. ./. (Med.) gastralgia ; stomach- ache ; from Gr. yaarpakyia. Gastrique, adj. gastric. See gaster. Gastrite, sf. (Med.) gastritis. See gasfer. Gastronomie, sf. gastronomy ; from Gr. yaaTpovofiia. — Dei. gastronome, gastronom- ique. GATEAU, sm. a cake ; formerly gasteau, originally gastel (for el = eau see agneau). Gastel is of Germ origin, answering to O. H. G. wastel. For w = g see packer. GA.TER, va. to spoil ; formerly gaster, from L. vastare. For v=^ see game; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 8l. — Der. d^gdl. GAUCHE, sf. left hand (lit. the weak hand); adj. left, awkward ; fern, form of gauc *, originally gale *, a form of Germ, origin, answering to O. H. G. welk, which becomes gale. For io = g see gaeher ; for e = a see amender; for al = au see agneau. Thus the left hand properly means the weak hand, which has not the qualities of strength, agility, address, attributed to the right hand. Strange as this origin may seem, it is quite certain, and is confirmed by the existence of analogous metaphors in other languages. Thus in It. the left hand is stanca, the fatigued, or manca, the defective ; Mod. Prov. calls it man seneco, the decrepit hand. — Der. gavchex, gaueherie, gaueh'ix. GAUCHIR, vn. to turn aside, shuffle. See gauche. — Der. ^awcAissement. GAUDE, sf. (Bot.) mignonette; of Germ, origin, Germ, waude. For w=g see gdcher. Gaudir, vpr. to rajoice, mock (at); from L. gaud ere. Its doublet is jouir, q. v. — Der. gaudnole (for gaudiole). ■' Gaudriole, ./. a broad jest. See gaudir. GAUFRE, sf a honeycomb, wafer (cake) ; formerly gafre. Of Germ, origin, Engl. wafer. Germ, waffel. For w = g see gaeher. — Der. gaufrex, gaufr'xex, gaufruxe. GAULE, sf a long pole, switch; formerly waule. Of Germ, origin, Fries, walu. For w=g see gaeher.— Dex. gaidex. GAULOIS, adj. Gaulish, olden, rude, patri- archal ; deriv. of Gaule, which from L. Qallia. For al = au see agneau. GAUPE, sf. a slattern, slut. Origin unknown. fGausser, vpr. to mock, banter; introd. from Sp. gozar, gozarse. — Der. gaussenx, gaussexie. Gavotte, sf. a gavot. Of hist, origin, see § 33. Originally a dance of the Gavotes, i. e. people of Gap. Gaz, sm. gas. Of hist, origin, see § 33. It was invented in the 16th cent, by the alchemist Van-Helmont. — Der. gazeux, ^azeifier, ^azeiforme, ^azier, ^ctzometre. Gaze. sf. gauze. Of hist, origin, see § 33 ; a fabric first made at Gaza in Palestine. — Der. gazex. i* Gazelle, sf a gazelle. Of Oriental origin, introd. from Africa by St. Louis' Crusaders. It is the dim. of Ar. ghaza. t Gazette, sf. a gazette; introd. from It. gazetta. — Der. gazetiex. Gazomdtre, sm. a gasometer; from gaz (q. v.), and from Gr. fi^rpov. GAZON, sm. turf, grass, sod ; formerly wason. Of Germ, origin, O. H.G. waso. For tv = g see gaeher. — Gazon is a doublet of vase, q. v. — Der. gazonnex, gazonx\ement. GAZOUILLER, va. to twitter; secondary form of O. Fr. gaziller; dim. of gaser, which is for jaser. — Der. gazouillement, gazouill'is. GEAI, sm. a jay; formerly gai, which is in fact the adj. gai, for the jay gets its name from its chattering ways. The O. Sp., which uses gayo for both jay and gay, confirms this origin. GEANT, sm. giant. It. gigante, from L. gigantem. For loss of medial g see Hist. Gram. p. 82 ; for i = e see mettre. G6heiine, sf Gehenna ; from L. gehenna, found in TertuUian, who had transcribed this word from the Septuagint yUvva, which is the Heb. gehinnom, the place of eternal doom. For this word see § 30. Gehenne is a doublet oi gene, q.v. GEINDRE, vn. to moan ; from L. gemere, by regular contr. (see § 51) of gemere into gera*re, whence geindre. For e = ei see §61; for in = « see ehanger ; for nv — ndr see absoudre. Geindre is a doublet of gemir, q. v. Gelatine, sf gelatine ; from L. gelatina *, der. from gelatus (congealed). — Der. gelatineux. GELER, va. to freeze; from L. gelare. — Der. gel6e (partic. subst.), gelif, gelive, engeluxe, d&geler, congeler. GELIF, GELIVE, adj. split by frost (of trees, etc.). See geler. GELINE, sf a hen, fowl; from L. gal- GELINO TTE — GENTILHOMME. 16 j lina. For a = e see § 54. — Der. gelin- otte. GFXINOTTE, sf. a fowl fattened in the yard, hazel-hen. See geline. G6ineau, sm. in pi. twins ; formerly gemel ; from L. gemellus. For e\ = eau see agneau. Mod. Fr. only uses the word in the sing, in astronomical phrases, as ge- meau occidental, gemeau oriental, i. e. Castor and Pollux. Gemeau is a doublet o(jumeau, q. v. Oemine, adj. (Bot.) geminate, double ; from L. geminatus. GEMIR, vn. to groan ; from L. gemere. In this case the accent is displaced from gemere to gemere, as in accourir. For e = i see accotnplir. Gemir is a doublet of geindre, q. v. — Der. gemisiement. Gremme, s/". a gem ; from L. gemma. Gemonies, sf. the Gemonian stairs (in Ro- man antiquities) ; from L. gemoniae (sc. scalae). GP^NvJlVE, sf. the gum (in the mouth) ; from L. gingiva. For g = c see f raise ; for i = e see admettre. GENDARME, sm. a gendarme, man at arms ; formerly gent d'arme. See under gens, de and arme. — Der. gendarmerie, gendarm- er(se). GENDRE, sm. a son-in-law; from L. gener, by regular contr. (see § 51) of generum. into gen'rum., whence gendre. For nr =^ ndr see absoudre. GENE, sf. formerly torture: mettre a la gene was = donner la question, to put to torture. It is easy to see how the word has gradually lost its strength : gene, whose doublet is gehenne, is from L. gehenna, the place of torment in TertuUian ; thence any punishment, torture. — Der. gtnex. Genealogie, sf a genealogy ; from L. ge- uealogia. — Der. genealog\(\ne, genealog- ists GENER, va. to vex, torment, incommode. See gene. General, adj. general; from L. generalis. — Der. general (sm.), generaht, general- iser, generalite. • Generaliser, va. to generalise. See gene" ral. — Der. generalisation. G^n^ralissime, sm. a generalissimo ; from L. generalissimus*, superl. of gene- ralis. G6n§rateur, sm. a generator; from L. generatorem. Generation, sf. a generation; from L. ge- nerationem. G6n6reux, Of//, generous; from L. gene- rosus. For -os\x.s = -eux see § 229. G^nerique, adj. generic; from L. gene- ricus *. G6nerosit6, sf. generosity; from L. gene- rositatem. Gendse, sf. genesis ; from Gr. ytveais. + Genet, sm. a jennet (Spanish horse); from Sp. ginete, a light-armed horseman. GENET, sm. the broom ; formerly genest, from L. genista. For i = e see mettre ; for loss of -s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. tGenette, ./.a genet. Of Oriental origin. Ar.djerneith. GENEVRIER, sm. a juniper tree. See genievre. G6nie, sm. genius; from L. genius. GENIFJVRE, sm. a juniper ; formerly genevre, from L. juniperus. Regularly contr. into junip'rus, after the law of Lat. accent (see § 51), it becomes genevre. For p - v see § III; for u = e see chapeler ; for j=^ cp. junicem, genisse ; jacere, gesir. For genevre = genievre, see arriere. — Der. genevrier. GENISSE, sf. a heifer; from L. junicem. For u = ^ see chapeler; for ]=g see ge- nievre ; for c = ss see amitie. G6nital, adj. genital; from L. genitalis. G6nitif, sm. the genitive; from L. geni- tivus. G6niture, sf offspring, child; from L. genitura. GENOU, sm. a knee ; formerly genonil, from L. genuculum, dim. of genu. Genu- culum signifies a knee in the Germ, codes : ' Si tibia subtus genuculo media incisa fiierit,' says the Lex Frisonum, 22, 60, Genuculum becomes genouil by -uculum — -ouil, see § 258. For genouil —genou see Hist. Gram. p. 191. — From O. Fr. genouil comes 2igenou\\\ex, genouillhre. Genre, sm. a kind, description; from L. ' genere, abl. of geniw. GENS, smf.pl. people; -pi. of gent, q. v. GENT, sf a nation; from L. gentem. — Der. gens. GENT, adj. fair, comely, pretty; from L. genitus, of good birth, then gracious, charming. For regular contr. of genitus into gen'tus see §■ 51. — Der. zgencer (from a form agentiare*, deriv. of gentus * for genitus. See agencer). Gentiane, sf the gentian ; from L. gen- tiana. Gentil, adj. pretty; from L. gentilis. — Der. p-f'ntWe'ise ^entillktre. GENTILHOMME, sm. a nobleman, person i68 GENTILlA TRE — GIB OYER . of quality ; compd. of homme and genlil, in sense of a person of good birth. — Der. gentilhommene, gentilhotntmhrt. Qentill&tre, sm. a lordiing. See gentil. Gtentillesse, sf. prettiness, gracefulness. See gentil. (^nuflexion, sf. a genuflection ; from L. genuflexionem ♦. Q6od6sie, .•/. geodesy ; from Gr. 'yioi^aiaia. G6ognosie, sf. geognosy ; from Gr. yfj and yvijais. — Der. g"eWe'sique. Q^Ographie, sf geography ; from L. geographia. — Der. geographique, geo- graphe. GEOLE, sf a gaol; formerly gaiole. It. gabbiola, from L. caveola. Geole (a prison, properly a cage) still had both senses in the middle ages; in the 13th cent, people spoke of the geole (fun oiseau as well as of the gedle (Twi prisonnier. Caveola, which consonified eo into io (see ahreger) and changed c into g (see adjuger), became gaviola, found in the form gabiola in a charter of a.d. 1229: ' Ipsos quittamus ab omni . . . custodia villae, turris et gabiolae, ab exercitu,' etc. Gabiola becomes jaiole. For loss of medial b see aboyer ; for g =j see jumeau. O. Yt. jaiole becomes jeole : for ai = ae = e see § 103 ; and lastly geole, see genievre. In the sense of a birdcage geole has produced the compd. engeoler, now spelt enjoler, which in the middle ages = mettre en cage. Cp. Sp. enjaular, der. from jaula, a cage. Engeoler in fowler's language meant to lure a bird into a snare or cage by help of other birds. From this technical sense the word came metaph. to mean ' to cajole,' ' take in by flattering words.' The spelling engeoler, which is etymol. correct, and indicates the origin of the word, continued down to the beginning of the 18th cent. — Der. geol'xer. G6ologie, sf. geology; from Gr. yf} and A070S. — Der. geologlque, geologue. G^omancie, s/.- geomancy ; from L. geo- mantia. — Der. geotnanc'ien. G6oilldtre, s?«. a geometrician ; from L. geometra.— Der. geometral. Q^Olll6trie, sf. geometry ; from L. geo- metria. — Der. ^e'oweVrique. Geranium, sm. a geranium ; from L. geranium. GERBE, sf. a sheaf. O. Fr. garbe, from O. H. G. garba. — Der. gerbee, gerber. GERCER, va. to chap, crack (in cold weather); formerly garcer, from L. carptiare*, , deriv. of carptus, partic. of carpere, to break, split. Carptiare becomes garcer. For c =g see adjuger; for -tiare = -cer see agencer; garcer becomes gercer by a=-e, see § 54 — Der. ^erf-ure. G6rer, va. to administer, manage ; from L. gerere. — Der. gerznX. GERFAUT, sm. a gerfalcon ; formerly ger- fauc, originally gerfalc; of Germ, origin, Germ, gerfalk. For al = au see agneau. Germain, adj. german (cousin) ; from L. germanus. t Gerinandr6e, sf (Bot.) germander (for gelmandree) ; from It. calamandrea. GERME, sm. a germ; from L. genaen. GERMER, vn. to shoot, bud ; from L. ger- minare, by regular contr. (see § 52) of germinare into germ'nare, whence germer. For mn = n see allumer. Gherminal, adj. germinal, sm. Germinal (the 7th month in the French calendar, Mar. 21 to April 19). Germination, sf germination; from L. germinationem. G6rondif, adj. gerundive; from L. gerun- divus. GESIER, sf the gizzard ; from L. gigerium, unused sing, of gigeria. For i = e see mettre', for g = s see f raise; for e = ie see GESIR, vn. to lie (infinitive of git,gisais, etc.) ; from L. jacere. For j=^ see genievre; for a = e see § 54 ; for c = s see amitie ; for e = i see § 59. — Der. gesine. Gestation, sf gestation ; from L. gesta- tionem. Q^ste, sm. a gesture ; from L. gestus. Gesticuler, vn. to gesticulate ; from L. gesticulari. — Der. gesticuhtion, gesticul- ateur. Gestion, sf administration; from L. ges- tionem. Gibbosit6, sf. gibbousness; from L. gib- bositatem*, from gibbosus. GIBECI^RE, sf a game-pouch ; der. from O. Fr. gibecer. Cp. grimaciere from gri- macer. See gibier. GIBELET, sm. a gimlet. Origin unknown. GIBELJDTTE, sf a gibelotte, rabbit-stew. Origin unknown. + Giberne, sf a cartridge-box ; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. giberna. GIBET, sm. a gibbet. Origin unknown. GIBIER, sm. game. Origin unknown. GIBOULEE, sf. a shower, hail-storm. Origin unknown. GIBOYER, vn. to hunt. See gibier.— Tiex. giboyeuT, giboyeux. GIGA NTESQUE — GLAIVE. 169 tGigantesque, adj. gigantic; introd, from It. gigantesco. GIGOT, sm. a leg of mutton. See gigue. GIGUE, sf. a leg. Origin unknown. — Der. GIGUE, sf. a jig, a dance to the sound of the gigue, an O. Fr. name for a stringed instru- ment. Gigue is of Germ origin, M. H. G. gige. Germ, geige, a violin. GILET, sm. a waistcoat. See gille. — Der. ^fZetiere. GILLE, sm. a clown (at a theatre). As a pro- per name Gille represents the L. Aegidius; ' Sanctus Aegidius ' is in Fr. Saint Gilles. But why is the theatre clown "called Gille ? We know not. — Der. gilet (originally a sleeveless waistcoat worn by clowns on the stage. A similar metaphor is found under jaquette, q. v.). GIMBLETTE, sf. a kind of cake. Origin unknown. GINGEMBRE, sm. ginger ; in Joinville gin- gimbre, originally gingibre, from L. zinzi- berum. For regular contr. to zinzib'rum see § 51 ; hence gingibre by z=g, see jaloux. For intercalated m (gingimbre) see lambruche; for i = e (gingetnbre) see mettre. •}- Girafe, sf a giraffe; of Oriental origin. Ar. zurafa. For z=g see gingembre. t Girandole, sf a girandole, spring (of guns) ; from It. girandola. Girasol, sm. a girasol; from L. gyrare and sol. Giratoire, adj. gyral ; from L. gyrato- rius*, deriv. of gyratus, partic. of gy- rare. GIROFLE, sm. a clove ; corruption (for cheriofle see § 172) of L. caryopliyllum. Contrd., according to the Gr. accent (wap- v6(pvWov, see § 51), into caryoph'lum, whence girofle. For ph. =/ see coffre ; for C=g see accointer. For the unwonted phe- nomenon of a = i see aimant; io = o is still more rare. — Der. giroflier, girofl6&. GIRON, sm. lap. Before it received its pre- sent sense it signified the part of the dress between the girdle and the knees : in me- dieval Lat. the word was giro, signifying the lower part of the tunic ; ' Mox cum sinistra manu girones albas accipiens, et ante se tenens, spargit ante se aquam be- nedictam,' a passage quoted by Ducange. The L. giro* is of Germ, origin, M.H.G. gere, a skirt. GIROUETTE, sf. a vane, weathercock; from O. Fr. girer, which is from L. gjn-are. GISANT, adj. lying (ill, dead) ; from L. ja- centem. For a = i see aimatit ; for c = s see amide ; for i=g see genievre. GISEMENT, sm. bearing (in geology, naviga- tion), der. from gesir (q. v.) ; gisement is for gesement, see accomplir. GITE, sm. home, lodging, site, seat, form, gist ; formerly giste. Low L. gista, origin- ally gesta, representing L. jacita* , a sleep- ing place, partic. of jacere. Jdcita, regu- larly contr. (see § 51) into jac'ta, becomes Low L. gesta by j=g, see genievre; by c = s, see amilie ; by a = e, see § 54. Gesta becomes O. Fr. giste by e = i, see § 59, and lastly gtte by loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. giter. GIVRE, sm. rime, hoar frost. Origin un- known, GIVRE, sf a snake. O. Fr. guivre, from L. vipera*, by regular contr. of vip§ra into vip'ra, whence guivre. For v=gu see gaine ; for p = i' see § iii. Glabre, adj. (Bot.) glabrous, unbearded ; from L. glaber. GLACE, sf ice ; from L. glacia*. a second- ary form of glaeies, found in Graeco-Lat. glossaries in the middle ages. For cia = ce see agencer. — Der. glafon, glacex, glacier, glacihve, glacis. Glacial, ac^'. glacial ; from L. glacialis. Gladiateur, sm. a gladiator ; from L. gla- diatorem. GLATEUL, sm. (Bot.) a gladiolus ; from L. gladiolus. For glad-io-lus = glad-io- lus see aieul ; hence gla'ieul, by loss of medial d (see accabler), and by -io\\XB = 4eul (see § 253). GLAIRE, sf glair, a term used by binders, signifying properly white of egg : the sense of ' glairous humour ' comes from the like- ness of this humour to the white of egg. It comes from L.clara in the phrase 'clarium ovi,' used in some Low Lat. documents. For c\ = gl and for a = a/ see § 54. This derivation is confirmed by It. chiara, Sp. and Port, clara. — Der. glaireux. GLAISE, sf loam, clay; from L. glitea*, found in a medieval glossary. Glitea is from glitem, found in Isidore of Seville, signifying thick clay. Glitea becomes re- gularly glitia (see § 58), whence glaise. For tia = se see agencer ; for i = ai see § 69 note 2 — Der. glaiser, glaiseax, glais- iere. GLAIVE, sm. a sword ; from L. gladius. For loss of d see accabler ; for insertion o^ V see corvee. I/O GLAND — OO^LA ND. GLAND, sm. an acorn ; from L. glandem. — Der. glande (from its likeness to an acorn), glandie. GLANDE. sf. (Anat.) a gland. See gland. Glandule, sf. (Anat.) a glandule; from L. glandula. Its O. Fr. doublet is glandre. — Der. glandulcMX, glanduUire. GLANER, va. to glean ; from L. glenare*. found in some 6th-cent, documents. Thus we read ' Si quis in messem alienam glenaverit' in a document of a. d. 561. Origin unknown. For e = a sec amender. — Der. glane (verbal subst.), glantuT, glan- ure, glanagc. GLAPIR, vn. to yelp; of Germ, origin, Neth. Happen. For g1 =gl see aigle. — Der. glapissement. GLAS, sm. a knell, passing-bell, also written das in O. Fr. ; from L. classicum, which in Class. Lat. was the signal by the trum- pet to call troops together ; in Eccles. Lat. the bell calling the monks to church, which latter sense is seen in the following : ' Ad matutinum primo totum classicum pul- setur, et, remanente classico, duo minora signa sonent, donee fratres ad ecclesiam con- veniant.' We even find ' classicxun mor- tuorum ' = gins des trespasses, the passing bell. Classicum becomes glas by loss of last two atonic syllables, see §§ 50, 51 : for cl = ^/ see aigle. Glauque, adj. glaucous; from L. glaucus. Gldbe, sf. glebe, soil ; from L. gleba. t Glette, s/. litharge ; from Germ, gla/te. GLISSER, vn. to slip, slide ; of Germ, origin, Neth. glitsen. — Der. glissoire, gliss&de, glissenr, glissement. Globe, sm. the globe; from L. globus. — Der. englober. Globule, sm. a globule; from L. globulus. Der. globuleux, globuhire. GLOIRE, sf. glory; from L. gloria. For transposition of i see chanoine. Glorieux, adj. glorious, boastful ; from L. gloriosus. For -OB\is = -eux see § 229. Glorifier, va. to glorify; from L. glorifi- care. — Der. glorification. Gloriole, sf. vainglory; from L. gloriola. Glose, sf. a gloss, carping, a parody ; from L. glossa. — Der.g'/oser,^/oseur,^Zossateur. Glossaire, sm. a glossary; from L. glos- sarium. Glossateur, sm. a glossologist. See glose. Glotte, sf. (Anat.) glottis ; from Gr. yXcoTTis. GLOUSSER, vn. to cluck ; formerly gloucer, from L. glociare *, deriv. of glocire. For oiare = ccr see agencer; for o = o» see affouage ; for cer * sser see agencer. — Der. gloui>semen\. GLOUTERON, sm. (Bot.) a burdock ; cor- ruption of O.Fr. gletteron. Gletteron is dtr. from glette (cp. moucheron from mouche, aileron from aile). O, Fr. glette, a burdock. The word is of Germ, origin, Germ, kletle. For cl=gl see aigle. GLOUTON, sm. a glutton; from L. glu- tonem, found in Festus. For u = ott see § 90. — Der. ^/o7^//o«nerie. GLU, sf. birdlime, glue. Prov. glut, from L. glutem, found in Ausonius. For loss of t see aigu. — Der. glimu, g/7/ant, engluer. GLUI, sm. thick straw. Origin unknown. Gluten, sm. gluten ; from L. gluten. — Der. glutineux. Glyptique, adj. glyptic (art of engraving figures on stone) ; from Gr. yXvirros. Gnome, sm. a gnome; a word made by Paracelsus from Gr. yvwfirj. Gnoniique,afl?/. gnomic; from Gt. 'fVcvfx.tKos. Gnomon, sm. a gnomon, dial-pointer ; from L. gnomon. — Der. gnomon'ique. GO (TOUT DE), adv. freely, unceremoni- ously. See gober. GOBELeT, sm. a goblet ; dim. of O. Fr. gobel. Gobel is from L. cupellum, masc. form of cupella, used in Apicius. For c = ^ see adjuger; for u = om see annoncer ; for p=^6 see § III. GOBELOTTER.vw. to tipple; from gobelot*, dim. of gobel (see gobelet). GOBER, va. to swallow greedily ; of Celtic origin, Gael, gob, the mouth, whence gober. GOBERGER, vpr. to amuse oneself, take one's ease. Origin unknown. GODAILLER, vn. to tipple ; der. from O.Fr. goder (cp. criailler from crier, etc.). Origin unknown. GODELUREAU, sm. a coxcomb, fop, sim- pleton. Origin unknown. GODER, vn. to be creased, puckered (of clothes). Origin unknown. GODET, sm. a drinking cup ; dim. of root ^0/, which still survives in the Saintonge patois. Got is from L. guttus, found in Pliny. For u = o s.ee annoncer ; for t - cf see § 117. GODIVEAU, sm. a forcemeat pie. Origin unknown. GODRON, sm. (Archit.) a round plait, god- roon. Origin unknown. — Der. godronner. GOELAND, sm, a gull; formerly goiland; of Celtic origin, Kymr. guilan. The root guil has produced both goeland and goelette, which is properly a sea-swallow, then metaph. a light bark. GOELETTE — GOURDE. 171 GOELETTE, sf. a schooner. See goeland. GOEMON, sm. sea-weed. Origin unknown. GOGO, adj. in clover. Origin unknown, GOGUENARD, adj. bantering, sm. a jester, banterer ; from O. Fr. gogue, pleasantry, which survives in deriv. goguetle. Origin unknown. — Der. goguenardei, gogiie?iard- erie, GOGUETTE, sf. a merry creature. See go- guenard. GOINFRE, sm. a gormandizer. Origin un- known. — Der. gotnfrer, goinfreTie. GOtTRE, sm. a goitre, swelled neck ; for- merly goetre, from L. gutter*, another form of guttur. Gutter properly signifies a throat, but is used for a goitre in late Lat. We find its deriv. gutturosus, for a goitre, in Ulpian : ' Si quis natura gut- turosus sit, aut oculos eminentes habeat, sanus videtur;' and the Scholiast on Juvenal's line, ' Quis tumiduni guttur miratur in Alpi- bus ?' has this note : ' Tanquam si in Alpibus gutturosos homines admireris.' Gutter, by u = o (see annoncer) and by metathesis of e, becomes goetre. — Der. ^-oi^reux. f Golfe, sm. a gulf; from It. golfo. Its doublet is gotiffre, q. v. Gomine, sf. gum; from L. gummi. For u = o see annoncer. — Der. gommer, gomm- eux, gommier. GOND, sm. a hinge; formerly gon, from L. gumphus *, a nail, piece of iron used as a hinge, which from Gr. yofAcpos. Gum- phus, which is found also in form gonfus in several iith-cent. documents, becomes gon in O. Fr. For u = o see annoncer ; for m = « see changer ; for ph =/ see coffre ; for lph=^=/, see garou. f Gondole, sf. a gondola; from It. ^ow- dola. — Der. gondolier. f Gonfalon, sm. a gonfalon ; from It. gonfalone. — Der. gonfalonniei. GONFLER, va. to inflate, swell out ; from L. conflare, which in the Latin of the late Empire signifies to swell out. For c=g see adjuger. — Der. gonfiement, degon/Ier. GORE T, sm. a porker, young pig ; dim. of O. Fr. gore, signifying a sow. Of igin un- known. GORGE, sf. the throat; from L. gurges, properly a whirlpool, then a throat ; for the change of meaning by way of metaphor see § 14. For u = om see § 90. — Der. ^org-erette, gorgei, degorger, egorger, en- gorger, regorgev, lengorger, gorget (partic. subst.). GOSIER, sm. the throat, gullet; deriv. of O. Fr. gueuse. Origin unknown. Gueuse gives us another deriv., the vn. s'egosiller, to tire the throat. Gothique. adj. Gothic ; from L. gothicus, from Gothus. t Gouache, sf. water body-colour ; from It. gunzzo. f Goudron, sm. tar; corruption of goud' ran. It. catrame, a word of Oriental origin, Ar. gatran. — Der. goudronner. GOUFFRE, sm. a whirlpool; originally ^oZ/"re*, It. golfo, from Gr. KoKrros. For ol — ou see agneau ; for p =/ see chef; for the intercalated r see chanvre. Gouffre is a doublet of golfe, q.v. — Der. engouffrex. GOUGE, sf. a gouge ; from L. guvia*, a chisel, in Isidore of Seville, lib. xix., De Instrumentis Lingariis : ' Cauterium gallis guvia.' Guvia is regularly transformed (see abreger) into guv'ja, whence gouge. For vj =^" see abreger; for o=ou see af- fouage. GOUJAT, sm. an army servant, a blackguard. Origin unknown. GOUJON, sm. a gudgeon. It. gobio, from L. gobionem. For consonification of io into ^'0 (gobjoneru) see abreger; for bj =j see abreger ; for o = ou see affouage. GOULEE, sf a mouthful; from goule, the throat in O. Fr,, der. from L. gula. For u = OM see § 90. — Der. (from O. Fr. goule) goulet, g02dette, goulotte, goulu. GOULET, GOULOT, sm. neck (of a bottle). See goulee. GOULOTTE, sf. a gullet. See goulee. GOULU, sm. a glutton, adj. greedy. See goulee. GOUPILLE, sf. a small pin ; formerly cou- pille, from L. cuspicTila, dim. of cuspis. For -icula — -i7/e see § 257 ; for u==om see § 90; for o^g see adjuger; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. GOUPILLON, sm. holy water brush; deriv. of goupil, a fox. Goupillon, originally a fox's brush, came to its present sense be- cause these brushes were like those of foxes, Goupil, O. Fr. a fox, is theL. vulpeculus*, dim. of vulpes. For -eculus = -i7 see § 256 ; for -v^g see gains; for ul = o« see agneau. GOURD, adj. benumbed. Sp. gordo, from L. gurdus*, heavy, clumsy. For u = ott see § 90. — Der, degourdiT, engourd'n, en- ^OJ^rJissement. GOURDE, sf. a gourd ; formerly gouourde and gougourde, from L. cucurbita. For regular contr. of cucurbita into cu- i7a GOURDIN — GRA IN. ourb'ta see § 51, hence gougourde. For bt = « see § 168; for tt = d see § 117; for O^g see adjnger; for u = om see § 90. From gougourde comes the O. Fr. gouourde, then gourde, by loss of medial g, see allier. Gourde is a doublet of cucurbiie, f Gourdin, sm. a cudgel, club; from It. cordino, the rope's-end with which galley- slaves were punished. GOURGANDINE, sf. a street-walker. Origin unknown. GOURMADE, sf. a punch, blow. See gour- mer, GOURMAND, sm. a gourmand, glutton, adj. gluttonous. Origin unknown. — Der. gour- mandise. GOURMANDER, va. to scold ; from gourme, q.v. GOURMANDISE, sf. gluttony. See gour- mand. GOURME, sf. mumps, glanders. Origin un- known.^ GOURME, p.p. affectedly grave, curbed. See gourmer. — Der. gozirmander. GOURMER, va. properly to put the curb chain on a horse, to beat. Origin unknown. — Der. gourintXXe, gourma.de. GOURMET, sm. a judge of wines, connoisseur in food ; originally a wine-merchant's man, in 13th cent, a lad generally. Gourmet, formerly groumet, is a dim. of groume, found for a boy in O. Fr. documents ; of Germ, origin, Neth. grom. For o = ou see affouage ; for transposition, groumet = gourmet, see dprete. GOURMETTE, sf. a curb-chain. See gour- mer. + Gousse, sf a pod; in i6th cent gosse, from It. guscio, Milanese gussa. GOUSSET, sm. the armpit. Origin unknown. GOOT, sm. taste ; formerly goust. It. gusto, from L. gustus. For vl — ou see § 90 ; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. gouttx, d^gouter, rugoutei, goitiex (verbal subst.). GOUTTE, /. a drop ; from L. gutta. The sense of ' gout ' comes from the old belief that these joint-pains are caused by drops {gouttes) of humour, which swell the limbs. — Der. ^ow//elette, goutteux, gouttibxe, degoutter, egoutter, igoilt. GOUVERNAIL, sm. a helm; from L. guber- naculum. For-aculum = -at7 see § 255 ; for u = OM see § 90 ; for b = v see § 113. GOUVERNER, va. to govern; from L. gubemare. For u = ou see § 90 ; for 'b=v see § 113. — Der. gouverne (verbal subst.), gouvernement, gouvermnte. GOUVERNEMENT, sm. government. See gouverner. GOUVERNEUR, sm. a governor, ruler ; for- merly gouverneur, Prov. governador. It. governalore, from L. gubernatorem. For -atorem = -eur (through ador, edor, edur, eiir, eur) see under empereur; for n = ou see § go; for b = v see § 13. Grabat, sm. a pallet; from L. grabatus. GRABUGE, sm. a quarrel. Origin unknown. GRACE, sf. grace, favour ; from L. gratia. For •ti& — -ce see agencer. — Der. d\sgrdce. Gracier, va. to pardon; from L. gra- tiare *, der. from gratia. Gracieux, adj. gracious; from L. grati- osus. For -os\xs = -eux see § 229. Gracieuset6, sf. graciousness, courtesy ; from L. gratiositatem. For -atem = -« see § 230. Gracilit6, sf shrillness; from L. gracili- tatem. Gradation, sf gradation; from L. grada- tionem. Grade, sm. grade, rank; from L. gradus. — Der. gradi, gradm. Grad6, adj. that has a rank. See grade. Gradin, sm. a step. See grade. Graduation, sf graduation. See graduer. Graduel, adj. gradual; from L. gradu- alis*, from gradus. Graduel, sm. a gradual ; from Eccles. L. graduale (properly verses of the Psalms of Degrees, which the Levites are said to have sung on the fifteen steps of the Temple). Graduel is a doublet of O. Fr. grael. Graduer, va. to graduate; from L. gradu- are*, from gradus. — Der. ^rnrfwation. GRAILLER, vn. to call in the dogs (with the horn) ; from O. Fr. graile, a trumpet, which from L. gracilis, properly clear, shrill ; then a horn, in medieval Lat. texts. So we have clairon from the adj/ clair. There is an example of gracilis in this sense in the Chronicle of Walter the Chancellor : ' Libetque preconari voci pro- patula ut universi, audito primo sonitu graciles, festinent bellicis indui.' And again : ' Gracilibus, tibiis, tubis clangen- tibus.' For gracilis = graiVe see grele. — Der. graillement. GRAILLON, stn. broken meat. Origin un- known. GRAIN, sm. grain ; from L. granum. For GRAINE— GRA VIER. 173 -anuin=-am see § 194. — Der, grainier, grener, gretm, egrener, greneler, grenaille. GRAINE, sf. seed, set, race, eggs (of silk- worms) ; from L. grana *, a fem. form of granum. For -ana = -ame see § 194.— Der. graitietleT. GRAISSE, sf. fat, grease. See gras.— Der. graisser, graisseux. GRAISSER, va. to grease. See graisse. — Der. graissiLge. t Gramen, s?n. (Bot.) grass ; from L. gra- . men. Gramin^e, sf. (Bot.) grass, adj. grassy, gramineal; from L. graminea*. Grammaire, sf grammar ; from L. gram- mar! a,* a hypothetical form, composed of L. gramma, a letter, and the suffix arius. — Der. grammainen. Grammatical, adj. grammatical ; from L. grammaticalis *, der. from gramma- tica. Gram.me, sm. a weight, gramme (15,438 grains troy) ; from Gr. 'ypdfifxa. GRAND, adj. great ; from L. grandis. — Der. ^ra«cfelet, grandeur. tGrandesse, sf grandeeship (Spanish title) ; from Sp. grandezza. GRANDEUR, /. greatness. See grand. t Grandiose, adj. grand, sw. grandeur ; from It. grandioso. GRANDIR, V7i. to grow great ; from L. gran dire. Grandissim.e, adj. superlatively great ; from L. grandissimus. GRAND'MERE, sf. a grandmother. See grand and mere. See also Hist. Gram, p. 103. GRANGE, sf a barn. Sp. granja, from L. granea*, der. from granum. Granea* is thus used in the Germanic Codes : ' Si enim domum . . . incenderit aut , , . graneam vel cellaria,' in the Lex Alemannorum, 81, 2. Granea becomes first grania, then granja, then grange; see §§ 243, 244. — — Der. engranger. + Gr anit, sm. granite ; from It. granito Der. granit{(\ne. Granulation, s/. granulation. Seegramder. Granuler, va. to granulate ; der. from granule, which is from L. granulum, dim. of granum. — Der. granuUtion, Granuleux, adj. grained, granular; der. *. from grannie. Graphique, adj. graphic ; from Gr. ypacpi- KUS. Graphom^tre, sm. a graphometer; from Gr. ypacpTj and nirpov. GRAPPE, sf a bunch; properly a hook, then clustered fruit. Grappe in sense of ' hook ' remains in some special uses, as grappe de marechal ferrant, etc., and in the deriv. grappin. Grappe is of Germ, origin, Germ, hrappen. For k'= g see adjuger. — Der, grappiWer, grappilleur, grap- ^illon, grappin, egrapper. GRAPPILLER, va. to glean. See grappe. GRAPPILLON, sm. a cluster of grapes. See grappe. GRAPPIN, sm. a grapnel. See grappe. GRAS, adj. fat. O. Fr. eras, from L, cras- sus (in Martial), a word in form grassus in the 17th cent, in Isidore of Seville. For C = g see adjuger. Gras is a doublet of crasse, q. v. — Der. graisse, graisser, grais- seux, graisouillet, grasseyer, grasseyemer\t. GRATERON, sw. (Bot.) scratchweed. See gratter. fGraticuler, va. to square; from It. graticolare. Its doublet is griller, q. v. Gratification, sf gratification; from L. gratificationem. Gratifier, va. to gratify; from L. grati- ficari. GRATIN, sm. the burnt part (of food). See gratter. t Gratis, adv. gratis; from L. gratis. Gratitude, sf. gratitude; from L. grati- tudinem. GRATTER. va. to scratch. It. grattare, from L. cratare, found in the Germanic codes : ' Si quis alium unguibus crata- verit, ut non sanguis, sed tumor aquosus decurrat,' in the Lex Frisonum, app. 5. Cratare is of Germ, origin, answering to Icel. hratta. Cratare becomes gratter by C = g, see adjuger. — Der. gratteWt, graieron, grattoir, gratin, egrarigner, egrat- ignure. Gratuit, adj. gratuitous; from L. gratu- itus. — Der. gratuite. Grave, adj. grave; from L. gravis. Its doublet is grief, q. v. — Der. graviter. GRAVELEUX, adj. gravelly. See gravier.— Der. gravelure. GRAVELLE, sf. gravel. See gravier. t Graver, va. to engrave ; of Germ, origin, Neth. graven. — Der. grnvewr, gravure. GRAVIER, sm. gravel ; from O. Fr. grave, rough sand mixed with stones. Origin un- known. This word grave has left other derivatives : gravois, graveWe, graveleux, engraver, as well as grtve, which is a softened form of O.Yr. grave. For a = e see § 54.— Der. gravats.g-rai/ois, grai/atier. 174 GRA VIR — GR^S. GRAVIR, va. to climb. It. gradire, from L. gradire * (lit. to climb by steps^ from gradiis. Gradire becomes gravir by loss of medial d (gra'ire\ see accabler, and by intercalation of an euphonic v, see corvee. Gravity ./. gravity; from L. gravitatem. Qraviter, vn. to gravitate. See grave Der. ^rav//ation. GRAVOIS, sm. rubbish. See gravier. QravTire, sf. engraving. See graver. GRE, sm. vk'ill, inclination, taste. Prov. grot, It. grato, from L. gratum. For -at\iin = -e see § 201. — Der. agrt'er, mal- gre, q. v. Qrec, adj. Greek; from L. graecus. GREDIN, sm. a scoundrel. Origin unknown. — Der. gredinerie. GREEMENT, sm. rigging. See greer. GREER, va. to rig ; of Germ, origin, Goth. geraidjan, to get ready. For geraidjati = g'raidjan see briller; for loss of d see accabler. — Der. a^res, greVment, ^re'eur. GREFFE, ff. a record-office ; in Low Lat gra- phium (_see greffier), a style, for writing with. For ph. =/ see coffre ; for a = « see § 54. From greffe, in sense of a stiletto, comes the verb greffer, to graft with a GREKFE, sf. (Bot.) a graft. See greffex. GREFFER. va. to graft. See above.— Der. greffe (verbal subst.), greffeur, greffo'ir. GREFFIER. sm. clerk to a court, registrar ; from L. graphiarius, a word found in medieval documents: 'Guillelmus christianissimi regis consiliarius et status regni a secretis, ut etiam dicti ordinis S. Michaelis ab actis seu graphiarius; ' from an act of a.d. 1550. Graphiarius is from graphium, a style. Graphiarius becomes greffier. For a, = e see § 54; for ph =/ see coffre; for -&TiMB = -ier see § 198. + Grdge, adj. raw (of silk) ; from It, greggia (seta greggia, raw silk). GREGEOIS, adj. Greek (fire), wildfire ; for- merly feu grezois, an inflammable substance invented in the 7th cent, by Callinicus of Heliopolis ; so called from the Byzantines (or, as they were named in the middle ages, the Gregeois) who employed it. As late as Scarron we find Gregeois used for Grecs. Gregeois represents L. graecensis, der. from graecus. Graecencis becomes grezois by ns = s, see aine ; by e = oi, see . § 62; by c = z, see amitie. Lastly gre- zois becomes grigois, just as zelosus ht- comts jaloux (q. v.) + Grdgue, sf. breeches; formerly ^reg'es- q7/e, from It. grechesco. Its doublets are grieche, grecgue. GR£LE, adj. slender, slim ; formerly graile. It. gracile, from L. gracilis. For regular contr. of gracilis into grac'lis, see § 51, hence O. Fr. graile by cl = t7, see Hist. Gram. p. 71. GRELE, sf. hail ; formerly gresle, a word whose radical gres- is found in gresil, sleet. The origin of this conmion root gres- is unknown. — Der. grtlon, greltr. t Qrelin, sm. a wallfish ; from Germ, gre- ling. GRfiLON, sm. a great hailstone. See grele. GRELOT, sm. a hawker's bell, dim. o[ grele. GRELOTTER, va. to shiver with cold. See grelot. tG-renade, sf. a pomegranate, grenade (military) ; from Prov. granada^ which from L. granata for granatum. The suffix ade shows that the word did not come direct from Lat. to Fr. ; for had it done so, its form would have been grenee, the suffix ata always = eV in Fr.^ see § 201. — Der. grenadier, grenadine. (From grenade, in sense of a projectile, comes grenadier.) GRENADIER, (i) sm. (Bot.) a pomegranate- tree. See grenade. (2). sm. agrenadier (military). See grenade, GRENAILLE, sf. a minute grain; dim. of grain. — Der. grenailler. t Grenat, sm. a garnet; from It. granato. GRENER, vn. to seed, va. to granulate. See graine. — Tier . greneier , grene (panic, subst.). GRENETIER, sm. a seedsman ; from grenette, dim. of graine. — Der. greneterie. GRENETIS. sm. the milled edge (of coins), a punch; deriv. o{ grenet, dim. of graine, c\.v. GRENETTE, sf. the Avignon berry ; dim. of graine. GRENIER, sm. a granary, loft ; from L. granarium. For -arium = -ier see §198; for atonic a = e see § 54. GRENOUILLE, sf. a frog. O. Fr. renouille. It. ranocchia, from L. raniincula. fem. form of ranunculus, used by Cicero, der. from rana. Rantmcula becomes ranu- cula by nc = c (see coque), then renouille by ucula = o?«7/« (see § 258), and atonic a=« see § 54, Renouille becomes gre- nouille by the altogether unusual prefix of a g, see Hist. Gram. p. 79, note 2. — Der. grenouillet, grenouillette (see renoncide), grenouiUexe. GRENU, adj. corned-, granular ; deriv. of grain {un tpi grenu, an ear full of grain). GR^S, sm. sandstone, gritstone; of Germ. GRSsIL — GROGNER . ^75 origin, O. H. G, grtes, gravel. — Der, gres- i\,gressene. GRESIL, sm. sleet. See gres. — Der. gresil- ler, grhihemtnt. GREVE, sf. a strand. See gravier. GREVER, va. to burden, injure ; from L. gravari. For a = e see § 54. — Der. d^- grever. GRIBLETTE, sf. a hash of meat. Origin unknown. GRIBOUILLER, va. to daub, scrawl. Origin unknown. — Der. gribouilhgt, gribouillexte. GRIECHE, adj. prickly, importunate ; from L graeca. For ae = e = ze see § 104; for ca, = che see §§ 126, 54. Grieche is a doublet of gregue, grecgjie, q. v. Grieche is only used in two compds., pie-grieche, ortie-grieche, which is called in Eng, greek nettle. . GRIEF, adj. grievous ; fern, grieve, whence grievement. Grief \s used, as late as Bos- suet, as an adj. meaning hard, painful ; from L. gravis. For v=/see § 142 ; for a = e see § 51, whence O. Fr, gre/ which becomes grief by change of e into ie, see arriere. Grief is a doublet oi grave, q. v. GRIEF, sm. a wrong, injury; from L. grave *, by changing ave into ief (for details see above). GRIEVETE, sf gravity, enormity ; from L. gravitatem. For a = c see § 5 1 ; for e = ie see arriere ; i = « see mettre ; for -atem = -e see § 201. GRIFFE, sf a claw ; of Germ, origin, O.H.G. grif anything to seize with, then in me- dieval Germ, texts a claw. — Der. griffkx, griffa.de, griffonntr, griffonneur, grijfon- nage. GRIFFON, sm. a griffin. Port, gripho, der. (with suffix on) from L. gryphus. For pli=/see coffre. GRIGNOTER, vn. to nibble ; der. from grigner, cp. tremhloter from trembler. The O. Fr. grigner, to show one's teeth, is of Germ, origin, O. H. G. grinan. GRIGOU, sm. a poor wretch. Origin unknown. 1 GRIL, sm. a gridiron ; formerly gre/l, origin- ally grail, from L. craticulum, masc. form of eraticula, a gridiron (in Martial). Craticulum becomes gra'/l by loss of medial t (see abbaye), and by 0=g (see adjuger). The form graticula for erati- cula is found in medieval Graeco-Lat. glossaries. For -iculum = -il see § 257, and cp. p e r i c u 1 u m , peril. Gra'/l becomes gre/l by a = ei, see § 51; then gril by ei = i, see § 102, note l. — Der. grilki, grillage. GRILLE, sf. a grate ; formerly greil, origin- ally gra'il, from L. eraticula*, deriv. of crates. Craticvila is written graticula in medieval Lat. texts : we find ' Unam gratieulam . . . abstulit,' inanact of a. d. I35.S- For OTSiticvla,=p grille see gril. — Der. griller (whose doublet is craticuler), grilUge. GRILLON, sm. a cricket ; dim. of L. gril- lus. GRIMACE, sf. a grimace ; of Germ, origin, O. Scand. grima, a mask, — Der. grimactx, grimacier. GRIMAUD, sm. an urchin. See grime. t Grime, sm. a dotard (theatrical term), introd. in modern times from It. gritno. — Der. se primer, grimzud. GRIMOIRE, sm. a conjuring book. Origin unknown. GRIMPER, 2/«. to climb, clamber; formerly gripper, in double sense of climbing, grip- ping hold to climb, then grasping, seizing : of Germ, origin, Neth. grippen. For in- tercalated m see lamhruche. Grimper is a doublet of gripper, q. v. GRINCER, vn. to gnash (with the teeth); of Germ, origin, O. H. G. gremizun, through intermediate forms grem'zon, gren- zon. For in = « see changer. Grincer is a doublet of grincher. — Der. grince- ment. GRIOTTE, sf (Bot.) a griotte cherry; corrup- tion of O. Fr. agriotte, dim. of Gr. dypios. The marble called griotte is so named from its being cherry-coloured. GRIPPER, vn. to grip, seize ; of Germ, origin, O. Norse gripa. — Der. grippe. GRIS, adj. grey ; of Germ, origin, O. H. G. gris, used of the hair. — Der. ^matre, ^nsaille, griser, grison. GRISONNER, vn. to grow grey ; deriv. of grison. See gris. GRIVE, sf a thrush. Origin unknown. — Der. grivele. GRIVOIS, smf a jolly comrade. Origin un- known. + Grog, sm. grog; from Eng, grog. GROGNER, vn. to growl, grumble; secondary form of grognir*. So also It. has grug- nare and grugnire, which is from L. grunnire (said of pigs). For nn = §'« see cligner ', for u = o see annoncer. — Der. From groigner, O. Fr, form for grogner, comes the verbal subst, groing, now written groin ; for the connection between groin and groigner cp. soin and soigner, I temoin and temoigner, loin and eloigner. 176 GROIN— GUERRE. etc. Other deriv. are grogner, grogne- ment, grogttzTd, grognon, grognoimer. GROIN, sni. a snout. See grogner. GROMMELER. vn. to grumble, formerly gnrntmeler; of Germ, origin, O. Germ, ^rwm- tneln. GRONDER, vn. to mutter, scold, grumble ; from L. gnindare*, a hypothetical second- ary form of gmndire. For u = o see annoncer. — Der. groTidcuT, grondement, gronderie. + Qroom, sm. a groom ; from Eng. groom. GROS, adj. large, bulky ; from L. grossus. — Der, ^rosseur, ^rossesse, grossier, grossii, degrossir, grossoyer, grosse, ^rossissement. GROSEILLE, sf. a gooseberry. Sp. grosella, of Germ, origin (O. H, G. krausel, in the compd. krausselbeere). For = ^0^ see ad- juger; for au = o see § 106.— Der. gro- seillxtx. GROSSIER, adj. coarse. See gros. — Der. grossih-ttQ. -h Grotesque, adj. grotesque; from It. grotesco. GROTTE, sf. a grotto. Prov. cropta, from L. crypta, which became crupta by y = u, § 101. Crupta, by c = g (see adjiiger) becomes grupta, a form found in a Caro- lingian document : ' Insuper eidem contuli gruptas eremitarum . . . cum omnibus ad dictas gruptas pertinentibus,' is in a Char- tulary of a.d. 887. Grupta becomes ^ro«e by u = see annoncer, and pt = tt, see § 168. Grotte is a doublet of crypte, q. v. GROUILLER, vn. to stir, move. Origin un- known. — Der. grouillement. GROUP, sm. a bag of money. Origin un- known. + Groupe, sf. a group ; from It. groppo. — Der. grouper, groupement. GRUAU, sm. oatmeal ; formerly gruel, from grutellxim, found in medieval Lat. Gru- telltun is a dim. of grutum, in a Carolin- gian text. Grutum is of Germ, origin, A. S. griit, groats. Grutellum becomes gruel by dropping medial t (see abbaye), then gruau by el — au (see agneau). GRUE, sf. a crane; from L. grua, a fem. form of grus, found in the Salic Law, 7, 6 : ' Si quis gallum aut gallinam furaverit, vel cygnum aut gruam domesticam.' The word has also the sense of a crane to lift weights : so also Gr. yipavos and Engl. crane have both senses. GRUGER, va. to crunch. Origin unknown. GRUME, sf. bark (on forest trees). Origin unknown. GRUMEAU, 5m. a clod, lump ; formerly grumel, from L. grumellus, dim. of g^ruiuus, a little lump. For el = eau see agneau — Der, (from O.Fr. grumel) grumel- er, grumeleux. GRUYER, adj. one who has the right to forest wood (a feudal term). Of Germ, origin, O. Germ, griis, used for an orchard. — Der. ^rwerie, fGruydre, sm. Gruyere cheese; of hist, origin, see § 33 ; from Gruyere in Switzer- land, where this cheese is made, GUE, sm. a ford. Sp. vado, from L. vadum. For x = gu see game; for -atum = -e' see §201; for loss of d see aigu. — Der. ^Kf'able. GUEDE, s/. wood. O.Fr. guaide; originally waide. Of Germ, origin, Germ. waid. For w = gu see gdcher. GUENILLE, sf. a rag, tatters. Origin un- known. GUENON, sf. a pouched monkey. Origin unknown. GUEPE, sf. a wasp; formerly guespe, origi- nally wespe. It. vespa, from L. vespa. For ■v=gu see gaine ; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. guepier. GUERE, adv. little, but little, not very. Prov. gaigre. The word means ' much ' in O. Fr. : S'il eust gtitre vecu, il eust conquis toute V Italic, says a I4th-cent. chronicle. Guere is of Germ, origin, answering to O. H. G. weigaro *, much. This contr. into weig'ro becomes guere. For w=gu see gacher ; for gr = r see aigrette : the gr re- mains in old Prov. gaigre. — Der. mguere, q.v. GUERET, sm. a fallowland, field. Prov. garag, from L. veractum *, a Low Lat. form, representing L. vervactum *, fallow land, by the unique reduction of rv into v in the middle of a word. Veractum by ct = t (see § 168) gives us Fr. gueret. For ■v=gu see game; for actvun = «'/ = «/ see attrait and affete. Gu6ridon, sm. a round table. Origin unknown. GUERIR, vn. to heal ; its primitive sense is • to defend' in very old Fr. documents. Guerir, formerly g-war/V, originally warir, is of Germ, origin, Goth, warjan, to defend. For w=g"« see gacher. — Der. guerhon, ^we'rissable. tGu6rite, sf. a sentry box; from Sp. garita. GUERRE, sf. war. It. guerra. Of Germ, origin, O. H. G. werra, a quarrel. For w = gu see gdcher. — Der. guerrkr, guerr- oyer, zguerrir. G UET — GYMNASTIQUE. 177 GUET, sm. a watch, guard. See guetter. — Der. ^Me/-apens (formerly g-weZ-apense, compd. of guet, and adj. apense, which answers to a form appensatus*, hung up, prepared. GMe^apens means properly an ambuscade). GUETRE, sf. a gaiter. Origin unknown. GUETTER, va. to watch, look out; for- merly gtiaiter. It. guatare. Of Germ, origin, O. H.G. wahtan. For w=gu see gacher. — Der. guet (verbal subst.), gzietteur, nguets (verbal subst, of O. Fr. verb aguetter). GUEULE, sf. mouth; from L. gixla. For u. = eu see beugler. Gueule is a doublet of goiile, — Der. gueider. t-Gueules, &m. pi. gules (heraldry). Of oriental origin (§31), as are many heraldic terms ; from Pers. ghul, a rose. + Gueuse, sf. cast-iron ; of Germ, origin, like many other metallurgic terms; from Germ, guss (§ 20). GUEUX, sm. a beggar. Origin unknown. Its doublet is queux. — Der. gueuse, gueustx, gueusene. GUI, sm. mistletoe. O.Fr. guis and vis, It. visco, from L. viscum. For v=gu see gaine; for sc = s see bois; hence O.Fr. forms vis and guis, GUICHET, sm. a wicket ; the original sense being a gate, as in les guichets du Louvre, etc. In O. Fr. it signifies a little gate. Gtiichet, formerly vichet, is of Germ, origin ; vicJiet is dim. of O. Nors. vih, a lurking- place. Vicket becomes guichet by v=gu, see game; and by c = ch see § 126. — Der. gidchet'iex. + Guide, sm. a guide; introd. from It. guida. — Der. gidder, gtddon. Guider, va. to guide. See guide. GUIGNE, sf. (Bot.) a kind of cherry ; for- merly guine, originally gjusne. Of Germ, origin, O. H. G. wihsela, a sour cherry. 'Wihs{e)la, contr. to wihs'la becomes guisne. For w—gu see gacher; for / = «, guisne for gidsle, see quenouille. O. Fr. guisne becomes successively gtdne (see Hist. Gram, p. 81) and gtdgne (see cligner). GUIGNER, va. to glance, peep at. Origin unknown. I + Guignon, sm. ill luck; from Sp.guinon. i GUILLEDOU, SOT. pi. places of ill repute. Origin unknown. Guillemet, sm. an inverted comma ; of hist, origin, see § 33. Guillemet is the name of the i6th-cent. printer (Guillaumet or Guillemet), who first introduced this symbol. GUILLERET, adj. brisk, lively. Origin unknown. Guillocher, va. to ' guilloche,' engine-turn ; of hist, origin see § 33. Guillocher is from Guilloche, the name of the inventor of this kind of ornament. Guillotine, sf. guillotine; of hist, origin, see § 33. Guillotine is from M. Guillotin, a Fr. physician, who invented this instru- ment. — Der. guillotiner. GUIMAUVE, sf. (Bot.) mallow, marsh mallow; formerly mauve, from L. bismalva, found (8th cent.) in the Capitulary de Villis. Bis- malva is contr. from ibiscum-malva *, compd. of ibiscum, the mallow (in Pliny), and of malva, which means the same thing. Forsc = s see bois. Bismalva losing its s (see Hist. Gram. p. 81) becomes vimauve by \>=v, see avant, and by aX = au, see agneau. Vimauve becomes guimauve by v = gti, see gaine. GUIMBARDE, sf. a van, a jew's-harp. Origin unknown. GUIMPE, sf. a wimple ; formerly guimple. Of Germ, origin, O.H.G. wimpal. Wim- p{a)l contrd. into wimp'l becomes guimple. For w—gu see gacher. GUINDER, va. to hoist oneself, strain; of Germ, origin, O.H.G. windan. For w—gu see gacher. + Guin6e, sf. a guinea; from Engl. guinea. GUINGUETTE, sf. a public house, villa. Origin unknown. GUIPURE, sf. guipure (thread of silk lace) ; der. from O. Fr. verb guiper. Of Germ, origin, Goth, veipan, to weave. For v—g see gaine and gacher. + Guirlande, ./. a garland; from It. ghirlanda Der. enguirlander. GUISE, sf. manner, way, wise; of Germ, origin, O.H.G. wisa. For w=gu see gacher. — Der. degtdser. t Guitar e, sf a guitar ; from Sp. guitarra. Its doublet is cithare, q. v. — Der. guitar- iste. Gustation, sf. taste; from L. gusta- tionem. t Gutta-percha, sf. gutta-percha; from Engl, gutta-percha. Guttural, adj. guttural ; from L. guttu- ralis*; der. from guttur. Gymnase, sm. a gymnasium ; from L. gymnasium. — Der. g-ymnasiarque, gym- waste, Gymnastique, adj. gymnastic; from L. gymnasticus. N 178 GYMNIQUE — hAlER, Gymnique, adj. (Anat.) gymnic ; from L. gymnicus. Gyinnosophiste, sm. a gymnosophist ; from L. gymnosophista. Gjntl^cee, 5m. a woman's workshop, quarter ; from L. gynaeceum. Gypse, sm. (Min.) gypsum. — Der. gyps- eux. H. Habile, adj. able; from L. habilis. Habilet6, sf. ability; from L. habili- tatem. For -atein = -e see § 230. Habiliter, va. to qualify (legal) ; from L. habilitare, to qualify, in the Notae Ti- ronis. — Der. T&habiliter. Habiller, va. to dress; a very ill-formed deriv. from L. habilis, properly to make fit for, put into right state, thence dress. — Der. habillement, kabilleuT, deshabiller. Habit, sm. dress; from L. habitus (used for dress by Virgil). Habitacle, sm. an abode; from L. habi- taculum. Habitation, sf. habitation; from L. habi- tationem. Habiter, va. to inhabit; from L. habi- tare. — Der. habitMe, habitant. Habitude, sf. habit, use; from L. ha- bitudinem. Habituel, adj. habitual ; from L. habit- ualis*; der. from habitus. Habituer, va. to habituate; from L. ha- bituare*, from habitus. ■fH^bler, va. to boast, brag; from Sp. hablar (§ 26, note 2). — Der. habhwx, habl- erie. HACHE, sf. a hatchet ; of Germ, origin, O. H. G. hacco. Yox cc = ch see § 126. — Der. hach&itt, hachtxczu, hachtr, hachoir, hachure, hacMs. HACHURE, sf. hatching (engraving). See hache. HAGARD, adj. haggard, wild. We have seen (§13) that this word was at first only ap- plied to the falcon: the faucon hagard was one which had not been caught till after more than one ' mewing,' in which case the bird is untameable. Faucon hagard means lit. a hedge-falcon, which has never moulted in a cage. For etymology see hate. Hagiographe, sm. a hagiographer ; from Gr.dyioypdcpos. — Der. hagiographie. HAIE, sf. a hedge ; from L. haga *, found in very old medieval texts, as e. g. ' Quod totam dictam plateam . . . includere possint fossato et haga.' Haga is of Germ, origin answering to O.H.G. haga. L. lia(g)a loses its medial g (see allier), and becomes haia, found (9th cent.) in the Capitularies of Charles the Bald, tit. xxxvi. : • Qui- cumque istis temporibus castella et firmitates et haias sine nostro verbo fecerint.' For a, = ai see § 54. — Der. from a Lat. form haga the adj. hagard (used of birds that live in the hedges, wild). HAILLON, sm. rag, tatters ; of Germ, origin, dim. of a hypothetical root haille, which answers to O. H. G. hadil, a rag, by contr. of had{i)l into had'l, and by dl = ll (see § 168), and by a = m (see § 54). HAINE, 5/ hatred. See Aa7r.— Der. hainevLX. HAIR, va. to hate; in lith cent, hadir (in the poem of St. Alexis), of Germ, origin, A.S.hatian. For i=d see aider. O. Fr. hadir becomes hair by loss of d, see accabler. — Der. haine (formerly hame, der. from hair, like saisine from saisir), Aatssable. HAIRE, sf. a hair-shirt ; of Germ, origin, O. Scand. hcera. HALBRAN, sm. (Ornith.) a young wild-duck ; of Germ, origin. Germ, halbente, through hypothetical M.H.G. form Aa/&ere«^ whence halbran.—^Der. halebrene. HALE, adj. sunburnt, swarthy. See haler. HALEINE, sf. breath; formerly aleine (for h prefixed see envahir), verbal subst. of O. Fr. verb alener, to breathe, which is for aneler, from L. anhelare, by transposition of liquids n and I (see sangloter). For e = ei before n seefrein. HALENER, va. to scent the breath of, wind (hunting), formerly alener. See haleine. HALER, va. to haul, hale ; of Germ, origin, Engl, to hale, O. Nors. hala Der. hahge. HALER, va. formerly to dry up, to sunburn. The sun burns (hale) the skin, i, e. dries it up. Hdler is of Germ, origin, der. from Flem. hael, dry. The adj. hale is found in O, Fr., meaning 'dried up.* The place where hemp is dried at a farm is still called the hdloir. — Der. hale (verbal subst.). HALETER—HARENO. 179 HALETER, vn. to pant. It. alitare, from L. halitare (used by Ennius). Hallali, an onomatopoetic word. See § 45. HALLE, sf. a market ; of Germ, origin, Germ. halle, a hall, covered market, which latter is also the proper meaning of Fr. halle. — Der, halhge. f Hallebarde, sf. a halberd; introd. from It. alabarda. — Der. hallebardier. HALLIER, sm. a thicket ; der. from a form halle *, which is from L. hasla *, branches, in the Germanic Codes. Origin unknown. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. Hallucination, sf. a hallucination; from L. hallucinationem. Halo, sm. a halo ; from Gr. aAcws. HALTE, sf. a halt. O. Fr. halt ; of Germ. origin. Germ. halt. Haltdres, sm. pi. weights used by jumpers to help them in making long leaps ; from Gr. aXrrjp^s. + Hamac, sm. a hammock; introd. from Sp. hamaca. Hamadryade, sf. a hamadryad ; from Gr, a/JLa5pvddes. HAMEAU, sm. a hamlet ; formerly hamel {{or el = eau see agneau). O. Fr. hamel is dim. of ham *, which is of Germ, origin, A. S. ham, a dwelling. HAME^ON, sm. a fish-hook ; from L. hami- cionem*, dim. of hamus. For cio = fo see agneau ; for i = e see mettre. HAMPE, sf. a staff, handle; for hampte*, hantbe^, of Germ, origin, O.H.G. hanthabe, properly that which the hand holds, a handle, by contr. ofhajtthabe into hant'be, and then, very irregularly hant'pe, hamt'pe. HANAP, sm. a goblet; of Germ, origin, O. H. G. hnap. HANCHE, sf. the hip, haunch; of Germ, origin, O. H. G. Oncha, the leg, then the haunch. For addition of h see envahir. •Hanche is a doublet of anche. fHanebane, sf henbane; from Engl. henbane. HANGAR, sm. a shed, cart-shed; formerly angar, properly a shed to shelter imple- ments and utensils. The Gr. ayyapos, an express, had, through the form dyyapia, produced the L. angaria, meaning the obligation to furnish to the Emperors the means of transport, then a station at which the imperial carriers changed horses ; hence deriv. angarium, a covered place, shed to shoe the carriers' horses in. ' Angarium est locus ubi sufferuntur equi,' says a Low Lat. document. Angarium is extended from its special sense of a shoeing-shed, to every kind of shed for iniplements or carts. For addition of h see envahir ; in the 1 7th cent, it was still written angar. HANNETON, sm. a beetle, chafer, cock- chafer; formerly haneton, dim. of a root hane*, of Germ, origin, answering to pro- vincial Germ, hahn, in the compd. weiden hahn, a cock-chafer, a word used in many provinces in Germany. HANSE, ,/. the Hanse ; from O. H. G. hansa, an association. — Der. Aanse'atiqne. HANTER, va. to haunt, frequent. Origin unknown. HAPPE, sf. the bed of an axletree, cramp- iron, bill ; of Germ, origin, O. H. G. happa a sickle. HAPPER, va. to snap, snatch at ; of Germ. origin, Neth. happen, to bite, then to snap. t Haquenee, sf. a nag, hackney; from Sp. hacanea. HAQUET, sm. a dray, a wretched horse, screw. Panser un haquet was a phrase in 15th cent. Haquet is a dim. of O. Fr. haque, a hack, which is of Germ, origin, Engl, hack, a horse. t Harangue.^s/". a harangue; formerly arengue, introd. from It. aringa, which is of Germ, origin. Germ, hring. Its doublets are rang, ranz, q. v. — Der. harangaer. HARAS, sm. a stud ; formerly faras, a troop of horses ; of Oriental origin, Ar. faras, a horse, whence the collective sense. For /=A see §143. HARASSER, va. to harass. Origin unknown, HARCELER, va. to harass, torment ; formerly herceler, from herce, a form of O. Fr. herse. Herceler is to vex, as the herce (harrow) vexes the ground. In Engl, we also find the word ' harrow ' in both senses. HARDE, sf. a herd, flock ; of Germ, origin, Germ, herde. HARDE, sf. a leash (for hunting dogs). See hart. HARDES, sf. pi. clothes; formerly fardes. Origin unknown. For f=h see § 143. HARDI, adj. bold, daring ; partic, of O. Fr. verb hardir, of Germ, origin, O. H. G. hartjan, to harden. For t = d see § 117. — Der. hardiesse, enhardir (from O, Fr, verb hardir). HARDIESSE, sf. boldness. See hardi. + Harem, sm. a harem ; of Oriental origin, Ar. charam. HARENG, sm. a herring; formerly harenc, of Germ, origin, O. H. G. harinc. — Der. haretighie. N 2 i8o HARGNEUX — HA VRE-SA C. HARGNEUX, adj. surly, crabbed ; from O.Fr. verb hargner, to quarrel. Hargner is of Germ, origin, O. H. G. harmjan, to quarrel, scold. HARICOT, sm. (i) a bean, (2) a stew. Origin unknown. HARIDELLE, sf. a jade, hack. Origin un- known. f Harmonica, sf. a. harmonica; from Germ, hannonika : name and instrument came from Germ, at the beginning of the present century. Harmonie, sf. harmony; from L, har- monia. — Der. Aannowieux, harmonv&tt. Harmoniexix, adj. harmonious. See har- monie. Harmonique, adj. harmonic; from L. harmonicus. HARNACHER, va. to harness. See harnais. — Der. enharnacher. HARNAIS, sm. harness, trappings ; formerly the full fitting out of a knight and his horse. , Originally harnais signified only the har- ness, armour, of a knight, which sense remains in the phrase blanchir sous le harnais. Harnais, formerly harnas, is of Celtic origin, Low Bret, harnez, Kymr, haiamez, implements of iron, and thence armour. — Der. Aarnacher (formerly har- nascher. Pro v. arnascar, from O. Fr. form harnasc *). HARO, sm. hue and cry. Origin unknown. HARPE, sf. a harp ; from L. harpa, found in Fortunatus (6th cent.) : ' Romanusque lyra, plaudet tibi Barbarus haxpa.' Harpa is of Germ, origin, answering to Scand. harpa. Germ, harfe. — Der. harpiste. HARPER, va. to seize with the nails ; of Germ, origin, O. H. G. hqrfan, to seize. — Der. harpon. Harpie, sf. a harpy; from L. harpyia. HARPON, sm. a harpoon. See harper. — Der. harponner, harponneur. HART, sf, a rope (also harde). Origin un- known. HASARD, sm. chance, hazard, risk ; originally game of dice (in 1 2-cent. documents), then the chances of gambling, then chances of life. Hasard, O. Fr. asari, Prov. azar, Sp. azar, O. It. zaro, is of Oriental origin, from Ar. al-sar, the game of dice, whence, by omission of the article al comes It. zaro, and with the article the compd. forms of Sp. azar and O. Fr. asar, to • which was afterwards suffixed a d (cp. homard for homar), and an initial h (see envahir). — Der. hasardei, hasardeuK. HASE, sf. a doe-hare; of Germ, origin. Germ. hase. Hast, sm. a staff; from L. hasta. — Der. hastzire. HATE, sf haste; formerly hasl, of Germ. origin, Germ. hast. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. hater, Au/if. HATIER, sm. a spit-rest ; formerly hastier, from haste, a spear, spit, which is from L. hasta. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. HATIF, adj. forward, precocious. See hate. — Der. hativet6. HAUBANS, sm. pi. (Naut.) shrouds; for- merly hoben, of Germ, origin, as are most seafaring terms, Flem. hohent. HAUBERT, sm. a hauberk ; {oxractXy hanherc, originally halberc, in medieval Lat. hals- berga; of Germ, origin, O. H. G. halsberc. — Der. (from O. Fr. hauberc) haubergeon. HAUSSER, va. to lift up ; from L. altiare *, a deriv. of altus. For altiare = hausser see exhausser. — Der. hausse-co\, hausse- ment, hausse (verbal subst.), xthausser. HAUT, adj. high ; formerly halt, originally alt, from L. altus. For al = au see agneau; for addition of A see envahir Der. Aaw/ain, hautesse, hauteur. HAUTAIN, adj. haughty. See haut. HAUT^BOIS, sm. a hautbois ; compd. of bois and haut, q. v. A hautbois is properly a wooden instrument (bois) whose sound is shrill (haut). HAUTESSE, sf. highness (a title). See haut. Its doublet is altesse, q. v. HAUTEUR, ./. height, haughtiness. See haut. HAvE, adj. wan ; of Germ, origin, A.S. hasva, pale. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. havir. HAVRE, sm. a haven, harbour; formerly havle, originally liable, from L. habulum *, a harbour, in Low Lat. : * Laxavi et dimisi . . . quidquid juris habebam in portu et habulo,'says a lath-cent. act. Habulum is of Germ, origin, dim. of Germ, forms, as A.S. h(Efen, Engl, haven. Hdbulum, contrd. hab'lum (see § 51), becomes suc- cessively hable, then havle (see avant), and lastly havre (see apotre). "f Havre-sac, sm. a knapsack, Ht, an oat- bag ; in 1 7th cent, habresac, thus defined by Menage, a.d. 1650, Havre-sac ou habre- sac : Les Chartiers et les Fiacres appellent ainsi un sac de toile dans lequel ils donnent de I'avoine a leurs chevaux dans les rues. . . . Les soldals fantassins se servent aussi de cetle sorte de sac quand ils vont en cam- HEA UME — HERB A GE. i8i pagne. Thus we see that its true sense is an oat-bag. Havresac or habresac is from Germ, hahersack. HEAUMEj sm. a helm ; formerly helm, of Germ, origin, O. H. G. helm. For el = eau see agneau. Hebdomadaire, adj. weekly ; from L. hebdomadarius *. Its doublet is hebdo- madier. HEBERGER, va. to lodge; formerly her- berger, from O. Fr. herberge, a place in which one lodges. Herberge is of Germ. origin, Germ, herberge. — Der. heberge, H6beter, va. to stultify; from L. hebe- tare. H6braiique, adj. Hebrew; from L. he- bra icus. — Der. hebra'isant, hebrdisme. Hebreu, sm. a Hebrew ; from L. he- braeus. Hecatombe, sf. a hecatomb; from L. heca- tomba. Hectare, sm. a hectare (2 a. i r. 35 p.); formed from Gr. kKarov and are. See are. Hectique, adj. hectic; from L. hecticus. Its doublet is etique, q. v. Hectogramme, sm. a hectogramme (3'2i6 oz. Troy) ; formed from Gr. kKarov and gramme. See gramme. Hectolitre, sm. a hectolitre (3 '531 7 cubic feet) ; formed from Gr. kKarov and litre. See litre. Hectom.§tre, sm. a hectometre (328*09167 feet) ; formed from Gr. kKarov and metre. See metre. HELAS ! interj. alas ! Written in O. Fr. he I las I compd. of interj. he ! and adj. las, from L. lassus, unhappy. In the 13th cent. people said Cette mere est \a.s&e de la mort de son Jils. — He! las! qui je suisl i.e. unhappy that I am ! The two words were finally united into one in the 15th cent. At the same time las lost its primitive force, passing from sense of pain to that of weari- ness, as has also occurred with gene and ennui, which originally meant ' plague ' and ' hatred,' + Heler, va. to hail; of Engl, origin, like many other sea terms, Engl, to hail. Helianthe, sm. the sunflower ; from L. helianthes, found in Pliny. H61ice, sf. a helix ; from Gr. eAt£, a spiral. H61iocentrique, adj. heliocentric; from Gr. ijXios and Kfvrpov. Helioscope, sm. a helioscope; from Gr. i]\ios and (Tkottuv. H61iotrope, sm. a heliotrope ; from L, heliotropium. Hellenique, adj. hellenic ; from Gr. IWt)- VLKOS. Helleniste, sm. a hellenist ; from Gr. kWrj- vi<Tr-f}s. Helv6tique, adj. helvetic; from L. hel- veticus. Hematite, sf. (Min.) hematite; from Gr. altiarirris. Hematocele, sf (Surg.) hematocele ; from Gr. alfxa and Ki]Kr}. Hematose, sf hematosis; from Gr, aiyLa- raxTis. H6maturie, sf (Med.) hematuria ; from Gr. aipLarovpia. H6micycle, sm. a hemicycle ; from L. hemicyclium. H^miplegie, sf. (Med.) hemiplegy; from Gr. ■^ixnrKrj^ia. H6m.ipt§re, sm. (Entom.) a hemiptere, bug ; from Gr, ■^ixi- and nrfpov. H6misphdre, sm. hemisphere; from L. hemisphaerium. — Der. hemisphdr'ique. H6misticlie, sm. a hemistich ; from L. hemistichium. H6moptysie, sf (Med.) hemoptysis ; from Gr. aifxa and irrvais. H^mtorragie, ./.(Med.) hemorrhage; from Gr, alfioppayia, Hem.orrhoides, sf. (Med,) hemorrhoids ; from Gr, atfxoppoides. — Der. hemorrhoidal. Hem.ostatique, adj. (Med.) hemostatic ; from Gr, alyLoarariKos. Hend^casyllabe, adj. hendecasyllabic ; from Gr. 'ivbtKa and avKXa^rj. HENNIR, vn. to neigh; from L. hinnire. For i = e see mettre. — Der. /lewttissement. Hepatique, adj. (Med.*) hepatic ; sf. (Bot.) liverwort ; from Gr. rj-nariKos. H6patite, sf (Med.) hepatitis; from Gr. i^wariTTjS. Heptacorde, sm. (Mus.) a heptachord ; from Gr. knrdxopdos. Heptagone, sm. a heptagon; from Gr. kirrdyojvos. H6raldique, adj. heraldic ; from medieval L. heraldicus, der. from her»ldus (see heraut), properly the art of a herald-at- arms. HERAUT, sm. a herald ; formerly heralt, Sp. heraldo, from medieval L. lieraldus. For al = au see agneau. The exact origin of heraldus is unknown. From L. lie- raldus, comes adj. heraldicus, whence Fr. heraldique, Herbac6, adj. herbaceous ; from L. herba- ceus. HERBAGE, sm. herbage, pasture, grass ; from l82 HERBE—HE^R. L. herbatieum *, der. from herba. For -atioum = -age see age. HERBE, sf. grass; from L. herba. — Der. Afr6ette, Aerfcoriser, A«r6oriste. HERBEUX, adj. grassy from L. herbosus. For -osu8 = -eMX see § 229. HERBIER, sm. a herbal; from L. her- barium. For -arium = -t>r see § 198. Herbivore, adj. herbivorous ; from L. herba and vorare. Herboriser, vn. to herborise. See herbe. — Der. herboriszixon, herboristwr. Herboriste, sm. a herbalist. See herbe. H^RE, sm. a fellow, wretch. Origin un- known. H6r§ditaire, adj. hereditary; from L. hereditarius. Its doublet is heritier, q. v. !E[6r6dit6, sf. inheritance; from L, heredi- tatem. For -atem = -e see § 230. H6r6siarque, sm. a heresiarch ; from Gr. aip(aLapxr}S. H6r6sie, sf. heresy ; from Gr. atpecis. Il6r6tique, sm. adj. heretic, heretical ; from L, haereticus. HERISSER, va. to bristle, erect, to act like a herisson : just as in It. arricciare is a compd. of riccio, in Sp. erizar is formed from erizo. Herisser does not come straight from herisson, but from the root heriss-, of which herisson is the diminutive. HERISSON, sm. a hedgehog, urchin ; for- merly heriQon, originally erigon, from L. ericionem *, dim. of ericius. For cio = ^o = sso see agencer; for addition of h see envahir. Herisson is a doublet of oursin, HERITAGE, sm. 'an inheritance. See heri- ter. HERITER, va. to inherit Prov. heretar, Sp. heredar, from L. hereditare (found in Arnobius). Hereditd,re becomes he- retare, see accointer; whence htriter by e = i, see § 60. — Der. heritage, des- heriter. HERITIER, sm. an heir; from L. heredi- tarius* For heredit- = herit- see heriter ; for -arius = -ier see § 198. Heritier is a doublet of hereditaire, q, v. Hermaphrodite, sm. a hermaphrodite; from L. hermaphroditus. Herm6neutique, adj. hermeneutic ; from Gr. kpiXTJVfVTlKOS. Hermds, sm. Hermes ; from Gr. 'Epfirjs. — Der. hermetique. The hermetic philosophy is that which occupied itself with the search after the Philosopher's stone, i. e. that of Hermes Trismegistus. The hermetic science. or alchemy, had also a way of absolutely closing flasks with a seal, whence comes the phrase * hermetically sealed. HERMETIQUE, adj. hermetic. See hermes. — Der. hermetiquemtnt. HERMINE, sm. ermine; formerly ermine, Sp. armino, from L. armenius*, properly fur of Armenia, it having been imported thence into Rome. Armenius becomes ermine. For a = « see § 54 ; for e = i see § 6o. Ermine becomes hermine by prefixing h, see envahir. — Der. hermin^. HERMITE, sm. a hermit. See ermite. For prefixed h see envahir. — Der. hermiUgt. Hernie, sf. (Med.) hernia ; from L. hernia. — Der. Aerwiaire. H6roine, sf. a heroine; from L. heroina. Heroique, adj. heroic; from L. heroicus. Heroisme, sm. heroism. See heros. HERON, sm. a heron. See aigrette. — Der. AeVowneau, heronmex, AeVonniere. H6ros, sm. a hero; from L. heros. — Der. heroisms. HERSE, sf. a harrow, caltrop, portcullis; formerly herce, It. erpice, from L. hirpi- cem (a harrow, in Varro). For regular contr, of hirp(i)cem into hirp'cem, hir*cem, see § 51; hence O, Fr. herce by \ = e, see mettre. For herce = herse see amitie. — Der. hersage, herser, herseur. Hesitation, sf. hesitation; from L. haesi- tationem. H^siter, vn. to hesitate; from L. hae si- tare. H6t6roclite, adj. heteroclite; from L. heteroclitus (found in Priscian). H6t6rodoxe, adj. heterodox; from Gr. kT(p68o^os. — Der. heterodox'xe. H6t6rog§ne, adj. heterogeneous ; from Gr. erepoyep'fjs. — Der. heterogeneite. H^TRE, sm. a beech-tree; formerly hestre. Of Germ, origin, Low Germ, hester. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81, HEUR, sm. luck, good fortune ; formerly ei'ir, aiir, Prov. agur. It. augurio, from L. augurium., which signified first a presage, then good or ill fortune. Augurium became agurium, just as auscultare be- came ascultare in Roman times. Agurium drops the g (see allier), whence O. Fr. a-ur ; aiir softens a into e (see § 51), whence eur, whence eur, whence the mcdern form heur, by prefixing h (see envahir). The philologists who have derived heur from hora have committed a grave blunder, for h o r a could only produce a monosyllabic form, heure, whose final and mute e answers to the HE URE — HOMICIDE. 183 final a of its parent ; whereas eiir, ailr, cannot come from hora, being a dissyllable, ending also with a consonant. Hetir is a doublet of augtire, q. v, — Der. honheur, radAhejir, henreux. HEURE, sf. hour ; from L. hora. For o = eu see § 79- Its doublet is or. HEUREUX, adj. happy. See heur. HEURTER, va. to strike, hit. Origin un- known. — Der. heurl (verbal subst.), heurt- oir. HexaSdre, sm. a hexahedron ; from Gr. c£ and e^pa. Hexagone, sm. a hexagon; from L. hex- agon us, found in Columella. Hexamdtre, sm. a hexameter; from L, hexametrus. + Hiatus, sm. a hiatus; from L. hiatus. HIBOU, sm. an owl. Origin unknown. + Hidalgo, sm. 2L hidalgo (Sp. nobleman); from Sp. hidalgo. HIDEUX, adj. hideous, frightful. O. Fr. hisdeiix, from L. hispidosus, found in Catullus. The original sense is still to be seen in the following line of Dubellay : Sur r autre sont les 7nurs vienx, hi deux de ronces et d'hierre. Hispidosus, contr. regularly into hisp'dosus (see § 52), be- comes kisdeux by -pd — d. Cp. tep'dus, tiede; male sap'dus, maussade; vap'dus, fade; extorp'dire, etotirdir. For hisdeiix — hideux see Hist. Gram. p. 81. HIE, sf. a paviour's ram, beetle. Of Germ. origin, Neth. hei. HIEBLE, sf. (Hot.) dwarf elder, danewort; formerly ieble, from L. ebulum. For regular contr. of ebiilum into eb'lum, see § 51; htnct ieble hy e^ie, s.t&arriere; then hiehle : for prefixed h see envahir. HIER, adv. yesterday; from L. heri. For e = ie see arriere. Hierarchie, sf. hierarchy; from L. hier- archia. — Der. hierarch\(\Me. Hieratique, adj. hieratic ; from Gr, Upan- KOS. Hieroglyphe, sm. a hieroglyph ; from Gr. Upos and y\v(po}. — Der. hieroglyphique. Hilarit6, s/. hilarity ; from L. hilaritatem. For -atein = -e see § 230. Hippiatrique, sf. veterinary medicine; from Gr. InniaTpiicrj. Hippique, adj. belonging to horses ; from Gr. InniKus. Hippodrome, sm. a hippodrome, race- course ; from Gr. iTrrrodpofios. HippogrifiPe, sm. a hippogrifF; a hybrid word,compd. of Gr.fTTTros and L. gryphus. Hippopotame, sm. a hippopotamus ; from Gr. tnnoTTOTaiios. HIRONDELLE, sf a swallow; from L. hirundo, and the dim. suffix elle. For u = o see annoncer. HISSER, va. to hoist. Of Germ, origin, Germ, hissen. HISTOIRE, sf. history; from L. historia, by transposing the i ; see chanoine. — Der. hislor'i&x, historien, historiette, historisl. HISTORIEN, sm. a historian. See histoire. HISTORIETTE, sf a Httle history, story See histoire. Historiographe, sm. a historiographer, historian ; from Gr, iaropioypcKpos. Historique, fli//. historic ; from L. histo- ricus. Histrion, sm. a stage-player; from L. his- trionem. HIVER, sm. winter; formerly ivern, from L. hibernus, used for winter in TertuUian and Solinus. For b=f see § 114; for rn = r see aubour and § 163. HIVERNAL, adj. wintry; from L. hiber- nalis. For h^v see § 114. HIVERNER, vn. to winter, hibernate; from L. hibemare. For b = i/ see § 114. — Der. hivermge. HOBEREAU, sm. (Ornith.) a hobby; properly a small falcon. Hobereau is a dim. of O. Fr. hobe, a small bird of prey. Of Germ. origin, Engl, hobby. HOCHEQUEUE, sm. (Ornith.) a wagtail, nuthatch. See hoche and queue. HOCHER, va. to shake, toss; formerly hochier, hocier, hossier. Of Germ, origin, Flem. hotsen. — Der. hochet. HOCHET, sm. a rattle, child's coral. See hocher. HOIR, sm. heir-at-law ; from L. heres. For e = oi see § 61. — Der. hoirie. HOLA ! interj. holloa ! compd. of ho ! and la! Holocauste, sm. a holocaust; from Gr. 6\vKavaTos. Holographe, sm. adj. holograph; from Gr. oKoypacpos. HOMARD, sm. a lobster ; formerly homar. Of Germ, origin, Dan. hommer. fHombre, sm. ombre (in card-playing); from Sp. hombre. Its doublet is homme, q.v. Honi6lie, sf. a homily ; from. Gr. ofJuXia. Hom6opathie, sf homoeopathy ; from Gr. ofxoLos and nddos. Homicide, sm. a homicide; from L. homi- cidium. 1 84 HOMMA GE — HOR TIC ULTURE, HOMMAGE, sm. homage. Prov. homenatge, from L. hominaticum *, in medieval Lat. texts. Hominaticum, meaning feudal homage, occurs in a will of a.d. 1035 : * Volo ergo et mando ut jam dicta ecclesia de Molig teneat eam Bemardus per manum praedicti filii mei Berengarii, et per suum donum et habeat inde hominaticxim.' Homin&tictim, contr. regularly (see § 52) into hom'naticum, becomes hom- mage. For -aticum = -a^c see § 248; for inn = wzm see § 168. HOMMASSE, dcf;. masculine (used of women). See homme. HOMME, sm. a man ; from L. h6minem, contr. regularly (see § 51) into liom.'nem, whence homme by mn = mOT, see § 168. Homme is a doublet of on, hombre, q. v. — Der. komma.sse. Homocentrique, adj. homocentric; from Gr. dfiSKevTpos. Homogdne, adj. homogeneous; from Gr, ofxoyfvijs. — Der. homogeneite. Homologue, adj. homologous ; from Gr. 6fjio\6yos. — Der. homologyxtx, homolog- ation. Homonyine, adj. homonymous ; from Gr. dnwvvfios. — Der. homonyxmt. HONCHET. Seejonchet, whose doublet it is, Hongre, sf. adj. gelded. Of hist, origin, see § 33 ; properly Hungarian. Down to the 1 6th cent, the Hungarians were called Hongres by the French, and les chevaux hongres were horses imported from Hungary. Hongre is a doublet of Hongrie. HONNfiTE, adj. honest, virtuous; from L. honestus. For loss of s see Hist. Gram, p. 81 ; for n= «n see ennemi. — Der. hon- neteratni, honneteie. HONNEUR, sm. honour; from L. honor. For -oTexa. = -eur see § 227; for n = n« see ennemi. HONNIR, va. to dishonour, disgrace; for- merly honir. Of Germ, origin, O. H. G. honjan. Honorable, adj. honourable; from L. ho- norabilis. Honoraire, adj. honorary; fromL. hono- rarius. Honoraire, sm. a fee, honorarium; from L. honorarium. Honorer, va. to honour; from L. hono- rare. Honorifique, adj. honorary ; from L. ho- norificus. HONTE, sf. shame. It. onta; of Germ, origin, O. Sax. honda. — Der. hontexix, 6hont6. HONTEUX, adj. ashamed, shameful. See honte. Hdpital, sm. hospital, almshouse ; formerly hospital, from L. hospitale (a place where hospitality is exercised, in Low Lat.). Its doublet is h/itel, q. v. HOQUET, sm. a hiccough (onomatopoetic). See § 34. HOQUETON, sm. a *hoqueton' (archery); formerly hauqiteton, auqueton, a cloak, also stuff, which is the etymol. sense. Originally alqueton, Sp. alcoton ; of Oriental origin, Ar. al-qoton. Horaire, adj. horary, horal ; from L. hora- rius. t Horde, sf. a horde; of Slav, origin, see § 29. HORION, sm. a thump. Origin unknown. Horizon, sm. horizon; from L. horizon. — Der, Aonzowtal. Horizontal, adj. horizontal. See hori- zon. HORLOGE, sf. a clock; from L. horo- logium. For regular loss of 6 in horo- 16giTim see § 52. — Der. horlogtr, hor- logerie. HORMIS, adv. save, except. O. Fr. horsmis, I i.e. mis hors. In this phrase the partic. | mis (L. missus) used to be variable ; thus ' in 13th cent, we find Cet homme a perdu tons ses enfants, hors mise sajille. In the 1 5th cent, the partic. became firmly attached \ to the particle hors, and the phrase hors mis became a prep. For etymology see hors and mis. Horoscope, sm. a horoscope; from L. horoscopus. HORREUR, sf. horror ; from L. horrorem. For -oTera = -eur see § 227. Horrible, adj. horrible; from L. horri- bilis, Horrifique, arf/. horrific; from L. horri- ficus. Horripilation, sf. horripilation; from L. horripilationem. HORS, prep, (of place and of time) out ; for- merly fors, from L, foras. For the very unusual change of f into h see haras and hordes and § 143. — Der. Aormis. Horticole, adj. horticultural; from L. hor- ticola, a gardener (in Isidore of Seville). Horticulteur, sm. a horticulturist ; a word fabricated out of the Lat. words hortus and cultorem. Horticulture, sf. horticulture; a word fabricated out of the Lat. words hortus and cultura. HOSPICE— HUI. 185 Hospice, sm. a hospital, almshouse; from L. hospitium. Hospitaller, adj. hospitable; from L. hos- pitalarius*. Hospitality, s/. hospitality; from L. hos- pitalitatem. Hostie, sf. an offering, victim, consecrated wafer, host; from L. hostia. Hostile, adj. hostile; from L. hostilis. Hostilite, sf. hostility; from L. hostili- J:atem. H5TE, sm. a landlord, host, guest ; formerly hoste. Port, hospede, from L. hospitem, by regular contr. (see § 51) of hospitem into hosp'tem, by pt = / (see acheter), whence hoste, lastly hote (see Hist. Gram. ^p.8i.) HOTEL, sm. a mansion, hotel, palace; for- merly hostel, Sp. hostal, from L, hospitale, a large house, palace, in medieval Lat. * Actum apud hospitale juxta Corbolium, anno Domini mccxuii ' is the date of an Ordinance of St. Louis. Hospitdle, re- gularly contr. (see § 52) into hosp'tale, becorhes hostel by pt = ^ and a,- e, see acheter ; lastly hotel by loss of s, see Hist. Gram. p. 81. Hotel is a doublet oi hopital, q. V. — Der. hotelier, hStellerie. HOTTE, sf. a basket (carried on the back) ; of Germ, origin, Swiss Germ, hotte. HOUBLON.sm. thehop ; dim. ofa root houble*, which is from medieval L. hupulus *, der. from hupa, the hop, in Low Lat. documents, ' Huparum hortus ' is a phrase found in a Chronicle. Hupa is of Germ, origin, Neth. hop. Hupiilus becomes houble * by regular contr. (see §51) into hup'lus, and by p = 6, see § iii. — Der. hotiblonnierQ. HOUE, sf. a hoe ; in Namur patois hotive ; of Germ, origin, Engl, hoe, M. H. G. houwe. From O. Fr. hoe comes dim. hoel, then hoyel, by a softening of the hiatus ; hoyel becomes hoyau by softening el into au, see agneau. HOUILLE, sf. coal, pit-coal. Origin un- known, — Der. houillere. HOULE, sf. a billow, so used in i6th cent.; • of Celt, origin, Bret, houl, Kymr. hoeval. — Der. hoideux. HOULETTE, sf. a crook, trowel; from L. agolum (used for a shepherd's crook in Festus), through a dim. agoletta *, which, losing its medial g (see accointer) becomes a-olette, whence a-oulette by o = ou, see affouage ; aoulette becomes oulette, just as aoncle, from avunclus*, becomes oncle. For prefixed h see envahir. HOUPPE, sf (Ornith.) a tuft, topknot. See its doublet hvppe. HOUPPELANDE, sf. a kind of overcoat ; a word found early in the 14th cent. Origin unknown. HOURDER, va. to pug (walls, etc.), originally to fortify with trellises, hurdles ; of Germ, origin. Germ, hurde. HOUSEAU, sm. a spatterdash ; formerly hou- sel. For -el = -eau see agneau. Housel is a dim. of O. Fr. house, a boot, which from medieval L. hosa; of Germ, origin, 0.*H. G. hosa. For o = om see affouage. HOUSPILLER, va. to mob, worry. Origin unknown. HOUSSE, sf. a horse-cloth, housing ; for- merly houce, from medieval L. hiiltia *, der. from O. H. G. hulst, a covering. Hul- tia becomes houce. For -tia = -ce see agencer ; for ul = 0/ = ou see agneau. For hozice = housse see agencer. HOUSSINE, sf a switch. See houx. HOUSSOIR, sm. a birch-broom. See houx. HOUX, sm. (Bot.) a holly-tree, holm; for- merly hous, originally hols * ; of Germ, origin, O. H, G. hiiliz, a thorny shrub. Huliz, contrd. into hul'z, becomes hols by ul = ol, see annoricer ; hols becomes hous by ol = ou, see agneau; then houx by s — x, see deux. — Der. Ao;/ssine (properly a holly- branch), ^oMSsoir. . HOYAU, sm. a mattock, pickaxe. See houe. HUCHE, sf. a kneading-trough, hutch; from medieval L. hutica * : ' Quadam cista, vulgo hutica dicta, quantitate magni- tudinis ampla . . . annonae plena.' See in Ducange. Origin unknown. Hutica, re- gularly contrd. (see § 51) into hut'ca, be- comes huche by tG = c, see § 168, and by -ca, = -che, see §§ 126, 54. HUCHER, vn. to whistle. Prov. hucar, from L. huccus*, a call-cry in medieval Lat. texts : e. g. ' Qui ad ipsos huccos cucurre- runt,' in a Formulary published by Sirmond, No. 30. Huccus is an exclamation der. from L. hue. Huccus produces a verb huccare *, whence hucher, by oca, = che, see § 126. — Der. huchet. HUCHET, sm. a hunting-horn. See hucher. »HUE, interj. hie ! gee ! (cry to horses). See § 34. — Der. huer. HUER, va. to hoot, hoot after. See hue. HUGUENOT, sm. a huguenot. Origin un- known. — Der. huguenotisme. HUI, adv. this day; formerly hoi, Sp. hoy, from L. hodid. For odi = oi = ui see ap- puyer ; for oi = ui see § 84. i85 HUILE — HYDR OG^NE. HUILE, sf. oil ; formerly uile, originally oile, Sp. olio, from L. oleum. For oleiim^ olium see abreger. Olivun becomes oile by transposing the i, see chanoine. For oile = uile see cuider ; for prefixed h see envahir. — Der. kuiltx, huileux, huilier, huileric. HUIS, sm. a door ; formerly uis. It. uscio, from L. ostium, by attraction of i (ostium Bs oistum *) and st = t, cp. dispos from dispostus, etc. For oi = tt/ see cuider; for prefixed h see envahir. — Der. Awjisier (properly a porter, who keeps the ' gate, huts), huisserie. HUIS CLOS, adj. private. See huts and clos. HUISSIER, sm. an usher, bailiff. See huis. HUIT, adj. eight ; formerly uit, originally oil. Port, oito, It. otto, from L. octo. For oct = oit see attrait ; for oit = uit see atlrait and adder ; for prefixed A see envahir. — Der. /tMjVain, AwzVaine. HUITlfiME, sm. and a<^'. an eighth ; formerly huitiesme, from L. octesimus*, by regular contr. (see § 51) of oct6simu8 into octes'mius, whence huitiesme. For oct- = huit- see huit ; for e = ie see arriere. Huitiesme becomes huitieme by loss of s, see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. huitiemement. HUITRE, sf. oyster ; formerly uistre, origin- ally oistre, from L. ostrea. For regular change of ostrea into ostria see abreger ; hence oistre by attraction of 1, see cha- noine', then uistre by oi = ui, see cuider; then huistre by prefixed h, see envahir. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. huitrier, huitrihre. HULOTTE, sf. a howlet, owlet; dim. of root hide*, which is L. \ilula, by regular contr. (see § 51) ofuliila into ul la, whence ulle, then hulle by prefix of h, see envahir. SEumain, adj. human; from L. humanus. For -anus = -am see § 194. — Der. human- iser, humaniste. Humanity, sf. humanity; from L. hu- manitatem. HUMBLE, adj. humble ; from L. humilis. For regular contr. (see § 51) of humilis into hum'lis, whence humble, by nil = mbl, see absoudre. Humectation, sf. wetting, moistening^ from L. humectationem. Humecter, va. to moisten; from L. hu- mectare. HUMER, va. to inhale. Origin unknown. t Huni6rus, sm. (Med.) a humerus; from L. humerus. — Der. AwmeVal. Humeur, sf. humour, mood, temper ; from L. humorem. For -orem^-fx/rsee §227. Its doublet is humour. — Der. humorsX. Humide, adj. humid; from L. humidus. Humidity, sf humidity; from L. humidi- tatem*. For -atem = -e see § 230. Humiliation, sf. humiliation ; from L. humiliationem. Humilier, va. to humiliate, humble ; from L. humiliare. Humility, sf humiUty; from L. humili- tatem. Humoriste, sm. a humorist ; der. from L. humor, with the ending -iste, see § 217. + Humour, sm. humour; from Engl. humour. — Der. A»/monstique. + HumiUS, sm. soil; from L. humus. HUNE, sf (^Naut.) top ; of Germ, origin, A. S. htin. — Der. Awwier. HUPPE, sf (Ornith.) a crest, tuft, hoopoo. Prov. upa. It. upupa, by regular contr. (see § 51) of upupa into uppa, whence hupe by prefixed h, see envahir. Its doublet is houppe. — Der. huppk. (crested : a dialectical variety of huppe is houppe). For u = ou see affbuage. HUPPE, adj. crested. See huppe. HURE, sf. head (of certain animals). Origin unknown. HURLER, vn. to howl; formerly htdler, originally uller, from L. ululare, by regular contr. (see § f^i) of ululdre into ul'lare, whence O. Fr. uller, whence huller by prefixing h (see envahir), then hurler by / = r (see apotre). — Der. hiirlemeni. HURLUBERLU, sm. a giddy goose, fool. Origin unknown. tHussard, sffz. a hussar; of Hungarian origin, see § 29. HUTTE, sf. a shed, hut ; of Germ, origin. Germ, hutte. — Der. hutttr. Hyacinthe, sf (Hot.) a hyacinth; from L. hyacinthus (so used in Pliny). Its doublet is jacinthe, q. v. Hyades, sf pi. the Hyades; from J hyades. Hybride, adj. hybrid; from L. hybrida. Hydrate, sm. a hydrate ; from Gr. vSup. Hydraulique, adj. hydraulic ; from hydraulicus (so used in PHny). Hydre, sf a hydra; from L. hydra. Hydrocephale, sf (Med.) hydrocephalus! from Gr. v5poK4(pa\os. Hydrodynamique, sf. hydrodynamics^ from Gr. vbwp and dvvafiis. Hydrogdne, sm. hydrogen; a word fabt cated, A. D. 1776, by Cavendish, from Gi vdwp and yivos. L. HYDR OGRA PHE — ICONOCLA STE. 187 Hydrographe, sm. a hydrographer ; from Gr. vbap and ypdipdv. — Der. hydrographie, hydrographique. Hydrologie, sf. hydrology ; from Gr. vScup and Koyos. Hydromel, sm. hydromel, mead ; from L. hydromeli (so used in Pliny), Hydrom^tre, sm. a hydrometer ; from Gr. vdaip and /xerpov. — Der. hydrometrie. Hydrophobe, adj. hydrophobic; from L. hydrophobus (so used in Pliny). — Der. hydrophobie. Hydropique, adj. dropsical ; from L. hydropicus. Hydropisie, sf. dropsy; from L. hydro- pisis. Hydroscope, sm. a hydroscopist ; from Gr. iSpooKOTTOs. — Der. hydroscopit. Hydrostatique, s/". hydrostatics; compd.of hydro, answering to Gr. vdwp, and siatique, q.v. Hydne, sf. a hyena ; from Gr. vaiva. Hygiene, sf. hygiene; from Gr. v-yieivus. — Der. hygienique. Hygrom^tre, sm. a hygrometer ; from Gr. vypos and fierpov. — Der. hygrometrie, hygrotneirique. Hymen, stn. Hymen; from L. hymen. Hyinen6e, sm. hymen, marriage ; from L. hymenaeus. Hym^noptdres, sm. pi. hymenopteres, bees ; from Gr. v/x'/jv and rrrepov. Hyrane, smf a hymn ; from L. hymnus. Hyoide, sm. (Med.) the tongue bone ; from Gr. voeidis, a bone in the throat shaped like the Greek letter v. Hypallage, sf. (Rhet.) hypallage; from L. hypallage. Hyperbole, sf. (Rhet,) hyperbole; from L. hyperbola. — Der. hyperbolique. Hyperboree, sf. the North ; from L. hyperboreus, — Der. hyperboreen. Hsrpdthre, adj. hypaethral; from Gr. virai' dpos. Hypnotique, adj. (Med.) hypnotic ; from Gr. vTTVCOTiKos. — Der. hypnotisms. Hypocondre, adj. hypochondriacal ; from L. hypochondria (so used in Priscian). — Der. hypocondrie. Hypocondrie, sf. hypochondria. See hypocondre. — Der, hypocondrhqws. Hypocras, sm. hippocras ; corruption of hippocraticum, sc. vinum. Hypoerisie, sf. hypocrisy; from L, hypo- crisis (so used in St. Jerome). Hypocrite, sm. a hypocrite ; from L. hypocrita (so used in St. Jerome). Hypogastre, sm. (Med.) the hypogastrium ; from Gr. vnoydaTpiov. — Der, hypogastr- ique. B[ypog^6. sm. a hypogeum ; from L. hy- pogeum (a cive, cellar, in Isidore of Seville). Hypostase, sf (Med., Theol.) hypostasis ; from L, hypostasis (substance, in St. Jerome). Hypot6nu.se, sf. the hypothenuse ; from Gr. vTTOTtivovaa. Hypoth.6caire, adj. on mortgage ; from L. hypothecarius, Hypoth^que, sf. a mortgage; from L. hypotheca. — Der. hypothequtx. Hypothdse, sf. a hypothesis ; from L. hypothesis. Hypoth6tique, adj. hypothetical ; from L. hypotheticus (so used in Cassiodorus). Hypotypose, sf (Rhet.) hypotyposis ; from Gr. vnoTvnooais. Hyssope, sf (Bot.) hyssop ; from L. hys- sopum (so used in Pliny). Hyst6rie, ./, (Med.) hysteria ; from L, hysteria *. Hyst^rique, adj. hysterical; from L, hystericus (so used in Martial). I. lambe, sm. an iambus; from L. iambus. lambique, adj. iambic; from L, iam- bicus. Ibis, sm. the ibis; from L, ibis. ICEL, pron. this. See ce. ICELUI, pron. this here. See ce. Ichneumon, sm. an ichneumon; from L, ichneumon. Ichthyologie, sf. ichthyology; from Gr. ixOvoXoyia. — Der. ichthyologique, ichthy- ologists. Ichthyophage, adj. fish-eating ; from Gr. ix6vo(pdyos. ICI, adv. here. See ce. — Der. ci. Iconoclaste, sm. an iconoclast ; from Or. ilKOJv and K\daTT]s (from «Adco). i88 ICONOGRAPHIE — IMBROGLIO, loonographie, sf. iconography; from L. iconographia. — Der. iconographe, icono- graphique. loonol&tre, sm. an image - worshipper ; from Gr. (Ikojv and XArprjs. — Der. icono- Idtrie. Iconologie, sf. iconology (interpretation of ancient monuments) ; from Gr. tlKdjv and \oyia. Id^al, adj. ideal; from L. idealis. — Der, idealisme, idealists, idealiser. Id6e, ./. an idea; from L, idea. t Idem, adv. ditto, the same; from L. idem.^ Identique, adj. identical ; from Schol. Lat.* identicus*, der. from idem. Identity, sf. identity; from L. identi- tatem, der. from idem. See identique. Id^ologie, sf. ideology ; from Gr. tSto and ^.6708. — Der. ideologue, ideologique. Idiome, sm. an idiom, language; from L. idioma. Idiot, sm. an idiot; from L. idiota. Idiotisme, sm. an idiom, peculiarity of speech, idiocy; from L. idiotismus. IdolS,tre, adj. idolatrous, sm. an idolater; from L. idolatra. — Der. idoldtrex. Idol&trie, sf. idolatry; from L. idola- tria. Idole, sf an idol; from L. idolum. Idylle, sf an idyl; from L. idyllium. IF, sm. (Bot.) yew. Sp. ivai of Germ, origin, O. H. G. iwa. For v=/see hoeuf. Ignare, adj. ignorant; from L. ignarus. Ign6, adj. igneous; from L. igneus. — Der. i^'nicole. Ignition, sf ignition; from L. igni- tionem *, der. from Ignitus. Ignoble, adj. ignoble; from L. ignobilis. Ignominie, sf. ignominy; from L. igno- minia. Ignominieux, adj. ignominious ; from L. ignominiosus. For -OSMS = -eiix see §229. Ignorance, sf ignorance; from L. igno- rantia. Ignorant, adj. ignorant; frofn L. igno- rant em. — Der, ignorafit'm. Ignorer, va. to ignore, be ignorant of; from L. ignorare. IL, pers.pron. m. he. Its doublet is le, q. v. ILE, sf an island ; formerly isle, Prov. isla, from L, insula. For regular contr. of insula into ins'la see § 5 1 ; hence isle by ns = s (see dine), then He by loss of s (see Hist. Gram. p. 81). — Der. Hot. Illegal, adj. illegal; from L. illegalis*. — Der. illegality. I116gitime, adj. illegitimate; from L, IIIct g i t i m u s ♦. See legitime. ILLETTRfe, adj. unlettered, illiterate ; from L. illiteratus. For literatus= /fi//rc see lettre. Illicite, adj. illicit; from L. illicitus. lUimit^, adj. unlimited. See limite. Illisible, adj. illegible. See lisible. lUuminateur, sm. an illuminator; from L. illuminatorem. Illumination, sf an illumination; from L. illuminationem. niuminer, va. to illuminate; from L. illuminare. Its doublet is enluminer, q.v. — Der. illuming (partic. subst.), illumine isme. Illusion, sf. an illusion; from L. illusio- nem, — Der. illusionner. niusoire, adj. illusory; from L. illu- sorius *. Illustration, sf an illustration ; from L. illustrationem. lUustre, adj. illustrious; from L. illustris. lUustrer, vn. to illustrate; from L. illus- trare. niustrissime, adj. most illustrious; from L. illustrissimus. ILOT, sm. an islet. See He. ' Ilote, sm. a Helot; from L. ilotae. — Der. z7o/isme. IMAGE, sf. an image ; from L, imaginem. For loss of last two atonic syllables see §§ 50» 51' — Der. imager, imagerie. Imaginable, adj. imaginable; from L. i magi nab il is *. — Der. inimaginable. Imaginaire, adj. imaginary ; from L. ima- ginarius. Imaginatif, adj. imaginative; from L. imaginativus *. — Der. imaginative. Imagination, sf. imagination; from L. imaginationem. Imaginer, va. to imagine ; from L. imagi- nari. Imbecile, adj. imbecile; from L. imbecil- lus. Imb6cillit6, ^. imbecility; from L. im- becillitatem. Imbevhe, adj. beardless; from L. imber- bis. Imbiber, vn. to imbibe; from L. im- bibere. Its doublet is emboire. — Der. imbibition. Imbrique, adj. (Bot.) imbricated, fringed ; from L, imbricatus. + Imbroglio, sm. an imbroglio, per- plexity; introd. in i6th cent, from It. im- broglio. Irabu, adj. imbued ; from I. For -utus = -M see § 201. Imitable, adj. imitable ; from L. imita- bilis. Imitateur, s??z. an imitator ; from L. imi- tatorem. Imitation, sf. imitation; from L. imita- tionem. Imiter, t^a, to imitate; from L. imitari. — Der. i7mta.ti(. Immaeule, adj. immaculate; from L. im- maculatus. Immanent, adj. constant; from L. im- manentem. Immangeable, adj. uneatable. See man- ger. Immanquable, adj. unfailing. See man- quer. Immateriality, sf. immateriality. See im- materiel. f Im.materiel, adj. immaterial; from L. im- materialis. — Der. immaterial'xtL Immatricule, sf. matriculation ; from im, for iji, and matricide. — Der. immatriculei, immatriculztlon. Imm6diat, adj. immediate; from L. im- mediatus* . — Der. immediatement Immemorial, adj. immemorial. See me- moire. Immense, adj. immense ; from L. immen- sus. Immensity, sf. immensity; from L. im- mensitatem. Im.merger, va. to immerse; from L. im- mergere. Imm6rit6, adj. unmerited. See meriter. Imijiersion, sf immersion; from L.«im- mersionem. Im.m.euble, sm. a landed estate ; from L. immobilis, used in this sense in the Digest, res immobiles. For mohiVis = vieuble see meuble. Imm.inence, sf imminence; from L. im- minentia. Imminent, adj. imminent; from L. ira- minentem. Immiscer, vpr. to mix up; from L. im- miscere. Immixtion, sf blending; fromL. immix- tionem. Imm.obile, adj. immoveable; fromL. im- mobilis Der. immobihsex, immobilisz- tion. Immobility, sf immobility; from L. im- mobilitatem. Inim.od6r6, adj. immoderate ; from L. i m- moderatus. 1MB U — IMPECCA BILITS, imbutus. 189 L Immodeste, adj. indecent ; from L. immo- destus. Immodestie, sf immodesty; from L. im- modestia. Immolation, s/". immolation ; from L. im- molationem. Immoler, va. to immolate; from L. im- molare. Immonde, adj. unclean; from L, immun- dus. Immondice, sf dirt, uncleanness ; from L. immunditia. Immoral, adj. immoraj. See moral. — Der. zwmora/ite. Imraortaliser, va. to immortalise. See immorlel. Immortality, sf immortality ; from L« immortalitatem. Immortel, adj. immortal; from L. im- mortalis. — Der. immorlaliser, immort- elle. Immuable, adj. immutable; fromL. im- mutabilis. For mutah His = muable see muer. Immunity, sf immunity; from L. immu- nitatem. Immutabilite, sf immutability; from L. immutabilitatem. Impair, adj. unequal, odd. See pair. Impalpable, adj. impalpable ; from L. impalpabilis*. Impardonnable, adj. unpardonable. See pardon?ier. Imparfait, adj. imperfect; from L. im- perfectus. See parfait. Imparfait, sm. the imperfect (tense) ; from L. imperfectum. ^ee parfait. Impartageable, adj. indivisible. See par- tager. Impartial, adj. impartial. See partial. — Der. impartial'xie. Impasse, sf a lane, blind alley. See passe. Impassibilit6, sf impassibility ; from L. impassibilitatem. Impassible, ac?/' ™P^ssible ; from L. im- passibilis. Impatience, sf impatience; from L. im- patientia. Impatient, adj. impatient; from L. im- patientem. — Der. impatietttex. Impatienter, va. to provoke. See impa- tient. Impatroniser, vpr. to become master (of a house). See patron. Impayable, adj. invaluable. See payer. Impeccability, sf impeccability ; from L. impeccabilitatem. 190 IMPECCA BLE — IMPOSTE, Impeccable, adj. impeccable ; from L. impeccabilis. Iinp6n6trable, adj. impenetrable; from L. impenetrabilis. — Der. impinetrabil- it6. Imp6nitence, sf. impenitence; from L. impoenitentia. Impenitent, adj. impenitent; from L. im- poenitentem. Imp6ratif, {i)adj. imperative ; from L. im- perativus. (2)s»i. the imperative (mood); from L. imperativus, sc. modus. Imp6ratrice, sf. an empress ; from L. im- peratricem. Imperceptible, adj. imperceptible. See perceptible. Imperdable, adj. that cannot be lost. See perdre. Imperfection, sf. imperfection ; from L. imperfectionem (so used by St. Augus- tine). Imiperforation, sf. imperforation. See perforation. Imperial, adj. imperial; from L. impe- rialis, Imp6rieiix, adj. imperious; from L. im- periosus. For -osus = -«?/;« see § 229. Imp^rissable, adj. imperishable. See perissable. Imp6ritie, sf. incapacity ; from L. imper- itia. Imperm§abilit§, sf. impermeability. See permeability. Impermeable, adj. impermeable. See permeable. Im.personnel, adj. impersonal ; from L. impersonalis. Impertinence, sf. impertinence. See im- pertinent. Impertinent, adj. impertinent ; from L. impertinentem. — Der, impertinence. Imperturbable, adj. imperturbable ; from L, imperturbabilis. — Der. imperturba- bilite. Impetrant, sm. (Legal) a grantee, candidate (for a degree). See impetrer. Imp6tration, sf (Legal) impetration ; from L. impetrationem. Imp6trer, va. (Legal) to impetrate ; from L. impetrare. — Der. impetrant (partic. subst.). Imp6tue\ix, adj. impetuous ; from L. impetuosus*; for -osms = -eux see § 229. Impetuosite, sf impetuosity ; from L. im- petuositatem*. Impie, at//, impious; from L. impius. Impi6t6, sf impiety ; from L. impietatem. Impitoyable, adj. unpitying. See pitoy- able. Implacable, adj. implacable ; from L. im- pl aca b i 1 i s. — Der. implacabilhe. Implantation sf. a planting. See implan- ter. Implanter, va. to implant. See planter. — Der. implantation. Implexe, adj. intricate; from L. im- plexus. Implication, sf (Legal) contradiction ; from L. implicationem. Implicite, adj. implicit; from L. implici- tus. Impliquer, va. to implicate ; from L. im- plicare. Its doublet is employer, q. v. Implorer, va. to implore ; from L. i m- plorare. Impoli, adj. unpolished ; from L. impoli- tus. ^ Impolitesse, sf unpoliteness. See polit- esse. Impolitique, adj. impolitic. See polit- ique. Imponderable, adj. imponderable. See ponderable. Impopulaire, adj. unpopular. See popti- laire. Impopularite, sf unpopularity. See popu- larite. Importance, sf. importance. See import- ant. Important, adj. important. See importer. — Der. importance. Importation, sf importation. See im- porter. Importer, (l) va. to import (merchandise) ; from L. importare. — Der. importaiion. (2) vn. to be of importance. — Der. import- ant. Importun, adj. importunate; from L. im- portunus. — Der. importunev. Importuner, va. to importune. See im- portun. Importlinite, sf importunity ; from L. importunitatem. Imposable, adj. taxable. See imposer. Imposer, va. to impose. See poser. — Der. impossible, imposznt. Imposition, sf an imposition ; from L. impositionem. Impossibilite, sf impossibility; from L. impossibilitatem. Impossible, adj, impossible; from L. im- possibilis. t Imposte, sf (Archit.) an impost; from It. imposta. Its doublet is impot, q. v. IMPOSTEUR—INA CTION. 191 Imposteur, sm. an impostor; from L. im- postorem (so used in Ulpian). Imposture, sf. imposture ; from L. impos- tura (so used in Ulpian). IMPOT, sm. an impost, tax ; formerly im- pose, from L. impositus* (so used in me- dieval Lat.), by regular contr. of inip6- situs into impos'tus (see § 51), whence impost; then impat by loss of s, see Hist. Gram. p. 81. Its doublet is impost, q. v. Impotence, sf. impotence ; from L. impo- tentia. Im.potent, adj. impotent; from L. impo- tentem. Impracticable, adj. impracticable. See pratiquer. Imprecation, sf. an imprecation ; from L. imprecationem. Impregner, va. to impregnate ; from L. impraegnare*. Imprenable, adj. impregnable. See pren- able. + Impresario, sm. a manager (at a theatre) ; from It. impresario. Imprescriptible, adj. imprescriptible. See prescriptible. — Der. imprescriptibilhe. Impression, sf. impression; from L. im- pressionem. — Der. impressionner, impres- sto«nable, fm/'ressfonnabilite. Impr6voyance, sf. improvidence. See prevoyant. Impr6voyant, adj. improvident. See pre- voyant. — Der. imprevoyance. ^ Im.pr6vu, adj. unforeseen. See prevu. Im.prim.er,fa.to print ; from L.imprimere. Its doublet is empreindre, q. v. — Der. im- prim6 (partic. subst.), imprimear, imprim- erie. Improbable, adj. improbable; from L. improbabilis. Improbateur, sm. a disapprover, censor; from L. improbatorem. — Der. impro- bat'if. Improbation, sf disapprobation ; from L. improbationem. Im.probit6, sf improbity; from L. impro- bitatem. Improductif, adj. unproductive. See pro- ductif. — Der. improductih\e. Im.promptU, sm. an impromptu ; from L. in and promptu, a thing- improvised, in such phrases as 'in promptu aliquid habere,' to have something at hand ; ' dicere quae sunt in promptu,' to say what is ready in the mind, straight off. Im.propre, «(//. improper ; from L. impro- p r i u s . — Der. impropriete. Improuv6, a^y./"./". unproved, disapproved of. See projiver. f Impro vise r, fa. to improvise; from It. improvvisare. t Improviste, adv. suddenly, unawares; from It. improvvisto. Imprudence, sf. imprudence ; from L. im- prudentia. Imprudent, ac?;. imprudent ; from L. im- prudentem. Impub§re, adj. (Legal) in a state of im- puberty ; from L. impuberem. Impudence, sf. impudence; from L. im- pudentia. Impudent, adj. impudent ; from L. impu- dentem. Impudeur, sf. immodesty. See pudeur. Impudicit6, sf. unchastity. See pudi- cite. Im.pudique, adj. impure, unchaste ; from L. impudicus. Impuissance, sf. powerlessness. See im- pinssa?it. Impuissant, adj powerless. See puissant. — Der. impuissance. Impulsif, adj. impulsive. See impnilsion. Impulsion, sf. impulsion, impetus ; from L. impulsionem. — Der. imptdsii. Impuni, adj. unpunished; from L. impu- nitus. Impunite, sf impunity ; from L. impuni- tatem. Impur, adj. impure; from L. impurus. Inipuret6, sf. impurity; from L. impuri- tatem. Im^putable, adj. imputable (to), chargeable (on). See imputer. Imputation, sf. an imputation ; from L. imputationem. Imiputer, va. to impute; from L. impu- tare. — Der. /mpw/able. Inabordable, adj. inaccessible, unap- proachable. See abordable. Inacceptable, adj. unacceptable. See ac- ceptable. Inaccessible, adj. inaccessible; from L. inaccessibilis (so used in Tertullian). Inaccordable, adj. that cannot be brought into harmony. See accordable. Inaccostable, adj. unapproachable. See accostable. Inaccoutum^, adj. unaccustomed. See accouttime. Inacliev§, adj. unfinished. See acheve. Inactif, adj. inactive. See actif. — Der. in- activite. Inaction, sf. inaction. See action. 192 IN A CTIVITS-^INCOH^RENT. Inactivity, s/. inactivity. See inactif. Inadmissible, adj. inadmissible. See ad- missible. — Der. inadmissibility. Inadvertance, ./. inadvertence ; from Schol. L. inadvertantia *, compd. of advertantia, der. from advertere. Inalienable, adj. inalienable. See aliener. — Der. inalienabilixd. Inalliable, adj. that cannot be alloyed. See alliable. Inalterable, adj. that cannot be altered. See alterer. Inamovible, adj. irremovable. See amov- ible. — Der. inamovibil'itL Inanim6, adj. inanimate; from L. inani- matus. For -atus = -e' see § 201. Inanite, sf. inanity; from L. inanitatem. Inanition, sf. inanition; from L. inan- itionem (so used in Isidore of Seville). Inapp6tence, s/ (Med.) inappetency. See appetence. Inapplicable, adj. inapplicable. See ap- plicable. — Der. inopplica.tion, inapplique. Inappreciable, adj. inappreciable. See appreciable. Inaptitude, sf. inaptitude. See aptitude. Inarticuie, adj. inarticulate. See articule. Inattaquable, adj. unassailable. See at- taquable. Inattendu, adj. unexpected. See attendu. Inattentif, adj. inattentive. See attentif. Inattention, sf. inattention. See atten- tion. Inauguration, sf. inauguration ; from L. inaugurationem. Inaugurer, va. to inaugurate; from L. in- augurare. — Der. inaugura.\. Incalculable, adj. incalculable. See cal^- culable. Incandescent, adj. incandescent ; from L. incandescentem . — Der. incandescetice. Incantation, sf. an incantation ; from L. incantationem. Incapable, adj. incapable. See capable. Incapacity, s/", incapacity ; from L. in (pri- vative) and capacitatem. Incarceration, $f. imprisonment. See in- carcerer. Incarcerer, va. to incarcerate ; from L. incarcerare *, found in Lat. medieval documents, der. from L. career. + Incarnat, adj. incarnate; from It. m- carnato. Its doublet is incarne. Incarnation, sf. incarnation ; from L. in- carnationem. Incamer, vpr. to become incarnate ; from L. incarnare. t Incartade,s/; a wanton insult, practical joke ; from Sp, encartada, der. from encar- tarse, properly to draw a bad card, thence metaph. to make a fool of oneself. Incendiaire, adj. incendiary; from L. in- cendiarius. Incendie, sf. a fire, conflagration ; from L. incendium. — Der. incendier. Incendier,' va. to burn up. See incendie. Incertain, adj. uncertain. See certain. Incertitude, sf uncertainty; from L. in- certitudinem *. Incessant, adj. incessant; from L. inces- santem *. Inceste, (l) adj. incestuous; (2) sm. in- cest; from L. incestus. — Der. incestueux. Inchoatif, adj. inchoative; from L. in- choativus. Incident, adj. incidental; from L. inci- dentem. — Der. incident (sm.), incidence. Incise, sf (Gram.) an involution ; from L. incisus. Inciser, va. to incise; from L. incisare*, a frequent., through supine incisum, of in- cidere. — Der. incis\f. Incisif, adj. incisive. See inciser. Incision, sf an incision; from L. incisio- nem. Incitation, sf an incitement ; from L. in- citationem. Inciter, va. to incite; from L. incitare. Incivil, adj. uncivil, brutal; from L. inci- viUs. icwili Incwilite, sf incivility; from L. incivili- tatem. For -tatem = -/e see § 230. Incivique, adj. unpatriotic. See civique. Incivisme, sm. incivism, want of patriotism. See civisme. Inciemence, sf inclemency; from L. in- clementia. Inclement, adj. inclement ; from L. in- clementem. Inclinaison, sf inclination, dip ; from inclinationem. For -ationem = -ctfsc see fenaison. Its doublet is inclination q. v. Inclination, sf inclination ; from L. in- clinationem. Its doublet is inclinaison, q. V. Incliner, va. to incline; from L. inclinare, Indus, p. p. inclosed ; from L. inclusus. t Incognito, sm. incognito; introd. frou It. incognito. Incoherence, sf incoherence. See inco herent. Incoherent, adj. incoherent ; from L. cohaerentem. — Der. incoherence. INCOLORE—INCR^E. 193 Incolore, adj. colourless; from L. inco- lor. Incomber, V7i. to be incumbent ; from L. incumbere. Incombustible, adj. incombustible ; from in (negative) and combustibilis *, der. from combustus. Incomraensurable, adj. incommensura- ble ; from L. incommensurabilis. — Der, incommensurahilil^. Incomraode, adj. inconvenient ; from L. incommodus. Incommoder, va. to incommode ; from L. incommodare. Incoinmodit6, sf. inconvenience ; from L. incommoditatem. For -tatein = -/e see § 230. Incommunicable, adj. incommunicable ; L. incommunicabilis, so used by from St. Jerome. Incommutabilit§, sf. incommutability ; For from from See See See from L. incommutabilitatem. -tatem = -/e see § 230. Incommutable, adj. incommutable ; L. incommutabilis. Incomparable, adj. incomparable; L. incomparabilis. Incompatibility, sf. incompatibility compatible. Incompatible, adj. incompatible. compatible. — Der. incompatibilite. Incompetence, sf. incompetence. competer. Incomp6tent, adj. incompetent; from L. incompetentem. Incomplet, adj. incomplete; from L. in- completus. Incomplexe, adj. simple, incomplex ; from L. incomplexus. Incompr61iensibilit6, sf. incomprehen- sibility; from L. incomprehensibili- tatem *. For -tatem = -/e' see § 230. Incomprehensible, adj. incomprehen- sible; from L. incomprehensibilis. Incompressible, adj. incompressible ; compd. of compressible, from L. com- pressibilis *, der. from compressus- Inconcevable, adj. inconceivable. concevoir. Inconciliable, adj. irreconcileable. concilier. Inconduite, sf. misconduct. See conduite. \ Incongru, adj. incongruous; from L. in- congruus. Incongruity, sf. incongruity ; from L. in- congruitatem. For -tatem = -/e see § 230. See See Inconsequence, §A inconsequence; from L. inconsequentia. Inconsequent, adj. inconsequent ; from L, inconsequentem. Inconsideration, sf inconsideration ; from L. inconsiderationem. Inconsidere, adj. unconsidered; from L. inconsideratus. For -atus = -e see § 201. Inconsistance, sf. inconsistency. See con- sister. Inconsolable, adj. inconsolable; from L. inconsolabilis. Inconstance, sf inconstance; from L. in- constantia. Inconstant, adj. inconstant; from L. in and constantem. Inconstitutionnel, adj. unconstitutional. See constituer. Incontestable, adj. incontestible. See contester. Inconteste, adj. uncontested. See con- tester. Incontinence, sf. incontinence ; from L. incontinentia. Incontinent, adj, incontinent; from L. incontinentem. Incontinent, adv. forthwith; from L. in and continents Inconvenant, adj. improper, unbecoming. See convenir. — Der. inconvenance. Inconvenient, adj. used as a sm. incon- venience; from L. inconvenientem. Incorporation, sf incorporation ; from L. incorporationem *. Incorporel, adj. incorporal; from L. in- corporalis. — Der. incorporalite. Incorporer, va. to incorporate ; from L. incorporare (so used in Solinus). Incorrect, adj. incorrect; from L. incor- rect us. — Der. incorrect'ion. Incorrigible, adj. incorrigible ; from L. incorri gib ills. — Der. incorrigibilhe. Incorruptibilite, s/. incorruptibility; from L. incorruptibilitatem. For -tatein = -te see § 230. Incorruptible, adj. incorruptible; from L. incorruptibilis. Incredibilite, sf. incredibility ; from L. incredibilitatem (incredulity, in Apu- leius). For -tatem^-^e see § 230. Incredule, adj. incredulous; from L. in- credulus. IncredTllite, sf incredulity; from L. in- credulitatem. Incree, adj. uncreated ; from L. increatus*, a word used in Christian controversy. O 194 INCRIMINER — INDISCIPLINA BLE. Incriminer, va. to incriminate; from L incriminari *; der. from crimen. — Der mcr/mmation. Incroyable, adj. incredible. See croyahle. Incrustation, sf. an incrustation ; from L. incrustationem. Inoruster, va. to encrust; from L. in- crustare. Its doublet is encrouter, q. v. Incubation, sf. incubation; from L. in- cubationem. Inculpation, sf. inculpation; from L. in- culpationem *. Inculper, va. to inculpate; from L. incul- pare*. — Der. inculpL Inculquer, va. to inculcate; from L. in- culcare. Inculte, adj. uncultivated; from L. in- cultus. Inclinable, sf. a cradle; from L. in- cunabulum. Incurability, sf. incurability. See in- curable. Incurable, adj. incurable ; from L. in- curabilis. — Der. incurabilite. Incurie, sf. carelessness; from L. incuria. Incursion, sf. an incursion; from L. in- cursionem. Inde, sm. indigo. Of hist, origin, see § 33 ; a blue colour introduced from India. Its doublet is indique, indigo, q. v. Ind6cence, sf. indecency; from L. inde- centia. Indecent, adj. indecent; from L. inde- centem. Ind6chifFrable, adj. undecipherable. See dechiffrer. Ind^cis, arf/. undecided ; from L. indecisus. Indecision, sf. indecision: from L. inde- cisionem*. Indeclinable, adj. indeclinable; from L. indeclinabilis . — Der. indeclinabilitL Indecomposable, adj. indecomposable. See decomposer. Indeiini, adj. indefinite; from L. inde- finitus. For loss of t cp.aigu from acutus. Indefinissable, adj. indefinable. See definir. Indeiebile, adj. indelible; from L. inde- lebilis. Indeiicat, adj. indelicate. See delicat. — Der. indelicatesse. Indemne, adj. indemnified; from L. in- demnis. Indeniniser, va. to indemnify. See in- demne. Indemnite, sf. an indemnity; from L. in- demnitatem. For -tatem = -/e see § 230. Independant, adj. independent. See de- pendant. — Der. independance. Indestructible, adj. indestructible. See destructible. — Der. indestructibility. Indetermination, sf. indetermination. See inditertnine. Indetermine, adj. undetermined ; from L. indeterminatus. For -atu8 = -4 see § 201. — Der. indeterminztioa. Index, sm. an index, forefinger; from L. index. Indicateur, sm. an indicator. See in- diquer. Indicatif, adj. indicative; from L. indi- cativus. Indication, sf. an indication j from L. indicationem. Indice, sm. an indication; from L. in- dicium. Indicible, adj. unutterable ; compd. of L. dicibilis * ; der. from dicere. Indiction, sf. (Chron.) indiction, convo- cation (of synods, etc.); from L. indic- tionem (so used in the Theodosian Code.) Indienne, sf. printed calico ; der. from Inde, see § 33; properly a coloured cotton stuff first made in India. Indifference, sf. indifference; from L. indifferentia. Indifferent, adj. indifferent; from L. in- differentem. Indigence, sf. indigence; from L. indi- gentia. Indigdne, adj. indigenous, native ; from L. indigenai. Indigent, adj. indigent; from L. indi- gentem. Indigeste, adj. undigested; from L. indi- gestus. Indigestion, sf. indigestion; from L. in- digestionem. Indignation, sf indignation; from L. indignationem. Indigne, a Jj. unworthy; fromL. indignus. Indigner, va. to make indignant ; (S*), vpr. to be indignant; from L. indignari; der. from indignus. Indignity, s/. an indignity; from L. indig- nitatem. For -tatein = -/e' see § 230. t Indigo, sm. indigo; from Sp. indico. — Der. indigotene, indigotier. Indiquer.va. to indicate; from L.indicare. Indirect, adj. indirect ; from L. indi- rectus. Its doublet is endroit, q. v. Indisciplinable, adj. indisciplinable. See indiscipline. INDISCIPLINE — INEX PLICA BLE. 195 indiscipline, s/". want of discipline ; from L. indisciplina. — Der. indisciplinahle. Indiscipline, adj. undisciplined; from L. indisciplinatus. For -atus = -e see § 201. Indiscret, «c?/. indiscreet; from L. indis- cretus *, found in this sense in 6th-cent. documents. Indiscretion, sf. indiscretion ; from L. indiscretionem *. See indiscret. Indispensable, adj. indispensable. See dispettser. Indisponible, adj. that cannot be disposed of. See disponible. Indisposer, va, to indispose. See disposer. Indisposition, sf. an indisposition. See disposition. Indissolubility, sf. indissolubleness. See indissoluble. Indissoluble, adj. indissoluble; from L. indissolubilis . — Der. indissolubilite. Indistinct, adj. indistinct; from L. indis- tinctus. Individu, adj. individual, indivisible ; from L. individuus. Individualiser, va. to individualise. See individtiel. Individuality, sf. individuality. See indi- viduel. Individuel, adj. individual ; der, from individu. — Der. individuality, individual- iser. Indivis, adj. undivided; from L. indi- visus. Indivisibility, sf. indivisibility. See in- divisible. Indivisible, adj. indivisible ; from L. indivisibilis . — Der. indivisibilite. Indi vision, sf. joint-tenancy; from L. indivisionem *. Indocile, adj. indocile; from L. indocilis. — Der. indocilite. Indolence, sf. indolence; from L. indo- lentia. Indolent, adj. indolent; from L. indo- lentem. Indomptable, adj. indomitable. See dompter. Indonipt6, adj. undaunted. See dompter. Indu, adj. undue. See du. Indubitable, adj. indubitable; from L. indubitabilis. 1 Induction, sf. induction; from L. induc- tionem. Induire, va. to induce; from L. inducere. See conduire. Its doublet is enduire, q. v. — Der. induit. Indulgence, sf indulgence; from L. in- dulgentia. Indulgent, aof/. indulgent ; from L. indul- gentem. Industrie, sf. industry ; from L. industria. — Der. industriel. Industrieux, adj. industrious; from L. industriosus. In6branlable, adj. unshaken. See ebran- ler. Inedit, adj. unedited; from L. ineditus. Ineffable, adj. ineffable; from L. ineffa- bilis. — Der. ineffabilite. Ineffa9able, adj. ineffaceable. See effacer. IneflB.cace, adj. inefficacious; from L. in- efficacem. — Der. inefficaclte. In6gal, adj. unequal; from L. inaequalis. See egal. In6galit6, sf. inequality; from L. inae- qualitatem. See egalite. Ineligible, adj. ineligible. See eligible. Inenarrable, adj. unutterable ; from L. inenarrabilis. Inepte, adj. foolish ; from L. ineptus. Ineptie, sf. folly; from L. ineptia. In6puisable, adj. inexhaustible. See epuiser. Inerte, adj. inert; from L. inertem. Inertie, sf. inertness; from L. inertia. Inesp6r6, adj. unhoped for. See esperer. Inestimable, adj. inestimable; from L. estimabilis. Inevitable, adj. inevitable; from L. in- evitabilis. Inexact, adj. inexact. See exact. — Der. inexactitude. Inexactitude, sf. inexactness. See exacti- tude. Inexcusable, adj, inexcusable; from L. excusabilis. Inex6cutable, adj. impracticable. See executer. Inex^CUtion, sf. inexecution. See execu- tion. Inexerce, adj. unpractised. See exercer. Inexigible, adj. not due, that cannot be exacted. See exiger. Inexorable, adj. inexorable ; from L. inexorabilis. Inexperience, sf. inexperience. See expe- rietice. Inexperimente, adj. unpractised. See experimenter. Inexpiable, ac^', inexpiable ; from L. inex- piabilis. Inexplicable, adj. inexplicable ; from L. inexplicabilis. O 2 19^ INEXPRIMA BLE — INF USIBLE, Inexprimable, adj. that cannot be ex- pressed. See exprimer. Inexpugnable, adj. impregnable ; from L. inexpugnabilis. Inextingiiible, adj. inextinguishable ; from L. inextinguibilis. Inextricable, adj. inextricable ; from L. inextricabilis. Infaillibilit6, sf. infallibility. See/aillir. Infaillible, adj. infallible. See/aillir. Inf&me, adj. infamous; from L. infamis. — Der. infamznX. Infamie, ^. infamy; from L. infamia. + Infant, sm. infant; from Sp. infante. Its doublet is enfant, q. v. flnfanterie, sf. infantry; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. infanteria. Infanticide, sm. child-murder; from L. infanticidium. Infanticide, smf an infanticide; from L. infanticida. Infatigable, adj. indefatigable; from L. infatigabilis. Infatuation, sf. infatuation. See infatuer. Infatuer, va. to infatuate; from L. infa- tuare. — Der. infatuzlion. Infecond, adj. unfruitful; from L. infe- cundus. Inf(§COndit6, sf. unfruitfulness ; from L, i n- fecunditatem. For -tatera = -/e see § 330. Infect, adj. corrupt, infected; from L. in- fectus. — Der. infectex. Infecter, va. to infect. See infect. Infection, sf. infection; from L. infec- tionem. Inf(§odation, sf. infeodation (feudal term). See infeoder. Inf6oder, va. to enfeoff; from medieval L. infeodare; der. from feodum*, for which see fief. Inf6rer, va. to infer ; from L. infer re. Inf(§rieur, adj. inferior; from L. infe- rior em. — Der. inferionXe. Infernal, adj. infernal ; from L. i n fe r na 1 i s. Infertile, adj. infertile; fromL. infertilis. Infester, va. to infest; from L. infestare. Infid^le, adj. unfaithful, infidel ; from L. infidelis. Infidelity, s/. infidelity ; fromL. infideli- tatem. For -tatem = -te see § 2 30. Infiltrer, va. to filter in, infiltrate. See filtre. — Der. infiltraXxon. Infime, adj. lowest; from L. infimus. Infini, adj. infinite; from L. infinitus. — Der. t«;?««tesime*, whence infinitesimaX. Infinite, sf. infinity; from L. infinitatem. JFor -tatem =-;e see § 230. Infinitesimal, adj. infinitesimal. See in- fini. Infini tif, adj. infinitive; from L. infini- tivus. Infirme, adj. infirm; from L. infirmus. — Der. infirmier, infirmerie. In firmer, va. to invalidate; from L. infir- mare. — Der. infirma.ti(. Infirmerie, sf. an infirmary. See infirme. Infirmier, sm. an infirmary nurse. See in- firme. Infirmity, sf. infirmity; fromL. infirmi- tatem. For -tatem = -/6' see § 230. Inflammable, adj. inflammable. See Jlamme. Inflammation, sf. inflammation ; from L. inflartimationem. — Der. inflammatoixe. Inflammatoire, adj. inflammatory. See inflammation. Infl§cllir, va. to inflect; from L. inflec- tere. For letter-changes seefleckir. Inflexibility, sf inflexibility ; deriv. of in- flexible. Inflexible, adj. inflexible; from L. inflexi- bilis. Inflexion, sf. an inflexion ; from L. in- flexionem. Infliger. va. to inflict; from L. infligere. Influence, sf. influence; from L. influen- tia. — Der. influencex. Influencer, va. to influence. See influence. Influent, adj. influential; from L. influ- entem. Influer, v«. to influence; fromL. influere. fln-folio, sm. a. folio; from L. in and folio. Information, sf. information; from L. in-^ formationem. Informe, adj. unformed, shapeless ; from L. , informis. i Informer, va. to inform ; from L. infor- 1 mare. 'i Infortune, sf. a misfortune ; from L. i n-* j fortunium. J Infortun6, sm. an unhappy wretch ; from • L. infortunatus. For -atus = -e see § 201. Infraction, sf. an infraction ; from L. in- fr actionem. — Der. infractenx. Infructueux, adj. fruitless; from L. in- fructuosus. For -osus = -5//X see § 229. — Der. infructueusexaent. Infus, adj. infused; from L. infusus. — Der. infusex. Infuser, va. to infuse. See infus. — Der. in- fusoixes. Infusible, a£(/. infusible. See fusible. INF USION — INOFFENSIF, T97 Infusion, sf. an infusion; from L. infusio- nem. Infusoires, sm. pi. (Entom.) infusoria. See ififuser. tlngambe, adj. active, brisk; from It. ingamba. Its doublet is enjambe, q. v. Ing6nier, va. to task one's ingenuity ; from L. ingeniari*. Its doublet is O. Fr. en- geigner. Ing6nieur, sm. an engineer; from L. in- geniatorem, a military engineer in me- dieval documents: ' Erat etiam ibi ingenia- tor ... qui fecerat plurima ingenia,' see Du- cange. Ingeniator is from, ingenium, which (see engin) has the sense of ' a ma- chine/ ' engine of war.' For -torem = -teur, see § 228. Ing6nieux, adj. ingenious ; from L. inge- niosus. For -osvLS = -eux see § 229. Ing^nu, adj. ingenuous, modest ; from L, ingenuus. Ing6nuit6, sf. ingenuity; from L. ingenu- itatem. For -tateni = -/e see § 230. Ing6rer (S'), vpr. to meddle with ; from L. ingerere. Ingrat, adj. ungrateful; from L. ingratus. Ingratitude, sf. ingratitude; from L. in- gratitudinem. Ingredient, sm. an ingredient ; from L, ingredientem. Ingu6rissable, adj. uncurable. See guerir. Inhabile, arf/. unskilful; from L. inhabi- lis. — Der. inhabilete, inhabilite. Inhabitable, adj. inhabitable; from L. in- habitabilis. Inherence, sf. inherence. See inherent. Inherent, adj. inherent; from L. inhae- rentem. — Der. inherence. Inhospitalit6, sf. inhospitality ; from L. inhospitalitatem. For -tatein = -/e see § 230. — Der. inhospitalier. Inhumain, ac?;'. inhuman; from L. inhu- manus. Inhumanite, sf. inhumanity; from L. in- humanitatem. For -tatem. = -/e see § 230. Inhumation, sf. inhumation, burial. See inhiimer. Inhumer, va. to bury; from L. inhu- mare. — Der. inhumation. Inimaginable, adj. unimaginable. See imaginable. Inimitable, adj. inimitable; from L. ini- mitabilis. Inimitie, sf unfriendliness; from L. ini- micitatem* (deriv. from inimicus, like amicitatem from amicus; see amide). For -icitatem = -jV/e, see amitie. Inintelligible, adj. unintelligible ; from L. inintelligibilis (so used by St. Am- brose). Inique, adj. unjust; from L. iniquus. Iniquity, sf. iniquity; from L. iniquita- tem. Initial, adj. initial; from L, initialis. Initiation, sf. initiation; from L. initia- tionem. Initier, va. to initiate; from L. initiare. — Der. inieie, iniiiative. Injecter, va. to inject; from L. injectare. Injection, sf. an injection; from L. injec- tionem. Injonction, sf. an injunction; from L. in- junctionem. Injure, sf. an injury, abuse; from L. in- juria. Injurier, va. to revile, abuse; from L. in- juriari. Injurieux, adj. injurious, abusive ; from L. injuriosus. Injuste, a^^'. unjust; from L. injustus. — Der. injustement. Injustice, sf injustice; fromL. injustitia. Innavigable, adj. unnavigable; from L. innavigabilis. Inn§, cJ/. inborn ; from L. innatus. For -atus = -e see § 20 r. Innocence, sf innocence; from L. inno- centia. Innocent, adj. innocent; from L. inno- centem. — Der. innocenter. Innocuite, sf innocuousness, harmlessness ; from L. innocuitatem, der. from inno- cuus. Innombrable, adj. innumerable ; from L. innumerabilis. Innomm6, adj. unnamed. See nommer. Innovateur, sm. an innovator. See inno ver. Innovation, sf an innovation; from L. innovationem, Innover, i/«. to innovate; from L. inno- vare. Inoccup§, adj. unoccupied. See occupS. tin-oetavo, sm. an octavo (volume); from L. in and octavo. Inoculateur, sm. an inoculator ; from L. inoculatorem. Inoculation, sf inoculation ; from L. ino- culationem. Inoculer, va. to inoculate, ingraft ; from L. inoculare. Inodore, adj. inodorous, scentless ; from L. inodorus. InofiFensif, adj. inoffensive. See offensif. 198 INONDA TION^-INSTABILITS. Inondation. sf. an inundation; from L. inundationem. Inondor.va. to inundate; fromL.inundare. Inopin6, odf;. unexpected ; from L. inopi- natus. For -atusn-J see § 201. Inopportun, adj. inopportune ; from L, inopportunus. Inopportunit6, 5/ unseasonableness ; from L. inopportunitatem*. For -tatem = -/c see § 230. Inorganique, adj. inorganic. See organique. Inoui, adj. unheard-of. See ouir. t In-pace, adv. in peace; from L. in and pace, fln-partibus, adv. in partibus, among the heathen; from L. partibus (infide- lium). + In-pettO, adv. inwardly; from It. in petto, properly in the heart. + In-quar to, sm. quarto ; from L. in and quarto. Inquiet, adj. unquiet, restless; from L. in- quietus. Inqui^ter, va. to disquiet; from L. in- quietare. — Der. inquietint. Inqui6tude, sf. uneasiness ; from L. in- quietudinem. Inquisiteur, sm, an inquisitor; from L. inquisitorem. Its doublet is ettqueteur, q. V. — Der. inquisitoriil. Inquisition, sf. inquisition; from L. in- quisitionem. Insaisissable, adj. indiscernable. See saisir. Insalubre, adj. unhealthful; from L. in- salubris. Insalubrity, sf. unhealthfulness ; from L. insalubritatem*. For -tatem=-/e' see § 230. Insatiability, sf. insatiableness ; from L. insatiabilitatem. For -tatem = -/e' see § 230. Insatiable, adj. insatiable; from L. insa- tiabilis. Inscription, sf. an inscription ; from L. inscriptionem. Inscrire, fa. to inscribe; from L. inscri- be r e . For -ibere = -ire, see ecrire. Insecte, sm. an insect; from L. insectum. fln-seize, sm. l6mo. (book); from L. in and Fr. seize. Insens^, adj. insensate, foolish ; from L. insensatus. For -atus = -e see § 20r. Insensibility, sf. insensibility ; from L. insensibilitatem*. For -tftteni = -/e see § 230. Insensible, adj. insensible; from L. in- sensibilis. Inseparable, adj. inseparable; from L. inseparabilis. Ins6rer, va. to insert ; from L. inserere. Insertion, sf. insertion; from L. inser- tionem. Insidieux, adj. insidious; from L. insidi- osus. For '08\xa = -eux see § 229. Insigne, adj. distinguished; from L. in- signis. Insigne, sm. a badge; from L. insigne. Its doublet is enseigne, q. v. Insigniiiant, adj. insignificant. See sig- nijier. — Der. insignifiancQ. Insinuation, */". insinuation ; from L. in- sinuationem. Insinuer, va. to insinuate ; from L. insin- uare. Insipide, adj. insipid; from L. insipidus. — Der. insipidM. Insistance, sf insistence, persistence. See insister. Insister, va. to insist; from L. insistere. — Der, insistance. Insociable, adj. unsociable; from L. inso- c i a b i 1 i s . — Der. insociabilite. Insolation, sf sunstroke, exposure to the sun; from L, insolationem. Insolence,*/. insolence ; fromL.insoIentia. Insolent, arf/. insolent; fromL. insolent em. Insolite, adj. unwonted; from L. insolitus. Insolubility, sf insolubility; from L. in- solubilitatem. For -tatem = -/tf see § 230. Insoluble, adj. insoluble; from L. insolu- bilis. Insolvable, adj. insolvent. See solvable. — Der. insolvabilit^. Insomnie, sf sleeplessness; from L. in- somnia. Insouciant, adj. heedless. See soucier. — Der. insouciance. Insoumis, adj. unsubdued. See sou- mettre. Insoutenable, adj. indefensible. See sou- tenable. Inspecter, va. to inspect ; from L. in spec- tare. Inspecteur, sm. an inspector ; from L. in- spectorem. Inspection, sf inspection ; from L. in- spectionem. Inspirateur, sm. an inspirer ; from L. in«j spiratorem. Inspiration, sf inspiration; from L. in^ spirationem. Inspirer, va. to inspire; fromL. inspirarej Instability, sf instability; from L. insta- bilitatem. For -tatem = -/e see § 230. INSTALLER — INTER CEPTER. 199 Installer, va. to instal. See stalle.—Der. installation. Instance, sf. instance; from L. instantia. Instant, sm. an instant, adj. pressing ; from L. instantem. — Der. instantane. Instar (§11') adv. like ; from L. instar. Instauration, sf. an instauration ; from L. instaurationem. Instigateur, sm. an instigator ; from L. instigatorem. Instigation, sf. instigation ; from L. insti- gationem. Instiguer, va. to instigate ; from L. insti- gare. Instinct, sm. instinct; from L. instinctus. — Der. instinchi. Instinctif, adj. instinctive. See instinct. Instituer, va. to institute; from L. insti- tuere. Institut, sm. an institution, institute ; from L. institutum. Instituteur, sm. a teacher, master ; from L. institutorem. Institution, sf. institution ; from L. insti- tutionem. Instructeur, sm. an instructor ; from L. instructorem. Instructif, adj. instructive; from L. in- structivus*, der, from instruere. Instruction, sf. instruction; from L. in- structionem (so used in Arnobius). Instruire, va. to instruct; from L. in- struere. Instrument, sm. an instrument ; from L. instrumentum. — Der. instrumenta.\, in- strumenttx. Instrumentation, sf. instrumentation. See instrumenter. Instrumenter, va. to draw deeds, etc., to compose instrumental music. See instru- ment. — Der. instrumenta.tion. Insu {h V), adv. in ignorance. See savoir. Insubordination, sf insubordination. See subordination. Insubordonn6, adj. insubordinate. See subordonner. Insuffisance, sf insufficiency; from L. in- sufficientia. Insuflisant, adj. insufficient; from L. in- sufficientem. Insufllation, sf (Med.) insufflation ; from L. insufflationem. InsuflB.er, va. to inspire, breathe into ; from L. insufflare. Insulaire, adj. insular; fromL, insular is. Insulte, sf an insult; from L. insultus. Insulter, va. to insult ; from L. insultare. Insupportable, adj. insupportable. See supportable. Insurger (S'), vpr. to revolt; from L. insur- gere. — Der. insurg6 (weakpartic.subst.). Insurmontable, adj. insurmountable. See surmonter. Insurrection, sf an insurrection ; from L. insurrectionem . — Der. insurrectionnel. Intact, adj. intact; from L. intactus. Intarissable, adj. unfailing. See tarir. Integral, adj. integral; from L. integra- lis. Int^gre, adj. whole; from L. integer. Its doublet is entier, q. v. Int6grer, va. (Math.) to re-establish, inte- grate; from L. integrare. — Der. integr- ation. Int6grit6, sf integrity; from L. integri- tatem. For -tatera = -/e see § 230. Intellect, sm. intellect; from L. intel- lectus. Intellectuel, adj. intellectual ; from L. intellectualis. Intelligence, sf intelligence ; from L. i n- telligentia. Intelligent, adj. intelligent ; fromL. intel- ligentem. Intelligible, adj. intelligible; from L. in- telligibilis. Intemperance, sf. intemperance ; from L. intemperantia. Intemp6rant, adj. intemperate; from L. intemperantem. Intemp6r6, adj. intemperate; from L. in- temperatus. For -atus = -e see § 201. Intemperie, sf. inclemency (of weather) ; from L. intemperies. Intempestif, adj. unseasonable, untimely ; from L. intempestivus. Intendant, sm. a superintendent, manager ; from L. interidentem. Its doublet is en- tendant, q. v. — Der. intendance. Intense, adj. intense; from L. intensus. — Der. intensite. Intenter, va. to enter (an action), begin a suit; from L. intentare. Intention, s/". an intention; fromL. inten- tionem. — Der. intentionne, intentionnel. Inter calaire, adj. intercalary ; from L. in- tercalaris. Intercalation, sf intercalation; from L. intercalationem. Intercaler, va. to intercalate ; from L. in- tercalare. Interceder, va. to intercede; from L. in- tercedere. Inter cepter, va. to intercept ; from L. 200 INTER CEPTION-^INTER VENTION. interceptare ♦, compd. of inter and ceptare, from captare. Interception, sf. an interception ; from L. interceptionem. Intercesseur, sm. an intercessor ; from L. intercessorem. Intercession, sf. an intercession ; from L. intercessionem. Intercurrent, adj. intercurrent ; from L. intercurrentem. Interdiction, sf. an interdiction, prohibition ; from L. interdictionem. Interdire, va. to interdict ; from L. inter- dicere. Interdit, sm. an interdict; from L. inter- dictum. For ct = / see § i68. Int6ressant, adj. interesting. See inter- esser. Int6resser, va. to interest; from L. inter- esse. Int6ret, sm. interest ; formerly interest, from L. interest (v. impers.). For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 8i. Int6rieur, adj. interior; from L. inter io- rem. Int6rini, sm. an interim ; from L. interim. — Der. interim&ire. Interjection, sf. an interjection ; from L. interjectionem. Inteijeter, va. to interpose ; from L. inter' jectare*, compd. of inter and jectare which is der. from jectum. For ct = t see § i68. Interligne, sf. a space between lines, prin- ter's leading; from L. inter and Fr. ligne. Interlocuteur, sm. an interlocutor; from L. interlocutorem *, from interloqui. See interloquer. Interlocution, sf. interlocution; from L. interlocutionem. ^Interlope, sm. an interloper; from Engl, interlope. Interloquer, vn. to award an interlocutory in, to nonplus, interrupt ; from L. inter- loqui. Intermdde, sm. an interlude; from L. in- termedins. — Der. intermedizixt. Interni6diaire, adj. intermediate. See intermede. Interminable, adj. interminable ; from L. interminabilis. Intermission, sf. intermission; from L. intermissionem. Intermittence, sf intermission. See m- termittent. Intermittent, adj. intermittent ; from L. inter mittentem. — Der. intermittence. Interne, adj. internal; from L. internus. — Der. interncT, internet. Intemonce, sm. an envoy ; from L. inter- nuncius. Interpellation, sf a summons, call for a reply, question; from L. interpellatio- nem. Interpeller, va. to summon, put a ques- tion ; from L. interpellare. Interpolation, sf interpolation; from L. interpolationem. Interpoler, va. to interpolate ; from L. interpolare. Interposer, va. to interpose ; from L. inter and poser. Its doublet is entre- poser, q. v. Interposition, sf interposition ; . from L. interpositionem. Interpr6tatif, adj. interpretative ; from L. interpretativus, from interpretare. See interpreter. Interpretation, sf interpretation; from L. interpretationem. Interpr^te, sm. an interpreter; from L. interpretem. Interpreter, va. to interpret ; from L. in- terpretari. Interrdgne, sm. an interregnum ; from L. interregnum. Interrogant, adj. asking questions ; from L. interrogantem. Interrogateur, sm. an interrogator ; from L. interrogatorem. Interrogatif, adj. interrogative; from L. interrogativus. Interrogation, sf an interrogation ; from L. interrogationem. Interrogatoire, sm. (Legal) an examina- tion; from L. interrogatorius. Interroger, va. to interrogate; from L. interrogare. Interrompre, va. to interrupt; from L. interrumpere. Interrupteur, sm. an interrupter ; from L. interruptorem. Interruption, sf an interruption ; from L. interruptionem. Intersection, sf an intersection ; from L. intersectionem. Interstice, sm. an interstice ; from L. i n- terstitium. Intervalle, sm. an interval; from L. inter- vallum. Intervenir, vn. to intervene; from L. in- ter venire. Intervention, sf intervention; from L. interventionem. INTER VERSION — INVISIBILITY. 201 Interversion, sf. inversion; from L. in- terversionem. Inter vertir, va. to invert; from L. inter- vertere. Intestat, adj. intestate; fromL. intestatus. Intestin, adj. intestine; from L. intesti- nus. Intestin, sm. an intestine; from L. intes- tinum. — Der. intestinal. Intimation, sf. an intimation, notice ; from L. intimationem. Intime, adj. intimate; from L. intimus. — Der. intimiiQ. Intimer, va. to intimate; from L. inti- mare. Intimider, va. to intimidate. See titnide. Intituler, i/a. to entitle, name; from L. in- titulare. Intolerable, arf/, intolerable ; from L. in- tolerabilis. Intolerance, sf. intolerance; from L. in- tolerantia. Intolerant, adj. intolerant ; from L. in- tolerant em. — Der. intolerantisme. Intonation, sf. an intonation ; from L. in- tonationem *, der. from intonare. Intraduisible, adj. untranslateable. See traduire. Intraitable, adj. intractable. See traiter. Intransitif, arf/. intransitive ; from L. in- transitivus. Intrepide, adj. intrepid; from L. intrepi- dus. — Der. intrepidite. t Intrigue, sf an intrigue; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. intrigo. — Dex . intrigant, intriguer. Intrinsdque, adj. intrinsic; from L. in- trinsecus. Introducteur, sm. an introducer ; from L. introductorem. Introduction, sf an introduction; from L. introductionem. Introduire, va. to introduce ; from L. in- troducere. Introit, sm. an entrance, introit ; from L. introitus. Intromission, sf intromission; from L. intromissionem*, der. from intra- missus. Introniser, va. to enthrone; from L. in- thronizare *. — Der. m/ro/izsation. Introuvable, adj. undiscoverable. See tronver. Intrus, adj. intruded, sm. an intruder ; from L. intrusum.' — Der. intrusion. Intuitif, adj. intuitive; from L. intuiti- vus*, der, from intueri. Intuition, sf an intuition; from L. intui- tionem*. Intumescence, sf a swelling, intumes- cence; from L. intumescentia*, der. from intumescere. Intussusception, sf (Physiol.) intus-sus- ception; from L. intus and susceptionem. Inusite, ac?/. unused ; from L. inusitatus. For -atus = -e' see § 201. Inutile, ac?/'. useless ; from L. inutilis. Inutility, s/. inutility ; from L. inutilita- tem. For -tatem = -/e see § 230. Invaincu, adj. unconquered. See vaincu. Invalide, adj. weak, invalid; fromL. in- validus. — Der. invalidei, invalid'ite. Invariability, sf invariability. See in- variable. Invariable, adj. invariable. See variable. — Der. invariabilite. Invasion, sf an invasion; fromL. inva- sionem. Invective, sf an invective; from L. in- vectiva, from invectivus. — Der. invec- tiver. Invendable, adj. unsaleable. See vend- able. Invendu, adj. unsold. See vendu. Inventaire, sm. an inventory ; from L. in- ventarium. — Der. inventor'xtr. Inventer, va. to invent; from L. inven- tare*, from inventum, supine of inven- ire. — Der. inventif. Inventeur, sm. an inventor; fromL. in- ventorem. Invention, sf invention ; from L. inven- tionem, Inventorier, va. to inventory. See in- ventaire. Inverse, adj. inverse ; from L. inversus. Its doublet is envers, q. v. Inversion, sf an inversion ; from L. inver- sionem. Invertebre, adj. invertebrate. See vertebra. Investigateur, sm. an investigator ; from L. investigatorem. ^ Investigation, sf an investigation; from L. investigationem. Investir, va. to invest; from L. invest ire. — Der. mj/es/issement, investiture. Inveterer (S'), vpr. to become inveterate ; from L. inveterare. Invincible, adj. invincible; from L. in- vincibilis. Inviolable, adj. inviolable; from L. in- V i o 1 a b i 1 is. — Der. inviolabilite. Invisibilite, sf invisibility; from L. in- visibilitatem. For -tatein = -/e see § 230. 202 INVISIBLE— ISSU, Invisible, adj. invisible; from L. invisi- bilis. Invitation, 5^. an invitation; from L. in- vitationem. Invitatoire, adj. invitatory; from L. in- vitatorius. Inviter, va. to invite ; from L. invitare. Invocation, sf. an invocation ; from L. in- vocationem. Involontaire, adj. involuntary ; from L, involuntarius. Involucre, sm. an envelope ; from L. in- volucrum. Involution, sf. involution; from L. in- volutionem. Invoquer, va. to invoke; from L. invocare. Invraisemblable, adj. improbable. See vraisemblable. Invraisemblance, sf. improbability. See vraisemblance. Invulnerable, adj. invulnerable; from L. invulnerabilis. lode, sm. (Chem ) iodine ; from Gr. luiSrjs. lonique, adj. Ionic; from L. ionicus. Iota, sm. iota ; from Gr. Iwra. tlp6cacuana, sf. (Med.) ipecacuanha; of American origin, see § 32. The root was introd. from Brazil into Europe towards the end of the 17th cent. Irascible, adj. irascible; from L. irasci- bilis. Ire, sf, anger, ire; from L. ira. Iris, sm. an iris; from L. iris, Goddess of the rainbow, then, the rainbow itself. The word has other uses, as the iris of the eye, so called because of the colours of that membrane ; the iris of botany, from the blue colour of the plant. — Der. irise. Ironie, sf. irony; from L. ironia. — Der. ironique. Irradiation, sf. irradiation. See irradier. Irradier, va. to irradiate; from L. irra- diare. — Der. irradia.tion. IrraisonM,ble, adj. unreasonable. See raisonna^. Irrationnel, adj. irrational; from L. irra- tionalis. Irr6conciliable, adj. irreconcilable. See reconcilier. Irrecusable, adj. unexceptionable ; from L. irrecusabilis. Irr6ductible, adj. irreducible. See re- dnire. — Der. irreductibil'ite. Irr6fl.echi, adj. unreflecting, unguarded, thoughtless. See reflechir. Irr6fl.exion, sf. thoughtlessness. See re- flexion. Irrefragable, adj. irrefragable; from L. irrefragabilis*. Irregularity, sf irregularity. See rigula- rite. Irregulier, adj. irregular. See regulier. Irreiigieux, adj. irreligious; fromL. irre- ligiosus. For -osus = -««;» see § 229. Irreiigion, sf. irreligion; from L. irreli- gionem. Irremediable, adj. irremediable ; from L. irremediabilis. Irremissible, adj. irremissible ; from L. irremissibilis. Irreparable, adj. irreparable; from L. irreparabilis. Irreprehensible, adj. irreprehensible ; from L. irreprehensibilis. Irreprochable, adj. irreproachable. See reprocher. Irresistible, adj. irresistible; from L. ir- resistibilis*. Irresolu, adj. irresolute. See rdsolu. Irresolution, sf. irresolution. See resolu- tion. Irrespectueux, adj. disrespectful. See respectueux. Irreverence, sf. irreverence; from L. irre- verentia. Irreverent, adj. irreverent ; from L. irre- verentem. Irrevocable, adj. irrevocable; from L. irrevocabilis. — Der. irrevocabiliti. Irrigation, s/. irrigation; from L. irriga- tionem. Irritabilite, sf irritability; fromL. irri- tabilitatem. For -tatem = -/e see § 230. Irritable, adj. irritable; from L. irritabi- lis. Irritation, sf. irritation; from L. irrita- tionem. Irriter, va. to irritate; from L. irritare. Irruption, sf. an irruption; from L. ir- ruptionem. Isoceie, adj. isosceles ; for isoscele, from Gr. iaoaK(\T}S, comp. of 'iaos and axiXos. Isochrone, adj. isochronous ; from Gr. laoxpovos Der. isocAronisme. Isolation, sf. isolation. See i&oler. Isolement, sm. isolation, loneliness. See isoler. + Isoler, va. to isolate, detach ; introd. in 16th cent, from It. isolare. — Der. tso/ement, isoZation, isoloir. ISSU, sprung from p.p. of O. Fr. issir, which from L. exire. For ■x. = ss see aisselle; for e = i see § 59. — Der. issut (partic. subst.). ISSUE — JALOUX. 203 ISSUE, sf. an issue. See issu. Isthme, sm. an isthmus ; from L. isthmus. Italique, adj. italic ; from L. italicus. A word of historic origin (§ 33), the typo- graphical letters called italics having been introduced at Venice by Aldus Manutius. + Item, adv. moreover ; from L. item. It6ratif, adj. iterative; from L. itera- tivus. Itin6raire, sm, an itinerary; from L. itin- erarius. IVOI RE, sm. ivory ; from L. eboreus. For eboreus = eborius see abreger, whence ivoire. For e = e see § 59 ; for b = f see § 113; for o = oi, by attraction of the /, see chanoifie. IVRAIE, sf. (Bot.) tares, darnel; from L. ebriaca, der. from ebrius ; by reason of the drunkenness, or rather the torpor caused by it. For ebri- = ivre- see ivre ; for -aca = -a/e and for loss of c see ami; for a = ««■ see § 54. IVRE, adj. drunken ; from L. ebrius. For e = « see § 59; for b = v .see § 113. — Der. jvresse, cnivrev, iVrogne. IVRESSE, sf. drunkenness. See ivre. IVROGNE, sm. a drunkard. See ivre, — Der. ivrogiieixQ. J A. adv. already; from L. jara. For loss of final m, already gone in popular Lat., see in inscriptions under the Empire such words as Corsica for Corsicam, virofor virum, urbe for urbem, etc. — Der. de/d, ^adis, jamais. JABLE, sm. a cross groove. Origin unknown. Der. jabkr. JABOT, sm. a shirt frill. Origin unknown. — Der.^a^o^er. JACASSER, vn. to chatter like a. Jacques (sou- briquet of a magpie). Proper names of men are often applied to birds, as e. g. pierrot to the sparrow. J ACHfiRE, sf. fallow-land ; formerly jaschiere, gaschiere, from L. gascaria, so used in medieval documents, as e. g. ' Unusquisque equus, qui laborat in terrae ejusdem villari, id est in gascariis,' from a I2th-cent. text. Origin unknown. Gascaria becomes gas- chiere by o = ch, see § 1 26; and by -aria = -iere, see § 198; then jachiere by loss of s, see Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; and by e=j, see jumeazi. — Der. jacherer. JACINTHE, sf. a hyacinth; from L. hya- cinthus. For hy=7 see abreger. Its doublet is hyacinthe, q. v. Jaconas, sm. jaconet. Origin unknown. JACQUE, sf a coat. Seejaqueite. Jactance, sf. boasting ; from L. jactantia. Jaculatoire, adj. ejaculatory; from L. jaculatorius. JADE, sf. (Min.) jade. Origin unknown. JADIS, adv. of old, of yore; compd. of 7a and dis. Ja is from L. jam, q. v. ; dis is from L. dies. + Jaguar, sm. a jaguar; introd. from the colonies of South America, Sp. jaguar or jaguar a. JAILLIR, vn. to gush out ; a form o£jailler*, from L. jaculare*, in Isidore of Seville. For regular contr. of jaciiMre into jac'lare see § 52, hence jailler by c\=^il, see Hist. Gram. p. 71. — Der. ^'az/Zissement, Tejaillir. JAIS, sm. jet, black amber ; a very ill-formed word, from L. gagates. Jais was in O. Fr. jayet, in Walloon gaiete. Gagates losing its medial g (see allier) becomes gayet by intercalating an euphonic y and by a = e (see § 54); gayet becomes jayet hy g=j, see jumeau. Up to this point the trans- formation is regular ; how jayet was de- graded into jaye then jai or jais is not known. Jalap, sm. (Bot.) jalap ; of hist, origin (see § 33), from the Mexican town of Jalapa, Sp. Xalapa, whence the plant was brought to Europe at the beginning of the 1 7th cent. JALE, sf. a large bowl. Origin unknown. — Der.^a/age. JALON, sm. a stake, landmark. Origin un- known. — Der. jalonner, jalonneur. JALOUSER, va. to be jealous of. Seejaloux. JALOUSIE, sf. jealousy. Seejaloux. JALOUX, adj. jealous ; from L. zelosus. For e = a see amender ; for o = ou see affouage ; for z = j cp. jujube from zizyphum. — Der. jalouser, jalousie. 204 JAMAIS— JET, JAMAIS, adv. ever. See 705 and mats. JAMBE, sf. a leg; ioxmcTly gambe,\X. gamha, from L. gamba, a thigh ; then a leg, in Vegetius, Art. Vet<!'rin. lib. i. 56 : ' Post quod admonitus injuria, tollit altius crura, et in flexione geiiiculorum atque gambarvun _ moUiter vehit.' For g=7 see § 167. — Der. jambige, jambon, enjamber, jambihre, jambette,jamb6. JAMBON, sm. a ham. See jambe. — Der. janibonntzu. t Janissaire, sm. a janissary ; of Oriental origin, Tmkish jeni/cheri. Jans^niste, sm. a Jansenist ; of hist, origin (see § 33), from Jansenius, bishop of Ypres. — Der. jansenisme. JANTE, sf. felloe (of wheels) ; from L. cam- item*, found in the Florentine Glosses. The origin of camitem is unknown. Cdm.- item, regularly contr, into cam'tem (see § 51), becomes^'an^e by m. = n, see changer, and by c=g=j, cp. capella,_;nt/e//e. JANVIER, sm. January; from L. januarius. For -arius = -z>r see § 198. Here u = v (januarius); for this consonification cp. vidua., veuve; irXfvpd, pUvre : and after a q, as sequere, suivre; aqua, eve*. This change is found even in Lucretius, who has genva for genua, tenvis for tenuis ; so also in Merov. Lat. of the 6th cent., severe for sequere (seq'vere). JAPPER, vn. to yelp, yapp (of little dogs, foxes, etc.) ; onomatopoetic. See § 34. — Der.jappement. Jaque, sm. a jacket ; of hist, origin (see § 33)> from the time of the Jacquerie; a garment much worn by the Jacques, or revolted peasants of the 14th cent. — Der. jaqutWt. JAQUEMART, sm. a clockhouse, jack. Ori- gin unknown. Jaquette, sf. a jacket. See jaque. JARDIN, sm. a garden ; formerly gardin, of Germ, origin. Germ, garten. For g=j see § 167 ; for t = fl? see § 117. — Der. jardiner, jardinieT, jardinage, jardinet. JARGON, sm. jargon, gibberish. Origin un- known. — Der. jargonner. + Jarre, sf. a jar ; from Sp.jarra. JARRET, sm. ham, hamstring; formerly garret, dim, of a lost radical garre *, found also in Prov. garra ; of Celtic origin, Bret. gar. For g=j see § 167. — Der. jarret- iere. JARRETlfeRE, sf. a garter. Seejarret. JARS, sm. a gander. Origin unknown. t Jaser, vn. to chatter, prattle, tattle; a modern word, from Prov, gasar, a word of Germ, origin, Scand. gassi, a prattler. For g =j see jumeau. — Der. j'oseur, jaserie. + Jasmin, svi. jessamine; from Sp. jasmin. Jaspe, sm. jasper ; from L. i asp is (found in Pliny). — Der. jasper, jaspuie. JATTE, sf. a bowl ; formerly gatte, Sp. gabata, from L. gabata, by regular contr. (see § 51) of gdbata to gab'ta, whence gatte, by bt = // (§ 168), which ought re- gularly to have become d, see accouder. Gatte becomes jatte by g=j, see § 167. Jatte is a doublet of joue, q. v. — Der. jattee. JAUGER, va. to gauge. Origin doubtful, perhaps from L. qualificare. If so, its doublet is qualifier, q. v. — Der. jauge (verbal suhsX.), jaugezgt. JAUNE, adj. yellow ; formerly jalne, from L. galbinus. For regular contr. of gdl- binus into galb'nus see § 51, whence galnus (see § 113), whence y'a/we (for ^=7 see § 167), lastly jaune (for al = au see agneau). — Der. jajinktre, jaumr,jaunisse. JAVART, sm. a quittor (veterinary). Origin unknown. t Javeline, sf. a javelin; introd. in i6th cent, from It. giavelina. JAVELLE, sf. a sheaf; formerly ^av«//«. It. gavella, a handful of shoots or ears, from L. capella*, a handful, from the same root as capulus. Capella becomes ga- velle by p = i/ (see § lii), c=g (see § 114), and \zsX\y javelle (for g'^j see § 167). — 'Der.javehr,javele\ir, enjaveler. JAVELOT, sm. a javelin. Origin unknown. JAYET, sm. pitch-coal. Seejais. JE, pers.pron. I ; in nth cent.^'o, in 9th cent. io and eo, from L. ego. By regular loss of medial g (see allier) ego becomes eo, found in 9th cent. in the Strasburg Oaths: Eo salvarai cest meon fradre Karlo, sc. ' Ego salvabo eccistum meum fratrem Karolum.' Just as leonem becomes lion, eo becomes io (see abreger) ; it is so found in the Oath of Karl the Bald, A. D. 842 : Ne io ne nerds, lit. ' Nee ego nee nec-uUus.' According to the rule (see abreger) io was consonified into jo, which, about the middle of the 1 2th cent., was weakened into je, just as the O. Fr. forms fo, la are softened into ce, le. JEREMIADE, sf. a Jeremiad; of hist, origin, see § 33. J6suite, sm. a Jesuit; originally Jesuiste, from Jesus ; of hist, origin (§ 33). For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 8 1 . — Der. jesuitiq\ie,jesuit- isme. JET, sm. a throw. Seejeier. JETER — JOUIR. 205 JETER, va. to throw, cast. It. gettare, from L. jactare. For a = e see § 54; for ct = t see § 168. — Der. jet (verbal subst.), jet6& (partic. subst.), dejeter, xejeter, sur- jeter,jeton. JETON, sm. a counter, token. Seejeier. JEU, sm. play, sport, game. Prov. joe, from L. jocus. For o = eu see § 76; for loss of c see ami. JEUDI, sm. Thursday. It. giovedi, from L. Joves dies, found in the Inscriptions. Jovis becomes jeti by loss of v (see a'ieul) and by o = eu (see § 76). We see that this derivation is right when we find that the Prov., reversing the order of the com- pounds, calls the day dijous (dies jovis). JEUN (A), adv. fasting; formerly jeun, from L. jejunus, by dropping the medial j, as is also done in jeune from je]uni\im,jeuner from jejunare. JEUNE, adj. young ; formerly jotie, from L. juvenis. For regular contr. of juvenis into juv'nis see § 51, hence jone, by vn = n (see alleger), and by u = (see annoncer) ; jone becomes jeune by o = eu, see § 76. — Der. jeimesse, rzjeumx. JEUNE, sm. fasting, a fast; iormerXy jeune, from L. jejunium. For letter-changes see jeujt. JECNER, vn. to fast; formerly jeuner, from L. jejunare. For letter-changes see jeun. — Der. dejeuner, jeuneuT. JEUNESSE, sf. youth. See jeune. JOAILLIER, sm. a jeweller. See joyau. — Der. joailleiie. t Jockey, sm. a jockey; from Engl. jockey. Its doublet is jacquei. Jocrisse, sf. a silly servant. Origin un- known. JOIE, sf. joy ; from L. gaudia (from gau- » dium) by dropping medial d (see acca- bler), whence gau-ia, which becomes joie by au = (see § 107), and s — j (see § 167). JOINDRE, va. to join ; from L. jungere. For -ungere = -oindre see oindre. JOINT, sm. a joint ; from L. junctus. For letter-changes see accointer. Its doublet is juntre. — Der. joiniie, jointoyer. JOINTURE, sf. joint; from L. junctura. For unct = oint see accointer. JOLI, adj. pretty ; a word of Germ, origin, O. Scand. jul, properly a festival, then joy, whence the original sense of7o/i= joyous. — Der. joliet, enjoliver, jolivete. JONG, sm. a rush ; from L. juncus. For u = o see annoncer. — Dei. jonchtx (for- merly to strew with rushes, then, by exten- sion, to cover with verdure, flowers, etc.), jonchet (originally pegs made of rushes). JONCHER, va. to strew, scatter. See jone. — Der. ^oncAee (partic. subst.). JONCHET, sm. bones (a game). See jone. Its doublet is honchet. Jonetion, sf a junction; from L. junc- tion em. For letter-changes see accointer. JONGLER, vn. to juggle, originally to divert anyhow ; from L. joeulari. For regular contr. into joc'lari see § 52 ; whence jongler by inserting n, see concombre, and by cl = gl see eglise. — Der. jonglerie, jongleur. JONGLERIE, sf jugglery. See jongler. JONGLEUR, sm. a juggler. See jongler. fJonquille, sf. a jonquil; from Sp. junquillo. JOUBARBE, sf (Bot.) sengreen, houseleek ; from L. Jovis barba, found in Pliny. Jovis becomes jou by loss of v, see a'ieul, and by o = ou, see affouage. The Italians, reversing the parts of the compd. Jovis barba, call the plant barba di Giove. JOUE, sf. a cheek; formerly joe, originally jode, Ix.goia, Vrov. gauta,Siom L. gauta*, a word found in medieval texts : ' Habuit partem capitis St.Bartholomaei,quae maxilla seu faux, vel gauta vulgariter dicitur,' see Ducange. Gauta is contrd. from gavata, a form used by Ennodius, and this is a transformation of gabata, a porringer, in Martial. For the transition from the sense of porringer to that of cheek, see § 14, Joue is a doublet of jatte, q. v. Gabata became first gavata (see avant), then gav'ta (see § 51), then gauta (see aurone),vfhencejoe by loss oft (see aigu), by au = o (see § 107), and g=^j (see § 167). O. Ft. joe becomes joue by o=^ou, see affouage. — Der.70Mfflu (the relation be- tween this word and the primitive gabata can hardly be made out). JOUER, va. to play, Prov, jogar, from L. jocari, by regular loss of medial c and = ou, see affouage. JOUET, sm. a plaything, toy; dim. of jeu, q. V. ; notice also the curious change of the diphthong from eu to ou. JOUFFLU, adj. chubby, fat-cheeked. See joue. JOUG, sm. a yoke; from L, jugum. For u = OM see § 90. JOUIR, vn. to play ; formerly jotr. Prov. gaudir, from L. gaudere. For gaudere = gaudire see accomplir. Gaudire loses 206 youR—yuiF. its medial d, see accabler, whence joir. For e=j see § 167; for au = see § 107. Joir becomes jouir by o=-ou, see affouage. youir is a doublet of gaudir, q. V. — Der. _/oMissant (whence jouissance), rSjouir. JOUR, sm. a day ; formerly jor, originally jorn. It. giorno, from L. diurnus, pro- perly diurnal, daily, then in Low Lat. the length of time called a day. Diiirnus con- sonifies di into_; (see abreger), and makes u = o (see annoncer)^ vfhence joruus, found for diurnus, in Carolingian documents, e. g. in a Chartulary of a.d. 896 : ' Donamus etiam mancipia his nominibus . . . sub eo censu, ut masculi denarios 4. de capite annis singulis, simul et jornos 2. nisi reditus terrae teneant.' Jornus produces O. Fr. jorn, whence jor (see aubotir), whence modern form jour (see affouage). Jour is a doublet oi diurtie, q.v. — Der. (from O. Fr. jorn), jor nee* (now joun\4:e, for o = ou see affouage), yourner, se/oz/nier. JOURNAL, sm. journal; formerly jornal (properly that which takes place daily\ from L. diurnale, written jornale in Merov. documents, by, change of diurn into jorn ; see jour. ' Similiter dono jornales de terra arabili,' is found in an 8th-cent. Chartulary. Jornale gives O. Fr. jornal, which becomes journal by o = ou, see affouage. Journal is a doublet of diurnal, q. V. — DeT.journalier, journaliste, journal- isms. JOURNALIER, adj. daily, variable. See journal. JOURNALISME, sm. journalism. Ste journal. JOURNALISTE, sm. a journalist. See jour- nal. JOURNEE, sf. a day (from rising to rest). See jour. JOUTE, sf. a joust. Seejouter. J OUTER, vn. to joust, tilt, tourney ; formerly jouster, originally juster, Sp. justar, from L. juxtare *, to draw near, thence to fight hand to hand, in medieval Lat., from juxta. Juxtare becomes _/ws/er by x = s, see ajouter ; by m = ou, see § 90, whence jouter by loss of s, see Hist. Gram. p. 81. Jouter is a doublet of jouxter. — Der. joute (verbal subst.),70M/eur. JOUVENCE, sf. youth ; from L. juventia*. For u = OM see § 90; for -tia = -ce see § 224. JOUVENCEAU, sm. a young lad; formerly jouvencel. It. giovincello, from L. juve- nicellus; dim. of juvenis. Juveni- oellus, regularly contrd. into juven*cellus (found in a document of a.d. 1 150), be- comes jouvencel by u = ou, see § 90 ; then jouvenceau by */ = eau, see agneau. t Jovial, adj. jovial ; from It. giovale. JOYAU, sm. a jewel ; formerly joyel, joel, from L. jocale *, found in Gregory of Tours. This word, derived from jocari, is common in sense of a jewel in medieval Lat. documents : thus, ' Reges . . . jocalia plurima in sanctae ecclesiae ornamentum contulerant,' says Ingulphus, p. 858. Jocale having lost its medial c (see affouage), and changed al to el (see annuel), becomes joel, thence joyel, by intercalating an, eu- phonic y, see § 167. Joyel becomes joyau by el = au, see agneau. — Der.^'oai/lier (from O. Vx.joal,joel). JOYEUX, adj. joyful, joyous ; from L. gaud- iosus. Gaudiosus loses its medial d (see accabler), and becomes joyeux by g=j (see § 167), byau = o (see § 107), and by -08us = -eux (see § 229). — Der. joyeuset6. Julb6, sm. a roodloft ; of hist, origin, see § 33 ; so called because of the ' Jube, domine, dicere,' which was formerly chanted in that part of the church. Jubilation, sf. jubilation; from L. jubi- lationem, found in St. Jerome. Jubil§, sm. a jubilee ; from L. jubilaeus. JUCHER, vn. to roost, perch. Origin un- known. — Der. jucho'iT, dejucher. Judaique, adj. Judaical, Jewish; from L. 1 judaicus. j Judaiser, vn. to judaise; from L. juda- i izare. JudaiSlU,e, sm. Judaism; from L. juda- ismus. Judas, sm. judas; of hist, origin, see § 33. Judicature, sf. judicature; from L. judi- catura *. Judiciaire, adj. judicial; from L. judici- arius. J JudicieUX, adj. judicious; from L. judi- I ciosus *. For -osus= -eux see § 229. JUGE, sm. a judge. Prov. jutge, It. giudice, from L. judicem, by regular contr. (see § 51) of judicem into jud*cem, whence juge by dG = c=g, see adjuger. JUGEMENT, sm. judgment. Seejuger. ' JUGER, va. to judge; from L. judicare. I For jndio&Te ^juger see adjuger. — Der. ' jngement, adjuger, pT6juger. Jugulaire, ac?/. jugular ; from L. jugulum. JUIF, adj. Jewish, sm. a Jew ; from L. ju- daeus. Forae = esee § 104, hence judeus; J VILLET — KIOSQ^ UE. ZCJ then judeus = judius (see abreger). thence juif by attraction of i (see buis), and d=/ (seejief). — DeT.jnivene. JUILLP:T, sm. July ; dim. of L. Julius (July, at Rome), whence a dim. juliettus*, whence juillet by li = il, see ail. JUIN, sm. June ; from L, Junius by trans- position of i, see buis. JUJUBE, sf. (Bot.) jujube; from L. zizy- phum. For regular change of y into u see § lOI, whence zizuphtini, whence jujube. For z =j see jaloux ; for i = « see fumier. ph, or f, = 6 is a change against all rule. — DeT.jtijubier. t Julep, sm. (Med.) julep; from Sp. julep. JUMEAU, adj. twin, twinborn ; from L, geraellus. For -ellus = -eau see § 204. In this case initial g becomes 7, as in gaud- ere, jouir, see § 130. For e~eu = u cp. buveur, bluet, puree, in O. Fr. beuveur, hleuet, peuree. The same changes are found in reussir from re-exire. Jumeau is a doublet of gemeaux. — Der.^wmelles, JUMENT, sf. a mare ; from L. jumentum, a beast of burden in Class. Lat., a mare in late and medieval Lat. JUPE, sf. a petticoat ; a word of Oriental origin, Ar.jubbet, an under-garment. JUPON, sm. a short petticoat. Seejupe. JURANDE, sf. a wardenship. Seejurer. JURER, vn. to swear; from L. jxirare. — Der. jurement, juron, jurande. Juridiction, sf. jurisdiction ; from L. jurisdictionem. Juridique.ac?/. juridical; from L.juridicus. Jurisconsulte, sm. a jurisconsult ; from L. jurisconsultus. Jurisprudence, sf jurisprudence ; from L. jurisprudentia, used by Ulpian. JURON, sm. an oath. See jurer. t Jury, sm. a jury; from Engl. 7?/ry. Its doublet \sJ7iree. JUS, sm. juice, sauce ; from L. jus. — Der. jutexxx. JUSANT, sm. ebb of the tide; der. from^ws, an adv. which signifies ' downwards 'in O.Fr. O. Fr. jus is from L. jusum *, down, in St. Augustine : ' Jusum facere Deum,' he says in his treatise on the First Epistle of St. John. JUSQUE, prep, as far as, until ; from L. de usque, conipd. of de and usque. De- usque regularly became diusque, see § 59 ; whence jusque by consonification of di into 7", see abreger. Jusquiame, sf (Bot.) hyoscyamus ; from L. jusquiamus (so used in Vegetius). Jussion, s/". a command; from L. jussio- nem. JUSTAUCORPS, sm. a close coat, compd. of juste, au, corps, q. v. JUSTE, adj. just, accurate^ apt; from L. Justus. JUSTESSE, sf. justice ; from L. justitia, by -itia = -esse, see § 245. Its doublet is justice, q. v. Justice, sf justice; from L. justitia. For -tia = -ce see § 214, note 2. Its doublet is justesse, q. v. — "Dtx. justiciar, justiciable. Justification, sf justification ; from L. justificationem. Justifier, vfl. to justify; from L. justifi- c a r e . — Der. justifizhle. JUTEUX, aflj/. juicy. See^wsandf 229. Juvenile, ac^'. juvenile ; from L. juvenilis. Juxtaposer, vn. to juxtapose; from L. juxta and poser, q. v. — Der. juxtapos- ition. K. t Kan, sm. a khan ; of Oriental origin, Pers. kkcln. + Kangurou, sm. a kangaroo ; name and animal imported from Australia. t Kaolin, sm. kaolin, porcelain clay; of Chinese origin, Chinese kaoling. fKermhs, sm. kermes ; of Oriental origin, Ar. kermes, cochineal. fKermesse, sf a kirk-mass, feast-day; from Flem. kerhnisse. Kilo-, sm. a ' kilo ' (a thousand of) ; from Gr. Kilogramme, sm. a kilogram (2lb. 30Z. 4'428 dr. avoirdupois). See Mo znA. gramme. Kilolitre, sm. kilolitre (I tun 10 galls. nearly). See Mlo and litre. Kilometre, sm. a kilometre (io93'6389 yards). See Mlo and metre. + Kio S que, sm. a kiosk; of Oriental origin, Turk, liieuchk. 208 KIRSCH- WASSER — LA I. t Kirsch-Tvasser, sm. kirsch-wasser (a spirit made of cherry stones) ; from Germ. kirsch-wasser. t Knout, sm. the knout; from Russian knout. Kyrielle, sf. a litany, long list ; a word fa- bricated by means of the first two words of the Greek Litany, which contains a long list of invocations of Saints; whence the word comes to mean a long enumeration o? string of things. Kyste, sm. (Med.) cyst ; from Gr. kvotis. LA, art. f. the. See le. La, interj. La, sixth note of the musical scale. LA, adv. there. Sp. ella, from L. iliac, by dropping the initial il, see le. For loss of c see ami. fliabarum, sm. the labarum; from L. labarum. Labeur, sm. labour ; from L. lab o rem. For o = eu see § 79, Iiabial, adj. labial; from L. labialis*, from labia. Labile, sf. (Bot.) labiate; from L. labium. Laboratoire, sm. a laboratory; from L. laboratorium*, from laborare. Laborieux, adj. laborious; from L. labo- riosus. For -osns = -eux see § 229. Labourer, va. to labour, till, plough (for the restriction of meaning see § 12). — Der. labour (verbal subst.), laboura.ge, labour- able, laboureuT. Labyrinthe, sm. a labyrinth ; from L. la- byrinthus. LAC, sm. a lake ; from L. lacus. LACER, va. to lace. See lacs. — Der. lacis, enlacer, d6lacer, entrelacer. Laceration, s/. laceration; from L. lace- rationem. Lac6rer, va. to lacerate; from L. lacerare. LACET, sm. a lace. See lacs. LACHE, adj, cowardly. O. Fr. lasche, Prov. lasc. It. lasco, from L. lascus, which is a transposition of lascus, e. g. laxus. The double consonant x = cs is thus transposed in a few words ; thus, Idcher, O. Fr. las- cher, lasquer in the Chanson de Roland, from lascare for lacsare (laxare) ; meche, O. Fr. mesche, from mysca for mycsa (myxa); tdche, O.Yt. tasche, from tasca for tacsa (taxa*). For change of lascus into lache see Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; for c = ch see § 126. LACHER, va. to slacken, loosen; formerly lascher. from L. laxare. For lacsare (laxare) — lascare = lascher, see Idche and acharner; for loss of s see Hist. Gram, p. 81. Ldcher is a doublet of laisser, q. v. — Der. xddcher. LACHETE, sf. cowardice ; formerly laschete. It. laschita, from L. laxitatem. For laxi- = Idche-, see Idcher ; for -tatem = -te see § 230. LACIS, sm. network. See lacer. Laconique, adj. laconic; from L. laconi- cus (Laconian). Lacrymal, adj. (Med.) lachrymal ; from L. lacrymalis*. — Der. /acrymatoire. LACS, sm, a string, bowstring, lace (of boots). For qu = c see car; for continuance of s see § 149. — From the old objective case lac come lacer, lacet. Lactation, sf. lactation; from L. lactatio- nem. Lacte, adj. lacteal; from L. lacteus. Lacune, sf. a chasm, lacuna ; from L. la- cuna. Its doublet is lagune, q. v. LADRE, sm. a leper ; adj. leprous ; from L. Lazarus, the poor man in the Gospel, co- vered with sores, whence by extension (§ 12) applied to all lepers. St. Lazarus was invoked in the middle ages against leprosy, and lazarus in late Lat. documents signi- fies a leper : ' De infirmis qui et leprosi, vul- go autem lazarii nominantur.' IidzSrus, regularly contr. (see § 51) to laz'rus, be- comes laz-d-re, by ZT = zdr, see ancetre. For lasdere = ladre see Hist. Gram. p. 81. It is confirmatory of this derivation that St. Lazare is called St. Ladre in all parts of France north of the Loire. Ladre is a doublet of Lazare. — Der. ladrerie. t Lagune, sf a lagoon; from It. laguna. Its doublet is lacune, q. v. LAI, adj. unlettered; from L. laicus. For loss of c see ami. Its doublet is Idique, q. v. LAI, sm. a plaint, lay ; of Celtic origin, Kymr. llais. LAlCHE — LANCE. 209 LAfCHE, sf. sedge ; formerly laische. It. lisca ; of Germ, origin, O, H. G. lisca. For i = ai see marraine and § 74; for G = ch see § 126. Laiche is a doublet oileche. LAID, adj. ugly. It. laide ; of Germ, origin, O. H. G. /azrf, odious. — Der. laideion, laideuT, enlaidir, LAIE, 5/. a sow. Origin unknown. LAIE, sf. a path ; from medieval L. leda, a woodland track in Low Lat. : ' terram, al- netum, paludem, quae jacent inter ledam . . . et sclusam molendini,' from a charter of A.D. 1 136. Leda is of Germ, origin, Scand. leid. Leda becomes. /a/e by loss of d, see alouette ; and by e = oi — ai, see §§61,63. LAINE, sf. wool. It. lana, from L. lana. For ana = c!t«s see § 194. — Der. lainer, laimge, lainerie, lainier. LAINEUX, adj. woolly ; from L. lanosus. For a = ai see § 54 ; for -osus = -eux see § 229. Laique, adj. laic, lay ; from L. laicus. Its doublet is O. Fr. lat. LAIS, sfn. a standard tree, in a wood. See laisser. LAISSE, sf. a string, leash ; from L. laxa*, found in medieval documents. Laxa is from laxus, loose, i.e. a string loosely held. For :gi='SS see aisselle ; for Q, = ai, see § 54. LAISSER, va. to leave; from L. laxare (found in Gregory of Tours). For a, — ai see § 54; for yi = ss see aisselle. Its doublet is lacker, q. v — Der, lais (verbal subst.), rdais, delaisser. LAIT, sm. milk ; from L. lactem. For ct = it see attrait. — Der. lait^, laiterie, lait- age, laitenx, lait'ier, allaitter. LAITANCE, sf (Ichth.) milt. See laite. LAITE, sf (Ichth.) milt, soft roe; from L. lactes. For ct = it see attrait. Its doublet is lactee. — Der. /aiVance. LAITON, sm. latten, brass. Origin unknown. LAITUE, sf. a lettuce ; from L. lactuca. For ct = it see attrait ; for uca = we see § 237. LAIZE, sf. width ; formerly laise, from L. latia*, deriv. of latus. For a=m see § 54; for tia = soft s see agencer; for s = z see nez. + Ii am a, sm. a 'Llama; of Tibetian origin, signifying a priest of Buddha. • tljania, sm. (Zool.) the llama ; of Peruvian origin, as is also the animal. LAMANEUR, sm. a harbour pilot; from O. Fr. laman, a coast pilot. Laman is of Germ, prigin, Flem. lotman. LAMBEAU, sm. a shred, scrap, rag ; formerly lambel, a form which remains in heraldry. For el = eau see agneau. Origin unknown. Its doublet is the heraldic term lambel. Lambin, sm. a dawdler ; of hist, origin, from the diffuse Professor Lambin (see § 33). — Der. lambinev. LAMBOURDE, sf. a joist. Origin unknown. LAMBREQUIN, sm. (Archjt.) a scallop. Origin unknown. LAMBRIS, sm. panelling ; from O. Fr. lambre. Lambre is from L. lamina by regular contr. (see § 51) of Mmina into lam'na, which irregularly changes mn into mr, see coffre ; whence comes mbr, see absoudre. — Der. lambrisser, lambrissnge. LAMBRUCHE, sf. the wild vine; in i6th cent, lambrusche, from L. labrusca. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; for addi- tion of w cp. turbo, trombe. LAME, sm. a plate (of metal), wire (of gold, etc.), blade, wave (of sea); from L. lamina, by regular contr, (see § 51) of lamina into lam.'na, whence lame by mn = m, see allumer and § 168. — Der. lame, lamtWc, /amelleux, lamtWe. Lamentable, adj. lamentable; from L. lamentabilis. Lam-entation, sf. lamentation ; from L. lamentationem. Iiam.enter, va. to lament; fromL, lamen- tari. Lamie, sf a lamia ; from L. lamia. Lam-iner, va. to flatten (metals) ; from L, laminare,der. from lamina. — Der. lamin- age, lamino'iT. Ijam.padaire, sm. a lamp-post ; from L ampadarius. LAMPAS, (i) sm. lampas (a fabric); (2) sm. a lampas (veterinary). Origin unknown. LAMPE, sf a lamp; from L. lampas. — Der. lampion, lampiste. LAMPER, va. to guzzle, gulp down. See laper. — Der. lamp^e (partic. subst.). LAMPION, sm. a lamp. See lampe. LAMPISTE, sm. a lampmaker, lamplighter. See lampe. LAMPROIE, sf. a lamprey, Prov, lamprada. It. lampreda, from L. lampetra. Lam- petra regularly changes tr into dr (see aider), whence lampedra, found in 7th- cent documents, hence lampreda by trans- posing the r, see aprete. Lampreda be- comes lamproie by losing medial d, see accabler ; and by e = oi, see § 63. LANCE, sf. a lance. It. lancia, from L. lanoea, by regular transformation of ea P 210 LANCER — LA TRINES. into ia, see abreger ; whence lance, by cia = ce, see agencer. — Der. lancer (properly to throw the lance, then to cast a glance), lancetle, lander. LANCER, va. to dart, throw, shoot. See lance. Iiancinant. adj. (Med.) shooting (of pain) ; from L. lancinantem. LANDE, sf. waste land; of Germ, origin, Germ, lande. LANDIER, sm. a kitchen fire-dog. Origin unknown. LANGAGE, sm. language. See langue. LANGE, sf. swaddling band ; from L. lanea*. Xjanea becomes regularly lania (see ac- cointer), whence lanja by ia = ja (see abreger), whence lange. LANGOUREUX, adj. languishing, consump- tive. See longueur. LANGOUSTE, sf. a lobster ; in O. Fr. both a locust and a lobster. In a I3th-cent. Psalter we read that God gave over the crops of Egypt to the langoustes. Lan- gouste, Port, lagosta, is from L. locusta. liocusta becomes langouste by addition of «, see concombre. For u = om see accouder ; for o = a see dame, LANGUE, sf. a tongue; formerly lengue, from L. lingua. For in — en = an see § 71, and Hist. Gram. p. 48. — Der. langage, langMtXXe. LANGUEUR, sm. languor ; from L. languo- rem. For o = eu see § 79. — Der. lan- gourevx. LANGUIR, vn. to languish; from L. lan- guere. For e = i see § 59. LANI£RE, sf. a thong ; in O. Fr. a woollen strap. We find the phrase itsser des lanieres in 13th cent, in the Partonopeus. Laniere is from L. lanaria, from lana. For -aria = 'iere see § 198. Lanifdre, adj. laniferous; from L. lanifer. 't'liansqueuet, sm. a lansquenet, mer- cenary soldier ; from Germ, landsknecht. LANTERNE, sf. a lantern ; from L. laterna, lantema. See concombre. — Der. lantermer. LAPER, va. to lap; of Germ, origin. Germ. lappen. Another form of laper is lamper. For addition of m see lambrucke. LAPEREAU, sm. a young rabbit. See lapin. Xjapidaire, sm. a lapidary; from L. lapi- darius. Xiapidation, sf. stoning (to death) ; from L. lapidationem. Lapider, va. to stone; from L. lapidare. LAPIN, LAPEREAU, sm. a rabbit ; from a common root lap. Origin unkiiown. Xiaps, sm. a lapse ; from L. lapsus. fljaquais, sm. a lackey, servant; from Sp, lacayo. tLaque, sf. gum-lac, lake (colour); from It. lacca. — Der. laquexix. LARCIN, sm. larceny, theft. O. Fr. larecin, originally larrecin, Sp. ladrocinio, from L. latrocinium. For tr = rr = r see § 168; for loss of o (larrocinium) see aider. LARD, sm. bacon ; from L. lardum. — Der. larder, lardoire, lardon, entrelarder. t Lares, sm. Lares, household gods; from L. lares. LARGE, adj. plentiful, broad, large; from L. largus. Its doublet is largue. — Der. 6- largir, largenr. LARGESSE, sf. largesse, bounty; from L. largitia*. For -itia. = -esse see § 245. LARGEUR, sf. breadth. See large. + Largue, adj. large, flowing; from It. largo. — Der. larguer. LARME, sf. a tear. Sp. lagrima, from L. lacryma, by regular contr. (see § 51) of lacryma into lacr'ma, whence larme. For cr = r see benir. — Der. larmier, larm- oyer. LARMOYER, vn. to shed tears. See larme. — Der. /armozVment. LARRON, sm. a thief; from L. latronem. For tr = rr see arriere and § 168. — Der. Zarronnesse, larronnezn. Larve, sf. a mask, (Entom.) larva ; from L. larva. Larynx, sm. the throat, larynx : from Gr. \6pvy^. — Der. larynge, laryngien, laryngite. LAS, adj. weary ; from L. lassus. Lascif, adj. wanton; from L. lascivus. Lascivet6, sf. wantonness; from L. lasci- vitatem. For -t&%era = 'te see § 230. LASSER, va. to fatigue, tire ; from L. lassare. — Der. delasser. Lassitude, §/". weariness; fromL. lassitudo. "tLast, sm. a last (a weight); from Germ.: last. Latent, adj. latent; from L. latentem. Lateral, adj. lateral; from L. lateralis. Laticlave, sm. a laticlave (a part of a Roman consul's dress) ; from L. laticlavus. Latin, adj. Latin; from L. latinus. Latiniser, va. to latinise; from L. latini-_ zare. — Der. latinisme, latiniste. m Latinisme, sm. Latinism. See latiniser. % Latiniste, sm. a Latinist. See latiniser. Latinit6, sf. Latinity; from L. latinitatem. Latitude, sf. latitude; from L. latitudi- nem. Latrines, s/./>/. a privy; from L. latrina. LA TTE— LEGITIME. !ZI1 LATTE, sf. a lath ; of Germ, origin, Germ. lalte, latte. — Der. latttx, latds. Laudanum, sm. laudanum. Origin un- known. Laudatif, afl?/. laudatory; from L. lauda- tivus. fLaudes, sf.pl. lauds (in the Liturgy of the Roman Catholic Church) ; from L. laudes. Laur^at, adj. laureate; from L. laureatus. LAURIER, sm. (Bot.) a laurel, bay-tree; from L. laurarius *, der. from laurus. For -axivis = -ier see § 198. *t*Ijavabo, sm. a wash-stand; from L. la- vabo, fut. of lavare. tLavande, sf. (Bot.) lavender; from It. lavando. tLave, sf. lava ; from It. lava. LAVER, va. to wash; from L. lavare. — Der. Zaveur, lav'xs, /avoir, lavme, /avasse, lavement, /av andiere. Laxatif, adj. laxative; from L. laxativus. LAYER, va. to lay out paths in a wood. See late. — Der. layeur. LAYETTE, sf. baby linen, properly a box (still used for a drawer in the phrase layette d'archives), then linen etc. in the box. So similarly we have corbeille de marriage meaning the trousseau in the corbeille. Lay- ette is dim. of O. Fr. laye, of Germ, origin, Germ. lade. ;For loss of d see alouette. — Der. layetier. t Lazaret, sm. a lazaretto, lazar-house; from It. lazaretto. i'Lazzi, sm.pl. pantomime, buffoonery; from It. lazzi. LE, pers. pron. m. the ; formerly lo, Sp. lo, from L. ilium. For the use of the pron. ille as an article see Hist. Gram. p. 160. Il-lum becomes le just as il-la becomes la, il-los les, il-luic lui, il-lorum leur, by the loss of the first syllable (which is short in the Lat. comedians). Ille, ilia, ilium are almost enclitic, as may be seen by the compds, ellum, ell am in Terence, these being contr. of en-ilhim, en-illam, by dropping il, e n (il)lum, e n ( i 1 ) 1 a m ; whence en'lum, en'lam, whence ellum, ellam, by assimilating nl into 11. Thus we see how ille, not being accented, lost its first syllable in Fr. 1. Il-lum, thus reduced to lum, becomes lu by losing m (see ja), then lo by u = o (see annoncer). O. Fr. lo becomes le just as Jo and fo become Je and ce. 2. Il-los, reduced to los, becomes les by the same softening of o into e. 3. Illi-huic, contrd. to ill'huic, whence illuic by loss of h (see atelier), becomes illui, to be seen in an inscription in Impe- rial times (Mur. 2088, 6) : 'ultimum illui spiritum.' Illui losing its initial syllable becomes lui. 4. Il-lorum, reduced to lorum, becomes leur by o = eu, see § 79. Le is a doublet of il, q. v. LE, sm. breadth (of a textile fabric) ; from L. latus. For -atus = e see § 201. LECHE, sf. a thin slice. Origin unknown. Its doublet is laiche, q. v. — Der. lechehite. LECHER, va. to lick. Prov. lechar. It. leccare; of Germ, origin. Germ. /ec^e«. For ck or cc = ch see acheter. LEQON, sm. a lesson ; from L. lectionem. For ctio = fo see agencer. Lecteur, sm. a reader; from L. lectorem. Lecture, sf. a lecture, reading; from L. lectura*. L6gal, adj. legal; from L. legalis. Its doublet is loyal, q. v. — Der. legaliser, legal- isation. L§galit6, sf. legality; from L. legal ita- tem*. Its doublet is loyaute, q. v. L6gat, sm. a legate ; from L. legatus. Its doublet is legue. L6gataire, adj. legatory; from L. legata- rius. Legation, sf. a legation ; from L. le gatio- nem. t Ldge, adj. light (of ships) ; of Dutch origin, with many other seafaring terms, Dutch leeg. L6gendaire, adj. legendary. See legende. L6gende, sf. a legend; pi. n. of the fut. pass. part, legendus from legere. — Der. legend<iire. LEGER, adj. light ; from L. leviarius*, der. from levis. For leviarius = levjarius see abreger ; hence O. Fr. legier by vj = g (see abreger), and -arius=-zVr see § 198. — Der. legeretL L6gion, sf a legion; from L. legionem. L6gionnaire, sm. a legionary; from L. legionarius. L6gislateur, sm. a legislator; from L. le- gi si at or em. — Der. legislature. L6gislatif, adj. legislative ; from L. legis- lativus *. Legislation, s/ legislation ; from L. legis- lationem. L6giste, sm. a legist; from L. legista*, der. from legem. Legitime, adj. legitimate; from L. legiti- mus. — Der. illegitime, legitimtx, legiiim' aire, legitimztion, legitimix.^. P 2 212 LtG UER — L£A ISON. Ij^guer, va. to bequeath ; from L. leg are. — Der. legs (verbal subst.). Ij^gfume, sm. a vegetable; from L. legu- men. — Der. legumineux. Iiemme, sm. (Math.) a leninia; from L. lemma, li^mures, sf. pi. lemures, spectres ; from L. lemures. LENDEMAIN, sm. the fr>llowing day; for- merly Vendemain, compd. of en (q. v.) and demain (q. v.). For the agglutination of the article and the subst. from Vendemain to lendemain, see lierre. li^nitif, adj.iM.tdi.) lenitive; from L. le- nitivus*, der. from lenitus. LENT, adj. slow; from L. lentus. — Der. tzlentxx, zlentix. LENTE, sf. a nit ; from L. lendem. For d = / see § 121. Lenteur, sf. slowness; from L. lentorem. Lenticulaire, arf^. lenticular ; from L. len- ticularis. — Der. lenticul^. LENTILLE, sf. a lentil, freckle; from L. lenticula. For -icula = -i7/e see § 257. Lentisque, sm. (Bot.) a lentiscus, mastic- tree; from L. lentiscus. Xi^onin, adj. leonine; from L. leoninus. Xi^opard, 5m. a leopard; from L. leopar- dus. Ldpre, sf. leprosy ; from L. lepra. L^preux, a^'. leprous ; from L. leprosus. For -osus = -««jf see § 229. — Der. U- ^roserie. LEROT, sm. a garden dormouse. See loir. LES, pers. pron. pi. the. See le. Iidse-, adj. treasonable, leze ; from L. laesus. We find this word in this sense in such phrases as 'laesa majestas,' in the Roman jurisconsults. — Der. Zeser. Ii^ser, va. to injure. See Tese. t Lysine, sf. meanness; from It. lesina. — Der. lesinex. Ii6siner, vn. to be mean, stingy. See lesine. — Der. lesineric. Ii^sion, sf (Med.) lesion, injury; from L. laesionem. LESSIVE, sf. a lye, wash ; from L. lixiva (so. cinis, in Pliny). Fori = « see mettre; for x=ss see aisselk. — Der. lessivev. tLest, sm. ballast; from Germ. last. — Der. /«/er. LESTE, adj. brisk, light. It. lesto, Sp. listo ; of Germ, origin, Germ, listig. Lester, va. to ballast. See lest. — Der. lest- eur /cs/age. Ij6thargie, /. a lethargy ; from L. lethar- gia. — Der. /e/Aflr^ique. LETTRE, 5/ a letter ; from L. littera, by regular contr. (see § 51) of littSra into litt'ra, whence lettre. For i = « see § 72. LETTRE, adj. lettered, literary; from L. litteratus. For regular contr. of littSr- dtus into litt'ratus see § 52, hence lettrS. For -atus = -e see ampoule ; for i = e see § 72. — Der. Ulettre. Xieude, sm. a leud, great vassal ; from Me- rov. L. leudes, a king's comrade ; of Germ, origin. Germ, leute. LEUR, adj. their. See le. LEURRE, sm. a lure, decoy ; of Germ, origin, M. G. luoder, which, contrd. into luod'r, becomes leurre. For dr = rr see § 168; for uo = o see § 97; for o = eu see § 76. — Der. leurrtx. LEVAIN, sm. leaven, yeast ; from L. leva- men. For -Bxaen.- -ain see § 226. LEVANT, sm. the East, Levant. See lever. — Der. levantin, levantine. LEVER, va. to raise ; from L. levare. — Der. Iev6e (partic. subst.), levnxe, leviex, levant, Clever, pielever. LEVIS, adj. {ox drawing up (in pont-levis). Prov. levadis. Port, levadico, from L. leva- ticius*, lit. that which one lifts, der. from levare) ; -aticius = -adis, a-Vs, e'is, is, form a succession of changes noticed under coidis. Ii6vite, sm. a Levite; from L. levites. LEVRAUT, sm. a leveret. See lievre.—Dex. levraudex. LEVRE, sf. a lip; from L. labmin. For a = e see § 54; for b = i/ see § 113. LEVRETTE, sm. a harrier, greyhound. See lievre. LEVRIER, sm. a greyhound. See lievre. LEVORE, 5/ yeast. See lever. Iiexique, sm. a lexicon ; from Gr. \4^ikov. — Der. Z^xtcographe, /e^jzcographie, lexi- cographique. LI)Z, adv. near ; from L. latus. In Low Lat. latus was used for juxta, near. • Plexi- tium latus Turonem,' i.e. Plessis-lhz- Tours, i. e. Plessis-near-Tours : so Passy- \hz-Paris, Champigny-lhz-Langres. The O. Fr. lez was a sm. Thus le rot est sur son trone, et sonfils a son lez, i. e. at his side. Latus becomes lez by -atus = -«s, see ampoule ; then es = ez, see nez. LEZARD, sm. a lizard; from L. lacertus. For & = e see § 54; for c = z see amitie; for e = a see amender; fox t = d see § II7- — Der. lezarde (properly a crack in a wall into which a lizard can creep), lezardex. LIAISON, sf. a junction, connection; from L. LIANE- -LIWRE. 213 ligationem, by loss of medial g and by -ationem = -a«o«, see § 232. tLiane, sf. (Bot.) a liane. Its doublet is lien, q. v. LIARD, sm. a very small coin worth ith of a penny. Origin unknown. LIASSE, sf. a bundle (of papers). See Her. Libation, sf. a libation; from L, liba- tionem. Libelle, sm. a libel; from L. libellus. — Der. libeller, libelliste. Liberal, adj. liberal; frOm L. liberal is. Lib6ralit6, sf liberality; from L. liber- alitatem. For -tatem = -/e see 230. Iiiberateur, sm. liberator ; from L. liber a- torem. Liberation, sf liberation; from L. li- berationem. Its doublet is livraison, q. v. Lib6rer, va. to liberate; fromL. liberare. Its doublet is livrer, q. v. Liberty, sf liberty; from L. libertatem. Libertin, adj. libertine, licentious ; sm. a libertine, lit. a freedman, hence one free from the duties of religion, common in 1 7th cent. ; then one who keeps no rule, disorderly. From L. libertinus. — Der. libertindLgQ. Libidineux, adj. lustful; from L. libi- dinosus. Libraire, sm. a bookseller; from L. libra- rius. Librairie, sf a library; from L. libraria, der. from liber. LICE, sf the weft, woof ; from L. licium. LICE, sf a tiltyard, lists. Origin unknown. LICE, sf a hound bitch ; formerly lisse, from L. lycisce. For loss of medial c (lycisce) see affouage, hence ly-isce, whence Prov. Uissa, Fr. lisse, then lice. Licence, sf. Hcence; from L. licentia. — Der. licencier, licencie. . Lieencieux, adj. licentious; from L. licen- tiosus. Lichen, sm. a lichen ; from Gr. Xeixvv. Licitation, sf sale by auction (of property belonging to co-proprietors); from L. lici- tationem. Licite, adj. Hcit, lawful ; from L. licitus. Liciter, va. to sell by auction (joint-pro- perty) ; from L. licitari. fLicorne, s/". an unicorn. It. licorno. LICOU, sm. a halter ; formerly licol, for lie- col ; see Her and cow. Licteur, sm. alictor; fromL. Hctorem. LIE, sf. lye (of wine), dregs. Origin unknown. LIE, ao?/. gay, merry, in the phrase faire chere lie, i.e. give glad welcome, lit. = wsa^e_/o>'eM^ (see chere). Lie is from L. laeta. For ae = c see § 104; for e = i see accomplir ; for loss of medial t see aigu LifiGE, sm. cork ; from L. levium, der. from levis. For consonification of vi into vj see abreger ; hence liege, by vj =g, see abreger, and e = ie, see § 56. LIEN, sm. a band, bond; formerly /zWn, Prov. Ham, Port, ligame, from L. ligamen. For loss of medial g see allier, hence liain ; for -amen = -am see § 226, = en see ancien : cp. chien which is for chiain. Lien is a doublet of liane, q. v. LIER, va. to bind ; from L. ligare. For ligare = /e^ see allier. Its doublet is li- gner, q. v. = Der. lieur. LIERRE, sm. ivy. O. Fr. ierre, hierre, in the loth cent, edre, from L. hedera. Hedera, following the law of the Lat. accent (see § 51), is contrd. into hedra, whence hierre. For e = /e see § 56; for dr = rr see § 168. Hierre next becomes ierre by dropping initial h, see atelier. In the middle ages people properly said I'ierre, and it was not till towards the 15th cent, that the article became absolutely joined to the subst., so as to form lierre. This noun is in its turn preceded by another article, le lierre. This was not decisively settled for a long time : Ronsard writes I'hierre, not le lierre ; and Dubellay says sometimes, Le chef environne de verdoyant lierre ; sometimes Les vieux murs, hideux de ronces et d'hierre. This corruption is found in several other words ; thus we find le lendemain, le loriot, la luette, lors : whilst in O. Fr. men said more correctly Vendemain, I'oriot, I'uette, I'ors ; see those words. LIESSE, sf. jollity ; formerly leesse, originally led£ce. It. letizia, from L^ laetitia. For ae = e see § 104. Letitia loses its medial t (see abbaye) and changes -itia into -esse (see § 245), whence leesse, whence Hesse. For e = i see accomplir. LIE\J, sm. a place; formerly liu, from L. locus. For loss of c see ami ; for o = eu see accueillir; for eu = m see abreger; whence the form liu, whence lieu, hyu — eu, see beugler. . LIEUE, sf. a league ; from L, leuca. For loss of medial c see ami ; for eu = ieu see lieu. LIEUTENANT, sm. a lieutenant. See tenant and lieu. — Der. lieutenance. LiFVRE, sm. a hare ; originally levre, from L. leporem. For regular contr. of l^po- rem into lep'rem see § 51, whence lebre, by changing p into b (see § III), then ai4 LIGAMENT — LINTEA U. levre, in the Chanson de Roland, by 6 = v (see § III), then lievre by « ■» le (see § 56). — Der. /«;raut, levrctte. Levrier represents L. leporarius *, properly a dog which courses the hare, in medieval writers. • Si quis per canes leporaxios feram fuga- verit ' is found in a I'Zth-cent. act. For contr, of lepdrarius into lep'rarius see § 5 2 ; for p = v see § 111 ; for -arius -ier see § 198. Ijigament, sm. a ligament; from L. liga- mentum. — Der. ligamenteux. Iiigature, sf. a ligature; from L. ligatura. Its doublet is liure. LIGE, adj. liege; a word of Germ, origin, Germ, ledig. Its doublet is lege. LIGNAGE, sm. lineage. Prov. lignatge, from L. lineaticum *, der. from linea. For linea = ligne see ligne ; for -aticum = -age see § 248, — Der. lignager. LIGNE, sf. a line ; from L. linea. For linea slinia see abreger, whence lig7ie ; for nia =gne see cigogne. — Der. ligjiee, a/Zg-wer, en- ligner. LIGNEE, sf. lineage. See ligne. LIGNEUL, sm. shoemaker's thread ; from L. lineolum *, der. from linea. For linea — ligne see ligne; for -dbxDX = -eul see aieul. Xiigneux, adj. woody, ligneous; from L. lignosus. For -o8Via = -eux see § 229. liigue, sf. a league. See ligtcer. Ijiguer, va. to league, band together ; from L. ligare — Der. ligue (verbal subst.), li- guem. Ligueur, sm. a leaguer. See liguer. fljilas, sm. (Bot.) a lilac; from It. lilac. Ijiliac6, adj. (Bot.) liliaceous; from L. lili- aceus, found in Palladius. LIMACE, sf. a slug, screw (mechanical) ; from. L. limacem. — Der. lima^on. LIMACON, sm. a snail. See limace. LIMAILLE, sf. filings. See limer. LIMANDE, sf. a mudfish, dab. See lime. liimbe, sm. a border; from L. limb us.' Xiimbes, sm. pi. (Theol.) limbo ; from L, limbo. Xiime, sf. a file; from L. lima. Limer, t/a. to file; from L-limare. — Der. /zmaille, limme. LIMIER, sm. a bloodhound, limehound ; for- merly liemier, from O. Fr, Hem, a leash, from L. ligamen, so meaning properly a dog held in leash. Prov. liamier is also der. from Ham. Ligamen becomes O. Fr. Hem by dropping medial g, see allier, and by a = e see § 54. Iiimitation, 5/: limitation; from L. limi- tationem. Xjimite, sf. a limit, boundary; from L. limitem. Ijiiniter, va. to limit; from L. limitare. — Der. Wlimiti, Hmiiatif, limits. Ijiinitrophe, adj. bordering, neighbouring ; from L. limitrophus. LIMON, sm. slime, clay ; from a root Hm *, which is found in L. limus. — Der. limon- eux. + Ijiinon, sm. a lemon; from It. Hmone. — Der. limonicr, litnom.de. LIMON, sm. shaft, thill (of a cart). Origin unknown. — Der. limoniere, limonier. Xiimonade, sf. lemonade. See limon 2. — Der. HmonadicT. LIMONEUX, adj. slimy, oozy. See limon i. Xjimpide, adj. limpid; from L. limpidus. Limpidity, ^. Hmpidity; from L. limpi- ditatem *. For -tateni = -/e see § 2,^0. LIN, sm. flax ; from L. linum. — Der. Zmon. LINCEUL, sm. a shroud. Prov. linsol, from L. linteolum. For regular change of lin- teolum into lintiolum see a®-er, whence linciolum, see agencer. We find linciolo in 7th cent, in the Glosses of Reichenau : ' Sindones linciolos.' Ijinciolo becomes linceul ; for ci = c see agencer ; for o = eu see § 79. Iiin^aire, adj. linear ; from L. linearis. Iiin6al, adj. lineal; from L. linealis. Iiin^ament, sm. a trace, rudiment, linea- ment; from L. lineamentum. LINGE, sm. linen ; originally linen cloth, linge being an adj. in O. Fr. The O. Fr. phrase was un drap linge = a linen cloth. Littge is der. regularly from adj. linetim. For lineum = linium and for iu = ju (lin- jum), whence Huge, see abreger. — Der. linger, linghre, lingerie. LINGOT, sm. an ingot. Origin unknown. — • Der. lingotiere. Xiingual, adj. lingual; from L. lingua lis*, der. from lingua. Iiinguiste, sm. a Hnguist ; der. from lingua. — Der. linguistiqae. Linguistique, adj. linguistic. See lin- guiste. Xjiniment, sm. a liniment; from L. lini- mentum. LINON, sm. lawn. See lin. LINOT, LINOTTE, sm. a linnet ; so called from feeding chiefly on flax. LINTEAU, sm. a lintel, headpiece (of a door) ; formerly lintel, from L. limi- LION — LIVRA ISON. 215 tellus *, der. from limitein. For regular contr. of limitellus into lim'tellus see §52; hence lintel by ra. — n, see changer, hence linteau by el — eau, see agneau. LION, sm. a lion; from L. leonem. For eo = io see abreger. LIPPE, sf. a pouting lip; of Germ, origin, Germ, lippe. — Der. lippie, lippn. LIPPEE, sf. a mouthful, meal. See lippe. LIPPU, adj. thick-lipped. See lippe. Liquation, sf. (Chem.) liquation ; from L. liquationem. Liquefaction, sf. liquefaction ; from L. liquefactionem *. Liqu6fier, 2/a. to liquefy; from L. lique- ficare*. Liqueur, sm. a liquor; from L. liquorem. — Der. liquor&uyi, liquoriste. Liquide, adj. liquid; from L. liquidus. — Der. liquidex, Liquider, va. to liquidate. See liquide. — Der. liquiddXxon, liquidnteur. Liquidity, s/". liquidity; from L. liquidi- tatem, used for purity, clearness, by Apu- leius. LIRE, va. to read; from L. legere. For regular contr. of legere into leg're see § 51, whence lire; for gr = r see ac- cueillir ; for e = i see § 60. — Der. /isant, Zfseur, Zisable. LIRON, sm. a garden dormouse. See loir. LIS, sm. (Bot.) a lily ; from L. lilius, from liliura, by regular contr. of lilius into Ill's (see § 51). For the continuance of the s see § 149. An orthographic variety of the word is lys. — Der. Z/seron. LISERE, sm. a piping, narrow bordering (of ribbon) ; partic. subst. of O. Fr. verb liserer, which is from lisiere. LISERON, sm. (Bot.) bindweed. See lis. LISIBLE, adj. legible. See lire. LISI£rE, sf. binding (of cloths), edge. See liste. — Der. lisere, q. v. fLisse, sf. a hand-railing; introd. in l6th cent, from It. liscio. — Der. lisser, lissoir. LISSE, sf. warp (of tapestry); from L. licium. ■ For ci = ss see agencer. LISTE, sf. a list, properly a strip on which is written a row of names ; originally a band, strip (so the word list is used in Engl, and liste in Fr. for a white band across a horse's forehead). Liste, meaning a band, is of Germ, origin, O. H. G. lista. — Der. /isiere (a little liste. Lisiere is from listiere ; for s^ = ss = s see § 168 and angoisse), listezu, ZzVeau, liston, listel. LISTEAU, sm. a blue strip (in table linen). See liste. — Der. ZzVeau (for listeau ; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81). LISTON, sm. a scroll (heraldry). See liste. LIT, sm. a bed ; from L. lectum. For ect = it see attrait. — Der. liteiie, aliter, litean, litee. Litanies, sf. pi. litanies ; from Gr. \iTa' Vila. LITEAU, sm. a blue stripe. See liste. Litharge, sf. (Min.) litharge; from L. lithar gyrus. — Der. litharge, lithargyre. Lithographie, sf. lithography; from Gr. \i9os and ypdcpciv. — Der. lithographier, lithographique. Lithographier, va. to lithograph. See lithographie. — Der. lithographe (verbal subst.). Lithotomie, sf (Surg.) lithotomy; from Gr. \i6orofj.ia. — Der. lithotome, lithotomiste. Lithotritie, sf. (Surg.) lithotrity; formed from Gr. \i9os and L. tritus, p. p. of terere. — Der. lilhotriteMT. LITIERE, sf. a litter; from L. lectaria*, in medieval Lat. documents. ' Ita pro una lectaria' is a phrase found in a docu- ment of A. D. 1333. Lectaria is from lectus. For -aria = -tere see § 198; for ect = it see attrait. Litige, sm. Htigation; from L. litigium. Litigieux, adj. litigious; from L. litigi- osus. For -osvis = -eux see § 229. Litote, sf. (Rhet.) litotes, extenuation ; from Gr. \it6tijs. LITRE, sf. a band of black cloth (with the armorial bearings of a person deceased) ; formerly listre : for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 8 p. Listre, from Low L. listra, is der. from liste. See liste. Litre, sf. a litre (measure of capacity, 1*760 pint); from Gr. Xirpa. — Der. hectolitre, decalitre. Litt6raire, adj. literary; from L. litter- arius. Litt6ral, adj. literal; from L. litteralis. — > Der. litter alite. Litterateur, sm. a man of letters ; from L. litteratorem. Litt6rature, sf. literature; from L. litter- atura. Littoral, adj. littoral; from L. littoralis. Liturgie, sf. a liturgy; from Gr. \eiTOvpyia. — Der. liturgiqvLG, litzirgiste. Livide, adj. livid; from L. lividus.— Der. lividite. Livraison, sf. delivery (of goods), number, part (of a serial); from L. liberationem. For regular contr. of lib S ratio nam to 2l5 LIVRE — LONG. lib'rationem see § 52, hence livraison. For b = V see § 1 1 3 ; for -ationem = -aison see § 232. Livraison is a doublet of liberation. LIVRE, sm. a book; from L. librum. For b=v see § 113. — Der. livret. LIVRE, sf. a pound; from L. libra. For b = v see § 113. LIVREE, sf. a livery. Sec livrer. LIVRER, va. to deliver, abandon ; from L. liberare, found in this sense in Carol, documents : thus we read • Vel pro dona liberanda secum aliquantis diebus manere praecepit,' in the Capitularies of Charles the Bald. For letter-changes see delivrer. Livrer is a doablet of liberer. q. v. — Der. Iivr6e (partic. subst. ; originally a livree, or, as the phrase ran, habits de livree, were clothes distributed by the king yearly to the officers of the household), diUivrer. IiObe, sm. a lobe ; from Gr. \60os. — Der. lobi, lobnle. XjOcaL odj. local; from L. localis. — Der. localiser. XiOCalit^, sf. a locality; from L. locali- tatem. Locataire, sm. a tenant; from L. loca- tarius, which, however, means one who hires himself out, not one who rents from another. XjOcatif, adj. locative, tenantable ; from L. locativus *. — Der, locatis. Location, sf. a letting, hiring; from L. locationem. XiOCatis, sm. a sorry hack. See locatif. 'MiOCh, sm. a ship's log; from Engl^/og*. LOCHE, sf. (Ichth.) a loach. Origin un- known. LOCHER, va. to be loose (of horseshoes, etc.); of Germ, origin, M. H. G. lucke. For ck{ = cc) =ch see § 126. i" Locman, sm. a harbour pilot ; of Germ, origin, Neth. lootsman. Locomotion, sf. locomotion; from L. loco and motionem. — Der. locomoteur. tLocomotive, sf. a locomotive (pro- perly adj.); from Engl, locomotive, pro- perly locomotive engine. Locution, sf a form of speech ; from L. locutionem. Lods, sm. pi. a lord's dues on sales ; from L. laudes*, so used in Low Lat. 'Si quis emerit terram tenentur de tertio decimo denario, et non plus de laudibus,' occurs in a Chartulary of a. d. 1274. The origi- nal meaning doubtless was a promise, con- sent, in which sense we find laudare used in the middle ages. For au = o see § 106. tLof sm. (Naut.) luff; from Engl. luff. Logarithme, sm. a logarithm; from Gr. \6yos and dpi6n6s. — Der. logarithmiqae. LOGE, sf. a lodge, cell, kennel. It. loggia, Lomb. lobia, from L. laubia*, a lodge, in medieval documents. Thus we find in an Act of A. D. 904, ' In palatio quod est fun- datum juxta basilica beatissimi principis apostolorum, in laubia . . . ipsius palatii.' Also in the Polyptych of St. Remi : ' Habet mansum dominicatum, casam cum cellario, laubia, horrea 2.' jjaubia is of Germ, origin, O. H. G. laubja, a hut of Ipaves. Laubia, consonified regularly (see abre- ger) into laubja, becomes loge. For au = o see § 106; for bj=g' see abreger. — Der. loger, logis, logement, logette, logeahle. LOGER, va. to lodge. See loge. — Der, log' eur, d6loger. Logique, s/. logic ; from L. logica. — Der. logicien. LOGIS, sm, a habitation, house. See loger. Logogriphe, sm. a riddle ; from Gr. \6yos and ypi(l>os. Logomachie, sf. a logomachy, war of words ; from Gr. \oyofMixia. LOI, sf law; from L. legem: cp, regem, roi. For e = oi see § 62 ; for loss of g see allier. — Der. zloi. LOIN, adv. far; originally loing, from L. longg. For o = oi see § 87. — Der, eloigner (from O. Fr. loing, cp. poignet from poing, soigner from soin, temoigner from temoin). LOINTAIN, adj. distant. It. lontano, from L. longitanus*, der. from longe. For regular contr, of longitdnus into long'- tanus see § 52, whence lointain. For -anus = -ain see § 194 ; for ong = oin see loin, LOIR, sm. a dormouse. Prov. glire, from L. glirem. The reduction of gl to / is against the rule given. Hist. Gram. p. 71. For i = oi see § 68. — Der. liron, lerot. LOISIR, sm. leisure (an infinitive used for a sm,, cp. diner, sonper, etc). The verb loisir, = to have permission not to work, is from L. licere. For i = oi see § 68 ; for c = s see amitie; for e = i see accomplir, — Der, /oisible. Lombes, sm.pl. loins; from L, lumbus, — Der, /om6aire. LONG, adj. long; from L, longus. — Der, longd&MX, longe, longer, Monger, long- temps, longuet. LONG A mUlTt — LOVRD. %\y IiOnganiniit§, sf. longanimity, forbear- ance; from L. longanimitatem. LONGE, sf. a tether. See long. LONGE, sf. a loin; from L. lumbea, der. from lumbus. For lumbea = lumbia and for lunibia = luinbja see ahreger, whence longe. For u = o see annoncer ; for ra. — n see changer ; for bj =^ see abreger. LONGER, va. to go along. See long. Loilg6vit6, sf. longevity ; from L. longae- vitatem. Longitude, sf. longitude; from L. longi- tudinem. — Der. longitudina.\. LONGTEMPS, adv. long, a lon^ time. See long and temps. LONGUEUR, sf. length. See long. LOPIN, sm. a piece, bit. Origin unknown. Loquace, adj. loquacious; from L. loqua- cem. Loquacity, sf. loquacity; from L. loquaci- tatem. LOQUE, sf. a rag ; of Germ, origin, O. H. G. loc, something hanging, as, e.g. a ' lock ' of hair, thence a rag. LOQUET, sm. a latch ; dim. of O. Fr. loc : of Germ, origin, A. S. locan, to lock. LORGNER, va. to ogle, glance at ; in Norm, patois loriner: of Germ, origin, Swiss Germ, loren. — Der. lorgnon, lorgnette, lorgneuT. LORIOT, sm. (Ornith.) an oriole, goldfinch. O. Fr. loriol, originally oriol in 1 2th-cent. documents, Prov. auriol, from L. aure- olus, i. e. a yellow or gilded bird : similarly the Germans call this bird gold-amsel. Aureolus becomes auriolus (see ahre- ger), whence oriol, by au = o, see § 106. By the agglutination of the article (see lierre) Voriol became loriol, towards the end of the 13th cent. The change of final / to t is peculiar. Loriot is a doublet of aureole, q.v. LORS, adv. then; formerly lores, originally I'ores ; from L. hora. For the agglutina- tion of the article see lierre ; for etymology see le and or. — Der. /orsque, a/ors. LOS, sm. praise ; from L. laus. For au = see § 106. LOSANGE, sf. a lozenge. Origin unknown. LOT, sm. a lot, portion ; of Germ, origin, Engl, and Flem. lot. Its doublet is loto, q. V. — Der. lot'xx, loterie. I LOTERIE, sf. a lottery. See lot. [i Lotion, sf. a lotion; from L. lotionem. — Der. lotionner. LOTIR, va. to lot, portion. See lot. — Der. loti, lotissement. + Loto, sm. loto; from It. loto. LOTTE, sf. (Ichth.) lote. Origin unknown. f Lotus, sm. (Bot.) lotus; from L. lotus. LOUABLE, adj. praiseworthy. See louer 2. LOUAGE, sm. letting, hiring. See louer i. LOUANGE, sf praise; formerly lounge, from L. laudemia*, a form der. from laudein. For loss of medial d, and for au = o = o?/ see § 106; for -emia = -enija see abre- ger; for m = « see changer, whence -enja, whence -ange, see § 205. — Der. louangex, louangevx. LOUCHE, sm. ambiguity, equivocation ; for- merly lousche, Prov. lose, from L. luscus, prim, of lusciosus. Luscus is properly one-eyed. For u = om see accouder; for o — ch see § 126; for loss of s see Hist, Gram. p. 81. — Der. loucher. LOUCHET, sm. a grafting-tool. Origin un- known. LOUER, va. to let, hire, rent; from L. locare. For loss of medial c and for o = ok see affouage. — Der. lounge, loueur. LOUER, va. to praise; from L. laudare. For loss of medial d see accabler ; for au = o = OM see § 106. — Der. Zowange (q.v.), lou&hle. Lougre, sm. a lugger ; from Engl, lugger. Louis, sm. a louis (an old Fr. coin, value 19 shillings) ; of hist, origin (see § 33), from Louis XIII, who first issued this coin, A. D. 1640. The proper name Louis, O. Fr. Lois, originally Loois, is from L. Ludo- vicus, of Germ, origin, from Hluodowig, which is compd. of hluodo (illustrious) and wig (a battle). For suffix -icus=-i see § 212. Ludovicus then loses medial d (see accabler), and medial v (see a'ieul), then u = (see annoncer), whence O. Fr. Loots, afterwards contrd. to Lo'is (cp. rond from O, Fr. roond). Lo'is becomes Louis by softening to ou, see § 81. LOUP, sm. a wolf; from L. lupus. For u = OM see accouder. — Der. louve (from L. lupa : for u = ou see § 90 ; for p = v see § III), louvcLt, louvet, Zowt/eteau, louvetier, louvetene ; loupe (a tumour, cp. Germ. wolfgeschwulst, lit. a wolfs tumour). LOUP-CERVIER, sm. a lynx; from L. lupus-cervarius, in Pliny. For letter- changes see loup ; for -arius = -ier see § I9«. LOUPE, sf. a magnifying glass. See loup. LOUP-GAROU, sm. a were-wolf. See garou. LOURD, adj. heavy. It. lordo (dirty), from L. luridus, first dirty, then lazy, heavy ; original sense, yellowish). Luridus, ai8 LOURE — LUTH. contrd. regularly (see § 51), becomes lur'dus, whence lourd ; for u = om see § 90. — Der. lourdeuT, lourdiud, lourd- erie, zlonrdir. LOURE, sf. (Mus.) a loure (dance). Origin unknown. LOUTRE, sf. an otter ; from L. lutra. For u = o« see § 90. LOUVE, sf. a she-wolf. See loup. — Der. louvet, /owveteau, /owfeterie, louvetier. LOUVOYER, vtt. to tack ; formerly lovoyer, der. from Iqf. For relation of lof to lovoyer see achever; for o = om see § 81. For etymology of lof see that word. LOYAL, adj. loyal. It. leale, from L. legalis, sc. conformable to law, whence loyal = con- formable to the laws of honour. Legalis in this sense is very common in medieval documents, as e. g. ' legaliter custodire ' in an Act of a.d. 1355; so also we read in St. Bernard's Epistles, ' Neque enim et per- jurus esse, et legalis simul manere poterit.' An ilth-cent. act also has ' Ad quos missi sunt quatuor legales homines qui ex ore ipsorum . . . audierunt.' Legalis be- comes loyal by losing medial g (see oilier), and by e = oi (see § 61). For alis = aZ see § 191. Loyal is a doublet of legal, q. V. — Der. deloyal. LOYAUTE, sf. loyalty ; formerly loyalte, from L. legalitatem, deriv, of legalis. Legal- itfiitem, regularly contrd. (see § 52) to legal'tatem, becomes loyalte by legal = loyal. For -tateni = -/e' see § 230. Loyalte becomes loyaute by al = au, see agneau. Loyaute is a doublet of legalite, q. v. LOYER, sm. hire (of rooms, etc.) ; from L. locarium. For loss of medial c see affouage ; the y is intercalated for the sake of euphony. IjUbie, sf. capriciousness of will, a whim, crochet; from L. lubere. IiUbrifier, va. to lubricate; from L. lubri- ficare*; der. from lubricus. For loss of C see affouage. Lubrique, adj. lewd; from L. lubricus. — Der. lubrich^. IiUCanie, sf a dormer-window ; from L. lucarna *, found for lucerna in some late Lat. documents. Lucerna is properly a lamp, then in Fr. a light, window-light. XjUCide, adj. lucid; from L. lucidus. Lucidity, sf lucidity; from L. lucid- itatem, liUCratif, adj. lucrative; from L. lucrat- ivus. ljUCre, sm. lucre, gain; from L. lucrum. LUETTE, sf. the uvula ; in eariiest Fr. Vuette. Uette is dim. of root ve*, which answers to L. uva. For loss of v see a'ieul ; for diminutive suffix see § 281 ; for agglutina- tion of article {luette for Vuette) see lierre. LUEUR, sf a glimmer, light, gleam. Prov. lugor, from L, lucorem *, a hypothetical deriv. from lucem. For loss of medial e see affouage ; for o = eu see § 79. Lugubre, adj. lugubrious; from L. lugu- bris. LUI, pers. pron. mf. sing. him. See le. LUIRE, vn. to shine ; from L. lucere. By displacement of Lat. accent from lucere to liicere (see Hist. Gram. p. 133), and by loss of the then atonic § (§ 51), we have luc're, whence luire by CT = ir, see benir. — Der. luisant, xduire. tliUmbagO, sm. (Med.) lumbago; from L. lumbago. LUMIERE, sf. light. Prov. lumneira, from L. luminaria. Luminaria, regularly contrd. (see § 52) into lum'naria, be- comes lumiere. For -aria = -iere see § 198 ; for ran = m see allumer. LUMIGNON, sm. snufF of a candle ; from L. luminionem *, der. from lumen. For ni = ^« see cigogne. Luminaire, sm. a luminary ; from L. luminare. IiUmineux, adj. luminous; from L. lumi- nosus. liUnatique, adj. lunatic; from L. luna- ticus. LUNDI, sm. Monday. It. lunedi, from L. lunae dies, found in this sense in the Inscriptions. LUNE, sf. the moon ; from L. lima. — Der. Zwwaire, /wwaison, /w«ette (so called from] the round glasses), /wwule. LUNETTE, sf. a telescope, eyeglass, spec-^ tacles. See lune. — Der. lunettier. Lupin, sm. (Bot.) a lupine; from L. lupinus. LURON, sm. a jolly fellow. Origin unknown.] Lustral, adj. lustral; from L. lustralis. Lustration, sf. a lustration ; from L.1 lustrationem. Lustre, sm. lustre, splendour, also a ' lustrum^ (space of five years). See lustrer. Lustrer, va. to give gloss 'to, glaze; clean, then to brighten; from L. lustrar< — Der. histre (verbal subst.), lustr'mt. Lut, sm. (Chem.) lute, luting; from lutum. — Der. luter. fLuth, sm. a lute; introd. from It. liuto.- Der. luthxtx. LUTIN — MAgON, 219 LUTIN, sm. a goblin, elf. Origin unknown. — Der. lutinei. LUTRIN, sm. a lectern ; formerly lelrin, from L. lectrinum; der. from lectrum, used for a pulpit in Isidore of Seville. For ct = t see § 168; for e = M see jwneau. LUTTE, sf. a struggle ; from L. lucta. For letter-changes see lutter. LUTTER, vn. to wrestle, struggle ; from L. luctari. For ct = // see § 168. — Der. lutteViX. Luxation, sf. (Surg.) luxation, dislocation ; from L. luxationem. XiUxe, sm. luxury; from L. luxus. — Der. luxuevLX. Luxer, va. to dislocate; from L. luxare. Luxure, sf. lewdness; from L. luxuria. Luxurieux, adj. lewd ; from L. lux- uriosus. For -osvjlS =^ -eux see § -229. LUZERNE, sf. (Bot.) lucern. Origin un- known. — Der. luzermhxe. Lycanthropie, sf. lycanthropy ; from Gr. \vKav6pojnia. — Der. lycanthrope. Lycee, sm. a lyceum ; from Gr. KvKdov (the Lyceum at Athens). Lycopode, sm. (Bot.) lycopodium; from Gr. \vKos and irovs. Lymphatique, adj. lymphatic; from L. lymphaticus. Lymphe, sf lymph, sap; from L. lympha. Ljmx, sm. a lynx ; from L. lynx. Lyre, sf. a lyre; from L. lyra. Lyrique, adj. lyrical; from L. lyricus. LYS, sm. a lily. See lis. M. MA, poss. pron.f my. See mon. Macadam, sm. macadam ; of hist, origin (from Mr. Macadam, who introduced this method of laying roads), see § 33. — Der. macadamxset. + Macaque, sm. a macauco, dog-faced baboon ; from Port, macaco. •{"Macaron, sw. a macaroon, cake ; from It. maccarone. Its doublet is maccheroni, q.v. fMacaroni, sm. macaroni; from It. maccheroni (pi. of maccarone). tMacaronique, adj. macaronic; from It. macckeronico. Macedoine, sf. a medley. Origin un- known. Maceration, sf. maceration ; from L. macerationem. Mac§rer, va. to macerate; from L. mace- rare. MACHE, sf. a mash. Origin unknown. MACHEFER, sm. scales of iron. Origin unknown. MACHELIERE, sf. a jaw-tooth, grinder; from L. maxiUarius. For ■x. = ch see Idche ; for i = ^ see § 72 ; for -arius = -iere see § 198. MACHER, va. to masticate ; formerly mas- cher, Prov. masgar. It. masticare, from L. mastieare. For regular contr. of masti- cdre to mast'care see § 52 ; whence mas'care, see Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; hence mascher. For ca. = che see §§ 126 and 54; hence mdcher by loss of s, see Hist. Gram. p. 81 — Mdcher is a doublet of mastiquer, q. V. — Der. mdcAeur, machoixe, mhchonner. Machiavelisme, sm. Machiavelism ; from Machiavelli, the Florentine historian. For this historic word see § 33. — Der. ma- chiaveliqae, machiaveliste. Machicoulis, sm. machicolation. Origin unknown. Machinal, adj. mechanical ; from L. ma- chinalis. Machinateur, sm. a plotter; from L. machinatorem. Machination, sf. a machination ; from L. machinationem. Machine, s/. a machine ; from L. machina. Machiner, va. to plot ; from L, ma- chinari. — Der. machiniste. MACHOIRE, sf. a. jaw. See mdcher. MACHONNER, va. to mumble. See md- cher. MACHURER, va. to blacken ; formerly mas- churer, originally mascurer. Of Germ, origin, O.H.G. masca, a blot, spot. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81; for c = cA see § 126. Macis, sm. mace (a spice) ; from L. macis. Made, sf. (Bot.) caltrop, (Min.) made. Origin unknown. MA^ON, sm. a mason ; from L. macionem, in Isidore of Seville : another form is ma- ehionem. ch is softened to c in Latin tiroes. For -eionem- = po« see § 231. — Der. ma^onner, mafonnzge, mafonniqne, franc-wza^o/i, maf onnerie. 220 MA CRE USE — MA TLLET. MACREUSE, (Omith.) s/. the black diver. Origin unknown. Maoule, sf. a spot; from L. macula. Its doublet is maille, q. v. Macular, va. to spot, blemish; from L. maculare. — Der. mac?//ation, macuhtmt. MADAME, sf. Madam, Mistress. See ma and daine. Its doublet is madone, q, v. MADEMOISELLE, sf. Mademoiselle, Miss. See tna and demoiselle. t Madone, sf. a Madonna; from It. madona. Madras, sm. a Madras handkerchief; of hist, origin, see § 33 ; a fabric made origi- nally at Madras. MADRfi, adj. spotted, speckled (as in phrases bois madre, porcelaine madree), cunning, sly. Madre is derived from O. Fr. madre, mazdre ; of Germ, origin, Germ, maser, spotted wood. Maser, contrd. to mas'r, be- comes O.Fr. masdre, mazdre. For sr — sdr see anckre ; for loss of s see Hist. Gram, p. 81. From the sense of spotted, varied in colour or shade, the word takes the sense of ready in ruse and resources, sly. "t Madr6pore, sm. madrepore; from It. madrepora. MADRIER, sm. a joist ; from L. materia- rius*, der. from materia. For regular contr. of matSriarius to mat'riarius see § 52, hence madrier. For tr = (/r see aider; for -ariu8 = -i^ see § 198. + Madrigal, sm. a madrigal ; from It. ma- drigale. tMagasin, sm. a warehouse, shop, maga- zine; formerly ma^azm. Of Oriental origin, Ar. machdzin, properly stores of mer- chandise, then a shop. Mage, sm. a magian ; from L. magus. Magie, sf magic; from L. magia. — Der. ma^ique, m,agici€.n. + Magister, sm. a schoolmaster, pedant; from L. magister. Its doublet is maitre, q. V. MagistSre, sm. a Grandmastership ; from L. magisterium. Magistral, adj. magistral, magisterial ; from L. magistralis. Magistrat, sm. a magistrate; from L. ma- gistratus. — Der. magistratarc. Magnanime, adj. magnanimous; from L. magnanimus. Magnanimity, sf. magnanimity; from L. magnanimitatem. Magnat, sm. a magnate; from L. magna- tus (in this sense in St. Jerome). Magn^sie, sf (Chem.) magnesia ; from L. magnes, a magnet — magnesia having been assimilated by the magnet. Magn6tique, adj. magnetic ; from L. mag- neticus. — Der. tnagnetiser. Magn6tiser, va. to magnetise. See mag- nelique. — Der. magndliseur, magnMsme. Magnificence, sf magnificence; from L. magnificentia. Magniiique, sf magnificent; from L. magnificus, Magnolier, sm. (Bot.) a magnolia ; of hist, origin (see § 33), from Magnol, who died A.D. 1715. MAGOT, sm. a Barbary ape. Origin un- known. MAI, sm. May (month of) ; from L. madius, a form for xaaius found in medieval Lat. * Tunc etiam mensis xaadius florebat in herbis,' says a 1 2th-cent, poem. Again in an iith-cent document, ' Expeditionem movet comes mense madio.' For -adius = -ai, see bai. MAIE, sf a kind of dish ; from L. magida (found in Varro). For loss of medial g see allier, and of d (maida) see accahler. MAIGRE, adj. thin, lean ; from L. macrum. For a = az see § 54; for QT=gr see ad- juger. — Der. maigrelet, maigret, maigrir. MAIGREUR, sm. leanness ; from L. macro- rein. For & = ai see § 54; for CT=gr see adjuger ; for o = eu see § 79. MAIGRIR, sm. to grow lean. See maigre. MAIL, sm. a mall, hammer; from L. mal- leum which became mallium. For eu = iu see abreger, hence mail ; for alliiun. = ail see ail. — Der. maiRet. MAILLE, sf. a mesh ; from L. macula. For regular contr. of mdcula to m.ac'la see § 51, whence maille. For cl = «7 see abeille. Maille is a doublet of macule. — Der. maillot, mailUx. MAILLE, sf. a small coin, maille (worth •083 of a farthing), found in the phrase n' avoir ni sou ni maille ; formerly meaille, O. Port, mealha, answering to L. m.etallea, which became successively metallia (see abreger), and medallia (see aider). Me- dallia is found in sense of money in medieval documents : ' Thesaurus cum medaleis aureis inventus fuerit in horto' is found in an Act of a. d. 1 274 ; also in a Lat. glossary ' Obolus quod est medalia,' whence, by loss of medial d (see accahler), comes O. Fr. meaille, whence maaille (see amender), whence maille. For aa = a cp. age for aage. MAILLET, sm. a mallet. See mail. — Der. mailloche. MA ILLOT—MALFA ITEUR. 2,21 MAILLOT, sm. swaddling clothes. See maille (l). MAIN, sf. a hand ; from L. manus. For -anus = -am see § 194. — Der. main- d'oeuvre (see de and ceiivre). MAINT, adj. many. Origin unknown. MAINTENANT, adv. now. See maintenir. MAINTENIR, va. to maintain. See main and tenir. — Der. matntien (verbal subst.), tnaintenue, maintenant. MAINTIEN, sm. maintenance. See maintenir. MAIRE, sm. a mayor; from L. majorem, found in this sense in medieval documents ; properly the chief man of a city. The late Lat. misplaced the accent from majorem to majorem; then mdjorem, regularly • contrd. (see § 51) into maj'rem. becomes maire. For j = / see aider. Maire is a doublet of major, majeur. — Der. maine. MAIS, co?tj. but ; from L. magis. The ori- ginal sense ' more ' is still seen in the phrase n'en pouvoir mais. Magis loses its medial g (see Hist. Gram, p. 82) and so becomes mats, mais, t Mais, sm. maize; introd. from Sp. mahis. MAISON, sf. a house ; from L. mansionem. For ns = s see atne; for attraction of i, which changes a to ai, see aigle. — Der. Twa/sownette. MAITRE, sm. a master ; formerly maistre, originally maistre, from L. magistrum. For loss of medial g see Hist. Gram. p. 82, whence maistre, then maistre ; whence maitre by loss of s, see Hist. Gram. p. 8r. Maitre is a doublet of magister, q. v. — Der. maiiresse, maitrise, maitrisQi, maitre-nute]. MAITRISER, va. to master, domineer. See maitre. — Der. maitrise (verbal subst.). Majest6, sf. majesty; from L. maj esta- te m. — Der. majestueux. MAJEUR, adj. greater, important ; from L. majorem. For o = eu see § 79. Its doublet is maire, q. v. Major, sffi. a major ; from L. majorem. Its doublet is maire, q. v. Majorat, sm. a majorat, a property which de- scends with a title ; from L. majoratum*. Majordorae, sm. a major-domo; from L. major and domus. Majority, sf. majority; from L. majori- tatem. j Majuscule, adj. capital (of letters) ; from L. majusculus. MAL, sm. evil, harm ; from L. malum. MAL, adv. amiss, ill, badly ; from L. male. — Der. ma/propre, wo/veillant, wo/adroit, mala.de. MAL, adj. bad ; from L. malus. This sense remains in the compd. substantives malgre, malheur, malaise, malencontre, malemort, malfa^ofi. Malachite, sf malachite ; from Gr. fjio\o- XiTT/s (sc. KiOos). Malacie, sf. (Med.) malacia ; from Gp. fiaXafcid. MALADE, adj. sick, ill; in the loth cent. malabde, Prov. malapte, from L, male- aptus, compd. of male and aptus, pro- perly ill-disposed, then indisposed, then sick, ill. For p = 6 see: § 1 1 1 ; for t = c? see aider. Malabde becomes malade by loss of b, just as dub'tare becomes douter. — Der. maladie, malad'iL MALADRESSE, sf unskilfulness. See adresse. MALADROIT, adj. maladroit, clumsy. See adroit. — Der. maladroitement. MALAISE, sm. uneasiness, adj. uneasy. See aise. — Der. malaise. t Malandrin, sm. a highwayman; from It. malandrino. MALART, sm. a mallard, wild drake. Origin unknown. MAL AVISER,T/a. to judge unwisely. Setaviser. Malaxer, t/a..(Eharm.) to work up; from L, malaxare. MALE, sm. male; formerly masle, in 12th cent, mascle, from L. m,asclus, a form of m.asculus, which is found in the Appendix ad Probum. For cl = / cp, musclus, moule; marc'linus*, merlin: for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 8 1. Malediction, sf. a malediction, curse ; from L. malediction em (so used in St. Jerome). MALEFAIM, sf cruel hunger. See mal (3) and faim. Mal6fice, sm. witchcraft; from L. malefi; cium. — Der. malefc'ie. Mal^fique, adj. malevolent; fromL. male- ficus. MALEMORT, sf. a tragic death. See mal (3) and mort. MALENCONTRE, sf. a mishap. See encon- tre and mal (3). — Der. malencontreux. MALENTENDU, sm. a misunderstanding. See mal (3) and entendre. MALEPESTE, interj. plague on! See mal (3) and peste. Mal6vole, adj. malevolent; from L. male- volus. MALFACON, sf. a trick, bad piece of work. See mal (3) and /afo«. MALE AIRE, vn. to do evil. See mal (2) and/azVe, — Der. malfaisdioi, malfaisunce. MALFAITEUR, sm. a malefactor ; from L. %22 MALFA Mt — MA NA NT. znalefactorem. For ot = jV see attrait; for o — eit see § 79. MALFAME, adj. ill-famed. See mal (2) and fame. MALGRACIEUX, adj. rude. See mal (2) and grqcieux. MALGKE, prep, in spite of; originally asm., a compd. of O. Fr. adj. mal (3) and gre (q. v.). MALHABILE, adj. unskilful. See mal (3) and habile. MALHEUR, sm. misfortune. See mal (3) and heiir. — Der. malheureux. MALHONNfiTE, adj. dishonest, uncivil. See mal (2) and honnete. MALHONNETETE, sf. incivility. See mal (3) and honnetete. MALICE, sf. malice ; from L. malitia. For tia = ce see agencer. MALICIEUX, adj. malicious ; from L. mali- tiosus. For -oawB = -eux see § 229. Malignity, sf. malignity; from L. malig- nitatem. For -tateni = -/e see § 230. MALIN, adj. malignant ; from L. malignus. For gn = « see assener and §131. iBIalines, sf. Mechlin lace ; of hist, origin (see § 33), from Malines, where this kind of lace was first made. MALINGRE, adj. ailing ; comp. of mal and of O. Fr. adj. hingre, heingre*, which from L. aegrum. Aegrum, reduced regularly to egrum (see § 104), intercalates an n (see concombre), whence eingre. For e = « before a nasal see § 61 ; for addition of h see envahir. Malintentionn^, adj. evil-intentioned. See mal (2) and intentionne. MALLE, sf. a trunk ; of Germ, origin, O. H.G. malha. — Der. malle-posie, malliet. Malleable, adj. malleable; from L. malle- abilis *. — Der. malleability. Mall^ole, sf. (Anat.) malleolus; from L. malleolus. MALMENER, va. to maltreat. See mal (2) and mener. MALOTRU, sm. a rude, ill-bred person ; formerly malostru, originally malestru, meaning unhappy. Prov. malastruc, opposed to benastruc, is from L, astrutus *, which signifies ' under the influence of a star,' good or bad (for utTis = tt see § 2or ; for a = o see dommage), from astruin, used in Petronius for chance, fortune. Malpropre, adj. dirty. See mal (2) and propre. — Der. malpropret6. MALSAIN, adj. unhealthy. See mal (2) and MALS6ANT, adj. unbecoming. See mal (2) and seant. MALSONNANT, adj. ill-sounding, offensive. See mal and sonner. i'Malt, sm. malt; of Germ, origin, Engl. malt.^ MALTOTE, sf. an exaction, impost ; formerly maltolte, compd. of mal, see mal (3), and tolte, which is from medieval L. tolta, a tax. ' NuUam toltam faciet eis in mer- cato suo, nisi monachi concesserint ' is found in a Chartulary of a.d. 1085. Tollta is contrd. from strong p. p. tollita, meaning properly that which is carried off. For this strong p. p. see § 188. From tolta and the adj. mala comes the compd. luala- tolta, found in medieval documents. ' Mer- catores . . . vcndebant sine toltis mails,' says Matthew Paris. In a Chartulary of a.d. 1 2 24 we find ' de malatolta quam Joannes rex Angliae et sui imposuerunt, sic erit.' — Der. maliotier. MALTRAITER, va. to maltreat. See trailer and mal (2). Malvac6e, adj. sf. (Bot.) malvaceous plant ; from L. malvaceus. MALVEILLANT, adj. malevolent. See bien- veillant. — Der. malveillanct. MALVERSER,v«. to be guilty of evil practices. See mal (2) znAverser. — Der. malversation. MAMAN, sf. mama (onomatopoetic). See § 34. MAMELLE, sf. a teat, breast ; from L. ma- milla. For i — e see § 52. — Der. ma- melon. MAMELON, sm. a teat. See mamelle. Mamillaire, adj. mamillary; from L, ma- millaris. Mammaire, adj. mammary; from L. mamma. Mammifdre, sf. mammiferous; from L. mamma and ferre. Mammouth., sm. a mammoth. Origin un- known. MANANT, sm. a peasant, clown; a term of feudal law, signifying inhabitant of a burgh or village, as in the phrase Les manantse^ habitants d'une paroisse. From this sense of villager comes later the sense of coarseness, clownishness. Manant is from L. m.anentem, cp. tenant from tenentem. Manentem (which properly means one who remains, is attached to the soil) means a peasant in medieval documents : thus we have ' Tradidit casam cum territorio suo et manentes xv cum colonis,' in a Dona- tion of A.D. 1080. MANCHE—MA NUFA CTURE. 223 MANCHE, sf. a sleeve ; from L. manica, by regular contr. (see § 51) of radnica to man'ca, whence manche. For ca — che see §§126 and 54. — Dei.manchette, manchon. MANCHE, sm. a handle, neck (of a fiddle, etc.) ; from L. manica. For letter-changes see above. Its doublet is mantque. — Der. emmancher, demancher. MANCHOT, sm. a one-handed person ; adj. one-armed ; dim. of O. Fr. mane: cp. bachot from bac. The O. Fr. mane is from L. mancus. f Mandarin, S7W. a Mandarin ; from Port. Tnandarin, a name given by the_ Portuguese to the upper officials of the Chinese Empire; a word not used by the Chinese themselves. Mandat, sm. a mandate; from L. man- datum. Its doublet is mande Der. man- rfa/aire. Mandement, sm. a mandate, charge (bi- shop's). See mander. Mander, va. to send (by message, etc); from L. man da re. — Der. mandement, de- mander, contremander. Mandibule, sf. a mandible, jaw ; from L. mandibula. + Mandoline, s/. a mandoline; from It. mandolino. f Mandore, sf. a mandura (lute); from It. mandora. Mandragore, sf. (Bot.) mandrake; from L. mandragora. MANDRIN, sf. a mandrel. Origin unknown. Manducation, sf. manducation, eating ; from L. manducationem. + Manage, sm. training (of horses); from It. maneggio. Manes, sm.pl. manes, shade; from L. manes. + Manganese, sm. manganese; from Germ, mangan. MANGER, va. to eat ; from L. manducare, by contr. (see § 52) of manducdre to mand'care, whence manger. For dc = c = g see adjuger. — Der. mangeoire, mange- aille, demanger, mangeable, mangexxx, mang- eure. Maniaque, adj. maniacal, sm. a maniac ; from L. maniacus. iManie, sf. a mania; from L. mania. MANIER, va. to touch, handle; from L. manicare, from manus. For loss of medial c see affouage. — Der. maniement, rtmanier, manidhXe. MANIERE, sf manner ; from Schol. L. ma- neria, found in Abelard = genere, kind, der. from L. manus. For e = ie see § 56. — Der. maniere. Manifestation, sf manifestation ; from L. manifestationem. Manifesto, adj. manifest, sm. a manifesto; from L. manifestus. Manifester, va. to manifest; from L. ma- nifestare, der. from manifestus. — Der. manifeste (verbal subst.). Manigance, sf a manceuvre ; from manus, through some unknown intermediary form. — Der. maniganeex. + Manille, sf manille (a term used in the game of ombre) ; from Sp. malilla. i* Manioc, sm. tapioca; introd. from Sp. American colonies. Manipule, sm. a handful, maniple ; from L. manipulus. — Der. manipulex, manipula- tion. MANIVELLE, sf. a crank, winch. Origin unknown. MANNE, sf. manna ; from L. manna. MANNE, sf. a hamper; of Germ, origin. Germ, manne (?) + Mannequin, sm. a mannikin ; of Germ, origin, Du. maneken, a little man. MANCEUVRE, sf. a manoeuvre, properly work of the hand ; from medieval L. manu- opera, contrd. to manopera. For letter- changes see oeuvre. — Der. mancBuvrex, ma- nouvriex, manceuvnex. MANOIR, sm. a manor; from L, mane- rium*, in medieval texts, = a residence, from manere, to reside. For e = oi see § 62. MANQUER, vn. to miss ; from L. mancare*, properly to mutilate, from adj. mancus — Der. manque (verbal subst.), manquement, immanquahle. Mansarde, sf. a garret window, garret ; of hist, origin (see § 33), from Mansard, who invented this kind of window. Mansu6tude, sf. gentleness; from L. mansuetudinem. MANTE, sf. a mantle ; from L. mantum, a short cloak, in Isidore of Seville. — Der. O. Fr. mantel *, softened into manteau (for el = eau see agneau), which has, however, survived in demanteler (q. v.) and in man- telet. MANTEAU, sm. a cloak. See mante. MANTELET, sm. a short cloak. See mante. t Mantille, s/". a mantilla; from Sp. man- tilla. Manuel, adj. manual; from L. manualis. Manufacture, sf. manufacture; a word formed from two Lat. words factura and manus, lit. a making by the hand. — Der. manufacturex, manufacturiex. 224 MANUSCRIT—MARE. Manuscrit, sm. a manuscript ; from L. manu scriptus. "Man utention, sf. maintenance. Before being thus restricted the word meant admi- nistration, originally action of managing. Manutention is from two Lat. words manus and tenere. Mappemonde, sf. a map of the world; from L. mappa mundi, lit. a cloth of the world. MAQUEREAU, sm. a mackerel. Origin un- known, t Maquette, s/; a sculptor's rough model ; from It. tnacchietta. MAQUIGNON, sm. a horse dealer ; of Germ, origin, Flem. macken, to traffic. — Der. ma- quignonnzge. MARAICHER, sm. a kitchen gardener. See marais. MARAIS, sm. a marsh, bog, kitchen garden (environs of Paris) ; formerly marois and maresc, from medieval L. mariscus. Ma- riscus is of Germ, origin, O. Flem. mae- rasch. Mariscus becomes marais by sc = c, see bois ; and by i = oi, see boire. For oi = ai see § 62. Ffom O. Fr. maresc comes O. Fr. marescage, now marecage (for loss of s see Hist, Gram. p. 81), O.Fr. ma- raischer now maraicher. For letter-changes see f rats znd/raiche. Marasme, sm. consumption ; from Gr. fia- pafffiSs, t Mar as quin, sw. maraschino; from It. marasca, a cherry, whence the liqueur is made. MARATRE, sf. a step-mother, a cruel mother; formerly marrastre, from L. matraster * (for restriction of meaning see § 13). Matraster, contrd. regularly to matrast'r (see § 50), becomes marrastre, then marastre by tr = rr = r (see § 168), then mardtre (see Hist, Gram. p. 81). MARAUD, sm. a knave, rascal. Origin un- known. — Der. marauder. MARAUDER, va. to go marauding, ravage. See maraud. — Der. maraude (verbal subst.), maraudem. fMarav6dis, sm. a maravedi (Sp. coin) ; from Sp. maravedi. MARBRE, sm. marble ; from L. marmorem, by regular contr. (see § 51) of m6rm6- rem to marm'rem, whence marbre. For mi = mbr see absoudre, and Hist. Gram. p. 73 ; for loss of m see Hist, Gram. p. 81. —Der. marbrier, marbrtr, marbmxe, mar- irerie, marfcrifere. MARC, sm. a mark (weight, 8 oz.) ; of Germ, origin, O. H. G. marc. MARC, sm. a residuum, dregs (of pressed fruits, etc.). Origin unknown, MARCASSIN, sm. a young wild boar. Origin unknown, fMarcassite, sf. (Min.) marcassite; from Ar, marcazat. MARCHAND, sm. a shopkeeper, dealer ; for- merly marck^and, marchedant. It. merca- dante, from L, mercatantem, pres, partic, of medieval Lat. mercatare, to sell ; as in 'Volunt dum vobis placeat pacifice et quiete cum vestri meroatando et negoti- ando conversari,' from an Act of the nth cent. Mercatare is a frequent, of mercari. Mercatantem loses medial t (see abbaye), changes ca, = che (see §§ 126 and 54), whence O.Fr. marcheant. For e = a see amender. — Der. marchandex, marchandlse. MARCHE, sf the march (military frontier) ; of Germ, origin, O, H. G. marcha. Its doublet is marque. MARCHE, sf. march, walk, gait. See marcher. MARCHE, sm. a market. Prov. mercat. It. mercato, from L, mercatum. For e = a see amender; for c = cA see § 126; for -ai;tuin = -e see § 201, MARCHEPIED, sm. a step (stair), footboard. See marcher and pied. MARCHER, vn. to walk, lit. to stamp about with one's feet, to beat down (so in brick- making the phrase les briquetiers marchent I'argile is used) ; from L. marcare *, der. from marcus, a hammer, properly to tread down. A Lat.-Fr. glossary of the 13th cent, has ' c a 1 c a r e = marcher.' For ca = che see §§ 126 and 54. — Der. marche (verbal subst,), marchem, demarche. MARCOTTE, sf. (Bot,) a layer; formerly margotte, der,, with dim. suffix otte, from L. mergus. For e = a see amender. — Der. marcotter. MARDI, sm. Tuesday ; formerly marsdi. It. martedi, from L. Martis dies, found in the Inscriptions ; properly Mars' day. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. MARE, sf. a pond, pool; from L. mara*, found in medieval Lat. texts. ' Maras potare lutosas,' says Guillaume the Breton in his Philippide. Mara is a corruption of mare, taken from water generally : from the 7th cent, mare signiiies sweet as well as salt water. * Mare est aquarum gene- ralis collectio. Omnis enim congregatio aquarum sive salsae sint, sive dulces sint, abusive majria nuncupantui',' says Isidore of Seville. MA RMCA GE — MA RMO T. 225 MARECAGE, sm. a marsh. See marais. — Der. juarecagtux. MARECHAL, sm. properly one who takes care of horses ; thus marechal ferrarit is the farrier who shoes them. The marechal de France^ and originally the marechal, was an officer set over the horses and stables of the king. Marechal, formerly mareschal, is from Merov. L. raariscalcus (an officer in charge of the king's horses). ' Si maris- calcus, qui super 12 caballos est, occidi- tur, II. solid, componatur,' says the Lex Alamanorum 7, 9. Mariscalcus is of Germ, origin, O. H. G. marahscalc. Ma- riscalcus becomes mareschal by i = e, see § 72; G = ch, see § 126; and loss of c, see bois. For later loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. marechalerie. MARECHAUSSEE, sf. properly a troop com- manded by a 'marshal.' Marechaussee is from medieval Lat. marescalciata, der. from mariscalcus, see marechal. Mar- escalciata becomes mareschaussee by -ata = -ee, see § 201; by i = e, see § 72 ; by c = ch, see §[ 126; by al=aM, see agneau; by ci = c = s, see agencer. For later loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. MAREE, sf. tide; from L, mare, der. by adding suffix ee (= ata, see § 201). Maree from mare answers to ondee from onde. MARELLE, sf. hopscotch. See merelle. MARGE, sf. margin ; from L, marginem. For loss of l^t two atonic syllables see §§ 5°? 51- — Der, marg'inal, emargex, marg- elle! MARGELLE, sf. kerb-stone (of a well). See marge. Marginal, adj. marginal. See marginer. Marginer, va. to margin ; from L. m.ar- ginare, — Der, margi?i2i\. Marguerite, */. (Bot,) a daisy, pearl; from L, margarita, MARGUILLIER, sm. a churchwarden ; for- merly marreglier, from L, matricularius, found in medieval documents for the officer who keeps the church registers. ' La ma- tricxile de I'eglise : Officium matricu- larii est illuminare et extinguere omnia lumina,' says an eccles. regulation, Ma- tricularius, regularly contrd. (see § 52) to m^atric'larius, becomes O. Fr. mar- reglier. For tr = rr see § 168; for i — e see § 72 ; for c\ = gl see aigle ; for -arius = -ier see § 198, Marreglier later becomes mareglier, whence mar'glier and marguillier. Marguillier is a doublet of matricidaire, q, v. MARI, sm. a husband ; from L, maritus. For -itus = -z see § 201. MARIAGE, 5/. marriage. Prov. maridatge. It. maritagio, from L. m.aritatiCTim, found in medieval Lat, texts, as e. g. a.d. 1062, in the Chartulary of Marmoutier : • Cum de medietate ipsius terrae movisset calumniam quidam Constantinus , . . asserens eam suae conjugi in maritaticum datam.' Maritaticum becomes mariage by loss of medial t, see abbaye and § 117; and by -aticum = -a^e, see age and § 248. MARIER, va. to marry, Prov, maridar, It, maritare, from L. m.aritare. For loss of medial t see abbaye. — Der, manable, mari- eur, xemarier, demarier. MARIN, adj. marine ; from L. marinus, — Der, marinxex, mariner, marine, marina.de. MARINGOUIN, sm. (Entom.) a mosquito. Origin unknown, Marionnette, sf. a puppet ; of hist, origin, see § 33, Mariojtnelte is for mariolette (for l—n see marne) ; mariolette is dim. of mariole, found in medieval Fr. documents in sense of puppet, doll, originally little figures of the Virgin Mary, whence dim. mariole. Marital, adj. marital; from L. maritalis. — Der. maritalement. Maritalement, arfz/, matrimonially. See marital. Maritime, adj. maritime ; from L. mari- timus, Maritorne, sf. a masculine woman ; of hist, origin (see § 33), from the name of the inn-servant in Don Quixote, Maritorna. Marivauder, va. to refine excessively ; of hist, origin (see § 33), from Marivaux, an l8th-cent. writer. — Der. marivaudnge. MARJOLAINE, sf. (Bot.) sweet marjoram. Origin unknown, MARJOLET, sm. a little coxcomb. Origin unknown, MARMAILLE, sf. a troop of little ones, little brats ; from It. marmaglia. See marmot. tMarmelade, */", marmalade; from Sp. mermelada. MARMENTEAU, adj. reserved (of timber). Origin unknown, MARMITE, sf. a pot, saucepan. Origin un- known. — Der, marmiteux (properly ' poor '), marmiton. MARMITON, sm. a scullion. See marmite. MARMONNER, va. to mutter. Origin un- known, MARMOT, sm. a marmoset, a child; der. with marmaille from a common root marm-, seen also in It. marmotto. Q 226 MA RMOTTE—MA SSE. fMarmotte, 5/: a marmot, a little girl; from It, marmotta. MARMOTTER, va. to mutter. Origin un- known. Marmouset, sm. a queer figure, 'little monkey.' Origin unknown. MARNAGE, sm. marling, claying (of ground). See tnarne. MARNE, sf. (Agric.) marl, clay and chalk. O. Fr. marie, still used in Normandy ; from L. margula (from znarga, in Pliny), Mdx- giila, contrd. regularly to mar'la (see §51), becomes O. Fr. marie, whence marne by / = «, for which cp. libella,mWaM; pess'la, phte (O. Fr, pesne, pesle); poster'la, po- terne; colucla*, quenouille (the form co- nucla for colucla is to be met with in Merov. documents). — Der. marmhct, marn- er, marnzge, marne\ix. Maroquin, sm, morocco ; of hist, origin, see § 33 ; from Morocco, where it was first made. Marotique, adj. Marotic ; of hist, origin, see § 33; from Marot, the well-known Fr. poet of the i6th cent. MAROTTE, sf. a fool's-cap, hobby-horse, pro- perly a puppet ; from Marie, see marion- nette. MAROUFLE, sf. lining-paste. Origin un- known. MARQUE, sf. a mark, sign, token; of Germ, origin, Germ. ' mark. Its doublet is marche, q. v. — Der. marqutx, marqua.nt. Marquer, va. to mark. See marque. Its doublet is marcher, q. v. — Der. marquem, Temarquer, demarquer. MARQUETER, va. to chequer ; frequent, of marquer. Cp, tacheter from tacher, voleter from voler, etc. — Der, marquetene. MARQUIS, sm. a marquis ; formerly marchis, from medieval L, marcliensis, properly a governor set over the marches or empire- frontiers from the time of Charlemagne. Marcliensis is from marcha ; see marche. Marcliensis, with ns = s (see aine) and e = / (see § 59), becomes marchis, then marquis (see Hist. Gram. p. 81). — Der. marquise, marquisat. MARRAINE, sf. a godmother, Prov. mai- rina. It. madrina, from L. matrina *, der. from mater. For tr = rr see § 168; for i = af cp. patrinus*, parrain; digno, daigne; glitea, glaise; dominum, do- maine; pullinus,/>OM/az«, Also see a/>am, MARRI, adj. or p.p. sad ; p.p. of O. Fr. verb marrir, to sadden ; of Germ, origin, Germ. marrjan. t Marron, sm. a chestnut; from It. mar- rone. — Der. »mrro«nier. + Marron, smf. a maroon (free West Indian negro) ; from Sp. cimarron. Marrube, sm. (Bot.) bugle weed ; from L. marrubjum. MARS, sm. Mars, March; from L. Mars. MARSOUIN, sm. (Ichth.) a porpoise; of Germ, origin, O. H. G. meri-suin, a mere- swine, sea-hog. MARTEAU, sm. a hammer ; formerly martel (for -el = -eau see agneau), from L, mar- tellus*, a form of martulus, dim. of L, martus, found in late Lat. texts. Its doublet is martel. — Der, marteler, martelet. MARTELER, va. to hammer, torment un- bearably. See marteau. — Der. martehgc, marteleuT. Martial, adj. martial ; from L. martial is. MARTINET, sm. a tilt-hammer, flat-candle- stick ; dim. of marteau. MARTINET, sm. (Ornith.) a martin; der. from Martin : cp. pierrot from Pierre, and sansonnet from Sanson. — Der. (from the proper name Martin) martin-picheur. Martingale, sf. a martingale, strap; of hist, origin (see § 33), from Martigues in Pro- vence ; the Martigaux, or Martingaux, having been the first to wear stockings a la martingale. MARTRE, sf. (Mamm,) a martin. It. mar- tora, from L, martalus *, found in some late Lat. texts, Martalus is from martes, found in Martial in this ^ense (Ep. x. 37), if the reading is correct. Martalus, regularly contrd. to mart'lus (see § 51), becomes martre by 1 = r, see apotre. Martjrr, sm. a martyr; from L. martyr. — Der. martyriser, martyre. Martyrologe, sm. martyrology ; from Gr. fidprvs and \6yos. + Mascarade, sf. a masquerade; from It. mascherata. f Mascaron, sm. a mask; from It, mas- cherone. Masculin, adj. masculine; from L. mascu- linus. t Masque, sm. a mask, visor; introd. in 16th cent, from It, maschera. — Der. masquer, d^masquer. MASSACRER, va. to massacre; of Germ, origin. Low Germ, matsken. — Der. maS' sacre (verbal subst,), massacrcnr. MASSAGE, sm. shampooing. Origin un- known. MASSE, sf. a mass; from L, massa. — Der, massii, masstx, z-masstx, massicot. MASSE — MA UDIRE. 227 MASSE, sf. a mace; from L. matea*, the lost primitive of mateola, a staff. Matea becomes matia (see abreger), whence masse, by -tia = -ise, see agencer. — Der. mass'ier. tMassepain, sm. marchpane; in Ron- sard marcepain, from It. marzapane. MASSUE, sf. a club; from L. maxuca*, found in medieval documents, as in ' Qui- dam enormis staturae ferens ingentem maxucam. super caput ejus ' (^Ordericus Vitalis). Maxuca is a deriv. of massa, see masse. Maxuca becomes masstie. For X = ss see aisselle ; for -u,ca = -tie see § 212. Mastic, sm. mastic; from L. mastiche. — Der. mastiquei. Mastication, sf. mastication ; from L. masticationem. Mastodonte, sm. a mastodon ; from Gr. obovs, oduVTOs, and fiaaros. MASURE, sf. a hovel, ruin ; from L. man- sura*, properly a residence, from man- ere : ' Anno vero sequenti dedit illis in puram et perpetuam eleemosynam suum dominium Marbodii et suam raansuram,' says a Charter of a.d. 1120. Mansuxa becomes masure by ns = s, see aine. Mat, sm. mate (in chess). See echec. — Der. maler. fMat, adj. heavy, dull; from Germ, mail, weary, weak, then dull. — Der. math, mat- he. MAT, sm. a mast ; formerly mast; of Germ, origin, Germ. mast. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. mdtei, demdter, mature, wa/ereau. + Matador, sm. a matador; from Sp. matador, properly a slayer. tMatamore, sm. a bully; from Sp. matamoros, properly a killer of Moors. i'Matassin, sm. a matachin, one who dances the Sp. matachin. MATELAS, sm. a mattress ; formerly ma- teras, Prov. almatrac, Sp. almadraque; of Oriental origin, see § 31 ; from Ar. al matrak. The O. Fr. materas. It. materasso, reproduce the Arabic subst. without the article al found in the Sp. almadraque and Prov. almatrac. — Der. matelassex, matelas- siere. MATELOT, sm. a sailor. Origin unknown. — Der. matelote. MATER, va. to checkmate. See mat. |Mat6rialiser, va. to materialise ; der. from materiel. — Der. materialisms, mate- rialiste. Materiality, sf. materiality; der. from 7nateriel. Materiaux, sm. pi. materials, pi. of a form material^ ; from materialis, from ma- teria, building-wood. Materiel, adj. material; from L. materi- alis. — Der. materiality. ' Maternel, adj. maternal; from L. mater- nalis, from maternus. Maternity, sf maternity; from L. mater- nitatem. from maternus. Math^matique, sf mathematics ; from L. mathematica (so found in Cicero). — Der. mnthematicien. Mati^re, sf matter; from L. materia. For e = ie see § 56. MATIN, sm. morning; from L. raatutinum. For regular contr. of matutmum into mat'tinum see § 52; whence It. tnal- tino, and Fr. matin. — Der. matinee, matinul, matineux, matines, matiniex. MATIN, sm. a great cur, mastiff, properly a watch dog. Matin, O. Fr. mastin. It. mas- tino, from L. mansatinus * (properly a dog which stays in the house), der. from mansum, found in medieval texts. Man- sum is the partic. subst. of manere. Mansatinus, regularly contrd. (see § 52) to mans'tinus, gives mastin (for ns = s see atne), thence matin, by loss of s, see Hist. Gram. p. 8 1 . — Der. matinex, mdtineiu. MATINES, sf.pl. matins. See matin. MATIR, vn. to deaden (metals). See mat. MATOIS, adj. cunning, sly. Origin un- known. — Der. matoisexie. MATOU, sm. a tom-cat, ugly person. Origin unknown. Matras, sm. a mattress. Origin unknown. Matrice, sf the matrix, womb; from L. matricem. Matricule, sf matriculation; from L. ma- tricula. — IDer.matricuhixe (whose doublet is marguillier, q.v.). Matrimonial, adj. matrimonial; from L. matrimonialis. Matrone, sf a matron; from L. matrona. t Matte, sf (Met.) matt, a mass; from Germ, matte. Maturation, s/, ripening; from L. matu- rationem. MATURE, sf. masts, wood for masts. See mat. Maturity, sf maturity; from L. maturi- tatem. Matutinal, adj. matutinal; from L. matu- tinalis. MAUDIRE, va. to curse ; formerly maldire, Q2 328 MA UDISSON — M^DECINE. from L. maledicere (so used in St. Jerome). For mal = mau see agtieau ; for -dioere = -dire see dire. — Der. tnajddit. MAUDISSON, sm. a curse; formerly mal- disson, from L. maledictiouem. For -ctio = -sso see frisson ; for al ■= au see agneau^ ^ MAUGREER, vn. to rage, show one's ill-will, one's mal gre, as the medieval phrase ran, see malgr^. Malgre becomes inaugre by al = au, see agneau ; whence maugreer. Mausol6e, sm. a mausoleum ; from L. mausoleum (found in Pliny). MAUSSADE, adj. unpleasant, sour, awkward ; formerly malsade, of a bad taste ; a compd. of mal (see mal 2) and O. Fr. adj. sade, pleasant-tasting. Sade is from L. sapidus by regular contr. (see § 51) of sdpidus to sap'dus, whence sade by pd = c?, see hideux. Malsade becomes maussade by al = au, see agneau. — Der. maussaderie. MAUVAIS, adj. bad. Origin unknown. MAUVE, sf. (Bot.) a mallow; from L. malva. For al = a?/ see agneau. MAUVIETTE, sf. a lark. See mauvis. MAUVIS, sm. a mavis, thrush, redwing ; for- merly malvis, from L. malvitius *, found in medieval Lat. texts. Malvitius is a compd. of malixm and vitis, the thrush being very destructive to the vine. The Germans call the same bird iveingarts- vogel; in several parts of France the bird is called grive de vendange, thus confirming the etymology given (see § 15). Mal- vitius becomes mauvis by al—-ati, see agneau ; and ti = s see agencer. — Der. mau- viette. Maxillaire, adj. maxillary; from L. m ax- illaris. Its doublet is machelier, q. v. Maxime, sf. a maxim ; from Schol. L. maxima (sc. sententiarum, a greater proposition, one which is general and ab- solute). f Maximum, sm. a maximum; from L. maximtun. MAZETTE, sf a sorry beast (horse), feeble person. Origin unknown. ME, pers. pron. (accus.) me ; from L. me. Idl^andre, sm. a meander, winding course ; of hist, origin, see § 33 ; from the river Meander in Phrygia. M^at, sm. (Anat.) a meatus ; from L. meatus. M^canique, (i) sf mechanics; from L. mechanic a. — Der, mecanicien, mecanisme. (3) adj. mechanical. M^cdne, sm. a Maecenas, patron ; of hist, origin, see § 33 ; alluding to Maecenas, minister and friend of Augustus, patron of literature. M6cliancet6, sf wickedness. See mechant. MEG H ANT, adj. wicked ; formerly mes- chant, originally mescheant, meaning in O. Fr. unhappy, that which has bad chance, pres. partic. of mescheoir, to be unlucky. Mesch'oir is from L. minus cadere, lit. to fall amiss. For meaning see chance. For minus = mes = me see mes-; for co,- dere = cheoir see choir. — Der. mechancete (der. from O. Fr. mtchance, representing L. minuscadentia *. For letter-changes see m£s- and chance). MfiCHE, sf wick (of a candle) ; formerly mesche, from L, myxa, fem, form of myxus (for x = cs see lacher), whence mycsa, thence mysca. For ca, = che see §§ 126, 54; for i = « see § 72; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81.— Der. mecher. MECHEF, sm. mischief, misfortune, harm ; formerly meschef Prov. mescap, Sp. meno- scabo, lit. a misadventure. As may be seen from the form of words in other Romance languages meschef is compd. of mes- and chef {(\. v.). MECOMPTE, sm. a miscalculation. See me- comptex. MECOMPTER, vn. to count wrong, strike wrong (of clocks) ; formerly mescompter. For etymology see mes- and compter. — Der. mecompte (verbal subst.). MECONNAITRE, va. to fail to recognise, disown, deny ; formerly mesconnaitre. See mes- and connaitre. — Der. meconnaissunce, nieconnaissahle. MECONTENT, adj. discontented; formerly mescontent. See mes- and content. — Der. mecontenter, mecontentemeht. MECREANT, sm. unbeliever, miscreant, one who believes in some other religion, not the Christian, properly one who believes amiss. Mecreant, formerly mescreant. It. miscredente, is a compd. of mes- (q. v.) and creant, from L. credentem. For loss of medial d see accabler. MECROIRE, vn. to disbelieve ; formerly mes- croire. See mes- and croire. t M^daille, sf a medal ; from It. me- daglia. Its doublet is maille, q. v. — Der. medaillon, medailler, medailliste. M^ecin, sm. a physician ; from L. medi- cinus. For i= « see § 72. M^decine, sf. medicine; from L. medi- cina. For i=e see § 72. M^DIA N — MEMENTO. 329 Median, adj. (Anat.) median ; from L. medianus. Its doublet is moyen, q. v. Medianoche, sm. a meat supper ; from Sp. medianoche. Mediastin, sm. (Anat.) mediastine ; from L. mediastinus. 'M.^diat, adj. mediate; from L. mediatus. — Der. mediatiser, \mmediat. M^diateur, sm. a mediator; from L. me- diatorem *. Mediation, sf. mediation ; from L. media- tionem. Medical, adj. medical; from L. medicalis*, der. from medicus. Medicament, sm. a medicament, medi- cine; from L. medicamentum. — Der. medicamenter, medic ament&nx. Medicinal, adj. medicinal; from L, medi- cinalis. Mediocre, adj. middling, mediocre; from L. mediocrem. M^diocritCj s/. mediocrity ; from L. medio- critatem. For -tateni= -te see § 230. MEDIRE, vn. to speak ill (of); formerly viesdire. See mes- and dire. — Der, medi- sant, medisa.nce. Meditatif, adj. meditative ; from L. medi- tativus. Meditation,.?/, meditation; from L. medi- tationem. Mediter,z/fl.to meditate; from L.meditare. Mediterran§, adj. mediterranean ; from L. mediterraneus. Medium, sw. a medium; from L. medium. M6dullaire, adj. medullary; from L. me- dullaris. MEFAIRE, vn. to do harm ; formerly mes- faire. See mes- and /aire. — Der. me/ait (partic. subst.). MEFAIT, sm. a misdeed. See mefaire. MEFIANCE, sf. mistrust. See mefier. MEFIER (SE), vpr. to mistrust; formerly mesjier. See mes- and Jier. — Der, me/?ant, wtj/?ance, MEGARDE, sf. inadvertence ; verbal subst. of O. Fr. verb megarder, originally mes- garder, see mes- and garder. M6gdre, sf. a fury, vixen; from L. Me- ^aera, one of the Furies. MEGISSIER, sm. a leather-dressgr ; from O. Fr. megis, a compd. of ashes and alum used in leather-dressing. Origin unknown. — Der. megisserie. MEILLEUR, adj. better ; from L. meliorem. For li = // see ail : for o = eu see § 88, Melancolie, sf. melancholy; from L, me- lancholia. M6lancolique, adj. melancholy, dismal ; from L. melancholicus. MELANGE, sot, a mixture. See meler. — Der, melanger. t M6lasse, sf. molasses, treacle; from Sp, melaza. MELER, va. to mix ; formerly mesler. Port. mesclar, from L. misculare, found in medieval Lat. documents: as ' Per pluri- morum ora vulgatur, vos dicere, quoniam de istis rapinis atque depredationibus nihil vos debeatis misculare, unusquisque sua defendat ut potest,' from a letter by Hinc- mar, a.d. 859. Misculare is a frequent, of raiscere. Misculare, regularly contrd. (see § 52) to misc'lare, becomes mes- ler (for cl = / see male ; for i = ^ see § 72), thence meler (for loss of s see Hist. Gram, p. 81). — Der. melee (partic. subst.), me'/ange, gele-mt/^, emmeler, demeler. MELEZE, SOT. a larch. Origin unknown. M6lisse, ./. balm mint ; from Gr. fiiXtatxa, because the bee delights in this plant, Mellifdre, adj. meUiferous; from L. m el- lifer. M61odie, sf melody ; from Gr. jxe\oj8ia. — Der. melodienx. M61odrame, sm. a melodrama, properly acting with songs; from Gr. /ztAos and Spd/ixa. M61omanie, sf. music-madness ; from Gr. fXiKos and fiavia. — Der, melomane. Melon, sm. a melon; from L, melonem, — Der. OTe/o«niere. M61op6e, sf. melopoeia, laws of musical composition ; from Gr, fXfKoTToda. Membrane, sf. a membrane; from L. membrana. — Der, membraneux. Membre, sot. a limb, member ; from L, membrum, — Der. membre, membru, de- membrer. MfiME, adj. same ; formerly mesme, meesme, earlier me'isme, originally medisnie. Prov, metessme, It, medesimo, from L, metip- simus, contrd. from raetipsissimus, found in classical documents in the form ipsis- simusmet = altogether the same. Me- tipsimus, contrd. to metips'mus, becomes O. Fr. medisme. For ps = s see caisse ; for t = d see aider. This form is found in ilth cent, in the Poem of St. Alexis. Me- disme becomes first me'isme, by loss of medial d (see accabler), then meesme, by i — e (see mettre), then mesme, by ee = e, lastly meme, by loss of s (see Hist. Gram, p. 81). — Der. OTtOTement. t Memento, sot. a memento; from L. memento. 230 MSMOIRE — MER CREDI. MEMOIRE, sf. memory; from L. memoria. For attraction of i see chanoine. Memorable, «((/. memorable ; from L. nie- morabilis. For -abilia = ■ a6/fi see affable. Memorial, sm. a memorial; from L. me- morial is. — Der. immemorial. MENACE, sf. a menace, threat ; from L. minacia. Plautus uses pi. minaciae. For -oia = -ce see agencer ; for i = « see mettre. — Der. menacer, menagAtit. MANAGE, sm. housekeeping, household ; for- merly mesnage, originally maisnage, from L. mansionaticiun *, expenses of a house- hold, in Carol, documents. ' Nemo in villis nostris mansionaticum accipiat ' is a phrase in the Capitulary De Villis. Man- sionaticum is der. from mansionem, see maison. Mansion6.ticum, contrd. (see § 52) to nians'naticum, reduces ns to s (see atne\ whence masnaticum, whence maisnage by a = «i (see § 54), and by •aticum = -a^c (see age). Maisnage be- comes mesnage by ai = e (see §§ 103, 104), thence menage (see Hist, Gram. p. 81). — Der. menagex, menaghre, menagement, de- menagex, emmenager, menagerie (properly a place where the animals of a household are kept, then by extension a place in which are kept rare and foreign animals). iM^nagenient, sm. consideration, regard. See menage. Mendiciti, sf. mendicity, begging; from L. mendicitatem *. MENDIER, va. to beg ; from L. mendicare. For loss of medial c see affouage. — Der. mendidint. MENER, vn. to drive ; from L. minare, used of cattle or flocks. For i — e see mettre. Its doublet is miner, q. v. — Der. menee (partic. subst.), meneur, zmener, ra- mener, dC'mener, emmener, promener. MENESTREL, sm. a minstrel ; from L. mi- nistrale, in medieval Lat, properly a ser- vant. 'Una cum ministrale nostro Johanne et infantes suos ' is found in a charter of A.D. 805. For i^e see § 59. MENETRIER, sm. a fiddler; formerly me- nestrier, from L. ministerarius *, der. from minister. Ministerdrius, regu- larly contrd. (see § 52) to minist'rarius, becomes menestrier. For i = e see § 72; for -arius = -ier see § 198 ; for loss of s see Hist. Gram, p, 81, Meninge, sf. (Med.) coat of the brain; from Gr. /J-^viy^. — Der. meningite. M^nisque, sm. a meniscus ; from Gr. /xt]- vioKos. MENOTTE, sf. a little hand, handcufF; dim. of main, q. v. MENSONGE, sm. a lie. See mentir.—Der. mensongex. Mensuel, adj. mensual, monthly ; irregularly der. from L, mensis. Mental, adj. mental ; from L, mental is. Menthe, sf. (Bot), mint; from L. mentha. Mention, sf. mention; from L. mentio- nem. — Der. mentionnex. MENTIR, vn. to lie; from L. mentiri.— Der, menteux, mentexie, demendr, men>>onge (the exact relation between this word and mentir is unknown). MENTON, sm. the chin; from L, mento- nem *, from mentum. — Der. mentonxuhxe. Mentor, sm. a mentor ; of hist, origin, see § 33 ; allusion to Mentor the adviser of Telemachus. MENU, adj. slender, small ; from L. minu- tus. For i = e see § 72 ; for -utus = -7/ see § 201. Menu is a doublet of minute, q. V. — Der, menuet, menitisex (i, e, to cut small, then to carpenter), menuisiex, menu- iserie. MENUET, sm. a minuet. See menu. MENUISIER, sm. a carpenter. See menu. Mephitique, adj. mephitic; from L. me- phiticus. — Der, mephitisme. MEPLAT, s?n. flat part, adj. flat; formerly mesplat. See mes- and plat. MEPRENDRE, vpr. to be mistaken; for- merly mesprendre. See mcs- and prendre. — • Der. meprise (partic. subst, see absoute). MEPRIS, sm. contempt. See mepriser. MEPRISE, sf. mistake. See meprendre. MEPRISER, va. to despise ; formerly mes- priser. See mes- and priser. — Der. mepris (verbal subst.), meprisant, me/>r/sable. MER, sf. the sea; from L. mare. For & = e see § 54. + Mercantile, adj. mercantile; from It. mercantile. Mercenaire, adj. mercenary ; from L. mercenarius. MERCERIE, sf. mercery, haberdashery. See 7nercier. MERCI, sf. mercy, sm. thanks ; from L. mercedem. For loss of d see alouette; for e = / see § 59. — Der, xemerciex (compd. of O. Fr, mercier). MERCIER, sm. a mercer ; from L, merce- rius * : in Low Lat, documents mercerius is from mercem. Fore = «see § 56. — Der, mercexie. MERCREDI, sm. Wednesday ; from L. Mer- cnrii dies, so used in inscriptions ; pro- MERCURE — MESQUIN. 231 perly Mercury's day). Mercurii becomes Mercre by regular loss of u, see § 51. Mercure, sm. mercury; from L. mercu- rius Der. mercur\t\ (whose doublet is merciiriale). MERE, sf. mother; originally medre, It. madre, from L. matrem. For tr = r see § 168 ; for a = e see § 54. Mere, adj. pure, finest (of wool), in such phrases as mere goutte, mere laine ; from L, merus. MERELLE, sf. hopscotch ; from L. ma- trella *, der. from matara, a game which takes its name from the tile,, etc., with which it is played. For tr = r see § 168 ; for a = e see § 54. M6ridien, adj. meridian, sm. the meridian ; from L. meridianus. — Der. meridienne. Meridional, adj. meridional, southern; from L. meridionalis. Meringue, sf. a meringue. Origin un- known. t Merinos, sf. a merino sheep; introd. from Sp. merino, a flock which changes its pasturage. MERISE, sf. a wild cherry. Origin unknown. — Der. merisitr. M§rite, sm. merit; from L. meritum. — Der. mtriter, meritohe. MERLAN, sm. (Ichth.) a whiting. Origin unknown. MERLE, sm. (Ornith.) a blackbird ; from L. merula. For regular contr. of merula to mer'la see § 51. + Merlin, sm. a marline; from Eng. mar- line. MERLIN, sm. a hammer ; from L. marcu- linus*, from marculus by regular contr. (see § 52) of marculinus to marc'li- nus, whence merlin. For cl = / see male; for B, = e see § 54. MERLUCHE, sm. (Ichth.) hake; formerly merluce, Sp. merluza. Compd. of hice and mer { = luce de mer) ; hice is from L. lu- cius, properly a pike. For ciu = ce see agencer; for o = ck see § 126. MERRAIN, sm. a clapboard, properly wood for building, etc. ; from L. materiamen, found in Merov. texts : * Si quis Ripu- arius in silva communi materiamen vel ligna fissa abstulerit,' says the Ripuarian Code, 76. Materiamen is from m.ate- ria. Materidmen, regularly contrd. (see § 52) to mat'riamen becomes merrain. For -amen = -am see § 226; for tr = rr see § 16S ; for a = e see § 54. MERVEILLE, sf. a wonder. It. maraviglia. from L. mirabilia, properly marvels. Mirabilia, contrd. (see § 52) to mir'bi- lia, becomes merveille. For i = e see § 7 2 ; for li = f/ see ail; for h=v see § 113. — Der. merveilltux, emerveiller. MES-, prefix (me- by dropping s, see Hist. Gram. p. 81) gives a bad sense to the words with which it is compd. : priser and mepriser, dire and medire, fait and mi-fait, etc. Mt-, originally mes-, Prov. mens-, Sp. menos-, cor- responds to L. minus. To show how mi- nus becomes me, let us take as an example L. minusfacere, properly to do amiss (to,). Minusfacere, contrd. to min'sfacere (see § 52), has ns = s (see ai?ie) and becomes misfacere, found in Carol, documents : ' In hoc si frater mens meis fidelibus, qui contra ilium nihil misfecerunt, et me, quando mihi opus fuit, adjuverunt ' is found in a document of a.d. 825. Misfacere becomes mesfaire. For mis = mes see § 72; for facere=/ai>e see /aire. Mes- faire becomes mefaire by dropping s, see Hist. Gram. p. 8 1 . Thus we see how minus is reduced to min's, mis, mes, me-. This is also found in mechant, mechef, mecompte, meconnaitre, mecontent, mecreant, mecroire, medire, medisance, mefaire, mtfait, mefier, megarde, meplat, meprendre, meprise, me- priser, mepris, mesallier, mesavenir, mes- aventure, mesuser, etc. MES, poss. adj. my; from L. meos. For meos = mos see § 52; for mos = mes see je. MESAISE, sf. uneasiness. See mes- and aise. MESAILLIER, va. to make a misalliance. See mes- and allier. — Der. mesalliance. MESANGE, sf. (Ornith.) a titmouse; for- merly 7nasenge : of Germ, origin, A. S. mase. MESARRIVER, vn. to happen ill. See mes- and arriver. MESAVENIR, vn. to happen ill. See mes- and avenir. MESA VENTURE, sf. a misadventure. See mes- and aventure. M6sent§re, sm. (Anat.) mesentery; from Gr. fjieaevTfpiov. — Der. mesenterique. MESESTIMER, va. to undervalue. See mes- and estimer. M§sintelligence, sf. misunderstanding. See mes- and intelligence. MESOFFRIR, va. to underbid. See mes- and ofrir. tMesquin, adj. mean, shabby (properly poor); from Sp, mezquino (properly a slave). — Der. mesquineiit. 232 MESSA GE — MJSriS. MESSAGE, sm. a message ; from L. missati- oum*, in Carol, documents, as ' Si quis missum dominicum occiderit, quando in xnissatioum directus fuerit,' in a Capitu- lary of A. D, 813. ' Missaticuiu tulit ipsi summo pontifici ;* from another medieval document. Missatioum becomes message by i — f, see § 72; by -aticum = -a^«, see § 248. — Der. tnessager, messagcrie. MESSE, sf. the mass ; from L. missa (used by Christian writers of the 5th cent). Its doublets are mels, mis. MESSEANT, adj. indecorous. See messeoir. MESSEOIR, vn. to be unbecoming. See mes- and seoir. — Der. messeznt. Meesie, sm. the Messiah; fromL. Messias. MESSIER, sm. keeper of a standing crop ; from L. messarius*, deriv. of messis. For -arius = -/er see § 198. MESSIEURS, sm. pi. gentlemen. See mes and sieur. MESSIRE, sm. ' messire,' master ; compd. of O. Fr. mes (my) and sire, q. v. Mes is from L. mens. MESURABLE, adj. measurable; from L. mensurabilis. For iis = s see aine ; for -abilis = -a6Z^ see affable. MESURE, sf. measure; from L. mensura. For ns = s see aine. MESURER, va. to measure ; from L. men- surare. For ns = s see aine. — Der. we- swreur, mesursige, demesure. MESUSER, vn. to misuse. See mes- and user. M6tacarpe, sm. (Anat.) metacarpus ; from Gr. fxcTaKapiriov. METAIRIE, sf. metairie (land held on condi- tion that the lord receives the half of the produce) ; formerly metayerie. See metayer. M^tal, sm. metah, from L. met a Hum. — Der. metalWiex. M6talepse, sf. (Rhet.) metalepsis ; from Gr. lieraX-qipis. M6tallique, adj. metallic; from L. metal- licus. !B/E6talliser, va. to metallise. See metal. — Der. me'/aZ/zsation. M6tallurgie, sf. metallurgy ; from Gr. /jLcraWovpyia. — Der. me/aZ/wr^ique. Metamorphose, sf metamorphosis ; from Gr. fi€TafxupipQjais. — Der. metamorpho&ex. M6taphore, sf. a metaphor; from Gr. fiiTaipopd. — Der. metaphor'ique. M6taph.ysique, sf. metaphysics ; properly science of intellectual things, whose study was considered to follow after {h^toL) that of physical things {to, (pvoiKo) in Aristotle's system. M^taplasme, sm. a metaplasme ; from Gr. fxfTairKaafxos. M6ta8tase, sf (Med.) metastasis ; from Gr. fKraaraais. Metatarse, sm. (Anat.) metatarsus ; from Gr. niTOL and rapaos. Metathdse, sf metathesis ; from Gr. fitrA- Ofais. METAYER, sm. a ' metayer,' farmer (who pays the lord half the produce of his farm); from L. medietarius*, found in medieval Lat. documents, from medietatem. Me- dietarius becomes metayer by loss of medial t, see abbaye ; by -arius = -ier, see § 198; by d = /, which usually only occurs with final d, see §§ 120, 121. — Der. me- tairie. METEIL, sm. meslin (mixed wheat and rye) ; formerly mesteil, from L. mixtellum*, from mixtura. Forx = s see amitie ; for i = e see § 72 ; for loss of s see Hist. Gram, p. 81. M6tempsycose, sf metempsychosis ; from Gr. fj,fTffji.\(/vxo^(Tis. M6t6ore, sm. a meteor ; from Gr. ixfrewpos. — Der. meteorique. M6t6orologie, sf. meteorology; from Gr. fifTfcopos and A.o70s.'=— Der. meteorologique. M6th.ode, sf. method ; from Gr. fiidobos. — Der. methodique, methodisme, methodiste. M6ticuleilX, adj. fastidious; from L. meti- culosus. For -08VLa = -e7iX see § 229. METIER, sm. trade ; formerly mestier, in loth cent, mistier, in the poem of St. Legei ; from L. ministerium, an office, then employment, lastly, daily occupation, trade : so used in Carol, documents. We find in the Capitularies ' amittere ministerium,' for ' to lose one's employment' ; the Capitularies of Charles the Bald, il. 15, use minis- terium for ' trade ' : ' Ipsi monetarii jurent quod ipsum ministerium, quantum sci- erint et potuerint, fideliter faciant.' The heads of trades {chefs des metiers) are called in medieval documents the capita ministeriorum. Ministerium, contrd. (see § 52) to min'sterium, reduces ns to s (see aine), whence misterium, whence earliest O. Fr. mistier ; whence mestier by i = e (see § 72), whence metier by loss of s (see Hist. Gram. p. 81). METIS, sm. and adj. mongrel ; formerly mestis, from L. mixtitius*, der. from mixtus. Mixtitius becomes mestis by i = e, see § 7 2 ; by X = 5, see amitie ; by -itius = -is, see § 214. Mestis becomes metis by loss of s, see Hist. Gram. p. 81. ' Mt: TONYMIE — MIE. ^33 M^tonymie, sf. (Rhet.) metonymy; from Gr. ixiTOJVVfJua. Metope, sf. (Archit.) metope; from Gr. ftfTunrj. Mdtre, sm. a metre ; from Gr. fA.fTpov. — Der. metrex, tnetreuT. M6trique, adj. metrical ; from Gr. fxe- rpiKus. Metropole, sf. a metropolis ; from Gr. fxriTpoTToXis. — Der. metropoli\a.m. METS, sw. viand, dish of food ; formerly mes. It. messo, from L. missum*, lit. what is sent in to table : cp. ferculum, der. from ferre. For i = e see § 72.1 — Der. entre- mets. METTRE, va. to put, place, lay; from L. mittere, lit. to send, then to place, in medieval Lat. : ' Ut per omnia altaria lumi- naria mittantur * is a passage from a very old Rii.uale. Mittere, contrd. regularly (see § 51) to mitt're, becomes mettre by i = e, see § 72. — Der. mettahle, mettt\xr, en- Xrtmettre, demet/re, soumetire, admetlre. MEUBLE, sf. a piece of furniture, adj. move- able ; from L. mobilis, moveable, then subst. for furniture. Mobilis, contrd. regularly (see § 51) to mob'lis, becomes meiMe by o — eu, see § 79. Meuble is a doublet of mobile, q. v. — Der. meiibltr, meubhnt, ameublement (for ameubler), amenblir. MEUGLER, vn. to low, bellow; from L. mugtilare *, from mugire. Mugiildre, contrd, (see § 52 ) to mug'lare, becomes meugler by u = eu; see bengler. MEULE, sf. a millstone. It. viola, from L. mola. For o = eu see § 79. — Der. meid'xhxe.. MEULE, sf. a rick, stack (of hay); formerly meulle, from L. metula*, dim. of raeta, a rick, in Carolingian documents ; e. g. ' acceptisque clavibus metas annonae, quae aderant, elidit,' says Gregory of Tours (Hist. 4, 41). Meta is properly a cone. Metula, regularly contrd. (see § 51) to met'la, becomes meulle, then meule, by tl = // = /; see § 168, MEUNIER, sm. a miller ; formerly menlnier, Prov. molinier, from L. molinarius, by regular contr. (see § 52) of molinarius to mol'narius ; whence Tneulnier by -arius = -ier (see § 198), and o = eu (see § 79), then meunier by dropping /. — Der. meun- erie. MEURTRE, sm. murder; from L. mor- drum * ; found in Carolingian documents, e. g. ' Si mordruin totum quis fecerit,' Lex Saxonum, 2, 6; 'Si quis hominem in mordro occiderit,' in a Capitulary of a.d. 813. Mordrum is of Germ, origin, Goth. maitrthr; for au = o see § 106. Mor- drum becomes meurtre. For o — eu see § 79 ; for dr = tr, an altogether irregular change, see § 171. — V>tx.meurtr\Gt,meurtr\x, meurtrieve. MEURTRIR, va. to bruise, kill. See meurtre. Der. meurtrhsxixe. MEUTE, sf. a pack of hounds ; originally a troop generally ; e. g. we find in the Chan- son d'Antioche, a French poem, 13th cent., that Pierre VHermite vit perir toute la meute des croises. Meute is from L. mota*, properly a troop raised for an expedition, in medieval texts. Mota is partic. subst. of movere. Mota becomes meute by o = eu, see § 79. — Der. ameutex (to collect, form into a troop, then excite. From this use meute came, in O. Fr., to = emeute, a revolt, a sense which survives in the deriv. meudn, now mutin. For eu — u see puree). MI-, prefix or suffix to words, =:Engl. mid-', from L.medius. For loss ofd see aloteette ; for e = i see § 59. Mi is a doublet of medium. — Der. mmuit, wzpartie, xnijambe, mi-caxeme, midi, milieu, parm/. Miasma, sm. a miasma ; from Gr. fiiacTfia. MIAULER, vn. to mew, onomatopoetic ; see § .^4. — Der. miaulexnexit. fMica, sm. (Min.) mica; from L. mica, der. from micare. Its doublet is mie, q. v, MICHE, £/: a loaf; of Germ, origin, Flem. micke, wheaten bread. For c = ch see § 126. MICMAC, sm. an intrigue; of Germ, origin. Germ, mischmasch. Micocoulier, sf (Bot.) nettle-tree. Origin unknown. Mierocosme, sm. a microcosm; from Gr. HLKpOKOOflOS. Micrographie, sf. micrography ; from Gr. fxiKpos and ypdcpeiv. — Der. micrographiqae. Micrometre, sm. a micrometer ; from Gr, fxiKpos and fjierpov. — Der. micrometrique. Microscope, sm. a microscope; from Gr. fjiiKpos and aKoirfiv. — Der. microscopique. MIDI, sm. noon, south ; compd. of mi (me- dius) and di (diem.) : ' Ipsum meridiem, cur non raedidiem? Credo, quod erat insuavius,' says Cicero in the De Oratore. MIE, sf. a crumb; from L. mica. So Pe- tronius has ' mica panis ' for a crumb of bread, and a 7th-cent. formulary opposes m.ica to crusta : ' A foris turpis est crusta, ab intus miga nimis est fusca,' For loss of 234 MIE — MINIME. medial o see affnuage. Mie is a doublet of tmca, q.v. — Der. mitnc. MiE, adv. not ; from L. mioa. Je tCen at mie properly =i^> n'en at pas une parcelle, ' I have not a scrap.' The Lat. used mioa similarly, as in Martial's ' nullaque mica salis.' For loss of c see affouage. MIE, sf. a darling, love; abbreviation of amie. MIEL, sm. honey; from L. mel. For e = ie see § 56. — Der. mtWleux. MIEN, pron. adj. mine ; formerly men, soft- ened form of mon, q. v. For mon — men see je\ for men = mien see § 56. We find le mon for le mien in several llth- cent. documents ; this confirms the origin given. For the etymology see mon. MIETTE, sf. a little crumb. See mz>.— Der. ^miettct. MIEUX, adv. better; formerly mieus, origi- nally miels and mels, from L. m,elius, by regular contr. (see § 51) of melius to mel's ; whence O. Fr. mels, whence suc- cessively miels, see § 56 ; mieus, see agtieau ; and mieux, see deux. MIEVRE, adj. arch, roguish. Origin un- known. — Der. mievrtx'iQ, mievrete. MIGNARD, adj. delicate. See mignon. — Der. mignarder, mignardhe. MIGNON, MIGNARD, sm. a favourite, darling, minion ; from a common root mign-, of Germ origin, O.H.G. minnia. — Der. mignonette, mignoter. Migraine, sf. headache; from L. hemi- cranium, found in Marcellus Empiricus. For loss of first syllable see briller; for c=^ see adjuger. Migration, sf. migration; from L. migra- tion e m . MIJAUREE, 5/. an affected lady. Origin unknown. MIJOTER, va. to nurse up. Origin un- known. MIL, sm. (Bot.) millet ; from L. milivun. — Der. millet, mz71eraie. MIL, adj. thousand ; from L. m.ille. t Milan, sm. (Omith.) a kite ; from Sp. milano. Miliaire, adj. miliary; from L. miliar i us, from milium, millet. MILICE, sf. militia ; from L. militia. For -tia, = -ce see agencer. — Der. miliden. MILIEU, sm. middle. See mi and lieu. Militaire, adj. military ; from L. militaris. Militer, vn. to militate; from L. militare. — Der. militant. MILLE, adj. thousand; sm. a thousand; from L. millia, pi. of mille. — Der. milliard, million. • Mill6naire, adj. millenary; from L. mille- narius. Millesime, sm. date (of coins, books, etc.) ; from L. millesimus. Its doublets are millieme, millime. MILLET, sm. (Bot.) millet. See mil. Milliaire, adj. milliary ; sm. a milestone ; from L. milliarius. MILLIEME, adj. and sm. thousandth; for- merly milliesme, from L. millesimus. For -esimus = -ieme see huitieme. Its doublet is millesime. MILLIER, sm. thousand (of); from L. mil- liarium. For •Qxi\xxa = -ier see § 198. MILLION, sm. a million. See mille.— Dex. millionnaixe, millioniexne. t Milord, sm. a lord, rich man; from Engl, my lord. Mime, sm. a mime, mimic ; from L. mimus. Mimique, adj. mimic; from L. mimicus. + Minaret, sm. a minaret; of Oriental origin, Ar. minaret. MINAUDER, vn. to be lackadaisical. — Der. minaudexie, minaudiex. MINCE, adj. slender, slight. Origin un- known. — Der. amincer. t Mine, 5/. air, countenace; from It. mina. — Der. mmois, wzmaud, mzwauder. Mine, sf. a mine. See viiner. — Der. minenx. MINE, sf. a mine (a measure =78 litres), lit. the half of a setier ; from L. hemina, half a sextarius. For loss of he see migraine. Mine, s/". a mina (100 drachms); from L. mina. Miner, va. to mine, lead a gallery under- ground; from L. mina re. Its doublet is mener, q. v. — Der. mine (verbal subst.), minexal, minerai. Mineral, sm. mineral, ore. See miner. — Der. mineralisex, mineralisation, mineraU isateur, mineralogie (from mineral and Ka- yos). Min6ralogie, sf. mineralogy. See mineral. Der. miner alogisXe, mineralogique. MINET, sm. a cat, puss. Origin unknown. MINEUR, adj. under age, minor, sm. a minor ; from L. minorem. For -orem = -eMr see § 227. Its doublet is moindre, q. v. Miniature, sf a miniature; from L. mi- niatura, properly painting done with mi cium, the initials of MSS. being usualU drawn with vermillion. — Der. miniaturistej Mini me, adj. very small; from L. mini mus. MINIMUM— MODALITY. ^35 Minimum, sm. a minimum ; from L. m i- nimum. MinistSre, sm. a ministry; from L. niinis- terium. Its doublet is metier, q. v. — Der. mi?iisttrlel (whose doublet is mtnestral, q.v.). Ministre, sm. a minister; from L. mi- nister. Minium, sm. minium, red lead ; from L. minium. MINOIS, sm. a pretty face. See mine. Minorite, sf. a minority; from L. mino- ritatem*, from minor. MINUIT, nn. midnight. See 7ni and miit. Minuscule, adj. small (of letters) ; from L. minusculus. Minute, sf. a minute; from L. minuta, properly a small thing, whence a small space of time. Its doublet is m,e7iue, q. v. — Der. minuttx. Minutie, sf. a trifle; from L. minutia. — Der. 77iinu(ieux. tMirabelle,s/. a mirabelle (plum) ; from Sp. mirabel. Miracle, sm. a miracle; from L. mira- culum. For -aculum = -ac/e, see § 254. Miraculeux, adj. miraculous ; from L. miraculosus (so used in St. Augustine). MIRAGE, sm. a mirage. See mirer. MIRE, sf. aim, sight. See mirer. MIRER, va. to aim, aim at, properly to admire, look at. Origin unknown. — Der. mire (verbal subst,), mirok, mirzge. MIRLIFLORE, sw. a coxcomb. Origin un- known. MIRLITON, sm. a reed-pipe. Origin un- known. MIROIR, sm. a mirror. See mirer. — Der. miroiter, miroititr, MIROITERIE, sf looking-glass making. See miroir. i* Misaine, s/. a foresail ; from It. mezzana. Misanthropic, sf misanthropy ; from Gr. IMiaavOpcuiria. — Der. jnisanthrope, misan- thropique. Miscellanees, sf pi. a miscellany ; from L. miscellanea. MISE, sf. a putting, laying, setting. See mettre. Its doublet is messe, q. v. Miserable, adj. miserable; from L. mise- rabilis. Mis^re, sf misery; from L. miser ia. Misericorde, sf pity; from L. miseri- cordia. — Der. misericordieux . Missel, sm. a missal, i. e. a book containing the masses for special days ; der. from missa. For -alia = -el see § 191. Mission, sf a mission; from L. missio- nem. — Der. missionna.ire. Missive, sf a missive; from L. missiva, from missum, p. p. of mittere. t Mistral, sm. the mistral (north-west wind of Provence) ; from Prov. mistral, formerly maestral. It. maestrale, is the L. magistralis, i. e. the masterful wind. For loss of g see allier. Mistral is a doublet of magistral. MITAINE, MITON, sf. a mitten, properly a half glove ; from a root mit, of Germ, origin, O. H. G. mittamo, half. MITE, sf. a mite, tick; of Germ, origin, A. S. mite. Mitigation, sf mitigation; from L. miti- gationem. Mitiger, va. to mitigate; from L. miti- gare. MITON, sm. a mitten. See viitaine. MITONNER, va. to coddle up. Origin un- known. MITOYEN, adj. medial, middle; from me- dieval L. medietanus ♦. For loss of t see abbaye; for e = i see § 59; for -anus = -en see § 194 ; for e = oi see accroire and § 61 ; for the unusual passage back from d to / see § 121. — Der. mitoyennet^. MITRAILLE, sf old iron, small shot; for- merly mitaille; for addition of r see chanvre. Mitaille is dim. of O. Fr. mite, a mite, small copper coin, whence it means morsels of copper, the sense it had as late as the 17th cent. Mite is of Germ, origin, Flem. mijte. — Der. mitrailler, mitrailhde. Mitre, sf a mitre; from L. mitra. — Der. mitre, mitron. MITRON, sm. a baker's man, properly one who wears a paper mitre. See mitre. Mixte, adj. mixed; from L, mixtus. Mixtion, sf. mixtion, gold size ; from L. mixtionem. — Der. mixtiotmer. Mixture, sf a mixture; from L. mixtura. Mn6monique, adj. mnemonic; from Gr. fiVTj/jLoviKTj (sc. rix^rj, the art of helping the memory). Mn6niotechnie, sf mnemonics ; from Gr. {jLvqixocv and rix^l- Mobile, adj. mobile, moveable ; from L. mobilis. Its doublet is meuble, q.v. — Der. mobU'uLke, mobiher, mobiHser, immo- bile. Mobiliser, vfl. to liberate, mobilise (soldiers). See mobile. — Der. mobilissitlon, \mmobilisex. Mobilite, sf mobility; from L. mobili- tatem. For -tatera = -/e' see § 230. Modality, s/. modality; from L. modal i- 2^6 MODE — MOLLET. tatem*, from modalis, der. from mo- dus. Mode, $/. manner; from L. modus. — Der. modiste. + Module, sm. a model ; from It. modello. — Der. model tr, modelnge. Mod^rateur, sm. a moderator; from L. moderatorem. Moderation, sf. moderation; from L. mo- derationem. Moderer, va. to moderate; from L. mode- rari. Modeme, adj. modern; from L. moder- nus (in Priscian). Modeste, adj. modest; from L. modestus. Modestie, sf. modesty; from L. modestia. Modification, sf. modification ; from L. modificationem. Modifier, va. to modify; from L. modi- ficare. — Der. moofyJcatif. Modique, adj. moderate (in value); from L. modicus. Modicite, sf. smallness, moderateness ; from L, modicitatem. Module, sm. a measure, diameter (of coins) ; from L. modulus. Its doublet is moule, q.v. Modular, va. to modulate; from L. mo- dulari — Der. moduhX.\on. MOELLE, sf. marrow. Prov. meolla, Sp. meollo, from L. medulla, by loss of d (see accabler), whence meolle by u = o (see annoncer), whence moelle by. transposition of the vowels — Der. moelleux. MOELLON, sm. ashlar. Origin unknown. MCEUF, sm. mood (of verbs) ; so found as late as Rollin, from L. modus. For o = ceu see accueillir; for d=/see § 122. MCEURS, sm. pi. manners, morals ; from L. mores, by regular contr. (see § 51) of m.6res into mor's, whence moeurs. For o = eu see accueillir. MOI, pers.pron. (objective case), me, to me ; from L. rai, contr. of mihi. For i = o/ see boire. MOIGNON, sm. a stump (of an amputated limb). Origin unknown. MOINDRE, adj. (comp. and superl. oi petit), less, least; ioxmeAy mendre, from L. minor, by regular contr. (see § 51) of minor to min'r, whence O. Fr. mendre. For nr = ndr see absoudre ; for i = e see § 72. Mendre becomes moindre by e = oi, see § 72. Moindre is a doublet of mineur, q. V. — Der. amoindrk, MOINE, sm. a monk ; from a type monius*, from Gr. fiovos, by transposing i, see cha- noine and Hist. Gram. p. 77, Monius* has produced a deriv. monialis. found in a document, a. d. 649. — Der. womerie. MOINEAU, sm. a sparrow ; formerly moinel, moisnel, contr. of moissonel, dim. of O. Fr. moisson, from L. muscionem*, a little bird, from musca, i. e. properly a fly- catcher. Muscionem becomes moisson. For u = oi see § 100 ; for scio = sso see agencer. Moissonel, dim. of moisson, is regularly contr. (see § 52) to mois'nel, whence moinel (see Hist. Gram. p. 81), lastly moineau (see ngneati). MOINS, adv. less, lacking, too little; from L. minus. For contr. of minus to min's see § 51, whence moins; for i = o/ see boire. + Moire, sm. a waved or watered textile fabric ; from Engl, mohair. — Der. moirer. MOIS, sm. a month ; from L. mensis. For ns = s see aine; for e = oi see § 62. MOISE, sf. a couple, brace. Origin unknown. MOISIR, va. to make mouldy ; formerly muisir, from L. mucere. For u = ?/« see buis ; for ui = oi see angoisse ; for c = s see amitii', for e = i see § 59. — Der. moz'sis- sure, moisi (partic. subst.). MOISSON, sf. harvest ; from L. messionem (found in Varro). For e = oi see § 62. — Der. moi^sonntT, moissonnenr . MOITE, adj. damp, moist ; formerly moiste, from L.musteus*, der. from mustum. Musteus becomes regularly mustius (see abreger), whence moiste, by u==oi (see § 100), lastly moite by loss of s (see Hist. Gram. p. 81). — Der. moiteur. MOITlfi, sf. half; from L. medietatem. For loss of medial d see accabler : for e — oi see § 62 ; for -atem = -fe see amitit. MOL, adj. soft ; from L. mollis. Its doublet is mou, q. v. — Der. 7«o/lasse, wo/lement, mo/let, moZeton. Molaire, adj. molar; from L. molaris.j Its doublet is meuliere. M61e, sm. a mole, pierhead ; from L. moles.] Molecule, sf a molecule, particle; from' Schol. Lat. molecula, dim. of moles. — ^1 Der. moUctddHxt. Molester, va. to molest; from L. moles- tare. MOLETTE, sf. a painter's grindstone, rowelj • dim. of mola. MOLASSE, adj. flabby. See mol. MOLLESSE, sf softness ; from L. molitia *, der. from mollis. For -itio. =^ -esse see § 245. MOLLET, sm. calf (of the leg). See mol. MOLLIR — MO NT A GNE. 237 MOLLIR, va. to soften ; from L, moUire. MoUusque, sm. a mollusc, shellfish ; from L. moUusca, Moment, sm. a moment; from L, momen- tum. Momentan^, adj. momentary ; from L, momentaneus (so used by St. Jerome). MOMEllIE, s/". mummery, masquerade ; from O. Fr. motner; of Germ, origin, Germ. mvmmen. + Momie, .«/. a mummy ; from It. mummia. MON, poss. adj. my, mine ; from L. meum. For meum^mum see § 102 (cp. sam = suam in Ennius). Mum becomes mon by u = o (see § 93) and m = « (see changer). Monacal, adj. monacal, monkish ; from L. monachalis. Monachisme, sm. monkery ; from L. monachismus. Monade, sf. a monad; from L, monadem, found in Isidore of Seville. Monadelphie, sf. (Bot.) monadelphy; from Gr. iiovos and d5eA<^o$. Monandrie, sf. (Bot.) monandria ; from Gr. fiovos and dv-qp. Monarchie, sf. monarchy ; from Gr. fjLovap- xia. — Der. wzowarcAique, monarchiste. Monarchique, adj. monarchical. See tnonarchie. Monarque, sm. a monarch; from Gr. ixovapxv^- Monastdre, sm. a monastery; from L. monasterium. Its doublet is moutier, q.v. Monastique, adj. monastic ; from L. monasticus *. Monaut, adj. one-eared ; from Gr. fiSvcoTos. MONCEAU, sm. a heap ; formerly moncel. For -el = -eau see agnean. Moncel is from L. monticelluni, a hill-shaped heap, der. from raontem by regular contr. (see § 52) of monticellum to mont'cellum. For to = c see adjuger. — Der. (from O. Fr. moncel) amonceler. MONDAIN, adj. mundane, worldly ; from L. mundanus. For u = o see § 93; for -anus = -am see § 194. — Der. motidamte. MONDE, sm. the world ; from L. mundus. For u=o see § 93. MONDE, adj. clean (of animals) ; from L. mundus. For u = o see § 93. — Der. im- monde. MONDER, va. to clean ; from L. mundare. For u = o see § 93, Mon^taire, adj. monetary ; from L. mone- tarius, properly a money-dealer. Moniteur, sm. a monitor ; from L. moni- torem. Monition, sf. an admonition; from L. monitionem. Monitoire, adj. and sm. a monitory ; from L. monitorium. — Der. mowzVorial. MONNAIE, sf. coin, money ; formerly mo?i- noie ; from L. moneta. For loss of t see aigu ; for n = nn see ennemi ; for e = of = at see § 62 Der. monnayer, tnonnayage, monnayem. Monochrome, adj. monochromatic ; from Gr. /JLovoxpoofxos. Monocorde, sm. a monochord ; from Gr. ^lov6xop5os. Monocotyledone, sf. (Bot.) a monocoty- ledon ; from Gr. fiovos and KorvXijddiv. Monoecie, sf (Bot.) monoecia ; from Gr. fiovos and o'lKia. Monogram m e, sm. a monogram; from Gr. fiovoypafifiuv. Monographie, sf a monograph ; from Gr. fxavoypacpia. Monoique, adj. (Bot.) androgynous; from Gr. fjLovos and oIkos. Monolithe, sm. a monolith; from Gr. fiovSKidos. Monologue, sm. a monologue ; from Gr, fxovo\oyia. Monomanie, sf a monomania: from Gr. fxovos and manie, q. v. — Der. monomane. Mondme, sm. (Algebra) monome; from Gr, fjLovoQ}. Monopetale, adj. (Bot.) monopetalous ; from Gr. /xovos and iriraXov. Monophylle, adj. (Bot.) monophyllous ; from Gr. fxovocpvWos. Monopole, sm. a monopoly; from Gr. IxovoirooXia. — Der. monopoleur, monopoliser. Monosyllabe, sm. a monosyllabe; from Gr. fxovoavWa^os. — Der. monosyllabique. Monotone, adj. monotonous, sf. monotony ; from Gr. fxovoTOvos. — Der. monotonie. MONS, sm. abbreviation of monsieur, q. v. MONSEIGNEUR, sm. my lord, your lordship. See mon and seigneur. — Der. monseigneur- iser. MONSIEUR, sm. sir. See mon and sieur. Monstre, sm. a monster; from L. mon- strum. Monstrueux, adj. monstrous; from L. monstruosus. For -osus = -eux see § 229. — Der, mo«s/r«osite. MONT, sm. a mountain, hill ; from L. mon- tem. — Der. monter, amont. MONTAGNE, sf. a mountain ; from L. mon- tanea *, der. from montem. For -anea = -agne see aragne. — Der. montagna.xd, montagneux. 238 MONTER — MOR TA ISE, MONTER, va. to ascend. See mont. — Der. monUgt, motitie (partic. subst.), wo«/ant, mo«/eiir, mo«/oir, montnxt, d^monter, re- monfer, smmonter. Monticule, sm. a hillock ; from L. monti- culus. MONTRE, sf. a sample, a watch. See mon- trer. MONTRER, va. to show, point out; for- merly monstrer; from L. monstrare. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81, — Der. tnontre (verbal subst., the dial-plate which shows the hours, thence by extension a watch), Montueux, adj. hilly; from L. montu- osus. For -OB\xs = -eux see § 229. Monument, sm. a monument ; from L. monumentum. — Der. monumenUX. MOQUER (SE), vpr. to mock. Origin un- known. — Der. moquerie, moquexir. MOQIJETTE, sf. a Wilton carpet. Origin unknown. MORAILLES, sf. horse-twitchers (in farriery). Origin unknown. — Der. moraillon. Moral, adj. moral; from L. moralis. — Der. moraliser. Morale, sf. ethics ; from L. moralis (used as a subst. in Ennodius). Moraliser, vn, to moralise. See moral. — Der. moralisewT, moraliste, dimoraliser. Morality, sf. morality; from L. morali- tatem. For -tatein = -/e see § 230. Morbide, adj. morbid ; from L. morbidus. t Morbidesse, sf. morbidity; from It. morbidezza. MORCEAU, sm. a morsel ; formerly morcel, originally morsel, It. morsello, from L. znorsellum *, found in late Lat. docu- ments; properly a thing bitten, mouthful, morsellum being a dim. of tnorsum, p.p. of mordere. Cp. Germ, bissen from beiszen. Morsellum becomes successively O. Fr. morsel, then morcel (see cercueil for s = c), lastly morceau (by el=eau, see agneau). Morceau is a doublet of museau, q. v. — Der. (from O. Fr. morcel) morcehx. MORCELER, vn. to parcel out. See mor- ceau. — Der. morce/lement. Mordicant, adj. corrosive ; from L. mor- dicantem, der. from mordere. fMordicus, adv. tenaciously, stoutly; from L. mordicus. MORDILLER, vn. to nibble. See mordre. MORDORE, sm. reddish brown ; formerly more dore, compd. of dore (q. v.) and more, which is from L. maurus, a Moor. For au = o see § 107. MORDRE, va. to bite ; from L. mordere. For mordere = mordSre see Hist. Gram. p. 133. MordSre becomes mordre b)' dropping 6, see § 51. — Der. demordre, re- mordre. MORE, sm. a Moor, blackamoor : from L. Maurus. For au = o see § 107. — Der. 7noresque, woreau (formerly morel, for el = eau see agneau), morelle, morillon, moricaud. MORFIL, sm. a wire edge (of razors, etc.). Seejil and mort. MORFONDRE, va. to chill, properly a veteri- nary term, meaning to strike a chill, with nasal catarrh in a horse. Morfondre is compd. of morve (a horse's disorder) and fondre. MORGELINE, sf. (Bot.) chickweed. It. mordigallina, a plant much liked by poultry, as is shown by its derivation from morsus gallinae, whence morsgeline, then morgeline. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; for gallina=g"e7/«« see geline. MORGUE, {i) sf. gravity, cold pride.— Der. morgutx. {2) sf. a room at the entrance of a prison (used as a sort of depot), morgue. Origin unknown. Moribond, adj. in a dying state ; from L. moribundus. MORICAUD, sm. a blackamoor. See more. Morig6ner, va. to form the morals of, reprimand; from L. morigerari. MORILLE, sf. (Bot.) a morel; of Germ. origin, O. H. G. morhila. t Morion, sm. a morion, helmet ; from It. morione. MORNE, adj. dull, downcast; of Germ. origin, O. H. G. mornen, to mourn. fMorne, sm. a mountain ; introd. from the Antilles, Sp. morron. Morose, adj. morose; from L. morosus. Morosit6, sf. morosity; from L. morosi- tatem. Morph^e, sm. Morpheus ; from Gr. Mop- <pcvs. — Der. morphine. Morphine, sf. (Med.) morphine. See Morphee. MORS, sm. a bit (of a bridle); from L. morsus. MORSURE, sm. a bite, sting; from L. morsura *, der. from L. morsus. MORT, sf death ; from L. mortem. MORT, adj. (or p.p.) dead; from L. mor- tuus. For mortuus = mortus see § 51. + Mortadelle, sf. an Italian sausage; from It. mortadella. Mortaise, sf. a mortise (carpentry). Origin unknown. MOR TA LlTl^—MO ULIN. 239 Mortality, s/. mortality; from L. mortali- tatem. MORTEL, adj. mortal ; from L. mortalis. For -alis = -eZ see § 191. MORTIER, sm. a mortar; from L. mor- tarium. For -ariuTn = -zVr see § 198. Mortification, sf. mortification; from L, mortificationem. Mortifier, va. to mortify; from L. morti- ficare. — Der. morlijiant. Mortuaire, adj. mortuary; from L. mor- tuarius. MORUE, sf. codfish. Origin unknown. MORVE, sf. glanders, nasal mucous; from L. morbus, properly a disease, those of ani- mals being usually very vaguely designated ; just as we talk of dogs having the dis- temper, without specifying which distemper. Thus la morve, the special disorder of horfes, is similarly derived from the generic Lat. morbus. — Der. morveux. 'I'Mosaique, sf. mosaic; from It. mu- saico. Mosaique, adj. Mosaic (of Moses) ; from L. mosaicus. tMosqu6e, sf. a mosque; of Oriental origin, Ar. mesgid, through It. moschea. MOT, sni. a word. It. motto, from L. m.ut- tum. : ' Non audet dicere muttum.,' says Lucilius. Cornutus says, on the first Satire of Persius, ' Proverbialiter dicimus, mut- tum nullum emiseris, id est verbum.' For u = o see § 97. + Motet, sm. a motet; from It. motetlo. Moteur, sm. a mover, motive power ; from L. motorem. Motif, sm. a motive; from L. motivus *, der, from motum, lit. 'that which moves' to the doing of anything. — Der. motiver. Motion, sf a motion; from L. motion- em. MOTTE, sf a clod. Origin unknown. Motus, interj. mum ! Origin unknown. MOU, adj. soft ; from mol, whose doublet it is. See agneau. — Der. mou (sm.). MOUCHARD, sm. a poHce-spy. See mouche. MOUCHE, sfz fly ; formerly mousche, from L. musca. For u = ow see §97; for ca — che see §§ 126, 54; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. moucheron, mouchard, moucheter, moucheroWe, emouchet. MOUCHER, i/a. to wipe the nose; from L. muccare, from m.ucus. Muccare is found in the Germanic Codes : ' Si nasum [ excusserit ut muccare non possit,' in the Ripuarian Code, v. 2. Muccare becomes moucher by co = ch, see acheter, and u = OK, see § 97. — Der. mouchoir, mouchettes, moucheuv, motichnre. MOUCHETER, va. to spot, speckle. See movche. — Der. monchcture. MOUDRE, va. to grind ; formerly moldre, originally 7nolre, from L. molere, by regular contr. (see § 51) of molere to mol're, whence O. Fr. moire, whence moldre (for Ir — ldr see absoudre), then moudre (for ol = ou see agneau). MOUE, sf. a pouting face; of Germ, origin, Neth. mowe. MOUETTE, ./. a gull, seamew ; dim. of O. Fr. moue ; of Germ, origin. Germ. m,owe. MOUFLE, sf. a muffler, glove; from L. m.uffula *, found in Carol, documents ; thus a Capitulary of A. D. 8 1 7 says ' Ut muffulae vervecinae monachis dentur.' And again a little further on, 'Wantos in aestate, m.uffulas in hieme vervecinas.' Muffula is of Germ, origin, Neth. moffel. By loss of u (see §51) miiffula becomes mufPla, whence moufle. For u = om see §97. MOUFLE, (i) s/. a system of pulleys. (2) sm. (Chem.) a muffle. Origin un- known. MOUFLON, sm. (Mamm.) a mufflon. Origin unknown. MOUILLER, va. to wet, steep in water ; from L. molliare*, der. from mollis. Cp. the same metaphor in Germ, eitiweicheti, from weich. For lli = ill see ail ; for o = ou see § 86. — Der. mouilhge, mouilloir, mouilluTe, mouilhtte. MOULE, sf. a muscle ; formerly mousle, Languedoc muscle, from L. m^usculus, by regular contr. (see § 51) of m.usculus to musc'lus, whence mousle (for cl = / see male), lastly moule (for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81). Moule is a doublet of muscle, q.v. MOULE, SOT. a mould ; formerly molle, ori- ginally modle, from L. modulus, by regular contr. (see § 51) of modulus to mod'lus ; whence O. Fr. modle, which be- comes molle by dl = ll, see § 168; lastly moule (for ol = ou see agneau). Moule is a doublet of module, q. v. — Der. mauler, moulure, moulem, mouhge. MOULER, va. to mould. See above, MOULIN, sm. a mill ; from L. molinus *, in medieval Lat. documents : ' Si quis in- genuus in molino alieno furaverit, ei cujus est molinus.' Lex Salica, p. xxiv. I. The 240 MOULT — MUER. classical form is fern, xuolina. Molinus gives viQulin by o = o«, see § 86. — Der. motilinet, mouliner, moulinnge, moulinein. MOULT, adv. very ; from L. multum. For o»ou see § 86. MOULURE, sf. a moulding. See moule. MOURIR, vn. to die; from L. moriri!(an archaic form of luori, used by Plautus). — Der. moMrant. MOURON, sm. (Bot.) the pimpernel. Origin unknown. + Mourre, sf. morra (a game) ; from It. morra. fMousquet, sm. a musket; from It. tnoschetto. — Der. mousquelAiTe, mousquet- ade, mousquet^x'xt. f Mousqueton, sm. a musketoon ; from It. moschettone. MOUSSE, adj. blunt ; of Germ, origin, Neth. . mots. — Der. emowsser. t Mousse, sm. a cabin boy; from It. mozzo, properly a lad. MOUSSE, sf. (Bot.) moss; of Germ, origin, O.H. G. mos. For o = ou see § 86. — Der. mousse (foam, from its likeness to the plant), moiisser. Mousseline, sf muslin ; of hist, origin, see § 33 ; it was originally made at Mossoul. MOUSSER, vn. to froth. See mousse. — Der. motissoir, moussu, mousseux. MOUSSERON, sm. a mushroom. See mousse. + M0USSOII, sf a monsoon; from Port. mousdo. f Moustache, sf a moustache; from It. mo<itaccio. fMoustique, sm. (Entom.) a mosquito; from Sp. mosquito. For transposition of mosquite to moustique see Hist. Gram. p. 77. — Der. moustiquihe. MOOT, sm. must (unfermented wine) ; for- merly moust, from L. mustum. For u = 0M see § 97; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. moutarde (mustard, brewed with must or vinegar). MOUTARDE, sf. mustard. See mout. — Der. moutardiei. MOUTIER, sm. a monastery ; formerly moustier, earlier mostier, originally monstier (in a loth-cent. poem), from L. monas- terium, by contr. (see § 52) of mouas- t^rium to mon'sterium; whence O. Fr. monstier. For e = ie see § 56. Monstier becomes mostier by ns = s, see aine ; then moustier by o = om, see § 86 ; lastly moutier by dropping s, see Hist. Gram. p. 8 1 . Moutier is a doublet of monasiere, q. v. MOUTON, sm. a sheep. Origin unknown. — Der. moutonner, mouionatux, mouton- nier. MOUTURE, !f. grinding (of corn, etc ) ; for- merly moltMr,e, from L. molitura, by regular contr. (see § 52) of molitura to moltura, whence molture, whence motiture. For ol = ou see agneau. MOU VANCE, s/. (feudal) tenure. Sttmouvoir. MOUVEMENT, sm. a movement; from L. movimentum. For o = ow see § 86; for i = e see § 72. MOUVER, va. to stir (the ground in gardens, etc.). See mouvoir, whose doublet it is. MOU VOIR, va. to move ; from L. movere. For o = 0M see § 86; for e = oi see § 61. Its doublet is mouver. — Der. mowvant, mouvunce, ^mouvoir. Mouver is another form of mouvoir. fMoxa, sm. (Surg.) moxa ; of Chinese origin, the thing having been introduced from China. MOYEN, sm. a mean, means. See below. — Der. moyenner. MOYEN, adj. middle, mean ; from L. media- nus. For loss of medial d see accabler ; for -anus=-e« see § 194; for e = o/ see § 61. Moyen is a doublet oi median, q. v. — Der. moyenne. MOYENNANT, prep, in consideration of (lit. pres. partic. of moyenner). MOYENNER, va. to mediate. See moyen. — Der. moyennant. MOYEU, sm. a nave-box, centre. Prov. moiol; from L. modiolus (for loss of medial d see accabler), hence O. Fr. mo'leul (for -o\vL.8 = -eul see § 253), whence moyeu by dropping final /, see garou. MO, p.p. of mouvoir, moved ; formerly meu, from L. motus. For loss of t see aigu ; for o =■ eu see § 79 ; for eu = m see curee. MUABLE, adj. mutable; from L. mutabilis. For loss of medial t see abbaye ; for -abilia — -able see affable. Mucilage, sf. mucilage; der. from L. mucus. — Der. mucilag'meux. Mucosit6, s/. mucosity ; der. from L. mu- cosus. t Mucus, sm. mucus; from L. mucus. MUE, sf a coop, mew. See muer. MUE, adj. in the phrase rage mue, speechless anger. Mue is from L. muta, by loss oi medial t, see aigu. MUER, vn. to moult, mew ; from L. mu- tare. For the restriction in meaning see § 13. Mutare becomes WMcr by dropping MUET—MUSCADE. 241 the medial t, see abbaye. — Der. mue (verbal subst.), mwance, lemuer. MUET, adj. dumb, mute ; dim. in ei of O. Fr. mu. Mu is from L. mutus. For -utus = -M see § 201. MUETTE, sf. a mew, hunting lodge; properly metite. We have seen under accueillir that meute is found in O. Fr. in the form muete. This archaic form remains in muette; for the etymology Sice meute and accueillir. In the l8th cent, muette was proncd. meute, as may be seen from a letter of Marshal Richelieu, who speaks of a visit au bois de Boulogne au chdteau de la Meute, which chateau is now called La Muette. MUFLE, sm. a muzzle, snout. Origin un- known. — Der. muflltx. Muge, sm. (Ichth.) a mullet ; from L. mu- Mugir, vn. to bellow, low; from L. mu- gire. — Der. mw^'issant, mwg-issement. MUGUET, sm. (Bot.) lily of the valley ; for- merly musguet, from L. musquettiis*, dim. of muscus, musk. For q = ^ see at/- juger; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. Mvguet is a doublet of muscade, muscat. q. V. — Der. muguet (a fop who scents him- self with musk), muguettx. MUID, sm. a ' muid,' hogshead ; from L. mo- dius. For Q = ui by attraction of i see appuyer. . t MulS,tre, adj. a mulatto ; corruption of Hispano-American mutate, which from Sp. mulato. t Mule, sf. a slipper ; from It. mula. MULE, sf. a she-mule. It. mula, from L. mula. MULET, sm. a he-mule ; dim. of O. Fr. mul, which is from L. mulus. — Der. muletier. Mulet, sm. (Ichth.) a mullet ; dim. of O. Fr, 7nulle which is from L. mulla. MULOT, sm. a fieldmouse ; of Germ, origin, being a deriv. of a root mul, answering to Neth. mol, a mole. Multiflore, adj. (Bot.) many-flowered; from L. multiflorus, found in Isidore of Seville. Multiforme, adj. multiform; from L. multiformis. Multiple, adj. multiple; from L. multi- plex. Multiplieande, sm. (Math.) a multiplicand ; from L. multiplicandus. Multiplicateur, sm. (Math.) a multiplier; from L. multiplicatorem. Multiplication, sf. (Math.) multiplication; from L. multiplicationem. Multiplicite, sf. multiplicity ; from L, multiplicitatem*, from multiplicus. Multiplier, va. to multiply ; from L. mul- tiplicare. For loss of c see /)/iVr. Multitude, sf. a multitude; from L, mul- titudinem. Multivalve, adj. (Conch.) multivalve ; compd. of L. multus and Fr. valve (q. v.) Municipal, adj. municipal; from L, mu- nicipalis. — Der. municipalitQ. Municipe, sm. a municipal government ; from L. municipium. Munificence, sf munificence ; from L. munificentia. For -tia = -ce see agencer. Munir, vn. to ripen ; from L. muni re. Munition, sf ammunition, provisions ; from L. munitionem from munire. — Der. munitionner, munitionnzire. Muqueux, adj. mucous ; from L. mucosus. For -osvi8 = -eux see § 229. MUR, sm. a wall ; from L. mvirus. — Der. murQT, mwraille, emmwrer. MUR, adj. ripe ; formerly meiir, Prov. madur. It. mature, from L. maturus by loss of medial t, see abbaye ; whence meur (for a = e see § 54), then meur (for synseresis of eu = eu see Hist. Gram. p. 38), lastly miir by eu = u, see curee. — Der. murk. MURAILLE, sm. a wall, rampart. See mur. Mural, etc?/, mural ; from L. mur alls. MURE, sf. a mulberry ; formerly meure, from L. mora, fern, form of L. morum.. For o = eu see accueillir, hence meur; then eu = u see curee, whence mure. — Der. murieT. MUREMENT, adv. maturely. See mur. Murine, sf a sea-eel, muraena; from L. muraena. MURER, va. to wall (up). See mur. Murex, stn. murex, purple ; from L. mur ex. Muriate, snz. (Chem.) a muriate ; from L. muria (salt, properly brine, muriate of soda being an extract of sea salt). — Der. muriatiqxxe. MORIER, sm. a mulberry-tree. See miire. MijRlR,<vn. to ripen. See tnur. Murmure, sm. a murmur; from L. mur- mur. Murmurer, vn. to murmur, grumble ; from L. murmurare. Musaraigne, sf a shrewmouse; from'L. musaraneus. For -a,Ta,ne\is = -araigne see araignee. MUSARD, sm. a trifler, loiterer; adj. loiter- ing. See muser. Muse, sm. musk ; from L. museum, in St. Jerome. — Der. musqutx. t Muscade, sf a nutmeg; from Prov. R 342 MUSCA DIN^-MYTHOLOGIE. muscada, which from L. muscata^ der. from xnusoum. Its doublet is musquee. — Der. mmcaditT, muscadin (a musk-lozenge, thence a fop). Muscadin, sm. a musk-lozenge, a dandy. See mufcade. t Muscat, sm. muscat (grapes); from Prov. muscat, which is from L. musoatus* der. from L. museum. Its doublet is mu- guet, q. V. Muscle, sm. a muscle; from L. musculus. For musculus =mttsc/ws see § 51. Its doublet is moule, q. v. Musculaire, adj. muscular; from L. mus- cularis. Musculeux, adj. muscular; from L. mus- culosus. For -o8Via = -eux see § 229. Muse, sf. a muse; from L. musa. MUSEAU, sm. a muzzle ; formerly musel, Prov. mursel. Musel is dim. of muse, a mouth, in O.Fr. Muse answers to It. muso, from a Lat. musus*, a muzzle, in 8th-cent. documents : ' Insuper et oblatran- tes canis musibus sanctam ecclesiam .... valient expugnari' (Epist. Adriani, a.d. 784). Musus is a transformation of morsus, by o = u, see curee, and by rs = s, see cMne ; cp. dorsum, dos. O.Fr. muse gives a dim. musel, whence museler, afterwards museau ; for el = eati see agneau. This etymology is confirmed by Prov. which has kept the r and says mursel, derived straight from morsellum*. Museau is a doublet of morceau, q. v. Mus^e, sm. a museum; from L. museum. MUSELER, va. to muzzle. See museau. — Der. muselihre, emmuseler. Muser, vn. to loiter, dawdle. Origin un- known. — Der. muszrd, amuser. MUSETTE, sf. a bagpipe, drone; dim. of O.Fr. muse, verbal subst. of L. musare*, der. from musa, a song, + Museum, sm. d museum; from L. mu- seum. Musical, adj. musical. See musi^ue. Musicien, smf. a musician. See musique. Musique, sf. music; from L. musica. — Der. mwsiVal, mwstcien. Musquer, va. to musk. — Der. musqu^, *the doublet of which is muscade. MUSSER (SE), vpr. to hide, conceal onesell Origin unknown. Mutability, sf. mutability ; from L. muta bilitatem. For -tatem = /tJ see § 230. Mutation, sf. mutation ; from L. muta tionem. Mutilation, sf. mutilation ; from L. muti lationem. Mutiler, va. to mutilate; from L. muti lare. MUTIN, adj. obstinate, mutinous. See meute — Der. mutiner, mutincxie. Mutisme, sm. dumbness ; from L. mu tus. Mutuel, adj. mutual ; from L. mutual is * der. from mutuus. Myog^aphie, sf. myography ; from Gi Hvs and ypd<p(iv. Myologie, sf. myology ; from Gr. ^vs an( A 070s. Myope, adj. shortsighted; from Gr. ixiaxf — Der. myopie. Myotomie, sf myotomy ; from Gr. fid and TOfi-q. M3rriade. sf. a myriad ; from Gr. /xvptoi. Myriamdtre, sm. a myriameter ; from Gr fivpioi and fitrpov. See metre. Myriapode, sm. (Entom.) a millepod ; fron Gr. fxvpiot and irovs, iro86s. Msrrobolan, sm. (Bot.) myrobolan ; froir L. myrobolannm. M3rrrhe, sf myrrh; from L. myrrha. Msrrte, sf, a myrtle; from L. myrtus.— Der. myrliWt. Mystdre, sm. a mystery ; from L. myste- rium. — Der. mysterieux. Mysticit6, sf mysticism ; from L. mysti- citatem *, der. from mysticus. Mystiiier, va. to mystify, hoax ; from L mystificare *, a word fabricated from the root of Lat. mysteriam. Mystificare is properly to deceive secretly. — Der. mysti' _;fcation, mys/i/fcatenr. Mystique, adj. mystic ; from L. mysticus. Der. mysticlsme. Mythe, sm. a myth, fable ; from Gr. fxvOos, Mythologie, sf mythology; from Gr. IxvOo^.o-^ia. — Der, mytholog\<\MQ, mythology iste, mythologue. NA BA B — NA R G UER . 243 N, tlTabab, sm. a nabob; of Oriental origin Ar. ndbab, a lieutenant. Nabot, smf. a dwarf. Origin unknown. tWacarat, sm. nacarat; from Sp. naca- rado. NACELLE, sf, a wherry, boat ; from L. na- vicella*, dim. ofnavis, by regular contr, (see § 52) of navicella to nav*cella, whence nacelle ; for vc = c see alleger. t Wacre, sf. mother-of-pearl. Sp. nakar, of Oriental origin, Pers. nakar. — Der. nacrL t Nadir, sm. (Astron.) nadir; from Ar. nathir, placed over against. flTaffe, s/. orange-flower ; from It. nan/a. NAGER, vn. to swim ; from L. navigare (used by Ovid for 'to swim*), by regular contr. (see § 52) of navigare to nav'- gare, whence nager ; for vg=g see alleger. Nager is a doublet of navigeur, q. v. — Der. nageoxxQ, nage (verbal subst.), nagem, nag4e. NAGUERE, adv. lately ; in O. Fr. written n'a gueres, a compd. of avoir and gueres, which originally meant ' much ' : je Vai vu n'a j gueres, i. e. ' I have seen him, not long ago.' In O. Fr. the verb was naturally variable ; in the 1 2th cent, the phrase ran La ville etait assiegee, n'avait gueres, quand elle se rendit, i. e. the town was besieged, it was not a long while, when it surrendered. Notice that O. Fr. has na guere, n'avait guere where modern Fr. has n'y a guere, n'y avait guere : that is to say, O. Fr. did not say il y a, but // a (illud habet), which was necessitated by the character of the object-case which followed, see Hist. Gram. Bk. II. i. I, I ; thus O. Fr. said il a un roi qui . . . (illud habet regem) or il n'avait aucuns arbres dans ce pays (illud non habebat aliquasarbores). Roi, arbres are here in the object-case ; in the subject-case O. Fr. would have said rois, rex, etc. From the 13th cent, the adv. y appears in this phrase, but still the older form il a is found as late as the 17th cent., in what is com- monly called the Marotic style : Entre Le- clerc et son ami Coras, N'a pas longtemps, s'emurent grands debats,' says Racine. For the etymology see ne, avoir, and gueres. Naiade, sf. a naiad; from L. naiadem. NAIF, adj. simple, ingenuous ; from L. na- tivus, native, whence in feudal law the sense of a man born on the lord's lands : ' Et si quis hominum nativorum suorum, aliquod delictum fecerit,' is found in an I ith-cent. document. O.Fr. na'if originally meant ' native.* Le beau pays de Troie dont il fut naif is in the Roman de la Rose. From the sense of servile, peasantlike, na- tivus takes that of coarse, stupid, senseless. Nativus becomes naif by dropping t (see abbaye) and by v=/ (see bceuf). — Der. na'ivtte. NAIN, sm. a dwarf; from L. nanus. For -anus = -a/« see § 194. NAISSANCE, sf. birth ; from L. nascentia, der. from nascentem. For a. = ai see § 54; for so = ss see cresson; for e = a see andouille ; for -tia = -ce see agencer. NAITRE, vn. to be born, grow ; formerly naistre, from L. nascere *. For the longer active form nascere instead of nasci see etre. Nascere, regularly contrd. (see § 51) to nasc're, becomes nas're by sc = s (see bois), then naistre by sr = s^r (see ancetre) and B. = ai (see § 51). For naistre = naitre see Hist. Gram. p. 81. NAIVETE, sf. naivete, artlessness. See naif. NANAN, sm. sweetmeats, an onomatopoetic word. See § 34. Nankin, sm. nankeen ; of hist, origin, see § 33- NANTIR, va. to give a pledge to, properly to seize ; from O. Fr. nam, a pledge, a word of Germ, origin, Scand. nam, a prize, seizure. For namlir = nantir see changer. — Der. raan^issement. Naphte, sm. naphtha; from L. naphta. NAPPE, sf a table-cloth ; from L. mappa. For m = n see changer. — Der, napperon. Narcisse, (i) sm. Narcissus, (2) sm. (Bot.) a narcissus; from L. Narcissus, the mythi- cal son of Cephisus. Narcotique, adj. narcotic ; from Gr. vapKoj- TiKos. — Der. «arco/ine, «arco/isme. Nard, sm. nard, ointment ; from L, nardus. NARGUER, va. to set at defiance ; from L. naricare * (properly to wrinkle up the nose, R 2 244 NARINE — NA VRER. as a sign of contempt), from L. naricus*, der. from naris. Naric&re, contrd. regu- larly (see § 5 2) to nar'care, becomes narguer by 0=^ hard, see adjuger. — Der. nargue (verbal subst.), norquois (for narguois). NARINE, sf. a nostril; formerly nanZ/e, from L. naricula *, der. from naris (for -ioula = -/■//« see § 257); then narine by ! = «, see quenouille. NARQUOIS, sm. a banterer. See narguer. Narration, sf. a narration ; from L. nar- rationem. Warratif, adj. narrative ; from L. narrati- vus *, from narratus. Narrateur, sm. a narrator; from L. narra- torem. Narrer, va. to narrate ; from L. narrare. Nasal, adj. nasal; from L. nasalis *, from nasus. — Der. nasal'xt^. Nasarde, sf. a fillip (on the nose) ; from L. nasus. — Der. nasardtx. NASEAU, sm. a nostril (of horses) ; formerly nasel, from L. nasellus, dim, of nasus. For el = eau see agneau and § 282. Nasiller, vn. to snuffle, talk nasally ; der. from L. nasus. — Der. nasilhrd, nasillexxr, nasillonnei. NASSE, sf. a weir ; from L. nassa. Natal, adj. natal; from L. natalis. Its doublet is noel, q. v. Natation, sf. swimming; from L. nata- tionem. Natatoire, ac^'. natatory ; from L. natato- rius. Natif, adj. native; from L. nativus. Its doublet is naif, q. v. Nation, sf. a nation; from L. nationem. — Der, nationzX, nation^XiXi, nation&Wstx . Nativity, sf. nativity; from L. nativi- tatem. For -tatem = -/e' see § 230. + Natron, sm. (Min.) natron; from Ar, nathroun. NATTE, sf. a mat. It. matta, from L. matta, written natta in Gregory of Tours (7th cent,) : * Nullum habens stratum foeni, palleaeque molHmen, nisi tantum illud, quod intertextis junci virgulis, fieri solet ; quas vulgo nattas vocant,' For in = « see changer. — Der. natter, nattier. Naturaliser, va. to naturalise. See naturel. — Der. naturalisation. Naturalisme, sm. naturalism. See naturel. Naturaliste, sm. a naturalist. See naturel. Naturalit6, sf. naturalisation, state of a native; from L, naturalitatem. Nature, sf. nature ; from L. natura, Naturel, adj. natural; from L. naturalis. — Der. naturaliser, naturalisme, natural- iste. Naufrage, sm. a shipwreck; from L. nau- fragium. — Der. naufrager. Naulage, sm. freight; from O. Fr. naule, from L, naulum. Naumachie, sf a naumachia (representa- tion of an ancient sea-fight) ; from L. nau- machia. NaUB^abond, adj. nauseous ; from L, nauseabundus, from nausea. Naus6e, sf nausea; from L. nausea. Its doublet is noise, q. v. Nautile, sm. a nautilus; from L. nautilus, Nautique, adj. nautical; from L. nauticus. Nautonier, sw. a mariner ; formerly notoii- iVr, der. from O.Fr, noton,z dim. of L.nauta. For au = o see alouette and § 106. 0,Fr. said, more correctly, notonnier, for the an group of vowels never held its ground in Fr., see alouette. In the l6th cent, the learned transformed notonnier into nautonier, *in order to bring it nearer to its primitive Lat. nauta. Naval, adj. naval; from L. naval is. NAVEE, sf. a boat-load ; from L. navata * in Low Lat. documents, from navis. For -ata = -eV see § 201. NAVET, sm. a turnip ; from L.nappettus*, dim. of napus. For p = 6 = 1; see § iii, — Der. navette. NAVETTE, sf. (Bot.) rape. See navet. NAVETTE, sf. an incense-boat ; from L. navetta *, dim. of navis. The weaver's shuttle is also called navette, from its shape, being like that of the church-vessel ; simi- larly in other European languages we have the shuttle called, in Germ, schiff, in It. navicella, Navieulaire, adj. (Anat.) navicular ; from L. navicularis, der. from navicula. Navigable, adj. navigable; from L. navi- gabilis. Navigateur, sm. a navigator; from L. navigatorem. Navigation, sf. navigation ; from L. navi- gationem. Naviguer, va. to navigate ; from L. navi- gare. Its doublet is nager, q. v. NAVIRE, sm. a ship ; from L, navirium * a word found in medieval Lat. documents, der. from navis. NAVRER, va. to wound, in medieval Fr. documents ; then to break, distress. For this weakening of sense see ennui and § 13. Navrer, formerly nafrer, is of Germ, origin. Scand. nafar, a cutting implement, contrd to nafr. NE—NEUF. 245 NE, Tiegation, not ; formerly nen, softer form of non, which is L. non. For iion = «ew see je ; for loss of n see ja. Ne is a doublet oi non, q. V. NE, /)./>. born ; from L. natus. For -atus j=-e see § 201. NEANMOINS, adv. nevertheless ; formerly neantmoins, compd. of neant (q. v.) and inoins (q. v.). NEANT, adv. nought, properly non-being ; from Schol. L. necentem*, compd. of nega- tion nee, and entem*, partic. pres. of sum, by dropping c (see affouage) and by en = an (see andouille). — Der. fnineant (formerly fait neant), ineant'ir, we'awmoins; Nebuleux, adj. nebulous; from L. nebu- losus. Necessaire, ac^". necessary ; from L. neces- sarius. N^cessit^, sf. necessity ; from L. necessi- tate m. — Der. necessittr. Necessiter, va. to compel. See necessite. — Der. necessiteux, necessitznt. !N"6crologe, sm. an obituary; from Gr. veKpos and \6yos. — Der. necrologie, necro- logique. ISTecromaiicie, sf. necromancy; from Gr. V€KpoixavTeia. — Der. necromancien, necro- mant. Necrose, sf. (Med.) necrosis; from Gr. veKpwais. Nectaire, sm. (Bot.) a nectary ; from L. n e c- tarea (found in Pliny). For a, = ai see § 54. ITectar, sm. nectar; from L. nectar. NEF, sf. a ship, a nave (of churches) ; from L. navem. For a = tf see § 54; for v=/ see bceiif. N"6faste, adj. inauspicious (on which no business should be done); from L. nefastus. iNEFLE, sf. (Bot.) a medlar; from L. me- spilum, by regular contr. (see § 51) of m^spilum to mesplum, whence nesfle. For m = ra see changer ; for p =/ see chef; for nesfle — nefle see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. neflxtx. M"6gatif, adj. negative; from L. nega- tivus. — Der. negative. Negation, sf. a negation; from L. nega- ' tionem. — Der. denegation. 1^ ISr^gligence, sf negligence; from L. neg- lige n t i a . For -tia = -c^* see agencer. [' W6gliger, va. to neglect; from L, ne- glige re. — Der. neglige (partic. subst,), negligent. i* N"6gOce, sm. trade; from L. negotium. For tiu = ce see agencer. N'^gociant, sm. a merchant. See negocier. IsT^gociateur, sm. a negociator; from L. negotiatorem. !N"6gociation, sf. a negociation ; from L. negociationem. Negocier, va. to negociate; from L. nego- tiari. — Der. negoci-Ant, negocishle. fWdgre, sm. a negro; from Sp. negro. Its doublet is noir, q. v. — Der. negresse, negriev, negriWon. NEIGE, sf. snow, properly snowy; from L. nivea. For nivea = nivia see abreger; hence nivja by ia=ja, see abreger; hence neige. For i = ei see § 74; for vj=^ see abreger. — Der. neigei, neigeux. NENNI, adv. no ; formerly nennil, from L. non illud, lit. not that. For non = nen seeje; for illud = // see out; iox nennil = nenni see garou. tW^nufar, sm. a waterlily; in i6th cent. neufar ; of Oriental origin, Pers. noufer. Neographe, sm. a neographer; from Gr. vfos and ypa<piiv. — Der. neographisme. Neologie, sf. neology; from Gr. vios and A070S. — Der. neologisme, neologiqae, neologae. N^om^nie, .f. neomenia, time of new moon ; from Gr. vcofjirjvia. Neophyte, sf *. neophyte ; from Gr. V(6(pVT0S. N^phr^tique, adj. nephretic; from Gr. ve(ppiTiK6s. Nephrite, sf nephritis ; from Gr. vfcppiTis, sc. voaos. ]Sr6potisnie, sm. nepotism; from L. ne- potem, N^r^ide, sf. a nereid; from L. nereidem. NERF, sm. a nerve ; from L. nervus. For v=/ see bceuf — Der. nervex. NERPRUN, sm. buckthorn ; in some patois noirprun ; compd. of ner from L. nigrum, and prun from L. prunum. For i = e see § 72 ; for gr = r see § 168. NERVER, va. to nerve. See nerf. — Der. nervxxxe, ^nerver. NERVEUX, adj. nervous, sinewy ; from L. nervosus. For-osus = -eM;csee § 229. NERVURE, sf. (Archit.) a nerve. See nerver. NET, adj. clean, clear, neat ; from L. nitidus. For loss of last two atonic syllables see §§ 50. 51 ; for i = e see § 72. — Der. net- toyer, «ertete. NETTETE, sf. cleanness. See net. NETTOYER, va. to clean; der. from net, q. V. ; cp. rudoyer from rude. — Der. nettoyzge, nettoiement. NEUF, sm. nine; from L. novem. For o = «< see § 76; for v=/see bceuf. 24^ NE UF — NOBLESSE, NEUF, adj. new; from L. novus. For o =ew see § 76 ; for v=/ see botuf. Ifexime, sm. the modulation of the voice; from L. pneuma, found in this sense in Ecclcs. Lat. Initial pn, a sound unknown in Fr., is reduced to «; cp. pt to / in ptisana, tisane. Neutraliser, va. to neutralise; from L. neutral is. — Der. neutralisz\\ovi. Neutrality, sf. neutrality; from L. neu- tralitatem *; der. from neutralis. Neutre, adj. neuter; from L. neutrum. NEUVAINE, sf. a neuvaine, a term used of Church usages ; from L. novena *, der. from novem. For o=eu see § 76; for e = a« see § 61. NEUVlfeME, adj. ninth ; formerly neuviesme, from L. novesimus * ; der. from novem. For o = eu see § 76; for -esimus = -/em^ and details of letter-changes see huitieme. NEVEU, sm. a nephew, pi. descendants ; from L. nepotem. For loss of t see aigu; for ■p = v see arrive)- and § ill; foro = eM see § 76. W6vralgie, sf. (Med.) neuralgia ; from Gr. vevpov and aXyos. NEZ, sm. nose; from L. nasus. For a = e see § 54. For final s^z cp. casa, cAez; adsatis, assez; rasus, rez; latus, lez, NI, conj. neither ; from L. nee. For loss of c see ami; for e = i see § 58. NIABLE, adj. deniable. See nier. NIAIS, adj. eyas, simple ; originally a hunting- term, meaning ' caught in the nest.* So a faucon mais('falconemnidaceni*')was one caught in the nest, before learning to fly ; whence the metaph. sense of fool, simple, inexperienced. For this extension of mean- ing, see § 13. Niais is from L. nida- cem*, der. from nidus. For loss of medial d see accabler; for a = a/ see § 54 ; for c = s see amitie. — Der. niaisex, niais- erie. NICE, adj. ignorant. Prov. nesci. It. nescio, from L. nescius. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81; for e = £ see § 58; for ciu = ce see agencer. + Niche, sf. a niche; from It. nicchia. NICHE, sf. a trick, prank. See nique^ whose doublet it is. NICHER, vn. to nestle ; from L. nidicare, der. from nidieus (found in Varro), by regular contr. (see § 52) of nidicdre to nid'eare, whence nicher. For dc = c see adjuger; for c = ch see § 126. — Der. nicMe (partic. subst.), nichet, nicholx, denicher. t Nickel, sm. (Min.) nickel; from Swed, nickel. Nicotiane, sf. (Bot.) nicotian; of hist, origin, see § 33 ; from J. Nicot, ambassador of France at Lisbon, who first sent the tobacco-plant to Catherine dei Medici in A.D. 1560. Nip, sm. a nest ; from L. nidus. NIECE, sf a niece ; from L. neptia, found in medieval Lat. documents, e. g. ' In quo et neptiam suam Christi famulam Erudrudam constituit,' in an act of a.d. 809. Neptia is der. from neptis. Neptia becomes niece by pt = /, see acheter ; and by tia = ce, see agencer ; and e = ie, see § 56. NIELLE, (i) sf. (Bot.) the campion rose, a plant the seed of which is black; (2) sf smut: from L. nigella. For loss of medial g see allier. NIELLE, sm. dark enamel work ; from L. nigellum. For loss of medial g see allier. — Der. nieller. NIER, va. to deny; from L. negare. For loss of medial g see allier, and for e = i see § 58. NIGAUD, sf. a booby. Origin unknown. — Der. nigaudene. Nimbe, sm. a nimbus; from L. nimbus. NIPPE, sf. apparel, clothes; of Germ, origin, Icel. hneppe. — Der. nipper. NIQUE, sf. a mocking gesture ; of Germ. origin, Swed. nyck. Another form of nique is niche. NITOUCHE, sm. a demure-looking person, hypocrite. It is the phrase ny louche, see those words. Nitre, sm. nitre; from Gr. vhpov. — Der. nitrnte, nitreux, nitnhre, nitnque. NIVEAU, sm. level ; formerly liveau, from L. libella. For initial 1 = « see quenouille; for h=v see § 113; for el = eau see agneau. — Der. (from O. Fr. nivel) niveler. NIVELER, va. to level. See niveau.—DGr. niveleur, nivellement. Nivose, adj. snowy; from L. nivosus. Nobiliaire, adj. noble, belonging to nobility; from L. nobiliaris*, from nobilis. Nobilissime, adj. most noble; from L. nobilissimus. NOBLE, adj. noble; from L. nobilis, by regular contr. (see § 51) of n6bilis to nob*lis. — Der. a«o6/ir, en«o6/ir. NOBLESSE, sf nobility ; from L. nobilitia *, der. from nobilis, by regular contr. (see § 52) of nobilitia to nob'litia, whence noblesse. For -itia = -esse see § 245. NOCE — NONOBSTA NT, HI NOCE, ./. marriage ; from L. nuptiae. For pt = / see acheier; for u — o see § 97 ; for tiae = ce see agencer. i'N'ocher, sm. a pilot; from It. nocchiere. Nocturne, adj. nocturnal; from L. noc- turnus. Nodosity, 5;^. knottiness ; from L. nodosi- tatem. NOEL, sm. Christmas. Prov. nadal. It. natale, from L. natalis. For loss of medial t see abbaye ; for a = see taon ; for alis = eZ see § 191. Noel is a doublet of natal. This deriv. of natalis from noel is confirmed by the fact that a deriv. form Sancta Natalia has also become St. Noele. NCEUD, sm. a knot ; from L. nodus. For o = ceti see § 79. NOIR, adj. black; from L. nigrum. For gr = r see § 168; for. i = oi see boire. Its doublet is negre, q. v. — Der, noiratre, noirnud, noirck, noirceuv. NOIRCIR, va. to blacken. See noir. — Der. «o?>cissure. NOISE, sf. a quarrel ; an O. Fr. word, from L. nausea, properly disgust, thence annoy- ance, then quarrel. Nausea becomes regularly nausia, see abreger ; then nosia, see § 106 ; thence noise by attraction of i, see chanoine. Noise is a doublet of nausee, q.v. NOISETTE, sf. a hazel-nut. See «o/;c.— Der. «o/se/ier. NOIX, sf. a nut, walnut; from L. nucem. For -ucem = -oix see croix. — Der. woisette. i| fWolis, sm. freight; a word used in Me- diterranean ports. See noliser. fNoliser, va. to charter (a ship); from It. noleggiare. — Der. nolis (verbal subst.). NOM, S7n. a name; from L. nomen. Womade, adj. nomad; from L. noma- dem. NOMBRE, sm. a number ; from L. numerus, by regular contr. (see § 51) of ntimerus to num'rus, whence nombre. For u = o see annoncer; for Tav=^mbr see absoudre. Nombre is a doublet of numero, q. v. NOMBRER, va. to number ; from L. nume- rare, by regular contr. (see § 52) of numerfire to num'rare, whence nombrer. For u = see annoncer ; for mr = mbr see absoudre. — Der. nombricr (whose doublet is numeraine, q. v.). NOMBREUX, arf/. numerous ; from L. nume- rosus, by regular contr. (see § 52) of numerdsus to num'rosus, whence nom breux. For u = o see § 97; for mr = mbr see absoudre; for -osus = -eux see § 229. NOMBRIL, sm. the navel. Prov. umbril, It. ombelico, from L. umbiliculus *, dim. of umbilicus, "by regular contr. of um- biliculus to umb'liculus, see § 52. TJmbliculus, by u = o (see § 97), and -iculus = -z7 (cp. peril from periculum, see abeille and § •257) gives omblil, whence ombril, by dissimilation, l = r, see § 169. Ombril becomes nombril (found in 12th cent.) by prefixing n, a thing difficult to explain. Nombril is a doublet of ombelic, q.v. Womenclateur, sm. a nomenclator ; from L. nomenclatorem. Nomenclature, sf nomenclature; from L. nomenclatura. Nominal, adj. nominal; from L. nomi- nalis. Nominatif, sm. and adj. nominative ; from L. nominativus, from nominare. Nomination, sf a nomination; from L. nominationem. NOMMER, va. to name. Prov. nomnar. It. nominare, from L. nominare, by regular contr. (see § 52) of nominare to nom'nare, whence nommer by mn = mm, see § 168. — Der. lenommer (whence re- nom, verbal subst., renommee, partic. subst.), snrnommer. NON, adv. no, not; from L. non. Its doublet is ne, q, v. Nonag6naire, adj. of ninety (years) ; from L. nonagenarius. Nonag§sime, adj. nonagesimal ; from L. nonagesimus. NONANTE, adj. ninety; from L. nona- ginta. For -aginta = -ante see cin- quante. f Nonce, sm. a nuncio; from It. nunzio. NONCHALANT, adj. nonchalant, careless, cool. See chaloir. — Der. rionchalance. f Nonciature, sf a nunciature; from It. nunziatura. None, if. none (in Roman Catholic liturgy), the ninth hour of the day; from L. nona. Nones, sf pi. the Nones, eighth day before the Ides; from L. nonae. NONNE, sf a nun ; from L. nonna, found in St. Jerome. — Der. nonnnin, nonnette. Nonobstant, prep, notwithstanding ; for- merly non obstant, from L. non obstante, pres. p. of obstare, properly without having regard to the thing, notwithstand- 248 NORD—NOFER. NORD, sm. the north ; of Germ, origin. Germ, ttord. Normal, adj. normal; from L, normalis. NORMAND, sm. a Norman; formerly Nor- man ; of Germ, origin, Engl. Northman. NOS, poss. pron. pi. we. See notre. Ifosologie, sf. nosology; from Gr. vSffos and \6yos. Nostalgie, sf. homesickness; from Gr. v6(TTOs and aXyos. tNTota, va. imper. observe; the L. nota, imper. of notare. Notable, adj. notable; sm. a notable, deputy ; from L. notabilis. For-abilis = -able see § 250. Notaire, sm. a notary; from h. notarius, used for a scribe in the Theodosian Code. — Der. notarht, noiarier. Notation, sf. notation; from L. nota- tionem. Note, sf. a note; from L. nota. Noter, va. to note, notice; from L. notare. — I>er. noteuT, denoter. Notice, sf. a notice; from L. notitia. For -tia = -ce, see agencer. Notification, sf. a notification; from L. notificationem. Notifier, va. to notify ; from L. notificare. Notion, sf a notion; from L. notionem. Notoire, adj. notorious; from L, notorius. ;;— Der. wo/ori^te. NOTRE, poss. pron. our; formerly nostre, from L. nostrum. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. Another form of nostre is nos, which is for nost; cp. propositum, propos; dispositum, dispos, which are for propost and dispost. NOUE, sf. pasture-land, marshy plain. Origin unknown. NOUE, sf a gutter-lead; from L. noca* a conduit in Low Lat. documents. Noca is of Germ, origin, O.H.G. noch. For loss of medial c see ami; for o = ou see § 81. NOUER, va. to knot, tie up; from L. nodare. For loss of medial d see accabler; for o = o« see § 81. — Der. d&touer, re- nouer, nouure, nouet. NOUEUX, adj. knotty ; from L. nodosus. For loss of medial d see accabler ; for o = ou see § 81; for -os\xa = -eux see § 229. + Nougat, sm. an almond cake; from Sp. nogado. NOUILLE, sf pastry, ' noules ' ; from Germ. nudel, by contr. of nudel to nud'l, whence nouille. For dl = ll see § 168; for « = oi see angoisse, and 01 = out see § 81. NOURRAIN, sm. small fry. Prov. tioirim, from L. nutrimen, properly nourishment, the act of bringing up young, then small fry. Nutrimen becomes nonrrain by u = OM, see § 97; tr =:rr, see § 168; and -imen = -flm, see § 226. NOURRICE, sf. a nurse ; from L. nutrioem. For u = o?/see § 97; for tr =rr see § 168. — Der. nourricieT. NOURRIR, va. to nourish ; from L. nutrire. For u = 07/ see § 97; for tr = rr see § 168. — Der. nottrrissant, wowrrisseur, «oj/rrissage. NOURRISSON, sm. a nursling; from L. nutritionem, which passes from sense of nourishment to that of the thing nourished ; similarly runs the phrzse faire une education (orfaire un eleve. Nutritionem becomes nourrisson. For u = om see § 97; for tr = rrsee § 168; for ti = ss see agencer. Nourrisson is a. doublet of nutrition, q. v. NOURRITURE, sf food, nourishment ; from L. nutritura. For u = om see § 97; for tr = rr see § 168. NOUS, pers. pron. pi. we, us, to us ; from L. nos. For o = o« see § 81. NOUVEAU, adj. new ; formerly nouvel, from L. novellus. For o = ou see § 81; for -ellus = -el = -eau see agneau. — Der. (from O.Fr. nouvel) renouvelev. NOUVEAUTE, sf. a novelty; formerly novelte, from L. novellitatem, by regular contr. (see § 52) of novellitatem to novel'tatem, whence novelte (for -tatem = -te see § 230) ; then nouvelte by = ou, see §81; lastly nouveaute by el = eau, see agneau. NOUVELLE, sf. news; from L. novella*, properly a new thing. For = 07/ see. § 81. Its doublet is novelle. — Der. nou- vellhte. Novateur, sm. an innovator; from L. novatorem. Novation, sf a substitution; from L. novationem. Novembre, sm. November; from L. no- vember. Novice, sm. a novice; from L. novicius, found in Juvenal. For ciu = ce see agencer. — Der. noviciit. NOYAU, sm. a fruitstone ; formerly noial. Prov. nogal, from L. nucalis, properly an almond. For loss of medial c see § 81 ; then noial by u = oi, see § 91; then noyau by al = au, see agneau. NOYER, sm. a walnut-tree. Prov. noguier, from L. nucarius *, der. from nucem. Nucarius becomes noyer by dropping the NOFER — OBIT. 349 medial o, see affotiage ; and by u = o, see annoncer; and -arius = -/er see § 198. NOYER, va. to drown ; formerly noier, Prov. negar. It. negare, from L, necare, pro- perly to put to death, then to drown ; for this restriction of sense see § 12. Ne- care is so used in Lat. writers of the decadence, as in ' Postremo Eliae jussu pro- fani sacerdotes comprehensi, deductique ad torrentem necati sunt,' says Sulpicius Sevcfus (Hist, i.); and Gregory of Tours har ' Matrem ejus lapide ad collum ligato n'jcare jussisti.' Necare becomes negare f'ly c = g (see adjuger) in Carolingian docu- /ments, e.g. ' Si quis alicujus piecus nega- verit vel famulus vel infans,' in the Lex Alamannorum. Negare loses medial g, see allier, whence noyer; for e = oi see § 61. — Der. woyade. NU, adj. naked ; from L. nudus. For loss of d see alouette. — Der. nt^ment (properly wMcment). NUAGE, sm. a cloud. See nue. — Der. nuageux. NUAISON,s/'. time of a steady breeze. See nue. NUANCE, sf. a shade. See nue. — Der. nuancev. USTubile, adj. marriageable; from L. nub ills. — Der. nubilite. !N"udit6,s/. nakedness; from L. nuditatem. [ NUE, sf. a cloud; from L. nubem. For loss of medial b see taon. — Der. nuer, nuznce, mizge, wwaison, «Mee. NUIRE, vn. to injure ; from L. nocere. The accent on the Lat. verb was shifted from nocere to nocere (see Hist. Gram. p. 133) ; then came the regular contr. of nocere to noc're, see § 51 ; hence nuire by ocre = uir, for which see cuire. NUISIBLE, adj. injurious; from L. noci- bilis, by regular contr. (see § 51) of nocibilis to nocib'lis, whence nuisible. For o = ui see cuider and § 84 ; for c = s see amitie. NUIT, sf. night ; formerly noil, from L. noctem. For oct = ok = uit see huit Der. nuitamment, nut tee. NUL, adj. no, null ; from L. nullus. — Der. nullite, nullement. NtJMENT, adv. nakedly. See nu. Numeraire, sm. specie, cash; from L. numerarius. Its doublet is nombrier. Numeral, adj. numeral; from L. nume- ralis. Num^rateur, sm. a numerator; from L. numeratorem. Numeration, sf. numeration; from L. numerationem. !N"lira6rique, adj. numerical ; from L. nu- mericus *, from numerus. t Num^ro, sm. a number ; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. numero. Its doublet is nombre, q. v. — Der, numeroter, numerotage. Numismafe, sm. a numismatologist ; der. from Gr. vofiicfjia. Numismatique, adj. numismatic; from Gr. vofjLiafj.aTiK6s. Nummulaire, sf. (Bot.) moneywort; (Geol.) nummulite; from L. nummu- larius. ISTuncupatif, adj. nuncupative; from L. nuncupativus*, der. from nuncupatus. Nuptial, adj. nuptial; from L. nuptialis. NUQUE, sf. nape (of neck) ; of Germ, origin, Neth. nocke. Wutation, sf. nutation; from L. nuta- tionem. Wutritif, adj. nutritive; from L. nutri- tivus *, der. from nutritus. Nutrition, sf. nutrition ; from L. nutri- tion em. Its doublet is nourrisson, q.v. Nyctalope, smf. a nyctalops ; from Gr. vvKraXoixp. — Der. nyctalopit. Nymphe, sf a nymph ; from L. nymph a. Nyniph6e, sf. (Archit.) a nymphaeum ; from L. nymph eum. O. Oasis, sf an oasis; from Gr. oaais. Obedience, sf. obedience; from L. obedi- entia. For -tia = -ce see agencer. OBEIR, va. to obey ; from L. obedire. For loss of medial d see accabler. — Der. obe- issant, o6eissance, disoieVr, OBEISSANCE, sf obedience. See obeir. Pb61isque, sm. an obelisk ; from Gr. b^t- TdoKos. Ob6rer, va. to involve in debt; from L. obaerare. Ob6r6, p.p. involved, indebted; from L. obaeratus. For -atus = -e see § 201. Ob6sit6, sf. obesity, fatness; from L. obe- sitatem. For -tateni = -/6 see § 230. OBIER, sm. (Bot.) a guelder rose. See aubier. Obit, sm. an obit (Roman Catholic liturgy) ; from L. obitus. — Der. o6«Vuaire. 2S0 OBJECTER — OCCURRENT. Objeoter, t;a. to object ; from L. objectare. Objectif, odj. objective; from L. objec- tivus *, from objectus. Objection, sf. an objection ; from L. ob- jectionem. Objet, sm. an object; from L. objectus. For ot = /see § 168. Objurgation, sf. objurgation, chiding ; from L. ohjurgationera. Oblation, sf. oblation, offering; from L. oblationem. Obligation, sf. an obligation ; from L. obligationem. Obligatoire, adj. obligatory ; from L. ob- ligatorius. Obllgeance, sf. obligingness. See ohliger. Obliger, va. to oblige, compel ; from L. obligare. — Der. obligeant, obligeince, des- obliger. Oblique, adj. oblique; from L. obliquus. Obliquity, sf. obliquity; from L. obliqui- tatem. Oblit6ration, sf. obliteration ; from L. obliterationem. Oblit6rer, va. to obliterate; from L. obli- terare. Oblong, adj. oblong; from L. oblongus. Obole, sf. an obolus ; from Gr. b^oXos. Obombrer, va. to overshadow; firom L. obumbrare. Obscene, adj. obscene; from L. obscenus. Obsc6nit6, -/. obscenity; from L. obscen- itatem. Obscur, adj. obscure; from L. obscurus. — Der. obscurcix, oftscwrcissement. Obscurity, sf. obscurity; from L. obscu- ritatem. For -tatem = -/e see § 230. Obsecration, sf. obsecration ; from L. obsecrationem. Obs6der, va. to beset ; from L. obsidere. Obsdques, sf.pl. obsequies; from L. ob- sequiae (found in the Inscriptions). Obs6quieux, adj. obsequious; from L. obsequiosus. For -osus = -ew;x see § 229. — Der. obs^uioiit^. Observance, sf. observance; from L. ob- servantia. For -tia = -c« see agencer. Observateur, sm. an observer; from L. observator. Observation, sf. observation ; from L. observationem. Observatoire, sm. an observatory ; from L. observatus. Observer, va. to observe; from L. obser- vare. Obsession, sf. besetting; from L. obses- sionem. Obsidional, adj. belonging to a siege from L. obsidionalis. Obstacle, sm. an obstacle ; from L. obsta-'« culum. -aculuin=-ac/e is the learned form. , Obstination, sf. obstinacy; from L. ob*. stinationem. Obstin^, adj. obstinate; from L. obsti- natus. For -atus = -^ see § 201. Obstiner, va. to make obstinate ; from L. obstinare. Obstructif, adj. obstructive ; from L. ob- structivus *, der. from obstructus. Obstruction, sf. obstruction ; from L. obstructionem. Obstruer, va. to obstruct; from L. ob- struere. — Der. Aisobstruer. Obtenip6rer, vn. to obey; from L. ob- temperare. Obtenir, va. to obtain ; from L. obtinere. For i = e see § 72 ; for e = « see § 59. Obtention, sf obtaining; from L. obten- tionem, der. from obtentum, supine of obtinere. Obturateur, sm,(Anat.) an obturator; from L. obturatorem *, der. from obturare. Obtus, adj. obtuse; from L. obtusus. t Obus, sm. a shell (artillery); from Sp^ obuz. — 'Der. o6«sier. Obvier, vn. to obviate; from L. obviare. Occase, adj. occasive; from L. occasus. Occasion, sf. an opportunity, occasion ; from L. occasionem. — Der. occasionner, occa- s/onnel. Occident, sm. the west; from L. occi- dentem. Occidental, adj. western ; from L. occi- dentalis. Occipital, flf^". occipital; from L. occipi- talis, der. from occiput. t Occiput, sw. the occiput; from L. oc- ciput. OCCIRE, va. to kill ; from L. occidere, by re- gular contr. (see § 51) of occid5re to occi- d're; whence occire, by dr = r, see § 168. Occision, sf. slaughter; from L. occi- sionem (found in St. Jerome). Occultation, s/. occultation; from L. oc- cultationem. Occillte, adj. ocfult ; from L. occultus. Occupation, sf. occupation; from L. oc« cupationem. Occuper, va. to occupy; from L. occu- pare. — Der. occupznt. Occurrence, sf. an occurrence ; from L. occurrentia *. Occurrent, adj. occurring; from L. occuri rentem. OC^AN—OFFRIR. 351 Oc6an, sm. an ocean; from L. oceanus. — Der. oceant. Ocre, sf. ochre; from Gr.wxP"- — Der. ocreux. Oetaddre, sm. an octahedron; from Gr. OKTaihpOS. Octant, sm. (Astron.) an octant; from L. octantem. Octante, ac//". eighty; from L. octaginta, a form der. from octuaginta (and found in Vitruvius) by reduction of ua to a. For -aginta = -ante see cinquante. — Der. octant- ieme. Octave, sf. an octave; from L. octavus, Oetobre, sm. October; from L. October. Octogenaire, adj. octogenariaii ; from L. octogenarius. Octogone, adj. octagon; from Gr. 6kt6j and yuivos. OCTROI, sm. grant, concession, town-due. See octroyer. OCTROYER, va. to grant ; from L. aucto- ricare, der. from auctorare, to procure, then to grant, by contr. (see § 53) of auctoricare to auct'ricare. By loss of medial c (see affouage) and by i=oi (see boire) auctricare becomes auctroyer (cp. plicare, ployer). Atictroyer becomes oc- troyer by au = o (see § 106); lastly, by ct = t (§ 168), otroyer, the O. Fr. form. — Der. octroi (what one grants, a gift, and then a subsidy granted by the people to the sovereign). Octuple, adj. octuple, from L. octuplum. — Der. octuplev. Oculaire, adj. ocular; from L. ocularius. Oculiste, sm. an oculist ; der. from oculus. i*}- Odalisque, s/". anodalisk; of Oriental origin, Turk, odalik. Ode, sf. an ode ; from Gr. a/Sly. Odeur, sf an odour; from L. odorem. Odieux, adj. odious ; from L. odiosus. For -oswa = -eux see § 229. Odontalgie, sf toothache ; from Gr. bhov- Ta\yi^- — I^^r. odontalg'ique. Odontologie, sf odontology ; from Gr. odovs and \6yos, Odorant, adj. odorous; from L. odoran- tem. Odorat. sm. a smell; from L. odoratus. Odoriferant, adj. odoriferous; compd. of odorem and ferentem. Odyss6e, s/. the Odyssey; fromGr.'OSuortrfta. (Ecum^nique, adj. oecumenical ; from Gr. o'lKov/jLeviKos. — Der, oecumenicite. jCEddme, sm. (Med.) oedema, a tumour ; from Gr. o'ldTjfia. fElL, sm. an eye ; formerly oil, from L. 6cu- lus, by regular contr. (see § 51) of6cu- lus to oc'lus, found in popular Lat., as may be seen from the Appendix ad Pro- bum, *oc\ilus non oclus.' Oclus pro- duced O. Fr. oil (for cl = il see abeille) ; oil became ceuil then ceil (for o = ceu see § 79). The pi. yetix, is formed thus: O. Fr. euil became ieuil (for eu = ieu see lieu), whence ieul by dissimilation (see § 170) ; ieul being in pi. ieuls became ieus by losing / (cp. illos, eux) ; ieus, also written yens, became yeux by s = x (see deux). — Der. ce/Zlere, cezVlade, astVlet. CEILLET, sm. an eyelet. See te//.— Der. ceilleton. CEILLETTE, sf. oil (of poppy); in the 1 6th cent., oliette, der. from L. olium, a Low Lat. form of oleum. For eu = iu see § 84. CEnologie, s/. the art of wine-making; from Gr. oTvos and \6yos. CEjSOphage, sm. oesophagus, gullet ; from Gr. jolao(pdyos. GEJstre, sm. (Entom.) a gad-fly; from Gr. otarpos. CEUF, sm. an egg ; from L. ovum. For o = oeu see § 79 ; for v =/ see boeuf. Its doublet is ove. — Der. ceuv6. CEUVRE, sf. work ; from L. opera, pi. of opus, by regular contr. (see § 51) of 6pera to op'ra, whence ceuvre. For o = ceu see § 79; for p = 6 = v see § ill. CEuvre is a doublet of opera, q. v. — Der. desceuvre (partic. of O. Fr. desoeuvrer, compd. of O. Fr. ceuvrer, der. from ceuvre). Offenser, va. to offend ; from L. of fens a re. — Der offense (verbal subst.), offensa.nt, qffensewT, offensif, offensive. OFFERTOIRE, sm. an offertory. See o^ir. OflB.ce, sm. an office, duty, worship ; from L. officium. — Der. q^cier(vn.),q^cier(sm.). OflBcial, sm. an official ; from L. official is. Its doublet is off del, q. v. — Der. official'ixL OflRciel, adj. official; from L. officialis, der. from officium. OflBcier, vn. to officiate. See office. OflB-Cier, sm. an officer. See office. Oflftcine, s/. a laboratory; from L. officina. — Der. officinzL OFFRANDE, sf. an offering, present; from L. offerenda, by regular contr. (see § 52) of offerenda to ofiF'renda, whence offrande; for en = an see andouille. OFFRE, sf. an offer. See offrir. OFFRIR, va. to offer; from L. offerere*, der. from ofPerre. For this lengthened termination in re see etre. Oflferlre, re- gularly contrd. (see § 52) to off'rere. 2S2 OFFUSQUER — OMISSION, becomes offrir; for 6 = 1 sec § 59. — Der. offre (verbal subst.); offerte (strong partic. subst,, see nbsoute), qffertolre. Oflf\isquer, va. to obscure; from L. offus- care. OGIVE, sf. a pointed arch (also written augive in the 17th cent.) ; from L. augplva*, der. from augere, because the ogive goes on in- creasing, while at the same time the arch so formed increases the strength of the vault. And besides, we find the phrase arc ogif, which answers to L. arcus augivus, a decisive proof that this view is correct. Au- givus becomes ogif; for au = o see §§ 106, 107; for v^=fsec boeuf. — Der. ogival. OGRE, stn. an ogre, in medieval mythology a monster who feeds on human flesh. Ogre (It, orco) is from L.orcus (Orcus,God of the infernal regions). For orcus = ocrus see dprete. Ocrus becomes ogre, cp. acris, aigre ; for e=^ see adjuger. — Der. o^resse. OIE, sf. a goose. Prov. auca, It. oca,, from L. auca, a goose, in very ancient medieval Lat. texts. We find the phrase * Accipiter qui aucaiu mordet,' in the Lex Alamannorum ; and in the Formulae of Marculfus, ' Aucas tantas, fasianos tantos.' Auca is contrd. from avica., der. from avis. For avica=: auca cp. navifragium = naufragium, navita = nauta. Auca, losing its medial c (see affouage), becomes oie; for au = oz see § 108. — Der, o/son. OIGNON, sm. an onion ; from L. unionem, found in Columella. For ni =gn see cigogne; for u = 02 see § 91. Its doublet is m««o«, q.v. + Oille, s/". an olio ; from Sp. olla. OINDRE, va. to anoint ; from L. ungere, by regular contr. (see § 51) of Txngere to ung're, whence un're (for gr = r see § 168), whence oindre (for nx = ndr see absoudre; for u = oi see § 91). OING, sm. cart-grease ; from L, unguem. For u=oi see § 91. OINT, sm. the anointed (one) ; from L, uuc- tum. Forct = /see § 168; foru = o/ see§ 91. OISEAU, sm. a bird ; formerly oisel, Prov, aucel, from L, aucellus *, properly a little bird ; for the extension of meaning see § 13. Aucellus is a masc, form of aucella, found in Apicius ; aucella is contrd, from avicella, cp. nauta from navita, nau- fragium from navifragium, etc. Au- cellus becomes oisel: for au = oi see § 108 ; for c = s see amitie. Oisel becomes oiseau by el = eau, see agneau. — Der, (from O. Fr. oisel) oiselem, oiselitx, oisellon (now oisillon; for e = i see § 59). OISEUX, adj. idle. Prov. ocios, Sp. ocioso, from L, otiosus. For t = c see agencer. Ociosus becomes oiseux : for -osus — -eux see § 229 ; for o = s see amitii ; for o = a(, by attraction of i, see chanoine. OISIF, adj. idle ; der. from a root oise *, which answers to L. otium. For ti = s see agencer 'y for o = ot see § 84. — Der. o/sivete. OISILLON, sm. a little bird. See oiseau. OISON, sm. a gosHng ; der. directly from L. aucionem (der. from auca, see oie), a word found (7th cent.) in the Cassel Glosses, For letter-changes see alouette, aboyer, and agencer. 016agineux, adj. oleaginous, oily ; from L, oleaginosus *, der, from oleagina, pro- perly an olive-tree, Olfactif, adj. olfactory; from L, olfacti- vus. Oligarchie, sf. an oligarchy ; from Gr, oKiyapxia. — Der. oligarchiqne. t Olinde, sf. a sword blade (of Olinda) ; of hist, origin (see § 33), from the town of Olinda in Brazil. OLIVE, sf. an olive ; from L. oliva, — Der, olivktTe, olivier, o/ivaire. Olographe, see kolographe. Olympe, sm. Olympus; from L. Olympus, — Der. olympien. Olympiade, sf. an Olympiad; from L. olympiadem. Olympique, adj. Olympic; from L, olym- picus. Ombelle, adj. (Bot.) umbellar; from L. umbella. Ombilic, sm. the navel; from L. umbilicus. Its doublet is nombril, q, v, — Der, ombilicAl. OMBRAGE, sm. shade, umbrage; from L. umbraticum *, For u = see annoncer ; for -aticum = -age see age. — Der. ombrag- er, ombrageux (a horse which shies at its shadow). OMBRE, sf. a shadow ; from L. umbra. For u = o see annoncer. OMBRE, sm. a char (fish). Origin unknown, t Ombrelle.s/.aparasol; fromIt.om6re//n. OMBRER, va. to tint; from L. umbrare. For u = see annoncer. OMBREUX, adj. shady, . from L. umbrosus. For -osus = -eux see § 229 ; for u = o see annoncer. OMELETTE, sf. an omelette. Origin un- known. OMETTRE, va. to omit ; from L, omittere. For rmttere = mettre see § 72, Omission, sf. omission; from L. omis- sionem. OMNIB US — OPPORTUN. ^53 f Omnibus, s»i. an omnibus; from L. om- nibus. Omnipotence, sf. omnipotence; from L. omnipotentia. Omniscience, sf. omniscience; from L. omnis and scientia. Omoplate, sf. (Anat.) a scapula; from Gr, d)fiOTr\dTT]. ON, pron. smf. one, pi. people ; formerly om, horn : Ce sait h o m bien que, says the Chanson de Roland, i.e. 'On sait bien cela que.^ Horn is from L. hoxao, used in the sense of one, they, men, in late Lat., as ' Ut inter tabulas adspicere homo non posset,' in Gregory of Tours. Homo becomes first horn, then om (for loss of h see atelier), then on (for m, = « see changer). On is a doublet of homme, q.v, Onagre, sm. an onager, wild ass ; from L. onagrus. ONC, adv. ever. It. unque, from L. un- quanii^. For u = o see annoncer; for qu — c see car. ONCE, sf. an ounce ; from L. iincia. For u = o see annoncer; for -cia, = -ce see agencer. + Once, sf. an ounce (jaguar) ; of Oriental origin, Pers. youz. Oncial, adj. uncial; from L. uncialis. ONCLE, sm. an uncle. Prov. avoncle, from L. avunculus, by regular contr. (see § 51) of avTinculus to aAomc'lus, by loss of medial v see a'ieul. Avunclus becomes aunclus, whence oncle; for au = see § 107. Onction, sf. unction; from L. unctionem. For u = o see annoncer. Onctueux, adj. unctuous; from L. onctu- osus*, der. from L. unctus. — Der. onctu- osite. ONDE, sf. water, wave ; from L. unda. For u = o see annoncer, — Der. onde, ondee, ondin, ondine, ondoyer (der, from onde ; cp. larmoyer from larme, guerroyer from guerre, cotoyer from cote, nettoyer from net, coudoyer from coude). ONDOYER, vn. to undulate. See onde. — Der. ondoyant, ondoiement. Ondul6, adj. undulating; from L. undula- tus. — Der. onduUtion, onduhtoke. Onduler, vn. to undulate ; from L. undu- lare *. — Der. onduleux. Onereux, adj. onerous ; from L. onerosus. ONGLE, sf a nail (of hand, etc.) ; from L. ungula, by regular contr. (see § 51) of ungula to ung'la, whence angle. For u = o see annoncer. — Der. ongl6e, onglet, ongle (whose doublet is ongule, q. v.). Onguent, sm. an unguent ; from L. un- guentum. Onguicul6, adj. unguiculate ; from L. un- guiculus. Ongul6, adj. hoofed; from L. ungulatus. Its doublet is ongle, q. v. Onomatopee, sf an onomatopoeia ; from Gr. ovo/MTOTTOua. Ontologie, sf ontology ; from Gr. aiv ovtos, and Xoyos. — Der. ontologiqne. f Onyx, sm. (Min.) onyx ; from Gr. ovv^. ONZE, adj. eleven ; from L. undecim, by regular contr. (see § 51) of undecim to und'cim, whence onze. For dc = c see adjuger ; for c = z see amitie ; for u = see annoncer. —Der. o«zieme. Oolithe, sm. (Min.) oolite ; from Gr. uoy and \i0os. Opacity, sf opacity; from L. opacitatem. Opale, sf (Min.) an opal; from L. opalus. Opaque, adj. opaque; from L. opacus. + Op6ra, sf the opera; from It. opera. Its doublet is oeuvre, q. v. Op6rateur, sm. an operator ; from L. ope- ratorem. Operation, sf. an operation; from L. ope- rationem. Opercule, sm. a * coverlet, lid ; from L. operculum. Op6rer, vn. to operate; from L. operari. Its doublet is ouvrer, q. v. Ophicl6id.e, sm. an ophicleide; from Gr. 6<pis and KXeis (i. e. a keyed serpent). Ophthalmie, sf ophthalmia; from Gr. 6(p6a\^ia. — Der. ophthalmiqne. Opiace, adj. containing opium ; der. from opium, q. v. Opiat, adj. opiate ; der. from omov. Opiler, va. to remove the hairs from; from L. oppilare. — Der. desopiler. Opimes, adj. rich (properly of spoils taken by a commander from the body of the hostile general); from L. opimus. Opiner, vn. to speak, opine; from L. opi- nari. — Der. qpmant, o/)miatre* (i. e. one who is obstinately attached to what he opines). Opiniatre, adj. obstinate. See opiner. — Der. opiniatrtr, opinidtrete. Opinion, sf an opinion; from L. opinio- nem. Opium, sm. opium; from L. opium (so found in Pliny). Opportun, adj. opportune ; from L. op- portunus. ^54 OPPOR TUNITS — OREILLE. Opportunity, sf. opportunity ; from L. opportunitatem. OPPOSER, va. to oppose. See poser.— Dej. opposint. Opposite, adj. opposite; from L. opposi- tus. Opposition, sf. opposition ; from L. oppo- sitionem. OPPRESSER, va. to oppress. See presser.— Der. oppressxi. Oppresseur, sm. an oppressor ; from L. oppressorem. Oppression, sf. oppression ; from L. op- pressionem. Opprimer, va. to oppress; from L. oppri- mere. Opprobre, sm. an opprobrium, shame; from L. opprobrium. Optatif, adj. optative; from L. optativus. Opter, vn. to choose; from L. optare. Optimisme, sm. optimism ; der. from op- timus. — Der. optim\s\Q. Option, sf. an option ; from L. opt ion em. Optique, adj. optical, sf. optics ; from Gr. OTTTiKos. — Der. opticien. Opulence, sf. opulence; from L. opulen- tia. Opulent, adj. opulent; from L. opulen- tus. Opuscule, sm. a tract; from L. opuscu- lum. OR, sm. gold ; from L. aurtim, which was orum in popular Lat., as we see from Festus : ' Aurum, quod rustici orum dice- bant.' For au = o see § 107. OR, conj. now ; formerly ore (properly at this hour), from L. hora. For loss of initial h see atelier. Its doublet is heure, q. v. — Der. d^sormais, dor^navant, encore, lors, alors (see those words). Oracle, sm. an oracle; from L. oraclum, a contrd. form of oraculum in Virgil. OR AGE, sm. a storm: Prov. auratge, from L. auraticum *, deriv. of aura. For au = see § 107; for -a,ticma= -age see age Der. ora^eux. ORAISON, sf prayer, oration ; from L. ora- tionem, used for prayer in Tertullian. For -ationem = -aison seefenaison. Oral, adj. oral; from L. oralis. — Der. oralement. + Orange, sf. orange. Sp. naranja, of Oriental origin, Ar. naranj. The Fr. word ought to be narange, but has taken the form orange from a confusion with the word or ; in Lat. the orange was called aureum malum, and the Fr. consequently thought to find the sense of golden (or) in the word it adopted. — Der. oranger, orang- erie, orangezt, orangeade, orange. t Orang-outang, sm. an ourang-outang; a Malay word. Orateur, SOT. an orator; from L. oratorem. Oratoire, sm. an oratory ; from L. orato- rium. — Der. ora/orien. Oratoire, adj. oratorical ; from L.oratorius. t Oratorio, sm. an oratorio; from It. oratorio. Orbe, sm. an orb ; from L. or bis. Orbiculaire, adj. orbicular ; from L. orbi- cularis. Orbite, sf an orbit; from L. orbita. — Der. or6iVaire (whose doublet is orttiere, q. v.). Orcandte, sf. (Bot.) orchanete. Origin unknown. Orchestre, sm. an orchestra; from Gr. dpxr}(TTpa. Orchis, sm. (Bot.) an orchis ; from Gr. opxis. — Der. orchid^e. Ordalie, sf an ordeal; from L. o%daliuni *, a Low Lat. word of Germ, origin, A.S. ordal, judgment of God. Ordinaire, adj. ordinary; from L. ordi- narius. Ordinal, adj, ordinal; from L. ordinalis. Ordination, sf ordination ; from L. ordi- nationem. Ordonnancer, va. to order payment (in writing). See ordonner. — Der. ordonnance- ment. Ordonnateur, sm. an ordainer; from L. ordinatorem. For i = o see ordonner. ORDONNER, va. to ordain ; from L. ordi- nare. For i = o see f rotter; for n = nn see an. — Der. d^sordonner, ordonnznce. ORDRE, sm. an order ; from L. ordinem, by regular contr. (see § 51) of ordinem to ord'nem, whence ordre. For n = r see coffre. — Der. d^sordre, sous-ordre. ORDURE, sf. filth, ordure, dirt; der. from O. Fr. adj. ord, dirty, used as late as the 1 8th cent. Ord is from L. horridus (re- pulsive, then filthy) by regular contr. (see § 51) of horridus to liorr'dus, whence ord. For loss of initial h see atelier. — Der. ordurier. OREE, sf skirt, edge (of a wood) ; from L. Grata*, der. from era. For -ata = -c'e see § 201. OREILLE, sf an ear ; from L. auricula, der. from auris, which was oricula in popular Lat., as we learn from Festus. For au = o see § 107. Oricula, contrd. regularly to oric'la (see § 51), becomes ORSM us — ORPHELIN. ^55 oreille. For -icil& = -etlle see aheille. — Der. oreillon, oreillette, oreilhx (whose doublet is auriculaire, q. v.), oreilhrd, orillon. t Or6niUS, sw. aprayer; from L.oremus, lit. imperative of L. orare. ORFEVRE, sm. a goldsmith ; from L. auri- fabrum (lit, a workman who works in gold), by contr. of aiirifabrum to atir'fa- brura, whence or/evre. For au = o see § 107; for a = e see § 54; forb = vsee § 113. — Der. orfevrene, orfevrier. ORFRAIE, s/. an osprey ; from L. ossifraga (found in Lucretius), by regular contr. (see § 52) of ossifraga to os'fraga. Os- fraga losing its medial g(seeallier) becomes otfraie. For a = m see § 54; for s = r cp. Marseille from Mass i Ilia, and varlet, which is a transformation of vaslet (see valet). Orfraie is a doublet of ossifrage, q. v. ' ORFROI, sm. orphrays (embroidered cloth of gold) ; from L. aurura phrygiiun *. Ovid uses ' phrygiae vestes ' for stuffs broidered with gold. For auruin = or see or. Phrygium becomes /ro/ by dropping g (see allier), and by plir=/r (see coffre), and i = Qi (see boire). ORGANDI, sm. book-muslin. Origin un- known. Organe, sm. an organ ; from L. organum. Its doublet is orgue, q. v. — Der. org^aniser, organisms, org"a«ique. Organiser, va. to organise. See organe — Der. or^awisation, or^aw/sateur, desorgan- iser, Teorganiser. Organiste, sm. an organist. See orgue. Organsin, sm. organzine. Origin unknown. — Der. organsintr, organstnage. ORGE, sf. barley. Prov. ordi, from L. hor- deum, by regular change of en = ixi= ju by consonification, see abreger. Hordjum becomes orge by loss of initial h, see atelier. ; For dj =g see abreger. — Der. orgeat (ori- \ ginally a decoction of barley, though there ! is nothing in the drink now but an emulsion I of almonds), orge\et. [Orgie, sf. an orgy ; from Gr. op-^ia. ORGUE, sm. an organ {orgues, pi. sf.). It. organo, from L. organum, an hydraulic organ in Suetonius ; a wind organ in St. Augustine and Cassiodorus. For loss of two final atonic syllables see §§ 50, 51. — Der. org-aniste (der. from L. organum). Orgue is a doublet of organe, q. v. ORGUEIL, sm. pride. It. orgoglio, of Germ, origin, from Germ, orgel. — Der. org-M«71eux. iOrient, sm. the East; from L. Orientem. — Der. orientQT, orienta.1, orienta]iste. Orienter, va. to set towards the east. See orient. — Der. onV«^ation, d^sorienter. Orifice, sm. an orifice ; from L. orificium. Oriflamme, sf. an oriflamme. For au=o see § 107. Origan, sm. (Bot.) marjoram; from L. origanum. Originaire, adj. native (of) ; from L. originarius. Original, adj. original; from L. origi- nal is. — Der. originalite. Origine, s/. origin; from L, originem. — Der. origine]. t Orignal, sm. an elk; {ormerly orignac (prenac, the Canadian elk), from Basque orenac, a name given by the Basque emi- grants in Canada to the North American elk. ORIPEAU, sm. Dutch gold, tinsel ; from L. auri pellem, used in Low Lat., gold leaf. For au = o see § 107; for e\ = eau see agneau. ORLE, sm. an orle (heraldic) ; from L. orula, dim. of ora, an edge, by regular contr. (see § 51) of orula to or'la. ORME, sm. an elm. Prov. olm. It. olmo, from L. ulmus. For u = o see annoncer; for l = r see apotre. — Der. ormeau (for- merly ormel; for el = eau see agneau), ormaie, ormoxe, orTOille. ORNE, sm. an ash ; from L. ornus. Ornement, sm. an ornament ; from L. orna- mentum. — Der. ornemanthte (ornement- iste). ' Orner, va. to adorn ; from L. ornare. ORNlilRE, sf. a beaten track, old road ; in Picard patois ordiere, from L. orbitaria *, der. from orbita. Orbitaria, regularly contr. (see § 52) to orb'taria, became ordiere. For ht = d see accouder ; for -aria = -/ere see § 198. Orrfeere was after- wards changed to orniere. Its doublet is orbitaire, q. v. Ornithogale, sm. (Bot.) star of Bethlehem ; from Gr. opviOSyaKov. Ornithologie, sf. ornithology; from Gr. opvis, opviOos, and ^070$. — Der. ornitholog- iste, ornithologue. ORONGE, sf. (Bot.) the orange-agaric ; cor- ruption of orange, q. v. ORPAILLEUR, sm. a gold-finder, one who looks for pailles cTor. For etymology see or and paille. ORPHELIN, sm. an orphan ; formerly orphe- nin, originally orphanin, from L. orpha- ninus, deriv. of orphanus. For a = e see § 54 ; forn = / see aller. 256 ORPIMENT—OU. ORPIMENT, sm. (Min.) orpiment, used in painting ; from L. auri pigmentum, i. e. a colour to paint gold with. For au = o see § 107 ; for gin = m see § 168. OrseiQe, sf. (Bot.) an orchal. Origin un- known. ORTEIL, sm. a big toe; formerly arteil, Prov. arteil, It. artiglio, from L. turtiovilus. Articulus becomes arteil by -iculus = -eil, see § 157. For a = o see taon. Orteil is a doublet of articule, q. v. Orthodoxe, adj. orthodox : from Gr. opOo- do^os. — Der. orthodoxie. Orthogonal, adj. orthogonal ; from Gr. opOoywvos. Orthographe, sf. orthography ; from Gr. dp6oypa<pia. — Der. orthographier, ortho- graphiqae. Orthographie, sf. orthography, (Archit.) elevation ; from Gr. 6p9oypa(pia. Orthop6die, ff. orthopedy ; from Gr. dpOSs and iraidda. — Der. orlhopediqxxe. ORTIE, sf. (Bot.) a nettle. Sp. ortiga, It. ortica, from L. urtica. For u=o see annoncer ; for -ica = -ie see § 21 2. Ortive, adj. (Astron.) ortive; from L. or- tivus. t Ortolan, sm. an ortolan; from Prov. ortolan. It. ortolano, from L. h.orttilanus, properly of the garden, as the ortolan usually nests in garden-hedges, f Orvi6tan, sm. orvietan; from It. orvie- iatio, der. from Orviete, the name of a quack of Orvieto who introduced this electuary into France, a. d. 1647. Oryctographie, sf. oryctography (fossil) ; from Gr. cpvKTos and 'yp6,<peiv. Oryctologie, sf. oryctology; from Gr. opvKTos and \6yos. OS, sm. a bone ; from L. os. — Der. desosser, osselet (dim. of ossel). Oscillation, sf. oscillation; from L. oscil- lationem. Osciller, vn. to oscillate; from L. oscil- lare. — Der. osa'Watoire. OSEILLE, sf (Bot.) sorrel ; from L. oxalia, der. from oxalis. For x = s see ajouter; for li = i7 see ail; for a. = e see § 54. OSER, vn. to dare. Prov. ausar. It. ausare, from L. ausare*, der. from ausum, supine of audere. Ausare becomes oser by au =0, see § 107. OSERAIE, sf an osier-ground. See osier. OSIER, sm. an osier ; der. from Gr. oTaos. Osmazdme, sf. (Chem.) osmazome ; from Gr. oafiTj and (wfios. OSSELET, sm. an ossicle. See os. OSSEMENTS, sm.pl. bones (of the dead);] pi. of ossement*, from L. ossamentum *,] der. from ossa, bones, ' OSSEUX, adj. bony ; from L. ossuosus. For uo = o see § 102, whence osseux; for -OBUB = -eau see § 229. Ossiiier, va. to ossify; from L. ossifi- care*, der. from os. — Der. ossy?ca- tion. Ossuaire, sm. an ossuary; from L. ossua- rium. Ostensible, adj. ostensible: from L. osten- sibilis*. der. from ostensum, supine of ostendere. Ostensoir, sm. a monstrance; from L. os- tensorium *, der. from ostensum, supine, of ostendere. Ostentation, sf ostentation; from L. os- tentationem. Ost6ologie, sf. osteology ; from Gr. dffTto- Xoyia. Ostrac§, adj. ostraceous, belonging to the oyster ; from Gr. barpcutios. Ostracisme, sm. ostiacism; from Gr. ba- rpaKi(Tfji6s. OTAGE, sm. a hostage; formerly ostage, Prov. ostatge, from L. obsidaticum *, der. from obsidatus, the act of being made a hostage, also a pledge. Obsi- daticum, contr. regularly (see § 52) to ob'sdaticum, gives, by the unusual change of d = t, the form obstaticum, found for a hostage in medieval Lat. documents. • Et de hoc dederunt centum Saracenos de melioribus obstaticos in potestate Januensium ' is found in a loth- cent. text. By bs = s (see sujet) ob- staticum becomes ostaticum, found in a charter of a.d. 1070 : ' Raymundus . . . et Arnaldus . . . miserunt in ostaticum.' Ostaticiim became ostage (for -aticum -age see age), lastly otage by loss of s, see Hist. Gram. p. 81. Otalgie, sf. ear-ache ; from Gr. ova, wtos, and 0X70*. OTER, va. to remove ; formerly oster, from L. haustare, frequent, of haurire, whence comes the sense of Ster. We find in Festus the compd. exbaustare for to take away : ' exhaustant = eiferunt.' Haustare be- comes osier by losing initial h, see atelier. For au = o see § 107; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. Ottomane, sf. an ottoman (sofa) ; of hist, origin, see § 33, from ottoman, a Turkish sofa. OU, conj. or. It. 0, from L. aut. For loss Otl^OUVRIER. ^57 of t see abhe and aig7i ; for au = o = ou see »U, adv. where; formerly u. It, ove, from L. ubi. By losing b (see taon) ubi be- comes O. Fr. u, which becomes ou. For u = ou see § 90. •UAILLE, s/ a sheep, flock (the sense of sheep lasted till the time of Mme, de Sevign^, who uses the word in that sense) ; in Christian symbolism used for the faithful. Ouaille, formerly oueille, originally oeille, Prov, ovelha, from L. ovicula. For loss of v see ateul, whence O. Fr. oeille (for -icula = -eille see § 257), thence oueille by o = ou, see § 81. )UATE, sf. wadding. Origin unknown.— Der. ouater. )UBLIE, sf. a cake. O. Fr. oublee, from L. oblata*, in middle ages an offering cake, host, from L. oblatus. Oblata in this sense is frequent in medieval Lat. docu- ments : ' Ut de oblatis quae offeruntur a populo et consecration! supersunt,' says a letter of Hincmar, a.d. 852. Oblata becomes O, Fr. oublee (for o = ou see § 86; for -ata=ee see § 201), hence later oublie. Oublie is a doublet of oblat, q. V. — Der. oblieur. )UBLIER, va. to forget ; from L. oblitare *, der. from oblitus, p. p. of oblivisci. Oblitare becomes oublier: for loss of medial t see abbaye; for o = ou see § 81. — Der. oubli (verbal subst.), oublienx, oubliette. >UEST, sm. west. O. Fr. west ; of Germ, origin, Germ. west. >UI, adv. yes ; formerly o'il, from L. hoc illud. From L. hoc comes O. Fr. form o (for loss of initial h see atelier, and of final C see ami) ; in the 1 3th cent ne dire ni ni nan was = ne dire ni oui ni non. Just as hoc became 0, so the compd. hoc illud (it is that same thing) became oil, by loss of medial c (see affouage) and by dropping initial h (see atelier). This form oil (hoc illud) had answering to it the form nennil (non illud) ; and just as nennil lost /, and became nenni in modern Fr., so oil became 01, whence oui : for o = om see § 8 1 . 'UIE, sf. hearing. See ou'ir. — Der. oules. UIR, va, to hear ; formerly oir. It. udire, from L. audire. For loss of medial d see accabler; for au = o in O. Fr., then o = ou in modem Fr„ see § 107. — Der. ome (verbal subst.) Ouragan, sm. a hurricane; in the 17th cent. houraga?i, originally a sea-term, from Sp. huracan, a term brought originally from the Antilles. OURDIR, va. to warp, plot ; from L. ordiri, found in Pliny, For o = ou see § 81. — Der. owrrfissage, ourrfisseur, owrrfissoir. OURLER, va. to hem ; from L. orulare, der. from orula * ; see orle. Oriil^re, regularly contrd. to or'lare (see § 52), becomes ourler. For o = om see § 81. — Der. ourlet. OURS, sm. a bear; from L. ursus. Foru = ou see § 90. — Der. ourse (L. ursa), owrson. OURSIN, sm. (i) a hedgehog, (2) an echinus, sea-urchin, a corruption of herisson, q. v., as may be seen by the Port, ownpo, Walloon urefon, Engl, urchin. OUTARDE, sf. a bustard ; formerly oustarde, Prov. austarde, from L. avistarda, found in Pliny. For contr. of avistarda to av'starda see autruche, whence austarda. Austarda becomes oustarde (for au = ou see § 107), thence outarde (for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81). — Der, outarde&w. OUTIL, sm. a tool, implement ; formerly oustil, originally ustil, from L. usitel- lum* (any instrument used by work- people), der. from L. usitare, by regular contr. (see § 52) of usitellum to us- tellum, whence oustel* (for u = o« see § 90), then oustil ; cp. oisillon from oiseillon, q. V. — Der. outiller, outill&ge. OUTRAGE, sm. an outrage. See outrer. — Der. outrager, outrageux. outrageznt. OUTRANGE, sf. excess. See outrer. OUTRE, sf. a leather bottle ; from L. utrem. For u = 0M see § 90. OUTRE, adv. beyond ; formerly oltre, Prov. oltra, from L. ultra. For u = o see § 97, whence oltre, then outre; for ol = ou see agneau. — Der. outrer, ow/re-passer. OUTRECUIDANT, adj. overweening. See outre and cuider. — Der. outrecuidznce. OUTRER, va. to exaggerate. See outre. — Der. a Vojitnnce, outrage. OUVERTURE, sf. opening. See ouvrir. OUVRAGE, sm. work. See ouvrer. — Der. owiro^er. OUVRER, van. to work ; formerly ovrer, from L. operari, by regular contr. of operari to op'rari, whence ovrer (for p = t' see § III), then ouvrer (for o = o« see § 81). Its doublet is operer, q. v. — Der. OMi/rable, owzrage, ouvrolr, ouvreQ. OUVREUR, sm. an opener, boxkeeper. See ouvrir. OUVRIER, sm. a workman, mechanic ; for- merly ovrier, Prov. obrier, from L. ope- rarius, by regular contr. of oper4rius to S 458 OUVRIR — FAILLE. op'rariuB, whence ovrier (for p = i/ see § III ; for -arius = -tVr see § 198); lastly ouvrier (for o = ou see § 81). OUVRIR, va. to open; formerly ovrir and eevrir, Sp. abrir. It. aprire, from L. aperire, by regular contr. of apSrlre to ap'rire, whence O. Fr. avrir (for p = v see § 1 1 1 ), whence ovrir (for the unusual change a = o see taon). Ovrir later became ouvrir (for o = OM see § 81). — Der. Ottvert (from L. apertus ; for p = v see § iii), owverture, owvrant, owireur. Ovaire, sm. (Anat.) an ovary; der. from L. ovum. Ovale, adj. oval; from L. ovalis. Ovation, sf. an ovation, a lesser Roman triumph; from L. ovationem. Ove.sm. (Archit.) an ovolo ; der. from ovum. Its doublet is oeuf, q. v. — Der. ovoide. Ovipare, adj. oviparous; from L. ovi- parus. Ovoide, adj. ovoid. See ove. Oxalique, adj. oxalic; from Gr. ^a\it.— Der. oxo/ate. Oxycrat, sm. oxycrate; from Gr. v^v- Kparov. Oxyde, sm. an oxide ; a word invented by Lavoisier, a.d. 1787; from Gr. d^vs. — Der. o^iyrfer. Oxyder, va. (Chem.) to oxydate. See oxyde. — Der. oxyd6, oxyrfation, oxydzhle. Oxyg§ne, sm. (Chem.) oxygen ; a gas dis- covered in A.D. 1774 by Priestley, and named oxygene by Lavoisier, a.d. 1778; from Gr. u^vs and yivos. — Der. oxygcner. Oxyg6ner, va. (Chem.) to oxygenate. See oxygene. — Der. oxygemtion. Oxymel, sm. oxymel ; from Gr. d^vfieKi ; a mixture of vinegar and honey. OYANT, adj. hearing (a legal term) ; from L. audientem, see oulr. Audientem becomes oyanl by loss of medial d, see accabler. For au = o see § 107; for en = a» see amande. PACAGE, sm. pasture-land ; iormtrly pascage, from L. pascuaticum *, found in medieval Lat. documents, der. from pascuum by pascuaticum = pascaticuin, whence pas- cage (for -aticum = -a^e see age), then pacage by dropping s, see Hist. Gram, p. 81. t Pacha, sm. a Pasha; from Turk, pacha. — Der. pachaVi^i. Pachyderme, adj. pachydermatous; from Gr. Traxvs and Sipfia. Pacificateur, sm. a peacemaker ; from L. pacificatorem. Pacifieation, sf. a pacification ; from L. pacificationem. Pacifier, va. to pacify; from L. paci- ficare. Pacifique» cdj. pacific; from L. paci- ficus. PACOTILLE, sf. a venture (in commerce), quantity, stock (of goods). See paquet. Pacte, sm. a pact; from L. pactum. — Der. pactxsex. Paganisme, sm. paganism ; from L. paga- nismus*, der. from paganus. PAGE, ^. a page; from L. paginem. For loss of two final atonic vowels see §§ ."^o, 51. PAGE, sm. a page (servant). Origin un- known. Paginer, va. to page ; from L. paginare *, der. from pagina. fPagne, sw. cotton drawers; from Sp. pano. Its doublet is pan, q.v. fPagode, sf. apagoda; of Oriental origin. Pars, buthhoda, a house of idols. PAIEN, adj. and sm. pagan, heathen. Prov. pagan. It. pagano, from L. paganus, found in this sense in Tertullian and Jerome. For loss of medial g sec allier ; for -anus = -c« see § 198: the i is inter- calated for euphony. PAILLASSE, sf. straw mattress, palliasse. See paille. — Der. paillasson. PAILLASSE, sm. a clown. See paille. PAILLE, sf. straw; from L. palea. For ea = ia see abreger, whence paille; for li = j7 see ail. — Der. empailler, depailkr, paillasse (a sf. meaning ticking ; this word also becomes a sm. signifying a tumbler, juggler, one dressed in toile h paillasse), paillette, paillon, paillet. PAIN— PALME. 259 I*AIN, sm. bread; from L. panem. For a, = ai see § 54. — 'Dtx. pantx. PAIR, adj. similar, even. Sp. par, from L. par. For a = aj see § 54. — Der. paire (a pair, two things which are alike and go together). PAIR, sm. a peer, equal, fellow (see above). Peers are properly the chief vassals of a lord, having equal rights one with another, — Der paires&e, pairie. PAISIBLE, adj. peaceable. See paix. PAISSON, sf. pasturage (in forests) ; from L, pastionem. For stio = sso see agencer and angoisse ; for a = ai see § 54. PAITRE, vn. to graze, pasture; formerly pahtre, from L. pascere *, der. from pasci. For this lengthened form in re, and for -ascere = -aitre, see naitre. PAIX, sf. peace ; formerly pais, from L. pacem. For a = ai see § 54 ; (ox c=s = x see amide. — Der. paisihle, apaisex. Pal, sm. a pale (punishment) ; from L. pal us. Its doublet is pieu, q.v. — Der. empalex. t Paladin, sm. a paladine; from It. pala- dino.—lts doublet is palatin, q.v. PALAIS,' sm. a palace ; from L. palatium. For t = e see agencer, hence palais ; for a = ai by attraction of i see § 54 ; for c = s see amide. PALAIS, sm. (Anat.) the palate ; from L. palatum. As -atum regularly = -e (see ampoule), the French word ought to have become pale: palais, the existing form, arises from a confusion with palais above. f Pal an, sm. tackling; in 16th cent. palanc, from It. palanco. — Der. palam^on. t Palanquin, sm. a palanquin; of Hindu origin, Pali palangka, a litter. Palatal, adj. palatal ; from L. palatum. Palatin, adj. palatine; from L. palatinus, officer of the Palace. \ Palatine, sf. a fur tippet ; of hist. I origin, see § 33, alluding to the Princess Palatine, sister-in-law to Louis XIV, who brought this kind of dress into use a.d. ' 1676. i Pale, sf. blade of an oar; from L. pala. Its doublet is pelle, q. v. — Der. paleron, palee, palette, palet. PALE, adj. pale; from L. pallidus. For loss of last two atonic syllables see §§ 50, 5 1 . — Der. pdlix, palot. PALEFRENIER, sm. a groom. See palefroi. PALEFROI, sm. a palfrey. Prov. palafrei, from L. paraveredus, a posthorse, in Cassiodorus and in the Theodosian Code. Paraveredus is regularly contrd. (see § 52) to parav'redus, found in Caro- lingian documents : thus ' Aut paravreda dare nolunt' is found in one of the Capi- tularies of Charlemagne. Paravredus becomes parafredus (for v = f see § 140), found in the Germanic laws : ' Parafredos donent,' Lex Bajuwariorum, I. 5. Para- fredus, by r = 1 by dissimilation (see § 169), gives palafredus, found in a Lat. docu- ment, end of loth cent. Palafredus be- come palefroi : for loss of d see alouette ; for e — oi see § 61; for Q, = e see § 54. — Der. palefreniex (for palefredier ; cp. omiere for ordiere, q.v.) Pal6ographie, sf. palaeography ; from Gr. waXaios and ypdcpeiv. Pal6ontologie, sf. palaeontology ; from Gr. Trakaios, ovra and \6yos. PALERON, sm. the shoulder bone. See pale. Palestre, s/ a palaestra; from L. palestra. — Der. palestriqae. PALET, sm. a quoit. See pale. — Der. paletex. t Paletot, sm. a great coat; formerly paletoc ; of Germ, origin, Dutch pahrock. — Der. paletoquet. PALETTE, sf. a battledore, pallet. See palle. Pal6tuvier, sm. (Bot.) a mangrove. Origin unknown. PALEUR, sf. pallor, paleness ; from L. pal- lorem. For-orem = -e«r see § 227. PALIER, sm. a landing-place (on staircases) ; formerly paillier, der. from paille, because of the straw-mat (paillasson) placed there. Palimpseste, sm. a palimpsest ; from. Gr. iraXifiil/TjaTOS. Paling6n6sie, sf. palingenesia ; from Gr. iraKiyyfvfaia, Palinodie, sf a palinode, recantation; from Gr. iraXiuuSia. PALIS, sm. a pale, paled enclosure ; from L. palicium *, found in medieval Lat. docu- ments, der. from palus, a stake. For c = s see amitie. — Der. palissex. tPalissade, sf. a palisade; from it. palizzata. Palissandre, sm. rosewood. Origin un- known. 'j' Palladium, sm. a palladium; from L. palladium. Pallier, va. to palliate; from L. palliare. Der. palliation, palliztM. + Pallium, sm. a pall, mantle; from L. pallium. Palme, sf. a palm-branch ; from L. palma. Its doublet is patime, q. v. — Der, palm- ette, palmiex, palmiste, palmite. S 2 a6o PA LME — PA NTELER . Palme, sm. palm (measure) ; from L. pal- mus, a length measure. PALMETTE, sf. a palm-leaf. See palme. PALMIER, sm. a palm-tree ; from L. pal- marius. For -arius = -«r see § 198. Falmipdde, sm. a fin-footed bird ; from L. palniipedem. Palombe, sf. a ring-dove ; from L. pa- lumba. PALONNIER, sm. a swing-bar. Origin unknown. Palpable, adj. palpable; from L. palpa- bilis, found in St. Jerome. Palper, va. to feel about; from L. pal- pare. — Der. pcdpe (verbal subst.). Palpiter, vn. to palpitate, throb ; from L. palpi tare. — Der. palpiUnt, palpitation. PAMER, vn. to swoon ; formerly pasmer, O. Sp. espasmar. It. spasmare, from L. spasmare (der. from spasma) by un- usual aphaeresis of initial s, see Hist. Gram, p. 80, and loss of second s, see Hist. Gram, p. 81 Der. pamoison. t Pamphlet, sm. a pamphlet; from Engl. pamphlet. — Der. pamphUtzne. PAMPRE, sm. a vine-branch ; from L. pam- pinus, by regular contr. (see § 51) of pdmpmus to pamp'nus, whence pampre. For ii = r see coffre. PAN, sm. a skirt ; from L. pannus. For im = « see an. Its doublets are panne, pagne, q. v. Panac6e, sf. a panacea ; from L. panacea. + Panache, sm. a plume of feathers; from It. pennacchio. — Der. panacher, pan- achure, empanacher. fPanade, sf. a panade (culinary); from It. panata. Its doublet is panee. PANADER (SE), vpr. to strut. Origin un- known. PANAGE, sm. pannage ; formerly pasnage, from L. pastinaticum * (right of pastur- age, der. from pastionem, q. v.). Pas- tindticum, contrd. regularly (see § 52) to pas'naticum, becomes pasnage (for -aticum = -a^e see dge), lastly pasnage, by loss of s, see Hist. Gram. p. 81. PANAIS, sm. (Bot.) a parsnip ; . from L. pa- nacem. For a = a/ see § 54; for c = s see amitie. Panaris, sm. (Med.) a whitlow; from L. panaricium (found in Apuleius). Pancarte, sf. a placard ; from medieval L. pancharta, a hybrid compd. of Gr. iray and L. charta. Pancreas, sm. the sweetbread ; from Gr. irayKpfos. — Der. /amreatique. Pandour, sm. a pandour ; of hist, origin (see § 33), a name given to irregular Hungarian troops. Pan6gyrique, sm. a panegyric ; from Gr. ■nayrj-^vpiKos (i. e. \6yos). Pan6gyTiste, sm. a panegyrist; from Gr. vavrjyvpKTT'qs. PANER, va. to crumb, cover with bread crumbs. See pain. — Der. pane. PANETIER, sm. a panller (officer in charge of bread) ; from O. Fr. paneter, which is formed from pain. — Der. panetiere, panet- erie. Panicule, sf. (Bot.) a panicle; from L. panicula. — Der. panicule. , PANIER, sm. a basket ; from L. panarium (a bread-basket, in Suetonius). For -arium = -iersee § 1 98. — T>ex. panerit. Panifier, va. to panify; from L. panifi- care *, from panem. — Der. panificztxon. Panique, adj. panic; from Gr. rraviKor (i. e. beif-ia). PANNE, sf. plush velvet ; from L. panna *, found in medieval Lat. documents. Pan- na is from penna ; for transition of sense (§ 13) from a feather to plush, cp. M.H.G. federe, which bears both senses also. For e = a see amender. Its doublets are pan, pagne, q. v. PANNE, sf. fat. Origin unknown. PANNE, sf. bit of stuff (a sea-term), as in phrase guipon de panne, a mop made of stuff; der. from pan, q. v. PANNE, sf. a paling, rafter (in carpentering). Origin unknown. PANNEAU, sm. a panel, properly a little pan, piece (of a wall) ; see pan. Panneau is used for a piece of textile stuff in several medieval Fr. documents. PANNETON, sm. bit (of keys). Origin un- unknown. PANONCEAU, sm. a scutcheon. See pennon. Panorama, sm. a panorama; from Gr. ■jrav and opapia. PANSE, sf. a paunch; from L. panticem, by regular contr, (see § 51) of p^nticem to pant'cem, whence panse. For tc-c see adjuger; for c = s see amitie. — Der. pansu. PANSER, va. to dress wounds (of horses) ; for- merly penser, Sp. pensar, from L. pensare, to think about, examine, then take care of, dress, groom. — Der. pansage, pansement. fPantalon, sm. trousers; from It. pan- talon. PANTELER, vn. to gasp for breath. See pantois. — Der. pantela.nt. PA NTHEISME — PA RA DE. 261 Pantheisme, sm. pantheism ; from Gr. ■nav and 6^6$. Pantheon, sm. a pantheon; from Gr. sf. a panther; from L, pan- Panthdre, thera. PANTIERE, sf. a draw-net; from L. pan- thera, fem. form of L. pantlierura, a net. For e = ie see § 56. Pantin, sm. a dancing puppet. Origin un- known. Pantographe, sm. a pantograph; from Gr. TTOLv and ypacpciv. PANTOIS, adj. out of breath ; PANTELER, vn. to gasp for breath, der. from a root pant, of Cehic origin, Kymr, pant. Pantomdtre, sm. a pantometer ; from Gr. trdv and fxerpov. Pantomime, sm. a pantomime ; from Lp pantomimus. f Pantoufle, sf. a slipper; from It. pan- tofola. PAON, sm. a pea-fowl. Sp. pavon, from L. pavonem, in form of paonem in the 7th cent, in the Glosses of Cassel. For loss of medial v see dieul. — Der. paotrnt, paon- neau. PAPA, sm^ papa ; onomatopoetic. L. pappa. PAPAUTE, sf. the papacy ; from L. pappa- litatera, der. from pappa, by regular contr. (see § 52) of pappalitdtem to pappal'tatem, whence papaute. For pp =p see chape; for al — au see agneau; for -tatem = -/e see § 230. PAPE, sm. a pope (father, title given to primi- tive bishops). For pp —p see chape. — Der. papa.], paplsme, papiste. fPapegai, sm. a popinjay. Sp. papa- gayo, of Oriental origin, Ar. balbaga, a parrot. PAPELARD, sm. a hypocrite. Origin un- known. PAPERASSE, sf waste paper. See papier. — Der. paperasser, paperassier. PAPETIER, sm. a stationer, paper-maker. See papier. — Der. papeterie. Papier, sm. paper; from L. papyrius *, from papyrus. Its doublet is papyrus. — Der. papetiei (a very irregularly formed word), papernsse. Papille, sf. (Anat.) papilla; from L. pap- illa. — Der. papilhire. Papillon, sm. a butterfly ; from L. papili- onem. Its doublet is pavilion, q. v, — Der. papillonntx, papillote. PapiUote, sf a curl-paper. See papillon. — Der. papillotei, papillotnge. t Papyrus, sm. papyrus; from L. papy- rus. — Der. papyrace. PAQUE, sf. passover, Easter ; formerly /asyt/^, Prov. pasca, from L. pascha. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. fPaquebot, sm. a packet, despatch-boat ; from Engl, packet-boat. PAQUERETTE, sf. the Easter daisy; for- merly pasquerette, from O.Fr. pasquier (i. e. the pasturage flower). Pasquier is der. from L. pascuum. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. PAQUET, sm. a packet, parcel ; formerly pacquet, derived (together with pacotille) from a common root pac, which is L. pac- cus *, found in a medieval Lat. charter : ' Non tamen licebit praefatis mercatoribus . . pannos suos scindere . . . nee aliter nisi per pacctun vel integrum pannum . . . vendere.' Paccus is of Celtic origin, answering to Gael. pac, a pack. — Der. paqueter, empaqueter. FAR, prep, hy, from L. per. Fore = asee amender and parachever. Par (de), prep, from ; originally de part in nth and 12th cent, documents. It. da parte, Sp. de parte, from L. de parte. De par le roi was in 12th cent, de part le rot (in the St. Thomas the Martyr) and signi- fies properly ' from the king's part ' or ' side.' Parabole, sf (Math.) a parabola ; from Gr. irapafioKT}. — Der. /»ara6o/ique. Parabole, sf a parable, allegory ; from L. parabola . — Der. /)ara6o/ique. PARACHEVER, va. to finish; compd. of achever (q. v.) and par. Par is from L. per (see par), and is found in such Lat. compds. as parfait (perfectus), parvenir (pervenire), parmi (permedio), etg. ; and in such Fr. compds. as parfumer, par- donner. The particle per was used in Lat. to mark the highest degree of intensity, as in perhorridus, pergratus, pergra- cilis, etc. Similarly in Fr. parachever, parfaire, etc. This particle par was separ- able in O.Fr.; thus O.Fr. parsage was divided thus, tant par est sage, a phrase found in the 1 2th cent, for tant il est par- sage. A relic of this construction survives in the phrase par trop, as in c'est par trop fort, a phrase which answers to c'est trop parfort. PARACHUTE, sm. a parachute. See parer, a, and chute. f Parade, s/". parade; originally a riding- school term, from Sp. parada, one of the figures in the Carrousel. Its doublet is paree, q. V. — Der. paradox. 262 PA RA DIGME — PA RENCHYME. Faradigme, &m. a paradigm; from Gr. Paradis, sm. paradise; from L. paradisus. Its doublet is parvis, q. v, Faradoxe, sm. and adj. paradox ; from Gr. •napAbo^os. — Der. paradoxal. PARAFE, sm. a flourish; from L. para- graphiis (found in Isidore of Seville, for a mark like a Greek y to distinguish the dif- ferent subjects of a book). Pardgraphus, regularly contrd. (see § 51) to paragr'- phus, become parar/e* (for gr = r see accueillir, for ph =/ see coffre) ; pararfe * becomes /arq^ by dissimilation, see § 169, Parafe is a doublet oi paragraphs q. v. PARAGE, sf. quarter (sea shore). Origin unknown. PARAGE, 5/. extraction, birth ; from L. pa- raticum *, der. from par. For -aticum — ■age see 6ge. Paragoge, sf. (Gram.) paragoge ; from Gr. va pay ouyq. — -Der. />ara^og"ique. Paragraphe, sm. a paragraph; from Gr. irapaypacprj. Its doublet is parafe, q. v. + Paragaunte, sf an acknowledgment (of a service) ; from Sp. paragaunte. PARAITRE, vn. to appear; formerly pa- raistre, from L. parescere, a popular Lat. form for parere. For - escere = -at/r^ see apparaitre. — Der, comparaitre. Parallaxe, sf parallax; from Gr. napaX- ka^is. — Der. parallactique. ParallMe, sm. a parallel ; from Gr. irapd\- \tj\os. — Der. parallelisme. Parall61ogramine, sm. a parallelogram; from Gr. TTapaWrjKoypapiixa. Paralogisme, sm. a paralogism (fallacy) ; from Gr. irapaXoyiafiSs. Paralysie, sf paralysis; from Gr. irapd- Kvffis. Paralytique, adj. paralytic; from Gr. TrapakvTiKos, f Parangon, sm. a paragon; from Sp. paragon. — Der. paratigonnev. + Parapet, sm. a parapet; from It. para- petto. Paraphernal, adj. paraphernal ; from Gr. rd. irapd<pepva (irapd and (pfpvq). Paraphrase, sf. a paraphrase; from Gr. irapdfpaais. — Der. paraphrastt, para- phraseuT. Paraphraser, va. to paraphrase. See paraphrase. PARAPLUIE, sm. an umbrella. See parer, a, and pluie. Paras6l6ne, sf. paraselene ; from Gr. -napd and GiXiivq. Parasite, sw. a parasite; from L. parasitus. f Parasol, sm. a parasol ; from It. parasole. PARATONNERRE, sm. a lightning-con- ductor. See parer, a, and totmerre. PARAVENT, sm. a screen. See parer, 4, and vent. PARC, sm. a park, enclosed pen (for cattle) ; from L. parous * (so used in the Germanic Laws : ' Qui gregem equarum in parco furatus fuerit,* says the Lex Bajuwariorum). Parous is properly a closed space in which animals are kept, reserved; from L.paroere, to keep, reserve. — Der. parquet, parquet, parage. PARCELLE, sf a small part, particle ; from L. partioella *, dim. of partem, by re- gular contr. (see § 52) of partic611a to part'cella, whence parcelle. For to = c see adjuger. — Der. parcelhixe. PARCEQUE, conj. because. See par, ce, and que. PARCHEMIN, sm. parchment ; originally parcamin, Prov. pergamen, from L. per- gameua (found in St. Jerome, and written pergamina in Isidore of Seville). For e = t see § 59. Pergamina, or rather pergaminum, becomes parchemin by e = a, see amender ; by g = c (whence O. Fr. parcamin) ; lastly parchemin by ca = che, see acharner Der. parcheminier, parche- mmerie, parchemin^. Parcimonie, sf parsimony; from L. par- c i m o n i a . — Der. parcimonieux . PARCOURIR, va. to go over, run through ; from L. perourrere. For letter-changes see par and courir. PARCOURS, sm. a line (of road, etc.) ; from L. percursus *, compd. of per and cur- sus. For letter-changes see par and cours. PARDONNER, va. to pardon ; from L. per- donare*, found in Carolingian documents, as 'Et pro illius gratia totum perdono quod contra me misfecerunt,' in the Capi- tularies of Charles the Bald, 26. For sense of per in perdonare see parachever. For letter-changes see par and donner. — Der. pardon (verbal subst.), pardonn^ihlQ. PAREIL, adj. alike; from L. parictiltis *, der. from par. Pariculus is found in very ancient medieval Lat. documents ; * Hoc sunt pariciilas cosas,' says the Lex Salica. Pariculus becomes pareil: for -iculus = -«7 see § 257. — Der. appareilleT, zppareil, depareiller. PAREMENT, sm. an ornament. See parer. Parenchyme, sm. parenchyma ; from Gf. irapiyxvjJLa. PARENT—PARRICIDE. 253 PARENT, smf. a parent; from L. paren- tem. — Der. parentage, parente. Parenthdse, sf. a parenthesis; from Gr. vapipOeffts. PARER, va. to adorn, deck ; from L. parare; also vn. to parry, in which sense also it comes from parare = to get ready to avoid a blow. — Der. parement, parure, par- ade, Teparer. PARESSE, sf. idleness ; formerly parece, ori~ ginally perece, Sp. pereza, from L. pi- gritia. For -itia = -tee = -esse see § 245 ; for gr = r see § 168 ; for i = e see § 70. — Der. paressei, paresseux. PARFAIRE, va. to complete. See /aire and parachever. — Der. parfait. PARFAIT, adj. perfect. See parfaire. PARFILER, va. to pick out threads (of a textile fabric). See par and Jiler. — Der. parJildigQ. PARFOIS, adv. sometimes. See par and /ois. PARFONDRE, va. to fuse. See parachever and fondre. PARFUMER, va. to perfume. See futner and parachever. — Der. parfum (verbal subst.), parfumtMx. Parh61ie, sm. a parhelion ; from Gr. Trapi}- kios. fParia, sm. a pariah, outcast; of Hindu origin. Parier, va. to wager; from L. pariare, lit. to balance an account, then to pledge, wager, equal sums. — Der. pari (verbal subst.), parieuT. Parietaire, sf. (Bot.) parietary; from L. parietaria (so used in Apuleius). Parietal, adj. (Anat.) parietal; from L. parietalis. Parity, /. parity; from L. paritatem. PARJURE, sm. perjury; from L. perjurium. For e — a see par. PARJURE, adj. perjured ; from L, perjurus. For e = a see par. PARJURER, va. to perjure; from L. per- jurare. For letter-changes see par and jurer. PARLER, vn. to speak. O. Fr. paroler, from L. parabolare *, properly to relate. Para- bolare is used for 'to speak,' in CaroHiigian documents : we read ' Nostri seniores, sicut audistis, parabolaverunt simul, et con- sideraverunt cum communibus illorum fide- libus ' in a Capitulary of Charles the Bald. Parabolare, regularly contrd. (see § 52) to parab'lare, becomes paraulare * (for hi = vl = ul see aurone). Paraulare be- comes O. Fr. paroler (for au = see § 107), then paroler is contrd. to parier (see § 51). — Der. parl&m, parlement, parlementuT, pari emcntzire, parhge, parier (sm.), parlerie, parloii, pourparler, re- parler. PARMI, prep, amongst ; from L. per me- dium. For letter-changes see par and mi. Parnasse, sm. Parnassus; from L. Par- nassus. Parodie, sf. a parody ; from Gr. irapaibia. — Der. parodier, parodiste. PAROI, sf. a partition wall; from L. pa- rietem.. For loss of t see aigu ; for i = oi see boire. PAROISSE, sf. a parish ; from L, paroecia (a diocese in St. Augustine, a parish in Sidonius Apollinarius). Paroecia is regu- larly reduced to parecia (see § 105), and becomes paroisse. For e = oi see § 61: for ci = ss see agencer. — Der. paroissitn, paroissxzX. PAROLE, sf a word, speech. Prov. paraula, from parabola, properly a recital. Para- bola =/'aro/e is found in CaroHngian docu- ments, as ' Non dicam illas parabolas, quas vos dixeritis ad me, et mandaveritis mihi, ut celem eas,' in a document of the loth cent. Parabola, regularly contrd. (see § 51) to parab'la, becomes paraula *. For bl = v/ = ul see aurone. Paraula * becomes parole: for au = o see § 107. Parole is a doublet oi parabole, q. v. Paronyme, adj. paronymous ; from Gr. irap6jvvfios. Parotide, sf. (Anat.) the parotid gland; from Gr. Trapanis. Paroxysme, sm. a paroxysm; from Gr. irapoj^vanos. PARPAING, sm. a bonder (in building). Origin unknown. Parque, sf a fate ; from L. parca. PARQUER, va. to pen (cattle). See pare. PARQUET, sw.the bar (of a court of justice), wooden flooring. See pare. — Der. parquet- er, parquettm, parquettne, parqueta.ge. PARRAIN, sm. a godfather ; formerly par- rein (so written in the 17th cent.), Sp. padrino, from L. patrinus*, found in CaroHngian documents, as in ' Sanctissimus vir patrinus videlicet seu spiritualis pater noster,' from a Charter a.d. 752. Pa- trinus is from L. pater. Patrinus be- comes parrain : for tr = rr see § 1 68 ; for in = ein (whence O. Fr. parrein) ; lastly ein = ain, see § 69 note 2. Parricide, sm. a parricide (murderer of parent); from L. parricida. 264 PARR ICIDE — PA SSER . Parricide, sm. parricide (act of murder) ; from L. parricidium. PARSEMER. va. to strew. See semer. PART, s/. a share, part ; from L. partem. PART, sm. birth, child ; from L. paxtus. PARTAGE, sm. partition, der. from partir (in the sense of L. partiri, to divide). — Der. partager, partagezhlc, partageznt. PART ANT, adv. consequently ; from L. per- tantum. For letter-changes see par and tant. — Der. partance. tPartenaire, sm/. a partner; from Engl, partner. PARTERRE, sm. a flower-garden. See par and terre. PARTI, adj. divided, in such phrases as parti d'or et de gueule ; aigle d'or au chef parti (i. e. two-headed). Parti is p.p. of O. Fr. va. partir, to divide (see partir), which re- mains in the phrase avoir maille a partir (i. e. to have a penny to share with one). PARTI, panic, sm. a party ; from partir, q. v. Parti properly signifies a division. Partiaire, adj. that pays part of produce as rent; from L. partiarius. Partial, arf/. partial ; from L. partialis*, der. from partem. Its doublet is par tiel, q. v. — Der. partiality, impartial. Participe, sm. a participle; from L. parti- cipium. Participer, vn. to participate (in); from L. participare. — Der. participant, parti- cipztion. Particulariser, va. to particularise; der. from L. particularis. Particiilarit6, sf. particular ; from L. par- ticularitatem. ' Particule, sf. a particle; from L. particula. Particulier, sm. a particular person, indi- vidual; from L. particularis. PARTIE, ^. a part. See partir. Partiel, arf/. partial; from L. partialis*, der. from partem. Its doublet is partial, q.v. PARTIR, vn. to depart, lit. to divide ; from L. partiri. In the middle ages se partir dun lieu meant to separate oneself from a place, go away, hence to depart. The compd. se departir d'un lieu, to travel, produced the partic. subst. depart. — Der. departir, x&partir, partie (partic. subst., properly a division, portion), parti (partic. subst., the side one takes, thence resolu- tion, opinion). "t Partisan, sm. a partisan ; from It. par- tigiano. Partitif, adj. partitive; from L. partiti- vus *, der. from partitum, supine of par- tiri. Partition, sf. partition; from L. partitic nem. PARTOUT, adv. everywhere. See par aih tout. PARURE, sf attire, finery. See parer. PARVENIR, vn. to attain, reach; from L. pervenire. For letter -change see par. — Der. parvenu. PARVIS, sm. a porch, properly the space I" fore a church porch ; parvis, formerly par^ vis, originally pare'is and para'is, is frci L. paradisus (used in this sense in nn dieval and cedes. Lat. : 'Hie atrium beai: Petri, quod paradisus dicitur, estque awu ecclesiam, magnis marmoribus struxit,' says Anastasius the Librarian. At the end of the 8th cent. Paul the Deacon simi- larly uses the word : * Ecclesiae locum qui paradisus dicitur.' Paradisus by losing d (see accabler) becomes O. Fr. para'is, whence pareis ; for a = e see § 54. Pareis had an euphonic v inter- calated (see corvee) to obviate the hiatus {pare-is, pare-v-is), then dropped e and became parvis, see § 51. Parvis is a doublet of paradis, q. v. PAS, sm. a step ; from L. passiis. For ss = s see ais. PAS, adv. not, no. It is the same word as the sm., and in its original use kept part at least of its proper sense, as in such phrases as Je ne marche pas, etc. Pascal, adj. paschal; from L. pascalis. Pasigraphie, sf pasigraphy (imaginary uni- versal language) ; from Gr. irds and ypi<pfii>. fPasquin, sm. pasquin; from It. pas- quino. t Pasquinade, sf. a pasquinade; from It. pasquinata. PASSABLE, adj. passable. See passer. fPassade, sf a passage; from It. />assa/a. PASSAGE, sm. a passage. See passer.— Der. passagex. PASSAVANT, sm. a permit. See passer and avant. PASSEMENT, sm. lace (of gold, etc.) Sec passer. — Der. passemetUer, passementier, passementerie. PASSE-PORT, sm. a passport. See passer and port. PASSER, va. to pass; from L. passare*, from passum, supine of pandere , to open. ' Pan- dere viam,' in Livy, = to make a way, a pas- sage. — Der. pas (verbal subst., remaining in such phrases as pas de vis, pas de parte. PASSEREA U—PA TRIMOINE. 265 pas de Calais), passe, passable, pass6. pass- ant, passage, passeur, passohe, passereWe, passement, passe-passe, pass3.tioa, compas- ser, depasser, outrepasser, xtpasser, sax- passer, tiepasser. PASSEREA U, sm. a sparrow ; from L. pas- serellus (dim. of passer). For -ellus = -eau see § 204. Passible, adj. liable; from L. passibilis. Der. passibilite, impassible. Passif, adj. passive; from L. passivus. Passion, sf. passion; from L. passionem. — Der. passionncT. t Pastel, sm. a pastel, crayon; from It. pastello. Its doublet is pastille, q. v. ■fPastdque, sf. a water-melon; from Port, pateca. PASTEUR, sm. a pastor, shepherd ; from L. pastorem. For o = eu see § 79. Its doublet is patre, q. v. + Pastiche, sm. imitation, pasticcio ; from It. pasticcio. Pastille, sf. a pastille ; from L. pa still a, fem. form of pastillus. Pastoral, adj. pastoral; from L. pastoralis. — Der. pastorale (adj. used substantively). PASTOUREAU, sm. a shepherd boy ;' for- merly pastourel, from L. pastorellus *, dim. of pastor. For o = om see § 81 ; for -ellus = -eau see § 204. — Der. (from O.Fr. pastourel), pastoureWe (pastoral poetry). i'Patach.e, sf. a 'patache' (kind of public coach), originally a little vessel, in Mon- taigne and Sully. From the sense of ' vessel ' it passed to that of * carriage,' just as some public vehicles are called gondolas. Patache is a Spanish word. t Pat ate, sf. a Spanish potato ; from Sp. patata. PATAU D, sm. properly a young dog with big paws. See patte. PAT AUGER, vn. to dabble, splash. See patte. PATE, sf. paste ; formerly paste, from L. pasta (in Marcellus Empiricus). For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. pate, patee, pdteux, paton, empdter. Patelin, sm. a wheedler ; of hist, origin (see § 33), the name of a celebrated cha- racter in a I5th-cent. comedy. — Der. pa- telinex, patelinage, patelineax. Patelle, sf. (Conch.) a limpet ; from L. patella. Pat^ne, sf. a paten ; from L. patena. PATENOTRE, sf. a paternoster, Lord's prayer ; formerly patenostre, originally pa- ternostre, from L. pater noster. For letter-changes see notre. Patent, adj. patent; from L. patent em. — Der. patents. Patdre, sf. a patera, a pin, peg; from L. patera. Paterne, adj. paternal; from L. paternus. Paternel, adj. paternal; from L. paterna- lis*, der. from paternus. Paternity, sf. paternity; from L. pater- nitatem. Path6tique, adj. pathetic ; from Gr. ira^i;- TIKOS. Pathologie, sf. pathology ; from Gr. rrd^os and A.070S. — Der. pathologique. t Pathos, sm. pathos; from Gr. TrdOos. Patibulaire, adj. of the gallows; der. from L. patibulum. Patience, sf patience; from L. patientia. For -cia, = -ce see § 244. Patience, sf (Bot.) herb-patience ; a cor- ruption of Low Germ, patich. Patient, adj. patient ; from L. patientem. — Der. patientex, impatient. PATIN, sm. a high-heeled shoe, skate. See patte. — Der. patinex, patineux. Patine, sf patina (fine rust on coins). Origin unknown. P&tir, vn. to suffer; from L. patiri*, der. from pati; cp. moriri from mori, see mourir. PATIS, sm. a pasture common ; formerly pastis, from L. pasticium, found in medie- val Lat. documents. Pasticium is from pastum, supine of pascere. Pasticium becomes pastis by c = s, see amitie, then patis by loss of s, see Hist. Gram. p. 81. fP^tissier, smf a pastry cook; in l6th cent, pastissier, from It. pasticciere. — Der. patissex, patissexxe. Patois, S7n. a patois. Origin unknown. Patraque, sm. a glmcrack, trumpery. Origin unknown. PATRE, sm. a herdsman ; formerly pastre, from L. pastor, by regular contr. (see § 50) of past6r (for pastor) to past*r whence pastre, whence pdtre ; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. Pdtre is a doublet of pasteur (q. v.). While /)as/cwr is regularly derived from the objective case pastorem, pdtre comes from the subjective case, with its final vowel shortened, see Hist. Gram. p. 95. Patriarche, sot. a patriarch; from Gr. TTarpiapxns. — Der. patriarcaX, patriarcaX. Patrice, SOT. apatrician; from L. patricius. — Der. patricizi, patricien. Patrie,s/.one'snativecountry;fromL.patria. Patrimoine, sm. a patrimony; from L. patrimonium. 266 PATRIOTE — PEC. Patriote, sm a patriot ; from Gr. mrpidj- Ti/s. = Der. palriotique, patriofismc. Patron, sm. a patron ; from L. patronus. — Dcr. pcUromgt, patronnc, patronntx, pa- trom\. tPatrouille, sf. a patrol; altered from patouille, the form used in i6th cent. Pa- touille is from It. pathiglia. PATTE, sf. a paw. Origin unknown. — Der. Paliud, paUuger, pat'in. PATURE, sf. food (of animals), pasture ; formerly pasture, from L. pastura. — Der. pdturex, /xl/wrage, paturon (der. from O. Fr. patvre, a cord to tether animals pasturing; hence comes the sense of the pastern, the part of the horse's leg to which the cord is fastened). PATURON, sm. a pastern. See pature. PAUME, sf, a palm ; formerly palme, from L. paliua. For al = au see agneau. Paume is a doublet of palme, q. v. — Der. paume (jeu de), tennis, hand-fives; so called because the ball is hit by the palm of the hand. PAUME (JEU DE), sf. tennis. See above.— Der. paumxer. PAUPIERE, s/. an eyelid; fromL.palpebra. For br = r see § i68 ; for e = ie see § 56; for al = au see agneau. Pause, sf a pause; from L. pausa. Its doublet is .pose, q. v. PAUVRE, adj. poor. Prov. pauhre. It. po- vero, from L. pauperus, an archaic form of pauper, by regular contr. (see § 51) of paupSrus to paup'rus, whence pauvre; for p = i' see § ill. — Der. pauvrcsse, ap- pauvrir, pauvret, pauvrette. PAUVRETE, sf. poverty ; from L. pauper- tatem. For -tatem = -te see abbe ; for p = v see § III ; for transposition of r see dprete. fPavane,s/.pavan,a solemn dance; brought in from Spain in 1 6th cent. Pavane is from Sp. pavana. — Der, pavantr. PAVE, sm^ a paving-stone, pavement. See paver. PAVER, va. to pave; from L. pavare*, from pavire. PAVILLON, sm. a pavilion, tent, Sp, pabeU lon, from L. papilionem, found in Pliny, TertuUian and Vegetius. For p=v see § III; for li = z7 see ceil. Pavilion is a doublet of papillon, q. v. fPavois, sw. a shield; from It, pavesse. Origin unknown, — Dtr . pavoisti (originally to set up emblazoned shields, whence later to unfurl a flag). PAVOT, sm. a poppy ; formerly paot, pao *, from L. papaver, by irregular loss of final r, whence papave, whence pao * by un- usual loss of medial p. For B,v = au see aurone ; for au = o see § 107; cp, cla- vus, which gives us O. Fr. do, whence clou. Pao, afterwards written paot, becomes very irregularly pavot by intercalating an euphonic v, see corvee. PAYER, va. to pay. Prov. pcigar. It. pagare, from L. pacare (properly to appease, satisfy, thence to pay). Pacare, signifying to pay, is found in several medieval Lat. documents, as ' Et si non pacaveirint, non tenentur plus commodare,' in the Leges Bur- gorum of Scotland, and in another passage of the same Scottish Ordinances : 'Pa- cabit mercatori a quo praedicta mercimo- nia emit, secundum forum prius statutum.* For loss of medial c, see affouage ; for a = ai see § 51. — Der. paye (verbal subst.) ; payemtnt, payem, payable, impaynhle. PAYS, sm. a country. It. paese, from L. pagensis * (in the phrase ' ager pagensis,' der. from pagus, a district, canton, pro- perly the territory of a canton). For ex- tension of meaning see § 12. Pagensis, regularly reduced (see aine and §§ 163, 206) to pagesis, becomes pais, then pays. For loss of medial g see allier; for e = t see § 59. — lyer, paysan, paysage, depayser. PAYSAGE, sm. a landscape. See pays. — Der. paysagiste. PEAGE, sm. a toll, Prov, pezatge, Ix.pedag- gio, from L. pedaticum *, found in me- dieval Lat. documents ; as in ' In peda- tico quod per aquam accipitur, duae partes erunt meae tertia monachorum,' from a Charter of a.d. 1164, Pedaticum is der, from pedem, Pedaticum becomes peage : for -aticum = -age see age ; for loss of medial d see accabler. — Der. peag- er. PEAU, sm. skin ; formerly pel, from L. pel- lem.. For el = eau see agneau. — Der. (from O. Fr. pel, to peel) peler. PEAUSSIER, sm. a skinner, Prov. pelicier. It. pelliciere, from L. pelliciarus *, der, from adi, pellicius, found in the Digest. Pellicidrius, contrd, regularly (see § 52) to pell'ciarius, becomes peaussier: for el = eau see agneau ; for ci = ss see agencer ; for -arius = -ler see § 198, — Der. peausstt'ie. \ "Pec, adj. newly salted (in the phrase ha- reng pec); introd. from Neth. pehl, pickled. PECCA BLE — PELERIN, 267 I Peccable, adj. peccable; from L. pecca- 1 bills. \ t Peccadille, sf. a peccadillo; from It. peccadiglio. PECHE, s/. fishing. See pecker. PECHE, sf. (Bot.) a peach ; formerly pesche. It. persica, from L. persicum (found in Pliny and Columella), by regular contr. (see § 51) of pirsicum to pers'cum, whence pesche. For rs = s see dos ; for c = ch see acharner; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. Peche is a doublet oi per- sique, q.v, — Der. pSchev. PECHER, vn. to sin ; from L, peccare. For cc = c/f see acharner; for a = e see § 54. — Der. peche (partic. subst., L. peccatum). PfiCHER, sm. a peach-tree. See peche. PECHER, va. to fish ; formerly pescher, Sp. pescar, from L. piscare. For i = e see § 71; for ca = che see acharner ; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. peche (verbal subst.). PECHERESSE, sf. a sinner (female): Prov. peccairitz, It. peccatrice, from L. pecca- tricem (found in St. Jerome). For cca = che see acharner and § 54 ; for tr = r see § 168; for i = e see §71; for c = js see amide. PECHEUR, sm. a sinner ; formerly pe- ch'eur, originally pecheor, Sp. peccador. It. peccatore, from L. peccatorera. For coo, = che see acharner and § 54. For letter-changes of -atorem = -«^r see em- pereur. PfeCHEUR, sm. a fisherman ; formerly pes- cheiir, originally pescheor, Sp. pescador, It. pescatore, from L. piscatorem. For i = f see § 71; for c = cA see acharner. For details of -atorera = -«ir see etnpereur. — Der. pecherie. t P6core, sf an animal ; introd. in the 1 6th cent, from It. pecora. Pectoral, adj. pectoral; from L. pecto- ralis. P6culat, sw. peculation; from L, pecula- tus. P6cule, sm. a stock of money; from L. peculium. Pleune, sf cash ; from L. pecunia. — Der. pecuma.\Te. PedagOgie, sf pedagogism ; from Gr. irai- Saycoyia. — Der. pedagogique. Pedagogue, sm. a pedagogue; from L. paedagogus. Pedale, sf a pedal ; from L. pedalis, der. from pedem. t Pedant, sm. a pedant; from It. pe- dante. — Der. pedandsme, pedanlei, pedant' iser. + Pedanterie, /. pedantry; from It.pe- danteria. t P6dantes que, ac^'. pedantic; from It. pedantesco. Pedestre, adj. pedestrian ; from L. pedes- tris. P6diculaire, sf (Bot.) lousewort ; from L. pedicularius, from pediculus. PMicule, sm. (Bot.) a stipe; from L. pe- diculus, dim. of pedem. — Der. pedicule. Pedicure, sm. a comcutter ; a word formed from the two Lat. words cur a and pedis. Pedoncule, sm. (Bot.) a stalk ; from L. pedunculus. — Der. pedoncule. PEIGNE, sm. a comb. Sp. peine. It. petdtie, from L. pectinem, by regular contr. (see § 51) of p6ctinem to pect'nem, whence peine*. For ct = ?V see attrait. Peine* later htcomes peigne ; for n =gn see cligner. PEIGNER, va. to comb. Sp. peinar. It. pettinare, fr6m L. pectinare, by regular contr. (see § 52) of pectinare to pect'- nare, whence peiner*. For ct — it =i see attrait. Peiner * later becomes peigner; for n=gn see cligner. — Der. peignoir, peigneuT, peignier, peignure. PEINDRE, va. to paint ; from L. pingere. For -ingere = -eindre see ceindre. PEINE, sf. punishment, pain, trouble; from L. poena. For oe = ^ see § 105; for e = ei see § 59. — "Dex. peiner, pen\h\e. PEINTRE, sm. a painter ; from L. pictor, through pinctor* in rustic Lat., which intercalates n under influence of the p.p. pinctus, see concombre. Pinctor, contrd. regularly (see pdtre) to pinct'r, becomes peintre. For ct = ^ see § 168 ; for i = e see § 71 ; whence ei, see § 59. PEINTURE, sf painting; from L. pictura, which becomes pinctura, see psintre. For pinct- =peint- see peintre. PELAGE, sm. colour of the hair, coat (of animals) ; from L. pilaticum *, der. from pilus. Pilatictim becomes pelage. For -aticum = -age see age ; for i = ^ see § 7 1 . PELE-MfiLE, adv. pell-mell ; formerly pesle^ mesle, properly to move (meler) with a shovel (pelle). For etymology see pelle and meler. PELER, va. to hair, scald (pigs) ; from L. pilare. For i = € see § 71. — Der. pehde. PELER, va. to skin. See peau. — Der. pelure. PELERIN, sm. a pilgrim. Prov. pelegrin. It. pellegrino, Sp. peregrino, from L. pere- grinus *, a pilgrim in medieval Lat. docu- 26S PJ^LERINE-^PENTA METRE. ments; properly a traveller. For change of meaning see § 12. Feregrinus (by gr = r, see § 168) becomes ptlerin, for pererin, by dissimilation (see § 169) and by r = /, see autel. This origin is con- firmed by the fact that Sanctus Fere- grinus (Bishop of Auxerre, died A.D. 304) was called in Fr, Saint Pelerin. — Der. pelerinzge, pelerine. PELERINE, sf. a pilgrim's mantle. See pelerin. Pelican, sm. a pelican; from L. pelli- canus. PELISSE, sf. a pelisse; formerly pelice, It. pellicia, from L. pellicia. For -cia = -ce =^sse see § 273. PELLE, sf. a shovel. It. pala, from L. pala. For a = « see § 54. Its doublet is pale, q. V. — Der. pellet, pellet^t (from O. Fr. verb pelleter), pellet 6e. PELLETIER, sm. a furrier ; der. from O. Fr. pel, for whose origin see peau. — Der. pel- lettx'xt. Pellicule, sf. a pellicle; from L. pellicula. ■pELOTE, /. a ball ; formerly pilote. It. pil- lotta, der. from L. pila^ through a dim. pilotta. Pilotellus is found (7th cent.) in Isidore of Seville. For i = « see § 71. — Der. pelottx, peloton, peloionner. PELOTONNER, va. to wind into balls (of thread, etc.). See pelote. — Der. peloton (meaning a group of persons gathered together, a knot). fPelouse, s/. a lawn; from Prov. pelos, thick-set, close, pelouse being close turf. Pelos is from L. pilosus. PELU, adj. hairy. Prov. pelut, Sp. peludo, from L. pilutvi3 *, der. from pilum. For -utu8 = -« see § 201 ; for i = « see § 71. PELUCHE, sf. plush. It. peluccio, from L. piluccius*, der. from piltun. For i = e see § 71. — Der. pelucher, ^pluchcr. PELURE, sf peel, paring. See peler. P6nal, adj. penal; from L, poenalis. — Der. penality. tP6nates, sm.pl. penates, household gods; from L. penates. PENAUD, adj. sheepish, abashed. See peine. PENCHER, va. to stoop, incline; from L. pendicare *, der. from pendere, by re- gular contr. (see § 52) of pendicare to pend'care, whence pencher. For dc = c see adjuger ; for ca = che see acharner. — Der. pench3.nt. PENDANT, sm. a pendant, affair hanging, counterpart. See pendre. — Der. pendant (prep. : pendant l' affaire = ' pendente re '). PENDELOCiUE, sf. a pendant, drop. See pendre and loque. PENDRE, va. to hang ; from L. pendere, by contr. (see § 51) of pendSre to pen'- dire. — Der. pente (strong partic. subst., see absoute), pendint, pendente, penddoqae, pendiWer, pendMe, pendznx, pendzhon. Pendule, sm. a pendulum; from L. pen- dulus*. — Der. pendule (sf. a clock, pro- perly a clock with a pendulum). PfeNE, sm. a bolt (locksmiths') ; formerly pesne, originally pesle, from L. pessulum (found in Plautus). FessMum, regularly contrd. (see § 51) to pes'lum, becomes pesle (a form used by Villon) ; pesle be- comes pesne (for / = « see quenouille) ; pesne lastly becomes pene, by loss of s, see Hist. Gram. p. 81. P6n6trable, adj. penetrable; from L. pe- netrabilis. — Der. penetrabilite, impene- trable. P6n6tration, sf penetration; from L. pe- netrationem. P6n6trer, va. to penetrate; from L. pene- ^trare. — Der. penetrant, penelratif, penetre. PENIBLE, adj. painful. See peine. t P 611 i che, sf. a pinnace; from Engl, pin- nace. P6nicill§, adj. (Bot). pencil-shaped; from L. penicillum. P6llinsule, sf. a peninsula; from L. penin- sula. Penitence, s/. penitence; from L. poeni- tentia. For -tia = -ce see § 244. — Der. penitencier, penitenceiie, impenitence. P6nitent, adj. penitent; from L. poeni- tentem. — Der. penitentizire, impenitent. Penne, sf a feather ; from L. penna. — Der. pennzgt. PENNON, sm. a pennon (properly the feather which steadies an arrow) ; from L. penna. P^nombre, sf. a penumbra; from L. paene and umbra. Penser, vn. to think; from L. pensare. Its doublet is pauser, q. v. — Der. pens&xr, pensee (verbal subst.), pensif. Pension, s/. a pension; from L. pensio- nem. — Der. pensionnzire, pensionnzt, pen- sionntx. tPenSum, sm. a task (school); from L. pensum. Its doublet is poids, q. v. Pentacorde, sm. (Mus.) a pentachord; from Gr. irevraxopSos. Pentagone, sm. a pentagon; from Gr. ■nevrdyajvos. Pentamdtre, sm. a pentameter ; from Gr. jrtvTafierpos, i. e. arixos. PENTANDRIE — PSRIPA T^TICIEN. 26g Pentandrie, sf. (Bot.) pentandria ; from Gr. ttcVtc and dvrip. it Pentapole, sf. a pentapolis ; from Gr. irev- raiToXis. Pentateuque, sm. the Pentateuch; from Gr. TTCvTOTeuxos (sc. ^i^Kos). PENTE, sf. a slope, descent. See pendre. Pentecdte, sf. Pentecost, Whitsuntide; from Gr. TTevTTjKoaTTi (sc. Tjfxepa). P6nultidine, adj. penultimate ; from Gr. penultimus. P§nurie, sf penury; from L. penuria. tP6otte, sf. a peotta, Adriatic gondola; from It. peotta. PEPIE, sf. the pip (disease of birds). Prov. pepida. It. pipita. Port, pevide, from L. pituita (found in Columella and Pliny). For consonification ofu see ^anwVr, whence pitvita, whence pivita; for tv = v see Hist. Gram. p. 8i. Pivita becomes pepie by dropping medial t, see aigu ; the change of V into p is unusual. Pepie is a doublet oi pituite, q. v. PEPIN, sm. a pip, kernel. Origin unknown. — Der. pepimere, pepinieriste. *)• P^plum, sm. a peplum, Greek robe; from L. peplum. PERCALE, sf a cambric muslin. Origin unknown, — Der. percal'me. Percepteur, sm. a collector (of taxes, etc.); from L. perceptorem. Perceptible, adj. perceptible ; from L. perceptibilis *, der. from perceptum, supine of percipere. — Der. perceptibillte. Perception, sf perception; from L. per- ceptionem. PERCER, va. to pierce. Origin unknown. — Der. percee (partic. subst.), perce (verbal subst.), percement, perce-ho\s, perce-feuxWe, perce-neige, perce-oreille, pergok, tTznspercer. PERCEVOIR, va. to collect (taxes, etc.); from L. percipere. For letter-changes see apercevoir. PERCHE, sf. a pole, perch ; from L. pertica, by regular contr. (see § 51) of p6rtica to pert'ca, whence per'ca (see adjuger), then perche (see acharner). — Der. perchtr, perchoir. PERCHE, sf. (Ichth.) a perch ; from L. perca. For ca = che see acharner and § 54. Perclus, adj. impotent; from L. per- clusus. Percussion, sf. percussion: from L. per- cussionem. Perdition, sf perdition; from L, perdi- tionem (found in St. Jerome). PERDRE, va. to lose ; from L. perdere, by regular contr. (see § 51) of perdere to perd're. — Der. perdzhle, perte (strong partic. subst., see absoute). PERDRIX, sf. a partridge; from L. per- dicem. For c = « see amiiie; for addi- tion of r see chanvre. — Der. perdrtzn. P6RE, sm. a father ; from L. patrem. For B. = e see § 54; for tr = r see § 168. — Der. compere. P§r§grination, sf. peregrination ; from L. peregrinationem. Peremption, sf. (Legal) the being barred by limitation; from L. peremptionem. P6reniptoire, adj. peremptory; from L. peremptorius. Perfectible, adj. perfectible; from L. per- fectibilis, der. from perfectus. Perfection, sf perfection ; from L. per- fectionem. — Der. perfectionntr. Perfide, adj. perfidious; from L. per- fidus. Perfidie, sf. perfidy; from L. perfidia. Perforer, va. to perforate; from L, per- forare. — Der. perford^lxon. P6riantlie, sm. (Bot.) perianthium ; from Gr. v€piav6r)s. P6ricarde, sm. (Anat.) the pericardium; from Gr. Trfpiicap^iov. P6ricarpe, sm. (Bot.) a pericarp ; from L. pericarpum. P6ricliter, vn. to be in danger ; from L. periclitari. P6ri6ciens, sm.pl. perioeci; from Gr.rrfpt- OIKOS. P6rig6e, sm. (Astron.) perigee ; from Gr. TTfpiyeios. P^rihelie, sm. (Astron.) a perihelion ; from Gr. TTfpi and ijKios. PERIL, sm. a peril, danger ; from L. peri- culum. For -iculum = -z7 see § 257. PERILLEUX, adj. perilous; from L. peri- culosus, by regular contr. (see § 52) of periculosus to peric'losus, whence perilleux. For cl = il see abeille ; for -osus = -eux see § 229. Perimer, vn. (Legal) to be barred by limi- tation ; from L. perimere. P6rimdtre, sm. (Geom.) perimeter; from Gr. irepifieTpos (sc. ypa/i/xri). P6riode, sf a. period; from L. perio- dus. P6riodique, adj. periodical; from L. peri- od icus. — Der. periodicite. P6rioste, sm. (Anat.) periostium ; from Gr. vepioaTfov. P6ripat6ticien, sm. a Peripatetician ; from Gr. TiepnraTqriKos. — Der. pt'ripateiismG. 270 pSripStie—perspica ce. P6rip6tie, sf. a revolution, catastrophe; from Gr. irfpiirirfia. P6riph6rie, sf. (Geom.) periphery; from Gr. vfptipipfia. P6riphrase, sf. a periphrasis; from Gr. ir(pi(ppa<xis. — Der. periphraser. P6riple, sm. a periplus, circumnavigation ; from Gr. irf piirXoos. P6ripneuinonie, sf. (Med.) peripneu- monia ; from Gr. vfpiwfvfiovia. P6riptdre, sm. (Archit.) a periptery ; from Gr. TTfpilTTfpOV. P^RIR, vn. to perish; from L. perire. — Der. perisszxiX, /icWssable. P6risciens, sm. pi. periscians; from Gr. •ttfpiaKioi. Peristyle, sm. (Archit.) a peristyle ; from Gr. vfpioTvKov. P6ritoine, sm. (Anat.) a peritoneum ; from Gr. TTfpiTcvaios (sc. v/xrjv). FERLE, sf. a pearl. Port, perola, from L. pirula, der. from pinim, from the form of certain pear-shaped pearls. For i = e see § 71, whence penUa, found (7th cent.) in Isidore of Seville. Perula, regularly contrd. (see § 51) to per'la, becomes perle. — Der. perhx, perU. Permanent, adj. permanent ; from L. permanentem. — Der. permanence. Permeable, adj. permeable; from L. per- meabilis. — Der. permeabilhe, imperme- able. Permettre, va. to permit ; from L. per- mittere. For mittere = mettre see § 71. — Titr.permxs (partic. subst.). Permission, sf. permission; from L. per- missionem. Permutation, sf. permutation ; from L. permutationem. Permuter, va. to permute; from L. per- mutare. — Der. permutznt. Pernicieux, adj. pernicious; from L. perniciosus. For -08Via = -eux see § 229. P6ron6, sm. a fibula, clasp ; from Gr. rrfpovT]. P6roraison, sf. a peroration ; from L. perorationem. For letter-changes see oraison. P6rorer, va. to perorate; from L. pero- rare. Perpendiculaire, adj. perpendicular ; from L. perpendicularis. — Der. perpen- dicularii4i. Perp§trer, va. to perpetrate ; from L. per- petrare. Perp6tuer, va. to perpetuate; from L. perpetuare . — Der. perpeiuntion, perpetud. Perp6tuit6, sf. a perpetuity ; from L. per- petuitatem. Perplexe, adj. perplexed; from L. per- plexus. Perplexit6, sf. a perplexity; from L. per- plexitatem. Perquisition, sf. a perquisition ; from L. perquisitionem. PERRON, sm. a flight of stone steps. See pterre. tPerroquet, sm. aperroquet; from It. perrochelto. — Der. perruche. t Per ruche, sf a parrot. See perroquet. tPerruque, sf a wig, peruke; from It. parruca. — Der. perriiqmer, perruqjAere. Perse, sf Persian chintz ; of hist, origin (see § 33), a fabric originally made in Persia. Pers6cuter, va. to persecute; from L. persecutari *. — Der. /w'secw/ant, perseait- eur, persecution. Pers§v6rer, vn. to persevere; from L. perse ver are. — Der. persevdrznt, perse- verance. Persicaire, sf. (Bot.) persicaria ; from L. persicaria*, der. from persica, q. v. Persienne, sf. a window-blind, properly persane; of hist, origin (see § 33), a fashion introduced from Persia. In the 1 7th cent, the form was persien, not person. Persifler, va. to quiz. See siffler and para- chever for the prefix per. — Der. persij^zge, persifieuT. PERSIL, sm. (Bot.) parsley ; from L. petro- selinum. The Greek accent (ireTpoae\i- vov) has in this word supplanted the Latin (petroselmum). Petros61inum is regu- larly contrd. (see § 52") to petr'selinum, whence persil. For loss of last two atonic vowels see §§ 50, 51; for tr = r see ar- riere; for e = i see § 59.— Der. /erszTlade, persill4. Persique, adj. (Archit.) Persian; from L. persicus. Persister, vn. to persist; from L. persis- tere. — Der. persistant, persistence. Per Sonne, sf a person ; from L. persona. — Der. personn&ge, persoftniHeT, personnifi- cation. Personnel, adj. personal: from L. per- sonalis. —Der. personnalite, personnal- iser. Perspectif, adj. perspective; from L. per- spectivus *, der. from perspectus. — Der. perspective. Perspicace, adj. perspicacious ; from L. perspicacem. — Der. perspicacite. PERSPIC UITS — PHA LA NGE. 271 Perspicuity, sf. perspicuity; from L. per- spicuitatem. Persuader, vn. to persuade ; from L. per- suadere. Persuasion, sf. persuasion; from L. per- suasionem. — Der. persuasif. PERTE, sf. loss. See perdre and absoute. Pertinent, adj. pertinent; from L. perti- nentem.~Der. periinencc. PERTUIS, sm. an opening, hole, strait ; from L. pertusus. For u = ui see buis. fPertuisane, sf. a partisan (halberd); from It. partigiana. Perturbateur, sm. a disturber; from L. perturbatorem. Perturbation, sf. perturbation; from L. perturbationem. PERVENCHE, sf (Bot.) periwinkle; from L. pervinca. For in = e« see § 71 ; for ca = che see acharner and § 54. Pervers, adj. perverse; from L. perver- sus. Perversion, sf. a perversion; from L. per- v^ionem. Perversity, sf. perversity; from L. per- versitatem. Pervertir, va. to pervert; from L. per- vertere. For e = j see § 59. PESANT, adj. heavy. See peser. — Der. pe- $antt\\x. PESER, vn. to weigh^ press hard; from L. pensare. For ns = s see a^«e. Its doublet is panser, penser, q. v. — Der, peset (partic. subst.), pesQMX, peson, pese-liquem, pese-\a.it, etc. Pessimiste, sf a pessimist; from L. pes- simus. Peste, sf. plague, pest; from L. pestis. — Der. pester. Pestif^re, adj. pestiferous; from L. pesti- ferus. — Der. pesHfere. Pestilence, sf pestilence; from L, pesti- lentia. Pestilent, adj. pestilent; from L. pesti- lentem. — Der. pesiilentitX. PET, sm. explosion, breaking wind ; from L. peditus, by regular contr. (see § 51) of p^ditus to ped'tus, then by dt = /, see § 168 and cp. /»fr^^(perd'ta for perdita), see also absoute. — Der. pet&r, petzrd, petznd, /x^/audiere, petiWev. Petale, sm. (Bot.) a petal ; from Gr, iri- rakov. Its doublet is poele, q. v. PETARD, sm. a petard. See pet.—Dtx. pe- tardier. PETILLER, vn. to crackle, sparkle. See pet. Der. petilhnt, petiUement. Petiole, adj. petiolate; from L. petiolus. — Der. petiole. PETIT, adj. small. Origin unknown. — Der. petitement, petitesse, upetisser, ra/>e/isser. Petition, sf. a petition; from L. petitio- nem. — Der. petitionner, petitionnzire. PETON, sm. a little foot. See pied. P6toncle, sm. (Conch.) a scallop ; from L. pectunculus. P6tree, adj. stony; from L. petraeus. PETREL, sm. a petrel. Origin unknown. P6trifier, va. to petrify; from L. pet rifi- care *, der. from petra. — Der. petrificz- ^tion. PETRIN, sm. a kneading-trough ; formerly pestrin, from L, pistrinum. For i = e see ^§ 71 ; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. PETRI R, va. to knead ; formerly /les/n'r, from L. pisturire *, der. from pistura, act of kneading corn for bread. Pisturire is contrd. (see § 52) to pist'rire, whence ' pestrir. For i = e see § 72 ; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. petriss- age. P6trole, sm. petroleum, properly rock-oil; from L. petra and oleum. Petulance, sf petulance; from L. petu- lantia. P6tulant, adj. petulant; from L. petulan- tem. PEU, adv. little. Vrov. pauc, It. poco, from L. paucus. For loss of e see ami; for au = o see § 106 ; then for o = eu see § 79. PEUPLADE, sm. a people, colony, horde. See peupler. PEUPLE, sm. a people, nation ; from L. populus, by regular contr. (see § 51) of populus to pop'lus, whence peuple. For o = eu see § 79. — Der. peupltr, peuphde, d^peupler, repeupler. PEUPLIER, sm. a poplar-tree; from O. Fr. peuple. Peuple is from L. populus, by regular contr. (see § 51) of populus to pop'lus, whence peuple. For o = eu see §79- PEUR, sf fear ; formerly peiir, earlier peor, originally poor, Sp. pavor, from L. pavo- rem (for loss of medial v see a'ieul), hence O. Fr. paor, whence peor (for a = e see § 54), next peiir (for o = u see curee), lastly for peiir =peur see Hist. Gram. p. 53. — Der. peureux. PEUT-feTRE, adv. perhaps. See etre and potivoir. Pha6ton, stn. a phaeton ; from L. phaeton. Phalange, sf. a phalanx; from L. pha- langem. %"]% PHA RISIEN — PISDESTAL. Pharisien, sm. a Pharisee ; from L. phari- saeus. Pharmaceutique, adj. pharmaceutical; from Gr. (papfw.KfVTiie6s. Pharmacie, sf. pharmacy ; from Gr. <pap- fiaxda. — Der. pharmacien. Pharinacop6©, sf. pharmacopoeia ; from Gr. (papfxaKOiToita. Pharynx, sm. (Anat.) the pharynx ; from Gr. (papvy^. Phase, sf. a phase ; from Gr. <p6.(fis. Ph6bus, sm. Phoebus, fustian, bombast; from L. phoebus. Ph6nicopt6re, sm. a flamingo ; from Gr. ipOlVlKOTTTtpOS. Ph6nix. sm. a phoenix ; from Gr. <poivi^. Ph6noin6ne, sm. a phenomena ; from Gr. (paivofjiivov. Philanthrope, sm. a philanthropist ; from Gr. (piXavdpQjitos. — Der. philanthropic, phi- lanthropique. Philharmonique, adj. philharmonic; from Gr. <pi\05 and dpfiovia. Philhelldne, smf. a philhellene ; from Gr. <pi\€\\rjv. Philippique, sf. a philippic; from Gr. ^iXiimiKos (sc. \6yos), from the speeches of Demosthenes against Philip of Macedon. Philologie, sf. philology ; from Gr. (piXo- \oyia. — Der. philologue, philologiqne. Philomathique, adj. philomathic; from Gr. (piXof^adrjs. Philosophie, /. philosophy; from Gr. <pi\o(To<pia. — Der. philosophy, philosopher, philosoph\que, philosophisme, philosophal. Philotechnique, adj. philotechnic ; from Gr. <Pi\6t€xvos. Philtre, sm. a philter, love-potion; from Gr. <piKTpov. Phl6botoniie, sf. phlebotomy; from Gr. <p\€^0T0fiia. — Der. phlebotome, phlebotom- iser. Phonique, adj. phonic ; from Gr. (p<uvri. Phoque, sm. a seal ; from Gr. <p6}icrj. Phosphore, sm. phosphorus; from Gr. (pooacpopos. — Der. phosphite, phosphoreux, phosphor'] que, phosophorescent, phosphor- escence. Phrase, sf a phrase; from Gr. <j>pd<Tis. — Der. phraser, phrasier. Phras6ologie, sf. phraseology; from Gr. (ppafTfoXoyia. Phthisie, sf consumption ; from Gr. <p9'iai$. — Der. phthisiqae. PhylactSre, sm. a phylactery; from Gr. (pvXaKTTjpiov . Physiognomonie, sf physiognomy; from Gr. <pvaioyvo}ixovia. — Der. physiognomoti' ique. Physiologie, sf physiology; from Gr. (pvortoXoyia. — Der. physiologiqae, physio- logiste. Physionomie, sf. physiognomy; from Gr. (pvcioyvojfxia for (pvaioyvoipLovia ; see phy- siognomonie. — Der. physiognomiste. Physique, ./. physics; from Gr. (pvatte^, (sc. T(x^v)- — Der, physicien. Ph3rtolithe, sm. (Min.) a phytolite ; from Gr. (pvTov and Xidos. Phytologie, sf phytology ; from Gr. (pvrdv and Xoyos. Piaculaire, adj. expiatory; from L. piacu- laris. PIAFFER, vn. to make ostentatious show. Origin unknown. — Der. piaffexxr. PIAILLER, vn. to squall; onomatopoetic. See § 34. — Der. piaillerie, piailleur. Pianiste, smf a pianist. See piano. "t Piano, sm. a piano; from It. piano. In sense of a keyed instrument piano is an abbreviation of the older name piano-forte, so called because the player can play loud or soft at pleasure. Piano is a doublet of plain, q. v. — Der. pianiste. + Piastre, sf a piastre; from It. piastra. . PIAULER, vn. to pule, whine; onomatopoetic. See § ,:?4. Pic, sm. a woodpecker; from L. picus. — Der. pic-vert (then piverl; It. pico- verde). PIC, sm. a pike, pick-axe, thence a peak, pro- perly a point ; of Celtic origin, Gael. pic. — Der. picot. tPicor6e, s/; marauding; from Sp. picorea. — Der. picorer, picoreur. PICOTER, va. to pick, irritate, tease. See piquer. — Der. picotin, picotement, picot- erie. PICOTIN, sm. a peck (of oats). See pic- oter. Pie, adj. pious; from L. pi a. PIE, sf a magpie, pie ; from L. pica (found in Pliny). For loss of medial c see ami. — Der. chewz\-pie, pigeon-pie, piette. Fl^CE, sf. a piece ; from L. petium (used of a piece of land in a document of a.d. 768). Origin unknown. Petium becomes piece : for e = ie see § 56; for -tium = -ce see agenfer. — Der. depecer, rzpiecer. PIED, sm. a foot; from L. pedem. For e = ie see § 56. — Der. contre-pied, pied- a-terre, pieter. fPi^destal, sm. a pedestal; from It. piedestallo. I PISdOUCHE — PINCEA U. 273 Pi^douche, SW2. (Archit.) a piedouche ; from It. peduccio. PIEGE, sf. a snare. It. pedica, from L. pedica, by regular contr. (see § 51) of pediea to ped'ca, whence piege. For dc=^ see adjnger; for e = ie see § 56. PIE-GRIECHE, sf. (Ornith.) a shrike. See grieche. Pie-mdre, sf. (Anat.) the pia mater, PIERRE, sf. a stone. Prov. peira, Cat. pedra, It. pietra, from L. petra. For tr = rr see § 168; for e = ie see § 56. — Der. pierrex, pierreue, pierrier, tmpierrtr, perron, per- riere, perre. PIERREUX, adj. stony ; from L.. petrosus. For -osus = -£?/» see § 229; for petr- = pierr- see pierre. Pierrot, sm. (i) lit, a 'little Peter,' a peasant, then a clown dressed like a peasant ; (2) a sparrow. For this application of a man's name to that of birds see jacasser. It is a dim. of Pierre. Piete, sf. piety; from L. pietatem. For -tatein = -/e see § 230. Its doublet is pitie, q. V. — Der. pietiste. PIETER, va. to dispose to resistance. See pied. PIETINER, va. to tread underfoot; der. from O. Fr. pieein, dim. of pied. — Der. pietine- ment. PIETON, sm. a pedestrian ; from L. pedi- tonem*, der. from peditare, 'to go afoot,' in 6th-cent. Lat. documents. Peditonem, regularly contrd. (see § 52) to ped'to- nem, becomes pieton. For e = ie see § 56; for dt = / cp. perdita, perd'ta, perte; vendita, vend'ta, vew^e; rendita*, rend'ta, rente. PI£TRE, adj. poor, sorry ; from L. pedes- tris, properly « that goes afoot,' hence humble, poor; lastly, wretched. Pedestris, losing medial d (see accahler), becomes fietre. For e = i see § 59; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. pietrement, pieirerie. PIETTE, sf (Ornith.) a weasel-coot. See pie. I PIEU, sm. a stake ; formerly pel, Prov. pal, It. palo, from L. palus. For a = e see § 54; hence pel, whence piel. For e = ie see § 56. Piel becomes pieu. For / = « see agneati. Its doublet is pal, q.v. PIEUX, adj. pious ; formerly pieus, originally plus, from L. plus. For u= eu see beugler; for s = » see deux. — Y)er.pieuse,pietisement. PIFFRE, sm. a fat person, properly fat, full- cheeked ; the same word as l6th-cent. Fr. pifre, a flute-player, fifer ; hence a man with puffed-out cheeks. Pifre is from It. piffero — Der. s'empiffrer. PIGEON, sm. a pigeon ; from L. pipionem, by regular consonnification of io into jo (see abreger), whence pip'jonem, whence pigeon, see Hist. Gram. p. 65. For pj=j and i—ge see abreger. — Der, pigeonnier, pigeo?ine^n. fPignon, sm. a kernel, a gable; from It. pignone. t Pilastre, sm. (Archit.) a pilaster; from It. pilastro. t Pilau, sm. a pillau (of rice); of Oriental origin (§ 31), Turk, pilau. Pile, sf. a pile, pier (of bridge) ; from L. pi la. — Der. empiltx, pilier, pilot (whence pilotis, pilotex). PILE, sf. mortar ; from L. pila, — Der. pilon. PILE, sf. reverse (of coins), in the phrase pile ou face, ' heads or tails.' Origin un- known. FILER, va. to pound small ; from L. pilars. — Der. pilo'xx, pilenx. PILIER, sm. a pillar. See pile. + Pilier, va. to pillage, ransack; introd. in 1 6th cent., with many other military terms, from It. pigliare. — Der. pilUge, pilhxd, pillerie. PILON, sm. a pestle. See piler. PILORI, sm. a pillory. Origin unknown. fPilote, sm. a pilot; from It. pilota. — Der. pilotex, pilotage, pilot'm. PILOTIS, sm. pile-work. See pile (l). Pilule, sf. a pill; from L. pilula. PIMBfiCHE, sf. an impertinent girl. Origin unknown. PIMENT, sm. pimento, capsicum ; in the middle ages a spiced aromatic drink, then later spice, specially pepper. Piment in the earlier sense is from L, pigmentum, juice of plants, drug, in Caelius Aurelianus, For gni = m see § 168. Piment is a doublet of pigment. PIMP ANT, adj. smart, sparkling. Origin un- known, t Pimprenelle, sf (Bot.) the pimpernel ; in 1 6th cent, pimpenelle, from It. pimpinella. PIN, sm. a pine ; from L. pinus. tPinacle, sm. a pinnacle; introd. in l6th cent, from It. pinacolo. fPinasse, sf. a pinnace; from It. pin' accia. PINCEAU, sm. a painter's brush, pencil ; for- merly pincel, from L. penicillum, by regular contr. (see § 52) of penieil- lum to pen'oillum, whence pincel. For I 6 = I see § 59 ; for 1 = « see § "72 ; for T 274 PINCER — PITEUX, el = eau see agneau. — Der. (from O. Fr. pincel) pincehtx. PINCER, va. to pinch. Venet. pizzare, of Germ origin, Neth. /)//stf». For intercalated n (J>icer*, then pincer) see concombre. — Der. pince (verbal subst.), pitted (partic. subst.), pinf on. PINCETTE, sf. tweezers, tongs ; dim. of pince. See pincer. tPingOuin, sm. a penguin; from Engl. penguin. Pinnule, sf. a pinule; from L. pinnula. PINSON, sf. (Ornith.) a finch ; formerly pin- fon, dim. of a root pine, of Celtic origin, Kymri pine. tPintade, sf. a pintado, guinea-fowl; from Sp. pintada. PINTE, sf. a pint ; of Germ, origin, Engl. pint. Germ, pinte. PIOCHE,* sf. a pickaxe; der. from pic (q. v.), by the suffix -oche ; whence picoehe, whence pioehe. For loss of c see affouage. — Der. piocher. PION, sm. a pawn, lit. a foot-soldier. Pion, used as late as the 17th cent, for a foot- soldier, is in Sp. peon. It. pedone, from L. pedonem * (a foot-passenger, in late Lat. documents, whence a foot-soldier.) Pedo- neiu becomes pion : for loss of medial d, see aecabler ; for e — i see § 59. Pion is a doublet of pedon, peon, q. v. — Der. pionner, pionmtx. PIONNIER, sm. a pioneer. See pion. PIPE, sf. a pipe ; properly a reed-pipe, then a metal-pipe, whence the sense of a liquid measure, then a barrel of wine. In its original sense of a tube, nozzle, (which is the sense of pipe in the oldest Fr. documents, and has remained in the deriv. pipeau, a shepherd's pipe,) it is the verbal subst. of the • verb piper, which is from L. pipare. — Der. pipesiU. PIPEAU, sm. a rural pipe, bird-call. See pipe. PIPER, va. properly to whistle, then to imi- tate birds in order to catch them, then to deceive, to cheat. For etymology see pipe. — Der.pipee (partic. subst.), pipeur, piperie. + Pique-nique, sm. a picnic; introd. from Engl, picnic. PIQUER, vn. to prick; der. from pic, q. v. — Der. pique (verbal subst.), piquunt, piqu- ier, piquette, piqueur, piqme, picoter (fre- quent, of piquer ; cp. trembloter of trem- bler), piquet (whence the sense of a troop of cavalry, whose horses are fastened to the sa me stake, piquet). Piquet, stn. piquet (cards). Origin unknown Pirate, sm. a pirate; from L. pirata.— Der. piratex, piratexxe. PIRE, adj. (conip. and superl.) worse from L. pejor, by regular contr. (se( § 50) of pej6r to pej'r, whence pire by assimilating j (see aider) and by e = (see § 59). — Der. empirex. t Pirogue, sf a pirogue (boat) ; from Sp piroga. PIROUETTE, sf a pirouette. Origin un known. — Der. pirouettex. PIS, adv. (comp. and superl.) worse from L. pejus, by regular contr. (se( § 50) of pejus to pej's, whence pis bj e = i (see § 59), and by assimilation of; (see aider). PIS, sm. worst. For the etymology of this word see above. Piscine, sf a piscina; from L. piscina. Pis6, sm. (Archit.) pise; partic. subst. ol piser, which is from L. pisare. PISSER, vn. to make water. Origin un^ known. — Der. pissoix, pissotex, pissotihxe pissenlit. Pistache, sf a pistachio nut ; from L. pis- tacium. — Der. pistachiex. Piste, sf. a trace ; from L. pistus. Pistil, sm. (Bot.) a pistil ; from L. pistillus Pistole, sf a pistole. Origin unknown, t Pistolet, sm. a pistol ; from It. pistola. Piston, sm. a piston; from L. pistonem *, der. from L. pistare. PITANCE, sf. pittance ; properly the portion given to a monk at each meal. Still used in this sense in the language of the mon- astery. Pitance, It. pietanza, is from L. pietantia, a monk's meal, in medieval Lat. documents ; as in 'Nos frater Johannes Abbas . . pietantiae modus et ordo sic conscripti . . observentur. . In primis vide- licet quod pietantiarius qui pro tempore fuerit . . tenebitur ministrare,' from a 13th- cent. charter. Watts, in his glossary on Matthew Paris, has 'Pietantiam alii scribunt ; nam dapes suas ad pietatem ducebant.' Pietantia is from pietatem, and signifies the product of the ' piety ' of the faithful. Similarly in the middle ages mis- ericordia was used for certain monastic meals. We read in Matthew Paris, ' Ut detestabiles ingurgitationes misericordia- rum in quibus profecto non erat miseri- cordia, prohiberentur.' Pietantia be- comes pitance, as pietatem becomes pitie : for tia = ce see agencer. PITEUX, adj. piteous. Prov. pitos, Sp. pia- TiTit — PLAISIR. 275 doso, It. pietoso, from L. pietosus *, piti- ful, which is the original sense of the Fr. word, afterwards ' worthy of pity', Pieto- sus, der. from pietas, is found in several medieval Lat. documents : as in one of the 13th cent, we have 'Et certe nunquam visum fuit in aliqua civitate tarn enorme nee pietosum infortunium' Pietosus he- comes piieux : {or -osvL8 = -eux see § 229; for ie = i, cp. pietantia, pitance ; pie- tat em, piete. PITIE, sf. pity, compassion. Sp. piedad. It. pieta, from L. pietatem (found in this sense in Suetonius). For pietatem =/>zV/e see pileux ; for -osus = -eiix see § 2 29. — Pitie is a doublet of piete, q, v. — Der. pi'oyer *, whence pitoyable, apitoyer. PITON, sm. a screw-ring. Origin unknown. PITOYABLE, adj. piteous. See pitie.— Der. impitoyahle. + Pittoresque,a^". picturesque; from It. pittoresco. Pituite, sf. phlegm, mucus; from L. pitu- ita. Its doublet is pepie, q. v. — Der. pituitzite, pitutteux. PIVERT, sm. the green woodpecker. See pic. PIVOINE, sm. a bullfinch ; formerly pioine, from L. paeonia. For ae = e see § 104, whence peonia, whence pioine; for e — i see § 59; for o = oi by attraction of i see chanoine. Pioine becomes pivoine by intercalating an euphonic v, see corvee. PIVOT, sm. a pivot. Origin unknown. — Der. pivoter, PLACAGE, sm. a plating (of metals). See plaquer. PLACARD, sm. a placard. See plaquer. — Der. placarder. PLACE, sf. a place ; from L. platea, by re- gular change of platea to platia (see abreger), whence place. For -tia = -ce see agencer. — Der. placer, placement, placiex, placet. PLACER, va. to place, put. See place. — Der. emplacer * (whence emplacement and remplacer). + Placet, sm. a petition; from L. placet. t Its doublet is plait. jPlacide, adj. placid; from L. placidus. — I Der. placidite. i PLAFOND, sm. a ceiling; properly fond plat. \ For etymology see plat and fond. — Der. i plafonner, plafonna.ge, plafonxieur. Plage, sf. sea-coast, coast ; from L. plaga. Plagiaire, sm. a plagiary; from L. plagi- arius (found in Martial). Plagiat, sm. plagiarism; from L. plagi- atus*, der. from plagium. PLAID, sm. a plea, court-sitting, originally a feudal assembly in which cases were tried, • then the hearing of a tribunal, then a counsel's speech. Plaid, for a court of law, is from L. placitiim * (so used in Caro- lingian documents : plaeitum is the last word of the proclamation for convocation of these courts, ' quia tale est nostrum pla- eitum.' Plaeitum, regularly contrd. (see § 51) to plac'tum, becomes O. Fr. plait. For ct = it see attrait ; for plait = plaid see § 117. Plaid is a doublet oi placite,q.v. — Der. plaider (whence O. Fr. plaidoyer, from plaider a.s flamboyer from flamher, totir- noyer from tourner, etc. Plaidoyer has dis- appeared as a verb, but remains as an infinitive used substantively : we have un plaidoyer like un diner, un dejeuner, etc.). PLAIDEUR, sm. a litigant, suitor; from plaider. See plaid. PLAIDOIRIE, sf. a pleading. See plaidoyer. PLAIDOYER, sm. a barrister's speech. See plaider. — Der. plaidoir'xe {for plaidoiere). PLAIE, sf. a wound ; from L. plaga. For loss of medial g see allier ; for a = ai see § 54- PLAIN, adj. even, level ; from L. planus. For -anus = -am see § 194. Its doublet is piano, q. v. — Der. plaine, plain-chznt, plain-pied. PLAINDRE, va. to pity, grudge; from L. plangere, by regular contr. (see § 51) of pl^ngere to plang're, whence plan're. Plan're becomes plaindre : for nr = ndr see absoudre; for a, = ai see § 54. — Der. plainte (strong partic. subst. ; L. plancta. For -ancta = -am/g see affete). PLAINE, sf. a plain. See plain. Its doublet is plane, q. v. PLAINTE, sf. a complaint. See plaindre Der. plaintif. PLAIRE, vn. to please ; from L. placere, by displacement of the Lat. accent (placere for placere), see Hist. Gram. p. 133. Pldc§re, regularly contrd. to plac're (see §51), becomes plaire. For cr = r see benir, for the weakening of a into ai, see § 54. Plaire is a doublet of plaisir, q. v. — Der. plaisznt, plaisznce. PLAISANT, adj. pleasant. See plaire.— Der. plaisanter, plaisanterie. PLAISIR, sm. pleasure, delight, an infinitive employed substantively of O. Fr. verb plaisir. Plaisir is from L. placere. For a = ai see § 54; for c = s see amitie; for I T 3 276 PLAN — PLIE. e = / see § 59. Plaisir is a doublet of plaire, q. v. Plan, adj. even, flat, plain; from L. planus. Its doublets are plain, plane, piano, q. v. — Der. plan (sm.), iplanir, planer. PLANCHE, sf. a plank; from L. planca. For ca. = che see §§ 126 and 54. — Der. planchex, plancMxex, planchette. PLANE, sm. a plane-tree ; from L. platanus. PldtSnus, regularly contrd. to plat'nus (see § 51), becomes plane; for tn = « cp. ret'na rene, abrot'num ajirone. A cor- responding reduction is found of tm = m in rhythma, rime. Plane is a doublet of platane, q. v. Planer, vn. to hover (of birds). See plan. PLANER, va. to plane, trim ; from L. pla- nare. — Der. plane (verbal subst., whose doublet is plaine, q. v.), planem, planme. Plandte, sf. a planet; from L. planeta. — Der. planeiAke. Planisphere, sm. (Geogr.) a planisphere. See plan and sphere. PLANTAIN, sm. (Bot.) a plantain ; from L. plantaginem, by regular contr. (see § 51) of plant%inem to plantag'nem, whence plantain. For gn = « see assener; for a = at see § 54. Plantation, ^. a plantation ; from L. plantationem. PLANTE, sf. a plant ; from L. planta. PLANTER, va. to plant ; from L. plantare. — Der. plant (verbal subst.), planta.ge, planteuT, planton, plantzrd, plan(;on, plant- on, d^planter, transplanter, replanter, im- planter. PLANTUREUX, arf/ fertile ; der. from O.Fr. plenture, which represents a fictitious Lat. plenitura, der. from plenus, by regular contr. (see § 52) of plenitura to plen*- tura. For en. = an see andouille. PLAQUE, sm. a plate (of metal); of Germ, origin, Flem. plache, Scottish plack. — Der. plaquer, plaque, plaquette, plaqueur, plac- age, plac3.Td. Plastique, adj. plastic; from Gr. nKacTi- Kus from n\d(T<T€iv, t Plastron, sm. a breastplate; from It. piastrone. — Der. plastronner. PLAT, adj. flat; of Germ, origin, Germ. platt. — Der. plat (sm.), platee, aplat'ir, platitude, plat-hord, plate-forme, plate- bande, plafond (for plat-fond). Platane, sm. a plane-tree; from L. pla- tanus. Its doublet is plane, q. v. — Der. platamste. PLATEAU, sm. a plateau, tray ; formerly platel. For el = eau see agtieau. Platel i der. from plat, q. v. PLATINE, sf a plate. See plat. tPlatine, sf. (Met.) platina; from Sp platino. PLATRE, sm. plaster ; formerly piastre, fron L. plastrum, found in Low Lat. docu ments. Plastrum is the same word a emplastrum, by losing the em. Foi loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Ver.pl^tras pldtrex, xeplatrer, pldtr'xhxe, pldtnge, pldtr eux, pldtrier. Plausible, «<(;. plausible ; from L. plausi bilis. Pldbe, sf. the people, common folk ; fron L. plebem. — Der. plebeien (from plebeia nus*, extended form of plebeius). Plebiscite, sf. a plebiscite, popular vote; from L. plebiscitum. Pleiades, sf pi. the Pleiades (the constel lation) ; from Gr, TrXeiddts : hence the wore pleiade is used for a meeting of seven per- sons. PLEIGE, sf. a pledge. Origin unknown.— Der. pleiger. PLEIN, adj. full ; from L. plenus. PLENIER, adj. plenary ; from L. plenarius*. der. from plenus. For -arius == -zer set § iq8. Plenipotentiaire, adj. plenipotentiary ; from L. plenus and potentia. Plenitude, sf. plenitude; from L. pleni- tudinem, der. from plenus. P16onasnie, sm. a pleonasm ; from Gr, ■nK^ovaaiios. P16th.ore, sf. a plethora, superabundance; from Gr. vXrjOdjpr}. — Der. plethorique. PLEURER, va. to mourn, weep (for) ; from L. plorare. For o = eu see § 79. — Der. pleur (verbal subst.), pleurard, pleureux, pleurnicher, pleurnicheur. Pleur^sie, sf. (Med.) pleurisy; from Gr. TTkfvpiris, i.e. voaos. PLEUTRE, sm. a coward. Origin unknown. PL EU VOIR, vn. to rain ; from L. pluere. For u = eM see beugler; for ere = oir see accroire ; for displacement of the Lat. accent (pluere for pMere) see Hist. Gram. p. 133, Pleuoir becomes pleuvoir by regularly inter- calating an euphonic v, see corvee. Thus also the Lat. has pluvia, not pluia. Pldvre, sf (Anat.) pleura ; from Gr. vKfv- p6v. For M^v see Janvier. PLIE, sf. (Ichth.) a plaice ; formerly plaie, corruption of O.Fr, plais. Pla'is is from L. platessa, found in Ausonius. Platessa, losing its medial t (see abbaye), becomes PLIER—POIDS. 277 pla'is. For e = /'see § 59. Plie is a doublet of plate. PLIER, va. to bend ; from L. plicare. For loss of medial o see affouage. Its doublet is ployer, q.v. — Der. pli (verbal subst.), plieuT, pliable, plia.nt, pliok, plia.ge, rtplier, deplter. Plinthe, sf. a plinth; from L. plinthus, found in Vitruvius. PLISSER, vn. to plait ; from L. plietiare *, der. from plicare. For ct = / see § 168; for tia=^sse see agencer. — Der. plissuie, plissement. PLOC, sm. (Naut.) sheathing-hair. Origin unknown, PLOMB, sm. lead; from L. plumbum. For u = o see annoncer. — Der. plomber, plotnba.ge, plombitr, plombeiie, plombem, zplomh. Plombagine, sf. (Min.) plumbago; from L. plumbaginem. PLONGER, va. to plunge, immerse ; from L. plumbicare *, der. from plumbum ; plum.bicare meaning properly to fall like lead. Plum.bicare, regularly contrd. (see § 52) to plum.b'care, becomes plonger. For be = c see stijet ; for e = ^ see adjuger ; for u = o see annoncer. — Der. plongeon, plongeuT, xtplonger. PLOYER, va. to bend, bow; from L. plieare. For loss of medial c see affouage; for i = oi see boire. Its doublet is plier, q.v. — Der. deployer, veployer. PLUCHE, contr. of peluche, q.v. PLUIE, sf. rain ; from L. pluvia. For loss of medial v see a'leul. PLUME, sf. a feather ; from L. pluma. — Der. plutner, plumage, plu7nea.u, plumtt, plumasscT, plumnssier, phimasseau, plum- asserie, plumeux, remplumcr, plumttis (of which plumitif is the corrupted form). PLUPART, sf. the most part. See plus and part. Plurality, sf plurality; from L. plurali- tatem. PLURIEL, adj. sm. plural ; formerly plural, from L. pluralis. For a = e see § 54; then for e = ie see § 56. PLUS, adv. (comp. and superl.) more, most ; from L. plus. PLUSIEURS, adj. pi. several; from L. - pluriores *, der. from plures. For r = s see arroser; for o = eu see § 79. PLUTOT, adv. rather ; formerly plustot. See plus and tot. Pluvial, adj. pluvial; from L. pluvialis. PLUVIER, sm. a plover ; from L. pluvia, as I the bird only reaches France in the rainy season. PLUVIEUX, adj. rainy ; from L. pluviosus. For -osus = -«w« see § 198. Pluviose, sm. Pluviose (5th month in the Republican Calendar, 20 Jan. to 18 or 19 Feb.); from L. pluviosus. Pneumatique, adj. pneumatic ; from Gr. -nviViJixniKos. Pneumonie, sf. (Med.) pneumonia ; from Gr. TTvev/jLOPia. — Der. pneumonique. FnyK., sm. the Pnyx ; from Gr. ttvv^.. POCHE, sf. a pocket ; of Germ, origin, A.S. pocca. For cc = ch see acheter. — Der. em- pocher, pochtr, pocha.de, pochette, pocheter. Podagre, sf. the gout; from L. podagra. Its doublet is pojiacre, q. v. fPodestat, sm. a podestat ; from It. podesta. POELE, sm. a canopy, pall; from L. pe- talum.*, Ht. the golden plate which covered the Pope's head, whence it comes to mean the veil held over the heads of a bride and bridegroom at their marriage, during the nuptial benediction in Roman Catholic churches. The sense of a dais is later. Petalum,, losing medial t (see abbaye), becomes poele. For e=oi = oe see §§ 62, 63 ; for a = c see § 54 POELE, sm. a stove ; formerly poesle, origi- nally poisle, from L. pensile, signifying properly ' suspended.' In Pliny we find ' balneae pensiles,' for bath-rooms built on vaults, and warmed from below, hence pensile came to mean a stove. Pensile, contrd. regularly (see § 51) to pens'le, has ns = *, see aine; v/hence pesle, whence poisle. For e — oi see § 62. Poisle, also written poesle, becomes poele by loss of s, see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. poelier. POELE, sf. a frying-pan ; formerly paelle and paele. It, padella, from L, patella. Patella, dropping regularly its medial t (see abbaye), becomes O, Fr, paele, whence poele. For a = o see taon, Poele is a doublet of petale, q. v. — Der, poelon. Poeme, sm. a poem; from L. poema. Poesie, sf. poetry; from L. poesis. Poete, sm. a poet; from L. poeta Der. poetereau, poetesse, poetiser. Po6tique, adj. poetic; from L. poeticus, POIDS, sm. a weight ; formerly pois, from L. pensum by ns = s, see aider; whence pesum, whence pois. For e = oi see § 62. In the 16th cent, the Latinists, who derived poids from pondus, added a d to the Fr. word, to assimilate it more 278 POIGNA NT—POLVGA MIE. closely to its supposed original. Poids is a doublet o^ pemum, q. v. POIGNANT, adj. poignant, keen. See poindre. POIGNARD, sm. a dagger, poniard. See poing.^ — Der. poignardti. POIGNEE, sf. a handful. See potng. POIGNET, sm. a wrist. See poing. POIL, sm. hair (not of the head, but of the beard, coat of animals, etc.) ; from L. pilus. For i = oi see boire. — Der. poiln. POIN9ON, sm. an awl; from L. pimc- tionem, properly act of piercing, then instrument for piercing. For -unct = -oin see affele; for -tionem = -f on see § 232. Poin^on is a doublet of ponction. — Der. poin^-onntx. POIN9ON, sm. a puncheon. Origin unknown. POINDRE, va. to sting, prick ; vn. to appear, dawn; from L. pungere. For -ungere — -oindre see oindre. — Der. poignznt, points (from L. puncta, strong partic. subst. ; for letter-changes see affete.) POING, sm. the fist ; from L. pugnus. For gn = ng see etang ; for u = oi see angoisse. — Der. poignee, poignet, empoigner. POINT, sm. a point; from L. punctTim. For -iuict = -om/ see oint. — Der. pointer, vppoint&r (whence appoint, verbal subst.), desappo/w/er. POINTE, sf. a point, sharp end. See poindre. — Der, pointu. POINTER, va. to point. See point. Its doublet is ponctuer, q. v. — Der. pointnge, pointement, poifitenr. fPointiller, vn. to cavil, dot, stipple; from pointille, introd. in i6th cent, from It. puntiglio. — Der. pointing (partic. subst.), pointilhux, pointilkrie. POINTU, adj. pointed. See pointe. POINTURE, sf. a point ; from L, punctura. For -unct = -oint, see oint. POIRE, sf. a pear; from L. pirum. For i = 01 see boire. — Der. poirier, poir6. FOlKEAU,seeporreau. POIREE, sf. (Bot.) a white beet, (Hort.) perry; from L, porrus. Poiree meant formerly a drink made of leeks. For o = oi see chanoine. POIS, sm. a pea ; from L. pisiim. For i — oi see boire. POISON, sm. poison ; from L. potionem (used for a poisoned drink by Cicero). For O = oi see chanoine ; for -tionem = -son see § 232. Poison is a doublet of potion, q. v. — Der. empoisonner, empoisonneur. POISSARD, adj. low, vulgar. See poix. POISSER, va. to pitch. See poix. POISSON, sm. a fish; in 1 8th cent, pescion; It. pescione, from L. piscionem, der, from piscis. For i = oi see boire; for BO — ss see cresson ; for - cionem = -sso« see § 232. — Der. /)0J5so«nier, /)o/ssonnerie, poisson- neux, /o/sso«naille, em/>o/ssonner. POITRAIL, sm. the chest, breast (of horses), a breastplate (of harness) ; from L. pecto- raciilum*, der, from pectorale, Pec- tSrdculum, contrd. regularly (see § 52) to pect'racoilum, becomes poitratl. For -aculiim = -arZ see § 255; for ect = oit see attrait. POITRINE, sf. the breast, chest; from L. pectorina*, der. from pectoris, by regu- lar contr. (see § 52) of pectorina to pect'rina, whence /'o//rm«. For ect = o// see attrait. — Der. poitrinzke. POIVRE, sm. pepper. Prov. pebre, from L. piperem, by regular contr. (see § 51) of piperem to pip'rem, whence poivre. For i = oi see boire; for 'p = v (through b) see § III. — Der, p0ivr2.de (from Vvov. pevra- da : its doublets are puree, poivree, q. v.), poivrer, poivrier, poivrihre. POIX, sf. pitch ; from L, picem. For i = oi see boire ; for c = s see amitie. — Der. /)otsser, ^oi'ssard, tmpoisitx, txnpois, em/)eser. Pdle, SOT, the pole; from L. polus. — Der. pohne, pohrite, pohriser, /10/arisation. Pol6inique, adj. polemical ; from Gr. ttoK- fpUKOS. Police, sf. police; fromL. politia (political organisation, government). For cia = ce see agencer. — Der. policer. t Police, sf. a policy (of assurance, etc) ; from It. polizza. fPolichinelle, sf. Punch; introd, from It, polecenella (Neapol. form of pjtlcinella). POLIR, va. to polish ; from L, polire. — Der. poliment, poli, polisscui, polissoh, polissurc, d6polir, repolir. POLISSON, SOT. a blackguard. Origin un- known Der. polissonner, polissonnerie. tPolitesse, sf. politeness; from It. poli- tezza. Politique, adj. political; from L. politi- cus. — Der, politique, politiqutr, \mpolitique. Pollen, SOT. pollen ; from L. pollen. + Poltron, SOT, a coward, poltroon ; from It, poltrone. — Der, poltronnene. Polyadelphie, sf. (Bot.) polyadelphia ; from Gr, iroXvs and d5(\((>6s. Polyddre, sot. (Geom.) a polyhedron ; from Gr, TToKvcdpos. Polygamie, sf. polygamy ; from Gr, ttoAv- ya/xia. — Der. polygame. POLYGLOTTE — PORCHE. 279 Polyglotte, sf. a polyglot ; from Gr. noXv- yKooTTos. Polygene, adj. polygonal ; sm. (Geom.) a polygon : from Gr. iroXvyojvos. Polygraphe, sm. a polygraph; from Gr. Tro\v'ypdcf>os. Polynome, sm. (Algeb.) a polynome ; from Gr. TToKvs and vofir}. Polype, sm.(Med.) a polypus; from L. poly- pus. Its doublet is poulpe, q. v. — Der. polyp'\tx, polypeux. Polyp6tale, adj. (Bot.) polypetalous ; from Gr. TToKvs and TreraKov. Polysyllabe, adj. polysyllabic; from Gr. iToXvav\\a0os. Polyteehnique, adj. polytechnic; from Gr. TToXvs and T6xi'ttf<5s. Polyth^isme, sm. polytheism; from Gr. voXvs and devs. — Der. polyihelste. tPommade, sf. pomatum ; from It. po- mata. Its doublet is pommee. — Der. pom- madtt. POMME, ./. an apple; from L. pomum. For restriction of meaning, see § 12. — Der. pommier, pommehr, pommelle, pommea.u, pommette, pommer. POMMIER, sm. an apple-tree. See pomme. — Der. pommemie. Pompe, sf. pomp ; from L. pompa. — Der. pompeux, pompon (which up to the end of the 1 8 th cent, signified any toilette orna- ment.) POMPE, sf. a pump. Origin unknown. — Der. pompier, pomptr. POMPON, sm. a trifling ornament. See pompe. — Der. pom.potmtx. PONCE, sf. pumice. It. pumice, from L, pumicem, by regular contr. (see § 51) of pumicem to pum'cem, whence ponce. For u = see annoncer ; for m = « see changer. — Der. ponctr, poncis, ponc'\i. PONCEAU, sm. a culvert, little bridge ; from L. ponticellus* (dim. of pontem), by regular contr. (see § 52) of pontic611ura to pont'cellum, whence poncel. For tc = c see § 168 ; for el=^eau see agneau. PONCEAU, adj. poppy-coloured; from L. punicellus (from puniceus), by regular contr. (see § 52) of punicellus to pun'cellus, whence poncel (for u = o see annoncer) ; thence ponceau by el = eau (see agneau. fPoncire, sm. a great lemon; from Sp. poncidre, Ponction, sf. a puncture ; from L. punc- tionem. Ponctuel, adj. punctual ; from L. punc- tualis*, der. from punctum, properly one who does his duty at the point of time. — Der. ponctuaRte. Ponctuer, va. to punctuate; from L. punc- tuare*. Its doublet is ^oz«/er, q. v. — Der. ponctu2.X\on. Ponderation, sf. poising, balancing ; from L. ponderationem. Ponderer, va. to poise, balance ; from L. ponderare. — Der. ponderMe. PONDRE, va. to lay eggs ; from L. ponere. ' Ponere ova ' is found in Pliny. For the restriction in meaning see § 1 2. Pdnere, contrd. regularly (see § 51) to pon're, be- comes pondre ; for nr = ndr see absoiidre. — Der. ponte (strong partic. subst., see absoute), pondeu&e. PONT, sm. a bridge ; from L. pontem. — Der. ponte, pontet. + Ponte, sm. a punter (gambling term); from Sp. punto. PONTE, sf. a laying (eggs). See pondre. Pontife, sm. a pontiff; from L. pontifex. Pontifical, adj. pontifical; from L. ponti- ficalis. Pontificat, sm. a pontificate ; from L. pontificatus. PONT-LEVIS, sm. a draw-bridge. See levis. PONTON, sm. a pontoon ; from L. ponto- nem.— Der. pontonnier, pontonzgt. PONTUSEAU, sm. a bridge. Origin un- known. t Populace, sf. the populace; from It. populazzo. — Der. populacier. Populaire, adj. popular ; from L. popu- laris. — Der. impopulaire, popularhtx. Popularity, sf. popularity; from L. popu- laritatem. Populariser, va. to popularise ; from po- pulaire, q. V. Population, sf. population; from L. po- pulationem. Populeux, adj. populous; from L. popu- losus. For -osxis — -eux see § 198. PORC, sm. a pig ; from L. porous. tPorcelaine, sf. porcelain; from It. /)or- cellana. PORC-EPIC, sm. a porcupine ; formerly /'orc- espic, comjifl. of pore (q. v.) and espic, which is from L. spicus (we find L. spicatus meaning prickly in Minucius Felix). For spicus = espic see esperer and Hist. Gram, p. 78 ; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. PORCHE, sm. a porch; from L. porticus, properly a portico, then a church porch in Merov. documents : ' Sed Leudastes ... in- fra sanctum porticum deprehensus est ' 28o POR CHER — POSTILION. (Gregory of Tours, 5, 49). P6rt5ous is regularly contrd. (see § 51) to port'cus, whence /)orc/i^. For to = c see § 168 ; then lor o = ch see § ia6. Porche is a doublet of porlique, q. v. PORCHER, sm. a swine-herd ; from L. por- oarius. For o = ch see § 126; for & = e see § 54. Pore, sm. a pore ; from L. porus. — Der. poreux, porositi. Porphyre, sm. (Min.) porphyry ; from L, porphyrites . — Der. porphynser. PORREAU, sm. a leek. O. Fr. porrel, from L. porrellus *, dim. of porrus. For el = eau see agneau. Another form of por- reau is poireau ; for = oi see chanoine. PORT, sm. a harbour ; from L. portus. PORT, sm. postage (of letters), carriage. See porter. PORTAIL, sm. a portal ; from L. portacu- lum *, from porta. For -aculum = -ail see § 255. Portatif, adj. portable; from L. portati- vus*, from portatum, supine of portare. PORTE, sf. a gate, door ; from. L. porta. — Der. portxhxQ. PORTEFAIX, sm. a porter. See porter and faix. PORTEFEUILLE, sf. a portfolio. See porter and feuille. PORTER, t/a. to carry ; from L. portare. — Der. port (verbal subst.), portdt (partic. subst.), portige, portMe, porteui (whose doublet is porteux). PORTIER, sm. a door-porter ; from L. por- tarius. For -arius = -ier see § 198. — Der. ^orriere. PORTIERE, sf. a curtain. See parte. Portion, sf a portion; from L.portionem. Portioncule, sf a small portion ; from L. portiuncula. Portique, sm. a portico; from L. porti- cus. Its doublet is porche, q. v. PORTRAIRE, va. to pourtray, depict ; from L. protrahere, to draw, in medieval Lat. documents, as in ' Propter quasdam picturas devotas de passione Salvatoris in illam tabulam protractas,* from a document of the 1 2th cent. Protraliere becomes protraire *. For trahere = traire see traire. Protraire becomes portraire by metathesis of r, see Hist. Gram. p. 77. — Der. portrait (partic, subst.). PORTRAIT, sm. a portrait. See portraire. — Der. portraiture, portraitiste. t Portulan, sm. a list of ports; from It. portolano. POSE, sf. posture ; verbal subst. of poser q. v. Its doublet is pause, q. v. POSER, va. to place. Prov. pausar, from L. pausare, from pausus, a partic, of ponere. Pausare becomes poser by au = o, see § 106. — Der. pose (verbal subst.), postwT, possige, pose, upposer, composer, ddposer, disposer, imposer, inter- poser, juxtaposer, opposer, proposer, pro- poser, xeposer, superposer, sxipposer, trans- poser. Positif, adj. positive; from L. positi- vus. Position, sf position; from L. position- em. Poss6der, va. to possess; from L. possi- dere. For i = c see § 72. Possesseur, sm. a possessor; from L. pos- sessorem. Possessif, adj. possessive; from L. pos- sessivus. Possession, sf possession; from L. pos- sessionem. Possessoire, adj. (Legal) possessory ; from L. possessorius. Possibility, sf possibility; from L. pos- sibilitatem. Possible, adj. possible; from L. possi- bilis. Postdater, va. to afterdate ; compd. of dater (q. v.) and L. post. POSTE, sf a post, properly relays of horses, a station where horses are kept ; from L. posita*, properly 'put in a depot.' For restriction of meaning see § 12. Posita becomes poste by regular loss of the penult, atonic vowel 1, see § 51. — Der. postal. t Poste, sm. a post, guardhouse, berth; introd. in i6th cent, from It. posto. — Der. poster. Poster, va. to place. See above. — Der. a-poster. Post6rieur, adj. posterior; from L. poste- riorem. — Der. posteriority. Post6rit6, sf posterity; from L. posteri- tatem. Postface, sf an address to a reader at the end of a book, answering to preface; a word made up of the root face (cp. preface) and of L. post. Posthume, adj. posthumous ; from L. posthumus. tPostiehe, adj. artificial, false (teeth, etc.) ; from It. posticcio. t Postilion, sm. a postillion; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. postiglione. POST'SCRIPTUM — POULAIN. 281 fPost-SCriptum, sm. a postscript; from L. postscriptum. Postulation, sf. a postulate; from L. pos- tulationem. Postuler, va. to postulate ; from L. postu- lare. — Der. postuhnt. POSTURE, sf. a posture ; from L. positura, by regular contr. (see § 52) of positura, to pos'tura. POT, sm. a pot ; from L. potus, found in 6th cent, in Fortunatus, Vita S. Radegund, 19 : ' Missorium, cochlearia, cultellos, can- nas, potum et calices.' — Der./>o/ier, potzgt, potQt, pot\c\\.e, empoter. Potable, adj. potable; from L,. potabilis. For -ilis = -/e see § 250, POTAGE, sm. soup. See pot. — Der. potagex, poiaghre. tPotasse, sf. (Chem.) potash; from Germ, pottasche. — Der. potassmm. POTE, adj. lame-handed. Origin unknown. — Der. pottle. POTEAU, sm,. a post ; formerly posteau, ori- ginally /)os/e/, from L. postellus*, dim. of postern. Postel becomes posteau (for el = eau see agneau), whence poteau by losing s (see Hist. Gram. p. 81). — Der. (from O. Fr. potel) potelet. POTELE, adj. plump. See pote. Potence, sf. a gibbet, properly a crutch, in which sense it comes from L. potentia*. ' Per sex annos non poterat ire sine duabus potentiis/ says a medieval Lat. document. Potentia is the Class. Lat. potentia, power, whence a support. For -cia = -ce see agencer. Potentat, sm. a potentate; from L. poten- tatus*, Low Lat. word for a sovereign, from L. potentem. Potentiel, adj. potential; from L. poten- tialis. POTERIE, sf. pottery. See potier. POTERNE, sf. a postern ; formerly posterne, originally posterle, It. postierla, from L. postenila*, a private passage in Ammi- anus Marcellinus, a secret opening in medi- eval Lat. ; e. g. ' Quantalibet urbs sublimi- tate murorum et clausarum portarum firmi- tate muniatur, posterulae unius, quamvis parvissimae, proditione vastabitur ' (Cassian, lib. 5; De Institutione Coenob. cap. 11). Posterula, contrd. regularly (see § 51) to poster'la, becomes O.Fr./)os/er/e, whence posterne. For Z = « see qtienoidlle. Pos- terne becomes poterne by dropping s, see Hist. Gram. p. 81. POTIER, sm. a potter. See pot. — Der. poterie. POTIN, (i) sm. pinchbeck ; (1) gossip. Origin unknown. Potion, s/. a potion; from L. potionem. Its doublet is poison, q. v. POTIRON, sm. a pumpkin. Origin unknown. POU, stn. a louse ; formerly pouil, originally peouil, Prov. pezolh. It, pidocchio, from L. peduculus, secondary form of pediculus. Peduculus, regularly contrd. (see § 51) to peduc'lus, becomes peouil. For -uclus = -ouil see § 258; for loss of medial d see accabler. Peouil is contrd. later (see § 52) to pouil, whence pou : cp. O. Fr. forms verrouil and genouil reduced to verrou and genou. — Der. (from O. Fr. pouil) pouillerle, pouiller, pouilles. POUACRE, sf. gout ; also written pouagre, from L. podagrum. For loss of medial d see accabler ; for o = ou see § 8 1 . Pouacre is a doublet of podagre, q. v. POUCE, sm. a thumb ; formerly polce. It. pollice, from L, pollicam, by regular contr, (see § 51) of poUicem to poU'- ceni, whence O, Fr. polce, whence pouce. For ol = ou see agneau. — Der. pouccttes, poucier. t Pou de sole, sm. paduasoy (a silk stuff) ; from Engl, paduasoy. t Poudingue, sm. a pudding ; from Engl. pudding. POUDRE, smf. powder; formerly poldre, originally puldre, from L. pulverem, by regular contr. (see § 51) of pulverem, to pulvrem, whence pul'reni, the v being semi -vocal, and so disappearing. Pul'rem becomes O. Ft. puldre: for lr = Idr see absoudre. Puldre becomes poldre (for u — o see annoncer), then poudre (for ol = ou see agneau). — Dev. pojjdrihre, pou- dreux, poudrtr, poudriei, sa.upoudreT. POUF, sm. a puff; an onomatopoetic word. See § 34. — Dei. pouffer. POUILLER, va. to abuse. See pou. — Der. pouille, whose doublet is polyptique, q. v. POUILLES, sf pi. abuse. See pou. POUILLEUX, adj. lousy. Prov. pezolhos. It. pidocchioso, from L. peduculosus *, der. from peduculus ; see pou. Peducu- losus, regularly contrd. (see § 52) to pedixc'losus, becomes O. Fr. peouilleux. For loss of medial d see accabler ; for ucl = ouil see pou ; for -osus = -eux see § 198 ; for the later contr. of peouil- leux to pouilleux, see pou. POULAILLER, sm. a poultry house; from poulaille, which from poule, q. v. POULAIN, sm. a colt ; from L. pullanus *, 282 PO ULA INE— POURS UIVRE. found in medieval Lat. documents ; e. g. • Expensae pro custodia puUanorum doni- ini regis,' in a I3th-cent. account. FuUanus is der, from pullus (so used in Virgil). FuUanus becomes poulain by u = ow, see § 97; by -anus a -am, see § 194. — Der. poulittcT, poulin'xhTe. Foulaine, sf. a figure-head. Origin un- known. POULE, sf. a hen; from L. pulla. in St. Augustine : ' Apud nos pullae appellantur gallinae cujuslibet aetatis,' For u — 07i see § 97. — Der. /)ow/arde, poulet, poulette, pouliiWe, pouh\\\eT. POULICHE, !f. a colt ; from a root poul-, which is from L. pullus. POULIE, sf. a pully ; of Germ, origin, A. S. pullian. For u = ou see § 97. POULIOT, sm. (Bot.) penny-royal, mint; dim. of a root poulie, It. poleggio, answer- ing to L. pulegium. Pulegium, becomes poulie : for loss of g see allier ; for u = o« see § 97 ; for e = i see § 59. POULPE, sm. a poulp, polypus; from L. polypus, by regular contr. (see § 51) of polypus to pol'pus, whence poulpe. For = ow see § 81. Poulpe is a doublet of polype, pieuvre, q. v. POULS, sm. pulse; from L, pulsus (found in Pliny). For u = ow see § 97. POUMON, sm. a lung ; formerly polmon, originally pulmon, in the Chanson de Ro- land ; from L. pulmonera (for u= see annoncer), whence polmon, which becomes poiimon by softening ol to ou, see agneau. Der. s'6poumonneT. POUPE, sf. stern (of a ship) ; from L. pup- pis.^ For u = OM see § 97. POUPEE, sf. a doll, puppet ; from L. pupa- ta *, der. from pupa (found in Varro). For XL = 07i see § 97; for -ata = -ee see § 201. POUPON, POUPIN, POUPARD, sm. a baby ; dim. of root poup-, which is L. pupa. For u = ou see accouder. POUR, prep, for ; formerly por, in 9th cent. pro in the Straszburg Oaths ; ftom L. pro by transposing r (see Hist. Gram. p. 78), whence por, whence pour. For o = ou see § 81. Pour (like L. pro. in progredi, propug- nare, procurrere, etc.) is used as a pre- fix in Fr. in pourchasser, pourparler, pour- lecher, pourpris, poursuivre, pourvoir, pour- tour, etc. POURBOIRE, sm. a gratuity, beer-money. See pour and boire. POURCEAU, sm. a pig; formerly pourcel, originally porcel, from L. porcellus. For o = o« see § 81 ; for -ellus » -rf = -eaw see agneau. POURCHASSER, va. to pursue eagerly ; compd. oi pour and chasser (q. v.). POURFENDRE, va. to cleave in twain ; compd. oi fendre (q. v.) and />o«r, which in form answers to L. pro (see pour), but in sense to L. per. It is an example of a confusion which exists between these two words. — Der. pourfendtMX. POURPARLER, sm. a parley; an infinitive of O. Fr. verb pourparler used substan- tively (compd. oi pour and parler, q. v.). POURPIER, sm. (Bot.) purslane; originally pourpied, from L. pullipedem, lit. chick- en's foot, which is the common Fr. name of the plant. Pullipedem. contrd. (see § 52) to pull'pedem, becomes poulpied: for pedem =pied see pied ; for u = ou see § 97. Poulpied becomes pourpied : for / = r see apotre. POURPOINT, sm. a doublet. Prov. per- poing, Sp. perpunte, partic subst. of O. Fr. pourpoindre. Pourpoindre is compd. of poindre (see poitidre), and pour which is in form from L. pro (see pour), and in sense from L. per. POURPRE, sf. purple ; formerly porpre. It. porpora, from L purpura, by regular contr. (see § 51) of purpura to purp'ra, whence O. Fr. porpre (for u = o see annoncer), lastly pourpre (for o = om see § 81). — Der. pourprd, empourpreT. POURPRIS, sm. an enclosure, partic. subst. (see absoute), of O. Fr. pourprendre. Pour- prendre (to take in a thing's circumference) is compd. of prendre (q. v.) and pottr, in form from L. pro (see pour), in sense from L. per. The Proven9al says rightly per- prendre. POURQUOI, adv. why. See pour and quoi. POURRIR, vn. to rot ; formerly porrir, ori- ginally /)wmr, Sp. podrir, from L. putrere. For u = o see annoncer; for o = om see § 81; for tT=^dr = rr see § 168. — Der. pourriture, pourrissAge, pourrissoir. POURRISSAGE, sm. rotting. See pourrir. POURSUITE, sf. pursuit. See poursuivre. POURSUIVRE, va. to pursue ; formerly por- suivre, originally pnrsivre, from L. prose- quere, for prosequi. We have already shown that in Fr. all Lat. deponents have been replaced by active verbs. Prosequere, by consonnifying u into v (see Janvier) be- comes proseqvere whence prosevere ; for qv = v (aq'va, eve) see eau. Prose- vere is not an imaginary form; it is found in POUR TANT — PRALINE. 283 the Formul. Andegav. (ed. Mabillon): 'Quia habeo quid apud acta prosevere debiam,' Pros^vere contrd. (see § 51) to prose- v're gives O. Fr. porsivre (found in Ville- hardouin). For pro =por see pour ; for e=i see § 59. O. Fr. porsivre becomes poursuivre. For ■poT=pour see pour; i also by an unusual change becomes ui. — Der. poursuite (strong partic. subst. ; see ahsoute). POURTANT, adv. nevertheless; before it meant malgre cela it meant pour tout cela. See for etymology pour and tant. POURTOUR, sm. a circumference. See pour and t07ir. POURVOI, sm. an application. See pourvoir. POUR VOIR, vn. to provide, Prov, provezir. It. prowidere, from L. providers. For pvo=pour see pour; for ■videre = voir see voir. — Der. pourvoyeur, pourvu, d6pour- vu, pourvoi. POUR VOYEUR, stn. a purveyor. See pour- voir. — Der. pourvoir'xe. POURVU QUE, conj. provided that; compd, oi pourvu (see pourvoir) and que (q. v.). POUSSE, sf. (Bot.) a sprout. See pousser. POUSSE, sf. asthma, broken-windedness (of horses). See pousser. — Der. poussif. POUSSE, sf. dust (in commercial language) ; formerly polce, Prov. pols, from L. pulvis, by regular contr. (see § 50) of pulvis to pulv's, whence pul's. For vs = s see § 167. Puis * becomes O. Fr. polce : for s = c see cercueil ; for u = see annoncer. Polce becomes pousse : (or el = ou see agneau ; for c = ss see agencer. — Der. poussier, pouss- ifere. POUSSER, i;a. to push, sprout; formerly /)o/ser, from L. pulsare (for u = see annoncer), whence O. Fr. polser, whence pousser (for ol = ou see agneau). — Der. pousse (act of sprouting,verbal subst.), ^oz^sse (horse-cough, verbal subst. of pousser in its sense of ' to cough,' a sense which also belonged to L. pulsare), poussee (partic. subst.), xepousser. POUSSIER, sm. coal-dross. See pousse. — Der. poussxexe. POUSSlfiRE, sf. dust. Seepoussier. POUSSIF, sm. a puffy, pursy man. See pousse (2). Its doublet is pidsatif, q. v. POUSSIN, sm. a young chicken ; formerly poucin, edjlier polcin. ongm^Wy pidcin, from L. pullicenus . Pullicenus, regular contrd. (see § 52) to ptill'cenus, becomes pul- cin (for Q = i see § 59); pulcin becomes successively polcin (by u = o, see annon- cer), Xhen poucin (by o\ = u, see agneau) ; hst]y poussin (by c — ss, see agencer). — Der. poussinihre. POUTRE, sm. a beam (of a house). This word properly means a mare {De toutes parts les poutres hennissantes, says Ronsard, 1 6th cent.), then later came to designate a piece of wood which supports the joists of a floor, by application of the common meta- phor which gives to pieces of wood which up- hold a weight the nameof beasts of burden: cp. chevalet from cheval and equuleus (a piece of wood) from equulea (a mare). Poutre is in O, Fr. pollre. It. poledro, from L. puUetrum*, a colt, in the Germanic laws: ' Si quis pvilletrum anniculum vel binum furaverit' (Lex Salica, tit. 40). PuUe- trum is from Class. Lat puUus. PuUe- trum, contrd. to puU'trum (see §51), be- comes pollre (for u = o see annoncer) ; pol- tre becomes poutre (for ol = ou see agneau). — Der. poutreWe. POUVOIR, vn. to be able ; formerly povoir, earlier pooir, originally podir, Sp. podir, It. potere, from L. potere *, found in Merov. acts, and the Germanic codes : for its forma- tion see etre. Potere, by regular change of t into d (see § 117), becomes podere, found in Merov. documents; e. g. ' Idio ipsa aucturetate mano propria non podebat subscribere,' from a Charter of Clotaire III, A.D. 657. Podere, which remains in Sp. poder, by e = i (see § 59) becomes podir, the oldest Fr. form of the word : In quant Deus savir et podir me dunat^ in the Oaths of a.d. 842. Regularly losing its medial d (see accabler), it becomes O. Fr. pooir (for i = oi see boire). By the interca- lation of an euphonic V (see corvee), pooir later becomes povoir, transformed to pou- voir (for o = ou see § 81). — Der. pouvoir (sm.). Pragmatique, adj. pragmatic ; from L. pragmaticus (in the Theodosian Code in the phrase 'pragmatica sanctio '). PRAIRIE, sf. a meadow ; formerly praerie, Prov. pradaria. It. prateria, from L. pra- taria*, found in Carolingian documents, e. g. • De prataria in insula arpennos duos,' from a Charter of a.d. 832. Prataria is from L. pratum. Prataria loses medial t (see abbaye) and changes a to e (see § 54), whence O. Fr. praerie, whence later prairie. — Der. prairia.]. Praline, sf a burnt almond ; of hist, origin (see § 33) ; from the name of Marshal Praslin, whose cook invented this sweet- meat in the 17th cent. — Der. pralinex. 284 FRAME — PRlEXISTER. tPraine, sf. (Naut.) a prame; from Engl. prame. Pratique, adj. practical; from L. prac- ticus (found in Fulgentius). For ot = / see § 168. — Der. pratique (sf,), pratiqutx, praticMe, pratic'ien, PRE, sm. a meadow ; formerly pred, Prov. prat. It. prato, from L. pratum. For -atuin = -e see ampoule. Pr6alable, adj. previously necessary; for pr callable, compd. of pre from L. prae, and allable from aller, q. v. Pr6ain.bule, sm. a preamble; from L. praeambulus. PREAU, sm. a little meadow, convent en- closure ; formerly pra'el, Prov. pradel. It. pratello, from L. pratellum*, dim. of L. pratum. For details of changes of meaning see § 13. Pratellum, by re- gularly dropping medial t (see abbaye), becomes O. Fr. prael ; by el = au (see agneau) becomes praau*, which is imme- diately softened to preau by dissimilation of the vowels, see § 169. For a = e see § 54- Pr6bend.e, sf. a prebendary ship ; from L. praebenda* (found in medieval Lat. documents), der. from praebere. Its doublet is provende, q. v. — Der. prebend^, prebendiei. Pr6caire, adj. precarious; from L, pre- carius. Its doublet is priere, q. v. Precaution, sf. a precaution ; from L. praecautionem . — Der. precautionner. Precedent, adj. precedent, sm. a precedent ; from L. praecedentem. Pr6c6der, va. to precede; from L. prae- cedere. Precepte, sm. a precept; from L. prae- ceptum. Pr6cepteur, sm. a preceptor; from L. pr acceptor em, — Der. preceptora], precept- orat. Precession, sf. precession ; from L. prae- cessionem, der. from praecessum, supine of praecedere. PRfiCHER, va. to preach. It. predicare, from L. praedicare, by regular contr. (see § 52) of praedicdre to praed'care, whence precher. For dc = c see adjtiger ; for c = ch see § 1 26; for ae — e see § 103. — Der. preche (verbal subst.), prech- eur (whose doublet is predicateur, q, v.). Pr^cieux, adj. precious; from L. preti- osus. — Der. precioshe, precieuse. Precipice, sm. a precipice; from L. prae- cipitium. For ti = ce see agencer. Precipitation, sf. precipitation, haste; from L, praecipitationem, Pr6cipiter, va. to precipitate; from L. praecipitare. — Der. precipitant, precip- it6 (partic. subst.). Pr6ciput, sm. (Legal) benefit given to one of several coheirs by will; from L. prae- cipuum. Pr6cis, adj. precise; from L, praecisus. — Der. precistr, precis (sm.). Precision, sf. precision; from L. prae- cisionem. Precite, adj. aforesaid ; from L. prae and cit(^\ See citer. Precoce, adj. precocious; from L. prae- cocem. — Der. precoc'iie. Preconiser, va. to extol; from L. prae- conisare (in writers of the latest Lat. age). — Der. />reco«/sation. Precurseur, sm. a precursor ; from L. praecursorem. Pr6d6cesseur, sm. a predecessor ; from L. praedecessorem. Predestination, sf. predestination; from L. praedestinationem. Predestiner, va. to predestine; from L. praedestinare. Predicant, sm. a preacher; from L. prae- dicantem. Predicateur, sm. a preacher ; from L. praedicatorem. Its doublet is precheur, q.v. Predication, sf preaching; from L. prae- dicationem. Prediction, sf prediction; from L, prae- dictionem. Predilection, sf. predilection ; compd. of dilecdon from L. dilectionem, and pre from L. prae. Predire, va. to foretell; from L. prae- dicere. For dicere = rfirc see dire. Predisposer, va. to predispose ; from dis- poser (q. V.) and L. prae. — Der. predispos- ition. Predominer, vn. to predominate (over); from dominer (q.v.) and L. prae. — Der. predominance. Preeminence, sf pre-eminence; from L. praeeminentia. Yor-ti&^-ce see agencer. Preeminent, adj. pre-eminent; from L. praeeminentem. Preetablir, va. to pre-establish ; from etablir (q.v.) and L. prae. Preexistence, sf. pre-existence ; from ex- istence (q.v.) and L. prae. Preexister, va. to pre-exist ; from exister (q. V.) and L. prae. PRSFA CE — PRSseANCE. 285 Preface, sf. a preface; from L. praefatio. For -tio = -ce see agencer. Prefecture, */". a prefecture ; from L. praefectura. Pr6f6rer, va. to prefer; from L. prae- ferre. — Der. /Titrable, preference. Pr6fet, sm. a prefect; from L. praefectus. For ct = / see § 168. Prefix, adj. prefixed; from L, praefixus. — Der. prefixe. Prehension, sf. a seizing, taking captive ; from L, prehensionem. Its doublet is prison, q.v. Prejudice, sm, injury, prejudice ; from L. praejudicium. — Der. prejudic'iMe. Prejudiciel, adj. prejudicial ; from L. praejudicialis. Pr6jug6, sm. a prejudice. See prejuger. Prejuger, va. to prejudge ; from juger (q.v.) and L. prae. — Der. prejuge (partic, subst.). Prelasser (Se), vpr. to strut. See prelat. Pr61at, sm. a prelate; from L. praelatus, one who is in front, in command, whence the sense of a dignitary in eccles. Lat. — Der. prelature. Prelation, sf. preference; from L. prae- lationem. Prele, sf. (Bot.) hairgrass, horsetail ; for- merly prelle, originally as/Tc//^, It. asperella, from L. asperella* ; dim. of asper, rough. Prelever, va. to deduct (from) ; from lever (q.v.) and L. prae. — Der. prelevement. Preliminaire, adj. preliminary ; from L. prae and liminaris. Pr61uder, va. to prelude; from L. prae- ludere. — Der. prelude (verbal subst.). Prematura, adj. premature ; from L. prae- maturatus *, der, from praematurus. — Der. prematurhe. Premeditation, sf. premeditation ; from L. praemeditationem, Pr6ni§diter, va. to premeditate; from L. praemeditari. Pr6mices, sf firstfruits; from L, primi- tiae. For -tiae = -ce see agencer. PREMIER, adj. first ; from L. primarius. For -arius = -z>r see § 198; for i = e see § 72. Its doublet is primaire, q.v. Premisses, sf pi. (Logic) premisses ; from L. praemissa. Premunir, va. to forewarn ; from L. prae- munire. PRENABLE, adj. that can be taken, corrup- tible (by bribes). — Der, \mprenable. PRENDRE, va. to take. It. prendere, from L. prendere, by regular contr. (see § 51) of prendere to prend're — Der. appre?idre, comprendre, reprendre, surprendre, dprendre, entr epre?idre, mepj'eftdre, preneur, prenMe. Pr^nom, sm. a Christian name ; from L. praenomen. Pr6notion, sf a prenotion; from L. prae- notionem. Preoccupation, sf preoccupation ; from L, preoccupationem. Preoccuper, va. to preoccupy ; from L, praeoccupare, Preopiner, sm. to give one's opinion first ; from opiner (q.v.) and L. prae. Preparation, sf. preparation ; from L, praeparationem. Pr6paratoire, adj. preparatory ; from L. praeparatorius. Preparer, va. to prepare; from L. prae- parare. — Der. preparatif. Preponderant, adj. preponderant; from L. preponderantem, — Der. preponder- ance. Preposer, va. to set over ; from poser (q. v.) and L. prae. Prepositif, adj. prepositional ; from L. praepositivus. Pr6position, sf a preposition ; from L. praepositionem. Prerogative, sf. prerogative; from L. praerogativa, PRES, prep, near. It. presso,{rom L, pressus, properly pressed close, hence near. — Der. zpres, presque. Presage, sm. a presage; from L, prae- sagium. — Der. preszger. Presbyte, adj. (Optics) presbyopical ; from Gr. vpfcr^vTTjs. Presbyt§re, sm. a parsonage; from Gr. TTpialivT€piov. — Der. preshyteraX, preshy' ter'ien. Prescience, sf prescience; from L. prae- scientia. For -tia = ce see agencer. Prescriptible, adj. prescriptible ; from prescription, q. v. — Der. imprescriptible. Prescription, sf. prescription; from L. praescriptionem, Prescrire, va. to prescribe ; from L, prae- scribere. For scribere = scrire see ecrire. PRESEANCE, sf. precedence ; from L. prae- sidentia*, der. from L, praesidere, to have the precedence, in Suetonius. Prae- sidentia becomes preseance. For loss of medial d see accabler ; for ae = e see § 103; for i — e see § 72; for &n = an see amender ; for -tia = -ce see agencer. Pre- seance is a doublet of /residence. 286 PRESENCE — PRiTRE, PRESENCE, s/. presence; from L. prae- sentia. For -tia = -ce see agencer. PRESENT, adj. present; from L. prae- sentem. — Der. prtsentex, present (sm.). PRESENT, sm. a present, gift. See pre- senter. PRESENTER, va. to present. See present. — Der. present (verbal subst.), prhentiiXxon, presentzteuTy presentable, prcsentement, re- prdsenter. Pr6server, va. to preserve; from L. prae- s e r V a r e . — Der . preservntevn, preservntif. Pr6sident, sm. a president ; from L. praesidentem, — Der. presidency (whose doublet \s preseance, q.v.), president'\e\. Pr6sider, va. to preside; from L. prae- sidere. + Pr6 sides, s/. presides; from Sp. pre- sidios (Sp. military and penal colonies). Pr6sidial, sm. a court of judicature, pre- sidial ; from L. praesidialis. Pr6somptif, adj. presumptive ; from L. praesumptivus. Pr6soinption, sf. presumption; from L. praesumptionem. Pr6soniptueux, adj. presumptuous; from L. praesumptuosus. For -oaMS = -eux see § 229. PRESQUE, adv. almost. See pres and que. PRESQU'ILE, sf. a peninsula. See presque and He. PRESSE, sf a press. See presser.—DeT. pressier. Pressentir, va. to have a presentiment ; from L. praesentire. — Der. pressentiment. PRESSER, va. to press ; from L. pressare. — Der. presse (verbal subst.), pressis. Pression, sf. pressure; from L. pressio- nem. PRESSOIR, sm. a press ; from L. pressoriiim. For transposition of i see chanoine. Pressure, sf. a pressure; from L, pres- sura. — Der. pressurer. Pressurer, va. to press (out). See pressure. Der. pressura.ge, pressureur. Prestance, sf. an imposing deportment ; from L. praestantia. Prestation, sf. the taking (an oath) ; from L. praestationem. tPreste, adj. agile; from It. presto. Its doublet is pret, q. v. + Prestesse, sf agility; from It. presleza. Prestige, sm. prestige; from L. praes- tigia. Prestigieux, adj. enchanting; from L. praestigiosus. For -osus = -eux see § 229- t Presto, adv. (Mus.) presto; from It. presto. Prestolet, stn, a hedge-priest. Origin un- known. Pr6sunier, va. to presume; from L. prae- sumere. — Der. presumMt. Pr6supposer, va. to presuppose; from supposer (q.v.) and L. prae. Pr6supposition, sf a presupposition ; from supposition (q.v.) and L. prae. f Pr6BUre, sf rennet; from It. presura. PRET, adj. ready ; formerly prest. It. presto, from L. praestus*, ready, in several inscrip- tions under the Empire. Praestus* is fre- quent in this sense in the Germanic Laws, as in ' Quando cum petitore causam finire sit praestus ' (Wisigothic Law ix. 2). Praestus becomes prest (for ae=^c see § 103) ; prest becomes pret by dropping s (see Hist. Gram. p. 81). Pret is a doublet of preste, q. v. PRET, sm. a loan. See preter. Pretantaine, sf in the phrase courir la pretantaine, to run about uselessly, gadabout. Origin unknown. Pr6tendre, va. to claim, vn. to pretend; from L. praetendere. For tendere = tendre see tendre. — Der. pretendmt, pre- tendw. Pr^tentieux, adj. pretentious. See pre- tention. Pretention, sf. a pretention ; from L. prae- tentionem*, der. from praetentum, supine of praetendere. — Der. pretentitxw. PR£TER, va. to lend ; formerly prester, from L. praestare, properly to furnish ; the word signifies ' to lend ' as early as the Theo- dosian Code : ' Cum nisi peculiariter ut pecuniam praestet, a domino fuerit postu- latus.' Praestare becomes prester (for ae = e see § 103), lastly preter, by dropping s (see Hist. Gram. p. 81). — Der. preteur, pret (verbal subst.). Pr6t§rit, sm. the preterite; from L. prae- teritum. Pr6t6rition, sf. pretermission; from L. praeteritionem. Pr§teur, sm. a lender ; from L. praetor. Pr6texte, sm. a pretext; from L. prae- textus. — Der. pretexter. Pretintaille, sf a trimming (of a dress). Origin unknown. Pr6toire, sm. a praetorium; from L, prae- tor i u m . For o = oi see chanoine. "PT^torieXi, adj. praetorian; from L. prae- torianus. PR£TRE, sm. a priest; formerly prestre. PRSTURE — PRINTEMPS. 287 from L. presbyter, found for a priest in Prudentius and Jerome. Presbyter, contrd. regularly (see § 51) to presb'ter, then to pres'ter (see poudre), becomes prestre, by dropping final e (see § 50), then pretre, by dropping s (see Hist. Gram. p. 81). — Der. pretresse, prttr'ist, pretr^WXe. Preture, sf. the prajtorship; from L. prae- tura. PREUVE, ff. a proof. It. prova. Cat. proha, from L. proba, der. from probare. Proba becomes pretive. For \> = v see § 113; for o = £'M see § 79. PREUX, adj. gallant ; formerly preus, origi- nally pros. It. pro. Origin unknown. — Der. . (from O. Fr. pro) proesse * (now prouesse ; for o = ou see § 81). Pr6valoir, vn. to prevail; from L. prae- valere. For valere= valoir see valcir. Pr6varicateur, sm. a prevaricator ; from L. praevaricatorem. Prevarication, sf, prevarication ; from L. praevaricationem. Pr6variquer, vn. to prevaricate ; from L, praevaricari. Pr6venant, adj. prepossessing. See pre- venir. — Der. prevena.nce, Prevenir, va. to precede; from L, prae- v en ire. — Der. prevenant. Pr^ventif, adj. preventive. See prevention. Prevention, sf. prevention; from L. prae- ventionem, from praeventum, supine of praevenire. Pr6venu, sm. a prisoner ; partic. subst. of prevenir, q. v. Provision, sf. prevision; from vision (q.v.) and L. prae. Pr§voir, va. to foresee; from L. prae- videre. For videre = vozr see voir. — — Der. pr^voyant, prevoyznce. PREVOT, sm. a provost; formerly prevost, properly one put over by the king, from L. praepositus. Praepositus, contrd. regularly (see § 51) to praepos'tus, he- comes prevost. For ae = e see § 103; for p = t/see § III. Prevost becomes prevot by loss of s, see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. prev'ital, prevote, PREVOYANT, adj. provident. See prevoir. — Der. prevoyance. PRIE-DIEU, sm. a faldstool. See dieu and prier. PRIER, va. to pray ; from L. precare. For loss of medial c see affouage ; for e = i see PRIERE, sf. a prayer. Pro v. preguiera. Cat. pregaria, from L. precaria*, a prayer, in medieval Lat. documents. Precaria is from precor. Precaria becomes priere by loss of medial c, see affouage. For e = i see § f9; for a = (? see § 54. Priere is a doublet oi precaire, q. v. PRIEUR, &m. a prior ; from L. priorem. For o = eu see § 79- — Der. prieure, prieure. Primaire, adj. primary; from L. prima- rius. Its doublet is />r^/m>r, q. V. Primat, sm. a primate; from L. prima- tem. — Der. primalia}, primaiie. PRIMAUTfi, sf. a primacy ; from L. prima- litatem *, from primus. For -alitatem = -aute see communaute. Prime, adj. first; from L. primus. — Der. />rzwe-abord. Prime, sf. prime; from L. prima (so. hora). Prime, sf a pebble (jewellery) ; formerly prisme, from L. prisma. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. + Prime, s/. premium; from Engl. premium. Primer, vn. to lead (in play). See prime ( i). — Der. prims.ge. PRIME-SAUT, adv. suddenly, all at once. See saut and prime (l). — D ex. prime- saut\er. Primeur, sf the first part (of the season, for fruit, etc.). See pri/ne (i). Prim.ev§re, sf a primrose; from It. pri- mavera, used of flowers which come in early spring. Primicier, sm. a primicerius (church digni- tary) ; from L. primicerius. Primitif, adj. primitive ; from L. primi- tivus. t Primo, flcfv. firstly; from L. primo, abl. of primum. t Primogeniture, sf. primogeniture; from It. primogenitura. Primordial, adj. primordial; from L. pri- mordialis. PRINCE, sm. a prince. It, principe, from L. principem, by dropping the last two atonic syllables, see §§ 50, 51. — Der. princ- esse, princier. + Prineeps, arf/. first-printed (of editions); from L. princeps. Principal, adj. principal ; from L. princi- palis. Principaute, sf a principality; from L. princip alitatem, first the dignity, then the territory. For -alitatem = -aw/e see communaute. Principe, sm. a principle; from L. princi- pium. PRINTANIER, adj. vernal. See printemps. PRINTEMPS, sm. spring-time; from L. 288 PRIOR I^PR ODIGA LITS. primum tempus *, i. e. the first season of the year, beginning at Easter. Primum tempus, contrd. to prim'tempus, be- comes /rj«/fm/)s ; form. = M see changer. — Der. prinlanier. t Priori (a), adv. a priori ; from L. a and priori, Priorit6, sf. priority; from L. priorita- tem *, from prior. PRIS, p.p. o{ prendre, taken ; from L. pren- sus, Prensus, regularly reducing ns to s (see aine), becomes presus, whence pris (for e = t see § 59). — Der.^/me (verbal subst.), whence />r/ser. PRISER, va. to take snuff. See pris. — Der. priseuT. PRISER, va. to prize ; from L. pretiare, found in Cassiodorus. The word is common in the Germanic Codes : thus, ' Si quis alicui caballum involaverit et pretiet eum dominus ejus cum sacramento usque ad 6 solidos,' in the Lex Alamannorum, 71. Pre- tiare becomes priser. For e = « see § 59 ; for -tiare = -ser see § 264. — Der. com- missaire-/)r/seur, pris6e, mepriser. Prisme, sm. a prism ; from Gr. irpiafia. — Der. /»nswatique. PRISON, sf. a prison ; from L. prensionem, first, the act of seizing, thence prison, by passage from abstract to concrete. Pren- sionem, regularly reducing ns to s (see atne), becomes presionem, whence /rtsow. For e = t see § 59 ; for sio = so see agencer. Prison is a doublet of prehen- sion, q. V. — Der. prisonnier. Privatif, adj. privative; from L. priva- tivus. Privation, sf. a privation ; from L. priva- tionem.^ PRIVAUTE, sf. extreme familiarity; for- merly privalte, from L. privalitatem *, from privalis, der. from privus. For -alitatem. = -ante see communaute. PRIVE, adj. private ; from L. privatus. PRIVER, va. to deprive ; from L. privare. — Der. priver. Privilege, sm. a privilege; from L. privi- legium. — Der. privilegier, privilegie. PRIX, sm. ,a price ; formerly pris, from L. pre- tium. For e = i see § 59; for ti\i = s = ;)(; see agencer. Probability, sf probability; from L. pro- babilitatem. Probable, ao?/. probable ; from L. proba- bilis. Its doublet is prouvable, q. v. Probant, adj. probatory; from L. pro- bantem. Probation, sf probation; from L. proba- tionem. Probe, adj. honest, upright; from L. pro- bus. Probit6, sf probity; from L. probita- tem. Probl6matique, adj. problematical ; from Gr. npoP\T)tiariK6s. Probldme, sm. a problem ; from Gr. 3rp6- Proboscide, sm. a proboscis ; from L. p ro- boscidem. Proe6d.er, vn. to proceed; from L. pro- cede re. — Der. procede (partic. subst.), pro- cedure. Procedure, sf a procedure. See proceder. Procds, sm. a suit, lit. a process, onward movement; from L. processus. — Der. proces%\L Procession, sf a procession; from L. pro- cessionem . — Der. processionm\. Proc^S-verbal, sm. proceedings (of as- semblies). Ste proces and verbal. PROCHAIN, adj. near. See proche. PROCHE, adj. near; from L. propius. compd. of prope. For piu = cA« see abreger. — Der. prochsiin, ap^rocAer, npprochcT, re- procher. Prochronisme, sm. a prochronism ; from Gr. irpoxpovos. Proclamation, sf a proclamation ; from L. proclamationem. Proclamer, va. to proclaim ; from L. proclamare. Proconsul, sm. a proconsul; from L. pro- consul. Proconsulaire, adj. proconsular ; from L. proconsularis. Proconsulat, sm. proconsulate; from L. proconsulatus. Procreation, sf procreation ; from L. procreationem. Procr6er, i;a. to procreate; from L. pro- creare. Procurateur, sm. a procurator, proctor; from L. procuratorem. Its doublet is procureur. q. v. Procuration, sf a procuration, proxy; from L. procurationem. Procurer, va. to procure; from L. pro- curare. Procureur, sm. a proxy, agent ; from L. procuratorem. For -atorem = -fwr see empereur. Its doublet is procjirateur, q.v. Prodigality, sf prodigality ; from L. pro- digalitatem. PR ODIGE—PR OMISSION. 289 I Prodige, swi. a prodigy; from L. prodi- [ gium. i Prodigieux, adj. prodigious ; from L. prodigiosus, I Prodigue, adj. prodigal; from L. prodi- gus. — Der. prodiguei. ■ Prodrome, sm. an introduction ; from Gr. irpodpo/xos. i Producteur, sm. a producer ; from L. p ro- ductorem, from productum, supine of producere. Productif, arf;. productive ; from L. pro- ductivus *, from productum, supine of producere. Production, sf. production; from L, pro- ductionem, from productum,' supine of producere. I Produire, va. to produce ; from L. produ- cere. Forducere = duire see conduire. ' Produit, sm. a product ; from L. produc- tus. For ct = it see attrait. \ Pro^minent, adj. prominent ; from L. p r o- Ij eminentem. — Der. /roewfwence. Profanateur, sm, a profaner; from L. profanatorem. Profanation, sf. a profanation ; from L. profanationem. Profane, adj. profane; from L. profanus. Profaner, i/a. to profane ; from L. profa- nare. Proferer, va. to utter ; from L. proferre. Profds, Profegge, smf. and adj. professed (of religious orders); from L. professus. — Der. professer. Professer, va. to profess. See profes. Professeur, sm. a professor; from L. pro- fessorem. Profession, sf. a profession; from L. pro- fessionem. fProfesso (ex), at/v. professedly; fromL. ex and professus. Professoral, adj. professorial ; from L. professoralis*, from professor. Professorat, sm. professorship; from L. professoratus *, from professor. tProfil, sm. a profile; from It. proffilo. — Der. profiler. PROFIT, sm. profit; from L. profectus (so used in Ovid). For ect = ii see attrait. — Der. profiler, />ro/?/able. Profond, adj. deep ; from L. profundus. — I Der. profondeur, a.pprofond'ir. !Profus6nient, adv. profusely; from pro- fus, which is from L. profusus. Profusion, sf. profusion ; from L. profu- sionem. Prog6niture, sf. progeny; from L. pro- genitura *, from p rogenitum, supine of progignere. Programme, sm. a programme ; from Gr. TTpoypafifxa. Progrds, sm. progress; from L. progres- sus. — Der. progress.tr, progressif. Progression, sf. progression; from L. progressionem. Prohiber, va. to prohibit ; from L. pro- hibere. Prohibitif, adj. prohibitive; from L. pro- hibitivus*, from prohibitum, supine of prohibere. Prohibition, s/. prohibition; fromL. pro- hibitionem. PROIE, sf. prey, booty. It. preda, from L. praeda. For loss of d see alouette; for ae=e see § 104; and e = oi see § 62. Projectile, adj. sm. projectile; from L. projectilis*, from projectum, supine of projicere. Projection, sf. a projection ; from L. pro- jectionem. Projecture, sf. (Archit.) a projecture ; from L. projectura. Projet, sm. a project; from L. proj actus. — Der. projeter. Projeter, va. to project. See projet. Prol6gomdnes, sm./*/. prolegomena; from Gr. ira) irpoKfyoficva. Prolepse, sf. (Rhet.) prolepsis; from Gr TTp6\T]\plS. Prol§taire, adj. proletarian ; from L. pro letarius. Prolifique, adj. prolific; from L. prolifi cus. Prolixe, adj. prolix; from L. prolixus. Prolixity, sf. prolixity ; from L. p rolixita tern. Prologue, sm. a prologue; from Gr. irpS \oyos. Prolonger, va. to prolong; from L. prO' longare. — Der. prolonge (verbal subst.) />ro/on^ation, /iro/ora^ement. PROMENER, va. to lead out for a walk ^ from L. pronoinare (to lead, in Apuleius) For i = e see § 72. — Der. promenade, pro- meneur, promenoir. PROMESSE, s/. a promise; from L. pro- missa. For i = e see § 72. PROMETTRE, va. to promise. It. pro- mettere, from L. promittere. For i = e see § 72. Promiscuity, sf. promiscuousness ; from L. promiscuitatem*, from promiscuus. Promission, sf. promise; from L. pro- missionem. U 2^0 PR OMONTOIRE — PR OSOPOPSE. Promontoire, sm. a promontory ; from L. promontorium. Promoteur, sm. a promoter ; from L. pro- motorem*, from promotum, supine of promovere. Promotion, sf. promotion ; from L. p ro- motionem. Promouvoir, va. to promote ; from L. promovere. For movere= tnouvoir see mouvoir. — Der, promu. Prompt, adj. prompt; from L. promptus. Promptitude, sf. promptitude; from L. promptitudinem *. Prom.ulgation, sf. promulgation ; from L. promulgationem. Promulguer, va. to promulgate ; from L. promulgare. PRONE. sm. a sermon (before or after mass) ; from L. praeoonixun. For ae = e see § 103, hence preconium, whence prSne ; for loss of medial c, and for contr, of preone to pr6ne see § 102. — ^Der. prontr, proneuT. Pronom, sw. a pronoun ; from L. pro no- men. Pronominal, adj. pronominal; from L. p ronominalis. Prononcer, va. to pronounce ; from L. pronuntiare. For mintiax e = noncer see annoncer. Prononciation, sf. pronunciation ; from L. pronuntiationem. Pronostic, sm. a prognostic; from Gr. vpoyvcocTTiKSv. — Der. pronostiqutr. Pronostiquer, va, to prognosticate. See pronostic. Propagande, sf. the Propaganda ; of hist. origin (see § 33), 'from the Collegium de Fide Propaganda, at Rome. Propagateur, sm. a propagator; from L. propagatorem. Propagation, sf. propagation; from L. propagationem. Propager, va. to propagate; from L. pro- pagare.^ Propension, sf. a propensity; from L. pro- pensionem. Prophdte, sm. a prophet; from L. pro- pheta. Proph6tesse, sf. a prophetess; from L. prophetissa. Fori=«see § 72. Proph6tie, sf. prophecy; fromL. prophe- tia. Proph6tlqne, adj. prophetic; from L. propheticus. Proph6tlser, va. to prophesy; from L. prophetizare (in St. Jerome). Propice, adj. propitious ; from L.propitius. For tiu = ce see agencer. + Propolis, sf. propolis (substance with which bees stop holes in their hives) ; from L. propolis. Proportion, sf. proportion ; from L. p re- port ionem. — Der. proportionner, dispro- portion. Proportionnalit6, sf. proportionateness ; from L. proportionalitatem. Proportionnel, adj. proportional; from L. proportionalis. PROPOS, sm. a thing said in conversation, talk, purpose ; from L. propositum. For -osituin = -OS see §§ 50, 51. Proposer, va. to propose. See poser. Proposition, sf. a proposition; from L. propositionem. PROPRE, adj. proper ; from L. proprius. — Der. impropre, ap/>ro/>rier, proprct, pro- prt\L Propr6teur, sm. a propraetor; from L. propraetorem. Propri6taire, sm. an ovraer; from'L. proprietarius (found in Ulpian). Propri6t6, sf. propriety; from L. pro- prietatem. Propyl§es, sm.pl. propylaeum; from Gr. ■npo-nvXaios. f Prorata, sm. proportion; from L. pro and rata (sc. parte). Prorogation, sf. prorogation ; from L, prorogationem. Proroger, va. to prorogue; from L. pro- rogare. Prosaique, adj. prosaic; from L. pro- saic u s . — Der. />rosaisme. Prosateur, sm. a prose-writer. See prose. Proscripteur, sm. a proscriber; from L, proscriptorem. Proscription, sf a proscription ; from L, proscriptionem. Proscrire, va. to proscribe; from L. pro- se r i b e r e , For -ibere = -ire see ecrire. Proscrit, sm. an outlaw; from L. pro- scriptus. Forpt = ^see § 168. Prose, sf. prose; from L. prosa, — Der. /»rosateur. Prosecteur, sm. (Anat.) a preparator ; from L. prosector. Pros61yte, sm. a proselyte ; from L. prose- lytus (found in St. Jerome). — Der. prose- lytisme. Prosodie, sf. prosody ; from Gr. irpomlia. — Der. prosodiqae. Prosopop6e, sf. prosopopoeia; from Gr. irpo<rwnoiroua* PROSPECTUS — PR URIGINE UX. 291 Prospectus, sm. a prospectus; from L. prospectus. Prosp6rer, vn. to prosper; from L. pro- sperare. Prosp6rit§, sf. prosperity; from L. pro- speritatem. Prosterner (Se), vpr. to prostrate oneself; from L. prosternere. — Dei. prostermtion, prosternement. Prostituer, va. to prostitute ; from L, prostituere. Prostitution, sf. prostitution; from L. prostitutionem. Prostration, sf. prostration ; from L. prostrationem. Prote, sm. an overseer ; from Gr. vpaiTos. Protecteur, sm. a protector; from L. pro- tect or em. — Der. proteclorsit. Protection, sf protection; from L. pro- tectionem. Prot6e, sm. Proteus ; from L. Proteus. Prot6ger , va. to protect ; from L.protegere. Protestation, sf a protest ; from L. pro- testationem. Protester, va. to protest; from L. pro- testari. — Der . protesia.nt (of historic origin; the name given to the Lutherans who pro- tested, A.D. 1529, at the Diet of Spires, against an edict of the Diet of Worms), /)ro/es/antisme. Protdt, sm. a protest ; from protest. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. Protet is verbal subst. of protester, q. v. Protocole, sm. a protocol ; from Gr. irpurd- KoWov, lit. the first leaf of a book. Protonotaire, sm. a protonotary; from Gr. TTpwTOS and from L. uotarius. Prototype, sm. a prototype ; from Gr. VpOJTOTVTTOS. Protoxyde, sm. (Chem.) a protoxyde ; from Gr. ttpojTos and b^vs. Protuberance, sf a protuberance; from i L. protuberantia*, from protuber- antem, partic. of protuberare. Protuteur, sm. a guardian of a minor's property; from L. protutorem. PROU, adv. much. It. pro, from L. probe. For loss of medial b see aboyer ; for o = ou see affouage. tProue, sf. a prow; in i6th cent, proe, a word comparatively new in the language, from Sp. proa. For proe=proue see af- fouage. PROUESSE, sf. prowess. See preux. PROUVER, va. to prove ; from L. probare. For o = ou see affouage; for b = v see § 113. — Der. eprouver, i^prouver. PROVENDE, sf. provisions ; from L. prae- benda. Praebenda gives provende : for b = 2/ see § 113 ; for ae = e see § 104; for e = o see rognon. Provende is a doublet of prebende, q. v. Provenir, va. to proceed (from) ; from L. proven ire. —Der. provenzni, provenance. Pr over be, sm. a proverb; from L. pro- verbium. Proverbial, adj. proverbial; from L. pro- verbialis. Providence, sf. providence ; from L. pro- vide nt i a . For -tia = -ce see agencer. Its doublet is pourvoyance, q. v. PROVIGNER, vn. to increase. See provin. — Der. provignemevA. PROVIN, sm. a layer (of vines); formerly provain, Prov. probaina. It. proppagine, from L. propaginem. Propdginem, contrd. regularly (see § 51) to propag'- nem, becomes provain. For p = v see § III; for gn = « see assener ; for a = ai see § 54.' — Der. provigner, provignement. Province, sf a province; from L. pro- vincia. Provincial, adj. provincial; from L. pro- vincialis. Its doublet is proven^al, q. v. Proviseur, sm. a head-master, principal; from L. provisorem. Provision, s/". provision ; from L.provisio- n em. — Der. provisionaer, zpprovisionner. Provisoire, adj. provisory; from L. pro- visorius *. Provocateur, sm. a provoker; from L. provocatorem. Provocation, sf provocation; from L. provocationem. Provoquer, va. to provoke; from L. pro- vocare. Proximity, sf proximity; from L. proxi- mitatem. PRUDE, adj. prudish ; from L, pnidens. Its doublet is prudent, q. v. — Der. prud'- homme, prudene, prud'homie. Prudence, sf prudence; from L. pruden- tia. Prudent, adj. prudent; from L. pruden- tem. Its doublet is ^rwc?*, q.v. PRUNE, sf. a plum ; from L. prunum. — Der. prunier, prune&v (from O. Fr. prunel, dim. oi prune; for el = eau see agneau), pruneWier, pruneWe (whence sense of pupil of the eye, likened to a little black plum). PRUNELLE, (1) sf a sloe.— Der, prunelhex. (2) an eyeball. See prune. Prurigineux, adj. lustful; from L. pruri- ginosus. U2 292 PR URIT-^P UNIQUE, Prurit, sm. prurience; from L. pruritus. Prussique, adj. Prussic (acid) ; so called because it was first extracted from Prussian blue. Prytan6e, sm. a prytaneum ; from Gr. ■npvTaviiov, Psalmiste, sm. a psalmist; from L. psal- mista (so used in St. Jerome). Psalmodie, sf. psalmody; from L. psal- m o d i a . — Der. psalmoditx. Psalt^rion, sm. a psaltery; from L. psal- terium. Its doublet is /)saw^i>r, q. v. PSAUME, sm, a psalm; from L. psalmus. For al = aM see agneau. The initial sound ps being strange to the Fr. language, O.Fr. rightly said saume for psaume, sautier for psautier. PSAUTIER, sm. a psalter ; formerly sautier, from L. psalterium. For Q\=ati see agneau ', for e = «fi see § 56. For expla- nation of O.Fr. form sautier see psaume. Its doublet is psalterion, q. v. Pseudonym e, adj. pseudonymous; from Gr. xpevSuvvfios. Psych6, sf. Psyche ; from Gr. ipvxv.—'DcT. psyche. Peychologie, sf. psychology ; from Gr. il/vx'h and \6yos. — Der. /'sycAo/o^ique, psy- chologiste, psychologue. PUANTEUR, sf. a stench. See puer. Pubdre, adj. pubescent; from L. pub e rem. Pubert6, */. puberty ; from L. pubertatem. Public, adj. public; from L. pub lie us. — Der. publiciste, publicite. Publicain, sm. a publican ; from L. publi- canus. Publication, sf. a publication; from L, publicationem. Publiciste, sm. a publicist. See public. Publicity, sf. publicity. See ptiblic. Publier, va. to publish; from L. publi- care. For loss of medial c see affouage. PUCE, sf. a flea ; formerly pulce. It. pulce, from L. pulicem, by regular contr. (see § 5O of ptilicem to pul'cem, whence O. Fr. pdce. — Der. pucevon, epucev. Pudeur, sf shame; from L. pudorem. — Der. impudeur. Pudibond, adj. modest, bashful ; from L. pudibundus. Pudicit§, sf. modesty; from L. pudicita- tem. Pudique, adj. modest ; from L. pudicus. PUER, vn. to stink. O. Fr. puir, Prov. pudir. It. pudire, from L. putere. For loss of medial t see Hist. Gram. p. 82; for e = i see § 59. — Der./>ttant, /ttanteur, em/>«anter. Pu^ril, adj. puerile; from L. puerilis. Pu6rilit6, sf puerility; from L. puerili- tatem. Pugilat, sm. pugilism; from L. pugilatus. PUINE, adj. younger ; formerly puisne, from L. postnatus *. ' Est consuetude in qui- busdam partibus, quod postnatus prae- fertur primogenito,* says a medieval docu- ment. Postnatus is compd. of natus and post. For post-natus =puis-ne see puis and tie; for puisne=puin4 see Hist. Gram, p. 81. PUIS, adv. afterwards ; from L. post. For loss of t see notre ', for o = ui see cuider. — Der. puisqne, depuis. PUISER, va. to dip, draw (from a well). See piits. — Der. puisage, epuiser. PUIS QUE, conj. since. See puis and que. PUISSANCE, /. power. See puissant. PUISSANT, adj. powerful ; from L. possen- tem *, a barbarous part. pr. of posse. For o = ui see cuider, — Der. puissance, impuis- sant. PUITS, sm. a well ; formerly puis, from L. puteus. For GU = iw see abreger, hence puis ; for u = wi see buis, and ti = s see agencer. From this O. Fr. puis come puiser, piiisard. The spelling puits is the work of i6th-cent. pedants, who inserted a /, thinking that they should thus bring the Fr. word nearer its Lat. original, not knowing that the Fr. s of puis already represented the Lat. te. Pulluler, vn, to multiply; from L. puUu- lare. Pulmonaire, adj. pulmonary; from L, pulmonarius. Pulpe, sf pulp; from L. pulp a. Pulpeux, adj. pulpy; from L. pulposus. Pulsation, sf. pulsation ; from L. pulsaj- tionem. tPulv^rin, sm. a priming-horn; from It. polverino. Pulveriser, va. to pulverise ; from L. pul- V e r i s a r e . — Der. pulveris&tion. Pulverulent, adj. pulverable; from L. pulverulentus. PUNAIS, adj. fetid. Prov. putnais, from O. Fr. put, by means of a suffix nais, from inais, which is from L. -inaceus. O. Fr. put is from L. putidus. For loss of last two atonic syllables see §§ 50, 51, — Der.punaise. PUNAISE, sf (Entom.) a bug. See punais. t Punch, sm. a punch ; from Engl, punch. Punction, sf a pointer; from L. puncti- onem. Its doublet is poinf on, q. v. Punique, adj. punic ; from L. punicus. PUNIR — QUADRI-. 293 Punir, va. to punish; from L. punire. — Der, ^wwissable, ^wwisseur. Punition, sf. punishment; from L, puniti- onem. Pupillaire, adj. pupillary; from L. pupil- laris. Pupille, sf. a pupil, ward; from L, pu- pilla. PUPITRE, sm. a desk ; from L. ptdpitum. By transposing 1 (see sangloter) pulpitum becomes pupitlum, whence pupitre. For 1 = r see apdtre. Pur, adj. pure ; from L. pur us. — Der. pur- iste, /jwrisme. PUREE, if. soup ; formerly peuree,, originally pevreejiom L.piperata* (properly peppered meat), by regular contr. (see § 52) of pipe- rata to pip'rata, whence pevree. For p — v see § III; for -ata = -e'e see § 201. Pevree becomes peuree by vocalising v to u, see aurone ; peuree later becomes puree by eu = u, see curee : cp. bu, mil, miire, mutin, bluet, etc., which were formerly beu, meu, meure, meutin, bleuet, etc. Purie is a doublet of poivree, poivrade, q. v. I Puret6, sf. purity; from L. puritatem. For i = e see § 72. [ Purgatif, adj. purgative; from L. purga- tirus. ! Purgation, sf. a purgation ; from L. pur- ! gationem. * ■ Purgatoire, sm. purgatory; from L. pur- i gatorius. I Purger, va. to purge; from L. purgare. — ; Der, purge (verbal subst.), expurger. Purification, sf. purification; from L. purificationem. Purifier, va. to purify; from L. puri- ficare. Purisme, sm. purism. See pur. Puriste, sm. a purist. See pur. i-Puritain, sm. a puritan; from Engl. puritan. — Der. puritanisme. Purpurin, adj. purplish; from L. pur- purinus. Purulence, sf. purulence; from L. puru- lentia. Purulent, adj. purulent; from L. puru- lentus. Pus, sm. (Med.) pus ; from L. pus, Pusillanime, adj. pusillanimous, cowardly ; from L. pusillanimis. Pusillanimity, sf. cowardice ; from L. pusillanimitatem. Pustule, sf. a pustule; from L. pustula. PustuleUX, a^/- pustulous; from L, pustu-^ losus. For -os\is = -eux see § 229. Putatif, adj. putative, supposed; from L. putativus. PUTOIS, sm. a polecat; properly = bete puante. Putois is from O. Fr. put, see punais. Putrefaction, sf. putrefaction ; from L. putrefactionem. Putr6fier, vn. to putrefy; from L.putrifi- care *, from putris. Putride, adj. putrid; from L. putridus. — Der. putridite. Pygra6e, sm. a pigmy ; from Gr. itvyjmios. Pyldne, sm. a portal ; from Gr. itvXwv. Pylore, sm. (Anat.) pylorus ; from Gr. TTvXcopvs. — Der. pyloriqae. Pyramide, sf. a pyramid; from L. pyra- midem. — Der. pyramidal, pyramidex. Pyrique, adj. pyrotechnic ; from Gr. ttvp. Pjrrite, sf. a pyrite; from Gr. vvpiTijs. — • Der. pyriteux. Pyroligneux, adj. pyroligneous ; from Gr. TTvp and ligneux, q. v. Pyromdtre, sm. a pyrometer; from Gr. TTvp and fX€Tpov. Pyrotechnie, adj. pyrotechnics ; from Gr. TTvp and rexvq. — Der. pyrotechniqat. Pyrrhique, adj. pyrrhic; from Gr. itvp- p'^XV- Pyrrhonisme, Pyrrhonien, sm. Pyr- rhonism ; of hist, origin (see § 33), from the Greek philosopher Pyrrho. Pythagoricien, adj. Pythagorean; from Gr. TTvOayopiKds, a disciple of Pythagoras. Pythie, adj. Pythic ; from Gr. irvOia. P3rthonisse, sf a Pythoness; from Gr. vvQajVKTCa. Q- Quadrag6naire, adj. of forty years of age; from L. quadragenarius. Quadrag6sim.e, sf. quadragesima ; from L. quadragesima (sc. dies}. Its doublet is carime, q. v. Quadrangle, sm. a quadrangle ; from L. quadrangulus Der. quadranguhke. Quadrature, sf quadrature; from L. quadratura. Its doublet is carrure, q. v. Quadri-, a prefix; from L. quadri-. 294 QUADRIGE^ QUESTEUR. Quadrige, sm. a quadriga; from L. quad- riga. Quadrilatdre, sm. a quadrilateral; from L. quadrilaterus. t Quadrille, 5/. a quadrille; from It. quadriglia. Quadrumane, adj. quadrumanous ; from L. quadrumanus. Quadnipdde, sm. a quadruped; from L. quadrupedem. Quadruple, adj. quadruple; from L. quad- ruplus. — Der. quadruphx. QUAI, 5m. a quay ; of Celtic origin, Breton hae. •j" Quaker, sm. a quaker; from Engl.,g«a^er. Qualificatif, arf/. qualifying ; from L. qua- lificativus *, from qualificare. See qualifier. Qualification, sf. a qualification ; from L. qualificationem *, from qualificare. See qualifier. Qualifier, va. to qualify; from L. quali- ficare *, from qualis. Its doublet is jauger, q. v. Quality, sf. quality; from L. qualitatem. QUAND, conj. though ; from L. quando. QUANT, adj. how many ; from L. quantus. — Der. quant'ihme. QUANT, adv. respecting ; from L. quantum. QUANTIEME, adj. what number. See quant. Quantity, §/". a quantity; from L. quanti- tatem. QUARANTE, adj. forty ; from L. quadra- ginta. For dr = r see § 168; for-aginta = -anle see cinquante. — Der. ywaran^aine, quarantihm^. QUARDERONNER, »a. to round off; from quart de rond. See quart, de and rond. QUART, adj. fourth; from L. quartus. — Der. quart (sm.), y«ar/ant, quart&mt. QUARTERON, sm. a quarter (of a pound). See quart. QUARTE, sf. a quart ; from L. quarta. QU ARTIER, sm. a quarter ; from L. quart- arius, fourth of a sextarius. For -arliis = -ier see § 198. — Der. quarteron. QUARTIER-MAiTRE, sm. a quarter-master. See maitre and quartier. + Quartz, sm. quartz; from Germ, quarz. — Der. quartzexix. + Quasi, adv. almost; from L. quasi. Quaternaire, adj. quaternary ; from L. quaternarius. Quaterne, sm. quaternary; from L. qua- ternus. Its doublets are cahier, caserne, q. V. — Der, quaternzke. QUATORZE, adj. fourteen. It. quattordici, from L. quatuordedm, by regular contr. (see § 51) of quatu6rd§cim to quatu- ord'oim, whence quatorze. For quatuor- = quator- see quatre ; for dc = z see amitie and adjuger. — Der. quatorzxhmc. QUATRE, sm. four ; from L. quatuor, by regular change of uo into o (see § 102), whence quator. We find the form cator in an inscription of the Empire. Quator becomes quatre by dropping final vowel, see § 50. Quatre is a doublet of quattor, q. V. — Der. quatrihme, quatnin. t Quatuor, sm. (Mus.) aquartett; from L. quatuor. Its doublet is quatre, q. v. QUE, pron. whom, that ; from L. quem. QUE, conj. that ; from L. quod. For loss of d see alouette. Also from L. quam, in the connection plus . . . que, which is L. plus . . . quam. For loss of m see ja. QUEL, adj. what; from L. qualis. For -a.li8 = -el see § 191. — Der. ywe/que. QUELCONQUE, adj. whatever; from L. quale cunque. For quale = quel see quel ; for cunque = conque see annoncer. QUELQUE, adj. some. See quel and que. — Der. quelqu'un, quelquelois. QU6MANDER, vn. to beg secretly. Origin unknown. — Der. quemand&ix. QUENOTTE, sf. a tooth (of a child) ; dim. of O. Fr. quenne ; of Germ, origin, Icel. kenna. QUENOUILLE, sf a distaff. It. conocchia, from L. coluoula, dim. of colus. For l = n see marne ; whence conucula, found in Carol, documents ; e. g. ' Si ingenua Ri- puaria servum Ripuarium secuta fuerit, et parentes ejus hoc contradicere voluerint, offeratur ei a rege spatha et conucula. Quod si spatham acceperit, servum interfi- ciat; si autem conuctdam, in servitio perseveret.' Lex Ripuaria, 59. 18. Oon- ■dciila, regularly contr. (see § 51) to con- uc'la, becomes quenouille. For o = ue see accueillir; for -\icl& = -ouiUe see § 258; for G — q see queue. QUERELLE, /. a quarrel; from L. querela. — Der. quereller, querelleur. QUERIR, va. to fetch ; from L. quaerere. For quaerere = quaerere see Hist. Gram. P- 133 ; whence querir : for e = i see § 59. Querir is a doublet of querre. — Der. quite (formerly queste, from L. quaesita, strong partic. subst., see asboute. For loss of i by displacement of accent from quaesita to quaesita see § 51 ; for loss of « see Hist. Gram. p. 81). Questeur, sm. a quaestor; from L. quaes- tor em. Its doublet is queteur. Q UESTION — QUITTE, 295 Question, sf. a question; from L. quaes- tionem. — Der. questiotmer, questionniLiie, qiiestionneur. Questure, sf. quaestorship ; from L. quaes- tura. QUETE, sf. a search. See querir. — Der. queieT, qutteuT (whose doublet is quesieur, q. v.), gwe^euse. QUEUE, sf. a tail ; from L. cauda. c here = q, cp. colucla*, quenouille; cotem, queux ; puscus,'^, paqueretle; mancare*, manquer ; coquus, queux; apotheca, boutique. For loss of medial d see alouette ; for a,\x. = ue = eu (which is the same sound) set accuetllir : cp. paucum, />««; Aucum, Eu. QUEUE, sf. a cask (holding l^ hogsheads). Origin unknown. QUEUX, sm. a hone. It. cote, from L. cotem. For loss of t see aigu ; for c = g see queue ; for o = eu see accueillir. QUEUX, sm. a cook, in O. Fr. It. cwoco, from L, coquus. Coquus, by reducing uu to u (see § 102), becomes cocus, found in Lat. writers. Coous becomes queux: for = eu see accueillir ; for initial = ^ see queue; for final o = s = x see amitie. Queux is a doublet of coq, a cook. QUI, rel. pron. who ; from L. qui. QUICONQUE, pron. whosoever; from L. quicumque. For in=» see changer; for u = see annoncer. t Quidam, 5/, a certain person (name unknown) ; from L. qviidain. Quiet, ac?/. quiet; from L. quietus. — Der. quieAsme, quietiste. Quietude, s/. quietude; from L. quietudi- nem, tQuille, sf. a keel; from Sp. quilla. — Der. quitlige. QUILLE, sf. a skittle ; of Germ, origin, O. H. G. kegil, by contr. of kegil to keg'l, and assimilation of gl to il, see caille, QUINA, sm. bark, quinine. See quinquina, — Der. quinine. QUINAUD, adj. abashed. Origin unknown. QUINCAILLE, sf. ironmongery (originally every kind of hardware) ; formerly clin- caille* or cliquaille in Marot, from cliquer (q. v.), signifying rightly that which clinks. Cliquaille becomes clinquaille by nasal- isation, see concombre ; then quincaille by dissimilation of cl to c, see able. — Der. quincaillier, quincaillene. Quinconce, sm. a quincunx ; from L. quincunx. Quine, sm. five winning numbers (lottery) ; from L. qui ni. Quinine, sf. quinine. See quina. Quinola, sm. the knave of hearts (cards). Origin unknown. Quinquag6naire, adj. of fifty years of age; from L. quinquagenarius. Quinquennal, adj. quinquennial ; from L. quinquennalis. Quinquet, sm, a lamp ; of hist, origin, see § 33. + Quinquina, sm. cinchona, bark-tree, Peruvian bark ; formerly quinaquina ; of American origin, Peruv. kinakina. An abbreviation of quinquina is quina, q. v. QUINT, sm. a fifth ; from L. quintus." QUINTAINE, sf. a quintain; from L. quintana (a little place, thence a place set aside for military exercises, then the exer- cises themselves). Quintaine is a doublet oi cantine, q. v. For a = ai see § 54. QUINTAL, sm. a hundredweight ; der. from quint, q.v. tQuinte, sf. a musical fifth; from It. quinta. Quinte, sf. a fit of coughing; from L. quinta, lit. coughing five times. — Der. quinteux. Quintessence, sf a quintessence ; formerly quinte essence, from L. quinta essentia; lit. the fifth essence, i.e. that substance in alchemists' language which is superior to the four elements. — Der. quintessenc'iex. Quinteux, adj. whimsical. See quinte. Quintuple, adj. quintuple; from L. quin- tuplex. — Der. quintupltr. QUINZE, adj. fifteen. It. quindici, from L. quindecim, by regular contr. (see § 51) of quindecim to quind'cim, whence quinze. For dc = c see adjuger ; for c = z see amitie. — Der. quinz^va, ywmzaine, quinz- ieme. t Quiproquo, sm. a quidproquo, in i6th cent; from L. qui pro quod, lit. to take a quid for a quod. QUITTANCE, sf. a receipt. It. quitanza, from L, quietantia*. * Qua praefatae camerae . . . solvere quomodo libet obligati erant, generalem qiiietantiam fecerit de- cernens eos ad illorum solutionem non teneri,* says a medieval document. Quie- tantia is from quietus, meaning quitte, see quitte. Quietantia becomes quittance, cp. pietantia,/'/Va«ce. For letter-changes see pitance. — Der. quittance!. QUITTE, sf free, discharged, clear ; from L. quietus. Qviietus is used in this sense in several Carolingian documents : ' Et si de una judiciaria fuerit ad dies XII, ante- ag6 QUITTER^RA CLER. quam eat ad exercitum sit quietus* (Lex Loneobardorum, 2. 14). For ie = i see piti^ Quitte is a doublet of cot, q, v. — Der. quitter (lit. to hold quit, then to yield, leave), zcquitter. QUITTER, va. to quit. See quitte. QUI-VIVE, sm. a challenge (military). See qui and vivre. QUOI, pron. which, that, what; from L. quid. For loss of d see alouette ; for i = oi see boire. — Der. quoique. fQuolibet, sm. a quibble, trivial pun; originally a scholastic thesis, proposed to exercise students' minds ; whence it conies to mean theses discussed for amusement, quibbles, as opposed to serious ones; from L. quod libet. Quote-part, sf. a quota, share ; compd. of part, and L. quota. Quotidien, adj. daily; from L. quotidi- anus. Quotient, sm. a quotient ; from L. quotiens. Quotit^, sf. quota, share; from L. quotus. R. RABACHER, vn. to repeat over and over. Origin unknown. — Der. rabdchage, rabdch- eur. RABAIS, sm. diminution (of price). See rabaisser. RABAISSER, va. to lower, underrate. See re- and abaisser. — Der. rabais (verbal subst.). RABAT, sm. a band (for the neck). See rabattre. RABATTRE, va. to beat down. See re- and abattre. — Der. rabat (verbal subst.), rabat- joie, rfl6a//ement. + Rabbin, sm. a rabbi; of Heb. origin, Heb. rabbi. — Der. ra66mique. RABLE, sm. back (of hares). Origin un- known. RABLE, sm. a rake, poker (used by bakers) ; formerly roable, from L. rutabulum (a baker's poker in Festus), by regular contr. (see § 51) of rutdbulum to rutab'lum, whence roable. For loss of medial t see abbaye; for u=«o see annoncer. RABOT, sm. a plane. See raboter. RABOTER, va. to plane ; properly to strike, in O. Fr., a sense which survives in raboteux, knotty, rough. Raboter is another form of rabouter. For etymology see re- and bouter. Raboter is a doublet of rebouter, q. v. — Der. rabot (verbal subst.), ra6o/eux. RABOUGRIR, vn. to be stunted. Origin unknown. RABROUER, va. to scout, snub. Origin unknown. RACAILLE, sf. rabble, mob ; dim. of a root rac *, which is of Germ, origin, Engl. rack. Racaille is formed like canaille, which comes indirectly from L. canis. RACCOMMODER, va. to mend, repair. See re- and accommoder. — Der. raccommod- eur, raccommodement. RACCORDER, va. to join, unite. See re- and accorder. — Der. raccord (verbal subst.), raccordemtnX.. RACCOURCIR, va. to shorten. See re- and accourcir. — Der. raccourci (partic. subst). RACCOUTRJER, va. to dress out. See re- and accoutrer. RACCOUTUMER (SE), vpr. to accustom. See re- and accoutumer. RACCROCHER, va. to hook on again. See re- and acerocher.-~-DeT. raccroc (verbal subst.). + Bace, sf. a race; from It. razza. RACHAT, sm. repurchase. See racketer. RACHETER, va. to repurchase, ransom; formerly rachater. See re- and acheter. — Der. r achat (verbal subst.). Rachitique, adj. rickety; from Gr. ^&x'^s. Der. rachitisTcit. RACINE, sf. a root. Prov. racina, from L. radicina*, from radicem, by regular contr. (see § 52) of radicma to rad*- cina, whence racine. For dc = c see ad- juger. — Der. d^racmer, enracmer, racing, raciner. RACLER, va. to sgrape off; formerly rascler, Cat. rasclar. It. raschiare, from L. rasi- culare *, der. from rasioare *, frequent, of radere. Rasicdre, contrd. regularly to ras'care (see § 52), gives the deriv. rasculare. Rasculire, regularly drop- ping u (see § 52), becomes ras'clare, whence rascler, whence, by loss of s (see RACOLER — RAIE. 397 Hist. Gram. p. 81), racier. — Der. raclem, racloir, racoire, racluve. RACOLER, va. to pick up, crimp (soldiers). See col. — Der. racoleur, racohge, RACONTER, va. to relate; from re- and aconter*, compd. of a and conter, q. v. — Der. raconteuT. RACORNIR (SE), va. to make homy; from re- and acornir *, compd. of a and come, q. V. — Der. racor«issement. RACQUITTER (SE), vpr. to win back. See re- and acquitter. fRade, sf. a road, roadstead (naval); from It. rada. — Der. rader. RADEAU, sm. a raft ; formerly radel (for el — eau see agneau), from L. radellus *. Radellus (found in medieval Lat. docu- ments) is a transformation of ratellus *. For t = rf see aider, Katellus* is a dim. of ratis. B-ader, va. to strike (a measure) ; from L. r ad ere. — Der. radtm. Kadial, adj. radial from L. radialis, der. from radius. Radiant, adj. radiant; from L. radi- antem. I Radiation, sf. radiation; from L. radi- ationem. Radical, adj. radical ; from L. radical is*, der. from radicem. Radicant, adj. (Bot.) radicant; from L. radicantem. Radicule, sf. (Bot.) a radicle, little root; from L, radicula. Radi§, adj. (Bot.) radiate; from L. radi- atus. For -atus = -e see § 201. Its doublet is raye, q. v. Radier, sm. an inverted arch. Origin unknown. Radieux, arf/. radiant; from L. radiosus. For -osus = -ew«! see § 229. 'I'Radis, sm. a turnip, radish; from Prov. raditz, which from L. radioem. ^Radius, sm. (Anat.) a radius; so used in Celsus. RADOTER, vn. to dote; formerly redoter, compd. of re- and the root doter*, of Germ, origin, Engl, dote, Flem. doten. — Der. radoieuT, radotiige, radotene. ■RADOUB, sm. a refitting, repair. See ra- douber. RADOUBER, va. (Naut.) to refit ; formerly redouber, compd. of re- and a theme dauber *, which, like many other sea- terms, is of Germ, origin, A. S. dubban, to strike, whence sense of preparing, repair- ing. — Der. radoub (verbal subst,). RADOUCIR, va. to soften. See re- and adoucir. — Der. racfowcissement. Rafale, sf. a squall. Origin unknown. RAFFERMIR, va. to harden. See re- and affermir. — Der. ra^rmissement. RAFFINER, va. to refine. See re- and affinir. — Der. rqffimgt, raffinemtnt, raffin- erie, raffinem. RAFFOLER, vn. to dote. See re- and affoler. RAFLER, va. to carry off; of Germ, origin, Dan. rafle. — Der. rafle (verbal subst.), RAFRAlCHIR, va. to cool, refresh. See re- and afraichir*, compd. of a and /ra/s, q.v. — Der. rafraichi%sznt, rafraichxssQmtnt. RAGAILLARDIR, va. to enliven, cheer up. See re- and agaillardir, compd. of a and gaillard, q. v. RAGE, sf. rage. Sp. rahia, from L. rabies. For bi = bj see abrSger ; then for bj =j see sujet; lastly for j=^ see abreger and genievre.—Dtx. enrager. RAGOT, adj. thickset, dumpy. Origin un- known. RAGOUT, sm. a stew. See ragoilter. RAGOOTER, va. to restore the appetite, stimulate; from re and agoilter*, compd. of a and gouter, q. v. — Der. ragoilt (verbal subst.), ragoHtznt. RAGRANDIR, va. to enlarge again. See re- and agrandir. RAGREER, va. to finish, restore. See re- and agreer. tRaia, sm. a raiah; from Turk, raia, properly ' a flock,' then ' dog of a Christian,' an insulting name given by the Mussulmans to the Christian inhabitants of Turkey. RAIDE, adj. stiff, rigid ; formerly roide, from L. rigidus, by regular contr. (see § 51) of rigidus to rig'dus, a contr. already made in popular Lat. : we find rigdus in the Appendix ad Probum. Rigdus becomes roide'. for gd = c? see amande; for i = oi see boire. Roide J)ecomes raide by oi = ai, see § 63. — Der. raider, raideur. RAIDEUR, sf stiffness. See above. RAIE, sf. a stroke, line; from L. radia*, fem. form of radius. For loss of medial d see alouette. RAIE, sf a furrow; formerly roie, Prov. rega, from L. riga *, a furrow in medieval Lat. documents ; e. g. ' Nee unam rigam de terra, nee ullum habebat mancipium pro- prium,' from an llth-cent. text; and in a somewhat earlier document, ' Coepit ter- ram fodere et in modum sulci rigam facere.' Biga is verbal subst. of rigare. Biga ^a RATE^RAMENBR» becomes roie by loss of medial g (see allier), then raie by oi = ai (see § 63). RAIE, sf. (Ichth.) a ray ; from L. raia. RAIFORT, stn. (Bot.) a radish; formerly raisfort, compd. of adj. fort (q. v.) and O. Fr. rai, rats, which is from L. radicem. Badioem becomes rais by regular contr. (see § 51) of rddicem (for radicem) to rad'oem. For do = c see adjuger ; for c = s see amitie. fRail, sm. a rail; from Engl. rail. — Der. d^rai7/er. RAILLER, va. to rally, jest at; from L, radiculare*, der. from radere ; cp. Germ. scherzen similarly der. from scheren. Hadi- culdre, regularly contrd. (see § 52) to radio'lare, becomes railler: for loss of medial d see accabler; for cl = z7 see abeille. — Der. raillerie, raillenr. RAINE, sf. a frog. It. rana, from L. rana. For a,=ai see § 54. — Der. ramette. RAINETTE, sf. a tree-frog. See raine. RAINETTE, sf. a reinette, or rennet, apple, pippin. See reine. RAINURE, sf. a grove. Origin unknown. + B.aiponce, s/". a rampion; from Sp.rai- ponce. RAIS, sm. spoke (of a wheel), ray (of light) ; from L. radius. For adiu = at see a- louette and bale ; for persistence of s see § 149. — Der. : from the obj. case rai comes the deriv. rayon and compd. enrayer. RAISIN, sm. a grape, raisin, plum. Prov. razim, Sp. racimo. It. racemo, from L. racemus. For a = ai see § 54 ; for o = s see amitie; for e = i see §59; forni=n see changer. — Der. raisine. RAISON, sf. reason; from L. rationem. For -ationem = -aiso« see fenaison. Its doublet is ration, q. v. — Der. raisonntx. RAISONNABLE, adj. reasonable; from L. rationabilis. For ration- = ra/son- see raison; for -abilis = -a6/e see affable. — Der. deraisonnable. RAISONNER, va. to reason. See raison. — Der. raisonn^, raisontiemtnt, raisonneur, deraisonner. RAJEUNIR, va. to restore to youth. See jeune. — Der. ra;ew«issement. RAJUSTER, va. to readjust. See ajusler.— per. rajustement. RALE, sm. (Ornith.) a rail (so called from its cry). See rdler. RALE, sm. (Med.) a rattle. See rdler. RALENTIR, va. to retard. See /e«^— Der. ra/e«^issement. RALER, vn. to have a rattling in the throat. Origin unknown. — Der. rdle (verbal subst.), ralement. RALINGUE, sf. a bolt-rope ; of Germ, origin. Germ, raleik. For intercalated n see con- comhre. — Der. ralingutx. RALLIER, va. to rally. See allier.—Dtx. ralliement. RALLONGER, va. to lengthen. See allonger. \ — Der. rallonge (verbal subst.), rallonge- j ment. i RALLUMER, va. to rekindle. See allumer. t Ramadan, sm. Ramadan ; from Ar. ra- madan. RAMAGE, sm. flowers, branches. Prov. ra- matge, from L. ramaticvuu, deriv. of ramus. For -aticum = -age see 6ge. Ramage still means ' branching ' in hunting, and is also used for. a kind of textile fabric on which are represented leaves and flowers. RAMAGE, sm. warbling (of birds) ; formerly chant ramage, i.e. song of birds in the branches. For origin of ramage see above, RAMAIGRIR, va. to make lean again. See amaigrir. RAMAS, sm. a collection, lot, heap. See ramasser. RAMASSER, va. to amass, collect. See a- masser. — Der, ramas (verbal subst.), ra- mass6, ramasseui, ramassis. Rambour, sm. a kind of apple; formerly rambor, originally rambure ; of hist, origin (see § 33), from Rambure, a village near Amiens. RAME, sf. a stick, branch, twig; from L. ram^a, fem. form of ramus. — Der. ramtx, ramier (a wild pigeon which roosts in the branches), ra/neux, ramilles, ramnxt, ramoxi (a broom of twigs). fRame, sf. an oar; introd. from Prov. rem, which is from L. remus. Jal (Archeo- logie Nautique) says "that rame was intro- duced into France by the sailors of Pro- vence and Languedoc. — Der. ramer, romeur. + Rame, sf. a ream ; formerly rayme, Sp. resma. It. risma ; of Oriental origin, Ar. rizma. For / = ai = a see balance ; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. RAMEAU, sm. a twig, branch; formerly ramel, from L.ramellus*, dim. of ramus. For -eU.via = -el = -eau see § 282. RAMEE, sf branches with green leaves. Sp. ramada, from. L. ramata*, der. from ramTOB. RAMENDER, va. to lower the price (of pro- visions). See re- and amender. RAMENER, va. to recall, bring back. See re- and amener. RA MENTE VOIR — RAPPRENDRE. 399 RAMENTEVOIR, va. to recall, call to mind ; compd. of re- and O. Fr. ame?itevoir. A- mentevoir, also amentavoir. It. a mente avere, is compd. of the three words a ment avoir (ad mentem habere, to have in mind). For etymology see a and avoir. RAMER, va. to row. See rame (2). — Der. raweur. RAMIER, sm. a ringdove. See rame (l). — Der. rnmereau. Eamifier, vn. to ramify; from L. rami- ficare*, der. from ramus and the verbal suifix ficare. — Der. ramyf cation. RAMILLES, sf. pi. twigs, sprays. See rame. RAMOITIR, va. to make damp. See moite. RAMOLLIR, va. to soften. See amollir. — Der. rawzo/Zissant. RAMON, sm. a broom (of twigs). See rame (i). — Der. ramoner (to sweep with a ramon. In O. Fr. ramoner signiiied * to sweep ' generally ; in modern Fr. to sweep chimneys only : for such restricted significa- tions see § 12), RAMONER, va. to sweep (chimneys). See ramon. — Der. ramowage, ramoneui. RAMPEj sf. a flight of stairs. See ramper. RAM PER, vn. to creep, crawl; formerly meaning to climb by catching hold of another. Prov. rapar, of Germ, origin, Low Germ, rapen. For intercalated m see lambruche. — Der. rampe (verbal subst. : the sense of climbing, proper to the O. Fr. word, is still seen in this word, as also in the heraldic rampant), rampant, rampement. RAMURE, sf. branching, hunting attire. See rame (l). RANGE, adj. rancid; from L. raneidus. For regular loss of the last two atonic vowels see §§ 50, 51. — Der. ranch. RANCHER, sm. a rack-ladder ; from ranche. Ranche (a wooden pin) is from L. ramicem, by regular contr. (see § 51) of ramicem to ram.'cem, whence rauche. For va. = n see changer; for o = ch see § 126. Eancidit6, sf. rancidity; from L. ranci- ditatem. RANCIR, vn. to become rank. See ranee. — Der. ra«cissure. RANCON, sm. a ransom ; formerly raen^on, Prov. reemsos, It. redenzione, from L. re- demption^m., by regular loss of medial d (see Hist. Gram. p. 81), whence re-empti- .ouexa whence raen^on. For e = a see amender ; for m. = « see changer ; for pt = / see § 168; for -tionem. = -^o« see agencer. For contraction of raenpon to ranQon see § 103. Ranfon is a donhltt of redemption, q. v. — Der. rawf owner, rangofineur, ran' fownement. RANCUNE, sf. rancour, ill-will; an altered form of ranctire, which is from medieval Lat. rancura *, der. from the same root as the Class. Lat. rancor, and found in St. Jerome. — Der. rancunier. RANG, sm. a row, rank ; formerly reng ; of Germ, origin, O. H. G. hring, a ring. For in = en = an see andouille. Rang is a doublet of ranz, harangue, q. v. — Der. ranger, ranges (partic. subst.), deraw^er, nrranger. Ranimer, va. to restore to life, reanimate. See animer, tRanz, sm. ranz (des vaches) ; of Swiss origin, Germ.-Swiss ranz. Rapace, adj. rapacious; from L. rapacem. Rapacite, sf. rapacity; from L. rapaci- tatem. RAPATELLE, sf. horse-hair cloth (for sieves). Origin unknown. RAPATRIER.vn.to reconcile; compd. aire, a, and patrie. — Der. rapatriage, rapatriement. RAPE, sf. a rasp, giater. See rdper. fR&pe, sf. stem, stalk of grapes; from Germ, rappe. — Der. rape. RAPER, vn. to rasp, grate ; formerly rasper, of Germ, origin, O. H. G. raspon. — Der. rape (verbal subst.). Rapetasser, va. to patch, piece ; from re- and apetasser *, compd. of petas* , a frag- ment, piece. See piece. RAPETISSER, va. to lessen. See petit. Rapide, adj. rapid; from L. rapidus. Rapidity, sf. rapidity; from L. rapidita- tem. RAPIECER, va. to piece. See piece.— Der. rapiecettx, rapiecetage. RAPIECETAGE, sm. patching, patchwork. See rapiecer. RAPIERE, sf a rapier. Origin unknown. Rapine, sf. rapine ; from L. rapina. — Der. rapiner. RAPPAREILLER, va. to match. See re- and appareiller. RAPPARIER, va. to match, get the pair to; from re- and apparier, q. v. RAPPEL, sm. recall. See rappeler. RAPPELER, va. to recall. See re- and ap- peler. — Der. rappel (verbal subst.). RAPPORT, sm. bearing, produce, revenue, report, relation. See rapporter. RAPPORTER, va. to bring again. See re- and apporter. — Der. rapport (verbal subst.), rapportahlQ, rapporttwx. RAPPRENDRE, va. to relearn. See re- and apprendre. 300 RAPPROCHER — RA VELIN. RAPPROCHER, va. to place near again. See re- and approcher. — Der. rapprochement. Rapsode, sm. a rhapsodist ; from Gr, paipo)- bds. — Der. rapsodie. H>apt, sm. abduction ; from L. raptus. RApURE, s/. raspings. See rdper. RAQUETTE, sf. a racket, batUedore. Origin unknown. Rare, adj. rare; from L. rarus. — Der. rar^ment. Bar6fier, va. to rarify; from L. rarefi- care *, compd. of rarus and of suffix -ficare, which becomes ;;ffr by regular loss of medial c, see affouage. — Der. rare/fant. Raret^, sf. rarity, scarceness; from L. rari- tatem. For i = « see § 72. Rarissime, adj. superl. most rare ; from L. rarissimus. RAS, adj. close shaven ; from L. rasus. Its doublet is rez, q. v. — Der. raser, rasibus. + Ras, sm. the bore, race (of tide); a some- what modem Fr. word, introd. by sailors from Low Bret, raz, a swift current, race. RASADE, sf. a bumper. See raser. Its doublet is racee, q. v. RASER, va. to shave. Seeras. — Der. ras ant, rascment, rasoir, rasade. RASSASIER, va. to satiate ; compd. of re- and O. Fr. verb assasier. Assasier repre- sents a L. adsatiare *, compd. of ad and satiare. For ds = ss see § 168 ; for ti = s see agencer. — Der. rassasiant, rassasiement. RASSEMBLER, va. to reassemble. See re- and assembler Der. rassemblement. RASSEOIR, va. to reseat. See re- and as- seoir. RASSERENER, va. to make clear, render serene ; compd. of re- and asserener, der. from serein, q. v. RASSIS, sm. an old horse-shoe put on again. See re- and assis. RASSOTER, va. to infatuate ; compd. of re- and assoter *. See sot. RASSURER, va. to strengthen, tranquillise. See re- and assurer. — Der. rassur&nt. RAT, sm. a rat ; of Germ, origin, O. H. G. rato. — Der. rate, ra/ier, ro/iere, raton, rater (there was an old phrase prendre un rat, i.e. to take a fancy, as in ce pistolet a pris un rat, of a pistol missing fire, in l8th-cent. writers). RATAFIA, sm. ratafia. Origin unknown. RATATINER (SE), vpr. to shrivel up. Origin unknown. RATE, sf. milt, spleen ; of Germ, origin, Neth. rate, properly honeycomb, whence sense of spleen, from supposed likeness of -I the cellular tissue of the spleen to a honey- comb — Der. Tate\^e, rate\enx. RATEAU, sm. 3l rake; formerly ra/e/, origin- ally rastel, from L. rastelluiu (found in Suetonius, whence rastel, then ratel (by loss of s, see Hist. Gram. p. 81), then rateax (for el = eau see agneau). — Der. (from O.Fr. ratel) rateler, ratel4e (partic. subst.), rdtel- eur, rdteliei. RATER, vn. to miss fire. See rat. Ratification, sf. ratification ; from L. rat i- ficationem *. Ratifier, va. to ratify ; from L. rati ficare der. from ratum. RATINE, sf. a ratteen. Origin unknown. — Der. ratinex. Ration, sf. a ration; from L. rationem. Its doublet is raison, q. v. Rational, sm. a breastplate (Jewish) ; from L, rationale (found in St. Jerome). Rationnel, adj. rational; from L. ration- alis. RATISSER, vn. to scrape off. See rature. Der. ratissnge, ratissohe, ratissuTC. RATON, sm. a racoon. See rat. RATTACHER, va. to fasten again. See attacker. RATTEINDRE, va. to overtake again. See atteindre. RATTRAPER, va. to catch again. See attraper. RATURE, sf an erasure ; der. from O. Fr. verb rater. Origin unknown. This verb rater gives another derivation ratisser. — ' Der. raturex. Raucit§, s/. hoarseness ; from L. raucita- tem. Rauque, adj. hoarse; from L. raucus. RAVAGE, sf. ravage. See ravir, — Der. rfl- vagex, ravageux. RAVALER, va. to lower, swallow again; compd. of re- and O. Fr. verb avaler. For etymology see aval. — Der. ravalement. RAVAUDER, va. to mend (old clothes), pro- perly to strengthen, fortify ; compd. of re- and a form avauder*, which is from L. advalidare *, compd. of Class. Lat. vali- dare. Advaliddxe, contrd. regularly (see § 52) to adval'dare, becomes avauder*. For dv = v see § 168; for al = aw see agneau. — Der. ravaudzge, ravaudeux, ra- vaudexie. RAVE, sf. a long radish. Sp. raba, It. rapa, from L. rapa. For p=v see § 11 1. — Der, ravitx, raviexe. f Ravelin, s?«. a ravelin; introd. in i6th cent, from It. rivellino. RA VIGOTER — REBOUTONNER. 301 RAVIGOTER (SE), vpr. to recover one's strength ; corruption of O. Fr. verb ravi- gorer, der. from L. vigorem. — Der. ravi- gote (verbal subst.), RAVILIR, vn. to debase. See re- and avilir. RAVIN, sm. a ravine, hollow road. See ravine. RAVINE, sf., properly a torrent rushing down, then ravine. Pro v. rabina, from L. rapina, act of carrying off, thence sense of a swift torrent which digs out a deep bed. For -p — v see § lil Der. ravin. RAVIR, va. to ravish. It. rapire, from L. rapere. For change of quantity, rap§re = rapere, see Hist. Gram. p. 133. Eapere becomes ravir : for p = i/ see § 1 1 1 ; for e = i see § 59 -^Der. rav/ssant, ravissement, ravisseuT, ravage (der. from ravir, cp. remplage from remplir). RAVISER (SE), vpr. to alter one's mind. See re- and aviser. RAVITAILLER, va. to revictual ; compd. of re- and avitailler. RAVIVER, va. to revive (a fire), rouse up. See re- and aviver. RAVOIR, va. to get back. See re- and avoir. RAYER. va. to scratch, erase. Prov. raiar, Sp. rtidiar. It. radiare, from L. radiare. For loss of medial d see accabler. — Der. ra_yure, RAYON, sm. a ray. See rais. — Der. rayon- ner. RAYONNER, vn. to radiate, irradiate. See rayon. — Der. rayonnunt, rayonne, rayonne- ment. RE-, prefixed particle, denoting repetition, re- newal, reciprocity, increase ; from L. re-. Before words beginning with a vowel re- usually loses the e {r-attacher, r-endormir, etc., for re-attacher, re-endormir, etc.). Before s re- is assimilated to res- (ressem- bler, ressusciter for resembler restisciter, etc.). E,6aetif, adj. reacting ; from L. reactivus *, from re-agere. See reagir. Reaction, sf. a reaction. See re- and action. Reaggraver, va. to censure by a reaggra- vation (canon law). See re- and aggraver. Beagir, vn, to react ; from L. reagere. For letter-changes see agir. REAJOURNER, va. to readjourn. See re- and ajourner. — Der. reajournement. + R6al, sm. a real (Spanish coin) ; from Sp. real, lit. royal. Its doublet is royal, q. v. t Realgar, sm. (Min.) realgar; from Sp. rejalgar. R6aliser, va. to realise ; from L. realis *. — Der. realisation, realisme, realiste. R6alit6, sf. reality; from L. realitatem *, from realis *. R6apparition, sf. reappearance. See re- ^and apparition. REAEPPLER, va. to call over the names again. See re- and appeler. — Der. reappel (verbal subst.). REAPPOSER, va. to reafBx. See re- and apposer. — Der. rea/'/>osition. R6assigner, va. to reassign. See re- and assigner. — Der, reassignation. REATTELER, va. to harness again. See re- and atteler. REBAISSER, va. to lower again. See re- and baisser. REBANDER, va. to bind again. See re- and bander. Rebaptiser, va. to rebaptize; from L. re- baptizare (found in St. Augustine and St. Jerome). REBARBATIF, adj. stern, dogged, cross; from rebarbe *, compd. of re- and barbe, q. v. REbATIR, va. to rebuild. See re- and hatir. REBATTRE, va. to beat again. See re- and battre.— Der. rebatta. + Rebec, sm. a rebeck; from It. ribeca. 'Rehelle, adj. rebellious; from L. rebellis. Rebeller (Se), vpr. to rebel, revolt ; from L. rebellare. R6bellion, sf. a rebellion; from L. rebel- lion e m . REBENIR, va. to bless again. See re- and benir. REBEQUER (SE), vpr. to be impertinent. See re- and bee. REBLANCHIR, va. to whiten again. See re- and blanchir. REBONDIR, vn. to rebound. See re- and bondir. — Der. rebondi, rebondissement. REBORDER, va. to border again. See re- and border.— Der. rebord (verbal subst.). REBOUCHER, va. to stop up again. See re- and boucher. REBOUILLIR, vn. to boil again. See re- and bouillir. REBOURS, sm. the wrong way (of a stuff) ; from L. rebuxrus *, rough, in late Lat. documents : we find, in the Glosses of Isidore, ' reburrus = hispidus.' Ilebur- rus, contrd. regularly (see § 50) to re- burr's, becomes rebours. For u = om see § 97. — Der. rebours (adj.). REBOUTEUR, sm. a bone-setter ; from re- bouter. See re- and bouter. Its doublet is raboter, q. v. REBOUTONNER, va. to rebutton. See re- and boutonner. 50« REDRIDER—RECL URE. REBRIDER, va. to bridle again. See re- and brider. REBROCHER, va. to restitch. See rt- and brocher. REBRODER, va. to reimbroider. See re- and broder. REBROUSSER, va. to turn back, to retrace (one's steps) ; formerly rebrosser. For ety- mology see brosse ; for o = ou see § 86. t Rebuffade, s/. a repulse, rebuff; from It. rabbuffo. t B,6bus, sm. a rebus, pun ; formerly rebus de Picardie ; of hist, origin (see § 33). The basoche-clerks of Picardy used yearly to compose a Latin satiric poem on the topics of the day • de rebus quae geruntur.' REBUTER, va. to repel. See re- and buter. — Der. rebut (verbal subst.), rebuUnt. RECACHETER, va. to reseal. See re- and cacheter. !R6calcitrant, adj. recalcitrant; from L. recalcitrantem. !R6calcitrer, va. to recalcitrate; from L. recalcitrare. R6capituler, va. to recapitulate ; from L. recapitulare (found in Tertullian). — Der. recapitulz\.\on. RECARDER, va. to card again. See re- and carder. RECASSER, va. to break again. See re- and casser. Rec6der, va. to recede ; from L. recedere. Receler, va. to conceal. See re- and celer. — Der. recele, receltwr, recelemcnt. Recenser, va. to recount ; from L. recen- sere. — Der. resencexatnt. Recent, adj. recent ; from L. recentem. — Der. rhemmcnt. RECEPER, va. to cut down (wood). See re- and cep. — Der. recepee (partic. subst.), re- ce/>age. tll6c6piss6, sm. a receipt; from L. recepisse. Receptacle, sm. a receptacle ; from L. re- ceptaculum. Reception, sf. reception; from L. recep- tionem.. RECERCLER, va. to hook again. See re- mind cercler. RECETTE, sf. a receipt. Prov, recepta. It. ricetta, from L. recepta*, a receipt in medieval Lat. texts, as in a I3th-cent. charter : ' Compotum et rationem legitimam de receptis et misiis ob hoc factis semel in anno reddere teneantur.* Recepta be- comes recette. For pt = W see § 168. RECEVOIR, va. to receive; from L, reci- pere. For -cipere = -c«/ojV see aperce- voir. — Der. recevibXe, recevtMX. Recez, sm. a recess ; from L. recessus. RECHANGE, sm. an exchange ; verbal subst. of rechanger * ; see changer. RECHAPPER, vn. to escape. See re- and ^chopper. RECHARGER, va. to reload. See re- and charger. — Der. rechargem^nt. RECHASSER, va. to drive back. See re- and chasser. RECHAUD, sm. a chafing-dish ; verbal subst. of r^chauder*, comp. of re- and echauder. See chaud. RfeCHAUFFER, va. to rewarm. See re- and Chauffer. — Der. rechauffement. RECHAUSSER, va. to put on again (shoes, stockings). See re- and chausser. RECHE, adj. rough (to the senses), then res- tive, indocile ; formerly resche, from Germ. resche. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. rechm, rechigntr. RECHERCHER, va. to seek again. See re- and chercher. — Der. recherche (verbal subst.), recherche. RECHIGNER, vn. to look cross, surly. See reche. RECHOIR, vn. to relapse. See re- and choir. — Der. rechute (see re- and chute.) RECHUTE, sf. a relapse. See rechoir. R6cidive, sf. (Legal) a second offence ; from L. recidivus. — Der. recidivtr. fR^cif, sm. a reef; from Port, recife. fR^cipe, sm. a prescription; from L. recipe. R6cipiendaire, sm. a new member (about to be received): from L. recipienda- rius. Recipient, sm. a recipient; from L. re- cipientem. Reciprocity, sf. reciprocity; from L. reci- procitatem. R6ciproque, adj. reciprocal ; from L. reci- procus. R6cit, sm. a recital. See reciter. R6citateur, sm. a reciter; from L. recita- torem. Recitation, sf. recitation; from L. recita- tionem. Reciter, va. to recite; from L. recitare. — Der. recitztif, recitznt, recit (verbal subst.). Reclamation, sf. a demand, opposition; from L. reclamationem. Redamer, va. to demand; from L. rec la- mare. — Der. reclame (verbal subst.). RECLOUER, va. to renail. See re- and clouer. RECLURE, va. to sequester, shut up ; from RECLUS — RECRUE. 3^3 L. recludere. For -cludere = -dure see exclure. RECLUS, sm. a recluse ; from L. reclusus. — Der. reclusion. RECOGNER, va. to knock in again. See re- and cogner. R6cognitlf, adj. (Legal) ratifying a liability; from L. recognitivus *, der. from recog- nitus. RECOIFFER, va. to redress (hair). See re- and coiffer. RECOIN, sm. a nook. See re- and coin. B.6coler, va. to read evidence to (a witness), verify; fromL, recolere. — Der. reco/ement. RECOLLER, va. to paste again. See re- and coller. Recollet, sm. Recollet (a religious order) ; from L. recollectus. For ct = / see § l68. Its doublet is recueille, q. v. + B.6colte, sf. a harvest ; from It. raccolta. — Der. recolttx. RECOMMANDER, va. to recommend. See re- and commander. — Der. recommand^hlt, recommanda.tion. RECOMMENCER, va. to begin anew. See re- and commencer. E^compenser, va. to recompense. See re- and compenser. — Der. recompense (verbal subst.). RECOMPOSER, va. to recompose. See re- and composer. — Der. recomposiiion. RECOMPTER, va. to recount. See re- and , compter. ileconciliateur, sm. a reconciler ; from L. reconciliatorem. B.6conciliation, sf. reconciliation ; from L. reconciliationem. R6concilier, va. to reconcile ; from L. re- conciliare. — Der. reconciliablt, irr^con- ciliahle. RECONDUIRE, va. to reconduct. See re- and conduire. RfiCONFORTER, va. to comfort, revive. See re- and conforter. — Der. reconfort (verbal subst.), re'con/or^ation. RECONNAITRE, va. to recognise. See re- and connattre. — Der. reconnaisszhXt, recon- issant, recowwaissance. RECONQUERIR, va. to reconquer. See re- and conquerir. Reconstitution, sf. reconstitution. See re- and constittition. Reconstruction, sf. reconstruction. See re- and construction. Reconstniire, va. to reconstruct. See re- and construire. Recopier, va. to recopy. See re- and copier. RECOQUILLER, va. to curl up, cockle up. See re- and coquille. — Der. recoquillement. Recorder, va. to remember ; from L. re- cordari. — Der. recors (formerly records, one who remembers, then a witness; in which sense it is found as a legal term in O. Fr. : it later came to mean an assistant, then an armed agent). Recors, sm. a bailiffs follower. See recorder. RECOUCHER, va. to lay flat again, put again to bed. See re- and concher. RECOUDRE, va. to sew again. See re- and coudre. RECOUPER, va. to cut again. See re- and couper. — Der. recoupe (verbal subst.), re- couptxxt. RECOURBER, va. to bend round. See re- and courbe. RECOURIR, vn, to run again, to have re- course to ; from L. rec\irrere. For change of accent see Hist. Gram. p. 133; for u = ow see § 97 ; for rr=r see § 168 ; for -6re = ir see § 59. — Der. recours (see cours). RECOUVRER, va. to recover. Sp. recobrar, It. recuperare, from L. recuperare, by regular contr. (see § 52) of recuperfire to recup'rare, whence recouvrer. For u = ou see § 97; for ■p = v see § 1 11. Re- couvrer is a doublet of recuperer, q. v. — Der. recouvrzhlc, recouvra.nce, recouvrement. RECOUVRIR, va. to cover again. See re- and couvrir. RECRACHER, va. to spit out again. See re- and cracker. R6cr6er, va. to recreate, create anew ; from L. recreare. — Der. recreation, recre&tif. RECREER, va. to recreate, amuse. See re- and creer. RECREPIR, va. to rough-coat, patch up. See re- and crepir. RECRIER, va. to cry out again. See re- and eerier. R6criniiner, va. to recriminate; from L. re and criminari. — Der. recrimination, recriminztoire. RECRIRE, va. to rewrite. See re- and ecrire. RECROITRE, vn. to spring again. See re- and croitre. — Der. recrue. RECROQyEVILLER (SE), vpr. to shrivel up. Origin unknown. RECRU, adj. tired out; p.p. of O. Fr. re- croire, from L. recredere se * (sc. to en- trust oneself to the conqueror, give oneself up, avow oneself to be helpless). For letter- changes see accroire. RECRUE, sf recruiting. See recroitre. — Der. recrut&x (from O. Fr. masc. recrut). 304 RECR UTER^RtDUIRE. RECRUTER, va. to recruit. See recrue.^ Der, recruttUT, recrutemtnt. t Recta, adv. punctually, right ; from L. recta. Rectangle, s/n. a rectangle; from L. rect- angulus, found in a 7th-cent. author. — Der. rectanguhixt. Recteur, sm. a rector; from L. rectorem. — Der. rectorzl, rector&t. Rectifier, va. to rectify; from L. rectifi- care. — Der. rec/j/fcation. Rectiligne, adj. rectilinear; from L. recti- lineus. For letter-changes see ligne. Rectitude, sf. rectitude; from L. recti- tudinem. "t* Recto, sm. the right-hand page (in a book) ; from L. recto, t Re ctum, sm. (Anat.) the rectum; from L. rectum. RE^U, sm. a receipt ; weak p.p. of recevoir (q. v.). RECUEILLIR, va. to gather, cull; from L. recolligere. For letter-changes see ac- cueillir. — Der. recueil (verbal subst.), re- ateillement. RECUIRE, va. to reheat, anneal. See re- and cuire. RECULER, va. to move back. See cul. — Der. recul (verbal subst.), recul^e (partic. subst.), reculade, reculement, recule, a reculons. R6cup6rer, va. to recover ; from L. recu- se rare. Its doublet is recouvrer, q. v. RECURER, va. to scour. See re- and ecurer. Recusable, adj. liable to challenge; from L. recusabilis. For -al)ilis= -able see affable. Recusation, sf. a challenge ; from L. re- cusationem. R^cuser, va. to challenge ; from L. recu- sare. Its doublet is ruser, q. v. R6dacteur, sm. a writer, editor ; from L. redactorem*, from redactum, supine of redigere. See rediger. Redaction, sf. the drawing up (of deeds, etc.); from L. redactionem *, from re- dactum, supine of redigere. See rediger. REDAN, sm. (Archit.) a skew-back, redan; in 17th cent, reden and redent, properly a toothed-work, as is clearly shown by the old spelling redent ; for the later change from reden to redan see andouille. For the etymology of redent, see re- and dent. R§darguer, va. to reprove; from L. re- darguere. Reddition, sf a giving in (of accounts) ; from L. redditionem. REdSfAIRE, va. to undo again. See re- and defaire. REDEMANDER, va. to ask again. See re- and demander. R6dempteur, sm. a redeemer; from L. redemptorem (found in St. Jerome). Redemption, sf redemption ; from L. re- demptionem (found in Prudentius). Its doublet is ronton, q. v. REDESCENDRE, vn. to descend again. See re- and descendre. REDEVABLE, adj. indebted. See redevoir. REDEVANCE, sf. a rent, service. See redevoir, REDEVENIR, vn. to become again. See re- and devenir. REDEVOIR, va. to remain in one's debt. See re- and devoir. — Der. redevMe, redev- ance. Redhibition, sf (Legal) an action to set aside a contract of sale; from L. redhibi- tionem. Redhibitoire, adj. setting aside a contract of sale; from L. redhibitorius. Rediger, i/a. to draw out; from L. redi- gere. Redimer (Se), vpr. to redeem oneself; from L. redimere. f Redingote, sf. a frock-coat ; from Engl. riding-coat. REDIRE, va. to repeat. See re and dire. — Der. redite (partic. subst.). REDITE, sf. a repetition. See redire. Redondance, sf. redundancy ; from L. re- dundantia. For -tia = -ce see agencer ; for u = o'sce § 97. Redonder, vn. to be redundant ; from L. redundare. REDONNER, va. to give back. See re- and donner. REDORER, va. to regild. See re- and dorer. REDOUBLER, va. to redouble. Sec re- and doubler. — Der. redoubleratnt. fRedoute, s/. a redoubt; introd. in l6th cent, from It. ridotto. Its doublet is re- duit, q. v. REDOUTER, va. to dread. See re- and douter. — Der. redoutzhXt. REDRESSER, va. to straighten. See re- and dresser.- — Der. redressemtnt, redressem. Reductible, adj. reducible ; from L. re- ductibilis*, der. from reductus, see reduire. Reductif, a^/. reductive; from L. reduc- tivus*, der. from reductus. Reduction, sf a reduction; from L. re- ductionem. REDUIRE, va. to reduce; from L. re- REDUPLICA TIF — REFUSER. 3^S *' ducere. For ducere = cfw/re see con- duire. — Der. reduit (partic. subst.). Reduplicatif, adj. reduplicative ; from L. reduplicativus *, der. from reduplica- tus. Reduplication, sf. reduplication ; from L. reduplicationem. R^edification, sf. rebuilding. See re- and edification. R6ediiier, va. to rebuild. See re- and edifier. Reel, adj. real ; from L. realis *, from rem. — Der. rtiV/lement. Reelection, sf. re-election. See re- and election. REELIRE, va. to re-elect. See re- and elire. Reexportation, &f. re-exportation. See re- and exportation. Reexporter, va. to re-exf ort. See re- and exporter. REFAIRE, va. to remake. See re- and /aire. — Der. refait (partic. subst.) I REFAUCHER, va. to mow again. See re- i zndfaucher. I Refection, sf. a refection; from L. refec- j tionem. Refectoire, sm. a refectory; from eccles. L. refectorium *, properly a place in which one refreshes oneself. REFENDRE, va. to cleave again. See re- Andfendre. — Der. re/end (verbal subst.). Refere, sm. an application to a judge in chambers. See re/erer. R6ferendaire, sm. a referendary (officer connected with the seals) ; from L. referen- darius. Ref6rer, va. to refer; from L. referre. — Der. refere (partic. subst.). REFERMER, va. to restrict. See re- and fermer. REFERRER, va. to shoe again. See re- and ferrer. REFLECHIR, vn. to reflect. It. riflettere, from L. reflectere. For ot = ch see al- lecher; for e = i see § 59. — Der. rejlechi, reflechxssement, itreflechi. Reflecteur, sm. a reflector; from L. re- flectorem. Refleter, va. to reflect (light, etc.) ; in 14th cent, reflecter, from L. reflectere. For loss of c see affete. — Der. reflet (verbal subst.) REFLEURIR, vn. to reflourish. See re- and fleurir. Reflexion, sf. a reflexion; from L. reflex- ionem. Its doublet is reflection. iRefluer, vn. to flow back; from L. re- fluere. Reflux, sm. a reflux. See re- zndflux. REFONDRE, va. tc^j^ recast. See re- and fondre. — Der. refonte (partic. subst., see absoute). R6forniateur, sm. a reformer; from L. reformatorem. Reformation, sf. reformation; from L. reformationem. Reformer, va. to reform; from L. refor- mare. — Der. reformahle, reforms (verbal subst.). Reformer, va. to form anew. See re- and former. REFOULER, va. to drive back. See re- and fouler. — Der. refoulement, refouloir. Refractaire, adj. refractory ; from L. re- fractarius. Refracter, va. to refract; from L. refrac- tare *, from refractum. Refractif, adj. refractive; from L. refrac- tivus. Refraction, sf refraction ; from L. refr ac- tionem. REFRAIN, sm. burden, refrain (of a song); verbal subst. of O. Fr. refraindre (to break, as the refrain breaks a song into equal parts). Refraindre is from L. refran- gere, Refrdngere loses its atonic e (see § 51) ; then loses g between two con- sonants (see Hist. Gram. p. 81) ; then an euphonic d is inserted (see Hist. Gram, p. 73); lastly a = af, see § 54. Refrangible, adj. refrangible ; from L. re- frangibilis *, from refrangere. — Der. refrangibilite. REFRAPPER, va. to strike again. See re- and f rapper. Refrener, va. to bridle ; from L.refrenare. Refrigerant, adj. refrigerant ; from L. re- frigerantem. Refrigeration, sf. refrigeration; from L. refrigerationem. Refringent, adj. refracting ; from L. re- fringentem. REFROGNER (SE), vpr. to frown ; compd. of frogner and a form the origin of which is unknown. — Der. renfrogner (the same word as refrogner ; for intercalated n see con- comhre). REFROIDIR, va. to chill, cool. See re- and froid. — Der. re/rozc?issement. Refuge, sm. a refuge, shelter ; from L. r e- fugium. — Der. (se) refug'iex. Refugier (Se), vpr. to take shelter. See refuge. — Der. refugw (partic. subst.). REFUSER, va. to refuse; from L. refu- tiare *, from refutare (to push back, X 3o6 rSfuta tion—rSimpression. whence to refuseV For ti = s see agencer. — Der. refus (verbaj|iubst.). Refutation, sf. a refutation; from L. re- futationem. B^futer, va. to refute; from L. refutare. REGAGNER, va. to regain. See re- and gagner. — Der. regain (verbal subst.) REGAIN, sm. return (of health). See re- gagner. REGAIN, sm. aftermath ; compd. of re- and O. Fr. gain, originally ga'ln, and wa'in (grass which grows in meadows that have been mown) ; It. guaime, of Germ, origin, from a form weidima *, der. from O. H. G. weida *, grass, pasture, and the Lat. suffix ime. Weidime, losing its medial d (see accabler), becomes gain. For wei=ga see gagner ; for ime = in see airain. B^gal, sm. a banquet, entertainment. See regaler. Regale, sf. the regale (right of the crown to receive revenues of vacant benefices) ; from L. regalis. Its doublet is royal, q.v. — Der. regalien. fR^g&ler, va. to regale; from Sp, re^a- lar. — Der. regal (verbal subst.), regahnt, regala.de, regalement. REGARDER, va, to look. See re^ and gar- den — Der. regard (verbal subst.), regard- ant. REGARNIR, va. to refurnish. See re- and garnir. t B,6gate, sf. a regatta; from Venetian regatta. !R6g6n6rateur, sm. a regenerator; fromL. regeneratorem *. !R6g6n6ration, sf. regeneration; from L. regenerationem. Il6g6n6rer, va. to regenerate ; from L. re- generare. Regent, sm. a regent ; from L. regentem. — Der. regence, regentex. R6gicide, sm. a regicide; from L. regi- ^ida. For termination cide, see parricide. REGIE, sf. a responsible administration, ex- cise-office. See regir. REGIMBER, vn. to kick. Origin unknown. Regime, sm. regimen, diet, government, system; from L. regimen. Regiment, sm. a regiment ; from L. regi- men tum. — Der. regimentahe. Region, sf a region; from L. regionem. REGIR, va. to govern ; from L. re g ere. For e = i see § 59. — Der. regie (partic. subst.), regnsgeur. REGISSEUR, sm. a manager. See regir. REGISTRE. See regitre.— Der. ewegistrer. REGITRE, sm. a register, also registre; fron L. registrum* (found in Papias) : 'Re gistrum liber qui rerum gestarum me^ moriam continet.' Registrum or reges- trum is an altered form of regestum, i journal, der. from regestus. Regis- trum becomes registre, then regitre b) loss of s, see Hist. Gram. p. 81. REGLE, sf a rule; from L. regtila.' Foi jegulai loss of u see § 51. REGLEMENT, sm. a regulation. See regler. — Der. rdglementcT, reglementzire. REGLER, va. to regulate ; from L. regu- lare, by regular contr. (see accointer) ol regiUare to reglare. — Der. r^'^/«nent, reglet, reglette, regleur (its doublet is regulateur, q. v.), ii6regl6. + R6glisse, sf. licorice; from Sp. regaliz. R^gne, 5m. a reign ; from L. r eg num. R6gner, va. to reign; from L. regnare. Regnicole, smf a native; from L. regni- cola. REGONFLER, va. to swell again, inflate See re- and gonfler. — Der. regonjlement. REGORGER, va. to gorge again. See re- and gorge. — Der. regorgement. REGRATTER, va. to scratch again, regrate, bargain. See re- and gratter. — Der. regrat, (verbal subst.), regrattier, regrattene. REGRETTER, va. to regret; formerly re- greter (meaning to pity), compd. of re- and the form greter * ; of Germ, origin, Goth, gretan, to greet. — Der. regret (verbal subst), regrettable. R6gulariser, va. to set in order; from L, r e g u 1 a r i s . See regulier. — Der. regularis- ation. R6gularit6, sf. regularity; from L. regu- laritatem *, der. from regularis. Regulateur, sm. a regulator; from L. regu- latorem *, der. from regulare. Its doublet is regleur, q. v. Regulier, arf/. regular; from L. regularis, R61iabiliter, va. to rehabilitate. See re- and hahiliter. — Der. rehabilitation. R6h.abituer, va. to habituate again. Sec re- and habituer. REHAUSSER, va. to raise higher. See re- and hausser. — Der. rehaussement. RMmporter, va. to re-import. See re- and importer. R6iinposer, va. to re-impose. See re- anc imposer. R6iinposition, sf a re-imposition. See re- and imposition. R6iinpression, sf re-imprcssion. See re- and impression. RSIMPRIMER — REMARQUER. 3^7 Reimprimer, va. to reprint. See re- and imprimer. REIN, sm. kidney, loins ; from L. ren. For e = ei see/rein and § 6l. — Der. emwter. REINE, sf. a queen ; formerly reine, from L. regina. For loss of medial g see accabler. — Der, reinette. REINETTE, sf. a pippin (apple). See reine. R6mstaller, va. to reinstall. See re- and installer. — Der. reV«s^a//ation. Il6int6gration, sf. reinstatement ; from L. reintegrationem. Reintegrer, va. to reinstate; from L. re- integrare. E.6it6ration, sf. reiteration; from L. re- iterationem. Il6it6rer, va. to reiterate; from L. reiter- are. fE-eitre, sm. a horseman; introd. in i6th cent, from Germ, reiter. REJAILLIR, vn, to gush out. See re- and jaillir. — Der. re/azV/issement. REJETER, va. to reject ; from L. rejectare. For ct = ^ see affete. — Der. rejet (verbal subst.), rejetaXAh, rejeton. REJOINDRE, va. to rejoin. See re- and joindre. REJOINTOYER, va. to rejoint. See re- and joint. REJOUER, va. to play again. See re- and jouer. REJOUIR, va. to delight, rejoice. See re- &ndjouir. — Der, re/owissant, re/'owissance. RELACHER, va. to slacken, relax ; from L. relaxare. For letter-changes see lacker. Its doublet is relaxer, q. v. — Der. relache (verbal subst,), relachsint, reldchement. RELAIS, sm. a relay. See relayex. RELANCER, va. to start anew (hunting term). See re- and lancer. Relaps, adj. relapsed; from L. relapsus. RELARGIR, va. to widen. See re- and elargir. Relater, va. to relate; from L. relatare*, der. from relatum, supine of referre. Relatif, adj. relative; from L, relativus. Relation, sf. a relation; from L. rela- tionem. * RELAVER, va. to wash again. See re- and laver. Relaxation, sf. relaxation; from L. re- laxationem. Relaxer, va. to release ; from L, relaxare. Its doublet is reldcher, q, v. RELAYER, va. to relieve (take place of) ; compd. of re- and O. Fr. layer, to discon- tinue, stop. Layer is of Germ, origin, Goth, latan. This word has given birth to a Low Lat. type latare *, whence layer (cp. dilatare, delayer) ; for loss of medial t see abbaye, hence layer; for a, = ai see § 54. — Der, relai (verbal subst. of relayer, to stop, properly a halt, rest. Relais, in the phrase lais et relais de mer, is the verbal subst. of relaisser, see laisser). Rel6guer, va. to banish; from L. rele- gare. — Der. re'Ze^ation. RELENT, sm. mouldiness; from L, redo- * lentem, by regular contr, (see § 52) of redolentem to red'I^ntem., whence re- lent. For dl = / see § 168. RELEVER, va. to raise anew ; from L. rele- vare. — Der. relief (verbal subst., from L. relevium, found in many medieval Lat. texts : ' Et ibi omnes barones concesserunt sibi relevium,' from an iith-cent. docu- ment. Relevium becomes very regularly relief; for e = ie see § 56; for v=/ see bceuf), relevaiWes, relevement, releve (partic, subst.), relev^t (partic. subst. fern.), re- leveuT. RELIEF, sm. a foil, set-ofF. See relever. RELIEF, sm. relief (in art). See relever. — Der. hzs-relief (sculpture raised on a level ground, lit. low relief, opposite to round, high relief). RELIEFS, sm. remains (from table), scraps. See relever. RELIER, va. to bind; from L. religare. For letter-changes see Her — Der. relifar, reliuve, reli&ge. Religieux, adj. rehgious; from L. religi- osus. Religion, sf. rehgion; from L. religionem. — Der. religionmixe, coreligionnn'ne. Reliquaire, sm. a reliquary. See relique. Reliquat, sm. balance (of an account); from L. reliquatum. — Der. reliqualniie. Relique, sf. a relic; from L. reliquiae. — Der. reliquahe. RELIRE, va. to read again. See re- and lire. Relouer, va. to let, hire, again. See re- and louer. RELUIRE, vn. to shine ; from L. relucere. For letter-changes see luire. — Der. relui- sant, REMANIER, va. to handle again. See re- and manier. — Der, remaniemeyx\.. REMARIER, va. to remarry. See re- and marier. REMARQUER, va. to remark. See re- and marquer. — Der, remarque (verbal subst.), remarqunhle. X a 3o8 remballer—rMmunSra toire. REMBALLER, va. to pack again. See re- and emballer. REMBARQUER, va, to re-embark. See re- and embarquer. — Der. renibarquemtnt. REMBARRER, va. to repel ; compd. of re- and embarrer *. See barrer. REMBLAYER, va. to embank; compd. of re- and emblayer. Emblayer is the opposite of deblayer, q. v. — Der. remblai (verbal subst.). REMBOITER, va. to clamp. See re- and emboiter. — Der. r^m6o?/cment. REMBOURRER, va. to stuff out. See bourre. — Der. r^mfeowrrement. REMBOURSER, va. to reimburse; compd. of re- and embourser. Embourser is the op- posite of debotirser. See bourse. — Der. rem- botirsement, remboursahle. REMBRUNIR, va. to make darker, sadden. — Der. r^mfenmissement, Bem^de, sm. a remedy; from L. reme- dium. Rein6d.ier, va. to remedy, cure; from L. remediare. REMfiLER, va. to mix again. See re- and meler. REMEMBRANCE, ./. remembrance; from O. Fr. verb remembrer, which from L. re- . memorare *. Rememordre *, regu- larly contrd. (see § 52) to remem'rare, becomes remembrer. For nor = m6r see absoudre. Rem^morer, va. to remind; from L. re- memorari. — Der. rememoraiii. REMERCIER, va. to thank. See merci. — Der. remercivatnt. REMETTRE, va. to remit, put back ; from L. remittere. For i = e see § 72. — Der. remise (partic. subst.). REMEUBLER, va. to refurnish. See re- and meubler. B^minisoence, «/. a reminiscence; from L. reminiscentia. For -tia = -ce see agencer. REMISE, sf. delivery, surrender, job-carriage. See remettre. — Der. remisev. Remissible, adj. pardonable: from L. remissibilis. H6niission, sf. pardon; from L. remis- sionem. Remittent, adj. remittant; from L. remit- tentem. REMMENER, va. to lead back. See re- and emmener. REMOLADE, sm. a charge (in farriery). See remoudre. REMONTER, va. to remount. See re- and monter. — Der. remonte (verbal subsi.), re- montage. REMONTRER, va. to remonstrate. See re- and montrer. — Der. remontrAnt, remon- /rance. tR6mora, sm. (Ichth.) an obstacle, hin- drance, remora ; from L. remora. REMORDRE, va. to bite again; from L. re- mo rdere. For letter-changes see mordre. — Der, remords (verbal subst.). REMORDS, sm. remorse. See remordre. REMORQUE, sf. towing ; formerly remolque, from L. remulcum. For u = o see an- noncer ; for 1 = r see apotre. — Der. remor- qutx, remorqueur. REMOUDRE, va. to grind again. See re- and motidre. — Der. remotis (formerly re- mols, verbal subst. of remoldre, primitive form of moudre; for ol = ou see agneau), remouhde, remouleur. REMOULEUR, sm. a grinder. See remoudre. REMOUS, sm. an eddy. See remoudre. REMPAILLER, va. to new-bottom (a chair with straw). See paille. REMPARER (SE), vpr. to Tortify oneself (for defence) ; compd. of re- and emparer. — Der. rempart (formerly rempar, a more correct form, rempar being a verbal subst. of rempar er). REMPART, sm. a rampart. See remparer. REMPLACER, va. to replace. See re- and emplacer. — Der. remplafa.nt, remplacement. REMPLAGE, sm. filling up (casks); der. from remplir, q. v. ; cp. ravage from ravir. REMPLIR, va. to fill up. See re- and em- plir. — Der. remplissage. REMPLOYER, va. to employ again. See re- and employer. — Der. remploi (verbal subst.). REMPLUMER, va. to feather again. See plume. REMPOCHER, va. to put into one's pocket again. See re- and empocher. REMPORTER, va. to carry back. See re- and emporier. REMPOTER, va. (Hortic.) to pot again. See pot. — Der. rempotzge. REMUE-MENAGE, sm. a rummage. See menage arid remuer. REMUER, va. to move, stir. See re- and muer. — Der, rewzwant, remuzge, remuement, remue-memge. R6miin6rateur, sm. a rewarder; from L. remuneratorem. R6m.un6ration, sf. remuneration ; from L. remunerationem. R6muneratoire, adj. remunerative; der. from remunerer, q. v. REMUNERER — RENTRER. 309 Remunerer, va. to remunerate; from L. remunerare. RENACLER, vn. to snort, snuff; formerly renaquer, originally renasquer. Origin un- known. RENAITRE, vn. to be born again, revive; from L. renascere*. For letter-changes see naitre. — Der. rewaissant (whence re- Mflissance). Renal, adj. (Anat.) renal ; from L. renal is. RENARD, sm. a fox ; formerly regnard, of hist, origin, see § 33. We have seen under goupillon that in O. Fr. the fox was called goupil, which name was supplanted by that of Regnard. Maistre Regnard is the sur- name of the fox in the Roman de Renard, a satirical work which had an unrivalled popularity in the middle ages. Maitre Reg- nard properly = Maitre Ruse. Regnard is of Germ, origin, Germ, reginhari. For regnard = renard see assener; for details of changes of sense see baudet. — Der. renarde, renarde^u, renardVere. RENCAISSER, va. (Hortic.) to put into a box again. See re- and encaisser Der. rencahszgQ. RENCHERIR, van. to outbid again, make dearer, make nice. See re- and encherir. — Der. rencheri (partic. subst.), rencherisse- ment. RENCHERISSEMENT, sm. rise of prices again. See rencherir. RENCONTRER, va. to meet ; compd. of re- and O. Fr. encotitrer (see encontre). — Der. rencontre (verbal subst.). RENDEZ-VOUS, sm. an appointment, rendez- vous. See rendre and vous. RENDORMIR, va. to lull to sleep again. See re- and endormir. RENDOUBLER, va. to turn in, make a tuck (in clothes). See doubler. RENDRE, va. to return, restore. It. rendere, from L. rendere *, in Carolingiad docu- ments. Rendere is a nasalised form of reddere : for intercalated n see concombre. Der. rewte (from L, rendita *, rent, in medi- eval Lat. documents, strong partic. subst. of rendere, see absoute^, renda.nt,rendem.ent. RENDURCIR, va. to harden again. See re- and endurcir. R^NE, sf. a rein. It. redina, from L. retina*, sf. of retinere, properly a leather strap used to stop, hold in, a horse, etc. Retina, contrd. regularly (see § 51) to ret'na, becomes rene : for tn = « see § 168. i'Renegat, sm. a renegade; from It. rin- Its doublet is renie. RENFERMER, va. to shut up. See re- and enfermer. RENFLER, vn. to swell. See re- and enfler. — Der. renflevacnt. RENFONCER, va. to pull down (over one's eyes). See re- and enfoncer. — Der. renfonce- ment. RENFORCER, va. to reinforce. See/orce.— Der. renfort (verbal subst.), rew/orcement. RENGAGER, va. to re-engage. See re- and engager. — Der. rengagem.tx\t. RENGAINER, va. to sheathe. See re- and engainer. RENGORGER (SE), vpr. to bridle up, carry the head high. See re- and engorger. RENGRAISSER, va. to fatten again. See re- and engraisser. RENTER, va. to deny again. See re- and nier. — Der. rem'able, renitur, renienient. RENIFLER, vn. to sniff at ; compd. of re- and O. Fr. nijier : of Germ, origin, Low Germ, nif, the nose. f Renne, sm. the reindeer ; from Swed. ren. RENOMMER, va. to name again. See re- and nommer. — Der. renom (verbal subst.), renommee (partic. subst.), renomme. RENONCER, va. to renounce ; from L. re- nixntiare. For -nuntiare = -woncer see annoncer. — Der. renonce (verbal subst.), re- noncement. Renonciation, sf. renunciation; from L. renuntiationem. For u. = osee annoncer', for ti = ci see agencer. RenonCTlle, s/. a ranunculus ; from L. ra- nunculus (found in Pliny). Its doublet is grenouille, q.v. RENOUEE, sf. (Bot.) polygonium, knot-berry. See renouer. RENOUER, va. to tie anew. See re- and nouer Der. renouQe. (partic. subst.) renou- eur, renouement. RENOUVEAU, sm. spring-time. See re- and nouveau, RENOUVELER, va. to renew ; from L. re- novellare (found in Columella). — Der. re- nouvellement. Renovation, sf. renovation ; from L. re- novationem. RENSEIGNER, va. to inform. See re- and enseigner. — Der. retiseignevatnt. RENTE, sf. income, revenue. See rendre. — Der. renter, rente, rentier. RENTOILER, va. to put fresh linen to. See toile. — Der. rentoihge. RENTRAIRE, va. to fine-draw. See iraire. — Der. rentraiture, renirayeur, RENTRER, va. to return, re-enter. See re- 310 RENVERSER — REPLET, and entrer. — Der. rentnnt, rentr6t (partic. subst.). RENVERSER, va. to reverse ; compd. of re- and O. Fr. ettverser, which is from envers, q. V. — Der. renvers6, renversement, renverse (verbal subst.). RENVIER, va. to place a farther sum on the game ; compd. of O.Fr. envier (a term used in gambling), from L. invitare, whence verbal sm. envi, a challenge, whence the phrase a Venvi. RENVOYER, va. to send again. See re- and envoyer. — Der. renvoi (verbal subst.). R6ordination, sf. reordination. See re- and ordination. R6ordoimer, va. to reordain. See re- and ordonner. R^organiser, va. to reorganise. See re- and organiser. — Der. re'org'amsation. B.6ouverture, sf. reopening. See re- and ouverture. REPAIRS, sm. a den, lair, originally dwelling (of any kind). For restriction of meaning in modern Fr. see § 13. Repaire is verbal subst. of O. Fr. repairer, to return home. Repairer is from L. repatriare, found in Isidore of Seville. Repatriarie becomes repairer by attraction of i, whence a = ai, see § 54; for tr = r see § 168. REPAITRE, va. to feed. See re- and paitre. Der. repw. {Paitre also in O.Fr. had a p.p. pu, which remains in the language of falconry, unfaucon qui a pu.) REP ANDRE, va. to pour out. See re- and epandre. E.§parable, acj?". reparable ; from L, repar- abilis.^ REPARAITRE, vn. to reappear. See re- and paraitre. Il6parateur, sm. a repairer; from L. re- paratorem. B.6paration, sf. a reparation; from L. reparationem. R6parer, va. to repair; from L. reparare. REPARLER, vn. to speak again. ' See re- and parler. REPARTIR, vn. to depart again, reply. See re- 3ind partir. — Der. reparde (partic. subst.). REPARTIR, vn. to divide, dispense. See partir. — Der. reparthtur, repartition. REP AS, sm. a repast ; from L. repastus * (found in Merov. documents) : ' Nullum ibi- dem praesumant exercere doniinatum.non ad mensionaticos aut repastos exigendo,' from a 7th-cent. formula. Repastus is an inten- sive compd. of pastus. Repastus becomes repas by st = s, found in post, puis, etc. REPASSER, va. to repass. See re- und passer. — Der. repasszge, repasseu^e. REPAVER, va. to repave. See re- and paver. REPECHER, va. to fish up again. See re- and ptcher. REPEINDRE, va. to repaint. See re- and peindre. — Der. repeint (partic. subst.). Repenser, vn. to think again. See re- and penser. REPENTANCE, sf repentance. See repentir. REPENTIR, vn. to repent ; comp. of re- and O. Fr. pentir. This old word represents L. poenitare (for oe = e see § 105), whence penitere, whence pentir, by regular contr. (see § 52) of penitere to pen'tere : for e = t see § 59 Der. repentir (subst.), re- pentant (whence repentance). REPERCER,i/a, to repierce. See re- and percer. Repercussion, sm. reverberation ; from L. repercussionem. B,6percuter, va. to reverberate; from L. repercutere. REPERDRE, va. to lose 'again. See re- and perdre. Repdre, sm. a bench-mark ; verbal subst. of L. reperire. Repertoire, sm. a repertory ; from L. re- pertorium. R6p6ter, va. to repeit; from L. repetere. — Der. repetaiWer. R6p6titeur, sm. (Naut.) a repeating ship, a tutor; from L. repetitorem, der. from repetere. Repetition, sf a repetition; from L. re- petitionem. REPEUPLER, va. to repeople. See re- and J>eupler. — Der. repeuplemeat. REPIT, sm. a respite; formerly respit, It. rispetto, from L. respectus, considera- tion, whence indulgence, whence delay, in which sense the word is found in Carol, texts : ' Et si comes infra supradictarum noctium ntimerum mallum suum non habu- erit, ipsum spatium usque ad mallum comi- tis extendatur, et deinde detur ei spatium ad respeettim ad septem noctes,' from a Capitulary of a.d. 819. Respectus be- comes respit (for act = it see attrait), then repit, by loss of s (see Hist. Gram. p. 81), Repit is a doublet of respect, q. v. REPLACER, va. to replace. See re- and placer. REPLANTER, va. to replant. See re- and planter. REPLATRER, va. to replaster. See re- and pldtre. — Der. repldtrage. Replet, adj. replete; from L. repletus. — Der. repletion. REPLIER — REQUETE. 311 REPLIER, va. to fold again. See re- and plier. Its doublets are reployer, repliqtier, q, V. — Der. repli (verbal subst.). R§pliquer, vn. to reply; from L. rep Il- ea re. Its doublets are replier, reployer. — Der. replique (verbal subst.). REPLONGER, va. to replunge. See re- and plo7iger. Repolir, va. to repolish. See re- and polir. REPONDRE, va. to reply; formerly re- spondre, from L. respondere, whence re- spondere (Hist. Gram. p. 135), whence by regular contr. (see § 51) respond're, whence repondre, by loss of s (see Hist. Gram. p. 81). — Der. repond^nt, repons (for- merly respons, strong partic. subst. of L. responsus), reponse (fem. oi repons, L. responsa), repondnnt. REPONS, sm. a liturgical response. See re- ^ofidre. REPONSE, sf. an answer. See repondre. Reporter, va. to report ; from L. repor- tare. — Der. report (verbal subst.). REPOSER, vn. to rest, repose. See re- and poser. — Der. repos (verbal subst.), reposoh, repose. REPOUSSER, va. to thrust back. See re- and pousser. — Der. repoussant, repoussoir, repoiissement. Reprehensible, adj. reprehensible ; from L. reprehensibilis. Reprehension, sf. blame; from L. repre- hensionem. REPRENDRE, va. to take back. See re- and prendre. t Repr6sailles, sf.pl. reprisals; from It. ripresaglia. Repr§sentatif, adj. representative ; from L. repraesentativus *, from reprae- sentatus. Representation, sf. a representation ; from L. repraesentationem. Representer, va. to represent; from L. repraesentare. — Der. represenUxiX. Repressif, adj. repressive ; from L. re- pressivus *, from repressus. Repression, sf. repression ; from L. re- pressionem *. Reprimande, sf a reprimand ; from L. reprimenda. — Der. reprimandtr. Reprimer, va. to repress; from L. re pri- me re. — Der. reprimMe. REPRIS, sm. a person retaken. See re- and pris. REPRISE, sf. retaking, recovery. See re- and prise. R6probateur, sm. a reprover ; from L. re- probatorem. Reprobation, sf reprobation; from L. re- probationem. REPROCHER, va. to reproach. Prov. re- propchar, from L. repropiare *, der. from prope, near; cp. L. ob-jicere, which is both ' to place before ' and ' to reproach' ; also Germ, vor-riicken, which is both ' to approach' and ' to reproach.' Repropiare is ' to bring near the eyes,' ' lay before one's eyes,' 'to blame.' Repropiare becomes reprocher: for pia = c/te see ahreger. — Der. reproche (verbal subst.), reprochnhle, irreprochMe. Reproducteur, sm. a reproducer. See re- and prodticteur. Reproductible, adj. reproducible. See re- and productible. — Der. reproductibilite. Reproduction, sf reproduction. , See re- and production. REPRODUIRE, va. to reproduce. See re- and produire. REPROUVER, va. to prove anew. See re- and prouver. REPROUVER, va. to reprove ; from L. re- probare. For letter-changes see prouver. — Der. reprouve (partic. subst.). Reps, sm. ' reps ' (a textile fabric). Origin unknown. Reptile, sm. a reptile; from L. reptilis. Republique, sf a republic; formerly res- ptiblique, from L. respublica. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. republica.m, republicanisme. Repudiation, sf repudiation ; from L. re- pudiationem. Repudier, va. to repudiate; from L. re- pudiare. Repugner, vn. to be repugnant (to) ; from L. repugnare.— Der. repugna.nt (whence repugnance). Repulsif, adj. repulsive; from L. repulsi- vus * from repulsus. Repulsion, sf repulsion; from L. repul- sionem. Reputation, sf reputation ; from L. repu- tationem. Reputer, va. to repute, esteem ; from L. reputare. REQUERIR, va. to request, summon ; from L. requirere. For i = e see § 72; for e = i see § 59. — Der. requis (from L. re- quisitus, regularly contrd., after change of accent from requisitus to requisitus, see § 51, to requis'tus, whence requis: for st — s see repas). REQUETE, sf. a petition ; formerly reqveste. It. richiesia, from L. requisita, properly 3U REQUIEM — RESSA UTER. a thing required, asked for, whence sense of petition, request. In a Lat. charter (loth cent.) we find • requistam fccerunt ' for * they made a request.' Requisita (see under requerir) regularly coutrd. (see § 51) to requis'ta becomes reqneste by i = « (see § 72), then requete by loss of s (see Hist. Gram. p. 81), •f- Requiem, sm. a requiem; from L. reqmem.. Requin, sm. a shark. Origin unknown. REQUINQyER (SE), vpr. to spruce up one- self. Origin unknown. REQUIS, p.p. sm. a demand. See requirir. !R6quisition, s/. a requisition; from L. requisitionem. B^quisitoire, sm. a public prosecutor's address, speech ; from L. requisitorium*, der. from requirere. Hescinder, va. to rescind ; from L. rescin- dere. Hescision, sf. annulment (of deeds, etc.) ; from L. rescisionem. RESCOUSSE, sf. a leap back (in fencing). See escousse. Rescription, sf. an order, cheque ; from L. rescriptionem. Rescrit, sm. a rescript; from L. rescrip- Jum. For pt = / see ecrit. RESEAU, sm. network, wirework; formerly resel. It. reticello, from L. reticellum *, dim. of rete. Betic611um, regularly contrd. (see § 52) to ret'cellum, be- comes resel. For tc = c see adjuger ; for c = s see amide ; for el = eau see agneau. Reseau is a doublet of resille. 'j'R6s6da, sm. (Bot.) reseda, mignonette; from L. reseda. RESERVER, va. to reserve ; from L. reser- vare. — Der. reserve (verbal subst.), reserv- oir, reserve. Resident, sm. a resident ; from L. residen- tem. — Der. residence. R6sider, vn. to reside (at); from L. resi- dere. R6sidu, sm. a residuum ; from L. residuum. Resignation, sf. a resignation; from L. resignationem *, from resignatus. See resigner. R§signer, va. to resign, lay down (office) ; from L. re sign a re, — Der. resignznX.. RESILLE, sf. small net-work; either ahered form of O. Fr. resel, reseau, or a corrup- tion of O. Fr. reseiul, which answers to L. retiolum (a little net, in Apuleius). R^silier, va. to cancel ; from L. resilire. — Der. resiliement, resilintion. R^sine, sf. rosin ; from L. resin a. R6sineux,oc?/'. resinous; from L. resinosus. R^sipiscence, sf. repentance ; from L. resipiscentia. Resistance, sf resistance. See rdsisler. R^sister, vn. to resist; from L. resistere. — Der. rests/ant, resistance. R^solu, adj. resolute; from L. resolutus. See resoudre. For -utus = -w see § 201. — Der. iirdsolu. Resoluble, adj. resoluble ; from L, resolu- bilis. Resolution, sf resolution; from L. reso- lutionem (so used in Ulpian). — Der. irresolution. Resolutoire, adj. (Legal) subsequent ; from L. resolutorius. Resolvant, adj. resolvent; from L. resol- ventem. Resonnance, sf resonance; from L. re- sonantia. RESONNER, vn. to resound ; from L. reso- nare. For n = nn see ennemi. — Der. re- sonnznt, resonnemtnl. Resorption, sf resorption ; from L. re- sorptionem *. from resorbere. RESOUDRE, va. to solve, resolve ; from L. resolvere. For -solvere = -soudre see ab- soudre. — Der. resous (from resoudre, cp, absous from absoudre. The Academy uses this word still in the phrase brouillard resous en pluie). Respect, sm. respect; from L. res pectus. Its doublet is repit, q. v. — Der. respecter, respectable. Respectif, adj. respective ; from L. respec- tivus, from respectus. Respectueux, adj. respectful; from L. respectuosus *, from respectus — Der. irrespectueux. Respiration, sf. respiration ; from L. respirationem. Respirer, va. to respire; from L. respi- rare. — Der. respirMe, respir a.toirQ. Resplendir, vn. to shine brilliantly ; from L. resp lend ere. — Der. resplendissznt, re- splendissement. Responsable, adj. responsible; from L. responsabilis *, from responsa. Ressac, sm. surf Origin unknown. RESSAISIR, va. to seize again. See re- and saisir. RESSASSER, va. to sift again, examine closely, See re- and sasser. RESSAUTER, vn. to leap again, (Archit.) to stand out of line. See re- and sauter. — I Der. ressaut (verbal subst.). RESSEMBLER —RETONDRE. 3^3 A RESSEMBLER, vn. to be alike, resemble. See re- and semhler. — Der. ressembUnt (whence ressemblaiice). RESSEMBLER, va. to new sole (boots). See re- and semelle. — Der. ressemehge. RESSEMER, va. to sow again. See re- and semer. RESSENTIMENT, sm. a slight attack, touch, attack, resentment. See ressentir. RESSENTIR, va. to feel. See re- and sentir. — Der. ressentimtnt. RESSERRER, va. to tie again, tighten. See re- and serrer. — Der. resserremQut. RESSORT, sm. a spring, elasticity. See res- sortir. RESSORTIR, vn. to go out again. See re- 3-ad sortir. — Der. ressort (verbal subst., pro- perly that which goes out again, rebounds). RESSORTIR (A), vn. to be in the jurisdiction (of) ; formerly resortir, from L. resortiri, which in medieval Lat. signified ' to be in the jurisdiction of.' — Der. ressort (judicial), res- sor^issant. RESSOUDER, va. to resolder. See re- and souder. RESSOURCE, sf. a resource. See source. RESSOUVENIR (SE), vpr. to remember. See re- and souvenir. — Der. ressouvenir (verbal subst.). RESSUER, vn. to sweat (of metals). See re- and suer. — Der. resswage. Ressusciter, va. to bring to life again ; from L. resuscitare. RESSUYER, va. to dry again. See re- and ess7iyer. Restauration, sf. restoration ; from L. restaurationem. Restaurer, va. to restore, re-establish ; from L. restaur are. — Der. res/awrant, restaur- ateur. RESTER, VTi. to remain ; from L. restare. — Der. r^s^nt (partic. subst.), reste (verbal subst.). Restituer, va. to restore ; from L. resti- tuere. — Der. restituzhlQ. Restitution, 5/. restitution ; from L. resti- tutionem. RESTREINDRE, va. to restrict ; from L. restringere. For -stringere = -streindre see astreindre. Restrictif, adj. restrictive ; from L. re- strictivus *, from restrictus. See re- streindre. Restriction, sf. restriction; from L. re- strictionem. Restringent, adj. restringentem. restringent ; from L. R6sulter, v?i. to result ; from L. resultare. — Der. resulut, resuhznte. R^SUmer, va. to resume; from L. resu- me re. — Der. resume (partic. subst.). Resurrection, sf a resurrection ; from L. resurrectionem. RETABLE, sm. (Archit.) a reredos ; a contrd. Jorm of riere-tahle, see table and arriere. RETABLIR, va. to re-establish. See re- and etablir. — Der. re7a6/issement. RETAILLER, va. to cut anew, mend (pens). See re- and tailler. — Der. retaille (verbal subst.). RETAPER, va. to comb (hair) the wrong way. See re- and taper. RETARD, sm. delay. See retarder. RETARDER, va. to delay; from L. re- tardare. — Der. retard (verbal subst.), re/arJataire, retard2.X\on. RETEINDRE^x/a. to dye anew. See re- and teindre. RETENDRE, va. to stretch out again. See re- and tendre. RETENIR, va. to retain ; from L. retinere. For i = e see § 72; for e = / see § 59. — — Der. ri'tenwe. (verbal subst.). Retention, sf retention; from L. reten- tionem. — Der. rete7itionndi\re. RETENTIR, vn. to resound, re-echo ; compd. of re- and O. Fr. tentir, which from L. tinnitire * for tinnitare. Tinnitire, regularly contrd. (see § 52) to tinn*- tire, becomes O.Fr. tentir. For in = c« see § 72. — Der. retentissant, retentisse- ment. RETENUE, sf. reserve, prudence. See re- tenir. R6tiaire, sm. a retiarius (gladiator) ; from L. retiarius. Reticence, sf reticence ; from L. reti- centia. R6ticule, sm. a reticule, little net ; from L. reticulum. — Der. reticuhire, reticule. RETIF, adj. restive ; formerly restif, properly a horse which refuses to stir, which rests quiet. Restif It restivo, is from L. re- stivus *, deriv. of restare. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; for v=/see bcejif R6tine, sf the retina ; from L. retina *, der. from rete, a net. Retine is properly a net- like membrane; cp. Germ, netz-haut. RETIRER, va. to withdraw, remove. See re- and tirer. — Der. retire, retirement. RETOMBER, vn. to fall again. See re- and tomber. — Der. retombee (partic. subst). RETONDRE, va. (Archit.) to clean off; from L. retundere. 3H RETORDRE — RiVER, RETORDRE, va. to retwist. See re- and tordrg. R^torquer, t/a. to retort; from L. retor- quere. RETORS, adj. twisted ; from L. retortus (found in Martial). For the continuance of s see §§142 and 149. Retorte, sf. a retort; from L. retorta, properly a vessel of distorted form. RETOUCHER, va. to retouch. See re- and toucher. — Der. retouche (verbal subst.). RETOUR, sm. a winding, return. See lour. RETOURNER, vn. to return. See re- and tourner. — Der. retourne (verbal subst.). RETRACER, va. to retrace. See re- and tracer. B^tractation, sf. a retractation ; from L. retractationem. B^tracter, va. to retract; from L. re- tractare. Its doublet is retraiter. B6tractile, adj. retractile; der. from re- tractus. Retraction, sf. (Med.) retraction ; from L. retractionem. RETRAIRE, va. to withdraw; from L. retrahere. For trahere = traire see traire — Der. retrait (from L. retractus ; for ct = it see attrait), retraite (act of re- tiring, from L. retracta). RETRAIT, sm. shrinkage, contraction (of metals). See retraire. RETRAITE, sf retreat. See retraire.— Der. retraite. RETRANCHER, vn. to cut off, retrench. See re- and trancher. — Der. retranchement. RETRAVAILLER, va. to work again. See re- and travailler. RETRECIR, va. to narrow, straiten. See re- and trecir. — Der. re/re'cissement. RETREMPER, va. to temper (iron) anew. See re- and tremper. R6tribuer, va. to reward; from L. re- tribuere. Retribution, sf. retribution ; from L. re- tributionem. Retroactif, adj. retroactive; from L. retro and Fr. actif, q.v. — Der. retroactivAe. Retroaction, sf retroaction; compd. of L. retro and action (q.v.). R6troceder, va. to reassign ; from L. retrocedere — Der, retrocession. Retrogradation, sf retrogression ; from L. retrogradationem. Retrograde, adj. retrograde ; from L. re- trogradem. Retrograder, vn. to retrograde; from L. retrogradare. RETROUSSER, va. to tie up, tuck up. See re- and trousser. — Der. retroussement, re- trouss'is. RETROUVER, va. to find again. See re- and trouver. RETS, sm. a net, snare ; from L. retls. For the continuance of s see §§ 142 and 149. Reunion, sf a reunion. See re- and union. Reunir, va. to reunite. See re- and unir. REUSSIR, vn. to succeed, thrive ; compd. of rS- (q.v.) and of O. Fr. ussir, which from L. exire. Exire, changing x to s (see aisselle) and e to i (see § 59), becomes O. Fr. isdr, whence ussir by i=u (see fumier and also jumeau). fReussite, sf success; from It. riuscila. REVALOIR, va. to return (good, evil). See re- and valoir. REVANCHE, sf retaliation, revenge. See revancher. REVANCHER, va. to defend (from attack); compd. of re- and L. vindicare, by regular contr. (see § 52) of vindicare to vind'care. For dc=c see adjuger; for o=ch see § 126; for in = cm = an see dimanche. — Der. revanche (verbal subst.). REVASSER, vn. to muse, dream. See rtve. ^ — Der. revasseur, revctsserie. REVE, sm. a dream. Origin unknown. Its doublet is rage, q. v. + Re V e C h e, arf;. sharp, harsh, cross; for- merly revesche, from It. revescio. Its doublet is revers, q. v. REVEILLER, va. to arouse. See re- and eveiller. — Der. reveil (verbal subst.), re- veiHon. Revelateur, sm. a revealer ; from L. reve- latorem. Revelation, sf a revelation ; from L. revelationem. Reveler, va. to reveal; from L. revelare. REVENANT, sm. a ghost, apparition. See revenir. REVENDEUR, sm. a retailer. See re- and vendeur. Revendication, sf a claiming; from L. re- and vindicationem. _ Revendiquer, va. to reclaim, demand;,! from L. re- and vindicare. | REVENDRE, va. to resell. See re- and vendre. REVENIR, vn. to return. See re- and venir. — Der. revenu (partic. subst. masc), revenxit J- partic. subst. fern.), rment. REVER, vn. to dream. See reve. — Der, rei/eur, reverie. RS VER BER E — RICIN. Z^5 B^verb^re, sm. a street-lamp. See rever- berer. R§verb§rer, vn. to reverberate; from L. reverberare. — Der. reverbere (verbal subst.), reverberation. REVERDIR, vn. to grow green again. See re- and verdir. R6v6rence, sf. reverence ; from L. reve- rent! a. — Der. reverencieWe, reverencieux. R6v6rend, adj. reverend ; from L. reve- re n d u s . — Der. reverendissime. R6verer, va. to revere; from L. revereri. REVERS, sm. back, a back-stroke, reverse (of coins). Its doublet is reveche, q. v. REVERSER, va. to decant, pour off. See re- and verser. — Der. reversement, revers- ible. i'Reversi, sm. reversis (a game of cards) ; from It. rovescino. REVERSIBLE, adj. reversible. See reverser. Reversion, sf. reversion; from L. rever- sionem. REV^TEMENT, sm. facing, coating (of buildings). See revetir. REVETIR, va. to clothe. See re- and vetir. — Der. rei»e/ement, REVIRER, vn. (Naut.) to tack. See re- and virer. — Der. reviremQnt. Reviser, va. to revise ; from L. revisere. — Der. reWseur. Revision, sf. revision; from L, revisi- onem. Revivifier, va. to revive, restore ; from L. revivificare. REVIVRE, vn. to rise from the dead ; from L. revivere, by loss of the atonic e, see §51. Revocable, adj. revocable; from L. re- vocabilis. Revocation, sf. revocation; from L. re- vocationem. R6vocatoire, adj. (Leg.) revocatory ; from L. revocatorius. REVOIR, va. to see again ; from L. revi- dere. For letter-changes see voir. — Der. revue (partic. subst.). + R6volte, sf. a revolt ; from It. rivoUa. — Der. revolttr, revolta.nt. R§VOlu, adj. revolved, accomplished ; from L. revolutus. For -utus = -M see § 201. Revolution, sf. a revolution; from L. revolutionem. — Der. revohidonn^iie. Revomir, va. to revomit; from L. revo- mere. R6voquer, va. to revoke, recall; from L. revocare. REVUE, sf. a review. See revoir. R6vulsif, adj. repellent. See revulsion. Revulsion, sf. a revulsion; from L. revul- sionem. — Der. revulsif. REZ, prep, on a level with, sm. level ; from L. rasus. Rez in the phrases rez pied, rez terre, rez de chaussee, signifies that part of a house which is on a level with the chaussee, the road. For rasus = rez see nez. Rez is a doublet of ras, q. v. REZ-DE-CHAUSSEE, sm. a ground-floor. See rez. RHABILLER, va. to dre?s again. See re- and habiller. — Der. rhabtllage. Rheteur, sm. a rhetorician ; from L. rheto- rem. v Rhetorique, sf. rhetoric; from L. rheto- rica. — Der. rhetoricien. Rhinoceros, sm. a rhinoceros; from L. rhinoceros. t Rhododendron, s?ra. a rhododendron; from L. rhododendron. Rhombe, sm. a rhombus, diamond; from L. rhombus. Rhomboide, sm. a rhomboid ; from L. rhomboides. — Der. rhombo'idal. RHUBARBE, sf. rhubarb ; from L. rheubar- barum (found in Isidore). Rheubdr- barum, losing regularly the penult, atonic vowel (see § 51), becomes rheubarb'rum, whence rkubarbe by dissimilation (see § 169). For eu = « ste puree. + Rhuni, sm. rum; from Engl, rum. Rhumatisme, sm. rheumatism ; from L. rheumatismus (found in Pliny). — Der. rhumatismal. RHUME, sm. cold ; from L. rheuma. For eu = M see puree. Rhythme, sm. rhythm ; from L. rhyth- mus. Its doublet is rime, q. v. Rh3rthmique, adj. rhythmical; from L. rhythmicus. RIANT, adj. smiling; from L. ridentem, by loss of medial d, see accabler ; for en = an cp. andouille. Ribambelle, sf. a string, host, number. Origin unknown. RIBOTE, sf. debauch, drunkenness. Origin unknown. — Der. ribottx, ribofeur. RICANER, vn. to sneer. Origin unknown. — Der. ricanerie, ricaneur, ricanement. RICHARD, sm. a married man. See riche. RICHE, adj. rich ; of Germ, origin, Germ. reich, Engl. rich. — Der. richesse, rich&rd, richement, enrichii. RICHESSE, sf riches. See riche. Ricin, sm. the castor-oil plant; from L. ri- cinus. 3i6 RTCOCHER — R2SS0LER. Bicocher, vn. to ricochet. Origin unknown. — Der. ricochet (verbal subst.). RIDE, sf. a wrinkle. See rider. RIDEAU, sm. a curtain, screen; formerly ridel. For el = eau see agneau. Ridel is dim. of ride (see rider), and rightly means a plaited stuff. RIDELLE, sf. the staff-side (of cards). Origin unknown RIDER, va. to wrinkle; of Germ, origin, M. H. G. riden. — Der. ride (verbal subst.). Hidicule, sm. a little bag; from L. reticu- lum (in Horace). IRidicule, sm. ridicule; from L. ridiculum. B.idicule, adj. ridiculous; from L. ridicu- lus. — Der. ridiculher, ridicul\\.6. RIEN, adv. nothing; from L. rem. For e = tV see § 56; for in = n see changer. Rien was a subst. in O. Fr., meaning * a thing.' La riens (res) qtiej'ai vue est fort belle. Une tres-belle riens (res). When joined with a negative it meant ' no thing ' (nihil), just as ne . . . personne = xvtmo. This use of rien is very proper, and it did not lose its natural meaning of ' thing ' to take that of nothing ' (as e. g. in the phrase On ma donne cela pour rien) till people became accustomed to take this subst. with ne so as to form a negative expression. By this account of the sense of rien we may explain the passage of Molifere, in which it is at once negative and positive : Dans le siecle ou nous sommes On ne donne rien pour rien. Ecole des Femmes, ii. 2. RIEUR, sm. a laugher. See rire. Rigide, adj. rigid; from L. rigidus. Its doublet is roide, q. v. Rigidity, sf. rigidity; from L. rigiditatem. Rigodon, sm. a rigadoon ; an onomato- poetic word. See § 34. t Rigole, sf. a trench ; from It. rigoro. Rigorisme, sm. austerity; from L. rigor. — Der. rzg-onste. Rigoureux, adj. rigorous; from L. rigo- rosus. For o = ou see § 81; for -osus = -eux see § 229. Rigueur, sm. rigour; from L. rigorem. For o — eu see § 79. RIMAILLER, vn. to rhyme. See rimer. — Der. rimailleuT. RIME, sf. rhyme; from L. rhythmus. Khythmus signified in the middle ages versification, based not on length of sylla- bles as in classical metres, but on the number of syllables ; a method of versification which characterises the Romance languages. To the verses thus formed was added what now call rhyme, i. e. the agreement in soi. of the last two accented syllables at the cm of the verses ; and so rhythmus, whicl first signified a manner of versification was restricted to rhyme, one only of thi conditions of this poetical system. Rhyth mus, or rather rhythma, becomes rime by loss of h (we find rjrthmus in Isidore of Seville), and by tin = m, see plane. Rime is a doublet of rhythme, q. v. — Der rimer. RIMER, vn. to rhyme. See rime. — Der, n'meur, rimziWer. RINCEAU, sm. foliage ; formerly rainceat (used in sense of a bough, foliage, in medi' eval documents), from L. ramicellus ♦ dim. of ramus. Ramicellus, contrd.' (see § 52) to ram.'cellus, becomes rain', eel : for m = « see changer ; for a = ai seei § 54. Raincel becomes rainceau by -e/ = i •eau, see agneau. RINCER, va. to rinse ; formerly rinser, rein- ser ; of Germ, origin, O. Scaiid. hreinsa, to rinse, clean out. For s = c see cercueil. — Der. rinpxtt. RIOTER, vn. to titter. Origin unknown. — Der. r/o/eur. Ripaille, sf. feasting, good cheer. Origin unknown. RIPER, va. to drag, scrape ; from Germ. rippefi, a popular form of rlben, answering to O. H. G. riban. — Der. ripe (verbal subst.). Ripop6e, sf. slop (mixed liquors). Origin unknown. t Riposte, sf. a repartee; from It. ri- posta. — Der. riposttx. RIRE, vn. to laugh ; from L. ridere. For mis- placement of accent, ridere for ridere, see Hist. Gram. p. 133; hence rid're, by regular contr. (see § 51), whence rire: for dr=r see § 168. — Der. neur, r/sible. RIS, sm. a laugh ; from L. risus. — Der. r«ee. RIS, sm. a sweetbread ; corruption of rides de veau. RISEE, sf. laughter. See ris. Risible, adj. risible; from L. risibilis, der. from ridere. See rire. t Risque, sm. a risk; from Sp. risco, properly a reef, then peril, risk. — Der. risguer. RISSOLER, va. to roast brown; dim. of a form risser*; of Germ, origin, Dan. riste, For st = ss seeangoisse. — Der. rissole (verbal subst.). RIT—ROGNE. 3-^1 Rit, sm. a rite; from L. ritus. tllitournelle, sm. (Mus.) a ritornello, refrain ; from It. ritornello. Rituel, sm. a ritual, prayer-book ; from L. ritualis (sc. liber, a book of rites). RIVAGE, sm. a bank, shore, beach ; from L. ripaticum*, der. from ripa, ' Bipati- cum quoddam . . . vendidit super fluvium ad faciendum molendinum,' says a Carol, text. Ripaticum, changing p successively to b and v (see § iii) becomes ribati- cum (found in a charter of a. d. 891), then rivaticum (in a text of a.d. 897), whence rivage by -aticum = -age, see age. Rival, adj. rival; from L, rivalis. — Der. rivaliser. Rivalit§, sf. rivalry; from L. rivalitateni. RIVE, sf. bank (of stream). Prov. riba, It. ripa, from L. ripa. For p = v see § III. RIVER, va. to rivet, clinch ; of Germ, origin, Dan. rive, properly to flatten down any pro- jection. — Der. nVet, ni/ure, rivoir. RIVERAIN, adj. situated on the river's bank. See riviere. RIVIERE, sf. a river. Sp. ribera, from L. riparia*, found in medieval Lat. documents : ' Nee villae, nee homo distringatur facere pontes ad riparias,' says a I2th-cent. docu- ment. Riparia is der. from ripa, used for a river in medieval Lat. Riparia be- comes riviere: for -axia. = -ih-e see §198; for p = i; see § III. — Der. rivera.\n. I f Rixdale, sf. a rix-dollar; from Germ. ' reichsthaler. j Rixe, sf. a scuffle ; from L. rixa. j tRiz, sm. rice; from It. rise. — Der. rjzi^re. '. + Rob, sm. a rubber (of whist) ; from Engl. rubber. + Rob, sm. (Pharm.) rob; of Oriental origin, Ar. robb, purified syrup of boiled fruit. ROBE, sf. a dress. We find in Lat. docu- ments after the 6th cent, a verb raubare, to rob : ' Si quis in via alterum adsalierit et eum raubaverit ' (Lex Salica Pact). This verb is of Germ, origin, Germ, rauben, to rob, which gives O. Fr. rober (for au = o see § 107), whose compd. derober is in use. This verb raubare had a verbal subst. rauba, the spoil of robbery ; whence, later, the sense of clothes : ' Quidquid super eum cum rauba vel arma tulit, omnia sicut fur- tiva componat' (Lex Alemann, tit. 49). Rauba, from its general sense, became specialised ; e. g. ' Apparatu raubarum Persicarum . . . deposito, vilem habitum sumsit ' (Acta S. Yvonis). Rauba becomes Prov. rauba, Fr. robe. The It. roba keeps the full sense of late Lat. rauba, and has three meanings, dress, merchandise, goods. — Der. robin (sm., a ' man of the robe,' lawyer). ROBINET, sm. a tap, cock, dim. of Robin ; of hist, origin, see § 33. In the mytho- logy of the middle ages Robin was the name of the sheep ; and as the first taps were made in the form of a sheep's head, they got the name of Robinet. Robinier, sm. robinia, acacia, locust-tree ; of hist, origin (see § 33), from Jean Robin, gardener to Henry IV, who first grew the tree in Europe from seed received from America, A. d. i6oi. Robuste, adj. robust; from L. robustus. ROC, sm. a rock ; from L. rupicus, der. from rupes, by contr. (see § 51) of ru- picus, to rup'cus, whence roc. For u = o see annoficer; for pc = c see § 1 68. — Der. rocaille, rocailleux. ROCHE, sf. a rock ; from L. rupea *, der. from rupes. Rupea, by ea = ia (see abreger), becomes rupia ; by ia = ja (see Hist. Gram. p. 65), becomes rupja ; whence rocke. Foru = osee annoncer; for -pja = -che see abreger. — Der. rocher, rocheux. ROCHET, sm. a rocket (surplice), ratchet (of a lock) ; dim. of a form roc *. Rochet is from roc, like cochet from coq, sachet from sac. Roc is from L. roccus*, an under garment, in Carol, documents : ' Roccus matrinus et utrinus,' says a Capitulary of Charlemagne, a. d. 808. Also in the Chron. of the Monk of St. Gall (ii. 27) we read ' Carolus habebat pellicium bombycinum,nou multum amplioris pretii, quam erat roccus ille S. Martini,' etc. Roccus is of Germ, origin, cp. Germ. rock. f R6der, vn. to ramble ; from Prov. radar. Prov. radar answers to It. rotare, from L. rotare. Roder is a doublet of rauer, q.v. fRodomont, sm. rhodomontade ; from It. rodomante Der. rodamantude. Rogation, sf (Eccles.) rogation ; from L, rogationem. Rogatoire, adj. belonging to an examina- tion ; from L. rogatorius *, from rogare. Rogaton, sm. broken meat. Origin un- known. ROGNE, sf the itch ; formerly roigne, from L. robiginem, rust, then scab, itch, by regular contr. (see § 51) of robiginem to robig'nem, whence roigne. For loss of medial d see aboyer. — Der. rogntMX. 3i8 R OGNER — R ONGER . ROGNER, va. to cut (off ends), pare, clip; formerly roogner, to cut hair all round, in nth-cent, documents. Prov. redonhar, from O. Fr. roond, primitive form of rotid (q. v.). Roond gives roonner*, cp. plafond, plafonner. Roonner becomes roogner, for n = gn see cligner; roogner gives rogner, for 00 — see rond. — Der. ro^neur, ro^wure. ROGNON, sm. a kidney; from L. renio- nem*, dim. of ren. For nio=^«o see cigogne; for e = o, cp. elephantem, olifant; petalum, poele ; vester, votre. We find voster for vester in the Inscrip- tions of the Empire. — Der. rognonner. Rogue, adj. proud ; of Germ, origin, Norse hrokr. ROI, sm. a king ; from L. regem. For -egeiu = -oi see lot. — Der. rottelet (dim. of O. Fr. roietel, a wren ; roietel is from roiet*, compd. of rot and dim. suffix et. For the change of sense from kinglet to wren see § 15. ROIDE, ROIDEUR, adj. stiff, rigid. See raide, raideur. Its doublet is rigide, q. v. — Der. roza?illon, roid'n. ROIDIR, va. to stiffen. See roide. ROITELET, sm. a wren. See rot. ROLE, sm. a roll. Prov. rode. It. rololo, from L. rotulus, by regular contr. (see § 51) of rotillus to rot'lus, whence rule. For tl = 11 = I see § 168. Role is a doublet of rotule, q. v. — Der. enrtJ/er, coiArole ^(\. v.), r6hx, roht. ROLET, sm. a character, part. See role. ROMAIN, adj. Roman ; from L. romanus. For -anus = -a/tt see § 194. Its doublet is roman, q. v. — Der. romaint. SrOniail, sm. a romance, novel ; adj. romantic, Romance. The Lat. phrase 'lingua ro- mana* in Carolingian times meant the growing Fr. language, the ' rustic Latin,' as opposed to the 'lingua latina,' which was the name for the Class. Lat. We read in the Life of St. Adalbert, Abbot of Corbie (a.d. 750), that he preached in the vulgar tongue ' with a sweet abundance' (' Quern si vulgo audisses, dulcifluus emanabat'); and his biographer distinguishes still more plainly between the learned Lat. and the Romance or vulgar tongue : ' Qui si vul- gari, id est romana lingua, loqueretur, omnium aliarum putaretur inscius ; si vero teutonica, enitebat perfectius ; si latina, in nulla omnino absolutius' (Acta Sanctorum, Januar. i. 416). From this form romana comes the adv. romanice*, in the phrase 'romanice loqui.' Romanice, contrd. regularly (see § 51) to roman'ce. gives boti the subject-case romance and the object-cas' romant. See Hist. Gram. pp. 89-96. Ro mance and romant meant properly the vulga tongue, as distinguished from the Lat. these words are applied to compositions ii the former, thence came to designate cer- tain classes of literary composition. Roman afterwards became roman, whence romaiv esgue. For the nominative form romance, ii the sense of a novel, comes romancier, lit a writer who uses the vulgar tongue. Ro^ mance and roman, which both originall] meant any kind of composition in the vulgai tongue, survive in modern Fr. in two ^ ferent senses. Roman is a doublet oiromm and romance. ROMANCE, sf. a ballad. See roman. ROMANCIER, sm. a novelist. See roman, 1 ROMANESQUE, sm. romantic. See roman.\ tB-omantique, sm. romantic; introd from Engl, romantic. — Der. roma«/isme. ROMARIN, sm. rosemary; from L. rosma' rinus. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81 ROMPRE, va. to break ; from L. rumperej by regular contr. (see § 51) of rtimpdx to rump're, whence rompre : for u = s< annoncer. — Der, rompn, romptmtnt. RONCE, sm. a blackberry-bush, bramble; from L. rumioem, lit. a sting, prickle, whence sense of a thorn-bush. Bumicem becomes ronce by -umicem = -o«ce. For letter-changes see ponce. ROND, adj. round; formerly roond. It. ro- tondo, from L. rotundus. Botundus, by losing medial t (see abhaye), by u = o (see annoncer), becomes O.Fr, roond, which later is contrd. to rond. — Der. rondt, rond" eau, rondeWt, rondkleX, rowJache, ronrfin, rondtVLX, zrrondit. RONDACHE, sf. a buckler, target. See rond. RONDE, sf. a round. See rond. Its doublet is rotonde, q. v. RONDEAU, sm. a rondeau (poem of thirteen verses). See rond. RONDELET, adj. plump. See rond. RONDELLE, sf. a round, washer, round- shield. See rond. RONDEUR, sf. roundness. See rond. RONDIN, sm. a round piece of wood, cudgel. See rond. — Der. rondiner. ROND-POINT, sm. (Archit.) an apse. See rond and point. RONFLER, vn. to snore. Origin unknown. — Der. ronflant, ronfltMX, ronjlement. RONGER, va. to gnaw, nibble. Prov, romiar, Sp. rumiar, from L. rumigare, found for RONGE UR — ROTURIER. 319 ' to niminate ' in Apuleius, a sense which sur- vived in the O. Fr. word, which had sense of ruminating as well as of gnawing: the former sense remains in the hunting phrase le cerffait le range. Kumigdre, regularly contrd, (see § 52) to ruin'gare, becomes ranger : for m = n see changer. — Der. rang- eur, RONGEUR, sm. a rodent. See ranger. Roquefort, sm. a Roquefort cheese ; of hist, origin (see § 33), from Raquefort, a village in the Department of Aveyron, where these cheeses are made. ROQUET, sm. a pug-dog ; of hist, origin (see § 33)' properly a dog of St. Roch, allud- ing to the legend which represents St. Roch accompanied by his dog St. Roquet. tRoquette, sf. (Bot.) rocket; from It. rucchetta. Rorif^re, sm. a sprinkler; from L. rotifer. Rosace, sf. a rose (window, etc.) ; from L. rosaceus. Rosac6e, sf. a rose-tree; from L. rosacea. Rosaire, sm. a rosar)"^; from L. rosarius, properly a garland of roses (see chapelet) to crown the image of the Virgin, then a gar- land or necklace of threaded beads, serving to mark off prayers. Its doublet is rosier, q. v. + Rosat, adj. of roses, rose; introd, in 1 6th cent, from It. rosato. Its doublet is rose, q. v. + Rosbif, sm. roast beef; from Engl, roast beef ROSE, sf. a rose ; from L. rosa. — Der. rose (adj.), rose, rosiere, rosette. ROSE, adj. rose-coloured, rosy. See rose. ROSE, adj. roseate. See rose. Its doublet is rosat, q. v. ROSEAU, sm. a reed ; formerly rosel : for -el = -eau see agneau. Rosel, Prov. rauzel, is the dim. of a root ros, of Germ, origin, Goth, raus, a reed. Goth, raus gives Prov. raus, Fr. ros*: for au = o see § 107. ROSEE, sf dew ; partic. subst. (see absoute) of O. Fr, roser *, which is from L, rorare. E-orare becomes roser, as adrorare be- comes arroser. For r = s see arroser. ROSETTE, sf. a rosette. See rose. ROSIER, sm. a rose-bush; from L. rosarium. For -arium = -2er see § 198. Its doublet is rosaire, q. v, — Der, roseraie. + Rosse, sf. a poor horse, jade ; from Germ. ross. ROSSER, va. to thrash; formerly roissier. Origin unknown. ROSSIGNOL, sm. a nightingale; formerly lossignol, It. rossignuolo, from L. lusci- niolus *, masc. form of lusciniola (found in Plautus). Lu^ciniolus becomes O. Fr. lossigfwl : for u = see annoncer ; for sc = ss see cresson ; for ni = gn see cigogne. Lossignol, by changing / to r (see apotre), becomes rossignol, by dissimilation (see § 169). — Der. rossignohx. Rossinante, sm. Rosinante ; of hist, origin (see § 33), from Sp. rocinante, name of Don Quixote's horse fRossolis, sm. sun-dew; from L. ros and solis. Rostral, adj. rostral; from L. rostralis. Rostres, sm.pl. rostra; from L. rostra. ROT, sm. roast. See rotir. ROT, sm. belching. It. rtitto, from L. ructus. For u = o see annoncer; for ct = / see § 168. Rotateur, sm. a rotator; from L. rotato- rem. Rotation, sf rotation; from L. rotatio- nem. f Rote, sf the rota (a Roman court) , from It. rota. Its doublet is roue, q. v. ROTER, vn. to belch : from L. ructare. For VL = o see annoncer; for ct^t see § 168. Rotin, sm. a rattan. Origin unknown. ROTIR, va. to roast; formerly rostir, of Germ, origin, O, H. G. rostjan. For loss of s, see Hist. Gram. p. 8i. — Der. rot (verbal subst,), roti, ro/ie, ro/isserie, ro/is$- eur, ro/issoire. ROTISSEUR, sm. master of a cookshop. See rijtir. fRotonde, sf a rotunda ; from It. roton- da. Its doublet is ronde, q. v, Rodondit6, s/. rotundity ; from L. rotundi- tatem. Rotule, sf. (Anat.) a patella ; from L. rotu- la. Its doublet isrole, q.v. ROTURE, sf. commonalty; from L, rup- tura, properly act of breaking (clods), whence of cultivating fields, found in me- dieval Lat. ; e, g, ' Decimas et primitias de novis rupturiis, quae facta sunt in alodio S. Felicis,' in an iith-cent. charter. From this sense the word passes to that of the land of a ' villein ' subject to rent, land not noble. Ruptura becomes rotura ; for pt = / see § 168; for u = see annoncer. Roture is a doublet of rupture, q. v. ROTURIER, sm. a plebeian, lit. peasant who holds a roture (q. v.) ; from L. ruptura- rius * (one who cultivates a ruptura, see roture). We find in an iith-cent. charter ' Concedimus quoque eidem decern sextarias terrae, si a rupturariis dono vel emptione ilias acquisierint.' Ruptvira- 320 ROUAGE — ROFAL. rius becomes roturier: for -ftrius ■=-/«- see § 198; for pt = / %ee § 168 ; for u = o see annoncer. ROUAGE, sm. wheelwork, machinery. See roue. t Rouan, sm. a roan horse; formerly roa», . from It. roano. Rouanne, sf. a brand-iron. Origin un- known. — Der. rouanner, rouannette. t Rouble, sm. a rouble (Russian coin), a Russian word. ROUCOULER, va. to warble plaintively ; an onomatopoetic word. See § 34. — Der. roucoulement. ROUE, sf. a wheel ; from L. rota. For loss of medial t see aig7i ; for o = ou see § 81. Its doublet is rofe, q. v. — Der. rower, rowage, rowet. ROUE, sm. a roue, lit. one broken on the wheel. See rouer. ROUELLE, sf. a slice, round (of beeQ. For letter-changes see roue. Rouennerie, sf. common printed cotton ; of hist, origin, see § 33, first fabricated at Rouen. ROUER, va. to break on the wheel. See rou. Its doublet is roder. — Der. rou^, rouerie. ROUERIE, sf. action of a roue. See rouer. ROUET, sm. a spinning-wheel. See roue. ROUGE, adj. red ; formerly rage, It. robbio, from L. rubeus (found in Isidore of Seville). Rubeus, regularly transformed (see abre- ger) to rubius, consonnifies iu to ju (see abreger), whence rubjus, whence O. Fr. rage: for 'bj=j see Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; for u = o see annoncer. Roge later becomes rouge : for o = ou see § 81. — Der. rougekUe, roK^^aud, rougeoXt, rouget, rougtxxr, rougir. ROUILLE, sf. mildew ; formerly roille, Prov. ro'ilh, from L. rubigula*, dim. of ru- bigo. Rubigula, regularly contrd. (see § 51) to rubig'la becomes ro-ille: for loss of medial b see aboyer ; for u = o see annoncer ; for gl = // see cailler. Roille becomes rouille : for o = ou see § 81. — Der. rouiller, rouillure, d^rouilhr, en- routlleT. ROUIR, va. to ret ; of Germ, origin, Dutch roien. For loss of medial t see abbaye; for o = o« see § 81. — Der. rowissage, rottissoir. ROULADE, /. a roll, collar (of meat). See rouler. Its doublet is roulee. ROULAGE, sm. a rolling, wagon-ofEce, wagon. See rouler. ROULEAU, sm. a roll; from L. rotulellum*, dim. of rotulus. Botulinum, regularly contrd. (see § 52) to rot'lellum, be- comes row/eoM : for tl = // see § 168; for ol = OM see §§ 81, 157; for -ellum = -fi/ = 'eau see § 282. ROULER, va. to roll, wheel ; formerly roller, Prov. rotlar. It. rotolare, from L. rotu- lare* (found in medieval Lat. texts), der. from rotulus, Botul^re, regularly contrd. (see § 52) to rot'lare, becomes O.Fr. roller by tl = // (see § 168), whence rouler by ol — ou, see §§ 81, 157.— Der. row/age, row/ade, row/ier, row/is, rou/ement, row/eur, row/euse, row/etle, row/oir, derow/- er, Gnrouler. ROULIER, sm. a carter. See rouler. ROULIS, sm. (Naut.) a rolling. See rouler. tRoupie, s/l a rupee. Origin unknown. ROUSSEUR, sf redness. See roux. ROUSSIN, sm. a cob, thickset stallion ; from O. Fr. rous, ros, of Germ, origin (M. H. G. ross). Foio = ou see § 81. ROUSSIR, vn. to redden. See roux. — Der. roussi (partic. subst.). + Rout, sm. a rout, great party; from Engl. rout. ROUTE, sf. a road ; formerly rote, from L. rupta*(sc. a cross-road, via). Bupta means a road in medieval Lat. texts : * De qui- bus cimaliis forestae de Gadabone, nec- non de ruptis ejusdem forestae,' in a 1 2th-cent. document. Cp. the phrase aller S7ir les bris^es de quelqu'un. Hupta becomes rote: for pt = / see § 168; for u = see annoncer. Rote becomes route ; for o = 0M see § 81. — Der. row/ier, rout- ine (act of following the route marked out). ROUTIER, sm. a stager. See route. ROUTINE, sf. routine. See route.— Der. routinitx. ROUVIEUX, adj. mangy; from rouffe. Rouffe is of Germ, origin, Dutch rofe. ROUVRE, sm. English oak. O.Fr. rovre, Prov. robre, from L. robur, by regular contr. (see § 50) of robur to rob'r, whence rovre (for b = v see § 113), then rouvre (for o = ow see § 81). ROUVRIR, va. to re-open. See re- and ou- vrir. ROUX, adj. red, russet. Prov. ros, It. rosso, from L. russus ; for u = om see § 97; for ss = s see ais, whence O. Fr. rows, after- wards roux ; for s = x see deux. — Der. (from O. Fr. rows) rowsse, rowssatre, rowsseau, roKsselet, rowsseur, rowssette, rowssir. ROYAL, adj. royal ; from L. regalis. For letter-changes of -egalis = -qya/, see loyal. ROYAUME—RUT. 321 Its doublets are real and rtgale, q, v. — Der. royalt, royalisme, royaliste, royalt- ment. ROYAUME, sm. a kingdom, realm ; formerly royalme. Pro v. reialme, Sp. realme, from L. regalimen *, der. from regalis. Regali- men is contrd, (see § 51) to regal'men, whence O. Fr. royalme ; for regal- 5= royal- see royal. Royalme becomes royaume by al = au, see agneau. ROYAUTE, sf. royalty; formerly roialte, from L. regalitatem *, from regalis, by regular contr. (see § 52) of regalitd,- tem to regal'tatem, whence royalte. For regal- = royal- see royal ; for -tatem = -te see § 230. RU, sm. a channel. O. Fr. rui, from L. ri- vus, or rather from rius, the popular form of rivus, for the Appendix ad Probum blames that form, and says 'rivus non rius.' For loss of medial v see a:ieul. RUBAN, sm. a ribbon. Origin unknown. — Der. riibantnt, rubanier, Rub6fier, va. to redden; from L. rubefi- care*, der. from rubeus. See rouge. — Der. rubefiant. Rubiacee, sf. (Bot.) madder-plant ; from L. rub i ace a *, der. from rubeus. Rubicond, adj. rubicund; from L. rubi- cundus. + Rub is, sm. a ruby ; introd. from Sp. rubi. Rubrique, sf. red chalk, a rubric ; from L. rubrica. RUCHE, sf. a hive ; formerly rusche, Prov. rusca ; of Celtic origin, Breton rusken. For c = ck see acharner ; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. rucher, ruchee. Rude, adj. rude ; from L. rudis. — Der. rud- esse, rudoytr. Rudiment, sm. a rudiment; from L. rudi- mentum. RUDOYER, va. to treat rudely. See rude. RUE, ./. (Bot.) rue. Sp. ruda. It. ruta, from L. ruta. For loss of medial t see aigu. RUE, sf. a street ; in O. It. ruga, from L. ruga, properly a furrow, then a path, street, in medieval Lat. documents. We find in a charter of a.d. hi I, 'Quorum rex operta expertus, ecclesiam, rugam, plateam et mensuras concessit'; and in a text of A.D. 1 165, 'Usque ad locum qui vocatur Tudella, in ruga ejusdem S. Ger- man!.' Buga becomes rue by dropping g, see allier. — Der. ruelle. RUELLE, sf. a lane. See rue. — Der. rueller. Ruer, va. to rush; from L, ruere. — Der, rwade, r?/eur. Rugir, v7i. to roar, bellow ; from L. rugire. — Der. n/^issant, rw^issement. RugOsit6, s/, roughness; from L. rugosi- tatem. For -tatem = -<e see § 230. Rugueux, adj. wrinkled ; from L. rugosus. For -osus = -«/* see § 229. Ruine, sf. a ruin; from L. ruina. — Der. ruintr, ruineux. Ruinure, sf. bearing (carpentry). Origin unknown. RUISSEAU, sm. a stream ; formerly ruissel, from L. rivicellus *, dim. of rivus (for e\ = eau see agneau). Rivicellus, regu- larly contrd. (see § 52) to riv'cellus, becomes ruissel. For v = m see aurone ; for c — ss see amine. — Der. (from O. Fr. ruissel) ruisseler, ruisselet. RUISSELANT, adj. streaming. See ruisseler. RUISSELET, sm. a streamlet. See ruisseau. RUISSELER, vn. to gush. See ruisseau. — Der. ruisselnnt. fRumb.s/K. (Naut.) a rhumb ; from Engl. rhu7nb. Rumeur, sm. a rumour ; from L. rumorem. Rumination, sf. rumination ; from L. ru- minationem. Ruminer, vn. to ruminate ; from L. rumi- nare. — Der. ruminant. Rupture, sf. a rupture ; from L. ruptura. Its doublet is roture, q. v. Rural, adj. rural ; from L. rural is. RUSER, va. to use artifice ; formerly reuser, originally a hunting term for the doubles of a hare, etc., to escape the dogs, by throwing them off the scent. For the later extension of meaning see § 13. Reuser, Prov. reusar, from L. recusare, by loss of medial c, whence reuser, whence reuser (see Hist. Gram. p. 38), whence ruser. For eu = M see puree. Ruser is a doublet of recuser, q. V. — Der. ruse (verbal subst.), ruse. RUSTAUD, SOT. a rustic. See rustre. Rusticity, sf rusticity ; from L. rusticita- tem. Rustique, adj. rustic; from L. rusticus. Its doublet is rustre, q. v. RUSTRE, sm. a boor; formerly ruste, from L. rusticus. Rusticus losini^ its last two atonic vowels (see §§ 50, 51 ) becomes O. Fr. ruste, whence ruslre by addition of r, see chanvre. Its doublet is rustique. — Der. (from O. Fr. ruste) rusta.ud. RUT, SOT. rut ; originally ruit, from L. ru- gitus. For loss of g see Hist. Gram, p, 82. 3aa SA — SAGE. s. SA, poss.pron./em. her ; from L. sam (found in Eiinius). Sam is an archaic form of suam; for its relation to it see mon and § 1 02. For loss of m see 70. Sabbat, sm. Sabbath, Jewish day of rest ; from L. s abb a turn. — Der. sabbatiqae. SABBATIQUE, adj. sabbatical. See sabbat. Sabine, $/. (Bot.) savin; from L. sab'ina. SABLE, sm. sand ; from L. sabulum. For -aibhlxua = -able see able. — Der. sabler, sablitT, sablihre. f Sable, sm. sable (heraldic), black; in O. Fr. the sable martin, whose fur is black in winter. Sable is of Sclar. origin, Polish sobal. SABLE R, va. to sand. — Der. ensabler. SABLEUX, adj. sandy ; from L. sabulosus, by regular contr. (see § 52) of sabiild- sus to sab'losus, whence sableux. For -osus = -cwa; see § 229. SABLlfiRE, sf. a sand-pit. See sable. SABLIHRE, sf. a raising-piece (carpenter's tool). Origin unknown. SABLON, sm. sand, lit. large sand ; from L. sabulonem, by regular contr. (see § 52) of sabulonem to sab'ionem. — Der. sablonner, sablonneuK, sablonnier, sablonniere. SABORD, sm. (Naut.) a port-hole. Origin unknown. SABOT, sm. a wooden shoe. Origin unknown. — Der. saboter, sabot'icr, sabotVeie. SABOULER, va. to push about. Origin unknown, t Sabre, sm. a sabre; from Germ, sdbel, by contr. of sabel to sdb'l, whence sabre (by l=r, see apotre). — Der. sabrer, sabrem. + Sabretache, sf. a sabretache; from Germ, sdbeltasche. SAC, sm. a sack ; from L. saccus. For cq = c see bee. — Der, sachee, sachet (cp. cochet from coq). SAC, sm. sack, plunder ; verbal subst. of O. Fr. sacquer. Sac is from sacquer, as trac from traquer. Origin of sacquer unknown. •f-Saccade, sf. a jerk, shake; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. staccato, from staccare. tSaccager, va. to sack, pillage; from It. saccheggiare. — Der. saccage (verbal subst.), saccag enxtnt. Sacerdoce, sm. priesthood ; from L. sacv-.,. dotium. Sacerdotal, adj. sacerdotal ; from L. saceri dotalis. + Sacoche, s/. a saddle-bag ; from It. sac cocia. Sacramentel, adj. sacramental ; from L sacramentalis *, from sacramentum. Sacre, sm. consecration ; from L. sacrum. Sacr6, adj. consecrated, devoted, damned from L. sacratns. For -atus = -e' set ampoule and § 20 r. — Der. consacr^. Sacrement, sm. a sacrament ; from L sacramentum. Its doublet is serment, q. v Sacrer, va. to consecrate ; from L. sacrare — Der. consacr^r. Sacrificateur, sm. a sacrificer ; from L sacrificatorem. — Der. sacrtficature. Sacrifice, sm. a sacrifice; from L. sacrifi cium. Sacrifier, va. to sacrifice ; from L sacrificare. Sacrildge, sm. sacrilege; from L. sacrile gium. Sacrildge, adj. sacrilegious; from L. sacri legus. + Sacripant, sm. rhodomontadc ; from It Sacripante{si name in the Orlando Furioso) Sacristain, sm. a sacristan; from L. sacri 5 tanus*, from sacrista, a sacrist, in chargt of the sacred objects for divine worshij (found in an 8tb-cent. text), from sacrum Sacristie, sf a sacristy ; from eccles. L sacristia*, from sacrista. See sacristain t Safran, SOT. saffron; from It. zaff'erano — Der. safranex. Safre, adj. gluttonous. Origin unknown. SAFRE, sf zafFer, oxyde of cobalt. Origii unknown. Sagace, adj. sagacious ; from L. sagacem Sagacity, sf. sagacity ; from L. sagacita tem. For -tatem = -/c' see § 230. SAGE, adj. wise. Sp. sabio, from L. sapiui (found in Petronius, who uses the compd ne-sapius for senseless). Sapius become successively sabius * (for p = b see § 1 1 1) whence Sp. sabio; then savius (for \i=^ see § 113), whence sage. For vi = vj whence savjus, see abreger ; for vj =g whence sage, see alleger. — Der. sa^esse. SA GETTE — SALSIFIS, Sagette, sf. an arrow; from L. sagitta. For i = e see § 72. Sagittaire, sf. Sagittarius, an archer ; from L. Sagittarius. ♦ f Sago 11, sm. sago; of Indian origin, through Engl. sago. Sagouin, sm. a sagoin (animal). Origin unknown. SAIE, sf. a sagum (Roman over-cloak) ; from L. saga *, from sagum. For loss of medial g see allier. — Der. sayon. SAIGNER, vn. to bleed; from L. sangui- nare *, found in the Germanic Laws : ' De ictus nobiiis . . . livor et tumor si sangui- nat ' (Lex Saxonum). For loss of atonic ui see § 52; for a,-ai see § 54. — Der. !-aign2t.\\\., saignee (partic. subst.), saigne- ment, saigneMV, saigneux. SAILLANT, adj. prominent, salient. See saillir. SAILLIE, sf. a projection. See saillir. SAILLIR, vn. to project; from L. salire. For a.li = aill see ail. — Der. saillk (partic. subst.), sailhnt, zssaillir, Utssaillir. SAIN, sm. lard. It. saime, Prov. sain, sagin, from L. sagimen *, fat, in medieval Lat. texts ; e. g. ' Qiii lardum prius ahquantulum cum oleribus coctum, et sagimen faciunt,' from a I2th-cent. document. Sagim.en becomes sain : for loss of medial g see allier; for -im.en = -m see § 226. — Der. sain-doux. SAIN, adj. sound ; from L. sanus. For -anus = -am see § 194. — Der. «ai«-foin. SAINDOUX, sm. lard. See sain. SAINFOIN, sm. (Bot.) sainfoin. See sain and foin. SAINT, adj. sainted, holy; from L. sanctus. For anct = aiftt see affete. SAINTETE, sf. sanctity ; from L. sanctita- tem. For i = e see § 72; for anct = aint see affete; for -tatem = -/e' see § 230. SAISIE, sf. an execution (in law). See saisir. SAISIR, va. to seize; from L. sacire, in medieval Lat. documents. ' Alterius rem ad proprietatem sacire,' is found in a Merov. formula. Sacire is of Germ, origin, O.H.G. sazjan, to place, whence to occupy, take in possession, seize. Sacire becomes saisir. For a = az see § 54; for c = s see amide. — Der. saisxe (partic. subst.), saisine, satssiss- able. sa/sissant, sa/sissement. SAISISSABLE, adj. seizable. See saisir. — Der. insaisissable. . SAISON, sf a season. Sp. sazon, from L. sationem, properly the sowing-time. 'Vere fabis satio/ says Virgil, whence sense of a 3^3 definite part of the year during which plant- ing and sowing go on. For -ationem = -aison see § 232. t Salade, sf a salad ; from It. salala (the modern It. word is in-salata). Its doublet is salee. — Der. saladier. t Salade, sf a helmet ; from It. celata. Salaire, sm. a salary; from L. salarium. Its doublet is saliere. — Der. salarier. SAL AISON, s/. salting; from L.salationem,*, from sal. For -ationem = -azso« see § 232. t Salamalec, sm. a low bow; phrase introd. by Eastern travellers. Ar. salam alaik. Salamandre, sf a salamander ; from L. salamaadra (found in Pliny). Salarier, va. to salary, pay wages. See salaire. — Der. salari^. SALE, adj. dirty; of Germ, origin, O.H.G. salo, dull, thence dirty.: — Der. sa/ete, salir, sahud, sa/igaud. f Salep, sm. Salop; introd. by Eastern tra- vellers, Saler, va. to salt; from L. salare*, from sal. — Der. sa/ant, sa/eur. saZiere, saloir, salure, saleron, salnge. SALETE, sf dirtiness. See sale. Salin, adj. saline ; from L. salinus. Saline, sf salt provisions ; from L. salinae. SALIR, va. to dirty. See sale. — Der. sa/is- sant, saZissure. Salivaire, adj. salivary; from L. sali- varius. Salivation, sf salivation; from L. saliva- tionem. Salive, sf saUva; from L. saliva. — Der. saliver, SALLE, sf. a hall. O. Fr. sale, It. sala, from L. sala*, a dwelling in Merov. documents ; e. g. ' Si quis super aliquem focum in nocte miserit, ut domum ejus incendat aut salam suam,' in the Lex Alamannorum, tit. 5. Sala is of Germ, origin, O. H. G. sal, a house, hall. — Der. salon. Salmigondis, sm. a salmagundi, hotch- potch. Origin unknown. Salmis, sm. a salmi, ragout. Origin un- known. SALOPERIE, sf. slovenliness ; from a form salope, the origin of which is unknown. Salpetre, sm. saltpetre ; from L. sal petrae. — Der. salpetrer, salpetr'itx, salpefriere. t Salsepareille, sf (Bot.) sarsaparilla ; from It. salsapariglia. f Salsifis, sm. (Bot.) salsify, goatsbeard; corruption of It. sassefrica. Y 2 324 SALTA TION — SANTALINE. Saltation, sf. dancing; from L. salta- tionem. t Saltimbanque, sm. a mountebank; from It. saltimbanco. Salubre, adj. healthful; from L. saluber. Salubrit6, s/. salubrity; from L. salubri- tatem. SALUER, va. to salute. Sp. saludar. It. salutare, from L. salutare. For loss of medial t see ahhaye. Salut, sm. safety, salutation; from L. salu- tem. Salutaire, adj. salutary; from L. salu- taris. Salutation, sf. salutation; from L. salu- tationem. i* Salve, sf. a salute, salvo; from It. salva. SAMEDI, sm. Saturday; from L. sabbati dies, properly the Sabbath day. The word should be regularly sahedi not samedi, but the existence of the archaic Lat. form du- benus by the side of dominus, proves the correctness of this origin : moreover the It. says sdbato, Wallachian sembete ; and Prov., reversing the words, says dissapte (dies sabb'ti *). Sanctification, sf. sanctification ; from L. sanctificationem. Sanctifier, va. to sanctify; from L. sanc- tificare. — Der. sanctifiznt. Sanction, sf. sanction; from L. sanctio- nem. — Der. sanctionntx. Sanctuaire, sm. a sanctuary; from L. sanctuarium. Sandale, sm. a sandal; from L. sanda- lium. Sandaraque, sf sandarach (rosin); from L. sandaraca (found in Pliny). SANG, sm. blood ; from L. sanguis. SANGLANT, adj. bloody ; from L. sangui- Ifntus (found in Scribonius Largus), by contr. (see § 52) of sanguil^ntus to sang'lentus, whence sanglant. For en = an see dimanche. — Der. ensanglanter. SANGLE, sf. a strap, band, girth; formerly sengle and cengle. It. cinghia, from L. cingula, by regular contr. (see § 51) of cingiila to cing'la, whence cengle (for in = en see § 72), whence sengle (for c = s see amttie), whence sangle (for en — an see dimanche and Hist. Gram. p. 48). — Der. sangler (its doublet is cingler, q. v.), sanghdQ. SANGLIER, sf. a boar. O. Fr. senglier, ori- ginally pore senglier, from L. singularis (sc. porcus), properly a solitary or wild pig. The five-year-old boar is called in Fr. soli- taire, because he lives alone. Similarly in: Gr. fiovios is used for a boar. Senglier is originally, in the phrase pore senglier, a simple adj. signifying solitary; later, ihe epithet ejected the subst., and sanglier remained in the sense of the L. aper. Besides, the adj. singularis is seen toi have already taken the sense of ' a boar ' in medieval Lat. texts ; e. g. ' Ecce immanis- simus singularis de sylva egressus ' (Vita St. Odonis, lib. 2). SinguMris, contrd. regularly (see § 52) to sing'laris, gives O. Fr. senglier. For -aris- -ier see § 198; for in = en see § 72 ; whence later an, s« dimanche. Sanglier is a doublet of sin- gulier, q. v. SANGLOTER, vn. to sob ; from L. singul-i tare. For u = o see annoncer; for the metathesis of ol to lo see pupi're ; for in ■■ an see dimanche. — Der. sanglot (verbal subst.). SANGSUE, sf. a leech; from L. sanguisuga, by contr. (see § 52) of sanguisuga to sang'suga, whence sangsue. For loss of medial g see allier. Sanguin, adj. sanguine; from L. sangui- neus. — Der. sanguine. Sanguinaire, adj. sanguinary ; from L.i sanguinarius. Sanguinolent, adj. sanguineous ; from L. sanguinolentus. Sanie, sf. sanies; from L. saniem. — Der. saraieux. tSanitaire, adj. sanitary; introd. from Engl, sanitary. SANS, prep, without; formerly sens, from L. sind. For in = an see dimanche; for addition of s see Hist. Gram. p. 80 : in the phrase sens dessus dessous, sens is not the original word, but a corruption of e'en : in the middle ages the phrase was not sens dessus dessous, but e'en dessus dessous, i. e. that which is above is put below. SANSONNET, sm. a starling ; of hist, origin (see § 33), dim. of Sanson, common form of Samson : for m = n see changer. We know how often birds have been designated by the names of men, as for the sparrow pierrot (dim. of Pierre), for the parroquet Jacquot (dim. oi Jacques), etc. (§ 14). SANTE, sf health ; from L. sanitatem, by regular contr. (see § 52) of sanitatem to san'tatem. For -tatem — -te see § 230. t Santa line, s/". (Chem.) santaline; dim. of santal, a Malay kind of wood, Malay tsendana. SANVE — SA TURA TION. 3^5 SANVE, sf. the charlock; from L. sinapi. The Gr. accent (aivani) has here supplanted the Lat. accent (sindpi). This word is I then contrd. (see § 5 1 ) to sin'pi, whence I O. Fr. senve. For p = v see § 1 1 1 ; for in = en = a?i see dimanche ; whence sanve. ' f Sapajou, stn. a monkey; of American origin, see § 32. SAFE, sf. sap (military) ; from L. sappa, a pick, in Isidore of Seville. For pp —p see chape. — Der. saptx, sapeur. SAPEUR, sm. a sapper. See sape. Saphir, stn. a sapphire; from L. saphirus. — Der. saphir'me, Sapide, adj. sapid, tasty; from L. sapidus. — Der. msipide. Sapience, sf. sapience, wisdom ; from L. sapientia. For -tia = -ce see agencer. SAPIN, &V1. a spruce fir; from L. sappinus. For pp =p see chape. — Der. sapiniere. Saponaire, sf (Bot.) soapwort; from L. saponarius*, from saponem. Its doublet is savomiiere, q. v. tSarabande, sf a saraband (dance); from Sp. zarabaiida. \ f Sarbacane, sf a pea-shooter, air-cane; I' from It. sarbacane. 1 Sarcasme, sm. a sarcasm; from L. sar- I casmus (so used in Quintilian). — Der, sar~ I castique. I Sarcastique, adj. sarcastic ; from. Gr. aap- I KaOTlKOS. i SARCELLE, sf. a teal ; formerly sercelle, ori- : ginally cercele, from L. querquedula. I For qu = c see car, whence cercedula *. j Cercedula, regularly contrd. (see § 51) j to cerced'la, becomes cercelle (for dl=:// I see § t68), then sercelle (for c = s see ' amitie), then sarcelle (for e = a seeamender). i Sarcelle is a doublet of cercelle, q. v. SARCLER, va. to weed ; from L. sarcu- lare. By regular loss of u (see § 52) sarculd,re becomes sarc'lare, whence sarcler. — Der. sarc/age, sarcltwx, sarcloir, sarclwxt. Sarcologie, sf sarcology; from Gr. oap^ and Kofos. Sarcophage, sm. a sarcophagus ; from Gr. aapKOfpcuyus. Its doublet is cerceuil, q. v. SARDINE, sf. a sardine, pilchard; from L. sardina (in Columella). For persistence of the Gr. accent (aapdivrj) see sanve. SARDOINE, sf. a sardonyx; from L. sar- donyx. For o = oi see chanoine. Sardonique, adj. sardonic ; from Gr. oap- tavios (sc. yeXas), a convulsive laugh caused, as the Greeks held, by a Sardinian weed. + Sarigue, sm. an opossum; of American origin. Brazilian farigi^eia. SARMENT, sm. a vine shoot ; from L. sar- mentum, Sarmenteux, adj. (Bot.) sarmentous ; from L. sarmentosus. For -o&yxa = -eux see § 229.^ Sarrasin, sm. buckwheat ; originally from Africa, whence its name of ' Saracen,' SARRAU, sm. a smock-frock. Origin un- known. SARRIETTE, sf (Bot.) savory; dim. of sarrie*. For dim. in ette see ablette. Sarrie*, Prov. sadreia. It. santoreggia, is from L. satvireia. Satiireia, regularly contrd, (see § 52.) to sat'reia, becomes sarrie. For tr = rr see § 168; for e = 2 see § 59. SAS, sm. a sieve. O. Fr. saas, originally seas, Sp. sedaza, Neapolitan setaccio, from L. seta- Qeum, der. from seta. Setaceum, by eu = iu (see abreger), becomes setacium (found in a medieval Lat. glossary : ' Seta- cius instrumentum purgandi farinam, Se- taciare farinam purgare*), thence seda- cium : for t = (f see aider and aigu. Se- dacium is found (9th cent.) in the Glosses of Schlestadt. Sedacium, by losing its medial d (see accabler) and by a=s (see agencer) becomes O. Fr. seas, whence later saas, afterwards contrd. to sas: for ea = aa = a see age. — Der. sasser, resasser. t Sassafras, sm. (Bot.) sassafras; from Port, sassafraz. SASSE, sf. a scoop, shoveL Origin unknown. SASSER, va. to bolt, sift. See sas. — Der. re- sasser. Satan, sm. Satan; from L. Satanus. — Der. sa^anique. Satellite, sm. a satellite ; from L. satelli- tem. Sati6t6, sf satiety; from L. satietatem. Satin, sm. satin; from barbarous L. setinus*, der. from seta. For e = a see amender. — Der. satinet, satina.ge. Satire, sf a satire; from L. satira. Satirique, adj. satirical; from L. satiri- cus. Satisfaction, sf. satisfaction; from L. satis- factionem. Satisfaire, va. to satisfy; from L. satis- f a c e r e . For f a c e r e =faire stefaire. Satisfaisant, adj. satisfying ; pres. partic. of satisfaire. Satrape, sm. a satrap; from L. satrapa. Satrapie, sf satrapy; from L. satrap ia. Saturation, sf. saturation; from L. satu- rationem 325 SA TURER — SA VANE. Saturer, va. to saturate ; from L. satu- rare. Saturnales, sf. pi. saturnalia ; from L. saturnalia, feasts in honour of Saturn. Batume, sm. Saturn; from L. saturnus. Satyre. sm. a satyr; from L. satyrus. Satyrique, qdj. satiric ; from L. satyr icus. SAUCE, .«/. sauce. It. saha, from L. salsa *, a seasoning of salt and spices, in medieval Lat, texts : ' Salvia, serpillum, piper, allia, sal, petrcsillum. His bona fit salsa, vel sit sententia falsa,' from an old Lat. poem. Salsa is Class. Lat. adj. salsa, so called from the salt which, with spice, is the base of the seasoning. Salsa becomes sauce : for al = aw ■see agneau ; for s = c see cer- cueil. — Der. sawcer, saticihre. SAUCISSE, sf. a sausage. It. salciccia, from L. salsitia *, in medieval Lat texts. Sal- sitia is from Salsus : ' Salsa intestina hirci,' is found in Acronius, one of the Scholiasts of Horace. Salsitia, found in several very ancient glossaries, changes s to C, and becomes salcitia, see cercueil: • Lucanica, genus cibi, ut dicunt salcitia,' says' a medieval Lat author. Salcitia becomes saucisse : for al = au see agneau ; for -tia = -sse see agencer. — Der. saucisson. SAUF, adj. safe ; from L. salvus. For al = ail see agneau ; for v =/ see boeuf. — Der. sa«/-conduit, sawi/«garde (see garde). SAUGE, sf. (Bot.) sage. It. salvia, from L. salvia. For al = aM see agneau; for -via = -ge see abreger. Its doublet is ^Ivia, q.v. SAUGRENU, adj. ridiculous ; from a form salgrenu *, compd. of sal and grenu, lit. large-grained salt. See sel and grenu. SAULE, sf. a willow; of Germ, origin, O. H. G. sala *, contr. of salaha. For a = au see gaule. S AUM ATRE, adj. briny ; formerly saumastre. It. salmastro, from L. salmastrxim *, der. from sal. For loss of s see Hist. Gram, p. 8i ; for al = aw see agneau. SAUMON, sm. a salmon. It, salamone, from L. salmonem For al = aM see agneau. — Der. saumone, saumontzn. SAUMURE, sf. brine. Sp. salmuera, compd. of L. sal and muria. Sal-muria becomes saumure : for al = au see agneau. SAUNER, vn. to make salt ; from L. sali- nare, der. from salinum. by regular contr. (see accointer) of salinare to sal'nare, whence sauner. For Ql = au see agneau. — Der. saunzgQ. SAUNIER, sm. a Salter, saltmaker: from L. salinarius. by regular contr. (fee accoinfer) of salinarius to sal'narius, whence saunter. For -arius = -ier see dnier. — Der. sauniere, saunerit. SAUPIQUET, sm. a pungent sauce; from O. Fr. verb savpiquer, Sp. salpicar, compd. of sou (which from L. sal ; for a,l = au sec agneau) and of piquer, q. v. SAUPOUDRER, va. to salt, powder with salt; lit. poudrer de sel. Sau-poudrer is compd. of sau (which from L. sal ; for al = au see agneau) and of poudrer, q. v. SAUR, adj. dried, brownish red ; as in hareng saur, etc. Saur is of Germ, origin, Neth. soor. — Der. sawrer, sawret. Saurien, adj. saurian ; from Gr. cavpos. SAUSSAIE, .<f. a willow-ground ; from L. salicetum *, by regular contr. (see ac- \ cointer) of salicetum to sal'<jetura, whence saussaie. For loss of medial t see aigu; for al = au see agneau; for c— vs see amide ; for e = oi = at see accroire. SAUT, sm. a leap ; from L. saltus. For al = au see agneau. SAUTER, vn. to leap. It. salfare, from L. saltare. For al = aw see agneau. — Der. saute (partic. subst.), 5a7//eur, sautoir, saiit- iller, rtssauter, sautertWc. SAUTERELLE, sf. a grasshopper. See sauter. Its doublet is saltarelle, q. v. SAUTILLER, vn. to hop, skip. See sauter. — Der. sautillznt, sautillement. SAUVAGE, adj. wild. O. Fr. salvage, Prov. salvatge, from L. silVaticus (found iu Pliny). For i = a see balance, whence sal- vaticus, found in 7th ■cent, in Merov. documents: we see in the Lex Bajuwariorum, tit. XX. § 6, ' De his quidem avibus, quae de salvaticis per documenta humana domes- ticantur industria.' The Glosses of Reiche- nau (8th cent.) gives us ' Aper salvaticus porcus.' Salvaticus becomes salvage (for -aticum = -age see dge), then sauvage (for al = au see agneau). — Der. sauvagerie, sauvageoD, sauvagin, sauvag'me. SAUVEGARDE, sf. safeguard. See sauf and garde. SAUVER, va. to save. It. salvare, from L. salvare. For al = aM see agneau. — Der. sauveter (whence sauvet&ge). ■ SAUVETAGE, sm. salvage. See sauver. | SAUVETEUR, sm. a salvOr. See sauver. *J SAUVEUR, sm. a saviour, deliverer. Port. Salvador, lt.salvadore,iTom L. salvatorem. For -atorem = -eur ste empereur ; for al = au see agneau. t S a vane, sf. a savannah. Sp. savana. SA VANT — SCIEMMENT, 3^1 ...VANT, adj, learned; pres. partic. of savoir, q. v. — Der. savania.ise. f Sa VatG, s/. an old shoe ; from It. ciabatta, ciavatta. — Der. savat\tx, savafer, savatene. SAVEUR, sf. a savour, relish. Sp. sabor. It. sapore, from L. saporem. For p = v see § 1 1 1 ; for o = eM see § 79, — Der. savourei, savoureux. SAVOIR, vn. to know. Sp. saber. It. sapere, from L. sapere. For change of quantity, sapere to sapere, see Hist. Gram. p. 133. Sapere becomes sapire (found in Carol, texts); for e = i see § 59. Sapire be- comes savire; forp = vsee§ iii. The subst. savirum is found in a Capitulary of Charles the Bald, a,d. 851: 'Ego illi Karolo Hludowici et Judith filio, ab ista die inante fidelis ero secundum meiim savi- rum.' Savire becomes savoir ; for i = oi see boire. The subj. sapiam becomes sache; for pia = cAe see abreger. The pres. partic. sapientem becomes sachant ; for en = an see amender ; for pi = che see abreger. — "Dtx. savoir (verbal subst.), savoir- faire, sai»ozr-vivre, savant (q. v.). SAVON, sm. soap ; from L. saponem. For p = i; see § iii. — Der. savonvitx, lavon- nette. SAVONNER, va. to soap. See savon. — Der, sai/ownage, savonnene, savonnier, savon- neux. SAVOURER, va. to savour, relish. See saveur. — Der. savouremenx., SAVOUREUX, adj. savoury. See saveur. Saxatile, adj. saxatile (belonging to rocks) ; from L. saxatilis. Saxifrage, sf. saxifrage; from L. saxi- fraga. SAYON, sm. a great coat. See sale. + Sbire, sm. a sbirro, officer of justice ; from It. sbirro. Scabieuse, sf. (Bot.) the scabious ; from L, scabiosa, der, from scabies, lit, that which cures the scab, as was believed. For -osa= -etise see § 229. Scabieux, adj. scabious; from L. scabi- osus. For -oa}is = -eux see § 229. ScabreUX, adj. rugged, rough ; from L. scabrosus. Scaldne, adj. scalene ; from Gr. ana- \t]vus. Scalpel, sm. (Surg,) a scalpel ; from L. scalpellum. t Scalper, va. to scalp; from Engl, to scalp. Scammonee, sf. (Bot,) scammony ; from L, scammonea. Scandale, sm. a scandal; from L. scan- da lum. Its doublet is esclandre, q. v, Scandaliser, va. to scandalise ; from L, scandalizare (in TertuUian), Scander, va. to scan; from L. scandere. Scaphandre, sm. a cork-jacket ; from Gr. cTKCLcpT] and dv:qp, avSpos. Seapulaire, S7n. a scapulary (cloak over the shoulders); from L. scapularis*, found in Low. Lat., der. from scapulus. Scarab^e, sm. a beetle; from L, scara- baeus. Scare, sm. (Ichth,) a scar; from L. scarus. Scarification, sf. scarification; from L. scarificationem. Scarifier, va. to scarify, cilp ; from L. scarificare. fScarlatine, sf. scarlatina; from It. scarlattina, dim. of scarlatto, scarlet. A Neapolitan physician (a. d. 1553) first gave this name to the disease. SCEAU, sm. a seal ; formerly seel. It, sigillo, from L, sigillum. Sigillum, losing its medial g (see allier), and by i = e (see § 72), becomes O. Fr. seel, which after- wards became seel by adding a c, whence sceati ; for el = eau see agtieau. — Der. sceller (from O. Fr. seel). Sc616rat, sm^ a profligate; from L. scele- ratus. — Der. sceleratesse. SCELLER, va. to seal. See sceau. — Der, scellc (partic. subst.), scellemtnt, scelleuT, desceller. Sc§ne, sf. a scene; from L. scena. Sc^nique, adj. scenic; from L. scenicus. Sceptique, adj. sceptical; from L. scep- ticus (found in Quintilian). — Der. scepfic- isme-. Sceptre, sm. a sceptre; from L. sceptrum. tSchabraque, sf shabrack (cavalry officer's horse-clothing). See chabraque. fSchako. See shako. fSchall. Stt chale. fSchelling, sm. a shilling; from Engl. shilling. Scliisniatique, adj. schismatic ; • from L. schismaticus (found in St. Augustine). Schisme, sm. a schism; from L. schisma. Schiste, sm. schist, clayslate (found in Pliny). Its doublet is zeste. — Der. schist- tux. + Schlague, sf. military flogging; from Germ, schlag. Sciatique, sf. (Med.) sciatica ; corruption of L. ischiadicus (found in Pliny). SCIE, sf. a saw. See scier. Sciemment, adv. knowingly, wittingly ; 328 SCIENCE — SECO UER . for scientment* (see ahondamment). It. scien- temente. Scientment* is compd. of scient, from L. scientem and ment, see § 225. Science, sf. science; from L. scientia. For tia - ce see agencer. — Def. scien- tifique. SCIER, va. to saw, O. Fr. sier. It, segare, from L. seoare. Seoare, by loss of medial c (see affouage), and by o = i (see § 59), becomes O, Fr. sier, whence scier, by the addition of c. — Der. scie (verbal subst.), sc/age, sc/erie, sc/eur (its doublet is secateur), sc/ure. Scille, sf. a squill; from L. scilla, Scinder, va. to cleave; from L, scindere. Scintillation, sf. a scintillation; from L. scintillationem. Scintiller, vn. to sparkle; from L, scin- tillare. Its doublet is itinceler, q. v. SCION, sm. a scion ; der, from scier, q. v. Scissile, adj. scissile, cleavable; from L. scissilis. Scission, sf scission, cleavage; from L, scissionem . — Der. scissionmxxt. Scl6rotique, adj. (Anat.) sclerotic; from Gr, CKXrjpus {aKKrjpayriKos). Scolaire, sm, a scholar; from L. scholaris. Its doublet is ecolier, q,v. Scolastique, sf scholasticism ; from L, scholastica (used for a declamation in Seneca). Scolastique, sm. a schoolman; from L. scholasticus, Scoliaste, sm. a scholiast; from Gr. axo- Kiaar-qs. Scolie, sm. a scholium, note; from Gr. Scolopendre, sf (Bot.) scolopendra, harts- tongue; from L. scolopendra (found in Pliny), Scombre, sm. a mackerel; from L. scom- brum. + Scorbut, sm. scurvy; in 17th cent. scurbut : of Dutch origin, Neth. scheurbuk. — Der, scorbiitiqae. Scorie, 5/", scoria; from L. scoria (found in Pliny), — Der. scoriHer. Scorpion, sm. a scorpion; from L. scor- pionem, fScorsondre, sf (Bot.) scorsonera; from It. scorzonera. Scribe, sm. a scribe; from L. scriba. Scrofules, sf pi. scrofula; from L. scro- fulae. Its doublet is ecrouelle, q. v. — Der, scrofuleux, scrofuhxxQ. Scrupule, sm. a scruple ; from L. scrupu- ius. Scrupuleux, adj. scrupulous ; from L . scrupulosus, Scr ut ateur, sm. an investigator; from L, scrutatorem. Scruter, va. to explore, scrutinise; from L, scrutari. Scnitin, sm. a ballot; from L. scruti- nium. Sculpter, va. to sculpture; from L. sculp- tare *, from sculptus. Sculpteur, sm. a sculptor; from L. sculp- torem. Sculpture, sf sculpture; from L. sculp- tura. SE, pers. pron. s. pi. self; from L. se. SEANCE, sf. a seat, sitting. See seant. SEANT, pres. part, sitting ; from L. seden- tem, sitting, whence resident, as in la cour royale scant a Paris. Sedentem becomes seant: for loss of medial d see accabler; for en = a« see amande. — Der. seant (sm.), seance. SEAIJ, sm. a bucket ; formerly seel, Milanese sidell, from L. sitellum*, neuter form of sitella, a vessel, found in Cicero. Sitellxim, by losing medial t (see ahbaye), and by i = e (see § 72), becomes seel, then seau. For el = eau see agneau. S§bac6, adj. sebaceous ; from L. seba- ceus. S6bile, sf. a wooden bowl. Origin un- known. SEC, adj. dry; from L. siccus. For i = e see § 72 ; for cc = c see bee. Seche represents L. sicca. For i = e see § 72: for cc = ch see acheter. — Der. s^cheresse. S6cable, adj. scissile; from L. secabilis. S6cante, sf (Geom,) a secant; from L. secantem. Its doublet is sciante, q.v. SECHE, sf. a cuttle-fish. It. sepia, from L. sepia. For pia = cAe see abreger. Its doublet is seiche, q.v. SECHER, va. to dry ; from L. siccare. For i = e see § 72; for cc = cA see acheter. — Der. sechoix. SECHERESSE, sf. dryness. See sec. Second, adj. second; from L. secundus. For u = o see annoncer. — Der. seconde. Secondaire, adj. secondary ; from L, secundarius. Secondairement, adv. secondarily. See secondaire. Seconder, va. to second; from L. secun- dare. SECOUER, va. to shake off; from L. suc- cutare*, secondary form of succutere. Succutare * becomes secouer : for loss SECO URIR — SEILLE. 329 of medial t see ahbaye; for M = e see chapeler : for u = ow see § 90. — Der. secoue- ment. SECOURIR, va. to succour; from L. suc- currere. For u = e see chapeler; for eurrere = cownV see §§ 90, 168, 59. — Der. secours (L. succursus * from suc- currere ; for u = £ see chapeler ; for cursus = cours see course), secowrable. SECOURS, sm. help. See secotirir. SECOUSSE, sf. a shaking, concussion ; from L. succussa *, partic. subst., act of shak- ing, der. from succussus, p.p. of suc- cutere. For su = se see secotier ; for u = OM see § 90. Secret, adj. secret; from L. secretus. Secret, sm. a. secret; from L. secretum. — Der. secretaire. Secretaire, sm. a secretary. See secret. — Der. secretariat, secretaircne. S6cr6ter, va. to secrete; from L. secre- tare *, der. from secretus, p.p. of secer- nere. — Der. secreieur, secretoire. S6cr6tion, sf. secretion; from L. secre- tionem. ; Sectateur, sm. a votary; from L. sec- : tatorem. ! Secte, sf. a sect; from L. secta. — Der, j sectaiTe. I Secteur, sm. (Geom.) a sector ; from L. sectorem. j Section, sf. a section ; from L. sec- I tionem. Seculaire, adj. secular (coming once in 100 years); from L. saecularis. — Its doublet is seculier, q. v. j S6culariser, va. to secularise ; from L. j saecularis in sense of worldly, given to this word by the ecclesiastics ; see seculier. ! — Der. secularis2.X\on. \ Seculier, a£^'. secular ; from L. saecularis, from saeculum. For -aris = -zer see § 198. Its doublet is seculaire, q.v. S6curit^, sf. security ; from L. securi- ; tatem. Its doublet is surete, q.v. S6datif, adj. sedative ; from L. sedativus *, der. from sedatus. S6dentaire, adj. sedentary ; from L. seden- tarius. Sediment, sw. a sediment; from L. sedi- mentum. Seditieux, adj. seditious; from L. sedi- tiosus. Sedition, sf. sedition ; from L. sedi- tion e m . Seducteur, sm. a seducer ; from L. se- ductorem. Seduction, sf. seduction; from L. seduc- ^tionem. SEDUIRE, va. to seduce ; from L. seducere (found in Tertullian). For -ducere = -duire see conduire. — Der. seduisant. SEDUISANT, adj. seductive. See sediiire. Segment, sm. a segment ; from L. seg- mentum. Segregation, sf. segregation ; from L. segregationem. SEICHE. See its doublet seche. For e = ei see frein. Seide, sm. a fanatical assassin ; of hist, origin, see § 33 note I . SEIGLE, sm. rye. Pro v. seguel, It. segale, from L. secale (in Pliny). By an un» usual displacement of the Lat, accent, secale becomes secale in vulgar Lat. Secale, by c = g (see adjuger), becomes segale in 8th cent, in a Capitulary of Charlemagne. Segale, by e=i (see § 59), becomes sigale, found in a text of A.D, 794: ' De modio sigali denarii 3.' Sigale, losing its penult, a (see § 51), is contrd. to sig'le, whence seigle. For i = ei see § 74. SEIGNEUR, sm. a lord. Sp. senor, from L, seniorem, an old man, whence sense of master, lord ( = doininus), in medieval Lat. texts ; e. g. ' Et mandat vobis noster senior, quia si aliquis de vobis talis est, cui suus senioratus non placet, et illi simulat, ut ad alium seniorem melius,' from a Capitu- lary of Charles the Bald. Seniorem be- comes seigneur: for e = « see § 61; for ni=^« see cigogne; for o = eu see § 79. The nom. senior, regularly contrd. (see § 50) to sen'r, becomes by nr^tidr (see absoudre) sendre, found in the 9th cent., ' Carlos meos sendra ' = ' Karolus meus senior ' in the Oaths of a.d. 842. As prensus becomes successively /)n«s, and then pris, so sendre was successively sindre*, sidre*, sire. For e = i see § 59; for loss of n see § 163 ; for loss of d see § 168. Seigneur is a doublet oi sieur, q.v. — Der. seigneurie, seigneurisil. SEIGNEURIE, sm. a lordship; der. from seigneur, q. v. SEILLE, sf. a pail, bucketful. It. secchia, from L. situla, by regular contr, (see § 51) of situla to sit'la, whence sicla, by an euphonic change, found also in Lat. veclus for vet'lus * (see vieux). Sicla is not an imaginary form ; it is found in this sense in Carolingian texts : ' Servi Ecclesiae tributa legitima reddant xv siclas de cervisia * 33<^ SEIN—-SEMOULE, (Lex Alamannomm, tit. 22). For -iola = -eille see § 257. SEIN, sm. a bosom ; from L. siniis. For i«i«isee § 64. Its doublet is sinus. SEINE, s/". a drag-net ; formerly se'ine. It. sagenna, from L. sagena (found in Ulpian). By e = i (see § 59) sagena becomes sagina : ' Barcae . . . grandesque saginae ' in a medieval Lat. document. Sagina losing medial g (see allier) becomes O. Fr. $eine \ for a = « see § 54: seine later be- comes seine ; cp. reine, reine. SEING, sm. a signature. It. segno^ from L. signum. For gii. = ng see eiang ; for i = ei see § 74. Its doublet is signe, q, v. SEIZE, adj. sixteen ; from L. sedecim. For -edecim = -eize see treize. — Der. seizxhmt. Sl;jOUR, sm. stay, sojourn. See sejourner. SEJOURNER, vn. to sojourn, remain. O.Fr. sojourner, Frov, sojornar. It. soggiomare, from L. subdlvimare *, compd. of diur- nare, to stay long. By loss of d (see ac- couder), by 6i\xxna.Te=journer {see jour), and by u = o (see annoncer) subditirnare becomes sojourner, whence sejourner (by o = e, seeje). — Der. sejour (verbal subst.). SEL, sm. salt ; from L. sal. For a = « see § 54- S^lenite, sm. (Chem.) selenite; from L selenites, — Der. sdleniteux. S616nographie, sf. (Astron.) selenography ; from Gr. CfXTjUT] and ypdijiiiv. — Der. seleno- graphique. SELLE, sf. a saddle ; from L. sella (a seat, also a saddle in the Theodosian Code). — Der. sellette, seller. SELLER, va. to saddle. See selle.—DeT. sellerie, sellier, desneller. SELLETTE, sf. a stool. See selle. SELON, prep, according to ; formerly selonc solonc, sulunc, sullunc, from L. sublon gum*, properly near, ' along-of,' which sense survived in O. Fr. : passer selon une tour, says a Fr. document of the 12th cent. Sublongum, by bl = // (§ i68), gives O. Fr. sullonc, whence solonc (for m = see annoncer), whence selonc (for o = e see je). SEMAILLES, sf.pl. seed-time. Prov. se- menalha, from L. seminalia, sown land, by regular contr, (see § 52) of semi- ndlia to sem'nalia, whence semailles. For mn = m see allumer; for -alia = -a«7/e see ail. SEMAINE, sf. a week ; in 13th cent, sepmaine, in the Roman de la Rose, Prov. setmana. It. settimana, from L. septimana (found in the Theodosian Code), by regular contr. (see § 52) of septimdna to sep'mana, whence semaine. For pm = m see caisse ; for -ana = -am« see § 194. Semaphore, sm. a semaphore ; fashioned out of Gr. afiiM and <pop6s. SEMBLABLE, adj. like. Seesembler. SEMBLANT, sm. a seeming. See sembler. SEMBLER, vti. to seem, resemble ; from L. simulare, which = sembler in Carolingian texts, e. g. * Ut ille possit res de sua ecclesia ordinare, et illi liceat, sicut ei sin:iulaverit, disponere ' in a letter of Hincmar, a.d. 874. For simtilare =sem6/«r see assembler. — Der. sembhnt (partic. subst.), sembhhle, ressembler, diss«m6/able, dissem6/ance. SEMELLE, sf. a sole ^^of boot). Origin un- known. — Der. ressemekr. SEMENCE, sf. seed; from L. sementia*, found (8th cent.) in the Capitularies of Charlemagne. Sementia is from se- mentis. For -tia = -c« see agencer. — Der. ensemencer. SEMER, va. to sow. Prov. semnar. It. semi- nare, from L. seminare, by regular contr. (see § 52) of 8emin6,re to sem'nare, whence semer. For mn - m see allumer. — Der. semeur, semis, semoir, piTsemer. Semestre, sm. a half-year ; from L. se- mestris. — Der. semestriel, semestr'xex. t Semi, adj. half, semi- ; from L. semi. SEMILLANT, adj. brisk, lively; of Celtic origin, being derived from a root sem *, Kymr, s/m, light, brisk. Fore = z see § 05. S^minaire, sm. a seminary ; from L, semi- nar ium, — Der. se'mmariste. SEMIS, sm. a seed-plot. See semer. SEMONCE, sf. an invitation, reprimand. See semondre. — Der. semoncer. SEMONDRE, va. to summon, invite ; from L. submonere, to inform, in Tertullian, to summon, in medieval Lat. texts. Submo- nere by bm = mm (see sujet) becomes summonere: cp. submoveo, sum- moveo. Summon6re, byu = o = e(see secouer), becomes semondre by change of accent to summonere (see Hist. Gram, p. 133); then by regular contr. (see § 51) to summon're, whence semondre. For nr = ndr see absoudre. — Der. semonce {for semonse : for s = c see sauce. Semonse is the fem. form of O. Fr. semons, from L. summonitus, p. p. of summonere. Summonitus, regularly contrd., see § 51, to summon'tus, becomes semons : for u = = e see secouer). t Semoule, sf. semolina ; from It. semola. SEMPITERNEL — SEPTUPLE. Z?>^ Sempiternel, adj. eternal ; from L. sempi- ternalis *, from sempiternus. Senat, sm. a senate ; from L. senatus. Senateur, sm. a senator ; from L. senator- em. — Der. senalonal. S6natus-COnsulte, sm. a senatus-consul- tum ; from L. senatus consultum. t S6nau, sm. a ' snow' (two-masted Dutch vessel) ; of Dutch origin, like many other naval terms, Dutch snaauw. f S6n§, sm. senna; of Oriental origin, like many other names of medicinal herbs, Ar. jana. SENECHAL, sm. a seneschal ; formerly se- neschal, Prov. senescal. It. siniscalco, from Merov. L, seniscalcus, an overseer': ' Si alicujus seniscalcus, qui servus est, et dominus ejus XII vassos infra domum habet, occisus fuerit ' (Lex Alamannorum, 79, 3). Seniscalcus is of Germ, origin, from a form siniscalc *, properly the oldest of the slaves or servants. Seniscalcus be- comes senechal by -iscalcus = -ecAa/. For letter-changes see marechal. — Der. sene- cAaussee (from senechal : cp. marechaussee from 7narechal. For letter-changes see marechaussee). SENECHAUSSEE, sf. a seneschal's court. See senechal, SENEgON, sm. (Bot.) groundsel ; from L. senecionem (found in Pliny). For -cio ^ = f see agencer. SENESTRE, adj. left, sinister ; from L. sinis- trum. For i = e see § 72. Its doublet is sinistre, q, v. SENEVE, sm. (Bot.) charlock. It. senapa, from L. sinapi. For i=e see § 72 ; for a-e see § 54; for p = v see § 11 r. Senile, adj. senile; from L. senilis. SENNE. See seine. SENS, sm. sense ; from L. sensus. — Der. sensitif, sensitive. Sensation, sf. sensation ; from L. sensati- on em *, der. from sensare *. See sense. Sens§, adj. sensible; from L. sensatus (found in Firmicus). For -atus=--e see § 201. — Der. se«sement. Sensibilit6, sf. sensibility ; from L. sensi- bilitatem, from sensibilis. See sensible. Sensible, adj. sensible ; from L. sensibilis. — Der. sensibleue. Sensitif, adj. sensitive. See sens. — Der. sensitive. Sensitive, sf. (Bot.) the sensitive plant. See sensitif. Sensuality, sf. sensuality; from L. sensu- alitatem. Sensuel, adj. sensual; from L. sensualis. SENTE, sf a path. Sp. senda, from L. s^mita, by regular contr. (see § 51) of semita to sem'ta, whence sente. For m = n see changer. Sentence, sf sentence; from L. sententia. For -tia = -ce see agencer. Sentencieux, adj. sententious ; from L. sententiosus. For -osus = -eM» see § 229. SENTEUR, sf. scent. See sentir. SENTIER, sm. a path. Sp. sendero, Prov. semdier, from L. semitarius, der. from semita, by regular contr. (see § 52) of semitarius to sem'tarius, whence sentier. For m = « see changer ; for -arius = -ier see § 198. Sentiment, sm. a sentiment. See sentir. — ■ Der. sentimenta.]. Sentine, sf. (Naut.) a well, sink, well-room ; from L. sentina, t Sentinelle, sf. a sentinel ; from It. senlinella. SENTIR, vn. to feel ; from L. sentire. — Der. sentiment, ressentir, senteur. SEOIR, vn. to become, suit. O. Fr. seder. It. sedere, from L. sedere. For loss of medial d see asseoir; for e = oi see § 62. S6parable, adj. separable; from L. sepa- rabilis. Separation, §/^. separation; from L. sepa- rationem. S§parer, va. to separate; from L. sepa- rare. Its doublet is sevrer, q. v. — Der. separement. t S6pia, s/". sepia : introd. in the i6th cent. from It, sepia, properly the cuttle-fish. Its doublet is seiche, q. v. SEPT, adj. seven ; from L. septem. — Der. septieme. SEPTANTE, adj. seventy; from L. septua- ginta. For ua = a see § 102 ; for -aginta = -ante see cinquanle. Septembre, sm. September; from L. Sep- tember. Sept6naire, adj. septenary; from L. sep- tenarius. Septentrion, sm. north, Ursa Minor ; from L. septentrionem. Septentrional, adj. northerly; from L. septentrionalis. SEPTIEME, adj. seventh. See sept. Septuag6naire, adj. septuagenary ; from L septuagenarius. Septuag6sime, adj. septuagesima ; from L. septuagesimus. Septuple, adj. sevenfold; from L. sep- tuplus. 33^ sSpulcral-^serrer. S6pulcral, adj. sepulchral ; from L. sepul- cralis. S6pulcre, sm. a sepulchre; from L. sepul- crum. S6piilture,s/. sepulture; fromL.sepultura. S6quelle, sf. a set, gang, following (of peo- ple) ; from L, sequela. S6questration, sf. sequestration ; from L. sequestrationem. S6questre, sm, a sequestrator, sequestra- tion ; from L. sequester. S6questrer, t/a. to sequester; from L. se- questrare. — Der. seqnestre (verb.il subst.). t Sequin, sm. a sequin (Levantine gold coin) ; introd. from It. zecchino. 'tS6rail, sm, a seraglio; introd. by tra- vellers from Turkey, Turk, serai, a palace. S6raphin, sm. a seraph. From the Hebrew, see § 30. — Der. seraphiqac, SEREIN, adj. serene; from L. serenvis. — Der. serein (sm.). SEREIN,sm. the night dew; from L. serenus, deriv. of senim, evening. P'or e = ei see §64. + S6r6nade, sf. a serenade ; from It. sere- nata. t S6renissiine, a<^". most serene; from It. serenissimo. Ser6ilit6, sf. serenity; from L. sereni- tatem. S6reux, adj. serous; from L. serosus. For -osus = -cw« see § 229. SERF, sm. a serf; adj. servile; from L. servus. For v =f see bcettf. — Der. serv&ge. SERFOUETTE, sf. a pronged hoe; from serfouir, q. v. SERFOUIR, va. to hoe. Origin unknown. — Der. serfo7iiss^ge, ser/ouette. SERGE, sf. serge. Prov. serga, from L. serica, silk stuff: ' Vestimentorum sunt omnia lanea, lineaque vel serica vel bom- bycina ' (Ulpian. Dig. 1. 23). Serica, regu- larly contrd. (see § 51) to ser*ca, becomes serge (for c=g see adjuger). — Der. serg- erie, sergex, sergier. SERGENT, sm. a sergeant. O. Fr. serjent : in medieval Fr. the word meant a servant, as in les sergents du Rot, les sergents de I'Eveque =serviteurs du Rot, de I'Sveque. In the 13th cent, the Roman de la Rose calls lovers sergens d'amour, i.e. servants of the god Love. In several O. Fr. docu- ments the phrase sergent de Dieu is found s=servitetir de Dieu. Sergent is from L. servientem (for i =j see abreger), whence eervjentem, whence serjentem, by re- gular loss of V (see alUger). We also find Servians in medieval Lat. texts = sergent, thus confirming the origin stated ; e. g. * De castrorum excubiis summe sollicitus, mili- tibus XX, servientibus Ix,' from a docu- ment dated a.d. 1191. S6rie, sf. a series; from L. seriem. S6rieux, ofl?/. serious; from L. seriosus*, der. from serius. SERIN, sm. a canary bird ; from L. citrinus, i. e. citron-coloured, in Pliny, whence sense of serin, a yellow bird. Citrinus becomes serin : for c = s see amitie ; for i = « see §72; fortr = rsee § 168. — Der. serincr, serinette. Seringat, sm. (Bot.) a seringa ; corruption of syringa, from L. syrinx. Seringue, sf. a syringe, squirt; from L. syringa (found in Vegetiusj. — Der. serin- guer. SERMENT, sm. an oath. O.Fr. sairment, originally sairement, Prov, sagramen. It. Sacramento, from L. sacramentum. For cr = ar see benir; for a = e see § 54, whence O. Fr. sairement, afterwards sair'- ment, by loss of e (see § 51), Sairment \ becomes serment by ai = e, see §§ 102, 103. Serment is a doublet of sacrement, q, v. — Der, sermente, zssermenter. Sermon, sm. a sermon; from L. sermo- nem. — Der. sermonner, sermonneuT, ser- Twownaire. S6rosit6, sf. serosity, wateriness ; from L. serositatem *, from serosus. See sereux. SERPE, sf. a hedge-bill, pruning-hook ; verbal subst. of L. sarpere, to cut, prune. For a = e see § 54. — Der. serpette. SERPENT, sm. a serpent ; from L, serpen- tem. — Der. serpentenu, serpent'm, serpentine, serpenter. Serpentaire, sf (Bot.) serpentaria; from L. serpentaria. SERPENTIN, sm. (Chem.) a worm. See serpent. SERPENTINE, sf serpentine (marble). See serpent. Serpillidre, sf a •sarplier,' packing-cloth. Origin unknown. SERPOLET, sm. wild thyme; dim. of root serpol *, answering to Sp. serpol, der. from L. serpulltun. For u = o see annoncer. SERRE, sf a greenhouse, talon (of bird), grasp. See serrer. SERRER, va. to press close, lock, squeeze. It. serrare, from L. serare, to lock, in Pris- cian, then to put under lock and key, the meaning in O. Fr. phrases, serrer les grains, serrer son argent, serrer des hordes, and in sf. SERR URE — SISGER, 333 sernire. The L. serare becomes serrare* in medieval Lat. texts, and takes sense of chaining up, then of binding strongly, press- ing. We find, in the Chron. Saxon, publ. in Mabillon, t. 4, Ann. p. 431, ' Fratri- cidas autem et parricidas , . . sive per ma- num et ventrem serratos de regno eji- ciant.' — Der. serre (verbal subst.), serres, serrement, serre, serre-file, s^rre- papiers, serre-tete, enserrer, resserrer, desserrer. SERRURE, sf. a lock. See serrer.— Der. serrurier, serrurerie. SERTIR, va. to set in a bezil; from L. ser- tire *, der. from sertum. — Der. serdssure. f S^ruin, sm. serum; from L. serum. SERVAGE, sm. serfage. See serf. SERVANT, sm. a gunner ; adj. serving. See servir. SERVANTE, sf. a maidservant. See servir. SERVIABLE, adj. serviceable. See servir. SERVICE, sm. service ; from L. servitium. For -tium = -ce see agencer. SERVIETTE, sf. a table-napkin. See servir. Servile, adj. servile; from L, servilis. — Der. servilxie. Servility, sf. servility. See servile. SERVIR, va. to serve; from L. servire Der. servant, seri^ante, serffable, serwette. Serviteur, sm. a servant; from L. ser- vitor em (found in some Inscriptions). Servitude, 5/. servitude; from L. servi- tudinem (found in Festus). SES, adj.pl.poss. his. Sp. sos, from L. sos. We find in Ennius sas for suas : 'Virgines nam sibi quisque domi Romanus habet sas.' For the relation of this archaic form SOS to the Class, suos see mow. For SOS = ses seeje. Sesame, sm. (Bot.) sesamum ; from L. se- samum. Sessile, adj. sessile, sitting; from L. ses- silis (found in Pliny). Session, sf a session; from L. sessionem. Sesterce, sm. a sestertius; from L. sester- tius. For -tins = -ce see agencer. SETIER, sm. a setier (a measure) ; formerly sestier. It. sesdere, from L, sextarius. For -arius = -ier see § 1 98 ; for x = s see amitie ; whence O. Fr. sestier, whence setier, by loss of s (see Hist. Gram. p. 81). t S6ton, sm. (Med.) a seton ; from It. setone SEUIL, sm. a threshold. Prov. sol, from L. soleum*, secondary form of solea, a threshold, in Festus. Soleum, regularly transformed (see abreger) into soliiun, becomes seuil: for o = ew see § 79; for transposition of i see § 84. SEUL, adj. alone ; from L. solus. For o = eu see § 79. — Der. sew/ement, seulet, essejile. SEULEMENT, adv. only. See seul. SEVE, sf. sap. Prov. saba. It. sapa, from L. sapa. For p — z/ see § 1 1 1 ; for a = e see § 54- S§vdre, adj. severe; from L. severus. Sev6rit6, sf. severity; from L. severita- tem. S6vices, sf.pl. cruelty; from L. saevitia. For -tisL = -ce see agencer. Sevir, vn. to treat severely; from L. sae- vire. SEVRER, va. to wean, lit. to separate from the mother ; from L. separare, by regular contr. (see § 52) of separare to sep'- rare, whence sevrer. For p = 6 = i/ see §111. Sevrer in O. Fr. meant ' to sepa- rate,' and was at a late period restricted (see § 13) to its special sense of weaning. Sevrer is a doublet of separer, q. v. Sepa- rare becomes sevre as L. Separis becomes Sevre, the name of two Fr. rivers. — Der. sei/rage, setreuse. Sexagenaire, adj. sexagenary; from L. sexagenarius. Sexagesime, sf. sexagesima ; from L. sexa- gesimus. Sexe, sm. sex ; from L. sexus. Sextant, sm. a sextant ; from L. sex- tantem. Sexte, sf. sixth canonical hour ; from L. sextus. Its doublets are sixte, sieste, q. v. Sextuple, adj. sixfold; from L. sextuplus*. — Der. sextuplex. Sexuel, adj. sexual; from L. sexualis. f Shako, sm. a shako; of historical origin (a Hungarian word), see § 33. SI, conj. if; from L. si. — Der. smon. SI, adv. so ; from L. sic. For loss of c see ami. — Der. ains/, aussz. Sibylle, sf. a sibyl ; from L. si by 11 a. Sibyllin, adj. sibylline; from L. sibyl- linus. Sicaire, sm. an assassin; from L. sicarius. Siccatif, ac?/. siccative ; from L. siccativus. Siccite, sf. dryness ; from L. siccitatem. Side. sm. a shekel; from L. siclus, Jewish silver money. Sideral, adj. sidereal ; from L. sideralis. SIECLE, sm. an age ; from L. saeclum. For ae = e see § 104, whence seclum (found in classical authors). Seclum be- comes siecle. For e = ie see § 56. SIEGE, sm. a seat. See sieger. SIEGER, vn. to sit ; from L. sediare *, from 334 SIEN — SINGE. sodium *, which from sedes. Sediare by ia=ja (see abriger) becomes sedjare, whence sieger. For dj =g see ajouter and abreger; for e =ie see § 56. — Der. siege (verbal subst.). SIEN, adj. his ; formerly sen, softened form of sow, q. V. Foro = e seeje; for e = ie see § 56 ; for change of sense see mien. i*Sieste, sf. a siesta, midday nap ; introd. from Sp. siesta. Its doublet is sexie, q. v. SIEUR, sm. Mr. ; a doublet of seigneur, q. v. SIFFLER, va. and n. to whistle ; from L, sifll- are (found in Nonius). Sifilare is certainly a popular Lat. form ; for we find in the Appendix ad Probum, ' Sibilus, non sifllus.' Sifildre, regularly contrd. (see § 52) to sif 'lare, becomes siffler. — Der. s/^ant, s/^able, sifflemenX, sifflet, siffltMX. SIFFLET, sm. a whistle, hiss. See siflet. Signal, SOT. a signal; from L. signale *, found in medieval Lat, documents, der. from signum. — Der. signaltx, signalement. Signataire, sm. a signatory, signer. See signer. Signature, sf. signature; from L. signa- tura (found in Suetonius). Signe, sm. a sign; from L. signum. Its doublet is seing, q. v. — Der. signet. Signer, va. to sign; from L. signare. — Der. sf^nataire. Significatif, adj. significative ; from L. significativus. Signification, sf. signification ; from L. significationem. Signifier, va. to signify; from L. signifi- care. For loss of c see affouage. Silence, sm. silence; from L. silentium. For -tium = -ce see agencer. Silencieux, adj. silent; from L. si lent i- osus. For -osu8 = -ew* see § 229. + Silex, sm. silex; from L. silex. Silhouette, sf. a silhouette ; of hist, origin (see § 33), alluding to De Silhouette, the Comptroller-General of Finance under Louis XV, who died a.d. 1767. Silhouette por- traits were so called simply because they came into fashion in the year in which M. de Silhouette was minister. Silice, sf. (Geol.) silex; from L. silicem. — Der. silicevx. Silique, sf (Bot.) siliqua ; from L. siliqua — Der. siliqueux. Sillage, SOT. (Naut.) steerage-way, head-way. See siller. SILLER, vn. to run ahead, cleave the seas ; of Germ, origin, Scand. sila. — Der. sj7/on, sill- age. Sillet, SOT. nut (of stringed instruments). Origin unknown. SILLON, SOT. a furrow. See siller. — Der. s«7/o«ner. SILLONNER, va. to trace. See siller. + Silo, SOT. a pit (to keep corn, etc.) ; from^ Sp. si7o. i Silure, sm. (Ichth.) a silurus; from L. si-| lurus. I Silves, sf. pi. • silvae,' a collection of pieces ; j from L. silva (so used by Statins and C^uin- ' tilian). ^ SIMAGREE, sf. a grimace ; corruption of old formula si m'agree, whence the sense of simagree, affected, obsequious attention. See si and agreer. + Si mar re, sf a gown; from It. zimarra. Similaire, a^". similar; from L. similaris*, from si mi lis. Similitude, sf similitude; from L. simili- tudinem. Similor, sm. similor ; a word fashioned out of L. similis and Fr. or. Simoniaque, adj. simoniacal. See simonie. Simonie, sf simony; from eccles. L. si- monia *, from the name of Simon Magus. — Der. stOTOwaque. Simple, adj. simple; from L. simplex. — Der. simplesse, simpli^er (L. simplifi- care*), szOT/>/ification (L. simplificati- onem *). Simplicity, sf simplicity; from L. sim- plicitatem. Simplification, sf. simplification. See simple. I Simplifier, va. to simplify. See simple^ I Simulacre, sm. an image, phantom ; from' L. simulacrum. Simulation, sf feigning ; from L, simula- tionem. Simuler, va. to feign; from L. simulare. Its doublet is sembler, q. v. Simultan6, adj. simultaneous; from L. simultaneus, a word found in medieval Lat. texts. — Der. simultaneity. Sinapisme, sm. a mustard-poultice; from L. sinapismus (found in Caelius Aureli- anus). Sincere, adj. sincere; from L. sincerus. Sinc6rit6, sf sincerity; from L. sinceri- tatem. t Sinciput, SOT. (Anat.) the sinciput; from L. sinciput. Sin6curej sf a sinecure; from L. sine cur a, that has no care, no work attached. SINGE, SOT. an ape ; from L. simius. For iu = ju see abreger, whence singe. For SING ULA RISER — SOL. 335 m = n see changer ; for j =^ see Hist. Gram. p. 63. — Der. singer, singerie. Singulariser, va. to render odd ; from L. singularis. Singularity, sf. singularity; from L. sin- gularitatem, from singularis. See singulier. Singulier, adj. singular; from L. singu- laris. For -aris = -zer see § 198. Its doublet is sanglier, q. v. Der. smguliere- ment. Sinistre, adj. sinister; from L. sinister. Its doublet is senes'.re, q. v. SINON, conj. otherwise. See si and non. Siliu6, adj. (Bot.) sinuate; from L. sinu- atus. For -atus = -e see § 201. Sinueux, adj. sinuous; from L. sinuosus. For -osvLa = -etix see § 229. Sinuosity, sf. sinuosity; from L. sinuosi- tatem, from sinuosus. Seesinueux. f Sinus, sm. a sinus,' curve ; from L. sinus. Its doublet is sein, q. v. Siphon, sm. a siphon ; from L. siphon em, a water pipe, in Seneca. SIRE, sm. sire. See its doublet seigneur. Sir§ne, sf. a siren ; from L. siren. fSirOCO, sm. a sirocco; introd. from It. scirocQO, south-east wind. + Sir op, sm. a syrup ; introd. from It. si- roppo. — Der. sirupeux. SIRO TER, va. to sip. Origin unknown. Sirupeux, adj. syrupy. See sirop. SIS, adj. (Legal) situate ; from L. situs. For the continuance of Lat. s see § 149. — Der. sise. Sistre, sm. a sistrum (Egyptian timbrel) ; from L. sistrum. Sisymbre, sm. (Bot.) sisymbrium ; from L. sisymbrium. ^Site, sf. site; introd. in i6th cent, from It. silo. — Der. situer, situation, situe. SI TOT, adv. so soon. See si and (6t. Situation, sf. situation. See site. Situer, va. to situate. See site. SIX, adj. six; from L. sex. For e = i see § 59. — Der. s/;cain, szxieme. SIXAIN, sm. a stanza. See six. SIXIEiME, adj. sixth. See six. ♦Sixte, sf. (Mus.) a sixth; from L. sextus. For e = i see § 59. Its doublets are sexte, siesle, q. v. + Sloop, sm. a sloop; introd. from Engl. sloop. Sobre, adj. sober ; from L. sobrius. Sobriete, sf. sobriety; from L. sobrieta- tem. SOBRIQUET, 5m. a soubriquet, nickname. Origin unknown. SOC, sm. sock, share (of a plough, etc.) ; from L. soccus (properly a shoe), whence of the ploughshare, because of the curved end of the plough : so used in Alexander Necham, ' Supponatur dentile, vel dentale, cui soccus vel vomis infigatur.' For 00 = c see bee. Soc is a doublet of socque, souche (?), q.v. Sociability, sf. sociability; from L, socia- bilitatem *, from sociabilis. See soci- able. Sociable, arf/. sociable; fromL. sociabilis. Social, adj. social; from L. socialis. Societaire, sm. a partner, member of a society. See socieie. Society, .'?/. society ; from L. societatem. — Der. soe/eVaire. + Socle, sm. a plinth, pedestal; from It. zoccolo. Socque, sm. a clog; from L. soccus. Sodium, sm. sodium, an alkaline metal, extracted from soda by Sir Humphrey Davy in 1807. SCEUR, sf. a sister; from L. soror (see Hist. Gram, p. 96). For loss of last atonic syllable see § 50, whence sor' ; for o = ceu see § 79 note 3. — Der. scewrette, t Sofa, sm. a sofa, ottoman; a word introd. from the East by travellers, Ar. foffah. fSoffite, sm. soffit; introd. from It. soffito. SOI, pr on. stU; from L. sibi. Fori = 02 see boire ; for loss of b see taon. SOI-DISANT, adj. self-styled. See soi and disant. SOIE, sf. silk. Sp. seda, It. seta, from L, seta. For loss of medial t see aigu ; for e = oi see § 61. — Der. sozerie, sojyeux, SOIF, sf. thirst. Prov. set. It. sete, from L. sitim. For 1 = oi see boire ; for t =/ see SOIGNER, va. to attend to. See soin. — Der. soigneux. SOIN, sm. care. Origin unknown. — Der. soigner. SOIR, sm. the evening. Prov. ser, from L. seram (found in Suetonius). For e = oi see § 61 Der. soiree. SOIT, adv. either; sub), of etre. Soif repre- sents L. sit. For i = oi see boire. SOIXANTAINE, sf sixty. See soixante. SOIXANTE, adj. sixty; from L. sexaginta. For e = or see § 61; for -aginta = -a«/« see cinquante. — Der. soixantihuie, soixant- aine. SOIXANTlfiME, adj. sixtieth. See soixante. SOL, sm. a penny. It. soldo, from L, sdli- 33^ SOL — SOMME, dus (gold coin, in Ulpian), by loss of the last two atonic vowels, see §§ 50. 51 ; cp. nitidus, net; pallidus, pule, etc. Its doublet is sou, q. v. Sol, sm. the soil ; from L. solum. Solacier, va. to solace; from L. solatiare*, from solatium. For ti = cz see agencer. Solaire, adj. solar; from L. solarius. Solan6e, sf. (Bot.) solanea; from L. sol- anea. Solanum, sm. (Bot.) nightshade; from L. solanum. tSoldat, sm. a soldier; introd. from It. soldato. Its doublets are soude, solde. + Soldatesque, adj. soldier-like; introd. from It. soldatesca. I" Solde, sm. balance (of an account) ; from It. soldo. t Solder, va. to pay, settle; from It. sol- dare. Its doublet is souder, q. v. SOLE, sf. a break ; from L. sola *, fern, form of solum. See sol. — Der. asso/er, assole- ment. SOLE, sf. (Ichth.) a sole ; from L. solea (in Pliny). Sol^cisme, sm. a solecism ; from L. soloe- cismus. SOLEIL, sm. the sun ; from L. soliculus *, der. of sol. For the use of this form see § 18. For -iculus = -«7 see § 257. Solen, sm. a solen, shell; from L. solen. Solennel, adj. solemn; from L. solen- nalis*, from solemnis. — Der. solenniser, solenniszUon. Solennellement, adv. solemnly. See solen- nel. Solennit^, sf. solemnity; from L. solen- nitatem. + Solfege, sm, solfeggio; introd. from It. solfeggio. t Solfier, va. to sol-fa; from It, solfa. Solidaire, adj. (Legal) jointly and severally liable. See solide. — Der. solidarity. Solidarity, sf joint and several liability. See solidaire. Solide, adj. sclid; from L. solidus. Its doublet is sow, q.v.— Der. solidaire, solid- ifier. Solidifier, va. to solidify. See solide. Solidit6, sf solidity ; from L. solidita- tem. Soliloque, sm. soliloquy; from L. solilo- quium, Solipdde, sm. soHped, one-footed ; from L. solum and pedem. Solitaire, adj. solitary; from L. solita- rius*, from solus. Solitude, sf. solitude; from L. solitude. SOLIVE, sf a joist ; formerly solieve, verbal subst. of sublevare : solive accordingly properly means a support. Subleva * be- comes solieve : for hi — I see semondre ; for u = o see annoncer; for e = ie see § 56. then =1. — Der. so//veau. Sollicitation, sf solicitation; from L, sol- licitationem. Solliciter, va. to solicit ; from L. sollici- t a r e . — Der. solliciteur. Sollicitude, sf solicitude ; from L. solli- citudinem. + Solo, sm. a solo ; introd. from It. solo. — Der. so/iste. Solstice, sm. a solstice; from L. solstitium. For -tium = -ce see agencer. Solsticial, adj. solstitial; from L. solsti- tialis. Solubility, sf solubility ; from L. solubili- tatem*, from solubilis. Soluble, adj. soluble; from L. solubilis. Solution, sf solution; from L. solutio- nem. Solvability, sf. solvency ; from L. solva- bilitatem, from solvabilis. See solv- able. Solvable, adj. solvent; from L. solva- bilis*, from solvere. For -abilis = -able see affable. i" Sombre, adj. sombre; introd. from Sp. sombra, properly a shade. From sombre comes the verb assombrir. SOMBRER, vn. to founder, lit. to cause to disappear, hide in the shade; from L. sub- umbrare*. For loss of medial b see taon ; for u = see annoncer, whence so- ombrer, whence afterwards sombrer. Sommaire, sm. a summary; from L. sum- mar ium (so used in Seneca). Its doublet is soummier. Sommation, sf a summons. See sommer. SOMME, sm. a nap; from L. somnus. For jxm. = mm see allumer. SOMME, sf a sum (total) ; from L. summa. For u ^ o see annoncer. Its doublet is sow, q. v. SOMME, sf a burden (for a beast to carry). It. sa/ma, from L. salma*, corruption of sagma, a pack-^ddle, then the pack on the saddle. ' Sagma, quae corrupte dicitur salma,* says Isidore of Seville. Salma (by al = au, see agneau) becomes sauma, found in an ilth-cent. Lat. text. Sauma becomes somme by au = o, see § 106. — Der. sommier (first a pack-horse, then a mattress, because it carries the sleeper), SOMMEIL — SORCIER. 337 assofnmer (properly to crush under a pack). I SOMMEIL, sm. sleep; from L. somniculus*, I deriv. of somnus : for this diminutive form see § 1 8. Somniculosus is in Martial, I and proves the existence of somniculus *, I as periculosus proves the existence of periculum. For -iculus = -«7 see § 257; for mn = mm see allumer. — Der. sommeil- ler. I SOMMEILLER, vn. to slumber. See som- meil. SOMMELIER, sm. a butler; originally an officer who had the care of provisions, from L. saumalerius *, der. from sauma * ; see somme (3). Saumalerius is found in a document of date a. D. 1285. Saum,alerius becomes sommelier : for au = see § 106; for a = e see § 54. — Der. sowme//erie. SOMMELLERIE, sf. a buttery. See somme- lier. SOMMER, va. to sum, add up, properly to sum up what has been said ; from L. sum.mare *, der. from sum.ma, a sum- mary. For u = o see annoncer. — Der. somm- ation. SOMMET, sm. summit ; dim. of O. Fr. som, which from L. summ.um.. For u = o see annoncer. SOMMIER, sm. a packhorse, mattress. See somme (t,). Sommit^, sf. a summit; from L. summi- tatem. For u = o see annoncer. Soninanibule, smf. a somnambulist; a word fashioned out of L. somnus and ambu- lare. — Der. somnambulisme. Somnifdre, adj. somniferous, narcotic; from L. somnifer. Somnolence, sf. somnolency ; from L. somnolentia. Somnolent, adj. somnolent; from L. som- nolentus. Somptuaire, adj. sumptuary ; from L. sumptuarius. Somptueux, adj. sumptuous ; from L. sumptuosus. Somptuosit6, sf. sumptuousness ; from L. sumptuositatem, SON, pass. pron. his ; from L. sum, som, in Ennius, for suum. For the relation be- tween sum. and suum see mon. Sum. becomes son : for u = o see annoncer ; for m = « see changer. SON, sm. bran. Sp. soma, from L. sum- miim, properly the top of the meal, then bran which is bolted to the surface after grinding. For u = o see annoncer; for m = w see changer. Son, sm. a sound; from L. sonus. tSonate, sf. a sonata; introd. from It. sonata. Its doublet is sonnee. SONDAGE, sm. sounding. See sender. SONDE, sf. a fathom-line, bore (mining). See sonder. SONDER, va. to sound, lit. to go under water ; from L. subundare, from unda. Subundare becomes sonder: for loss of medial b see taon ; for u = o see annoncer ; for 00 = cp. rond from roond, Louis from Loots, etc. — Der. sonde (verbal subst.), sondnge, sondeur. SONDEUR, sm. a leadsman. See sonder. SONGE, sm. a dream ; from L. som.nium. For iu = ju see abreger, whence somnjum, whence songe : for mn = n see colonne and changer ; for j =g- see Hist. Gram. p. 65. — Der. songer, songexir. SONNAILLER, vn. to keep ringing. See sonner. — Der. sonnaille (verbal subst.). SONNER, vn. to sound, ring; from L. so- nare. For n = «n see ennemi. — Der. sonn- ant, sowtterie, sonnelte, sowweur, so««ailler (cp. criailler from crier). t Sonnet, sm. a sonnet ; from It. sonnetto. SONNETTE, sf. a bell. See sonner. Sonore, adj. sonorous ; from L. sonorus. Sonorit6, sf. sonorousness; from L. sonor- itatem. Sopha. See sofa. Sophisme, sm. a sophism ; from L. so- phisma. Sophiste, sm. a sophist ; from L. sophista. Sophistique, adj. sophistic; from L. so- phisticus. — Der. sophistiquer. Sophistiquer, vn. to subtilise. See sophis- tique. — Der. sophistiqueuT, sophisticiition. Soporifdre, adj. soporiferous ; from L. so- porifer. Soporifique, adj. soporific; from L. sopo- rificus *. t Soprano, sm. soprano ; from It. soprano. It is a doublet of souverain, q. v. Sorbe, sf. (Bot.) a sorb-apple; from L. sor- bum. — Der. sorbier. t Sorbet, sm. a sorbet; introd. from It. sorbet to. — Der. sor6e^iere. SORCELLERIE, sf. sorcery. See sorcier. SORCIER, sm. a sorcerer; from L. sortia- rius *, a teller of fortunes by lot, from sortiare *, to tell fortunes. Sortiare * is from sortem, a lot, oracle. Sortiarius, sortiaria* are found for sorcerer and sorceress in Merov. texts ; e. g. ' Et quia 338 SOR DIDE — SO U DOVER . audivimus, quod malefici homines et sortia- riae, per plura loca in noslro regno insur- gunt,' Capitularies of Charles the Bald, t. 39, § 7 ; and Hincmar, De Divortio Lo- tharii, ' Alii potu, alii autem cibo a sor- tiariis dementati, alii vero tantum car- minibus a strygio fascinati.' Sortiarius gives sorcier : for ti = ci see agencer ; for -ariVLS =-ier see § 198. — Der. ensorcder (from O. Fr. ensorcerer by r = /, see autel). Sordide, adj. sordid; from L. sordidus. Sorite, sm. a sorites (in logic) ; from L. sorites. SORNETTE, .</. a trifle ; dim, of a root sorn, of Celtic origin, Kymr. stvrn, a trifle. SORT, sm. fate, destiny, lot; from L. sor- tem. SORTABLE, adj. suitable. See sorte. + Sorte, sjf. sort, kind, species ; introd. from It. sorta. — Der. assor/ir, sor/able. SORTIE, sf. a going out, egress, sortie. See sortir. Sortilege, sm. sorcery; from L. sortile- gium, from sortilegas. SORTIR, vn. to go out, lit. to divide by lot, then to go out; cp. partiri, to depart, and to part. — Der. sor/ant, sortie (partic, subst.). SOT, sm. a fool. Origin unknown. — Der. so/ie, so/tise. SOTTISE, sf. folly. See sot. SOU, sm. a halfpenny, sou ; a softened form of its doublet the O. Fr. sol (see sol l) : cp. mou from mol,fou from fol, cou from col, etc. For l = u see agneau. i'Soubasseinent, sm. basement; for- merly sousbassement, a word fabricated in the 16th cent, from sous (q. v.) and bassement, which is from It. bassamento. "t Soubresautjsm. a summersault; introd. in the 1 6th cent, from Sp. sobresalto. Its doublet is sursaut, q. v. Soubrette, sf. an abigail, female intriguer. Origin unknown. SOUCHE, sf. stock, stump (of trees). Origin unknown. Its doublet is soc, q. v. — Der. soMcAeteur, souchet>. Souchet, sm. (Bot.) galingale ; (Geol.) rag- stone ; (Ornith.) a kind of duck. Origin unknown. SOUCI, sm. (Bot.) marigold ; formerly solcie, from L. solsequium, the sunflower in Apuleius ; the marigold in Carol. ^ texts. Solsequitim becomes O. Fr. solcie : for loss of q see affouage; for e = » see § 59; for s = c see cercueil. Solcie becomes souci: for ol=^ou see agneau. SOUCI, sm. care. See soucier. — Der. sottci-- eux. SOUCIER (SE),t/^r, to care (for), be anxious; modern Prov, soucidh, from L. soUicitare, by contr. (see aider) of sollicitare to SoU'citare, whence solder (see abbaye),\\\t\\ soucier, by ol = ou see agneau. Soucier is a doublet of solliciler, q. v. — Der. souci (verbal subst,) SOUCIEUX, adj. anxious. See souci. SOUCOUPE, sf. a saucer ; sous-coupe, some- thing put under the cup. SOUDAIN, adj. sudden. Prov. sobtan, from L. subitanus *, another form of subit- aneus (found in Columella), Subitdnus, regularly contrd. (see § 52) to sub'ta- nus, becomes soudain. For bt = rf see ac- couder; for -anus = -am see § 194; for u = o = ou see § 90. — Der. soudaintmtnx, soudainet6. SOUDAN, sm. a sultan. O. Fr. soldan, from L. soldanus, the Latinised form of the! Oriental sultan (q, v. ; see also § 31). This' word was introd, into France at the time of the Crusades. We read in a Chronicle ofj the first Crusade, ' Sicut principes vestri vel imperatores dicuntur vel Reges : sic apud illos qui praeeminent soldani, quasi soli dominantes vocantur.' For ol = 07/ see agneau. t Soudard, sw. a soldier; introd. in the l6th cent, from It., with many other military terms. It. soldardo*, der. from L. sol- dare. SOUDE, sf. (Bot.) glasswort. It. soda, from L, solida, by regular contr, (see § 51) of s61ida to sol' da, whence soude. For ol = on see agneau. Its doublet is soda, q. v. SOUDER, va. to solder, weld together. It. soldare, from L. solidare (properly to join a fracture, in Pliny). On the line of Juvenal, • Quassatum et rupto poscentem sulphura vitro,' a scholiast remarks, ' Quia hoc solent vitrum solidare, id est malthare.' We read in Geoffroy de Vendome, Opusc. 7, De Area Foederis, ' Aes etiam in tabernaculo cum auro et argento solidamus.' Soli- dare, regularly contrd. (see § 52) to sol'dare, becomes souder. For ol = ou see agneau. Souder is a doublet of solder, q. V. — Der. souduie. SOUDOYER, va. to pay troops ; from L. soldicare * , der. from L. soldum, a sum of money, in Martial. Soldicare, by -icare = -o^^r (see ployer), becomes sol- doyer*, whence soudoyer. For ol = ou see agneau. so UDRE — SOUPENTE. 339 SOUDRE, va. to solve; from L. solvere. For letter-changes see absoudre. SOUFFLER, vn. to blow, breathe ; from L. sufflare. For u = om see § 90. — Der. soujie (verbal subst.), souffltt, soufflerxt, so7(jfflewr, souffiure. SOUFFLET, sm. a pair of bellows, box on the ear. See souffler. — Der. souffiet&x. SOUFFLETER, va. to slap, box the ears (of one). See soufflet. SOUFFRANCE, /. suffering. See souffrir. SOUFFRETEUX, adj. miserable, poor ; for- merly soiiffraiteux, Prov. sofraitos, sofrachos, from O. Fr. sojijfraite (denudation, want, suffering). Souffraite is from L. suffracta *, der. from p.p. L. suffractus. Suffrae- ta becomes soufffaite: for ^x = o^l see § 90; for ct = j7 see attrait; for ai = e see § 103. SOUFFRIR, va. to suffer; from L. suf- ferrere *, a secondary form of sufferre : for this lengthened form see etre. Suffe- rere, regularly contrd. (see § 52) to suff'rere becomes souffrir. For u = ow see § 90; for e = t see § 59. — Der. souffre- douleur, soiffr&nt (whence soz^rance). SOUFRE, stn. sulphur ; formerly solfre, from L. sulfur, by regular contr. (see § 50) of sulfur to sulf'r, whence solfre. For u = see annoncer, whence soufre ; for ol — on see agneau.—Der. soufrtx. SOUHAIT, sm. a wish. See souhaiter. SOUHAITER, va. to wish ; compd. of prefix sous, and O. Fr. hatter, to desire. Haiter is of Germ, origin, Scand. heit, a wish. — Der. souhait (verbal subst.), sow/tazVable. SOUILLE, sf. a wallowing-place (of boars). See souiller. SOUILLER, va. to soil, dirty; from L. sucu- lare *, to wallow like a pig ; suculus, a porker, in Justinian : cp. the Prov. sulhar (to soil), der. from sulha. Suculare, re- gularly contrd. (see § 52) to suc'lare, becomes souiller. For cl = z7 see abeille; for u = o?/ see § 90 Der. souil, souille (verbal subst.), souillon, souillure. SOUL, adj. satiated, surfeited, tipsy. O. Fr. saoul, Prov. sadol. It. satollo, from L. sa- tuJlus (found in Varro). SatuUus be- comes O, Fr. saonl : for loss of medial t see abbaye; for u = om see § 90. — Der. soiiltr. SOULAGER, va. to solace, ease. Sp. soliviar, from L. subleviare, der. from suble- vare. Subleviare becomes soulager : for u = OM see § 90 ; for bl = / see sujet ; for e = a see amender ; for -viare = -ger see alleger. — Der. soulagem^xX.. SOULAS, sm. a solace. Prov. solatz, from L. solatium. For o = om see § 81 ; for ti = s see agencer. SOULEVEMENT, sm. a heaving, rising. See soulever. SOULEVER, va. to raise ; from L. sublevare. For u = ou see § 90 ; for bl = / see sujet. — Der. soulevem&nt. SOULIER, sm. a shoe ; from L. solarium *, deriv. of Class. Lat. solea. We find in Plautus solearius, a shoe-maker, sandal- maker. Solarium, becomes Soulier: for 0^07/ see § 81; for -ariTim = ier see §198. SOULIGNER, va. to underline. See sous and ligne. SOULOIR, vn. to be in want ; from L. so- lere. For o = ou see § 81; for e = oi see § 61. SOULTE, sf. payment made by one joint owner to another on division in order to equalise shares ; from L. solutum., a pay- ment, in the Digest, partic. subst. of sol- vere. Solutus (the accent having been misplaced) contrd. (see § 51) to sol'tus, becomes soulte. For o = ow see § 81. SOUMETTRE, va. to submit ; from L. sub- m.ittere. For sub = sow see Hist. Gram, p. 179; for vaxtteve = mettre see § 72. SOUMIS, adj. submission ; from L. sub- missus. For sub = sow see Hist. Gram, p. 179. SOUMISSION, ./. submission; from L. sub- missionem.. For sub = sow see Hist. Gram, p. 1 79. — Der. soumissionner, sowmzssiownaire. SOUP APE, sf. a plug. Origin unknown. SOUP9ON, sm. a suspicion ; formerly sou- pefon, originally souspeQon. For u = ou see § 90; for i = e see § 72; for cio = fo see agencer. Souspegon becom.es soupepon by loss of s (see Hist. Gram. p. 81), then soupfon by loss of e (see § 51). Soupfon is a doublet of suspicion, q. v. — Der. soup- ponner. SOUPgONNER, va. to suspect. See souppon. — Der. soupponntnx. SOUPE, sf. soup, broth; of Germ, origin, Germ, suppe. For w = o see annoncer. — Der. souper, soupiere. SOUPENTE, sf. a loft, carriage-brace, strap ; partic. sqjDst. of a verbal form soupendre, cp. pente for pendre, detente for detendre. For details see absoute. The form sow- pendre * answers to L. suspendere. For u = ow see § 90; for ^&rxd.eTe= pendre see pendre; for loss of s see Hist. Gram, p. 81. Z2 340 SOUPER—SOUTENIR. SOUPER, vn. to sup. See sotipe.—Der. souper (sm.), sonp4, soupem, SOUPESER, va. to weigh with the hand. See sows and peser. SOUPIERE, sf. a soup-tureen. See soupe. SOUPIR, sm. a sigh. See soupirer. SOUPIRAIL, sm. an air-hole, vent-hole ; for- merly souspirail, from L. suspiraculum *, from snspirare: cp. Class, form spira- culum from spirare. Suspiraculum becomes soupirail : for -aculum = -ail see § 255; for \x = 07i see § 90; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. SOUPIRER, va. to sigh, breathe ; formerly souspirer, from L. suspirare. For o = om see § 90 ; for loss of s see Hist. Gram, p. 81. — Der. soupir (verbal subst.), soupir- ant. SOUPLE, adj. supple; from L. supplex*. For u = o« see § 90. — Der. souphssc, zssoiipl'n. SOUPLESSE, sf. suppleness. See souple. SOUQUENILLE, sf. a stable-coat. Origin unknown. SOURCE, s/. a spring (of water). Stesourdre. — Der. sowrcier. SOURCIL, sm. an eyebrow. Prov. sobrecilh, It. sopracciglio, from L. supercilium, by contr. (see § 52) of supercilium to sup'r- cilium, whence sourcil. For u = om see § 90; for pr = r see swr.— Der. sourcil- ler. SOURCILLER, vn. to knit the brow. See sourcil. — Der. sonrcilhux. SOURD, adj. deaf; from L. surdus. For u = OM see § 90. — Der. sourdnud, sourd- ine, assowrrfir, abasoj/rofir. SOURDINE, sf. a sordine (of trumpets). See sourd. SOURDRE, vn. to rise; from L. surgere, by regular contr. (see § 51) of siirgere to surg're, whence sourdre. For intercala- tion of d see absoudre; for vi = ou see § 90. Soudre is a doublet of surgir, q. V. — Der. source (that which springs up, a water spring, partic. subst. of sourdre, see absoute. Source, formerly sorce, originally sorse, represents not the L. snrrecta, but a form sursa, found in the sense of a spring in several llth-cent. Lat, documents: for B = c see cercueil ; for u = o = ow see § 90), whence ressource. SOURIRE, vn. to smile ; from L. subridere. For sub = sou see Hist. Gram. p. 1 7^9 ; for ridere = rire see rire. — Der. sourire (verbal subst.), sowris (from L. subrisus : for sub = sou see soulever. SOURIS, sm. a smile. See sourire. SOURIS, sf. a mouse. Prov. sorilz, from L. soricem. For o = o« see § 81 ; forc = s see amide ; note that in this case the Low Lat. displaced the accent (soricem. for s6rfcem). — Der. so«nVeau, sownciere. SOURNOIS, adj. cunning, sly. Origin un- known. — Der. surtioistrie. SOUS, prep, under ; formerly sos, Prov. sotz. It. solto, Wallachian subi, from L. subtus. For bt = / see sujet ; for regular loss of final u see § 50 (whence sut's, hence sos) ; for ts = s see § 168; for u = o see annoncer; for the transition from O. Fr. sos to modern Fr. sous see affouage. — Der. dessows, &ou- peser, sowcoupe, sows-pied, so7/tirer. SoUBCription, sf. a subscription. See sous- crire. SOUSCRIRE, va. to subscribe, sign ; from L. suscribere, to subscribe to, sign. For sub = sow see Hist. Gram. p. 179; for scribere = scrire see ecrire. — Der. sou- scripteuT (L. subscriptorem), souscription (L. subscriptionem). SOUS-ENTENDRE, va. to understand. See sous and entendre. — Der. sous-entendu, sous- entente. SOUS-PI FDj sm. a strap. See sous and pied. SOUSSIGNE, p. p. undersigned. See sous and signer. Soustraction, sf. subtracrion. See sous- traire. SOUSTRAIRE, va. to remove, subtract ; from sous (q. v.) and traire, see traire. — Der. soustraction (formed from L. subtrac- tionem.. Subtractionem, changing sub to sou, see Hist. Gram. p. 179, ought to have produced the form soutraction, but here the form of the word has been in- fluenced by the prefix in the case of the verb soustraire. t Soutane, sf. a cassock; introd. from It. sottana. For o = ou see § 81. — Der. soM/a«elle. SOUTANELLE, sf. a short cassock. See soutane. SOUTE, sf. a store-room ; in Rabelais souette, introd. from It. sotto, lit. below, a warehouse at the end of a quay. SOUTENABLE, adj. sustainable. See soti- tenir. SOUTENEMENT, sm. a support. See sou- tenir. SOUTENIR, va. to sustain ; formerly sous- tenir ; from L. sustinere. For u — on see § 90 ; for tinere = tenir see appar- tenir ; whence O. Fr. soustenir, whence sou- so UTERRAIN—SPIRITUALISER. 341 tenir, by dropping s, see Hist. Gram. p. 8 1 . ■ — Der. soutxtn (verbal subst.), S07iten2.h\&, soHtliiQvatiW., soutenunt (partic. subst.), foufenu. SOUTERRAIN, sm. a cave, vault ; from L. subterraneiis. For sub = sou see Hist. Gram. p. 179; for -aneus = -am see § 194. SOU TIEN, sm. a support. See soutenir. SOUTIRER, va. to draw off, rack (wine, etc.). See sons and iirer. — Der. sontira.ge. SOUVENANCE, s/. remembrance. See soti- venir. SOUVENIR (SE), vpr. to remember; from L. subvenire, lit. to come into one's mind. For sub = 502/ see Hist. Gram. p. 179. Its doublet is subvenir, q. v. — Der. sou- w«ant, so7/i/=«ance, souvenir (verb taken subsiantively). SOUVENT, adv. often. It. sovente, from L. subinde, found in Pliny, x. 34: ' Con- jugii fidem non violant communemque ser- vant domum. Nisi caelebs aut vidua nidum non relinquit : et imperiosos mares, sub- inde etiam iniquos ferunt.' Subinde be- comes souvejit : for u = ou see § 90 ; for b = v see § 119 ; for -inde = -e«^ see en. SOUVERAIN, S7n. a sovereign ; formerly sove- rain, It. iovrano, from L. superanus, he who is above, from super. Superanus be- comes souverain ; for u = om see § 90 ; for p = u see § ill; for -anus = -ai?i see § 194. Its doublet is soprano, q. v. — Der, souverainement, souverainet^.. SOUVERAINEMENT, adj. sovereignly. See sotiverain. SOUVERAINETE, sf. sovereignty. See sou- verain, SOYEUX, adj. silky. See soie. Spacieux, adj. spacious; from L. spatio- sus. For ti — ci see agencer; for -osus = -eux see § 229. fSpadassin, sm. a fighter; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. spadaccino. ■\ Spalme, sm. (Naut.) paying-stuff; verbal subst. of spahner, from It. spalmare, to tar a boat. ■fSpalt, sm. (Min.) spalt ; from Germ. spalt. Sparadrap, sm. adhesive plaster. Origin unknown. Spare, sm. (Ichth.) the gilt-head ; from L. sparus. Sparte, sm. esparto (a kind of reed) ; from L. spartum. — Der. sparierie. Sparterie, sf. a manufacture of esparto. See sparte. Spasme, sm. a spasm; from L. spasma. Spasmodique, adj. spasmodic; from Gr. aTraafx<jjbr]S. f Spath, sm. spar ; from Germ, spath. Spathe, sf. a spathe-(of a palm-tree) ; from L. spatha. Its doublet is epee, q. v. Spatule, sf. (Anat.^) a spatula; from L. spatula (found in Celsus), Special, adj. special; from L. specialis. Speciality, sf a speciality; from L. speci- alitatem (in Isidore of Seville). Spacieux, adj. specious; from L. specio- sus. Specification, sf a specification. See specifier. Specifier, va. to specify; from L. speci- ficare *, in medieval Lat. documents, compd. of species and the form ficare. — Der.s/ec(/ique(specificus),s/)e'c27?cation. Specifique, adj. specific. See specifier. Specimen, sm. a specimen; from L. speci- men. Spectacle, sm. a spectacle; from L. spec- taculum, also spectaclumin Class. Lat. Spectateur, sm, a spectator; from L. spectatorem. Spectre, sm. a spectre ; from L. s pectrum. Speculaire, adj. (Min.) specular ; from L. specularius. Speculateur, sm. a speculator; from L. speculatorem. Sp6culatif, adj. speculative ; from L. s p e- culativus. Speculation, sf speculation; from L. spe- culationem. Speculer, vji, to speculate ; from L. specu- lari. t Spencer, sm. a spencer ; introd. recently from Engl, spencer. Sphere, sf a sphere; from L. sphaera. Spherique, adj. spherical ; from L. sphae- ricus. — Der. sphericite, Spheroide, sm. (Geom.) spheroid; from L. sphaeroides. Spheromdtre, sm. a spherometer ; from Gr. acpaipa and fiirpov. Sphinx, sm. a sphinx; from L sphinx. Spic, sm. (Bot.) spica. See aspic (i). Spiciiege, sm. a spicilegium (gleaning) ; from L. spicilegium. Spinal, adj. spinal ; from L. spinalis. Spirale, sf a spire, convolution, spiral. See spire. Spire, sf a spire; from L. spira. — Der. spiml, spira.\e. Spiritualiser, va. to spiritualise ; from L. spiritualis. — Der. spirilualisntion, spi- ritualisms, spiritualiste. 34i SPIRITUALISMS — STELLIONA T, Spiritualisme, sm. spiritualism. See spirit- ualiser. Spiritualiste, sm. a spiritualist. See spirit- ualiser. Spirituality, sf. spirituality; from L. spirit- ualitatem. Spirituel, adj. spiritual; from L. spirit- uals. tSpiritueUX, adj. spirituous; a com- mercial term introd. from Engl, spirituous. Splanchnologie, /. splanchnology; from Gr. (Tirkdyxva and \6yos. + Spleen, sm. the spleen; introd. in l8th cent, from Engl, spleen. Splendour, sm. splendour; from L. splen- dorem. Splendide, adj. splendid; from L. splen- didus. Spoliateur, sm. a spoiler; from L. spoli- atorem. Spoliation, sf. spoliation; from L. spoli- ationem. Spolier, va. to spoil ; from L. spoHare. Spondaique, adj. spondaic ; from L. spoti- daicus. Spondee, sm. a spondee ; from L. spon- daeus. Spondyle, sm. (Anat.) a spondyl ; from L. spondylus. Spongieux, adj. spongy ; from L. spongi- osus. Spongite, sf. (Min.) spongite; from L. spongites. Spontan^, adj. spontaneous ; from L. spontaneus. — Der. spontaneity, spontane- ment. Spontaneity, sf. spontaneity. See spon- tane. Sporadique, adj. (Med.) sporadic ; from Gr, crwopadiKos. Sportule, sf. a dole, a little basket ; from L. sportula. Squale, sm. a dogfish; from L. squalus. Squammeux, adj. scaly; from L. squa- mosus. Squelette, m. a skeleton ; from Gr. c/ce- \€t6s. Squirrhe, sm. a schirrus ; from Gr. OKippCs. — Der. squirrhtux. Stability, sf. stability; from L. stabilita- tem. Stable, adj. stable; from L. stabilis. For -abilis = -able see affable. Stade, sm. a stadium. ; from Gr. araSiov. Stage, sm. obligation to reside, or to wait, between being licentiate in Law, and being called; from L. stare, through deriv. staticum*, found in Merovingian acts, whence stage. For -aticuva. = -age see ^ge. Stage is a doublet ot ctage, q. v. — Der. stagnire. Stagnant, adj. stagnant; from L, stag- nantem. Its doublet is etanchant. Stagnation, sf. stagnation; from L. stag- nationem *, der. from stagnare. Stalactite, sf. a stalactite; from Gr. CTa- \aKTis. Stalagmite, sf. a stalagmite ; from Gr. arakayiios. Stalle, sf. a stall ; introd. from eccles. Lat. stallum, a monk's stall in a church. *So- lito more venit in chorum et ecce invenit spiritum immundum in stallo suo, similan- tem fratri qui juxta se manebat in choro,* says a I3th-cent. document. Stallum is of Germ, origin, O. H. G. stdl. From stal- lum was formed the medieval Lat. inst al- ia re, lit. to place in one's stall, instal. Stalle is a doublet of etal, q. v. t Stance, sf a stanza ; from It. stanza. 4 Stathoudet, sm. a statholder; from Dutch stathouder, Ut. a lieutenant, vice- officer. — Der. stathouderat. Statice, sf. (Bot.) sea lavender; from L. statice. Station, sf. a station; from L. stationem. — Der. stationner. Stationnaire, adj. stationary; from L. stationarius. Stationner, va. to station. See station. — Der. stationnement. Statique, sf. statics ; from Gr. arariK-q, i. e. emarrjiXTj, that part of mechanics which deals with equilibrium of bodies. Statistique, sf statistics ; from a Gr. form araTiaTiKT], forged by the learned through the verb OTaTi^HV. Statuaire, sm. a statuary ; from L. statu- arius. Statuaire, sf the statuary art; from L. statuaria. Statue, sf. a statue; from L. statoa. Statuer, va. to decide, enact ; from L. statuere. Stature, sf stature ; from L. statura. Statut, sm. a statute; from L. statutum. Steatite, sf (Min.) steatite; from L. stea- tites. St6ganographie, sf cypher-writing ; from Gr. (TT€yavoypa(pia. — Der. steganograph- ique. Stellaire, adj. stellar ; from L. stellar is. Stellionat, sm. stellionate (Roman Law) ; from L. stellionatus. ST^NOGRAPHESU. 343 Bt^nographe, sm. a shorthand writer ; from Gr. anvos and ypacpoj. — Der. steno- graphic. Stentor, sm. a stentor ; of hist, origin, alluding to Stentor, the loud-voiced person- age of Homer's Iliad. fSteppe, sm. a steppe; from Russian steppe, a vast and barren plain. St^re, sm. stere (a Fr. measure, 35-3174 ft.) ; from Gr. arfpeos. Stereom6trie, sf. stereometry; from Gr. (TTepeus and jxerpov. St^reotomie, sf. stereotomy ; from Gr. arepius and tojxt]. Stereotype, adj. stereotype ; from Gr. CTfpfus and rvnos. — Der. stereotypie, stereo- typer, stereotypage. Sterile, adj. sterile; from L. sterilis. Sterilit6, sf. sterility ; from L. sterilita- tem. Sternum, sm. (Anat.) the sternum ; from L. sternum, der. from arepvov. Sternutatoire, adj. sternutatory ; from L, sternutare. Stethoscope, sm. a stethoscope ; from Gr. (TTTjOos and (TKoneTv. Stibi6, adj. (Med.) stibiated ; from L. stibi- atus *, der. from stibium. Stigmate, sm. a scar, brand; from L. stig- matis. — Der. stigmather. Stigmatiser, va. to stigmatise. See stig- mate. Stillation, sf. the process of dropping ; from L. stillationem. Stimulant, adj. stimulant; from L. stimu- lantem. Stim.uler, va. to stimulate ; from L. stimu- lare. Stipe, sm. (Bot.) a stipe; from L. stipes. Stipendiaire, adj. hired; from L. stipen- diarius. Stipendier, va. to pay stipend to ; from L. stipendiary Stipulation, sf. a stipulation; from L. stipulationem. Stipule, s/. (Bot.) a stipula ; from L. stipula. Its doublet is eteule, q. v Der. stipule. Stipuler, va. to covenant; from L. stipu- lari. Its doublet is etioler, q. v. Stoicien, sm. a stoic. See sto'ique. Stoicisme, sm. stoicism. See sto'ique. Stoique, adj. stoic; from L. stoicus. — Der. s/o?cisme, sto'ic'ien. Stomacal, adj. stomachal; from L. sto- machus. Stom.achique, adj. stomachic ; from L. stomachus. Storax, sm. (Bot.) storax ; from L. storax. Store, sm. a blind (of a window) ; from L. storea. Strabisme, sm. (Med.) strabismus, squint- ing ; from Gr. (TTpaPicrfios. Strangulation, sf. strangulation ; from L. str angulation em. Stras, sm. strass, paste (jewellery) ; of hist. origin (see § 33), from one Strass, who invented it. Stratagdme, sm. a stratagem ; from L. stratagema. Stratege, sm. a strategist, general ; from L. strategus (found in Plautus). Strat§gie, sf strategy ; from L. strategia. — Der. strategiste, siralegique. Stratifier, va. to stratify ; from L. strati- ficare*, from strata. — Der. stratifie, stratification. Stribord. See trihord. Strict, adj. strict; from L. strictus. Its doublet is etroit, q. v. Stri6, adj. striated; from L. striatus. For -atus = -e see § ■201. Strie, sf (Archit.) a fluting ; from L. stria. — Der. s/nures. Strophe, sf a strophe; from L. stropha. Structure, s/^. a structure; from L. struc- tura. f Stuc, sm. stucco ; from It, stucco. Studieux, adj. studious ; from L. studi- osus. For -08\is = -eux see § 229. Stupefaction, sf stupefaction ; from L. stupefactionem *, from stupefactus. See stiipefait. Stup6fait, adj. stupefied; from L, stupe- factus. For ct = // see attrait. Stup6fiant, adj. stupefying. See stupefier. Stup6fier, va. to stupefy; from L. stupe- fieri (found in Propertius). — Der. stupefi- ant. Stupeur, sm. stupor ; from L. stuporem, Stupide, adj. stupid; from L. stupidus. Stupidity, sf. stupidity; from L. stupidi- tatem. Style, sm. style; from L. stylus. — Der. s/y/er. t Stylet, sm. a stiletto ; from It. stiletto. Stylobate, sm. (Archit.) a stylobate ; from L. stylobates (found in Vitruvius). SU, sm. knowledge ; partic. subst. of savoir. The p. p. SU, formerly se'u, Prov. sabut. It. saputo, is from L. saputus. For p. p. in -utus see boire. Saputus becomes sa- butus (see § ill), loses medial b (see aboyer): by a = e (see § 57) and by -utus = -M (see § 201) we get O. Fr. sen, later contrd. to su, seejumeau. 344 S UA IRE — SUCCINCT, SUAIRE, stn. a shroud. It. sudario, from L. sudarium. For loss of medial d see accabler. Suave, adj. suave, sweet ; from L. suavis. Suavity, sf. suavity; from L. suavita- tem, Subalteme, sm. a subaltern; from L. subalternus*, compd. of L. sub and alternus from alter. Subdiviser, va. to subdivide; from L. subdiviser, frequent, of subdividere; see ^viser. Subdivision, sf. a subdivision; from L. subdivisionem (found in St. Jerome). Subir, va. to undergo; from L. subire. Subit, adj. sudden; from L. subitus. -f Subito, adv. suddenly; from L. subito. Subjonctif, adj. sm. subjunctive; from L. subjunctivus. Subjuguer, va. to subjugate; from L. subjugare. Sublimation, sf sublimation. See sub- limer. Sublime, adj •, ublime; from L. sublimis. Sublimer, va. to sublimate ; from L. sub- limare, to lift to the highest: thence the sense of sublimation given to the word by the alchemists. — Der. sublime (partic. subst,), s?/W/mation. Sublimits, sf. sublimity; from L. sub- limitatem. Submerger, va. to submerge; from L. submergere. Submersion, sf. submersion; from L. sub- mersionem. Subordination, sf subordination ; from L. subordinationem (found in Cassio- dorus) — Der. insubordination. Subordonner, va. to subordinate ; compd. of L. sub and of Fr. ordonner, q. v. Subornation, sf a suborning ; from L. subornationem. Suborner, va. to suborn ; from L. sub- ornare. — Der. suborntwx. + Subrecargue, sm. a supercargo ; from Sp. sobrecarga. Its doublet is surcharge, q.v. Subreptice, adj. surreptitious; from L. subrepticius. Subreption, sf. subreption ; from L. sub- reptionem. Subrogation, sf subrogation ; from L. subrogationem. Subroger, va. to surrogate; from L. sub- rogare. Subsequent, adj. subsequent ; from L. subsequentem. Subside, sm. a subsidy; from L. sub- si d i u m . Subsidiaire, adj. subsidiary; from L. sub- sidiarius. Subsistanoe, sf. subsistence; from L. sub- sistentia (found in Cassiodorus). Subsister, vn. to subsist; from L. sub- sistere (found in the Theodosian Code), Substance, sf substance; from L. sub- stantia. For -tia = ce see agencer. Substantiel, adj. substantial; from L, substantialis. Substantif, sm. substantive; from L. sub- stantivus (found in Priscian). Substituer, va. to substitute; from L, substituere (found in the Digest). Substitut, sm. a substitute; from L. sub- stitutus. Substitution, sf substitution ; from L substitutionem (found in the Digest). Substruction, sf a substruction ; from L substructionem. Subterfuge, sm. a subterfuge ; from L subterfugium *, from subterfugere. Subtil, adj. subtle; from L. subtilis. — Der S7/6///iser. Subtiliser, va. to subtilise. See subtil.— Der. subtilisation. Subtilit6, sf a subtlety; from L. sub tilitatem. Subvenir, vn. to relieve; from L. sub venire. Its doublet is souvenir, q.v. Subvention, sf a subvention; from L subventionem *, from subvenire.— Der, subventionntx . Subversif, adj. subversive; from L, sub versivus *, der. from subversus. Subversion, sf subversion; from L. sub versionem. Sue, sm. juice; from L, succus. Succdder, va. to succeed ; from L. sue cedere. Succds, sm. success; from L, sue cessus. Successeur, sm. a successor; from L successorem. Successible, adj. heritable; from L. sue cessibilis*, from successum, whicl from succedere. — Der, successibilite. Successif, adj. successive; from L, sue cessivus. Succession, sf succession; from L. sue cessionem, Succin, sm. yellow amber; from L, sue cinum. Succinct, adj. succinct; from L, sue cinctus. S UCCION — S UPERFIN. 345 Suceion, sf. suction; from L. suctionem*, from suctus, p.p. of sugere. Succomber, vn. to succumb; from L. succumbere. Succulent, adj. succulent; from L. suc- culentus. Succursale, sf. a parochial chapel ; from L. succursalis *, der. from succur- sus *. SUCER, va. to suck. It. succiare, from L. suctiare; a frequentative verb formed through suctus, p.p. of sugere. For ct = /, see affeter ; for -tiare = -cer see agencer. — Der. swccment, swceur, suqoxt, swfoter. . SU^ON, sm. a spot made by suction ; from L. suctionem *. For -ctionem = -p o«, cp. lectionem, le^on. SUCRE, sm. sugar ; from L. saccarum, by regular contr. (see § 51) of saccarum to sacc'rum, whence sucre. For a = 7^ (a very rare change) see chalumeau. — Der. sucrei. SUCRER, va. to sugar. See sucre. — Der. SMcrerie, sucrier, sucrm. SUD, sm. the south; of Germ, origin, A.S. siib. SUER, vn. to sweat ; from L. sudare. For regular loss of medial d see accabler. — Der. sueQ (partic. subst.), S7/ette. SUEUR, 5m. sweat ; from L. sudorem.. For regular loss of medial d see accabler. SUFFIRE, vn. to suffice ; from L. sufficere. For -ficere = ^re see confire. — Der. sujffi- sant, siiffis2.nc&. SUFFISANCE, sf. sufficiency. See suffire. Suffocation, sf. suffocation; from L. suf- focationem. Sufifoquer, va. to suffocate; from L. suf- focare. — Der. suffocznt. Suffragant, sm. a suffragan ; from L, suffragantem. ^SuJffrage, sm. the suffrage; from L. suffra- gium. Sugg^rer, va. to suggest; from L. sug- gerere. Suggestion, sf. a suggestion; from L. suggestionem. Suicide, sf. suicide ; a word framed out of L. sui, and termination aide {homicide, fratricide, parricide^, which answers to Lat. cidium(homicidium,parricidium, etc.), der.from L. caedere. — Der. suicider. SUIE, sf. soot. Origin unknown. SUIF, sm. tallow, grease (in Pliny) ; from L. sevum. For v=/ see boeuf; for e=^ui cp. poursuivre. — Der. suifi^t, suivtx. SUINT, sm. grease (of wool, etc.). See suinter. SUINTER, vn. to ooze ; from an old form suiter, of Germ, origin, Engl, sweat, Norse sueitan. For intercalated n see concombre. — Der. suint (verbal subst.), suintemtnt. SUITE, sf rest, suite, following. See suivre. SUIVANT, sm. an attendant. See suivre. — Der. suivsLUte. SUIVANT, prep, according to. See suivre. SUIVER, va. to tallow. See sttif. SUIVRE, va. to follow. See poursuivre. — Der. suite (strong partic. subst., see ab- soute), suivant (sm.), suivznt (prep.). SUJET, sm^. a subject ; from L. subjectus. For ct = ^ see affete. For loss of b cp. g o b- ]onem*, g07{jon; cam bj a re*, changer; Dibjonem*, Dijon; lumbja*, longe; rabjes *, ra^e; rubjus *, ro7/^e. This loss of b always takes place in a double con- sonant, when it comes first : thus bm, bt, bl, bs, be, bv, are reduced in Fr. to m, /, /, s, c, v; as in submissum, soumis; sub- mittere, soumettre; submonere, semon- dre; dub'tum, doute; dub'tare, (/o///e/*; presb'ter*, pretre; subleviare, sow/ao-fr; obsidaticum (formerly ostage), otage ; plumb'care, plonger*; subvenire, souvenir, — Der. zssujettir. Suj6tion, sf. subjection ; from L. sub- jectionem. For letter-changes see sujet. Sulfate, sm. a sulphate. See sulfurique. Sulfite, sm. sulphite. See sulfurique. Sulfure, sm. sulphuret; from L. sulfureus. — Der. sulfure.. Sulfureux, adj. sulphurous; from L. sul- fur osus (found in Vitruvius). Sulfurique, adj. sulphuric; from L. sulfur, whence also come the derivatives sulfate, sulfite, etc. t Sultan, sm. a Sultan ; of Oriental origin (see § 30), from Turk, sultan. Super-, a prefix, which is the Lat. prep, super, and signifies excess, increase, or higher position. Superbe, adj. proud; from L. superbus. t Super cherie, sf deceit; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It, soperchieria. Superf6tation, sf superfetation, super- fluity ; from L. superfetationem *, sf, of verb superfetare. Superficie, sf superficies; from L. super- ficies. Superficiel, adj. superficial ; from L. superficialis (found in Tertullian). Superfin, adj. superfine. See super- and Jin. Its doublet is surfin. 34<5 S UPERFL U-—S URDITS. Superflu, adj. superfluous; from L. super- fluus. Superfluity, s/. superfluity ; from L. super- Quitatem. Sup6rieur, adj. superior: from L. superior. Superiority, sf. superiority; from L. supe- rioritatem*, from superior. Superlatif, adj. superlative ; from L. superlativus. Superposer, va. to superpose. See super- and poser. Superposition, sf. superposition ; from L. superpositionem *. Suporstitieux, adj. superstitious ; from L, superstitiosus. Superstition, sf. superstition; from L. superstitionem. Supin, adj. supine; from L, supinus. Supplanter, va. to supplant ; from L. supplantare. Supplier, va. to supply ; from L. sup- pi ere. — Der. supple&nt. Supplement, sm. a supplement; from L. supplementu m . — Der. sjipplement&'ne. Suppietif, adj. suppletory; fromL. supple- tivus. Supplication, sf. a supplication; from L. supplicationem. Supplice, stn. punishment; from L. sup- plicium. — Der. supplic'ier, supplicie. Supplier, va. to supplicate ; from L. sup- pi i c a r e . For -plicare = -plier see plier. — Der. suppliant. + Supplique, sf. a petition ; introd. from It. supplica. SUPPORT, sm. a support. See supporter. Supporter, va. to support; from L. sup- portare. — Der. support (verbal subst.), suppQrtah\Q, [nsupport^bXe. Supposer, va. to suppose ; from L. sup- pausare*, from sub and pausare, see poser. — Der. stippose, supposah'le. Supposition, sf. a supposition ; from L. suppositionem. SUPPOT, sm. a member (of a body), instru- ment, agent, imp ; formerly suppost, from L. suppositus, a subordinate, whence the meaning of the French word. A suppot de Satan is properly one to whom Satan entrusts a charge. Suppositus, contrd. regularly (see § 51) to suppostus (a form found in Virgil), gives O.Fr. suppost. For later dropping of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. Suppression, sf. suppression ; from L. suppressionem. Supprimer, va. to suopress ; from L. sup- primere. Suppuratif, adj. suppurative ; from L. suppurativus *. Suppuration, sf. suppuration; from L. suppurationem. Suppurer, vn. to suppurate; from L. sup- purare. Supputation, sf. computation ; from L. supputationem. Supputer, va. to compute ; from L. sup- putare. Supr6matie, sf. supremacy. See suprtme. Supreme, adj. supreme; from L. supre- nius. — Der. sw/>rematie. SOR, adj. sour; of Germ, origin, O. H. G. sur, acid, sour. SUR, prep, on, upon ; from L. super. Sti- per, regularly contr. (see § 50) to sup*r, becomes sur-. for pr = r cp. sup'rcilium *, sourcil; sup'rvenire *, survenir; sup'r-* vivere*, survivre, etc. The Lat. lan- guage used super in composition to express addition, elevation, etc., whence super- venire, supervivere, etc. The Fr. lan- guage in turn uses sur for new compds. ; e. g, surnager, surmonter, surcroit, suranne, etc. SOR, adj. sure ; formerly seur, originally senr, .Prov. segur, Sp. seguro, from L. securus. For regular loss of o see affouage ; for eu — eu see mtir; for eu = u ste jumeau. Surabondance, sf. superabundance. See sur 2 and abondance. Surabonder, va. to superabound. See sur 2 and abonder. SURAIGU, adj. (Mus.) extremely high, shrill. See stir 2 and aigu. SURAJOUTER, va. to superadd. See sur 2 and ajouter. SURANNER, vn. to expire, properly to have more than a year's standing ; from sur (see sur 2) and anner, der. from an, q. v. — Der. suranne.^ SURBAISSE, adj. surbased. See sur 2 and baisser. — Der. surhaissemenX.. SURCHARGE, sf. an additional burden. See surcharger. Its doublet is subrecargue, q. V. SURCHARGER, va. to surcharge. See sur 2 and charger. — Der. surcharge (verbal subst.). ^ SURCROIT, S7?i. increase. See surcroitre. SURCROITRE, vn. to grow out; va. to increase exceedingly. See sur 2 and croiire. — Der. surcroit (verbal subst.). SURDENT, sf. an irregular tooth. See sur 2 and dent. Surdity, sf. deafness; fromL. surditatem. StTRDORER — SURTAXE. 347 SURDORER, va. to double-gild. See sur 2 and dorer. SUREAU, SOT. an elder-tree; formerly sieu- reaii, originally se«re/, sei'ierel*. Lat. sa- bucus, losing its medial b (see aboyer), becomes Sp. sauco, Prov. saiic, O. Fr. seii. For-ucus =-7^ see § 237; for a = e see § 54, Towards the end of the middle ages the simple form seii is replaced by its dim. se'iierel*, compd. of root seii and suffix erel, which is from L, -arellus : for & — e see § 54. By el = eau (see agneau) O. Fr. seiierel* is contrd. euphonically to seiirel, then to seurel (see miir), whence the old form setireau. Thus O. Fr. seuereau is formed from O. Fr. seu, like poetereau from poete and mdtereau from mat. But though the Fr. language has only kept the derived form, and has dropped the primitive seu, this is not the case with the Fr. patois : in Picardy and Burgundy they still call the tree seyu ; in Languedoc sahuc, which is the L. sabucus closely followed. For eu = u see jutneau. SURENCHERE, sf. a higher bid. See sur and enchere. SURENCHERIR, va. to overbid. See sur and encherir. SURET, acf/. sourish. See sur i. SURETE, sf. safety, security ; formerly surete, Prov. segurtat, from L. securitatem. For secur- = stir- see silr ; for i = e see § 72; for -tatem = -^e' see § 230. Its doublet is 1, securite, q. v. j Surexcitation, sf. extreme excitement. See sur 2 and excitation. SURFACE, sf. surface ; from L. superfacies, for superficies. For super = sur see sur 2. SURFAIRE, vn. to overcharge. See sur 2 and faire. SURFAIX, sm. a surcingle. See sur 2 and faix. SURGEON, sm. a sucker, which springs up (surgil) from the foot of a tree. See surgir. Surgir, va. to spring up; from L. surgere. Its doublet is sozirdre, q.v. SURHAUSSER, va. to raise excessively. See sur 2 and hausser, — Der, surhaussement. Surhuraain, adj. superhuman. See sur 2 and humain. Surintendance, sf. superintendence. See sur 2 and intendance. Surintendant, sm. a superintendent. See sur 2 and intendant. SURJET, sm, a hem. See surjeter. SURJETER, va. to whip (with a needle). See sur 2 and jeter. — Der. surjet (verbal subst.). SURLENDEMAIN, sm. the third day (after). See sur 2 and lendemain. SURLONGE, ./. a sirloin. See sur 2 and longe. SURMENER, va. to overdrive. See sur 2 and mener. SURMONTER, va. to surmount. See sur and monter. — Der. surmontMe, insnrmont- able. SURMOUT, sm. new wort. See siir 2 and mout. SURMULET, sm. a grey mullet. See sur 2 and mulet. SURNAGER, va. to float on the surface. See sur 2 and nager. Surnaturel, adj. supernatural. See sur 2 and naturel. SURNOM, sm. a surname. See sur 2 and nom. — Der, surnommtx. SURNOMMER, va. to surname. See surnom. Sumumeraire, sm. a supernumerary; compd. of S2ir (see sur 2) and L.. nume- rarius. — Der. surnumeraria.t. SURPASSER, va. to surpass. See sur 2 and passer. SURPLIS, sm. a surplice. O. Fr. surpelis, Prov. sobrepelitz, Sp. sobrepeliz, from L. superpellicium, in medieval Lat. docu- ments ; e. g. ' Archiepiscopus sacerdotali superpellicio inductus,' says a chronicler of the 13th cent. Superpellicium, compd. of pellicium, fur (in the Digest), and of super, means properly an over- garment. Superpellicium becomes O. Fr. surpelis. For super- = sur- see sur 2 ; for ci = s see agencer. For contr. of O. Fr. surpelis to surplis see § 51. SURPLOMBER, vn. to overhang. See sur 2 and plomber. — Der. surplomb (verbal subst.) SURPLUS, 5m. a surplus. See sur 2 and phts, SURPRENDRE, va. to surprise. See sur 2 and prendre, properly to take beyond all expression. — Der. surpr'is, surprise, sur- prena.nt. SURPRISE, sf. a surprise, deceit. See sur- prendre. SURSAUT, sm. a start. See sur 2 and satit Its doublet is soubresaut, q. v. SURSEOIR, vn. to supersede, suspend ; from L. supersedere. For letter-changes see sur 2 and seoir. — Der. sursh (partic. subst. : surseoir gives sursis as asseoir gives assis). SURSIS, sm. a delay. See surseoir. 348 SUR TOUT—SYNTAXE. Surtaxe, sf. a surcharge. See sur 2 and taxe. — Der. surtaxer. SURTOUT, sm. a surtout, coat. Sp. sobretodo, from L. supertotus *, found in medieval Lat. texts for a garment put on over all others ; ' Illas quidem vestes, quae vulgo supertoti vocantur' (Statuta Ordinis S. Bcnedicti, A.D. 1226, cap. 16). For letter- changes see stir 2 and tout. SURTOUT, adv. above all. See sur 2 and tout. SURVEILLANCE, sf. surveillance, super- vision. See survetller. SURVEILLANT, sm. an overseer. See sur- veiller. SURVEILLE, sf. two days before. See sur 2 and veille. SURVEILLER,va. to superintend. See sur 2 and veiller. — Der. surveilhnt, surveillance. SURVENIR, vn. to arrive unexpectedly ; from L. supervenire. For super- = swr- see sur 2. SURVIE, sf. survival. See sur and vie. SURVIVANCE, /. reversion. See survivre. SURVIVANT, sm. a survivor. See survivre. SURVIVRE, vn. to survive ; from L. super- vivere. For super- = sur- see sur 2 ; for "Vivere = i/zvre see vivre. — Der. survivznt, swmvance, SUS, prep, upon ; interj. come ! cheer up ! from L. susum (in Tertullian and St. Augustine). — Der. dessws, en sus, swsdit. Susceptible, adj. susceptible; from L. susceptibilis *, from susceptus, p.p. of suscipere. — Der. susceptibtlite (L. suscep- tibilitatem*). Susciter, va. to excite; from L. susci- tare. Suscription, sf. a superscription ; from L subscriptionem. SUSDIT, adj. aforesaid. See sus and dit. Suspect, adj. suspected; from L. suspectus Suspecter, va. to suspect; from L. sus- pectare. Suspendre, va. to hang; from L. sus- pendere. For loss of penult, e see § 51 — Der. suspens (L. suspensus), en sus- pens (in suspenso), suspensok (suspen- sorium *). Suspension, sf. suspension; from L. sus- pensionem. Suspensoir, sm. a suspensory bandage See suspens. Suspicion, sf. a suspicion; from L. sus- picion em. Its doublet is soupfon, q. v. Sustenter, va. to sustain; from L. sus- tentare. Suture, sf. (Anat.) a suture; from L. su- tura. Suzerain, sm. a suzerain, sovereign ; a word framed by means of sms and the termination -erain, imitating the word souverain. 1 f Svelte, adj. slender; introd. in l6th cent, from It. svelto. Sycomore, sm. a sycamore; from L. sy co- rn orus (found in St. Jerome). Sycophante, &m. a knave; from L. syco- phanta. Syllabaire, sm. a spelling-book. See syllabe. Syllabe, sf a syllable ; from L. syllaba. — Der. 5y//a6aire, s_y//a6ique. Syllepse, sf. (Gram.) syllepsis (found in Donatus). Syllogisme, sm. a syllogism ; from L., syllogismus (found in Seneca). I SyUogistique, adj. syllogistic; from L.| syllogisticus (found in Quinctilian). Sylphe, sf. a sylph; from L. sylph i, genii, among the Gauls, a word found in more than one Inscription). Symbole, sm. a symbol, creed ; from Gr. ovfi^oKou. — Der. symboliqae, symboliser. Syni6trie, sf symmetry ; from L. symetria (found in Vitruvius). — Der. symetrique, symetriscT. Sympathie, sf sympathy ; from Gr. avfi- iradfia. — Der. sympath\(\\\t, sympath'isem. Sympathiser, va. to sympathise. See sympathie. Symphonie, sf a symphony ; from L. symphonia. — Der. symphonkte. Symptdme, sm. a symptom; from Gr. GvfxtrrojfJLa. Synagogue, sf a synagogue; from L. synagoga (found in Tertullian). Synallagmatique, adj. reciprocal ; from Gr. avvaWayfuiTiKos. Synchronisme, sm. a synchronism ; from Gr. av7xpoj/iO'^os. Sjrncope, sf syncope ; from Gr. avyKovq. Syndic, sm. a syndic ; from L. syndicus. — Der. syndics], syndic^t. S3niecd.OCh,e, sf. (Rhet.) synecdoche ; from Gr. avv€K5oxV' Syn6r6se, sf. (Gram.) synaeresis ; from Gr, awaip(cis. Synode, sm. a synod ; from Gr. aiVoSos. — Der. synodal. Synonyme, sm. a synonym ; from Gr cvvdjvvfios. — Der. synonymic, synonymique Synoptique, adj. synoptic ; from Gr. ctw- OTTTIKOS. SjTHtaxe, sf syntax ; from Gr. GvvTa^is.-^ Der. s^n^a^ique. SYNTHASE— TA IRE. 349 Synthase, sf. synthesis ; from Gr. avvde- ais. Synthetique, adj. synthetic; from Gr. avvOiTiKus. Systdme, sm.a. system; from Gr. avarrjua. — Der. sy5/(/matique. Syzygie, sf. (Astron.) a syzygy, conjunction; from Gr. <jv^vyia. T. TA, poss. pron.f. they ; from L. tarn *, for tuam. For ua = a see sa; and for loss of m seeja. fTabac, sm. tobacco; from Sp. tabaco. — Der. ^a^flgie, ^afefltiere (for tahaquiere). Tabellion, sm. a village notary ; from L, tabellionem * (found in the Theodosian Code). — Der. tabellionnage. Tabernacle, sm. a tabernacle ; from L. tabernaculum. For loss of u see § 51- Tabis, sm. tabby (coarse stuff). Origin un- known. Tablature, sf. a tablature. See table. TABLE, s/. a table; from L. tabula. For loss of u see § 51. — Its doublet is tole, q. v. — Der, attablcv, entabhr (entablement) , tabliex (a garment worn at table, apron), tahlette. TABLEAU, sm. a picture ; from L. tabu- lellum *, dim. of tabula. By regular loss of vl (see § 52) tabul^Uum becomes tab'lellum, whence tablel, whence tableau. For el = eau see agneau. TABLET! ER, sm. a toyman. See tablette. TABLETTE, sf a shelf. See :^a6/^.— Der. tabl6t'\er, tablettene. TABLIER, sm. an apron. See table. TABOURET, sm. a stool. See tambour. TAG, sm. contagion ; from L. tactus (used in the sense of leprosy, contagion, in the fragments of the Itala, published by Lord Ashburnham). TACHE, sf. a spot. Origin unknown. — Der. tacher. TACHE, sf. a task; formerly tascJie, Prov. tasca, from medieval L. tasca. Tasca is a transposed form of tacsa, verbal subst. of taxare. For taxa = tasca see ZdcAe; for CSi = che see §§126 and 54; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 8r. — Der. tacher. TACHER, va. to spot, stain. See tache. Its doublet is taxer, q.v. — Der. tachetev, en- facher. TACHER, vtf. to strive, try. See tdche. Tachygraphe, sm. a shorthand writer; from Gr. raxvypatpos. — Der. tachygraphxe. Tacite, adj. silent; from L. tacitus. Taciturne, adj. taciturn; from L. taci- turn us. — Der. taciturniie. Tact, sm. touch, tact ; from L. tactus. Tactile, adj. tangible; from L. tactilis. Tactique, sf tactics ; from Gr. raKriK-q (sc. T«xf J?). — Der. tacticien. t Taffetas, sm. taffety ; of Oriental origin (as are several other fabrics, as muslin, gauze, etc., see § 31), from Pers. tafteh, TAIE, sf. a pillow-case ; formerly toie, from L. theea, a sheath, case. For lojs of c see amie ; for e = ot = ai see § 62. Theca = /o/e = /a/e, as creta =^croie = craie. From sense of a covering, taie passes to that of the film which partly covers the eye. t Taillade, sf a cut, gash; introd in 16th cent, from It. tagliata. Its doublet is tailU. — Der. tailladex. TAILLANDIER, sm. an edge-tool maker. See tailler. — Der. taillandene. TAILLE, sf. cutting, cut. See tailler. TAILLER, va. to cut. It. tagliare, from L. taleare * (the compd. intertaleare is found in Nonius Marcellus, meaning 'to cut a shoot'). Taleare by e=i (see § 59) becomes taliare, found in very old me- dieval Lat documents : ' Siquis nemus alicuius sine licentia comburat vel taliet,' from an A. S. law. For letter-changes see az7.— Der. taille (verbal subst.), taillenx, taillis, taillon, tailhnt (sword-edge, edge- tool, whence taillandier), detailler, en- tailler. TAILLEUR, sm. a tailor. See tailler. TAILLIS, sm. copse, underwood. See tailler. TAILLOIR, sm. (Archit.) a platter, abacus. See tailler. TAIN, sm. tinfoil ; corruption of etain, q. v. TAIRE, vn. to be silent ; from L. tacere. Accented as tficere in common Lat. (see Hist. Gram. p. 133), it is regularly contrd. (see § 51) to tac're, whence taire. For 350 TAISSON — TAPOTER. or •— ir see bctiir. Taire is from tacere, like traire from trace re, plaire from place re. TAISSON, sm. a badger. It. tasso, Prov. tais. Taisson is derived from O. Fr. tais *, which represents medieval L. taxus, which is from O.U.G. thats*. For x = ss see § 150; for a = fli see § 54. The hole of the taisson was called taissoniere, or, by soften- ing o Xo e taissenitre, whence taiss'nicre, whence taisniere, which from the sense of the hole of the badger takes the general sense of ' lair of a wild beast.' This form taisniire has become modern Fr. taniere : for loss of s, see Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; for extension of meaning see § 13. •^Talc, sm. talc; of Oriental origin (see § 31 \ from Pers. talcq. Talent, sm. a talent (weight) ; (2) sm. ta- lent, ability (lit. treasure, wealth, then gift of nature) : from L. talentum. Talion. sf. retaliation; from L. talionem. •)* Talisman, sm. a talisman; introd. from It. talismano. Talle, sf. (Hort.) a sucker; fromL. thallus. Der. /a//er. TALOCHE, sf. a thump (on the head). Origin unknown. TALON, sm. a heel, heel-piece ; from L. talus (found in Celsus) through a deriv. talo- nem*, found in the Cassel Glosses (7th cent.). Talonem is formed from talum, like mentonem * (see menton) from men- turn. — Der. talonner. TALUS, sm. lit. foot of a rampart, then slope of a rampart. See talon. — Der. taluter. i'Taniarin, sm. a tamarind; introd. from It. tamarmdo. — Der. tamariner. Tamaris, sm. (Bot.) a tamarisk; from L. tamarix. + Tambour, sm. a drum; of Oriental origin (see § 31), introd. about 12th cent., from Pers. tambiir. O. Fr. had a form ta- hovr, which is gone, leaving however its deriv. tabouret (lit. a little drum-shaped seat). — Der, tambour'm, tambour'mer. TAMIS, sm. a sieve ; of Germ, origin, Neth. tems. — Der. tamiser. TAMPON, sm. a plug. See taper.— Der. tamponner. TAN, sm. tan. Origin unknown. — Der. tan- ner, tanneuT, tannerie. tanin. TANCER, va. to rebuke ; formerly tencer, from L. tentiare*, found in medieval L. contentiare to dispute, frequent, of con- tendere. For t&niiQxe = tencer see agen- cer ; for e = a see dimanche. TANCHE.s/. (Ichth.)a tench ; formerly tenche, from L. tinea. For oa> = che see §§126 and 54; and for i = e = a see § 72 and note 4 TANDIS QUE, at/v. while; coimpd. of tandii and que. Tandis is from tan-, from L. tarn j for m = n see changer ; for -rf/s ste jadis. TANGAGE, sm. pitching (of a ship at sea). See tanguer. Tangence, sf. tangency ; from L. tangen- tia*, from tangentem. See tangente. Tangente, sf. a tangent; from L. tangen- tem. Tangible, adj. tangible; from L. tangi bi- lls. TANGUER, va. to pitch (of a ship at sea). Origin unknown. — Der. tangzgc. TANIERE, sf. a lair. See taisson. TANIN, sm. tannin. See tan. TANNER, va. to tan. See tan. — Der. tann- age, tannem, tannene. TANT, adv. so much ; from L. tantum. — Der. tanteX, tantVavne, tantoX. TANTE, sf. an aunt ; formerly ante, Prov. amda, Lomb. amida, from L. amita. Amita regularly losing i (see § 51) be- comes am'ta, whence O. Fr. ante : for ra = n see changer. Ante means an aunt in O.Fr,, and it is not till the end of the 13th cent, that the word tante appears frequently. No account can be given of this strange formation. TANTOT, adv. presently, = tellement tdl, si tot, tant tot ; compd. of tant and tut (see those words). TAON, sm. a breeze-fly, horse-fly; from L. tabanus, by loss of medial b (see aboyer)y and by a = o (cp. phai»tasme, fantume; patella, poele, etc.). TAPAGE, sm. an uproar ; der. from taper. Cp. assemblage from assembler. — Der, ta- pagexiT. TAPE, sf. a slap, tap. See taper. TAPER, va. to strike, tap. Origin unknown. — Der. tape (verbal subst.), tapzge. TAPINOIS (EN), adv. stealthily. See tapir. + Tapioca, sm. tapioca; of American origin, see § 32. TAPIR (SE), vpr. to crouch. Origin un- known. — Der. tapinei (en), tapinois. Tapis, sm. a carpet; from L. tapete. For e = i see § 60. — Der. tapissex, tapissier, tapisserie. TAPON, sm. a bundle. Tapon is dim. of O. Fr. tape, a bundle, of Germ, origin, A. S. tape. A nasal form of tapon is its doublet tampon. For addition of m see lambruche. — Der. taponnex. TAPOTER, va. to slap; frequent, of m/m TAQUIN — TECHNOLOGIE. 35^ \ Cp. clignotcr of digner, picoter of piquer, cracholer of cracker, trembloter of trem- bler, etc. tTaquin, sm. a torment, tease; introd. in 1 6th cent, from Sp. iacano, — Der. (aqimier, taqnintnt. TARABUSTER, va. to pester. Origin un- known. TARAUD, sm. a tap-borer, tap ; der. from a hypothetical verb tarer"^, which would answer to a Lat. verb tarare *, traces of which are seen in the deriv. form tara- trum, see tariere. — Der. tarauder. TARD, adj. slow, late; from L. tardus. — Der. tarder, zUard&x, letarder, tardxi, tardivement. f Tare, sf. loss, waste; introd. in i6th cent, from It. tara. — Der. tar&r. t Tarentelle, sf. a tarantella; introd. from It. tarantella. f Tarentule,s/".(Entom.)atarantula;from tarentole in Menage, introd. from It. taran- tola. TARGE, sf. a target (shield); of Germ, origin, O. Scand. targa. — Der. target, targ- ette (a target having the form of a little shield), (se) targuer (to cover oneself with something as with a target). TARIERE, sf an auger, (Entom.) terebra. Prov. taraire, from L, taratrum (found in Isidore of Seville). A medieval Lat. docu- ment has ' Terebrum, instrumentum perfo- randi quod dicitur aliter taratrura.' For Sk = ie see § 54 ; for tv-r see § 168. + Tarif, sm. a tariflf; from Sp. tariffa.— Der. tariftr. TARIR, vn. to dry up ; of Germ, origin, O. H. G. tharrjan. — Der. /arissable, /arisse- ment, intorissable. f Tarot, sm. spotted cards; introd. in i6th cent, from It. tarocchi. — Der. tarote. TAROUPE, sf hair between the eyebrows. Origin unknown. Tarse, sm. the tarsus, sole of foot ; from Gr. rapaos. f Tartan, sm. tartan ; from Scottish tartan. tTartane, sf (Naut.) tartan; from It. tartana. TARTE, sf a tart. Origin unknown. — Der. tartine, tarteWette. Tartre, sm. (Chem.) tartar; der. from alchemist's Lat. tartarum. Origin un- known. — Der. tartrsite, tartrique. Tartufe, sm. a hypocrite; of hist, origin (see § 33) from a well-known character in Moliere. — Der. tartuferie. TAS, sm. a heap ; of Germ, origin, Neth. tas, originally a heap of corn, then a heap generally. — Der. tasser (en/asser), tasse- ment. t Tasse, sf a cup ; from It. tazza. TASSEAU, sm. (Archit.) . a hammer-beam ; formerly tassel, from L. taxellus, secon- dary form of taxillus. For x = ss see § 150; for -ellus = -e/ see § 282. TASSEMENT, sm. a subsidence, sinking (of a building). See tas. TASSER, vn. to subside. See tas. TATER, va. to feel (by touch). O. Fr. taster, It, tastare, from L. taxitare*, frequent, of taxare, to touch often. Taxitdre', regularly contrd. (see § 52) to tax'- tare, becomes taster (for x = s see § 150), then tdter by loss of s, see Hist. Gram, p. 81. — Der. tdtonner (o idtofis), tatiWon ^tatillonner). tAtONNER, vn. to grope. See tdter.— Der. tdtonnement. fTatOUer, va. to tattoo; from Engl. tattoo. — Der. tatouage. TAUDIS, sm. a dog-hole, wretched hole ; der. from O. Fr. verb taudir. Taudir is from O. Fr. taude, cloth. Tande (which must originally have been tolde) is of Germ, origin, Flem. telde. Germ. zelt. For al = au see agneau. TAUPE, sf. a mole; from L. talpa. For al = au see agneau. — Der. taupier, taupiere, taupin, taup'miiiTe. TAUPINIERE, sf a mole-hill. See taupe. TAUREAU, sm. a bull ; from L. tavirellus*, dim.oftaurus. For ellus — eau see § 282. Tautologie, sf. tautology ; from Gr. ravTO- \oyia. TAUX, sm. price, assessment ; verbal subst. of O. Fr. verb tauxer (given in Palsgrave), which is from L. taxare. TAVELER, va. to spot, speckle (like the colours of a chequer-board). Taveler is from O. Fr. tavelle, which represents L. tabella *, a secondary form of tabtila. For b=i; see § 113. — Der. tavelme. (introd. in loth cent.). T A VERNE, sf. a tavern; from L. tabema. For b = i' see § 113. — Der. tavermtr. Taxer, va. to tax : from L. taxare (found in Suetonius). Its doublet is tdcher, q. v. — Der. taxe (verbal subst.), /a;«ateur, tax- ation. TE, pers. pron. obj. case, thee ; from L. te. Technique, adj. technical ; from Gr. rex- VIKOS. Technologie, sf technology; from Gr. rexvq and A070S, ^35 tSgument— tenir . T6guinent, sm. a tegument; from L. tegumentum. TEIGNE, s/. scurf, (Entom.) moth ; from L. tinea. For i = « sec § 74; for -nea = 'gne see cigogne. — Der. teigntwx, teignzsse. TEILLE, s/. lime-bast, bast; another form of tille. For i = ei see § 74 Der. /«7/er, TEINDRE, va. to tinge ; from L. tingere. For letter-changes sec ceindre. — Der. teint (partic. subst. : teint represents L. tinctus ; for letter-changes see ceintiire. The fem. p. p. also gives us the partic. sf. teinte). TEINT, sm. a dye, complexion. See teindre. TEINTE, sf. tint, tinge. See teindre.— Der. teintei. TEINTURE, sf. a dye, thicture; from L. tinctura. For letter-changes see ceinture. — Der. teinturier, teinturerie. TEL, adj. such ; from L. talis. For -alis = -el see § 191. — Der. tellement. T616graph.e, sm. a telegraph ; a word framed from two Gr. words, ypacpos and trjKe. — Der. telegraphic, telegraphique. Telescope, sm. a telescope ; from Gr. rtjXe- OKOITOS. T6ni§raire, adj. rash; from L. temera- rius. Tein§rit6, sf. temerity; from L. temeri- Jtatem. TEMOIGNER, vn. to bear witness, va. to testify. See temoin. — Der. temoignzge. TEMOIN, sm. a witness ; from L. testimo- nium, used for testimony in Class. Lat., for witness in Carol. Lat. : ' De mancipiis quae venduntur, ut in praesentia episcopi vel comitis sit, aut ante bene nota testi- m.onia/ says a Capitulary of A. d. 779. Testim.6nium, regularly contrd. (see § 52) to test'monium, then to tes'mo- nium (by tm = m, see plane), becomes temoin. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81; for o = oi see § 83 Der. te- moignei (from temoin, like soigner from sain and eloigner from loin, etc.). TEMPE, sf. a temple (of the head) ; formerly temple, from L. tempora. T^mpora, regularly contrd. (see § 51) to temp'ra, becomes O. Fr. temple. For T = l see autel. Temple is reduced to tempe in modern Fr., like O. Fr. angle from L. ang'lus to ange. Temperament, sm. a temperament ; from L. temperamentum. Temp6rant, adj. temperate. See temperer. — Der. temperance. Tem.p6rature, sf. a temperature ; from L. temperatura (found in Varro). Temp6rer, va. to temper; from L. tem- per are. Its doublet is tremper, q, v.— Der. temperL Temp^te, s/ a tempest ; from L. tempes- tat em. For loss of s see Hist. Gram, p 81. — Der. tempcttr, tempitcux. Temple, sm. a temple; from L. templum — Der, femplicT. Temporaire, adj. temporary; from L temporarius. Temiporal, adj. (Anat.) temporal ; from L temporalis. Tem.porel, adj. temporal; from L. tempo- ralis, first = perishable, then secular. Foi -alis = -e/ see § J91. Tem.poriser, vn. to temporise, procrasti- nate; from L. tempus, temporis. — Der temporisztion, temporimitwr. TEMPS, sm. time; from L. tempus. Foi loss of u see § 50 ; for continuance of £ see Hist. Gram. p. 162. TENABLE, adj. tenable. See tenir. Tenace, adj. tenacious ; from L. tena' cem. T6nacit6, sf. tenacity; from L. tenacita- tem. TENAILLE, sf. a tenaille (fortification), pi pincers ; from L. tenacula : the Class. Lat form is tenaculum. For -acula = -a///< see § 255. — Der. tenailler. TENANCIER, sm. a holder, tenant-farmer See tenant. TENANT, sm. a challenger, supporter. Se< tenir. — Der. tenance * (whence tenancier). TENDANCE, sf. tendency. See tendre. i" Tender, sm. a tender (railway); from Engl, tender. TENDON, sm. (Anat.) a tendon. See tendre. TENDRE, adj. tender; from L. tenerum, by regular contr. (see § 51) of tenerum to ten'rum, whence tendre. For nr = ndt see absoudre. — Der. tendrts%t, tendret6, tendron, attendrii. TENDRE, vn. to lead, conduce; from L tendere, by regular contr. (see § 51) oi t^ndere to tendre. — Der. tendant (whence tendance), tendon. (A similar metaphor ii found in Germ, tehne, der. from tehnen.) T6ndbres, sf.pl. darkness; from L. tene- brae. T6n6breux, adj. gloomy ; from L. tene^ brosus. For -osus = -eux see § 229. Teneur, sm. tenor, purport; fromL. teno- rem (found in the Digest). For o = eu se« § 79. Its doublet is tenor, q. v. T6nia, sm. taenia ; from Gr. raivia. TENIR, va. to hold ; from L. tenere, whicf is found in the form tenire in a 4th-cent TENOR — T&TE. ?^S?, document. For Q — i see § 59, — Der. /ewable, /ewant, tenxie (partic. subst.)» tenon. tT6nor, sm. a tenor (voice); from It. tetiore. Its doublet is teneur, q. v. Tension, sf. tension ; from L. tensionem. Tentacule, sf. a tentacle; from L. tenta- cula *, from tentare. Tentation, sf. a temptation; from L. ten- tationem. Tentative, sf. an attempt; from L. tenta- tiva *, der. from tentatus. TENTE, sf. a tent ; from medieval Lat. tenta, lit. cloth stretched, partic. subst. of tentus. TENTER, va. to tempt, attempt; from L, ten- tare. — Der. tentaX&MX (L. tentatorem). TENTURE, sf. tapestry ; from L. tentura*, from tentus. Tenu, adj. tenuous ; from L. tenuis. TENUE, sf. a holding, session, bearing. See tenir. Tenuite, sf. tenuity ; from L. tenuitatem. Tepide, adj. tepid; from L. tepidus. Its doublet is tiede, q. v. TERCER, va. to give a third dressing (to vines); from L. tertiare (found in Colu- mella). For -tiaxe = -cer see agencer. TERCET, sm. a tiercet, couplet of three verses ; from L. tertius, with dim. suffix et, see § 281. ¥ ox tia = ce s&e agencer. Terebenthine, sf. turpentine ; der. from terebinthe, which from L. terebinthus. Tergiverser, vn. to evade, shift ; from L. tergiversare. — Der. tergiversdAxon, ter- giversdiXtur. TERME, sm. a term ; from L. terminus, by regular contr. (see § 51) of terminus to term'nus, whence terme. For mn = m see § 168. — Der. ztermoyex. Terminaison, sf a termination ; from L. terminationem. For -ationem = -a/sow see § 232. Terminer, va. to terminate ; from L. ter- minare. — Der. terminable, interminable. Ternaire, adj. ternary ; from L. ternarius. Terne, sm. two threes (in dice) ; from L. ternus. TERNE, adj. (Bot.) ternal ; of Germ, origin, O.H.G. tarni, veiled, then ternal Der. tern\x, /erwissure. TERRAIN, sm. ground, soil. It. terreno, from L. terrenum (found in Columella). For e=ei = at see § 61. Terraqu6, adj. terraqueous; compd. of L. terra and aqua. + Terrasse, s/. a terrace ; introd. from It. terrazzo. — Der. terrassement, ierrassiex, terrassei. Terrasser, va. to fill in with earthwork, to throw to earth, cast down, dismay. See terrasse. TERRE, sf. earth; from L. terra. — Der. terre-i)lein,terre2.\i, ierrex {enterrex,deterrex), terrien, terrine, terrix (ztterrix), terriex. Terrestre, adj. terrestrial; from L. ter- restris. Terreur, sm. terror; from L. terrorem. TERREUX, adj. earthy, dirty ; from L. ter- rosus. For -osvL8 = -eux see § 229. Terrible, adj. terrible ; from L. terribilis. TERRIEN, adj. of land. See terre. TERRIER, sm. a terrier (hole, dog, and land- roll). See terre. TERRINE, sf an earthen pan. See terre. TERRIR, vn. to bury eggs in ground (of tor- toises). See terre. Territoire, sm. a territory ; from L. terri- torium. Its doublet is terroir, q. v. Territorial, adj. territorial ; from L. terri- torialis. TERROIR, sm. soil (for agriculture) ; from L. territorium. Territorium, losing medial t (see abbaye), is contrd. to a form terreoir *, which has not survived, but is re- duced to terroir. Its doublet is territoire, q.v. TERTRE, sm. a hillock. Origin unknown. TES, poss. pron. pi. thy ; from L. tuos. For reduction of tuos to tos see mon and ses ; for o = e seeje. TESSON, sm. fragment of broken glass ; from L. testonem *, dim. of testtim, clay, then clay vessel, then fragment. For st = ss see angoisse. Test, sm. a shell; from L. testa. — Der. testice (L. testaceus). Testament, sm. a will ; from L. testa- mentum. — Der. testamenta.ixe. Testateur, sm. a testator; from L. test a- torem. Tester, vn. to make a will ; from L. tes- tare. Testimonial, adj. testimonial; from L. testimonialis. TESTON, sm. a teston (old coin). See teie. TET, sm. a shell, skull ; formerly test, from L. testum. For loss of s see Hist. Gram, p. 81. Its doublet is tete, q. v. t T6 tanos, sm. tetanus ; from Gr. riravos. TETARD, sm. a pole-socket, a tadpole. See tete. TfeTE, sf. a head; formerly teste, from L. testa (found in this sense in Ausonius). * Abjecta in triviis inhumati glabra jacebat Testa hominis, nudum jam cute calvitium.' Aa 354 TETER — TILLAC, See also § 14. For later loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. O. Fr. teste remains in the derived teston, coin with the head {teste) of the king on it. Tete is a doublet of tet, q. V. — Der. /^/u, /«;/ard, tnteti, tttikxt. TETER, va. to suck (milk). See tette, TI;TIN, sm. a nipple. See tette. TETINE. sf. an udder. See tette. TETON, sm. a teat. See telle. T6tracorde, sm. a tetrachord ; from Gr. T€Tp(t yopSos. T6tra§dre, sm. a tetrahedron; from Gr. T(TTap(s and (Spa. T6tragone, adj. four-cornered; from Gr. T(Tp6y<UV0S. T6trarchie, sf. tetrarchy ; from Gr. T^rpap- X«a. TETTE, sf. a dug, teat ; of Germ, origin, A.S. tile, title, Engl. teat. — Der. teter, let'm, tetine, teton. Texte, sm, a text ; from L. textus. — Der. texiuel. Textile, adj. textile; from L, textilis. Texture, s/. texture; from L, textura. Thaumaturge, sm. a wonder-worker ; from Gr. davfxarovpyos. + Th6, sm. tea ; of Chinese origin, Chinese te. — Der. theihxe. Th6&,tre, sm. a theatre ; from L. theatrum. — Der. theatrnl. Th6isnie, sm. theism ; from Gr. Bios with termination -isme. see § 218. Thdme, sm. a theme ; from Gr. ©f'/m. Th6ocratie, sf. a theocracy; from Gr. OeoKparia. Th§odicee, sf. theodicy ; a word forged by Leibnitz out of the two Gr. words 6(6s and S'lKT}. Th6ogonie, sf. a theogony; from Gr. Ofoyovia. Th6ologie, sf. theology; from Gr. $€0X0- yia. — Der. theologiqxie, thiologiQ, theolog^X. Th^ordme, sm. a theorem ; from Gr. 6(wpr]na. Th6orie, sf a theory ; from Gr. Ocupia. Theorique, adj. theoric ; from Gr. etwpiKos. — Der. theoricien. Th6rapeutique, sf therapeutics ; from Gr. OepavevTiKos. Th6riaque, sf theriac, treacle ; from L. theriaca. Its doublet is triaqtie. Thermes, sm. pi. thermal baths ; from L. thermae. — Der. therma], thermidor. Thermomdtre, sm. a thermometer ; from Gr. 6(pfi6s and nerpov. Th6sauriser, va. to treasure up, heap up ; from Gr. thesaurizare. Thdse, sf a thesis: from L. thesis. THON, sm. a tunny fish ; from L. thunnus For u = see annoncer. Thorax, sm. thorax, chest ; from Gr. Owpa^ — Der. thorac\(\wt. Thuriferaire, sm. a thurifer, censer-bearer ; from L. thurifer. Thym, sm. thyme; from L. thymum. Th3rrse, sm. a thyrsus; from L. thyrsus Its doublet is torse, q. v. Tiare, sf a tiara (Persian head-dress) ; fron: L. tiara. t Tibia, sf (Anat.) a tibia ; from L. tibia Its doublet is lige, q. v. TIC, sm. knack, tic ; an onomatopoetic word See § 34. TIEDE, adj. tepid, lukewarm ; from L. tepi dus, by regular contr. (see § 5 1 ) of tepi dus to tep'dus, whence tiede. For pd = c see hideux ; for e = ie see § 56. It: doublet is tepide, q. v. — Der. tiedtm, tiddir attiediT. TIEN, sm. pron. adj. thine; formerly ten softened form of ton, q. v. For o = e se( je ', for e = ie see § 56. We find le lot. for le lien in several iith-cent. documents thus confirming the etymology given. Foi origin see ton. TIERCE, sf. a third ; from L. tertia. Fo: e = ie see § 56 ; for -tia = -c^see agencer. TIERCELET, sm. a tercel (falcon) ; dim. o O. Fr. tiergol. Tiercol is from L. terti' olus *, a goshawk in medieval Lat. texts e. g. ' Tertiolis et minoribus inter fal cones dari debet pro pastu sufficienti mino quantitas carnium ' in the Ars Venandi o Frederick II. Tertiolus is from tertius the male goshawk being one-third smalie than the female. Tertiolus become tiercol: for e = ie see § 56; for ci = i see agencer. TIERCER, vn. to raise the price one-third from L. tertiare. For e = ie see § 56 for -tiare = -cfr see § 264. — Der. tierce ment. TIERS, adj. third; from L. tertius. Fo e = ie see arriere; for ti = s see § 264.— Der. tiers etat, tiers parti, //er.s-point. TIGE, sf. a stalk; from L. tibia. Tibii becomes tige : for bia = bja=Je se abreger. Its doublet is tibia, q. v. Tigre, sm. a tiger; from L. tigris. — Dei tigre. Tigr6, adj. spotted. See tigre. t Tilbury, sm. a tilbury; introd. fron Engl, tilbury. TILLAC, sm. a deck (of merchant ships) TILLE — TOILE TTE. 355 of Germ, origin, like most naval terms, O. Scand. thilia, a floor, then deck. TILLE, sf. lime-bast, bast; from L. tilia. For li = ill see ail. TILLEUL, sm. a lime-tree; from L. tili- olus *, dim. from tilia. For li = il see ail; for -olus = ew/ see § 253. fTimbale, sf. a kettle-drum; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. timballo. Its doublet is timbre, q. v. — Der. timbalitr. TIMBRE, sm. a bell, sound, stamp ; from L. tympanura, by regular contr. (see § 51) of tympanum to tymp'num, whence timbre. For n = r see diacre ; for p = 6 see § 111. Its doublets are timbale, tympan. — Der. iimbrer. Timide, adj. timid; from L. timidus. — Der. lutimider. Timidity, sf. timidity; from L, timidi- tatem. TIMON, sm. a carriage-pole ; from L. tem.o.- nem. For e = t see § 59. — Der. timonier. TIMONIER, sm. a shaft-horse, a steersman. See timon. Tinior6, adj. timorous (found in the Vulgate); from L. timoratus. For -atus=-e' see § 201. _ Tinctorial, adj. used in dyeing; from L. tinctorius. TINE, sf. a tub; from L. tina. — Der. tinette. TINTAMARRE, sm. a hubbub. Origin unknown. TINTER, va. to ring, toll (a bell); vn. to tinkle; from L, tinnitare, frequent, of tinnire. For regular contr. of tinnitare to tin' tare, see § 52. — Der, tiritemtnt, tintovLxn. TIQUE, sf. a tick; of Germ, origin, from Engl. tick. TIR, sm. a shooting. See tirer. TIRAILLER, va. to pull, pester, skirmish (military). See tirer. — Der. tirailleur. TIRER, va. to draw ; of Germ, origin, Neth. teren. — Der. tir (verbal subst. masc), tire (verbal subst. fem. : a tire d'aile, a tire larigot), tire, tira.de, tireur, tirage, //ret, tiroir ; ztlirer, dedrer, etirer, vetirer, soutirer; /zVailler. Tisane, sf a tisane, diet-drink ; from L. ptisana. For pt = / see Hist. Gram. p. 80. TISON, sm. a fire-brand ; from L. titionem. For ti = s see agencer. — Der. tisonner. Tisser, va. to weave ; from L. texere. For e = i see § 59; x = ss see § 150. Its doublet is tistre, q. v. — Der. tissiLge. TISSERAND, sm. a weaver ; formerly tisse- ranc, originally tisserenc. This last form is a compd. of O. Fr. tissier, and of suffix enc, which is of Germ, origin (me). As tisserand is for tisserenc, so Flamand is for Flamenc, and chamhellan for cham- berlen, chamberlenc. TISSIER, sm. a weaver ; from L. texarius *, der. from texere. See tisser. TISSU, sm. texture. See tistre. — Der. Ass- ure. TISTRE, va. to weave ; from L. texere, by regular contr. (see § 51) of texere to tex're. Tex're, by x = s (see § 150), becomes tes're, whence tistre. For e = t see § 59; for sr = s/r see ancetre. Its doublet is tisser, q. v. — Der. tissu (verbal subst). Titillation, sf tickling. See titiller. Titiller, va. to tickle; from L. titillare. — Der. titillaX-ion. TITRE, sm. a title; from L. titulus, by regular contr. (see § 51) of titulus to tit'lus, whence titre. For l = r see apotre. — Der. titrtr, attitrer. TITRE, adj. titled. See titre. TITRER, va. to title. See titre. Tituber, vn. to slip, stumble; from L. titubare. Titulaire, adj. titular; from L. titularis. t Toast, sw. a toast, health ; introd. from Engl, toast. — Der. toster. TOCSIN, sm. a tocsin, alarm bell; in 17th cent, toquesin (in Menage), compd. of two words, toque (act of striking, see toquer) and sin (a bell). Sin is from L. signum, which is used for a bell in Merov. texts ; e.g. * Qui dum per plateam praeteriret, signum ad matutinas motum est : erat enim dies dominica ' (Gregory of Tours, 3, 1 5). Signum becomes sin by gn = n, see accointer. This word is found in a proverb current as late as the 1 7th cent. : Le bruit est si grand qu^on n'oirait pas las sins sonner. Bell-founders also used to be called saintiers. As a confirmation of this etymology cp. Prov. toca-senh for tocsin, in which senh represents L. signum, Toge, sf. a toga ; from L. toga. TOI, pers. pron. thee ; from L, tibi. For the formation of the word see Hist. Gram, p. 109. For i — oi see hoire. — Der. tuioyer. TOILE, sf. cloth ; from L. tela. For e = oi see § 61. — Der. toilier, toilene, entoilcT, {rentoiler), toilette (properly a napkin). TOILETTE, sf. a toilette. See toile. A a 2 35^ TOISE — TORJSA DOR. TOISE, sf. a fathom, lit. the length between the outstretched arms. It. tesa, from L. tensa, found in medieval Lat. : ' Habet namque ipsa domus in longitudine tensas XL,' in an iith-cent. document. Tensa is a partic. subst. from tensus, outstretched. By xxs = s (see aine) tensa becomes tesa, whence toise, by e = oi (see § 6l). — Der. toiscT. TOISER, va. to measure. See toise. TOISON, sf. a fleece ; from L. tonsionem (act of shearing, then thing shorn, fleece). Tonsionem, reduced regularly to tosi- onem (see aine), becomes toison, by trans- position of i (see chanoine). Its doublet is tonsion, TO IT, sm. a roof; from L. tectum. For ect = o// see attrait and § 6i. — Der. toiiuie. TOITURE, sf. roofing. See toil. TOLE, sf. sheet-iron ; formerly taule. Taule is from L. tabtda, a sheet of metal in some late Lat. texts. Tdbiila is regularly contrd. (see § 51) to tab'la, whence taule. For bl = i/Z = ul see aurone ; for au = 6 see § 106. Tole is a doublet oi table, q.v. Tolerance, sf. tolerance. See tolerer. Tol6rer, va. to tolerate; from L. tolerare. — Der. toUraxit {tolerance), tolerable (in- tolerMe). f Tomate, s/". a tomato; introd. from Sp. tomate. Tombe, sf. a tomb; from L. tumba. — Der, tombzl. Tombeau, sm. a tomb ; from L. tum- bellus*, dim. of tumba. For -ellus = -eau see § 282. TOMBER, vn. to fall; formerly tumber, of Germ, origin, O. Scand. tumba. For u = o see annoncer Der. tombee (partic. subst), tombere^u (a tumbril, cart which pitches over). TOMBEREAU, sm. a tumbril. See tomber. Tome, sm. a volume; from L. tomus. — Der. tomer, /omaison. Ton, sm, tone; from L. tonus. — Der. /owique, /onalite. TON, poss. adj. thy ; from L. tuum, by regular contr, (see mon) of tuum to turn. Tum becomes ton: for u = o see annoncer ; for m = n see changer. TONDRE, va. to shear, clip ; from L. ton- dere, which was tondere in common Lat., as we find (6th cent.) ton dent for ton- debunt in a fragment of the Itala. For regular contr. of tondere to tond're see § 51. — Der. tonte (strong partic. subst., see absoute), tondeni, /oncfaison. Tonique, adj. tonic. See ton. TONNE, sf. a tun. Origin unknown. Hence come two words, tonnel * and tonnelle ; the latter survives in mod. French, the first has become tonneau. For el = eau see agneau. — Der. /OM«elier, tonne\tr, tonnzge. TONNEAU, sm. a cask. See tonne. TONNELER, va. to tunnel. See tonne. TONNELIER, sm. a cooper. See ton7te. — Der. tonnellene. TONNELLE, sf. an arbour, vault. See tonne. TONNER, vn. to thunder ; from L. tonare. For n = nn see ennemi. TONNERRE, sm. thunder. Prov. tonedre, from L. tonitru. For n = «M see ennemi; for i = « see § 72 ; for tr = rr see § 168. Tonsure, sf. tonsure; from L. tonsura. TONTE, sf. shearing. See tondre. i* Tontine, sf. a tontine; introd. in a.d. 1653 from It. tontina. Topaze, sf a topaze ; from L. topazus. t Toper, vw. to stake equal (at dice) ; from It. toppare. Topique, adj. topical ; from Gr. romKCs. Topiques, sm. pi. the topics ; from Gr. TOITIKT] (SC. TeX^V)' Topographie, sf. topography; from Gr. TOTToypacpia. t Toque, sf. a cap; introd. from It. tocca. — Der. toquet. TOQUER, va. to offend ; from a primitive L. toccare *, of Germ, origin, O. H. G. z'dchon. Its doublet is toucher, q.v. — Der. toe (verbal subst.), tocsin. TORCHE, sf. a torch. See torcher. TORCHER, va. to wipe (with a wisp of straw, etc., twisted together) ; from L. tortiare *, der. from tortus. For -tia = -cer see agencer. — Der. torche (verbal Subst., lit. a wisp of straw ; in this sense torche becomes torchon, a clout, dish-cloth), torchxs. TORCH IS, sm. a loam-coated pit. See torcher. TORCHON, sm. a house-cloth, clout. See torcher. TORDRE, va. to twist ; from L. torquere, by change of accent from torquere to tdrquere (Hist. Gram. p. 133), and regular contr. (see § 51) of torquere to torq're, whence tor're. For qr = r see benir; for euphonic intercalation of d see Hist. Gram, p. 73. — Der. tordzge, tordeur. Tore, sm. (Archit.) a torus ; from L. torus (found in Vitruvius). t Toreador, sm. a toreador; from Sp. toreador. TORPE UR — TOURNER. 357 Torpeur, sm. torpor; from L. torporem. Torpille, sf. a torpedo ; a dim. formed from L. torpere. Torrefaetion, sf. torrefaction ; from L. torrefactionem *. Torrefier, va. to torrefy ; from L. torre- ficare *. Torrent, sm. a torrent; from L. torren- tem. — Der. (orrentueux, torrent'iel. Torride, adj. torrid; from L. torridus. TORS, adj. twisted ; from L, tortus. For loss of u see § 50 ; for continuance of s see § I49. — Der. torsa.de. TORSADE, sf. a twisted fringe. See tors. + Torse, stn. a torso; introd. in l6th cent, from It. torso. Its doublet is thyrse, q. v. Torsion, sf torsion; from L. torsionem. TORT, sm. wrong; from L. tortus. The L. partic. tortus means first ' twisted,' then (in Carol, times) a twist, damage, injustice. We find in the Capitularies of Charles the Bald, ' Sic injustitiam istam exsolvant, sicut illi, qui in suo ministerio tortum faciunt.' Torticolis, sm. a stiff neck ; compd. of the two Lat. words tortum collum. TORTILLER, va. to twist ; from L. torti- culare *, der. from tortus. For -icula = -ille, see § 257. — Der. tortille, tortille- ment, entortiller. TORTU, adj. crooked ; from L. tortuous *, der. from tortus. For -ucus=-« see § 237. The twisted shape of the feet of the testudo gave the animal the name of tortuca in rustic Lat. From this L. tor- tuca comes Sp. tortuga, Fr. tortue. For -uca = -Me see § 237. Tortueux, adj. winding; from L. tortu- osus. For -osus = -eM;« see § 229. Torture, sf torture; from L. tortura.— Der. torturer. Tester, va. to toast. See toast. TOT, adv. early, soon ; formerly tost, from L. tot cito, compd. of cito. Totcito, contrd. regularly (see § 51) to totc'to, be- comes toc'to, by tc= c see adjuger. Toc'to becomes tost by c = s, cp. amistie (amilie), {rom amic'tatem (see amitie) ; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. plu^o^ (see phis). Total, adj. total; from L. totalis*, der. from totus. — Der. totalite. TOUAILLE, sf a round towel ; formerly ioaille, It. tovaglia, from medieval L. toa- CTila : * Ad saccos autem faciendos drappos albos 2 de quibus fieri possunt staminea 10 toaculae 2 ' ( Chronicon Fontanellense). Toacula is of Germ, origin, M. H. G. twehele, a towel. Toacula becomes tou- aille: for -acula = -a/Z/e see § 255 ; for o — 071 see § 81. TOUCHER, va. to touch. Origin unknown. Its doublet is toquer, q. v. — Der. touche (verbal subst.), toucher (infin. taken sub- stantively), zUoucher, refoucher. TOUER, va. to tow; of Germ, origin, like most sea terms, Engl. tow. — Der. toue (verbal subst.), ^07/age, /07/ee (partic. subst.). TOUFFE, sf. a tuft. O. Fr. toffe, of Germ, origin. Low Germ. topp. For p=fsee chef; for o = ou see § 81. — 'Der. touffn. TOUJOURS, adv. always, lit. every day. See tout ajid jour. TOUPET, sm. a tuft (of hair), dim. of O. Fr. toupe. Toupe is of Germ, origin. Low Germ. topp. For o = ou see § 81. TOUPIE, sf a spinning-top ; formerly topie, of Germ, origin, Er>gl. top. For o = ou see § 81. TOUR, sm. a turn, tour. See tourner Der. touret, tourihre. TOUR, sf. a tower ; from L. turrim. For u = ou see § 90. — Der. toureWe. TOURBE, sf. turf, peat; of Germ, origin. Germ, torf EngL turf. For o = ou see § 81. — Der. tourbeux, tourbihre. Tourbe, sf the vulgar herd ; from L. turba*. For u,= om see § 90. TOURBILLON, sm. a whirlwind, dim. of primitive tourbille *, which from L. ttirbi- cula, der. from Class. L. turbo. For -icula = -///e see § 257; for u = om see § 90. — Der. tourbillonner. TOURD, sm. (Ornith.) a fieldfare ; from L. turdus. For u = ou see § 90. — Der. tourdeWe. TOURELLE, sf a turret. See tour.— Der. tour'iWon. TOURET, sm. a wheel. See tour. TOURIERE, sf an attendant (at the revolv- ing box in convents). See tour. TOURILLON, sm. a bearing-neck, axle-tree. See tourelle. TOURMENT, sm. a torment, plague ; from L. tormentum. For o = om see § 81. — Der. tourmentex (its verbal subst. is tourmente). TOURMENTE, sf stormy weather. See tojirment. TOURNER, va. to turn. It. tornare, from L. tornare. For = 07/ see § 81. — Der. /o?^r(verbalsubst.masc., whence the compds. entour, entourex, a Vewtour, z\ex\tGurs), au- tour, tourne (verbal subst. fem.), tournee (partic. subst.), tourna.vit, tournuie, tourneMx, 35^ TO URNESOL — TRA IRE. contoumer, d6tourner, xttovrner, pour/oj/r- ner*, ztovrner* (which verbs only remain in verbal substantives pourtour, atour). TOURNESOL, sm. (Bot.) a girasol, sunflower ; comp. of tourner (q. v.) and sol, which is L. sol. TOURNIQUET, sm. a turnstile. See tour- noyer. TOURNOI, sm. a tournament, tourney. See tournoyer. TOURNOIEMENT, sm. a turning round and round. See tournoyer, TOURNOIS, adj. of Tours (so. money) ; from L. Turonensis, by regular contr. (see § 52) of turdnensis to tur'nensis, whence txirnesis ; for ns = s see aine. Turnesis becomes tournois : for u = o« see § 90 ; for e = oi see § 62. TOURNOYER, vn. to turn round and round ; from L. tomicaa'e *, from tornare. Tournoyer is from tornicare, like ployer from plica re. For letter-changes of-icare = -oyer see ployer; for = 0?/ see § 81. — Der. tournoi (verbal subst. Tournoi is from tournoyer, cp. emploi from employer), tot/rnoiement. From tornicare comes also tourniquet, q. v. TOURTE, sf. a tart, cake ; from medieval L. torta, der. from L. torta, a rolled cake. ' Torta unde tortula diminutivum, genus cibi est vel panis, quod vulgo dioitur ita,' is found in an lith-cent. document. For = 07/ see § 81. — Der. tojtriVext, tourtenu. TOURTEAU, sm. a cake. See tourfe. TOURTEREAU, sm. turtle dove ; formerly tourterel, from L. turterellus*, dim. of turtur. For u = e see chapeler ; for 11 = ou see § 90. — Der. tourtereWe. TOUSSAINT, sf. All Haltews. See tous and saint. TOUSSER, vn. to cough. See toux. TOUT, atf/, all ; from L. totus. Foro = ow see § 8r. — Der. tout k coup, tout a fait, /o?//efois. TOUTEFOIS, adv. nevertheless. See tout and fois. TOUX, sf. a cough ; from L. tussis. For u = ou see § 90 ; for ss = «; see deux. Toxique, sm. poison ; from Gr. to^ikos (properly poison for tipping arrows). — Der. toxico\o^\e (compd. of toxique and Gr. A.070S). TRAC, sm. a track. See traquer. TRACASSER, va. to torment. See traquer. — Der. tracas (verbal subst.), tracass\tT, tracassene. TRACE, sf. a trace. See tracer. TRACER, va. to trace. It. tracctare, from L. tractiare *. der. from traotus, p.p. of trahere (to draw lines, trace). For ct = / see affete; for -tidcre = -cer, see § 264. — Der. trace (verbal subst.), tracd (partic. subst.); tracemtnt. Trach6e, sf. a windpipe; from L. trachia (found in Macrobius). Traction, sf. traction; from L. tr acti- onem. Tradition, s/; tradition ; from L. traditi- onem. Its doublet is trahisson, q. v. Traducteur, sm. a translator; from L. traductorem. Traduction, s/. translation ; from L. tra- ductionem. TRADUIRE, va. to translate ; from L. tra- ducere. For -dnoere = -duire see con- d74ire.— DtT. traduisihle. t Trail C, sm. traffic; from It. traffico. t Trafiquer, vn. to traffic; from It. traf- ficare. Trag6die, sf. tragedy; from L. tragoedia. — Der. tragedien. Tragique, adj. tragic; from L, tragicus. TRAHIR, va. to betray ; originally tra'ir. It. tradire, from L, tradere. For -adere = -ahir see envahir. — Der. trahison (from L. traditionem : for ti = s see agencer. Its doublet is tradition, q. v.). TRAIN, sm. pace, retinue, train. See traire. TRAINER, va. to drag. See /ram.— Der. traine (verbal su'bst.),/ra?72^e (partic. subst.), trainezu, traina.ge, trainaid, traineur, en- trainer. TRAIRE, va. to milk, lit. to draw; from ■which O. Fr. signification it has slowly been restricted to special sense of drawing milk (cp. miier, from 'to change' to 'to moult'). For such narrowing of sense see § 13. Trahere becomes traire as distrahere becomes distraire, or extrahere, extraire. Trahere was early changed to tragere (we find subtragendo for subtrahend© in Merov. texts). Trjigere, regularly contrd. (see § 51) to trag're, becomes traire : for gr = r see accueiller ; for a = ai see § 54. — Der. trait (partic. subst. masc), traite (partic. subst. fern. Traite is properly * drawn,' and keeps its original sense, as a traite is properly a letter of change drawn on some one). From tragere comes deriv. tragimen *, act of moving, march, whence sense of train. Tragimen becomes train as sagimen, sa/« : for letter-changes see saiti. As a confirmation of this origin, note that O. Fr. had train while Sp. had tragin. TRAIT— TRANSSUBSTANTIER. 359 TRAIT, sm. an arrow, shaft ; from L. tractus. For letter-changes see attrait. TRAITE, 5/. a stage, journey. See traire. TRAITJE, sm. a treaty ; from L. tractatus. For -atu3 = -e see § 201; for ot = it see attrait. TRAITER, va. to treat ; from L. traotare. For ct = it see attrait. — Der. traiieur, traite- ment, /rct//able. TRAITRE, sm. a traitor; formerly traitre, from L. traditor. For regular loss of o see § 50, whence tradit'r, which loses medial d (see accahler) and becomes O. Fr. traitre. — Der. /raZ/reusement, traitresse. Trajectoire, 5/. a trajectory ; from L. tra- jectoria *. Trajet, sm. passage; from L. trajectus. For ct = ^ see affete. TRAMAIL, sm. a trammel, net; formerly tremail, from L. tremaculura, in the Loi Salique, 29, 32 ; 'Si quis . . . tremaculum aut vertevolum de flumine furaverit.' For e = a see amender ; for -aculuin = -ai7 see § 255. Tremaculum, lit. of three meshes, is compd. of L. tres and m.acvila. Trame, sf. weft, course ; from L. trama. — Der. tramtx. t Tramontane, sf. the north wind; from It. tramontana. TRANCHER, va. to cut. Origin unknown. — Der. tranche (verbal subst.), tranchznt, iranchee (partic. subst.), tranchet, tranchoir, retrancher. Tranquille, adj. tranquil ; from L. tran- quillus. — Der. tranquilizer. Tranquillite, sf. tranquillity; from L. tranquillitatem. Transaction, sf. a transaction; from L. transactionem. Transborder, va. to trans-ship ; compd. of L. trans and Fr. border, q. v. — Der. tra?ishorden\en\., transbordMe. Transcendant, adj. transcendent; from L. transcendentem. — Der. transcend- ance. Transcription, sf. a transcription ; from L. transcriptionem. Transcrire, va. to transcribe ; from L. transcribere. For - scrib ere = -scr/re see ecrire. TRANSE, sf affright. See transir. Transferer, va. to transfer ; from L. trans- ferre. Transfert, sm. a transfer; from L. trans- fertus, barbarous p.p. of transferre. Transfigurer, va. to transfigure ; from L. transfigurare. — Der. transfiguriiiioii. Transformer, va. to transform; from L. trans formare. — Der. transform^ition. Transfuge, sm. a deserter; from L. trans- fuga. Transfuser, va. to transfuse; from L. transfusare*, frequent, of transfun- dere. — Der. transfusion. Transgressor, va. to transgress : from L. transgressare *, frequent, of trans- gredi. — Der. transgresseuv, transgression. Transiger, va. to transact ; from L. transi- gere. Transir, va. to chill, vn. to be chilled ; from L. transire * ( = to die in medieval Lat. texts), compd. of trans and ire. From sense of dying it passes to that of being chilled with cold, sorrow, etc. — Der. transe (verbal subst.), transi, /rawsissement. Transit, sm. a transit; from L. transitus. Transitif, adj. transitive ; from L. transi- tivus. Transition, sf a transition ; from L. tran- sitionem. Transitoire, adj. transitory ; from L. transitorius. Translator, va. to translate ; from L. translatare *, from translatus. Translation, sf a translation ; from L. translationem. Transmettre, va. to transmit ; from L. transmittere. For i = e see § 72. — Der. transmis, transmissible. Transmission, sf. transmission ; from L. transmissionem. Transmuer, va. to transmute ; from L, transmutare. For mutare = wwer see mi/er. — Der. transm7iMe. Transmutation, sf transmutation; from L. transmutationem. Transparent, adj. transparent ; from L. transparentem *. — Der, transparence. Transpercer, va. to transfix ; compd. of L. trans and Fr.percer, q. v, Transpirer, vn. to transpire; from L, trans and spirare. — Der. /ra«s/>i>ation. Transplanter, va. to transplant ; from L, transplantare. — Der. tratisplantation. Transporter, va. to transport ; from L. transportare. — Der. transport (verbal subst.), transportable. Transposer, va. to transpose ; compd. of L. trans and Fr. poser. — Der. iranspos- ition. Transsubstantier,t;a. to transubstantiate; compd. of L. trans and substantiare *, der.from substantia. — Der. transsubstanti- ation. 3^0 TRA NSVA SER—TRSMO USSER . Transvaaer, va. to decant ; compd. of L. trans and Fr. vase, q. v. Transverse, adj. transverse ; from L. transversus. — Der. tramversa], transvers- alement. Trapeze, sm. a trapezium ; from Gr. rp6.- TRAPPE, sf. a trap, trapdoor ; from medieval L. trappa, a snare, in the Lex Salica, 7, 9 : ' Si quis turturem de trappa furaverit,' Trappa is of Germ, origin, like most hunt- ing terms, O. H. G. trapo, a trap, snare. — Der. AttrappcT (lit. to trap. For this word see § 20). TRAPU, adj. stubby, squat. Origin unknown. TRAQUENARD, sm. a racking-pace, *traque- nard * (dance). See traquer. TRAQUER.vfl. to beat (a wood), hunt; then to enclose, surround. Traquer is properly to draw a net round a wood to catch the game in it ; and is of Germ, origin, Neth. trekken. — Der. trac (verbal subst. masc.), traque (verbal subst. fem.), /rag'?^eur, iraquet, traquen&rd, /racasser. TRAVAIL, sm. a horsebreaker's break. It. , travaglio, Sp. trabajo, Prov. trahahl, pro- perly a break for vicious horses ; and in this sense is from L, trabaculum *, der. from trabem. For b = v see § 113; for -aculvim = -ai7 see § 255. From sense of a machine for restraining horses, the word comes to mean constraint, drudgery, trouble, whence the verb travailler, to vex oneself, exert oneself, work hard. TRAVAIL, sm. labour. See travailler. TRAVAILLER, vn. to labour. See travail. —Der. travail. TRAVEE, sf. a bay, arch ; from L. trabata *, der. from trabem. For b=v see § 113 ; for -ata = -e« see § 201. TRA VERS, sm. breadth ; from L. traversus, for transversus. — Der. traverser, traversin. TRAVERSER, va. to cross, traverse. See travers. — Der. traverse (verbal subst.), tra- verser (partic. subst.). TRAVERSIN, sm. a bolster. See travers. fTravestir, va. to travesty; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. travestire. — Der. tra- vesrissement. TRE-, TRES-, prefix = across, beyond. It. tra-, tras-, from L. trans, which, by ns = s (see aine), becomes tras, whence tres : for a = e see § 54. Thus transsalire be- comes tressaillir; trans pass are, trans- buccare*, trans filare*, transtellum *, were in O. Fr. trespasser, tresbucher, tres- fiUr, tresteau, which in mod. Fr. are reduced to tripasser, trebucher, tr^filer, treleau, by regular loss of s, see Hist. Gram. p. 81. TREBUCHER, vn. to stumble; formerly tresbucher, answering to a Lat. form trans- buccare *, compd. of trans ^for trans = tres see tre-) and buccare, der. from buccus *, a word found in O. Fr. hue, the human trunk, which is A.S. buc. Tri'bucher is therefore properly to overthrow the body, fall over ; and this etymology is confirmed by the It. transbustare, which is compd. of the Lat. prefix trans and busto, the human bust. For cc = cA see § 126; for es = e see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. trebuchet*. TREFILER, va. to wiredraw; formerly tresfiler, from L. transfilare, der. from filum, properly to pass thread through the drawing-frame. For trans = tres — tre see tri". — Der. tre/ileur, trefilerit. TREFLE, sm. trefoil ; from L. trifolium, by contr. of trifolinm to triflium, (§ 51), whence trejle. For i = c see § 72. TREILLE, sf. a vine-arbour, trellis-arbour; from L. tricliila (found in Coluniella and in the Copa). TricMla, regularly contrd. (see § 51) to trich'la, becomes tricla by cli = c, whence treille by -icla, = -eille (see § 257). — Der. treilhge, treillis. TREILLIS, sm. a trellis. See treille. TREIZE, adj. thirteen ; from L. tredecim, by regular contr. (see § 51) of tr^decira to tred'cim, whence treize. For dc = e see adjuger ; for e = ei see § 61 ; for c = z see amitie. Trema, sm. (Gram.) diaeresis; from Gr. rprjixa. TREMBLE, sm. (Bot.) an aspen-tree. It. tremula, from L. tremula (lit. that which trembles), by regular contr. (see § 51) of tremula to tremla, whence tremble. For nil = m6/ see Hist. Gram. 73. TREMBLER, vn. to tremble. It. tremolare, from L. tremulare*, deriv. of tremxilus. * Nimio frigore horribiliter cum fletu ac stridore dentium tremnlantes,' says Flo- doard(iii. 3). Tremulsire, regularly contrd. (see § 52) to trem'Iare, becomes trembler. For mi = mbl see Hist. Gram. p. 73. — Der. trembloier, tremblem, tremblement. TREMIE, sf. a mill-hopper ; corruption of O. Fr. tremuie, compd. of tre, which is from L. tres, and muie, which is the L. mo- dia, lit. a trough to hold three bushels. For loss of d see alouette ; for o = ui see § 84. TREMIS;RE, sf. hollyhock. Origin un- known. TREMOUSSER (SE), vpr, to flutter; from TREMPE — TRICTRA C, 36, L. transmotiare *, to move rapidly, der. from transmotus, p. p. of transmovere. Transmotiare becomes tremousser : for trans = ^re see tre-; for o = ou see § 81; for -tiare = -sser see § 264, TREMPE, sf. temper (of steel). See tremper. TREMPER, va. to steep, dip, temper ; from L. temperare, lit. to temper steel, also to mix : so we find in Gregory of Tours, ' vinum temperatum ' = vhi trempe d' eau. Temperare, regularly contrd. (see § 52) to temp'rare, becomes O. Fr. temprer, later tremper, by transposition, see aprete. Tremper is a doublet of temperer, q. V. — Der, trempe (verbal subst.), de- tremper. + Tremplin, sw. a spring-board; introd. in 16th cent, from It. trampellino. TRENTE, adj. thirty. Sp. treinta, from L. triginta, by regular loss of medial g, see allier. For i=e see § 72. — Der. trent- ieme, /r^M/aine, + Trepan, sm. a trepan; introd. from It. trapano. — Der. trepaner. TREPASSER, vn. to die. O.Fr. trespasser, It. trapasiare, from L. transpassare, properly to pass across, then to die : it is almost the exact rendering of the popular phrase /aire le saut. For trans = tres - tre see tre-. — Der. trepas (verbal subst.). Trepidation, sf. trepidation; from L. tre- pjdationem. TREPIED, s7n. a tripod ; from L. tripedera. For tri = /re see § 72; for pedem = pied see pied. TREPIGNER, vn. to stamp one's feet; der. from O. Fr. treper, as egratigner is from gratter. Treper is of Germ, origin, Neth. trippen. — Der. trepignemQn^. TRfiS, adv. very; from L. trans, lit. beyond, then later 'very.' By ns = s (see aine) trans becomes tras, whence tres. For a = esee § 54. TRESOR, sm. a treasure. It. tesoro, from L. thesaurus. By th. = /, and by au = o (see § 106) thesaurus becomes tesor, whence, by intercalating r, tresor (see chanvre). — Der. tresorier, tresorerie. TRESSAILLIR, vn. to start, shudder; from L. transsalire *. For trans = tres see tre- ; for salire = saillir see saillir. — Der, ^ressaz7/ement. TRESSER, va. to plait ; originally trecer. It. trecciare, from L. tricciare *, der. from triccia *, a later form of trichea, which from Gr. rpixo., tripartite, whence sense of a tress, three-plaited. For tricciare = trecer = tresser see § 264; for i = e see §72 — Der. tresse (verbal subst.). TRETEAU, sm. a mountebank's stage ; for- merly tresteau, originally trestel, from L. transtellum *, dim. from transtrum, a bench, beam, platform. Transtellum, by trans = tres (see tre-), becomes O. Fr. tres- tel, whence later treteau. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; for -ellum = -eaM see* § 282, TREUIL, sm. a wheel and axle. It. torcolo, from L. torculum, a press, which was the meaning of tretiil in very O. Fr. Torcu- lum, regularly contrd. (see § 51), be- comes torclum, whence, by transposing r (see aprete), troclum, whence treuil. For o = ew see § 79 ; for cl = il see aheille. TREVE, sf. a truce ; originally trive, lit. security, peace, whence truce. Trive is of Germ, origin, Goth, triggua. Triggua, consonnifying u to v {c^. Janvier from j anu- •arius, q. v.), becomes trigva, whence O. Fr. trive, by gv-v. For i = e see Triangle, sm. a trivet, triangle ; from L. triangulum. For loss of penult, u see §51. Triangulaire, adj. triangular; from L. triangularis. Triangulation, sf. triangulation ; from L. triangulationem*, from triangulus. Tribord, sm. starboard. O, Fr, estribord, of Germ, origin, Engl, starboard. Tribu, sm. a tribe; from L. tribus. Tribulation, sf tribulation; from L. tri- bulationem. Tribun, sm. a tribune; from L. tribunus. — Der. tribunit (from L, tribunatus). Tribunal, sm. a tribunal; from L. tri- bunal, t Tribune, sf a tribune (speaker's desk), gallery ; from It. tribufia. Tribut, sm. tribute; from L. tributum. Tributaire, adj. tributary; from L. tribu- tarius. TRICHER, va. to trick, cheat. O. Fr. tre- cher, of Germ, origin, M. H. G. trechen, to launch a shot, thence to play a trick. For e = i see § 59. — Der. tricheur, trich- erie. Tricolore, adj. tricoloured; from L. tri- color. TRICOTER, va. to knit. Origin unknown. — Der, tricot (verbal subsr.), tricoteui, tri- coteuse, iricotngQ. TRICTRAC, sm. backgammon ; formerly 35a TRIENNA L — TR UBLE, tictac. Ticlac is an onomatopoetic word, from the noise of the rattling dice, see § 34. Triennal. adj. triennial; from L. trien- nalis *, from triennis. TRIER, va. to sort, cull. It. tritare, from L. tritare, der. from tritus, p. p. of terere. The actual sense comes from the phrase ♦granum terere,' to beat the corn from • the chaff, trier le grain, whence the mean- ing of trier. The It. tritare, which keeps both senses, to grind and to sort, confirms this etymology. For loss of medial t see abbaye. — Der. trizge. Trigonoin6trie, sf. trigonometry; from Gr, rpiyonfov and fiirpov. t Trille, sm. a trill ; from It. trillo. TRIMBALER, va. to drag about. Origin un- known. TRIMER, vn. to run about. Origin un- known. Trimestre, sm. a quarter of a year ; from L. trimestris. — Der. /r/mes/riel. TRINGLE, sf. a curtain-rod. Origin imi- known. — Der. tringler, tringlette. Trinit6, sf. the Trinity; from L. trini- tatem. — Der. trinitsihe. t Trinquer, vn. to touch glasses ; of Germ, origin (see § 27), from Germ. trinken. t Trio, sm. a trio ; introd. from It. trio. Triolet, sm. a triplet; from L. tres. Triomphal, adj. triumphal ; from L. triumphalis. Triomphateur, sm. a triumpher; from L. triumphatorem. Triomphe, sm. a triumph; from L. t r i u m p h u s .— Der. triompher . TRIPE, sf tripe. Origin unknown. — Der. trip2.i\\e, tripette, tripiei, tripihre. TRIPLE, adj. triple ; from L. triplus.— Der. triplet. TRIPOTER, va. to make a medley, intrigue. Origin unknown. — Der. /r/^o/ (verbal subst.), tripot-dge, tripoter. TRIQUE, sf a cudgel. Origin unknown. Trirdme, sm. a trireme; from L. tri- remis. TRISTE, adj. sad; from L. tristis.— Der. at/Ws/er. TRISTESSE, sf sadness ; from L. tristitia. For -itia = -fsse see § 245. Triturer, va. to triturate ; from L. tritu- rare. — Der. trituration. Trivial, fl(^'. trivial ; from L. trivialis. — Der. trivialite. TROC, sm. barter (of old goods), truck. See tro^uer. TROGNE, sf. a full face. Origin unknown. TROGNON, sm. a core (of fruit). Origin unknown. T RO IS, ar^'. three; from L. tres. Fore = o/ see § 61. — Der. trois'xhme. TROLER, vn. to drag about, gad, lounge about ; of Germ, origin, Germ, trollen. TROMBE, sf a waterspout ; from L. turbo, by transposing r (see dprete) and by inter- calating m (see lambruche). t Trombone, sw. a trombone; from It. trombone. TROMPE, sf. a horn, trumpet. Origin un- known. — Der. tromptx (properly to play the horn, alluding to quacks and mounte- banks, who attracted the public by blowing a horn, and then cheated them into buying ; thence to cheat). TROMPER, va. to deceive. See trompe.— — Der. trompeuT, tromperie, detromper. TROMPETTE, sf. a trumpet. See trompe. — Der. trompettr. TRONC, sm. a trunk; from L. truncus. For u = see annoncer. — Der. tronche (fem. form of ironc, whence dim. troncket), tron^on. TRONCON, sm. a fragment. See tronc. — Der. tronfonner. TRONE, sm. a throne ; from L. thronus. — Der. trontr, detrdner. Tronquer, va. to mutilate; from L. trun- care. TROP, adv. too much. From Low Lat. troppus *, which from O. H. G. drupo ; see Hist. Gram. p. 160. — Der, par trop (see par). Trope, sm. a trope, rhetorical figure ; from L. tropus. Troph.6e, sm. a trophy ; from L. tropaeum. Tropique. acf/. tropical; from L. tropicus. — Der. tropical. t Troquer, va. to exchange, truck ; from Sp. trocar. — Der. troc (verbal subst.) TROTTER, va. to trot ; from L. tolutare * (we find tolutarius, a trotter, in Seneca ; ' ire tolutim,,' to go at a trot, in Pliny), by contr. of tolutare to tlutare, whence trotter. For tl = ^r cp. titlum, titre ; capit- lum, chapitre. — Der. trot (verbal subst.), trotteuT, trotto'iT. TROU, sm. a hole. See trouer. t Troubadour, sm. a troubadour; from Prov. trobador, der. from verb trobar = trouver, to find, invent. For etymology of trobar see trouver. Its doublet is trouveur, q.v. TROUBLE, adj. turbid, muddy; from L. TROUBLER — TVER. 3^3 turbulus*, by contr, (see § 51) of tiir- bulus to turb'lus, whence trouble, by transposition of r, see dprete. TROUBLER, va. to troubl-e, disturb, thicken (liquids) ; from L. turbulare *, der. from turbula, found in Ammianus Marcellinus. Turbuldre, regularly contrd. (see § 52) to turb'lare, becomes troubler : for trans- position of r see aprete; for u = om see § 97. — Der. trojible (verbal subst.), trouble. TROUER, va. to perforate. The barbarous Lat. traugus, found in the Ripuarian Law, tit. 43 (' Si quis in clausura aliena traiigum ad transeundum fecerit'), whose origin is unknown, has produced Prov. trauc, O. Fr. trou. For loss of g see allier ; for au = ou see alouette. From trou comes the verb trouer, whence trouee. TROUPE, sf. a troop; der. from barbarous L. troppus *. ' Si enim in troppo de jumeutis illam ductricem aliquis involaverit ' (Lex Alamannorum, 7, 9). Origin unknown. Troupe is from troppus *, or rather from the fem. form troppa*: for o = ou see § 86. — Der. troiipe^u, troupier, zUrouptx. TROUPEAU, sm. a flock. See troupe. TROUPIER, sm. a trooper. See troupe. TROUSSE, 5/. a bundle, breeches. See trorisser. — Der. /ro?«seau,de^roMsser (properly to take off the breeches), trotisse(\\\m. TROUSSEAU, sm. a small bundle, outfit. See trousse, TROUSSER, va. to tuck up, turn up; for- merly trosser, originally torser, from L. tortiare *, to bind together, der. from tortus, p.p. of torquere. Tortiare, by -tiare = -ser (see § 264), becomes torser, whence trosser, by transposing r, see aprete. For later change of to ou see § .•86. — Der. trousse (a bundle of things bound together, a verbal subst.), trouss'is, re- trousser. TROUVER, va. to find; formerly trover, torver in an I ith-cent. document ; Prov. trobar, from L. turbare, to move, seek for, then lastly find. For h=v see § 113; ■for u = see annoticer (whence O. Fr. torver, whence trover) ; for transposition of r see aprete; for later change of o to ou see § 86. This etymology is confirmed by O. Port, trovar, which = both trouver and remuer, like the L. turbare. Just as turbare becomes trouver, so conturbare becomes controuver. — Der. trouvMWe, trouv- eur (whose doublets are trouvere, trou- badour, q. v.). i TROUVERE, sm. a poet, lit. one who finds, invents. Trotwere would answer to a Low Lat. form trovator *, which, by regularly losing its final vowel (see § 50), becomes trovat'r, whence trovere (for a = e see § 54; for tr = r see § 168), then trou- vere (for o = ou see § 86). Trouvere is a doublet of troubadour, q. v. TRUAND, sm. a vagrant, truant ; from me- dieval Lat. trutannus : ' Praecipimus ut semper pauperes magis indigentes (et mi- nime trutanni) ad ipsam oeieemosynam admittantur,' from a document of a.d. 1340. Trutannus is of Celtic origin, Kymr. tru. For loss of medial t see abbaye Der. triianderie. t Truchement, sm. an interpreter; from Sp. trucheman, a dragoman Its doublet is drngman, q. v. TRUELLE, sf. a trowel, fish-slice; dim. of a form true *, which from L. trua. TRUFFE, sf. (Bot.) a truffle. Origin un- known. — Der. truffxex, truffer. TRUIE, s/.a sow. It. iroja, from L. troja, a sow in common Lat. We know that the Romans called a roast pig a ' porcus troianus,' in the stomach of which were put birds and other animals, in allusion to the Trojan horse. Thence, by assimilation, people called the sow troia. A writer under the Empire, Messala Corvinus, tells us that in his day the Romans called the sow troia : ' Troia namque vulgo Latine scrofa dicitur.' We read in a legal document, * Troias omnes meas do, lego.' Troia becomes truie by o = ou, see § 86. For relation of j to i see aider. TRUITE, sf. a trout ; from L. tructa (found in Pliny). For ct = it see attrait. TRUMEAU, sm. a leg of beef. Origin un- known. TU, pers. pron. thou ; from L. tu. — Der. tu- toyer (see toi). Tube, sm. a tube; from L. tubus Der. tubwXtwx, tuhwXMXt. Tubercule, sm. a tubercule; from L. tuberculum. — Der. tubercuhnx. Tub^reuse, sf (Bot.) a tuberose ; from L. tuberosa. TUER, va. to kill, a tolerably recent word in this sense: in O. Fr. 'to kill' was not tuer but occire (from oocidere). In O. Fr. tt4er meant to stifle, as in Prov. tudar, O. It. tutare. Tuer is from L. tutari, to defend, then cover for defence, then stifle; e. g. tuer le feu was originally to bank up a fire, then to stifle, then, generalised (§ 12), to kill. By losing medial t (see abbaye) 3<54 TVF — UNIQUE. tntari gives tuer, as commutare gives commuer, remutare, sternutare, salu- tare, niutare, become remuer, eternuer, faluer, muer. — Der. tuer'xt, /weur. Tuf. sm. tufa ; from L. tophus. For ph=/ see coffre ; for o = ou see curee. Tuile, sf. a tile; from L. tegula, by regular contr. (see § 51) of K'-gtila to teg'la, whence tuile. For gl = // see cailler ; for e = w seejumeau. — Der. tuilier, tuileve. fTulipe, sf. a tulip; from Sp. lulipa. — Der. tulipier. Tulle, sm. press-point, tulle ; of hist, origin (see § 33), tulle being a textile fabric woven first at Tulle, just as Valenciennes lace was first made at that place. Tumefaction, sf. tumefaction; from L. tumefactionem *, from tumefactus. Tura6fier, i/a. to tumefy; from L. tume- ficare *. Tumeur, sm. a tumor; from L. tumor em. Tumulaire, adj. tumular, pertaining to a grave; from L. tumularis*, from tu- mulus. Tumulte, sm. a tumult ; from L tumultus. Tumultueux, adj. tumultuous; from L. tumultuosus. Tunique, sf. a tunic; from L. tunica. •f Tunnel, sm. a tunnel; introd. from Engl, tunnel. Its doublet is tonneau, q. v. t Turban, sm. a turban; introd. from It. turbante. TURBOT, sm. a turbot ; der., by help of dim. suffix ot (§ 281), from a primitive form turbe*, which from L. ttirbo, properly a top, then a turbot, from the likeness of the fish to the shape of a top. The Gr. pofjL^os. which signifies a top and a turbot, confirms this derivation. Turbulent, adj. turbulent ; from L. turbu- lentus. Its doublet is troublant. — Der. turbulence. tTurf, sm. turf; introd. from Engl. turf Turgescent. arf/. turgid ; from L. turges- centem. — Der. turgescence. Turlupin, sm. a maker of conundrums ; of hist, origin (see § 33), alluding to Tur- lupin, an actor of the time of Louis XIII. — Der. turlupinex. turlupinz.de. Turpitude, sf. turpitude; from L. tur- pitudinem. Tut61aire, adj. tutelary; from L. tute- laris. Tutelle, ff. tutelage, guardianship ; from L. tutela. Tuteur, sm. a guardian; from L. tutorem. TUTOYER, va. to say ' thou and thee ' to, treat intimately. See tu and toi. — Der, tutoiemtnt. Tutrice, sf a female guardian ; from L. tutricem. TUYAU, sm. a pipe, tube; formerly tuyel, from L. tubellus, dim. of tubus, by loss of medial b, see aboyer; for el = au see agneau. Tympan, sm. a typanum (of the ear), drum. Its doublet is timbale, q. v. — Der. tympanlser, tympanite. Type, sm. a type; from L. typus. — Der. typ'ique. Typhoide, adj. typhoid ; from Gr. TvcpdiSrjs, der. from rvcpos. See typhus. Typhus, sm. typhus ; from Gr. rvcpos. Typographie, sf typography; from Gr. rvTTos and ypd(pQ}. — Der. typographique. TjO'an, sm. a tyrant ; from L. tyr annus. — Der. tyrannic, tyranniser. u. TJbiquiste, sm. an Ubiquitarian ; from L. ubique. Ubiquit§, sf ubiquity; from L. ubique. Ulcere, sm. an ulcer; from L. ulcerus. — Der. ulcertx, 7//ceVation. Ult^rieur, adj. ulterior; from L. ulteri- orem. •]- Ultimatum, sm. an ultimatum; from L. ultimatum *, p. p. of ultimare *, from ultimus. t Ultramontain, adj. ultramontane; introd. from It. oltramontano. UMBLE, sm. (Ichth.) an umber, char ; from L. um.bra (found in Ovid). For r = / see autel. UN, adj. one ; from L. unus. — Der. wwieme. Unanime, adj. unanimous; from L. una- nimus. — Der, unanim\te. Uniforme, ao?;. uniform ; from L. unifor- mis. — Der. uniformiie. Union, sf union; from L. unionem Its doublet is oignon, q, v. Unique, adj. unique; from L. unicus. UNIR — VAIN. 3^5 Unir, va. to unite; from L. unire. — Der. desnnir, rez/nzV. Unisson, ^m. unison; from L. unisonus*. Unite, sf. unity; from L. unitatem. Univers, sm. the universe; from L. uni- versum (found in Cicero). Universality, sf. universality ; from L. universalitatem, Universel, adj. universal; from L, uni- versalis. University, 5/. a university ; from L. uni- versitatem, a college, corporation, com- munity, in Marcianus (6th cent.).— Der. 7iniversita.\Te. Uranoscope, sm. (Ichth.) the uranoscopus ; from L. uranoscopus (found in Pliny). Urethra, sm. (Med.)ureter ; from Gr. ovp-qT-qp. Ur^tre, sm. (Med.) urethra; from Gr. ov- prjOpa. Urgent, adj. urgent; from L. urgentem. — Der. urgency. Urine, sf. urine; from L. urina. Urique, adj. (Chem.) uric; derived, with urate and uree from Gr. ov^ov. Urne, sf. an urn ; from L. urn a. Urticaire, sf. (Med.) urticaria, nettle-rash ; from L. urtica. US, sm.. usage ; from L. usus. USER, vn. to use ; from L. usare *, der. from usus, p. p. of uti. — Der. wsage, Msance. (A deriv. of usare * is usinare *, to have the use of, in several medieval Lat. documents, whence verbal subst. usina, which signifies use of water-power, in an lith-cent. text; whence it comes to mean, later, any factory driven by water, then a factory generally.) USINE, sf. a manufactory, factory. See user. Usit6, adj. in use, used ; p. p. oUisiter, which is from L. usitari. Ustensile, sm. an utensil; from L. uten- silia (found in Varro and Livy). Ustion, sf. ustion (Roman Law), act of burning; from L. ustionem. Usuel, adj. usual ; from L. usualis. Usufruit, sm. usufruct; from L. usufruc- tus. Usure, sf. usury; from L. usura. — Der. 7^s7/rier, j/swraire. Usurper, va. to usurp; from L. usurpare. — Der. Mswrpateur, wswrpation. Uterin, adj. uterine; from L. uterinus. Utile, adj. useful; from L. utilis. — Der. 7{{Hhe, udliser, utilituxre. Utopie, sf. Utopia, plan of government of an imaginary and perfect country; from Gr. ov Toiros, lit. no-place, land of nowhere. — Der. utopiste. V. Vacant, adj. vacant; from L. vacantem. — Der. vacance. VACARME, sm. a hubbub, uproar ; of Germ. origin, Neth. wacharmer, woe to thee ! Vacarme in medieval Fr. was an exclama- tion, and came later to signify a noise. Vacation, sf a vacation; from L. vacati- onem. Vacein, sm. vaccine-matter; from L. vac- cinus. — Der. vaccinal (whence vaccine). VAC HE, sf a cow ; from L. vacea. For cc = ch see § 1 26. — Der. vachtr, vacherie. Vacillant, adj. vacillating. See vaciller. Vaciller, vn. to vacillate; from L. vacil- lare — Der. vacillement, vacilla.tion. Vacuity, sf. vacuity ; from L, vacuitatem. t Vade-mecum, sm. a vade-mecum; from L. vade mecum. Vagabond, adj. vagrant, sm. a vagabond ; from L. vagabundus. — Der, vagabondei, vagabondzge. Vagir, vn. to wail ; from L. vagire. — Der. t/ag-issement. t Vagon, sm. a wagon ; from Engl, wagon. VAGUE^ sf. a wave; of Germ origin, O.H.G. uiac. Vague, adj. vague; from L. vagus. t Vaguemestre, sw. an officer in charge of the baggage ; a word introd. in the 1 6th cent, by the German horsemen : it is the Germ, wagen-meister. In a.d. 1650 Menage defined vaguemestre as un officier qui a le soin de faire charger et atteler les bagages d'une armee. Vaguer, vn. to wander ; from L. vagari. VAILLANCE, sf. valour ; from L. valentia. For -tia = -ce see agencer ; for en = an see andouille. VAILLANT, adj. valiant; from L. valen- tem. VAIN, adj. vain ; from L. vanus. For -anus = -at« see § 194. 366 VAINCRE—VA UDEVILLE. VAINCRE, va. to conquer ; from L. vincere, by regular contr. (see § 51) of vinofire to vinc're. — Der. vainqueur. VAIR, sm. vair (furriery) ; from L. varius. For attraction of i see aigle. — Der. vairon. VAISSEAU, sm. a ship, vessel ; formerly vaissel. It. vascello, from L. vascellum, der. from vas. Vascellum becomes vaissel: for a, = ai see § 54; for so = ss see cresson ; for el = eau see agneau. The fem. form of vaissel is vaisselle. VAISSELLE, sf. plate (gold and silver). See vaisseau. VAL, sm. a valley ; from L. vallis. Val also follows the usual rule of softening / to 7/ (see agneau), and thus becomes vau, in a vau I'eau, vaudeville, etc. — Der. 7/a/lee, val\ov., Sival, avahr. VALABLE, adj. valid. See valoir. VALET, sm. a valet, servant ; formerly va!<let *, from medieval Lat. vassalettus, dim. of vassalis, see vassal. The vaslet was originally a squire, youth who served under a lord, then later a servant. Vassa- lettus losing atonic a (see § 52) becomes vas'Iettus, whence vaslet, whence later valet. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 8l. — Der. valefer, valetzge, valetaxWc. Val6tudinaire, adj. valetudinarian ; from L. valetudinarius. Valeur, sm. value; from L. valorem. — Der. valeurtux. Valide, adj. valid; from L. validus. — Der. mvalide, validite, validtx. + Valise, sf. portmanteau; from It. vali- gia. — Der. devalisev. VALLEE, sf. a valley. See val. VALLON, sm. a dale. See val. VALOIR, vn. to be worth ; from L. valere. For e = o/ see § 62. — Der. value (partic. subst.), vahhle. •+ Valser, vn. to waltz ; introd. lately from Germ. walzen.—Der. valse (verbal subst.). VALUE, sf. value. See valoir. Valve, sf. a valve ; from L. valva * Der. valvu]e. VAN, sm. a fan ; from L. vannus. — Der. vanner, vanne, vanneau, vanmer, vanneur, vannerie. Vandale, sm. a Vandal ; of hist, origin, see § 33, name of those barbarians who sacked Rome, AD. 455. — Der. vandalisms. •f Vanille, sf. vanille ; from Sp. vainilla. — Der. vanillieT. Vanity, sf. vanity; from L. vanitatem.-- Der. vanilcux. VANNE, sf. a sluice, shuttle. See van. VANNER, va. to ventilate, winnow. See van. VANNIER, sm. a basket-maker. See van. VANTAIL, sm. a folding-door. See vent. VANTARD, sm. a braggart. See vanier. VANTER, va. to extol, boast ; from L. vani- tare*. * Vanitas est fallacia ; vanitantea autem vel falsi vel fallentes vel utrique in- telliguntur,' says St. Augustine (De Quant. Animae, 23). Vanitdre regularly losing atonic i (see § 52) becomes van'tare, whence vanter. — Der. vantzxA, vantezie. Vapeur, sf a vapour; from L. vaporem. — Der. vaporeux, vaporiser. « Vaquer, vn. to be vacant; from L. va- care. VARANGUE, sf. a floor (of a ship) ; of Germ. origin, like most sea terms, Swed. vranger. VARECH, sm. sea-wrack ; of Germ, origin, A. S. vriic, Engl, tvrack. VARENNE, sf a warren, chase; from medieval L. warenna. For details see under its doublet garenne. Variable, adj. variable; from L. variabi- lis.— Der. variabilite. Varice, ./. varix ; from L. varicem. Varier, va. to vary, change; from L. vari- are. — Der. sanation, varianXe.. Vari6t6, sf. variety ;. from L, vatietatem, Variole, sf. smallpox; from L. variola *. from varius, spotted. Its doublet is ve- role, q. v. VARLET, sm. a varlet, page ; formerly vaslet. See valet. For s = r see orfraie. VARLOPE, sf. a jointer. Origin unknown. VASE, sm. a vessel, vase ; from L. vasum. VASE, sf, mud, slime ; of Germ, origin, A. S. vase. Its doublet is gazon, q. v. — Der. va&enx. Vasistas, sm. a casement window. Origin unknown. VASSAL, sm. a vassal ; from medieval L. vassalis, der. from vassus * : 'Si alicujus seniscalcus, qui servus est, et dominus ejus xii vassos infra domum habet, occisus fu- erit' (Lex Alamannorum, 79. 3). Vassus is of Celtic origin, Kymric gwas, a servant. — Der. vassehge, vassalite. Vaste, adj. waste ; from L. vastus. Vaudeville, sm. a ballad, vaudeville, pro- perly a ballad sung to a well-known tune. Vaudeville is of hist, origin, see § 33. Vaudeville is an altered form of vaudevire. For r = l see autel. Menage wrote, in the 17th cent.. Vaudeville, sorte de chansons. Par corruption au lieu de Vaudevire. Cest ainsi qu'on appeloit anciennement ces VA U-VEA U — VENEUR, 3^7 chansons, pcirce qii'elles furent inventees par Olivier Basseliit, qui etoit unfoiillon de Vire €71 Normandie, et qiielles fiirent premiere- ment chantees an Vau de Vire, qui est le nom d'tin lieu proche de la ville de Vire. VAU-L'EAU, adv. with the stream, i. e. aval I'eau. For letter-changes see val and aval. VAURIEN, sm. a worthless fellow ; from vaut-rie?i : cp. faineant for fait-neanf. For etymology see rien and valoir. VAUTOUR, sm. a vulture ; from L. vultu- rius (found in Lucretius). By changing u to o (see annoncer) vulturius became volturius (found in a Merov. text), Vol- turius becomes vautour : for ol = au see ao;neau : for u = ou see § 90. VAUTRER (SE), vpr. to wallow ; formerly vQutrer, originally voltrer, in Marie of France. It. voltolare, from L. voltulare *, deriv. of vol'tus, contr. ofvolutus. Vol- tulare. regularly contrd. (see § 52) to vol'tlare, becomes voltrer. For \ = r see apotre. By ol— ou = au (see agneau) voltrer becomes voutrer, then vautrer ; cp. volturius *, vautour. VEAU, S7n. a calf, veal ; formerly veel, Prov. vedel, from L. vitellus. For loss of medial t see abhaye ; for i = e see § 72 : whence veel, then veau ; for -ellus = -ea7^ see § 282. — Der. veltx (from O. Fr. veel). Vecteur, sm. (Math.) a vector ; from L. vectorem. t Vedette, sf. a vedette, scout ; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. vedetta. Vegetal, adj. vegetable; from L. vegeta- ns *, from vegetus. 'V6g6tation, s/. vegetation ; from L. vege- tationem. V^g^ter, vn. to vegetate : from L. vege- tare (used in a neut. sense). V^h^raent, adj. vehement ; from L, vehe- mentem. — Der. vehemence. V6h.icule, sm. a vehicle; from L. vehicu- lum. VEILLER, vn. to wake, lie awake; from L. vigilare, by regular contr. (see accointer) of vigilare to vig'lare, whence veiller. For gl = ?7 see cailler ; fori^^ see § 72. — Der. veille (verbal subst., whose doublet is vigilel), veillce (partic. subst.), veilltur, veilltuse, eveiller, reveiller, sxxxveiller. VEINE, sf. a vein ; from L. vena. For e = ei see § 61. — Der. veiner, veineux, venelle (for veinelle, q. v.). VELER, vn. to calve. See veau. VELIN, sm. vellum ; from L. vitulinus, by regular contr. (see § 52) of vitulinus to vit'linus, whence velin. For tl = / see bmdeau ; for i = e see § 72. "Velleit6, sf. a feeble desire; from L. velle. V61oce, adj. swift; from L. velocem. — Der. velocke. Velocipede, sm. a velocipede ; from L. veloci and pede. VELOURS, sm. velvet ; formerly velous (Menage, as late as the 17th cent., tells us that in his day both forms were used), from L. villosus, lit. shaggy, hairy, then a fabric with close, short hair. Villosus (by o = u, see § 78, and i = e, see § 72) becomes O. Fr. velous, whence later velours, by intercalation of r ; seefronde. fVeloute, ac?/. velvety ; partic. of ve/o?^- ter *, which is from It. vellutare. VENAISON, sf. venison ; from L. venati- onera, lit. hunting, then game got in hunting. For -tionem = -sow see § 232. V6nal, adj. venal ; from L. venal is. — Der. venal\\b. VENDANGER, va. to gather grapes ; from L. vindemiare. By ia=ja (see abreger) vindemiare becomes vindemjare, whence vendanger. For in = en see § 72; for m = « see changer ; for en — an see andou- ille. — Der. vendange (verbal subst.), ven- dangeuT. Vendemiaire, sm. Vendemiaire, first month in the Republican Calendar, 23rd or 24th Sept. to 2 1 St or 22nd Oct. ; from L. vin- demia. VENDRE, va. to sell ; from L. vendere, by regular contr. (see § 51) of vendere to vend're, whence vendre. — Der. vente (strong partic. subst., see absoute), xevendre, vendeuT, venda.h\e. VENDREDI, S7n. Friday. O. Fr. venredi. It. venerdi, Prov. di-ve7ires, from L. Veneris dies (found in the Inscriptions). Veneris- dies or vener'dies regularly losing its atonic e (see § 52) becomes ven'rdies, whence vendredi. For XiX = ndr see ab- soudre. Veneris-dies becomes ve7idre'di as Portus-Veneris becomes Port-Ve7idres. VENELLE, sf. a small street. See veine. Ven6neux, adj. poisonous; from L. vene- nosus. For -osUi8= eux see § 229. VENER, va. to run (tame animals to make their flesh tender) ; from L. venari. — Der. veuQwr, veneris. V^nerer, va. to venerate; from L. vene- rari. — Der. venerable, ve7iera.tioa. VENERIE, sf. hunting. See vener. VENETTE, sf. fear. Origin unknown. VENEUR, sm. a huntsman. See vener. 368 VENGER — VERMEIL, VENGER, va. to revenge ; from L. vindi- care. by regular contr. (see § 52) of vin- dicfire to vind'care. The d between two consonants is dropped, see Hist. Gram, p. 81. For -OBxe^-ger see adjnger; for i = tf see § 72. — Der. vengeur, vengeznce. V6lliel, adj. venial; from L. venialis. VENIMEUX, adj. venomous. See venin. VENIN, sm. poison, venom ; from L. vene- nvun. For e = i see § 56. — Der. venimeux, envenimeT (for venineiix, enveniner, by dis- similation, see § 169). VENIR, vn. to come ; from L. venire. — Der. venne. (partic. subst.). VENT, sm. wind ; from L. ventus. — Der. venter, venteux (with its doublets venteuse, ventitse), eventer, contievent, prnvent, t»a«/ail (formerly written ventail). VENTE, s/. sale. See vendre. Ventilateur, sm. a ventilator; from L. ventilatorem. See ventilation. Ventilation, sf. ventilation ; from L. ven- tilationem. Ventiler, va. to ventilate, estimate at a re- lative worth (legal); from L. ventilare. Ventdse, adj. Ventose, sixth month in the Republican Calendar, from 19th or 20th Feb. to 20th March ; from L. ventosus. VENTOUSE, sf. a ventilator ; from L. ven- tosa*, in the 6th cent, in Theodorus Prisci- anus, • Missae in scapulis, sive cruribus, ventosae, procedentibus, erumpentibusque vesicis, decursa sanie multi liberabantur ' says Gregory of Tours (Hist. v. 6) ; and Isidore of Seville, ' Quae, a Latinis, a simili- tudine cucurbitae, a suspirio ventosa, vo- catur.' For o = ow see § 81. VENTRE, sm. the belly ; from L. ventrem. — Der. ventree, ventrihre, sons-ventriere, ventru, evenlrer. Ventricule, sm. a ventricule; from L.ven- triculus. Ventriloque, adj. ventriloquous, sm. a ven- triloquist; from L. ventriloquus. VENUE, sf. arrival. See venir. VEPRE, sm. evening, then vespers ; formerly vespre, from L. vesper. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. VER, sm. a worm ; from L. vermis. For rm = r see aubour. — Der. vereux. V§racit6, s/l veracity; from L. veracita- tem. Verbal, adj. verbal ; from L. verbalis. — Der. verbalement, prochs-verbal (whence verbaliser). Verbe, sm. a verb ; from L. verbum. — Der. verhizge. Verbeux, adj. verbose, wordy; from L. verbosus. For -oQ\XB — -eiix see § 229. — Der. verboshd (L. verbositatem). VERD, adj. green ; from L. viridis, by regu- lar contr. (see § si'^ of viridis to vir'- dis, whence verd. For i = e see § 72. — Der. verdaXxQ, verdh, verdtt, verdalet, verd- ier, verdvLXt, verdoyer. t Verdict, sm. a verdict; lately introd. from Engl, verdict. VERDURE, sf. verdure. See verd.— Der. yerdur'xex. VEREUX, adj. worm-eaten. See ver. VERGE, sf. a rod ; from L. virga. Fori = e see § 72. Its doublet is vergue, q. v. — , Der. verg6, vergeme, vergette, vergettr. I VERGER, sm. a fruit garden ; from L. viri- diarium (found in the Digest and the In- scriptions). Viridiaxium (by ia = ja, \ see abreger, and suppression of atonic i, see § 5 2) becomes vir'djariura, whence verger. '. For i = e see § 71 ; for a = c see § 54; for : dj=g' see ajouter. VERGLAS, sm. glazed frost. Verglas is compd. of verre and glace (see those words). | VERGOGNE, sf. shame; from L. vere- j cundia, by contr. (see § 52) of vere- cundia to ver'cundia, whence vercun- nia *, by assimilating nd to nn. Ver- ctinnia becomes vergogne: for c==g see ajuger ; for u = see annoncer ; for -nia = -gne see cigogne. t Vergue, ./. (Naut.) a yard ; from Prov. vergua, which from L. virga. Its doublet is verge, q. v. — Der. enverguer. VERICLE, sf. paste, imitation jewellery ; from L. vitriculus, der. from vitrum. Vitri- , cuius, regularly losing u (see § 51) is I ccJntrd. to vitric'lus, whence vericle. For i = e see § 72 ; for tr = r see § 168. Veridique, ac^'. veracious ; from L. veri- dicus. — Der. veridicit6. Verifier, va. to verify; from L. veri- /icare*. — Der, veVz;?cation, wri/fcateur. VERIN, sm. a screw-crane. Origin unknown. VERITABLE, adj. veritable. See verite. VERITE, sf. verity, truth; from L. veri- tatem. For -tatem = -te see § 230. — Der. veritMe. VERJUS, sm. verjuice; for vert jus. See vert and^ws.-^Der. verjuXe. VERLE, sf. a rod, switch ; from L. virgula, by regular contr. (see § 51) of virgula to virg'la. By reduction of gi to 1 (see cailler) virgla becomes verle : for i = e see § 72. VERMEIL, adj. vermilion ; from L. vermi- VERMEIL — VESTIAIRE. 369 cuius, scarlet (in St. Jerome). For -iculus = -eil see § 257. — Der. vermilion. VERMEIL, sni. silver gilt ; properly a varnish of gum and cinnabar pounded up with essence of turpentine. For etymology see above. t Vermieelle, sm. vermicelli; from It. vermicelli. Its doublet is vermisseau, q.v. VERMILLON, sm. vermilion. See vermeil I. VERMINE, sf. vermin ; from L. vermis. VERMISSEAU, sm. a worm. O. Fr. vermicel, from L. vermicellus *, der. from vermis, lit. a Httle worm. For c = ss see amitie; for -ellus = -el = -eau see § 282. Its doublet is vermieelle, q. v. VERMOULU, adj, worm-eaten, lit, reduced to powder by worms. For etymology see ver and moudre. — Der. vermoulxne. "Vernal, adj. vernal; from L. vernalis, VERNE, sm. an alder-tree; of Celtic origin, Kymric gwern, from coed gwern. VERNIR, va. to varnish, glaze; from L. vitrinire *, to make bright as glass. Vi- trinire *, is der. through vitrinus from vitrum. Vitrmire, regularly contrd. (see § 52) to vitr'nire, becomes vernir. For tr = r see § 168; for i = e see § 72. — Der. t/erwis (vernisser), vernissme. ■ VEROLE, sf. the pox; petite verole, the smallpox. O. Fr. vairole, from L. variola*, a dim. of varius. Variola becomes O. Fr. vairole by transposing i (see aigle) ; vairole becomes verole, cp. O. Fr, alaigre, aissieu, afterwards alegre, essieu. Its doublet is va- riole, q- v. VERRAT, sm. a boar-pig ; from O. Fr. ver, which from L. verres, VERRE, sm. glass ; from L. vitrum. For tT = rr see § 168; for i = e see § 72. Its doublet is vitre, q.v. — Der. verrier, verrVere, i/erroterie. VERROU, sm. a bolt; originally verrouil, from L. veruculum., a little metal pin, found in medieval Lat. glossaries. For -uculum = -ow// see § 258, whence O. Fr. verrouil, whence later verrou ; cp. O. Fr. genouil and pouil reduced to getiou and pott. Just as O. Fr. ge?iouil remains in agenouiller, so O. Fr, verrouil remains in verrouiller^ VERRUE, sf. a wart; from L. verrxica. For -uca = -w« see § 237, VERS, prep, towards; from L. versus. — Der. devers, tnvers. VERS, sm. a verse ; from L. versus. — Der. verstt, versification (L. versificationem), vfrsificateur (L.versificatorem), versifier. Versatile, adj. versatile; from L. versa- tilis. — Der. versatilite. VERSANT, sm. side (of a hill). See verser. VERSER, va. to pour out ; from L. versare, to overturn, tilt over, whence to pour out. — Der. verse (verbal subst., whence the phrase a verse and the sf. averse), verseau, verse- ment, i/ersant. Version, sf. a version; from L. versio- nem *. f Verso, sm. the reverse; from L. verso, sc. folio, lit. with the leaf turned over. VERT, aJ;. green. See ver d. For d = t see §121. Vert^bre, sf. a vertebra; from L. ver- tebra. — Der. vertebre, vertebml. Vertical, adj. vertical; from L. verti- calis*, der, from verticem. Vertige, sm. giddiness; from L. vertigo (found in Livy). — Der. vertig'meux (L. vertiginosus). VERTU, sf virtue ; from L. virtutem. For -utem = -M see aigu; for i = e see § 72. VERTUEUX, adj. virtuous. Prov. vertudos, from L. virtutosus*, der. from virtu- tem. Virtutosus, losing medial t (see aboyer), becomes vertueux. For i = e see § 72; for -OBMS = -etix see § 229. Its doublet is virtuose, q. v. Verve, sf rapture, animation ; from L. verva * (found in Ruteboeuf), lit. a sculp- tured ram's head, then any fanciful sculpture, then a caprice and fancy of an artist. VERVEINE, sf (Bot.) vervain ; from L. ver- bena. For b =1/ see § 113; for e = « see § 61. VERVEUX, sm. a hoop-net ; from L. verte- bolum * (found in Merov. documents) : ' Si quis vertebolum. de flumine fura- verit,' Salic Law, 27, 14, Vertebolum is from vertebra. Vertebolum, regu- larly contrd. (see § 52) to vert'bolum, becomes verveux. For th = b see plane; for b = V see § 1 1 3 ; for ol = eu see agneau. VESCE, sf a vetch ; formerly vesse, from L. vicia. For i = e see § 72; for ei& = sse see agencer. — Der, vescexon. "V6sicatoire, sm. a blister ; from L. vesica- torium *. V6sic"ule, sf a vesicle, bladder; from L. vesicula. VESSIE, sf a bladder ; from L. vesica. For loss of c see ami ; for s = ss see dessiner. "Veste, sf a vest; from L. vestis. For reduction of meaning see § 1 3. Vestiaire, sm. a vestiary, robing-room; from L. vestiarium. B b 370 VESTIBULE — VIDUITS. Vestibule, sm. a vestibule; from L. vesti- bulum. Vestige, sm. a footstep, trace, vestige ; from L. vestigium. VfeTEMENT, sm, a garment. O.Fr. veste- merit, from L. vestimentum. For i ■» ^ see § 72 ; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 8 1. Veteran, sm. a veteran ; from L. vete- ran us. — Der. veterance. V6t6rinaire, adj. veterinary ; from L. ve- terinarius, a veterinary surgeon, in Colu- mella. tV6tille, sf, a trifle; introd. from Pied- montese vetilia. VETIR, va. to clothe ; formerly vestir, from L. vestire. For loss of s see Hist. Gram, p. 81. — Der. vcAire, d6vetir, rcvttir. V6to, sm. a veto; from L. veto. VETURE, sf. the taking the monastic habit, or veil. See vetir. V6tust6, sf. oldness, decay; from L. ve- tustatera. VEUF, adj. widowed ; from L. viduus. By usual reduction of uu to u we get a form vidua *, whence veuf. For i = eti see a/- fjibler; for v=/ see § 142. VEUVAGE, sm. widowhood. See veuve. VEUVE, sf. a widow ; from L. vidua. For u = v see Janvier; whence vidva, whence veuve. For i = eu see affuhler ; for dv = v see aval. Its doublet is vide, q. v.—Der. veiivzge. Vexation, sf. vexation. See vexer. Vexatoire, adj. vexing. See vexer. Vexer, va. to vex ; from L. vexare. — Der. vexation, vexatoire. Viability, sf. viability, ability to live (forensic). See viable. VIABLE, adj. viable (forensic). For etymo- logy see vie. — Der. viabilite. Vistduc, sm. a viaduct; a word framed from L. via and ductus. VIAGER, adj. for life: from L. vitati- carius *. Vitatic^rius, regularly contrd. (see § 52) to vitatcarius, becomes viager. For to = g see adjuger ; for a = e see § 54; for loss of medial t see abbaye. VIANDE, sf. meat. It. vivanda. Viande was long before it was restricted to its present sense of fresh meat : in O. Fr. it signified vegetable as well as animal food. Rabelais tells us (iv. 54) that, les poires sont viande trct-salubre. In hunting lan- guage the verb viander is used for to feed, . and viandis for the food of animals, pas- ture. Viande signified originally any kind of food, and comes (with It. vivanda) from L. vivanda*, sustenance necessary for life, as in 'Ut nuUus audeat in nocte nego- tiari, excepto vivanda et fodro, quod iter agentibus necessaria sint,' from a Capitulary of Charlemagne, a.d. 803. Vivanda from vivenda, properly things needful for life. For e = a see amender; for loss of medial v see aieid. Viatique, sm. viaticum; from L. viati- cum. Its doublet is voyage, q. v. Vibrer, vn. to vibrate; from L. vibrare. — Der. vibrztion. Vicaire, sm. a vicar, vicegerent; from L. vicar ius. Its doublet is viguier, q. v. — Der. vicarizt. VICE, sm. defect, blemish, fault; from L. vitium. For -tium = -ce see agencer. VICE, prep, in the place of; from L. vice. — Der. v/ce-amiral, vice-roi, wee-president, etc. By c = s (see amitie) vice becomes in Fr. vis, whence vi-comte (vice-comitem), I vidame (vice-dominum), which in O. Fr. were vis-comte, vis-dame. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. Vicier, va. to corrupt, vitiate; from L. vitiare. Vicieux, adj. vicious ; from L. vitiosus. Vicinal, adj. parochial; from L. vicinal is, from vicinus. Vicissitude, sf a vicissitude; from L. vicissitudinem. VICOMTE, sm. a viscount ; from L. vice- comitem : ' Comes praecipiat suo vice comiti, suisque centenariis,' from an 8th- cent. document. For vice = w see vice; for comitem = cow^e see comte. — Der. vicomte. Victime, sf a victim ; from L. victim a. Victoire, sf a victory; from L. victoria. — Der. wc/orieux (L. victoriosus). Vietuaille, sf victuals; from L. victualia. VIDAME, sm. a vidame (dignitary holding under a bishop); from L. vice-dominus : ' Ut Episcopi, abbates, atque abbatissae advocatos atque vice-dominos, centena- riosque legem scientes et mansuetos habe- ant,' says a Capitulary of Charlemagne, A.D. 802. For vice = w see vice; for dominus = dame see dame. VIDANGE, sf. an emptying. See vider. — Der. vidangeuT. VIDE, sm. a void, adj. empty, void ; from L. viduus. Its doublet is veuve, q.v. — Der. vider. vida.nge, dvidex, devider. Viduit6, sf widowhood; from L. vidui- tatem. VIE — VIOLET. 37T^ VIE, sf. life ; from L. vita. For loss of medial t see ahbaye. — Der. w'able. VIEIL, adj. old. It. vecchio, from L. veclus. Veclus was a popular form for vetlus, vetulus, as we see from the Appendix ad Probum ' vetulus, non veclus.' Veclum becomes vieil : for e = ie see § 54; for cl = z7 see abeille. The nominative veclus produced O. Fr. viels, which by l = w (see agnemi) becomes vieus, then vieux : for s = x see deux. — Der. v/«71esse, vieilX&xie., vieiR^xA, vieillot, vieillii. VIELLE, sf. a hurdy-gurdy, viol ; from L. vi- tella *, a secondary form of vitula *, a viol in medieval Lat. texts ; e.g. ' Cymbala prae- clara, concors symphonia, dulcis Fistula, somniferae cytharae, vitulaeque jocosae,' says an iith-cent. poet. Vitula is from vitulari *, to delight oneself. Vitella be- comes vielle by loss of medial t, see abbaye. — Der. vielltx. VIERGE, &f. a virgin ; from L. virgo. For i = ie see § *J2 note 3, VIEUX, adj. old. See vieil. VIF, adj. lively; from L. vivus. For v=/ see bcenf. VIGIE, sf. a look-out ; the exact origin un- known ; connected with L. vigilare. Vigilance, adj. vigilance. See vigilant. Vigilant, adj. vigilant; from L. vigi- lantem. Its doublet is veillant. — Der. vigilzncQ. Vigile, sf. a vigil; from L. vigilia. Its doublet is veille, q.v. VIGNE, sf. a vine; from L, vinea. For -nea — -iiia=-gne see cigogne. — Der. wo'weron. VIGNETTE, sf. a vignette, lit. a little vine, the first vignettes having been adorned with borders of vine-leaves and grapes. VIGNOBLE, sm. a vineyard ; from L. vini- opulens (lit. a land wealthy in wine), by regular contr. (see § 51) of viniopiilens to viniop'lens, whence vignoble. For ni=^« see cigogne; for p = 6 see § ill. + Vigogne, sf. vicunia, swan's-down ; from Sp. vicuna. Vigueur, sw. vigour; from L. vigorem. — Der. vigoureux. VIGUIER, sm. a viguier (a provost, in Langue- doc and Provence) ; from L. vicarius. For c=g see adjuger ; for -arius = ier see § 1 98. Its doublet is vicaire, q.v. — Der. viguex'ie. VIL, adj. vile ; from L. vilis. — Der. zvilxx. VILAIN, sm. a ' villein,' farmer (feudal) ; from L. villanus*, from villa. From the sense of peasant the word takes that of rude, vile, low; whence later the adj. vilain. For -anus = -am see § 194. — Dei. villan- elle (pastoral poetry). VILAIN, adj. ugly, villanous. See above. ■ — Der. vilenie. VILEBREQUIN, sm. a wimble, drill; in O. Fr. virebrequin, compd. of virer (q.v.) and brequin, transposed from berqjiin * ; of Germ, origin, Neth. boreken. For ber- quin * = brequin see aprele ; for O. Fr. vire-brequin = vilebrequin, caused by dis- similation, see § 169 and autel. VILENIE, s/". dirt, abusive language. See vilain. Vilipender, va. to contemn, vilipend; from L. vilipendere. t Villa, sf. a villa; introd. from It. villa. Its doublet is ville, q. v. VILLAGE, sm. a village; from L. villa- ticum*, a collection of several farms or metairies, from L. villa : ' Juraverunt Richardus sacerdos et tota villatica ' (Acta Sanctorum, June, iv. 574). Villatica here rather signifies the gathering of all the dwellers on the same farm. For letter- changes see age. — Der. villageoxs. VILLE, sf. a town ; from L, villa (for the meaning of this word see §12). Its doublet is villa, q.v, t Villegiature, sf a visit to, sojourn in the country ; introd. from It. villeggialtira. VIM AIRE, sf damage caused by heavy storms, etc.; from L. vis major. For vis = w see Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; for major = 77iaire see maire. VIN, sm. wine; from L. vinum. — Der. vineux, vinee, wwaigre. VINAIGRE, S7n. vinegar. See vin and aigre. — Der. vinaigrette, vinaigriex. VINDAS, sm. a windlass ; of Germ, origin (like most sea terms), O. H. G. windan. Vindicatif, adj. vindictive; from L. vin- dicativus*, from vindicare. Vindiete, sf a prosecution (of crime) ; from L. vindicta. VINGT, adj. twenty ; from L. viginti. For loss of medial g see allier. — Der. vingtiexne, vingUxxie. Viol, sm. violation. See violer. Violace, adj. (Bot.) violaceous. See violet. + Viole, sf a viol, tenor violin; introd. from It. viola. Its doublet is vielle, q. v. Violent, arf/. violent; from L. violentus. — Der. violence (L. violentia), violentex. Violer, va. to violate; from L. violare. — Der. viol (verbal subst.), woZation, fio/ateur. VIOLET, adj. violet-coloured ; from L. viola, which produced a primitive form viole*, whence violette, violace, violier. B b 2 372 VIOLETTE — VIVIPARE. VIOLETTE; s/. a violet. See violet. VIOLIER, sm. a wallflower. See violet. t Violon, sm. a violin ; from It. violone. — Der. t//o/o«isle. t Violoncelle, s7n. a violoncello ; from It. violoncello. VIORNE, sf. (Bot.) viburnum ; from L. vi- burnum. For loss of medial b see ahoyer ; for u = see annoncer. Vipdre, sf. a viper; from L. vipera. Its doublet is gvivre, q. v. Virago, sf. a virago; from L. virago. VIRELAI, sm. a virelay. See virer. VIRER, vn. to turn, tack, veer; lit. to turn round, describe a circle : from O. Fr. vire (a circle, ring), which from L. viria (a ring, in Pliny). Vire has disappeared from modern Fr., leaving the deriv. virole, a little wire, circle of metal. — Der. viremeni (Tevirement), virole, viron * (in a-viron, that which one turns with, and en-viron, that which is around), vire\&i (compd. oilai, see lai 2, and virer, properly a lay which veers round, a rondeau). Virginal, adj. virginal; from L. virgin- alis. Virginity, s/. virginity ; from L. virgini- tatem. Virgule, .y''. a comma; from L. virgula. Viril, adj. virile; from L. virilis. VIROLE, sf. a ferrule, collar. See virer. Virtuel, adj. virtual; der. from L. virtus. •fVirtuose, sm. a virtuoso; introd. from It. virtuoso. Virulent, ac?/. virulent ; from L. virulen- tus. — Der. virulence. VIS, .</. a screw. O. Fr. vis depressoir (whence the general sense of a screw), from L. vi- tis, the tendril of a vine, spiral-formed, then, by assimilation of sense, a screw, a spiral staircase. Vitis in the sense of a screw is found in the Acta Sanc- torum (May, ii. 62). ' Arcasque praedictas praedicti argentarii clavis et vitibua ferreis fortiter simul affixerunt et cooperierunt ' : in the sense of vis de pressoir in the fol- lowing passage from the same (June, ii. 738), * Cujus lingua erat modicum promi- nens extra guttur et brevissima, ad modum vitis torcularis retorta ' : in sense of spiral staircase in the following I4th-cent. chro- nicle, ' Per claustrum ecclesiam introivit, et in vitem quae ad defendendum in eadem ecclesia est, ascendit, et ostium post se clau- sit.' This etymology is confirmed by the fact that It. vite retains both meanings, vine and screw. — Der. w'sser. fVisa, sm. a visa, endorsement; from L. visa (sc. est). — Der. v/ser. VISAGE, .sm. face. See vis-a-vis. — Der. di-- ' visagtx, envisager. VIS-A-VIS, prep, opposite ; a phrase compd. of O. Fr. sm. vis, the L. visus (properly appearance, then face in modern Lat.) : ' Habebat autem visum valde tumefactum ac inflatum ita quod oculis humanis nimis horribilis apparebat' (Acta Sanctorum, May, iv. 337). Vis-a-vis is lit. face to face. — Der. : from vis come visage, visihre. Viscdr e, sm. entrails; from L. viscera. — Der. wse^ral. VISER, vn. to take aim ; from L. visare *, from visus, p. p. of videre. — Der. visee (partic. subst.). Viser, va. to endorse. See visa. Visible, Qflf;'. visible ; from L. visibilis. — Der. visibility. VISIERE, sf. a visor (of helmets). See vis-a- vis. Vision, sf. vision; from L. vision em. — Der. visionnsLire. Visiter, ra. to visit; from L. visitare. — Der. visite (verbal subst.), visitenx, visit- ation. VisqueUX, adj. sticky, slimy ; from L. vis- cosus. For -osxx8 = -eux see § 239. — Der. wscosite. VISSER, va. to screw. See vis Der. d4- visser. Visuel, adj. visual; from L. visualis*, der. from visus. Vital, adj. vital; from L. vitalis. — Der. vitaliser, vitalite (L. vitalitatem). VITE, adj. quick ; adv. quickly, a word found in Fr. documents of the 13th cent. Origin unknown. — Der. vitesse. Vitre, sm. glass; from L. vitrum. Its doublet is verre, q. v. — Der. vitrzge, vitrtr, vitr'me, vifreux, wVrifier. + Vitriol, sm. vitriol; introd. from It. vitriuolo. Vivace, adj. vivacious; from L. vivacem. — Der. vwacite (L. vivacitatem). f Vivandier, sm. a sutler; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. vivandiere. — Der. vi- vandVere. t Vivat, interj. hurrah ! from L. vivat. VIVIER, sm. a fishpond ; from L. vivarium (found in Juvenal), For -axium. =^ -ier see § 198. Vivifier, va. to quicken; from L. vivifi- care. Vivipare, adj. (Zool.) viviparous ; from L. viviparus (found in Apuleius). VIVRE — VOLUTE. 373 VIVRE, vn. to live ; from L. vivere, by regular contr. (see § 51) of vivere to viv're. — Der. vivre (sm.), xtvivre, sur- viv7-e. + Vizir, sm. a vizier, a Turkish word, see § 30. — Der. vizirat. Vocabulaire, sm. a vocabulary ; from L. vocabularium *, der. from vocabulum. Vocal, adj. vocal; from L. vocalis, — Der. vocaliser. Vocale, sf. a vowel; from L, vocalis. Its doublet is voyelle, q. v. Vocaliser, vn. (Mus.) to vocalise. See vocal. — Der. vocalise (verbal subst.), vocfl/isation. Vociferer, va. to vociferate ; from L. vo- ciferari. — Der. vociferation. VCEU, sm. a vow, prayer ; from L. votxim. For loss of t see aigu ; for o = oeu see § 79. Its doublet is vote, q. v., .and voto in the compound ex-voto. tVoguer, vn. to row; introd. in i6th cent, from It. vogare. — Der. vogue (verbal subst.). YOICI, prep, see here! for vois-ci, and there- fore compd. of a verb imperat, and an adv. See voir and ici. VOIE, sf. a way ; from L. via. For i = oi see § 68. — Der. : from Lat. viare comes Fr. verb voyer, found in the compds. devoyer, convoy er, envoyer, hnrvoyer (q.v.). YOILA, prep, see there ! for vois-lcc, cp. void. See voir and IcL. VOILE, sm. a veil ; from L. velum, whose pi. vela gives us the sf. voile, a sail. For e = oi see § 62. — Der. voiler (from L. velare), »oz7ette, devoiler (q. v.) VOILE, sf. a sail. See voile. — Der. voiluie, voilicT, voilerie. VOIR, va. to see ; formerly veoir, from L. videre. For loss of medial d see accabler ; for i = e see § 72; for e = oi see § 62. For later contr. of veoir to voir, see mur. VOIRE, ao?/. truly ; from L. ver^. For e = oi see § 62. Its doublet is vrai, q. v. VOIRIE, sf a commission of public ways, a sewer. See voyer. VOISIN, adj. neighbouring; from L.vicinus. For i = oi see § 68 ; for c = s see amide. — Der. voisintx, voisimge, zvoisiner, avoisinnnt. VOITURE, sf. a carriage ; from L. vectura. For ect = oii see attrait. — Der. voihirev, voiturier. i" Voiturin, sm. a vetturino, driver and owner of a travelling-carriage ; from It. vet- turino. VOIX, sf. voice ; from L. vocem. For o = oi see § 83 ; for c = x see amitie. VOL, sm. flight. See voter I. VOL, sm. theft. See voler 2. VOLAGE, adj. volatile, fickle ; from L. vo- latieum (found in Cicero). For -aticum = -age see age. VOLAILLE, sf. poultry, a collective name of ail farm-yard birds ; from L. volatilia, pi. of volatilis. Columella uses the phrase ' volatile pecus ' for poultry. Volatilia contrd. (see § 51) to volat'lia gives vola- ille. For assimilation of tl to / see bouleau ; for li = // see ail. Volatile, aJ/". volatile ; from L. volatilis. — Der. volatiliser, volatilise. t Vol can, sm. a volcano ; from It. volcano, — Der. volcan\(\ut, volcaniser, VOLE, sf. vole (in cards). See voler t. VOLER, vn. to fly ; from L. volare. — Der. vol (verbal subst. masc), vole (verbal subst. fern,), vol6e (partic. subst.), vohnt, voliere, volet (the wing, shutter of a window), vol- au-vent. VOLER, vn. to steal ; from L. volare *, abstract form of compd. involare (to steal, in Cato and Petronius). — Der. vol (verbal subst.), voleur, volerie. VOLET, sm. a shutter. See voler i. Voleter, v«. to fly, flit ; from L. volitare. Volition, sf volition; from L. voliti- onem*(a word framed by the Schoolmen; from L. vol ere *, see vouloir.) VOLONTE, sf. will ; from L. voluntatem. For u = o see annoncer; for -tateni = -/e see § 230. Volontaire, adj. voluntary; from L. vo- luntarius. VOLONTIERS, adv, willingly ; from L. vo- luntarid. For -arie ^-ier, see § 198. "t* Volte, sf. volt, fencing term; introd. from It. volta. Its doublet is voitle, q. v. — • Der. voltcT, whence volte-face (lit. turn-face, face-about). t Voltiger, vn. to flutter; introd. from It. volteggiare. — Der. voltige (verbal subst.), voltigenx. Volubile, adj. voluble; from L. volubilis. Volubilite, sf. volubility; from L. volu- bilitatem. Volume, sm. (i) a volume (book); (2) volume; from L. volumen. — Dex.volum- ineux (L. voluminosus). Volupt6, s/. pleasur^; from L. voluptatem. Voluptueux, adj. voluptuous; from L. voluptuosus. For -osus = -evx see § 2^9. Volute, sf. (Archit.) a volute; from L. vo- luta (found in Vitruvius). 374 VOMIQUE — VULNERA IRE. Vomique, adj. vomic, sf. (Med.) vomica; from L. vomica. VOMIR, va. to vomit; from L. vomere. For e = t see § 59. — Der. t/omissement, vom/tif. Vorace, adj. voracious ; from L. voracem. — Der. voracit6 (L. voracitatem). Vote, sm. a vote; from L. votum. — Der. voter (its doublet is vouer, q. v.). Votif, adj. votive; from L. votivus. VOTRE, poss. adj. your, yours ; formerly voslre, from L. vostnun, archaic form of vestrum (in Emiius). For os = d see Hist. Gram. p. 81. VOUER, va. to vow ; from L. votare, from votus, p. p. of vovere, to vow. Votare becomes vouer by losing t, see abhaye ; by o = 0M see § 81. Its doublet is voter, q. V. — Der. nvouer. VOULOIR, va. to will, order, wish. It. volere, from L. volere *, found in Merov. texts, der. from voile *, which is for velle. For this lengthened form in ere see etre. Volere becomes vouloir: for o = om see § 81 ; for e = oz see § 62. VOUS, pers. pron. you ; from L. vos. For o = 0M see § 81. VOUSSOIR, sm. an archstone (engineering') ; der. from a form vousser (cp. tailloir from tailler). Vousser is from L. volutiare *, to bend, vault, der. from volutus. Volu- tiare *, contrd. (see § 53) to vol'tiare, ; becomes vousser. For ol = ou see agneau ; for -tioxe = -sser see § 264. From the same verb vousser comes also the deriv. voussure. VOUSSURE, sf. (Archit.) coving. See vous- soir. VOOTE, sf. a vault. O. Fr. volte, from L. voluta*, a vault, in medieval Lat. texts; der. from volutus. V61uta, contrd. (see § 51) to vol'ta, becomes O. Fr. volte, whence voilte. For o1 = om see agneau. Vouie is a doublet of volte, q. v. — Der. voiiteT. VOYAGE, sm. a journey, voyage. Sp. viage, It. viaggio, Prov. viatge, from L. viati- ctim, lit. provisions for a journey, then a journey, in Fortunatus ; ' Deducit dulcem per amara viatica natam.' And a Charter of A. D. 1 299 has ' Pro viatico quod fecimus in Sicilia.' Viaticum becomes voyage : for via- = voy- see voie ; for -aticum = -age see age. Voyage is a doublet of viatique, q. v. — Der. voyager, voyageur. VOYELLE, sf. a vowel ; from L. vocalis. For loss of medial c see affbuage ; for a = e see § 54; for = 0/ see § 83. Its doublet is vocale, q. v. VOYER, sm. a trustee of roads; from L. viarius, relating to roads. For via- = voy- see voie. — Der. zgtnX-voyer, voir'it (contr. of O. Fr. voierie). VRAI, adj. true. O. Fr. verai, from L. ver- acum*, veracious. For a,=ai see § 54; for loss of c see ami. — Der. vraimenl, vrai- semblable. VRAIMENT, adv. truly. See vrai. VRAISEMBLABLE, adj. probable. See vrai and semhlable. VRAISEMBLANCE, sf probability. See vrat and sembler. VRILLE, sf. (Bot.) a tendril, gimblet ; from L. vericula *, der. from vericum *, a spit. ' Tria verica ' is found in an inventory dated a.d. 12 18. Vericura is a dim. of veru. Vericxila, by -icula = -///e (see § 257), gives vm//e*, which is later contrd. to vrille, as O. Fr. verai is contrd. to vrai. For this loss of e see briller. VU, sm. sight; partic. subst. of voir, q. v. Vu, in O. Fr. veu, originally vedut. It. veduto, is from L. vidutus *, a barbarous p. p. of videre : for these p. p. in -utus see boire. Vidutus, losing its medial d (see accabler), becomes O. Fr. veu. For -utus = -M see § 201 ; for i = e see § 72. Veu is later contrd. to veu (see miir), whence the form vu. For eu — u see jumeau. VUE, sf. view; partic. subst. fem. of voir. For etymology see vu. Vulgaire, adj. vulgar, common ; from L. vulgaris. — Der. vulgariser, vulgarity. Vulgate, sf Vulgate; from L. vulgata*, properly the accredited, popular version of Scripture. Vulnerable, adj. vulnerable; from L. vul- nerabilis. Vuln6raire, adj. vulnerary; from L. vul- nerarius. WA GON — ZODIA QUE. 375 W. Wagon, see vagon. t Warrant, sm. a warrant, Ifrom Engl, warrant. Its doublet is garanf, q. V. t Whist, sm. whist; from Engl, whist. X. X6rasie, s/. dryness ; from Gr. ^rjpaaia. i Xylographie, sf. xylography (wood en- X6rophagie, sf. xerophagy (Church his- graving) ; from Gr. ^vkoypa(pia. tory) ; from Gr. ^rfpoipayia. I Y, adv. there, O. Fr. /, originally tv. It. ivi, from L, ibi. In Merov. Lat. ibi takes the sense of illi, illis, * Ipsum monasterium expoliatum, et omnes cartae, quas de supra dicto loco ibi delegaverunt, ablatae,' from a Diploma of Hlotair III, a.d. 664 ; and in a Charter of a.d. 883, ' Tradimus ibi terram ; . . . dono ibi decimas.' By b = v (see § 113) ibi becomes O.Fr.iv: 'In nulla aiudha contra Lodhuwig nun li iv er,' from the Oaths of a.d. 842 ; i. e. in the Lat. of the day, ' In nullam adjutam contra Ludo- vicum non illi ibi ero.' Finally iv loses final V (see a'ieul) and becomes i, whence y. f Yacht, sm. a yacht; from En^. yacht. t Yatagan, sm. a yataghan; of Turkish origin. Y^BLE, see hiehle. YEUSE, sf. evergreen oak, holly; originally ielce *, It. elce, from L. ilicem, by regular contr. (see § 51) of ilicem to ircein, whence elce*. For i = e see § 72. Elce* becomes ielce (for e = /e see § 56), then ieuse (for c = s see amitie; for el = eu see agneau). YEUX, sm. pi. eyes. See ceil. Yole, sf. a yawl. Origin unknown. t Yucca, sm. (Bot.) a yucca; of American origin, see § 32. fZaln, adj. whole-coloured, dark bay (of horses) ; from It. zaino. i'Zdbre, sm. a zebra; of African origin, see § 31. Zdle, sm. zeal; from L. zelus. — Der. ze'/e. tZ6nith, sm. the zenith; introd. through It. zenit, from Ar. semt. Z6phyr, S7n. a zephyr; from L. zephyrus. 't'Z6ro, sm. zero, naught; introd. through It. zero, from Ar. cifrun. Its doublet is chiffre, q. v. ZEST, sm. the membrane which divides a nut, orange, etc. ; from L. schistus, divided, whence the word comes to mean a division. Sohistus becomes zest as schedula be- comes ^-edule. For i = e see § 72. Its doublet is schiste, q.v. t Zibeline, sf. sable; from It, zibellino. ZIGZAG, sm. zigzag, an onomatopoetic word ; see § 34 ; imitated from Germ, zickzach. fZinC, sm. (Met.) zinc; from Germ. zink. Zizanie, sf. tares; from L. zizania. Zod.iaQ.Ue, sm. the zodiac; from L. zodi- 37^ ZONE — ZOOPHYTE, acus (found in Aulus Gellius). — Der. zodi- acal. Zone, sf. a zone; from L. zona. Zoolithe, sm. a zoolite ; from Gr. ^wov and Kleos. Zoologie, sf. zoology; from Gr. ^wov am Xd-^os. — Der. zoo/o^ique. Zoophyte, sm. a zoophyte ; from Gr. ^<oi <pvTov, i. e. that which is between a plat and an animal. BOOKS PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS, OXFORD, AND PUBLISHED FOR THE UNIVERSITY BY MACMILLAN AND CO., 29, 30, BEDFORD STREET, CO VENT GARDEN, LONDON : ALSO TO BE HAD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS DEPOSITORY, 116, HIGH STREET, OXFORD. LEXICONS, GRAMMARS, &c. A Greek-English Lexicon, by Henry George Liddell, D.D., and Robert Scott, D.D. Sixth Edition, Revised and Augmented. 1870. 4to. cloth, ll. 1 6s. 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B a CATALOGUE OF BOOKS Scheller's Lexicon of the Latin Tongue, with the German ex- planations translated into English by J. E. Riddle, M.A. 1835. fol. clotb, 1/. IS. Scriptores Kei Metricae. Edidit Thomas Gaisford, S.T.P. Tomi III. 8vo, clotb, 15s. Sold separately: Hephaestion, Terentianus Maurus, Proclus, cum annotationibus, etc. Tomi II. 1855. 8vo. clotb, los. Scriptores Latini. 1837. 8vo. clotb, 5s. The Book of Hebrew Roots, by Abu 'L-Walid Marwin ibn Janah, otherwise called Rabbi Y6nah. Now first edited, with an Appendix, by Ad. Neubauer. Fasc, I. 4to. 21s. Thesaurus Syriacus : collegerunt Quatremere, Bernstein, Lors- bach, Arnoldi, Field : edidit R. Payne Smith, S.T.P.R. Fasc. I. II. 1868-71. sm. fol. eacb, il. is. Iiexicon Aegyptiaco-Latinura ex veteribus Linguae Aegyp- tiacae Monumentis, etc., cum Indice Vocum Latinarum ab H. Tattam, A.M. 1835. 8vo. clotb, 15s. A Practical Grammar of the Sanskrit Language, arranged with reference to the Classical Languages of Europe, for the use of English Students, by Monier Williams, M.A. Tbird Edition, 1864. 8vo. clotb, 15s. Walopdkhydnam. Story of Nala, an Episode of the Maha- Bharata : the Sanskrit text, with a copious Vocabulary, Grammatical Analysis, and Introduction, by Monier Williams, M.A. The Metrical Translation by the Very Rev. H. H, Milman, D.D. i860. 8vo. clotb, 15s. A Sanskrit-English Dictionary, by Monier Williams, M.A., Boden Professor of Sanskrit, ^to.jiloth, 4/. 14s. 6d. An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, by Joseph Bosworth, D.D., Pro- fessor of Anglo-Saxon, Oxford. New edition. In tbe Press. An Icelandic-English Dictionary. By the late R. Cleasby. Enlarged and completed by G. Vigfdsson. Parts I and II. 1869-71. 4to. eacb, il. is. A Handbook of the Chinese Language. Parts I and II, Grammar and Chrestomathy. By James Summers. 1863. 8vo. balf bound, ll. 8s. Cornish Drama (The Ancient). Edited and translated by E. Norris, Esq., with a Sketch of Cornish Grammar, an Ancient Cornish Vocabulary, etc. 2 vols. 1 859. 8vo. clotb, ll. Is. The Sketch of Cornish Grammar separately, stitcbed, 2s. 6d. PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS. GREEK AND LATIW CLASSICS. Aeschylus : quae supersunt in Codice Laurentiano typis descripta. Edidit R. Merkel. 1861. Small folio, cloth, il. is. Aeschylus: Tragoediae et Fragmenta, ex recensione Guil. Dindorfii. Second Edition, iS^i. 8vo. cloth, ^s. 6d. Aeschylus: Annotationes Guil. Dindorfii. Partes II. 184 1. Svo. cloth, I OS. Aeschylus : Scholia Graeca, ex Codicibus aucta et emendata a Guil. Dindorfio. 1 851. Svo. cloth, 5s. Sophocles : Tragoediae et Fragmenta, ex recensione et cum commentariis Guil. Dindorfii. Third Edition, 2 vols. i860, fcap. Svo. cloth, I Lis. Each Play separately, limp, 2s. 6d. The Text alone, printed on writing paper, with large margin, royal l6mo. cloth, 8s. The Text alone, square i.6mo. clotb, 3J. 6d. Each Play separately, limp, 6d. Sophocles : Tragoediae et Fragmenta cum Annotatt. Guil. Dindorfii. Tomi II. 1849. Svo. cloth, los. The Text, Vol. I. 5s. 6d. The Notes, Vol. II. 4s. 6d. Sophocles: Scholia Graeca: Vol. I. ed. P. Elmsley, A.M. 1825. Svo, cloth, 4s. 6d. Vol. II. ed. Guil. DIndorfius. 1 85 2. Svo. cloth, 4s. 6d. Euripides : Tragoediae et Fragmenta, ex recensione Guil. Din- dorfii. Tomi II. 1834. Svo. cloth, los. Euripides : Annotationes Guil. Dindorfii. Partes II. 1840. cloth, I OS. Euripides : Scholia Graeca, ex Codicibus aucta et emendata a Guil. Dindorfio. Tomi IV. 1863. Svo. cloth, ll. i6s. Euripides: Alcestis, ex recensione Guil. Dindorfii. 1834. Svo. sewed, 2s. 6d. Aristophanes : Comoediae et Fragmenta, ex recensione Guil. Dindorfii. Tomi II. 1835. Svo. cloth, lis. Aristophanes: Annotationes Guil. Dindorfii. Partes II. 1837. Svo. cloth, lis. Aristophanes : Scholia Graeca, ex Codicibus aucta et emendata a Guil. Dindorfio. Partes III. 1839. ^^o* c/o//!b, ll. B 2, CATALOGUE OF BOOKS Aristophanem, Index in : J. Caravellae. 1822. 8vo. clotb, jj. Metra Aeschyli Sophoclis Euripidis et Aristophanis. De- scripta a Guil. Dindorfio. Accedit Chronologia Scenica. 1842. 8vo. clotb, 5s. Anecdota Graeca Oxoniensia. Edidit J. A. Cramer, S.T.P. Tomi IV. 1834-1837. 8vo. clotb, il. 2s. Anecdota Graeca e Codd. MSS. Bibliothecae Regiae Parisien- sis. Edidit J. A. Cramer, S.T.P. Tomi IV. 1 839-1 84 1. 8vo. c/o/J, i/. 2S. Apsinis et Longini BJietorica. E Codicibus MSS. recensuit Joh. Bakius. 1849. 8vo. clotb, 3s. Aristoteles; ex recensione Immanuelis Bekkeri. Accedunt In- dices Sylburgiani. Tomi XI. 1837. 8vo. clotb, 2I. los. Each volume separately, 5s. 6d. Catulli Veronensis Liber. Recognovit, apparatum criticum prolegomena appendices addidit, .Robinson Ellis, A.M. 1867. 8vo. clotb, 16s. Catulli Veronensis Carmina Selecta, secundum recogni- tionem Robinson Ellis, A.M. Extra fcap. 8vo. clotb, 3s. 6d. Just Publhbed. 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Jowett, M.A., Master of Balliol College and Regius Professor of Greek, 4 vols. 1871. 8vo. cloth, ^l. 6s. Plato : The Republic, with a revised Text and English Notes, by B. Jowett, M.A., Master of Balliol College and Regius Professor of Greek. Demy 8vo. Preparing. Plotinus. Edidit F. Creuzer. Tomi III. 1835. 4to. clotbf 1/. 8s. Stobaei Plorilegium. Ad MSS. fidem emendavit et supplevit T. Gaisford, S.T.P. Tomi IV. 1822. 8vo. cloth, il. Stobaei Eclogarum Physicarum et Ethicarum libri duo. Ac- cedit Hieroclis Commentarius in aurea carmina Pythagoreorum. Ad MSS. Codd. recensuit T. Gaisford, S.T.P. Tomi II. 1850. 8vo. cloth, IIS. Xenophon : Historia Graeca, ex recensione et cum annotatio- nibus L. Dindorfii. Second Edition, 1852. 8vo. cloth, 10s. 6d. 6 CATALOGUE OF BOOKS Xenophon : Expeditio Cyri, ex rec. et cum annotatt. L. Din- dorfii. Second Edition, 1855. 8vo. cloth, lOs.Cd. Xenophon: Institutio Cyri, ex rec. et cum annotatt. L. Din- dorfii. 1857. 8vo. cloth, 10s. 6d. Xenophon : Memorabilia Socratis, ex rec. et cum annotatt. L. Dindorfii. 1862. 8vo. cloth, p. 6d. Xenophon : Opuscula Politica Equestria et Venatica cum Arri- ani Libello de Venatione, ex rec. et cum annotatt. L. Dindorfii. 1866. 8vo. cloth, los. 6d. THE HOLY SCRIPTURES, &c. The Holy Bible in the earliest English Versions, made from the Latin Vulgate by John WyclifFe and his followers : edited by the Rev. J. Forshall and Sir F. Madden. 4 vols, 1850. royal 4to. cloth, 3/. 3s. The Holy Bible : an exact reprint, page for page, of the Author- ized Version published in the year 161 1. Demy 4to. half bound, il. is. Vetus Testamentum Graece cum Variis Lectionibus. Edi- tionem a R. Holmes, S.T.P. inchoatam continuavit J. Parsons, S.T.B. Tomi V. 1 798-1827. folio, 7/. Vetus Testamentum. Graece secundum exemplar Vaticanum Romae editum. Accedit potior varietas Codicis Alexandrini. Tomi III. 1848. l2mo. cloth, 14s. Origenis Hexaplorum quae supersunt ; sive, Veterum Inter- pretum Graecorum in totum Vetus Testamentum Fragmenta. Edidit Fridericus Field, A.M. Tom. II. Fasc, I-III. 1867-1870. 4to. 2/. 9s. Tom. I. Fasc. I. 1871. 4to. 1 6s. Pentateuchus Hebraeo-Samaritanus Gharactere Hebraeo-Chal- daico. Edidit B. Blayney. 1790. 8vo. cloth, ^s. Xiibri Psalmorum Versio antiqua Latina, cum Paraphrasi Anglo-Saxonica. Edidit B, Thorpe, F.A.S, 1835. 8vo. c/o/i&, los. 60?. Libri Psalmorum Versio antiqua Gallica e Cod. MS. in Bibl. Bodleiana adservato, una cum Versione Metrica aliisque Monumentis pervttustis. Nunc primum descripsit et edidit Franciscus Michel, Phil. Doct. i860. 8vo. cloth, los. 6d. Libri Prophetarum Majorum, cum Lamentationibus Jere- miae, in Dialecto Linguae Aegyptiacae Memphitica seu Coptica. Edidit cum Versione Latina H. Tattam, S.T.P. Tomi II. 1852. 8vo. cloth, 17s. Libri duodeeim Prophetarum Minorum in Ling. Aegypt. vulgo Coptica. Edidit H. Tattam, A.M. 1836. 8vo. cloth, 8s. 6d. 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Gaisford, S.T.P. 1839. 8vo. cloth, p. 6d. Dowling (J. G.) Notitia Seriptorum SS. Patrum aliorumque vet. Eccles. Mon. quae in CoUectionibus Anecdotorum post annum Christ! MDCC. in lucem editis continentur. 1 839. 8vo. cloth, 4s. 6d. ECCLESIASTICAI, HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, &c. Baedae Historia Ecclesiastica. Edited, with English Notes, by George H. Moberly, M.A., Fellow of C.C.C, Oxford. 1869. crown 8vo. cloth, los. 6d. Bingham's Antiquities of the Christian Church, and other Works, 10 vols. 1855. 8vo, cloth, 3/. 3s. Burnet's History of the Reformation of the Church of Eng- land. A new Edition. Carefully revised, and the Records collated with the originals, by N. Pocock, M.A. With a Preface by the Editor. 7 vols. 1865. 8vo. 4/. 4s. Burnet's Life of Sir M. Hale, and Fell's Life of Dr. Hammond. 1856. small 8vo. cloth, 2s. 6d. Cardwell's Two Books of Common Prayer, set forth by authority in the Reign of King Edward VI, compared with each other. Third Edition, 1 85 2. 8vo. cloth, p. 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The groups t-ia, t-ie, t-io, t-iu, were proncd., not like ti in amide, but like // in precaution ; as is proved by Prankish charters, which change ti into oi, si, ssi, writing cciam, solacio, precium, per- dicio, racionem, concrecasione, nep- sia, altercasione, for etiam, solatio, pretium, perditio, rationem, congre- gatione, neptia, altercatione ; show- ing also that in pronunciation tia and cia were the same thing. 2. When the c is followed by one of the groups, ia, ie, io, iu, and forms the combinations cia, cie, cio, ciu — ci is usually changed into a soft s, ss, p, and the Lat. i is dropped; as in macioni, ma- fon; pTovinciali, provenfal; suspicio- nem,sott/>fon ; crescionem*, cresson, etc. Thenceforward ti, which (when followed by an a, o, or u) is identical with ci (as is shown above), must, like ci, drop the i and become f, hard s, ss: denuntiare becomes denoncer ; cantionem, chan- son; scutionem*, e'cusson. A like change takes place with -tea, which becomes -tia (ea, eo, eu, becoming ia, io, iu, as may be seen under abreger ; cp. also the forms Dius, for Deus, mius for meus, in very ancient Lat. inscriptions) : then such words as platea, matea, linteolus, becoming platia, matia, lintiolus, are rendered according to rule into place, masse, linceuL The following are the cases of change of tia, tio, tiu, into g, ss, s hard : — 1. c soft in antianus, ancien; caden- tia, chance, etc. 2. ss, as in captiare, chasser, etc. 3. s hard, as in cantionem, chanson, etc. See Hist. Gram. p. 61. The change of ti into soft s, as in acu- tiare, aigtmer, is uncommon. See Hist. Gram. p. 192. AGENOUILLER, (S), vpr. to kneel ; from L. adgeniculari, as in Tertullian, 'Presby- teris advolvi et caris Dei adgeniculari.' Aggloin6rer, va. to agglomerate, collect; from L. agglomerare. — Der. agglomer- ation. Agglutiner, va, to glue together, unite ; from L. agglutinare. — Der. agglutin- ation. Aggraver, va. to aggravate, make worse ; -ation, sf. aggravation, increase. See grave. I Agile, adj. agile; from L. agilis. — Der. agilM (§ 230). t Agio, sm. rate of exchange ; an It. word introd. towards the end of the 17th cent., from aggio (§ 25).— Der. agioXtx (§ 263), -age (§ 248), -eur (§ 227). AGIR, va. to act, do; from L. agere. For e = i see § 59. — Der. agtnt, from agentem; but fagenda, a Lat. word imported bodily into Fr., is not to be reckoned as a deriv. Ag^ter, va. to agitate, stir; from L. agi- tare. Der. agitz\.ion, -ateur. Aguat, sm. an agnate, collateral relation on the father's side; from L. agnatus. AGNEAU, sm. a lamb ; from O. F. agnel, and this from L. agnellus. 1 preceded by a vowel (al, el, il, ol, ul) remains un- changed in Fr. in the early period of the language (mollis, mol; malva, malve; porcellus, pour eel) ; then was softened into u {mou, mauve, pourceau) towards the middle of the 12th cent. See § 157. 1. Lat. al became au, eau ; as in alba, aube, etc. 2. Lat. el became au, eau, as in el'- mosyna*, aumone, etc.; ieu in melius, mieux ; similarly with dim. suffixes in -ellus, in O. Fr. el ; then softened for the most part into -eau, -au, as agnellus, agneau, etc. 3. Lat. il became eu in capillus, cheveu, etc. ; -eau in sigillum, O. Fr. seel, sceau; 0, ou, in basil'ca, basoehe, and fil'caria, foiigere, which was written more correctly feugere in O. Fr. 4. Lat. ol became ow in coHs ( = caulis), chou, etc.; eu in mol'narius, meunier, etc.; au in voltulare*, vautrer. 5. Lat. ul became ou in buHcare, houger, etc.; au in vulturius, vautour; o in remorque (O. Fr. remolque) from re- mulcum. Agonie, sf. agony, struggle against death; from Gr. ayoivia. — Der. a^owiser. AGRAFE, sf. a hook, clasp ; 0. Fr. agrape. Low L. agrappa, compd. of ad and Low L. grappa, a word found in documents of the 7th cent. Grappa again comes from O. H. G. h-apfo (§ 20).— Der. agraftr. Agraire, arf;. agrarian ; from L. agrarius. Agraire is a doublet of O. Fr. agrier. AGGRANDIR, va. to enlarge ; -ISSEMENT, sm. increase, aggrandisement. See grand. AGREABLE, adj. agreeable ; der. from agreer, like gueable from gueer. — Der. desagreable (Hist. Gram. p. 1 78). AGRSER — AIEUL, 15 AGREER, va, to receive favourably, accept (lit. = prendre a gre). See gre. — Der. agremtnt. desa^rement. Agr6ger, va. to admit, incorporate (into a public body); from L, aggregare — Der. agrege (of which agregat is a doublet), agrega.U.on. AGREMENT, sm. consent, approbation. See agreer. AGRES, sm. pi. rigging, tackling. See greer. Agresseur, sm. an aggressor ; from L. aggressorem. — Der. agression, -if, Agreste, adj. rustic; from L. agrestis. Agricole, adj. agricultural; from L. agri- cola. The Lat. subst. has become a Fr. adj. Agriculteur, sm. a farmer, agriculturist; from L. agricultorem, — Der, agriculture. Agronome, sm. an agriculturist ; from Gr. dypovofios (which from dypos and vofios) (§ 21). AGUERRIR, va. to accustom to war. See guerre. AGUETS, sm. pi. a word used only in the pi. in mod, Fr. {etre aux aguets, to be on the look out, to be lying in wait) ; but in O, Fr. it had a sing. also. It is used as late as Malherbe, Quand Z'aguet d'un pirate arreta leur voyage. Aguet is the verbal sm. (§ 184) of the old verb aguetter, compd. of guetter, q. v. AHEURTER (S'), vpr. to be bent on, ob- stinate. See heurter. AHURIR, va. to amaze. The word hure, originally meaning hair standing on end, produced ahuri (la gent barbue et ahuri, ' a folk bearded and of up-standing locks,' is a phrase of the 13th cent.). Ahuri later received the sense of ' standing on end from fright,' then ' terrified ' ; lastly, the modern sense, which is nothing but a di- minution of the old signification (§ 13). AIDER, va. to aid, help ; from L. adjutare (Varro and Terence), later ajutare, which must be written aiutare, as the Latins pronounced j between two vowels as i. For this cause raja, boja, major, baju- lare, have become in Fr. raie, bouee (O. Fr. boie), maire, bailler, as they were proncd. raia, boia, ma'ior, baiulare. To pass from aiutare to aider we find two philological changes: (1) the fall of the u, aiutare becoming aitare (§ 52) ; (2) the change of t into d, aiitaxe = aidar, then aider (§117). I. Fall of the u. We have seen (§ 52) that every vowel immediately preceding the tonic vowel (like the i of sanitatem), dis- appears in Fr, if short (san-!l!-tatem = sante), remains if long (caem-e-terium = cim-e-tiere). This continuance of a long atonic vowel has only a few exceptions : the atonic vowel which directly precedes the tonic syllable disappears, when long, in mirabilia, merveille, etc, § 52. There are about twenty of these exceptions to the rule of the continuance of the long atonic vowel, which are to be explained by two facts : (1) that in many of these words the con- traction is quite modern, and the long atonic vowel remained inO.Fr.; — courtier, serment, soup^on, larcin, were in O. Fr., more regu- larly, couretier, serement, soupe^on, larecen : (2) that in the common Lat. many of these words had already lost this long atonic vowel, and the Fr. simply reproduced this irregularity, and could do nothing else ; thus in the 7th cent, we find cosinus for consobrinus, costuma for consuetu- dinem, matinum for matutinum, el- mosna for eleemosyna, vercundia for verecundia, 2, The softening of the t into d. Aiu- tare having become aitare changes into a'idare. This softening had already taken place in common Lat., in which it was very frequent, especially when the t lay between two vowels: iradam is found for iratam in an inscription of A, D. 142; limides, sidus, terridoriam, mercadum, stradu, for limites, litus, territorium, mer- catum, strata, in 5th cent, documents, and in the Salic Law ; thus again. Classical Lat. said quadraginta, quadratus, from quatuor, which, regularly, should have been quatraginta, quatratus. 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