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 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 FRENCH LANGUAGE 
 
EoiiDon 
 MACMILLAN AND CO. 
 
 PUBLISHERS TO THE UNIVERSITY OF 
 
AN 
 
 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 FRENCH LANGUAGE 
 
 • Jbv' '•' 
 
 A^BRACHET 
 
 AUTHOR OF *A HISTORICAL GRAMMAR OF THE FRENCH TONGUE' 
 
 TRANSLATED BY 
 
 G. W. KITCHIN, M.A. 
 
 AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 
 
 M DCCC LXXIII 
 
 [All rights reserved} 
 
4 
 
 
AUTHOR'S PREFACE 
 
 This Etymological Dictionary is the natural sequel to the His- 
 torical Grammar. In that work I had traced out the history of 
 French grammatical forms : with a view to the completion of my 
 task, and the full cycle of the history of the language, I was bound 
 to write also a history of its vocabulary. This is attempted in this 
 volume, which seeks to register for general use the results of philo- 
 logical enquiry, hitherto too much confined to a narrow circle of 
 literary men. 
 
 It is not that philological enquiry has been lacking in France 
 during the last three centuries. In the anarchical period of philo- 
 logy — the period between the sixteenth century and our day, during 
 which philology was little but a confused mass of erudite errors — two 
 etymological Dictionaries were written, that of Manage in 1650, and 
 that of Roquefort in 1829. Seven years later the illustrious Frederick 
 Diez pubHshed at Bonn the first volume of his Grammar of the 
 Rornance Languages (1836), a comparative history of the six lan- 
 guages which have sprung from the Latin, in which he showed by 
 what invariable laws Latin passed into French, Italian, Spanish, 
 Portugese, Wallachian; at the same moment he created a scientific 
 history of the French tongue. Thenceforth French philology was 
 revolutionised ; and, just as in the eighteenth century chemistry shook 
 itself free from alchemy, so then the study of the French language 
 became a science based on observation^ the progress of which was 
 destined to be very rapid, under the influence of a spirit of exact in- 
 vestigation : the latest born of experimental sciences, it seemed likely 
 to outstrip them all, except chemistry, in the rapidity and unbroken 
 succession of its discoveries. Every new result is enrolled in its order 
 in the three etymological Dictionaries which followed one another at 
 intervals: in 18^'^ Diez ipuhlished his I^/ymologi'sc/ier Worterbuch; in 
 1862 appeared M. Scheler's Dictionary of French Etymology; in 1863 
 the first parts of M. Littre's admirable Dictionary of the French 
 Tongue came out. 
 
 ^ It is but fair to say that a Frenchman, M. Raynouard, had already prepared 
 the way by a comparative study of the six Neo-Latin tongues ; still to M. Diez 
 belongs the honour of having created the science by introducing into French phi- 
 lology an exactitude quite unknown before his time. 
 
 iVVt90209 
 
author's preface. 
 
 These three works give us all the philological discoveries made 
 during the last thirty years in the French language ; and the chasm 
 which separates them from the dreams of Manage and Roquefort can 
 only be compared to that which lies between the chemistry of Lavoisier 
 and the reveries of Raymond LuUi, or Van Helmont. It may there- 
 fore seem needless to wish to swell the catalogue with a new philo- 
 logical Dictionary ; but still I have decided on writing this book ; for 
 there is a blank to be filled up. In scientific subjects there is always 
 room for two kinds of books — those which teach established scientific 
 knowledge and transmit our learned acquisitions in a collective form, 
 and those which leave former discoveries alone, in order to at- 
 tempt new research, to work out the solution or the discussion of 
 problems hitherto untouched. Thus, in zoology, a treatise intended 
 for the general public would be silent as to all doubtful or unsettled 
 questions (such as the origin of species, or the like), and would occupy 
 itself solely with the minute proof of established truths : but if on 
 the other hand the treatise were addressed to the narrower class of 
 professed naturalists, it would be satisfied with simply stating known 
 facts (assuming their proof to be known by the reader) and would set 
 itself specially to elucidate by new observations or hypotheses those 
 problems which were yet uncertain. 
 
 This distinction applies with equal force to etymological Dictionaries, 
 according as they address themselves to students of philology only 
 or to the general literary public : in the former case the main task 
 of the author will be to attempt unsolved etymological problems, 
 simply stating established etymologies without stopping to give the 
 proofs. This has been done by Diez, Scheler, and Littr^, who have 
 been more anxious to discover or explore unknown regions than to 
 descril2£_the^^nown. But by the side of these works, which assume 
 in the reader a previous acquaintance with philological principles and 
 a knowledge of the position of each question that comes up, there is 
 room for another Dictionary which shall take the science in its pre- 
 sent condition, shall provisionally regard the etymology of all words 
 whose origin is still under discussion as unknown, shall limit itself 
 to the statement of etymologies already settled, and shall then 
 lay before the eyes of the reader all the philological principles 
 on which these interesting results depend. Of such a kind is this 
 manual of the science of etymology which I have endeavoured 
 to make, in the full persuasion that, imperfect as it is, it may yet 
 render some service to the cause of higher education^. 
 
 /j ^ M. Breal, Professor in the College of France, has admirably pointed out the 
 
 / dangers of ' a method which professes to explain everything, and does not know 
 
 ^^ how to resign itself to be ignorant of many things.' For education nothing is so 
 
 /': mischievous to the authority of a science as an inconclusive discussion. 
 
 i 
 
AUTHORS PREFACE, 
 
 As an example of the difference between the two methods, let 
 us take the two words marcassin and pourrir. The etymology of 
 marcassin is unknown ; and while Diez and Littrd discuss the hypo- 
 theses already started as to the origin of the word, and throw out new 
 suggestions, I content myself with the simple statement that here is 
 a blank in our knowledge, and so I leave it. For in education uncer- 
 tainty is worse than ignorance, and the maxim ' in dubiis abstine ' 
 finds its application. But under the word pourrir, whose etymology 
 [l(from Lat. putrere) is well known, Littrd and Scheler merely 
 [Imention the Latin word, and do not stop to explain ; but in my 
 [•JDictionary I set myself to prove it, and to show how putrere becomes 
 \pourrir, in answer to the questions, Why such and such a change? 
 ;Have the Latin letters been altered by chance .? or Is there any 
 invariable law of change .? Has putrere become pourrir all at once, 
 or have there been successive changes, letter by letter? and can one fix 
 the steps of the process in their chronological order ^? — questions 
 which a Dictionary professing to teach ' laymen ' (as the Germans 
 would say) the science of etymology cannot possibly neglect. 
 ' Scientific etymology,' says M. Brdal, ' does not consist in a vague 
 statement of the affinity which may exist between two words ; it must 
 ' track out, letter by letter, the history of the formation of a word, and 
 show all the intermediate stages through which it has passed.' 
 
 Thus, in the example taken above, one must show that the u of 
 putrere has passed into on {pourrir), like ursus, ours\ surdus, 
 sourd; turris, tour; — that the Latin tr becomes rr, like latronem, 
 hirron; nutrire, nqurrir ; — lastly, that the long e of putrere is 
 represented by the French i, like tenere, ienir ; abolere, abolir, &c. 
 The philologer, when he has reached this point, has done but half his 
 work ; he has shown that pourrir answers, letter for letter, to putrere ; 
 he must now show how this change has come about : we have as yet 
 only the end-links of the chain, we must find the intermediate and 
 connecting ones. Between the grub and the butterfly the naturahst 
 studies all the different conditions of the chrysalis ; between the Latin 
 and the French we find, on the one side the Low Latin, on the other 
 the Early French. Thus pourrir has not leapt at one bound from 
 putrere : Latin MSS. of the Merovingian period show us that the 
 word became first putrire, then pudrire ; whence the earliest French 
 form podrir, whence follows porrir, and lastly pourrir. By what 
 slow and almost insensible changes has the Latin word slipped into 
 
 ^ Our remarks on the three Dictionaries of Diez, Littre, and Scheler, must not 
 ■ be taken to indicate any want of esteem for such admirable works. Far from 
 challenging their method I seek only to support it by supplementing it ; methods 
 must vary according to the end proposed, the audience addressed. Let me seize 
 this opportunity of expressing my hearty gratitude for the advantages I owe to 
 these masters in the science of etymology, and to their labours. 
 
author's preface, 
 
 French ! — tr has been successively softened into dr, thence into rr ; 
 u passes through o into ou ; and, as one can prove by the steps taken, 
 the Latin word has never accomplished more than one of these 
 changes at a time. Thus penetrating by means of a strict 
 analysis into the innermost organisation of language, one sees that 
 living words change and grow, and that Latin and French, for ex- 
 ample, are in reality only two successive conditions of one language. 
 
 By patient study, by careful comparison of thousands of little facts, 
 insignificant by themselves, etymological science has been able to 
 prove that languages, like plants or animals, are born, grow, and die, 
 according to definite determinable laws. This fact saves us from the 
 reproach of lingering over petty details. * Every building raised on 
 abstract ideas,' says Buflfon, in his noble language, ' is a temple 
 dedicated to a lie.' It is high time that men should abandon meta- 
 physical speculations as to the origin of human speech, and betake 
 themselves to the humbler observation of facts : for they alone can 
 lead us on to a just conception of the laws of language ; and one 
 may apply to them the saying of Quinctilian, ' Parva quidem, sed 
 sine quibus magna non possent consistere,' — these are but details 
 indeed, yet without them general principles could not stand. 
 
 A. B. 
 
 VOUVRAY, 
 
 September 3, 1868. 
 
CONTENTS, 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 BOOK I. 
 
 Of the Rules to be followed in Etymological investigations 
 Chap. i. Phonetics 
 ii. History 
 iii. Comparison 
 iv. Variations of meaning 
 V. Conclusion 
 
 BOOK II, Etymological Elements of the pRENcri Tongue 
 
 Part I, Elements of Popular Origin 
 
 Chap. i. The Latin element 
 ii. The Celtic element 
 iii. The Germanic element . 
 iv. The Greek element 
 Part ii. Elements of Learned Origin 
 Part hi. Elements of Foreign Origin 
 
 Chap. i. Words of Provengal origin 
 ii. Words of Italian origin 
 iii. Words of Spanish origin 
 iv. Words of German origin 
 v. Words of English origin 
 vi. Words of Slavonic origin 
 vii. Words of Semitic origin 
 viii. Words of Oriental origin 
 ix. W^ords of American origin 
 Part rv. Elements of Various Origin 
 
 Chap. i. Words of Historical origin 
 
 ii. Words of Onomatopoetic origin 
 
 iii. Words of Unknown origin 
 
 iv. Etymological statistics of the French Tongue 
 
 m 
 iv 
 vi 
 ix 
 xiv 
 
 xvi 
 
 xvii 
 xvii 
 xix 
 xxii 
 xxiv 
 
 XXV 
 
 xxvii 
 xxix 
 
 XXX 
 
 xxxiii 
 xxxiv 
 
 XXXV 
 XXXV 
 XXXV 
 
 xxxvii 
 XXX vii 
 xxxvii 
 xxxvii 
 xxxviii 
 xxxix 
 xli 
 
CONTENTS, 
 
 PAGE 
 
 BOOK III. Phonetics, or the Study of Sounds. .... xlii 
 
 "Part i. Description of Sounds xliii 
 
 Chap. i. The vowels xlv 
 
 ii. History of the Latin vowels . . . liii 
 
 iii. The Latin diphthongs .... Ixxvii 
 
 iv. The Latin consonants .... Ixxix 
 
 Part n. The Principles which rule the Permutations of Language . xcv 
 
 Part m. Exceptions to Phonetics. Effect of Corruption on the 
 
 Formation of the French Language .... xcvii 
 
 Part iv. Derivation c 
 
 Section i. Derivation of substantives ci 
 
 Chap. i. French substantives derived from Latin sub- 
 stantives . . . . . . ci 
 
 ii. French substantives derived from Latin adjec- 
 tives cii 
 
 iii. French substantives derived from Latin pre- 
 positions cii 
 
 iv. French substantives derived from Latin verbs cii 
 
 Section ii. Derivation of adjectives cvi 
 
 Section iii. List of nominal suffixes cvii 
 
 Chap. i. Accented cvii 
 
 ii. Atonic cxxii 
 
 Section iv. Verbal suffixes cxxv 
 
 Chap. i. Accented cxxv 
 
 ii. Atonic cxxv 
 
 Section v. Diminutive suffixes cxxvi 
 
 List of Abbreviations ex. viii 
 
 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 1-376 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 BOOK I. 
 
 OF THE RULES TO BE FOLLOWED IN ETYMOLOGICAL 
 INVESTIGATIONS. 
 
 Axiomata a particularibus rite et ordine ahstracta nova particularia rursus facile 
 indicant et designant, itaque scientias reddunt activas. — Bacon, Novum Organon, i. 24. 
 
 § 1. Etymology, which investigates the origin of words and the laws 
 of the transformation of languages, is a new science. It is scarcely 
 thirty years since it became one of the sciences of observation ; and 
 the good work it has since done has speedily won for it among the 
 historical sciences a place which it can never lose. 
 
 Before attaining its present precision, etymology — like every other 
 science, and perhaps more than any other — passed through a long 
 period of infancy, of uncertain groping and effort, during which it 
 subsisted chiefly on arbitrary relations, superficial analogies, and 
 fanciful combinations. 
 
 'One can scarcely imagine how arbitrary was the search for 
 etymologies while it was solely an attempt to connect words at 
 haphazard by their apparent resemblance, without any farther proof. 
 The dreams of Plato's Cratylus, the absurd etymologies of Varro and 
 Quinctilian, the philological fancies of Menage in the seventeenth 
 century, are known to every one. There was no difficulty in con- 
 necting jeiine with Jeune, for youth is the morning of life, and one 
 rises fasting. Most frequently one word was derived from another of 
 an entirely different form, and to fill up the gap between them, 
 fictitious intermediates were invented. Thus Menage derived rat from 
 the Latin mus ! " They must have said, first mus, then muratus, then 
 ratus, then rat!' Nay, farther, they went so far as to suppose that an 
 object could derive its name from a quality the opposite of that which 
 that name denoted, because affirmation provokes negation, and so, 
 . 'f b 
 
i. INTRODUCTION. 
 
 for instance, they affirmed that lucus came from luoere, " quia non 
 lucet."'^ 
 
 At last, the dreams of etymologists became proverbial, and this 
 branch of human knowledge fell into utterrtiost discredit. How then 
 has this confused heap of erudite error given place to an established 
 science of etymology? Simply by the discovery and application of 
 the comparative method, the method of the natural sciences. * Com- 
 parison is the chief instrument of science. Science is made up of 
 general facts ; scientific knowledge is the formation of groups, the 
 establishment of laws, consequently the separation of the general out 
 of the particular. Now, if we would compel facts to surrender to us 
 their inner meaning, we must draw them together, explain them by 
 one another, in other words compare them. 
 
 'Every one knows something of the discoveries of comparative 
 anatomy. We know how the study of the structure of animals, and 
 the comparison of organs, whose infinite modifications form the diifer- 
 entiae of class, order, genus, have revealed to us, so to speak, the 
 plan of nature; have provided us with a solid foundation for our 
 classifications.' ^ 
 
 Just so with languages also : here also comparison is doubtless as 
 ancient as observation; but there are two kinds of comparison, 
 or rather, two degrees of comparison through which the mind must 
 pass in succession. 
 
 § 2. The first is hasty and superficial comparison, which was omni- 
 potent in all physical sciences down to the end of the seventeenth 
 century; it was satisfied with connecting beings or words by their 
 superficial resemblances. Thus, naturalists called the dolphin and the 
 whale fishes, by reason of their outer shape, their habits, their con- 
 stant living in the sea; and etymologists derived the word par esse 
 from the Greek irapfais ^, because of all words they knew this was the 
 one most like the French word, and they concluded, without any 
 further proof, that this was the origin of paresse : an easy proof indeed ! 
 
 These arbitrary comparisons have been succeeded in our own days 
 by thoughtful and methodical comparison, an exact and scientific 
 method ; one not satisfied with outer resemblances or differences, but 
 seeking by careful dissection to penetrate to the essence and inner- 
 most analogies of things. 
 
 The anatomist now studies the internal structure of the whale, and 
 discerns that the conformation of its organs excludes it from the class 
 of fishes, and places it among the mammals. And the philologist, 
 instead of studying the mere outside of words, dissects them into their 
 elements, their letters ; observes their origin, and the way in which 
 they are transformed. 
 
 ^ M. Reville, Les ancetres des europeens. 
 * E. Soberer, Etudes d'histoire et de critique, ^ See below, § 21. 
 
H PHONETICS. iii 
 
 " It is by a strict application of this new method, by following facts 
 instead of trying to lead them, that modern philology has proved that 
 language is developed according to invariable laws, and follows in its 
 transformations certain necessary rules. 
 
 This book will lay out the principal characteristics of this natural 
 history of language: it will be found that they furnish the ety- 
 mologist with unexpected help, and are a valuable instrument, a 
 powerful microscope for the observation of the most delicate 
 phenomena. 
 
 § 3. The instruments of observation are three in number : Pho- 
 netics, History, Comparis.on. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Phonetics. 
 
 B 
 
 § 4. Take any Latin letter, and ask what it has become in French 
 you will soon see that the transition has followed a regular course, 
 or, in other words, that each Latin letter passes into French in an 
 invariable way : thus e long usually becomes oi : as me, moi ; regem, 
 roi; legem, loi; te, toi ; se, sot; tela, toile ; velum, voile: ea be- 
 comes che ; caballus, cheval ; ea^inus, chemin ; canile, chenil : 
 o becomes ou ; tormentum, tourment ; vos, vous ; nos, nous ; sori- 
 cem, souris ; &c. We give the name of Phonetics ^ to the collection 
 of these laws of transformation. 
 
 The bearings of this discovery are plain enough ; these laws of 
 transformation once observed for each letter are a guiding line in 
 investigation, and stop us if we are on a wrong track ; if the derivation 
 does not satisfy the conditions of phonetic change, it is null and void. 
 
 Thus then the knowledge of the sum total of these transformations 
 from Latin to French letters^ is the first condition which must be fulfilled 
 if we would busy ourselves with etymology. If any one thinks this 
 preparatory study too minute or needless, we would remind him that 
 anatomy observes and describes muscles, nerves, vessels, with most 
 minute detail : this vast collection of facts may seem dry and tiresome ; 
 but yet, even as comparative anatomy is the basis of all physiology, so is 
 the exact knowledge of phonetics the starting-point for all etymology ; 
 from it alone the science gets its character of solidity and exactitude. 
 
 § 5. We may then state this new principle as follows : — every ety- 
 mology which does not, according to the rules of permutation laid 
 down by phonetics, account for every letter kept, changed, or dropped, 
 must be set aside as worthless. 
 
 See below, § 37. ' Ibid. §§ 46, sqq. 
 
 b2 
 
Iv INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Taking this principle as our guide, let us look, for example, for the 
 derivation of the word iai'/ue. One sees at once that the letters if 
 represent the Latin ct, as is found \Xi fait from factus; lait from 
 lactem ; fruit from fructus, &c. 
 
 Thus then the first part of the word will answer to a Latin form 
 lact ; what is the origin of the suffix -ue ? Now we can prove that 
 this suffix comes from the Latin suffix -uca \ as in verr-ue, verr-uca ; 
 charr-ue^ carr-uca, &c. Hence we arrive at the form lactuca, the 
 actual Latin name for a lettuce. 
 
 Thus it is seen that the search for etymologies corresponds to 
 researches in chemical analysis. When a substance is put into the 
 crucible and reduced into its elements, the chemist ought to find those 
 elements equivalent in weight to the original substance : in this case 
 the elements are the letters, and the analysis, that is, the etymology, is 
 uncertain until all the elements are accounted for . 
 j^ § 6. To sum up ; etymological research is subjected to two laws : 
 (i) No etymology is admissible unless it accounts for every one of the 
 letters of the word which it professes to explain; (2) In every etymo- 
 logy which involves a change of letters we must be able to produce 
 at least one example of a change thoroughly like the one suggested ; 
 otherwise, so long as no such example can be adduced, the attempted 
 etymology is valueless. 
 
 D 
 
 CHAPTER n. 
 History. 
 
 § 7. Every Latin word has undergone two successive changes in its 
 descent to modern times : it has passed out of Latin into Old French, 
 out of Old French into Modern French : festa became first feste, then 
 fite. In searching for the origin of a French word it would be a great 
 mistake to speculate on it in its present condition, and to leap at one 
 bound back to the Latin : we ought first to enquire whether any intgr- 
 ni^ediateiprms exist in Old French which illustrate the transition and 
 mark the patH thirougli which the Latin word has passed down to the 
 present time. These intermediate steps lead us up to the point of 
 departure, and enable us to see with greater distinctness, and even 
 sometimes to discover without any further investigation, the original 
 word from which our French word is derived. 
 
 One example will explain clearly enough the difference which sepa- 
 rates the old from the new etymological method: formerly etymo- 
 logists were much divided in opinion as to the origin of the word 
 dme : some, thinking only of the sense, derived the word from the 
 
 * See below, § 237. 
 
HISTORY. V 
 
 Latin anima, without being able to explain how the transformation 
 was accomplished ; others, thinking this transformation from anima to 
 dme too harsh, derived it from the Gothic ahnia (breath). The 
 dispute would have still been unsettled had not modern philo- 
 logy intervened with the solution of the problem in its hand. Substi- 
 tuting for imagination the observation of facts, modern philologers 
 laid it down that it is absurd to debate for ever over a word in its 
 present form, without troubling oneself with the changes it has under- 
 gone since the first beginning of the language ; and so, reconstructing 
 the history of this word by means of the study of early texts, they have 
 shewn that in the thirteenth c^ntury,it was written ^^a^^ in the de^yenth 
 aneme, in'lhe~tenth anime, a form which leads directly back to 
 anima. " ' ~ 
 
 We can avoid mistakes only by observing step by step all the 
 intermediate forms, so as to study the gradual transformation of the 
 Latin word ; but even so, we ought to distinguish between two kinds 
 of intermediates, those of the old and those of the new philological 
 school. The first assumed at a venture a very dissimilar word as 
 the origin of the word under enquiry, and then, in order to connect 
 the two extremes, invented fictitious intermediates, which thus led them 
 on to the point they wished to reach. Manage, for example, thought 
 he found the origin of the word haricot in the Latin faba ; and, to fill 
 up the blank between, he added, 'People must have said faba, then 
 fabaricus, then fabaricotus, arieotus, haricot.' It is like a dream, to 
 listen to such lucubrations : they more than justified the laughter of 
 the wits, 
 
 * Alfana ^ vient ^equus sans doute, 
 Mais il faut convenir aussi 
 Qu'a venir de la jusqu'ici, 
 II a bien change sur la route.' ^ 
 
 § 8. But the intermediates which modern etymology demands are 
 of a different kind : the science now no longer asks what people ought 
 to have said, but what they did say. No more fanciful intermediates, 
 invented as they were wanted : It is enough to trace the word through 
 French texts from the nineteenth to the tenth century. Modern 
 etymology notes the first appearance of words, and observes their 
 changes age by age ; nothing is left to conjecture or invention. And 
 this exact observation is a preliminary but indispensable portion of 
 every etymological investigation: before passing on to the analysis 
 of a French word in its present state, one must try to find as many 
 examples as possible of the word in Old French. 
 
 ^ Alfana is the name given by Ariosto to the steed of Gradasso. Menage 
 derives it from equus. 
 ^ The epigram is by the Chevalier d'Aceilly. 
 
vi INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Thus, instead of inventing an arbitrary series of intermediates, we 
 must collect under each word a series of examples taken from actual 
 documents, running back to the very origin of the French language. 
 These landmarks once established, we must go on to discover the 
 etymology, starting from the word as it stood at the very birthplace 
 of the language. 
 
 Thus then the comparison of Old French with Modern French — 
 two successive states, in fact, of one language— is absolutely indispens- 
 able. How much better do we understand that modulare is the parent 
 of motiler, when we see the intermediate steps— the Merovingian Latin 
 modlare, the old French modler of the eleventh century, molle of the 
 twelfth. This word becomes mouler by the same change of ol into 
 ou, which we find in fou from fol, cou from col, &c.^ We need not 
 have any doubts as to the meaning of the word ddur/^oriQ who will 
 no longer let himself be deceived {leurre), — when we have before us 
 the old form deleurre. In many cases we have lost the primitive 
 form in use in Old French, and have retained the diminutive, as 
 alouelte, moiiette, belette, whose primitives aloue, moue, bele, are gone. 
 We have no longer the old verbs lentir, freindre, penttr, oeuvrer, ver- 
 gonder, bouter ; but we have their compounds, retentir, enfreindre, 
 repent ir, de'soeuvrer, devergonde\ de'bouti : and it is important that the 
 etymologist should know all these forms, as, before we find the origin 
 of a word, we are bound to reduce it to its simplest form.^ 
 
 CHAPTER m. 
 
 Comparison. 
 
 § 9. When popular Latin gave birth to the French, it created four 
 other sister languages, formed, like the French, with amazing regu- 
 
 ^ The chief reason why the French language is so perfect a model for 
 etymological study lies in the fact that these intermediary forms have an 
 ascertained existence. We learn from this birth and this development of 
 the French language, — in a historical age, well-known to us, — how such 
 languages as Latin and Greek (which are known only in their full age) 
 came first into being. This enquiry into the development of languages, 
 through the study of the French tongue, in which all the conditions re- 
 quired by the philologer are to be found, answers to the process in 
 chemistry which is styled ' une experience en 'vase close.'' 
 
 ^ Other examples of primitives lost in Modern French, but retained 
 solely in their derivatives, are to be seen under the words — accabler, beani, 
 compagnon, corset, criance, dernier, doleance, effroi, emoi, engeance, finance, 
 galant, herboriste, issue, laitance, mechant, mecreant, nuance, outrecuidance, 
 sure an, &c. 
 
COMPARISON. vii 
 
 larity and similarity — the Proven9al, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese ;Mj 
 or, as the Germans would say, the Romance languages. Consequently, uf 
 we must use comparison between the Romance forms and the 
 French, as a touchstone by which to verify and confirm our hypo- 
 theses. We have, for instance, just shewn that laitue answers letter 
 for letter to lactuca. If this etymology is correct, the Italian lattuga, 
 the Spanish lechuga, must also come from the same word, their sense 
 being also the same. Hence we may gather that the ItaUan // and 
 the Spanish ch, came from the Latin ci, thus : — 
 
 Italian : noile from noctem ; otto, octo ; biscotto, biscoctus ; tratto, 
 tractus ; &c. ; — whence lattuga = lactuca. 
 
 Spanish: noche from nocteia ; oc/io, octo; discocho, hiacoctus; irecho, 
 tractus ; &c. ; — whence lechuga = lactuca. 
 
 Thus one sees how a comparison of the Romance languages with 
 the French confirms our'"pm[immary observations and verifies our 
 hypotheses. These comparisons have a farther use : they often shew 
 us the route we may follow. Between the Latin and the French the 
 Romance tongues stand in the same relation of space as Old French 
 does in relation of time : router seems less distant from rotulare when 
 the gap is filled up by the Proven9al rolar (early Prov. rotlar) and 
 Italian rotolare. Chou is directly related to caulis, through old 
 French chol, Spanish col, Proven9al caul : between coude and cubitus, 
 we find the Proven9al code, the old Spanish cohdo, the Italian cubito. 
 The stages between nourrir and nutrire are filled up when one has 
 passed through the three steps of Proven9al norrir, Catalan nudrir, 
 Italian nutrire. If, on the other hand, we study the chronological 
 sequence of the transformations of nutrire into the French language, 
 we shall see that the word was nudrire in Merovingian Latin, nodrir 
 in the eleventh century, norrir in the twelfth, nourrir in the thirteenth : 
 and thence we may conclude that it is a natural law of such develop- 
 ments, that the Romance languages off"er simultaneously to our sight, 
 and, as it were, in living examples, the same series of linguistic degra- 
 dations and dead forms that the French language sets before us at 
 different periods in its history : just as the globe shews us in different 
 parts the successive formations on its surface, while at the same time 
 we have those same beds ranged one under another in a vertical 
 series.-^ 
 
 § 10. By the side of thesejour Romance languages, the great divi- 
 sions of the Latin tongue, we have '"patois,'^vhich"are secondary divi- 
 
 ^ Other examples of the value of the comparison of Romance forms for 
 French etymology may be found under the words courroucer, guere, pouj 
 tuer^ tuyaUj &c. 
 
^ 
 
 viii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 / sions under each language. We have shewn elsewhere ^ that at first 
 there was no one literary language in France ; that, in the different 
 districts, the Latin was broken up into a like number of dialects — 
 Norman, Burgundian, Picard, French (i.e. the dialect of the inhabit- 
 ants of the He de France). We know by what succession of political 
 events, by the conquests of the Dukes of France, and the successive 
 augmentation of the royal domain, three of these dialects were ab- 
 sorbed at last in the fourth, the French, which, as it rose to the rank 
 of the one literary language, depressed the others into patois, at this 
 day slowly dying out in the country districts. These patois are not, 
 as is commonly thought, literary French corrupted in the mouth of 
 peasants, but they are the remains of ancient provincial dialects, 
 which, thanks to political events, have fallen from the position of 
 official and literary languages to that of simple patois.^ The history 
 of patois shews us their importance in the study of French etymology. 
 Side by side with the fo ur Romance languag es, which form as it were 
 four distinct colours, lie patois, filling up the intermediate spaces, and 
 providing us with all the secondary and intermediate stages : thus 
 regarded they throw a very strong light on many words. The bivalve 
 shell, called in Latin musculus, is moule in French. How can we 
 connect these words together, without passing through the Norman 
 patois moucle, then the Languedoc mouscle, which form the inter- 
 mediate links ? One can understand th^l/resaie and praesaga are the 
 same word by seeing the forms presaie in Poitou, and bresague 
 in Gascony.^ 
 
 Even exceptions or corruptions of language often find their expla- 
 nation in patois. At the outset it would seem very strange that the 
 Old French ombril (the navel),* from umbilicus, should have become 
 novibril in or about the fifteenth century. But if we consider that the 
 Old' French aim (a hook), from hamus, has become naim in the 
 modern patois of Touraine, by an euphonic corruption of un-aim, 
 into un naim, whence h naim, we shall find that we have a clear 
 instance of the process which has converted un-ombril into un 
 nombril, le nombril. 
 
 ^ 111 the Historical Grammar of the French 7ongue,-p. i8, sqq. English 
 translation. 
 
 ^ In the same way the Tuscan obtained the supremacy over all the 
 other Italian dialects (the Milanese, Venetian, Neapolitan, Sicilian), which 
 dropped into the position of patois; and in Spain also, the Navarrois, 
 Andalusian, &c., gave place to the Castilian dialect, which became the 
 literary language of the whole country. 
 
 ^ For other examples of the value of patois in etymological research, see 
 under the words coulis, godet, levis, nombril, &c. 
 
 * Ombril is the form used in Froissart (?) 
 
VARIATIONS OF MEANING. ix 
 
 Thus one sees what manner of help etymology may expect to get 
 from the comparative study of patois. The li nguist can. .also, verify 
 this fact, which appears in all the Romance languages : in them, as also 
 in the patois, the Latin tongue becomes more dull and contracted the 
 farther itjs removed in space from Latimn. And thus the progress 
 of the Latin word is a kind of sensitive thermometer, which falls lower 
 and lower as we^g^o^ northwards, by a series of slow and insensible 
 degrees, not by a sudden leap or instantaneous change. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 Variations of Meaning. 
 
 § 11. Of the two elements which compose a word, its form and 
 meaning, we have now considered the first, its form, ' in space and 
 time,' as philosophers say — in space by means of Phonetics and Com- 
 parison, in time by me ans of ..Hkt_Qry_._ But the knowledge of the 
 history and changes of meaning in words is an indispensable instru- 
 merifnT'the study of forms. In this branch of the subject we may 
 study the history of the meaning either by following the changes in 
 its own language, or by instituting a comparison, setting the word side 
 by side with words of the same signification in other languages. 
 
 § 12. History of Meaning. — If we compare a number of French 
 words with the Latin words whence they have sprung, we soon see 
 that most of them have changed in meaning as they have passed from 
 Latin to French, and have not retained their original intensity aiiH i 
 power. Sometimes the meaning is wider : carpentarius (a wheel- 1 
 Wright) becomes charpentier (a carpenter); caballus (a nag) has risen J 
 to nobility in cheval ; minare (to guide a cart, or a flock) is menerl^ 
 (to lead generally) ; villa ( = a farmstead, and then = a hamlet) be-j 
 comes ville, a town.^ In other cases the sense is narrowed : passing \ 
 from general to particular — ^jumentum (every kind of beast of burden) | 
 becomes jument (a mare) ; peregrinus (properly a stranger, one who i 
 travels) is restricted in pelerin to travellers to the Holy Land^ or 
 
 ^ For other examples of expansion of sense see the words abonder, abon- 
 ner, acerer, accorder, accoster, agneau, alarme, alerte^ alter, arri-ver, bdtard, 
 beugler, boucher, bourg, corbeille, corneille, &c. 
 
 ^ The Latin peregrinus (found in the form pelegrinus as e&rly as in 
 the Inscriptions) had already taken the sense of 'pilgrim' in Low Latin. 
 Thus Mapes, De Nugis Curialium, i. i8, has 'Miles quidam, a pago Bur- 
 gundiae .... venit Jerusalem peregrinus.' 
 
 It 
 
X INTRODUCTION. 
 
 some other holy place; arista (fish-bone or ear of corn) has lost 
 its second meaning in ar^fe (a fish-bone); carruca (a chariot) be- 
 comes an agricultural cart in charrue} 
 
 Sometimes the abstract Latin word becomes concrete in French : 
 as punctionem (the act of pricking), tonsionem (the act of clipping), 
 morsus (the act of biting), become poin^otiy lotson, mors (used of 
 horses' bites) : similarly nutritionem is the act of nourishing, and 
 becomes nourrisson, one who nourishes.^ 
 
 Sometimes, on the other hand, a Latin concrete word becomes 
 abstract or metaphorical in French : thus ovicula (a sheep) has pro- 
 duced the word ouailles, which in French ecclesiastical speech is used 
 of the flock of a spiritual pastor.^ It is clear that the French lan- 
 guage, having before it the many rich and slightly different senses of 
 the Latin word, takes one of its facets, regards it as if it were the only 
 one, and thus givesTTrth to the modern signification. 
 
 § 13. But these changes of meaning do not merely take place in the 
 passage from Latin to French : * Consuetudo loquendi est in motu,' 
 says Varro (De Ling. Lat. ix. 17); and if we were to confine our- 
 selves to observing the history of the French tongue from the eleventh 
 century to the present time, we should find, even in the heart of the 
 language, many words whose sense has grown or shrunk as they have 
 passed from Old to Modern French. Words formerly used in a noble 
 or refined sense have fallen into the humblest and meanest condi- 
 tion : thus pectus (the breast) kept its original sense when it passed 
 into Old French ; and pis (from pectus, like lit from lectum, co7tfit 
 from confectum) meant at first the breast or chest ; in feudal speech 
 a man was said, in taking an oath, ' mettre la main au pis,' to lay his 
 hand on his breast. The word has gradually been restricted and 
 lowered to its present meaning. 
 
 Mutare has become muer (so remutare, commutare are remuer, 
 commuer). Muer, which had at first retained the whole energy of 
 the Latin word (so Froissart says : * les dieux et les deesses muoient 
 les hommes en bestes * '), presently was restricted to the moulting of 
 
 ' For other examples of restriction of sense see the words ame, ampoule, 
 ancetre, andouitle, apothicaire, appeau, arche, billon, bdilan, botteux, brosse, 
 brouette, couper, &C. 
 
 ^ For other examples see ablette, accessit, accoucher, aleruin, ambe, amble, 
 angelique, armee, artillerie, braire, cannelle, corset, defense, dejeuner, diner, 
 ecluse, engin, fort, habit, hiver, jour, maison, meute, mallet, poison, printemps, 
 quaterne, rouget, serre, su(;on, temoin, tenue, terne. 
 
 ' For pther examples see barreau, cbambre, chancellerie, &c. 
 
 * Voltaire has still preserved this etymological signification in the lines 
 ' Qui de Meduse eut vu jadis la tete 
 Etait en roc mue soudainement.' 
 
HISTORY OF MEANING. xi 
 
 birds, the skin-shedding of certain beasts; — labourer (laborare, to 
 work) was restricted quite late to the sense of turning the soil. 
 Oresme, in the fourteenth century, in translating the Ethics of 
 Aristotle, says : * Les excellens medecins laboiirent moult a avoir 
 cognoissance des choses du corps.' Mardtre (from matraster) 
 meant only 'mother-in-law', or 'step-mother'; it later took the sense of a 
 ' harsh and cruel step-mother.' Pre'au (from pratellum, Yikefleau from'\ 
 flagellum) is literally a ' little meadow,' and kept this sense in old I 
 French; later ^ it was restricted to the meaning, a ' little meadow behind j 
 a prison,' where the prisoners take their exercise ; thence, the prison- \ 
 court.^ By the side of these narrowings and diminutions of meaning [ 
 we must notice some cases in which it is extended and enlarged.^ Many \ 
 terms of trade, or technical and special words, have thus entered into 
 general use : and this has been specially the case with hunting terms. 
 Attraper was at first ' to catch in a trap' ; leurrer to ' call in the falcon 
 with the lure'; — one who refuses to be deceived by the lure is a 
 de'leurre {p\d form of the modern deliire). When a falcon was caught 
 after his second moulting season, he was hard to tame, and fierce, or» 
 as the falconers said, hagard ; whence Fr. hagard, Eng. haggard, came 
 to have the sense of wild, then wan and wasted. But when the bird 
 was taken from the nest, it was called mats (nidacem from nidus) 
 and the weakness of young falcons gave the word nzais, niaiserie, to 
 express the simpleness and awkwardness of young people who ' are 
 scarcely out of their nest.' Another term of falconry is the expression 
 des siller les yeiix (formerly de'ciller). It was usual to sew up the eyes 
 of falcons to tame them, an operation expressed by the word ciller : 
 when the bird was tame enough, they re-opened its eyes {de'ciller^ by 
 cutting the thread which sewed together the eyelids {cils)} 
 
 It was, similarly, very natural that man should give to the machines 
 invented by him in order to economise his energy, or to -augment the 
 effect of his work, the names of beasts of burden or of other animals 
 which paid him service, or interested him by some fanciful analogy. 
 Thus the Latin aries is a ram, a buttress, and a war-engine ; capre- 
 
 ^ Marot, iii. 308 (sixteenth century), writes — 
 
 'Bientost apres, allans d'accord tous quatre 
 Par les preaux toujours herbus s'esbattre.' 
 
 ^ For examples see atterrer, dais, depit, ennui, etonner, fer, froisser, gene, 
 granjelle, manant, &c. 
 
 J For examples see arri'ver, aubaine, avanie, banal, banlieue, boucher, 
 debardeur, &c. 
 
 * For other examples see abois, ackarner, agacer, aburir, aigrette, ama- 
 doner, ameuter (?), appas, bejaune, beugler, blottir, boucher, braconnier, brisees, 
 brouter, bute, butor, curee, emerillonne , enjoleur, /ureter, herisser, bobereaux, 
 ruser, sacre, taniere, trace, &c. 
 
xu INTRODUCTION. 
 
 olus has the two meanings of a chamois and of stays ; corvus is a 
 raven, a grappling-hook, and a crane, &c. Similarly, the French 
 language gives this kind of double meaning to several words : thus 
 mouton is a wether and a rammer; corbeau, a raven and a corbel; 
 grue, a crane and the engine which bears the same name ; b^lier, a 
 ram and an engine of war ; chevre, a goat and a crab ; chevron, a kid 
 and a rafter. In many cases the earlier sense, that of the animal, has 
 disappeared from Modern French, and that of the implement has 
 survived alone : thus poutre, a beam, signifies also a mare in Old 
 French : * De toutes parts les poutres hennissantes,' says Ronsard 
 (sixteenth century). This word, originally poltre, Italian poledro, 
 comes from the Latin puUetrmn, a derivation of puUus, a foal, 
 and found in the Germanic laws; thus in the Lex Salica, tit. xl. 
 (sixth century), we read ' Si quis pulletrum furaverit.* Again, just 
 as equuleus signifies a young horse, and a block, and the French 
 chevalet is a little horse and a buttress, so poutre passed from the 
 sense of a mare to that of a beam by the application of that well- 
 known metaphor which likens a supporting piece of wood to an 
 animal which bears up a burden.^ 
 
 So also land and water transport are assimilated, sea-terms being 
 applied to land journeys : thus debarcadere, derived from debarquer, to 
 disembark, is used for the terminus of a road or railroad ; the platform 
 of a station is called quai, a wharf: some kinds of omnibus are called 
 gondoles or galeres ; coche signifies first a barge for travelling, then a 
 coach; from caboter to coast from port to port comes cabotin, a 
 strolling player who goes from town to town, &c.^ 
 
 § 14. To complete this series we must quote some very singular meta- 
 phors which come from the vulgar Latin, and prove what a ^eat part 
 the common_jpeople took in the formation-Qf^the Frendf language": 
 from testa (a brokehvessel), gurges (a gulf),b6tellus (aTpudding), pellis 
 (a fur hide), come the French tete, gorge, boyau, peau ; and the classical 
 words caput, guttur, intestinum, cutis, are set aside. The French 
 tongue adopted these metaphors from the vulgar Latin : testa means 
 a *skuir in Ausonius, botellus an 'intestine' in Tertullian. These 
 fanciful metaphors of the Roman common folk are not at all as- 
 tonishing, if one remembers that in French slang a head is likened 
 to a ball, the legs to skittles, the hand to pincers, &c. By the side of 
 these metaphors, sprung from the Latin and transmitted thence to the 
 French, there are a great number of native growth, and charming 
 in their simplicity : thus the people have given the name of bergeron- 
 nette ( = petite bergere, little shepherdess) to the wagtail, a meadow- 
 loving bird; the bouvreuil (bovariolus from bovarius, = a little 
 
 * For other examples see demoiselle, grue, &c. 
 ^ For other examples see canard, &c. 
 
COMPARISON OF MEANING. xiii 
 
 bouvier, or neat-herd) is the bullfinch, a bird which follows the herds, 
 and Hngers about in their neighbourhood. 
 
 § 15. Comparison of Meaning. — What we have already said is 
 enough to shew how much more difficult it is to study the mean- 
 ings than the forms of words. In dealing with the latter we have 
 simply to deal with regular and observable changes. Climate and 
 race have given to each of the peoples of Gaul, Italy, and Spain, 
 a vocal apparatus differing in certain inflexions of pronunciation ; 
 and according to these, the Latin language has been transformed 
 with an unchanging regularity into three diflferent languages. This 
 part of philology, styled Phonetics, is in reality a part of Natural 
 History, for it depends, after all, on the physical conditions special to 
 certain families of languages and peoples. In fact it is as much 
 dependent on material conditions as the study of meanings is in- 
 dependent of them. While the study of form can only have in view 
 a single group or family of languages of common origin, the study of 
 meanings attacks all languages alike, observes in all the progress of 
 the human mind, and passes out of the domain of natural sciences 
 into that of psychology : etymology draws largely on this comparison ) 
 of metaphors which explain and cdhfirm the derivations suggested \ 
 for certain words, even when we cannot give a full explanation \ 
 of them. Thus, it is curious that popular language should have I 
 called a certain bird (the wren) roitelei [= peiii roi, kinglet); but the ^ 
 etymology becomes absolutely certain if we compare the Latin, Greek, 
 German, Dutch, Swedish, Spanish, and Portuguese, and find the same 
 metaphor in all.^ This coincidence does not indeed explain_the_cause A^ 
 of the name^, but it proverifs~exrstence,"ahd"the correctness of the 
 derivatlonr ""It makes it easier to understand that the Latin causa 
 became chose, when one notices that the German <^ac^e has the 
 meaning of both these words. We are certain that chardonnet, the 
 goldfinch, means the bird which feeds on the grains of the thistle, 
 chardon, when we see that in Latin the bird is called carduelis, from 
 carduus, and in Greek aKavQX's, from uKavdos, in German 2)iftelfitif, the 
 * thistle-finch,' in Dutch distelvink, in Italian cardellino, from cardo^ a 
 thistle. We have just said that bouvreuil (from bovariolus, diminutive 
 
 ^ The wren, roitelet, is in all the following languages called by names 
 which are connected with the word which signifies a king in each case : 
 Latin, regulus, from regem ; Greek, ^aaCKiaKos, from IBaatXevs ; in Ger- 
 rnan, 3*iunfonig (the ' hedge king ') ; in Dutch, Winter koningje (the ' winter- 
 king'); fti Swedish, fugl-konung, and in DdLvash, fugl-konge (the 'bird- 
 king') ; in Spanish, reyezuelo, from rey ; in Portuguese, reisete, from rei. 
 
 ^ The origin of this metaphor must be looked for in the legends of the I 
 Indo-Germanic races, under the guidance of the principles of comparative ^ ' 
 mythology. 
 
xiv INTRODUCTION. 
 
 of bovariuB, a neat-herd) signifies a little neat-herd ; its English name 
 bullfinch, and one of its Gefman names, !i8u(lenkipcr (the bull-biter '), 
 join in confirming this derivation. Contree comes from Low Latin 
 contrata ( = the land stretched out before one), and contrata comes 
 from contra : here the German ©cgenb from the prep, gccjen ( = over 
 against) explains and confirms the derivation. DejeUner (to break 
 one's fast) from jeilner (like defaire, horn /cure), is used of the 
 morning meal, just like the English breakfast, which means exactly 
 the same thing. Corset is a diminution of corps'^, a little body — a 
 metaphor confirmed by other like expressions, as the German HJeibcfcen 
 (Ceib^, a body); English boddice, from body, Italian cor petto {corpo, 
 a body). It seems quite natural that habitus, which signifies an 
 habitual manner of being, should become in French habit, dress, 
 when we see that the Greek (txw^^ ^^^d the Italian costuma have the 
 same double sense of manner of being, habit and clothing. It is by 
 making a delicate and careful comparison of the operations of the 
 human mind that the etymologist is enabled to explain the origin of 
 all such metaphors, which spring either from caprice, or the imagina- 
 tion of the people.^ 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Conclusion. 
 
 § 16. By shewing that words have growth and history, and that, like 
 plants or animals, they pass through regular transformations — in 
 shewing in a word that, here as elsewhere, law rules, and that it is 
 possible to lay down strict laws by which one language is derived 
 from another — modern philologers have established the firm basis 
 of comparative etymology, and have made a science of that which 
 I seemed doomed to abide in the region of imagination and individual 
 caprice. 
 
 ^ Originally written cors ; the p was added by the learned after the 
 fourteenth century. At first the word corset was not used, but corps 
 (the corset being regarded as the body of the skirt) : and in the eighteenth 
 century, Rousseau found fault with the tightness of ladies' corps. Corset 
 simply means a ' little body.' 
 
 ^ We must not imagine from instances like this that the German 
 language has taught the French its method of procedure : the resemblance 
 springs from the identity of the operations of the human mind in general, 
 and is not transmitted from language to language. 
 
 ^ For other examples of the value of this comparison of meaning in 
 other languages see arborer, helette, belier, berner^ blaireau, ble, boucher, 
 bourdon, brocket, broder, cabus, chardonnet, &c. 
 
CONCLUSIVE REMARKS. xv 
 
 Of old, etymology tried to explain a priori the origin of words 
 according to their apparent likenesses^ or differences^ : modern ety- 
 mology, applying the method of the natural sciences, holds that words 
 ought to explain themselves, and that, instead of inventing systems, 
 we ought to observe facts, by the help of three instruments; (i) the 
 History of the word, which by regular transitions leads us up to the 
 derivation we are seeking, or, at any rate, brings us nearer to it; 
 (2) Phonetics^ which gives us the rules of transition from one 
 language to another, rules to which we must submit blindly, or 
 we shall lose our way; (3) Comparison, which assures and confirms 
 the results arrived at. 
 
 To the fantastic aberrations of learned men of old is due the 
 discredit into which etymology had sunk ; but it is by the strict 
 application of this method and these principles that comparative 
 etymology has risen in our days to the dignity of a science. 
 
 ^ For example, the etymologists of the seventeenth century deduced me, 
 te, se, njos, nos, tres, heur, from the Latin me, te, se, vos, nos, tres, hora, 
 without any suspicion that these words, which have certainly produced 
 moi, tdi, soi, 'vous, nous, trots, heure, could not possibly have produced any- 
 thing else. They similarly deduced boucher from bouche (as being the man 
 who caters for the mouth), while the history of this word shews that it 
 means the man who kills the houc or buck ; they derived cordonnier from 
 cordon, forcene from force, while the Old French forms cordouanier and 
 forsene prove at once that such derivations are impossible ; similarly they 
 connected ecuyer and ecurie with the Latin equus, which has in reality no 
 relation whatever to either of them. We may, in fact, always to lay down 
 as an invariable axiom in etymology the principle that * t<u)o identical words 
 are never deri-ved from one another.'' 
 
 ^ Were we not acquainted with the successive progress of etymological 
 transformation, we could not believe that pou and peduculum., age and 
 aetaticum, ^«^ and craticulum, y^ « and fatutum* were in reality the 
 same words. 
 
BOOK II. 
 
 ETYMOLOGICAL ELEMENTS OF THE FRENCH 
 TONGUE. 
 
 § 17. A VERY brief re'sum^ of the history of the French Tongue 
 is necessary, if we would understand what is to follow. 
 
 The * Vulgar Latin/ carried into Gaul by Caesar's soldiers and by 
 colonists, quickly swallowed up the original Celtic language (see 
 below, pp. xix-xxii), and four centuries later was deeply affected, as to 
 its vocabulary, by the invasion of the Germanic tribes ; more than five 
 hundred German words establishing themselves in the Gallo-Roman 
 language (see pp. xxii-xxiv): this language, thus modified by the intro- 
 duction of barbarous words, under the influence of slow and insensible 
 changes, became a new language, the French tongue, which shews 
 itself independent of the Latin from the ninth century. Between the 
 eighth century and the eleventh this language advances, and in the 
 twelfth century it may be regarded as fully formed; to this ancient 
 and popular foundation are added successively, in the thirteenth 
 century, a number of Oriental words, introduced by the Crusades; 
 in the sixteenth century a certain number of Italian and Spanish 
 words ; in the eighteenth, terms of German origin ; in the nineteenth, 
 English words; to these must be added words borrowed by the 
 learned from the Latin and Greek, between the fourteenth century 
 and our own day. 
 
 To sum up, the French language has two great deposits of words : 
 one before the twelfth century, the unconscious work of the people, 
 formed from the three elements, Latin, Celtic, German; the other 
 later than the twelfth century, formed on the one hand of elements 
 borrowed from the modern, on the other hand from the ancient 
 anguages. 
 
 Thus then French words must be divided into three classes, — 
 words of popular origin ; words of learned origin ; words of foreign 
 origin. 
 
THE LATIN ELEMENT. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 ELEMENTS OF POPULAR ORIGIN. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 The Latin Element. 
 
 § 18. As we have shewn in the Historical Grammar of the French 
 Tongue, we may study any language from four points of view : — 
 
 1. The study of sounds, of the origin and history of each letter, 
 called Phonetics. 
 
 2. The study of words, of the manner of their creation or defor- 
 mation ; this is called ' the formation of words! 
 
 3. When we have thus studied the constituent elements of words, 
 and their aggregation, we have still to consider how words are 
 modified when they are brought together ; this is Inflexion (divided 
 into declension and conjugation). 
 
 4. Lastly, Syntax shews us how words may be grouped together so 
 as to form phrases or sentences. 
 
 In describing the transition from Latin to French we must review 
 these four divisions in succession ; the third Book of this Introduction 
 will give us the rules which have guided the Latin letters in their transi- 
 tion into French ; — we have elsewhere studied the changes which the 
 Latin declensions and conjugations have undergone ; how the article 
 was created to replace case inflexions; how declension lost one 
 gender, the neuter, and at first was reduced from six cases to two in 
 Merovingian Latin and Old French, and then from two cases to one at 
 the end of the thirteenth century ; how conjugation lost the passive 
 voice, created the auxiliary verbs etre and avoir to take the place of 
 the Latin compound tenses, and gave a new form to the future : we 
 do not propose to reconsider these purely grammatical points. 
 
 As to vocabulary, such French words as are the simple product of the 
 slow development of the ' vulgar Latin' differ, necessarily and essentially, 
 from those formed from classical Latin ; for sometimes the vulgar and 
 the classical Latin had two different forms of the same word to 
 express the same idea; thus doubler, avant, ivraie, come from the 
 vulgar forms duplare, abante, ebriaca, while the classical forms 
 
 c 
 
 0/ 
 
xviii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 duplicare, ante, ebrius have produced no French words : at other 
 times the people and the learned employ two words of entirely different 
 origin ; thus semaine, chemin^ bataille^ batser, iourner correspond, not to 
 the classical forms hebdomas, via, pugna, osculari, verti, but to the 
 popular words septimana, caminus, batalia, basiare, tornare. 
 
 Many other Latin words have disappeared from different causes ; 
 some because they had not sufficient hold on the language, or 
 sufficient power of resistance — as e.g. spes gave way to speres, espoir, 
 a word to be found in Ennius ; others because they would have pro- 
 duced the same form in French as was being produced by some other 
 word of different meaning, — as bellum disappeared because of 
 bellus, beau, for the French word for 'war' derived from bellum 
 must also have been beau; — lastly, many synonyms have perished, 
 — thus fluvius, fleuve, has extinguished amnis and flumen ; janua 
 and ostium have perished before porta, porte. 
 
 Next after these modifications of the Latin vocabulary we must 
 enumerate briefly the changes introduced in the formation of words 
 either in derivation or in composition. Of these the most important 
 is the addition of diminutive suffixes to Latin primitives, without any 
 change in sense : thus we have stumus, sturnellus, ^tourneau ; 
 corvuB, corvellus, corbeau ; passer, passerellus, passereau. The 
 * Lingua Romana rustica,' the ' field-Latin,' had already shewn this 
 influence by giving the full meaning of the primitive to its diminutives, 
 as apicula for apis, comicula for comix, &c., whence we have in 
 French chevreuil from capreolus, abeille from apicula, agneau from 
 agnellus, &c., in which the diminutive signification is entirely lost 
 in the French. 
 
 Other means have also been employed to create new substantives 
 from existing verbs. The Latin language had the remarkable power 
 of being able to make substantives out of its past participles: e.g. 
 peccatum properly the p. p. of peccare, scriptum of scribere, fossa 
 of fodere. The French language has carried on this grammatical 
 process, and has thereby produced thousands of substantives, as regu, 
 fait, dH, the p. p. of recevoir,faire, devoir. And this is especially the 
 case with feminine participles, as vue, e'touffe'e, venue, avenue, &c. ^ 
 
 Next after the past participle comes the infinitive, whence are 
 formed verbal substantives, about three hundred of them, answering 
 to no Latin form, but derived directly from a French verb by cutting 
 off the infinitival termination : thus, the Latin apportare, appellare, 
 purgare have produced the French verbs apporter, appeler,purger, and 
 these verbs in their turn, by dropping the verbal ending, become the 
 verbal substantives apport, appel, purge, which have no corresponding 
 substantives in Latin. But Latin and French are but successive con- 
 ditions of the same language, and there is scarcely any grammatical 
 
 * For details, see the Historical Grammar, pp. 140, 141. 
 
THE CELTIC ELEMENT. xix 
 
 procedure employed in French whose germ cannot be found in Latin : 
 so the Latins also created their verbal substantives by means of the 
 infinitive ; from notare, copulare, probare, &c., came the substantives 
 nota, copula, proba ^. 
 
 Thus, too, it is after the Latin pattern that the French language has 
 formed new verbs by means of the participles of existing verbs : from 
 edere, cogere, quatere, detrahere, videre, they had formed, by 
 adding the infinitival ending to the participles editus, cogitus, 
 quassus, detractus, visus, the verbs editare, cogitare, quassare, 
 detractare, visere ; and the * rustic Latin ' built a crowd of verbs on 
 this plan; it rejected such primitives as uti, radere, audere, &c., and 
 from the participles usus, rasus, ausus, produced the verbs usare, 
 rasare, ausare, &c., whence have sprung the French verbs user, 
 raser, oser, &c. 
 
 These are the principal changes introduced into the structure of 
 the Latin language by the Gallic peoples^. We shall see in the 
 Etymological Dictionary, and in the next book of the Introduction 
 {Phonetics), through what intermediate stages the Latin, thus mo- 
 dified in inflexion, syntax, formation of words, passed before reaching 
 its present state in Modern French. 
 
 CHAPTER IL 
 The Celtic Element. 
 
 % 
 
 § 19. We need not again ^ discuss the reasons of the absorption of 
 the Gallic language by the Latin : let us simply state that two centuries 
 after Caesar's conquest, the Celtic tongue had all but disappeared 
 from Gaul. Still that language did not perish without leaving behind 
 it slight but yet distinct traces. Thus, the Romans noticed that their 
 
 ^ The subject of verbal substantives has been exhaustively treated by 
 M. Egger, in an admirable article in the Memoires de V Academie des In- 
 scriptions, 24. 2, a model of sure and acute scientific study, which leaves 
 his successors no gleanings in the field which he has reaped. 
 
 ^ There are many more modifications, but they will be found in the 
 body of the Dictionary ; we here attempt only a general view. 
 
 ^ See the Historical Grammar, pp. 4, 5. It is so difficult to describe 
 the etymological elements of the French tongue without reproducing 
 the history of the language, that the reader must excuse our frequent 
 references to the book in which that history has already been given ; 
 the introduction of certain elements in the language can only be ex- 
 plained by a historical account of the vicissitudes of that language ; and 
 thus we have more than once repeated here what we have already said 
 elsewhere. 
 
 c 2 
 
IX INTRODUCTION. 
 
 galerita (the crested lark) was called 'alauda' by the Gauls; that 
 fermented barley, theii; zythum, was in Gaul ' cervisia ' ; they 
 accepted these words as incomers; and from them, six centuries 
 later, sprang the French words alouette \ cervoise. 
 
 This is also true of bee, Iteue, alose, braie, banne, arpent, brasseur, 
 bouleau, marne, which answer to beccus, leuca, alosa, braca, benna, 
 arepennis, brace (Pliny), betula, margula, words which Roman 
 writers cite as borrowed from the Celtic. There are also many Latin 
 words, which have not descended to the French, which are stated to 
 be of Gallic origin: such are ambactus, bardus, druida, galba, 
 rheda, soldurius. These isolated words, and certain other such^, 
 especially names of places, are all that are due to the Gallic language ; 
 and indeed, to speak more exactly, nothing is due to it, for these 
 words have reached the French through the Latin ; they did not 
 p^ss straight from Celtic to French, but underwent a translation 
 into Latin first. In short, these words " are so few that one may 
 fairly say that the influence of the Celtic on the French has been 
 insensible. 
 
 ' Thus, while the French nation is in the main Celtic, the French 
 language has preserved but a few words which can be traced to a 
 Celtic origin : — a singular fact, and one which shews even better than 
 history can do, how absorbing was the Roman power. 
 
 The Gallic language, thrust back into Armorica by the Roman 
 conquerors, survived in isolation for centuries ; in the seventh century 
 its strength was renewed by the immigration of refugees from Wales. 
 The Bretons resisted the Frankish conquest even as they had resisted 
 the Roman ; the Low Breton dialect of the present day is the direct 
 heir of the old Celtic speech. It has a considerable literature, tales, 
 national ballads, plays, — which, however, date no farther back than 
 the fourteenth century. For a thousand years it has been incessantly 
 pressed, in its last refuge, by the French language, and it is there- 
 fore now very different from the original Celtic : the original Celtic 
 elements have necessarily suffered degradation from eighteen centuries 
 of use, and, besides, many strange, that is, French, words have forced 
 themselves in. And thus many Breton words run in pairs, the 
 
 ^ Alauda is not the immediate parent of alouette, but of aloue, which 
 existed in Old French ; alouette is its diminutive ; cp. cwvette and cwve^ 
 amourette and amour, &c. 
 
 ^ Bagage, balai, barre, betoine, bidet, bouge, bran, bruyere, bassin, claie, 
 cormoran, cruche, darne, dartre, dru, galerne, garotter, gober, goeland, goelette, 
 harnais, houle, jarret, lais, matras, pinson, pot, quai, ruche, sornette, toque, 
 truand, 'vassal. And beside these there are the words which modem 
 history has introduced, as loans from the Latin (such as barde, ambacte, 
 druide), or from the Low Breton (as dolmen, men-hir\ 
 
THE CELTIC ELEMENT. xxi 
 
 one old and of Celtic birth, the other newer, French in origin, and 
 dressed up with a Celtic termination : thus the French word 
 
 juste is, in Breton, either egwirion or just, 
 
 k trouble „ „ enkrezet or trouhlet, 
 
 ^^ ■' colere „ „ buanegez or coler, &c. 
 
 Of these synonyms, the first column {egwirion, &c.) is of old words 
 of Celtic origin; the second {just, &c.) is of French words slightly 
 altered. It would not have been needful to insist on this simple 
 matter, had not some bold speculators in the eighteenth century, 
 struck with this resemblance, concluded at once that such words as 
 just, trouhlet, &c. were not French importations, but were rather the 
 originals of the corresponding French words. Le Brigant and the 
 illustrious La Tour d'Auvergne (as bad as a philologer as he was 
 good as a patriot) declared that the French language was derived 
 from the Low Breton ^ They would have been rather astonished had 
 they seen the proof that the contrary is the case, and that these words 
 {just, troublet, &c.) instead of being the parents, are the children of 
 the French language, French words corrupted and concealed under 
 a Celtic termination. These etymological follies, which Voltaire 
 derided under the name of ' a Celtomania,' formed the amusement of 
 the eighteenth century ; the * Celtomaniacs ' gave loose rein to their 
 fancies, and declared that the Celtic was the language of Paradise, 
 and that Adam, Eve, the serpent himself, talked Low Breton. » 
 
 One would have thought that, after all the discoveries of modern 
 philology, which has cleared up the Latin origin of the French lan- 
 guage, and has worked out by observation the laws of its transforma- 
 tion, there would have been an end of such fancies; on the contrary, 
 the Celtomaniacs are as lively as ever, and we may read in the 
 Memoirs of the Celtic International Congress, that ' France, whose 
 magnanimity impels her to the four corners of the earth to succour 
 the oppressed, will never allow the literature whence hers has sprung 
 to languish at her side. The Pelican feeds her young with her 
 blood; we have never heard that they have shewn themselves 
 ungrateful for such unparalleled generosity. But I am wrong: — 
 such ingratitude does exist! The Celtic tongue has nourished all 
 
 ^ These unfortunate mistakes have also had a worse result — that of 
 throwing undeserved discredit on Celtic studies. Instead of trying to 
 p. ove that the French language springs from the Celtic, as the Low Breton 
 philologers have done, they ought to have studied the Celtic in and for itself, 
 and to have written the comparative history of the dialects of Brittany, 
 Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, as has been done for Italian, Spanish, and 
 French. It is to a German, Zeuss, that Breton philologists owe the com- 
 pletion of this task, in an excellent work, the Grammatica Celtica, published 
 at Leipzig in 1853. 
 
^ 
 
 zxU INTRODUCTION. 
 
 the languages of Europe, and specially the French, with her best 
 blood: must we then say of France what we cannot say of the 
 Pelican's offspring — s/ie has forgotten her mother * ?^ 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 The Germanic Element. 
 
 § 20. Since the formation of the French language, it has received a 
 considerable number of German words, brought in by the invasion of 
 the Germanic tribes. Three successive strata of such imported words 
 may be noted : (i) those prior to the invasion introduced by the bar- 
 barians who served under the Roman eagles, such as burgus, used by 
 Vegetius for a fortified work; (2) war-terms, feudal-terms, &c., which 
 Franks, Goths, and Burgundians brought in with them ; (3) a great 
 number of sea-terms, imported in the tenth century by the Normans. 
 
 Under these three heads there are, in all, about 450 words ; if we 
 were to add German words imported into Modern French, the number 
 might easily be doubled. This invasion of foreign words seems to be 
 the necessary consequence of the adoption of barbaric manners and 
 institutions. How could such ideas as those expressed by the words 
 vassal, alien, ban, mall, fief, be rendered into Latin? When the con- 
 (juerors substituted the feudal regime of the Germanic tribes for the 
 monarchical and centralised organization of the Roman Empire, they 
 were obliged at the same time to introduce into the language words 
 relating to their institutions ; and thus the titles of the feudal hierarchy 
 and all terms referring to its political or judicial institutions are 
 of German origin. Thus, such words as mahal, bann, alod, skepeno, 
 marahscalh, siniscalh, &c., introduced by the Franks into the common 
 Latin, became mallum, bannum, alodium, skabinus, mariscallus, 
 siniscallus, &c., and when, together with the rest of the common 
 Latin, they passed into French, they became mall, ban, alien, echevin, 
 mare'chal, se'ne'chal, &c. ^ These words, thus introduced, represent 
 
 ' Congres Celtique international, Saint-Brieuc, October, 1867, p. 309. 
 
 2 These German words having been latinised by the Gallo-Romans, we 
 will cite them as much as we can in their Latin form, which lies between 
 the German and the French. Thus, echevin is nearer to scabinus than 
 to skepeno. 
 
 There are also two other questions connected with this subject, which 
 have not yet been noticed: (i) the exact determination, in the case of 
 each word, of the particular German dialect to which it belongs; (2) the 
 date of its introduction into the Low-Latin. There is one class whose origin 
 we know, the sea-faring terms, which come, almost without exception, 
 from the Dutch or the Norse. This uncertainty, and our ignorance as to 
 the ancient German dialects, have hindered us from giving (as we have done 
 
THE GERMANIC ELEMENT. xxiii 
 
 classes of ideas of very different kinds ^ ; war, seafaring, hunting, 
 are the most considerable, as may be seen by the following 
 examples. 
 
 The following is a full hst of these borrowed words, classified 
 under a few of the most general heads : — 
 
 1. Military terms : — arroi, auberge, balk, bande, baudrier, beffroi, 
 berme, blinder, boulevard, bourg, brandir, breche, brette, bride, briser, 
 butin, cible, dard, de'sarroi, drille, e'charpe, e'craser, e'curie, e'peron, epier, 
 esquiver, ^tape, e'trier, fourrage, fleche, fourreau, f rapper, gage, galoper, 
 gonfalon, guerdon, gue'rite, guerre, guet, guichet, guide, hallebarde, halte, 
 haubert, heaume, Mberger, he'raut, houseaux, housse, marcher, marichal, 
 marque, navrer, rang, rapiere, targe, treve, vacarme. 
 
 2. Seafaring terms : — agres, amarrer, avarie, bac, bitte, bord, brasse, 
 canot, caquer, chaloupe, cingler, crique, digue, drague, e'cume, elingue, 
 equiper, esquif, esturgeon, e'tangue, falaise , foe , fresange, fret , gaffe , gar er , 
 guinder, halage, hamac, hauban, hdvre, hisser, hune, lisse, mat, mousse, 
 quille, rade, radouber, tillac, vague, varangue, varech, voguer. 
 
 3. Hunting terms, names of animals, &c. : — aigrette, baudir, be'lier, 
 blesser, bramer, braque, breuil, broncher, brouter, caille, canard, carpe, 
 chopper, chouette, clabauder, clapir, crabe, creche^ croupe, ^caille, e'chasse, 
 e'chine, e'crevisse, e'peiche, epervier, ipois, estrive, f anon, faucon, gar enne, 
 gerfaut, glapir, grimper, grincer, gripper, grommeler, hanche, hanneton, 
 happer, hareng, hargneux, heron, homard, le'cher, leurrer, madre', 
 marsouin, mite, mouette, mulot, rat, re'nard, rosse, rotir, taudis, trappe, 
 traquer. 
 
 4. Titles, and names of political or judicial institutions: — aban- 
 donner, alleu, ban, bedeau, carcan, chambellan, e'chafaud, e'chanson, e'chevin, 
 e'cot,fourrier, fief , franc, gabelle, gai, galant, hanse, hardi, haro, honnir, 
 
 joli, lisle, lot, malle, marc, mignard, mignon, nantir, orgueil, race, radoter, 
 riche, saisir, se'nechal. /. G^k 
 
 5. Cardinal points, and geographical terms : — dune, est, nord, ouest^ '' 
 sud. 
 
 6. The human body : — blafard, ble'mir, bosse, bot, brun, dandiner, 
 danser, empan,forcene, gauche, giron, grimace, gue'rir, hocher,jaser, laid, 
 lippe, moue, nuque, rdler, rider, rincer, t^ter, touffu, toupet. 
 
 7. The vegetable world: — alise, aune, bille, bois, bourgeon, brouir, 
 drageon, dreche, eclisse, e'laguer, epeautre, emousse, framboise, gale, gaude, 
 gerbe, grappe, groseille, gruau, haie, haver on, hetre, houblon, houx, laiche^ 
 regain, roseau, saule, tuyau. 
 
 8. The earth, eleinents, &c.: — fiaque,frimas, gazon, gres, vase. 
 
 for the Latin element) a complete phonetic system for the words of 
 German origin ; we have only given, under each word, the chief examples 
 which support the observed rules. 
 
 ^ This intermixture of German words affected only the Latin vocabulary ; 
 it left the syntax almost untouched, and was scarcely more than an acci- 
 dental and superficial disturbance. 
 
xxiv INTRODUCTION. 
 
 9. Dress, &c. '.—agrafe, brodequin, coiffe, cotte, etoffe , fard, feuire.froc, 
 gantygodery guimpe, guipure, haillon, laye, layette, mitaine, rochet, touail/e. 
 
 10. Instruments, &c. : — anche, banc, bloc, brandon, canif, clinquant, 
 crampe, crampon, cremaillhe, ^matl, /tau, fauteuil, gaule, hanap, houe, 
 huche, latte, loquet, manne, mannequin, noue, pincer, rdper, iamis, tas, 
 ionneau, triteau, vilbrequin. 
 
 11. Dwellings: — /choppe, e'tal, itayer, ituve, gdcher, halle, hameau, 
 hanter, hutte, loger, salle. 
 
 12. Food, &c. : — beignet, bief, bihe, drogue, flan, gdteau, gaufre, 
 saur, soupe. 
 
 13. Abstract terms, &c. : — affreux, agace, bafouer, blanc, blette, bleu, 
 imboiser, imoi, gai, gris, guere, hair, hdle, hdve, teste, sombre, sur. 
 
 14. Other words: — bisse, bouter, braise, brelan, broyer, bru, bru/e, 
 choisir, choquer, cracher, clocher, dauber, de'chirer, defalquer, de'guerpir, 
 d&ober, drole, iclater, ipeler, faude, fournir, frais, gaber, gagner, 
 gamboison, garant, garder, garnir, garou, gaspiller, gatine, gauchoir, 
 gehir, gletteron, glisser, gratter, graver, grenon, groupe, guerpir, guille, 
 guiller, guise, harangue, hdte,jardin, lot, marri, meurtre, musser, regretter, 
 river, rouir, sale, siller, sillon, souhait, suif, suie, suinier, taisson, tarir, 
 ternir, tirer, toucher, trdle, trop. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 The Greek Element. 
 
 § 21. The Greek language has given scarcely anything to the French 
 since the time of its popular formation ; it could not be otherwise, as 
 the Gallo-Romans and Greeks never came into contact, and all the 
 patriotic tales invented by Henri Estienne, Manage, and others, to 
 prove the affinity between French and Greek, are mere fancies. The 
 one city which could have brought France into connection with the 
 Greek language, Marseilles, a Phocean colony, was early absorbed into 
 the Roman Empire, and lost its Greek character and language. There 
 are a few Greek words ^, such as, chere, somme, parole, bourse, bocal ; 
 but these do not come straight from the Greek Kapa, adyfia, napa^oXri, 
 
 ' We are speaking here of words of popular, not scientific, origin. We 
 must also distinguish, in the case of Greek compounds, between those 
 which existed in Greek, as dpio-roKpaTfia, aristocracie, and those which have 
 been framed by French writers, as photographic, typographic, &c. ; in the 
 latter case we must study each of the elements of these new words, un- 
 known to the Greek language ; in the former case, we should be wandering 
 into the history of the Greek language were we to decompose these words 
 and their component elements. As for the numerous class of words in- 
 troduced from Greek into Latin (such as allegoria, philosophia, carya- 
 tides, &c.), they have come to the French language through the Latin, 
 and are therefore, for our purposes, Latin words. 
 
ELEMENTS OF LEARNED ORIGIN. xxv 
 
 ^vpaa, ^avKciXiov, but from the Latin cara, sagma, parabola, byrsa, 
 baucalis, derived from the Greek ; all these words are to be found in 
 Latin authors of the seventh century \ The discovery of the laws of 
 transformation of Latin into French has given us the true origin of 
 many words formerly considered as derived from the Greek; thus, 
 the chance likeness oi par esse and trap^cns had led etymologists in old 
 times to connect the two words ; but if we divide the word par esse 
 into its elements, we shall see that the suffix -esse must answer to a 
 termination -itia^ (trtstesse, tristitia, mollesse, moUitia, &c.) ; such 
 words as entiere from Integra, noire from nigra, shew us that the 
 r oi par esse answers to a Latin gr; the French a is the Latin i (as in 
 balance, bilancia ; aronde, hirundo, &c.) ; and thus we reach, by these 
 three observations, the word pigritia, the true original oi pares se. 
 
 To sum up, we may say for Greek what we said for Celtic ; its 
 influence on popular French has been altogether insignificant. 
 
 PART II. 
 
 ELEMENTS OF LEARNED ORIGINS 
 
 C| 
 
 § 22. By words of learned origin we mean all words introduced into 
 a language after the epoch of its formation ^ ; that is, in the case of 
 
 ^ To this list may be added adragant, almanach, bouteille, chomer, gouff're, 
 golfe, osier, serin, poele, plat, chimie, emeri, dragee, migraine, clopin. Mangon- 
 neau, chaland, accabler, are military terms, imported into the French lan- 
 guage at the time of the crusades by the Byzantines. Two Oriental words, 
 chicane and a'vanie, have passed into the language through the medieval 
 Greek. 
 
 ^ It is not always easy to distinguish between words of popular and 
 words of learned origin. I have placed among the latter a very large 
 number of words composed of two parts, the one popular, the other 
 learned ; sometimes a learned prefix has been joined to a popular word, as 
 in ad-joindre, ad-mettre, sub-ordonner, pro-ft, pro-duire, dis-joindre, dis-courir, 
 in-clinaison, im-payable (words which should have been a-joindre, a-mettre, 
 sou-v-ordonner, pour-fit, pour-duire, de-joindre, de-courir, en-clinaison, en- 
 payable); sometimes a learned termination suffixed to a popular word, 
 as in^ en-luminer, fer-mete, nourri-ture (which should have been en-lumer, 
 fer-te, nourr-ure'). Among these words we meet with some ghastly philo- 
 logical monsters, like pre-alabk, in-surmontable. 
 
 ^ The persistence of the Latin tonic accent (see § 49) is the rule and 
 guide for the discovery of such words. All popular words introduced dur- 
 ing the formation of a language res pec t the Latin accent, proving that they 
 have been formed by the ear, not by the eye, and spring direct from the 
 living and spoken language. All words which neglect the accent are of 
 
xxvi INTRODUCTION. 
 
 the French language, between the eleventh century* and our own 
 days. They have been created, long after the death of the Latin 
 language, by learned men and clerks, who got them out of books, as 
 they needed them to express their thoughts, and who transplanted 
 them just as they were into the French speech. Thus, in the eleventh 
 century we find in some MSS. the word innocent, the exact and servile 
 reproduction of innocentem ; the French tongue had then no term 
 for such a quality, and the writer, embarrassed in his attempt to ex- 
 press himself, was obliged to copy the Latin word. The learned 
 origin of the word is shewn from the fact that it has not undergone 
 those transformations which popular usage imposes on all the words 
 it adopts; thus, in popular words, in becomes en (as infantem, 
 enfant ; inimicus, ennemi), and nocentem becomes nuisant ; so that 
 if innocentem had suffered popular transformation it would have 
 become ennuisant, not innocent. Popular words are the fruit of a 
 spontaneous and natural growth, learned words are artificial, matters 
 of conscious reflection ; the former are instinctive, the latter deliberate. 
 
 At first, each learned word, for some time after its introduction into 
 the French language, remained as unknown to the people as scientific 
 terms are in our day. The barons and villains of the days of Robert 
 the Pious were as little able to understand the word innocent, as the 
 labourers of our day are to Q,OTi\^x€^t.xidi paleography or stratification ; 
 but as there was no popular word for the thing, innocent presently 
 passed out from the learned into general use : it appears for the first 
 time in ecclesiastical works ; less than a century later it is to be found in 
 the Chanson de Roland, and other popular poems ; it has passed from 
 the scientific and ^special vocabulary to the usual and daily language 
 of men ^ 
 
 In writing the history of the French language, it is necessary to 
 state that it is in the popular part alone that we can grasp the laws 
 according to which the instincts of the people have transformed Latin 
 
 learned origin. This distinction enables us to determine exactly the time 
 when the French language took its birth ; the French tongue, that is, the 
 popular and vulgar tongue, was born, and the Latin language was utterly 
 dead from that day on which the people no longer spontaneously recog- 
 nised the Latin accent. This was about the eleventh century; thence- 
 forward the formation of the popular French is complete ; all the rest is of 
 learned origin. 
 
 ^ These are words borrowed from ancient languages — at any rate, from 
 Greek or Latin ; as to words borrowed from modern languages, they will 
 be found below, under the head of ' Elements of Foreign Origin ' (§ 23). 
 
 ^ Philologers who divide all languages into two deposits, the instinctive 
 and the conscious, need not draw any distinction between learned words 
 and what we call scientific words ; for both of these are of conscious 
 origin (whether they are in common use, like innocent, or technical, like 
 paleograpble) ■ and besides, each word in common use whose origin is 
 learned has begun by being a scientific term, employed by the few. 
 
ELEMENTS OF FOREIGN ORIGIN. xxvli 
 
 into French; from this point of view, learned words are'useless to the 
 philologer ; but this settled, we must not think that learned words are 
 therefore to be banished ; they have proved their right to exist by 
 existing ; as M. Sainte-Beuve has rightly said, ' ils sont une des saisons 
 de la langue;' when the French language was formed the popular 
 speech was meagre \ answering to the wants of a simple and un- 
 refined state of society, and to the scanty ideas of a warlike, 
 agricultural, and feudal population ; all scientific ideas, the property 
 of the clerks, were expressed only in Latin. After a time feudal so- 
 ciety was modified, then declined, lastly perished, and gave place to 
 a new order; to expre-ss new ideas the French language had to 
 enrich itself by either developing popular terms ^, or borrowing from 
 the 5eacr languages learned terms, which after a time passed into the 
 comiTLQQ tongue. These borrowed words, rare in the twelfth and 
 thirteenth centuries, and more numerous in the fourteenth, have 
 become countless from the sixteenth downwards ; they have increased 
 in proportion to the growth of ideas, and the daily quickening succes- 
 sion of inventions and discoveries ^. 
 
 PART III. 
 
 ELEMENTS OF FOREIGN ORIGIN. 
 
 § 23. Besides the classes already enumerated there are many words 
 of foreign origin, borrowed directly by the French from now existing 
 languages. These follow no fixed law, being the simple results of 
 chance. Thus a succession of marriages in the sixteenth century 
 
 ^ In the French language, there are not much more than 4000 popular 
 primitives. See below, § 36, for the statistics of the language. 
 
 ^ By means of compounds, or fresh derivatives; as from regie have 
 sprung in course of ages, deregler^ dereglement; regler, reglementer, regie- 
 mentation, &c. 
 
 ^ I only give the immediate etymology, having neither time nor room for 
 more. Thus I simply cite enormis as the primitive of enorme ; if I went 
 on and gave the derivation of enormis (ex norm.a), I should have to write 
 the history of the Latin language. Those who desire to know more of 
 that history are referred to the valuable Manuel des racines grecques et latines 
 by M. Bailly. It often happens, that after a Latin word has produced a 
 popular French word, it produces, later on, a learned term ; thus from 
 rationem, raison in popular French, comes later the learned ration ; this 
 process of double reproduction has received, from a seventeenth-century 
 Grammarian, the name of ' Doublets.' I have abstained from dealing here 
 with this subject, as I have already studied this philological phenomenon in 
 detail in a Dictionnaire des Doublets ou doubles formes de la langue /ran^aise ; 
 Paris, 1868. 
 
 % 
 
xxviii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 between Valois princes and Italian princesses brought in suddenly 
 a number of Italian terms : when France borrowed from England last 
 century some of her judicial and political institutions, she also took 
 jthe terms which expressed them. Thus a minute study of the political, 
 (artistic, or colonial history of a country enables us to shew the precise 
 /part taken by each language in the vocabulary of its neighbour. On 
 the other side, the attentive observation of early texts will teach us the 
 age of these words, and will give us one more element of our know- 
 ledge by fixing for us the epoch of their introduction. Thus we know 
 th3.t piano ( = soft) is imported from Italy, partly because the word exists, 
 and means the same in Italian, partly because it does not appear in 
 French musical writings till the end of the sixteenth century. Besides 
 these a posteriori proofs, furnished by history, there are other a priori 
 proofs, provided by philology, which enable us to declare at once 
 that the word sought for is not of French origin, and point out to us 
 its true source. These words have all entered in since the formation 
 of the language : accordingly, they have not penetrated or combined 
 with it, nor have they received any of the characteristics which the 
 French language impresses on those words which it assimilates. 
 Thus, to refer again to the word piano ; we have already studied it 
 by the historical or a posteriori method; let us see what philology 
 tells us about it. Piano, which answers to the Latin planus, cannot, 
 a priori, be a word of French origin, for pi never becomes /'/in French, 
 but remains pi ; plorare, pleurer ; plenus, plein ; plus, plus, &c. ; 
 but more, piano must be of Italian stock, for in Italian only does pi 
 turn into pi, witness plorare, piorare ; plus, piii ; plenus, pieno, &c. 
 Thus it is seen how the laws discovered by philology often enable us 
 to anticipate correctly the inductions of the historical method. 
 
 To enumerate according to the scale of importance the languages 
 which have thus affected the French, we must begin with the family 
 of the Romance languages (Proven9al, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese) : 
 these have furnished the most. It was natural that the kindred 
 languages should provide most : then comes the Teutonic family 
 (German, English, Flemish). Modern Greek, Hungarian, and the 
 Sclavonic tongues (Polish, Russian) have given some words. If we 
 leave Europe, something is due to the Semitic languages (Hebrew, 
 Turkish, Arabic), and also to the East Indian, Chinese, and Malayan. 
 The American Colonies have introduced a few special terms into the 
 French language. 
 
 We have now nothing to do but to lay before our readers a formal 
 catalogue of all these borrowed words, and the history of these 
 importations ^. 
 
 ^ As we have done in the case of Greek and Latin, we only give in this 
 Dictionary the immediate etymology of the words borrowed from modern 
 languages ; thus we shall see that the French dilettante is a nineteenth-cen- 
 
WORDS OF PROVENCAL ORIGIN. xxix 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 Words of Provencal Origin. 
 
 § 24. Some persons may doubtless be astonished at seeing the 
 Proven9al here as a distinct language, parallel with Italian, Spanish, 
 Portuguese. But if we would really understand its importance, and 
 the influence it has exercised over the French, we must leave off 
 regarding it in its modern form, an obscure despised patois, and 
 look at it in its historical development ; we shall . see that before its 
 decadence it had, between the eleventh and the fourteenth century, 
 a brilliant and flourishing existence. 
 
 Proven9al, or the ' Langue d' Oc' is the language of all the population 
 of the Garonne basin, and of the southern part of the Rhone basin : 
 it gives the name to a race of men, quite distinct from the French of 
 the North ; it is parent of a brilliant lyrical literature, translated into 
 German in the thirteenth century, admired by Dante, imitated by 
 Petrarch ; and lastly, it satisfies the two criteria which in a historian's 
 eyes distinguish a language from a patois — it is the instrument of a 
 people and of a literature. The philologer sees stilTniore clearly the 
 lingufstic originality of the language when compared with the French ^ ; 
 of equal age, it has certain more archaic characteristics, which bring 
 it nearer the Latin and give it the same intermediate position between 
 Frencnand Italian that Provence holds geographically between France 
 
 tury importation of the Italian dilettante ( = amateur, slight person of taste) ; 
 but it would be outside our sphere, and a part of the history of the Italian 
 language, to go on and shew that the Italian dilettante comes from the 
 Latin delectantem., like atto, friitto, &c., from actum^, fructum, &c., by 
 regular change of ct into tt. Want of space forbids us to carry out the 
 relationship between words of French origin and those of foreign origin 
 which have a common root. Delectantem, for example, has produced 
 the Italian dilettante, the French delectant ; in the nineteenth century 
 dilettante crossed the Alps and became French : it would be interesting to 
 explain that delectant and dilettante are two forms of a common root, that 
 dilettante is a ' double ' of delectant, and that these two words form what 
 we call a 'doublet' (see § 22, note 3). 
 
 ^ In the middle ages the southerners regarded the French language as 
 so thoroughly foreign that the Leys d' Amor (a kind of poetical and gram- 
 matical code of laws, written in the fourteenth century) says (ii. 318) 
 of the French language : ' Apelam lengatge estranh coma f ranees, engles, 
 espanhol, lombard.' ' We mean by foreign tongues such as the French, 
 English, Spanish, Lombard.' In 1229, in a municipal document of Albi, 
 a notary excuses himself for not having read the inscription on a seal ([If*' 
 because it was in French, or some other foreign tongue : ' In lingua 
 Gallica vel alia nobis extranea, quam licet literae essent integrae, perfecto 
 non potuimus perspicere.' 
 
^ 
 
 1 
 
 XXX INTRODUCTION. 
 
 and Italy. But the course of events quickly put an end to this inde- 
 pendent life. The rivalry between South and North which ended 
 with the Albigensian war and the defeat of the South, gave a deadly 
 blow to the Proven9al tongue. 
 
 In A.D. 1272, Languedoc fell into the hands of France, and the 
 introduction of the French language followed close after. The 
 Proven9al was no longer written; it fell from the rank of a 
 literary language to that of a patois. The Proven9al, Langue- 
 docian, and Gascon patois of our day are the mere wrecks of that 
 ' Langue d'Oc ' which in its day had been so brilliant. But it has 
 left in the French language a great number of terms of different 
 meanings, introduced chiefly during the middle ages, since the twelfth 
 century ; and a small number in modern times. These words repre- 
 sent the most different ideas ; thus there are seafaring terms, carguer, 
 cap, espade, gabarrit, aulan, mistral, corsaire, carre, vergue ; names of 
 plants and animals, dorade, ji'gale, cabri, carnassier, ortolan, isard^, 
 grenade, radis, bigarrade ; abstract terms, jaser, ruser, fdcher, roder, 
 malotru, hadin, badaud,fat, croisade,/orgat, donzelle, m^nestrel ; names 
 of precious stones, cornaline, grenat ; terms of dress, dwelling, hor- 
 ticulture, camail, barette, bastide, pelouse, caisse, cadenas, cambouis ^. 
 
 CHAPTER 11. 
 Words of Italian Origin. 
 
 § 25. The expeditions of Charles Vlll, Louis Xll, and Francois I 
 beyond the Alps, and the prolonged sojourn of the French armies 
 in Italy, during the early years of the sixteenth century, made the 
 Italian language very familiar to the French. * The brilliancy of arts 
 and letters in the Peninsula attracted men's minds at the very time 
 when the regency of Catherine dei Medici set the fashion of ad- 
 miring everything Italian ^.' 
 
 This Italian influence was omnipotent over the courts of Francis I, 
 and Henri II, and the courtiers did their best to make it felt through- 
 out the nation. Then for the first time there appeared in the 
 writings of the day a crowd of hitherto unknown words ; terms of 
 military art used by the French throughout the middle ages, such as 
 heaume, haubert, &c., disappeared, and gave place to corresponding 
 
 * Peculiar to the Beam patois, which has also given the word beret. 
 Before leaving the countries which border on France, let us say that the 
 Walloon has contributed ducasse, and the Orisons' patois ran%, chalet^ 
 avalanche, cretin. 
 
 ^ Add to these ballade, baladin, beton, cdlin. ' M. Littr^. 
 
WORDS OF ITALIAN ORIGIN. xxxi 
 
 Italian words, brought in by the Italian wars. From this time date 
 terms of fence, dof/e, escriine ; words relating to military usages and 
 qualities, affront, brave, altier, bravade, bravoure, bravache, accolade ; 
 camp-words, fortification, alarme, alerte, anspessade, bandiere, ban- 
 douUere, barricade, bastion, bastonnade, brigade; weapons, arquebuse, 
 .baguette, bovibe, &c. 
 
 This mania for ' Italianisms' roused the just wrath of a cotemporary, 
 Henri Estienne : ' Messieurs les courtisans se sont oubliez jusque-la 
 d'emprunter d'ltalie leurs termes de guerre sans avoir esgard a la 
 consequence que portoit un tel emprunt; car d'ici a peu d'ans qui 
 sera celuy qui ne pensera .que la France ait appris Tart de la guerre, 
 en I'eschole de Tltalie, quand il verra qu'elle usera des termes italiens ? 
 Ne plus ne moins qu'en voyant les termes grecs et tous les arts 
 liberaulx estre gardez es autres langues, nous jugeons, et a bon droict, 
 que la Grece a dt^ Teschole de toutes les sciences ^! 
 
 But Catherine dei Medici brought in not only court terms, and 
 words expressing amusements, but also terms of art, needed to 
 express new ideas, which had come from Italy with Primaticcio and 
 Leonardo da Vinci; such as architectural* words, painters' and 
 sculptors' words, terms of music, brought in at the end of the 
 sixteenth and throughout the seventeenth century, commercial words, 
 sea terms, thief-language, names of plants, diminutives, and many 
 others. 
 
 We subjoin a full list of these borrowed words : — 
 
 1 . Court-terms : — accolade, accort, affide, affront, altesse, altier, banquet, 
 bravade, brigue, cameriste, canaille, caracoler, carrosse, cavalcade, cavegon, 
 cocarde, cortege, courtisan, escorte, estafier, estrade,fanfreluche, grandesse, 
 grandiose, imbroglio, incognito, page, paladin, partisan, s&e'nissime. 
 
 2. Names of games, &c. : — arlequin, baladin, bamboche, batifoler, 
 bouffon, burlesque, cabriole, capot, caricature, carnaval, carrousel, 
 comparse, entrechat, escapade, gala, gambade, Jovial, lazzi, loio, mascarade, 
 pasquinade, polichinelle, prestidigitateur, quadrille, raquette, saliimbanque, 
 tarot, tremplin, voltege. 
 
 3. Terms of art. Architecture: — arcade, archivolte, balcon, balda- 
 quin, balustrade, balustre, belve'dere, cabinet, campanile, casino, cata- 
 falque, cimaise, corniche, coupole, dome, fagade, galbe, niche, paravent, 
 pilastre, stuc, villa. Painters terms : — aquarelle, calquer, canevas, 
 carmin, diaprer, esquisse, estamper,fresque, gouache, grotesque, tncarnat, 
 madone, maquette, modele, mosdique, pcilette, pastel, pastiche, pittoresque, 
 profit, se'pia, virtuoso. Sculptors' and other artists' terms: — artisan, 
 bronze, burin, buste, came'e, cicerone, concetti, dilettante, feston, filigrane, 
 filoselle, girandole, improviser, madj'igal, midaille, orvi/tan, panache, 
 
 ^ Henri Estienne, Conformiie du langage franqois a'vec le grec, ed. 
 Feugere, p. 24. 
 
xxxii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 ptVdes/al, porcelaine^ stance^ stage, torse. Musical terms: — adagio, 
 andante, ariette, arplge, barcarolle, bicarre, be'mol, cadence, cantate, 
 cavatine, concert, crescendo, ipinette, fausset, fioriiure, fugue, mandoline, 
 op&a, oratorio, piano, preste, rebec, ritournelle, solfege, solo, sonate, 
 soprano, t/nor, timbale, trille, trombone, violon, violoncelle, vite. 
 
 4. Terms of commerce : — agio, banque, banqueroute, bilan, billon, 
 bulletin, cambiste, carafe, carton, citadin, colis, contracter, dito, doge, 
 douane, ducat, franco, gazette, grege, jeton, mercantile, noliser, nume'ro, 
 patache, piastre, pistole, sequin, tare, tarif tirelire, tontine, turquoise. 
 
 5. Seafaring terms : — bastingage, boussole, brigantin, calfater, cara- 
 velle, coche, e scale, escadre,fanal,felouque,fregate,gabier,gondole, nocher, 
 palan, regale, tartane. 
 
 6. Terms of war: — alarme, alerte, arquebuse, arsenal, bandiere, 
 bandouliere, baraque, barricade, bastion, bombe, botte, bravache, brave, bra- 
 voure, brigade, calibre, canon, cantine, caporal, carabine, cartel, cartouche, 
 casemate, casque, castel, cavalerie, cavalier, chevaleresque, citadelle, colonel, 
 condottiere, croisade, cuirasse, embusquer, escadron, escalade, escarmouche, 
 escarper, escopette, escrinu, espadon, esplanade, esponion, estacade, estafette, 
 estafilade, estoc, estramagon, fantassin, fleuret, fougue, fracasser, gabion, 
 generalissime, giberne, infanterie, javeline, manage, mousqueton, parade, 
 parapet, pertuisane, patrouille, pavois, pennon, piller, plastron, poltron, 
 rebuffade, redoute, reprisaille, sacoche, saccade, sentinelle, soldat, sol- 
 datesque, spadassin, taillade, vedette,, volte, 
 
 7. Names of plants, &c. : — artichaut, belladonne, brugnon, cabus, 
 caroubier, ce'drat, ce'leri, espalier, gousse, lavande, muscade, muscat, 
 oleandre, pisiache, primevere, scorsonere. 
 
 8. Dress, &c. : — cadenas, calegon, camisole, capote, casaque, costume, 
 grlgues, pantalon, parasol, perruque, pommade, postiche, satin, serviette, 
 simarre, valise,- zibeline. 
 
 9. Names, &c., of animals : — balzan, cagneux, caresser, ganache, 
 impregner, madrepore, marmotte, perroquet, piste, tarentule, zibeline. 
 
 10. Food: — biscotte, brouet, candi, capiteux, capon, carbonnade, casse- 
 rolle, cervelas, frangipane, macaron, macaroni, marasquin, marmite, 
 massepain, muscadin, panade, reveche, rissoler, riz, salade, semoule, sir op, 
 sorbet, zeste. 
 
 11. Man's person: — attitude, caboche, camus, carcasse, esquinancie, 
 estropier, in-petto, moustache, pavaner, scarlatine, seton, svelte. 
 
 12. Thief- terms and slang : — bagne, bandit, bastonnade, bravo, 
 brigand, charlatan, chiourme, contrebande, escroc, espion, estrapade,faquin, 
 lazaret, lazzarone, rodomont, sacripant, sbirre, supercherie. 
 
 13. Diminutives: — babiole, bagatelle, baguette, bambin, caprice, pec- 
 cadille. 
 
 14. The elements, &c. : — bise, bourrasque, brusque, calme, cascade, 
 filon, granit, lagune, lave, sirocco, tramontane, volcan. 
 
WORDS OF SPANISH ORIGIN. xxxiii 
 
 15. Other terms, not classified: — anspessade, ballon, balourd, haster^ 
 boucon, boutade, camerine, cantone, capilotade, capiionner , cariole, cala- 
 combe, chagrin, deesse, desinvolte, douche, fiasco, forfanterie, frasque, 
 gabie, gambet, gigantesque, girouette, gourdin, isoler, improviste, ingambe, 
 Ihine, malandr in, palade, pas sade, pedant, piston, populace, revolte, riposte, 
 sarbacane, sorte, talisman, iromblon, ville'giature. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 Word's of Spanish Origin. 
 
 § 26. The Wars of the League and the long occupation of French 
 soil by Spanish armies towards the end of the sixteenth century spread 
 wide among the French nation the knowledge of the Castilian speech. 
 This invasion which lasted from the time of Henry IV to the 
 death of Louis XIII left very distinct marks on the French 
 language. Hence come the names of many exotic plants and 
 their manufactured products, as cannelle, vanille, indigo, tabac, tomate, 
 cigare, benjoin, abricot. Union, jasmin, jonquille, jujube, savane, tulipe, 
 Union ; animals ^, musaraigne, epagneul, me'rinos, cochenille, anchois, 
 pintade ; colours, basa7ie, alezan, nacarat, albinos ; parts of dwelling- 
 places, alcove, case, corridor ; furniture, calebasse, cassolette, mantille ; 
 dress, galon, savate, pagne, mantille, basquine, caban, chamarrer ; con- 
 fectionary, marmelade, caramel, chocolat, nougat ; some musical terms, 
 castagnette, guitare, se're'nade, aubade ; games, or enjoyments, sieste^ 
 sarabande, regaler, hombre, ponte, dominos ; titles or qualifications, 
 laquais, menin, duegne, grandesse ; sea terms, arrimer, embargo, embar- 
 cadere, de'barcadere, mousse, cabestan, pinte, recif, subre'cargue ; military 
 terms, adjudant, caserne, diane, colonel, escouade, camarade, haquen/e, 
 cabrer, caparagofi, salade, espadon, incartade, algarade, capitan, matamore. 
 
 Abstract terms are rare, baroque, bizarre, disparate, casuiste, barbon, 
 paragon, eldorado, transe, soubresaut, risquer, hdbler '^. Creole, muldtre, 
 negre, come from the Spanish-American colonies, as also does liane, 
 which is not to be found in Hterary Spanish. We may add that most 
 of these importations are later than the time of Charles IX, with 
 
 ■^ Certain organs also, as carapace, or their products, as hasane. 
 
 ^ Habler comes from hahlar, ' to speak,' and answers to the Low Latin 
 fablare from fabulari. As it passed into French the word took the sig- 
 nification of exaggeration in speech. It is curious that the same change 
 has overtaken parler ; the Spaniards borrowed the word in the seventeenth 
 century from France, and have given to it the sense of boastfulness in 
 speech. Ambassade came from Spain about the end of the fifteenth 
 century. 
 
 I 
 
xxxiv INTR on UCTION. 
 
 the exception of a few words like algarade, which is to be found 
 as far back as the middle of the sixteenth century ^ 
 
 The Portuguese language has given some words bearing on Indian 
 and Chinese manners, as he'zoard, bayadere, mandarin, caste, fetiche ; 
 one term signifying an ecclesiastical punishment, auto-da-fi ; one of 
 military discipline, chamade ; and some names of fruits, coco, abricot, 
 bergamote. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 Words of German Origin, 
 
 § 27. All French words of German origin are later than the first half 
 of the sixteenth century. The religious wars, the Thirty Years' War, 
 the German wars of the eighteenth century, have introduced a number 
 of military terms, bivouac, blocus, blockhaus, chabraque, colback, jiam- 
 berge, fifre, havresac, hourrah, loustic, lansquenet, retire, obus, sabre, 
 rosse, sabretache, schlague, vaguemestre ; words expressing drink, pot- 
 house terms, trinquer, brandevin, choucroute, cannette, gargotte, kirsch, 
 bonde, fleche, nouille ; some names of animals, dan, renne, hamster, 
 brtme ; some terms of art, graver, estomper ; of dancing, valser ; of sea- 
 faring, bdbord'^. Mining industry, so general in Germany, has given 
 a great number of specific mineralogical terms, bismuth, cobalt, cou- 
 perose, igriser, emb&ize, gangue, gueuse, glette, manganese, potasse, quartz, 
 spath, zinc. Nickel is a Swedish word. 
 
 We have said above that French words of German origin are not 
 earlier than the sixteenth century; but this remark does not apply 
 to words of Old Gennan or Teutonic origin, which came into the 
 Latin language between the tenth and the thirteenth centuries, and 
 passed from the Latin into the French. These two classes of words 
 are very distinct ; the Teutonic, in passing through the Latin, have 
 lost their native form, and have gone through regular transformations 
 before becoming French ; the others, German words, borrowed 
 straight from Modern German, and introduced in their natural 
 state, break into the general regularity of the language. The former 
 unite closely and absolutely with the French, the latter are but super- 
 ' ficially connected : in the language of chemistry, words of German 
 origin mix only with the French, those of Teutonic birth enter into 
 combination with it. 
 
 ^ Add, as debts to the Spanish, the name of one metal, platine, and of 
 a typographical abbreviation, cedille. One word, mesquin, came in about 
 the twelfth century. 
 
 "^ House furniture owes to German some special terms, hahut, edredon. 
 Abstract terms are few, chenapan, gamin, chic, anicroche, and almost always 
 bear a bad sense. The Flemish has given bouquin ; the name of a plant, colza, 
 and one name of a festival, kermesse. 
 
WORDS OF ENGLISH ORIGIN. xxxv 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Words of English Origin. 
 
 § 28. Communications between England and France have daily grown 
 more and more frequent from the time of the Restoration, and have 
 brought with them a large number of English words. These refer to 
 industrial pursuits, tender, rail, wagon, tunnel, ballast, express, coke, 
 flint, lias, malt; agriculture, drainer, cottage; poHtics, legislation, 
 budget, jury, bill, convict, comite', speech, verdict, club, meeting, pamphlet, 
 toast ; banking, cheque, warrant, drawback ; sundry moral states, spleen, 
 comfort, humour, dress, chdle, car rick, redingote, plaid, lasting, spencer ; 
 food, bifteck, rosbif, pudding, mess, bol, grog, gin, punch, rhum ; racing, 
 sport, amusements, sport, boxe, turf, jockey, clown, bouledogue, groom, 
 steeple-chasse, stalk, tilbury, break, dogcart, festival, raout, lunch, whist, 
 touriste, fashionable, dandy ; medicine, croup ; sea-terms, many of 
 which are of old standing in the French language, dock, bosseman, 
 accore, beaupre, cabine, boulingrin, cabestan, cachalot, cambuse, coaltar, 
 cutter, eperlan, flibustier, hiler, interlope, loch, lof, paquebot, poulie, 
 touage,yacht^, 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 Words of Slavonic Origin. 
 
 § 29. The Polish language has provided certain dance-words, ;5<?/^^, 
 mazurka, redowa, the word caliche, and one heraldic term, sable. 
 Russian gives steppe, knout, czar, palache, cosaque, cravache (though 
 this last word travelled into France through Germany). 
 
 Besides the Slavonic languages the Uralian tongues have also borne 
 their very slender part in influencing the French language ; Louis XIV 
 having introduced the hussards (a Hungarian word), the new corps 
 kept its Magyar name, huszdr, and some of its old technical terms, 
 shako, dolman. In the fifteenth century, horde, a word of Mongol 
 origin, meaning in Tartar the camp and court of the king, was 
 brought into France. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 Words of Semitic Origin. 
 
 § 30. The Semitic words in the French language are Hebrew, or 
 Turkish, or Arabic. It was a pet notion of the old etymologists to 
 
 ^ France also owes to the English the w^ords square, billet, and alligator, 
 
 d2 
 
xxxiri INTRODUCTION. 
 
 derive all languages from the Hebrew : the labours of modern philo- 
 logers have shewn that such dreams were a vanity: and the most 
 important result of modern science has been the discovery of the law 
 that elements of languages answer exactly to the elements of race. Now 
 the French belong to a very different race from the Jew, and therefore 
 the relations between the French and Hebrew tongues must be illusory, 
 a mere chapter of accidental coincidences. When St. Jerome ren- 
 dered the Old Testament out of Hebrew into Latin, he brought into 
 his version a number of Hebrew words which had no Latin equivalent, 
 such as seraphim, gehennon, pascha, &c., and from ecclesiastical 
 Latin they passed, five centuries later, into French, se'raphin, gene, 
 pdque, &c. * But it is through the Latin that the French received 
 them, and we may fairly say that Hebrew has had no direct influence 
 on French. The same is true of the Arabic, whose relations to the 
 French have been entirely matters of chance : without saying anything 
 of words expressing things purely Oriental, like Alcoran, bey, cadi, 
 caravane, derinche, firman, janissaire, narghiU, odalisque, pacha, cara- 
 vanse'rail, babouche, cimeterre, drogman, calife, mameluk, marabout, 
 minaret, marfil, mosque'e, turban, chacal, gazelle, girafe, genette, once, 
 talisman, sequin^ serail, sultan, vizir, &c., which have been brought 
 straight from the east by travellers, the French language received 
 during the middle ages several Arabic words from another source : the 
 effect of the crusades, the great scientific progress made by the Arabs, 
 the study of oriental philosophers, common in France between the 
 twelfth and fourteenth centuries, have enriched the vocabulary with 
 words bearing on the three sciences cultivated successfully by the 
 Arabs, namely, astronomical terms, azimuth, nadir, zenith ; alchemist 
 terms, alcali, alcool, alambic, alchimie, elixir, borax, ambre, julep, sir op ; 
 mathematical terms, alglbre, algorithme, zero, chijfre ; but even these 
 words of exclusively learned origin, did not pass straight from Arabic 
 into French, but passed first through the scientific medieval Latin. 
 
 The commercial relations between France and the East have also 
 introduced a number of terms bearing on dress, bouracan, colon, 
 hoqueton, taffetas, jupe, colback ; on building and furnishing, kiosque, 
 divan, matelas, sofa, bazar, magasin ; jewellery, colours, perfumes, 
 nacre, laque, carat, orange, azur, lazuli, talc, civette ; lastly, words 
 which come under no special classification, echec, mat, hazard, cafe', 
 tamarin, amiral, haras, truchement. 
 
 The frequent invasions and long sojourn of the Saracens in 
 Southern France between the eighth and the eleventh centuries have 
 left absolutely no traces either on the southern dialects, or on the 
 French language ^. 
 
 ^ We may add to this list the Talmudic words cahale and rabbin. 
 * See Reinaud, Invasions des Sarrasins en France^ pp. 306, 307. 
 
WORDS OF AMERICAN ORIGIN. xxxvii 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 Words of Oriental Origin. 
 
 § 31. By words of Oriental origin are meant all those terms which 
 have been brought by travellers from India, nadad, drakme, palanquin^ 
 pagode, paria^ jongle, carnac, bambou, mousson, &c. ; from China, the ; 
 from the Malay Archipelago, casoar, orangoutang. 
 
 The word zebre is of African origin. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Words of American Origin. 
 
 § 32. The words collected in the three last chapters do not express 
 French notions, and are, properly speaking, not French words at 
 all ; the same is true of local terms introduced into the language by 
 the relations kept up between France and the American colonies. 
 Such words are acajou, ananas, boucanier, cacao, caiman, calumet, 
 chocolat, colibri, condor, jalap, mais, ouragan, quinquina, quinine, sagou, 
 tabac, tapioca, tatouer. 
 
 PART IV. 
 
 ELEMENTS OF VARIOUS ORIGIN. 
 
 Under this head come all the words whose introduction into the 
 language may be said to be purely accidental, whether their origin be 
 historical, as the word S^ide ^, or onomatopoetic (due to the imita- 
 tion of sounds), as craquer. After these, which will close the list of 
 words of known origin, we shall come to a hst of all the words as to 
 which etymology has arrived at no definite conclusion. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Words of Historical Origin. 
 
 § 33. These words, few in number, are due to some accidental cir- 
 cumstance ; but this makes it all the more needful to recognise them 
 properly ; for if we were to shut our eyes to their origin, and try to 
 discover a scientific etymology for them, we should be sure to go 
 
 1 From Voltaire's Mahomet, in which there is a blind agent of the 
 Prophet's will named Seide^ the French form of the Arabic Sdid, 
 
xxxviii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 wrong. If we were to forget that guilloiine, macadam, mansarde, 
 quinquety are named after their inventors, and set ourselves to de- 
 compose them into their elements, with a view to finding, by the 
 rules of permutation, their Greek or Latin origin, we should certainly 
 fall into the most fantastic mistakes. 
 
 Words of historic origin almost always refer to concrete things or 
 material objects, and especially, as is natural, new inventions or impor- 
 tations, as, for example, stuffs, madras, nankin, mousseline, cachemire, 
 calicot, astrakan, rouennerie, gaze, from the names of places, Madras, 
 Nankin, Mossoul, Cachemire, Calicot, Astrakan, Rouen, Gaza, where 
 these goods were first made ; carriages, berline, made at Berlin, fiacre, 
 Victoria, d'Aumont, &c. ; vegetables. Dahlia, named after the botanist 
 Dahl by Cavanilles in 1790, cantaloup, or melon, cultivated at Can- 
 ialuppo, a papal villa near Rome, &c. 
 
 Abstract words are scarcer : such as jirimiade, from the Prophet, 
 lambiner, from Lambin (d. 1577), a professor in the College of 
 France, and famous for the immense length of his explanations, and 
 the diifuseness of his commentaries. Other words are either invented 
 by the learned, as gaz, which was created in the sixteenth century by 
 Van Helmont the alchemist, or they are the expression of some 
 ancient circumstance, as the word greve ( = combination of working 
 men) comes from the phrase se mettre en Greve, and this from the 
 fact that under the old regime the working men of the different cor- 
 porations used to assemble on the old Place de la Greve at Paris, to 
 wait to be hired, or to prefer complaints against their employers 
 before the Pr^v6t des Marchands ^. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Onomatopoetic Words. 
 
 § 34. There are very few words in the French language which are 
 formed ' onomatopoetically", that is, by imitation of sounds. These 
 express the cries of animals, croasser, miauler, hdfrer,japer, taper ; the 
 phases of human speech, babiller, fredonner, caqueter, chuchoter, chut, 
 
 ^ The following is the list of French words of historic origin : — Artesien, 
 Amphitryon, Angora, Atlas, Assassin, Ba'ionnette, Balais, Baragouin, Basque, 
 Beguin, Berline, Besant, Bicoque, Biscaien, Bougie, Bretteur, Brocard, Bareme, 
 Cacl^emire, Calepin, Calicot, Canari, Cantaloup, Cannibale, Carlin, Carmagnole, 
 Carme, Casimir, Cauchois, Celadon, Chiner, Cognac, Cordonnier, Cranjate, 
 Curasao, Dahlia, Damasser, Damasquiner, Dedale, Dinde, Echalotte, Epa- 
 gneul, Esclave, Escobard, Espiegle, Faience, Fiacre, Flandrin, Florin, Fontange, 
 Fra7ic, Frise (cheval de), Futaine, Galetas, Gal'vanisme, Ga'vote, Gaze, Gilet, 
 Gothique, Guillotine, Guinee, Gre've, Guillemet, Hermetiquement, Hermine, 
 Hongre, Inde, Jarnac, Jaquette, Laconique, Louis, Lambiner, Jeremiade, 
 Macadam^ Madras^ Meringue, Magnolier, Mansarde, Marionnette, Marotte, 
 
WORDS WHOSE ORIGIN IS UNKNOWN. xxxix 
 
 cancan, marmotter, hoquei ; certain conditions of size or movement, 
 bouffer, botcffir, zigzag ; some natural sounds, dapoier, croquer, humer, 
 claque, crac, craquer, eric, tic, toper, pouffer, bruissement, cliquetis, fan- 
 fare ; the speech of children, manian, papa, fanfan ; and some inter- 
 jections, from bah, ebahir ; from hu, huer. 
 
 CHAPTER HI. 
 
 Words whose Origin is Unknown. 
 
 § 35. We have now described all the known provinces of that vast 
 domain which men call the French Language, but there are other 
 provinces which philologers have not yet recognised or explored. The 
 limits of these must now be carefully traced out on our linguistic map 
 of the language; the line which separates the known from the 
 unknown cannot be fixed till we have made out the map of the 
 former, and have fixed the frontiers of the provinces with which we 
 are certainly acquainted. 
 
 This unknown region, as might be expected, embraces hardly any 
 but words of popular origin, and gives us a collection of more than 
 six hundred words whose derivation is as yet undiscovered. It would 
 be not strictly true to say that the etymology of all these words is un- 
 known to us ; there are very few of them as to which the philologer 
 cannot give us several conjectures, each equally plausible ; and it is 
 quite certain that the day will come when the science, with more 
 powerful instruments, will resolve all these problems ^ ; but in the 
 present state of our philological knowledge, these hypotheses can 
 be neither verified nor refuted, and we therefore pass them by in 
 silence, deeming unknown all those words as to which philology has 
 not attained to any definite conclusion. 
 
 To reproduce discussions which lead to no conclusion, would be to 
 act in opposition to the end we have set before us ; for purposes of 
 instruction, doubt is worse than ignorance, and in teaching the young 
 
 Maroquin, Marotique, Martinet, Mercuriale, Mousseline, Nankin, Nicotine^ 
 Pierrot, Patelinage, Perse, Persienne, Phaeton, Pistolet, Praline, Quinquet, 
 Renard, Ripaille, Robinet, Rouennerie, Roquet, Salsepareille, Serin, Sansonnet, 
 Sardonique, Sarrasin, Seide, Serin, Silhouette, Simonie, Strass, Tartufe, Truie, 
 Tournois, Turlupinade, Faude'ville, Vandalisme. 
 
 ^ It is hard to foresee into what these 650 words will be resolved ; a 
 large and marked portion of them is certainly formed from words altered 
 from the Latin or the Teutonic, and the action of degradation has been so 
 great that it conceals from us their origin. The rest, doubtless less 
 than one half, are related, and will be traced back, to the indigenous lan- 
 guages, the Basque, the Celtic, &c., which were spoken on the Gallic soil 
 at the time of the Roman Conquest. 
 
xl INTRODUCTION. 
 
 we are apt to lose some of the fruits of knowledge unless the distinc- 
 tion between the known and the unknown is laid down clearly and 
 without hestitation. 
 
 The French words whose origin is unknown amount to about 
 650 ^ : — Adn, accoufrer, atgrejin, ai'se, ajonc, aloyau, amalgame, amphi- 
 gouri, andouiller^ antilope, antimoine, ardillon, ardoise, aigot, armet, 
 atieler, aiiifer, aube, aumusse, auvent. 
 
 Babine, babouin, bdche, badigeon, baguenauder, bala/re, balise, baltverne, 
 halle, bancal, bancroche, barai, baratte, barder, barguigner, baril, baron, 
 basan/, bascule, bdiir, baudruche, bauge, bedaine, blgue, belitre, bercer, 
 berge, berne, besogne, besoin, biche, bidon, bielle, bifier, bigarrer, btgle, 
 bigot, bijou, bilboquet, billevesie, billon, bimbeloi, bique, bis, bise, biseau, 
 hisquer, bistouri, bistre, blaser, blason, blette, blond, blotiir, blouse, bobeche, 
 bobine, bombance, bombe, borgne, bosse,. bot, bouder, boudin, boue, bougon, 
 boulanger, bourbe, bourdon, bourreau, bousculer, bouse, braire, branche, 
 brande, branler, braquemart, braquer, bredouiller, brehaigne, breloque, 
 bretauder, bretelle, bribe, bricole, brimborion, brin, brioche, broc, brocanter, 
 brou, brouir, bruine, bruire, buffet, burette, butor. 
 
 Cabaret, cabas, cafard, cagot, cahoter, caieu, caillou, calembour, cali- 
 fourchon, calotte, camard, camion, camouflet, cant, canton, caramboler, 
 cassis, catimini, chalet, chalit, chamailler, chambranle, chanfrein, charade, 
 charangon, charivari, chassie, chiffe, choyer, ciron, ciseau, civiere, claque- 
 murer, cocasse, coche (a notch), cochevis, colifichet, complot, concierge, 
 copeau, coqueluche, coquin, corme, cosse {/cosser), coterie, cotret, courge, 
 cre'celle, crepe (a cake), cretonne, creuset, crotte. 
 
 Dague, dalle, dibaucher, dicruer, de'gingande', de'gringoU, divelopper, 
 diner, disette, dodu, dorloter, doucine, douve, drap, dupe. 
 
 Eblouir, ibouriffer, ^carquiller, e'chouer, eclabousser, eclanche, ecran, 
 icrouer, e'crouir, egrillard, embaucher, imoustiller, empeigne, endever, 
 engouer, enlizer, enticher, ^pargner, iparvin, ergot, estaminet, itancher, 
 dtoiler, Etiquette. 
 
 Fagot, falbala, falun, fardeau, farfadet, felon, feuillette, filou, 
 flagorner, flanelle, fldner, flatter, foulard, fredaine, freluquet, fretin, 
 fricasser, friche, fricot, frime, fringant, fripe, f riser. 
 
 Gadoue, gaillard, galet, galetas, galimatias, galvauder, ganse, gargon, 
 gargote, gargouille, gargouse, gibet, gibier, giboule'e, gifle, gigot, givre, 
 se goberger, godailler, godelureau, gogo, goinfre, gonelle, goret, gosier, 
 goujat, gourmand, gourme, gourmet, grabuge, graillon, gravier, gredin, 
 grile, gribouiller, groimoire, gringalet, grive, gruger, guenille, guenon, 
 gueridon, guetre, guilleret, guimbarde, guinguette, guisarfue. 
 
 Harasser, hardes, haricot, haridelle, heurter, horion, houille, houppe- 
 lande, houspiller, hure. 
 
 ^ This is calculated on the base of the Dictionnaire de V Academic ; if we 
 were to include every unknown word in the language the number would be 
 considerably larger. 
 
STATISTICS OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE. xli 
 
 Jachere, Jalon, jargon, J auger, javarte, javelot, jucher. 
 
 Laie, laiton, lambeau, landier, laudanum, liais. Hard, lice, lie, lijigot, 
 lopin, losange, loupe, luron, lutin, luzerne. 
 
 Mdche, machicoulis, macquer, magnanerie, magot, viammouth, niani- 
 gance, manivelle, maquereau, maraud, marc, marcassin, marmot, mar- 
 mouset, viatelot, matois, matou, mauvais, megissier, meleze, meringue^ 
 merisier, merlan, mievre, mijauree, mijoter, mince, mirliton, moellon, 
 moignon, moquer, moquette, morgue, morlaise, morue, motte, mouron^ 
 mufle, maser. 
 
 Nabot, nigaud. 
 
 Omelette, orseille, ouate. ■ 
 
 Patois, patraque, patte, pepin, percale, percer, petit, pile (reverse, of 
 coins), pilori, pimpant, pingre, pirouette, piton, pivot, pleige, pompe, 
 pompon, potele', potiron^ preux. 
 
 Quinaud, quintal. 
 
 Rabdcher, rable, rabougrir, rahrouer, racher ; rafale, rainure, 
 ratatiner, raz, ren/rogner, requin, r^ve, ricaner, ricocher, ronfler, rosser, 
 ruban. 
 
 Sabord, sabot, salmis, sarrau, sebile, semelle, serpilliere, sobriquet, soin, 
 sot, soubrette, souche, soupape, souquenille, sournois, sparadrap. 
 
 Tache, taloche, tan, tangage, taper, tapir, tarabusier, tarauder, tarte, 
 tintamarre, trancher, trapu, tricoter, trimbaler, trimer, tringle, tripot, 
 tripoter, trique, trogne, trognon, frompe, truffe, trumeau. 
 
 Varlope, vasistas, vigie. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Of the Statistics of the French Language. 
 
 § 36. Let us finally express in figures the chief results we have now 
 arrived at: although statistics are hardly in their right place here, 
 and although we may not wish to follow Malherbe's precept, that it is 
 very pretty to ' nombrer ndcessairement,' we may apply to our subject 
 M. Sainte-Beuve's excellent maxim, that il faut, tot ou tard, dans ce 
 vaste arriere humain qui sainoncelle, en venir . . . a des reglements du 
 passe', a des conceptions sommaires,fussent elks un peu artificielles, a des 
 me'thodes qui ressemblent a ces machines qui abregent et re'sument un tra- 
 vail de plus en plus interminable et infini'^. We must not, then, press 
 our figures too hard ; they only express approximately the relations 
 and proportion of the different elements which combine to form 
 the French language. 
 
 ^ Sainte-Beuve, Nowveaux Lundis, VIII. p. 44. 
 
xlii STATISTICS OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE. 
 
 Statistics of the Modern French Language. 
 
 1. Words, whose origin is unknown 650 
 
 2. Words of popular origin: — 
 
 i. Latin element (primitive words) . 3800 
 
 ii. Germanic element 420 
 
 iii. Greek element 20 
 
 iv. Celtic element 20 
 
 4260 
 
 3. Words of foreign origin : — 
 
 i. Italian 450 V 
 
 ii. Proven9a:l 50^ 
 
 iii. Spanish 100 
 
 iv. German 60 
 
 V. English . 100 
 
 vi. Slavonic 16 
 
 vii. Semitic no 
 
 viii. Oriental 16 
 
 ix. American 20 
 
 922 
 
 4. Words of historic origin . 115 
 
 5. Ononiatopoetic words 40 
 
 Total number of words 5987 
 
 If we substract from the 27,000 words contained in the DicHonnaire 
 de tAcademie these 5987 just enumerated, we shall find a remainder 
 of about 21,000 words, created either by the people from primitive 
 words, by composition and derivation, or by the learned, who have 
 borrowed a crowd of words direct from Greek and Latin. 
 
BOOK III. 
 
 PHONETICS, OR THE STUDY OF SOUNDS. 
 
 § 37. There are two objects which Phonetics set before them : first, 
 the description of sounds, which are the elements of language ; 
 secondly, the study of the origin and history of these sounds when 
 once we have clearly described them \ 
 
 PART I. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF SOUNDS. 
 
 § 38. Without attempting to describe the organs of the human 
 voice, or encroaching on the sphere of the anatomist, we must still 
 state in this place (though without endeavouring to prove our pro- 
 
 ^ I have already defined Phonetics (§ 4), and have shewn what help 
 etymology gets from it : guided by these fixed laws of transformation of 
 sounds in passing from a parent language to its offspring, etymology is no 
 longer obliged to trust to fallacious analogies of sound or signification; 
 but can usually tell beforehand the form which any particular Latin word 
 naturally adopts in French. 
 
 The true place of Phonetics is under the head of Grammar, of which 
 it is an integral part; and I have discussed the Phonetics of the French 
 language in the Historical Grammar. It might have been enough to refer 
 the student to that work ; but as I am now endeavouring to lay before 
 him for the first time the proof of every etymology, I wish him to have 
 ready to hand the means of verifying and controlling my statements, and 
 the complete collection of the transformations of Latin into French. 
 
 These two treatises on Phonetics are not the same. In the Grammar 
 I limited myself to the exposition of the chief laws, with a few examples 
 only; but here, on the contrary, I lay down not only the list of facts 
 which confirm the chief laws, but also most of the secondary laws and 
 the exceptions. 
 
xHv INTRODUCTION. 
 
 positions) the chief results which have been attained by physiology *, 
 in its researches into the mechanism of language and the classification 
 of sounds. It is only by dissecting sounds that we can get a detailed 
 account of the marvellous instrument on which, as Max Miiller well 
 says, * we play our words and thoughts.' And besides, these physio- 
 logical preliminaries are an indispensable prelude to the study of the 
 history of the sounds of the French language. 
 
 § 39. All that the human ear can perceive may be divided into 
 sounds, or successions of periodical vibrations, and noises, or irregular 
 successions of discontinuous vibrations. Sounds may be noted musi- 
 cally ; noises cannot. The human voice is a current of air emitted 
 from the lungs, under the pressure of the thorax, vibrating as it passes 
 across the vocal chords. 
 
 § 40. If the current of breath reaches the open air without having 
 been interrupted or troubled in its passage through the mouth, there 
 is produced a sound, which we call a vowei'^. 
 
 § 41. If, on the other hand, this current of air is suddenly stopped 
 in its progress by any barrier, such as the tongue, teeth, or lips, the 
 sound is spoilt, and instead thereof comes out a noise, known by the 
 name of consonant; whose different varieties are due to the differences 
 in orjgans (tongue, teeth, lips), which thus interrupt the emission of the 
 voice. 
 
 Thus, then, human speech is to be divided into two modes and 
 forms ; the consonant which is but a noise; and the vowel which 
 is a sound, and is consequently subject to certain musical conditions 
 which we must now pass on to discuss. 
 
 ^ The two works of the highest value on this subject (placed in chrono- 
 logical order) are Briicke's Grundziige der Physiologie und Systematik der 
 Sprachlaute (Vienna, 1856), and Helmholtz's Lehre von den Tonempfindungen 
 (Brunswick, 1863). Of these, the former has settled, quite finally or nearly 
 so, the laws of consonants ; the latter is all-important for the vowels. 
 Both have been combined, and thrown into a short and useful form, by 
 Dr. Rumpelt, in 1869 {Das naturliche System der Sprachlaute'). I need 
 not name Mr. Max Miiller's admirable lecture (Lect. II. p. 103) on the 
 same subject : it is a real chef-dcewvre of penetration and clearness. 
 
 2 Literally an emission of the voice : 'vocalis from vox. 
 
THE VOWELS. xlv 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 The Vowels. 
 
 § 42. Setting aside the question of its duration, each note has 
 three aspects : — 
 
 1. As to its elevation or tone; that is, its place in the scale of 
 sounds. The elevation of a note is a result of the number of vibra- 
 tions which take place in a given time. When we say that a si is 
 more shrill, a higher note than a mi, we mean to say that si is pro- 
 duced by a greater number of vibrations in the same time than are 
 required to produce the sound called mi. 
 
 2. As to it's, power; that is, the degree of intensity with which the 
 note strikes the ear. This depends on the length of the curves of 
 oscillation of the air-particles ; or (as it would be phrased in acoustics) 
 on the amplitude of the vibrations. When we sing a note softly 
 we displace or set in vibration a less volume of air than if we were 
 singing the same note at the full pitch of our voice. 
 
 3. As to its quality; that is, the timbre, or sonorous characteristics 
 of a note. Thus, if we hear the same note sounded at the same 
 moment on a violin and on a piano, why is it that we distinguish 
 the two? Whence comes it that these two notes, of the same 
 elevation and power (identical, that is, in number and amplitude 
 of their vibrations), are yet perfecdy distinguishable? The answer 
 is that the piano and violin have different qualities; they give, as one 
 may say, two distinct colours, just as when we see the same object 
 through two panes of coloured glass, one making it look green, the 
 other red. Each instrument has its own peculiar quality; a colour 
 which tinges each sound, and gives its timbre to it. This modification 
 of sounds arises from the different shapes and materials of the in- 
 struments which generate them ; for these differences in shape and 
 material naturally produce a corresponding difference in the form 
 of the vibrations which create the sound. But whence then comes 
 it that, in the case of two notes, identical in intensity and eleva- 
 tion, the form of the vibrations can produce this diversity of quality ? 
 This brings us to the theory known under the name of that of * Multiple 
 Resonance,' or of 'Harmonic Sounds.' As long ago as a.d. 1700, 
 Sauveur remarked that if the string of a clavichord be pinched 
 tight, one hears at once, in addition to the note which has been 
 struck, and at the same time with it (supposing the ear is acute and 
 practised), other notes which are more acute than the one struck, 
 and which sound feebly through a sort of sympathy. These accom- 
 panying secondary notes, which emerge directly we strike a note, 
 are called 'the harmonics' or 'resonant sounds:' the experiment by 
 
xlvi INTRODUCTION. 
 
 which the existence of these harmonics can be materially proved is 
 well known : — if we put leaden soldiers on the notes of a piano, and 
 then strike a note, all the men standing on the notes which are 
 harmonics to the note struck will be upset, while the others all remain 
 unmoved. Helmholtz then discovered the important fact that the har- 
 monics which wait on each note vary in number and quality, according 
 to the nature of the instrument ; or, in a word, that the form of the 
 instrument giving its own form to the vibrations, the harmonics were 
 modified in different ways, while the note struck remained always the 
 same, and this difference in the nature and intensity of the harmonics 
 was in fact the cause of that difference in quality of which we have 
 been speaking. This discovery, that the shape of the instrument 
 modifies the form of the vibrations, and that this determines the 
 different varieties of harmonics, whence come the varieties of quality, 
 gave Helmholtz the clue to the explanation of the manner in which 
 vowel-sounds are produced. Thinking that, in order to pronounce 
 each of the vowels a, z, u (the last to be sounded ou, as in Italian), 
 we have to modify the form of the tube made by the cheeks, and that 
 thereby we modify the form of the vibration, and thereby also we 
 change the character of the harmonics, Helmholtz succeeded in 
 proving that the different vowels are only the different qualiiies (or 
 iimbres) of the human voice, due to the different forms taken by the 
 orifice of the cheeks, the mouth, during the emission of the voice. 
 
 § 43. The gamut of vowels, as Helmholtz has established it, is : 
 «, 0, a, e, i ; the relationship and transformation of the vowels will be 
 more visible by means of the vocal triangle, as Briicke determined 
 it in 1856 1: — 
 
 o(aa in e^trorfj 
 
 This triangle shews us the progress of vowel sounds as they pass 
 through the phases of their transformation: -thus on its way to H 
 
 * In this diagram are given the sounds which exist in French or Latin. 
 Briicke's triangle marks several other vowels, foreign to these two lan- 
 guages, and therefore not inserted or studied here. 
 
THE VOWELS. xlvii 
 
 must necessarily first pass through eu ; and this law, directly established 
 by physiological investigation, is confirmed by history, which shews 
 that it has always existed, and has always been obeyed: thus Lat. 
 morum became first O. Fr. meure, and is now mure; motum, O. Fr. meu^ 
 now mu. Is it not clear then, that the previous study of the physio- 
 logical law of sounds is a very valuable guiding fine for the history 
 of the transformations of language ? In fact, strange as it may seem, 
 this preamble to etymological research is an absolute necessity. 
 The human organs ever obey the same laws, and it is natural 
 that we should make use of discoveries made by investigation into 
 the Hving organ, if we would explain the changes of sound caused 
 by the vocal organism of races which have now disappeared from 
 the earth. 
 
 § 44. By the side of these vowels which we have just studied, 
 known by the name of 'pure or sonorous vowel-sounds,' we find 
 
 a second class of vowels known as the 'nasal or muffled vowel 
 sounds ; ' so called, not because they are really pronounced through 
 the nose, but because in pronouncing them the veil of the palate 
 is lowered, and the air thus compelled to vibrate through the cavities 
 which connect the nose with the pharynx : in fact, if while these 
 sounds are being emitted, we close the nose altogether, we make 
 the vowel still more strongly nasal, which shews that they cannot 
 be formed through the nose. These nasal sounds, unknown to the 
 Latins and to most European languages, are, we may say, a French 
 speciality, represented by the following groups of letters, an, en, in, 
 on, un. 
 
 § 45. In addition to these vowels, pure and nasal, are the diph- 
 thongs, or mixed sounds, made up of two vowels pronounced together 
 
xlviii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 by a single voice-utterance : these we must consider ilext. Now, 
 according as we rest on the first or on the second of these vowels, 
 so shall we produce one or other of two kinds of diphthongs : those 
 which are accented on the former vowel, as the Italian ^i {poi, nSi), 
 we will call strong diphthongs ; those accented on the latter vowel, 
 like the French oui, are called the weak. 
 
 §46. Application of the above-stated Principles. Inventory of 
 Latin Vowels. 
 
 I. There are eleven Latin vowels : a, a ; e, e ; 6, 6 ; i, i ; y ; u, u. 
 
 The pronunciation of a, o, i was identical with that of the French a, o, i; 
 e was pronounced like the open French e (as in aprh) ; u like the 
 French ou; y was a sound unknown in common Latin, and imported 
 into dbe_learne3~iaSguage from Greece ; It answeT5~to- French «, 
 or to"(jerman ii in Muller, with, however, a somewhat more marked 
 tendency to pass into i. The nasal sounds are unknown in Latin. 
 
 II. The diphthongs. These are six in number, all of them with 
 the accent on the former vowel : they are du, 6u, 6i, ui, de, 6e. 
 These strong diphthongs are pronounced as follows : — 
 
 'Au like German au (in ^avi^))^ and answers to the combination 
 of French letters dou : thus, durum was pronounced aouroum : in 
 the latter days of the Empire this aou became o in the speech of the 
 peasantry; for Festus (p. 189) tells us that from the third century 
 downwards the peasantry said orum for aurum, oricula for auricula 
 ('orum pro aurum rustic! dicebant'). 
 
 'Eu was pronounced eou (as in Italian Europa). 
 
 'Ei like the French eille (in corbeille), or like Spanish ey (in rejf), 
 or like Italian e'i (in le'i). 
 
 'Ui, like the French out, if the accent be shifted to the earlier part 
 of the diphthong {dUi, instead of oui) : the Italian ui (in fui) exactly 
 reproduces the Latin sound. 
 
 It is useless to say anything about the pronunciation of ae and 6e, 
 which at quite an early Latin period were transformed into e (as 
 in edus for hoedus, Mesius for Maesius). 
 
 § 47. Further application of above-stated Principles. Inventory of 
 French Vowels. 
 
 I. The pure vowels. As is well known, the French alphabet is 
 very ill constructed ; for it has several orthographic signs for the same 
 sound, and, on the other hand, it is so meagre that it has to denote 
 several different sounds by the same letter : thus, for the one sound 
 
THE VOWELS. xlix 
 
 0, it has the three signs o, au, and eau ; while for the two different 
 sounds of c, hard and soft, it has only one sign, c (as in calomnie 
 = kalomm'e, and cerveau = sefveau). Further on we shall explain the 
 grounds of this lack and surplus in French orthography, when we 
 treat of the history of the language; now we will only deal with 
 the list of French vowels, neglecting the multiple orthographic signs 
 which stand for one sound. The French vowels, then, are eleven 
 in number : a, d; e, ^(also written as e or ai); o, 6 (also written au, 
 eau); i (also written j/), i; u; ou; eu (also written oeu, as in boeu/, 
 and ue, as in accueillir). 
 
 If we compare this list with the Latin vocal sounds, we shall 
 see that the French language has gained the sounds ii and eu, and 
 the closed /, none of which existed in Latin; the letter u (which 
 in Latin marked the sound ou) is used in French to represent the 
 new sound u, and in order to represent the Latin sound, the ou 
 group has been created : thus murum has become mur, while ursus 
 is ours. Hence has come an unfortunate confusion : it would have 
 been better to keep for the letter u the sound it already had in Latin, 
 and to represent the Modern French u sound (as the Germans have 
 it) by u. 
 
 Another and more important gain to the French language is that 
 of the vague sound indicated by the name of the e mute. This 
 sound, unknown in Latin, is produced from every one of the Latin 
 vowels : thus the Latin a, e, i, o, u, have all alike become e mute, 
 as in rosam, rose; caballum, cheval; venire, venir ; fraXveva., frere ; 
 vestimentum, vetement; minutum., menu; conucla*, quenouille; ju- 
 niprum, genievre ; templimi, temple. Now if we draw the Latin vocal 
 triangle within a circle, the circumference will stand for the e mute, 
 that sound to which, in French, all the Latin vowels descend when 
 they become deadened ; thus — 
 
 e mute 
 
 emute 
 
 etnute 
 
 e mute 
 
 This loss of vocal power in the Latin final vowels had advanced 
 far at the time of the fall of the Empire ; and Inscriptions of that 
 
 e 
 
1 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 period are full of such forms as domino for dominiun (see Schuchardt), 
 in which the final vowels are confused with one another and used 
 one for another, a confusion which shews how very undecided their 
 pronunciation had become : towards the seventh century all these 
 vowels were lost in one common sound, which was between the French 
 eu and o, an uniform sound which really required only one sign, and 
 has been represented in French orthography by the e mute. But 
 this symbol was not adopted at once : in the very first specimen of 
 the French language — the well-known Strasburg Oaths of a.d. 842 ^ 
 — we find, two lines apart, two different signs for the silent final 
 vowels : thus the Latin fratrem is thrice rendered by fradre, once 
 hy /radra; instead o{ nStre, peuple, Charles, we find thus nostra, pobloy 
 Karlo, which is also written Karle. This difiiculty, experienced by 
 the scribe in rendering this new sound by a common and uniform 
 sign, may be seen at every step in the linguistic remains of the period 
 between the ninth and the eleventh century. After that time e is 
 always used to represent the mute sound. This letter was not chosen 
 because it answered to the e sound (for that new mute sound 
 would have been better represented by or eu than by e), but simply 
 because, as a matter of fact, of all the Latin final vowels, the e was the 
 one which occurred the most frequently. But this e mute, which now 
 is almost imperceptible in pronunciation, was, up to about the middle 
 of the sixteenth century, a distinct and sufficiently marked sound 
 (like the final still heard in the pronunciation of the Proven9al 
 peasantry, as in franciso, musico, pSsto, for frangaise, musique, posle). 
 Palsgrave, the old English grammarian, in his Esdaircissement de la 
 langue frangoise, a.d. 1530, says expressly (lib. i. regula 5, ed. G^nin, 
 p. 4) : ' If ^ be the laste vowell in a frenche worde beynge of many 
 syllables, eyther alone or with an s ffolowynge hym, the worde not 
 havyng his accent upon the same e, then shall he in that place sound 
 almost lyke an and very moche in the noose, as these wordes homme, 
 fimme, honeste, pdrle, hSmmes, /e'mmes, honesies, shall have theyr laste 
 e sounded in maner lyke an 0, as hommo,/emmo, hones io, par lo, hommos, 
 femmos, honestos : so that, if the reder lyft up his voyce upon the 
 syllable that commeth nexte before the same e, and sodaynly depresse 
 his voyce whan he commeth to the soundynge of hym, and also 
 sounde hym very moche in the noose, he shall sounde e beyng written 
 in this place accordyng as the Frenchmen do. Whiche upon this 
 warnynge if the lerner wyll observe by the frenchmen's spekynge, 
 he shall easely perceive.' Then, passing from theory to practice, 
 Palsgrave gives us (p. 56) the pronunciation as it ought to be : La 
 tr/s honnore'e magnificence {la-tres-ounororio-manifisdnso) : secretaire du 
 roy nostre sire {secretdyro - deu - ray - nStro - siro) ; glorieuse renommee 
 {glorieUzo renoumme'o). This leaves us no room to doubt what was 
 
 ^ See the Historical Grammar, p. 14. 
 
I 
 
 the 
 
 THE VOWELS. 
 
 the pronunciation of the e mute at that time, and shews that it was 
 plainly discernible. 
 
 How to study the transit of the Latin Vowels into French, 
 and the Rules of Accent. 
 
 § 48. If we compare words to a living organism, the consonants 
 will be the bones, which can only move by help of the vowels, which 
 are the connecting muscles. The vowels then are the fugitive and 
 shifting part of a word ; the consonants its stable and resisting part. 
 Hence the permutation of vowels is subject to less certain laws than 
 that of consonants ; they pass more readily from one to another. 
 
 The Latin vowels must be studied in two ways, — as to quantity, 
 and as to accent. 
 
 1. As to their quantity ; they may be short like the e of ferum, 
 long by nature like the e of avena, or long by position ^ like the e of 
 ferrum. This distinction may seem trifling, but is really far from un- 
 important ; for, following these three differences of quantity, the Latin 
 e is transformed into French in three diff"erent ways : the short e be- 
 comes ie (ferus, fier) ; the long e becomes oi (avena, avoine) ; and 
 the e long by position does not change (ferrum, y^r). 
 
 2. As to their accent ; in every word of more syllables than one 
 there is always one syllable on which the voice lays more stress than 
 on the others. This raising of the voice is called the * tonic accent,' or 
 more simply, the ' accent.' Thus in the word raison the accent is on 
 the last syllable ; in raisonndble, it is on the last but one. This syl- 
 lable, on which the voice lays more stress than on the others, is called 
 the ' accented ' or * tonic ' syllable : the others are unaccented, or, as the 
 Germans name them, ' atonic ' ^. The tonic accent gives to each 
 word its proper physiognomy, its special character ; it has been well 
 called ' the soul of words.' In the French language the accent is 
 always placed on one of two syllables ; — on the last when the termina- 
 tion is masculine^ (as chanteiir, aime'r,finir, recevrd) ; on the penulti- 
 mate when the termination is feminine (as r6ide,p6rche, voyage). In 
 Latin also, the accent occupies one of two places; penultimate, when 
 
 ^ A term borrowed from Latin prosody, which so calls words followed 
 by two consonants, which are * long by position,' not by nature. 
 
 ^ In short, every word has one accented syllable, and only one ; the rest 
 are unaccented, or atonic ; thus, in the word formule, the last syllable is 
 tonic, the other vowels are unaccented ; in Latin, in cantorem, the penul- 
 timate is accented, the others are atonic. 
 
 ^ That is to say, when the word does not end with e mute ; when it 
 ends with e mute, the termination is said to be feminine. 
 
 e 2 
 
Hi INTRODUCTION. 
 
 that syllable is long (as cantorem, amare, finire), antepenultimate, 
 when the penultimate syllable is short (rigidus, porticus, viaticum). 
 
 We have just seen how important it is, with a view to the origin of 
 the French language, to distinguish the quantity of the Latin vowels. 
 It is still more so to distinguish their accent ; the tonic and atonic 
 vowels do not change into the same vowels in French. 
 
 We will now state the five rules of Phonetics : they are the 
 fundamental laws for the transformation of Latin into French, and 
 of the constitution of the French word. 
 
 § 49. I. The Latin Accent always survives in French ; i.e. the 
 tonic accent always remains in the French on that syllable which it 
 occupied in the Latin word ; whether that syllable was the penulti- 
 mate, as in amdre, aimer ; t6mplum, temple ; or the antepenult, as 
 ordcTilum, oracle; articulus, article ; durdbilis, durable. Thus we 
 see that the accented syllable is the same in each language ^ 
 
 In studying the fate of the other syllables, which are of course all 
 atonic, we must distinguish between those which come after the tonic 
 syllable, as the e of cantorem, and those which precede it, as the a 
 of cantorem.. 
 
 We will first consider those which follow the tonic syllable ; they 
 can occupy only one of two places, the last syllable, or the last 
 but one, when it is a short syllable. 
 
 § 50. II. Every atonic Latin vowel, in the last syllable of a 
 WORD, DISAPPEARS IN French. — Thus, m^re, mer ; amare, aimer ; 
 porcus, pore ; mortdlis, mortel; or, which is in fact the same thing, it 
 is written as an e mute, as ^wsi\x^, ferme ; templum, temple. 
 
 § 51. III. When the penultimate of a Latin word is atonic, 
 the Latin vowel disappears in French. — In words accented on the 
 antepenult, as ordculum, tabula, articulus, durabilis the penultimate 
 vowel is necessarily short in Latin ; this vowel, being absorbed by the 
 tonic vowel preceding it, was scarcely sounded at all; the refined 
 Romans may have given it a slight sound, but the popular voice 
 neglected altogether such delicate shades of pronunciation. In 
 all the remains of popular Latin that have come down to us (the 
 Graffiti of Pompeii, inscriptions, epitaphs, &c.), the short penultimate 
 is already gone : we find oraclum, tabla, postus, moblis, vincre, 
 suspendre, &c. ^; and when this common Latin became French, 
 the words thus contracted became in turn oracle, table, poste, meuble, 
 vaincre, suspendre, &c. Indeed, by the law which forbids the French 
 
 ^ We are not speaking here of words of learned origin ; these rules 
 refer only to words of popular origin. 
 
 ^ In more than one case the short penultimate had already disappeared 
 even in classical Latin, as in saeclum, poclum, vinclum. 
 
THE VOWELS. liii 
 
 language to throw the accent farther back than the penultimate syl-*^"^?^ 
 lable, it was compelled, if it would retain the Latin accent in its proper 
 place in words formed from oraculum, tabula, &c., to suppress the 
 short u of the penultimate, and to say oracle, table, &c. 
 
 We have now considered the two classes of atonic syllables which 
 follow the tonic syllable, let us go on to enquire according to 
 what law atonies which precede the tonic syllable pass into French. 
 These atonies may be divided into two classes : those which precede 
 the tonic syllable immediately, as the o of derogare, and those which 
 are at a farther distance from it, as the e of derogare. 
 
 § 52. IV. Every AxoNit Latin vowel which immediately precedes 
 
 THE TONIC SYLLABLE DISAPPEARS IF IT IS SHORT, REMAINS IF IT IS 
 
 LONG \ — It disappears if short, as sanitatem, bonitatem, positura 
 becom2 sante, bonM, posture'^. It remains if long, as coemeterium, 
 ornamentum, cimetiere, ornemeni. 
 
 § 53. V. Every atonic Latin vowel which precedes the tonic 
 
 SYLLABLE AT A GREATER DISTANCE REMAINS IN THE FrENCH. — ThuS the 
 
 o in positura remains in the French posture ; sanitatera, sant^ ; ves- 
 tim6ntum, vitement. (See the Dictionary, s.v, ble', briller.) 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 History of the Latin Vowels. 
 
 Thus, by help of the Latin accent, and the quantity of syllables, 
 we have fixed the five laws according to which the Latin vowels dis- 
 appear or remain in passing into French. Let us now reconsider these, 
 and see whether the French language has retained intact the vowels 
 it has received from the Latin, or has altered them, and, if so, after 
 what laws. This study of Latin vowels in their nature must be 
 thus divided — first the simple vowels (a, e, i, o, u), then the diph- 
 thongs (ae, oe, au, eu), and each of these subdivided again into 
 accented and atonic. 
 
 History of A. 
 § 54. I. The Latin a, when long by position, remains, as arbor, 
 
 ^ For examples, see the Dictionary, s.v. able, affable, ancre, asperge. 
 
 * For examples, see the Dictionary, s.v. accointer, aider. I have also 
 rorked out these two laws in detail in the Jahrbuch fur romanische Lit- 
 tratur (Leipzig, 1867). 
 
 " In a very few instances it becomes e (see acheter'), or at (see aigle). 
 
liv INTRODUCTION. 
 
 2. The Latin a and a, treated alike in French, become ai before 
 the liquids /, m, n, if these consonants are followed by a vowel. 
 This at answers also to e, and is found under that form in the 
 suffix len (see ana'en), which stands for iai'n by a slight alteration. 
 
 3. a and a may also become at, by the attraction of the t, in words 
 which have the accent on the antepenultimate, when the t is con- 
 sequently penultimate (see dnier). 
 
 4. a and a become e before the rest of the simple consonants ; 
 they become an open e before a consonant followed by r {br, tr, 
 dr, pr) ^, as fratrem, frere ; they become a closed e before mute 
 consonants (see abbi), and before final consonants. 
 
 5. a and a become also ie in some words like canis, chien ; gravis, 
 grief; pietatem, pili^ ; but this has been arrived at by passing 
 through <?, and then by strengthening the e with an i, which has 
 produced the diphthong I 
 
 History of E. 
 
 § 55. We have already said (§ 46) that the Latin e was sounded 
 by the Romans like the open French e in aprh ; and e was a similar 
 but longer sound, like the French e in tete. 
 
 L— E. 
 
 § 56. The Latin e becomes a diphthong ie in French (except before 
 gutturals): as in ferum, jff^ry mel, miel ; fel, fiel ; pedem, pied; 
 tenet, iient ; venit, vient ; -getvaiXCi, pierre ; febviva, fievre ; deretro, 
 derriere ; palpebram, paupiere ^ : and this tendency to turn e into 
 a diphthong is so strong that it affects even the French ^ in position 
 and treats it as e before a simple consonant; as in ped(i)ca, 
 piege ; lep(o)rem, lievre ; tep(i)duiQ, tiede ; eb(u)luin, hieble ; he- 
 
 ^ R in this case does not lengthen the preceding vowel by position. 
 
 2 a becomes / in eerasus, cerise ; in tabanus, taon ; phiala,/o/^. 
 
 ^ Brefirom. brevis, tu es from es, are not true exceptions to this rule ; 
 for in Old French the words were more correctly brief and tu ies : the 
 words have been re-fashioned by the clerks and latinists of the close of 
 the middle ages, in order that they might be brought to a nearer re- 
 semblance to the Latin forms. The only true exception is et from et. 
 Such words as lepra, lepre ; tenebras, tenebres ; celeber, celebre, are 
 learned, not popular, words. 
 
THE VOWELS. Iv 
 
 d(e)ra, lierre ^ The history of the change of e into the diphthong 
 ie is very short; it did not take place in Latin times, for there is 
 no trace in the common Latin of that strengthening of the sound 
 which is got by the change into a diphthong le; still the common 
 Latin bears witness in its own way to the need it felt of strengthening 
 the short e ; for we find it constantly written ae after the sixth cen- 
 tury : thus inscriptions and barbarous diplomas always write paedem 
 for pedem, faerum for ferum, paetra for petra; an important fact, 
 which shews, not that the Mer^viugians pronounced e as ae, but 
 that they gaye^^the. | so much emphasis as to oblige Jhe_.s^^^ 
 find _a distinct _symbol to expxess„iha..ne.w, 5Qu.nd. From the ninth 
 century downwards ze is found (as c aelum, d el, in the Song of St. 
 Eulalia ; ' Qu'elle Deo raneiet chi maent sus en del,' literally ' Quod 
 ilia Deum renegabit qui manet sursum in caelo '). 
 
 The only word which is a true exception to this rule is Dieu from 
 Deum, D6um first became, in very early French, De'o, and is so 
 written in the Oaths of a.d. 842 ; it is also written Deu in the eleventh 
 century in the Oxford Psalter (Ps. 149, 6) ^; then Diu, by the change 
 of eu into , m. Next the accent was displaced, Diu becoming 
 Dm, and the strong diphthong a weak one. Finally, Dm becomes 
 Dieu, just as plus becomes pieux. 
 
 § 57. Let us pass to the case of e in a word accented on the ante- 
 penult, and followed by eus, ius, ia, ium : we shall see that it becomes 
 ie in levium, lie'ge ; ministerium, me'iier ; melius, O. Fr. miels, 
 mieux ; but i in imperium., empire ; pretium, prix ; mLedium, mi ; 
 ingenium., engin ; species, e'pice. 
 
 § 58. Before gutturals e and e are treated in the same manner 
 in passing into French ; we shall therefore treat of these together, 
 although this chapter properly deals with e only. 
 
 E and e before a guttural pass into i (this influence of gut- 
 turals in like manner affects a, by transforming it into ai) : 
 thus, nee, ni ; decem, dix ; legit, lii^ ; peius, pis; vervecem, 
 
 ^ The exceptions are gen(e)rum., gendre ; ten(e)rumi, tendre ; and this 
 exception is doubtless due to an intercalated euphonic d, which made a 
 group of these consonants, and weighted the word so heavily, that it was 
 easier to keep the short e than to pronounce the diphthong ie. Merle 
 (mer(u)la), was written correctly mierle in Old French, and transformed 
 into merle by the learned. 
 
 2 For the accentuation of this Psalter, and its value as helping to fix 
 the history and pronunciation of the French vowels, I refer the reader 
 to my article in the Reruue Critique, 1871, ii. 247. 
 
 ^ Legit is written ligit in several Merovingian documents of the seventh 
 century : this i was certainly pronounced very much like ei, and did not 
 take the sound of i pure till after it had received its French form. 
 
Ivi 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 hrehis ; and this tendency is a very early one, for we can trace 
 the change from e into i even in the common Latin (as berbicem 
 for vervecem in the Lex Salica). Before hard g and c, e and e 
 change to oi ; as legem, loi ; neco, noie. 
 
 The chronological evolution of e may be expressed thus : — 
 
 e (as in pedem, medium, legit, &c.) 
 
 i 
 
 ae (in the 6th century, 
 nq ^ as paedem) 
 
 2 <T> 
 
 ^ ft) 
 
 ie (from the 9th cent, as pied). 
 
 i in the 3rd century before 
 ^ ^ gutturals, &c., as ligit, 
 ;5 p- midium, &c.) 
 
 5 3 
 
 / (from the 8th century ; as //V, 
 mi^ dix^ &c.). 
 
 IL— B. 
 
 § 59. E is found to have taken the i form in early common Latin 
 documents ; and Inscriptions of as early a date as the second century 
 (see Schuchardt, i. 104) are full of such forms as mercidem, dibet, 
 virus, cadire, capire, tradire. This i must have had a sound inter- 
 mediate between closed / and pure i (perhaps one something like 
 that of the French ei in veille), for it has taken two different French 
 sounds, as i on the one side (mercedem, mercidem, merci) and 
 as ei on the other side, whence comes the oi of Modern French 
 (thus verum. Low Lat. virum. Old Fr. veir, Mod. Fr. voir). We 
 must consider these two developments of the Latin e in detail, and 
 trace the path by which they have at last arrived at two such very 
 different results. 
 
 § 60. To clear the way ^, let us begin by at once making out a 
 list of the words which have sharpened into a pure i the natural 
 tendency of the Latin e to become i in Merovingian days : e became 
 i before a simple consonant (except the nasals) in the following words : 
 mercedem, merci; cera, cire ; berbecem, brebis ; presus *, pris ; 
 pagesis *, pays ; marchesis *, marquis ; and sometimes even before a 
 
 ^ In a very few instances, and before /, n only, e continues unchanged : 
 strena, etrenne; candela, chandelle; crudelis, cruel. All other cases of 
 the continuance of the e, such as severus, se'vere; extradere, extrader^ 
 are cases of learned words. 
 
THE VOWELS. Ivii 
 
 nasal, as in venenum, venin ; saracenus, sarrasin ; racemus, raisin ; 
 pullicenum, poussin ; pergamemum., parchemin ^. 
 
 § 61. Before the nasal consonants, e, after becoming ?', is developed 
 into ei; just as before the nasals a becomes ai (§ 54). This e, which 
 became ei before a nasal at the very origin of the French language, was 
 accentuated on the former vowel, and was pronounced sonorously, 
 like the /?' in Ital. ///. In the eleventh century we find in the Oxford 
 Psalter (of which we have already spoken in § 56) the forms con- 
 se'il, ceint, vie'il, veine ; and, in the sixteenth century, Palsgrave gives 
 us the true pronunciation of ei in his * Example howe prose shulde 
 be sounded' (Book i. p. 57). There he writes the phrase conseil de la 
 souverdyne, by the phonetic forms ' counsey de la sovuerdyne! After 
 the sixteenth century ^i was flattened into ei, then into /: thus vena 
 was vina in Merovingian Latin, veine in the eleventh century, veine 
 in the sixteenth, and now is pronounced vene, though still written 
 veine, a form which remains as an orthographic indication of the 
 old pronunciation which has gone. The like change is to be found 
 in serena, sereine ; verbena, verveine ; balena, baleine ; ren, rein; 
 plenum, plein ; frenum, frein ^ / and in some cases this ei has dropt 
 to oi, as avena, O. Fr. aveine, Mod. Fr. avoine ; fenum, O. Fr. fein, 
 now foin ; and indeed the process has gone yet further, and has 
 reached to ai, as terrenum, terrain ^. 
 
 § 62. Before a simple consonant (except the nasals) e becomes 
 oi, in : habere, avoir ; sapere, savoir ; debere, devoir ; sedere, seoir ; 
 raesiB'^ , mois ; hourgesia* , bourgeois ; regem., roi ; legem., loi; serus, 
 soir ; verus, voir; heres, hoir ; me, mot; te, loi; se, soi; tres, 
 trois ; tela, toile ; velum, voile ; in which words oi is pronounced as 
 French oua : in a few other cases oi has gone and is replaced by 
 ai : thus theca, O. Fr. loie, taie ; creta, O. Fr. croie, craie ; alnetum, 
 O. Fr. Aunoi, Aunay ; franeesis *, O. Fr. Frangois, Frangais. 
 
 But hitherto we have only stated the mechanical facts of these 
 changes; we must also describe their history, and point out (i) how 
 e becomes oi ; (2) how, and in what cases 02' becomes ai. 
 
 § 63. How e becomes oi, and then ai. 
 
 We have seen already (§ 60) that before nasal consonants the 
 classical Latin e becomes i in Merovingian Latin, then a sonorous 
 
 ^ For the nasal sound of i in in, see § 73. 
 
 2 Notice that ei is sounded like e when n has continued to be sounded, 
 as in sereine, •veine; while it takes the nasal sound of in in words of a 
 masculine termination, such as frein, plein, whose ein is sounded exactly 
 like the in of -venin, raisin : for this nasalisation, see § 73. 
 
 ^ In the body of the Dictionary will be found the explanation of the two 
 exceptions, remus, rame ; sebum, suif. 
 
Iviii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 ei in the oldest French monuments, then was stopped in its progress, 
 and was flattened to I. Before all other consonants, on the contrary, 
 this development was not so suddenly arrested : thus debere, francesis, 
 become successively debire, francisis (seventh century), deveir, 
 fran^e'is (tenth century). At the end of the tenth century this 
 sonorous // became a sonorous Si'^, and we get devoir ^ frangSis. By 
 the end of the twelfth century this sonorous 6i is softened into a 
 sonorous 6e : just as the Latin foidere, Coilius became foedere, 
 Coelius, so devSir, frangois changed their pronunciation and became 
 devSer, frangSes. But it may be noticed that at the end of the 
 twelfth century it was a characteristic and uniform mark of French 
 vocalisation, that it weakened all the strong diphthongs, and that the 
 accent passed from the first vowel of the diphthong to the second : 
 then devoer, frangSes became devoe'r, frangoe's. In this thirteenth- 
 century pronunciation the modern pronunciation can already be 
 recognised ; for Modern French has been formed by the simple change 
 of the strong diphthong into a weak one. 
 
 Let us now sum up this first period of the evolution of change by 
 means of a table : — 
 
 Classical Latin . . 
 
 . . e 
 
 1 
 
 Merovingian Latin . 
 
 1 
 . . i 
 
 1 
 
 Tenth century . . 
 
 . . ei 
 1 
 
 Before a.d. 1050 . . 
 
 1 
 . . oi 
 1 
 
 After A.D. 1050 . . 
 
 I 
 . . oe 
 1 
 
 Twelfth century . . 
 
 1^ 
 . . oe 
 
 From the fourteenth century onward a new evolution of oe' begins 
 to take place, and this in two directions : (i) 0^' advances towards 
 a more closed sound ; (2) towards a more open sound. 
 
 1. The closed sound. — Just as the Latin foem.ina, coelum, poena, 
 coena, quickly took the weaker forms femina, eelum, pena, cena, 
 so did the French 0/ in certain cases drop to the weaker e (between 
 the thirteenth and the fifteenth century) : thus the pronunciation 
 Frangois, Angloes^ dropped to the simple sound Frange's, Angle's. 
 
 ^ By sonorous oi I mean the sound of oi in the English word 'voice 
 (which is also the Italian and Greek oi) ; that is to say, a strong diphthong, 
 accented on the first part, in contradistinction to the sound of the Modern 
 French oi ( = Fr. oua), which is a weak diphthong, accented on the last 
 vowel. 
 
THE VOWELS. lix 
 
 This new sound is often, in documents before the seventeenth cen- 
 tury, rendered by e, which is its proper symbol; but for the most 
 part the Old French spelling in oi was kept, as in Frangois, Anglois, 
 although it in no way answered to the pronunciation. In order 
 to end this discrepancy between the sound and the spelling, Nicolas 
 B^rain (a.d. i68i?), and after him Voltaire, proposed to represent 
 by ai'^ the sound so ill represented by oi ; it would have been more 
 logically proper had this sound, really an open e, been expressed 
 by e ; but at was chosen, a symbol which simply still farther in- 
 creases the orthographic difficulties of the French language. Adopted 
 and pushed by Voltaire, the fashion of spelling in ai triumphed, 
 and the French Academy adopted it authoritatively, to the exclusion 
 oi 01, in the sixth edition of its Dictionary (a.d. 1835). 
 
 II. The open sound. — In another direction, oe instead of becoming 
 weaker constantly gathered strength. From 0^ in the fifteenth century 
 it passed to the sound oue, transformed in the sixteenth by popular 
 usage into oua. Palsgrave, in his specimens of French pronunciation 
 (a.d. 1535), Book i. p. 61, gives us droit, vicioire, pronounced as 
 droat, vicioare. Still this pronunciation of oi as oa, which was that 
 of the Parisian citizens (as Henri Estienne tells us), was not at 
 once adopted by the court and the literary circles : they retained the 
 oue' sound for more than two centuries. Moli^re makes fun of the 
 peasantry for saying oua for oi', and Louis XIV and Louis XV used 
 to say un ouezeau (oiseau), la /oue {/oi), la hue {lot) : the oua sound 
 did not triumph finally till the end of the eighteenth century. The ( 
 stage stuck to oue up to the beginning of the present century ; and | 
 Lafayette in 1830 pronounced le roi, le roue'. The oua sound, — which 
 has two shades of pronunciation, oua when it stands at the end of 
 a word, as /oua {/oi), loua {loi) ; and oa when the word has a final 
 consonant which is sounded, as devoir, gloire, vidoire, — is then ex- 
 pressed in French by oi, which is the eleventh century orthography. 
 By this example may be seen how in certain cases orthography falls 
 far behind the progress of pronunciation. 
 
 § 64. The study of the history and developments of the Latin e 
 will best be shewn by the following table : — 
 
 ^ This ai at a later time became confounded with e, and finally sup- 
 planted it, very wrongly; for the two symbols e and ai originally re- 
 presented two entirely different sounds. 
 

 C« 
 
 w 
 
 H 
 O 
 
 a 
 
 PQ 
 
 <1 
 O 
 t— I 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 
 g w g « 
 
 J^ 2 " -^ 
 
 _•« a a o . 
 
 r o o o o 
 
 >. >» 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 c o 
 i2 o 
 
 r«5- 
 
 i2 
 
 __.^^ <» 'W 
 
 « Z 
 
 O J2 
 
 
 H 
 H 
 
 •5 S 
 
 .ti'^ 
 
 
 
 O C 3 3 
 
 ir o fe o 
 
 Cm w> > en 
 
 
 w no 
 
 .5 h So 
 
 
 •£<5j5 
 
THE VOWELS. Ixi 
 
 III. — E in Position. 
 
 § 65. E in Latin position (i. e. when it is followed in the Latin 
 word by two consonants) always remains unchanged : as herba, her be ; 
 testa, teie ; festa, fete ; fernim, /er ; inferniun, enfer ; hibemum, 
 hiver^ ; except that before gutturals the e is 'iotacised,' or passes 
 into the i form, under the usual influence (§ 58) of the guttural: 
 and this either into /.' as pectus, />u/ lectum, lit ; confectum, confit ; 
 sex, six ; despectum, de'pit ; or into ei, as sed'cim, tred'cim, seize, 
 treize ; and later on this ei becomes oi, as tectum, toit ; cresco 
 (by transposition crecso*), crois ; directiun (Low Lat. dirictum, 
 drietum, O. Fr. dreii), droit ; and finally into ai, as in paresco (Low 
 Lat. parisco, O. Fr. pareis, then parois), parais. 
 
 For e becoming ei, oi, and ai, see §§ 61, 62, 63. 
 
 § 66. E in French position (i. e. when followed in the later 
 stages of transition by two consonants), as debita, deb'ta, dette. 
 
 1. e is treated as if it were not in position, and therefore it follows 
 the course of e, which passes into ie (§ 56): as lep(6)rein, lievre ; 
 ped(i)ca, /"/^"^ / tep(i)dus, tiede ; eb(u)luni, Jiieble, &c. ^ 
 
 2. e in position remains unchanged: as deb(i)ta, dette ; quadra- 
 ges(i)ma, careme ; cler(i)cus, clerc, &c. 
 
 And this may be thus expressed : — 
 
 E in Latin position 
 
 I -^ -1 
 
 before gutturals becomes continues as e, except 
 
 Merovingian i, before gutturals ; as 
 
 which passes into whence Fr. / ; 
 
 1 . ei ; as sed'cim, seize, as lectum., //'/. 
 
 2. oi; as tectum, toit, 
 
 3. ai; as -pareaco, parais. 
 
 herba, berbe. 
 
 ^ The only true exceptions are lucerna, lucarne, and lacerta, le%ard: 
 in the Dictionary will be found the history of each of these exceptional 
 forms. The change of e into a before r (as is also seen in per, par) follows 
 a secondary law which is explained in my Memoire sur le changement de 
 /'e latin en a, in the Memoires de la Societe de Linguistique, i. 418. In 
 niece from neptia, tiers from tertius, the ie has been formed by the 
 transposition of the i; as also in siecle, which is a bad and semi-learned 
 form, as is shewn by the retention of the c ; seule would have been the 
 good form of the word. 
 
 ^ Merula, posterula, and asperagus*, have been treated as if they 
 had an e in Latin position ; and have given rise to merle, poterne, 
 asperge. 
 
Ixii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 E in French position 
 
 I ' 1 
 
 if e, if e, 
 
 becomes ie ; as remains unchanged ; as 
 
 lep(o)rein, lie'vre. dericus, clerc, 
 
 § 67. General r^sumd of the passage of the Latin e into the French 
 language : — 
 
 I. e always becomes ie (except before gutturals, when it always 
 becomes i). 
 • 2. e becomes t, which sometimes, though very seldom, con- 
 tinues as t ; but usually passes on to ei, oi, ai. 
 3. e in Latin position always remains unchanged (except before 
 gutturals, when it becomes i)\ e in French position re- 
 mains as ^, if long ; becomes z<?, if short. 
 
 History of I. 
 L— i. 
 
 § 68. The Latin i is treated in common Latin, and also in 
 French, as if it was e. We have seen, § 63, that the classical Latin 
 e took in common Latin an iotacised sound, like ei, which became 
 i, and was developed consecutively into ei in Old F>ench before 
 the eleventh century ; then into oi, as legem, ligem, le% hi. 
 
 Similarly the Latin i, in Merovingian times, was sounded like ei, 
 and written in Merovingian texts as e\ which simply became e'i in 
 very early French, then 6i\ as fidem, Merovingian Latin fedem, 
 O. Fr. fei, then foi. 
 
 This remarkable parallel may be best seen by the following 
 table :— 
 
 Classical Latin e (legem). i (fidem.). 
 
 Merov. Latin, i, pronounced 6i (ligem). e, pronounced 6i (fedem). 
 
 French of the nth century . . . eiQei,fei). 
 After that date oi (Jot, foi). 
 
 ^ The forms vecem, bebere, fedem, menus, &c., for vicem, bibere, 
 fidem, minus, &c., occur in Inscriptions of the times of the Empire: 
 and this pronunciation of i as //', expressed by e, dates from very early 
 times ; for we find in Varro ' Rustici nunc viam . . veham appellant.' 
 
THE VOWELS. Ixiii 
 
 This change of i into ot through O. Fr. ei, is also to be found 
 in pirum, poire ; pilum, poil ; picem, poix ; nigrum, noir ; minus, 
 moins ; sit, soil ; &itim,soi/; Yisim.,voie; iidem., foi ; \yi\y've, boire ; 
 pip'r, poivre ; Lig'rim, Loire ^ For details, and for the history 
 of the passage from Old French ei into oi, see above, § 61. 
 
 IL— I. 
 
 § 69. i usually remains in French: as nidum, nid ; ripa, rive ; 
 fvsMsm., fin ; vinum, 57z«/ ■gYYrQ.^x![n., prin (m prinie?nps) ; s\Q,si; vita, 
 vie ; pica, />z"<? ; and so too in the suffixes ills, il; as Aprilis, avril ; 
 icem = is, ix, as perdicem, perdrix ; radicem, rais (in raifort) ; 
 icum, icam = ?', ie, as am.icum, ami; vesica, vessie ; inum = ?>/, as 
 molinum, moulin ; ire = ir, as audire, ouir ; itum = i, as maritum, 
 mari ; ivum = ?/] as captivum, cMiif^. 
 
 § 70. Before a consonant followed by ius (eus), ia, ium, this 1, 
 whether long or short, usually remains: as filius, fil ; cilium, cil ; 
 servitium, service ; — lineum, linge ; tibiam, tige ; simia, singe ; — 
 familia famille; fili&,, fille ; linea, ligne ; vinea, vigne. In a few 
 cases, however, this i passes into ei (pronounced like e, as we have 
 seen in § 61): as consilium, conseil ; mirabilia, merveille ; nivea, 
 neige ; tinea, teigne : insignia, enseigne : and this ei, pronounced as 
 e, is met with in the latter form in vicia, vesce ; tristitia, tristesse ; 
 laetitia, Hesse ; -j^i^vitiEi, par esse ^. 
 
 The history of the passage of the Latin ~ and " into the French 
 language may be shewn as follows : — 
 
 ^ Sinus has stopped at sein, and vitrum at n^erre, because these 
 monosyllables instinctively keep all the strength they can. The Dictionary 
 explains how it is that sine has become sans : mine, ligo, plico, formed 
 the regular O. Fr. moine, loie, ploie; and these again have been reformed 
 in Modern French into mene, lie, plie. The only true exceptions are 
 eicer, chiche ; librum, li-vre (but the quantity of librum was uncertain); 
 other words, such as tigris, tigre, &c., are of learned origin. 
 
 ^ Patrinum, parrain ; matrina, marraine, at first changed the i into 
 ei (§ 70), whence O. Fr. parrein, marreine : for the change from ei to «i, 
 see §§ 61, 62, 63. Glirem, loir; pisum, pois, have treated the i as if it 
 were i : perhaps pois, which in regular course ought to have been pis, is so 
 formed in order to escape from the confusion between pis from pectus, 
 and pis from peius, and also pic from picus. Cer'voise does not come 
 from cerevisia, but from cervisa. 
 
 ^ See above, § 2. This change of i into e is also to be met with in vidua, 
 vidva, vedva, 've've, 'vewve. Courroie, from corrigia, has treated the i as 
 if it were i, see § 68. 
 
Ixiv 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 In Merovingian "I ' f^., ^ before ius, ia, before ius, ia, before any oth 
 times J ® <^^®^®°^>' ium ium letter it remain 
 
 always unchangi 
 
 / ifds). 
 
 in I oth century . ei {fe't) 
 
 in nth century . oi (^foi) ' 
 
 in nth century . 6e 
 
 in 1 2th century . oe {foi) 
 
 i (Jlle) 
 
 sometimes becomes 
 
 ei, as (^conseit), then 
 
 e (tristesje). 
 
 e one in 1 5th century, 
 
 as njerre from O. Fr. | 
 
 •voirre, vitrum. oua in i6th century. 
 
 III. — I in Position. 
 
 § 71. I in Latin position is changed to e in Merovingian Latin ^ : 
 thus fermum, ceppum, mettere, for firmum, cippum, mittere, are 
 found in Inscriptions ; and this e, pronounced et (see § 66), has 
 produced two distinct French forms, according as it has preferred 
 the open e sound, or the i sound. 
 
 § 72. (i) The e sound. — This is the usual way in which i in 
 position before all consonants, except the gutturals and nasals, is 
 changed : as ilia, elle ; axilla, aisselle ; firm.uin, ferme ; siccum, sec ; 
 missum, mets ; fissa, /esse ; arista, ar^ie ^ ; cippum, cep ; crista, 
 cr^te; evisT^a, cre'pe^. 
 
 ^ For details and history of the development of oi, see the table which 
 gives the history of e, above, § 63. 
 
 ^ i in position rarely remains unchanged; instances are ille, il ; villa, wl/e; 
 mille, mil ; millia, milk ; missum, mis (but also mets) ; scriptum, ecrit. 
 Such words as triste from tristis, argile from argilla, epitre from epistola, 
 are learned or half-learned words. 
 
 ^ Illos, capillos, ilicem, have formed, quite regularly, the O. Fr. els, 
 chevels, yelce, whence, at a later time, by softening /into u (see § 157), came 
 the Modern French eux, che^eux, yeux. Vierge, from virgo, is an ex- 
 ception ; but in O. Fr. the correct form, virge, was in use. 
 
 * In en, from inde, the word has taken the sound of an, a sound 
 which appears orthographically in such words as langue, dans, sangle, tanche, 
 ceans, dimanche, from the Latin lingua, &c. : these words were correctly 
 written as lengue, dens, &c., in Old French. 
 
THE VOWELS. Ixv 
 
 § 73. (ii). The ei sound, before nasals, whether they are (i) pure : 
 as imprim(e)re, empreindre ; exprim(e)re, epreindre ; or (2) fortified 
 by a guttural : as eing(e)re, ceindre ; exstingu(e)re, eieindre ; tin- 
 g(e)re, teindre ; fmg(e)re, y^zWr^; T^in^{e)ve, peindre ; string(e)re, 
 etreindre \ For the history of this ei sound, see § 61. 
 
 § 74. Before pure gutturals i first becomes ei, which later passes 
 into oi, and sometimes even into ai : as rig(i)dura, reide, roide, raide. 
 For the history of ei, oi, and ai, see §§ 61, 62, 63. But i is not in all 
 cases so fully developed ; in some words it even remains unchanged : 
 as periculiim, /£7V// GlsL-vicvlo,, cheville ; lenticvUa,, leniille ; craticula, 
 grille ; dictum, dit ; delictum, delii. 
 
 Before gl, ch, i drops to ei : as apic(u)la, aheille ; somnic(u)lus, 
 sommeil ; sicla*, seille ; vig(i)lo, veille ; triehila, ireille ; ovic(u)la, 
 O. Fr. otieille, now ouaille. (For ei = ai, see § 61.) Axic(u)lum. and 
 spic(u)lum made the O. Fr. aissieil, espieil, which, by the later soften- 
 ing of I to u (§ 157), have produced essieu, e'pieu. 
 
 It is only before c, g, followed by a dental, that the i is completely 
 
 developed : thus strictus, digitus, rigidus, frigidum, explicitum, 
 
 become O. Fr. estreit, deil, reide, freii, expleit, now elroit, doigt, roide, 
 
 froid, exploit'^. .This oi (following the rule given in § 63) becomes 
 
 ai in roide, raide ; but e in implicita, empleite *, emploiie *, now emplette. 
 
 To sum up : — 
 
 I in French position 
 
 becomes e in Merovingian Latin, 
 
 in nth century is open e 
 before all consonants in i ith century is ei (sonorous) before 
 
 except nasals and ^ j 
 
 gutturals. I 
 
 I 
 nasals gutturals 
 
 12th cent. «■ nasal remains as « becomes oi in 
 before/ 12th century 
 
 before dentals. 
 
 Why is constringere, contraindre, written with at f Vincire makes 
 -vaincre, though O. Fr. t^eincre. Benignus, maUgnus, keep the i, as benin, 
 malin : setng and daigne come, through O. Fr. sein, daingne, deingne, from 
 signum, digno. Signum remains as sin in tocsin. 
 
 The attraction of the i with gutturals is so strong that it makes itself 
 lelt, even though a consonant be between it and the gutturals : thus discus, 
 meniscus, theodiscus, become dicsus, menicsus, theodicsus, whence O. Fr. 
 dets, meneis, tieis, then dots (now dais), menois, tiois. 
 
Ixri INTRODUCTION. 
 
 History of O. 
 I— O. 
 
 § 75. 6 only continues unchanged in French in a very few cases ; 
 that is, before the nasals : as sono, sonne ; bonus, bon ; sonum, son ; 
 homo, on : this o, which was sonorous (like the Italian o) in the 
 earliest French, becomes nasal (on) from the twelfth century.^ 
 
 § 76. Before all other consonants 6 becomes a diphthong in 
 French, in consequence of the necessity of strengthening the accented 
 short vowels. In all the Romance tongues, except Portuguese, the 
 Latin 6 becomes a diphthong by placing u before it, the vowel 
 which comes next after it in the scale of vowels : just as e called in 
 t to form t'e, so 6 attracted u, and formed the group ud, some 
 traces of which are even to be found in popular Latin ^; it also 
 has produced the Italian uo (novuni, It. nuovd). This uo was softened 
 into ue in Spanish (novum, nuevo), and, still more, into eu in French 
 (novum, neuf). But the remark made above, that the Romance 
 tongues offer us in space the same phenomena as are presented 
 by the French language in time, is here again shewn to be just; 
 for the Latin 6 was uo in ninth-century French — the Hymn of St. 
 Eulalia has buona ; in the eleventh century this uo had softened into 
 ue : thus novum, proba *, were nuef, prueve in the Chanson de Roland. 
 In the twelfth century the u dropped to o, the group ue became oe, 
 whence noef, proeve ; this group, oe, in the thirteenth century takes the 
 sound of the German d (as the rhymes of that age clearly shew). 
 Now, this German '6 being expressed in French by eu, the oe group 
 was transcribed into eu towards the end of the fourteenth century. It 
 may be noticed that, here as elsewhere, orthography has taken two 
 centuries to accommodate itself to pronunciation. Hence comes the 
 modern orthography of noviim, neuf; novem, neuf; proba, preuve ; 
 m.ovita*, meute ; volo, veux ; mola, meule ; Mesa, Meuse ; coquus, 
 queux; dolium*, ^<?«z7/ fd\i&,, feuille ; aolea.* , seui'l ; jocum, j'eu : also 
 locum, O. Fr. /eu, now written h'eu, just as Deu has become Di'eu. 
 
 But here also there are many orthographical irregularities : although 
 the pronunciation is eu, we find even now (i) the orthographical 
 twelfth-century form ue in accueillir, orguetl, cueillir^ : (2) the ortho- 
 
 * Let us add the two words, schola, ecole ; rota, O. Fr. roe, now roue. 
 
 ^ Schuchardt, ii. 329, cites buona for bona in a MS. of the seventh 
 century. 
 
 ^ While the O. Fr. muete, from movita, was changed in regular course 
 to meute in Modern French, the old form remained in the hunting-term 
 muette, a. house in which hunting relays are kept : hence comes the name 
 La Muette, a chateau in the Bois de Boulogne, mentioned in the cor- 
 respondence of the eighteenth century. 
 
THE VOWELS. 
 
 Ixvii 
 
 graphic form oeu, which is still more uncouth, is bovem, bceuf; 
 sororem, soeur ; cor coeur, which were buef, siier, cuer in the twelfth 
 century. This strange orthography was invented by the copyists, 
 who were embarrassed by ue, oe, and eu ; they got rid of the 
 difficulty by a compromise between oe and eu; that is, by sticking 
 these two diphthongal forms together {pe-\-eu = oeu). This ceu is even 
 reduced to ce, in ml. We must not be deceived by these irregularities 
 of the written language ; we must never forget that the true language, 
 the spoken tongue, is, on the contrary, perfectly regular in its 
 aevelopments. 
 
 § 77. After reaching eu, the Latin 6 usually remains stationary : it 
 does, however, sometimes undergo a change, and descends to u : 
 thus forum was first O. Fr. /uer, then /eur, now /ur : and the O. Fr. 
 meure, deu, meu, meutin, bleuet, peure'e, have dropped to mure, bu, mil, 
 mutin, bluet, pure'e. Gageure is still pronounced gagure. 
 
 To sum up : — 
 
 Latin 6 
 
 before all consonants 
 
 except the gutturals 
 
 becomes 
 
 1 
 in 6th century Merovingian uo 
 
 I 
 in 9th century French . . uo 
 
 in nth century French . . ue 
 
 in 12th century French . . oe 
 
 in 1 3th century French . , eu (0) 
 
 written alike as 
 ue, eu, ceu, oe, 
 
 before the nasals 
 
 in the i ith cent, on (sonorous) 
 in the 12th cent, on (nasal). 
 
 remains as eu 
 
 I 
 drops to u in i6th cent. 
 
 IL— O. 
 
 § 78. 6 in popular Latin early took a sound intermediate between 
 pure and ou — a sound which transcribers expressed by u : thus 
 we find honur, amur, neputem, nus, vus, &c., in the Inscriptions 
 of the fifth century, and in later Merovingian diplomas. 
 
 This new sound passed into the French language, which, in the 
 eighth century, in the Glosses of Cassel, has lu/li, purcelli, iundi ; 
 in the ninth century, in the Oaths of a.d. 842, we find amur, dunat, 
 returnar, nun ; while side by side with these are om, contra, non, which 
 
 f 2 
 
 iil 
 
Ixviii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 shews clearly how undecided^as the scribe as to the best way of 
 expressing this new sound, rendering iFsometimes by u, sometimes 
 by 0. From the ninth to the eleventh century it is usually noted by 
 u by French scribes : thus we commonly find, till the twelfth century, 
 duner, amur, ublier, sun, tute^ hume, lur {leur), in all French texts ^: 
 after the twelfth century the French scribes seem to prefer o to express 
 this sound ^, and write amor, honor, lor, oblier, tote, &c. Finally, the 
 thirteenth century abandons this misleading orthography (which did 
 not express the true sound, and made a confusion between o and u), 
 and created the two special notations eu and ou, for the two sounds 
 into which the Latin 6 sound is divided. 
 
 § 79. 6 passes regularly into eu (save in the cases stated below) : 
 as nepotem, neveu ; horam, heure ; florem, fleur ; cotem, queux ; 
 mobilis, meuble; illorum., leur; solum., seul; mores, moeurs; nodum, 
 noeud; votiim, voeu ; ovum, ceuf^; seniorem, seigneur: and all 
 suffixes in osum become eux : as virtutosum *, vertueux ; pedu- 
 culosum *, pouilleux ; ventosum, venteux * .* suffixes in orem be- 
 come eur : as dolorem., douleur ; honorem., honneur ; im.peratorem., 
 empereur^. Before we end, let us say that this eu coming from 6 
 (and expressed in the twelfth century by o, in the tenth and in 
 Merovingian Latin by u), cannot be confounded with the eu which 
 comes from 6 (expressed in the twelfth century by oe, in the eleventh 
 by ue, in the ninth by uo, see § 77). 
 
 § 80. Sometimes eu drops to u : thus morum becomes O. Fr. 
 meure, but from the sixteenth century mure, 
 
 § 81. There are a few cases (chiefly before dentals between two 
 vowels) in which 6 prefers to become ou : as nodo, noue ; voto, zjoue ; 
 doto, doue : and to these let us add sposus *, /poux ; nos, nous ; vos, 
 vous ; totum, tout ; amorem, amour ; zelosum, jaloux, 
 
 § 82. Before the nasals, 6, after becoming u in the eleventh century, 
 settles down as o in the twelfth century ; first as sonorous o (§ 75), 
 
 ^ And the editors of medieval works are wrong in concluding hence 
 that in these words u was pronounced as Modern French u: it is easy 
 to see, by means of rhymes of the period, that the pure u sound (like mur^ 
 from Latin u in m.urum.) never rhymes with such a word as amur (from 
 Latin o in amorem). 
 
 ^ On the other hand Anglo-Norman scribes retain the orthography in 
 tt, a fact which for a long time kept alive the belief that this u was the 
 distinctive sign of the Norman dialect; it is so, in fact, only from the 
 thirteenth century. 
 
 ^ In the words mceurs, nceud, 'vceu, ceufs, the oeu for eu is an unlucky 
 imitation of the ceu group, already treated in § 76. 
 
 * A remarkable exception is to be seen in zelosum, jaloux : compare 
 ^lou, gabelou, for Jileur, gabeleur. 
 
 ^ Amorem, amour, forms a single and singular exception. Labour is 
 simply the verbal substantive of labourer , and is therefore no exception. 
 
THE VOWELS. Ixix 
 
 then as nasal on (§ 75) thus leonem, donum, nomen, after having 
 been leun, dun, num in the eleventh century, are fixed as lion, don, 
 nam in Modern French. 
 
 § 83. Before the gutturals 6 is ' iotacised ; ' and, just as a becomes ai, 
 and e ei, so o becomes 6i, which in the eleventh century is sonorous, 
 like the Italian voi, but is weakened in the twelfth century into the 
 modern oi ; as vocem, votx. For the history of French oi, see § 63. 
 
 § 84. Before proparoxytons in eus, ea, eum, ius, ia, ium, the 6 
 attracts to it the i, and then one of two results follow: either (i) 
 the o remains, while it softens the subsequent consonant; either 
 continuing as o, as in ciconia, cigogne^, or following the regular 
 changes into eu, as folia, feuille ; solium, seuil ; or into ou, as 
 de-ex-spoliare, de'pouilkr (as is expounded in §§ 78, 79) : or (2) the 
 6 is * iotacised/ and becomes ui, as corium, cuir ; podium, pui ; 
 m.odium., muid ; hodie, hui ; oleum, huile ; troja, iruie : and this 
 sound afterwards drops to oivi\ eboreum*, ivoire ; m.onius *, moine ; 
 testimonium, temoin; dormitorium, dortoir ; gloria, gloire; historia, 
 histoire ^. 
 
 To sum up : — 
 
 O 
 
 In Merovingian Latin u 
 
 I 
 in 9th century either u or c, indifferently, 
 
 t 
 
 in nth century by | | | 
 
 preference . . u but ui before propar- oi before gutturals in 
 
 I I oxytons nth century, 
 
 I nth cent, oi 
 in 1 2 th century by | | 
 
 preference . . 12th cent, ot 12th cent, ot 
 
 I ' 1 
 
 which divides in 13th which is strengthened into 
 
 cent, into pure before nasals 
 
 I ' 1 I 
 
 eu ou on nasal, in Modern 
 
 f— ;— ' 1 French. 
 
 remains eu u in i6th cent. 
 
 (as morum, mure') 
 
 ^ Cicogne is a learned word ; and the true popular form of it is O. Fr. 
 soigne, which remains in the derivative soignole, from ciconiola {the le-ver 
 of a well, in Isidore of Seville). 
 
 "^ This oi, coming from Latin o + i, must not be confounded with oi 
 which comes from e or i: (1) because oi from o + i was never ei, whilst the 
 other oi was ei at the beginning of the French language. (2) oi from 
 e or i is a natural outcome of the Latin sound, while oi from o + i comes 
 from the addition of a Latin i to the Latin o. 
 
Ixx INTRODUCTION. 
 
 III. — O in Position. 
 
 § 85. O in Latin position, except in the two cases con- 
 sidered below (§§ 86, 87), always continues in French: as ossum, os ; 
 portum, porf ; longum, /ong ; soccum, soc ; porta, porte ; corpus, 
 corps ; comu, cor ; comua, come ; montem, moni. The same is the 
 case when o Latin is in French position (§ 88) : as coph(i)num, 
 coffre ; pon(e)re, pondre ; coni(i)tem, comte ; rot(u)lum, role ; com- 
 p(u)tum, compte ; hosp(i)teni, hSte ^ 
 
 § 86. In certain words this o drops to ou (see § 88) : as cortem *, 
 O. Fr. cort^ cour ; tomo *, O. Fr. tome, iourne ; torta, O. Fr. torle, 
 iourte ; coventus (from conventus), O. Fr. covent, convent; costare 
 (from constare), O. Fr. couster, coUter ; consuere, cosuere, O. Fr. 
 cousdre, coudre. 
 
 This is not the same kind of softening that has changed o into 
 ou in the following : mollis, O. Fr. mot, mou ; collis, O. Fr. col, cou ; 
 follis*, O. Yx.fol,fou ; pollicem, O. Fr. poke, pouce ; resolvere, O. Fr. 
 resoldre, re'soudre ; molere, O. Fr. moldre, vioudre ; vol(u)ta, O. Fr. 
 volte, voute ; colaphum, O. Fr. colp, coup ; rotulo, O. Fr. rolle, route ; 
 eorotulo, O. Fr. crolle, croule ; poljrpum, O- Fr. polpe, poulpe : for 
 these come from the resolution of ol into ou ; for the history of which 
 see § 157. 
 
 § 87. Before gutturals, and in proparoxyton words ending in ius, 
 ia, ea, &c., o is ' iotacised,' like all other vowels in the same position 
 (see §§ 70, 84), and becomes ol in the eleventh century (§ 84) ; this 
 at a later time becomes oi (§ 84), then ui towards the end of the 
 middle ages: thus noetem, O. Fr. nolt, null; cocsa (coxa), O. Fr. 
 coisse, cuisse ; octo, O. Fr. oil, huii ; coq(ue)re, O.Fr. coire, cuire ; 
 noc(e)re, O.Fr. noire, nuire ; ostium, O.Fr. oistre"^, huitre. Even in 
 common Latin we find ustium for ostium, ustiarius for ostiarius^. 
 For the history of French oi, see § 63. 
 
 ^ Why should dom(i)na, written domna in Merovingian texts, have 
 taken the strange form dame, while dom(i)nuin became dom in regular 
 course ? 
 
 - As late as Villon we find oistre (whence Engl, oyster) rhyme with 
 cloistre. 
 
 ^ This influence has been so strong that possum produced the O. Fr. 
 pots, now puis, although there is no guttural in the word : the probability 
 is that the word was treated as if it was pocsum. A remarkable irre- 
 gularity is to be seen in oc(u)lum, oclum in the fourth century (Appendix 
 ad Probum). Oclum produced the O. Fr. ucil, then oc'il whence comes 
 the transformation into (euU, U, as we have seen above, in § 76. 
 Why then have we a-veugle from aboculum, and not a'vcBil'? From the 
 form euil, plural euils comes the diphthongal form in ' ' 
 by dropping the /, comes the plural j'^'w*-. 
 
■ THE VOWELS. Ixxi 
 
 § 88. This mutual attraction between o and the gutturals is 'so 
 strong, that it even affects them when they are separated by another 
 consonant. In this case the o attracts the guttural, transposes it, and 
 produces the <?/ sound : thus cognosco, boscum *, becoming cognocso, 
 bocsum ^, produced connois, now connais ^, and hois. Similarly, when 
 the letters are divided from one another by a nasal: longe, mon- 
 (a)clius, canon(i)cus, become logne, moc'nus, canoc'nus, whence 
 loin, moift, chanoin. It should further be noticed that in the two 
 cases treated in this paragraph o stops at oi, and does not descend 
 to ui. 
 
 To sum up : — 
 
 O in Latin and French position is 
 I similarly treated. 
 
 In Merovingian Latin . . u 
 
 r ^ , 
 
 before all consonants (except before gutturals and pro- 
 
 gutturals and proparoxy- paroxytons in 
 
 tons in ius, &c.) ius, &c. 
 
 is strengthened to . o in nth cent. . di 
 
 in 1 2th cent. . or 
 in 1 5th cent. . . ou which 1 ' . 
 
 descends to I 
 
 (?) eu oi in 15th cent Kt 
 
 remains unchanged 
 if the gutturals are 
 separated from it by 
 a consonant. 
 
 General resume of the history of the Latin o : — 
 
 1. 6 remains unchanged before nasals; becomes a diphthong eu 
 
 before all other consonants. 
 
 2. 6 remains unchanged before nasals ; becomes oi before gutturals ; 
 
 eu or ou before other consonants. 
 
 3. o in position (Latin or French) becomes ui before gutturals; 
 
 remains unchanged before other consonants. 
 Thus we see that as the tendency of a is towards e, of e towards 
 i, so is that of towards u. 
 
 History of IT. 
 
 § 89. This vowel was pronounced like French ou by the 
 Romans : they used to express the French u sound ( = German u 
 
 ^ Similarly, we find in Inscriptions of the fifth century the form crex- 
 entem. ( = crecsentem.) for crescentem. 
 ^ For the later change of oi into ai, see § 63. 
 
Ixxii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 and Greek v) by the letter y, which in imperial times took (like 
 Gr. v) the sound of i pure. 
 
 Towards the end of the Empire the classical u sound is often 
 softened into il, which the copyists could not render by y, seeing 
 that that letter was softened in turn from U to /. Consequently, we 
 find a great confusion in the written language: u being taken to 
 represent the new ii sound, it was necessary in order to express 
 the old classical sound of u, to introduce a new orthographic sign, 
 ou. This is apparently a diphthong, but in reality has always ex- 
 pressed a simple sound ^ 
 
 I.— U. 
 
 § 90. Just as e and i become confounded together in Merovingian 
 Latin, and are both rendered in French by oi, so 6 and u undergo 
 the same fortune in French, o becoming ou, as is also the case with u 
 (except before nasals). 
 
 The Latin u sound is represented in Merovingian Latin by o, 
 a letter which certainly must have differed from pure u, since the 
 Appendix ad Probum (Keil, 199. 2) has * coluber non colober.' 
 Thus we find cobetus for cubitus in the Formulae Andega- 
 venses; jogum for jugum in the MS. of the Theodosian Code. 
 This sound, certainly intermediate between ou and eu, was usually 
 represented by u, then by 0, in the hands of the French scribes, 
 at the beginning of the language ; and it is only at the end of the 
 twelfth century that we notice this sound dividing in two very 
 different directions, and passing one way towards ou pure, as cubo, 
 couve ; ^xxigyxm., joug ; ubi, ou ; lupum, hup; and on the other side 
 towards eu ^, as gula, gueule ; colubra, conleuvre ; juvenis, jeune ; 
 supra, O. Fr. seur, now sur. For the softening of eu into u, see 
 §77^ 
 
 ^ We must take care not to confound ou, as found in sourd, which is 
 a simple orthographic transcription of the classical Latin u, with ou in cou 
 (a softened form of O. Fr. cou, originally col, from Lat. collem). In the 
 former case ou is a simple sound, and has always been such ; in the latter, 
 ou is the softened form of a strong diphthong, ou in the eleventh century 
 (§ 157), which also is a resultant of the softening of / into u. In the 
 eleventh century these two sounds, now altogether confused together, 
 were completely distinct. 
 
 '^ For this change of Merovingian 6 into eu, see § 76. 
 
 ' The same word has often undergone this double treatment, passing 
 into a form with eu and another with ou: thus lupum becomes O. Fr. both 
 leu and loup ; supra both seur (jur) and sor ; juvenis both jeune and jcne. 
 Modern French has only adopted one of these two forms. This eu from 
 u must not be confounded with the eu which really comes from 6, and 
 which has been treated of in § 76. The former was always eu in the 
 middle ages, but the latter was originally ue. 
 
THE VOWELS. 
 
 Ixxiii 
 
 § 91. Before gutturals this parallelism of 6 and u is again met with. 
 Just as 6 becomes oi (vocem, voix), so i also becomes oi (nucem, 
 noix ; crucem, croix). 
 
 § 92. There is a parallel phenomenon in proparoxytons in ius, 
 eus, ia, ea, &c. : o then becomes ui (as podium, puy ?), and li 
 becomes ui also in cupreum*, cuivre. A strange exception is 
 ducem, due. 
 
 § 93. So again before nasals : 6 and u become 6», which is 
 sonorous when followed by a single nasal and a vowel, but is nasal 
 in all other cases : sumus, sommes ; tuiun, ton ; suum, son. 
 
 Classical u 
 
 Merovingian . . . . .6 
 
 in nth cent u 
 
 in 1 2th cent o 
 
 before nasals is 
 dulled to 
 
 n I ith cent, o sonorous 
 
 n 1 2th cent, o nasal 
 
 before gutturals and 
 proparoxytons in ius, 
 &c., it is 'iotacised' 
 
 1 
 
 before other 
 consonants 
 
 1 2th cent, ou in 12th cent. eu. 
 
 II.— U. 
 
 § 94. The classical Latin u was at an early date transformed into 
 a softened u, and the scribes have kept the orthographic sign which 
 formerly designated ou to express this new sound. This change of 
 classical u into ii is general: crudum, cru ; cupa, cuve ; culum, cul ; 
 durum, dur ; scutum, ecu; gluten, glu ; jus, Jus ; luna, lune ; 
 maturum, miir ; miurum, mur ; mula, mule ; m.uta, mue ^ / nudum, 
 nu ; nuTbem, wz^^y purum,/z^r/ ^lixmsb, plume ; ^id^o, sue ; securum, 
 stir ; susum*, sus ; usus, us; and in the suffixes (i): \iva. = ure, as 
 armatura, armure ; secatura, sciure ; (2) utem = z/, as virtutem, 
 vertu ; salutem, saluf^ ; (3) utum = z^, as acutura, aigu ; minutum, 
 menu ; canutum, chenu. 
 
 ^ In the one word rage mue. The masculine mu from mutum remains 
 in the diminutive muet. 
 
 ■^ This is a form reconstructed by the learned : the O. Fr. regular form 
 was salu. 
 
Ixxiv INTRODUCTION. 
 
 § 95. Before the nasals u becomes nasal: as jejimiim, jmne ; 
 unum, un ; Melodunum, Melun ; Augustodunum, Autun ; Eburo- 
 dunum, Embrun : and this sometimes passed into a nasal o, as 
 Sedunmn, Sion ; Lugdunum, Laon, Lyon. 
 
 § 96. In proparoxyton words ending in -ius, -eus, &c., u or u, 
 through the reflex action of the i (or e) of the suffix, are transformed 
 into ui, 01 : as fugio, fuis ; Junius, juin ; pluvia, pluie ; puteus, 
 puits ; qvl^YAa, coiffe ; Cwcia,, Coi're ; cuneus, com : and this iotacism 
 is extended even to u when in position : angustia, angoisse ; bustia *, 
 boite. Diluvium has undergone peculiar treatment : instead of falling 
 under the influence of the i, and becoming oi, it has turned the i 
 into a consonant, whence comes diluvjum ; and then the u, being 
 before two consonants, does not follow the rule given below (§97) 
 for vowels in position, but becomes il {ddluge). Fleuve from 
 fluvius, and bute from buteo, are harder to explain : so also is heur 
 in boiiheur, malheur ; O. Fr. eilr^ ceiir ; Proven9al agur, from Lat. 
 augurium : here the i has no perceptible influence. (Can there have 
 been a late Latin form augurum * ?) 
 
 To resume the history of u : — 
 
 Classical . . . . u 
 
 Marovingian . . ii (which stands to classical 
 I u as ^« does to o) 
 
 before consonants before proparoxytons in 
 I ius, becomes 
 
 « I 
 
 I in nth cent, ui, oi 
 
 before nasals before other 
 
 I consonants 
 
 in nth cent, u sonorous 
 
 I 
 in 1 2th cent, u nasal 
 
 afterwards o nasal 
 
 IV.— U in Position. 
 
 § 97. It is an ascertained fact that the being *in position' (i.e. 
 followed by two or more consonants) protects vowels, and keeps them 
 unchanged : thus a in position remains as a : arbor, arbre ; e is still 
 e, as ferrum, fer. In order to preserve itself, u ought to keep the 
 pure ou sound, and not to drop to u; and this is exactly what 
 happens. U in position retains its classical purity, but under the new 
 orthographic sign of ou, as gutta, goutte. 
 
 U having, even in Merovingian times, become ii (see above § 94), 
 
THE VOWELS. Ixxv 
 
 .IS in purum, pur, the scribes of that time, wishing to shew that u 
 in position kept its ou sound, were obliged to have recourse to a new 
 symbol, and took for this purpose the letter o. Thus the Inscriptions 
 orlEe Empire and Merovingian diplomas are full of such forms as 
 fornum, mosca, dolcem, comolo, sordum, oltra, orsum, in all of 
 which o stands for u. 
 
 This Merovingian o was transcribed by the French scribes some- 
 times into «, sometimes into o; for they were as undecided about 
 the best sign for this new sound as the Merovingian scribes had been : 
 from the thirteenth century however it settled down definitely into 
 the oti sign. Thus turrim is turre in Merovingian Latin, tor in Old 
 French, and now four. 
 
 The same continuance of the Latin u in French, under the form 
 of ou, is to be seen in ampulla, ampoule ; bulla, boule ; betulla, boute ; 
 bucca, louche ; cub'tus, coude ; cultrum, coutre ; cursus, cours ; 
 curvum, courbe ; cuppa, coupe; curtum, court; culc'ta-puncta, 
 courte-pointe ; dulcem, doux ; dubito, doute ; fulgurem, foudre ; 
 furnum, four ; gutta, goutte ; gluttus *, glout * ^ / diumum, jour ; 
 luscum, louche; luridum, lourd ; musca, viouche ; ultra, outre; 
 ursum, ours; utrem, outre; pulv'rem, poudre ; pulsum, pouls ; 
 pulla, poule ; russum, roux ; sol'dum, sou ; subtus, sous ; satullum, 
 soul; suf'ero, souffre ; sulphur, sou/re; surdus, sourd; turba, tourbe ; 
 turbo *, trouve ; turrem, tour ; turnum *, tour ; tussem, toux. 
 
 The Old French o has remained in fluctus, _;?(?// multum, mot; 
 nuptiae, noces ; viburnum, viorne ; ulmum, orme ; ructus, rot; 
 gurges, gorge. 
 
 Hence it can be seen how very generally this rule is applied : 
 there are but few exceptions to it, and such are (i) in Latin position : 
 as nullum, nul ; rusticum, rustre ; fustem, fut; justum, juste ; 
 purgo, purge; dieusq\xe, jusque ; (2) in French position (§66): as 
 hum'lis, humble; jud'cem, juge ; pul'cem., puce; consuetud'nem, 
 coutume ; amaritud'nem, amertume. The cause of these exceptions 
 is not easily to be discovered ; nor is that of the two words burrus, 
 O. Fr. bidre, now burre, and butyrum, O. Fr. bur re, now beurre. 
 
 § 98. Before a nasal the Merovingian o remains as in French : 
 as columba, Low Latin colomba, colombe. This was sonorous 
 at first, in the eleventh century, then nasal (§ 77) from the 
 twelfth century. Similarly rotundus, rond ; undecim, onze ; unda, 
 onde ; mundum, monde ; num.erus, nombre ; pumicem., ponce ; 
 rumpere, rompre ; ciunulum, comble ; fMn.6.\nrL, . fond ; fundus, 
 fonds; de-unde *, dont ; summa, somme ; grundis *, gronde ; vere- 
 cundiam, vergogne ; Burgundia, Bourgogne. 
 
 § 99. Before gutturals u in position is iotacised, and becomes ui : 
 
 ^ Whence comes the derivative glouton. 
 
Ixxvi 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 thus finictus, fruit ; buxus ( = bucsus) \ bids ; tructa, truite ; lucere, 
 hiire ; conducere, conduire ; luota*, O. Fr. luiie (now lutte) : this rule, 
 however, does not hold good for u before cl, in which case it becomes 
 oi in very early French, and afterwards oui : as foenuculum. Low 
 Latin fenuelum, O. Fr. fenoil, now fenouil ; so too inductilis (later 
 form induclis*), andouille ; ranuda (for ranuncula), grenouille ; 
 colucula, quenouille ; as well as the Old Fr. pouil, verroutl, genouil 
 (now pou, verrou, genou, see § 157), from peduclum, veruclum, genu- 
 clum. Acucula has certainly produced aiguille; but the Old Fr. 
 was regularly formed, agoille and agouille. 
 
 § 100. When u is followed by a gutturalised nasal (i. e. by nc, ng, 
 gn) it is iotacised, and becomes oi ; at first sonorous (§ 43) and 
 strong, and now nasal (§ 44), in the form oin : as punctum, point ; 
 -pugniun., poing ; jungere, joindre ; ungere, oindre ; -pungerey poindre. 
 But unquam, onques ; ungula, ongle ; truncus, ironc ; juncus, jonct 
 have kept the o without becoming iotacised. 
 
 To sum up the history of u in position (Latin or French) : — 
 
 U in Latin or French position, 
 
 I 
 in Merovingian days . . o 
 
 before gutturals 
 
 before the other consonants 
 in nth cent, u 
 
 nth cent, oi 
 sonorous 
 
 nth cent, k/, oui 
 strong 
 
 I 
 
 before nasals 
 
 remains as 
 
 nth cent, o 
 
 sonorous 
 
 1 2th cent. 0/ 12th cent. «/, o«/ 12th cent. 
 
 nasal weak nasal 
 
 before the others 
 
 1 2th cent. ou. 
 
 Finally, as a general r^sum^ of the history of the passage of the 
 Latin u into French : — 
 
 Just as i has a tendency to ascend to e, u {ou) has a like tendency 
 towards 0. 
 
 1. 1 remains either as ou pure, or softened to eu (except before 
 
 gutturals, when it becomes ui or oi, and before the nasals, 
 when it remains as 0). 
 
 2. u is softened into ii (except when iotacised into ui by the 
 
 gutturals). 
 
 3. u in Latin or French position remains as ou (except when iota- 
 
 cised into ui, oui, oi by the gutturals, or into by the nasals). 
 
 * The X has had no influence on O. Fr. jouste from juxta, whence the 
 derivatives jouster, ajouster (now jouter, ajouter). So the guttural has gone 
 without leaving a trace from fl.uctus,^o^; ructus *, rot. 
 
THE LATIN DIPHTHONGS. Ixxvii 
 
 Y. 
 
 § 101. This letter, an importation from Greece, and intended to 
 represent Upsilon in the numerous words borrowed by the learned 
 Latin from the Greek, stands for the exact sound of the modern u. 
 The Greeks expressed the Latin u sound by ov. 
 
 Now this ii sound has been dealt with in three different ways 
 by the French : either (i) it has retained the ii sound, as 
 CiCvcpov, zizyj>hMm., Jujuie ; or (2) has risen to the full ou sound: 
 thus ^vpa-r], TTv^lda, KpvTrrr}, rvfi^os, which were byrsa, pjrxida, crypta, 
 tumba*, in Latin; then bursa, buxida, crupta, tumba, in Mero- 
 vingian Latin, and were treated as if formed with an original Latin u, 
 so making quite regularly the forms dourse (§ 97), M/e (§ 100), gro//e 
 (§ 97), fomde (§ 97) : or (3) il has followed the descending course, 
 which is towards z (just as the German Milller becomes English 
 miller^ and as the Latin maxumus passed first to maxumus, then 
 to raaximus), as tympanum, timbre ; m.yrtus, O. Fr. mirie (the 
 modern myrte is a classical reproduction). Similarly myxa became 
 micsa, and was treated in French as if written with an original i ; 
 whence come the two regular changes of micsa into misca (§170), 
 then misca to mesche (§ 126), lastly vieche. 
 
 CHAPTER IIL 
 
 The Latin Diphthongs. 
 
 § 102. Just as the tendency of the classical Latin was to soften the 
 primitive diphthongs of the Indo-European language \ so it is the 
 tendency of the popular Latin to reduce the diphthongs to simple 
 vowels, which are then treated as such by the French tongue ^. 
 
 L— AE. 
 
 § 103. Ae appears about the time of the Gracchi as a degenerate 
 form of the Old Latin ai (aidem, datai, then aedem, datae). Then 
 in turn this diphthong, already half-gone, is reduced to the simple e 
 sound, which must have taken place somewhat early, for Varro 
 speaks of edus, Mesius, as a popular pronunciation for haedus, 
 Maesius, and Lucilius ridicules the pronunciation Cecilius, pretor, 
 instead of Caecilius, praetor. Still, except on the Graffiti, or wall- 
 
 ' Of the six old Latin diphthongs, ai, ei, oi, au, eu, ou, classical Latin 
 has reduced ei to 1, and ou to u ; has changed ai to ae, and oi into oe ; 
 and only au and eu have remained untouched. 
 
 "^ Common Latin reduced ae and oe to e, au to o, and retained only 
 eu. 
 
Ixxviii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 inscriptions of Pompeii, e for ae is rather rare in Inscriptions down 
 to the third century ; after that time it becomes common in monuments 
 and MSS. : as preda, prefectus, presens, Grecus, for praeda, &c. 
 
 § 104. This ae has been treated, when in position, as a primitive 
 e (see § 65), whence comes regularly praesto, pre'/. When not in 
 position, the e which comes from ae is treated by the French 
 language ( i ) sometimes as an e, whence in due form (§ 61) comes ei, 
 then o/(§63): as balaena, balena, baleine ; praeda, preda, proie ; 
 blaesus, blesus, blois ; or (2) as a e, whence, in due form 
 (§56) the diphthong ie : as laeta, leta, lie ; quaerit, querit, quiert ; 
 saeculum, sec'lum, siecle. But how has ae become eu, ieu, in 
 hibreu (Old Fr. ibrieii), from Hebraeus ; Matthieu from Matthaeus, 
 and Old Fr. cieu for caecus; grieu from Graecus ; Dieu^ Old Fr. 
 Deu, from Deus .? This is a phonetic difficulty, which has as yet 
 received no answer, and remains very obscure. The same is the 
 case with the transformation of Judaeus into juif^ in which the d 
 has become y (as in sitim, soif) : and here the change from ae to 
 i cannot be explained, unless we suppose that it has taken place in 
 the same way in which iniquus, concido, illido, requiro, have come 
 from aequus, caedo, laedo, quaere. 
 
 II.— OE. 
 
 § 105. Just as the Old Latin ai became ae in classical times, and 
 then e in popular Latin, so the archaic Latin oi (foidere, Coilius) 
 is softened by the time of Plautus into oe (foedere, Coelius), which 
 becomes e in late imperial times. By the third century a.d. it was 
 difficult to distinguish between oe and e ^ : whence ae and oe, having 
 alike become e, have been similarly treated : thus we have oi, foenum, 
 (§ QQ),/oin ; ei in poena (which was poine in Old French, § 63), 
 peine ; also e from foemina, femme ; and ie (§ 56) in coelum, tenth 
 century eel (in St. Eulalia), del. 
 
 III.— AU. 
 
 § 106. Just as ai became ae, then e, so au becomes ao, then 0. 
 This change is to be seen more than once in classical times ; as in 
 Clodius for Claudius, oUa for aula, plostrum for plaustrum, ex- 
 plode from plaudo, suffoco from fauces : it becomes common in the 
 decadence of the Latin language : thus Festus says that in his days 
 auricula, aurum were pronounced oricula,*orum by country people. 
 In Merovingian documents the substitution of o for au is general. 
 
 ^ When once ae and oe had both become e, an inextricable confusion 
 sprang up in Latin orthography between them ; and thus we find coelum, 
 poena, coena, wrongly written caelum, paena, caena. 
 
THE LATIN CONSONANTS. Ixxix 
 
 § 107. Au always begins by becoming o in French : as aurum, or ; 
 clausus, clos ; ausare*, oser ; causa, chose^. This o usually remains 
 in Modern French^, except when followed by a consonant which 
 disappears : in this case o becomes ou in Modern French : as in 
 laudo, O. Fr. he, loue ; compare also aut, ou ; inrauco *, enroue. 
 It is clear that we may not confound this ou from O. Fr. o, the ou 
 which comes from the softening of / into u, as in caulis, O. Fr. chol, 
 chou. 
 
 § 108. Before a guttural (as auca), or in a proparoxyton word 
 ending in ius, ia, ea, &c., au, after passing into o, follows the rule 
 which we have noticed as holding invariably in this case (§§ 83, 84), 
 and is iotacised into oi: as auca, oie^ ; nausea, noise '^ ; gaudium, 
 joie ; Sabaudia, Savoie : a change which even reaches to such words 
 as claustrum, cloiti'e * ; adbaubare, aboyer, in which cases there is no 
 guttural. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 The Latin Consonants. 
 
 § 110. The consonants may be divided into : — 
 
 I. Explosive : (i) Labials, p, b (dull p, sonorous b). 
 (ii) Dentals, t, d (dull t, sonorous d). 
 (iii) Gutturals, c, g (dull c, sonorous g). 
 II. Aspirate: h. 
 
 III. Semi-vocals : j, v. 
 
 IV. Prolonged : (i) Labial, f (ph). 
 (ii) Dentals, s, x, z. 
 
 V. Liquids : r, 1. 
 VI. Nasals : m, n. 
 
 * Learned writers have often reconstructed, and wrongly so, the Old 
 French forms, with a view to bringing them back to what they conceived 
 to be the original Latin form : thus the very correct Old Fr. po-vre from 
 pauper, torel from taurelliim, have been rewritten as pawvre, taureaUf 
 by the clerks. 
 
 2 In one or two cases Modern French has treated this Old Fr. o as if it 
 had been a primitive Latin o, and has changed it regularly (§ 79) into 
 eu : thus cauda, paucum., gave the Old Fr. coe, po, softened in Modern 
 French into queue, peu. The old form coe, or coue, is still to be seen in 
 the derivative couard. 
 
 ^ We have seen (§ 84) how often the Latin as it becomes weaker in 
 French takes two forms : thus paucum, when it lost its guttural influence, 
 became peu, but in Old French, when it retained some memory of it, it 
 was pot; and similarly auca loses all trace of the guttural in the O. Fr. oe, 
 oue, but recovers it again in oie. 
 
 * In Old French we have also the more regular form clostre. 
 
Ixxx INTRODUCTION. 
 
 I. — Explosive Consonants. P, B. 
 (i) Labials. Strong P. 
 
 § 110. The Latin initial p always remains unchanged ' : pauper- 
 tatem, pauvreti ; pacare, payer ; palatium, palais. 
 
 § 111. Medial p drops to b in popular Latin, and this b in its 
 turn drops to v in French : thus the classical saponem, ripa, crepare, 
 saporem, become sabonem, riba, crebare, saborem in Merovingian 
 days : but (as we see, § 113) b drops necessarily to v in French, 
 and the forms sabonem, riba, crebare, saborem, become savon, rive, 
 crever, saveur? 
 
 P, having such a distance to pass (p to b, b to v) ^, it is easy to see 
 that when medial it is not syncopated in French ; still there is one 
 example of this syncope in sil, O. Fr. seii, from sa(p)utus *. 
 
 § 112. Final p disappears : lupum becomes O. Fr. lou, which the 
 learned from the fifteenth century onwards have rewritten in the form 
 loup ; while this imitative p still remains mute *. 
 
 ^ It is no objection to this rule that we have boite from puxida 
 because the Romans themselves called it buxida, Placidus the grammarian 
 mentions it as a popular and incorrect pronunciation of the word. — 
 (Glosses of Placidus, ap. Mai. CI. Auct. vi. 570.) Compare also the 
 classical Latin buxus from Gr. ttv^os. The change of initial p into b 
 cannot therefore be attributed here to the French, but to the popular 
 Latin. 
 
 '^ In apicla*, abeille', apotheca, boutique; caepulla, ciboule; capanna, 
 cabane, it seems at first that the Latin p had been arrested in its descent 
 at b, without being able to drop to v : but, in fact, these words are not 
 French (i. e. they have not come straight from the Latin) ; they have been 
 imported (as may be seen in the Dictionary) some from Provence, others 
 from Italy : and consequently they do not vitiate the rule laid down. The 
 same is the case with the word acabit, which is an offensive corruption of 
 accapitum *. 
 
 •^ Such words as vaporem, 'vapeur; stupidus, stupide ; occupare, oc- 
 cuper ; capitale, capkale, &c., which retain the medial p intact, are all 
 of learned origin (§ 36). We must, however, except some such forms as 
 eapitulum, chapitre ; epistola, epitre ; papilionem, papillon ; caponem, 
 chapon ; apostolus, apotre ; capitellum *, chapiteau , capulare, chapeler, 
 which are clearly more than half popular, and have yet partly remained 
 in a learned form, for reasons which one cannot always readily explain. 
 
 * As to chef hom caput, the permutation comes in another way. Caput 
 became capu in common Latin, then the regular permutation (p to b, 
 b to n)) gave in Merovingian Latin the form cabo ; and this is succeeded by 
 the French form che've in the tenth century (et preparavit dominus 
 ederam super caput Jone . . un edre sore sen che've, ' an ivy-bush over 
 his head'), is a phrase found in a homily on Jonah of the tenth century. 
 Che've became chef, like bovem, b(Buf; ovum, <£uf; vivum, 'vif see § 142. 
 Compare aput = ab, a. 
 
EXPLOSIVE DENTALS. Ixxxi 
 
 When followed by a (in French e mute), the final p again becomes 
 a medial, and passes regularly into v : as ripa, rive ; cupa, cuve ; 
 lupa, louve ; rapa, rave ; sapa, seve ; caepa, cive. 
 
 Soft B. 
 
 § 113. The Latin initial b remains unchanged : bucca, louche ; 
 bovem, bocuf; bene, bien; bonum, bien. The Latin medial b : 
 when soft it never remains in the middle of a word ^ but drops to 
 the aspirated v. In some cases the Latin b, having become v, does 
 not stay there, but treats that v as if it were the original letter ; it 
 then undergoes the change considered below, § 141, i. e. it disappears : 
 adbau(b)are * becomes aboyer ; ha(b)enteni, ay ant ; de(b)utus, die; 
 ha(b)utus*^, O. Fr. eii, eu ; ro(b)iginem, rogne ; su(b)urra, saorre ; 
 su(b)umbrare, sombrer ; su(b)undare, sonder ; ta(b)anum, taon ; 
 tu(b)elluin (?), /z^(2«y ^i{b)^x!o■a.Si, viorne ; n.\xbem., nue ; bi(b)utus*^ 
 formerly beii, now bu. 
 
 § 114. Final b disappears : ibi, O. Fr. first iv, then i, Modern Fr. 
 y; ubi, ou ; debeo, O. Fr. doi, dots; scribo, O. Fr. escrt, icris ; 
 unless followed by a, in which case it becomes v : feibaf/eve ; proba, 
 preuve ; entyba, endive'^. 
 
 (ii) Dentals. T, D. 
 Soft T. 
 
 § 115. The Latin t had always a dental sound, except when it 
 preceded the combined vowels ia, ie, io, iu, in which cases it was 
 sibilant. This sound having already been considered in § 70, we 
 need only now deal with the dental t. 
 
 § 116. Initial t always remains: tantum, iant ; tabula, table; 
 totum, tout ; titionem., tison ; tutare, tuer ; testa, tete. 
 
 ^ The words which retain the b are all learned, such as probus, probe ; 
 subitus, JW/^/V, &c. ; and even laborare, /«/^o«r^r; hsibitVLa, babit ; laborem, 
 labeur; habitare, habiter, which, in spite of their adoption into common 
 use, are of learned origin. The only exceptions to the rule of p passing 
 into v, are the popular forms obedire, obe'ir ; abismum *, abtme. 
 
 '^ In Western patois we still have the form evut, for eu, marking the 
 transition from ha(b)utus * to a-vut, then e'vut, eil, eu. 
 
 ^ Similarly the imperfects in a(b)ani, &c., have formed successively 
 e've^ eie, oie, ois, ais : lavabam, O. Fr. la've've, then, by dropping the second 
 •y, lanjeie, lai'oie, la'vois, Iwvais. 
 
 * The exception sebum, suif, is not due to the French : Pliny writes 
 it sevum, so that the change is not from b to^^ but from v tof. 
 
 g 
 
Ixxxii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 § 117. Medial t undergoes two successive changes: (i) it becomes 
 ^in Old French, (2) this ^disappears; and then the two vowels thus 
 brought together are in turn contracted. Thus mutare, vitellum, 
 imperatorem, aetaticum, became O. Fr. muder, vedal, emperador, 
 edage. In the twelfth century this medial d begins to be regarded 
 as if it had been an original Latin d (see § 120), and as such it 
 disappeared^; and the words became viu-er, ve-el, emper/-ur, i-age, 
 and these again, towards the close of the middle ages, were con- 
 tracted into veau, empereur, dge ^. Thus one sees that the medial 
 Latin t passes through three stages : ist, at the origin of the French 
 language it passes from the soft to the sonorous state, becoming 
 d) 2nd, this medial d is dropped; 3rd, the vowels thus brought 
 together are contracted. 
 
 We subjoin the full list of Latin words which contain the medial 
 t, and have passed through these three stages ^ : — 
 
 Abbatissa, abbadissa, abba-esse, abbesse ; aetaticum, aedaticum, 
 edage, e-age, dge ; so also with armure from armatura ; boyau from 
 botellus ; cahier from quatemusi ; carreau from quadratellum ; 
 censter from censitarius ; chaine from catena ; coussin from culcitinus ; 
 commuer from coinm.utare; crier from quiritare; delayer from dilatare; 
 de'vouer from devotare ; doloire from dolatoria ; doner, from dotare ; 
 duchesse from ducatissa * ; dcuyer from scutarius ; e'ternuer from 
 stemutare ; feu from fatutus * ; grille from craticula ; marier from 
 maritare ; m^me from metipsimus ; me'tayer from medietarius ; mtiet 
 from mutettus; noel from natalis; oublier from oblitare; poele 
 from patella; pouvoir from potere; prairie from prataria; pre'au 
 from pratellum ; poussif from pnlsativus * ; puer from putere ; 
 rouelle from rotella ; seau from sitellus ; secouer from succutere ; 
 soucier from soliicitare ; terroir from territorium ; trier from tritare * ; 
 ttier from tutare ; vertueux from virtutosus * ; melle from vitella ; 
 vouer from votare. 
 
 § 118. Final t undergoes like changes with medial t. Before a 
 
 ^ Such words 2& paladin, salade, cascade, are of foreign origin. 
 
 "^ Such a hiatus as may exist between two Latin vowels is not allowed 
 in French, but is put an end to in one of two ways : i . by contraction, 
 which combines the two in one; 2. by intercalation, which disjoins them, 
 and separates them by an interposed consonant. We have just seen con- 
 traction at work; intercalation may be seen in the following example: 
 po(t)ere, O. Fr. podir, then po-oir by loss of the d; then, to avoid hiatus, 
 a -z; is introduced, and it becomes ;5o-i>-o/>, whence Modern Fr. powvoir. 
 
 ^ Medial t naturally persists in all learned words : natalis, natal ; 
 nativns, natif; votare, voter. Still it is found also in some popular words : 
 buticula, bouteille ; catuUiare, chatouiller ; capitaneum, che'vetain ; 
 quatere (?), catir ; Britannia, Bretagne ; medietatem, moitie ; pietatem, 
 pttie\ pietantia, pitance; pietosum, piteux ; tota, toute: and it even 
 becomes tt in beta, bette; blitum, blitte ; carota, carotte ; quietus, quitte. 
 
EXPLOSIVE DENTALS. Ixxxiii 
 
 masculine ending in um t disappears, together with the termination, 
 as pratum, pre; cornutum, cornu. [For further examples see under 
 the suffixes -atus, § 201 ; -utus, § 201 ; Fr. tatem, § 230 \] 
 
 Sonorous D. 
 
 § 119. Initial d always persists: dies, di ; decanus, doyen; donare, 
 donner ; dextrarius, destrier. Jour, from djurnum ; jusque, from 
 de-usque, diusque, djusque, fall under a different case ; namely, that 
 in which d is followed by iu, and the i being consonnified eventually 
 ejects the d, though it has been retained for centuries in the dj, dz 
 forms (the form zabolus is found in Latin for diabolus) ; and the 
 dg sound remains in the Italian g. 
 
 § 120. Medial d remained in French up to about the middle of | 
 the eleventh century, and is found in French MSS. of that age ; \ 
 in the latter half of that century this d is softened into a sound \ 
 half sibilant, answering to the two English ih sounds ; and this, in j 
 certain French MSS. written in England, has actually been indicated 
 by the sign th : thus videre becomes successively vedeir (in the ■ 
 Chanson de Roland, in the eleventh century) ;. veiheir (in the Vie | j 
 de St.'^ran(r6n,"a twelfth century poem); then vieir in later texts d 
 (whence successively ve'oir and voir'). So similarly for accahler, \\ 
 cadabulum ; aimanf, adamantem ; asseoir, assedere ; bailler, bada- 
 culare * ; bayer, badare ; b^nir, benedicere ; chance, cadentla * ; 
 choir, cadere ; chuie, caduta * ; confier, confidare * ; confiance, con- 
 fidentia; croyance, cxq^qtsAAs^', cruel, crudelis; creance, credentia ; 
 cruaut^, crudelitatem ; de'nue\ denudatus ; dech/a?ice, decadentia ; 
 I dimanche, diedominica ; e'cMance, excadentia * ; enfouir, infodere ; 
 I envahir, invadere ; fe'al, fidelis ; jiancer, fidentiare * ; fier, fidare ; 
 I fouir, fodere ; fouiller, fodiculare * ; gldieul, gladiolus ; gravir, 
 j gradire * ; joyau, gaudiellum ; jouir, gaudere ; joyeux, gaudiosus ; 
 I juif, judaeus ; louer, laudare ; moelle, medulla ; michant, minus- 
 I cadentem * ; ;;^(9/(f/z'/, m.edietatem. ; 7;z^^«, medianus; »z^^;z, modiolus ; 
 i niais, nidacem ; nouer, nodare ; noueux, nodosus ; nettoyer, nitidare ; 
 j obeir, obedire ; ouir, audire ; parvis, paradisus ; pe'age, pedaticum * ; 
 j pion, pedonem ; poti, peduclus * ; pr^se'ance, praesidentia ; rangon, re- 
 j demptionem ; suer, sudare ; suaire, sudarium ; se'oir, sedere ; siance^ 
 '■ sedentia ; irahir, tradere ; trahison, traditionem. ; traitre, traditor. 
 This rule has no true exceptions : odorem, odeur ; rudis, rude ; 
 
 ^ We must not forget that the hiatus protects the consonant: see 
 pascuatieum, />«rfl^f, not pactage. Similarly /<7^ from fatuus. Compare 
 G. Paris, in the Soc. de linguistique, s. v. fade. 
 
 g2 
 
Ixxxiv 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 studium, //ude \ are not in point, being learned words, whatever may 
 be said. As to viduum, vide, this persistence of the d is, on the 
 contrary, confirmatory of this rule. We have seen (§ 118, note i) 
 that the dental t remains in like manner before the hiatus of uu, 
 uo, which protects the preceding consonant : compare fatuus, /ai ; 
 quatuordecim, quatorze ; batualia, baiaille. 
 
 § 121. Final d is softened into / in very early French, then this 
 / ceases to be pronounced, and disappears from MSS. : thus mer- 
 cedem becomes successively mercii, then merci. A certain number 
 of words, however, have directly lost the dental without passing 
 through the / stage in any extant MS. : as fidem, foi ; crudum, cru ; 
 nudum, nu ; medium, mi ; hodie, hut ; podium, put. Some of 
 these words have been recast by the learned and the clerks at the 
 end of the middle ages, so as to get back to the Latin forms : thus 
 medium, pedem, nodum, nidum, after having become ?nu/,pie, fleu, ni, 
 were altered to muid, pied, noeud, nid ; but this d is not pronounced. 
 
 § 122. In a few cases there is a transformation of this final d 
 into / (compare the / under t in sitim, soi/; ablatum *, blei/*) : 
 similarly feodum makes jfie/; modum, meuf ; Judaeum, juif ; and 
 such names of places as Marbodus, Marbceuf ; Pambodus, Paim- 
 boeuf, &c. 
 
 Chronological Resume of the History of the Dentals. 
 
 Merovingian Latin 
 
 Inf 
 
 riAL 
 d 
 
 d 
 
 d 
 
 d 
 
 d 
 
 Me 
 t 
 
 DIAL 
 
 d 
 
 Final 
 t 
 
 Masc. 
 d 
 
 d 
 d 
 
 d 
 d 
 
 • d 
 
 d 
 
 French before loth century . 
 
 d 
 
 t 
 
 After A.D. 1050 .... 
 
 th 
 
 th 
 
 '• 
 
 " 
 
 From the 1 2th century 
 
 " 
 
 " 
 
 (iii) Gutturals. C, G. 
 
 C. 
 
 § 123. The Latin c was hard and pronounced like k, whether 
 before e and i, or before a, o, and u : thus they said kikero, 
 fekerunt, kivitatem. In French this hard sound has perished 
 before e and /, and has been replaced by the sibilant sound (s) ; 
 before a, 0, and u it keeps its hard sound : it is then well to 
 distinguish these two cases. Before the groups ia, io, iu, Latin c 
 
 ^ The true popular form of studere is estovoir. 
 
EXPLOSIVE GUTTURALS. Ixxxv 
 
 however did not retain its k sound, but became a tz (juditzium, 
 contzio, offitzia), whose history we will consider separately. 
 
 § 124. Initial c remains unchanged before o and u : ( i ) before o : 
 cooperire, couvrir ; coUum, cou ; cornu, cor ; cornua, come ; corpus, 
 corps : and sometimes this c becomes a ^ : coquus, queux ; cotem, 
 queux. In such words as coactare *, cacher ; coagulare, cailler, in 
 which the primitive o has been absorbed by the subsequent vowel, 
 the rule of continuance of the c is respected, because the Old French 
 certainly was coacher (the form coailler is to be found in the Oxford 
 Psalter) ; and the o has been dropped at a later time. 
 
 (2) Similarly, c remains before u: cutenna, couenne ; curtem, 
 court ; eurrere, courir ; culpa, culpe. 
 
 Before au, c remains when the au is treated as a simple o ; whence 
 Cauda, coda, queue ; while causa, caulis, have changed c into ch 
 {chose, chou). 
 
 § 125. In confiare, gonfler, the c has dropped to g. The same 
 change is met with in a word whose French origin is doubtful, 
 cupellettum *, gohelei. 
 
 § 126. Before a, initial c undergoes a very peculiar change : it 
 passes through the successive aspirated sounds k'h, tk'h, kh, ch ; 
 whence carrus, char. This change, of which there is not a trace 
 in Merovingian Latin, was produced early in French: chief [?, found 
 for caput in the Cantilene de Sainte Eulalie ; still it was long before 
 it got into general use in writing : as late as the end of the eleventh 
 century we find camhre and canter in French MSS., whereas it is 1 
 certain that at that date the pronunciation was chamhre and chanter, j 
 This change of c into ch is to be met with in : — / 
 
 Champ, campus ; chance, cadentia * ; chaine, catena ; chef, caput ; 
 chair, caro ; chevre, capra ; chien, canis ; chose, causa ; champetre, 
 campestris ; champion, campionem. * ; chicoree, cichoreum ; chenal, 
 canalis ; chape, cappa ; chapeau, capellum * ; chapelle, capella * ; 
 cheptel, capitale ; charnel, carnalis ; charnier, carnarium ; chaire, 
 cathedra ; chaloir, calere ; chalumeau, calamellus ; chaleur, calorem ; 
 chamhre, camera ; chancel, cancellus ; chanceler, cancellare * ; chancir, 
 canutire ; chancre, cancer ; chandelle, candela ; changer, cambiare * ; 
 chanoine, canonicus ; chanson, cantionem * ; chantre, cantor ; chanter, 
 cantare; chantier , Q2JcA.Qr\\icai-, chanvre, oaxmsibia; chapeIer,csi]p-alaTe; 
 chapiteau, capitellum ; chapitre, capitulum ; chapon, caponem * ; 
 char, carrus ; charger, carricare ; charbon, carbonem ; chardon, 
 cardonem * ; charrier, carricare ; cherts, caritatem ; charme, carmen ; 
 charme, carpinus* ; charnier e, cardinaria*; charpeniier, carpentarius; 
 charpie, carpere * ; charrue, carruca ; chartre, career ; chdsse, capsa ; 
 chasser, captiare * ; chaste, castus ; chasuble, casibula * ; chat, catus * ; 
 chdtaigne, castanea ; chateau, castellum ; chignon, catenionem * ; 
 chdtier, castigare ; chatouiller, catulliare * ; chdtrer, castrare ; chaud, 
 
Ixxxvi INTRODUCTION. 
 
 calidus ; chaudi7re, caldaria * ; chauffer, calefacere * ; chaume, 
 calamus ; chausse, calceus ; chauss/e, calceata * ; chauve, calvum ; 
 chaux, calcem ; chemin, caminus ; cheminee, caminata * ; chemise, 
 camisia ; chenal, canalis ; chefiil, canile ; chenille, canicula * ; chenu^ 
 canutus ; cher, carus ; ch^re, cara ; chercher, circare ; chetif, captivus ; 
 cheval, caballus ; chevaucher, caballicare; chevecier, capicerium * ; 
 chevitre, capistrum ; cheveu, capillus ; cheville, clavicula ; chevre, 
 oapra ; chevreuil, capreolus * ; chez, casa ; chien, canis ; chiche^ 
 ciccum ; chiche, cicer ; choir, cadere ; chose, causa ; chou, caulis. 
 § 127. In a certain number of cases the initial ch goes rather 
 • further, and becomes j : capella*, javelle ; caryophyllum, girofle ; 
 camba, jamhe ; camitem (from cames), jante ; caveloa, geole ; cam- 
 marus, O. Fr. jamble (a crayfish) ; and perhaps janger from quali- 
 ficare, cal'f care ? 
 
 §128. This ch for ca did not exist in the Picard dialect^; 
 whence cartie the double forms camp, campagne, casse, which have 
 entered the French language side by side with the original forms 
 champ, champagne, chasse, from campus, campania, capsa. To 
 the same influence may be attributed such irregular forms as cavea, 
 cage, side by side with caveola, geole ; cable from capulum (sup- 
 planting the O. Fr. chable) ; cdcher from calcare (supplanting the 
 O. Fr. chocher, which survives in the names of certain birds, choche- 
 pierre, choche-poule) ; whence cauchemar, and the diminutive caillou 
 (from calcullum *, whence O. Fr. caillel, Bartsch, Pasturelles, 1 20) ; 
 and also cava, cave. 
 f By the side of these exceptions, due to the influence of certain dia- 
 I lects of the Langue d'Oil, we must put the words due to the influence 
 ; of the Proven9al; such as capitellum (O. Fr. chadel), cadeau ; capsa, 
 r caisse (doublet of chdsse) : or due to the influence of the Italian : 
 such as caput, cap (It, capo); cadentia, cadence (It. cadenza); cal- 
 care, calquer (It. calcare) ; cavalier, canaille, capitaine, calegon, &c. 
 
 § 129. Medial c. Before a, o, u, medial c passes into g in Mero- 
 vingian Latin, which has pagare, vogare, logare, instead of pacare, 
 vocare, locare, &c. This g drops to the semi- vocal j ^, which later 
 
 ^ See Historical Grammar, p. 21. 
 
 ^ In acutum, aigu ; acucla*, aiguille; secundum, second, the Latin 
 c has been exceptionally stopped in its descent at g ; but we cannot put 
 among such cases the words cicadula, cigale ; fica, ^gue ; vicarium., 
 viguier ; flcarium, figuier ; draconem, dragon, which have been borrowed 
 from the Proven9al cigala, Jiga (O. Fr. form vfdisjie and Jier, see the Oxford 
 Psalter), viguier, drago (?). Ciconia, cigogyie, is a case, as the Old French 
 form was soigne. As to locusta, langouste, this nasal form must come from 
 a form loncusta : the simple form has regularly lost its c, and has 
 become laouste (found in the Oxford Psalter). Finally cigue from cicuta 
 is probably a learned word. 
 
THE ASPIRA TED GUTTURAL. Ixxxvii 
 
 is again reduced to a simple i : thus braca becomes braga, then 
 braja, then braie. 
 
 When the c is between two vowels it disappears; as amicus, ami. 
 Soft c becomes s, as avicellus^ oiseau ; placere, plaisir. 
 
 a. ^ 
 
 § 130. Initial Latin g, whether hard or soft, remains in French : as 
 gustus, gout; gobionem, goujon; gigantem, gea7tt ; gemere, geindre ; 
 gemma, gemvie ; gentem, gens {gent). It sometimes is softened 
 intoy, as in g&uder e, j'oui'r ; gemellus, Jumeau ; galbin\ia,jatme. 
 
 § 131. Medial g also remains : as angustia, angoisse ; cingulum, 
 sangle ; ungula, ongle ; largus, large. Also it drops to / .• as Ande- 
 gavi, Anjou. 
 
 But g before m, n, r, and d, disappears in French, in whatever 
 part of the word it occurs, being vocalised into aj/; pigmentum, 
 piment ; tragere, traire ; legere, lire; m.alignum., malin ; Mag- 
 dalena, Madeleine ; frigidus (frig'dus), froid. Compare yiyvaa-Koi , 
 gnosco, nosco ; gnatus, natus. 
 
 §132. Final g remains : as longus, /i?«^/ at&gDMm., e'tang ; pugnus, 
 poing ; dignus, digne. 
 
 II. — The Aspirate. H. 
 
 § 133. The Latin h was not, like the French h, a mute letter, 
 unpronounced and only written ^ : the Romans originally aspirated 
 their h with a certain vigour (like the German h) ; for Marius 
 Victorinus, the grammarian, as late as the fourth century, directs 
 his countrymen thus : ' Profundo spiritu, anhelis faucibus, exploso 
 ore fundetur.' 
 
 The aspirate, being of all letters the hardest to pronounce and 
 requiring the most effort, it must necessarily suffer more softening 
 than any other letter, following the ' law of least action,' § 139. Just ^ 
 as the Latin had abandoned almost all the aspirates of the Indo- | 
 European primitive languages (aspirates which were retained in the \ 
 Greek, and still more in the Sanscrit), the French has completely I 
 dropped the Latin aspirated h, and, ceasing to pronounce the letter, * 
 naturally also gave up writing it ^. 
 
 ^ What is called the French aspirated h is not really such; it is not 
 really pronounced, but simply has the power of stopping the elision of the 
 preceding vowel : as le-heros, me-hdir ; or it stands for a final consonant : 
 thus Pierre est haissable is pronounced Pierre eh-aissable ; whilst, on the 
 other hand, the words Pierre est homme and etonne are pronounced alike. 
 
 ^ It is unnecessary to repeat that we do not trouble ourselves about 
 learned words such as hom.icida; homicide ; halitare, haliter ; habitare, 
 babiter ; heros, heros, &c. 
 
Ixxxviii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 § 134. Initial h. Just as the archaic Latin words holus (a bean) ; 
 hera (a mistress) ; her (a hedgehog), dropped to olus, era, er, in 
 classical days, so the common Latin suppressed this aspirated h, 
 and wrote oc, ordeus, eredes, onestus, omo, which are found in 
 Inscriptions of imperial days for hoc, hordeum, heredes, honestus, 
 homo. The French language, carrying on this tendency, said avot'r, 
 on, or, orge, oui, encore, for habere, homo, hora, hordeum., hoc-illud, 
 hanc-horam. Similarly we have ordure from O. Fr. ord, horridus ; 
 and Herre, O. Fr. lerre, hedera\ The French language, invariably 
 suppressing this (to them) useless letter, said also hominem, omme ; 
 hodie, ui ; herba, erbe ; hereditare, e'riter ; heres, oir ; heri, ier ; 
 hibemum, iver ; hora, eure, regular forms, afterwards corrupted by 
 the learned, by the restoration of the mute h ; whence the modern 
 forms homme, hui, her be, &c., which, therefore, do not really break 
 the law laid down in § 133, as might appear at first sight. 
 
 §135. Medial h. Just as classical Latin suppressed the aspirate 
 sound in ni(h)il, co(h)ortem, mi(h)i, pre(h)endo, contracting these 
 words into nil, cortem, prendo, so the French, seeking to abolish 
 this medial aspirate, employed the two usual methods given above 
 (§ 117, note 2) — contraction or intercalation: Jo(h)annes is con- 
 tracted into Je-an, then Jean, pronounced Jan ; but in trai're from 
 tra(h)ere we have another process ; the aspirate becomes a guttural, 
 and tra(h)ere becomes tra-g-ere. (For tragere, see traire in the 
 Dictionary^.) Tragere, regularly contracted into trag're, becomes 
 traire, by changing gr to ir (§ 131). The same case is found in 
 medieval Latin : vehere becomes vegere, to soften the hiatus ; and 
 similarly we have grugem for gruem. 
 
 This suppression of the aspirated h explains to us why th, ph, ch, 
 which were learned importations of Latin savants for the Greek 
 6, 0, X, have been treated in French as if they were /, J, c. 
 
 III. — The Semi- Vocals. J, V. 
 
 § 136. Two consonants (j, v) bear this name : they had in Latin a 
 sound which floated between that of a vowel and that of a consonant ; 
 the Latin j approaching to i, the Latin v to ou. From this double 
 tendency of these two Latin letters we get in French two very distinct 
 ways of treating these semi-vocals, according as they incline towards 
 the French consonantal or the French vowel state. In the first case, 
 the Latin v and j take in French the form of two well-marked 
 
 ^ Ortolan comes from hortulanus *, through the Provengal. 
 
 2 The form tragere explains how trahentem has produced trayant, 
 where the y represents the usual vocalisation (§ 131) of the g of tra- 
 gentem. 
 
SEMI-VOCAL CONSONANTS. Ixxxix 
 
 consonants v ^ and j (which is a soft g) : thus avena ^ became avoine, 
 and junicem ^, ge'nisse. In the second case, the Latin j and v, be- 
 coming real vowels, are represented by i and ou : hence Troja 
 becomes Troie (an i which finally disappears in such words as 
 je-junum, Je-Un, then jetm) : and the v = otc at last disappears and 
 leaves no trace ; as pa-vonem, pa-wonem, pa-ou-on, pa-on. This, 
 however, does not hold good of initial v, which remains in French. 
 We must now inquire how these changes have taken place. 
 
 J. 
 
 § 137. This letter, pronounced i-i by the Latins, who said i-iuvenis, 
 mai-ior, for juvenis, major *, soon underwent two distinct changes : 
 I. the one transforming this Latin i-i, in order to mark it better, 
 into d-i, as in ma-di-us, found in medieval Latin ^, for ma-i-us ; 
 or di-acere for jacere. 2. But when once the j has got behind 
 a d, how does it consonify itself? It takes a dj sound, diacere 
 = djacere, a sound represented in modern Italian by gi (pronounced 
 dgi), as m. giacere. This compound dgi sound loses its dental, and 
 is then reduced to the soft g or / sound (as pronounced by the 
 French). This, then, is the scale of sounds : — 
 
 J ( = i-i) -♦ di-i — dj-i — gi — j (French) : i-iugum -^ di-iugum — 
 dj-iugum — giugum, joug. 
 
 Helped by these preliminary distinctions, we may study the history 
 of the Latin semi-vocal j into French. 
 
 § 138. Initial j becomes a consonant, and is sounded as ge : jam, 
 ja ; jaculare, jaillir ; Januarius, Janvier ; jactare, Jeter ; jocus, 
 Jeu ; Jovis-dies, jeudi ; jejunus, jeun ; jungere, joindre ; juncus, 
 jonc ; joc\xi.8iri,jongkr ; jocsiri, jouer ; jugvim, j'oug ; j-axtare, j'oufer ; 
 juventia, jouvence ; jocale, joyou ; Judaeus, juif; judicare, jtiger ; 
 inveneva, jhine ; Junius, Jm'n ; juYnentura, j'umenf ; jurare, Jurer ; 
 jus, JUS ; Justus, jusie : a change also often expressed by soft g, 
 which is the same letter as j in French : hence jacere, ge'sir ; 
 junicem, g^nisse ; juniperum, gemevre. 
 
 ^ The French «!; is a labial consonant, degenerated from the Latin b, 
 just as the French y, or soft g, is a degenerated form of the guttural ch. (?) 
 
 2 Pronounced a-ou-ena at Rome. 
 
 ^ Pronounced i-iunicem at Rome. 
 
 * Cicero, Quinctilian tells us, was accustomed to write this medial j , 
 as i. ' Sciat enim Ciceroni placuisse aiio, Maiiamque, geminata i | 
 scribere.' Instit. Orat. i. 4, 11. We find liulius for Julius in Inscriptions ^ 
 under the Empire. Those Inscriptions and MSS. which write Hiesu, | 
 Hiaspidis, Hiericho, Hieremie, Trahiani, for Jesu, Jaspidis, Jericho, j 
 Jeremias, Trajani, have accurately expressed this pronunciation. Com- I 
 pare with this pronunciation that of the English j/^'^r, or German Jabr. 
 
 ^ For examples, see under Mai in the Dictionary. 
 
xc INTRODUCTION. 
 
 § 139. Medial j retains the Latin i sound, and disappears when 
 it immediately precedes the tonic vowel : jejunium., Je-unyjhm ; when, 
 on the other hand, it follows the tonic vowel, it remains as i : Troja, 
 Troie ; raja, raie ; boja, O. Fr. boie^ bouie ; majus, mai ; major, 
 maire ; bajiilare (?), bailler ; pejor, /^r*? / pejus, /w^. 
 
 V. 
 
 § 140. Initial v always continues, except in the important case 
 of V = gu, as in Vasconia, Guascogne, Gascogne ; -sriscyxva^gui ; vadum, 
 gti/; veapa,, guepe ; vipera, gm'vre. Thus vajLwon, vain ; vinum, z'm/ 
 vectura, voiture ; vulturius, vautour ; virtutem, vertu ; vaeca, vache. 
 In a few cases v is strengthened into either/^ as vicem, fois ; or into 
 ^, as vervecem, brebi's ; vaccalarius, bachelier ; vervecarius, berger ; 
 vettonica, be bine ; Vesontionem, Besangon ; but this rise from v 
 to b is not the work of the French language ; it was done in the 
 Latin. Petronius writes berbecem, Pliny bettonica: in the fifth 
 century we find berbecarius; in a tenth century MS. we have 
 baccalarius. 
 
 § 141. Medial v. We know that the Latin v was not pronounced 
 like the French v, but rather like the English w (or like the French ou 
 sound) ^. This sound, which was not a pure consonant like the 
 French Vy nor a pure vowel like the French u, but lay between the two, 
 J has properly been called semivocal. It has undergone two different 
 * methods of treatment in French, according to its approximation to 
 the consonantal or to the vowel condition : if the former, it has 
 produced the French v, as in lavare, laver .; levare, lever ; privare, 
 priver ; novellum, nouveau ; lixivia, lessive ; viventem, vivani ; 
 November, novembre ; gingiva, gencive. This, however, is not 
 universal : on the contrary, when the semivocal inclines towards the 
 vowel sound, it disappears in French: thus pavonem (pronounced 
 
 ^ The word aider^ very irregularly formed from adjutare, may here 
 be considered. Adjutare at a very early period became ajutare, as the 
 Inscriptions shew us (see Dictionary, s. v. aider, where also the details 
 of these changes are worked out). Ajutare soon became aj'tare, whence 
 aider. 
 . ^ This rise from v to b, rare in the Latin also, especially before the 
 fourth century, became the rule in certain patois of the Romance lan- 
 guages; as the Neapolitan in the East, the Gascon in the West. In 
 Gascony the pronunciation has always been bos from vos ; boide from 
 volere *, benir from venire, &c. ; a rule noticed by Scaliger, who founded 
 on it the neat and well-known epigram — 
 
 'Non temere antiquas mutat Vasconia voces, 
 Cui nihil est aliud vivere quam bibere.' 
 It is curious that this same pun occurs, more than a thousand years 
 before Scaliger, on a Roman tomb : ' Dum vixi bibi libenter ; bibite vos 
 qui vivite.' — Heuzer, Or. 6674. 
 
SEMI-VOCAL CONSONANTS. • ; . , , , ,xc^ 
 
 pa-ou-nem in Rome) soon became pa-onem, whence p'tuM";' s\mihfif 
 avunculus (pronounced a-ou-unculus) soon was contracted to 
 a-uneulus ; the Latin poets treat it as a trisyllabic word ; it is 
 also to be found as aunculus in several Inscriptions. Thus, too, 
 we find in Inscriptions noember for no-v-ember, juentutem for 
 ju-v-entutem. This loss of the v is to be found also in classical 
 Latin, as in bourn for bovum * ; audii for audivi ; redii for redivi * ; 
 amarunt for amaerunt*, for amaverunt; pluere for pluvere*. 
 The Appendix Probi speaks of ais for avis ; rius for rivus ^. This 
 loss of v^ also takes place in French : as in pavonem, paon; pavorem, 
 peur; aviolus *, aieul ; vivenda, viande; clavare, doner; avunculus, 
 oncle ; ovicla, ouaille ; pluvia, pluie ; caveola, geole ; uvetta *, luetle ; 
 obliviosus, oublieux. 
 
 § 142. Final v is always hardened into f at the end of words : 
 this phenomenon, which is opposed to the law stated below § 167, is 
 easily explained. Notice that most of the popular words which 
 change v into f are monosyllabic : bovem, bcEuf ; brevem, href; 
 cervum, cerf ; captivum, che'tif ; clavem^, clef; nativum, nmf ; 
 navem, nef; nervum, nerf; novus, neu ; novum, neuf; ovum, ceuf ; 
 pulsativum *, poussf ; salvum, saif ; servum, serf ; sevum, suf; 
 vivum, vf; ^ejveva., grief ; augivum *, ogif*; restivum*, re'ttf ; 
 vidvum, veuf Now we know that monosyllables shew a marked 
 desire to strengthen themselves, either at the beginning by aspiration 
 or at the end, by introducing a strong consonant as a bulwark 
 against phonetic decay. Besides, without insisting on this fact, the 
 true cause of the change from v to yiies in the tendency which leads 
 the French language to replace soft consonants at the end of words 
 by strong ones, in order to give greater support to the voice. For 
 this reason the soft d and g in this position are replaced in pro- 
 nunciation by the strong / and c, as in sang et eau, grand homme, 
 where sa?tg is pronounced sajic, and grand, grant * ; whence it follows 
 that the final v is necessarily strengthened into y'^. When v is not 
 
 ^ ' Rivus non rius, avis non ais.' — App. Probi. 
 
 ^ In Andegavi, Pictavi, clavus, pronounced by the Romans Ande- 
 ga-ou-i, Picta-ou-i, cla-ou-is, &c., the Latin v (ou) joins the preceding 
 a, and forms the diphthong aou; which, following the law of trans- 
 formation into French (au, then o, lastly ou), has formed the three words 
 Anjou, Poitou, clou. 
 
 ^ Why is the /of clef mnte (whence the orthography cle) while it remains 
 sonorous in the other words ? 
 
 * Why then does the strong s form an exception, being softened into 
 a z, at the end of words, as in nous aimons, aux enfants, che'vaux admirables, 
 &c., where nous, aux, che'vaux, are pronounced nou-%, au-'z, chenjau-z ? 
 
 ^ This tendency is so strong that it even transforms words of learned 
 origin, which also change final v into /, as in activus, actif; passivus, 
 passif; nativus, natif; relativus, relatif. 
 
xcii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 iincrl, there- is no longer any reason for this strengthening process, 
 and it remains unchanged according to § 140. This is the reason 
 why the feminine of adjectives in -z/'is -we ; and why we have bovem, 
 dcvuf, but bovarius, houvier ; navem, nef, but navile, navire; servum, 
 serf, but servire, servir ; salvum, sauf but salvare, sauver ; nativum, 
 naif but nativitatem, naivete. The same rule enables us to explain 
 the relation between the primitive chef and the derivatives chevetj 
 achever, and between such words as ^rf/'and brevet, relief diXid. relever. 
 
 IV. Prolonged. 
 (i) Labial. F. 
 
 § 143. Initial f remains : fortem, fort ; focum, feu ; fata, fe'e ; 
 fabula, fable ; foras, fors, which last word became hors at an early 
 date, just as O. Fr. faras (a troop of stallions) and fardes (clothes ?) 
 became haras and hardes. The Latin f being only one degree 
 stronger than h, we find this same exchange between the archaic 
 Latin fostis, fircum, folus, and the classical hostis, hircum, (olus?). 
 
 § 144. Medial f invariably remains : refutiare, refuser ; defendere, 
 defefidre, &c., with'the one exception of scrofella *, ^crouelle. 
 
 § 145. Final f remains ; tufus, iuf; but, if followed by a mute 
 a, it becomes v, as genovefa, genevieve. 
 
 § 146. By the side of the spirant f the Latin had received from 
 the Greek, and has passed on to the French, another aspirate 0, 
 whose history must now be considered. 
 
 The Greek 0, ph (wrongly pronounced by us as an/"), had a very 
 
 / distinct sound of its own, differing from the Latin f Quinctilian and 
 
 i Priscian tell us that to pronounce f we must use a stronger aspiration 
 
 I than we should with <^, and that in so doing the lower lip should not 
 
 \ touch the upper row of teeth. The was pronounced like the 
 
 English ph in shepherd. A p thus aspirated necessarily dropped down 
 
 to the common p when used by persons whose ears were not fine 
 
 enough to recognise so slight a distinction ; and thus at Rome, whilst 
 
 the upper classes, in transferring ^ made it first ph, afterwards 
 
 f, the common people made it a p, thus suppressing its delicate 
 
 aspirate: as in af^vn], which has produced the double Latin form, 
 
 the learned aphya, and the popular apua. Thus, whilst the learned 
 
 called the dfx(popevs amphora, and the arpocpr} stropha, the people 
 
 made them ampora and stropa, as the Appendix Probi (in the time 
 
 of Nero) tells us. Probus blames the vulgar pronunciation 'stropha non 
 
 stropa, amphora non ampora.' This vulgar pronunciation remains 
 
 in a few French words : thus rropcfivpa produced the popular Latin 
 
 purpura, whence pourpre ; KoKa^o^ has both forms, learned colaphus, 
 
PROLONGED CONSONANTS. xciii 
 
 and vulgar colapus, so frequent in Merovingian documents, Avhence 
 O.Yv.colp, now coup^ : (f)a\ayyai, in classical Latin phalangae, popular 
 Latin palangae, has preserved the latter form in the French palan, 
 palafique. On the other hand, the ph used by the Latin literati to 
 represent 4> in the words they borrowed from the Greek (as 4)i\o(ro(}ila, 
 philosophia), soon, in spite of the outcries of the grammarians, was 
 confounded with the Latin f. Side by side with phaselus, phlegma, 
 sulphur, tophus, sylphi, phalangae, &c., we find, at an early date, 
 the forms faselus, flegma, sulfur, tofus, sylfi, falangae, &c. This 
 change of ph into f goes on in French in popular words ^ : as 
 phantasma,y^«/^;^^^/ -phi^la, Jiole ; ■p'ha.sia.nuSy/'aiscm; elephantum, 
 olifant ; graphium, greffe^. Similarly orphaninus * produced the 
 O. Fr. orfenin, whence orfelin, which the learned of the middle ages 
 have recast in the form orphelin, believing that they were thereby 
 approaching nearer to the original Latin form. 
 
 (ii) Dentals. S, X, Z. 
 S. 
 
 §147. Initial s, if followed by a vowel, remains: solus, seul ; 
 subtus, sous; sella, selle ; ^^xv6^x^, sourd. But st becomes est; sp, 
 esp ; sc, esc, the prefixed e tending to render the pronunciation more 
 easy : thus we have stare, O. Fr. ester ; scribere, O. Fr. escrire ; 
 sperare, esperer ; and this s is not uncommonly absorbed, its place 
 being marked by the acute accent on the initial e : as escrire, e'crire ; 
 statum, estat, etat. 
 
 § 148. Medial s remains : as cerasus, cerise ; quassare, casser. 
 But sc'r drops the s, as is seen in crescere, croitre ; pascere, paitre ; 
 cognoscere, connaitre. 
 
 §149. Final s sometimes remains: ursus, ours; subtus, sous; 
 minus, moins. Or it becomes z, as casa, chez ; nasus, nez ; adsatis, 
 assez. Or x, as duos, deux ; tussis, toux ; otiosus, oiseux ; sponsus, 
 e'poux, 
 
 ^ Sometimes a p sprung from a is treated in French as if it were an 
 original p : thus the Greek (}.^v^ov became ziziphus, with a popular form 
 zizupus, which then underwent the regular change of p into b (§ 111), 
 whence zizubus, whence the ill-formed y«y«^(f. 
 
 ^ It remains as ■ph in learned words: philosophia, philosophie • pha- 
 langeus, phalange; phoebus, phebus ; except in some scientific terms, 
 introduced somewhat early (as we have seen in § 146), which have changed 
 ph into f, as (^avTaty'ia^ fantaisie ; (pauTaariKos, fantastique ; phrenesis, 
 frenesie. 
 
 ^ There are a few of these double consonants which have a like origin ; 
 as cophinus, common Latin co£bius, coffre. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 X. 
 
 § 150. Medial x sometimes remains : as sexaginta, soixanie. Or 
 it becomes ss : as examen, essairn ; laxare, laisser ; coxa, cutsse ; 
 axilla, ai'sselle. 
 
 § 151. Final x remains : sex, six ; luxum, luxe. 
 
 Z. 
 § 152. Initial z remains : zelum, zeie ; but zelosus becomes ya^^Jtr. 
 
 V. — Liquids. R, L. 
 R. 
 
 § 153. Initial r remains : regnum, regne ; rupta, route ; regem, 
 roi ; ripa, rive. 
 
 § 154. Medial r remains : soricem, souris ; carmen, charme. It also 
 becomes / in some few cases : as paraveredus, palefroi. It is some- 
 times dropped before j, as dorsum,, dos ; persica, O. Fr. pesche, p^che. 
 
 §155. Final r remains usually: as audire, ouir ; carrus, char ; 
 but in some cases it becomes /, as altare, autel ; cribrum, crible. 
 
 §156. Initial 1 remains: littera, letire ; lingua, langue ; legem, 
 hi. It also becomes r, a change which dates back to Merovingian 
 days : lusciniola, rossig?ioL Also n, as libella, niveau. 
 
 § 157. Medial 1 remains : as aquila, aigle ; filius, fils ; circulus, 
 cercle. There is also the change into n, as is seen in posterula* 
 (O. Fr. posterle, posterne), poterne ; margula (O. Fr. marie), marne. 
 Also into r, as ulmus, orne ; cartula, chartre ; capitulum, chapitre. 
 
 It should be noticed that this 1 is often softened into u in the 
 combinations ol, ul preceding a consonant: as collem, cou ; aus- 
 cultare, /couter ; pulverem, poudre ; sulphur, sou/re; col'phus, 
 coup. This process took place in French times. 
 
 §158. Final 1 remains in solus, seul ; sal, sel ; supercilium, 
 sourcil ; mille, mil; mel, miel. 
 
 VI.— Nasals. M, N. 
 
 M. 
 
 §150. Initial m remains: mare, mer ; m.B.mxa, main ; mille, mil. 
 It also becomes n, as mappa, nappe ; matta, natte. 
 
 § 160. Medial m remains : camera, chafnbre ; computare, compter ; 
 
RULE OF PERMUTATIONS. xcv 
 
 or it becomes n, as semita, senie ; computare, confer ; simius 
 (simiMB), singe ; ^vixixvnn, prin'm p7'intemps . Also in the double mn 
 the m becomes n, as colunina, colonne. 
 
 § 161. Final m remains : dama, daim; nomen, nom ; faxaeva^/ai'm. 
 Also it becomes n, as rem, rien ; meum, taxim, suum, ?7ion, ton, son. 
 
 § 162. Initial n remains : nomen, nom ; non, non ; nos, ' nous ; 
 nasum, nez. 
 
 §163. Medial n remains: as ruina, ruine ; mentiri, mentir ; 
 mentum, menfon. Also it becomes m, as nominare, nommer ; car- 
 ■^vmxs,, charme ; hominem, homme. Also/.- orphaninus *, orphelin ; 
 Panorm.us, Palerme ; Bononia, BologJte. Also r : ordinem, ordre ; 
 diaconus, diaa'e ; Londinum., Londres. N also disappears in some 
 cases before the origin of the French language, as in pagensis, 
 pagesis *, pais, pays. 
 
 § 164. Final n remains : non, non ; sonus, son ; bonus, bon. Or 
 it disappears, as nomen, ?iom. 
 
 PART II. 
 
 THE PRINCIPLES WHICH RULE THE PERMUTATIONS 
 OF LANGUAGE. 
 
 § 165. We may thus sum up the results of our inquiry by statmg 
 the Laws on which the change of the Latin letters into French rests ; 
 and these (using the language of natural history) we may call the 
 laws of least action, and of transition. 
 
 § 166. I. Law of Least Action \ — It is a characteristic of every 
 human effort to try to exert itself with the least action, that is, with 
 the smallest possible expenditure of energy. Language follows this 
 law, and its successive transformations are caused by the endeavour 
 to diminish this effort, and by the desire of reaching a more easy 
 pronunciation. This, combined with the structure of the vocal 
 apparatus, gives us the true cause of these changes of language. 
 
 ^ In his admirable Grammaire comparee du Sanskrit, du Grec, et du Latin, 
 M. Baudry has shewn the influence of these two principles on the formation 
 of ancient languages. I hope to shew that they may be further confirmed 
 by the history of the French language. 
 
xcvi INTRODUCTION. 
 
 § 167. This need of greater ease in pronunciation shews itself in the 
 history of the French language, by the general weakening of the Latin 
 letters : thus the c and g, pronounced hard by the Romans before e 
 and i \ as fekerunt, kivitatem, guemellus, guibba (fecerunt, civi- 
 tatem, gemellus, gibba) have become soft in French, the hard o 
 passing into the f sound, the hard g into they sound, so that where 
 the Latins said kedere, aguere, the French say ceder, agir. Similarly 
 the Latin p is softened into v, ripa, crepare, saponem, becoming 
 rive^ crever, savon : in some cases the weakening is so great that the 
 Latin letter altogether disappears; as crudelis passes into crue/, 
 sudare into siier, obedire into od/tr. 
 
 § 168. In other cases, the letters in contact being dissimilar, the 
 French language assimilates them, to make the pronunciation easier ; 
 thus it changes dr into rr ; adripare, arriver ; quadratum, carre ; 
 similarly tr is softened into rr, as putrere, pourrir ; latronem, larron. 
 Here moreover, as in most cases, the French only follows the example 
 of the Latin itself, whose tendency towards assimilation was strongly 
 developed ; thus the Romans said arridere for adridere, arrogantem 
 for adrogantem, &c. From this regular progress of languages towards 
 an easier pronunciation, we may conclude at once that languages are 
 ever descending, never climbing, the scales of sounds : thus tr is 
 softened into rr ; rr is never hardened into tr ; latronem may des- 
 cend into larron, but parricidium never ascends in French to patri- 
 cide ; either it must remain as it is, parricide, or grow softer still by 
 simplifying the rr into r. 
 
 § 169. Another phenomenon, the correlative of this assimilation of 
 letters, and also springing from the desire of ease in pronunciation, 
 is the separation or differentiation of similar letters, so as to render 
 their emission from the mouth easier. If a Latin word has two 
 r's, in French it will be softened by changing the one r into /, as 
 cribrum, crible : thus the Latin parafredus becomes palefroi, not 
 pare/roi] peregrinus becomes pelerin, not pereri?t. So too, if there 
 are two I's, the French changes one into r; lusciniola becomes 
 rossignol, not lossignol. This process has received the name of dis~ 
 similation. This balancing of letters and effort after the vocal 
 equilibrium were not unknown to the Latins, who, to avoid the 
 two r's, said ruralis, muralis, instead of ruraris, m.uraris : to avoid 
 the two /'s, they said epularis, stellaris, instead of epulalis, stellalis^. 
 
 ^ See the word agencer in the Dictionary. 
 
 ^ In a word, the suffixes aris, alls, being alike in origin and meaning, 
 the Romans preferred aris, when the word had already an 1 in it (as 
 stellaris, from stella), and alis, if the word had an r in it (ruralis, 
 from ruris). See Baudry, Grammaire comparee du Sanskrit, du Grec, 
 et du Latin, p. loi. 
 
EXCEPTIONS TO PHONETICS. xcvii 
 
 § 170. Together with this ' dissimilation/ which seeks to avoid the 
 disagreeable repetition of the same letter, we must notice another 
 process, 'metathesis,' the transposition or displacement of a con- 
 sonant, to facilitate pronunciation: thus, formaticum, turbare, 
 paupertatem, at first became formage, iourver, pauverie, as may be 
 seen in old French texts; these words afterwards underwent the 
 j displacement of the r, and h&C2imQ/romage, irouver, pauvrete. 
 
 § 171. II. Law of Transition. — The law of least action shews 
 us the cause of the transformations of language, and of the per- 
 mutation of letters; that of transition will teach us the conditions 
 of these changes, and their course. ' Permutation moves on step 
 by step, and never more than one step at a time. A letter does 
 not at a bound change its order, degree, or family; it can only 
 make one of these changes at once ^' Thus, to resume the study of 
 the word putrere, given above, the classical putrere did not turn at 
 once into the French pourrir ; it passed in the Merovingian Latin 
 into the forms putrire, pudrire, and in Old French through the 
 successive ioiras podrir, porrir, whence pourrir : the tr had to pass 
 the intermediate dr before it became rr. In like manner the Dic- 
 tionary will present to us, so far as it is possible to write it, the 
 history of every letter, and will connect the Latin with the French by 
 the intermediate links of medieval Latin, and the Old French. 
 
 PART III. 
 
 \ 
 
 EXCEPTIONS TO PHONETICS. EFFECT OF CORRUPTION 
 ON THE FORMATION OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE. 
 
 § 172. Though the laws of Phonetics rule with precision almost all 
 the words in the French language, there are still a few which seem, as 
 far as we know, to be refractory, and to refuse to be classified under 
 established heads: just as in natural history there are some beings 
 which have not yet found their proper place under the divisions of 
 science. 
 
 These exceptions to the rules of Phonetics have a double cause : or 
 rather, the infraction of the rules is only apparent, and is due to in- 
 fluences which we are as yet unacquainted with, and to secondary laws 
 
 ^ F- Baudry, Grammaire compare e du Sanskrit, du Grec, et du Latin, 
 p. 83. 
 
 h 
 
xcviii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 which limit or modify the primary ones ; or these infractions of law 
 are the result of corruption. Words thus corrupted cannot be used 
 as arguments to throw doubt on the existence of the laws of lan- 
 guage and their firm establishment : for, as M. Littrd says, * it is the 
 general and positive rules which enable us to affirm that there is an 
 error even where we do not know the circumstances or the conditions 
 of the error ; they enable us to divide the whole into the regular and 
 correct part, and the part altered and mutilated by the inevitable faults 
 of time and of mankind.' 
 
 And besides, in many cases the corruption is only apparent, not 
 real, or if it does exist, it is not the French language that is to blame : 
 thus ecouter (Old French escouter, escolter, originally esculter) is a very 
 irregular derivation from the classical Latin auscultare, for the Latin 
 au never becomes e in French, and if the word had been regularly 
 formed, it would have been oscouter, not escouter, as the Latin au 
 habitually becomes o (aurum, or; pausare, poser, &c.). Now here to 
 all appearance is a flagrant exception, and Phonetics seem to be at 
 fault. But not so: Phonetics are blameless, for we know from 
 Flavins Caper that in the third century men said, not auscultare, but 
 ascultare, whence, according to rule, comes the form escouter, as a 
 becomes e (patrem, pere ; pratum, pre'; gratum, gr^ ; &c.). Thus 
 in this case the corruption dates back to the popular Latin, and the 
 French language has nothing to do with it. 
 
 The same is the case when the French language seems to violate 
 the Latin accent, in such words as encre from encaustum. / persil from 
 petroselinum, borrowed by the Romans from the Greek (eyfcauoToi/, 
 nerpocreXLuov). Here the French retains the original Greek accent, pre- 
 served by the Latins in these borrowed words. In souris, seigle, mordre, 
 foie, fin, faite, from soricem, secdle, mord^re, ficatum, finitus, 
 fastigium, the accent had already been displaced in vulgar Latin, 
 which said soricem, s6cale, mordere, ficatum, finitus, fastigium. 
 
 But beside these apparent infractions of the laws of Phonetics, 
 there are also real exceptions, caused by corruption or chance, — 
 cases of Latin words whose passage into French is governed by no 
 known laws, and which seem to us to be painful discords in the 
 harmonious unity of the language. These errors are man's mark left 
 on the vocabulary, the arbitrary element in the formation of the 
 French tongue. If we compare with their Latin originals the words ^^r- 
 mandree, cham.aedrys ; amidon, am.yluin^ ; camomille, chamaemelum; 
 ancolie, aquilegia; erable, acer arbor; e'chalotie, Ascalonicum; estragon, 
 draconem; regime, Ucim.Titm\ girofle, caryophyllum; marjolaine, ama- 
 racana*, we shall find ourselves face to face with the worst corruptions 
 
 ^ Here the corruption is older than the French language ; amidum 
 for amylum is found in a Latin document of the ninth century. 
 
EXCEPTIONS TO PHONETICS. xcix 
 
 in the language : let us note at the same time that almost all these 
 words indicate medicinal plants, and have come down to us through 
 herbalists and apothecaries. Nor is it astonishing that a long special 
 use has deformed and corrupted such words ; for the people torture 
 learned words so as to give them a sense of some kind — thus one 
 may any day hear the common folk ask for de Veau d'anon for lauda- 
 num, and the like. To this class also belongs boutique, from apotheca, 
 one of the most striking instances of corruption. Apotheca would 
 regularly have produced aboutaie, as the Latin initial a never drops out 
 in French, and it is contrary to rule for the Latin c between, two 
 vowels to become q in French at the end of a word ; in such a posi- 
 tion the Latin c always disappears (baca, haie ; braca, braie ; ebriaca, 
 ivraie) ; so that, like theca, iaie, apotheca ought to have become 
 aboutaie ^. If we add to this list certain other words ^, we shall have 
 the full catalogue of all forms due to chance or inexplicable disturb- 
 ance : it will be seen how very small their sum total is, compared with 
 the whole French language. Still, it is most important for us to be 
 able to ascertain the truth. From the days of St. Augustine, who said ^ 
 that the explanation of words depends on the fancy of each person who ■ I 
 tries them, and who likened it to the interpreting of dreams, down to 
 Voltaire, who believed that chance or corruption were the sole causes 
 of the revolutions of language, human speech has ever been regarded 
 as the product of the arbitrary caprice of men. But modern science 
 has shewn that languages are not the work of chance, but a natural 
 and organic growth, of which man is not the author, but the instru- 
 ment. Philology has narrowed and limited the part played by caprice 
 and corruption in the formation of languages, without utterly annihi- 
 lating it. 
 
 ^ Aboutaie is not the final form. We know on one hand that the Latin p 
 does not stop at b, but drops down to t : on the other hand we know that 
 t between two vowels always drops out in French ; so that aboutaie would 
 become avoutaie^ and finally a'vouaie, the last regular contraction of 
 apotheca. 
 
 ^ Adamantem, diamant; emendare, amender ; amygdale, amande ; 
 tremere, craindre ; carbunculus, escarboucle ; scintilla, etincelle ; sarco- 
 phagus, cercueil • fracticium, friche\ lampetra, lamproie ; imicomu, 
 Ucorne ; umbilicus, nombril. As to the words lendemain, loriot, lierre, 
 which in Old French were rightly spelt endemain, oriot, terre (see the 
 Dictionary for these words), they must not be reckoned as corruptions 
 of the Latin word, but of the French. 
 
 h2 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 PART IV. 
 
 DERIVATION. 
 
 § 173. Before we enter into necessary details in dealing with deriva- 
 tion, under tlie three heads of substantive, adjective, and verb, we must 
 first forewarn our reader that every suffix ought always to be regarded 
 from three points of view ; — with reference to its origin, form, and 
 accentuation. 
 
 § 174. I. Origin. — Suffixes maybe of Latin origin (as pfemz'^r from 
 primarius), or of French origin, that is, formed on the model of 
 Latin suffixes, as encrzVr from encre), but having no correspon- 
 dent Latin original. 
 
 § 175. 2. Form. — We must carefully distinguish suffixes of learned 
 formation from those of popular origin ; i. e. such derivatives as 
 prinWr^, sdcuWr^, schokzW, which come from the learned, from 
 such as prem?'<?r (primarius), "SjioxMer (secularis), ^colz'<?r (scholaris), 
 which have been formed by the common people. 
 
 § 176. 3. Accentuation. — Here the Latin suffixes may be put under 
 two heads : a. the accented, whose penultimate is long, as mort^lis, 
 humanus, vulgaris ; and, /3. the unaccented or atonic, whose penul- 
 timate is short; as dsinus, porticus, mobilis. 
 
 § 177. Accented Latin suffixes are retained in the French, as mortely 
 humain, vulgaire. The language having got possession of these 
 suffixes, -el, -ain, -aire, presently uses them to form new derivatives, 
 applying them to words which had no corresponding suffixes in 
 Latin: by such additions have been formed such words as vis-uel^ 
 loini-ain, visionn-aire, derivatives created at first hand by the French 
 language. 
 
 § 178. Atonic Latin suffixes, ds-inus, port-icus, jud-icem, all 
 perish as they pass into French by a natural consequence of the 
 law of accentuation: thus dsinus gives us dne ; port-icus, pore he ; 
 j'dd-^cem^juge. After losing the atonic i these suffixes had no strength 
 left in them for the production of new derivatives. What, in fact, 
 does the suffix -k in gre-te (gracilis) ; humb-le (humilis) ; douib-h 
 (ductilis), represent to the common ear ? Who would believe that 
 these three French words are formed by means of the same suffix, 
 if he had not the Latin words before him ? While the Latin -ilis 
 is very fruitful, the French -le is but a sterile termination. Similarly, 
 it may be seen by such examples as diab-le (diabolus) ; meub-le 
 (mobilis) ; peup-le (populus), that the three Latin suffixes, -olus, -ilis, 
 -lilus, are uniformly merged in the French -le ; a fact which indicates 
 
DERIVATION OF SUBSTANTIVES. cr 
 
 the indistinctness of their sound on the popular ear, owing to the 
 dropping of the atonic penultimate vowel. It was not till several 
 centuries after the birth of the French language that the learned, - 
 not understanding the proper function of accent in the formation i 
 of terminations, foolishly followed the Latin form, imposing on it / 
 a false accent, displacing the true accent. Then sprang up words j 
 like portique (porticus) ; mobile (mobilis) ; fragile (fragilis) ; words * 
 opposed to the genius of the French language, barbarous words, 
 neither Latin nor French, defying the laws of accent of both 
 languages. In a word, of these two classes of suffixes, the former, 
 the accented, are alone strong enough to bear any development in 
 French ; the others, the atonic, have fallen dead, without producing 
 a single new derivative. This is the principle which will form the 
 basis of our study of suffixes. 
 
 SECTION 1. 
 
 Derivation of Substantives. 
 
 Latin substantives, adjectives, verbs, prepositions ^, have produced 
 French substantives. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 French Substantives derived from Latin Substantives^. 
 
 § 179. The French language has carried over several thousands of 
 Latin substantives, such as chanire, cantor; pdtre, pastor; kgon, 
 lectionem, &c. ; and has also created a vast number of others from 
 French substantives already existing ; such as journe'e, anne'e, soiree, 
 matinee, from Jour, an, soir, matin; chevalerie from chevalier, &c* 
 All these formations are studied in detail in §§ 191, sqq., under the 
 heads of the suffixes -alls, -anus, -aris, -arius, -aticum, -atus, -etum, 
 -eria *, -ianus, -ile, -iste, to which the reader is referred. 
 
 ^ We do not here speak of pronouns, for there is only one French word 
 which has sprung from a Latin pronoun, that is, identite from idem ; and 
 .even in this case, it is not from classical but scholastic Latin, which 
 produced the forms identitatem and identicus ; so that even this word 
 is not of popular origin. 
 
 ^ For all parts of this treatise on derivation and composition I have 
 followed Matzner's admirable classification. 
 
eU INTRODUCTION. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 French Substantives derived from Latin Adjectives. 
 
 § 180. Just as un mort stands for un homme mort, un mortel for un 
 itre mortel, by excluding the substantive and calling the object by the 
 name of its epithet, so the words matin Jour, hiver, have been formed 
 from the Latin adjectives matutinum, diurnum, hibemum, sc. 
 tempus: similarly cierge, roche, netge, grange, lange, longe, U, ch^ne, 
 droit, hdtel, are from the adjectives cereus, rupea *, nivea, granea *, 
 lanea, lumbea*, latus, quercinus*, directum, hospitalis. Several 
 substantives of this class, such as sanglier, linge^ coursier, bouclier^ 
 were adjectives in Old French (as may be seen under these words 
 in the Dictionary), the Old French phrase running un drap linge, 
 un pore sanglier, un cheval coursier, un icu bouclier ; and they became 
 substantives at a comparatively late epoch in the history of the 
 language. For details, see under the suffixes cited in § 179, and 
 also under the three suffixes, -tas, -tudo, -ia (it-ia). 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 French Substantives derived from Latin Prepositions. 
 
 § 181. These are very rare, whether they come direct from the 
 Latin, as contre'e from contrata* (derived from contra), entr allies from 
 interanea (derived from inter), or whether they have been formed 
 first hand by the French, as avantage from avant, devanture from 
 devant. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 French Substantives derived from Latin Verbs. 
 
 § 182. The French language derives substantives from verbs either 
 by using the root of the verb, with or without suffixes ; or by using 
 the present infinitive, or the present participle, the past participle, or 
 the future passive participle. 
 
 § 183. I. i. From the verb-root with suffix. — By joining to the verb- 
 root certain terminations, each of which brings with it a special modi- 
 fication of the meaning, the French language has created a multitude 
 of substantives : thus from abreuv-er, e'clair-er, all-er, it has produced 
 abreuv-oir, eclair-eur, all-ure. These suffixes thus used for the 
 creation of substantives are about twenty in number [-alls, -anda 
 (-enda), -antia, -anus, -aldus, -ardus, -aris, -arius, -aster, -aticum, 
 -atus, -etum, -eria * ? -ela, -ianus, -icius, -ile, -ina, -issa, -iste,* 
 -m.en (-amen, -imen, -umen), -mentum, -or (-tor, -sor), -orius, 
 -tionem, -ura]. See Sect. III. Chapter I. for the detailed study of 
 each of these suffixes. 
 
DERIVA TION OF SUBSTANTIVES. Ciii 
 
 § 184. ii. From the verb-root without suffix. — The French language 
 creates new substantives by taking them from the verb, by the simple 
 addition to its root of the gender-ending : thus, after the Latin verbs 
 apportare, purgare, appellare, have given the verbs apporter, purger, 
 appeler, the French language takes the roots of these verbs, apport, 
 purge, appel, and uses them as new substantives, which had no originals 
 in Latin, and are called verbal substantives. These verbs number 
 about three hundred ^, and are all of the first conjugation ^. A certain 
 number of these substantives are concrete : as ragout from ragoHter, 
 rabat from rabattre, decor from decorer, e'gout from e'goutter, empois 
 from empeser, engrais from engraisser, reverbere from riverberer, 
 repaire from O. Fr. repairer ^ rechaud from re and e'chauder, depeche 
 from de'p^cher, cri from crier, conserve from conserver, contour from 
 contourner, traite from traiter, relief from relever, repli from replier ; 
 but most of them are abstract, and indicate the action expressed 
 by the verb : such are appel from appeler, apport from apporter, 
 baisse from baisser, aide from aider, avance from avancer, epouvante 
 from e'pouvanter, offre from offrir, peche from picher, recherche from 
 rechercher, tremp from tremper, &c. ^ 
 
 Whence has the genius of the French language learnt so 
 fruitful and ingenious a process, enabling it to create so large a 
 number of substantives which have no Latin parent? The answer _ 
 is at hand — The FrencJ;i.and the Latin are simply successive con-^-*^^-^ 
 ditions of the same language ; and there is no grammatical process ^ij 
 employed in the . French which is not to be found, in germ at least, 
 in the Latin ; thus the Romans in their day created (especially 
 inllieir time of decadence) verbal substantives out of their infinitives : 
 thus from probare, luetari, &c. came proba, lucta, which appear for 
 the first time long after the verb ; proba in Ammianus Marcellinus. 
 lucta in Ausonius. 
 
 Two characteristic facts shew us with what fertility the French \ 
 language has developed this process thus handed down to it from 
 the Latin. On the one hand, it has been applied to words which 
 are completely strangers to the Latin language, and such substantives 
 as galop, debut, regard, have been formed from verbs of Germanic 
 
 ^ These derivatives have a peculiarity which is quite unique ; they are 
 shorter than the words whence they come. We must carefully avoid 
 confounding these substantives, which spring from verbs, with those which 
 have given birth to verbs (such d&fete, lard, whence^/eter, larder). 
 
 ^ The eight or ten substantives (such as maintien from maintenir, recueil 
 from recueil lir, accueil from accueillir) which belong to other conjugations 
 have been formed by analogy. The other conjugations have formed no 
 verbal substantives like those of the first conjugation, because they have 
 at their disposal the strong participial substantives (studied in § 188). 
 
 ^ About one-third of these substantives are of the masculine gender. 
 
civ INTRODUCTION. 
 
 origin, such as galoper^ dibuter^ regarder ; on the other hand, the 
 process is still in active operation, and daily gives birth to fresh words ; 
 thus of late years have appeared casse from casser, chauffe froni 
 chauffer ^y and this fact shews us the persistent nature and spontaneous 
 action of the laws of language, and the certainty with which the 
 popular instinct advances, quite unconsciously, in the formation of 
 new words. 
 
 § 185. II. The Infinitive. — From the present infinitive come a 
 tolerably large number of masculine substantives, such as diner, 
 dejeuner, souper, goUter, vivre and vivres, manger, boire, loyer, savoir, 
 pouvoir, devoir, plaisir, itre, loisir, repentir, avenir, sourire, baiser, 
 souvenir, &c., all of them used as masculine substantives. 
 
 § 186. III. The Present Participle. — Just as the Latin language had 
 created a substantive, amans (a lover), from the present participle 
 of the verb amare, so the French language has created, by help 
 of present participles, the substantives marchand from mercantem *, 
 manant from manentem ; sergent, servientem ; se'ant, sedentem, to 
 say nothing of forms which have come direct from the French 
 participle, such as tranchant, vivant, servant, gouvernante, me'chant, 
 from trancher, vivir, servir, gouverner ; michant, O. Fr. meschant, is 
 from the old verb mescheoir, like se'ant from seoir, ichiant from 
 ichoir. 
 
 § 187. IV. The Past Participle. — The Latin tongue possessed the 
 faculty of creating substantives out of its past participles : thus from 
 peccatmn, p. p. of peccare, came the substantive peceatum, a sin ; 
 from fossa, p. p. of fodere, came fossa, a ditch, &c. And the French 
 language, not content with thus turning the Latin participles into sub- 
 stantives (as in avoui, advocatus; ecrit, scriptum, &c.), in its turn 
 expanded this grammatical process, and created from French parti- 
 ciples a multitude of substantives masculine and feminine, such 
 as/ait, regu, dH, re'duit, masculines, and crois/e, nichee, durie, trancMe, 
 partie, issue, feminines, all of them past participles of the vtxh^faire, 
 devoir, recevoir, &c. And this it does especially with feminine par- 
 ticiples. The number of substantives thus obtained is considerable ; 
 for the French language forms substantives with both classes of par- 
 ticiples, the strong as well as the weak ^ 
 
 ^ La chauffe, a furnace ; une surface de chauffe, a fire-surface, flue-surface. 
 
 ^ A strong participle is one which is accented on the root, as dictus, 
 fdctus, trdctus ; a 'weak participle is accented on the ending, as am-dtus, 
 purg-dtus. Similarly, in French, dit, fait, joint, are strong; aimee, purgee, 
 iveak participles. The strong participles are those which ordinary gram- 
 marians class mechanically under the name of irregular participles, and 
 fweak ones under the name of the regular. For further details, see 
 Historical Grammar, p. 140. 
 
DERIVATION OF SUBSTANTIVES. cv 
 
 T. Formed from ze;<?(2/^ (or regular) participles; such as chevauchee, 
 accouchee, &c. 
 
 2. Formed from strong (or irregular) participles ; such as dit, 
 joint, r^duit, trait, &c. We know (see Historical Grammar, p. 140) 
 that Modern French has replaced most of these strong participles 
 by weak ones ; still the substantives formed from the strong forms 
 remain : thus the old feminine participle defense, defensa, has been 
 replaced by the weak form difendue, while it remains as a sub- 
 stantive. 
 
 § 188. The following is a list of these strong participles ^ no longer 
 in use as such, but still remaining as substantives. 
 , It will be seen that the modern form, the correspondent weak 
 participle, is set side by side (within brackets) with the old strong 
 participle, which has become a substantive, and the Latin word 
 whence it comes : — 
 
 Emplette, implieita {employee) ; exploit, explicitum {/ploy^) ; meute, 
 movita {mue^., and its compound imeute, exmovita [emue) ; pointe, 
 puncta [poindre, in the sense of to prick = pungere ; this word 
 remains as a participle in the word courte-pointe, in O. Fr. coulte-pointe, 
 from Latin culcita-puncta) ; course, eursa {courue) ; trait, tractum, 
 and its compounds por- trait, retrait, traite, &c. ; source, sursa {surgie), 
 and its compound ressource ; the verb is sourdre, siirgere; route, 
 rupta {rompue), and its compounds deroute, banqueroute, i. e. banque, 
 rompue ; defense, defensa {difendtie), and its congeners offense, &c. ; 
 tente, t6ndita {tendue), and its compounds attente, de'tente, entente, &c. ; 
 rente, r6ddita {r endue) ; pente, p6ndita * {pendue), and its compounds 
 soupente, susp6ndita * isuspendue) ; poste, posita {pose'e) ; repas, re- 
 pastus (repu) ; croit, cr§scituni * (crue), and its compound surer oit; 
 semonce, formerly semonse, summonsa * ; entorse, intorsa * ; suite, 
 s6quita* (suivie), yAiencQ poursuite ; vente, v^ndita, ■ (vendue) ; perte, 
 p6rdita (perdue); quete, qua§sita (quet/e), and its compounds con- 
 quete, requite, enquete ; recette, recepta (regue) ; ^dette, d6bita (dUe) ; 
 reponse, responsa (ripondue) ; elite, electa (Hue) ; tonte, t6ndita * 
 (tondue); mors, morsus (mordu) ; fonte, fiindita {fondue); compound 
 refonte ; toise, tensa (tendue) ; ponte, pondita* (pondue) ; fente, f6ndita 
 (f endue) ; faute, fallita (faillie) ; maltote, male-tollita ; boite, blbita 
 
 ^ More than one participle in this list has never been used in French 
 except as a substantive; and its participial usage dates either from the 
 classical or the rustic Latin, which latter often created forms of which 
 no trace remains in any text, but which survive in the corresponding 
 French words. Thus entorse, semonce, suite (in Italian seguita), croit 
 (It. cresciuto), cannot answer to the classical forms intorta, summonita, 
 secuta, eretum, but to the popular forms intorsa *, summonsa *, 
 sequita*, crescitum*. 
 
cri INTRODUCTION. 
 
 (bue) ; secousse, succussa {secouee) ; and its congener rescousse, from 
 O. Fr. escousse, which is the Latin excussa ; /m'/e, ftigita ; promesse^ 
 promissa ( promise) ; e'cluse, ezclusa {exclue) ; itnpoi, impositum 
 {impost); d/pot, depositum {diposi); privSt^ praepositum {propose) ; 
 suppot, suppositum {suppose) ; entrepSl, interp6situni * {entrepose') ^ / 
 descente, desc6ndita * {descendue) ; plaid ^ pldcitum ^. 
 
 Thus, while Old French said itre mors, morsua ; etre route, rupta, 
 for itre mordue, rompue, Modern French, while it replaced the Old 
 French mors and route by mordu and rompu, created from these old 
 participles new substantives (un mors de cheval, une route). In a 
 few cases, very rare ones, the strong participle survives beside the 
 weak one ; as in un fit tors, and un fil tordu, which has not hindered 
 the formation of the substantive tort, conformably with the rule we 
 have described ^ Side by side with these two forms of expression 
 we have the triple form une femme absoute, une femme absolm^ and 
 the substantive absoute. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 Derivation of Adjectives. 
 
 §189. Adjectives are formed (i) by the present participle; as 
 charmant, savant, de'vorant, the present participles of the verbs charmer y 
 savoir, d/vorer. It often happens that a verb has disappeared in 
 Modern French, while its present participle remains as an adjective ; 
 thus the Old French verbs michoir, bier, galer, remain only in their 
 participles michant, biant, galant, which are now used as adjectives. 
 
 2. From the past participle : — poli, connu, fleuri, &.C., from polir, 
 connaitre,fleurir, &c. 
 
 3. From the verb-root. — This process, which we shewed, § 184, to 
 be so fruitful for substantives, has not been equally so for adjectives ; 
 still some traces of it occur in the adjectives gonfle from gonfler, 
 dispos, which comes from disposer, not from the Latin dispositus, 
 
 ^ Propos and repos have no place in this list, as they are the substantives 
 of the verbs proposer and reposer, as has been seen in § 184. 
 
 ^ We may add to this list dessert, desserte, formed by analogy from the 
 verb desservir ; absoute, absoluta ; soute, soluta ; chute, caduta *, although 
 these participles are not strong in Latin. 
 
 ^ I have naturally included in this list only those strong participles which 
 have remained only as substantives, leaving out all those which remain in 
 French as both participles and substantives; such as dit, joint, adjoint, 
 reduit, conduit, conduite, produit, enduit, biscuit, ouie, clos, enclos, cowvert, 
 decowverte, miscy remise, prise, surprise, defaite, crue, contrainte, empreintCy 
 feinte, &c. 
 
' ACCENTED SUFFIXES. cvii 
 
 which would have given d^pdt. Compare impositus, impot ; suppo- 
 situs, suppot ; praepositus, privdt. 
 
 4. By suffixes. — By this means the French language produces 
 fresh adjectives ; a. from substantives, as mensonger, courageux, age, 
 from mensonge, courage, dge ; or, jS. from adjectives, as jaundtre, 
 lourdaud, vieillot, from jaune, lourd, vieil ; or y. from verbs, as com- 
 parable, redoubtable, semblable, as comparer, redouter, sembler ; or 8. 
 from prepositions, as ancien from antianus *, derivative of ante ; 
 souverain from superanus*, derivative of supra. In the next chapter 
 will be found a list of all these suffixes, and of the derivations which 
 they have supplied to the French language. 
 
 I 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 List of Nominal Suffixes. 
 
 § 190. Here follows a detailed catalogue of nominal suffixes (i. e. 
 of suffixes which form substantives and adjectives), divided, as has 
 been already done in § 176, into accented and atonic. In this list of 
 suffixes will be found the three of Germanic origin (viz. -ard, -inc, 
 and -aud), which are to be met with in the French tongue : diminutive 
 and augmentative suffixes will be treated of separately. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 Accented Suffixes. 
 
 § 191. Alls, ale become al, eP in popular French^: chenal, canalis^,* 
 journal, diumalis ; royal, regalis ; loyal, legalis ; hotel, hospitale ; 
 cheptel, capitale ; noel, natalis ; me'nestrel, ministrale * ; mortel, 
 mortalis ; charnel, earnalis ; voyelle, vocalis. Pluralis produced 
 in the regular way the, Old French plurel, changed afterwards into 
 the diphthongal />/«rz'^/, by changing e into ie. See § 56. 
 
 The suffixes -alls, -aris have been replaced, so far as French 
 derivatives are concerned, by the form -arius, and have disappeared, 
 leaving no posterity behind them. 
 
 § 192. Antia, entia become ance in popular French *". as in enfance, 
 
 ^ For the letter-change, see % 54. 
 
 "^ The learned form is al : cardinalis, cardinal ; hospitale, hopital. 
 
 ^ Canalis has also produced another form, chenel, which was afterwards 
 softened into cheneau, just as bel became beau. 
 
 * The learned form from antia is ance, as in arrogance, arrogantia ; 
 of entia, ence^ as in innocence, innocentia. 
 
I 
 
 cviii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 infantia; contenance, oontinentia *. We know that these abstract 
 substantives are formed from the present participle by adding the 
 suffix -ia ; thus from infantem has come infantia ; from con- 
 tinentem, continentia, &c. The French language, imitating this 
 process, has similarly created vengeance from vengeant, croyance from 
 croyant, confiance from confiant, e'chiance from icMant, jouissance from 
 jouissant. Participial substantives often come from forms which have 
 disappeared from Modern French, and are, as it were, living witnesses 
 to their dead ancestors : thus chance, formerly cheance, carries us back 
 to che'ant, participle of ch/oir, primitive form of choir, cadere ; and 
 ichiance carries us back, through dcMant, to echoir. Fiani, participle 
 of fier, gives us the Old French substantive fiance, whence again 
 the \trhfiancer. Engeance, finance, outrecuidance, similarly come from 
 the old verbs enger (to multiply oneself) ; finer (to conclude a 
 bargain, pay); outrecuider, ultra-cogitare. Cre'ance answers to the 
 archaic participle criani, to be found in the compound m/cr/ant. 
 DoUance, whence condoUaTue, similarly carries us through a participle 
 doUant, to a verb doUier, from a Latin type dolicare * ; while nuance, 
 laitance come through nuant, laitant, from the old verbs nuer, latter, 
 which are derived from the words nue, laite. 
 
 § 193. Andus, endus. The passive future participle has provided 
 us, through its nominative plural neuter, with a certain number of 
 substantives. We must, however, take note that the French language, 
 following its customary use^, has treated these neuter plurals as if 
 they were feminine singulars, and has produced from them a number 
 of feminine substantives, such as viande from vivenda; provende 
 from praebenda ^ ; whence, by analogy, the French derivatives offrande 
 from offrir ; jurande ^romjurer ; re'primande from reprimer, &c. 
 
 From the combination of the suffix and with the suffix /<?r (see 
 § 198), come the derivatives in andier, such as taill-andier from 
 iailler, filandiere from filer ; lavandiere from laver, &c. 
 
 ^ It is well known that by a strange error the Merovingian Latin 
 mistook neuter pluralsJDu^. for feminine singulars of the-.£rst_de£lension. 
 Thus'from J)6cus^as formed pecoras r "* mter'^ecoras ' says aTlhar- 
 tulary of a.d. 757 (in Muratori). The same author has published a 
 collection of industrial receipts of the Merovingian epoch, in which we find 
 a feminine pergamina, from the neuter plural of pergamenum : ' per- 
 gamina quomodo fieri debet: mitte illam in calcem., at jaceat ibi 
 per dies tres.' In this way the French language has produced a certain 
 number of feminine substantives ; as mer'veille, mirabilia ; bible, biblia * ; 
 come, cornua ; aumailk, animalia ; tempe, tempera ; brasse, brachia ; 
 arme, arma ; muraille, muralia ; 'volatile, volatilia ; feuille, folia ; saussaiey 
 saliceta ; and all the suffixes in ate from eta, plural of etum. 
 
 2 Learned forms are legende from legenda ; prebende from praebenda. 
 
ACCENTED SUFFIXES. cix 
 
 § 194. Anus, ana become am, en — aim, enne ^ / as chdtelain, 
 castellanus * ; auhain, albanus * ; ecrivain, scribanus ; poulain, 
 pullanus * ; humain, humanus ; souverain, superanus * ; vilain, 
 villanus * ; lointain, longitanus * ; fontaine, fontana. 
 
 When anus follows i it becomes en, whether the i be original, 
 as in ancien, antianus; chre'tien, christianus, or whether it comes 
 from the dropping of the medial consonant (see Historical Grammar, 
 p. 37), as m. paien, paganus; doyen, decanus ; mqyen, medianus; 
 miioyen, medietanus *; citoyen, civitadanus *. 
 
 French derivatives formed by analogy are also very numerous; 
 such are quatre, quatrain,^; dix, dizain ; six, sixain; douze,douzaine ; 
 neuf, neuvaine ; haut, hautain ; proche, prochain ; Afric-ain, Napolit- 
 ain, Americ-ain : the one exception under this class is paysan, pays, 
 which should have been pay sain, and indeed is found so in the twelfth 
 century and onwards : this one deviation may be due to dissimilation 
 (§169). The form en is especially applied to professional nouns, such 
 as m/canicien, chirurgien, musicien, grammairien ^. 
 
 § 195. Aldu§,.a,siiffix of Germariic origin. In a great many Prankish 
 proper names we may notice a suHTx, wald, which denotes force, 
 command, answering to the modern German Ge-walt, walten, to 
 wield ; thus Chlodo-wald, Grimo-wald, Anso-wald, &c. This suffix 
 was transcribed into aldus by the Gallo-Romans ^ ; and we find 
 in Merovingian Latin the names Chlodo-aldus, Grimo-aldus, Anso- 
 aldus, Regin-aldus, which in Carolingian times became Grim-aldus, 
 Regin-aldus, by the regular change of oaldus into aldus. By the 
 customary softening of al into au (§ 157), aldus became aud ; whence 
 Grimaldus, Grimaud ; Reginaldus, Regnaud. 
 
 This suffix has, i)£.en employed by the French language, but always 
 in a depreciatory or a bad sense, whether as attached to words of 
 QttxmSxSt on^xxi, 2J& clai-aud, crap-aud, or by analogy in French 
 derivatives, as lourd-aud, nig-aud, fin-aud, ronge-aud, sal-aud. pat-aud ; 
 and with a diminutive sense in levr-aui, a leveret. 
 
 § 196. Ardus, a suffix of Germanic origin (Gothic hardus, German 
 hart, hard). This suffix, which has helped to form a great many 
 proper names, such as Regin-hart, Rein-hart, Renard ; Eber-hart, 
 Ehrart, Ebrard, Evrard, denotes intensity in French words ; and also 
 in very many cases takes a bad sense : thus ard is found in com- 
 
 ^ For letter-changes, see § 54. 
 
 ^ Faisan, phasianus, is in the same position as paysan ; on grounds of 
 dissimilation it could not become faisain. Such words as partisan, capitan, 
 "volcan, artisan, courtisan, are not to be added to the list, as they have 
 come in in modern times from Spain or Italy, and are not genuine French 
 words 
 
 ^ Waldus (pronounced valdus) became aldus by dropping the medial 
 V (§ 141) : as Chlodo(v)aldus, Chlodoaldus, Qlodoald, 
 
ex INTRODUCTION. 
 
 bination (i) with substantives; as monfagne, montagnard ; hdt, bdtard ; 
 canSy canard ; bt'lle, billard ; bras, brassard ; cutsse, cuissard ; couard, 
 oaud-arduB * / hagard (Lat. haga) ; brancard, from O. Fr. branc^ 
 masculine form of branche ; mouche, mouchard ; poing, poignard ; 
 moiit, moutarde ; poule, poularde ; campagne, campagnard ; corbeil, 
 corbillard ; /pine, ipinard ; putts, puisard ; or (2) with adjectives, 
 as vteil, viellard ; or (3) with verbs, as pend-re, pendard ; etend-re, 
 itendard ; fui-r,fuyard ; babiller, babillard ; baver, bavard ; brailler^ 
 braillari ; brocher, brocart ; brouiller, brouillard ; crier, criard ; 
 nasiller, nasillard ; p/ter, pilar d ; piller, pillar d ; plaquer, placard. 
 
 § 197. Aris becomes ier in popular French *, as sanglier, singularis ; 
 icolier, scholaris. 
 
 § 198. Arius. This suffix, which is derived from aris, and has 
 entirely supplanted it in new-formed French words, becomes ier, as 
 premier, primarius. In popular French^ this form ier is reduced 
 to er after ch, g^ ; as in vacher, porcher, boucher, archer, bUcher, 
 clocher, cocher, gaucher, picker, plancher, rocher ; berger, danger, 
 boulanger, itranger, leger, verger, oranger, viager, mensofiger. 
 
 This suffix, ier, is the most productive of all French suffixes : ist, in 
 adjectives, 2.% premier, primarius; le'ger, leviarius*, whence, by analogy, 
 the French derivatives plenier from plein ; bocager from bocage ; men- 
 songer from mensonge ; dernier, formerly derrenier, from O. Fr. derrain, 
 dernier, Lat. deretranus *. 2nd, in substantives which vary exceed- 
 ingly in sense : thus, ier designates, (i) the names of plants or trees, as 
 poirier, pommier, noyer, nucarius * ; amandier, laurier, figuier, peuplier, 
 grenadier, prunier,/raisier, miirier, cerisier, citronnier, oranger, eglantier, 
 from O. Fr. aiglent, a thorn: (2) names of animals, as le'vrier, lepo- 
 rarius, be'lier, from O. Fr. belle, limier, formerly liemier, from lien, 
 originally Hem ? (3) Names of trades : poller, pot ; batelier, from O. Fr. 
 batel ; chamelier, from O. Fr. chamel ; cordonnier, formerly cordouanier, 
 from O. Fr. cordouan ; huissier, from O. Fr. huis ; conseiller, con- 
 siliarius ; icuyer, scutarius ; berger, vervecarius. In bijou-l-ier from 
 bijou; cafe-l-ier from cafe' ; clou-t-ier from clou; boyau-d-ier from 
 boyau, the consonant is intercalated to avoid the hiatus. (4) The con- 
 ception of a receptacle : as colombier, columbarium ; verger, viri- 
 
 ^ For letter-changes, see § 54. The learned form is aire ; as vulgaire, 
 vulgaris ; populaire, popularis, by the side of which, for learned words 
 of rather greater antiquity, we find again the form ier ; as regulier, regu- 
 laris ; singulier, singularis. 
 
 ^ Anus has similarly supplanted the suffix alis, which is, in fact, only 
 another form of aris, § 176. 
 
 * In this list of suffixes in er we do not name those which follow j* or 
 soft //, because these letters have included in them the i of ier ; such are 
 ecuyer, noyer, bruyere, gruyer f, metayer, foyer, -voyer ; conseiller, cornouiller, 
 ecaillere, poulailler, oreiller. 
 
ACCENTED SUFFIXES. cxi 
 
 diarium * ; foyer, focarium ; chartrier, chartularium ; grenier, gra- 
 narium ; encrier from encre ; sablier from sahle. 
 
 Hence it is plain that ier produces, in each of these cases, such 
 varied changes of sense that it is not easy to reduce its effects to 
 one formulary. We may read with advantage the reflections which 
 this great variety of results has suggested to M. Br^al ^, in a fine 
 passage full of the philosophy of language. He says : — 
 
 '■ Thus from pomme, figue, amande, we have created pommier, figuier, 
 amandier. Judging from these, we might think that -ier indicates 
 the thing which produces the object named by the primitive word. 
 But, on the other hand, there are words like encrier, huilier, herbier, 
 colandier, in which -ier indicates not the thing which produces, but 
 the thing which receives. It may be suggested that this idea of 
 reception has led to that of origination, and that the two ideas 
 may be thus merged in one. But then what shall we do with 
 such words as prisonnier, where -ier indicates neither the producing 
 agent nor the receptacle, but, on the contrary, the thing contained .? 
 Again, if we have prisonnier from prison, so have we also geolier 
 from geSle, which is quite the opposite thing. Nor is this all : the 
 connection in sense which couples chevalier with cheval is not the same 
 with that which connects bouvier with boeuf, or levrier with lievre. 
 One could easily multiply examples ; but these are enough to shew 
 that the mind must come to the rescue in the case of so variable 
 a suffix. 
 
 ' It certainly would not be impossible to conceive a sense so abstract 
 as to suit all these derivatives, especially if we imagine ourselves 
 re-establishing that neuter gender which the language has lost. But 
 let us consider what passes in our mind when we use these words : 
 each time we supply to ourselves a relation of a concrete kind and 
 of a particular species. The word voiturier means the coachman 
 of a voiture, while carrossier means the maker of a carrosse ; a 
 cuirassier is a soldier who wears a cuirasse, but an armurier is a man 
 who makes or sells arms. The mind divines or knows by tradition 
 these relations, which are not in the least expressed by the words 
 themselves, and our intelligence fills up the blank. 
 
 ' It is possible that, originally, man tried to give a proper suffix 
 to each relation which his mind could conceive. But this attempt 
 he must fain abandon ere long, as the crowd of the relations, which 
 his growing experience called up, pressed more and more on him. 
 And thus, too, just as idioms grow older, these auxiliaries of thought, 
 far from increasing in number, as one might have expected, shew 
 a distinct tendency to decrease. The more common suffixes elbow 
 out the weaker ones : the mind, content with a certain number of 
 
 ^ M. Breal, Idtes latentes du langagCy p. lo, 1. 13 — p. 12, 1. 24. 
 
cxii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 signs, trusts more and more to its own intelligence, helped by- 
 tradition. 
 
 * We have, no doubt, artificial nomenclatures, in which the termina- 
 tion at once tells us the position of the object designated in a scientific 
 classification. Thus chemical nomenclature is a kind of spoken 
 catalogue, in which every change in the composition of a body is 
 indicated by a corresponding change in the form of its name. But 
 we must remember that, amidst the infinity of relations in which 
 things can stand to one another in the world, the language of 
 chemistry chooses out a few and neglects the rest, thus arriving at 
 exactitude by specialising rigorously. On the contrary, common 
 speech, which ought to sufiice for the universality of our knowledge, 
 very properly dispenses with scientific rigour, and, without striving 
 after impossibilities, compels new ideas into the existing forms which 
 have been handed down to it from ages past.' 
 I" § 199. Aster. This suffix retains in French the depreciatory and 
 bad sense it had in the Latin poetaster, philosophaster, and the 
 diminutive sense it had in surdaster, novellaster, &c. Aster be- 
 came in popular French dtre, originally aslre ; mardtre, matrasta * ; 
 pardtre, patraster ; saumdtre, salmaster * ; noirdtre from noir ; grisdtre 
 from gris ; hleudtre from hleu ; rougedire from rouge ; foldtre from 
 fol 
 
 § 200. Atus (of the fourth declension). This suffix becomes / 
 in popular French ^ As a substantive -atus indicates employment, 
 oflfice, dignity; as in consulatus, senatus, pontificatus, legatus; 
 comti^ comitatus ; duche\ ducatus ; clergi^ clerieatus. By analogy 
 mar/ckaussee, sinichaussee, from marechal, s^n^chal. 
 
 § 201. Atus, utus, suffixes which indicate possession, form adjectives 
 drawn straight from substantives (following the analogy of the present 
 participle ?), but are not to be confounded with § 200. 
 
 Thus the Latins said alatus from ala, barbatus from barba, 
 comutus from comu, &c., whence (by the regular changes of atus 
 into e"^, and of utus into u ^, come the adjectives ros^, rosatus ; ail/, 
 alatus ; comu, comutus ; chenu, canutus ; eu, bit, vu, sH, formerly 
 <?«, heil, veil, seii, from Latin habutus*, bibutus*, vidutus*, saputus*, 
 as is shewn by the Italian forms avuio, veduto, &c.; whence also, 
 by analogy, come numerous French derivatives, as age from dge ; 
 
 ^ The learned form is at; as senat, senatus; consulate consulatus; 
 pontificate pontificatus. On this model have been constructed such de- 
 generate and ill-formed words as marquisat from marquis, generalat from 
 general. 
 
 2 For letter-changes, see §§ 187, 188. 
 
 ^ For letter-changes, see §§ 187, 188. 
 
ACCENTED SUFFIXES. cxiii 
 
 maniere, mam'/re ; a f aire, affaire ; orangey orangi ; bar be, barbu ; 
 ventre, ventru ; tete, teiu ; point, pointu. 
 
 The feminine suffix ata, ee in French, imitating the feminine of 
 the past participle, see § 200 (care must be taken not to confuse them 
 together), is joined to substantives, with a view to the creation of 
 other substantives which shall express either (i) the quantity con- 
 tained in the primitive, as charrette, charrettee ; assi'ette, assiette'e ; 
 gorge, gorg^e ; cuiller, cuillere'e ; bouche, bouchie ; and, consequently, 
 relations of times : jour, journe'e ; soir, soire'e ; matin, matine'e ; an, 
 anne'e ; or (2) the object produced by the primitive, as araignee, 
 araneata*, originally a cobweb spun by the aragne, aranea. 
 
 By the side'*of this suffix, ee, which is the old popular and true 
 French form of ata, there is also a form ade, imported from the 
 Romance languages of the South '^ — from Provengal, in or 
 about the thirteenth century^, from Spanish and Italian. Thus, 
 grenade, dorade, bigarrade, croisade, ballade, come from Provengal 
 grenada (Lat. granata), daurada (Lat. de-aurata*), crozada (Lat. 
 cruciata *, from crucem), balada (Lat. ballata * ^). Arcade, 
 balustrade, embuscade, esplanade, estrade, gambade, panade, are from 
 Italian areata, balustrata, imboscata, splanata, strata, gambata, panata. 
 Camarade, algarade are from Spanish camarada, algarada *. 
 
 This foreign suffix ade has oeen so largely imported, and at a 
 time when the French language had still a certain plastic force, that 
 it has been adopted as a popular suffix, and is still employed to 
 form a crowd of new words, such as promenade, embrassade, glissade, 
 bourfade, &c. 
 
 § 202. Ela becomes elle in French, as in chandelle, candela; 
 querelle, querela, is perhaps a learned word. This suffix has 
 remained unfruitful, and has produced no new French words. 
 
 § 203. Elis usually becomes el : cruel, crudelis ; but becomes 
 al after a guttural. This suffix has also been barren. 
 
 § 204. Ellus becomes first el, flien eau, as has been seen § 157 ; thus 
 agnellus becomes agnel, then agneau ; vascellum, vaissel, then 
 
 ^ The Latin suffix ata became Italian dta, Spanish and Proven9al ada', 
 thus diumata* is in Italian giornata, in Provencal and ^^zmsh Jornada. ^^ 
 
 ■^ The oldest example, known to us, of the suffix ade in French is noix \ 
 mugade (nux muscata), in the Roman de la Rose. / 
 
 " Auhade, bigarrade, are from the modern Provenyal auhado, albata ; ' 
 higarrado. 
 
 * When one of these foreign words in ade falls in with a popular 
 word, coming from the same Latin root, there ensues a doublet : thus the 
 Latin salata becomes salee in French, salada in Spanish ; salee and salade, 
 on the entry of the latter word from Spain, form a ' doublet ' ; so too with 
 che'vauchee, caballicata *, and ca'valcade ; panee, panata, and panadcy and 
 so on. 
 
 i 
 
cxiv INTRODUCTION. 
 
 vaisseau ; gemellus, Jumel, then jumeau, &c. ^ Cerveau, cerebellum \ 
 chalumeau, calamellus ; nouveau, novellus ; oiseau, aucellum ; pourceau, 
 porcellum. This eau becomes tau in fabliau, originally fableau and 
 fablel from fisibulellum *, and in boyau from bo(t)ellum, by a letter- 
 change studied in § 157 ^. 
 
 We have seen, under § 18, how the suffix ellus, a diminutive in 
 Latin, loses in French its diminutive force; in some words, such 
 as vaisseau, vascellum* (properly *a little vessel'), it has even taken 
 an augmentative sense. 
 
 § 205. Emia becomes ange, as has been shewn in § 244, and 
 Historical Grammar, p. 66 : vendange, vindem.ia ; louar^e^ laudemia *; 
 and, by analogy, vidange from vider ; melange from meler ; lavange 
 from laver. 
 
 § 206. Ensis. This suffix is reduced first to esis, as is shewn §163, 
 and in this form produces the French is^ in pays, originally pais, 
 from pa(g)esis * ; marquis, marchesis * ; ois * in bourgeois, burgesis*. 
 § 207. Enus, ena becomes ain, oin, ein, in, ine, ene ; as venin, 
 venenum ; plein, plenus ; terrain, terrenum ; seine, sagena ; avoine, 
 avena ; chaine, O. Fr. chaene, ca(t)ena. 
 § 208. Eria, see under ia, § 244. 
 
 § 209. Ernum becomes er, as in hiver, hibemum; enfer, infer- 
 num ; cahier, quaternum. Erna becomes erne : lanterne, laterna ; 
 taverne, tabema; citerne, cistema. 
 
 § 210. Estus becomes este in Old French, ete ^ in Modern French, 
 as honnete, honestus. This suffix has been barren in French. 
 
 § 211. Etum. Derivatives with this ending denote a district 
 planted with trees. It becomes ay ^, found in such proper names as 
 Chatenay, Castanetum; Rouvray, Roboretum ; Aulnay, Alnetum. 
 It is chiefly through the plural eta that this suffix has developed itself 
 in French, by producing (after the rule of neuter plurals. Hist. Gram. 
 p. 97) feminine substantives in aie'^ : shussaie, saliceta; ormaie, ulmeta; 
 aunaie, alneta. There are many French derivations formed on this 
 model : roseraie from rosier ; oseraie from osier ; chdtaigneraie from 
 'chdtaignier ; houssaie from houx, &c. Ronceraie has either been 
 formed from a lost primitive, roncier, or by analogy ? 
 
 § 212. Icus becomes i^ : ami, amicus ; ennemi, inimicus; fourwA, 
 
 * The primitive form in el remains in some few expressions: in the 
 phrase 'se mettre martel en tete,' euphonic feeling has retained the old 
 form instead of the more modern marteau. 
 
 "^ The feminine form ella becomes el/e in French : as pastourelle, pas- 
 torella * ; ecuelle, scutella ; 'vaisselle, vascella *. 
 
 ^ For letter-changes, see § 58. * For letter-changes, see § 62. 
 
 * For letter-changes, see § 147. ^ For letter-changes, see § 62. 
 ^ For letter-changes, see § 62. * For letter-changes, see § 129. 
 
ACCENTED SUFFIXES. cx^ 
 
 formicus * : ica becomes t'e : amie, arnica ; orft'e, urtica ; vessi'e, 
 vesica. 
 
 § 213. Icem becomes t's ^ in perdicem, whence O. Fr. perdn's, now 
 perdrix : isse in genisse, from junicem. 
 
 § 214. Itius, icius (a suffix attached to verbs.?) becomes is"^ ; as in 
 mills, mixtitius ; plessis, plexLtius ; levis, levaticius * ; coulis, cola- 
 ticius * ; pdtis, pasticium * ; and hence the French derivatives, 
 diquelis, cliqueter ; hachis, hacher ; abatis, abattre ; gdchis, gdcher ; 
 logis, loger ; color is, color er. 
 
 § 215. Ignus becomes in^ : benin, benignus ; malin, malignus. 
 
 § 216. ilis becomes il: chenil, Q2,-mi.Q', fusil, focnlQ ) fenil, foenile; 
 gentil, gentilis ; avril, aprilis, &c. 
 
 We must takecare not to confound ilis with ilis, which is dis- 
 cussed § 250. Ilis is joined only to substantives or adverbs, as 
 puerilis, puer ; gentilis, gens ; subtilis, subter ; while ilis is com- 
 bined only with verbs, as agilis, agere ; facilis, facere ; utilis, uti. 
 
 § 217. Ista becomes isle. This learned suffix, which comes from I 
 the Greek KTri]^, and was introduced by Christian writers into the Latin \ 
 language (baptista, evangelista, psalmista), denotes persons by the | 
 name of the science which they pursue ; as legiste, juriste, journalisie, » 
 oculiste from oculus ; herborisle from O. Fr. herbor, her be; dentiste from 
 dent, &c. 
 
 § 218. Ismus becomes isme. This suffix, which comes from the I 
 Greek kt/jlos, is, like ista, purely a learned suffix : syllogisme, syllo- I 
 gismus; barbarisme, barbarismus; solecisme, soloecismus; whence I 
 the modern derivatives germanisme, communisme, socialisme, anglicisme, 
 mahometisme. . 
 
 § 219. Iscus becomes ois^, in Thiois from Thiotiscus, i^r<2;zf m from I 
 Franciscus; and this drops to ais in marais, O. Fr. marois, from I 
 mariscus. (Compareyr^zzj from friscus *.) 
 
 ^ For letter-changes, see § 129. 
 
 ^ The learned form is ice, as mfactice, factitius; adnjentice, adventicius. 
 
 ^ For letter-changes, see § 131. 
 
 * For letter-changes, see § 58. The suffix iscus is of Latin origin. | 
 We find in Roman writers mariscus, syriscus, libyscus, scutiscum, 1 
 calathiscus. The Greeks also had this diminutive suffix, ore^ai/iV/coff, j 
 dficfjopicTKos, &c. But iscus was very rarely used in Latin, and the Romance \ 
 languages in employing it so frequently, have been influenced by the 
 Germanic suffix isk (Modern German iscb), which often caused a confusion 
 between the two idioms, — a confusion which has been very fruitful in the 
 production of new words. The Wallachian has iscus under the form 
 esc, a fact which proves to us that the origin of it is Latin and not Ger- 
 manic, as the separation of the Wallachians from the Empire took place 
 as early as the second century, and therefore long before the Germanic 
 invasion. 
 
 i 2 
 
cxvi INTRODUCTION. 
 
 I This suffix becomes esco ii\Jtalian, as in iedesco, theotiscus. The 
 Italian language uses it in a ""gresniumber of new formations ; as 
 pittoresco from pittore ; grottesco from grotta ; gigantesco from gigante ; 
 burlesco from burla ; arabesco from arahc ; pedantesco from pedante ; 
 soldaie^ca from soldato. In the sixteenth century all these Italian 
 words migrated across the mountains, and produced in France the 
 forms arabesque, burlesque, grotesque, gigantesque,pe'danlesque, pittoresque, 
 { soldatesque, iudesque. The French language has employed this suffix 
 ! to form new words ; thus she says romanesque, chevaleresque (imitating 
 \ the Italian caballeresco). 
 
 § 220. Inus becomes in : devin, divinus ; pelerin, peregrinus ; 
 voisin, vicinus ; moultn, molinum * ; chemin, caminus ; dauphin, 
 delphinus ; ichevin, scabinus ; matin, matutinum ; matin, man- 
 satinum *. Ina becomes ine : poitrine, peetorina ; courtine, cortina ; 
 cuisine, cocina * ; geline, gallina ; racine, radicina ; routine, rup- 
 tina*. 
 
 We may here cite, among French derivatives, substantives drawn 
 (i) from verbs: saisine, saisir ; gisine, g^sir ; (2) from other sub- 
 stantives: titin, tette ; crapaudine, crapaud ; becassine, bicasse ; bottine, 
 botte ; chopine, chope ^ ; couleuvrine, couleuvre ; Eglantine from O. Fr. 
 aiglant ; houssine, houx ; serpentine, serpent ; terrine, terre ; sourdine^ 
 sourd. 
 
 § 221. Inc. A suffix of Germanic origin, denoting filiation, origin, 
 which regularly became enc ^ in Old French, whence it is reduced to 
 an in modern French (wrongly written and in some cases) : thus 
 Flaeming becomes O. Fr. Flamenc, now Flamand ; chamarling be- 
 comes O. Fr. chambrelene, chamberlenc, now chambellan ; Lodaring 
 became Loherenc, then Loherai?!, lastly Lorraitt. This suffix has even 
 been applied to words which are not of Germanic origin ; thus from 
 kisser comes O. Fr. tisserenc, later tisseranc, whence tisseratid. 
 
 § 222. Issa becomes esse. This suffix in imperial Rome in- 
 dicated the feminine : abbatissa from abbatem ; prophetissa from 
 prophetam ; sacerdotissa from sacerdotem. It appears in the 
 French derivatives abbes se, abbatissa; traitresse ixom. traitre; prophetesse 
 ivova. prophete ; vengeresse ivomvengeur ; duchesse iv<ya\ due ; enchanteresse 
 from enchanteur ; pe'cheresse from pe'cheur ; chanoinesse from chanoine. 
 
 § 223. Ivus becomes if^ ; ch/tif, captivus ; naif, nativus ; ratify 
 restivus*. Its French derivatives are plentiful : poussif {lova pousser ; 
 hdtif from hdter ; pensif from penser ; craintif from crainte. Iva 
 becomes ive ; ogive, augiva* ; che'tive, captiva ; olive, oliva, &c. 
 
 ^ In these words ine acts as a diminutive suffix. 
 ^ For letter-changes, see § 72. 
 
 ' For letter-changes, see § 142. In bajulivus * the O. Fr. bAiliff is 
 reduced in Modern French to bailli. 
 
ACCENTED SUFFIXES. cxvii 
 
 § 224. Lentus becomes lant in popular French^: sanglani, sangui- | 
 lentus. 
 
 § 225. Mentum becomes ment^, 2&froment, fmmentum ; viiement, 
 vestimentum ; tourment, tormentum, &c. The French language | 
 uses this suffix to produce substantives from verbs, by intercalating j 
 an e between the verbal root and the suffix : thus we have from \ 
 hurl-er, hurl-e-ment ; from commenc-er , commenc-e-ment ; from aboy-er^ 
 aboi-e-meni, &c. This e is intercalated only with verbs in er ^ ; with 
 verbs in ir * i is intercalated, as sent-i-ment, sentir ; ressent-i-meniy 
 ressentir ; but it should be noticed that these are learned words ; the 
 popular form is certainly that with e ^. 
 
 § 226. Men. This suffix, which is the root of mentum, under the i 
 three forms, a-men, i-men, u-men, has produced a certain number 
 of French words, but has made no new creations, having been sup- 
 planted in this by its derivative mentum, see § 225. 
 
 Amen becomes atn, aim : eirain, stram^en ^ ; airain, aeramen, 
 levain, levam.en ; merrain, m.aterianien ; lien for liain, from 
 ligam.en; essaim, examen. 
 
 Imen becomes in, ain '^ : sain, formerly sa'm, from sa(g)inien ; irain, 
 formerly fra'm, from tra(g)im.en ; nourrain, nutrimen. 
 
 Umen becomes un in alun, alumen^ 
 
 § 227. Orem, which forms abstract substantives, becomes eur^ ; as 
 
 ^ The learned form is ent : 'violent^ violentus ; somnolent, somnolentus, 
 &c. 
 
 2 Why not mant 1 
 
 ^ Except a few words like •vet-e-ment from 'vetir ; recueill-e-ment from 
 recueillir ; c6nsent-e-ment from consentir ; tressaill-e-ment from tressaillir. 
 
 * It may be remarked that these verbs are not inchoative (i.e. they 
 reproduce the Latin forms). As for inchoative verbs (i. e. those which 
 form their imperfect in -issais, not -ais, like rugir), they form substantives 
 in -ment, by inserting the inchoative particle iss : rug-iss-e-ment from rugir ; 
 accompl-iss-e-ment from accomplir ; abrut-iss-e-ment from ahrutir. There 
 are a few exceptions, like hdt-i-ment from bdtir ; blanch-i-ment from blan- 
 chir ; assort-i-ment from assortir. 
 
 ^ Verbs of the fourth conjugation (in re) form substantives by adding 
 e to the verbal root ; rend-e-ment, batUe-ment, entend-e-ment, from rendre, 
 battre, entendre. Bruire, accroitre, decrottre, connaitre, which have ss in the 
 imperfect, bruissais, acroissais, decroissais, connaissais, make bruissementy 
 accro'issem, dectroissement, connaissement. 
 
 ^ For letter-changes, see § 54. The learned form is amen, as examen, 
 exam.en. 
 
 "^ The learned form is ime : as crime, crimen ; regime, regimen. 
 
 * For letter-changes, see § 161. The learned form is ume: as bitume, 
 bitumen ; legume, legumen ; volume, volumen. 
 
 ^ By a change, studied § 79. There is but one exception to this rule ; 
 
cxviu INTRODUCTION. 
 
 douleur, dolorem ; doucettr, dulcorem ; couleur, colorem ; sueurj 
 sudorem ; peur, pavorem. On this model the French language has 
 formed new words: puanteur from puant ; pesanieur from pesant ; 
 largeur from large ; grandeur from grand, &c. 
 
 § 228. Sorem, torem. These suffixes (not to be confounded 
 with orem) which express the name of the agent, become seur and 
 ieur * ; de/enseur, defensorem ; pecheur, piscatorem ; chanfeur, canto- 
 rem ; pasteur, pastorem ; p/cheur, peccatorem ; sauveur, salvatorem ; 
 empereur, imperatorem, &c. 
 
 The French derivatives under this head, which are very numerous, 
 follow the same rules of formation as have been studied above in 
 § 225, mentum ; i. e. non-inchoative verbs form their substantives 
 in eur, as jouer, joueur, while inchoatives form them in iss-eur^ 
 as nourrtr, nourrisseur ; blanchir, blanchisseur ^. 
 
 The feminine trix, as in nutricem, nourrice, whence ledeur, ledrice ; 
 bien/aiieur, bten/actrice, has been almost entirely replaced in Modern 
 French by the two other feminine suffixes euse, and eresse thus 
 lavatrix* from lavator, becomes laveuse ; we ha^ve p^cheur, pecca- 
 torem, but packer esse is the equivalent of peccatricem. 
 
 § 229. Osus, which forms substantives from adjectives, becomes 
 eux ^, and osa, euse : noueux, nodosus ; envieux, invidiosus ; amou- 
 reux, amorosus ; Mdeux, hispidosus *. 
 
 New forms under this head are very numerous : as chanceux 
 from chance ; pierreux from pierre ; soigneux from soin ; courageux 
 from courage ; heureux from O. Fr. heur ; affreux from O. Fr. affre ; 
 doucereux from douceur^ ; orgueilleux from orgueiP. 
 
 § 230. Tatem, which in Latin produces substantives from ad- 
 
 amour, not ameur, from amorem. Labour does not fall under this head 
 of exception, as it does not come from laborem (which has duly pro- 
 duced labeur), but is the verbal substantive of labourer, see § 18. 
 
 ^ For letter-changes, see § 79. 
 
 "^ The suffix eur was softened later into eux in the words piqueux, 
 piqueur ; porteux, porteurs ; faucheux, Jaucheur ; 'violonneux, 'violonneur ; and 
 into ou in ^lou, Jileur ; gabelou, gabeleur ; ou for eur is met with in some 
 patois (?). 
 
 ^ For letter-changes, see § 149. The learned form is ose: as morose, 
 m.orosus ; 'ventSse, ventosus ; sinose, sinosus. 
 
 * Jaloux from zelosus, and 'ventouse from ventosus ; compare Toulouse 
 from Tolosa, are exceptions. Pelouse is Provengal, as also are two of the 
 others. 
 
 ^ Doucereux is a softened form of douceureux. 
 
 ® Pieux and serieux have no place here, see Italian Dictionaries for 
 pietose, seriose. 
 
^ ACCENTED SUFFIXES. cxix 
 
 '^ jectives, becomes //, as mpauvrete, paupertatem; surete, securitatem ; j 
 cite\ civitatem ; sante\ sanitatem ; bonte\ bonitatem ; fierte, feritatem ; ' 
 heauie, bellitatem ; cherte, caritatem ; loyaule, legalitatem ; naivete, 
 nativitatem ; royaute, regalitatem. 
 
 The i, which in the Latin connects the root with the suffix (as 
 bon-i-tatem, from bonus, san-i-tatem from sanus), and which 
 disappears in French from all words derived directly from the Latin 
 (as bonte, sante), reappears as e in derivatives formed from French 
 words at first hand with no corresponding Latin words : thus from 
 gai comes gai-e-te ; from souverain, souverain-e-ie ; from sal, leger, 
 ancien, net, sal-e-te', leger-e^te', ancienn-e-ti, nett-e-ie^, 
 
 § 231. Onem. Substantives derived by help of this suffix in Latin 
 are of many kinds of meaning : thus they designate animals, as 
 falco, pavo, leo, capo ; persons, as latro ; things, as carbo, pulmo, 
 sapo. It becomes on in French : as faucon, falconem ; paon, pa- 
 vonem ; lion, leonem ; chapon, caponem. ; larron, latronem ; charbon, 
 carbonem ; poumon, pulmonem. ; savon, saponem. The French 
 language uses this suffix to reinforce such Latin primitives as had 
 not enough strength to stand by themselves: thus from mentum, 
 talus, piscis, ren, ericius, glutus, it formed mentonem *, talonem *, 
 piscionem *, renionem *, ericionem *, glutonem., whence menton, 
 talon, poisson, rognon, he'risson, glouton. By analogy have come such 
 words as jambe, jambon ; coche, cochon ; pied, pieton ; friper, fripon ; 
 souiller, souillon ; jurer, juron ; plonger, plongeon ; boucher, bouchon ; 
 manche, manchon ; pierre, perron; char, charron ; virer, aviron ; 
 ceinture, ceinturon ; chaudron, formerly chauderon, from chaudiere ? 
 or chaud, compare laidron ; chevron, chevre ; clair, clairon ; fleur, 
 fleuron ; tendre, tendron. In the words buche, bUch-er-on ; chape, 
 chap-er-on ; forge, forg-er-on ; laid, laid-er-on ; lys, li-r-on ; mouche, 
 mouch-er-on ; mousse, mouss-er-on ; puce, puc-er-on ; quart, quart- 
 er-on; vigne, vign-er-on^, the suffix is strengthened by an inter- 
 calated er. 
 
 The French language similarly employs on in the formation of 
 dii^inutives : as aigle, aiglon ; chat, chaton ; lievre, levron ; rat, raton ; 
 cruche, cruchon; sable, sablon; Marie, Marion. 
 
 This diminutive particle is often strengthened by the insertion 
 of (i) ?■// whence carpe, carp-ill-on ; barbe,barb-ill-on; cotte, cot-ill-on ; 
 croix, crois-ill-on ; dur, dur-ill-on ; moine, moin-ill-on ; negre, ne'gr- 
 ill-on ; poste, post-ill-on ; tdter, tat-ill-on ; ecouv-ill-on, from O. Fr. 
 
 ^ Mechancete comes not from mechant, but from O. Fr. tnechance (derived 
 from mechant, Wke Jouissance from Jouissant, or puissance from puissant^. 
 
 '^ In imitation of this suffix in eron, the le 
 the Latin bibere the barbarous word biberon. 
 
cxx INTRODUCTION. 
 
 /couve; grape, grap-ill-on^ : or (ii), iche, whence harh-ich-on, corn- 
 tch-on,/ol-ich-on, from the primitives barbe, corne,/ol. 
 
 We may add to this list substantives in ionem, such as magon, 
 macionem * ; oignon, iinionem ; soupgon, suspicionem, &c. By analogy 
 there have been formed from Latin substantives the following words : 
 champion, campionem * from campus ; argon, arcionem * from arcus ; 
 chevron, caprionem * from capra ; limagon, limacionem* from Umax ; 
 compagnon, companionem * from cum-panis ; oison, aucionem * from 
 auea '^ ; /cusson, scutionem * from scutiim ; troncon, truncionem * 
 from truncus ; whence lampion, lampe, 
 
 § 232. Tionem, sionem. This suffix must not be confounded with 
 § 231 ; it is joined to the supine to form abstract substantives denoting 
 the action expressed by the verb: thus from press-um, sta-t-um, 
 comparat-um, m.ess-um, supines of premere, stare, comparare, 
 metere, came press-io (the act of pressing) ; stat-io (the act of stand- 
 ing still) ; comparat-io (the act of comparing) ; mess-io (the act 
 of reaping) '. 
 
 These suffixes become gon * infagon, factionem ; legon, lectionem ; 
 poingon, punctionem. ; rangon, redemptionem. ; sugon, suctionem : 
 sson in boisson, bibitionemi * ; moisson, m.essionem. ; cuisson, coctionem. ; 
 e'cusson, ^cutionem; frisson, frictionem; nourrisson, nutritionem ; 
 cresson, cretionem * : son, with hard s, in chanson, cantionem : son, 
 with soft s, in poison, potionem ; raison, rationem ; tison, titionem ; 
 trahison, traditionem ; cargaison, carricationem. * ; f oison, fusionem ; 
 liaison., ligationem ; livraison, ligationem ; venaison, venationem. 
 
 ^ Take care not to confound with these derivatives in illon such words as 
 'vermill-on, aiguill-on, corhill-on, guen'tll-on, tortill-on, tourill-on, echant'tll-on^ 
 goupill-on, ohill-on, which come from the primitives 'vermeil, aiguille, cor- 
 beille, guenille, tortille, tourelle, echantil, O. Fr., gbupily O. Fr., oisel, O. Fr. by 
 simple addition of the suffix on. 
 
 ^ Oison does not come from oie, for it would have been oyon, not oison, 
 Qora^diTQ joyeux from Joie. 
 
 * A certain number of these substantives had taken a concrete significa- 
 tion even in the Latin : thus potio passed from its first sense of ' ^e 
 act of drinking ' to that of ' the thing drunk,' a potion, draught ; m.ansio, 
 first ' the act of remaining,' became ' a place of continuance,' habitation, 
 mansion ; ligatio, * the act of binding,' became a ligature, a bond. In 
 imitation of the Latin, the French language also gave to many of these sub- 
 stantives a concrete sense : tonsionem, cantionem, venationem, prehen- 
 sionem, clausionem*, bibitionem*, sationem, originally 'the act of 
 clipping,' &c., became toison, chanson, -venaison, prison, cloison, boisson, saison. 
 In this case the concrete substantive is often masculine, whereas the abstract 
 was feminine; as in^owow, potionem; «o«rmjo«, nutritionem ; cresson, cre- 
 tionem * ; poingon, punctionem ; sugon, suctionem. Similarly ele-ve, the 
 concrete result of the act of education, is masculine in its concrete sense. 
 
 * The learned form is tion for tionem ; potion, potionem ; faction, fac- 
 tionem ; and sion, sionem ; pression, pressionem ; illusion, illusionem. 
 
ACCENTED SUFFIXES. cxxi 
 
 Numerous French substantives have been formed analogously, 
 either from verbs in I'r, B-S guerzson from gueri'r ; garmson ivova garnir ; 
 or from verbs in er, as demangeaison from demanger ; echauffaison 
 from echaiiffer ; fauchaison from faucher ; flotiaison from flatter ; or 
 from verbs in re, as pendaison from pendre. 
 
 § 233. Torius, sorius. Substantives in tor, sor (see § 33), denoting 
 the name of the agent, have produced Latin adjectives in torius, 
 sorius, which indicate a quality proper to the action accomplished by 
 the agent; as oratorius from orator; laudatorius from laudator^. 
 
 The neuter of these adjectives was early employed as a substantive, 
 and usually denoted the place of residence of the agent, or the 
 instrument that hi uses ; as praetorium from praetor ; dormitorium | 
 from dormitor ; auditorium, dolatorium. These newer words, 
 already frequent under the Empire, became exceedingly numerous 
 at a later time, especially in ecclesiastical and scholastic Latin ; 
 as purgatorium, refectorium, laboratorium, observatorium., &c. i 
 This suffix becomes oir ^ ; dortoir, dorm.itorium. ; pressoir, presso- 
 rium; ^<9/(9?r^, dolatoria * ; /<:rz'/(9z'r^, scriptoria *. 
 
 There are many French derivatives, masculine and feminine; as 
 parler, parloir ; arroser, arrosoir ; compter, comptoir ; trotter, trottoir ; 
 tirer, iiroir ; raser, rasoir ; battre, hattoir ; abattre, abattoir ; eteindre, 
 e'teignoir ; balancer, balangoire ; mdcher, mdchoire ; e'cumer, /cumoire ; 
 nager, nageoire ; manger, mangeoire ^. 
 
 § 234. Tudinem. This suffix, which had been reduced to tuma 
 in common Latin, in which we fi*d costuma for consuetu- 
 dinem, becomes tume^-, as coutume, consuetudinem ; amertume, 
 amaritudinem. 
 
 § 235. Quin. This suffix, which usually gives a bad sense,^„Qf 
 Gerrnapic origin, from the Old Netherland Mn^ ; as bouquin from 
 boecMn rmannequin from mannekin ; brodequin from brosekin. Hence 
 also casaquin from casaque^. This suffix, which is almost barren in 
 French, has been more largely developed in the Picard patois, which 
 uses it for new forms, like verquin, a little verre ; painequin, a bad 
 little loaf (pain) ; Pierrequin, poor little Pierre, &c. 
 
 ^ On this model the bad form dinatoire has been formed from diner. 
 
 ^ For letter-changes, see § 84. 
 
 ^ Derivatives of inchoative verbs insert the particle iss, as rotissoire from 
 rotir ; polissoir from polir. 
 
 * The learned form is ude ; as aptitude, aptitudo * ; mansuetude, man- 
 suetudo ; whence the modern forms platitude irom plat, &c. 
 
 ^ This suffix kin answers to the German diminutive chen. % 
 
 ^ We must not add to these words arlequin, faquin, baldaquin, pasquin^ 
 for they come from the Italian; nor mesquin, which is Spanish; nor 
 palanquin, sequin, Oriental words ; nor requin, whose origin is unknown. 
 
cxxii INTRODCUTION. 
 
 § 236. Tura, sura. This sufRx denotes the result of the action 
 indicated by the verb, just as tor, sor (see § 233) denotes the name of 
 the agent. It becomee Jure, ure, as in ?nesure, mensura; peinture, 
 pictura; niasure, mansura; roture, ruptura; chevelure, formerly 
 cheveleUre, capillatura ; armure, formerly armeilre, armatura, &c. 
 On this model have been formed many substantives, drawn originally 
 from verbs; as aller, allure; parer, parure ; bouler, bouture ; serrer, 
 serrure ; blesser, blessure ; paitre \ pdture ; then, by analogy, from 
 adjectives ; as vert, verdure ; confit, confiture ; froid, froidure ; ordure 
 from O. Fr. <7r^/ and from substantives: voile, voilure ; coP, en- 
 colure. 
 
 § 237. Ucus, uca become u and ue ^ : as fe'tu, fettucus * * ; laitue, 
 lactuca ; verrue, verruca ; charrue, carruca ; massue, maxuca * ; 
 iortue, tortuca *. 
 
 § 238. Undus becomes ond; as rond, formerly roond, from ro- 
 (t)undus ^. 
 
 § 239. Unus becomes un; 2JS>jeun, formerly /<?««, from je(j)unus. 
 
 § 240. Umus becomes our^ ; as jour, diumus; aubour, al- 
 bumum. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 , Atonic Suffixes. 
 
 § 241. *A11 these suffixes disappear in the French, and are con- 
 sequently useless for the purpose of producing new derivatives ; they 
 have however recovered their place from the time that men utterly 
 lost sight of the genius of the language, and became ignorant of the 
 rule of accent '^.' Thus people began to use such words as portique, 
 fragile, rigide, instead of porche, /rile, roide, from porticus, frdgilis, 
 rigidus. 
 
 In considering these Latin atonic suffixes we are bound strictly 
 
 ^ As we have seen, § 35, substantives formed from inchoative verbs 
 intercalate the particle iss : as bouffir, bouff-iss-ure ; moisir, mois-iss-ure ; 
 brunir, brun-iss-ure ; meurtrir, meurtr-iss-ure ; fietrir,fietr-iss-ure. 
 
 ^ Brauoure does not come from bra-ve, for then its form would have 
 been brwvure, but is drawn directly from the Italian brwvura. 
 
 ^ The learned form is uc ; as caduc from caducus. 
 
 * From sa(b)ucus * has come the O. Fr. seii, whence the derivative 
 setiereau (compare poetereau from poete'), now contracted to sureau. 
 
 ^ The Jearned form is also ond; as 'vagabond from vagabundus. 
 
 ^ For the changes of urnus into our, see § 87. The learned form is 
 urne ; as diurne, diurnus ; nocturne, nocturnus. 
 
 ■^ G. Paris, Accent latino p. 92. 
 
ATONIC SUFFIXES. cxxiii 
 
 to reject every word that has been introduced into the French 
 language since the period of its natural formation. 
 
 § 242. Eus, ius, Fr. ge, che. Strange, extraneus ; lange, laneus ; 
 deluge, diluvium ; tinge, lineus ; proche, propius ; sage, sapius ; 
 singe, simius ; orge, hordeum ; rouge, rubeus ; auge, alvea ; songe^ 
 somniuin ; Li^ge, Leodium ; Mauheuge, Malbodium ; cierge, cereus ^. 
 For the change of eus, ius into ge, che, see Historical Grammar^ 
 p. 66. 
 
 § 243. Ea, Fr. ge, gne. Cage, cavea, grange, granea ; vigne, 
 vinea; ligne, linea; teigne, tinea. For the change of ea into ge, 
 see Historical Grammar, p. 66. 
 
 § 244. la, Fr. ge, che, ce ; or it disappears altogether. Vendange, 
 vindemia ; angoisse, angustia ; cigogne, eiconia ; tige, tibia ; seche, 
 sepia ; sauge, salvia ; envie, invidia ; grace, gratia ; histoire, historia ; 
 Bourgogne, Burgundia ; France, Francia ; Grece, Graecia ; Bretagne, 
 Britannia ^. For the change of ia into ge, see Historical Grammar ^ 
 p. 65. 
 
 § 245. It-ia, Fr, esse. Justesse, justitia ; mollesse,-m.d)i^\\ii.&,', par esse, 
 pigi^itia; tristesse, tristitia. French derivatives: ivresse, politessey 
 tendresse. 
 
 § 246. Icem (from ex, ix, represented in French only by ce, se, ge) : 
 herse, herpicem ; puce, pulicem ; juge, judicem; pouce, pollicem; 
 ponce, pumicem ; e'corce, cortieem ^. 
 
 § 247. Icus, a, um, Fr. che, ge. P or che, porticus ; manche, 
 manica; serge, serica; dimanche, dominica; Saintonge, Santonica, 
 forge (O. Yy. faurge), fabrica; per che, pertica; piege, pedica*. 
 
 § 248. Aticus is a suffix formed with icus, Fr. age. Voyage (O.Fr. 
 viatage), viaticum ; fromage, formaticum ; volage, volaticum ; 
 ombrage, umbraticum; ramage, ramaticum; message, missaticum ; 
 sauvage, silvaticus ^. 
 
 ^ Learned form e, as igne, igneus. 
 
 ^ Learned form ie, as chimie, philosophie, symphonie, Australie. But 
 we must not confound this termination with the proper French derivatives, 
 in ie, as felonie {felon), tromperie {tromper), &c., which are popular and 
 very numerous. 
 
 ^ Learned form ice : calice, ealicem. 
 
 * Learned form ique : portique, porticus ; fabrique, fabrica ; 'viatique, 
 viaticum. 
 
 ^ Silva in Old French became sel've, sawve, which, as a common noun, 
 is lost, but survives in certain names of places, as sawve-Satnt-Benoit, silva- 
 S.-Benedicti. From silva came silvaticus, whence sawv-age, O. Fr. 
 sel'vatge. Nothing but a complete misunderstanding or ignorance of the 
 laws of the formation of the French language could have ever allowed 
 people to derive sawvage from solivagus. This word could only have 
 produced in French the form seulige. 
 
cxxiv INTR0DUCT70N. 
 
 Hence come French derivatives : mesurage, ladourage, alliage, 
 arrosage, &c. It has been said that these words come from a Low 
 Latin suffix in -agium (as message from messagium), homage from 
 homagium). But though messagium certainly exists, it is far from 
 being the parent of the Fr. message ; on the contrary, it is nothing 
 but the Fr. message latinised by the clergy, at a time when no one 
 knew either the origin of the word (missaticum) or the nature of 
 the suffix which formed it. 
 
 § 249. Idus disappears in French. Pale, pallidus ; net, nitidus ; 
 chaud, calidus (Low Lat. caldus) ; tiede, tepidus ; roide^ rigidus ; 
 sade, sapidus ; whence maussade^ male sapidus ^. 
 
 § 250. nis, Fr. le. Humble, humilis \ faille (O. Yr.floible), flebilis ; 
 douille, ductilis ; meuhle, mobilis ; frele, fragilis ; grele, gracilis "-. 
 
 § 251. Inus disappears in French. Page, pagina ; jaune, galb- 
 inus ; femme, femina ; frine, fraxinus ; dame, domina ; charme, 
 carpinus ; coffre, cophinus ^. 
 
 § 252. Itus, Fr. te. Vente, vendita; rente, reddita; dette, debita; 
 perte, perdita; qu^te, quaesita. 
 
 §253. Olus, Fr. le. Diable, diabolus; apStre (O. Fr. apostle), 
 apostolus. 
 
 The compound suffixes iolus, eolus, dissyllabic (io, eo) in Latin, 
 were contracted into a long penultimate in the seventh century, io, eo, 
 thenceforwards accented iolus, eolus, whence came the French ter- 
 minations ieul, euil, iol : i\ms filleul, filiolus; chevreuil, eapreolus ; 
 linceul, linteolum ; glaieul, gladiolus ; rossignol, lusciniolus ; aieul, 
 aviolus. 
 
 § 254. ITlus, Fr. le. Table, tabula ; fable, fabula ; amble, ambula; 
 peuple, populus ; hieble, ebulum ; seille, situla ; sangle, cingulum ; 
 ongle, ungula ; chapitre, capitulum ; merle, merula ; epingle, spinula ; 
 ensouple, insubulura *. 
 
 The following suffixes are formed from ulus : — 
 
 §255. I. Aculus, Fr. ail. Gouvernail, gubemaculum ; tetiaille, 
 tenaculum ; soupirail, suspiraculum. French derivatives : travail, 
 fermail, e'ventail, &c. 
 
 § 256. 2. Eculus, Fr. il. Goupil, vulpecula. In Old French 
 this word meant a fox, and survives still in the diminutive goupillon, 
 a sprinkler, originally made of a fox's tail. 
 
 ^ Learned form ide: r'tgide, rigidus; safide, sapidus; ar'ide, aridus, 
 &c. 
 
 2 Learned form He: mobile, m.obilis ; ductile, ductilis ; fr agile ^ 
 fragilis, &c. 
 
 ^ Learned form ine : machine, machina, &c. 
 
 * Learned form ule : cellule, cellula; calcul, calcTilus; funambule, 
 funambulus. 
 
VERBAL SUFFIXES. cxxv 
 
 § 257. 3. Iculus, Fr. ez7. Abeille, apicula ; orieil (O. Fr. art- 
 eil), articulum; sommeil, somniculus * ; soleil, soliculus*; oreille^ 
 auricula ; corneilk, comicula ; ouaille, ovicula ; vermeil, verm- 
 iculus ; aiguille, acicula. 
 
 § 268. 4. Uculus, Fr. ouil. Fenouil, feniculum ; grenouille, ran- 
 ucula ; verroiL (O. Fr. verrouil, surviving in verrouiller), veruculum ; 
 genou (O. Fr. genouil, surviving in agenouiller) , genuculum. 
 
 Vowels which follow the tonic syllable disappear in French; 
 consequently the learned forms of atonic suffixes, such as fragile, 
 mobile, &c., from fragilis, mobilis, &c., are incorrect, seeing that 
 they all retain the vowel's after the tonic syllable, and in fact displace 
 the Latin accent. One may indeed lay it down as a general rule 
 that, in the case of Latin atonic suffixes, all French words of learned 
 origin break the law of Latin accefituation. 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 Verbal Suffixes. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Accented. 
 
 §259. Aseo, Fr. «z> / eseo, Fr. ois ; isco, Fr. is. Nais, nasco'; 
 pais, pasco ; parais, paresco ; crois, cresco, &c. 
 
 § 260. Ascere, Fr. ailre, O. Fr. aistre. Naitre, nascere; paitre^ 
 pascere. 
 
 § 261. Ico, igo, Fr. ie. Lie, ligo ; chdtie, castigo ; nie, nego, &c. 
 
 § 262. Illo, Fr. lie. Chancele, grommele, harcele, &c. 
 
 § 263. Are, Fr. er. Peser, pensare ; chanter, cantare, &c. 
 
 § 264. Tiare, Fr. cer, ser. These are forms peculiar to the common 
 Latin : tracer, tractiare ; sucer, suctiare ; chasser, captiare. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Atonic Suffixes. 
 
 §265. Ico, Fr. che, ge. fuge, judico; mdche, mastico; venge, 
 vendico ; ronge, rumigo ; charge, carrico, &c. The learned form is 
 ique : revendique, revendico ; mastique, mastico. 
 
 ^ We have seen, Historical Grammar, p. 119, that all deponent verbs 
 became active in form in the Low Latin. 
 
cxxvi INTRODUCTION. 
 
 § 266. Ere, Fr. re. Sourdre, surgere ; moudre, molere ; tordre^ 
 torquere ; ardre, ardere. This Old French verb, which signified 
 * to burn,' remains in the participle ardent, and substantive ardeur. 
 
 § 267. lo disappears in French. Depouille, despolio. 
 
 § 268. ITlo, Fr. le. Moule, modulo; comble, cumulo; tremble, 
 tremulo ; trouble, turbulo. 
 
 Under ulo we may put : — 
 
 § 269. I. Aculo, Fr. atlle, as in tiraille, criaille, &c. 
 
 § 270. 2. Iculo, Fr. z'lle. Fouille, fodiculo ; sautille, tortille, &c. 
 
 § 271. 3. Uculo, Fr. ouille. Chatouille, bredouille, barbouille, &c. 
 
 SECTION V. 
 Diminutive Suffixes. 
 
 These are sixteen in number. 
 
 § 272. Aceus, Fr. ace, asse. Villace, grimace {grimer), populace, 
 paperasse, &c. 
 
 § 273. Iceus, Fr. use, iche. Coulisse {couler), pelisse {peau), caniche. 
 
 § 274. Oceus, Fr. oche. Epinoche, pioche. 
 
 § 275. Uceus, Fr. uche. Peluche, guenuche. 
 
 § 276. Aculus. See above, § 255. 
 
 § 277. Aldus. See above, § 195. 
 
 § 278. Alia, Fr. aille. Betail, bestialia; poitrail, pectoralia; 
 merveille, mirabilia ; portail, portalia ; canaille, viuraille, bataille, 
 &c. 
 
 § 279. Ardus. See above, §§ 175, 196. 
 
 § 280. Aster, Fr. dtre. See above, §§ 178, 199. 
 
 § 281. At, et, ot. (i) At : aiglat, louvat, verrat. (2) Et, ette : 
 sachet (sac), cachet {coq), mollet {niol), maisonnette, alouetie. (3) Ot, 
 otte : billot {bilk), cachot (cache), brulot (brtUe), Hot (tie), &c. 
 
 § 282. Ellus, illus, Fr. eau, el, elle. Agneau, agnellus ; jumeau, 
 gemellus ; anneau, annellus ; icuelle, scutella ; vaisseau, vascellus ; 
 oiseau, avicollus. 
 
 § 283. Onem, ionem. See above, § 231. 
 
 § 284. Ulus. See above, § 254. 
 
ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 FRENCH LANGUAGE. 
 
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 abl. 
 
 ablative. 
 
 Goth. 
 
 Gothic, 
 
 O.S. 
 
 Old Saxon. 
 
 abbrev. 
 
 abbreviation. 
 
 Gr. 
 
 Greek, 
 
 partic. 
 
 participle, parti- 
 
 accus. 
 
 accusative. 
 
 Gram. 
 
 Grammatical, 
 
 
 cipial. 
 
 adj. 
 
 adjective. 
 
 
 grammar. 
 
 Pers. 
 
 Persian. 
 
 adv. 
 
 adverb. 
 
 Heb. 
 
 Hebrew. 
 
 Pharm, 
 
 Pharmacopoeia. 
 
 Agric. 
 
 Agricultural. 
 
 hist. 
 
 historical. 
 
 Physiol. 
 
 Physiological. 
 
 Ageb. 
 
 Algebraical. 
 
 Hist. Gram. Historical Gram- 
 
 Port. 
 
 Portuguese. 
 
 Anat. 
 
 Anatomical. 
 
 
 mar. 
 
 poss.pron. 
 
 possessive pro- 
 
 Ar. 
 
 Arabic. 
 
 Hortic. 
 
 horticultural. 
 
 
 noun. 
 
 Archit. 
 
 Architectural. 
 
 Icel. 
 
 Icelandic. 
 
 p.p. 
 
 past participle. 
 
 A.S. 
 
 Anglo-Saxon. 
 
 Ichth. 
 
 Ichthyological. 
 
 prep. 
 
 preposition. 
 
 Bot. 
 
 Botanical. 
 
 introd. 
 
 introduced. 
 
 prim. 
 
 primitive. 
 
 Cat. 
 
 Catalan. 
 
 It. 
 
 Italian. 
 
 proncd. 
 
 pronounced. 
 
 Carol. 
 
 Carolingian. 
 
 Kymr. 
 
 Kymric. 
 
 Prov. 
 
 Proven9al. 
 
 cent. 
 
 century. 
 
 L. or Lat. 
 
 Latin. 
 
 q,v. 
 
 quod vide, see. 
 
 Chem. 
 
 Chemical. 
 
 lit. 
 
 literally. 
 
 Rhet, 
 
 Rhetorical. 
 
 Chron. 
 
 Chronological. 
 
 Lomb. 
 
 Lombardic, 
 
 Scand. 
 
 Scandinavian. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Classical. 
 
 M.H.G. 
 
 Middle High 
 
 Schol. Lat, 
 
 Scholastic Latin. 
 
 compd. 
 
 compound, com- 
 
 
 German. 
 
 Slav. 
 
 Slavonian, 
 
 
 pounded. 
 
 Math. 
 
 Mathematical. 
 
 Surg. 
 
 Surgical, 
 
 Conch. 
 
 Conchological. 
 
 Med. 
 
 Medical. 
 
 sf- 
 
 substantive femi- 
 
 contr. 
 
 contraction. 
 
 Merov. 
 
 Merovingian or 
 
 
 nine. 
 
 contrd. 
 
 contracted. 
 
 
 Merwing, 
 
 /.//. 
 
 plural substan- 
 
 cp. 
 
 compare. 
 
 Met. 
 
 Metallurgical. 
 
 
 tive feminine. 
 
 Dan. 
 
 Danish. 
 
 metaph. 
 
 metaphorical. 
 
 sm. 
 
 substantive mas- 
 
 Der. or deriv. derivative. 
 
 
 metaphorically. 
 
 
 culine. 
 
 der. 
 
 derived. 
 
 Min. 
 
 Mineralogical. 
 
 smf. 
 
 substantive of 
 
 dim. 
 
 diminutive. 
 
 mod. Fr. 
 
 modem French. 
 
 
 common gender. 
 
 Eccles. 
 
 Ecclesiastical. 
 
 MS. 
 
 Manuscript. 
 
 sm. pi. 
 
 plural substan- 
 
 Entom. 
 
 Entomological. 
 
 MSS. 
 
 Manuscripts. 
 
 
 tive masculine. 
 
 etymol. 
 
 etymological. 
 
 Mus. 
 
 Musical. 
 
 Sp. 
 
 Spanish. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 French. 
 
 Naut. 
 
 Nautical. 
 
 Theol. 
 
 Theological. 
 
 frequent. 
 
 frequentative. 
 
 Neth. 
 
 Netherlandish. 
 
 Turk. 
 
 Turkish. 
 
 Gael. 
 
 Gaelic. 
 
 O.Fr. 
 
 Old Frenth. 
 
 subst. 
 
 substantive. 
 
 Geogr. 
 
 Geographical. 
 
 O.H.G. 
 
 Old High Ger- 
 
 V. 
 
 verb. 
 
 Geol. 
 
 Geological. 
 
 
 man. 
 
 va. 
 
 verb active. 
 
 Geom. 
 
 Geometrical. 
 
 Ornith. 
 
 Ornithological. 
 
 Venet. 
 
 Venetian. 
 
 Germ. 
 
 Germanic, Ger- 
 
 0. Scand. 
 
 Old Scandi- 
 
 vn. 
 
 verb neuter. 
 
 
 man. 
 
 
 navian. 
 
 VpT. 
 
 verb reciprocal. 
 
 
 = signifies * having 
 
 become,' as 
 
 'e = a,' signifies 'e 
 
 having become a.' 
 
 When, in constructing a geological map, we xvish to distinguish the strata which lie one 
 above another, and form, as it were, the history of the earth, we are wont to mark them out 
 by the use of different shades or colours ; so, in distinguishing the two great layers of the 
 French language, we shall mark them off from one another by employing two different kinds 
 of type. Thus, the older or popular stratum, which is anterior to the Eleventh Century, and 
 forms the main part and foundation of the language, will in this Dictionary be denoted by 
 capital letters, as in the case q/" ABBA YE; and the newer or non-popular stratum, the work 
 of the learned, which comprises all words borrowed straight from the classical languages or 
 from foreign modern tongues, will be denoted by thick Roman type, as Aberration ; and 
 again of these, the words borrowed directly from modern tongues will be distinguished from 
 those taken from the classical languages by being printed in thick type, spaced, with f pre- 
 fixed, as f Abrieot. The sections referred to, as ' § 53,' are those of the Introduction, 
 to which the student is requested to turn. 
 
( 
 
 A, prep, to ; It. a and ad, from L. ad, which 
 took successively in barbarous Latin the 
 three meanings ( = avec, with ; =pour, for ; 
 = d, to) which have descended to the Fr. a. 
 Thus, ad = avec is found in the Lex SaHca 
 (6th cent.) ed. Pardessus, p. I2i: 'Si quis 
 unum vasum ad apis furaverit, sohdos 
 XV. culpabilis iudicetur.' In a less popu- 
 larly worded copy of the same law we find 
 ' Si quis unum vas cum apibus,' etc., 
 proving that ad was used as =cum. Hence 
 comes the use of a, = avec in such phrases 
 as chandelier a, tranche, fusil a aiguille. 
 
 This prep, plays an important part in the 
 inflexion of the language, and in the forma- 
 tion of words. In inflexion, ad with the 
 accus. takes the place of the Latin dative. 
 This tendency, found in germ in classical 
 Latinity (as in ' quod apparet ad agri- 
 colas,' Terence ; ' hunc ad carnificem 
 dabo,' Plautus ; ' pauperem ad ditem 
 dari,' Terence), and found also in several 
 other languages (as in modern Greek, which 
 uses the accus. with €ts = ad for the lost 
 dative, and as in the English use of to), is 
 developed very strongly in Merovingian 
 Latin, and forms the dative in all the 
 Romance languages. Thus, for example, in a 
 Diploma of a.d. 693, Briquigny, ii. 431, we 
 have ' Sed veniens ad eo placito ; * and 
 in a Donation of a.d. 713, id. ii. 437, ' Ergo 
 donavi ad monasterium ;' in a Donation 
 of A.D, 671, id. ii. 154, ' Idcirco dono ad 
 sacrosanctum monasterium ;' in Markulf. 
 A-PP. 58, ' Mihi contigit quod ego . . . 
 caballum ad hominem aliquem in furto 
 subdixi;' in the Formulae Andegav. 28, 
 ' Nam terra ad illo homine nunquam fossa- 
 dasset.' 
 
 Ad becomes a by dropping d, a process 
 which had already taken place before con- 
 sonants in Merovingian Latin ; thus, in the 
 8th cent, we find in Markulf. Formul. i. 
 37i ' a quo placito veniens ; * a passage 
 
 found in another part of Markulfus (Ap- 
 pendix 38) in the form ' ad quod pi. 
 veniens.' A Donation of a.d. 739 has 
 ' In portionem quam a liberto nostro 
 dedimus,' Brequigny, ii. 370. — Der. au, 
 aux, q.v. 
 
 ABAISSER, va. to abase. Sp. abaxar. It. ab- 
 bassare, from L. adbassare, compd. of ad 
 and bassare, der. from bassus, see bas. 
 Adbassare, by db = bb (§ 168) and 
 bb = b, becomes abassare : ' Molendina, 
 quae sunt infra fossam civitatis, abassen- 
 tur medietate unius brachii rationis ' (Char- 
 ter of a.d. 1 192, Muratori, Ant. It. v. 87). 
 Abassare becomes abaisser by are = er 
 (§ 263), a = ai (§ 54), and by continuance 
 of b, ss, and initial a. — Der. abaissement 
 (§ 225), rabaisser (Hist. Gram. p. 179). 
 
 ABANDON, sm. abandonment, giving up, un- 
 constraint. In 13th cent, in the form 
 a bandon in Marie de France, i. 488, which 
 shows that the word is formed by a com- 
 paratively modern junction of the prep, a 
 with O. Fr. subst. bandon, = permission, 
 liberty, authorisation, a word found as late 
 as the 1 6th cent, in R. Estienne's Diet. 
 Fr.-Latin (a.d. 1549): Bandon, indul- 
 gentia, licentia. Permettre et donner 
 bandon a aulcun, indulge re. Mettre sa 
 forest a bandon was a feudal law phrase in 
 the 13th cent. = m^//re sa foret a permis- 
 sion, i. e. to open it freely to any one 
 for pasture or to cut wood in ; hence the 
 later sense of giving up one's rights for a 
 time, letting go, leaving, abandoning. For 
 this change of sense see § 12. The words 
 d bandon were joined as early as the 13th 
 cent. ; the form abandon appearing in Beau- 
 manoir, 43, 13. 
 
 The O. Fr. bandon, like all terms of 
 feudal custom, is of Germ, origin, derived 
 from feudal L. bandum, an order, decree : 
 ' Tunc nos demum secundum canouicam 
 auctoritatem ferula excommunicationis et 
 B 
 
A BA QUE — A BEILLE. 
 
 band! nostri constrinximus praelibatum 
 Ermengandum comitcm,' says an Excom- 
 munication of Gregory V, a.d. 998 (Concil. 
 Rom., Baluze, i. 6). Bandum represents 
 Dan. hand, an order, decree. — Der. aban- 
 rfonner. 
 
 Abaque, sm. an abacus; from L. abacus. 
 
 ABASOURDIR, va. to stun, deafen; an ill- 
 formed and corrupt form (§ 172), of a type 
 abassourdir, compd. of ab and assourdir. 
 See sourd. 
 
 ABATARDIR, va. to abase, corrupt ; see 
 bdlard. — Der. afta/arrfissement (§ 225). 
 
 ABATIS, sm. a demolition, felling (of trees). 
 In the 1 2 th cent, abateis in the Chanson 
 d'Antioche 6, 9,^, from L. abbatere* (see 
 abattre) through a deriv. abbaticius*. 
 For abbat = a6a/ see abattre, for -icium 
 = -eis = -is see under § 214. 
 
 ABAT-JOUR, sm. a trunk-light, reflector, 
 lampshade. See abattre and jour. 
 
 ABATTRE, va. to beat down, knock down ; 
 from L. abbattere, found in 6th cent, 
 in the Germanic Laws : * Si quis hominem 
 de furca abbattere presumpserit ' (Lex. 
 
 , Sal. Nov. 273). Abbattere is compd. of 
 ab and battere (see batlre). Abbattere 
 by bb = b and tt = t (§ 168), becomes 
 abatere, contrd. (§ 51) to abat're, whence 
 O. Fr. abatre (in nth cent., in the Chanson 
 de Roland, 267), wrongly afterwards written 
 abbattre by the Latinists of the Renais- 
 sance (1604, in Nicot-s Diet.), in order to 
 make the word look more like its Latin 
 parent. In the 17th cent, the older and 
 correct orthography was resumed in the 
 words abatage and abatis ; but abattre un- 
 fortunately kept the tt. — Der. abati% (q. v.), 
 abatage (§ 242). 
 
 ABBAYE, sf. an abbey ; from L. abbatia 
 (in St. Jerome). Abbatia, by bb =b, and 
 t = d (§ 117), early became abadia: 'Ilia 
 abadia de Rubiaco una medietas rema- 
 neat,' says a will of a.d. 961 (Vaissette, 
 ii. p. 108). Aba(d)iani becomes abe'ie 
 (nth cent., Lois de Guillaume le Con- 
 querant, l) by dropping d (§ 1 17), by 
 a. = e (§ 54), and persistence of initial a 
 and i (§ 69), and by final am = « (§ 54). 
 Abeie is written in 13th cent, abate; in 
 1 6th cent, abbaye. 
 ABBjfi, sm. an abbot, head of a religious house ; 
 from L. abbatem, a word introduced in the 
 last ages of the Roman Empire by Christian 
 writers, who had borrowed it from Syriac 
 abba, a father. For change of sense see 
 § 5 2. Abbatem becomes abe (nth cent., 
 
 Chanson de Roland, 209) by bb =b (§ 168), 
 atein = J (§ 230), and continuance of initial 
 a. For later change of ah6 to abbe sec 
 abattre. 
 
 ABBESSE, sf. an abbess. It. abbadessa, 
 from L. abbatissa, a deriv. in -issa 
 (§ 222) from abbatem, see abbd; found 
 in an epitaph, a.d. 569 (Muratori, A. 429, 
 3) : ' Hie requiescit in somno paucis lustiiiu 
 abbatissa.' Abba(t)issa, by dropping t 
 (§ 117), and bybb = b (§ 168), a = e (§ 54), 
 issa = esse (§ 222), and continuance of 
 initial a, becomes O. Fr. abeesse (13th cent., 
 Roman de la Rose, 8800), whence, later, 
 abesse (§ 1 1 7), For the change from abesse 
 to abbesse see abattre. 
 
 Abcfes, sm. an abcess ; from L. abcessus. 
 
 Abdication, sf. abdication; from L. abdi- 
 cationem. 
 
 Abdiquer, va. to abdicate; from L. ab- 
 dicare. 
 
 Abdomen, sm. the abdomen, stomach ; from 
 L. abdomen. 
 
 Ab6c6daire, sm. a spelling-book ; from L. 
 abecedarium. For arium = aire see 
 § 197, note I. 
 
 t Abe ill e, sf. a bee; a word introd. towards 
 the 15th cent. ; found in 1460 in a letter of 
 remission quoted by Ducange; from Prov. 
 abelha, which from L. apicvQa, Plin. N. H. 
 2, 21, 21: properly a little bee (for enlarge- 
 ment of meaning see § 13). Jnst as we 
 early find abis for apis (' de furtis abium.,' 
 Lex Salica, ed. Pardessus, p. 163), so api- 
 cula in Merov. Lat, becomes abicula, 
 whence Prov. abelha, just as auricula, 
 ovicula, corbicula, became Prov. au- 
 relha, ovelha, corhelha. That abeille is not 
 a true Fr. word derived directly from Lat. 
 is shown by the fact that in Fr. the Lat. p 
 never stops at h, but always descends to v 
 (§ III), while in Prov. it always stops at 
 h ; consequently if apicula, abicula, had 
 directly produced a Fr. word, it would have 
 taken the form aveille, by p = v (§ in), 
 icxil& = eille (§ 257), and by the continu- 
 ance of initial a. This true Fr. form 
 is not imaginary ; it is to be found in the 
 Diet, of R. Estienne (1549): Aveille, 
 mousch a miel, mot duquel on use en Tou- 
 raine et en Anjou. This form, which thus, 
 even in 1549, was restricted to one or two 
 western provinces, entirely disappeared 
 when apiculture was localised in and re- 
 stricted to Languedoc and Provence, and 
 was replaced, as was to be expected, by a 
 form brought from the district in which the 
 
ABERRA TION—ABOVER. 
 
 , production of honey and care of bees was 
 chiefly attended to. 
 
 i Aberration, s/". aberration; properly of stars, 
 
 I tl^e figurative meaning being later ; from 
 L. aberrationem. 
 
 i ABfiTIR, va. to brutalise. See bete and Hist. 
 Gram. p. 177. 
 
 i Abhorrer, va. to abhor, detest ; from L. 
 abhorrere. 
 
 ' ABIME, sm. an abyss. Sp. abismo, from 
 L. abyssimus *, a deriv. of abyssus, 
 with superlative termination -issimus, 
 found suffixed to other Lat. subst., as ocul- 
 -issimus, domin-issimus, marking the 
 highest degree of intensity ; thus abys- 
 simus signifies the deepest depth. Abys- 
 simum, contr. to abyss'mum. (§ 51), 
 becomes abisme (12th cent., St. Bernard's 
 Sermons, p. 167) by persistence of a and m, 
 and by y = £ (§ loi), ss = s (§ 168), and 
 tun = e. For the very unusual continuance 
 of b see § 113. For abisme = abime see 
 § 148. — Der. abimer, to hurl into an abyss, 
 thence to ruin, damage, thence to spoil (as 
 in un ckapeau abime), by a reduction of 
 meaning, see § 13; found also in gene and 
 ennui, q. v. This sense is later than the 
 17th cent., for the Diet, of the Acad., 1694, 
 recognises only the etymological meaning. 
 Abject, adj. abject; from L. abjectus. — 
 
 DtT. abjection (L. abjectionem). 
 Abjurer, va. to abjure, renounce ; from L. 
 abjurare. — Der. abjurztion (L. abjur- 
 ationem). 
 Ablatif, sm. the ablative case ; from L. 
 
 ablativum. For final v=/ see § 142. 
 Ablation, sf. ablation (Med.); from L. 
 
 ablationem. 
 ABLE, sm. a bleak (Ichth.) ; from L. albula, 
 properly a little white fish, from the adj. al- 
 bulus (in Catullus, 29 19), which is probably 
 the fish called alburnus by Ausonius (an- 
 other derivative of albus); 'Et albiirnos 
 praedam puer ilibus hamis' (Mosella, 126). 
 The albula got its name from its whiteness, 
 just as the rotiget is so called from being 
 partly red. Albula is found in the Lat.-Gr. 
 glossaries, Albula, iKTapa, which is a kind 
 of little fish. In the Schola Salernita, d. 
 Moreau, p. 80, we find ' Lucius, et perca 
 et saxaulis, albula, tinea.' Albula, 
 losing 1 by dissimilation (§ 169), becomes 
 abula, found in a MS. account of a.d. 
 1239, quoted by Ducange (s. v.) : 'Decano 
 Turon. ille qui capit abulas, de dono 
 ad unum batellum emendum xl. solid. 
 Tur.' Ab(u)lam (§51) contr. to ab'lam 
 
 becomes able by aTO. = e, and continuance of 
 bl, and of initial a. — Der. aWette (§ 281). 
 
 ABLETTE, sf. a bleak. See able. 
 
 Ablution, sf. ablution, washing; from L. 
 ablutionem. 
 
 Abnegation, sf abnegation, renunciation, 
 sacrifice (of self ) ; from L. abnegationem. 
 
 ABOI, verbal sm. barking, baying. Aboi, 
 which expresses the bark of a dog (aboie- 
 ment is the present word), remains in the 
 Fr. language in the phrase etre aux abois. 
 The stag is said to be aux abois when he is 
 hard pressed by the dogs, and close followed 
 by their cry. This hunting-term has taken 
 a figurative sense, and etre aux abois now 
 means ' to be hard pressed,' ' at one's wits' 
 end,' ' at bay.' 
 
 ABOIEMENT, sm. barking. See aboyer. 
 
 Abolir, «/a. to abolish; from L. abolere. 
 For e = i see § 59. — Der. aSo/issement 
 (§ 225, note 4). 
 
 Abolition, sf. abolition; from L. abo- 
 litionem. 
 
 Abominable, adj. abominable; from L. 
 abominabilis. Forabilis = aWesee§250. 
 
 Abomination sf. abomination ; from L. 
 abominationem. 
 
 Abondamment, adv. abundantly; from 
 abondant, q. v. 
 
 Abondance, sf abundance ; from L. abun- 
 dantia. For u = o see § 98; for antia 
 = ance § 244. 
 
 Abondant, adj. abundant; from L. abun- 
 dantem. For u = o see § 98. 
 
 Abonder, va. to abound; from L. abun- 
 dare. — Der. sur abonder. 
 
 ABONNER, va. to subscribe, pay a subscrip- 
 tion ; see bon. — Der. abonnement (§ 225), 
 abonne (§ 201). 
 
 ABORDER, va. to reach shore, to draw nigh 
 to shore ; see bord. — Der. abord, abordzge, 
 abordMe (§ 250). 
 
 Aborigene, smf an aboriginal, primitive in- 
 habitant; from L. aborigines. 
 
 ABORNER, va. to border on, touch limits of. 
 See borne. 
 
 ABOUCHER, va. to bring together, bring 
 about an interview (s'aboucher avec quel- 
 qu'un is lit. to place one mouth to mouth 
 with another). See bouche. 
 
 ABOUTIR, va. to arrive at, end in ; see bout. 
 
 ABOYER, va. to bark, bay ; from L. abbau- 
 bare*, compd. of ad (Hist. Gram. p. 177) 
 and baubare *. For change from deponent 
 to active, see Hist. Gram. p. 1 1 9 ; for db = bb 
 § 1 68. Abbau(b)are, by bb = 6 ( § 1 68), 
 loss of second b (§ 113), continuance of 
 
A brEger —a bstinence. 
 
 initial a, and by au = o (§ 107), are = er 
 (§ 54)» became in nth cent, aboer. The law 
 of balance between the tonic and atonic 
 vowels, spoken of § 48 etc, here plays an 
 important part. In I2th cent, il abaie, Le 
 Livre des Rois, 129; in 13th cent, aboer, 
 Villehardouin, 109; in 14th cent, abayer, 
 Oresme, Eth. 205. — Der. aboytuv (§ 227), 
 aboiement (§ 225). For y = t see § 101. 
 
 ABR^GER, va. to abridge, shorten ; from L. 
 abbreviare, found in Vegetius, Prol. 3, 
 De Re Mil. : ' Quae me per diversos auc- 
 tores .... abbreviare iussisti.' Abbre- 
 viare becomes abbrevjare by consoni- 
 fication of i (Hist. Gram. p. 65), whence 
 abreger by bb = 6 (§ 168), vj=j (§ 141), 
 continuance of initial a, br, e, and j=g, 
 axe = er. — Der. abrege (§ 201), abregcur, 
 of which the learned doublet (§ 22) is 
 abreviateur. 
 
 ABREUVER, va. to give to drink, water. 
 It. abbeverare, from L. adbiberare*, a 
 compd. of ad and biberare, a deriv. of 
 bibere ; see breuvage. Adbib(e)rare, 
 dropping § (§ 52), and assimilating db to 
 bb (§ 168), becomes abbib'rare, whence 
 abevrer (13th cent., Floire et Blancheflor, 
 195), by bb =6 (§ 168), i = e (§ 72), 
 br = vr (§ 113), are = fir (§ 263), and by 
 continuance of initial a. Abevrer is in 
 l6th cent, abrever (Hist, Gram. p. 77) by 
 transposition, whence finally abreuver. — 
 Der. abreuvo'iT (§ 183). 
 
 Abr^viation, sf. abbreviation; from L. 
 abbreviationem. See abreger. 
 
 ABRI, sm. a shelter ; introd. in 1 2th cent. 
 (Livre des Rois, 251) from Prov. abric, 
 Sp. abrigo. Origin unknown. 
 
 t Abricot, sm. an apricot (1549, R--Esti- 
 enne's Diet.) ; introd. from Port, albricoque 
 (§ 26). — Der. abricotier (§ 193). 
 
 ABRITER, va. to shelter (a modern word, 
 appearing first in 1740, Diet, de I'Academie, 
 as a special horticult. term : Abrite, terme 
 de jardinage — ' un espalier bien abrite ') ; 
 from abri, by euphonic intercalation of t. 
 There was, up to the 1 8th cent, another 
 form, abrier, formed direct from abri, 
 which has been supplanted by abriter: Etifin 
 le bon Dieu nous abrie, St. Arnaud, Podsies, 
 iii. 92 (17th cent.), and in 1728, Richelet's 
 Diet., has Abrier, mettre a I' abri; ne se 
 dit qu'en riant. 
 
 Abrogation, sf. abrogation; from L. abro- 
 gationem. 
 
 Abroger, va. to abrogate, annul ; from L. 
 abrogare. Der. atro^ation. 
 
 Abrupt, adj. abrupt ; from L. abrup- 
 tus. 
 
 Abrutir, va. to brutalise ; see brute. — Der. 
 a6r?//issement (§ 225). 
 
 Abscisse, sf. an abscissa (Math.) ; from L. 
 abscissa. 
 
 Absence, sf. absence; from L. absentia. 
 For &ntia. = ence see § 244. 
 
 Absent, adj. absent; from L. absentem. 
 Der. absenter (§ 183). 
 
 Abside, s/l a vault ; (Archit.); from L. apsi- 
 dem. 
 
 Absinthe, s/". wormwood ; from L. absin- 
 thium. 
 
 Absolu, adj. absolute ; from L. absolutus. 
 For utus = tt see § 201. — Der. a6so/wment 
 (§ 225). 
 
 Absolution, sf. absolution; from L. abso- 
 lutionem. 
 
 Absorber, va. to absorb; from L. absor- 
 ber e. — Der. absolvtion (§ 232, note 4). 
 
 Absorption, sf. absorption; from L. ab- 
 sorptionem. 
 
 ABSOUDRE, va. to absolve, acquit. It. 
 assolvere, from L. absolvere. Absol- 
 v(e)re, contr. regularly (§ 51) to ab- 
 solv're, drops the v (§ 141), whence 
 absol're, whence O. Fr. assoldre (nth 
 cent.. Chanson de Roland, 25) by assimi- 
 lating bs to ss (§ 168), by changing Ir to 
 Idr (Hist. Gram. p. 73), and by continuance 
 of a and o. Assoldre in 12th cent, becomes 
 assoudre (§ 157); in 13th cent, is recon- 
 structed into absoudre by the clerks and 
 lawyers who wished to bring it back to the 
 Lat. form. But the popular pronunciation 
 continued in spite of this classical restora- 
 tion of the b, and we know from Palsgrave 
 (Eclairc. p. 23) that in 1530 it was still 
 proncd. assoudre. — Der. absoute, strong 
 partic. subst. (§ 188), from L. absoluta. 
 For contr. of abs51(u)ta to absol'ta see 
 § 51. 
 
 ABSTENIR(S') vpr. to abstain. Sp. abstenir, 
 from L. abstenere, a common Lat. form 
 of abstinere. Abstenere becomes aste- 
 nir (nth cent., Chanson de Roland, 203) 
 by bs = ss = s (§ 168), by ere = z> (§ 60), 
 and by continuance of a, t, e, n. In the 
 14th cent, astenir was reconstructed into 
 abstenir (§56, note 4) by the clerks and 
 lawyers. See absoudre. 
 
 Abstention, sf. abstention, withholding; 
 from L. abstentionem. 
 
 Abstinence, sf abstinence; from L. ab- 
 stinentiam. For eutia = ence see 
 
 I § 244- 
 
ABSTRAC TION — A CCA BLER. 
 
 Abstraction, sf. abstraction ; from L. ab- 
 stractionem. 
 
 Abstraire, va. to abstract, separate ; from 
 L. abstrahere. For trahere = /ra/re see 
 § 135 ; and see traire. 
 
 Abstrait, adj. abstract; from L. abstrac- 
 tus. For ct = 2Vsee § 129. 
 
 Absurde, adj. absurd; from L. absurdus. 
 — Der, absurdite (§ 230). 
 
 Absurdity sf. absurdity; from L. absurdi- 
 tatem. 
 
 Abus, sm. an abuse ; from L. abusus. — 
 Der. abuser (§ 183). 
 
 Ablisif, adj. abusive; from L. abusivus. 
 For iviis = 27see § 223. 
 
 ACABIT, sm. a quality of anything (good 
 or bad). This word originally signified 
 purchase, and afterwards became limited 
 to the thing purchased, then to the state 
 or condition of that thing, lastly to the 
 qualities of any object whatever. (In the 
 1 8th cent, it was used only of fruits; the 
 Diet, of the Academy, 1740, has Acabit, ne 
 se dit guere que des fruits : ' Des poires d'un 
 hon acabit.') Acabit is a learned word, a 
 corrupt form of the feudal L. accapitum, 
 which in Custom Law signifies a right of 
 entry (' deinde dono burgos . . . acca- 
 pita . . .' in a Will of 11 50, Martene, 
 Anecd. i. 410), and is itself only a bar- 
 barous compound of the L. caput in the 
 sense of rent, etc. For cc = c see § 168, 
 for p = & § III. 
 
 Acacia, sf. an acacia ; a Lat. word intro- 
 duced by botanists. Among the Romans 
 it signified the white-flowering locust-tree. 
 More fortunate than many botanical names 
 (such as mimosa, salvia, etc.) which are 
 still used only by the learned, acacia has 
 taken root in the language, where it holds 
 its ground with as much right as the Lat. 
 words quietus, omnibus, etc. 
 
 Acad6niie, sf an academy, learned society; 
 from L. academia (the garden near 
 Athens in which Plato taught, thence ex- 
 tended to signify any meeting of philoso- 
 phers or learned persons). — Der. acat/^'mique, 
 academmtn. 
 Acaddmique, adj. academic ; from L. 
 academicus. — Der. academicxtn, from L. 
 academicus through a form academic- 
 ianus (§ 194). 
 *t" Acajou, sm. mahogany; an American 
 word, introduced with the wood into Europe 
 in the 18th cent. (§ 32). 
 Acanthe, sf the acanthus; from L. acan- 
 thus. 
 
 ACARIATRE, adj. crabbed, cross-grained. 
 The Lat. cara, a face, then a head (see 
 chere), produced a verb adcariare*, acca- 
 rare, whence O. Fr. acarier, whence the 
 deriv. acanastre (§ 199), found in R. Esti- 
 enne's Diet., a. d. 1549, i" sense of in- 
 sanus, mente captus, then acariatre 
 (§ 199). From its sense of foolish, mad, 
 in 1604, Nicot's Diet., it has come to 
 its modern sense, Diet, of the Academy, 
 1694. 
 
 ACCABLER, va. to overwhelm. The Gr. 
 Kara^oK-f], in sense of an overthrow, passing 
 from the abstract to the concrete sense of a 
 machine wherewith to overthrow (a fre- 
 quent change of sense, see § 12, and cp. Fr. 
 poin^on, from L. punctionem), produced 
 late Lat. cadabulum, a balista. This 
 word came in from the Byzantine Greeks, 
 through the Crusaders, as did several other 
 terms of medieval military art : ' Tribus 
 lapidibus magna petraria, quae cadabula 
 vocabatur, emissis,' sa3's (12 19) William the 
 Breton, De Gestis Philippi Augusti, A, 1202. 
 Cad6b(u)la, dropping u regularly (§ 51), 
 became O. Fr. cadable (iith cent. Chan- 
 son de Roland, strophe viii.) : Cordres a 
 prise e les murs peceiez, Od ses cadables 
 les turs en abatied (and his catapults 
 beat down the towers thereof). Next 
 ca[d)able, by dropping medial d (§ 120), 
 becomes caable, found in another passage 
 of the same poem, strophe xvi. : Od vos 
 caables avez fruiset ses murs (and your 
 catapults have broken its walls). From 
 this proper sense of a machine of war to 
 crush one's foe by throwing great stones 
 to overthrow him, caable comes to have 
 the more general sense of the act of 
 overthrowing (§ 12). An old Custom- 
 book of Normandy cited by Ducange (s.v.) 
 has ' De prostratione ad terram, quod 
 cadabiiluin dicitur, xxiii. solidos,' ren- 
 dered in the Fr. version (12th cent.) by 
 De ahatre a terre, que Von apele caable. 
 Caable, later contr. to cable, gave the 
 deriv. accabler, signifying to be crushed 
 under some heavy mass : Accabler, estre 
 accable de quelque chose qui chet sur nous, 
 ou estre esc ache ; obrui (1549), R. Estienne's 
 Diet. In 1604 Nicot's Diet, also gives this 
 term in the active sense : Accabler, c'est 
 affouler aulcun de coups pesans, Vatterrer 
 a force de pesanteur, et de charger sur 
 lui ; opprimere aliquem, obruere. 
 Finally, the word loses all but its figura- 
 tive sense, and is found in its modern 
 
ACCAPARER — A CCOMPLIR, 
 
 signification alone in i68i, Richelet's Diet. 
 — Der. accablement (§ 225). 
 Accaparer, va. to buy up, to monopolise ; 
 a word first found in 1762 in the Diet, de 
 I'Academie, having eome in through the 
 comineree of Genoa and Leghorn with 
 Marseilles, from It. caparrare, to stop mer- 
 chandise. Accaparer, which ought to have 
 been caparrer, has got an initial a from 
 the It. accapare, to choose, take, whose 
 meaning is so similar to that of caparrare, 
 that it naturally produced a confusion be- 
 tween the two words. Very many modern 
 Fr. words of trade and commerce are of 
 It. origin (as banque, bilan, agio, etc., 
 see § 25). — Der. accaparemexit (§ 225), ac- 
 capartxxr (§ 227). 
 
 Acc6der, va. to consent, accede (to) ; from 
 L. accedere. 
 
 Accel6rer, va. to accelerate, hasten ; from 
 L. accelerare. — Der. acceVe'ration. 
 
 Accent, sm. accent; from L. accentus. — 
 Der. accentViQT, accew/uation. 
 
 Accentuer, va. to accent ; from L. accen- 
 tuare*, deriv. from accentus, see Ducange 
 s. V. — Der. accen/wation, a learned form 
 (§ 232, note 4), from L. accentuatioaem, 
 Ducange, 92. 
 
 Acceptation, sf. acceptance ; from L. ae- 
 ceptationem*. See accepter. 
 
 Accepter, va. to accept, receive ; from L. 
 aceeptare. — Der. accepiion, accepution 
 (§ 232, note 4), accepuhle. 
 
 Acception, sf. acceptance ; from L. accep- 
 tionem. 
 
 Accds, sm. access, approach, entry ; from L. 
 accessus. — Der. accessoire (§ 233). 
 
 Accessible, adj. accessible ; from L. acces- 
 sibilis. 
 
 Accession, sf. consent, adhesion, accession ; 
 from L. accessionem. 
 
 + Accessit, sm. ' accessit,' honourable 
 mention ; a Lat. word, introduced into scho- 
 lastic language. Its meaning is that one ' ap- 
 proached near' the prize without getting it. 
 
 Accessoire, adj. accessory; from L. ac- 
 cessorius, in Ducange. 
 
 Accident, sm. an accident; from L. acci- 
 dentem. — Der. accidenttX. 
 
 Accidentel, adj. accidental; from L. acci- 
 dentalis* found in Ducange. For alls = 
 el see § 191. 
 
 Acclamation, sf acclamation ; from L. 
 acclamationem. 
 
 Acclamer, va. to proclaim; from L. ac- 
 c lam a re. — Der. acc/amation. 
 
 Acclimater. See climat. 
 
 ACCOINTANCE, sf. intimacy, close con- 
 nection ; deriv. of accointer, q. v. 
 
 ACCOINTER (S'), vpr. to become intimate 
 (with one). It. accontare, from L. ad- 
 cognitare *, a compd. of ad and cogni- 
 tare *, deriv. of cogtiitus. Cognitare * 
 is not classical, though cognitamentum 
 occurs in Forcellini. Adcognitare is 
 not uncommon in Carolingian texts : 
 * Quarum exemplar Domination! vestrae 
 transmitto, ut . . . ad aliquem diem ju- 
 beatis venire fideles vestros dieentes quia 
 eis adcognitare vultis . . . .' Hinc- 
 mar, Opusc. De coereendis mil. rap. (a.d. 
 848). Dc = cc by assimilation (§ 168) pro- 
 duced accognitare, as in a Capitulary of 
 Charles the Bald, a.d. 856, § 11, * Et 
 habet . . . fideles suos convocatos ut . . . 
 nostram, qui fideles illius sumus devo- 
 tionem accognitet.' Accogn(i)tare, 
 contr. regularly (§ 51) to accogn'tare, 
 becomes acointer by cc = c (§ 168), g = « 
 (§ 131), are = er (§§ 49, 263), and by con- 
 tinuance of o, nt, and initial a. Acointer 
 inserted a diphthong regularly (§ 56) acoin- 
 tier : for its return to the form accointer 
 in the 15th cent, see § 56, note 4. — Der. 
 accom/ance (§ 192). 
 
 i'Accolade, sf an embrace, kiss. See 
 accoler. 
 
 ACCOLER, va. to embrace ; der. from col 
 (see cou). For the transcription back to 
 accoler from acoler in the 15th cent, see 
 § 56, note 4. — Der. acco/lee, partic. subst. 
 (§ 187). This word, which rightly means 
 an embrace, kiss, and especially that given 
 to a new-made knight, was transformed in 
 the 1 6th cent, into accolade, in imitation 
 (§ 25) of It. accollata : for the Fr. sufRx in 
 ade see § 201. As late as the beginning 
 of the 17th cent, accolade still solely signi- 
 fied the embrace of a knight. Nicot (1604) 
 says, AccoLLADE, se fait en jetant les bras 
 autour du col. Accollee, embrassement, 
 comme Le faisant chevalier, il lui donna 
 I'accollee. 
 
 Accom m oder , va. to suit, arrange, dress; 
 from L. accommodare. — Der. accom- 
 modement (§ 225). 
 
 ACCOMPAGNER, va. to accompany; der. 
 from O. Fr. compaing. For details see 
 compagnon. 
 
 ACCOMPLIR, va. to accomplish; from L. ac- 
 complere *, compd. of ad and complere. 
 For dc = cc by assimilation see § 168. Ac- 
 complere becomes acomplir (12th cent., 
 Raoul de Cambrai, 193) by cc = c (§ i68), 
 
A CCORDER—A CCR OIRE. 
 
 ere = zV (§ 59), and continuance of a, o, m, 
 and pi. For the return in 1 6th cent, from 
 acomplir to accomplir see § 56, note 4. — 
 Der. accomplisstmQnt (§ 225). 
 
 ACCORDER, va. to reconcile, to agree. Sp. 
 acordar, It. accordare, from L. accordare, 
 der. (like concordare) from L. cor, 
 cordis ; — ' quasi ad unum cor, sive ad 
 eamdem voluntatem adducere' is R. Esti- 
 enne's explanation (1549). We find in 
 a treaty between Henry of Castile and 
 Charles V. (Martini, Anecd. i. 1501) 'Cum 
 parte adversa pactum seu pacem facere, 
 tractare ; accordare . . .' Accordare 
 becomes acorder (nth cent., C. de Roland, 
 285) by cc = c (§ l68), and continuance of 
 initial a, o, and rd. For acorder = accorder 
 in the 15th cent., see § 56, note 4. — Der. 
 accord (§ 184). 
 
 t Accort, adj. compliant, supple; from It. 
 accorto. In 1560 Pasquier says, in his 
 Recherches sur la France, viii. 3, Nous 
 averts deptiis 30 oil 40 ans emprunte plu- 
 sieurs mots d'llalie, comtne ' cofitrasie' pour 
 ' contention,' ' concert ' pour ' conference,' 
 * accort ' pour ' avise.' 
 
 ACCOSTER, va. to accost. Sp. acostar. It. 
 accostare, from L. accostare, deriv. of ad 
 (Hist. Gram. p. 177) and costa, and so 
 properly signifying to set oneself side by 
 side : ' Fuit et stetit ita contractus .... 
 quod . . . unum crus vel genu cum alio non 
 potebat accostare . . . .' Mirac. S. Zitae, 
 in the Acta SS. iii. Apr. 523. Accostare 
 becomes acoster (12th cent., Livre des Rois, 
 363) by cc = c (§ 168), axe^er (§ 263), 
 and continuance of initial a, o, and st. 
 For 15th cent, accoster for acoster see § 56, 
 note 4. For unusual continuance of s see 
 
 §H7- 
 
 ACCOTER, va. to prop up, support. Origin 
 unknown (§ 35). — Der. accotoir (§ 183). 
 
 ACCOUCHER, va. n. to deliver (as a mid- 
 wife), to be delivered (of a child). This 
 word, der. from couche (q. v.), was written 
 acoucher in the 13th cent., and acouchier in 
 the 14th. For er = ier see § 56. 
 
 The history of this word is an example 
 of those restrictions of meaning mentioned 
 in the Introduction (§ 12). In the 12th 
 cent, accoucher meant, according to its ety- 
 mology, to lie down in bed. Mathieu de 
 Montmorency, says Villehardouin, accoucha 
 malade (lay down ill), et taut fut agreve 
 gn'il mouriit. Joinville, when ill, uses the 
 following expression, Et pour les dites 
 maladies j'accouchai au lit malade^ en la 
 
 mi-careme. Accoucher was soon restricted 
 to the sense of lying down, because of 
 illness, and then, later still, to ' He in ' for 
 childbirth. 
 
 From the 13th cent, onwards we see ac- 
 coucher used in this modern sense, though not 
 exclusively so : La contesse Marie accoucha 
 d'une fille. Villehardouin, 180. On the 
 other hand the word kept its sense of simply 
 lying down in bed till the 17th cent., as 
 we see in Nicot's Diet. 1604 : // s'est 
 accouche malade, ex morbo decumbit. 
 — Der. accouches. (§ 201), accouchement 
 (§ 225), accouchtwx (§ 227). 
 
 ACCOUDER (S'), vpr. to lean on one's elbow. 
 Sp. acodar, from L. accubitare, der. from 
 cubitus : ' Cum causa convivii fuisset 
 accubitatus,' says S. Branle (640) in 
 his life of S. Aemilianus. Accub(i)tare, 
 contr. regularly (§ 51) to accub'tare, be- 
 comes acouter (12th cent., Raoul de Cam- 
 brai, 51) by cc = c (§ 168), u = om (§ 90), 
 bt = / (§ 168), are = cr (§ 263), and by 
 continuance of initial a. Acouter in the 
 1 6th cent, was altered into accoubder by 
 the Latinists of the Renaissance. For 
 c = cc, and t = hd, see § 56, note 4. For 
 loss of b, see § 120. 
 
 ACCOUPLER, va. to join, couple (dogs, etc.); 
 der. from cople, O. Fr. form of cottple, 
 q. V. For o = ou see § 86 ; for c = cc § 56, 
 note 4. — Der. accouplement. 
 
 ACCOURCIR, va. to shorten; der. from 
 court, q. V. For c = cc see § 56, note 4. — 
 Der. raccourcir. 
 
 ACCOURIR, vn. to run up, come up hastily. 
 Sp. acorrer. It. accorrere, from L. accur- 
 rere. For the successive changes of 
 c\xxvev& — curir = corir = courir, see courir. 
 For c = cc see § 56, note 4. 
 
 ACCOUTRER, va. to dress up, accoutre. 
 Prov. acotrar : origin unknown (§ 35). 
 For acoustrer = accoutrer see §§ 56, note 4, 
 and 158. — Der. accoutrement (§ 225). 
 
 ACCOUTUMER, va. to accustom; der. 
 from coustume, O. Fr. form of coutume, 
 q. V. For Q = cc see § 56, note 4; for loss 
 of s § 158. — Der. accoutumznce (§ 192). 
 
 Accrdditer, va. to accredit; der. from 
 credit, q. v. 
 
 ACCROCHER, va. to hook up, tear with a 
 hook ; der. from croc, q. v. For c = cc in 
 the 1 6th cent, see § 56, note 4. — Der. 
 accroc (§ 184), xaccrocher. 
 
 ACCROIRE, va. to believe ; from L. accre- 
 dere, by regular contr. of accred(e)re to 
 accred're, whence acreire (12th cent., 
 
8 
 
 A CCR OISSEMENT—A CHETER, 
 
 St. Thomas le Martyr). For oo = c see 
 § i68, e = « § 6i, dr = r § i68. For 
 ei = oi see § 6i. for o — cc, § 56 note 4. 
 
 ACCROISSEMENT, sm. growth, increase. 
 It. accrescimento, from L. aocrescimen- 
 tmn. (13th cent, acroissement, H. de 
 Valenc. x. 10.) For o = cc see § 56, 
 note 4. 
 
 ACCROITRE, va. to increase, enlarge. Sp. 
 acrecer. It. accrescere, from L. aoorescere. 
 For crescere = croistre, croitre, see croitre. 
 For o = cc, see § 56, note 4. 
 
 ACCROUPIR, vn. to cower down, squat; 
 der. from crope, O. Fr. form of croupe, 
 q. V. Etre accroupi is properly to sit on 
 one's tail. (13th cent, acropir, R. de 
 Renard, 5852 ; 14th cent, acroupir, Du 
 Guesclin, 16413.) For o=^ou see § 81, 
 for o = ctf § 56, note 4. 
 
 ACCUEILLIR, va. to welcome. It. acco- 
 gliere, from L. adcollegere, compd. of 
 ad and coUegere, a common Lat. form 
 of colligere: ' Et hospites tres vel am- 
 plius collegere debet,' in the Lex Salica, 
 6th cent. ed. Pardessus, p. 26 ; hence by as- 
 similation of do = cc (§ 168), accollegere, 
 found in the sense of associating, making to 
 partake, in medieval Lat. : ' Dominus etiam 
 Rex aooollegit abbatem et Ecclesiam in 
 omnibus quae in villa habebat,' Charter of 
 Louis VII. A.D. 1 1 50, in Thomass. Coutu- 
 mier de Bourges, p. 396. For collegere 
 = coillir (i2th cent.) = cueilltr (13th cent.) 
 see cueilltr. For o = cc see § 56, note 4. — 
 Der. accueil (§ 1 84). 
 
 ACCULER, va. to drive into a corner, bring 
 to a stand ; deriv. of cul, q. v. 
 
 AccuniTller, va. to accumulate ; from L. 
 accumulare. — Der. accumuhtion. 
 
 Accusateur, sm, an accuser; from L. ac- 
 cusatorem. 
 
 Accusatif, sm. the accusative case ; from 
 L. accusativum. 
 
 Accusation, sf. an accusation ; from L. 
 accusationem. 
 
 Accuser, va. to accuse; from L. accusare. 
 — Der. accusation, -ateur, -atif. 
 
 Acerbe, adj. bitter ; from L. acerbus. — 
 Der. acerbitL 
 
 AC^RER, va. to temper, steel. From acier, 
 q.v. 
 
 Acetate, sm. acetate; from L. acetum 
 with termination ate. 
 
 Ac6teux, adj. acetous ; from L. acetosus*, 
 deriv. of acetum. For osus = ^wa; see § 229. 
 
 Ac6tique, adj. acetic; from L. aceticus*, 
 deriv. of acetum. 
 
 ACHALANDER, va. to attract customers. 
 From chaland, q. v. 
 
 ACHARNER, va. to flesh, to excite, set 
 against. It is an example of that numerous 
 class of hunting terms spoken of in the 
 Introduction, § 13, which have passed 
 from their special and technical sense to 
 a general use. Acharner was originally a 
 term of falconry, meaning to put flesh 
 on the lure, to excite the bird. From 
 this proper sense of giving the falcon a 
 taste of flesh, to teach him to tear other 
 birds to pieces, comes the figurative sense 
 of exciting, irritating animals, then men, 
 against one another. At the beginning of 
 the 1 7th cent, the word still had both 
 senses: 1604, Nicot's Diet, has Acharner, 
 c'est mettre de la chair dessus : le contraire 
 descharner, pour oster la chair de dessus 
 le leurre. On prend aussi acharner />Ottr 
 ireusement addenter et deschirer aucun soil 
 en son corps, sa chevance ou son honneur, 
 ce qui est par metaphore. Acharner is from 
 L. adcarnare*, like decamare, found in 
 Vegetius. Acamare is found, without any 
 instance cited, in Ducange. Adcarnare 
 assimilates dc = cc (§ 168), whence accar- 
 nare, whence (§ 168) by cc = c, acarnare, 
 whence acharner by c = ci (§ 1 26), are = er 
 (§ 263), and continuance of initial a, rn, 
 and medial a. For the phonetic relation 
 of acharner to chair see § 54. — Der. 
 acharnevnent (§ 225). 
 
 ACHAT, sm. a purchase. The medieval L. 
 accaptare ( = acheter, under which word 
 the history of letter -changes is studied) 
 early produced a verbal subst. (§ 184) 
 accaptum = achat : ' Et sciendum quod 
 .... dedistis michi, priori S. Nazarii, v. 
 solidos pro acapto,' from a Charter of 
 1 1 18, Cartul. S. Victoris de Massilia, ii. 573. 
 Accaptum becomes achat by cc = c = ch 
 (§§ 168, 126), pt = / (Hist. Gram. p. 76), 
 loss of um, and continuance of the accented 
 a, and of the atonic a. 
 
 ACHE, sf. water-parsley; from L. apium, 
 by consonification pi = pj, whence ache, by 
 continuance of a, and reduction of pj —j 
 (Hist, Gram. p. 76), and uin = «. 
 
 ACHEMINER, va. to forward, advance ; from 
 chemin, q.v. — Der. acheminement (§ 225). 
 
 ACHETER, va. to buy. O. Sp. acaptar, from 
 L. adcaptare* compd. of class. Lat. cap- 
 tare. That Fr. acheter, though derived 
 from the same root with accipere, should 
 bear a different sense, will not seem astonish- 
 ing, when we find in Festus that the early 
 
A CHE VER — A CQUITTJ^R . 
 
 Romans said emere for accipere : ' Nam 
 emere anliqni dicebant pro accipere.' Ad- 
 captare becomes accaptare by assimi- 
 lation of dc = cc (§ i68). ' Et est ipse 
 alodes in comitatu Lutevense quem pater 
 meus et ego accaptavimus,' Charter of 
 A.D. looo, and Vaissette, ii. p. 157. In a 
 Donation of 1060, Cartul. S. Victoris de 
 Massillia, 1. 414, we read, ' Accaptavit 
 vineas de Embreugo, quas plantavit Guido 
 
 K. . . accaptavit terram subter ecclesiam S. 
 - ' " Crucis.' Accaptare becomes flca/er (lith 
 cent.) by cc = c (§ 168), pt = ^ (Hist. Gram, 
 p. 76), are = er (§ 263), and by continuance 
 of initial a and medial a. Acater is suc- 
 cessively softened to achater (§ 126), l2th 
 cent., Livre des Rois, 119, then acheter 
 (§ 54), 13th cent., Berte aux Grans Pics, 
 115. In the 1 6th cent, the Latinists and 
 pedants of the Renaissance wished to bring 
 the word back to its Latin original, and 
 wrote it achapter, as we see in Amyot 
 and even in Rabelais. But the popular in- 
 stinct rebelled, and did not let this word, 
 like absoj/dre (q. v.), relapse into its Latin- 
 ised form ; and from the beginning of the 
 17th cent, the learned had to abandon their 
 innovation and conform to the popular 
 pronunciation by writing the word as of 
 old, acheter. — Der. achat (q. v.), achetem 
 (§227). 
 ACHEVER, va. to finish. The Lat. caput, 
 towards the end of the Empire, and in 
 Merov. times, took the sense of an end, 
 whence the phrase ad caput venire, in the 
 sense of to come to an end : ' Filum filabo 
 de quo Justinus Imperator, nee Augusta, ad 
 caput venire non possint,' says Narses 
 in the Ancient Chronology quoted by 
 Gregory of Tours. We also, in like man- 
 ner, find ad caput venire for ' to finish,' 
 in Fredegaire's Epit. ch. 65 (Monod). 
 Venire ad caput naturally produced the 
 Fr. phrase venir a chef= venir a bout. (For 
 caput = cAe/" see chef.) Aucun d'eux ne 
 put venir a chef de son dessein, Lafontaine, 
 Contes ; Quand le due d'AnJou vit qn'il ri'eti 
 viendroit point a chef, Froissart, ii. 2, 20; 
 whence the sense of chef =a.n end. term, 
 conclusion. Sur cette route, ati chief de 
 chaque journee, tl y a de beaux palais. 
 Montaigne, iv. 26; and in the 13th 
 cent. Joinville, ch. 235, says, Au chef de 
 ix jours, les corps de nos gens que ils avoient 
 tue. vindrent au dessus de I'eau. From this 
 chief, O. Fr. form of chef (q. v.), in sense of 
 term, end, comes the Fr. compd. achever = 
 
 venir a chef, to end, finish. For compd. of 
 ad see Hist. Gram. p. 177. For/=t/ see 
 § 145. — Der. achevemeni (§ 225). 
 
 ACHOPPER, vn. to stumble; compd. of ad 
 (Hist. Gram. p. 177) and coper, O. Fr. form 
 of chopper, q. v. for origin of coper (13th 
 cent.) = choper (14th cent.) = chopper. — Der. 
 achoppemtnt (§ 225). 
 
 Achromatique, adj. achromatic. See chro- 
 mafique. 
 
 Acide, adj. acid; from L. acidus. 
 
 Aciditd, sf. acidity; from L. aciditatem. 
 
 Acidule, arf/ subacid ; from L. acidulus*, 
 deriv. of acidus. 
 
 ACIER, sm. steel. Sp. acero. It. acciajo, 
 from L. acierium.*, found in loth cent, in 
 Graeco-Lat. glossaries, der. from acies, 
 a sword-edge. Acierium becomes acer 
 (nth cent., Ch. de Roland, 771) by §rium 
 = er (§ 198), ci = c, and continuance of a. 
 For acer = acier see § 198. — Der. acerer, 
 acierer. For the diflferent forms acerer and 
 acierer see § 56, note 4. 
 
 Acolyte,sm. an acolyte; fromL. acolythus, 
 from Gr. aKoXovdos. 
 
 Aconit, sm. aconite ; from L. aconitum. 
 
 ACOQUINER, va. to captivate, illure. See 
 coquin. 
 
 Acoustique, sf. acoustics ; from Gr. olkovo- 
 TiKos, from aKovo). 
 
 ACQUERIR, va. to acquire; from L. ac- 
 quaerere, popular Lat. form of acqm- 
 rere. For quaerere = gwe'r/r see § 104 and 
 Hist. Gram. p. 140. For aquerir (12th 
 cent.) = acqidrir see § 56, note 4. — Der. 
 acquereuT (§ 227). 
 
 ACQUfiT, sm. an acquisition (in legal lan- 
 guage), property acquired ; from L, ac- 
 quaesitum, common Lat. form of acqui- 
 situm (see above acquerir from acquae- 
 rere not acquirere). For the transition 
 from a past part, to a subst. see § 187. 
 Acquaesitum becomes acquet by qua6- 
 8itMia = quest = quet: for details see quete 
 and querir. For aquest = acquest see § 56, 
 note 4. 
 
 Acquiescir, vn. to acquiesce, consent ; from 
 L. acquiescere. 
 
 Acquisition, sf. an acquisition ; from L. 
 acquisitionem. 
 
 ACQUITTER, va. to acquit, clear, discharge; 
 from L. adquietare, compd. of ad (Hist. 
 Gram. p. 177) and quietare, see quitter. 
 Adquietare, making dq = cq by assimila- 
 tion (§ 168), becomes acquietare, a form 
 found in both senses of acquitter in medieval 
 writers. * Et qui terram adquietatam. 
 
lO 
 
 A CRE — A DMIRA TiF. 
 
 habet comitatus testimonio ..." is to be 
 found in the Laws of Edward the Confessor, 
 cap. 35 J and 13th cent, in Matthew Paris, 
 Chron. a.d. 1267, ' Petitum est, ut clerus 
 aoquietaret novem millia marcarum;' 
 and ib. Vita Henr. iii. 5 ; * Debita dicti 
 abbatis . . . mercatoribus benigne acquie- 
 tabat.' For the successive changes of 
 qtiietare = gutter = quitter see quitter. For 
 cq = 7 see § 168, for the French reverse 
 process q = eg § 56, note 4. — Der. acquit 
 (§ 187), acquittement (§ 225). 
 
 ACRE, sm. an acre ; from L. acrum * : 
 * Ego Starchrius do S. Florentino octo acra 
 de terra,' Chartul. de S. Florentino, a.d. 
 1050 (quoted by Ducange, s. v.). Acrum 
 is of Germ, origin (§ 27), and answers to 
 Goth, akr, Engl, acre. Germ, acker. 
 
 Acre, adj. sharp, acrid; from L. acris. — 
 Der. acrete (§ 230). The doublet of this 
 word (§ 22, note 3) is aigre, q. v. 
 
 Acrimonie, sf. pungency, acrimony; from 
 L. acrimonia. 
 
 Acrobate, sm. an acrobat ; from Gr. da/jo- 
 ficLTTjs (one who walks on tiptoe). 
 
 Acrostiche, sm. an acrostic; from Gr. 
 cLKpoarixov (the beginning of a line). 
 
 Acte, sm. an act, action ; from L. actus. 
 
 Acteur, sm. an actor; from L. actorem. — 
 Der. actr'ict, from L. actrix. 
 
 Actif, adj. active; from L. activus. — Der. 
 activite, from L. activitatem. 
 
 Action, s/l an action; from L. actionem. 
 — Der. actionner, aclionmire. 
 
 Actrice, sf. an actress; from L. actricem. 
 
 Actuel, adj. real, actual; from L. actualis. 
 — Der. actuaUte. 
 
 Adage, sm. an adage, saying ; from L. 
 adagium. 
 
 Adapter, va. to adapt ; from L. a dap- 
 tare. 
 
 Addition, sf. addition; from L. addi- 
 tion em. — Der. additionnd, additionev. 
 
 Adepte, sm. an adept; from L, adeptus 
 (one who has obtained knowledge of a 
 subject). 
 
 Adh6rent, sm. an adherent; from L. ad- 
 haerentem. See adherer. 
 
 Adherer, vn. to adhere; from L. adhae- 
 rere. — Der. adherence. 
 
 Adhdsion, sf. adhesion; from L. adhae- 
 sionem. 
 
 Adieu, adv. adieu, farewell ; compd. of d and 
 Dieu, q. v. Sp. adios is a similar compd. 
 of a and Dios, and It. addio of ad and 
 Dio. All these forms are the products of an 
 elliptical e:?cpression, such as soyez a Dieu, or 
 
 je vous recommande a Dieu. The fact that 
 the Prov. keeps the whole phrase in its 
 d Dieu siatz confirms this view of the origin 
 of the word. 
 
 Adipeux, adj. fat, adipose; from L. adi- 
 posus. For OB\XB = eux see § 229. 
 
 Adjacent, adj. adjacent; from L. adja- 
 centem. 
 
 Adjectif, sm. an adjective; from L. ad- 
 jectivus. 
 
 ADJOINDRE, va. to assign as a colleague; 
 from L. adjungere. For j\ing6re =join- 
 dre seejoindre. For adj = aj see § 120. For 
 the return aj = adj see § 56, note 4. — Der. 
 adjoint (§ 187). 
 
 Adjonction, sf addition; from L. adjunc- 
 tionem. 
 
 t Adjudant, sm. an adjutant; from Sp. 
 ayudante, an aide-de-camp, a word recon- 
 structed under the influence of Lat. adju- 
 tantem*, the original of the Sp. word. 
 The doublet of this word (§ 22, note 3) is 
 aidant, q. v. 
 
 ADJUGER, va. to adjudge, grant (as a con- 
 tract, etc.), knock down (at an auction) ; 
 from L. adjudicare, by dj=j (§ 120), 
 whence ajugier : see juger. For the return 
 2=dj see § 56, note 4. 
 
 Adjurer, va. to adjure; from L. ad- 
 jurare(§ 263). 
 
 ADMETTRE, va. to admit. It. ammittere, 
 from L. admittere. This word was first 
 reduced to amittere in Merov. Lat. ; we 
 find amissarius for admissarius in the 
 Salic Law, xl. § 5 ; whence O. Fr. amettre, 
 by mittere = mettre : see mettre. In 16th 
 cent, the d was reinserted by the Latinists 
 (§ 56, note 4). 
 
 Administrateur, sm. an administrator; 
 from L. administratorem. 
 
 Administratif, adj. administrative; from 
 L. administrativus. For ivus = i/ see 
 § 223. 
 
 Administration, sf. administration ; from 
 L. administrationem. 
 
 Administrer, va. to administer; from 
 L. administrare. 
 
 ADMIRABLE, adj. admirable, wonderful; 
 from L. admirabilem, by dm = m (§ 168), 
 abilem = able (§ 51), whence amirable. 
 For reinsertion of of by the Latinists see § 56, 
 note 4 Der. admirablement (§ 225). 
 
 Admirateur, sm. an admirer; from L. 
 admiratorem. 
 
 Admiratif, adj. pertaining to admiration ; 
 from L. admirativus. For ivus = if 
 see § 223. 
 
A DMIRA TION — A FFA IRE. 
 
 II 
 
 Admiration, sf. admiration; from L. ad- 
 mirationem. 
 
 Admirer, va. to admire; from L. admi- 
 rari. — Der. ac?m/rable, -ateur, -atif, -ation. 
 
 Admonestation, sf. See admonester. 
 
 Admonester, va. to admonish. L, ad- 
 moner^ produced, through its p. p. ad- 
 monitum, a frequentative admonitare 
 (admonitor is in the Cod. Theod. Leg. 7, 
 De Execut. 88). Admonitare is later 
 corrupted to admonistare *, then ad- 
 mo nestare *, whence Fr. admonester, 
 which is a term of jurisprudence = to repri- 
 mand judicially, whence the later and more 
 general sense of to admonish (§ 13). 
 
 Adolescence, sf. youth; from L. ado- 
 lescentiam. 
 
 Adolescent, smf a youth, stripling, young 
 girl; from L. adolescentem. 
 
 ADONNER, vn. to veer aft ; reflex. S'ADON- 
 NER, to give oneself up to. See don, and 
 Hist. Gram. p. 177. 
 
 Adopter, verb, to adopt, to choose; from 
 L. adoptare. — Der. adoption, adopti^. 
 
 Adoptif, adj. adoptive ; from L. adopt- 
 ivus. For ivns = if see § 223. 
 
 Adoption, sf. adoption; from L. adop- 
 tionem. 
 
 Adorable, adj. adorable; from L. adora- 
 bilis. For sihilis — able see § 51. 
 
 Adorateur, sm. an adorer; from. L. ador- 
 atorem. 
 
 Adoration, sf. adoration; from L. ador- 
 ationem. 
 
 Adorer, va. to adore; from L. adorare. 
 
 ADOSSER, va. to lean the back against. 
 See dos, and Hist. Gram. p. 177. 
 
 ADOUBER, va. to dub, in the phrase adouher 
 chevalier, to strike the knight with the flat 
 of the sword as he is being armed ; also to 
 hammer, strike, in the sea phrase adouberle 
 coq d'uti vaisseau, i. e. to repair it. Sp. 
 adobar, It. addobbare. Aduber (i ith cent., 
 Ch. de Roland, 54) is a compd. of a and 
 of a form duber*, of Germ, origin, as are 
 many terms of feudal use and of seafaring 
 (§ 27). A. S. dubban, to strike, beat, ham- 
 mer, whence the two senses of the Fr. verb. 
 For aduber = adober (12th cent.) see § 93, 
 for adober = adouber § 93. — Der. xadouber 
 (Hist. Gram. p. 179). 
 ADRAGANT, sin. gum tragacanth, corruption 
 
 of Gr. TpaycLKavOa. 
 ADRESSE, verbal sf. (i) address, direction; 
 
 (2) dexterity; from adresser. See aboi. 
 ADRRSSER, va. to address, send. See dresser. 
 ADROIT, adj. adroit, dexterous. See droit. 
 
 Aduler, va. to flatter ; from L. adulari. — 
 Der. aduhtion (§ 232, note 4), adid&teuT 
 (§ 227). 
 
 Adulte, adj. full grown ; from L. adul- 
 tus. 
 
 Adultdre, sm. an adulterer; from L. adul- 
 ter. Adultere is a doublet of O. Fr. avoutre, 
 q. V. — Der. adulterm. 
 
 Advenir, vn. to happen, fall out, befall; 
 from L. advenire. It is a doublet of 
 avenir, q. v. 
 
 Adventice, adj. adventitious ; from L. 
 adventitius. 
 
 Adverbe, sm. an adverb ; from L. adverb- 
 ium. — Der. adverbi:a.\. 
 
 Adverse, adj. adverse, opposite ; from L. 
 adversus. It is a doublet of averse, q. v. 
 — Der. advers2i\x& (doublet of O. Fr. aver- 
 sier), adversite (§ 230). 
 
 A6rer, va. (i) to ventilate, (2) Chem. to 
 aerate; from L. a e rare, from aer (air), 
 whence the learned compds. aerien, aeri- 
 forme, etc. 
 
 A6rolitlie, sm. an aerolite ; from Gr. a-{]p and 
 Kidos. 
 
 A6ronaute, sm. an aeronaut; from Gr. 
 a-qp and vavr-qs. 
 
 A6rostat, sm. an air balloon ; from Gr. d-fip 
 and (TTaTos. 
 
 Affability, sf affability, graciousness ; from 
 L. affabilitatem. 
 
 AFFABLE, adj. aifable, courteous; from. L. 
 affabilis (easy of access for speech). Note 
 that the Lat. suffix -^bilis, accented on 
 the a, is contr. into -able. This is quite 
 regular, according to the law of the Lat. 
 accent, which rules that all words of this 
 class lose their short penult, as they pass 
 into Fr. See able. (We do not speak of 
 learned words ending in -abile, as habilis, 
 habile; the reasons for their exclusion are 
 given in the Introduction, § 22). The Fr. 
 uses the sufBx -able to form numerous adjs., 
 specially from verbs ; thus from attaquer, 
 durer, manger, etc., it forms attaquable, dur- 
 able, mangeable, etc. Herein it only carries 
 out a very marked tendency of the last ages 
 of the Empire, in which we find the Romans 
 making out of verbs like affirmare, ven- 
 tilare, etc., the adjs. affirmabilis, ventil- 
 abilis, etc., which are found in Virgilius 
 the grammarian. 
 
 AFFADIR, va. to make insipid, to cloy. See 
 fade. — Der. q^Jissement (§ 225). 
 
 AFFAIBLIR, va. to weaken. See faible. — 
 Der. aj^a/6/issement (§ 225). 
 
 AFFAIRE, sf. business, occupation. In O. Fr. 
 
12 
 
 AFFA ISSER — AFFUBLER. 
 
 more properly written a/aire, a compd. of 
 a And /aire. Der. affaire. 
 
 AFFAISSJIR, va. to sink, weigh down. See 
 faix. — Der. affaissemcnt (§ 725). 
 
 AFFAMER, va. to starve. See/a/m. 
 
 Affecter, va. to aftect; from L. affectare. 
 Affecter is a doublet of affaiter. — Der. af- 
 /<?c/ation (§232, note 4). 
 
 Afifection, s/ affection; from L. affec- 
 tion em — Der. ajffectuenx, from L. affec- 
 tuosus. 
 
 Afferent, adj. contributory; from L. affer- 
 entem. 
 
 AFFERMER, va. (i) to lease, let; (2) to 
 hire. Seeferme. 
 
 AFFERMIR, va. to strengthen, confirm ; see 
 ferme. Affermir is a doublet of affermer. 
 — Der. a^ermissement. 
 
 AFFETE, adj. affected, AFFETERIE, ^f. 
 affectation ; der. from O. Fr. affeter, 
 which from L, affectare. The Lat. ct, 
 in affectare is here reduced to / in affeter 
 (§168). In a certain number of words, 
 like oint from unctum, saint from sanc- 
 tum, the Lat. c is dropped, but influences 
 the preceding vowel by adding an i. The 
 change of ct into t is found in common 
 Lat., in which maleditus was used for 
 ma led ictus : it can also be traced in 
 class. Lat. as in sitis, artus, fultus, for 
 sictis, arctus, fulctus. 
 
 AFFICHE, verbal sf. of afficher, a placard, 
 posting-bill. See ahoi. 
 
 AFFICHER, va. to stick (bills). Seejicher. 
 
 + Affid6, sm. and adj. (i) a trustworthy 
 agent, (2) trusty; from 1 6th cent. It. aff- 
 dato. Affide is a doublet of O. Fr. affie. 
 
 AflBler, va. to sharpen, whet. See^l. 
 
 AFFILIER, va. to affiliate, adopt ; from L. 
 adflliare. This word is of early use in 
 Lat. ; it occurs in Gains, ' De adoptivis 
 hoc est adfiliatis.' To be affiliated into 
 a corporation, properly means to be re- 
 ceived as one of the sons of that corpora- 
 ation. For df=/'see § 168.— Der. affilia- 
 tion (§ 232, note 4). 
 
 AFFINER, va. to refine. See Jin. — Der. 
 xnffner, -eur, -erie. 
 
 Afmiit6, sf. affinity, connexion, alliance; 
 from L. affinitatem. 
 
 Affirmer, va. to affirm; from L. affirm- 
 are. — Der. o^rwation, -atif. 
 
 AFFLEURER, va. to level. Seejleur. 
 
 Affliger, f a. to afflict; from L. affligere. 
 Affliger is a doublet of O. Fr. afflire. — 
 Der. afflicXion. 
 
 AfQ.uer, vn. to flow, fall into ; from L. 
 
 affluere. — Der. affluent (§ 186), -ence 
 (§ 192). 
 
 AFFOLER, va. to make one dote on. See 
 fou. — Der. laffoler (Hist. Gram, p. 179). 
 
 AFFOUAGE, sm. the right of cutting wood 
 for fuel in a forest. The Lat. focus {set feu) 
 produced the verb focare*, whence the 
 compd. affocare*, whence, with the sufi^ix 
 -aticum came the deriv. affocaticum* (,Ht. 
 the right of lighting the fire to warm oneself). 
 To get from the Lat. to the Fr., affocati- 
 cum has gone through three changes : — 
 
 1. The suffix -aticum (affocaticum) 
 becomes -age {affouage) (§ 248). For the 
 rule see age. 
 
 2. The medial c of affo(c)aticum dis- 
 appears in affou-age, as in allocare, al- 
 louer (§ 129), as is usually the case with 
 those words whose medial consonant pre- 
 cedes the accented vowel. 
 
 3. The Lat. o becomes o;< : affocaticum 
 becomes affouage. The Lat. o becomes 
 Fr. ou when accented, if short, as in rota, 
 roue, see Hist. Gram. pp. 53, 54; if long 
 by nature, as in fer5cem, farotiche, see 
 § 81 ; if long by position, as in copula, 
 cop'la, couple, etc., see § 86. The atonic 
 Lat. o becomes Fr. on, when short, as in 
 apotheca, boutique, etc., see Hist. Gram, 
 p. 54; when long by nature, as in advo- 
 tare*, avouer, etc., see § 81 ; when long by 
 position, as in constare, costare, couter, 
 etc., see § 84. 
 
 AFFRANCHIR, va. to free; -ISSEMENT, 
 sm. enfranchisement. See franc. 
 
 AFFREUX, adj. frightful, horrible; from a 
 subst. affre, fright, used as late as the 1 7th 
 cent, by Bossuet ; in the i8th cent, by 
 S. Simon, in the phrase Les affres de la 
 mort. Affreux comes from affre, as dartreux 
 from dartre. 
 
 Affre, $f. fright, terror, in O. Fr. afre, 
 comes from O. H. G. eiver, contr. to eiv'r, 
 whence afre (§ 20); as liber has produced 
 livre. g 1 a b e r , glabre. 
 
 AFFRETER, va. to freight (a ship). See 
 freter. 
 
 AFFRIANDER, va. to make dainty, entice. 
 Seefriand. 
 
 + Affront, sm. an aflfront, insult, shame; 
 brought in in the 1 6th cent, from It. 
 affronio (§ 25). 
 
 AFFUBLER, va. to wrap up, muffle ; from 
 Low L. aflblare, contr. from aflB.bulare 
 (found in a 12th cent, treaty, 'Pallium 
 quo in curia afllbulatus erit'), compd. 
 of class. Lat. fibulare. This word is 
 
A FF ur — A GENCER. 
 
 13 
 
 a singular example of the changes in meaning 
 which we have noticed (§ 12). The signi- 
 fication of fibulare, to clasp, was enlarged 
 to that of ' to dress ' in afflbulare ; and in 
 the Fr. affubler, which at first meant simply 
 to dress, it took (in the 16th cent.) the 
 sense of dressing absurdly, muffling up. 
 
 For the dropping of the short atonic u 
 immediately before the tonic syllable in 
 afflb(u)lare = affubler see § 51. For the 
 change of i into u cp. bibebat, buvait, 
 etc., and see Hist. Gram. p. 51. 
 
 AFFLJT, sm. gun-carriage, gun-rest, ambush. 
 
 AFFUTER, va. to mount a guri, set, sharpen 
 (tools). See /it/. 
 
 AFIN, conj. to the end (that). See/w. 
 
 fAga, sm. an agha (military officer), a 
 Turkish word (§ 30). 
 
 AGASSE, sf. a magpie; from O. H. G. agal- 
 stra (§ 20). 
 
 AGACER, va. to set on edge. It. agazzare, 
 from O. H. G. hazjan, to harry, whence 
 regularly hacer. This verb, compd. with 
 d, becomes ahacer, which, through the 
 aspirate sound, became transformed into 
 agacer (§ 20). 
 
 t Agape, sf. a love-feast ; from Gr. ayairq 
 (§ 21, note i). 
 
 Agaric, s^n. a mushroom, fungus; from L. 
 agaricum. 
 
 AGATE, sf. agate; from L. achates. For 
 the change of ch into g see adjuger and 
 
 . § 127- 
 
 AGE, sm. age. The circumflex accent shows 
 that a letter has been suppressed : and so we 
 find in the 1 6th cent, the word written aage ; 
 in the 12th cent, eage ; in the nth cent, (in 
 the Chanson de Roland) edage, from common 
 Lat. aetaticum*, deriv. form of aetatem. 
 For the fall of the Lat. medial t, ae(t)aticum 
 — edage, eage, aage, age, see § 117. The 
 change of the Lat. suffix -aticiun into -age 
 (aet-aticiiin, ed-age) requires some notice. 
 This suffix, not uncommon in class. Lat., 
 as silv-aticus (Varro), aqu-aticum 
 (Pliny), fan-aticus (Juvenal), umbr- 
 aticus, vol-aticus (Cicero), vi-aticum 
 (Plautus), apost-aticum (TertuUian), be- 
 came very common in popular Lat. towards 
 the last days of the Empire, and the early 
 Merovingian era : the Theodosian code has 
 agr-aticum for agrarium, August-ati- 
 cum from Augustus. Lat. documents of 
 the 6th and 7th cent, are full of such forms 
 as riv-aticum, port-aticum, ret-aticum, 
 daemon-aticum, avi-aticum, etc. ; even 
 allelui-aticum from alleluia, is met with 
 
 in a 6th cent, document. From these numer- 
 ous derivatives in -aticum have come the 
 corresponding Fr. words in -age (§ 248). 
 
 One can see how this permutation took 
 place, and how, e.g., volaticus (used by 
 Cicero in sense of light, inconstant) became 
 volage eight centuries later: volaticus 
 being accented on the antepenult, the 
 short penultimate i disappears (see §51); 
 volat'cus then becomes volat'ge (c changed 
 into g, see § 127), and lastly volage. 
 
 This successive change of the suffix 
 -aticum into -at'cum, -atge, -age, is to be 
 found also in arrivaticum *, arrivage; 
 biberaticum, breuvage, etc.; see § 248. 
 On this model many Fr. words have been 
 formed, as mouill-age, from mouiller, 
 cousin-age from cousin, etc. 
 
 The Provenfal, which changes -aticum 
 into -atge (as in very O. Fr,), and writes 
 carnatge, messatge, ramatge, for carnage, 
 es&age, ramage, confirms this rule of per- 
 mutation. 
 
 Towards the end of the nth cent., when 
 the Lat. accent was lost, and the Fr. 
 language already formed, Lat. forms in 
 -aticum. disappeared from Lat. documents, 
 and the termination -agium, copied from 
 the Fr. termination, alone is to be found. 
 Thus, while we find up to the nth cent, 
 the low Lat. forms, such as arrivaticum, 
 arrivage; hominaticum, Aomma^e; mis- 
 saticum, message; formaticum, /roma^g, 
 the I3th-cent. Lat. will not have them, 
 but says arrivagium, hominagium, 
 messagium, fromagium, etc., which 
 are only Fr. words wrapped up in a Latin 
 termination by the clerks at a time when 
 no one knew the origin of these words, 
 or of their formative suffix. This distinc- 
 tion between the late Lat. which gave 
 birth to the Fr. language, and the Low 
 Lat. remodelled on Fr. forms, is most im- 
 portant for the historical study of the Fr. 
 language, and the student ought to have it 
 always in his mind. 
 AGENCER, va. to arrange, dispose gracefully ; 
 from Low L. agentiare *, deriv. of gen- 
 tus *. See geni. 
 
 In passing from -tia to -cc, this word has 
 undergone two successive changes : — 
 
 I. It is unnecessary here to remind the 
 reader that the Lat. c was always pro- 
 nounced k before all vowels: fecerunt, 
 vicem, civitate, were proncd. feker- 
 unt, vikem, klvitate, save before an i 
 followed by a vowel (c-ia, c-ie, c-io, c-iu). 
 
14 
 
 A GENO UILLER — A GRSA BLE. 
 
 in which case the o was proncd. tz (as is 
 proved by Merovingian Formulas, where 
 we find unzias/or uncias). 
 
 The groups t-ia, t-ie, t-io, t-iu, were 
 proncd., not like ti in amitie, but like // 
 in pricaution ; as is proved by Prankish 
 charters, which change ti into ci, si, ssi, 
 writing eciam, solacio, precium, per- 
 dicio, racionem, concrecasione, nep- 
 sia, altercasione, for etiam, solatio, 
 pretium, perditio, rationem, congre- 
 gatione, neptia, altercatione ; show- 
 ing also that in pronunciation tia and cia 
 were the same thing. 
 
 2. When the c is followed by one of 
 the groups, ia, ie, io, iu, and forms the 
 combinations cia, cie, cio, ciu — ci is 
 usually changed into a soft s, ss, p, and 
 the Lat. i is dropped; as in macioni, ma- 
 fon; provinciuli, proven fal ; suspicio- 
 nem, soupgon ; crescionem*, cresson, etc. 
 Thenceforward ti, which (when followed 
 by an a, o, or u) is identical with ci (as 
 is shown above), must, like ci, drop the 
 i and become p, hard s, ss: denuntiare 
 becomes denoncer ; cant ion em, chan- 
 son; scutionem*, ecMssow. A like change 
 takes place with -tea, which becomes -tia 
 (ea, eo, eu, becoming ia, io, iu, as may 
 be seen under abreger ; cp. also the forms 
 Dius, for Deus, mius for meus, in very 
 ancient Lat. inscriptions) : then such words 
 as platea, matea, linteolus, becoming 
 platia, matia, lintiolus, are rendered 
 according to rule into place, masse, linceul. 
 
 The following are the cases of change of 
 tia, tio, tiu, into g, ss, s hard : — 
 
 1. c soft in antianus, ancien; caden- 
 tia, chance, etc. 
 
 2. ss, as in captiare, chasser, etc. 
 
 3. s hard, as in cantionem, chanson, 
 etc. See Hist. Gram. p. 61. 
 
 The change of ti into soft s, as in acu- 
 tiare, aiguiser, is uncommon. See Hist. 
 Gram. p. 192. 
 
 AGENOUILLER, (S), vpr. to kneel ; from L. 
 adgeniculari, as in Tertullian, ' Presby- 
 teris advolvi et caris Dei adgeniculari.' 
 
 Aggloin6rer, va. to agglomerate, collect ; 
 from L. agglomerare. — Der. agglomer- 
 ation. 
 
 Agglutiner, va, to glue together, unite; 
 from L. agglutinare. — Der. agglutin- 
 ation. 
 
 Aggraver, va. to aggravate, make worse ; 
 -ation, sf. aggravation, increase. See 
 grave. I 
 
 Agile, adj. agile; from L. agilis. — Der. 
 
 flj^/7ite (§ 230). 
 
 + Agio, sm. rate of exchange ; an It. word 
 introd. towards the end of the 17th cent., 
 from aggio (§ 25).— Der. agioXtx (§ 263), 
 -age (§ 248), -eur (§ 227). 
 
 AGIR, va. to act, do; from L. agere. 
 For 6 = 1 see § 59. — Der. o^ent, from 
 agentem ; but f agenda, a Lat. word 
 imported bodily into Fr., is not to be 
 reckoned as a deriv. 
 
 Agiter, va. to agitate, stir; from L. agi- 
 tare. Der. a^i/ation, -ateur. 
 
 Aguat, sm. an agnate, collateral relation on 
 the father's side; from L. agnatus. 
 
 AGNEAU, sm. a lamb ; from O. F. agnel, 
 and this from L. agnellus. 1 preceded by 
 a vowel (al, el, il, ol, ul) remains un- 
 changed in Fr. in the early period of the 
 language (mollis, mol; malva, malve; 
 porcellus, pour eel) ; then was softened 
 into « (mou, mauve, pourceau) towards the 
 middle of the 12th cent. See § 157. 
 
 1. Lat. al became au, eau; as in alba, 
 aube, etc. 
 
 2. Lat. el became au, eau, as in el'- 
 mosyna*, aumone, etc.; ieu in melius, 
 mieux ; similarly with dim. suffixes in 
 -ellus, in O. Fr. el ; then softened for 
 the most part into -eau, -au, as agnellus, 
 agneau, etc. 
 
 3. Lat. il became eu in capillus, cheveu, 
 etc.; -eau in sigillum, O. Fr. seel, sceau ; 
 o, ou, in basil'ca, basoche, and fil'caria, 
 
 /ougere, which was written more correctly 
 feugere in O. Fr. 
 
 4. Lat. ol became OM in colis ( = caulis), 
 chou, etc.; eu in mol'narius, meunier, etc.; 
 071 in voltulare*, vautrer. 
 
 5. Lat. Til became ou in bulicare, 
 bouger, etc.; au in vulturius, vauiour; 
 o in remorque (O. Fr. remolque) from re- 
 mulcum. 
 
 Agonie, sf. agony, struggle against death; 
 
 from Gr. dycuvia. — Der. a^owiser. 
 AGRAFE, sf. a hook, clasp ; 0. Fr. agrnpe. 
 
 Low L. agrappa, compd. of ad and Low L. 
 
 grappa, a word found in documents of the 
 
 7th cent. Grappa again comes from 
 
 O. H. G. krap/o (§ 20). — Der. agra/er. 
 Agraire, arf/. agrarian ; from L. agrarius. 
 
 Agraire is a doublet of O. Fr. agrier. 
 AGGRANDIR, va. to enlarge ; -ISSEMENT, 
 
 sm. increase, aggrandisement. See grand. 
 AGREABLE, adj. agreeable ; der. from 
 
 agreer, like gueable from gueer. — Der. 
 
 desagreable (Hist. Gram. p. 1 78). 
 
AGRSER — AIEUL. 
 
 15 
 
 AGREER, va. to receive favourably, accept 
 {\\t. = prendre a gre). See gre. — Der. 
 agrement, desa^re'ment. 
 Agr^ger, va. to admit, incorporate (into a 
 public body); from L. aggregare — Der. 
 agrege (of which agregat is a doublet), 
 agrega.tion. 
 AGREMENT, sm. consent, approbation. See 
 
 agreer. 
 AGRES, sm. pi. rigging, tackling. See greer. 
 Agresseur, sm. an aggressor ; from L. 
 
 aggressor em. — Der. agression, -if. 
 Agreste, adj. rustic; from L. agrestis. 
 Agricole, adj. agricultural ; ftom L. agri- 
 cola. The Lat. subst. has become a Fr. 
 adj. 
 Agriculteur, sm. a farmer, agriculturist; 
 from L. agricultorem. — Der. agricultwre. 
 Agronome, sm. an agriculturist ; from 
 Gr. aypovofios (which from aypos and 
 vo/xos) (§ 21). 
 AGUERRIR, va. to accustom to war. See 
 
 guerre. 
 AGUETS, sm. pi. a word used only in the 
 pi. in mod. Fr. (etre aiix aguets, to be on 
 the look out, to be lying in wait) ; but in 
 O. Fr. it had a sing. also. It is used as late 
 as Malherbe, Quand /'aguet d'un pirate 
 arreta leur voyage. Aguet is the verbal 
 sm. (§ 184) of the old verb aguetter, compd, 
 of guetter, q. v. 
 AHEURTER (S'), vpr. to be bent on, ob- 
 stinate. See heurter. 
 AHURIR, va. to amaze. The word hure, 
 originally meaning hair standing on end, 
 produced ahuri (la gent barbue et ahuri, 
 ' a folk bearded and of up-standing locks,' 
 is a phrase of the 13th cent.). Ahuri 
 later received the sense of ' standing on end 
 from fright,' then ' terrified ' ; lastly, the 
 modern sense, which is nothing but a di- 
 minution of the old signification (§ 13). 
 AIDER, va. to aid, help; from L. adjutare 
 (Varro and Terence), later ajutare, which 
 must be written aiutare, as the Latins 
 pronounced j between two vowels as i. 
 For this cause raja, boja, major, baju- 
 lare, have become in Fr. raie, bouee 
 (O. Fr. boie), maire, bailler, as they were 
 proncd. raia, boia, ma'ior, baiulare. 
 To pass from aiutare to aider we find 
 two philological changes: (1) the fall of 
 the u, aiutare becoming a'itare (§ 52); 
 (2) the change of t into d, aitaxe = a'idar, 
 then aider (§ 117). 
 
 I. Fall of the u. We have seen (§ 52) 
 that every vowel immediately preceding the 
 
 tonic vowel (like the i of sanitatem), dis- 
 appears in Fr. if short (san-!l!-tatem = 
 satite), remains if long (caem-e-terium = 
 cim-e-tiere). This continuance of a long 
 atonic vowel has only a few exceptions : 
 the atonic vowel which directly precedes 
 the tonic syllable disappears, when long, in 
 mirabilia, merveille, etc. § 52. There are 
 about twenty of these exceptions to the rule 
 of the continuance of the long atonic vowel, 
 which are to be explained by two facts : 
 
 (1) that in many of these words the con- 
 traction is quite modern, and the long atonic 
 vowel remained inO.Fr.; — courtier, serment, 
 soup^on, larcin, were in O. Fr., more regu- 
 larly, couretier, serement, soupe^on, larecen : 
 
 (2) that in the common Lat. many of these 
 words had already lost this long atonic 
 vowel, and the Fr. simply reproduced this 
 irregularity, and could do nothing else ; 
 thus in the 7th cent, we find cosinus for 
 consobrinus, costuma for consuetu- 
 dinem, matinum for matutinum, el- 
 mosna for eleemosyna, vercundia for 
 verecundia. 
 
 2. The softening of the t into d. Aiu- 
 tare having become aitare changes into 
 aidare. This softening had already taken 
 place in common Lat., in which it was very 
 frequent, especially when the t lay between 
 two vowels : iradam is found for i rat am 
 in an inscription of a. D. 142; limides, 
 sidus, terridoriam, mercadum, stradu, 
 for limites, litus, territorium, mer- 
 catum, strata, in 5th cent, documents, 
 and in the Salic Law ; thus again. Classical 
 Lat. said quadraginta, quadratus, from 
 quatuor, which, regularly, should have 
 been quatraginta, quatratus. Por the 
 full history of the Lat. t see aigu and 
 §§ 117, 118. 
 
 Der. aide, verbal subst. of aider, aidant^ 
 which is a doublet of adjudant, q. v. 
 AIEUL, sm. a grandfather ; from L. aviolus. 
 By the side of the class, form avus, the 
 popular Lat. had a form avius, which is 
 to be found in certain 5th-cent. documents. 
 (Such double forms as avius and avus are 
 not rare in Lat.; witness luscinius and 
 luscinus, etc.) From this form avius the 
 Romans made the derivative aviolus, by 
 adding the dim. suffix -olus (cp. gladi- 
 olus, filiolus, lusciniolus, etc.). Avi- 
 olus, properly ' a little grandfather,' soon 
 supplanted avius, in accordance with the 
 Roman tendency to use diminutives. See 
 §13- 
 
i6 
 
 AIGLE — AIGU. 
 
 In the passage from aviolus to aieul 
 (O. Fr. aiol, Prov. aviol, forms which help 
 to explain that transition), there were two 
 philological changes : — 
 
 1. The medial V was dropped: a(v)iolu8, 
 aieul, AS pa(v)onem, paon ', pa(v)orem, 
 peur, etc. (§ 141). This dropping of v 
 between two vowels is not rare in Lat. ; 
 the Class. Lat. said bourn for bo(v)um, 
 audii for audi(v)i, redii for redi(v)i ; 
 and this tendency became yet more marked 
 in popular Lat., where we find rius for 
 ri(v)us, ais for a(v)is, also noember 
 for no(v)ember in Inscriptions; and in 
 the 7th cent, paonem for pa(v)onem in 
 the Glosses of Cassel. 
 
 2. Avioltis thus reduced to aiolus, 
 produced in O. Fr. aiol, which became aieul 
 by softening the o into eu (see accueillir). 
 On this change of the suffix -olxis into 
 •eul two remarks are needed : (i) suffixes in 
 -iolus (and with these may be classed 
 those in -eolus, for they were early changed 
 into -iolus, as is shown by the hiscriptions, 
 which give us capriolus for capreolus, 
 and the Glosses of Cassel, which have 
 linciolo for linceolo, etc.) were, about 
 the 7th cent., subjected to a change which 
 turned the two short syllables i-6 into a 
 single long syllable io ; so that these words 
 were no longer accented -iolus, but -iolus : 
 (2) these suffixes in Fr. became -eul, -euil, or 
 -ol ; as in aviolus, aieul ; capreolus, chev- 
 reuil ; lusciniolus, rossignol (§ 253). 
 
 AIGLE, sm. an eagle ; from L. aquila. Re- 
 gularly contracted into aq'la (see rule in 
 § 52), the Lat. aquila has undergone two 
 changes in its transit into Fr. : (i) the 
 accented a becomes at, and (2) the q be- 
 came g. 
 
 1. The Lat. accented a became Fr. at, 
 when short, as in ft mo, aime ; when long 
 by nature, as in clarus, clair ; when long 
 by position, as in acrum, aigre (§ 54). 
 The atonic Lat. a becomes at in Fr. when 
 it is short, as in S,cutus, aigu; when long 
 by nature, as in alatus, aile ; when long by 
 position, as in (zsceUum, faisceau, etc. 
 
 2. q becomes g, aq'la, aigle (§ 129); 
 or rather ql becomes gl, and has thus 
 undergone the same change as has be- 
 fallen the corresponding cl, which has 
 become gl in ecclesia, eglise (§ 129). 
 Thus many French persons still pronounce 
 the words reine claude as reine glaude, 
 etc. 
 
 AIGLON, sm. a little eagle, eaglet ; dim. of 
 
 aigle, q.v.; formed by the addition of the suf- 
 fix -on, as in anon, chaion, ourson, raton, 
 from ane, chat, ours, rat. This suffix -on is 
 derived from the Lat. suffix -onem, which 
 was used for the same purpose; from sabu- 
 lum, sahle, sand, the Romans formed 
 sabulonem, sablon. Aiglon is a doublet 
 of aquilon, q. v. 
 
 AIGRE, adj. acid, sour ; firom L. acrem. 
 For a = a/ see § 54; for c=^ § 129. 
 Aigre is a doublet of acre, q.v. — Der. 
 aigrem, aigrelet, aignr, aigrement. 
 
 AIGREFIN, sm. sl sharper, swindler. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 AIGRETTE, sf. an egret, a kind of heron, 
 whose head is tufted with feathers, which 
 have come to take the same name. Ma- 
 nage, in the 17th cent., said, II y a 
 certaines plumes en deux costez des oelles 
 sur le dos de V aigrette, qui sont deliees et 
 blanches et qui sont vendues bien cheres es 
 basefaus de Turquie. 
 
 The O. H. G. biegro (a heron) (§ 27) be- 
 came Fr. aigre, of which aigrette is the dim., 
 meaning a little heron. (For dim. suffix 
 in -ette see § 281.) This O. H. G. beigro 
 became in Low L. aigronem, in the loth 
 cent, aironem, whence O. Fr. hairon ; 
 15th cent, heron. The reduction of gr 
 into r may be found in peregrinus, 
 pelerin (§131). 
 
 AIGU, adj. sharp, pointed ; from L. acutus. 
 For B. = ai see § 54, for c = ^ § 129. 
 As to the reduction of the termination -utus 
 into M (§ 201), or (to narrow the subject still 
 more) the dropping of the Lat. dental t, this 
 did not take place in the passage from 
 Lat. to Fr. ; t is at first changed into d in 
 Merovingian Lat. (see under aider'), and 
 this d remained in the earliest O. Fr. monu- 
 ments, down to the end of the llth cent.; 
 thus spatha, natum, honorata, became 
 spada, nadum, honorada, whence come 
 the O. Fr. forms espede, ned, bonorede, which 
 after the beginning of the 12th cent, 
 dropped the d and became espee, ne, honoree. 
 Acutus must have passed through the 
 form aigud before reaching aigu, as vir- 
 tutem, cornutum, canutum, became ver- 
 tud, comud, chenud, and then vertu, cornu, 
 chenu. — Der. The only word derived from 
 aigu is the verb aiguiser, from L. acuti- 
 are *. We have just seen how acutus 
 became aigu: for the change of the ter- 
 mination -tiare into -ser (or of Lat. -ti 
 into soft s) see Hist. Gram. p. 192, and 
 agencer. 
 
AIGUE — AIN^. 
 
 17 
 
 AIGUE, sf. water ; from L. aqua. For the 
 change of a into ai see § 54, and of q 
 into g see § 129, note 2. The word aigue, 
 lost in mod. Fr., remains in some names of 
 places, as Aigues-Mortes, Chaudes-Aigues ; 
 and in a certain number of derived words, as 
 aigniere, a water-vessel, ewer ; aiguade, a 
 water supply (for ships at sea); aigue- 
 marine, lit. eau-marine, sea-water, the 
 aqua-marina or beryl. 
 
 AIGUE^MARTNE, sf. aqua-marine. See aigue. 
 
 AIGUIERE, sf. a jug, ewer. See aigue. 
 
 AIGUILLE, sf. a needle; from L. acucla*. 
 The Lat. acicula, dim. of acus, which, 
 hke so many diminutives, has taken the 
 place of its primitive (see § 18), had two 
 forms, acicTila which is to be found in 
 the Theodosian Code, ' oportet eam usque 
 ad aciculam capitis in domo mariti,' and 
 acucxila, which was soon contracted into 
 acucla (for the law, see able). For a, = ai 
 see § 54; for o = g, § 129; and for -ucla 
 = -uille, § 257. — Der. aiguillee, aiguillette, 
 aiguillon. 
 
 AIGUILLEE, sf a needlefull. See aiguille. 
 
 AIGUILLETTE, sf a little needle ; dim. of 
 aiguille. 
 
 AIGUILLON, sm. a goad. See aiguille. — 
 Der. aiguilloner . 
 
 AIGUISER, va. to sharpen. See aigu. 
 
 AIL, sm. garlic; from L. allium, by 11 = /, 
 and the attraction of the Lat. i, as in mol- 
 liare*, mouiller ; meliorum, tneilleur, 
 etc., see § 70. 
 
 AILE, sf a wing ; from L. ala. For a = ai 
 see § 54. — Der. aile. 
 
 AILERON, sm. a pinion ; formed from aile, 
 like bucheron from buche, chaperon from 
 chape, forgeron from forge, moucheron 
 from viouche, mousseron from mousse, pu- 
 ceroji from puce, etc. 
 
 AILLEURS, adv. elsewhere ; from L. alior- 
 sum. For '\i = ill see § 70; and for o = eu, 
 § 79- — Der. d'ailleurs. 
 
 AIMABLE, adj. amiable ; from L. amabilis. 
 The suffix -abilis was regularly contracted 
 into -ablis in common Lat. -abilis is 
 accented on the antepenult, and we have 
 shown that every short penultimate vowel 
 disappears in Fr. (see § 51). 
 
 -dbilis, in form of -ablis, produced the 
 suffix -able (§ 250), which is very common 
 in Fr. 
 
 AIMANT, sm. a loadstone, magnet ; from L. 
 adamantem. Aimant, in O. Fr. atmant, 
 Prov. adiman, has lost the medial Lat. d 
 (see § 120); ad(a)mantem has become 
 
 aimant, by changing a into ? (§ 54, note 3), 
 a change found in a few words : cerasus, 
 cerise; cariophyllum, g'zrq^e; avellana, 
 aveline ; jacitum, g-i/e ; bombitare, 6o«- 
 dir ; retimita.re, relentir. 
 
 This change belongs to the Lat. period, 
 in which men said equally avellina or 
 avellana, and formed in-sipidus from 
 sapidus, ini-micus from amicus, in- 
 stituo from statuo, dif-ficilis from fa- 
 cilis, ac-cipere from capere, e-ripio 
 from rapio, etc. 
 
 AIMER, va. to love ; from. L. amare. For 
 a, = ai, see § 54. 
 
 AINE, sf. the groin ; corruption of O. Fr. 
 aigne, which from Lat. inguinem. In- 
 guinem has produced aigne, as sanguin- 
 em, saigne. Inguinem, contracted into 
 ing'nem (after the law given § 51), has 
 become aigne, by i = ai (see § 74), and 
 by ng = gn, as may be seen in jun- 
 gentem, joignant; tingentem, teignant; 
 sanguinem, saigne. 
 
 AINE, sm. and adj. elder, eldest. O. Fr. 
 ainsne, before the 13th cent, ainsne, compd. 
 of ains and ne. Instead ofprimogenitus, 
 the common Lat. usually said ante natus. 
 In the 7th cent. Isidore of Seville translates 
 antenatus by privignus, and primo- 
 genitus by ante natus. He opposes 
 antenatus to postnatus, the latter stand- 
 ing for the younger, the former for the 
 eldest, son. 
 
 Ante having become ains in Fr. (by 
 a = ai, § 54), and natus having be- 
 come ne (q. v.), ante natus became first 
 ains-ne, as post-natus became puis-ne 
 (whence puine). Just as the common Lat. 
 said ante-natus and post-natus, for older 
 and younger sons, so O. Fr. opposed ains-ne 
 to puis-ne or moins-ne. The same dis- 
 tinction is met with in the Coutumes de 
 Beaumanoir, where the rights of the ains-ne 
 are legally distinguished from those of the 
 puis-ne. 
 
 The form ains-ne was changed in the 
 14th cent, into ais-ne by dropping the «, 
 a process met with in the Lat. ; for while 
 the texts of early Lat. read formonsus, 
 quadragensimus, quotiens, Class. Lat. 
 wrote formosus, quadragesimus, quo- 
 ties; and thus, in turn, the Class, forms, 
 censor, mensis, impensa, inscitia, 
 mensa, Viennensis, were reduced to 
 cesor, mesis, impesa, iscitia, mesa, 
 Viennesis, in common Lat., as Varro, 
 Festus, and Flavius Caper tell us. The 
 C 
 
i8 
 
 AINSI—AJUSTER. 
 
 Merovingian Lat. carried on this tendency : 
 in Chartularies of the 7th cent, we read 
 masus for mansus, remasisse for re- 
 man si sse, etc. The following is the full 
 list of cases in which this reduction takes 
 place: — mansionem, maison; mensura, 
 mesure; sponsus, dpoux; constzre, co-uier; 
 insula, i/ff; ministerium,ni<f//cr; mensis, 
 mois; monasterium, moutier; pensum, 
 poids; pTtnsus *, pris; tensz, toise; ton- 
 sionem, toison; trans, tres; pagensis, 
 pays; prensionem*, prison; mansura, 
 masure ; pensare, peser ; mensurare, 
 mesurer ; turonensis, tournois; grae- 
 censis*, gregeois; pensile*, poele. 
 
 But language incessantly undergoes modi- 
 fication : Lat. and Fr, are only succes- 
 sive conditions of one language, and this 
 reduction of ns into s took place not only 
 in the transition from Lat. to O. Fr., but 
 also in the passage from O. Fr. to mod. 
 Fr. ; ains-ne became ais-ne in the 14th 
 cent., and aisne passed into nine in the 1 7th 
 cent. — Der. amesse. 
 
 AINSI, adv. so, thus, in this manner ; O. Fr. 
 ensi, further back insi; from L. in-sic. 
 See si. (Cp. Hist. Gram. p. 158.) 
 
 AIR, sm. air ; from L. aer. It is easy to 
 see how air came to bear the sense of 
 natural disposition, by comparing it with 
 the Lat. spiritus, which means both 
 breath, wind, passion, and disposition (§ 15). 
 The musical signification of the word was 
 adopted in the 1 7th cent, from the It. aria, 
 which is also derived from Lat. aer : from 
 it Fr. air has taken the It. sense, but has 
 retained its Fr. form. 
 
 AIRAIN, sm. brass ; from L, aeramen. The 
 suffix -amen became -ain {airain) as 
 in levamen, levain, etc. (§ 226). Just 
 as the suffix -amen became -ain, -aim, 
 -en, in Fr., so the corresponding suffixes 
 -imen, -tuneii, had become -in, -ain, -or, 
 -un, in Fr. (see § 226). 
 
 AIRE, sf. an eyry; indirectly from the 
 Germ, aren, to make one's rest, which 
 in turn comes from Germ, aar, an eagle 
 (§ 20). 
 
 AIRE, sf. a barn-floor, threshing-floor ; from 
 L. area. Area first became aria by the 
 regular change of ea into ia (see under 
 abreger and agencer) ; aria became aire 
 by transposition of i (see under anier). 
 Aire is a doublet of are. 
 
 AIRELLE, sf. the whortle-berry. Origin un- 
 known (§ 35). 
 
 AIS, sm. a. plank, board ; from L. assis. For 
 
 8S = s, see passus, pas; crassus, gras; 
 pressus, /res; bassus, bas ; lassus, las. 
 For the transposition of i, see Hist. Gram. 
 
 P- 77- 
 
 AISE, sf. satisfaction, joy, content. Origin 
 unknown. — Der. ais6 (§ 201), a/5^nient 
 (§ 225), atsance (§ 192), malo/se, mala?s^, 
 malaisement. (For the prefix see mal, and 
 Hist. Gram. p. 180.) 
 
 AISSELLE, sf. the armpit ; from L. axilla. 
 For a = ai see § 54. For x = ss, cp. 
 exagium, essai; examen, essaim; etc. 
 (§ 150). This change had also taken 
 place in Lat. : x, which is in fact cs, soon 
 was assimilated into ss. In Lat. we find 
 the forms lassus, assis, cossim, side by 
 side with laxus, axis, coxim ; the In- 
 scriptions give us conflississet, essor- 
 cista, for conflixisset, exorcista, — and 
 we have in MSS. frassinus, tossicum, 
 for fraxinus, toxicum. 
 
 For i = e see § 72. Aisselle is a doublet 
 of axille, q. v. 
 
 AJONC, sm. sea-rush (?). Origin unknown 
 (§35). Seejonc. 
 
 AJOURNER, va. to adjourn; from L. ad- 
 journare, in Charlemagne's Capitularies 
 ' qui non erant adiurnati.' See jour. — 
 Der. adjournement. 
 
 AJ OUTER, va. to add, join; O. Fr, ajouster, 
 Prov. ajostar, from L. adjxixtare*. The 
 etymological meaning, which is *to put side 
 by side,' is to be found in the llth cent. ; 
 thus in the Chanson de Roland one of the 
 peers bids the French s'ajouler en bataille 
 (place themselves in rank, side by side). 
 
 Adjuxtare, which becomes ajuxtare 
 (for dj=j cp. djurnum*, jour; hord- 
 jum*, orge; assedjare*, assieger; and 
 §§ 120, 137), produced ajouster by u = 07^ 
 (§ 97)> 3nd by x = s (to be met with in 
 Lat. inscriptions, in which we find sistus for 
 sextus, obstrinserit for obstrinxerit). 
 This change of x into s occurs in Fr. in axis, 
 ais; buxus, buis; dextrarius*, destrier; 
 and in the eight O. Fr. words sextarius, 
 sestier; buxda*, boiste; tax'tare*, taster; 
 ix2LXxn\is, fresne; juxtare *, _;oMS/er ; de- 
 exducere*, desduire ; deexviare*, des- 
 vier; exclusa, escluse, which in mod. Fr. 
 have lost the s and are setier, boite, later, 
 frene, jouter, deduire, devier, ecluse, just 
 as ajouster has become ajouter. (For the 
 dropping of s, see § 147.) Ajouter is a 
 doublet of ajuster, q. v. — Der. ajut&ge for 
 ajouUge (§ 248). 
 
 AJUSTER, va. to adjust. Ste juste. Ajuster 
 
ALAMBIC — ALLECHER. 
 
 19 
 
 is a doublet oiajouter, q. v. — Der. ajustage, 
 ajustement. 
 
 t Alambic, sm. an alembic, a still. This 
 word was introduced in the 12th cent, from 
 the alchemist's Lat. alambiquus, bor- 
 rowed, together with the instrument itself, 
 from Ar. al-anbiq, a distilling vessel (§ 30). 
 — Der. alambiqneT. 
 
 ALANGUIR, va. to enfeeble. See languir. 
 
 + Alarine, sf. alarm, a military term in- 
 troduced in the 1 6th cent. (§ 25) from Ital. 
 alVarme, a word of similar sense, but literally 
 a cry 'to arms,' the call of sentinels surprised 
 by the enemy. In the 1 7th cent, alarme 
 was still written allarme, in accordance with 
 its etymology. — Der. alarmer, alarmiste 
 
 (§ 217). 
 
 ALBATRE, sm. alabaster ; from Lat. ala- 
 bastrum, written albastrum in some 
 Lat. MSS. For this dropping of a see 
 § 52, and accointer ; for the fall of the 
 s see abime. 
 
 + Albinos, sm. an albino, a word intro- 
 duced in the 17th cent, from Sp. albino 
 (§ 26). 
 
 + Album, sm. an album, scrap-book ; from 
 L. album. Album is a doublet of aube, 
 q.v. 
 
 Albumine, sf. albumen; from L. albu- 
 men. Albumine is a doublet of aubun. 
 
 + Alcade, sm. an alcade; from Sp. alcade 
 (§ 26). 
 
 + Alcali, sm. alkali, a word introduced into 
 Fr. through the alchemist's Lat. from the 
 Ar. alcali, salts of soda (§ 30). — Der. 
 alcal'm. 
 
 tAlchimie, sf. alchemy, a word intro- 
 duced into Fr. through alchemist's Lat. from 
 Ar. al-chymia (§ 30). — Der. alchimiste. 
 
 + Alcool, sm. alcohol, formerly alcohol, 
 an alchemist's word, taken from Ar. alqohl 
 (§ 30). 
 
 tAlcdve, sf an alcove, recess, a word 
 introduced in the 1 6th cent, from the It. 
 alcovo (§ 25). 
 
 Alcyon, sm. the kingfisher ; from L. al- 
 cyone. 
 
 Al6atoire, adj. uncertain, depending on 
 chance; from L. aleatorius. 
 
 ALENE, sf an awl. O. F. alesne, from O. H. 
 G. alasna, a transposition of alansa (§ 20). 
 
 ALENTIR, va. to slacken, formed from lent. 
 This word, used by Corneille and Moliere, 
 survives in mod. Fr. in the compd. ra- 
 lentir. 
 
 ALENTOUR, adv. around, round about ; O. 
 Fr. a I'entour. See entour. 
 
 t Alerte, interj. sf and adj. (i) take care! 
 (2) an alarm ; (3) alert, vigilant. O. Fr. 
 allerte, in Montaigne and Rabelais a I'erte, 
 originally a military term, borrowed from 
 It. in the i6th cent. (§25) from the cry 
 alVerte (take care !). The It. phrase stare 
 all' erta means ' to stand on the alert. ' 
 ALEVIN, sm. fry of fish; from L. alleva- 
 men. For the termination amen = in, 
 see § 226. 
 
 Alexandria, adj. Alexandrine (verse). 
 Origin unknown (§ 35). 
 
 + Alezan, adj. sorrel (horse); introduced in 
 the 17th cent, from Sp. alazan (§ 26). 
 
 tAlgarade, sf a sudden outburst of 
 temper; introduced in the 17th cent, from 
 Sp. algarada (§ 26). 
 
 + Algdbre, sf algebra; from medieval 
 scientific Lat. algebra, which from Ar. 
 aldjabroun (§ 30). 
 
 + Alguazil, sm. an alguazil (officer); 
 from Sp. alguazil. 
 
 Algue, sf sea- weed; from L. alga. 
 
 + Alibi, sm. an alibi; from L. alibi. 
 
 ALIBORON, sm. a wiseacre, ass. Origin un- 
 known (§ 35). 
 
 f Alidade, sf reckoning; from medieval 
 scientific Lat. alidada, which from Ar. 
 alidad (§30). 
 
 Ali6ner, va. to alienate, transfer property ; 
 from L. alienare. — Der. a/ze«ation, alien- 
 able (§ 250). The sense of derangement is 
 to be found in the Lat. word also. 
 
 ALIGNER, va. to square, draw out by line. 
 See ligne. — Der. alignement. 
 
 Aliment, sm. aliment, nourishment; from 
 L. alimentum. — Der. alimenter, -ation 
 (§ 232, note 4). 
 
 t Aline a, adv. (sf) a paragraph ; formerly 
 d linea, from the Lat. a linea, used in dic- 
 tation to show that the writer must break 
 off and begin a new line. 
 
 Aliquante, adj. (Math.) some ; from L. 
 aliquantus. 
 
 Aliquote, adj. (Math.) aliquot ; from L. ali- 
 quot. 
 
 ALITER, va. to lay in bed. See lit. 
 
 ALIZE (also written alise), sf. the lote-tree 
 berry ; of Germ, origin, from O. H. G. 
 eliza (§ 20). — Der. alisier (§ 198). 
 
 ALLAITER, va. to suckle; from L. allac- 
 tare. For ct = it see § 129 and Hist. 
 Gram. p. 50. — Der. allaitement. 
 
 ALLECHER, va. to allure, attract ; from L. 
 
 allectare. The very unusual change of 
 
 ct into ch is to be found also in flectere, 
 
 flechir; tc fleeter c,rejlechir; impactare, 
 
 C 2 
 
a,o 
 
 A LINGER — A LL UMER . 
 
 empecher ; coactare*, cacher. — Der. al- 
 lechement. 
 
 ALLEGER, va. to lighten, ease; from L. 
 alleviare. Alleviare became allevjare 
 by i=j (see Hist. Gram. p. 65); allevjare 
 became aUejare, and then alleger, by 
 yj=^, as in nivea, nivja, neige, etc. 
 (Hist. Gram. p. 81). This change of the 
 V also takes place (l) before the other 
 gutturals {vc, vg), as in nav'gare nager; 
 (3) before the dentals (vt, vd), as in civ'ta- 
 tem, cite; (3) before the liquids, as in 
 juv'nis, jeune. — Der. allegeznce. 
 
 A116gorie, sf. an allegory; from L. alle- 
 goria. — Der. allegoriqae. 
 
 ALLEGRE, adj. brisk, nimble, lively. O. Fr. 
 alegre, from L. alacris. For a = e see § 54 ; 
 for CT=gr see § 129. — Der. a//e^r^ment, 
 allegresse. 
 
 + Allegro, adv. and sm. allegro; from It. 
 allegro (§ 25). 
 
 All^guer, va. to quote, allege ; from L. 
 allegare Der. allegziidn. 
 
 Allelllia, sm. hallelujah, introduced by St. 
 Jerome in 4th cent, into ecclesiastical Lat. 
 Heb. hallelujah (§ .^o). 
 
 ALLER, va. to go. This word has borrowed 
 its tenses from three different Lat. verbs : — 
 (l) The I, 2, 3 sing. pres. indie, from Lat. 
 vadere ; vado, je vais ; vadis, tu vas ; 
 vadit, il va. (O. Fr. il vat). (2) The fut. 
 and condit.firaiyfirais, from the Lat. ire, 
 by the usual formation of the fut. (See Hist. 
 Gram. p. 149.) (3) The remaining tenses, 
 allais, allai, allasse, aille, allant^ alle, are 
 related to the infin. aller, which was in O. Fr. 
 aler, and aner, and comes from Merovingian 
 Lat. anare, a soft form of adnare, which 
 properly signifies ' to come by water ' (as in 
 Cicero), but soon was much widened in 
 sense ; thus, in Papias adnare is used for 
 • to come by land.' The same remark may 
 be made as to the corresponding word 
 enare (to swim, in Cicero), which even in 
 Class. Lat. signifies ' to come ' (no matter 
 how) : ' Daedalus .... gelidas enavit 
 ad Arctos,' Virg. Aen. 6. 16 (i.e. by fly- 
 ing), or ' Enavimus has valles,' Silius 
 Ital. (i. e. by land). It is singular that .the 
 same transition from water to land occurs 
 in the word adripare, at first meaning ' to 
 touch the shore,' afterwards ' to reach one's 
 aim,' whence Fr. arriver. See also § 13. 
 
 To pass from adnare, anare, to Fr. 
 allevt through the intermediate forms aner 
 and aler, there has been an important 
 change of n into /. This change of a nasal 
 
 into a liquid is not rare in Fr., as in 
 orphaninus *, orphelin; Ruscinonem, 
 Roussillon, § 1 63; and even in falol and 
 juillet, which stand for fanot, juinet. For 
 are = er see § 263. — Der. a//^e, participial 
 subst. (§ 187). 
 
 ALLEU, sm. allodial ownership. O. Fr. alou, 
 aloud, Sp. alodio. It. allodia ; from Mero- 
 vingian Lat. allodium, a word of Germ, 
 origin, in common with all feudal terms. 
 Allodium is from O. H. G. alod (§ 20), 
 full ownership, the franc-alleu (hereditary 
 property, free from all duties to a higher 
 lord) being opposed to benefice, which was 
 originally a life-ownership, dependent on 
 the will of the lord of the fief. 
 
 ALLIER, va. to mix, unite, ally; from L. 
 alligare. The Lat. g disappears from 
 alli(g)are : this phenomenon, found in the 
 last ages of Latinity (niellatas is found 
 for nigellatas in a Merovingian docu- 
 ment), is common in Fr. (i) when the 
 g preceded the accented vowel, as in 
 au(g)ustus, aout', gigantem, geant, etc.; 
 (2) when the g followed the accented 
 vowel, as in exa(g)ium, essaim; re(g)em, 
 roi. — Der. alliance (§ 192), allie (§ 201), 
 alliage (§ 248), me&allier, mesaZ/zance 
 (Hist. Gram. p. 180), lallier (Hist. Gram, 
 p. 179), ralliement. 
 
 t Alligator, sm. an alligator ; intro- 
 duced by English travellers (§ 28, note l). 
 
 Allocation, sf. an allocation, allowance; 
 from L. allocationem*, from allocare. 
 
 Allocution, sf. an allocution ; from L. 
 allocutionem. 
 
 ALLONGER, va. to lengthen. See long. — 
 Der. allonge. 
 
 Allopathie, sf. (Med.) allopathy ; from Gr. 
 aWos and vdOos, a medical system. See 
 homceopaihie. — Der. allopathe, 
 
 ALLOUER, va. to allow (a stipend) ; from L. 
 allocare *. For letter-changes see louer : 
 for ad = a/ see Hist. Gram. p. 177, and for 
 assimilation of d to /, § 168. See also 
 allumer. 
 
 ALLUMER, va. to kindle; from L. ad- 
 luminare*, compd. of luminare. Ad- 
 luminare is alluminare in several 7th- 
 cent. documents, by dl = ll, a frequent 
 Lat. assimilation, as in allucere or adlu- 
 cere, alludere or adludere, alluere or 
 adluere, allocutio or adlocutio, alli- 
 gare or adligare, allevare or adlevare, 
 etc. This assimilation also went on in Fr. 
 by change of dl into / or //, as in mod'lus, 
 moule (§ 168). Allum(i)nare first be- 
 
ALLURE— AMADOUER. 
 
 31 
 
 came allum'nare by the regular dropping 
 of the short vowel (§ 52). Allum'nare 
 again became allumer, by ran = m, as in 
 sem'nare, semer ; dom'na, dame, mn 
 also often becomes mm, as fem'na, femme 
 (Hist. Gram. p. 72). It. alluminare, Prov. 
 alhimenar, alhanar, will mark the transition 
 from L. alluminare to Fr. allumer. — Der. 
 allumeuT (§ 227), allumette (§ 281). 
 
 ALLURE, sf. gait, way of going (or dealing) ; 
 from aller; like coiffwe, soidllure, brochure, 
 etc., from coiffer, souiller, brocher (§ 183). 
 
 Allusion, sf. an allusion; from L. allu- 
 sionem. 
 
 Alluvion, sf. alluvium*; from L. alluvi- 
 onem. 
 
 Almanach, sm. an almanac; Low Lat. 
 almanachus, from Gr. a\ixiva)(a,, used in 
 3rd cent, by Eusebius for an almanac 
 
 (§ 21). 
 Alo§S, sm. the aloe. O. Fr. aloe, from L. 
 
 aloe. 
 ALOI. sm. a standard, quality (of coin) ; compd. 
 of a and loi, which in O. Fr. signified the 
 standard of coin, as still in Sp. For the 
 etymology of loi see that word. 
 ALORS, adv. then. See lors. 
 ALOSE, sf. a shad ; from L. alausa, which 
 was written also alosa. For au = o see 
 § 107. 
 ALOUETTE, sf a lark, dim. of O. Fr. alone, 
 just as herbette is derived from herbe, cuvette 
 from cuve. (For the suffix -ette, see ablette.) 
 Here, as often, the primitive form is gone, 
 and the derivative, though dim. in form, has 
 the sense of the original word (see § 18). 
 
 Aloue is from L. alauda (as used by 
 Pliny for the sky-lark), a word borrowed by 
 the Romans from Gaul, and introduced into 
 Lat. by Caesar. (The true Lat. names for 
 the lark are galerita, corydalus.) 
 
 To get from alauda to aloue, the Lat. 
 drops the medial d after the accented vowel ; 
 as is found in the following cases: (l) 
 when the subsequent vowel remains, as in 
 invi(d)ia, envie; (2) when the subsequent 
 vowel is dropped, as in cru(d)us, cru, 
 § 120. 
 
 The diphthong au is also changed into 
 ou : this diphthong was pronounced by the 
 Latins, not like Fr. 0, but a-ou ; thus for 
 aurum, taurus, the Romans said a-ou- 
 rum, ta-ourus, not orum, torus. This o 
 pronunciation was looked on as quite faulty 
 by the educated Romans, and grammarians 
 speak of it as common to peasants, and a 
 thing to be avoided, Festus tells us that 
 
 the Roman country-folks said orum for 
 aurum, oriculas for auriculas, etc. The 
 Fr. language, sprung from popular not from 
 Class. Lat., has kept the rustic pronuncia- 
 tion, as in aurum, or; ausare*, oser 
 (§ 107); and in certain secondary forma- 
 tions, as parole, paraula, secondary form 
 of parabola ; forger, faurcare, of fabri- 
 care; tole, taula, of tabula; somme, 
 sauma, of salma. 
 
 In all these words the au became, and 
 has continued to be ; in a certain num- 
 ber of words this was in O. Fr., and in 
 mod. Fr. has become ou (see also § 107). 
 The following is the complete list of 
 these changes: — laudo, Zo/^e; laudemia*, 
 louange ; aut, ou; audire, ouir; gau- 
 dere, jouir ; claus (for clavus), clou; 
 Cauda, couard ; inraucare *, enrouer; 
 colis (=caulis), chou; austarda (for 
 avistarda), outarde ; gauta *, joue. 
 
 ALOURDIR, va. to make heavy. See lourd. 
 
 ALOYAU, sm. a sirloin. Origin unknown 
 
 (§ 35). 
 t Alpaga, sm. alpaca; a kind of wool 
 
 got from the alpaga, a kind of llama in 
 
 South America. 
 Alphabet, S7«. the alphabet ; from L. 
 
 alphabeta. — Der. alphabetique. 
 Altercation, sf an altercation, dispute ; 
 
 from. L. altercationem. 
 Alt^rer, va. (i) to alter, (2) to be thirsty; 
 
 from scholastic Lat. alterare, deriv. of 
 
 alter ; as in Germ,, dnder?i comes from 
 
 ajider. Why or how alterer passed from 
 
 the sense of ' to change,' to that of ' to be 
 
 thirsty,' is a thing that has no explanation, 
 
 — Der. a//eration, -able, 
 Alteme, adj. alternate ; from L. alternus. 
 
 — Der. alterner, -ation, -atif, -ative, -ative- 
 
 ment. 
 + Altesse, sf highness ; introduced in the 
 
 1 6th cent, from It. altezza (§ 25), Altesse 
 
 is a doublet of hautesse, q. v. 
 + Altier, adj. haughty; introduced in the 
 
 l6th cent, from It. altiere (§ 25). 
 Altitude, sf height; from L. altitude. 
 + Alto, sm. alto ; from It. alto (§ 25). 
 Alumine, sf alumina; from L. alumine. 
 
 — Der. aluminium. 
 ALUN, sm. alum ; from. L, alumen. For 
 
 -umen = -M« see § 226. 
 Alv6ole, sf alveole, a little channel ; from 
 
 L. alveolus, 
 AMADOUER, va. to coax, cajole; a compd, 
 
 of madouer *, a word of Germ, origin, from 
 
 Old Scand, mata, Dan. 7nade, to bait, allure 
 
22 
 
 A MA IGRIR—A MBR OISIE. 
 
 (§ 20). — Der. amadou. Although there is 
 no relation, as to meaning, between ama- 
 douer and amadou, it is nevertheless certain 
 that the latter is derived from the former. 
 In It., adescare comes from esca, which 
 means both bait and touchwood, as is also 
 the case with Lat. esca. These relations 
 show that the same metaphor which con- 
 nects amadouer with amadou exists in 
 several languages ; and this comparison of 
 metaphors makes clear what is the origin of 
 the word, though we may not be able to 
 explain it. See also § 15. 
 
 AMAIGRIR, va. to emaciate. See maigrir. 
 — Der. amat^ssement. 
 
 AMALGAME, sm. an amalgam. Origin un- 
 known (§ 35). — Der. amalgamer. 
 
 AMANDE, sf. an almond. O. Fr. amende, 
 corruption of L. amygdalTim. Amyg- 
 dSlum, contracted into amydlum, ac- 
 cording to the rule of the Lat. accent 
 (§ 51), first reduced the Lat. gd into d, 
 as in Magdalena, Madeleine (§ 131). 
 Amyd'lum afterwards underwent the in- 
 sertion of n, and became amyndlum, 
 just as, in Class. Lat., lanterna was used 
 for laterna, thensaurus for thesaurus, 
 rendere for reddere (in the Salic Law), 
 Inculisma at early times for Iculisma. 
 This may be seen in the App. ad Probum, 
 •Amygdala non amiddola,' and in the Cap, 
 de Villis, ' Volumus quod habeat pomarios 
 avellanarios amandalarios.' Amynd'- 
 lum or amindlTim produced the O. Fr. 
 amende, by in = en, as in infantem, enfant; 
 in en (§ 72). Amende finally became 
 a/nande in Fr. by en = an, as we see in 
 lingua, langue, singularis, sanglier, etc., 
 which words were written in O. Fr. with 
 more etymological propriety lengue, sen- 
 glier, etc. 
 
 The reader will have noticed that the 
 laws of phonetics have enabled us to ex- 
 plain every letter of this word, except the 
 Lat. 1, which disappears: it is in the 
 anomalous dropping of this 1 that the 
 corruption of the word amande consists 
 (as we have seen in § 172, note 2). 
 We have seen (§ 168) that Lat. dl is 
 always assimilated in Fr. into II or I; so 
 that amind'lum ought to have produced, 
 not amande, but amanlle, amanle ; just as 
 hrandler has become branler. Amande 
 is a doublet of amygdale, q. v. — Der. 
 amandiex (§ 198). 
 
 Amant, sw. a lover; from L. amantem. 
 Amant is a doublet oi aimant. 
 
 Amaranthe, sf. amaranth ; from L. amar- 
 antus. 
 
 AMARRER, va, to moor ; D^MARRER, va. 
 to unmoor, cast off; compds. of prim. 
 marrer*, which comes from Neth. marren 
 (§ 20). — Der. amarre, amamge. 
 
 AMASSER, va. to amass. See masse. — Der. 
 amas (verbal subst., § 1 84), ramasser (Hist. 
 Gram. p. 179), xamas, ramassis. 
 
 Amateur, sm. an amateur; from L. ama- 
 torem. 
 
 Amaurose, sf. (Med.) amaurosis ; from Gr. 
 dfiaijpojais. 
 
 Amazone, sf. an amazon; from L. ama- 
 zon. 
 
 Ambages, sf. pi. ambages, circumlocution, 
 prevarication; from L, ambages. 
 
 t Am.baBSade, sf. an embassy; in the 
 15th cent, ambaxade, a word not found in 
 Fr. before the 14th cent., and which is 
 shown to be foreign by its ending -ade 
 (unknown in Fr., which has -ee for -ade. 
 See § 201). It comes from Sp. ambaxada, 
 a word related to the low L. aiubaxiata. 
 This word is .derived from ambaxiare, 
 ambactiare, formed from ambactia, a 
 very common term in the Salic Law, 
 meaning Merov. Lat. a mission, embassy. 
 Ambactia comes from am.bactus (a ser- 
 vant who is sent with a message). 
 
 For the enlargement of meaning see 
 § 13. — Der. ambassadeur, -drice (§ 228). 
 
 AMBE, (l) adj. both, (2) sm. a pair ; from 
 L. ambo. In the middle ages the phrases 
 ambes mains, ambes parts, etc., were used 
 for deux mains, les deux parts. The word 
 survives as a gambling term; thus fai gagne 
 un ambe a la loterie, i. e. 'I have drawn 
 two figures,' ' a pair of chances.' 
 
 Ambiant, adj. ambient, surrounding ; from 
 L. ambientem. 
 
 Ambigu, (i) adj. ambiguous, (2) sm. a 
 medley; from L. ambiguus. — Der. am- 
 biguity. 
 
 Ajnbitieux, adj. ambitious; from L. am- 
 bitiosus. 
 
 Ambition, sf. ambition ; from L. ambit io- 
 nem. — Der. ambitionner. 
 
 AMBLER, va. to amble ; from L. ambtilare. 
 For the contraction of signification see § 13. 
 For the dropping of the u see § 52. — 
 Der. amble (verbal subst., § 1 84). 
 
 + Ambre, sm. amber; introduced in the 
 time of the Crusades, from Ar. anb'r (§ 30). 
 — Der. ambrer. 
 
 Ambroisie, sf. ambrosia; from L. am- 
 brosia. 
 
AMB ULA NT—AMITlS. 
 
 23 
 
 Ambulant, ao?/. strolling; from L. ambu- 
 lant em. — Der. amb2ehnce. 
 A ME, s/. the soul ; from L. anima. Aniraa 
 being accented on the first syllable loses the 
 atonic i (see § 51), and is contracted into 
 an'ma, whence O. Fr. anme. In Joinville 
 the word takes the form amme, by assimi- 
 lating nm into mm (§ 168), a regular step, 
 known even in Lat. (as in immemor for 
 inmemor, immigrare for inmigrare, 
 immaturus for inmaturus, etc.) In the 
 15th cent, amme became am£, by the re- 
 duction of the 7nm into m, a process marked 
 by the addition of the circumflex on the a 
 in^mod. Fr. 
 AME, adj. well-beloved ; from L. amatus. 
 For -atus = -e see § 201. Ame is 2. 
 doublet of aime. 
 Am^liorer, va. to ameliorate, improve ; 
 from L. ameliorare. — Der. ameliora- 
 tion. 
 + Amen, sm. amen ; introduced from Heb. 
 into Church Lat. of the early ritual (§ 30). 
 AMENAGER, va. to parcel out, dispose of. 
 
 See menager. — Der. amenagement. 
 AMENDER, va. to amend, better ; from L. 
 emendare. (For the unusual change of 
 e into a see Hist. Gram. p. 48.) 
 
 Accented e becomes a in per, par; 
 lemus, rame; \a.certa., lezard. 
 
 Atonic Lat. e becomes a in fSrocem, 
 farouche; emendare, amender ; perga- 
 menum, parchemin. In common Lat. we 
 find lucarna for lucerna; marcadus for 
 mercatus in Merov. Chartularies. — Der. 
 amende (verbal subst., § 184), amendement, 
 amendAhle. 
 AMENER, va. to bring, conduct. See mener. 
 
 — Der. ra7nener. 
 Am.enit§, ff. amenity, pleasantness ; from 
 
 L. amoenitatem. 
 AMER, adj. bitter ; from L. amarus. For 
 
 a = e see § 54. — Der. amerem&nt. 
 AMERTUME, sf. bitterness ; from L. amari- 
 tudinem. Amaritiidinein first lost its 
 atonic i (§ 52): then, just as amarus be- 
 came amer, amar'tudinem changed its 
 second a into e (§ 54). In the suffix 
 -tidinem the atonic 1 disappears, according 
 to the law of Lat. accent (§ 51), and it 
 becomes -ud'nera, which becomes Fr. 
 -time: so consiietiidinem, coutume; in- 
 cudinem, enclume (§ 234). This change 
 doubtless took place before the beginning 
 of the Fr. language, as we find in 6th-cent. 
 documents the forms constuma, costuma, 
 for cons'tudinem, consuetudinem. 
 
 Am^thyste, sf. the amethyst ; from L. 
 amethystus. 
 
 AMEUBLEMENT, sm. furniture. See meu- 
 ble. 
 
 AMEUBLIR, va. to furnish. See meuhle. 
 
 AMEUTER, va. to break dogs to hunt in 
 pack, to get them together ; a hunting- 
 term which has passed into common speech 
 (see § 13). Amenter is 'to set the dogs 
 en meute,' to collect them. For etymology 
 of ameuter, see meute. 
 
 AMI, S7n. a friend ; from L. amicus. The 
 medial c after the accented vowel dis- 
 appears, carrying with it the vowel that 
 follows it, as in inimicus, ennemi; focus, 
 feu (§ 212). When the medial c after the 
 accented vowel is followed by an a, that 
 vowel remains in Ff., as in ami(c)a, amie 
 (§ 212). 
 
 AMIABLE, adj. friendly, amicable ; from L. 
 am.icabilis. For the loss of the Lat. c 
 see § 129 ; for -aibUis = -able see § 250. 
 
 Amiante, sm. amianthus; from L. amian- 
 tus. 
 
 Amical, adj. friendly; from L. amicalis. 
 — Der. amzca/ement. 
 
 Amict, sm. an amice ; from L. amictus. 
 
 Amidon, sm. starch ; corruption of L. amy- 
 lum (§ 172). In the 9th cent, this word 
 is found in the form amydum. — Der. 
 am,idonneT, -ier. 
 
 AMINCIR, va. to make thin. See mince. — 
 Der. aminchsement. 
 
 fAmiral, sm. an admiral; introduced 
 soon after the Crusades, from Ar. It 
 answers to the low Lat. amiralius, which 
 also is from Ar. (§ 30). — Der. amirah^, 
 which is amiraute in mod. Fr. For \ = u, 
 see §^89, note I, and § 157- 
 
 AMITIE, sf. friendship ; in O. Fr. amistie, 
 which is formed through amiste from 
 amista (for a = e = ie, cp. gravis, griff; 
 pietatem, pilie ; inimicitatem, inimitie, 
 § 54): an earlier form is amistet, which 
 answers to It. amista, Sp. amistad, Cata- 
 lan amistat, and comes, as do these three 
 words, from L. amicitatem., a common 
 Lat. form of amicitia. (Amicitas was 
 formed from amicus, like mendicitas 
 from mendicus, antiquitas from anti- 
 quus, etc.) 
 
 In passing from amicitatem to amitie, 
 or rather to O. Fr. amiste, we find three 
 philological changes: (i) the i just before the 
 accented vowel, amic(i)tatem, disappears 
 (for the law, see § 52); (2) in the thus 
 contracted Lat. word amic'tatem, final 
 
H 
 
 AMMONIA QUE — ANA CHOR^TE. 
 
 -atein = -^ (see § 330), and o = s, as we 
 have seen it in the soft Lat. c under 
 agencer: it is not so common in the case 
 of the low Lat. o (§ 129). 
 
 Lat. hard c becomes s in Fr., or more 
 usually the guttural becomes a sibilant, as 
 may be seen in the following : — 
 
 I. o = s, as cingulum, san^/tf. 
 
 a. c = ss,as in junicem, gSmisse. 
 
 3. c = «, as crucem, croix. 
 
 4. c = z, as lacerta, lizard. 
 
 Amistid finally became amitiS by sup- 
 pression of the s. (See Hist. Gram. p. 81.) 
 
 ArnTnoniaque, sf. ammonia. O. Fr. am- 
 moniac, from L. ammoniacus (sal) (§ 180). 
 — Der. ammoniaca}. 
 
 Anmistie, sf. an amnesty ; from Gr. dji- 
 vrjcTTia (§ 22). — Der. omn/srier, 
 
 AMOINDRIR, va. to lessen. See moindre. — 
 Der. a;wom(/nssement. 
 
 AMOLLIR, va. to soften. See mou. — Der. 
 amoZ/issement. 
 
 AMONCELER, va. to heap up, amass. See 
 monceau. 
 
 AMONT, adv. up stream. See aval. 
 
 AMORCE, sf. a bait, lure ; corruption of 
 O. Fr. amorse, strong p. p. (see § 187) of 
 amordre, which is an O. Fr. compd. of 
 mordre. Amorse comes from amordre, like 
 entorse from entordre (see tordre). The 
 original meaning is * that which lures,' 
 makes fish, etc. take the bait, bite. — Der. 
 omorcer. 
 
 AMORTIR, va. to slacken, soothe, deaden. 
 See mort. — Der. amorrissement (§ 225, 
 note 4). 
 
 AMOUR, sm. love ; from L. amorem. For 
 o = ou see § 81. — Der. amourette. 
 
 + Amouracher (S'), vpr. to be en- 
 amoured; introduced in the 1 6th cent, by 
 the Italians (§ 25). Amouracher is formed 
 from amourache, which from It. amorracio, 
 an ill-regulated passion. 
 
 AMOUREUX, adv. loving, amorous; from 
 L. amorosus. For o = om see § 81; for 
 -OB\ia = -eux, cp. spinosus, epinetix, § 229. 
 This suffix was afterwards employed in the 
 Fr. language to form new derivatives which 
 have no corresponding Lat. words, as hetir- 
 eux, honteux, etc. which come straight 
 from Fr. heur, honte, etc. — Der. amoureuse- 
 ment. 
 
 Amovible, adj. removable; from L. aftio- 
 vibilis. For the dropping of the penult i, 
 see § 51. — Der, inamovible, inamovibilite. 
 
 Amphibie, adj. amphibious; from Gr. 
 dijupi^ios. 
 
 AmphibolOgie, «/". ambiguousness of lan- 
 guage; from L. amphibologia. 
 
 AMPHIGOURI, sm. nonsense, rigmarole. 
 Origin unknown (§ 35). 
 
 A TTi phithe&.tr e, sm. an amphitheatre ; from 
 L. amphitheatrum. 
 
 Amphitiyon, sm. an amphitryon, host (at 
 dinner), alluding to the saying of Sosie in 
 Moli^re's Amphitryon, 3. 5, Le veritable 
 Amphitryon est I' Amphitryon oil Von dine. 
 
 (§ 3.S.) 
 
 Amphore, sf. an amphora; from L. am- 
 phora. 
 
 AMPLE, adj. ample, full, copious; from L. 
 amplus. — Der. amplement, -eur. 
 
 Ampliation, sf. an official copy, duplicate ; 
 from L. ampliationem. 
 
 Amplifier, va. to amplify, enlarge on ; from 
 L. amplificare. For the loss of c, see 
 Hist. Gram. p. 37. Am.plification, sf. 
 exaggeration ; from L. amplificatio- 
 nem. 
 
 Am.plitude, sf. amplitude; from L. am- 
 plitude. 
 
 AMPOULE, sf (I) a little vessel, (2) the holy 
 ampulla ; from L. ampulla, which signifies 
 (l) a little bottle, and (2) a small tumour or 
 boil. The sense of 'bottle' is still to be seen 
 in the Sainte Ampoule, which held the sacred 
 oil for the consecration of the kings of 
 France. ^ For u = om see § 90. 
 
 AMPOULE, adj. bombastic ; from L. am- 
 pullatus. For u = om see § 90 ; for 
 atus = e see § 201. The suffix -atus 
 always becomes Fr. e, as in pratum, pre; 
 curatum, cure (§ 200). The suffix -ata 
 drops the t and becomes ee, as in annata, 
 annee (§ 201). 
 
 Amputer, z/a. to amputate; from L. ampu- 
 tare. — Der. amputation. 
 
 Am.lllette, s/. an amulet; from. L. amu- 
 letum, a talisman (Pliny). 
 
 AMURE, sf. a tack (of a ship). Origin un- 
 known (§ 35). 
 
 AMUSER, va. to amuse ; compd. of O. Fr. 
 verb muser (preserved in its deriv. musard). 
 Origin unknown (§ 35). — Der. amusement, 
 amusewr. 
 
 Amygdale, sf the tonsil ; from L. amyg- 
 dalus, an almond, as this gland is almond- 
 shaped. A mygdale is a doublet of amande. 
 
 AN, sm. a year ; from L. annus. For 
 nn = n cp. v annus, van; pannus, pan; 
 bannum *, ban. 
 
 Ajiachordte, sm. an anchoret ; from L, 
 anachoreta, from Gr. avaxoip'r}7^s, one 
 who withdraws from the world. 
 
A NA CHR ONISME — ANl VRISME. 
 
 25 
 
 Anadironisme, sm. an anachronism ; from 
 Gr. avaxpoviOfibs, a chronological error. 
 
 Anagramme, sf. an anagram ; from Gr. 
 dvdypafi/jia, a transposition of letters. 
 
 Analogie, ff. analogy ; from L. analogia. 
 
 Analogue, adj. analogous; from L. ana- 
 logus. 
 
 Analyse, sf. analysis; from Gr. dvdXvais, 
 the resolution of a whole into its parts, 
 from dvaXvoJ. — Der. analydque (§ 247, 
 note 4). 
 
 + Ananas, sm. a pine-apple; introduced 
 by travellers from the Indies (§ 31). 
 
 An archie, sf. anarchy ; from" Gr. dvapxia. 
 
 Anath^me, sm, an anathema ; from Gr. 
 dvddifxa, an exposure (to the public curse). 
 — Der. anathemzViStr. 
 
 Anatomie, sf. anatomy ; from L. ana- 
 tomia, which from Gr. dvaTOfxfi. — Der. 
 a«a/omiste, -ique. 
 
 ANCETRE, sm. an ancestor ; from L. ante- 
 cessor. Antecessor, according to the 
 rule in § 52, loses its atonic e, and is con- 
 tracted into ant'cessor, which is written 
 ancessor in a Lat. document of the year 
 980. 
 
 Ancessor, accented on the penult, and 
 consequently proncd. anc^ss'r, became in 
 O. Fr. ancestre, by change of sr into str, 
 a t being euphonically inserted. (See Hist. 
 Gram. p. 74.) This insertion was not 
 done by the Fr. language, but by the Lat., 
 which transformed esserix, tonsorix, into 
 estrix, tonstrix. The form Istrael for 
 Israel is to be found in a biblical MS. 
 of the 5th cent., and the Fr, has car- 
 ried on this tendency in ^tre, O. Fr. eslre, 
 from ess're; paraitre, O. Fi. paraistre, from 
 pares're ; croirfe, O. Fr. croistre, from 
 cres're* ; connaiire, O. Fr. connaistre, from 
 cognos're ; pattre, O. Fr. paistre, from 
 pas're*; naitre, O. Fr. naistre, from nas're ; 
 coudre, O. Fr. cousdre, from cons're ; ladre, 
 laz'rus; tistre, tex're. The common peo- 
 ple, ever faithful to their instincts, con- 
 tinue this euphonic transformation, and say, 
 castrole for casserole, etc. Ancetre is one 
 of the rare nominatives retained in the 
 French language ; see Hist, Gram. p. 96. 
 
 ANCHE, sf. a reed, pipe ; from O. H. G. 
 anche, which was first the leg-bone, then a 
 pipe; just like tibia, which was first the 
 bone of the leg, then a pipe, then a flute 
 (§ 15). Anche is a doublet of hanche, q. v. 
 
 + Anchois, sm. anchovy, formerly an- 
 choie; introduced about the 15th cent, from 
 Sp. anchoa (§ 26). 
 
 ANCIEN, adj. ancient, old ; from L. anti- 
 anus * (an adj. derived from ante, and to 
 be found in Papal bulls of the nth cent.) 
 For ti = ci, see agencer. The suffix -anus 
 usually becomes -aih in Fr., as in humanus, 
 humain, § 198. But -anus usually be- 
 comes -ten, -yen, when preceded in Lat. by 
 a medial consonant, which is dropped in Fr., 
 as we see in de(c)anus, doyen, etc. § 198. 
 — Der. ancienneie. 
 
 ANCRE, sf. an anchor ; from L. ancora. 
 The atonic o of 6ncli6ra disappears, ac- 
 cording to the strict rule of the Lat. accent 
 (§ 51), as we see also in such words as 
 arbor, arbre, etc. 
 
 + Andante, sm. (Mus.) an andante, slow 
 movement ; an It. word which properly 
 signifies 'going,' 'walking' (§ 25). 
 
 ANDOUILLE, sf. chitterlings, corruption of 
 O. Fr. endouille, which comes from L. 
 inductilis, which in low Lat. glossaries 
 is given for a ' sausage,' and comes from L. 
 inducere. Inductilis is properly a gut 
 into which minced meat has been intro- 
 duced (inductus). 
 
 In passing from inductilis to the O. Fr. 
 endouille, there have been four philological 
 changes: — (l) in into en, a regular tran- 
 sition, as in infantem, enfant (§ 72); (2) 
 ductilis was at first regularly contracted 
 into duct'lis (§ 51) ; (3) this was changed 
 into ducllis by assimilation of the t'l into 
 // (§ 268), and its change into cl, a change 
 which occurred in Lat. (the Roman people 
 changed vet'lus, vetulus ; sit'la, situla, 
 into vec'lus, sicla); (4) ducllis became 
 douille, by cl = il (Hist. Gram. p. 71), 
 and VL — ou (§ 90). So too sicla he- 
 c?Lme seille ; v e c\us, vieil; and volat'lia, 
 volatile. — Der. andouillette. 
 
 ANDOUILLER, sm. an antler. Origin un- 
 
 ^ known (§ 35). 
 
 ANE, sm. an ass. O. Fr. asne, from L. asinus. 
 For the loss of the short i see § 51 ; for 
 the loss of the s, and for the circumflex 
 accent, see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. awesse 
 (§ 222), anon (§ 231), anerie (§ 244, 
 note 2). 
 
 ANEANTIR, va. to annihilate. See neant. — 
 Der. aneanlissement (§ 225, note 5). 
 
 Anecdote, sf an anecdote, from Gr. dven- 
 80TOS, that which has never yet been given 
 out, kept secret. — Der. anecdoiique (§ 247, 
 note 4). 
 Anemone, sf. the anemone ; from L. ane- 
 mone. 
 An^vrisme, sm. an aneurism; in the 15th 
 
a6 
 
 A NFRA CTUE UX — A NNONCER. 
 
 cent, an^vrysme, from Gr. ayfvpvfffm, a 
 dilatation (of the veins). 
 
 Anfractueux, adj. crooked, tortuous ; from 
 L. anfractuosus. — Der. anfractuos\t6. 
 
 ANGE, sm. an angel ; from L. angelus. 
 Angdlus became ange, according to the 
 law of the Lat. accent (§ 51). Ange is 
 a doublet of angelus. 
 
 Ang61ique, (i) adj, angelic, (2) sf. the 
 angelica; from L. angel icus. The plant 
 called the • angelica ' received this name 
 from the excellence ascribed to it by l6th- 
 cent. physicians, who believed that it would 
 cure the stings of insects, and serpents' 
 bites. 
 
 Angine, sf. (Med.) angina (pectoris) ; from 
 L. angina. 
 
 ANGLE, sf. an angle ; from L. angulus. 
 For the loss of the penult, ti, see § 51. — 
 Der. anguleux, from L. angulosus (for 
 -os\xa = -etix see § 229); angulaire, from 
 L. angularis. 
 
 ANGOISSE, sf. anguish, pang ; from L. an- 
 gustia. For st = ss cp. testonem*, 
 tesson (§ 168). 
 
 This very uncommon reduction of st 
 into s was known to the Lat. : we find 
 pos-legem for post-legem in Roman 
 land-surveyors, and posquam for post- 
 quam in some gloss writers. 
 
 Angustia, thus changed into angusia, 
 became angoisse, by the change of Lat. u 
 into oi, which is often caused by the attrac- 
 tion of an i, as in fusionem, foison (§ 
 96) ; but it also occurs when u is alone, 
 (l) if accented, as in crticem, croix, etc. 
 (§ 91); (2) or of u atonic, as in muc^re, 
 moisir. 
 
 "t Angora, sf. angora, a word of historic 
 origin (§ 33), a kind of cat brought from 
 Angora in Asia Minor (L. Ancyredes). 
 The Angora cat, the Angora goat and 
 rabbit, are notable for the fineness and 
 length of the hair of their coat. 
 
 ANGUILLE, sf. an eel ; from L. angixilla. 
 
 ANICROCHE, sf. a hindrance, obstacle; in 
 the 16th cent, hanicroche, something that 
 catches one as on a hook. Tous ces 
 gens-la, says Regnard, sont faits de croche 
 et d^anicroche. Anicroche originally, then, 
 meant the same as croche, a crook, quaver. 
 In Rabelais, hanicroche is used for the 
 sharp point of a hook, lis aiguisoient 
 piques, hallebardes, hanicroches. Origin 
 unknown (§ 35). 
 
 ANIER, sm. an ass-driver. O. Fr. asnier, 
 from L. asinarius, by dropping the short 
 
 i (§ 52), and by a = ie (as'-narius = 
 asnier), a change to be seen also in can is, 
 chien, etc. (§ 54) ; and in all Lat. suf- 
 fixes in -aris, -arius, which become -er, 
 -ier, as primarius, premier (§§ 197, 198). 
 The suffix -ier, perhaps the most common in 
 Fr., has formed many deriv. which had no 
 original in Lat., as barriere from barre, per- 
 ruqiiier ^xom perruque, arbale trier from arba- 
 lete, etc. This suffix usually marks (l) trades, 
 boutiquier, potier, batelier, berger, archer, 
 ecuyer, viguier; (2) objects of daily use, 
 sablier, encrier, foyer, etc. ; (3) vegetables, 
 laurier, grenadier, figuier, pommier, poirier, 
 peuplier, cerisier, etc. 
 
 Animadversion, sf. animadversion ; from 
 L. animadversionem. 
 
 Animal, sm. an animal; from L. animal. 
 — Der. animaliser, animalite, animalcule' 
 (§ 154, note 4). 
 
 Animer, va. to animate ; from L. animare. 
 
 — Der. a«2TOation, lanimer (Hist. Gram, 
 p. 179). 
 
 Anis, sm. anise, aniseed ; from L. anisum. 
 — Der. aniser, anisette (§ 282). 
 
 Ankylose, sf. (Med.) ankylosis ; from Gr. 
 dyKvXojms. — Der. ankylose. 
 
 Annales, sf. pi. annals; from L. annales. 
 Der. a?tnaliste (§ 217). 
 
 Annate, sf. annates, yearly income ; from 
 L. an n at a* (found in medieval documents 
 in the sense of yearly revenue). 
 
 ANNEAU, sm. a ring ; from L. annellus 
 (in Horace). For -ellus = -ea2^ see § 204. 
 Anneau in O. Fr. was annel, a form which 
 is retained in the deriv. annelet, anneler, 
 annelnxe. 
 
 ANNEE, sf. a year; from Merov. Lat. an- 
 nata, which from L. annus. For -ata = 
 -ee see § 201. Annee is a doublet of 
 annate, q. v. 
 
 Annexe, sf. an annexe; from L. annexus. 
 — Der. annexex, annexion. 
 
 Annihiler, va. to annihilate; from L. an- 
 nihilare. 
 
 Anniversaire, adj. anniversary; from L. 
 anniversarius. 
 
 ANNONCER, va. to announce ; from L. an- 
 nuntiare. — Der. annonce (verbal subst., 
 § 184). 
 
 For -tiare = -cer, see agencer. The 
 change of u into is to be found in very 
 many words : the accented Lat, u becomes 
 when long by position, as in columba, 
 colombe (§ 97). The atonic Lat. u be- 
 comes o, when short, as in ciineata, 
 cognee, etc. (§ 93) ; when long by nature, 
 
ANNOTER — ANTIMOINE. 
 
 27 
 
 as in frumentum, frotnent, etc. (§ 96); 
 when long by position, as in urtica, ortie, 
 etc. (§ 97). 
 
 This change of the Lat. u into most 
 frequently occurs (as we have just seen) 
 before nasals and liquids, following a u in 
 position : it is also found in the Lat. ; thus 
 volpes, volsus, voltus, volnus, volt, 
 exist by the side of vulpes, vulsus, vultus, 
 vulnus, vult. In Old Lat. the finals -us, 
 -um, -unt, and the sufBxes -ulus, -ula, are 
 usually -OS, -om, -ont, -olos, -ola ; we 
 also find popolus, tabola, vincola, non- 
 tiare, sont, consolere, for populus, 
 tabula, vincula, nuntiare, sunt, con- 
 sul ere, in the oldest Roman inscriptions. 
 The rostral column has on it pop lorn, 
 diebos, navebos, primos, for populum, 
 diebus, navibus, primus : we may also 
 mention the beginning of the well-known 
 inscription on the tomb of the Scipios, 
 ' Hone oino ploirume consentiont duonoro 
 optumo fuise viro, Luciom Scipione, fi- 
 lios Barbati, consol.' The Graffiti of 
 Pompeii, and certain inscriptions of the 
 later Empire, have also dolcissima, mon- 
 do, tomolo, for dulcissima, mundo, 
 tumulo ; and solcus, fornus, moltus, 
 sordus, polchrum, colpam are found in 
 texts of the 5th and 6th cent. Lastly, 
 several Merov. diplomas have titolum, 
 singoli, somus, fondamentis, polsatur, 
 onde, for singuli, sumus, fundamentis, 
 pulsatur, unde. 
 
 Annoter, va. to annotate; from L. anno- 
 tare. — Der. a««o/ation. 
 
 Annuaire, sm. a year-book; from L. an- 
 nuarium. 
 
 ANNUEL, adj. annual; from L. annualis. 
 See 071. 
 
 Annuite, s/. an annuity; from L. annui- 
 tatem. 
 
 Annulaire, adj. annular; from L. annu- 
 larius. 
 
 Aimuler, va. to annul ; from L. annullare, 
 to annihilate (used by S. Jerome). — Der. 
 annuhixon. 
 
 ANOBLIR, va. to ennoble ; -ISSEMENT, sm. 
 ennoblement (§ 225, note 5). See noble. 
 
 Auodin, {i)adj. soothing; (2) sm. an ano- 
 dyne; from L. anodynos, painless (used by 
 Marcellus Empiricus). 
 
 Anomal, adj. anomalous ; from Gr. dvw/jia- 
 \os — Der. anomalie. 
 
 ANON, sm. a young ass. See ane. — Der. 
 dnonner. 
 
 Anonyme, (1) adj. anonymous, (2) sf. an 
 
 anonymous author ; from L. anony- 
 mus. 
 
 ANSE, sf. a handle ; from L. ansa. 
 
 Antagonisme, sm. antagonism ; from Gr. 
 avTayuviafia. — Der. antagonists (§ 217). 
 
 Antarctique, adj. antarctic; from Gr. 
 dvrapKTLKds. 
 
 Ant6c6dent, adj. antecedent; from L. 
 antecedentem. 
 
 Antechrist, sm. antichrist ; in Rabelais an- 
 tichrist ; from Gr. dvTixpiOTos. 
 
 Ant6diluvien, adj. antediluvian ; imitated 
 from antediluvianus. 
 
 Antenne, sf. an antenna; from L. antenna. 
 
 Ant6p6nulti§ine, (l) adj. antepenulti- 
 mate, (2) sf. the antepenult, that which 
 precedes (ante) the penultimate. See 
 penultieme. 
 
 Ant6rieur, adj. anterior; from L. anterior. 
 — Der. anterionte. 
 
 Anthdre, sf. an anther ; from Gr. dvOrjpos, 
 from dvOos. 
 
 Anthologie, sf. anthology ; from Gr. dvOo- 
 \oyia. 
 
 Anthracite, sf. anthracite, stone coal ; de- 
 rived from L. anthracem. Anthracites 
 is used by Pliny for a precious stone. 
 
 Anthrax, sm. (Med.) anthrax ; from L. 
 anthrax. 
 
 Anthropologie, sf. anthropology; from 
 Gr. dvOpoorros, and \6yos. 
 
 Anthropophage, adj. anthropophagous; 
 from Gr. dvOpojiros and (pajeiv. 
 
 Antichambre, sf. an antechamber; from 
 L. ante, and Fr. chambre, a learned and 
 irregular compd. 
 
 Anticiper, va. to anticipate; from L. an- 
 ticipare. 
 
 Antidate, sf an antedate; from L. ante, 
 and Fr. date, a false date earlier than the 
 right one. — Der. antidatex. 
 
 Antidote, sm. an antidote; from L. anti- 
 dotum. 
 
 ANTIENNE, sf. an anthem ; from L. anti- 
 ph.ona (chant of alternate voices). Anti- 
 (ph)6na lost its medial ph (/), a loss 
 very uncommon in Fr. and only met with 
 in three other words, viz. scro(f)ellae*, 
 ecrouelles; Stephanus, Etienne ; bi(f)a- 
 cem*, biais. Antienne is a doublet of 
 antiphone, q. v. 
 
 For o = e (a very rare change), cp. non- 
 illud, nennil. 
 Antilope, sf. the antelope. Origin un- 
 known (§ 35). 
 Antimoine, sm. antimony. Origin un- 
 known (§ 35). 
 
28 
 
 A NTINOMIE — A POSTOLIQUE. 
 
 Antinomie, sf. antinomy ; from Gr. dyri- 
 vofua. 
 
 Antipathie, sf. antipathy ; from Gr. &vti- 
 irdOfia. 
 
 Antiphonaire, sf. an anthem-book ; from 
 L. antiphonarium from antiphona, 
 antiphone, which is a doublet of antienne, 
 q.v. 
 
 Antiphrase, sf. an antiphrase; from Gr. 
 ovr'nppaais. See phrase. 
 
 Antipode, sm. antipodes; from L. anti- 
 podes. 
 
 Antiquaille, sf. an old curiosity; intro- 
 duced in the 1 6th cent, from It. anticaglia 
 
 (§ ^5). 
 Antique, adj. ancient, antique; from L. 
 antiquus. — Der. an/Zyr/aire, antiqmXe. An- 
 tique is a doublet of O. Fr. anti, antif. 
 An-tithdse, sf. antithesis; from Gr. avri- 
 
 deais. See these. 
 Antonomase, sf. (Rhet.) antonomasia; 
 
 from Gr. avTojuo/Maia. 
 Afltre, sm. a cave, den; from L. antrum. 
 Anus, sm. (Med.) the anus; from L. anus. 
 Anxi6t6, sf. anxiety; from L. anxieta- 
 
 tem. 
 Anxieux, adj. anxious ; from L. anxiosus. 
 Aorte, sf. (Med.) the aorta ; from Gk. doprr] 
 
 (Aristotle). 
 AOUT, sm. august. O. Fr. aoust, Pro v. aost, 
 It. agosto; from L. augustus. ' For the 
 fall of g in augustus, aout, see Hist. Gram, 
 p. 82 ; for au = see § 106 (this o is 
 dropped unusually to a, as in orichalcum, 
 archal) ; for u = ou see § 90 ; for the sup- 
 pression of the s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. 
 AoUt is a doublet of atigiiste, q. v. 
 APAISER, va. to appease ; der. from paix 
 through the O. Fr. form pais. See paix. — 
 Der. apaisement. 
 APANAGE, sm. an apanage, now restricted 
 to a domain given to princes of the blood 
 royal for their sustenance : in feudal law it 
 meant any pension or alimentation. Apa- 
 nage is derived from the O. Fr. verb apaner, 
 to nourish ; apanage being derived from 
 apaner, like badinage from badiner, patenlin- 
 age from pateliner, savonnage from savon- 
 ner, etc. (§ 248). 
 
 Apaner is the feudal Lat. apanare, 
 adpanare, from panis. 
 + Aparte, adv. aside; two unaltered Lat. 
 
 words (a, parte). 
 Apathie, sf. apathy ; from Gr. andSfia. — 
 
 Der. apath\(\\it. 
 APERCEVOIR, va. to perceive. See perce- 
 voir. — Der. apergvi, aperception. 
 
 Ap6rltif, adj. aperient ; from L. aperitivus, 
 
 from aperire. 
 Apetisser, va. to make little. See petit. 
 
 — Der. lapelisser. 
 Aphorisme, sm. an aphorism; from Gr. 
 
 d<popi(Tix6s. 
 Aphthe, sm. (Med.) thrush, mouth-ulcer ; 
 
 from L. aphtha. 
 Api, sm. rosiness (of apples) ; from L. ap- 
 
 piana. Pliny uses the phrase * appiana 
 
 mala' for ' rosy-cheeked apples.' 
 APITOYER, va. to touch with pity ; compd. 
 
 of a (Hist. Gram. p. 177) and a primitive 
 
 pitoyer (which survives in pitoyable, impitoy- 
 
 able). Pitoyer is derived from pitie, q. v. 
 APLANIR, va. to make level. See plane. 
 
 — Der. a/)/amssement (§ 255, note 5). 
 APLATIR, va. to flatten. See plat.— Der. 
 
 appl a/i^sement (§ 255, note 5). 
 APLOMB, sm. (Archit.) perpendicularity (as 
 
 of a wall), thence stability, self-possession ; 
 
 derived from a and plomb, because one 
 
 plumbs a wall with a leaden plummet. 
 Apocalypse, sf. the apocalypse ; from Gr. 
 
 dnoKoXvipis. — Der. apocalyptique. 
 Apocope, sf. (Gram.) apocope; from Gr. 
 
 dtTOKOirrj. 
 Apocryphe, adj. apocryphal; from Gr. 
 
 drroKpvcpos. 
 Apog6e, sm. (Astron.) apogee, greatest dis- 
 
 ance from earth ; from Gk. dnoyaiov. 
 Apolog6tique, adj. apologetic; from Gr. 
 
 dnoKoyrjTiKds. 
 Apologie, sf. apology ; from Gr. dvoXoyia. 
 
 — Der. apologiste (§ 217). 
 Apologue, sm. an apologue, fable; from 
 
 Gr. dnoKoyos. 
 Apophthegme, sm. an apophthegm ; from 
 
 Gr. dn6<pO€yfw.. 
 Apoplexie, sf. apoplexy; from Gr. drro- 
 
 Apostasie, sf apostasy ; from Gr. dnoaTa- 
 aia. — Der. apostat, from Gr. dTroffrdTTjs. 
 
 APOSTER, va. to place, post (for a bad pur- 
 pose) ; compd. of poster, q. v. 
 
 Apostille, sf a postil, postscript; compd. of 
 a and pastille, which is simply a transcript of 
 the schol. Lat. post ill a (meaning explana- 
 tion, subjoined annotation). The full phrase 
 is post ilia [verba auctoris]. Several 
 medieval treatises have this word in their 
 titles ; as ' Postillae in Psalterium,' 
 'Postillae Morales,' etc. — Der. apostiller. 
 
 Apostolat, sm. the apostolate ; from L. 
 apostolatus (Tertullian). 
 
 Apostolique, adj. apostolical ; from L. 
 apostolicus. 
 
APOSTR OPHE—A PPOINTER . 
 
 29 
 
 Apostrophe, (i) (Rhet.) an apostrophe, 
 rebuke, quick interruption ; from Gk. avo- 
 arpocpij (used of an orator who turns aside 
 to address any one) : (2) (Gram.) the or- 
 thographic sign called an apostrophe ; from 
 L. apostrophus. 
 
 Apostume, sm. an abscess ; corruption 
 (§ 172) of aposteme, which is from Gr. 
 
 Apoth.6ose, sf. apotheosis, deification ; from 
 Gr. airoOiOJOLS. 
 
 Apothicaire, sm. an apothecary ; from 
 L, apothecarius, one who keeps an 
 apotheca, or shop. Apothicaire is a 
 doublet of boutiquier, q. v. 
 
 APOTRE, sm. an apostle. O. Fr. apostre, 
 still earlier apostle ; from L. apostolus. 
 Apostolus, contracted into apost'lus 
 after the law of Lat. accent (see § 51), pro- 
 duced the O. Fr. apostle, which became 
 apostre by changing I into r, as in ulmus, 
 orme, (§ 157), and, at the beginning of a 
 word, in the single example of lusciniola, 
 rossigfiol, which is written .ruse inio la in 
 a 7th-cent. text (§ 157). 
 
 This change of / into r was not un- 
 known to the Romans, who said either 
 palilia or parilia, caeluleus or caeru- 
 leus. ^ 
 
 APPARAITRE, va. to become visible, ap- 
 pear, look, seem ; from popular L. appa- 
 rescere. Appar6sc(e)re being accented 
 on the antepenult, became regularly (§51) 
 appares're ; this gave the O. Fr. appar- 
 oistre, (i) by ST — str (see under ancetre, 
 and Hist. Gram. p. 74), (2) by e = oi and 
 oi = ai (§ 63). For the loss of the s {appar- 
 aistre, apparaitre), see Hist. Gram. p. 81. 
 
 Apparat, sm. pomp, state ; from L. appa- 
 ratus. 
 
 APPAREIL, sm. preparation ; verbal subst. 
 from appareiller (§ 184). 
 
 APPAREILLER, va. to pair, match, to put 
 together. For the etymology see pareil; 
 for ad = ap see Hist. Gram. p. 177 and 
 § 168. — Der. appareil. 
 
 APPAREMMENT, cc?i/. apparently; formed 
 from the adj. apparent. On apparemment 
 for apparentment see § 168. 
 
 Apparent, adj. apparent; from L. appa- 
 rentem. 
 
 APPARENTER, va. to ally by marriage. See 
 parent. 
 
 APPARIER, va. to match, pair. See paire. 
 
 Appariteur, sm. an apparitor ; from L. 
 apparitorem (a servant, or inferior officer, 
 attached to the Roman magistrates). 
 
 Apparition, sf. an apparition ; from L. 
 apparitionem. 
 
 APPAROIR, vn. to be apparent ; from L. 
 apparere. For e = oz see § 62. 
 
 APPARTEMENT, sm. an apartment; from 
 low L. appartiiuentuni. 
 
 APPARTENIR, vn. to appertain, belong; 
 from L. adpertinere, appertinere, 
 compd. of pertinere (to belong, in Ter- 
 tullian). For e = a see amender and Hist. 
 Gram. p. 48; for i=^e see Hist. Gram, 
 p. 49 ; for accented e^i see Hist. Gram, 
 p. 50. 
 
 APPAS, sm. pi. attractions, charms, anything 
 that allures : a pi. word simply because 
 it is in fact the pi. of appat. Appdt, O. Fr, 
 appast, was then in pi. appasts, of which 
 appas is a corruption. For the etymology 
 see appat, which is its doublet. 
 
 APPAT, sm. a bait, allurement ; O. Fr. appast, 
 medieval Lat. appastum, adpastum 
 (food to allure game or fish), compd. of 
 class. Lat. pastum. — Der. appdter. Ap- 
 pdt is a doublet of appas, q. v. 
 
 APPAUVRIR, va. to impoverish ; -ISSE- 
 MENT, sm. impoverishment. See pauvre. 
 
 APPEAU, sm. a bird-call, decoy-bird, formerly 
 appel (as beau has come from bel, § 1 5 7), 
 an instrument which, by imitating a bird's 
 note, draws it into a snare. Appeau is 
 then only a secondary form of appel, q. v. 
 
 APPEL, sm. a call, appeal ; verbal subst. of 
 appeler. 
 
 APPELER, va. to call ; from L. appellare. 
 — Der. appel. 
 
 Appellation, sf. an appellation, naming, 
 appeal; from L. appellationem. 
 
 Appendice, sm. an appendix ; from L. 
 appendicem. 
 
 APPENDRE, va. to hang up; from L. ap- 
 pendere. For the dropping of the penult. 
 Lat. e. see § 51. 
 
 APPENTIS, sm. a shed, pent-house ; from L. 
 appendicium, deriv. of appendere. 
 
 APPESANTIR, va. to make heavy, weigh 
 down . See pesant. 
 
 App6tit, sm. appetite; from L. appetitus. 
 — Der. appetissznt. 
 
 Applaudir, va. to applaud ; from L. ap- 
 plaudere. — Der. applaud\%s&mQi\t (§ 225, 
 note 5). 
 
 Appliquer, va. to apply; from L. appli- 
 care. — Der. appliczhle, applicztxon. 
 
 APPOINT, sm. odd money, balance due on 
 account. See point. 
 
 APPOINTER, va. to refer a cause ; -MENT, 
 sm. a salary. See point. 
 
30 
 
 APPORTER — A QUILIN. 
 
 APPORTER, va. to bring ; from L. appor- 
 , tare. — Der. apport (verbal subst., § 184), 
 
 rapport, rapporter, rapporteur. 
 APPOSER, va. to set, affix ; from L. appau- 
 sare, compd. of pausare, whence poser. 
 For au = o see § 107. 
 Appr6cier, va. to appreciate, ascertain 
 (weight) ; from L. appretiare (to estimate 
 worth, in TertuUian). — Der. a/»/>re«ation, 
 apprecuh\e. 
 Appr6hender, va. to apprehend ; from L. 
 apprehendere. Apprehender is a doublet 
 of apprendre. — Der. apprehension, from L. 
 apprehensionem. 
 
 APPRENDRE, va. {i') to learn, (2) to teach; 
 from L. apprendSre, a form which co- 
 existed in Lat. with apprekendere. (Ap- 
 prendere is found in Silius Italicus.) For 
 the loss of the penult, e, see § 51. — Der. 
 dhapprendre, apprenti (which was in O. Fr. 
 apprentif, from low L. apprendivus, a 
 medieval deriv. of apprendere. Apprendre 
 is a doublet of apprehender, q. v. 
 
 APPRENTI, sm. an apprentice. See appren- 
 dre. — Der. apprentisszge. 
 
 APPRETER, va. to make ready. See pret. 
 — Der. appret (verbal subst.). 
 
 APPRIVOISER, va. to tame; from L. ap- 
 privitiaie *. Apprivitiare is from 
 privus. For -tiaxe = -ser see agencer; 
 for i = oi see § 68. 
 
 Approbation, sf. approbation ; from L. 
 approbationem. 
 
 APPROCHER, va. to approach; from L. 
 appropiare (in Sulpicius Severus and St. 
 Jerome). For •pi = ch by consonification 
 of the i into 7, and consequent disappearance 
 of the first consonant p, see Hist. Gram, 
 p. 65. — Der. approche (verbal subst.), rap- 
 procher, rapprochement. 
 
 APPROFONDIR, va. to deepen, to fathom. 
 See profond. 
 
 Approprier, va. to appropriate ; from L. 
 appropriare. — Der. appropriztion. 
 
 APPROUVER, va. to approve ; from L. ap- 
 probare. For o = ow see § 81 ; for b = i/ 
 see § 113. — Der, desapprouver. 
 
 APPROVISIONNER, va. to provision ; 
 -EMENT, sm. storing, stock, supply. See 
 provision, 
 
 Approximatif, adj. approximate; from 
 schol. L. approximativus. 
 
 Approximation, sf, an approximation; 
 from schol. L. approximationem. 
 
 APPUI, sm. a support, stay; verbal subst. of 
 appuyer (§ 184). 
 
 APPUYER, va. to support, prop up; from 
 
 late Lat. appodiare*, found in William 
 of Nangis, 'Appodiantes gladios lateri 
 eius': and in the Philipp. of William the 
 Breton, we have, ' Fossis iam plenis parmas 
 ad moenia miles appodiat.' Pui is from 
 podium (a balcony, in Pliny ; a base, 
 pedestal, in other writers). S'appuyer is, 
 therefore, to support oneself by the help 
 of something, of a pui, a prop. That 
 podium produced pui, as hodie has 
 hui (in aujourd'hui), as m odium, itiuid, as 
 in odio, ennui, is perfectly certain. For the 
 attraction of the Lat. i see Hist. Gram. 
 PP' 53» 77 ; for the loss of the d see Hist. 
 Gram. p. 81. 
 
 Lastly, low Lat. appodiare, from po- 
 
 divma, and It. appogiare from poggio, 
 
 both in the sense of appuyer, confirm this 
 
 ^ etymology. 
 
 APRE, adj. rough, harsh ; formerly aspre, 
 
 from L. asper. — Der. apremenl. 
 APRES,^re/). after. See /res. 
 APRETE, sf. roughness, harshness. O. Fr. 
 asprete, from L. asperitatem. Asper(i)- 
 tatem, contracted into asper'tatem. (§52), 
 at first produced asperte (for atem = e, 
 see § 230), and asperte became asprete, by 
 the displacement and transposition of the 
 r, with a view to an easier pronunciation. 
 This metathesis (discussed in Hist. Gram, 
 p. 77), frequent in Fr., also takes place in 
 Gr., as in KapSia and Kpabia ; and in Lat., as 
 in crevi,pret. of cerno, sprevi of sperno, 
 etc. In Fr. this metathesis of the r is seen 
 in vervecem, brebis; it has also taken 
 place within the Fr. language in com- 
 paratively modern days : in the 1 7th cent, 
 the word brelan was proncd. either berlan 
 or brelan ; peasants say berbis, bertaudre, 
 berteche, for brebis, bretauder, breteche, etc. 
 Aprete is a doublet of asperite, q. v. 
 A-PROPOS, adv. apropos. See propos. 
 Apte, adj. apt ; from L. aptus. — Der. apt- 
 itude, which is a doublet of attitude, q. v. 
 APURER, va. to audit (accounts) ; -MENT, 
 
 sm. an audit. See pur. 
 t Aquarelle, sf. water-colour; from It. 
 
 acquarella (§ 25). 
 + Aquarium, an aquarium; from. L. 
 aquarium. Aquarium is a doublet of 
 evier, q. v. 
 Aquatique, adj. aquatic; from L. aqua- 
 
 ticus. 
 Aqueduc, sm. an aqueduct ; from L. aquae- 
 
 ductus. 
 Aquilin, adj, aquiline; from L. aquili- 
 nus. 
 
A QUILON — ARCHITECTONIQUE. 
 
 31 
 
 Aquilon, sm. the north wind ; from L. 
 aquilonem. Aquilon is a doublet of 
 aiglon. 
 
 t Arabesque, sm. ac?/. arabesque ; from 
 arabe, through the It. arahesco (§ 25). 
 
 Arable, adj. arable; from L. arabilis. 
 
 ARAGNE, sf. a spider ; O. Fr. araigne, from 
 L. aranea. For the change of the suffix 
 -anea into -agne, -aigne, cp. castanea*, 
 chataigne ; montanea*, montague ; Cam- 
 pania*, campagne. -aneus usually be- 
 came -ain, as subitaneus, soudain. In 
 O. Fr. aranea was called araigne, and 
 its web araignee, from araneata (the 
 work of the aranea). For the loss of 
 Lat. t see § 201. In the 16th cent, the 
 etymol. meaning was lost, and the insect 
 was called either araigne or araignee. In 
 the 1 7th cent, araignee drove out the other 
 form, and we find araigne no later than 
 La Fontaine. The word is now banished to 
 patois. The loss of it is certainly to be 
 regretted. It survives only in the compd. 
 tnusaraigne. 
 
 ARAIGNEE, s/. a spider. See aragne. 
 
 Aratoire, adj. belonging to tillage ; from L. 
 aratorius. 
 
 ARBALETE, sf. an arbalet, cross-bow. O. Fr. 
 arhaleste, from L, arcubalista (in Ve- 
 getius). Arcubalista, contracted into 
 arc'balista in low Lat., became arbalete, 
 (1) by reduction of re into r, as in quadri- 
 furcum*, carrefour ; (2) by the loss of 
 the s of O. Fr. arhaleste ; see Hist. Gram, 
 p. 81. — Der. arbaletritr. 
 
 1. ARBITRE, sm. an umpire, arbiter; from 
 L. arbiter. — Der. arbiirage, arbitniie, 
 arbitrA. 
 
 2. Arbitre, sm. arbitrement, free-will ; from 
 L. arbitrium. — Der. arbitrniie. 
 
 Arborer, va. to set up (a standard), lit. to 
 raise upright like a tree (arbre) ; from low 
 L. arborare, from arbor. The It. word 
 alberare is similarly formed from albero (a 
 tree). See § 15. 
 
 ARBOUSE, sf. the arbutus berry ; from L. ar- 
 buteus, deriv. of arbutus. Arbuteus, 
 regularly changed into arbutius (see § 58), 
 gives arbouse, by u = om (see § 90), and 
 ti^s (sfee agencer, and § 264). — Der. ar- 
 bousier. 
 
 ARBRE, sf a tree ; from L. arborem. For 
 the loss of the o, see § 51. 
 
 ARBRISSEAU, sm. a shrub, small tree ; from 
 L. arborieeUus, dim. of arbor. For 
 the loss of o see § 52; for c = ss see 
 amide; for -ellus = -eaM see § 282. 
 
 Arbuste, sm. a bush; from L. arbus- 
 tum. 
 
 ARC, sm. a bow, arc, arch ; from L. arcus. 
 Arc n z doublet of arche. — Der. archer. 
 
 t Arcade, sf an arcade; from the It. 
 (§ 25). 
 
 Arc-boutant, sm. (Archit.) an arched but- 
 tress, flying buttress. See bouter. 
 
 ARCEAU, sm. a vault, arch; O. Fr. arcel (lit. 
 a little arc). See arc. 
 
 ARC-EN-CIEL, sm. a rainbow ; from arc, en, 
 and del. See Hist. Gram. p. 176. 
 
 Archaisme, sm. an archaism ; from Gr. 
 apx°'^^i^^^- — D^r- archdi(\we. 
 
 ARCHAL, sm. brass wire; from L. orichal- 
 cum. For o = a see aout; for loss of i 
 see § 52. 
 
 ARCHANGE, sm. an archangel; from L. 
 archangelus (St. Jerome). Arcbangelus 
 is Gr. apxayye^os, from dpx^i- and dy- 
 yfXos. 
 
 ARCHE, (i) sf. an ark; from L. area. (2) 
 sf. an arch ; from L. archia *, deriv. of 
 arcus, a bow. — Der. archev, which is a 
 doublet of arquer. 
 
 Arch^ologie, sf. archaeology ; from Gr. 
 apxaiokoyia, from dpxaios and \6yos. — 
 Der. arc/te'o/ogue. 
 
 ARCHET, sm. a bow, fiddlestick; dim. of arc, 
 cp. cochet from coq, § 281. Arche t was ori- 
 ginally a wand bent in form of a bow. 
 
 ARCHEVEQUE, sm. an archbishop ; from 
 eccles. Lat. archiepiseopus, from Gr. 
 dpxi- and kmaKoitos. Episc(6)pus, fol- 
 lowing the law of Lat. accent (see § 51), 
 dropped the short vowel 6, then, for 
 euphony, not being able to bear the three 
 consonants scp together, it dropped the p ; 
 the word, then reduced to episc, became 
 evesque, (i) by p = i', see § iii; (2) by 
 i = e, see § 72 ; (3) hy c^q, see § 124, and 
 Hist. Gram. p. 63 : then evesque became 
 eveque, by the suppression of the s; see 
 Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. archeveche. 
 
 ARCHIDIACRE, sm. an archdeacon; from 
 Gr. dpxi- and diacre. 
 
 Archiduc, sm. an archduke ; from Gr. dpx*- 
 and due. 
 
 t Archipel, sm. an archipelago; from It. 
 arcipelago. In the 1 7th cent, the It. form 
 was still retained by some, who wrote archi- 
 pelague (§25). 
 
 ARCHITECTE, sm. an architect; from L. 
 architectus. — Der. architectare, -ural. 
 
 Architectonique, adj. related to archi- 
 tecture, architectonic; from Gr. apxircK- 
 
 TOVlKOS. ■ 
 
32 
 
 ARCHITRA VE — ARRIRA GES. 
 
 Architrave, sf. (Archlt.) an architrave; 
 
 from Gr. <Jpx*~ *"^ L. trabem. 
 Archives, sf.pl. archives; from L. archi- 
 
 vum (Tenullian). — Der. arc/»"t/iste. 
 tArchivolte, sf. (Archit.) archivault, 
 
 introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. arcivoUo 
 
 (§ 25). 
 AR(^ON, sm. saddlebow (like It. arcione) ; 
 
 from Low Lat. axcionem, dim. of arcus. 
 
 The saddlebow is a piece of arched 
 
 wood. — Der. ddsarponner (Hist. Gram. 
 
 p. 178). 
 Arctique, adj. arctic; from Gr. &pktik6s, 
 
 which from apKTos, the Bear, the constella- 
 tion near the North Pole. 
 Ardent, adj. burning, ardent ; from L. 
 
 ardentem. — Der. ardemment. 
 Ardeur, sf. heat, ardour ; from L. ar- 
 
 dorem. 
 ARDILLON, sm. the tongue of a buckle. 
 
 Origin unknown (§ 35). 
 ARDOISE, sf. slate. Origin unknown (§ 35). 
 Ardu, adj. steep ; from L, arduus. 
 Are, sw. an are (in Mensuration) = 1,196,049 
 
 sq. yards ; from L. area. Are is a doublet 
 
 of aire, q. v. 
 Ar^ne, sf. sand ; from L. arena. 
 ARETE, sf. fish-bone ; from L. arista (used 
 
 for a fish-bone in Ausonius). For i = e 
 
 see § 72 ; for the loss of s see Hist. Gram. 
 
 p. 81. 
 ARGENT, sm. silver; from L. argentum. — 
 
 Der. argenttx (formed from argent, after the 
 
 pattern of are = cr, § 263), -erie (§§ 208, 
 
 244), -ure (§ 236), -ier (§ i98),-in(§ 220), 
 
 A^inrgent&x (Hist. Gram. p. 178). 
 Argile, «/. clay; from L. argilla. — Der. 
 
 argilleux. 
 Argot, sm. slang. Origin unknown (§ 35). 
 i" Argousin, sm. a convict-warder ; in the 
 
 1 6th cent, algosans, corrupted from Sp. 
 
 alguazil (§ 26). 
 Arguer, va. to accuse, reprove; from L. 
 
 arguere. 
 Argument, sm. an argument ; from L. 
 
 argumentum. — Der. argumentei, -ation. 
 Argutie, sf. a quibble; from L. argutia. 
 Aride, adj. arid, dry; from L. aridus. — 
 
 Der. aridite. 
 + Ariette, s/a little air, tune; dim. of It. 
 
 aria, introd. by LuUi (§ 25). 
 Aristocratie, sf. an aristocracy ; ftom Gr. 
 
 dpiaTOKparda. ^ f 
 
 Arithm6tique, sf. arithmetic f" from L. 
 
 arithmetica. 
 + Arlequin, sm. a harlequin; introduced 
 
 in i6th cent, from Jt. arlechino (§ 25). 
 
 Armateur, sm. a shipowner, privateer cap- 
 tain, privateer ; from L. armator. 
 
 ARME, sf arm, weapon ; from L. arma. — 
 Der. armtx (§ 263), -^e (§ 201) (part, 
 subst., § 184), -enient (§ 225), -ure (§ 236) 
 (of which the doublet is armature), -orier 
 (§ 198), -orial (§ 191). 
 
 Armet, sm. a helmet, headpiece. Origin 
 unknown (§ 35). 
 
 Armistice, sm. an armistice; from L. ar- 
 mistitium *. 
 
 ARMOIRE, sf. clothes-press, chest of drawers. 
 O. Fr. armaire, from L. ariuariuxa. For 
 oi and ai see § 63 ; in this case the process 
 is reversed. 
 
 ARMOIRIES, sf. pi. a coat of arms, arms ; 
 O. Fr. armoyeries, der. from the old verb 
 armoyer, to emblazon, which from arme, 
 like larmoyer from larme. 
 
 ARMOISE, sf (Bot.) mugwort ; from L. 
 artemisia. For the loss of the atonic e 
 see § 52 ; for the accented i = oi see § 68. 
 
 ARMORIAL, adj. armorial. See arme. 
 
 Arm.ure, sf. armour. See arme. — Der. ar- 
 mtir'xtx. 
 
 Arome, sm. aroma ; from L. aroma. — Der. 
 aromatique, aromatiser. 
 
 ARONDE, sf. a swallow; from L. hirundo. 
 This word is used in the 1 7th cent, by La 
 Fontaine ; in the iSth by Voltaire. For 
 loss of the Lat. initial h see §134; for 
 atonic i = a see Hist. Gram. p. 48; for u = o 
 see § 97. 
 
 + Arp§ge, sm. (Mus.) an arpeggio; from 
 It. arpeggio, derived from arpa, a harp 
 
 (§ 25)- 
 
 ARPENT, sm. an acre. Prov. arpen, from 
 L. arepennis. For the loss of the atonic 
 e see § 52. (In class. Lat, we find 
 arpennis as well as arepennis.) — Der. 
 arpentex, -age, -eur. 
 
 t Arquebuse, sf. an arquebuse; introd. 
 in 16th cent, from It. archibuso (§ 25). 
 — Der. arquebuslex. 
 
 Arquer, va. to bend, curve. See arc. Ar- 
 guer is a doublet of archer. 
 
 ARRACHER, va. to pluck out, eradicate; 
 from L. eradicare, which is first contr. 
 into erad'care (§52); it next became 
 era'care (Hist. Gram. p. 81), then arra- 
 cher, (l) byo = ch (§ 126), (2) by er = arr, 
 the passage of which seems to be er = o/r = 
 air = arr, formed as if from adr (§ 168). — 
 Der. arrachement, -pied. 
 
 ARRANGER, va. to arrange. See rang. — 
 Der. arrangement. 
 
 ARRERAGES, sm. pi. arrears. See arriere. 
 
ARREST A TION— ARTIFICE. 
 
 Z3 
 
 Arrestation, sf. arrest. See arreter. 
 
 ARRET, sm. a judgment, decree, sentence; 
 verbal subst. oi arreter (§ 184). 
 
 ARRfiTER, va. to stop, arrest ; from L. ad- 
 restare, arrestare. Arrestare first 
 became, in O. Fr., arrester, then arreter, by 
 loss of the s (see Hist. Gram. p. 8l); but 
 the prim, form survives in arrestation, which 
 properly ought to have been arretation. 
 
 Arrh.es, sf. pi. earnest-money ; from L, 
 arrha. 
 
 ARRIERE, adv. behind ; from L. ad-retro*, 
 like derriere from de retro, The L. retro 
 became in O. Fr. riere (as 'petra pro- 
 duced pierre) : — 
 
 1. By e = ie, whether it be (l) accented, 
 as bSne, bien ; i^\, fiel (§ 56); or (2) 
 atonic, as brgvitatem, brievete (§ 56 and 
 Hist. Gram. p. 68). 
 
 2. By tr = r, as in retro, riere. Lat. tr 
 first became dr (see aider and § 117); dr 
 became rr by assimilation (§ 168), as in 
 latronem, larron. The rr is softened 
 into r in such words as fratrem, frere; 
 deretranus*, derrain, whence O. Fr. der- 
 rainier, now dernier (§ 168). 
 
 We thus see how retro became riere : 
 next, the Merov. Lat. having produced the 
 compds. ad-retro, de-retro, these became 
 respectively arriere, derriere, by dr being 
 assimilated into rr and thence to r (see 
 § 168), as in quadratum, carre; quadra- 
 ginta, quarante, etc. 
 
 The O. Fr. had the form arrere, which 
 comes from arriere ; cp. acerer, from acier. 
 — Der. arrerage, arriertx. 
 ARRIVER, vn. to arrive ; from L. adri- 
 pare*, which is arripare in a Qth-cent. 
 text, and arribare in a iith-cent. chartu- 
 lary. 
 
 Arriver was first a sea-term ; and, 
 like its primitive adripare, it meant to 
 come to shore. In a 1 2th-cent. poem, the 
 Life of Gregory the Great, a fisherman 
 pilots travellers to an island in the high sea: 
 after many efforts, says the old poet, au 
 rocher il les arriva, i. e. he made them 
 touch, or reach, the shore. This original 
 meaning is still visible in a collection of ad- 
 ministrative rulings of the 13th cent, in the 
 Livre de Justice. Here we read that boat- 
 men may arriver their boats, and fasten 
 them to the trees ashore. From the 14th 
 cent, arriver loses its first meaning and 
 takes the more general sense of reaching 
 one's end, arriving. 
 
 We have seen under aller the passing from 
 
 the metaphor of seafaring to that of walk- 
 ing : a d n a r e , in Cicero, = to come by sea, in 
 Papias, to come by land (§ 13). 
 
 For dr = rr see § 168, for p = v see 
 § III. We have seen that p first becomes 
 b before becoming v, and that between Lat. 
 arripare and Fr. arriver we have the inter- 
 mediate Low L. arribare. This softening 
 of p into V is found in Fr. in assopire*, 
 assouvir, etc., puree (O. Fr. pevree) from 
 pip'rata*. — Der. arrivage, -ee. 
 
 Arrogance, sf. arrogance; from L. arro- 
 gant i a. — Der. arrogant. 
 
 Arroger, va. to arrogate; from L. arro- 
 gare. 
 
 ARRONDIR, va. to make round, enlarge. 
 See rond. — Der. arrowcfissement (§ 225, 
 note 4). 
 
 ARROSER, va. to sprinkle, water ; from L. 
 adrorare (Marcellus Empiricus). For dr 
 = rr see § 168 ; as for r = s (adro-r-are, 
 arro-s-er), it is to be seen in plusieurs, beside 
 (O. Fr. bericle, beryllus); chaise {chair e, 
 cathedra). This phonetic change of r into 
 s or z is old: Theodore Beza, in the 1 6th 
 cent., tells us that the Parisians said peze, 
 tneze, chaize, Th4odoze, Mazie, for pere, 
 mere, chaire, Theodore, Marie. Pals- 
 grave (1530) remarks that at the court 
 people said not Paris, but Pazis. This 
 permutation is still to be found in some 
 patois, specially in that of Champagne, 
 which says ecuzie for ecurie, freze for frere, 
 etc. — Der. orrosage, arrosoir. 
 
 t Arsenal, sm. an arsenal; introd. in 
 16th cent, from It. arsenate (§ 25). 
 
 Arsenic, sm. arsenic; from L. arsenicum. 
 Arsenic is a doublet of O. Fr. arsoine.— 
 Der. arsenicsil. arsenieux. 
 
 Art, sm. art; from L. artem. 
 
 Art^re, s/. an artery ; from L. arteria. — • 
 Der, arteriel. 
 
 ARTESIEN, adj. artesian; a word of hist, 
 origin, these wells having been bored in 
 France for the first time in Artois (§ 33). 
 
 tArtichaut, sm. an artichoke; introd, 
 in 1 6th cent, from It. articiocco (§ 25). 
 
 Article, sm. (1) an articulation, knuckle, (2) 
 article ; from L. articulum. Article is a 
 doublet of orteil, q. v. 
 
 Articuler, va. to articulate; from L. arti- 
 culare/ Articuler is a doublet of ar tiller. 
 — Der. articulztion (§ 232, note 4), -aire 
 (§ 197, note i), d^sarticuler (Hist. Gram, 
 p. l'jS),marticule. 
 
 Artifice, sf. an artifice ; from L. artificium. 
 — Der. artificial. 
 
 D 
 
34 
 
 A R TIFICIEL — A SSA SSIN. 
 
 Artiflciel, adj. artificial ; from L. art i fie i- 
 
 alis. 
 
 Artificieux, adj. artful, cunning ; from L. 
 artificiosus. 
 
 ARTILLERIE, sf. artillery; a word existing 
 in Fr. more than two hundred years before 
 
 I the invention of gunpowder. It then had 
 
 ' a double sense, (i) arms or engines of war, 
 generally ; and specially such arms as the 
 bow, arbalest, etc., weapons of offence, to 
 shoot with : — Qtticonque doresenavanl vou- 
 dra etre artilleur et user du mestier rf'ar- 
 tillerie en la ville et banlieue de Paris, 
 c'est a savoir faiseur d'arcs, de flesches, 
 d'arbalestes (from a document of a. d. 
 '375)- (2) Also, as in Joinville, in the 1 3th 
 cent., the arsenal in which such arms were 
 deposited. The soldiers of the artillerie 
 were archers and crossbowmen ; then 
 gunpowder came in, and fire-arms sup- 
 planted the bow, etc., but the name for the 
 older weapons was retained for the new. 
 Joinville also calls the maitre des arbales- 
 triers the maistre de /'artillerie; and 
 again he has nul ne tiroit d'arc d'arbaleste, 
 ou d' autre artillerie. Artillerie is derived 
 from O. Fr. ar tiller, to arm. (This word 
 survived long in the navy: as late as the 
 1 6th cent, the phrase un vaisseau artille 
 was used for ' an armed ship.') 
 
 Artiller is in Low Lat. artillare, answer- 
 ing to L. axticulare, derived from artem 
 through articulus. That artem should 
 take in late Lat. the sense of the 'art of 
 war ' will be better understood when we 
 remember that the same metaphor has pro- 
 duced en^in.{({.y.) from ingenium (§ 13). 
 
 ARTILLEUR, sm. an artillery-man ; derived 
 from artiller. See artillerie. 
 
 ARTIMON, sm. the mizen-mast ; from L. 
 artemonem, used by Isidore of Seville in 
 the same sense. For e = t see § 60. 
 
 + Artisan, sm. an artisan, mechanic; in- 
 trod. in 16th cent, from It. artigiano 
 (§ 25). Originally ar/isa« meant an artist: 
 Peintre poete ou aultre artisan, says 
 Montaigne. 
 
 + Artiste, sm, an artist; introd. in l6th 
 cent, from It. artista (§ 25). 
 
 As, sm. an ' as ' (Roman coin) ; from L. as. 
 
 Ascendant, (i) adj. ascendant ; (2) sm. 
 ascendancy, influence ; from L. ascend- 
 ent em, ascendnnce. 
 
 Ascension, s/. ascension, ascent; from L. 
 ascensionem. — Der. ascensionnd. 
 
 Ascdte, smf. an ascetic ; from Gr. daKfjTr)s 
 (§ 21). — Der. asceVisme, -ique. 
 
 Asile, sm. an asylum; from L. asylum. 
 
 Aspect, sm. aspect, sight; from L. aspec- 
 tus, deriv. of aspicere. 
 
 ASPERGE, s/. asparagus; from L. aspara- 
 gus. Aspar(fi,)gus, contracted into as- 
 p^r'gus (§ 51), becomes asperge by a=c 
 (see § 54). 
 
 Asperger, va. to sprinkle ; from L. asper- 
 gere. 
 
 Asp6rit6, sf. asperity, roughness ; from L. 
 asperitatem. Asperitd is a doublet of 
 aprete, q. v. 
 
 Aspersion, sf. an aspersion, sprinkling ; from 
 L. aspersionem. 
 
 Aspersoir, sm. a sprinkling-brush ; from L. 
 aspersorium*. 
 
 Asphalte, sm. asphalte; from L. asphal- 
 tum. 
 
 Asphyxie, sf. (Med.) asphyxy, suffocation ; 
 from Gr, dacpv^ia. 
 
 ASPIC, sm. lavender-spike, corruption of 
 espic, from Lat. spicus (lavender). The 
 sweet and volatile oil from the large laven- 
 der, known commonly as huile d' aspic, is 
 called by Fr, chemists huile de.spic. For 
 sp = esp see Hist. Gram. p. 78. 
 
 + Aspic, sm. an aspic, a kind of viper. The 
 word is not found in Fr. before the i6th 
 cent., and comes from Prov. aspic (§ 24), 
 from L. aspidem. In O. Fr. aspic existed 
 under the form of aspe, which is its doublet. 
 
 Aspirer, va. (i) to draw breath, (2) to 
 aspire (to); from L. aspirare. — Der. 
 as/>z>ation, -ateur. 
 
 ASSAILLIR, va. to assail, attack ; from L. 
 assSlire (used in this sense in the Salic 
 Law ; also in one of Charlemagne's Capitu- 
 laries, ' Qui peregrine nocuerit vel eum 
 adsalierit '). For the change of salire 
 into saillir see saillir. For assimilated ass 
 for ads see § 168. 
 
 ASSAINIR, va. to make wholesome. See sain. 
 — Der. assamissement (§ 225, note 4). 
 
 ASSAISONNER, va. to season, dress. See 
 saison. — Der. assaisonnement. 
 
 Assassin, sm. an assassin, a word of historic 
 origin (see § 33), Assassin, which is 
 assacis in Joinville. in the 13th cent., in 
 late Lat. hassessin, is the name of a well- 
 known sect in Palestine who flourished in 
 the 13th cent., the Haschischin (drinkers 
 of haschisch, an intoxicating drink, a decoc- 
 tion of hemp). The Scheik Haschischin, 
 known by the name of the Old Man 
 of the Mountain, roused his followers' 
 spirits by help of this drink, and sent them 
 to stab his enemies, especially the leading 
 
A SSA UT — A SSONANT. 
 
 55 
 
 Crusaders. Joinville uses' the word assassin 
 in the sense of a member of this sect, but 
 from the 15th cent, the word becomes a 
 synonym for a murderer, and loses its original 
 and special signification. We have at this 
 day quite forgotten the origin of the word, 
 an(t*the fact which introduced it to Europe. 
 The same is true of several other words of 
 the same kind, like the berline, which 
 originally meant a Berlin carriage, or seide, 
 which is the name for a fanatic blindly de- 
 voted to the Prophet in Voltaire's ' Ma- 
 homet.' 
 
 ASSAUT, sm. an assault. O. Fr. assalt, from 
 L. assaltus, compd. of saltus. For al = 
 au see § 157. 
 
 ASSEMBLER, va. to assemble, collect, gather; 
 from L. adsxmiilare, assimulare. A.s- 
 sirauldre becomes assim'lare (see § 52), 
 and thence assembler, by (l) val^mbl 
 (see Hist. Gram. p. 73); (2) i = e (§ 72). 
 — Der. assemblee (partic. subst., § 201), 
 -age, rassembler, rassemblement. 
 
 ASSENER, va. to strike hard, to deal a blow ; 
 from L. assignare. Assener at first meant 
 to direct a blow, to hit the mark : Froissart 
 speaks of an archer who drew un carreau, 
 et assena un chevalier en la teste, i. e. hit 
 him on the head. Little by little assener 
 lost its etymol. meaning, and came to 
 signify, as it does now, 'to hit hard' (§ 13). 
 The forms assinare, assenare are to be 
 found in chartularies of the llth cent. The 
 Romans similarly used either aprugna or 
 apruna. This gn = « is to be met with 
 in benignus, benin, etc. (§ 131). It is 
 also found, orally, in the word signet, 
 proncd. sinet. For i = e see § 72. Assener 
 is a doublet of assigner, q. v. 
 
 Assentiment, sm. assent, approval ; from 
 O. Fr. assentir, from L. assentire. 
 
 ASSEOIR, va. to seat ; from L. assidere. 
 For the loss of the d see § 117; for 
 i = e see § 72; for e — oi see § 62. — Der. 
 rasseoir, rassis. The fem. part, assise has 
 become a subst. (§ 187). 
 
 ASSERMENTER, va. to swear (a witness, etc.). 
 See serment. 
 
 Assertion, s/. an assertion; from L. asser- 
 tionem, 
 
 ASSERVIR, va. to reduce to servitude ; from 
 L. asservire. — Der. asseri/issement. 
 
 ASSESSEUR, sm. an assessor ; from L. as- 
 sessorem. For 6 = eu see § 79. 
 
 ASSEZ, adv. enough ; from L. adsatis* (the 
 t may be traced in Prov. assatz). Assez 
 at first meant ' much,' and was placed after 
 
 the subst. It may be found on every page 
 of the Chanson de Roland : ' I will give 
 you or et argent assez ' (i. e. plenty of gold 
 and silver), trop assez (i. e. far too much), 
 plus assez, etc. Similarly with It. assai: 
 presto assai (prestus adsatis) = very quick, 
 tresvite, not assez vite. For change and 
 comparison of meanings see §§ 13, 15. 
 
 In this word ds is assimilated to ss, 
 as in aliud-sic, aussi (§ 168). For 
 a = e see § 54. Adsatis becomes assez, 
 just as amatis, portatis become aimez, 
 portez. 
 
 Assidu, adj. assiduous, punctual; from L. 
 assiduus. — Der. assiduxXe, assiduvntxiX.. 
 
 ASSIEGER, va. to besiege ; from L. assedi- 
 are*, used in sense of laying siege in 8th- 
 cent. texts. For diare=^er see Hist. 
 Gram. p. 65 and §§ 137, 263; for e = /c 
 see § 56. 
 
 ASSIETI'E, (i) s/. a position, site, equilibrium, 
 incidence (of taxation). This word is simply 
 the strong part, of asseoir (§§ 187, 188; 
 see also aftsow/^). (2) s/. a plate. The Lat. 
 assecare (compd. of ad and secare. Hist. 
 Gram. p. 177 and § 1 68) gave birth, through 
 the supine assectum, to the fictitious verb 
 assectare, whence It. assettare. 
 
 The Fr. assiette, also spelt assiecte, answers 
 to assecta*, and means properly ' the 
 platter on which meat is cut up.' For § = 
 ie see §§ 56, 66; as to ct = « (a change 
 which maybe seen in dact'lum, datte, etc., 
 § 18), this assimilation had already taken 
 place in Lat. ; thus we find mattea for 
 mactea, natta for nacta, gluttio for 
 gluctio. — Der. assiettee. 
 
 Assigner, va. to assign; from L. assignare. 
 — Der. assigna.tion, -at. 
 
 Assimiler, va. to assimilate; from L. as- 
 similar e. — Der. assimihtion. 
 
 ASSISE, sf. a course (of stones). See as- 
 seoir. 
 
 Assister, (i) va. to assist, help, (2) va. to 
 be present, attend; from L. assistere. — 
 Der. assistance. 
 
 Associer, va. to associate ; from L. asso- 
 ciare. — Der. assoc/ation. 
 
 Assolement, sm. a distribution of crops. See 
 sole. 
 
 ASSOMBRIR, va. to darken. See sombre. 
 
 ASSOMMER, va. to fell, knock down. See 
 somme. — Der. assommoir. 
 
 Assomption, sf. an assumption ; from L. 
 assumptionem. 
 
 ASSONANT, adj. (Rhet.) assonant ; from L. 
 assouautem. — Der. assowance. 
 D 2 
 
3« 
 
 ASSORTIR—ATRE. 
 
 ASSORTIR, va. and «. to match, sort. See 
 sorte. — Der. assortiment, d^sassortir. 
 
 Assoupir, va. to make drowsy, lull to 
 sleep; from L. assopire. Assoupir is a 
 
 . doublet of assouvir, q. v. — Der. assoupisse- 
 ment. 
 
 ASSOUPLIR, va. to make supple. See 
 souple. 
 
 ASSOURDIR, va. to deafen. See sourd.— 
 Der. asso«rrfi ssement. 
 
 ASSOUVIR, va. to satiate, glut; from L. 
 assopire. For 6 = om see § 8i ; for p = t/ 
 see § 1 1 1 . Assouvir is a doublet of assoupir, 
 q. V. — Der. assoj/vissement. 
 
 ASSUJETTIR, va. to subject. See sujet 
 
 Der. assujettissement. 
 
 Assumer, va. to assume ; from L. assu- 
 
 , mere. 
 
 ASSURER, va. to secure, prop up; in the 
 1 6th cent, asseurer, from L. assecu- 
 
 , rare (found in a 12th -cent, document, 
 * Adsec\iravit in manu domini regis 
 patris sui'). For the loss of the c 
 see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. assurance, 
 lassurer. 
 
 Ast6risque, sm. an asterisk; from Gr. 
 daTfpiaKos. 
 
 Asthme, sm. the asthma ; from Gr. aaOpa. 
 — Der. asthmat\(\ne. 
 
 ASTICOTER, va. to plague, tease. See 
 astiquer. 
 
 ASTIQUER, va. to polish leather with a 
 glazing-stick, called an astic. Origin un- 
 known (§ 35). Asticoter is derived from 
 astiquer in the metaph. sense of ' to plague, 
 
 • tease.' Frequentative verbs of this kind 
 are not rare in Fr. as picoter for piquer, 
 tremhloter for trembler, etc. 
 
 Astragale, sm. the ankle-bone ; from L. 
 astragalus. 
 
 Astre, sm. a star; from L. astrum. 
 
 ASTREINDRE, va. to oblige, compel, bind ; 
 from L. astringere. Astringere, regu- 
 larly contr. to astrin*re (see § 51), pro- 
 duced astreindre by wc — ndr (see Hist. 
 Gram. p. 73). 
 
 Astringent, adj. astringent; from L. as- 
 tringentem. 
 
 Astrolabe, sm. an astrolabe ; from Gr. 
 d(TTp6\a^ov, lit. an instrument for taking 
 the position of stars. 
 
 Astrologie, .«/. astrology ; from Gr. aarpo- 
 \oyia. — Der. astrologae. 'AarpoKoyia had 
 . "no bad sense in Gr., and answered exactly to 
 our Astronomy, not to Astrology. 
 
 Astronoinie, .</". astronomy ; from L. as- 
 tronomic. — Der. astronome, as/rowowique. 
 
 Astuce, sf. cunning, astuteness ; from L. 
 astucia. — Der. asft/cieux (§ 229). 
 
 ATELIER, sm. a workshop. O. Fr. astelier 
 (Bernard Palissy has bastelier), from L. has- 
 tellarius*, a place at which are made the 
 hastellae (for hastulae, i. e. little planks, 
 splints, in Isidore of S<5ville). Hastella* 
 becomes in O. Fr. astelle, a splint, now 
 attelle. The astelier (place for making these 
 astelles) was at first simply a carpenter's 
 workshop, whence it came to mean a work- 
 shop generally, (For such enlargements of 
 meaning see § 13). As to the philological 
 changes, the chief is the loss of the h, which 
 may also be seen in habere, avoir, etc. 
 (§ 134). This is to be noted even in 
 Class. Lat. ; er, olus, era (Old Lat. her, 
 holus, hera), are very common in inscrip- 
 tions, in which we also find ujus, ic, oc, 
 eredes, onestus, omo, for hujus, hie, 
 hoc, heredes, honestus, homo ; and this 
 though the Romans aspirated the initial 
 h strongly, just as is done in England or 
 Germany. For the loss of the s see Hist. 
 Gram. p. 81 ; for arius = «Vr see § 198. 
 
 ATERMOYER, va. to delay payment of, put 
 off the terme (q. v.) Atermoyer is derived 
 from terme, Hke riidoyer from rude, nettoyer 
 from net, etc. — Der. atermoiement. 
 
 Ath6e, sm. an atheist; from Gr. d9€os. — 
 Der. atheisme. 
 
 Athlete, sm. an athlete ; from Gr. dOXtjr-qs. 
 — Der. athletique. 
 
 Atlas, sm. (i) Atlas, (2) an atlas, map-book ; 
 a word of historic origin. Mercator first 
 gave this name to a volume of geographical 
 maps, because Atlas was thought in classical 
 mythology to bear the world on his shoul- 
 ders (§ 33). 
 
 Atmosphere, sf. the atmosphere ; a word 
 constructed by the learned (§22) from Gr. 
 drfids and acpaipa. — Der. atmospherique. 
 
 A.tome, sm. an atom ; from Gr. dro- 
 
 fiOS. 
 
 Atonie, sf. (Med.) atony ; from Gr. drovia. 
 — Der. alone. 
 
 Atour, sm. attire, ornament ; derived from 
 O. Fr. verb atourner. Atour comes from 
 atourner, like tour from tourner, contour 
 from contourner. For the etymology of 
 atourner see tourner. 
 
 ATRE, sm. a hearthstone, fireplace. O. Fr. 
 in 8th cent, astre (in the Glosses of Reiche- 
 nau, meaning 'tile-flooring'). For as = a 
 see Hist. Gram. p. 81. The atre was 
 rightly the tiled floor of a corner, nook, or 
 fire-hearth, and the word comes, through 
 
A TROCE—A TTOUCHEMENT. 
 
 11 
 
 astre, astrum, from O. H. G. astrih, flag- 
 ging, paved flooring (§ 20). The Glosses of 
 Reichenau confirm this, translating astrum. 
 by pavimentum. 
 
 Atroce, adj. atrocious; from L. atrocem. 
 — Der. atroc'ii^. ik 
 
 Atrophie, &f. atrophy; fiom Gr. dTpo(pia. 
 — Der. s'atrophiev. 
 
 ATTABLER, va. to place at table. See table. 
 
 ATTACHER, va. to attach, fasten, tie; 
 DETACHER, to detach, unfasten ; from a 
 common radical lacher, as attendre and de- 
 tendre are from tendre, and attirer and de- 
 tirer from tirer. This radical verb has dis- 
 appeared, leaving no traces in O.Fr., and its 
 origin is unknown (§ 35). Attacker is a 
 doublet of attaquer, q. v. — Der. attachemtnt, 
 rattacher, soustacher, detachement. 
 
 ATTAQUER. va. to attack, assail. We have 
 explained (Hist. Gram. pp. 21, 22) how the 
 He de France dialect grew in the middle ages 
 at the expense of the Norman, Picard, and 
 other dialects, and ended by supplanting 
 them ; how, nevertheless, it accepted certain 
 words from these dialects, words which al- 
 ready existed in the He de Fr. dialect under 
 
 ^ a different form, and how thenceforth the 
 
 I two forms were used indiff'erently, either 
 with the same meaning, or with two mean- 
 ings. Attaquer, really the same word as 
 attacker, as may be seen by the phrase 
 s'attaquer a = s' attacker a, was one of the 
 latter. The history of the language also 
 proves it, the two words being formerly used 
 indiff'erently, attaquer being sometimes used 
 in the sense of attacker, as in the following 
 passage (14th cent.): Elle attaque au mantel 
 line ricke escarboucle (Baudoin de Sebourc). 
 Sometimes, on the other hand, attacker 
 means attaquer, livrer un combat, as in the 
 following extract from a letter of Calvin to 
 the Regent of England : A ce que j'entends, 
 Monseigneur, vous avez deux especes de mu- 
 tins qui se sont eslevez centre le roy et I'estat 
 du royaume : les uns sont gens fantastiques 
 qui soubs couleur de VSvangile vouldroient 
 mettre tout en confusion; les autres sont 
 gens obstines aux superstitions de VAntechrist 
 de Rome. Tous ensemble meritent bien d'es- 
 tre reprimes parle glayve qui vous est commis, 
 veu quails s'attaschent nonseulement au 
 roy, mais a, Dieu qui Va assis au siege royal, 
 et vous a commis la protection tant de sa 
 per Sonne que de sa majeste. (Lettres de 
 Calvin recueillies par M. Bonnet, ii. 201). 
 Attaquer, then, being simply a doublet of 
 attacker, I refer the student to attacker 
 
 for its etymology. — Der. attaque, mattU' 
 
 qu2.h\t. 
 ATTARDER, va. to retard, delay. See 
 
 tard. 
 ATTEINDRE, va. to touch, strike, reach, 
 
 attain ; from L. attingire. For i = ei 
 
 see § 73 ; for loss of atonic e (ng're) see 
 
 § 51 ; for iig'r = nr see § 131 ; for nv^ndr 
 
 see Hist. Gram. p. 73. — Der. atteinte (partic. 
 
 subst., § 188), see absoute. 
 ATTELER, va. to yoke, put to ; DETELER, 
 
 to unyoke. Both these words come from 
 
 a common radical teler, whose origin is 
 
 unknown (§ 35). — Der. atteUge. 
 ATTENANT, adj. adjoining, contiguous ; 
 
 from L. attinentem. See tenir. 
 ATTENDRE, va. to await, wait for, expect ; 
 
 from L. attendere. For the loss of the 
 
 penult e see § 51. — Der. attente (participial 
 
 subst., § 188), see absoute. 
 ATTENDRIR, va. to soften, affect. See 
 
 tendre. — Der. a/^ewcfrissement. 
 ATTENTE, sf. expectation, hope. See at- 
 tendre. 
 Attenter, va. to attempt; from L. atten- 
 
 tare. — Der. attentat, attenta-toire. 
 Attentif, adj. attentive; from L. atten- 
 
 tivus. 
 Attention, sf. attention ; from L. atten- 
 
 tionem. 
 Att6nuer, va. to weaken, waste ; from L. 
 
 attenuare Der. attenuation. 
 
 ATTERRER, va. to throw down; lit. to 
 
 throw down to the ground. The etymol. 
 
 meaning is still to be traced in Bossuet : 
 
 Se ralentir apres V avoir atterr^, c'est 
 
 luifaire reprendre ses forces. 
 ATTERRIR, vn. to land. See terre.—'Dtr. 
 
 atterrissa.ge (§ 248), -issement (§ 225). 
 Attester, va. to attest; from L. attestari. 
 
 — Der. attestsition, 
 Attieisme, sm. an atticism ; from Gr. oltti- 
 
 Kiafius. 
 ATTIEDIR, va. to cool. See tiede — Der. 
 
 attiedisstmtnt. 
 ATTIFER, va. to dress one's head. Origin 
 
 unknown (§ 35). 
 ATTIRER, va. to attract. See tirer. — Der. 
 
 attirail. 
 ATTISER, va. to stir (the fire); from L. 
 
 attitiare * (deriv. from titio). For tiare 
 
 = ser see agencer. 
 + Attitude, s/. an attitude ; introd. in i6th 
 
 cent, from It. attitudine (§ 25). Attitude 
 
 is a doublet of aptitude. 
 ATTOUCHEMENT, sm. a touch, contact ; 
 
 from attoucker. See toucher. 
 
38 
 
 A TTRA CTION—A UGURE. 
 
 Attraction, s/. attraction ; fromL. attrac- 
 tionem. 
 
 ATTRAIT, 5m. attraction, allurement, pi. 
 charms ; from L. attractus, found in sense 
 of allurement in Dictys of Crete, ct be- 
 comes it by an incomplete assimilation 
 (§ 168) : ot first became jt, which passed 
 into it, wherein the French i represents the 
 Lat. o. This change is not rare in Fr. ; 
 thus after a, as in factus, fait', after e, as 
 in confectus, con/it; after i, as strictus, 
 etroit; after o, as coctus, cuit; after u, 
 as fructus, /rwt'/. See Hist. Gram. p. 50. 
 The spelling, faict, traict, etc., is the 
 grotesque and barbarous work of I5th-cent. 
 pedants. The medieval Fr. wrote it, as 
 now, fait, trait, etc. Wishing to bring 
 these words nearer to their Latin original 
 the pedantic Latinists intercalated a c, and 
 wrote faict, traict, not knowing that the it 
 already represented the Lat. ct. 
 
 ATTRAPER, va. to catch; from trappe. 
 For the etymology see trappe. — Der. attrape 
 (verbal subst.), rattraper. 
 
 Attribuer, va. to attribute ; from L. at- 
 tribuere. — Der. attribution, attributif. 
 
 Attribut, S7W. an attribute; fromL. attri- 
 butum. 
 
 ATTRISTER, va. to sadden. See triste. 
 
 ATTROUPER, va. to gather, assemble. See 
 troupe. — Der. attroupement. 
 
 AU, art. to the. O. Fr. al, contr. from a le 
 (see le). AUX, O. Fr. aus, earlier als, for 
 d les (see les). For Z = «, in these words, see 
 
 §157. 
 
 AUBAINE, sf. escheat, right of succession to 
 the goods of an alien at his death. An 
 aubain was a foreigner who had not been 
 naturalised. Origin unknown (§ 35). 
 
 AUBE, sf. the dawn of day, daybreak, formerly 
 albe, from L. alba. For l = w see § 157. 
 — Der. auba.de, introd. in 15th cent, from 
 Sp. albada (§ 26). 
 
 AUBE, sf. an alb, vestment of white linen ; 
 from L. alba. 
 
 AUBE, sf. a paddle (of a wheel). Origin un- 
 known (§ 35). 
 
 AUBEPINE, sf. the hawthorn. O. Fr. 
 albespine, from L. albaspina. For l = u 
 see § 157; for Bp = ep see Hist. Gram, 
 p. 74. 
 
 AUBERGE, sf. an inn, public house. O. Fr. 
 alberge, earlier still helberge; in the nth 
 cent, herberge in the Chanson de Roland, 
 meaning a military station — a word of 
 Germanic origin, like most war-terms, and 
 from O. H.G. her'berga, heriberga (§ 21). 
 
 It is curious that the mod. Germ, deriv. 
 herberg also signifies * an inn,' by the same 
 extension of meaning as has modified the 
 sense of the Fr. word (§ 15). 
 AUBIER, sm. (Bot.) the blea ; from L. alba- 
 rius% from albuB (by reason of the white- 
 ness of the inner bark of the plant). For 
 al = AM see § 157 ; for -arius = -/er see 
 
 § 198. 
 
 AUBOUR, sm. (Bot.) the cytisus, laburnum; 
 from L. albtumum. For al = ou see 
 § 157 ; for u = OM see § 97 ; for m = r cp. 
 cornu, cor, § 163. 
 
 AUCUN, adj. any, any one, some one. This 
 word (in the 1 3th cent, alcun, in the 1 2th 
 alquti) is a compd. of alque, as chacun of 
 cheque, and quelqu'un of quelque. AUquis 
 produced O. Fr. alque'. aUqul venerunt, 
 in O. Fr. alque vinrent. Alque therefore 
 answers to quelque, and alqun to quelqu'un. 
 The history and etymology of aucun show 
 that the word is properly affirmative, not 
 negative : Avez-vousf entendu aucun dis- 
 cours qui vous fit croire? . . . Allez au 
 bord de la mer attendre les vaisseaux, et 
 si vous en voyez aucuns, revenez me le 
 dire. . . . Pbedre etait si succinct yw' aucuns 
 Cen ont bldme. La Fontaine, Fables, 6. i. 
 Aucun becomes negative when accompanied 
 by ne: J' en attendais trois, aucun ne vint; 
 but we must not forget that the word it- 
 self is positive, meaning quelqu'un, ' some 
 one.' For the change of aliqiiis into 
 alque, by the fall of the Lat. i, see § 51 ; 
 for al = aw see § 157. 
 
 Audace, sf boldness; from L. audacia. — 
 Der. audacieux. 
 
 Audience, sf. an audience, hearing; from 
 L. audientia. — Der. audiencitx. 
 
 Auditeur, sm. an auditor; from L. audi- 
 torem. 
 
 Auditif, adj. auditory; from L. audi Vi- 
 tus. 
 
 Audition, sf. a hearing; from L. auditio- 
 nem. 
 
 Auditoire, sm. (l) a court, hall, (2) audi- 
 ence; from L. auditorium. 
 
 AUGE, sf. a trough ; from L, alvSus. For 
 al = QM see § 157 ; for -veus = -ge, 
 through yjus, 'jus, ge, see Hist. Gram, 
 p. 66 ; for the loss of v see Hist. Gram, 
 p. 81. 
 
 Augment, sm. an augment, increase ; from 
 L. augmentum. 
 
 Augmenter, va. to augment; from L. 
 augmentare, — Der. augmentation. 
 
 Augure, sm. an augury; from L. augurium. 
 
A UGVSTE — A VTO-BA-Tt, 
 
 39 
 
 Atigure is a doublet of O. Fr. heur Der. 
 
 augiirer. 
 
 AugUSte, adj. august, noble ; from L. au- 
 gustus. Auguste is a doublet of aout, q. v. 
 
 AUJOURD'HUI, adv. to-day. Hni is L. 
 hodie. For hodie = odie see § 134; for 
 odie=w see § 120; for loss of d, and 
 for 6 = M, see § 77. The O. Fr. word re- 
 mains in the law term, d'hui en un an. 
 Aujoiird'hui, in O. Fr. written more cor- 
 rectly an jour d'hui, is a pleonasm, lit. 
 meaning ' on the day of to-day.' 
 
 AUMONE, sf. alms, charity. O. Fr. aumosne ; 
 in nth cent, almosne ; in 9th cent. 
 almosna, elmosna, from L. eleemosyna. 
 For the loss of the Lat. y, under the rule 
 of the Lat. accent, see § 51 ; for the loss 
 of the ee see § 52; for e\ = au see 
 § 157; for the loss of s see Hist. Gram, 
 p. 8x. Der. aumomtx, -erie, -ifere. 
 
 AUMUSSE, sf. amess, a kind of fur worn on 
 Church vestments. Origin unknown (§ 35). 
 
 AUNE, sm. (Bot.) an alder-tree ; from L. al- 
 nus. For Ql = au see § 157. 
 
 AUNE, sf. an ell. O. Fr. alne, from Low L. 
 alena, which from Goth, aleina. For al = 
 au see § 157. — Der. auner, aunage. 
 
 AUPARAVANT, adv. before; from au and 
 paravant. The article au was not attached to 
 this word till towards the 15th cent.: O.Fr. 
 said par-avant. Je ne votdus point etre 
 ingrat, says Froissart, quand je consid6rai 
 la honte miil me montra par-avant. 
 
 AUPRfeS, adv. near. See pres. 
 
 Aur6ole, sf. an aureole, glory, halo ; from 
 L. aureola, sc. corona, a crown of gold. 
 Aureole is a doublet of loriot, q. v. 
 
 Auriculaire, adj. auricular; from L. aur- 
 icular is. Auriculaire is a doublet of 
 oreiller, q. v. 
 
 AURONE, sf. (Bot.) southernwood; from L. 
 abrotonum. Abrotonum, regularly 
 contrd. into abrot'num, according to the 
 law of the Lat. accent (see § 51), reduced 
 tn to n, as in plat'nus, plane; retna, 
 rene (Hist. Gram. p. 81). br becomes ur 
 as follows : b is softened first into v ; this is 
 next vocalised and becomes u, a transition 
 very common in Lat. as nauta for nav'ta ; 
 naufragium for nav'fragium ; aucellus 
 for av'cellus, etc. (§ 113). Even in Lat. 
 there are examples in which the u (as in 
 Fr.) comes from b through v; thus ab- 
 fero becomes aufero, by the way of 
 avfero ; abfugio, avfugio, aufugio. 
 Cp. also the common Lat. form gauta 
 for gab'ta (gabata). This change of b 
 
 into u is found in parol^ tole, forge, puree, 
 which words have lost their etymol. form 
 in mod. Fr., but in O. Fr. were paraide 
 (parab'la), taule (iAWXi), faurge, (fabr'- 
 cz), petiree (pevree, pip'rata). This soft- 
 ening also goes on within the Fr. language : 
 thus aurai, saurai, were in O. Fr. avrai, 
 for averai, from habere; savrai, saver ai 
 from sap ere, as has been shown in the 
 Hist. Gram. p. 128. 
 
 Aurore, sf. the dawn, break of day ; from 
 L. aurora. 
 
 Ausculter, va. (Med.) to auscultate, Hsten ; 
 from L. auscultare. Ausculter is a doublet 
 of ecouter, q. v. — Der. awscw/^ation. 
 
 Auspice, sm. an auspice; from L. auspi- 
 cium. 
 
 AUSSI, adv. also, likewise. O. Fr. alsi, from 
 L. aliud sic (Hist. Gram. p. 158), aliud 
 having regularly produced al in O. Fr. by 
 dropping the d of the medial consonants ds 
 (see Hist. Gram. p. 81), and then by drop- 
 ping the short atonic vowels iu (§ 51). 
 Then for sic = s/ see si; for al = au see 
 
 § 157-^ 
 
 AUSSITOT, adv. immediately. See aussi and 
 tot. 
 
 Austere, adj. austere; from L. austerus. 
 — Der. austerhe. 
 
 Austral, adj. austral, southern ; from L. 
 australis. 
 
 + Autan, sm. the south wind ; from Prov. 
 autan (§ 24). This word, originally altan, 
 is from L. altanus (the south wind, in 
 Vitruvius). 
 
 AUTANT, adv. as much, as many ; so much, 
 so many. O. Fr. altant, from L. aliud 
 tantum (Hist. Gram. p. 159). For aliud 
 — al = au see aussi. 
 
 AUTEL, sm. an ahar. O. Fr. altel (in the 
 nth cent, alter, in the Chanson de Roland), 
 from L. altare. For al = aM see § 157; 
 for a, = e see § 54; for r = / cp. pere- 
 grin us, pelerin, § 154. 
 
 Auteur, sm. an author ; from L. autorem, 
 which is found as well as auctorem. 
 
 Authentique, adj. authentic ; from L. 
 authenticus. — Der. authenticite. 
 
 Autochthone, (l) adj. autochthonic, ab- 
 original, (2) sm. an aboriginal ; from Gr. 
 avToxOojv. 
 
 Autocrate, sm. an autocrat; from Gr. 
 avTOKp&T-qs. 
 
 + Auto-da-f6, sm. an auto-da-fe, 'act of 
 faith '; a word introduced from Port., used of 
 the execution of the victims of the Inquisi- 
 tion (§ 26). 
 
40 
 
 A UTOGRAPHE — A VEC. 
 
 Autographe, S1^. an autograph ; from Gr. 
 avT6ypa<po$, 
 
 Automate, sm. an automaton; from Gr. 
 avT6fMros. — Der. aw/owa/ique, 
 
 Automne, sm. the autumn; from L. au- 
 tumnus, a form of auctumnus. 
 
 Autonome, adj. autonomous, independent ; 
 from Gr. avT6voyiOS. — Der. autonomic. 
 
 Autopsie, sf. an autopsy, post-mortem ex- 
 amination ; from Gr. avTO\pia. 
 
 Autoriser, va. to authorise ; from Low L. 
 auctorisare*. 
 
 Autorit6, s/ authority; from L. auctori- 
 tatem. 
 
 AUTOUR, prep, round about. See tmr. 
 
 AUTOUR, sm. a goshawk. Pro v. austor. 
 It. astore ; Low L. ast6rius, from L. astu- 
 rius *, from astur, used in 4th cent, 
 by Firmicus Maternus. For ast = aust see 
 autruche ; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. 
 
 AUTRE, adj. other ; formerly altre, from L. 
 alter. Autrui answers to autre as cettui to 
 ctf/ (see Hist. Gram. p. 1 15); consequently 
 autrui had no article in O. Fr. : men said 
 V autrui cheval or le cheval autrui (al- 
 terius equus) for le cheval d'un autre. 
 
 AUTRUCHE, sf. an ostrich; O. Fr. autruce 
 and austruce from L. avistrutliio (strucio 
 for struthio is to be found in medieval 
 Lat.). Avis -struthio, avis-strucio, is 
 contr. into av'strucio; v then becomes 
 u, as in navifragium, nav'fragium, 
 naufragiuiu (§ 141). For the loss of the 
 s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. The Sp. avestruz, 
 an ostrich, confirms this derivation from avis 
 struthio (§ 15). 
 
 AUVENT, sm. a penthouse. Origin unknown 
 
 (§ 35). 
 
 Auxiliare, adj. auxiliary; from L. auxili- 
 aris. 
 
 AVAL, adv. down-stream ; from L. ad val- 
 lem, used of a river flowing vale-wards : its 
 opposite is amont (ad montem), which is 
 upwards, towards the hill. The verb avaler 
 (lit. to go aval) signified at first ' to descend,' 
 and was but gradually restricted to its 
 present sense of swallowing. (For such 
 restrictions, see § 13.) Some traces of 
 the original meaning remain in mod. Fr., 
 such as the phrase les bateaux avalent le 
 fleuve, and in the word avalanche, which is 
 properly a mass of snow which slides to- 
 wards the vale. Lat. dv is here reduced to 
 V, as in advertere, avertir (§ 120). 
 
 "t Avalanche, sf. an avalanche; a word 
 introduced from Switzerland. For its ety- 
 mology see avcd. 
 
 AVALER, va. to swallow. See aval. 
 
 A V ANGER, {l)va. to advance, stretch forth; 
 (2) vn. to come forward. See avant. — Der. 
 avance, avancemtni. 
 
 \ Avanie, sf. molestation, annoyance. This 
 word is a curious instance of the vicissi- 
 tudes in meaning described in § 13. Avanie, 
 which is simply the common Gr. d^avla (an 
 affront), which again is from the Turkish 
 avan (a vexation, trouble), signified origin- 
 ally the exactions practised on Christian mer- 
 chants by the Turks. Brought by travellers 
 into Europe, the word soon passed out of 
 its special signification of annoyance to 
 Christians, to its present sense of annoyance 
 generally. 
 
 AVANT, (l) prep, before, (2) adv. far, for- 
 ward ; from L. abante, a form found in a 
 few inscriptions of the Empire, e. g, in the 
 epitaph, ' Fundi hujus dominus infans hie 
 jacet similis Deo; hunc abante oculis 
 parentis rapuerunt nymphaeo in gurgite.' 
 Abante was certainly a common Lat. 
 form, answering to ante, the Class, form. 
 There is preserved a curious testimony on 
 this point : the common folk said ab-ante 
 for ante, and an old Roman grammarian 
 finds great fault with the form, and bids his 
 readers avoid it: '"Ante me fugit" 
 dicimus non " ab-ante me fugit " ; nam 
 praepositio praepositioni adjungitur impru- 
 denter : quia ante et ab sunt duae praepo- 
 sitiones.' (From the Glosses of Placidus 
 in Mai, iii. 431.) The Lat. b becomes v : 
 this softening is found in Lat. ; in the oldest 
 monuments we see incomparavilis for 
 incomparabilis, acervus for acerbus, 
 devitum for debitum ; in 6th-cent. 
 documents deliverationem for deliber- 
 ationem. This softening also takes place 
 in Fr. in habere, avoir, etc. (§ 113). — Der. 
 avantage (that which advances, profits us, 
 sets us avant). 
 
 A VANTAGE, sm. an advantage. See avant. — 
 Der. avantager, desavantager, avantageux, 
 d^savantageux. 
 
 Avare, adj. avaricious, greedy ; from L. 
 a varus. Avare is a doublet of O. Fr. aver. 
 — Der. avarice. 
 
 AVARIE, sf. a damage, injury (properly the 
 damage done to a cargo in transit). 
 Avarie, in late Lat. havaria, haveria, 
 answers to the Dutch havery. 
 
 AVEC, prep, with ; formerly aveuc, originally 
 avoc, from a barbarous Lat. abhoc, aboc, 
 which is a transformation of the expression 
 apud hoc, lit. 'with this,' apud having 
 
A VELINE — A VO UER. 
 
 41 
 
 the signification of cum in several Merov. 
 and Carol, documents, as in one of the 
 Formulae of Marculphus, ' Apud xii 
 Francos debeat coniuvare.' Apud soon 
 lost its d (as is seen from the form apue, 
 found for apud in an inscription of 
 the Empire), and then became ap, which 
 passed into ab by the regular transition of 
 p into b (see § ili). Ab for apud is 
 found in a Chartulary of Louis the Pious, 
 *ab eum,' ' Ab his celluhs,' and in the 
 oldest monument of the language, the 
 Strasburg oaths (a.d. 814), we have ' Ab 
 Ludher nul plaid numquam prindrai'=: 
 avec Lothaire je ne ferai aucun accord. 
 This ab came to have the same sense as 
 Fr. avec. The Lat. hoc lost its h (see 
 § 134) and the compd. ab-oc changing 
 b into V (§ 113) became avoc, a form 
 found in iith-cent. documents. The o of 
 avoc then became en (§ 79), aveuc, which 
 towards the 14th cent, became avec. 
 
 AVELINE, sf. a filbert ; from L. avellina. 
 
 AVENIR, vn. to occur ; from L. advenire. 
 For dv = i/ see § 120. Avenir (as a verb) 
 is now archaic : it was still in use in the 
 17th cent,, Ce que les prophetes ont dit de- 
 voir avenir dans la suiie des temps (Pas- 
 cal), Avenir is a doublet of advenir, q, v. 
 — Der, avenir (sm. arrival, the infin, taken 
 as a subst,, § 185), avenue (partic. subst,, 
 § 187), aventme. 
 
 AVENT, sm. Advent, the coming of Jesus 
 Christ ; from L. adventus. 
 
 AVENTURE, sf. an adventure. See avenir.— 
 Der. aventurer, -eux, -ier, -iere. 
 
 AVENUE, sf. an avenue, approach. See 
 avenir. 
 
 AVERER, va. to aver, prove the truth of; 
 from L. adverare*. For dv = v see § 120. 
 
 AVERSE, sf. a shower. See verser. Averse 
 is a doublet of adverse, q. v. 
 
 Aversion, sf an aversion, dislike ; from L. 
 aversionem, 
 
 AVERTIR, va. to inform, warn ; from L. 
 advertere. — Der. avertisstment. 
 
 AVEU, sm. an avowal. See avouer. 
 
 AVEUGLE, adj. blind ; from L. abdeillus*, 
 compd. of ab (privative) and oculus, like 
 amens, out of one's mind, which is compd. 
 of a and mens. This word is old in 
 common Lat. ; it is found in Petronius 
 (ist cent.) in the phrase ' aboeulo librum 
 legere ' (to read with eyes shut). Abo- 
 culus is regularly contrd. into aboclus 
 (§ 51). This derivation is confirmed (§15) 
 by It, avocolo, now vocolo : oclus is to be 
 
 found for oculus in the Appendix ad 
 Probum. For b=v see § ill ; for o = eu 
 see § 88; for c\ = gl see § 129. — Der. 
 aveughr, aveuglement. 
 
 Avide, adj. greedy ; from L. avidus. 
 
 AVILIR, va. to vilify. See vil. — Der. avil- 
 issement. 
 
 AVINER, va. to season with wine. See vin. 
 
 AVIRON, sm. any instrument which serves to 
 turn an object with, an oar. See virer. 
 
 AVIS, sm. an opinion, mind, vote, advice; from 
 ct and vis, which, from L. visum, in O. Fr. 
 meant opinion, way of seeing a thing. 
 The medieval expression was il m'est a vis 
 (my opinion is that . . .). A and vis be- 
 came presently united in avis. — Der. aviser, 
 raviser, mzlaviser. 
 
 AVITAILLER, va. to provision, victual. 
 Vitaille in O.Fr. signified 'provisions,' from 
 L. victualia. For ct^^ see Hist. Gram, 
 p. 50 ; for the loss of u see coudre ; and, 
 besides, we find vitalia for victualia in 
 Carlov. Chartularies. — Der. ravitailler. 
 
 AVIVER, va. to polish, burnish. See vif. 
 — Der. raviver. 
 
 Avocat, sm. an advocate, pleader, barrister ; 
 from L. advocatusj Avocat is a doublet 
 of avoue, q. v. — Der. ai/ocasserie. 
 
 AVOINE, sf. oats ; from L. avena. For e 
 = oi see § 62. 
 
 AVOIR, va. to have ; from L. habere. For 
 the loss of h see § 134; for b = 2/ see § 113 ; 
 for e = oi see § 62. 
 
 AVOISINER, va. to border on. See voi- 
 sin. 
 
 AVORTER, va. to miscarry ; from L, abor- 
 tare (Varro), For h—v see § 113, — Der, 
 avortement, avorton. 
 
 AVOUE, sm. an attorney ; from L, advoca- 
 tus. For the loss of c see § 129; for 
 dv — v see aval and § 120; for o = ow (the 
 6 being treated as if it were 6) see § 81; 
 for -atus = -e see § 200. Avoue is a 
 doublet of avocat, q. v. 
 
 AVOUER, va. to avow, confess ; compd. of 
 vouer, q. v. The history of this word 
 gives us a curious example of those 
 changes of meaning treated of in § 15. 
 Originally avouer was a term of feudal 
 custom : avouer un seigneur is ' to re- 
 cognise him for one's lord,' ' to swear him 
 fealty, to approve all his acts.' Thence 
 came the second sense ' to approve.' Je 
 t^avouerai detout, says Racine in his Phfedre. 
 Corneille says, Et sans dotite son coeur vous 
 en avouera bien. Paul Louis Courier uses 
 the word in this sense, when he says in 
 
42 
 
 A VRIL—BACHELIER. 
 
 one of his letters, Parle, ^cris, je t'avouerai 
 de tout. After ' approval ' it passes to 
 ' ratification,* thence to ' recognition as one's 
 own,' as in avouer une lettre. Lastly it 
 means *to recognise 'generally, 'to avow.' — 
 Der. aveu (verbal subst., § 184), A^%avouer 
 (whose verbal subst. is d^sav^w). 
 
 AVRIL, sm, April; from L. apriLis. For 
 p=v see § III. 
 
 Axe,5m. an axis; from L, axis. — Der. oxille, 
 of which the doublet is aisselle, q. v. 
 
 Axiome, sm. an axiom ; from Gr. a{ia)/jia. 
 
 Axonge, sf. (Pharm.) axunge; from L. 
 axungia (pig's fat, in Pliny). 
 
 Azote, sm. (Chem.) azote ; a word made up 
 of Gr. a priv. and ^<ui]. 
 
 + Azur, sm. azure, sky-blue. This word, 
 which can be traced in Fr. back to the ilth 
 cent., is of Eastern origin, a corruption of 
 Low Lat. lazzurum, lazur, which is the 
 Persian lazur, the stone now called lapis 
 lazuli (§ 31). 
 
 Azyme, sm. unleavened bread ; from Gr. 
 d^vfJios. 
 
 B. 
 
 Babeurre, sf. butter-milk. In 1604 Nicot's 
 Diet, has Batbeurre, instrument pour hattre 
 le lait. The implement thus gave its name 
 to the substance it created. For change of 
 sense see § 13. Batbeurre is a compd. 
 of bat (see battre) and beurre. For such 
 compds. of subst. and verb see Hist. Gram, 
 p. 1 76 ; for loss of t see Hist. Gram, 
 p. 81. 
 
 BABILLER, vn. to babble, chatter (15th cent, 
 in the Farce de Patelin) ; an onomatop. 
 word (§ 34). Cp. analogous words in 
 other languages ; Engl, babble. Germ, bab- 
 heln. — Der. babilUTd,babilhge, babil (verbal 
 subst.). 
 
 BABINE, sf. a lip, chops (of apes, etc.) (i6th 
 cent, in Beroalde de Verville, p. 258); der., 
 with suffix ine, from root bab (a lip), of 
 Germ, origin, found in several mod. Germ, 
 patois as b'dppe. For pp=6 see § ill. 
 
 tBabiole, sf. a plaything; from It. bab- 
 bole. 
 
 + Babord, sm. (Naut.) larboard, port; from 
 Germ, bachbord. 
 
 + Babouche, sf. a slipper; from Ar. 
 baboudj. 
 
 BABOUIN, sm. a baboon, monkey. Origin 
 unknown {baboin in R. Estienne's Diet., 
 1549). I know no example of the word 
 before the 14th cent., but it certainly existed 
 in the 13th, as we read in an English in- 
 ventory of 1295, in Ducange, 'Imago 
 B.V. . . . cum pede quadrato stante super 
 quatuor parvos babewynos;' and the 
 verb bebuinare signified, in the 13th cent., 
 to paint grotesque figures in MSS. 
 
 BAG, sm. a ferryboat ; from Netherl. bak (in 
 15th cent, in Eustache Deschamps). From 
 this prim, has come the dim. bachot, a little 
 
 bac, or boat. For the suffix 0/ see § 281. 
 For c — ch see § 128. Bac also signifies 
 a trough ; brewers call the wooden vessel 
 in which they prepare their hops a bac. In 
 this sense the word has produced another 
 dim. baquet ; for dim. in -et see ablette. 
 For transition of sense from boat to vat 
 see § 13. 
 
 Baccalaur6at, sm. bachelorship. See 
 bachelier. 
 
 Bacchanales, sf. pi. bacchanalia ; from 
 L. bacchanalia. 
 
 Bacchante, sf. a Bacchante, priestess of 
 Bacchus; from L. bacchantem. 
 
 BACHE, sf. (l) an awning, (2) cistern, (3) 
 frame. Origin unknown (a word not older 
 than the 19th cent.). 
 
 BACHELIER, sm. a bachelor. Prov. bac- 
 calar. It. baccalare, Merov. Lat. bacca- 
 larius* (a man attached to a baccalaria, 
 or grazing-farm). ' Cedimus res proprie- 
 tatis nostrae ad monasterium quod vocatur 
 Bellus Locus, cum ipsa baccalaria et 
 mansis,' from a Donation of 895, Chartulary 
 of Beaulieu, p. 95. Baccalaria, which is 
 connected with baccalator, a cow-herd, 
 found in 9th-cent. documents, comes from 
 baccalia, a herd of cows, which from 
 bacca, a cow, a form used for vacca in 
 Low Lat. For change of v into b see § 1 40. 
 Baccalarius is then rightly a cow-herd, 
 a farm-servant; moreover, in Carolingian 
 texts which have lists of serfs we see that 
 baccalarius and baccalaria are applied 
 only to young persons over sixteen years of 
 age, old enough to be engaged on field- 
 labour : thus, in a Descriptio mancipio- 
 rum, or list of property of the Abbey of St. 
 Victor at Marseilles (9th cent.), we find a 
 
JBA CHIQUE — BA GA RRE. 
 
 43 
 
 list of serfs living on a colonica (or 
 breadth of land tilled by a colonus) : 
 ' Colonica in Campania : Stephanus, colo- 
 nus ; uxor Dara ; Dominicus, filius bacca- 
 larius; Martina, filia baccalaria, Vera, 
 filia annorum xv ' (Chart, of S. Victor, 
 ii. 633). The word has thus passed through 
 a series of meanings before reaching its 
 present modern sense. The bachelier, farm- 
 servant, attached to a baecalaria, works 
 under a colonus ; this word then takes the 
 sense, in feudal custom, of a lower vassal 
 who marches under the banner of another ; 
 then it comes to mean a youth too young 
 to carry his banner as yet, who serves under 
 a lord ; then, in old University speech, he is 
 a young man who studies under a Master, 
 with a view to gaining the degree below 
 that of Doctor ; lastly, it means a graduate 
 in a Faculty. 
 
 Baccalarium becomes bacalarium by 
 cc — e, whence in nth cent, baceler. For 
 a = e see § 54; for arium = 5r see Hist. 
 Gram. p. 1 84. Baceler in 1 2th cent, becomes 
 hacheler: for c = ch see § 128. Bacheler in 
 13th cent, becomes bachelier: for eT = ier 
 see § 66. From O. Fr. bachelier comes 
 through the Normans the Engl, bachelor. 
 Let us add that towards the end of the 
 middle ages bachelier, in the sense of a 
 Graduate in a Faculty, was latinised into 
 baccalaureus by the University clerks, 
 who also gave to this new-formed word the 
 et)'^mology bacca lauri, thus alluding to 
 Apollo's bay. After inventing baccalau- 
 reus (a word found in 15th cent, in N. de 
 Clemengis de Studio Theol.), they made out 
 of it baccalaiireatus, which was then 
 turned into baccalaureat. It is hardly neces- 
 sary to add that this etymology has no 
 foundation. 
 
 Bachique, adj. Bacchic; from L. bacchi- 
 cus. 
 
 BACHOT, sm. a wherry (1549, R. Estienne's 
 Diet.) ; see bac. — Der. bachoteur. 
 
 BACLER, va. to bar, fasten (door or window) ; 
 a word not found in Fr. before the 17th 
 cent. It came in towards the end of the 
 l6th cent, from Prov. baclar, to close a door 
 with a wooden bar, a baculus, whence 
 baculare, whence baclar by loss of u 
 (§ 52). In 1604 Nicot's Diet, gives this 
 definition of bacler: Bacler estfermer huys 
 avec un baston par dedens, Pessulum fori- 
 busobdere; et s' entend de ce petit baston 
 ou cheville d'un pied de long qjii ferme 
 I'huys en maniere de verroil de fer. From 
 
 this literal sense the word got, in the mid- 
 dle of the 1 7th cent., the figurative sense of 
 ' closing an affair'; and in 1690 Furetiere's 
 Diet, says, Bacler, fermer avec des chaines 
 barres, bateaux . . . on dit figiircment et 
 bassement: C'est une affaire baclee, c'est a 
 dire conclue et arretee. For change of 
 meaning see § 1 3. The original meaning 
 of 'to shut' remains in some technical 
 phrases, such as bacler un port, to close 
 it with chains ; bacler une riviere, etc, 
 — Der. debdcler, debacle (verbal subst.). 
 
 + Badaud, sm, a booby, ninny; introd. 
 towards the 16th cent, from Prov. badau, 
 which is connected with Lat. badare (see 
 under bayer). 
 
 BADIGEON, adj. stone-coloured (1690, Fure- 
 tiere's Diet.). Origin unknown. — Der. ba- 
 digeonner, -age. 
 
 t Badiner, vn. to jest, make merry ; from 
 Prov. badiner, which is connected with Lat, 
 badare (see bayer). For badiner from 
 bader, cp, trottener, trotter. — Der, badimge, 
 -erie. 
 
 BADINE, sf. a switch (not found in Diet, 
 before the present cent.); verbal subst. 
 of badiner (see badin), of which Richelet's 
 Diet. (1728) says, Badiner, joiier et 
 folatrer de la main. A badine is something, 
 then, to amuse the hand : Trevoux's Diet. 
 (1743) says, Badines, pincettes legeres 
 qu'on appelle ainsi parce qu'elles servent a, 
 badiner et a s'amuser en arrangeattt, quel- 
 ques charbons. Hence can easily be seen 
 how the word coqi^es to mean ' a switch, 
 cane,' to hold in the hand and 'flirt^but 
 not to use. 
 
 BAFOUER, va. to baffle, scoff at (l6th 
 cent, in Montaigne, ii. 153); from O. Fr, 
 baffer, beffer. A word of Germ, origin, 
 from Netherl, beffen. For e = a cp. Hist. 
 Gram. p. 48. 
 
 Bafrer, vn. to gourmandise, stuff; from 
 L, baferare*, der. from bafer, found 
 in a Gloss, published by Mai (Class, auct. 
 Fragm. viii) : ' Bafer, grossus, turgidus, 
 ventriculosus.' Baf(e)rare, contr. to baf- 
 rare, becomes bafrer by are = er. — Der. 
 bafre (verbal subst.), bafreur. 
 
 BAGAGE, sf. baggage ; deriv. in age (§ 248) 
 of bague, which originally meant ' parcels,' 
 ' bundles.' The word remains in the phrase 
 Sortir d'un danger vie et bagues sauves. 
 Bague comes from Celt. (Gael, bag, a parcel, 
 see § 19). 
 
 Bagarre, sf. a hubbub, fray. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
44 
 
 BA GA TELLE^BALLOT. 
 
 t Bagatelle, sf. a trifle; introd. in the 
 1 6th cent, from It. hagatella. 
 
 tBagne, sm. galleys; introd. in l6th cent, 
 from It. bagno. Bagne is a doublet of 
 hain, q. v. 
 
 BAGUE, sf. a ring ; from L. bacoa, which 
 bears the sense of a ring in early middle 
 ages. For 00 =g see adjuger. 
 
 + Baguette, s/". a switch, rod, wand; in- 
 trod. in 1 6th cent, from It. bacchetta. 
 
 + Bahut, sm. a chest, a trunk ; from M.H.G. 
 behut, a hutch for provisions. 
 
 BAI, adj. bay ; from L. badius, bay-coloured 
 (in Varro). For the loss of the d see alouette 
 
 . and appiiyer. 
 
 BAIE, sf. a bay ; from L. baia (in Isidore 
 of Seville) : ' Hunc portum veteres vocabant 
 baias.' 
 
 BAIE, sf. a berry; from L. bacca, baca. 
 For the loss of the c see ami. 
 
 BAIGNER, va. to bathe ; from L. balneare. 
 The 1 disappears, as in albula, able, q. v.; 
 and baneare becomes baigner, by the 
 change of ne into gn (see cigogne), and of 
 a into ai (see aigle). — Der. bain (verbal 
 subst., see aboi), baigneur, baignoire. 
 
 BAIL, sm. a lease, verbal subst. of battler, to 
 lease, give by contract (still used in sense of 
 *to give,' as in // lui bail la cent coups), 
 had in O. Fr., under the form bailler, the 
 sense of to hold, keep, administer ; whence 
 the deriv. bail\i, fcaz/liage. Bailler comes 
 from L. bajulare. For the loss of the u, 
 and change of baj'lare into bai'lare, and 
 thence into bailler, see aider. 
 
 BAILLER, vn. to yawn. O. Fr. baailler, Prov. 
 badailler, Cat. badallar, from L. bada- 
 culare*, dim. of L. badare. Atonic u 
 disappears : for cl = // see Hist. Gram. p. 71 ; 
 for loss of d (ba(d)ac'lare, baailler) see 
 § 1 20. — Der. bdillement, eniTebdiller. 
 
 BAILLER, va. to deliver, lease. See bail. 
 
 BAILLI, sm. a bailiff; BAILLIAGE, sm. a 
 bailiwick. See bail. 
 
 BAILLON, sm. a gag ; from L. baculonem, 
 deriv. of baculus. Atonic ti disappears : 
 for ol = il see Hist. Gram. p. 71. — Der. 
 Millonntx. 
 
 BAIN, sm. a bath. See baigner. Bain is a 
 doublet of bagne. 
 
 Baionnette, sf. a bayonet ; a weapon 
 
 named from Bayonne, where it was invented. 
 
 BAISER, va. to kiss ; from L. basiare. For the 
 
 transposition of the i see Hist. Gram. p. 77. 
 BAISSER, vn. to lower. See bas. — Der. baisse, 
 baissieTj abaisser, rzbaisser, rzbais, surbaisser. 
 BAL, sm. a ball, verbal subst. of O.Fr. bailer, to 
 
 dance, from L. ballare. — Der. bal\et. Bal- , 
 lade, a ballad, came in 14th cent, from Prov. ! 
 ballada. Baladin, a mountebank, also from 
 Prov. baladin, is connected with the verb 
 balar, to dance. 
 
 t Baladin, sm. a dancer, mountebank. See 
 bal. 
 
 BALAFRE, sf. a gash. Origin unknown. 
 
 BALAI, sm. a broom. O. Fr. balain, from 
 Celt. (Breton balaen). — Der. balaytx. 
 
 + Balais, adj. a balass (ruby). It. balascio, 
 late Lat. balascius, a word introd. from the 
 East with many other terms of jewellery, and 
 der. from Ar. balchash, a kind of ruby. 
 
 BALANCE, sf. a balance, scales : from L. 
 bilancem. This change of atonic i into a 
 is to be found in common Lat. (as in calan- 
 drus for cylindrus in Schuchardt, sal- 
 vaticus for silvaticus, in the Glosses of 
 Cassel, It occurs in Fr. in such words as 
 cylandrus, calandre ; lingua, langue 
 (Hist. Gram. p. 48). See andouille. 
 Balance is a doublet of bilan, q. v. — Der. 
 balancer, -poire, -ier. 
 
 Balauste, sm. a pomegranate-tree ; from L. 
 balaustium. 
 
 BALAYER, va. to sweep. See balai. Der. 
 balayem. 
 
 Balbutier, I'M. to stammer; from L. bal- 
 butire. 
 
 fBalcon, sw. a balcony; introd. in l6th 
 cent, from It. balcone. 
 
 ^Baldaquin, STW. a baldaquin, canopy; in- 
 trod. in 16th cent, from It. baldacchino. 
 
 BALEINE, sf. a whale ; from L. balaena. 
 For ae = « see § 104. — Der. baleineau, -ier. 
 
 BALISE, sf. a buoy, beacon. Origin unknown. 
 — Der. balisex. 
 
 BALISIER, sm. (Bot.) carmacorus, a kind of 
 Indian cane. Origin unknown. 
 
 Baliste, sf a balista (for slinging stones) ; 
 from L. balista. 
 
 BALIVERNE, sm. nonsense, stuff. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 + Ballade, sf a ballad. See bal. 
 
 BALLE, sf. a ball, from O. H. G. balla.— 
 Der. ballon, -ot, de6a//er, emballex. 
 
 BALLE, sf. chaff. Origin unknown. 
 
 BALLET, sm. a ballet. See bal. 
 
 BALLON, sm. n balloon. See balle (i). — Der. 
 ballonne. 
 
 BALLOT, sm. a bale, package. See balle ( 1 ). — 
 Der. ballolter, originally to vote by means of 
 ballottes, little balls ; still used in that sense 
 by Montaigne : Le peuple neut pas le cceur 
 de prendre les ballottes en main. — Der. 
 fea//o/tage. 
 
BALOURDE — BARA GOUIN. 
 
 45 
 
 t Balourde, sm. a dolt, dullard ; introd, in 
 1 6th cent, from It. balordo. — Der. ba- 
 lonrd'ise. 
 
 Balsamine, sf. balsam; from L. balsam- 
 inus. 
 
 Balsamique, adj. balsamic; from L. bal- 
 samicus, from balsamum, balsam, balm. 
 
 f Balustre, sm. a balustrade, banisters; in- 
 trod. in 1 6th cent, from It. balaustro. — Der. 
 balustrade, answering to It. balaustrata. 
 
 f Balzan, sm. a white-footed horse; introd. 
 in 1 6th cent, from It. balzano. 
 
 \ Bambin, sm. a babe; introd. in i6th cent, 
 from It. bambino, 
 
 t Bamboo he, j^/". a puppet; from It. bam- 
 boccio. 
 
 fBambou, sm. bamboo; a Hindu word, 
 introd. from India by travellers (§ 31). 
 
 BAN, sm. ban, a proclamation, ordinance ; of 
 Germ, origin, from H. G. batman, to or- 
 dain, publish a decree or sentence. As a 
 feudal term the four a ban ox four banal is 
 the oven at which all the vassals were bound 
 to bake their bread, by ban of their lord : 
 there were also moulins banaux, putts ban- 
 aux, i. e. mills and wells to which all per- 
 sons subject to a seignorial jurisdiction or 
 ban were bound to go, and hence the origin of 
 the word banal; meaning (i) what is used 
 by all alike; and then (2), by a natural 
 transition, that which is well known to all, 
 vulgar, without originality. The expres- 
 sion rompre son ban signifies lit. to break 
 the command, or ban, imposed on one. 
 Ban in certain cases has taken the special 
 
 . sense of a sentence of banishment, and in 
 the phrase mettre au ban, the actual sense 
 of banishment. In O. Fr. bannir had a 
 corn^A. forbannir (for = hors, and bannir), 
 a reminiscence of which remains in the 
 Vfordforban, q. v. From the word ban, in 
 sense of permission, comes bandon, permit, 
 whence the phrase a bandon = in liberty, 
 whence abandonner, q. v. 
 
 BANAL, adj. common, vulgar. See ban. — 
 
 . Der. banalhe. 
 
 + Banane, sf. a banana ; introd. from India 
 by travellers (§ 31). — Der. bananier. 
 
 BANC, sm. a bench ; from O. H. G. banc. 
 
 . Banc is a doublet of banque, q. v. — Der. 
 banquet (cp. the Germ, tafel, which means 
 both table and feast), banquette. 
 
 BANCAL,arf/. bandy-legged. Origin unknown. 
 
 BANDE, sf. a band, strip (of stuff), from 
 . O. H. G. band. — Der. bandea.VL (formerly 
 
 - bandeX, whence bandellette), -er, -age, 
 -agiste. 
 
 BANDE, sf. a troop, band; from Germ. 
 bande. 
 
 + Banderole, sf a streamer, pennant ; 
 introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. banderuola. 
 
 t Bandidre, sf. a banner, streamer; introd. 
 in 1 6th cent, from It. bandiera. Bandiere 
 is a doublet of banniere, q. v. 
 
 + Bandit, sm. a bandit; introd. in l6th 
 cent, from It. bandito. Bandit is a doublet 
 of banni. 
 
 t Bandouli^dre, sf (i) a bandoleer, (2) a 
 shoulder belt; introd. in i6th cent, from 
 It. bandoliera. 
 
 BANLIEUE, sf. suburbs, precincts; in cus- 
 tomary Lat. banleuca, from leuca (a 
 league) and ban. Leuca had, in medieval 
 Lat., the sense not only of a league, but of 
 an indefinite extent of territory : it is 
 found with this meaning in the Capitu- 
 laries of Charles the Bald, and also in the 
 modern Fr. banlieue. Banlieue, properly the 
 extent of ban, is the territory within which 
 a ban is of force (for the etymology see ban 
 and lieue), and thence a territory subject to 
 one jurisdiction. 
 
 BANNE, sf. an awning, tilt (of a wagon) ; from 
 L. benna (a car of osier), noticed by 
 Festus as a word of Gaulish origin. 
 
 BANNlJlRE, sf. a banner, dim. of a radical 
 6a«*, from Low Lat. bandum, der. from 
 Germ. band. Banniere is a doublet of 
 bandiere, q. v. — Der. banneret. 
 
 BANNIR, va. to banish. See ban. 
 
 t Banque, sf. a bank ; introd. in i6th cent, 
 from It. banca. Ba?ique is a doublet of 
 banc, q. v. — Der. banqmer. 
 
 tBanqueroute, sf bankruptcy; introd. 
 in 1 6th cent, from It. bancarotta. — Der. 
 banquerout'xex. 
 
 BANQUET, sm. a banquet. See banc— Der. 
 banqueter. 
 
 BAPTEME, sm. baptism ; formerly baptesme ; 
 from L. baptisma. For i = e see § 72; 
 for loss of s see § 148. 
 
 Baptiser, va. to baptize; from L. bapti- 
 zare. 
 
 Baptistdre, sm. a baptistery; from L. 
 baptisterium. 
 
 BAQUET, sm. a tub, trough. See bac. 
 
 Baragouin, sm. jargon, gibberish ; origi- 
 nally the Bas-Breton language, now any 
 unintelligible speech. A word of hist, 
 origin (see § 33). Baragouin, written by 
 Rabelais baraguoin, is formed from two 
 Breton words bar a (bread) and gwin (wine), 
 words which occurred most often in conver- 
 sation between the Bas-Br&tons and the 
 
46 
 
 BA RA Q UE — BA RRIQUE, 
 
 French, and so applied by the latter as a 
 nickname to the Breton tongue. — Der. 
 haragouintx, -age. 
 
 + Baraque, sf. a barrack ; introd. in i6th 
 cent, from It. baracca. 
 
 BARATTER, va. to churn. Origin unknown. 
 — Der. baratte (verbal subst.). 
 
 + Sarbacane, ^f. a barbican ; introd. from 
 the East by the Crusaders, like many other 
 military terms. Barbacane (originally bar- 
 baquane in Joinville) is the transcription of 
 the Ar. barbak-khaneh (a rampart). 
 
 Barbara, adj. barbarous ; from L. bar- 
 barus. — Der. barbarie, -isme. 
 
 BARBE, sf. a beard ; from L. barba. — Der. 
 barbicbe, barbe\e, barbier, barbxi, barbve, 
 ^barber, 6ar6ouiller, q. v. 
 
 BARBEAU, sm. a barbel. O. Fr. barbel, 
 from barbellus, dim. of barbus. For 
 ellus = ea74, see agneau. Another dim. of 
 barbus is barbillon. 
 
 + Barb on, sm. a greybeard, old dotard; 
 introd. in i6th cent, from Sp. barbon (§ 26). 
 
 BARBOTER, vn. to dabble, muddle. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 BARBOUILLER, va. to daub, besmear. Ori- 
 ginally se barbotiiller meant * to dirty one's 
 beard,' then to dirty oneself generally. — 
 Der. debarbouiller, barbouilhge, barbouil- 
 /eur. 
 
 + Barcarolle, s/". a barcarole; introd. in 
 1 6th cent, from It. barcarola (song of the 
 Venetian gondoliers). Barcarolle is a 
 doublet of barquerolle. 
 
 BARD, sm. a hand-barrow. O. Fr. bar, a word 
 of Germ, origin, from O. H. G. bara (a 
 barrow). — Der. border, bardem, debarder 
 (to discharge a load), debardeur (properly 
 a workman who unloads wood). The dress 
 of the debardeur introduced into fancy 
 balls has given the word a fresh sense. 
 
 BARDE, sf. (i) bard, horse-armour, (2) thin 
 slices of bacon with'which woodcocks or 
 partridges are larded. Origin unknown. — 
 Der. bardtT. 
 
 Barde, sm. a bard ; from L. bardus. 
 
 BARGUIGNER, vn. to haggle. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 BARIL, sm. a barrel. Origin unknown. — 
 Der. barihtt. 
 
 BARIOLER, va. to variegate; from L. bis- 
 regulare* (to stripe with divers colours). 
 Hegulare, which becomes re-ulare by 
 the regular dropping of the medial g (see 
 Hist. Gram. p. 82), and ri-ulare by change 
 of eu into iu (see § 60), produced O. Fr. 
 riuler, changed into rioler by the ordinary 
 
 transformation of u into before a liquid 
 (see § 93). Riole in Ambroise Pare is used 
 as meaning freckled, spotted. For bis = ba 
 see Hist. Gram. p. 48 ; and for the loss of 
 the s see § 148. For the meaning and 
 form of the word, see bis. — Der. bariohge. 
 
 BARLONG, adj. twice as long as broad, 
 parallelogram-shaped ; from L. bis-longus. 
 For i = a see Hist. Gram. p. 48; for s = r 
 see Hist. Gram. p. 5 7, See also bis. 
 
 Baromdtre, sm. a barometer; a word 
 formed by the learned by the help of the 
 two Gr. words 0apos and /ierpov. 
 
 BARON, sm. a baron. Origin unknown. — 
 Der. baronne, baronmge, baronnet, baron- 
 nie. 
 
 t Baroque, a<^'. (l) irregular-shaped, (2) 
 whimsical, odd. Originally a jeweller's term 
 (a baroque pearl was one not spherical, of a 
 strange shape) it soon was much extended in 
 sense, and was applied to the shape of dif- 
 ferent objects (as furniture, houses, etc.), 
 then to intellectual qualities {une pensee 
 baroque = a. whimsical thought). Baroque 
 was introd. in 1 6th cent, from Sp. barruco, 
 and Port, barroco, in connection with the 
 pearl trade (§ 26). 
 
 t Barque, sJF. a bark ; not found in Fr. be- 
 fore the i6th cent.: from L. barca(a little 
 boat, in Isidore of Seville), through the in- 
 termediate Sp. or It. forms barca, these 
 two nations on the Mediterranean having 
 provided the Fr. language with many sea- 
 faring terms. The form barque proves that 
 the word did not come direct from Lat. to 
 Fr., for barca would have produced fearcA^, 
 as area came to arche. Barque is a doublet 
 of barge, barche. — Der. embarquer, embarc- 
 ation, debarquer, -ement. 
 
 BARRE, sf. 2L bar. Low Lat. barra, from 
 Celt. bar. — Der. barreau, properly a little 
 bar : this law term designates the enclosure, 
 divided oif by railings from the rest of the 
 hall, reserved for barristers. — Der. barrVexe, 
 barrtr, barrage. 
 
 BARRETTE, sf. a cap, bonnet; from L. 
 birretum, a word found in the 6th cent, 
 meaning a cap : the phrase ' birreto auri- 
 culari' is in a Chartulary of a.d. 532. For 
 i = a see Hist. Gram. p. 48. Barrette is a 
 doublet of beret, q. v. 
 
 f Barricade, sf. a barricade; introd. in 
 1 6th cent, from It. barricata. — Der. barri- 
 cader.^ 
 
 BARRIERE, sf. a barrier, fence. See barre. 
 
 BARRIQUE, sf. a barrel, cask. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
BARYTON — BA UDET. 
 
 47 
 
 Baryton, stn. barytone ; from Gr. ^apv- 
 
 TOVOS. 
 
 BAS, (i) adj. low; from L. bassus (in Isi- 
 dore of Seville, and stated by Papias to = 
 curtus, humilis). A word clearly belong- 
 ing to the popular Roman speech. — Der.bass- 
 esse, basset, basson, 6aisser, a&aisser, rafea- 
 isser, rafeais. (2) sot. a stocking ; abbrev. 
 from the phrase has de chausses, used for- 
 merly in contradistinction from haut de 
 chausses. 
 
 Basalte, sm. basalt; from L. basaltes. — 
 Der. basaltiqae. 
 
 BASANE, sf. sheep-leather. Origin unknown. 
 — Der. basaner, basaft6. 
 
 BASCULE, s/. poise, balance. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 Base, sf. a basis, foundation; from L. basis. 
 — Der. baser. 
 
 Basilic, sm. a basilisk ; from L, basiliscus. 
 
 Basilique, sf. a basilica ; from L. basilica. 
 Basiligue is a doublet of basoche, q. v. 
 
 BASOCHE, sf. a legal tribunal, which in the 
 middle ages had cognisance of difficulties 
 and disputes between the Clerks of the 
 Parliament ; from L. basilica. Basil- 
 (i)ca contrd. into basil'ca (§51), became 
 baselche (for a = ch see § 126), then 
 baseuche (by softening of 1 into m, see 
 agneau), and thence the modern basoche, 
 which seems at first sight very unlike the 
 primitive Lat. word. The expression Clerc 
 de la Basoche de Paris, simply meant a 
 clerk of the tribunal of Paris : these clerks 
 were styled clercs basilicams, and in popular 
 language basochiens, a word answering 
 exactly to basilicanus. Basoche is a 
 doublet of basilique. 
 
 Basque, sf. a* skirt. Origin unknown. 
 
 Basquine, sf. a petticoat; from Sp.basquina. 
 
 Basse, sf. (Mus.) bass. See bas. 
 
 BASSIN, sm. a basin. O. Fr. bacin and bachin, 
 from L. baech.inon * (a vessel), which Gre- 
 gory of Tours cites as a word of rustic use : 
 ' Paterae quas vulgo bacchinon vocant.' — 
 Der. bassiner, bassinet, bassinoire. 
 
 t Bastide, sf a country house : from Prov. 
 bastida, partic. subst. of Prov. vb. act. bastir, 
 answering to Fr, batir. Bastide is a doublet 
 of hade, q. v. 
 
 BASTILLE, sf. a fortress, Bastille. See batir. 
 
 BASTINGAGES, sm. netting. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 + Bastion, sm. a bastion ; introd. in i6th 
 cent, from It, bastione. 
 
 tBastonnade, sf. a bastinado; introd. 
 in i6th cent, from It. bastonnata, as were 
 
 many other terms of military discipline. 
 Bastonnade is a doublet of batonnee. 
 
 BAT, SOT. a packsaddle. O. Fr. bast, from L. 
 bastum, a word of common Lat.: 'Sagma,' 
 says a gloss writer, ' sella quam vulgus 
 bastum vocat, super quo componuntur sar- 
 cinae.' For as = d see Hist. Gram. p. 81. 
 — Der. bdter. 
 
 BATAILLE, sf a battle ; from L. batalia, a 
 word which in common Lat. answered to 
 the Class. Lat. pugna. The testimony of 
 Cassiodorus is positive : ' Quae vulgo bata- 
 lia dicuntur exercitationes militum signifi- 
 cant.* For -alia = -aille see § 278. — Der. 
 baiailler, bataillewr. 
 
 + Bataillon, sot. a battalion; introd. in 
 1 6th cent, from It. battaglione. 
 
 BATARD, sot. a bastard, from bastard, a son 
 of a bast. For as = a see Hist. Gram. p. 
 81; for the affix -ard see § 196. For 
 other details see M. G. Paris, Histoire poet- 
 ique de Charlemagne, p. 441. 
 
 BATARDEAU, sot. a dyke, dam ; dim. of 
 O. Fr. bastard (a dyke). Origin unknown. 
 
 BATEAU, SOT, a boat. O. Fr. batel ; dim. of 
 a root bat, which survived in Merov. Lat. 
 batus (used in 7th cent. = bateau, boat). 
 This word, of Germ, origin, like most Fr. 
 sea terms, comes from A.S. bat. For -el = 
 -eau see § 282. 
 
 BATELEUR, sm. a juggler, mountebank. 
 Origin unknown. 
 
 + Batifoler, vn. to trifle, play ; introd. in 
 1 6th cent, from It. batifolle (to play at 
 fighting under the ramparts). 
 
 BATIR, va. to build. Origin unknown. — 
 Der. batiment, bathse, 6as/ille (from the 
 O. Fr. form bastir'). 
 
 BATIR, va. to baste (of needlework), formerly 
 bastir, of Germ, origin ; O. H. G. bestan 
 (to sew). 
 
 BATON, sm. a stick. Origin unknown. — 
 Der. bdtonnev, batonnieT. 
 
 BATTERIE, sf a battery. See battre. 
 
 Battologie, sf. vain repetition; from Gr. 
 PaTToXoyia. 
 
 BATTRE, va. to beat. O. Fr. batre, from L. 
 batere, popular form of batuere. For 
 the loss of the ii see coudre ; for loss of e 
 see § 51, — Der, feasant, battoix, battevr, 
 battene, battage, battement, battue (partic. 
 subst,), zbattre, rabattre, combattre (whence 
 com6a/, verbal subst,), debattre (whence de- 
 bat, verbal subst.), rebattre, xebattu, ebattre 
 (whence ebat, verbal subst,). 
 
 BAUDET, sm. an ass, donkey ; a word of 
 hist, origin (see § 33). In O. Fr. there 
 
48 
 
 BA UDRIER — BEFFROI, 
 
 was an adj. baud, originally hald, from 
 O. H. G. bald, gay, pleased, content. (For 
 1 ■! M, see § 157.) This adj. baud, fre- 
 quently used in O. Fr., survives in modern 
 Fr. in the compd. s'ebaudir, to rejoice 
 ( = 6tre baud). 
 
 Again, we know that in the middle ages 
 there was developed, if not invented, a 
 great cycle of fables on the life and adven- 
 tures of beasts, each personified under a 
 special and significant name. Thus the Fox 
 was Maitre Renard (lit. the cruel) ; the 
 Bear was Bernard', the Ram, Belin. The 
 Ass, ever gay and content (the beast ever 
 baud, as they said in the llth cent.), re- 
 ceived in that mythology the surname of 
 Maitre Baudet, or Baudouin (both names 
 dim. of baud). This soubriquet stuck to 
 the Ass, which is still nicknamed in Fr. 
 Baudet, ' the sprightly,' just as the Fox still 
 goes by the name of Reynard. 
 
 B A UDRIER, sm. a baldric, shoulder-belt; 
 from L. baltSrarius*, deriv. of balteus. 
 Balt(d)rarius loses its §, see § 52; it 
 then becomes baudrier by changing (l) 
 -arius into -ier (see § 198), (2) tr into dr 
 (see § 117), (3) al into au (see § 157). 
 
 The present sense of baudrier is not 
 earlier than the 14th cent. In the 12th 
 cent., to designate the soldier's shoulder- 
 belt, the word baudre was adapted (from 
 balteratus, deriv. from balteus), and 
 the maker of these baudres was called a 
 baudrier. This distinction, well marked in 
 the early middle ages, became obliterated 
 in the T4th cent., which in its ignorance 
 gave the name of the thing made to the 
 maker (just as it thought Piraeus was the 
 name of a man). We have seen a similar 
 example of confusion between aragne and 
 araignee, q, v. See also § 198. 
 
 BAUDRUCHE, sm. goldbeater's skin. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 BAUGE, sf. a lair. Origin unknown. 
 
 BAUME, sm. balm, balsam. O. Fr. bausme, 
 from L. balsSjuum. Bals(a)muin loses 
 its a (§ 51), Bals'mum produced O. Fr. 
 bausme by change of al into au (see § 1 5 7). 
 For the loss of s in bausme see Hist. Gram, 
 p. 81. — Der. baumier, embaumer. 
 
 BAVARD. adj. talkative. See bave. — Der. 
 bavarder, -age. 
 
 BAVE, sf. drivel, slaver, foam ; an onomato- 
 poetic word. — Der. bavette, baveux, bavnd, 
 bavure. 
 
 BAVOLET, sm. head-dress of a country lass, 
 curtain (of a bonnet). Origin unknown. 
 
 BAYER, vn. to gape. O. Fr. baer, Prov. 
 badar. It. badare; from L. badare (in 
 Isidore of Seville = to gape). For loss of 
 mpdial d see § 1 20 ; for -are = -er see 
 § 263. Another form of baer is beer, by 
 change of atonic a into e (§ 54). This 
 O. Fr. verb is gone from modern Fr., leav- 
 ing its pres. part, b^ant. — The Prov. badur 
 had two deriv. badau and badin (q. v.) 
 which have got footing in modern Fr. 
 + Bazar, sm. a bazaar; introd. by travel- 
 lers from the East. Ar. bdzar, a market. 
 BEANT (p. pres. of beer or bayer) adj. gap- 
 ing. See bayer. 
 B^at, sm. a devotee, bigot; from L. bea- 
 tus. — Der. fcfi'a/itude, 6<?a/ifique, fee'arifier, 
 fct'a/ification. 
 BEAU, adj. fine, beautiful. O. Fr. bel. For / 
 = M see § 157. Bel comes from L. bel- 
 lus. — Der. belUUe, embellk. 
 BEAUCOUP, adv. much; from beau and 
 coup, q. V. The O. Fr. phrase was more 
 often grant coup than beaucoup: Le rot 
 eut grant coup de la terre du comte, 
 says Joinville. This sense of grant is 
 to be seen in other phrases, as un beau 
 mangeur. 
 + Beaupr§, sm. a bowsprit; from Engl. 
 
 bowsprit (§ 28). 
 BEAUTE, sf. beauty. O. Fr. belte, originally 
 beltet, from L. bellitatem. The 1 is 
 dropped after the rule (§ 52); then it 
 becomes beaute by changing (l) el into 
 eau (§ 157), (2) -atem into -e (§ 230). 
 BEG, sm. a beak, bill; from L. beccus, a 
 word quoted by Suetonius as of Gaulish 
 origin. For cc = c cp. siccus, sec; 
 soccus, soc, saccus, sac, and § 168. — 
 Der. becquetet, becusse, bequiWe (properly 
 canne u bee). 
 B6carre, sm. B natural, thence a natural 
 (Mus.) ; a transcription of the abbreviation 
 B B. This was formerly called B carre : 
 B being Si in the scale of La, was called 
 B carre (i. e. = S dur, hard B) when in its 
 natural tone, as distinguished from B mol 
 (i. e = 5 moti, soft B), for Bt7. 
 BECASSE, sf. a woodcock. See bee— Der. 
 
 becasshie. 
 BECHE, sf. a spade ; from L. becca*, fem. 
 form of beccus. For -ca = -cA^ see § 126. 
 — Der. bechtr. 
 BEDAINE, sf. a paunch. Origin unknown. 
 BEDEAU, sm. a beadle. O. Fr. bedel, a word 
 of Germ origin, from O. H. G. butil, a 
 herald. 
 BEFFROI, sm. a belfry. O. Fr. berfroi, in 
 
bSga yersequille. 
 
 49 
 
 Low Lat. berfredxis. For e = oi see 
 § 63. This word, of Germ, origin, like 
 most terms of military art in the middle 
 ages, comes from M. H. G. bervrit, a watch- 
 tower. 
 
 BEGAYER, vn. to stammer. See begue. 
 
 BEGUE, adj. stammering. Origin unknown. 
 — Der. begaytr. 
 
 BEGUEULE, sf. a haughty disdainful woman, 
 a prude. O. Fr. beegueule, or gueule bee. For 
 the etymology see under gueule and bayer : 
 bee is the past partic. of beer, see bayer. 
 Avoir la gueule bee, or etre gueule bee, is 
 properly to remain bouche beante, open- 
 mouthed : begueule, formerly signified folly, 
 now prudery. 
 
 Beguin, sm. a Beguine's head-dress (the Be- 
 guines are a Neth. religious order) ; a word 
 of hist, origin (§ 33), — Der. emb^guinei. 
 
 BEIGNET, sm. a fritter. Origin unknown. 
 
 BSJAUNE, sm. (l) a nias hawk, (2) a ninny. 
 O. Fr. becjautie, a form which makes the 
 deriv. quite plain. See bee nadjaune. 
 
 BEL, adj. fair. See beau. 
 
 t B e 1 a n d r e, s/. a bilander, an EngHsh word, 
 ^signifying a flat-bottomed coasting vessel. 
 ! BELER, vn. to bleat ; from L. balare. For 
 a = e see § 54. The form belaxe for 
 balare is to be found in Varro. — Der. 
 belement. 
 \ BELETTE, sf. a weasel; dim. of O. Fr. bele. 
 For dim. in -etfe see § 28 1. The O. Fr. 
 bele is Lat. bella ; belette is therefore — la 
 jolie petite bete (the pretty little beast). 
 While speaking (§ 15) of these popular me- 
 taphors, we remarked that their characteristic 
 feature was that they were never isolated, 
 but occurred side by side in several Euro- 
 pean languages. This is true of this word : 
 in Dan. the weasel is called den kjcenne (the 
 pretty) ; in Bavarian schonthierlein (the 
 jiretty little beast); and in O.Eng. /a/ry. 
 
 BELIER, sm. a ram. The Neth. bell (a bell) 
 produced Low Lat. bella, and in Fr. bele (a 
 little bell), which has gone without leaving 
 a trace of itself, though its existence is re- 
 vealed by the word beliere, q. v., der. from 
 it, and by belier, which rightly means ' he 
 who bears the bell,' We know the custom 
 of fastening a bell to a ram's neck, as a signal 
 for the flock and the shepherd. Thence by 
 a metaphor common in Europe it comes 
 to designate the ram. In Eng. bellwether ; 
 in Neth. belhamel; and lastly, in several 
 Fr. provinces the belier is simply the belled- 
 j! jheep, thus plainly confirming the deriv. given. 
 |i BfiLIERE, sf. a clapper-ring. See belier. 
 
 B^LITRE, sm. a scoundrel. Origin unknown. 
 
 + Belladone, sf. belladonna ; from It. bel- 
 ladonna. Belladonna is a doublet of belle 
 dame. 
 
 Bellig^rant, aof/. belligerent; from L. bel- 
 ligerantem. 
 
 Belliqueux, adj. warlike; from L. belli- 
 cosus. 
 
 + Belv6d§re,sw.abelvidere; introd.ini6th 
 cent., with many other archit. terms, from 
 It. belvedere, which means strictly ' a beauti- 
 ful view,' a spot where one gets a fine view. 
 Belvedere is a doublet of beau voir. 
 
 B6inol, sm. (Mus.) (i) B flat, (2) flat (in 
 music). See becarre. 
 
 Benedicit6, sm. a grace, a blessing ; a Lat. 
 word signifying ' bless ye.* 
 
 Ben6dictin, sm. a Benedictine, monk of the 
 Order of S. Benedict. 
 
 Benediction, sf. benediction; from L. be- 
 nedictionem. 
 
 Benefice, sm. a benefit; from L. benefi- 
 cium. — Der. 6e'«y?ciaire, -er. 
 
 BENfiT, adj. silly, simple ; sm. a simpleton ; 
 from L. benedictus. This metaphor, 
 which may seem strange, is still quite cor- 
 rect ; the Gospel says that the Kingdom of 
 Heaven belongs to the ' poor in spirit,' who 
 are the blessed (benedicti) of God: thence 
 the word benedictus came to be used for 
 the simple, thence for the silly. For change 
 of ct into t see affete, and loss of medial d 
 see § 1 20 ; hence beneit, which by contrac- 
 tion took two forms btnit and benet. The 
 same metaphor is to be found in the word 
 innocent. Benet is a doublet of benoit. 
 
 B6n6vole, adj. benevolent; from L. bene- 
 ^volus. 
 
 BENIN, adj. benign; from L, benignus. 
 J^'or gn = « see assener and § 131. 
 
 B^NIR, va. to bless. O. Fr. bencir. It. bene- 
 dire ; from L.benedicere. Bened£c(§)re, 
 contrd. to benedic're after the rule of Lat. 
 accent, became b^nir (i) by changing cr 
 into r, as in fac're, faire (Hist. Gram. p. 
 82), a change which is usually accompanied 
 by the formation of a diphthong in room 
 of the preceding vowel ; (2) by losing the 
 medial d (§ 120), and becoming beneir, a 
 form found in llth cent, in the Chanson de 
 Roland, which leads us on to the mod. 
 form. Benir is a doublet of bien dire. — 
 Der. betiit, benitier. For the gram, distinc- 
 tion between benite and benie see Hist. 
 Gram. p. 150. Benit is a doublet of 
 bentt, benoit. 
 
 BEQUILLE, sf. a crutch. See bee. 
 
50 
 
 BERCAIL — BSVUE. 
 
 BERCAIL, sm. a sheepfold ; from L. berbSoa- 
 lia* for vervecalia* ; heThecemfoTvervecem 
 being found in the 1st cent. For v = 6 
 see bachelier and § 140. The 6 is dropped 
 after the rule given in § 51 ; and berb'calia 
 became bercail by reduction of bo to c after 
 assimilation (see § 168), and the change of 
 -alia into -ail, see ail and § 278. 
 
 BERCEAU, sm. a cradle. See bercer. 
 
 BERCER, va. to rock, lull. Origin unknown. 
 
 •f"B6ret, sm. a beretto, flat cap, introd. from 
 Beam patois {berreto)', from L. birretum*, 
 found in a 6th-cent. MS. Bhet is a 
 doublet of barrette. 
 
 + Bergainote, sf. a bergamot pear; in- 
 trod. from Port, bergamofa. 
 
 BERGE, sf. a bank (of a ditch). Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 BERGER, sm. a shepherd ; from L. verve- 
 carius, berb§carius, which wasbercarius 
 in the 5th cent, and even earlier. Ver- 
 v(§)c£rius loses its S after the rule given 
 under accointer. Verv'carius became 
 berger by changing (1) v into 6, see bache- 
 lier ; (2) vc into c, see alleger ; (3) c into 
 g, see § 129; (4) -arius into -ier, see 
 dnier. — Der. bergerie. 
 
 Berline, sf. a berlin ; a carriage first introd. 
 at Berlin. 
 
 BERLUE, sf. dimness of sight ; properly a 
 condition of the eyes which makes people see 
 the same objects repeated, or even fictitious 
 objects ; der. indirectly from L. bis-lucere. 
 For bis = ber see bis ; the relation between 
 lue and lueur, luire, is clear. 
 
 A softened form of berlue is bellue (for r 
 = 1 see § 154), whose dim. is beluette, a 
 spark, now contrd. into bluette, q. v. 
 
 + Ber me, sf. bench or sloping bank of 
 a canal ; from Germ, berme. 
 
 BERNER, va. to toss in a blanket. O. Fr. 
 berne, a garment, cloth. Similarly the Ro- 
 mans used the subst. sagatio, as they tossed 
 persons in a sagum (military cloak). Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 B6ryl, sm. a beryl; from L. beryllus. 
 
 BESACE, sf a beggar's double wallet. It. 
 bisaccia, from L. bisaccia (used by Pe- 
 tronius for a wallet with a pouch at either 
 end). For i = e see § 71; for -cia = -ce 
 see § 244. 
 
 BESAIGRE, adj. doubly acid ; from bis and 
 aigre, q. v. 
 
 BESAIGUE, sf. a double axe, bill; from bis 
 and aigue, q. v. 
 
 BESANT, sm. a bezant. Prov. bezan, It. 
 bizanie, originally meaning a gold coin, 
 
 struck by the Eastern Emperors, from L. 
 byzantius*, sc. nummus (coin of Byzan- 
 tium). For y = je see § 71. 
 
 BESICLES, sf. pi. spectacles. O. Fr. bericle, 
 meaning crystal, or spectacles ; from bery- 
 ciilus, beryclus*, dim. of L. beryllus 
 (used in both senses in medieval writers). 
 For r = s see arroser. 
 
 BESOGNE, sf. work, business. Origin un- 
 known. Besogne is a doublet of besoin. 
 
 BESOIN, sm. need, desire. Origin unknown. 
 — Der. besoigneux. 
 
 Bestiare, sm. a gladiator, bestiarius ; from L. 
 bestiarius. 
 
 Bestial, arf/. bestial ; from L. bestialis. — 
 Der. bestiality. 
 
 BESTIAUX, sm.pl. cattle; from L. bestialia. 
 For 1 = « see agneau. 
 
 Bestiole, sf. a small beast, a ninny ; from L. 
 ^bestiola. 
 
 BfiTAIL, sm. cattle ; from L. bestialia. For 
 loss of s see § 148 ; for -alia=-az7 see ail 
 ^and § 278. 
 
 BETE, sf a beast. O, Fr. beste, from L. 
 bestia. For loss of s see § 148. — Der. 
 bk'xst, zbetir, embeter. 
 
 BETOINE, sf. (Bot.) betony; from L.bet6nica 
 cited by Lat. authors as a word of Gaulish 
 origin. Betonioa loses its two short syl- 
 lables under the influence of the Lat. accent, 
 see §§ 50, 51, and the Lat. o becomes oi 
 by the attraction of the subsequent i : see 
 ckanoine &nd Hist. Gram. p. 52. 
 
 + B6ton, sm. bitumen; from Prov. betun, 
 L. bitumen. Beton is a doublet of bitume. 
 
 BETTE, */. (Bot.) beet ; from L. beta. For 
 betterave, beetroot (in 1 6th cent, so written), 
 see bette and rave. 
 
 BEUGLER, vn. to low, bellow; from L. 
 buculare*, to low like an ox, from bucu- 
 lus, in Columella. Buc('u)lare, regularly 
 contrd. into buc'lare (see § 52), pro- 
 duced beugler by change of cl into gl, see 
 aigle ; and of u into en, a change found in 
 fluvius, fleuve. — Der, beuglemtnt. 
 
 BEURRE, sm. butter; from L. butyrum. 
 Butyrum is regularly contrd. into but'rum 
 (§ 51), and becomes beurre by changing 
 (l) u into eu, see beugler; (2) br into rr, 
 see § 168. 
 
 B^VUE, sf. a blunder, oversight ; formerly 
 besvue, a false view. Cettefausselumiere est 
 une b^vue de ses yeux, says a lyth-cent. 
 writer. This is the right meaning ; an 
 error springing from an optical illusion ; — 
 one has believed one saw something that 
 had no existence, or had seen amiss, had 
 
SEZOARD— BILLET. 
 
 51 
 
 hevu, seen double. See his for bis = fee; 
 for vue see voir. 
 ■fB^zoard, sm. a bezoar, in the 16th 
 cent, bezoar ; introd. from India by the 
 Port, bezuar. 
 BIAIS, sm. slant, slope; from L. bifacem, 
 used by Isidore of Seville in the sense of 
 squinting, of one who looks sidelong. For 
 loss of f see antienne ; for -acem = -ais see 
 vrai. — 'Der. biaiser. 
 Biberon, sm. a sucking-bottle, a toper ; a 
 bastard word formed from bibere and the 
 suffix -on, like forgeron {rom forger. 
 Bible, sf. the Bible ; from L. biblia, which 
 from Gr. ISipXia, collection of sacred books. 
 — Der. bibliqvie. 
 Bibliographie, sf. bibliography ; from Gr. 
 
 ^i^Kiov and ypacp'q. — Der. bibliograph. 
 Bibliomanie, sf. bibliomania ; from Gr. 
 
 ^i^Kiov and ixavia. — Der. bibliomane. 
 Bibliophile, sm. a lover of books; from 
 
 Gr. ^i^Xiov and (piXos. 
 Bibliothdque, sf. a library ; from Gr. 
 
 ^i^XioOtikt]. — Der. bibliothecHre. 
 BICHE, sf. a hind, roebuck. Origin un- 
 known. 
 tBicoque, sf. a little paltry town, a hovel; 
 
 introd. in i6th cent, from It. bicocca. 
 BIDET, sm. a nag, pony. Origin unknown. 
 BIDON, sm. a jug, can. Origin unknown. 
 BIEF, sm. a mill-race. See biez. 
 BIEILLE, sf. a connecting rod. Origin un- 
 known. 
 BIEN, adv. well, sm. good; from L. bene. 
 For e = ie see § 56. — Der. bien-etre, bien- 
 fare, 6/enfaisant, bienhisa.nce (a word not 
 invented by the Abbe de Saint Pierre, as 
 has been said, but brought into fashion by 
 him), bienfa.h, 6fenfaiteur, fez'enheureux, bien- 
 seant, bientbt, bienveiWant, bienvenu, bien- 
 venue. 
 Biennal, adj. biennial; from L. bienna- 
 
 lis. ^ 
 BIENSEANT, adj. becoming, proper; from 
 hien and seant partic. of seoir, q. v. — Der. 
 hienseanct. 
 BIENT6t, adj. soon. See tot. 
 BIENVEILLANT, adj. kind, benevolent; 
 MALVEILLANT, adj. unkind, malevolent. 
 One might believe, on a superficial exami- 
 i nation of these words, that they were formed 
 from veillant, partic. of veiller. This is not 
 the case. The old form of these words 
 is bienveuillant, malveuillant : veuillant 
 the old pres. part, of vouloir, q. v., and 
 hien- mal- veillant are simply = i/ott/a«/ le 
 hien, voulant le mal. This origin is proved 
 
 by It. benivolente : had the word been 
 formed from veiller, the It. form would 
 have been bene vegliante ; hence it is clear 
 that vouloir is the true original of the 
 words. — Der. bienveillance, malveillanct. 
 BIERE, sf. beer ; from O. H. G. bisr. 
 BI^RE, sf. a bier ; from O. H. G. hara, a 
 
 litter. 
 BIEVRE, sm. the beaver ; from L. bibrum 
 (' castorem, bibrum,' says the Schol. on 
 Juvenal, Sat. 12). For i = e see § 71 ; and 
 then for e = ie see § 56; for b=v see 
 § 113. Bibrum has given bievre, like 
 febrim_;fei're. 
 BIEZ, Ibief) sm. a mill-race. O. Fr. hied. Low 
 L. bedum; of Germ, origin, from O.H.G. 
 betti, lit. of a water-course. 
 BIFFER, va. to strike out, erase. Origin 
 
 unknown. 
 tBifteck, sm. a beefsteak; a word 
 introd. into the Fr. language after the inva- 
 sions of 1814, 1815; corruption of Engl, 
 beefsteak. 
 Bifurquer, vn. to fork ; from L. bifurcus. 
 
 — Der. bifurc^tjpn. 
 Bigame, adj. bigamous ; from L. bigamus. 
 
 — Der. bigamie. 
 tBigarade, sf. a bitter orange; from 
 
 Prov. bigarrat. Origin unknown. 
 Bigarrer, va. to streak, chequer; a word 
 which does not seem to be old in the Fr. 
 language. Origin unknown. 
 BIGLE, adj. squint-eyed. Origin unknown. 
 BIGORNE, sf. a beaked anvil ; from L. bi- 
 
 cornis. For e=^see § 129. 
 BIGOT, adj. bigoted ; sm. a bigot. Origin 
 
 unknown. — Der. bigot'isme, bigoterk. 
 BIJOU, sm. a jewel, trinket. Origin un- 
 known —Der. bijouiiei, bijouttrie. 
 t Bilan, sm. a balance-sheet; introd. in 
 1 6th cent., with many other commercial 
 terms, from It. bilancio. Bilan is a doublet 
 of balance, q. v. 
 BILBOQUET, sm. cup and ball. Origin un- 
 known. 
 Bile, sf. bile; from L. bills. — Der. hilieux. 
 t Bill, sm. a bill ; an Engl, word introd, in 
 the first years after the Restoration into 
 parliamentary language. Bill is a doublet of 
 bulle. 
 BILLARD, sm. billiards. See bille. 
 BILLE, sf. a ball. Origin unknown. — Der. 
 
 bilhTd. 
 BILLE, sf. a log of wood, ready to be sawn 
 into planks ; from Celt. (Irish hille, a tree 
 I trunk). — Der. billot. 
 1 Billet, sm. a note, billet. The form bill a is 
 
 E2 
 
 . 
 
5» 
 
 billeves^e—blAmer. 
 
 found in medieval Lat. parallel to Class. Lat. 
 bulla ; of this word billet is the dim. 
 
 BILLEVESEE, sf. nonsense, trash. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 BILLON, sm. copper coin ; a word traceable 
 to the 13th cent. Origin unknown. — Der. 
 hillonntx, -age. 
 
 BILLOT, sm. a block. See hille. 
 
 BIMBELOT, sm. a plaything, toy. Origin 
 unknown. — Der. bimbelotier, -erie. 
 
 Binaire, adj. binary; from L. binarius. 
 
 BINER, va. to turn up the ground a second 
 time; from L. binaxe*, deriv. from 
 bintis. 
 
 Binocle, sm. binocle, double eye-glass ; a 
 faulty word made since the beginning of 
 this cent., from L. bini-oculi (bin-ocli, 
 bin-ocle). 
 
 Bindme, sm. a binomial; from L. bis and 
 Gr. vofxrj. 
 
 Biographe, sm. a biographer; from two 
 Gr. words, Pios and ypd<peiy. — Der. bio- 
 ^raphie, -ique. 
 
 Bipdde, adj. two-legged ; from L. b ip e d e m. 
 
 BIQUE, s/. a she-goat. Origin unknown. 
 
 Bis, adv. again, encore; a Lat. word 
 used as a prefix to bisaHeul, bissac, biscuit, 
 etc. By changing i into e (see § 71) 
 bis becomes bes in besaigre, besaigue, 
 besace, q. v. ; and this is reduced to be in 
 bevue, q. v. By changing s into r (see or- 
 fraie) bes becomes ber in berlue, q. v., and 
 in berouette, q. v., which has been contrd. 
 to brouette, q. v, Ber before / even assimi- 
 lates its r into /, as in belluette, later bluette, 
 q. V. Lastly in the two words barlong, ba- 
 rioler, q. v., the prefix ber becomes bar by 
 changing e into a, see amender. 
 
 Along with these changes of form has 
 come an important change in sense; bis in 
 passing into the Romance languages takes a 
 bad sense, which affects the rest of the 
 compound. Thus the Sp. bis-ojo (lit. two- 
 eyed), Walloon bes-iemps (lit. double-time 
 or weather), It. bis-cantare (lit. to sing 
 double), Cat. bes-compte (lit. double ac- 
 count), signify respectively, squinting, bad 
 weather, to sing false, a false account. 
 Similarly in Fr. biscomu (lit. two-horned), 
 bistorne (lit. twice-bent), have taken the 
 sense of crooked, queer, and deformed. So 
 also with bevue, berlue, q. v., which etymo- 
 logically do not deserve the bad sense given 
 them by the Fr. language. 
 
 BIS, adj. brown. Origin unknown. 
 
 BISAIEUL, sm. a great-grandfather. See bis 
 and aieul. 
 
 fBisbille, sf. bickering, jangling; introd. 
 in 1 6th cent, from It. bisbiglio. 
 
 BISCAYEN, sm. a long-barrelled musket, 
 invented in Biscay. The name is still ap- 
 plied to the balls which fitted it, though 
 of a calibre no longer useful. 
 
 BISCORNU, adj. strange, queer, crotchety. 
 See bis and cornu. 
 
 BISCUIT, sm. biscuit ; from L. bis cocttis. 
 For oct = uit see attrait. 
 
 BISE, sf. the north wind. Origin unknown. 
 
 BISEAU, sm. a slant, bevil. Origin unknown. 
 
 t Bismuth, sm. bismuth; from Germ, 
 bissmuth. The ordinary form of the Germ, 
 word is wissmuth. 
 
 Bison, sm. a bison; from L. bison. 
 
 BISQUE, sf. odds. Origin unknown, 
 
 BISQUER, vn. to be vexed. Origin unknown. 
 
 Bissac, sm. a wallet; from L, bissacium. 
 
 Bissexte, sm. the bissextile (day) ; from L. 
 bissextus,the 'double-sixth,' TheRomans 
 once in four years reckoned two sixth days 
 before the Kalends of March, so that there 
 was a second sixth day, whence the name 
 bissextus, — Der. bissextWe. 
 
 Bistouri, sm. (Surg.) bistoury. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 BISTOURNER, va. to twist. See bis and 
 tourner. 
 
 BISTRE, sm. bistre. Origin unknown. — Der. 
 bistrer. 
 
 BITORD, sm. spun yarn ; from L. bis tortus. 
 
 Bitume, sffz. bitumen ; from L. bitumen. 
 Bitume is a doublet of beton. 
 
 tBivouaC, sm. a bivouac, guard; origi- 
 nally bivac, from Germ, beiivache; introd. 
 at the time of the Thirty Years* War.— 
 Der. bivaqutr. 
 
 + Bizarre, adj. strange, capricious. It 
 originally meant valiant, intrepid ; then 
 angry, headlong ; lastly strange, capricious. 
 From Sp. bizarro, valiant. — Der. bizarrerie. 
 
 BLAFARD, adj. wan, pallid; of Germ, 
 origin, from O. H. G. bleifaro. 
 
 BLAIREAU, sm. a badger. O. Fr. blereau, a 
 form which shows the origin of the word 
 better. Blereau is a dim. of ble, the blereau 
 being rightly an animal which feeds on 
 corn, ble, q, v. The Engl, badger signifies 
 lit. a corn merchant, and thus illustrates the 
 etymology of blereau. See § 15 for these 
 rnetaphors. 
 
 BLAMER, va. to blame. O, Fr. blasmer, 
 from L, blasphemare (used by Gregory 
 of Tours in the sense of blame) ; in 
 the glossaries we find ' blasphemare, 
 vituperare, reprehendere.' * Tantummodo 
 
BLANC— BOIRE. 
 
 53 
 
 blasphemabatur a pluribus,' says Aymon 
 the Monk, ' quod esset avaritiae deditus.' 
 For the loss of the e see § 52. Blas'mare 
 gives us the O. Fr. blasmer, whence bldmer. 
 For the loss of the s see abime. Bldmer 
 is a doublet of blasphemer, q. v. 
 
 BLANC, adj. white ; from O.H.G. blanch. — 
 Der. blanchet, blancher, blanchatre, blajich- 
 ir, blanchi$sa.ge, blanchissem, blanquette. 
 
 BLANQUETTE, sf. a blanket. See blanc. 
 Blanquette is a doublet of blanchette. 
 
 BLASER, va. to blunt, cloy, satiate. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 BLASON, sm. arms, coat of arms, in the llth 
 cent, a buckler, shield ; then a shield with 
 a coat of arms of a knight painted on it ; 
 lastly, towards the 15th cent, the coats of 
 arms themselves. Origin unknown. — Der. 
 blasonntr. 
 
 Blasphemer, va. to blaspheme; from L. 
 blasphemare. Blasphemer is a doublet 
 of bldmer, q. v. — Der. blaspheme (verbal 
 subst.), blasphemiteuT. 
 
 BLATIER, sm. a corn factor. See ble. 
 
 Blatte, sf. a cockroach; from L. blatta. 
 
 BLE, sm. corn. O. Fr. bled, Prov. blat, Low 
 L. bladum, abladum (meaning corn 
 harvested), from L. ablatum * (gathering 
 in, harvest, in medieval texts). Ablatum 
 is properly what one has gathered in and 
 carried off: the metaphor is not unusual 
 in the Indo-Germanic languages ; in Gr. 
 KapiTos, fruit, is lit. ' destined to be carried 
 off, gathered ; ' the Germ, herbst means 
 properly what is carried off. Ablatum 
 becomes ble, (i) by changing -atum. into -e, 
 see § 201 ; (2) by loss of initial a, as in 
 adamantem, diamant. Hist. Gram. p. 80. 
 — Der. 6/a/reau (q.v.), Watier (q.v.), in Low 
 L.bladarius. For -arius = -/er see § 198. 
 
 BL£ME,arf;. wan, pale ; of Germ, origin, from 
 Scand. bldman (bluish, livid). — Der. blemir. 
 
 BLESSER, va. to wound. Origin unknown. 
 — Der. blessme. 
 
 BLETTE, adj. mellow, over-ripe. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 BLEU, adj. blue; of Germ, origin, from 
 O.H.G. blao. — Der. bleuir, bleuktie, bleuet. 
 
 * Blinde, sf. sheeting; from Germ, blende. 
 — Der. blinder, blindage. 
 
 BLOC, sm. a block, lump ; of Germ, origin, 
 from O. H. G. bloc. — Der. bloquer, de- 
 bloquer. 
 
 t BlockhaUS, sm. a block-house ; introd. 
 lately into the military art, from Germ. 
 . blockhaus. Blockhaus is a doublet of blocus, 
 • q. V. under bloc. 
 
 fBloeUS, sm. a blockade, investment. A 
 word introd. in the 1 6th cent., comes from 
 the old Germ, form blockhuis (a little fort 
 intended to block the communications of 
 a besieged town). 
 
 BLOND, adj. fair, light, flaxen. Origin un- 
 known. — Der. blond'm, blond'ir, blonde. 
 
 BLOQUER, va. to block. See bloc. 
 
 BLOTTIR (Se), vpr. to squat, cower, crouch ; 
 originally a falconry term, used of the falcon 
 when it gathers itself up to roost on its 
 perch {blot). From this special meaning 
 the word gets (by one of those widenings of 
 signification spoken of in § 12) the general 
 sense of to gather oneself up, crouch. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 BLOUSE, (l) sf. pocket (in billiards). Origin 
 unknown. (2) sf. a smock-frock, blouse. 
 Origin unknown. 
 
 BLUET, sm. a cornflower. O. Fr. bleuet, from 
 bleu, q. V. For eu = M seejumeau. 
 
 BLUETTE, .<f. a spark (from hot iron, etc.), 
 a literary trifle, jeu d'esprit. O. Fr. beluette, 
 belluette, in Norm, patois berluette, dim. of 
 bellue (see berlue). The prim, sense of 
 bluette is a spark ; thus R^gnier speaks of a 
 great conflagration qui nait d'une bluette : 
 hence metaph. a little poem is called a 
 bluette, a passing spark of wit. 
 
 BLUTER, va. to bolt, sift (meal). O. Fr. 
 beluter, buleter, originally bureter, to sift 
 over the coarse cloth, bure, q. v. For 
 T = l see § 154. As a confirmation of this 
 origin, we find buratare in the sense of 
 bluter in a Lat. work of the llth cent.; 
 and moreover the It. use buratello for 
 bluteau, a bolter. — Der. blutezxx, blutok, 
 blutAge. 
 
 Boa, sm. a boa-constrictor; from L. boa. 
 
 Bobdche, sf. a sconce, socket. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 Bobine, ./. a bobbin. Origin unknown. 
 
 BOCAGE, sm. a grove, thicket. O. Fr. 
 boscage, Prov. boscatge, from L. bosca- 
 ticum, dim. of boscum. (see bois). For 
 -aticum = -age see § 248 ; for the loss of 
 s see § 148. 
 
 + Bocal, sm. a wide-mouthed bottle ; introd. 
 in i6th cent, from It. boccale. 
 
 BCEUF, sm. an ox ; from L. bovem. For 
 o = (Bu see accueillir ; for v =/ (a rare 
 change in Lat., though we find parafredus 
 for paraveredus in the Germanic Laws), 
 we find it in Fr. (i) for the initial v, as in 
 vie em, fois ; and (2) for the final v, as in 
 brevem, bref, see Hist. Gram. p. 59. 
 
 BOIRE, va. to drink; from L. bibere. 
 
54 
 
 BOIS — BORD. 
 
 Bib(6)re, regularly contrd. into bib*re 
 (see § 51), has undergone two changes: 
 (i) br into r, as in scrib're, 6crire, 
 § 168. (2) Accented 1 becomes ol, in the 
 case of I, as in fidem, foi, § 68; in the 
 case of i, as in cervisia, cervoise, § 69, 
 note 2 ; in the case of i long by position, as 
 in dig'tus, doigt, § 74. Atonic i becomes 
 oi, when short, as in ^\ickrQ,ployer, § 68 ; 
 when long by nature, as in vicinus, voisin 
 when long by position, as in piscionem, 
 poisson. — Der. 6oJte (in the expression kre 
 en boite, speaking of wine; strong partic. 
 of boire, see absoute), bu (O. Fr. beii, contrd. 
 from bibiitus, a barbarous form of the 
 p.p. of bibere). For loss of medial b in 
 bi(b)utTis see § 1 13 ; for loss of final t 
 see aigu; for i = e see § 71. This form, 
 bibuttis for bibitus is not alone ; we find 
 pendtitus, in the Lex Alaman ; battatus, 
 in a decree of a.d. 585; reddutus, in 
 a chartulary of a.d. 796. 
 
 BOIS, sm. wood. Prov. bosc. It. bosco, in 
 oldest Low L. boscum, buscxun, mean- 
 ing wood. Origin unknown. For u = oz 
 see § 88; for sc = s, cp. discus, dais. — 
 Der. boiiCT, debotser, leboisei, boiserie. 
 
 BOISSEAU, sm. a bushel. O. Fr. boissel, from 
 L. bustellus*, dim. of busta, properly a 
 vessel to measure grain ; see bolie. For st 
 = ss see Hist. Gram. p. 73, and u = ot see 
 § 88; for -ellus =-eatt see § 282. 
 
 BOISSON, sf. a beverage, drink; from L. 
 bibitionem*. For loss of b, bi(b)ition- 
 em see § 113; for -tionem = -5so» see 
 § 132 ; for i = oi see § 68. 
 
 BOITE, sf. a box. O. Fr. boiste, which is 
 successively bossida, boxida, in Lat. 
 documents : when we reach the 9th cent. 
 we find the original form btxxida. Bux- 
 ida is the Gr. irv^iSa. Bilxida, after be- 
 coming bossida by change of x into s (see 
 aisselle), and of u into (see § 98), is 
 regularly contrd. into boss'da. Boss'da 
 becomes boiste by changing o into oi, 
 see § 87 ; and d into /, see doni. For 
 loss of s in boisie, see § 148. Boite is a 
 doublet of buste, q. v. Boile is also used 
 for the socket or ' box ' of a joint ; a mean- 
 ing preserved in such phrases as, se de- 
 boiter un bras, 'to put one's arm out,' 
 i.e. of the socket; emboiter un os, ' to 
 but a bone in'; boiler, to be malformed 
 at the joints, i. e. to limp. — Der. boitiei. 
 
 BOfTER, vn. to limp, halt. See boite. — Der. 
 6orVeux. 
 
 Bol, sm. a bolus, pill ; from Gr. fiw\os. 
 
 + Bol, sm. a bowl ; from Engl. howl. 
 BOMBANCE, sf. feasting, junketing. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 BOMB, sf. a bomb. Origin unknown. — 
 Der. 6ow6arde, 6o»i6arder, 6om6ardement, 
 bombcT. 
 
 BOMBER, va and n. to swell out. See bombe. 
 
 BON, adj. good ; from L. bonus. — Der. bon 
 (sm. a good thing, whence abonnex, lit. 
 prendre un bon pour quelque chose), bonne 
 (sf.), 6onasse, 6o«ifier, iowification, bonbon, 
 bonbonmhie. 
 
 + Bonace, 5/'. a calm smooth sea; introd. 
 in 1 6th cent, from It. bonaccia. 
 
 BOND, sm. a bound. See bondir. 
 
 BONDE, sf. a sluice, floodgate ; a word of 
 Germ, origin, from Swab, bunte. — Der. 
 bondon, bonder, debonder. 
 
 BONDIR, vn. to bound, leap: this sense 
 however is comparatively modern, and 
 scarcely appears before the i6th cent. Origi- 
 nally it meant to resound, re-echo ; in the 
 Chanson de Roland the elephant of Charle- 
 magne's nephew bondissait, trumpeted more 
 loudly than all the others. Bondir comes 
 from L. bombitare*. For the change of 
 conjugation see aimant. Bombitare, re- 
 gularly contrd. into bomb 'tare, changes bt 
 into d, see accouder; m into n, see § 160. 
 — Der. bond (verbal subst.), bondissement, 
 rebondir. 
 
 BONHEUR, sm. happiness. See heur. 
 
 fBoni, sm. a bonus; a Lat. word, lit. *of 
 good.' 
 
 BONNET, sm. a cap. The original sense is 
 ' stuff.' There were robes de bonnet : the 
 phrase chapel de bonnet is several times 
 found ; this was abridged into un bonnet, as 
 we say un feutre for un chapeau de feutre 
 (' a beaver ' for ' a hat of beaver '). Origin 
 unknown. — Der. bonnetier, bonneterie. 
 
 BONTE, sf. goodness ; from L. bonitatem. 
 For the loss of i see § 52 ; and for -tatem 
 = -te see § 230. 
 
 + Borax, sm. borax; introd. from the East, 
 with many other chem. terms, from the 
 Heb. borak, white. 
 
 BORD, sm. edge, border, bank, shore ; from 
 Neth. bord. — Der. border, bordme, ^border, 
 deborder, bordage, rebord, borderenu, bordee 
 (a broadside, from their arming the same 
 side, of the ship). — Another form of border 
 is broder, by transposing the r, see Hist. 
 Gram. p. 77. The original sense oi border 
 is to ornament the edge (bord) of a gar- 
 ment, etc., with needlework, to make a 
 border. By way of confirming this etymology 
 
B ORtA L — B UFFON. 
 
 55 
 
 the Sp. bordar means both ' to edge ' 
 and ' to embroider.' Border is a doublet 
 of trader, q. v. 
 Bor6al, adj. boreal, northerly ; from L. 
 
 borealis. 
 BORGNE, adj. one-eyed, blind of one eye. 
 
 Origin unknown. — Der. eborgnei. 
 BORNE, sf. a boundary, landmark. O. Fr. 
 bontie, in nth cent, bodne, from Merov. 
 L. bodina, in a 7th-cent. document. The 
 origin of the word is unknown. B6d(i)na, 
 contrd. into bod'na, became bodne, which 
 then became bonne by assimilating dn into 
 nn, see aller : just as 11 becomes rl by dis- 
 similation in ul'lare, hurler, so nn {bonne) 
 becomes rn {borne), § 169. — Der. bornei, 
 bornzge. 
 BOSQUET, sm. a thicket, grove; dim. of 
 boscus (see bois), properly ' a little wood.* 
 Bosquet is a doublet of bouquet, q. v. 
 BOSSE, sf. a hump. Origin unknown. — Der. 
 
 bossii, bossMtv, bosstl&t, 6ossette. 
 BOSSE, sf. a hawser. Origin unknown. — 
 Der. em6os5er. 
 
 [ t Bosseman, sm. a boatswain's mate; 
 
 I introd. from Germ, bootsmann. 
 
 • BOT, sm. a club-foot. Origin unknown. 
 
 ! BOTANIQUE, adj. botanical ; from Gr. 
 
 j ^oraviKT]. — Der. botaniste. 
 
 j BOTTE, sf. a truss, bundle (of hay, etc.) ; 
 from O. H. G. bozo, a fagot. — Der. botteler. 
 
 I BOTTE, a butt, leather bottle; of Germ. 
 
 I origin, from butte ; botle (boot) is the same 
 
 I word. The transition from the 'leather 
 
 i bottle ' to ' boot ' is not peculiar to Fr. ; the 
 
 I Engl. 600/ is used to signify both foot-gear 
 
 (and the luggage-box in a stage coach. — Der. 
 bottier, bottine. 
 tBotte, sf. a thrust, lunge (in fence); 
 
 from It. botta. 
 BOTTINE, sf. a half-boot. See botte. 
 i BOUC, sm. a buck, he-goat. Origin unknown. 
 I — Der. boiiqu'm, bouquetin, toucher. 
 JBOUCHE, sf. a mouth; from L. bucca. 
 For u = ou see § 90; for co = ch see 
 § 126. — Der. boucMe, emboucktr, em- 
 bouchnre, nbouch^t, boucher (properly to 
 shut the mouth, close up an opening). 
 Boueaner, va. to ' buccan,' smoke-dry ; 
 Boucanier, sm. a buccaneer. Origin un- 
 known. 
 BOUCHER, va. to block up. See bouche.— 
 
 Der. bouchon, bouchonner. 
 BOUCHER, sm. a butcher, properly one who 
 kills ' bucks ' (he-goats) ; BOUCHERIE, sf. 
 the place where goat's flesh is sold ( it was 
 eaten by the common folk in the middle 
 
 ages). One knows the medieval jealousy^ 
 between corporations, and with what rigour 
 the division of labour was maintained and 
 protected. As late as the i8th cent, shoe- 
 makers, who made new shoes, might not 
 act as cobblers ; and the cobblers seem to 
 have often sued them at the law for trans- 
 gressing their limits. Similarly the medieval 
 bouchers, i. e. the salesmen of goat's flesh, 
 were not allowed to sell meat of any other 
 kind : thus we read in the Statuts de la 
 Ville de Montpellier, a.d. 1204, Ni el 
 mazel de bocarid ?io sid venduda earn de 
 feda — ' Merchants in boucherie are for- 
 bidden to sell lamb.' Here the word bouch- 
 erie— viande de bouc (its proper sense). As 
 a full confirmation of this deriv. of boucher 
 we may note the It. beccaio, which is de- 
 rived in exactly the same way from becco^ 
 the he-goat. 
 
 BOUCHON, sm. a wisp (of straw) ; of Germ. 
 origin. Germ, busch. 
 
 BOUCLE, sf. a buckle; from L. bucula*. 
 •Bucxila, umbo scuti,' says Isidore of Se- 
 ville. For loss of the atonic u see § 51 ; 
 for u = o« see § 90. Boucle in the middle 
 ages had the double sense of a ' shield's 
 boss' and 'a ring'; the last sense has 
 alone survived, and is metaph. developed 
 in the boucle de cheveux, ringlets. The first 
 sense has disappeared in the radical, but 
 remains in the deriv. bouclier, which in very 
 early Fr. was simply an adj. Before the 
 13th cent, the phrase ran un ecu bouclier 
 (as one says un jour ouvrier), i. e. a shield 
 with a boss {boucle) ; then the epithet 
 drove out the subst., and from the 14th 
 cent, onwards the word bouclier is used 
 alone. 
 
 BOUDER, vn. to pout, sulk. Origin un- 
 known. — Der. boudoir (a word created in 
 the 13th cent.), 6ottc/me. 
 
 BOUDIN, sm. a black-pudding. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 BOUE, sf. mud, mire. Origin unknown.— 
 Der. fcoweux. 
 
 BOUEE, sf. a buoy, dim. of boue ; originally 
 boye, a buoy, in O. Fr., from L. boja, a 
 chain or rope fastened to a piece of floating 
 wood. For j = i see aider ; for o = ou see 
 affouage. 
 
 BOUFFER, va. to puff, swell ; onomatopoeia, 
 see § 34. Bouffer is a doublet of bouffir.—- 
 Der. bouffe. 
 
 BOUFFIR, va. to puff up, inflate ; onoma- 
 topoeia. — Der. bouffissure. 
 
 tBouffon, sm. a buffoon; introd, in 
 
86 
 
 BOUOE^BOURG^ 
 
 1 6th cent, from It. huffone. — Der. houffon- 
 nerie. 
 
 BOUGE, sf. a closet, hovel, bulge ; from L. 
 bvilga, a little bag ; according to Festus, a 
 word of Gaulish origin, * bulgas Galli sac- 
 culos scorteos vocant.' From hag it passed 
 to the sense of * box,' thence metaph. to 
 that of • a retreat,' room as narrow and 
 dark as a box. The same metaphor sur- 
 vives in the vulgar speech of Paris ; whence 
 we can better understand how this change 
 came in among the Romans. 
 
 BOUGER, vn. to stir, 'budge.' Prov. bolegar, 
 to disturb oneself; It. bulicare*, to bubble 
 up; from L. bullicare*, frequent, of 
 bullire. Each of the three Romance 
 forms works a fresh step in the change of 
 sense. Bull(i)c&re, regularly contrd. into 
 bull'care, becomes bouger by changing 
 (i) ull into o«, see agneau ; (2) care into 
 ger, see adjuger. 
 
 Bougie, ^f. wax candle; of hist, origin, 
 § 33- Wax candles were first made in the 
 town of Bougie. — ^Der. feoK^eoir. 
 
 BOUGON, adj. grumbling. Origin unknown. 
 
 BOUILLIR, vn. to boil; from L. bullire. 
 For u = OM see accouder; for lli = «7/ see 
 ail. — Der. bouillon, bouillonner ; bouill'i, 
 bouillie, bouilloixQ. 
 
 BOULANGER, sm. a baker. Origin un- 
 known. — Der. boulanger'it. 
 
 BOULE, ./. a ball ; from L. biilla. For u = 
 ou see accouder. — Der. boulet, boulette, 
 boulon, botilevtrstr, whose proper meaning 
 is ' to make one turn like a ball.' ^bouler 
 is properly ' to roll like a ball as one falls.' 
 Boule is a doublet of bulle, q. v. 
 
 BOULEAU, sm. a birch tree ; dim. of O. Fr. 
 boule, from L. betula. Betula, regularly 
 contrd. into bet'la, changes tl into //, then 
 into /, as in rot'lus, rule; see § 168. 
 
 + Bouledogue, sm. a bull-dog; lately 
 introd. from Engl, bulldog. 
 
 BOULEVARD, sm. a boulevard, bulwark, 
 rampart. O. Fr. boulevart, boulevert, boule- 
 vera, introd. early in the 15th cent, from 
 Germ, bollwerk, a fortification. We know 
 that originally the word was a term of 
 military art, meaning the terre-pleins, plat- 
 forms of the ramparts. The Boulevards of 
 Paris were, in the time of Louis XIV, simply 
 the line of fortifications round the city; 
 this, planted with trees, became a fashion- 
 able walk, and the word boulevard became 
 synonymous with a walk or street planted 
 with trees, a meaning quite foreign to its 
 etymol. sense. 
 
 BOULEVERSER, va. to overthrow. See 
 boule. — Der. bouleversemenX.. 
 
 Boulimie, sf. voracity, diseased hunger; 
 from Gr. PovXtfiia. 
 
 fBouline, sf. a bowline; from Engl. 
 bowline. — Der. boulinex. 
 
 tBoulingrin, sm. a bowling-green; 
 introd. from Engl, boivlifig-green. 
 
 BOULON, sm. a bolt, pin. See boule.— Der. 
 bordonner. 
 
 BOUQUET, sm. a bouquet, posy. O. Fr. 
 bousquet, originally bosquet, properly =/)e/iV 
 bois : the phrase bouquet d'arbres is still 
 used. This sense of ' a little wood ' is quite 
 plain in Mme. de S^vign6's phrase, II a 
 voulu vendre un petit bouquet qui faisait 
 un assez grande beaute. The prim, form 
 bosquet is a dim. of L. boscum* ; see bois. 
 For o = OM see affouage ; for loss of s see 
 § 148. — Der. bouquetihie. 
 
 BOUQUIN, sm. an old he -goat. See 
 bouc. 
 
 tBouquin, sm. an old buck; introd. 
 from Netherl. bceckin. — Der. bouquintx, 
 bouquiniste. 
 
 BOURACAN, sm. a barracan. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 BOURSE, sf. mire, mud. Origin unknown. 
 Der. bourbeux, bourbier, embourber. 
 
 BOURDE, sf. a falsehood, ' bouncer.' Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 BOURDON, sm. a pilgrim's staff; from L. 
 burdo, an ass. For vi = ou see accouder. 
 This metaphor is not peculiar to the Ro- 
 mance languages : there are many instances 
 of the analogy between the stick which 
 supports, and the beast which carries ; the 
 Sp. muleta means either ' a mule ' or ' a 
 crutch ' ; It. mula means also ' a stick.' In 
 the 1 7th cent, the staff" was called ' the 
 cordelier's hackney,' a phrase answering to 
 the Sp. el caballo de S. Francisco, St. 
 Francis's horse, i. e. a stick. 
 
 BOURDON, (1) sm. the drone-stop in an 
 organ. Origin unknown. — Der. bourdon, 
 an insect whose buzzing is Hke the sound 
 of the organ's bourdon. (2) sm. a drone. 
 — Der. bourdonntr, bourdonv.ement. 
 
 BOURG, sm. a borough, burgh; from L. 
 biirgus, which usually means a small for- 
 tified place, as in Vegetius, ' Castellum par- 
 vum, quod burgum vocant.' In Isidore 
 of Seville the word has already got its 
 modern sense; ' Burgus,' he says, * domo- 
 rum congregatio, quae muro non clauditur.' 
 From burgensis (a form to be found in 
 Merov. documents; and in an iith-cent. 
 
BOURGEOIS — BOUVREUIL. 
 
 57 
 
 document we find Remenses bvirgen- 
 ses) we get Fr. bourgeois, a dweller in a 
 bourg. For ns = s see aine ; for e = oi 
 see accroire ; for u = ou see accouder. — Der. 
 bourg^At. 
 
 BOURGEOIS, sm. a burger, townsman. See 
 bourg. — Der. bourgeoisie. 
 
 BOURGEON, sm. a 'burgeon,' bud, shoot. 
 O. Fr. bourgeon, originally burjon; of Germ, 
 origin. O. H. G. burjan, to lift; properly 
 that which pushes, lifts, as the first out- 
 pushing of a sprouting tree. — Der. bour- 
 geonner. 
 
 tBourginestre, sm. a burgomaster; 
 introd. from Germ, bur germeister. 
 
 BOURRACHE, sf. borage. It. borragine, 
 from L. borraginem. Borraginem 
 having lost the syllables after the accented 
 syllable (Hist Gram. p. 34), produces bour- 
 rache. For o — ou see affouage ; for g = c 
 (the O. Fr. form was borrace) see fraise ; 
 for c = ch see § 126. 
 
 fBourrasque, sf. a squall; introd. in 
 1 6th cent, from It. burrasca. 
 i BOURRE, sf. hair, flock; from Low L. 
 burra* (a heap of wool). For u = om see 
 accouder. The bourre of a gun is the same 
 word, the wads being ordinarily made of 
 wool and hair. From this word comes 6owrrcr, 
 (to ram the wad, bourre, home), thence to 
 stuff; hence the deriv. Aibourrer, embourrer, 
 Tembourrer, bourrade, bourree, bottrra, 
 ■ bourreXex, bourrelet, bourlet. 
 
 BOURREAU, sm. an executioner. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 BOURRELET, sm. a pad, cushion. See 
 bourre. 
 
 BOURRIQUE, sf. a she-ass ; from L. burri- 
 cus in Isidore of Seville, which means a 
 wretched little nag, ' mannus quem vulgo 
 buricum vocant.' For n = ou see accou- 
 der. — Der. bourriquet. 
 
 BOURRU, adj. peevish, crabbed ; one who 
 crams (bourrer) one with insults. See bourre. 
 
 BOURSE, sf. a purse, exchange ; from L. 
 byrsa, the Gr. ^vpaa. For y = ou see 
 § lOi. — Der. boursier ; debourser, debours ; 
 rem6o7/r5er, -ement, -able. 
 
 BOURSOUFLER, va. to puff up, bloat ; 
 BOURSOUFLE, adj. swollen, bloated, botir- 
 sesoufle, i.e. soufle, puffed out like a purse. 
 For etymology see bourse and souffler. In 
 Wallachia bosunfla is used similarly : the 
 word means literally to blow up (unfla) Hke 
 a purse (60s), a parallel which confirms the 
 metaphor in the Fr. word. — Der. bour- 
 souflmQ. 
 
 BOUSCULER, va. to turn upsidedown. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 BOUSE, sf. cow-dung. Origin unknown. — 
 Der. bousiWer. 
 
 tBoussole, sf a compass; introd. in 
 1 6th cent, from It. bossolo, properly the 
 little box in which the needle, etc., are kept. 
 
 BOUT, sm. end. See bouter. — Der. dtbout^ 
 tmbouttr, aboudi. 
 
 t Boutade, sf. a whim, freak. See bouter. 
 
 BOUTE-EN-TRAIN, sm. a breeding-horse. 
 See bo7iter. 
 
 BOUTE-FEU, sm. a linstock. See bouter. 
 
 BOUTEILLE, sf. a bottle ; from L. buticula, 
 found in the Glosses of Reichenau, 8th cent., 
 and after that in the well-known Capitulary 
 de Villis. Buticula is dim. of butica, 
 which occurs in Papias with the explanation 
 'vasis genus' : butica is from Gr. /3vTts (a 
 flask). Buticula becomes bouteille by 
 changing (i) -icula into -eille, see § 257; 
 (2) u into ou, see accouder. 
 
 BOUTER. va. to put, set, push. O. Fr. 
 boter, from M. H. G. bi'izen. — Der. bout 
 (verbal subst., properly that part of a body 
 which pushes or touches first), 6ow^ure (a 
 cutting, the piece one puts into the ground), 
 bouton (that which pushes out, makes 
 knobs on plants ; thence by analogy, pieces 
 of wood or metal shaped like buds), boute- 
 feu (which is used to set fire, bouter feu, to 
 guns), boute-en-train (that which sets going), 
 boute-selle (a signal to cavalry to set them- 
 selves, see bouter, in the saddle), arc-boutant 
 (an arched buttress, flying buttress, an arch 
 which pushes back a wall), boutoir (a but- 
 tress), boutade (an attack, push, introd. in 
 1 6th cent, from It., as is shown by its ter- 
 mination -ade). See § 201. 
 
 BOUTIQUE, sf. a shop ; corrupted from L. 
 apotheca. For the analysis of this word see 
 § 172, where it has been fully discussed. — 
 Der. boutiquier. Boutiquier is a doublet of 
 apothecaire, q. v. 
 
 BOUTON, sm. a button. See bouter.— Titr. 
 boutonner, deboutonner, boutonmhre. 
 
 BOUTURE, /. a slip, cutting. See bouter. 
 
 BOUVIER, sm. a neatherd, drover ; from L. 
 bovarius. For -arius = -zer see § 198 ; for 
 o = ou see affouage. Another deriv. of 
 bovus is bouvillon. 
 
 BOUVREUIL, sm. a bullfinch ; from L. bo- 
 vSriolus, a little neatherd, dim. of bo- 
 varius. For the cause of this name see 
 § 15, where it is discussed. Bov(a)riolus 
 is contrd. into bov'riolus, see § 5 2 ; it then 
 becomes bouvreuil by changing (i) -iolus 
 
5« 
 
 BOVINE — BREBIS. 
 
 into -euil, see § 353; (2) o into ou, see 
 affouage. 
 
 Bovine, adj. bovine; from L. bovinus. 
 
 t Boxer, vn. to box, spar; from Eng. box. 
 — Der. 6o*eur. 
 
 BOYAU, sm. a gut. O. Fr. boyel, originally 
 boel. It. hudello, from L. botelluB, intes- 
 tines, sausage, in Martial ; human intestines 
 in the Barbaric Laws. * Si botellum vul- 
 neraverit ' occurs in the Lex Frisionum 
 (5, 52). For the change of meaning see 
 § 14. For loss of the t see § 117; for 
 -ellus = -eau see agneau. 
 
 BRACELET, sm. a bracelet ; see hras. Dim. 
 of bracel, which answers to L. brachile, 
 which is found in the Germanic Laws : 
 * Signis mulieri brachile furaverit,' Salic 
 Law, 29, 37. For i = e see admettre. 
 
 BRACONNER, va. to poach. See braque.— 
 Der. braconnieT. 
 
 BRAI, sm. residue of tar. Prov. brae. It. brago, 
 from Scand. (Nors. 6ra'S, tar). 
 
 BRAIE, sf. breeches. Prov. braya. It. braca, 
 from L. braca, a word which Lat. writers 
 consider to have been borrowed from Gael. 
 — Der. brayette, debraiWer, d6brayeT. 
 
 BRAILLER, vn. to brawl, bawl ; sec braire. 
 — Der. brailhrd. 
 
 BRAIRE, vn. to bray. Origin unknown. — 
 Der. 6ra/ment, brailler. 
 
 BRAISE, sf. embers. Sp. brasa, Port, braza, a 
 word of Germ, origin (O. G. bras, fire). — 
 Der. braistv, brasicr, embrasti. 
 
 f Br axner, va. to bell (the stag) ; introd. in 
 1 6th cent, from It. bramare. 
 
 BRAN, sm. bran ; a word of Celt, origin (Gael. 
 bran). 
 
 BRANCARD, sm. a litter, handbarrow ; from 
 branc, masc. form of branche, q. v. 
 
 BRANCHE, sf. a branch. Origin unknown. 
 — Der. ebrancher, embrancher, embranche- 
 ment, brancard (which properly means a 
 great bough stripped of its leaves, a great 
 stick ; then the word is used of the shafts of 
 a carriage, and of a litter originally formed 
 of crossed sticks). 
 
 BRANCHIES, s/.pl. branchix, gills (of a fish); 
 from Gr. fipdyxia. 
 
 BRANDE, sf. heather. Origin unknown. 
 
 BRANDEBOURG, sm. frogs (of a coat) ; a 
 word of hist, origin (§ 33), introd. in 17th 
 cent, in sense of a coat adorned with trim- 
 ming, like those worn in 1674 by the soldiers 
 of the Elector of Brandenbourg, when they 
 entered France. 
 
 fBrandevin, sm. brandy; from Germ. 
 branntwein. 
 
 BRANDIR, va. to brandish, properly to shake 
 a brand (sword), then to brandish any 
 weapon. For such expansions of meaning 
 see § 1 2. The O. Fr. brand is of Germ, 
 origin (Scand. brandr). 
 
 BRANDON, sm. a wisp of straw, dim. of 
 O. H. G. brani. 
 
 BRANLER, va. to shake. Origin unknown. 
 — Der. branle (verbal subst.), 6ran/oire, 
 6raw/ement, dbranhx. 
 
 BRAQUE, sm. a brach-hound ; of Germ, 
 origin (Germ, bracke). The signification, a 
 fool, hare-brained fellow, is metaph. = stu- 
 pider than a brack, i.e. than a sporting dog. 
 — Der. bracon, dim. braque, a little brach : 
 the servant who looked after them was called 
 the braconnier {c^. fauconnier ixom faucon). 
 From this sense braconnier has come by a 
 natural transition to its present sense : the 
 servant in charge of the dogs hunted them 
 on his own account in his master's absence ; 
 thence it comes to mean a poacher. 
 
 BRAQUEMART, sm. a broadsword. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 BRAQUER, va. to point. Origin unknown. 
 
 BRAS, sm. an arm ; from L. brachium. 
 chi becomes first ci, and then s; see 
 agencer. Brachia, by the regular change 
 of chi into ci, and of ci into c (see agencer), 
 produced O. Fr. brace ; this word again 
 underwent the change of c into ss (see 
 amide), and became brasse (the distance 
 between one's extended arms, a fathom). 
 — Der. Wrasse, ferassard, embrasser. 
 
 BRAISER, sm. a brazier. See braise. 
 
 BRASSER, va. to stir up, mix together. 
 O. Fr. bracer, to make beer, from O. Fr. 
 brace (malt). O. Fr. brace comes from 
 L. brace (used by Pliny, who gives the 
 word a Gaulish origin). Lat. brace had 
 a deriv. bracivuu (' Bracirun unde cervisia 
 fit,' says Papias) which has produced the 
 O. Fr. brace, by changing ci into c, see 
 agencer ; O. Fr. bracer has changed e into 
 ss (see ami tie), whence brasser. 
 
 + Brave, adj. brave, sm. a brave man; 
 introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. bravo. — 'Der. 
 braver, brava.de, bravache, bravo. 
 
 BRAYETTE, sf. flap (of trowsers). See braie. 
 
 BREBIS, sf. a sheep. O. Fr. berbis, It. berbice, 
 from L. berbicem*. For the transposition 
 of the r see Hist. Gram. p. 77. Berbicem, 
 a form found as early as Vopiscus, is common 
 in the Germanic Laws : • Si quis berbicem 
 furaverit,' Salic Law (t. 4, § 2). Berbi- 
 cem is another form of berbecem, to be 
 found in Petronius, ist cent. (For e = ? 
 
I 
 
 BRECHE — BR OCHE. 
 
 see § 59.) Berbecem, used by Petronius 
 as a popular Lat. form, answers to the ver- 
 vecem of the literary language. For v = 6 
 see § 140. 
 
 BRECHE, sf. a gap, break; from O. H. G. 
 brecha. — Der. ebrecher. 
 
 BRECHET, sm. the breast-bone, brisket. 
 O. Fr. breschet, originally brtschet, a word 
 of Celtic origin (Kymri brisket, the breast). 
 
 BREDOUILLER, vn. to stammer. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 BREF, adj. short, brief; from L. brevis. 
 For final v=/see § 142. 
 
 BREF, sm. a papal brief; from L. breve 
 (used for an act, document, by Justinian 
 
 I and Jerome;. For final v=/ see § 142 — 
 Der. brevet (see achever) 
 
 jBREHAIGNE, adj. barren, sterile. Origin 
 
 j unknown, 
 
 ! BRELAN, sm. brelan (a game of cards) ; from 
 
 j brelenc, of Germ, origin (Germ, bretling, 
 
 \ dim. of brett, a board, whence a diceboard). 
 
 BRELOQUE, sf. a trinket. Origin unknown. 
 
 BREME, sf. a bream. O. Fr. bresme, from 
 
 1 Germ, brassen. 
 
 BRETAUDER, va. to crop close (hair, etc.). 
 Origin unknown. 
 
 JBRETELLE, sf. a strap, brace. Origin un- 
 
 ! known. 
 
 JBRETTE, sf. a rapier, long sword; of Germ, 
 origin {Sand, bregma). — Der. brettem. 
 
 8REUVAGE, sm. beverage. O. Fr. beuvrage, 
 Sp. bebrage, It. beveraggio, from L. biber- 
 aticum* (see Ducange). Biberaticum 
 is from biberare * (frequent, of bibere). 
 Bib(e)rdticuin, contrd. into bib'rdticum 
 (§ 52). produced O. Fr. beuvrage by change 
 (l) of -aticum into -age (§ 248) ; (2) of 
 i into e (§ 72); e = eu is uncommon; (3) 
 of b into V (see § 113). Beuvrage became 
 breuvage by the transposition of r, discussed 
 under dprete. 
 
 Just as biberaticum has produced first 
 beuvrage, then breuvage, biberare (a 
 
 1 medieval Lat. word) has produced, by means 
 
 ! of its compd. adbiberare, the O. Fr. abeu- 
 
 ! vrer, which has become abreuver as beuvrage 
 
 t has become breuvage. For the permuta- 
 
 ! tions see dprele. 
 
 iJREVET, sm. brevet, letters-patent. See 
 
 I bref{2). 
 
 i3r6viaire, sm. a breviary; from L. brevi- 
 
 ; arium (a manual, and, in particular, in 
 
 I eccles. language, a manual of daily prayers). 
 
 RIBE, ./. a hunch of bread. Origin un- 
 known. 
 Brick, sm. a brig ; from Engl. brig. 
 
 59 
 
 BR I COLE, sf. a breast-band. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 BRIDE, /. a bridle ; of Germ, origin (O.H.G. 
 brit'l, britiil). — Der. brid&x, bndon, de- 
 brider. 
 
 + Brigade, sf. a brigade; introd. in i6th 
 cent, from It. brigata (division of an army). 
 Brigade is a doublet of briguee. — Der. 
 brigandage. 
 
 BRIGUE, §f. an intrigue. Origin unknown. 
 — ^Der. briguev. 
 
 BRILLER, vn. to glitter, shine; from L. 
 beryllare * (to sparkle like a precious 
 stone ; from L. beryllus). For loss of e 
 cp. perustulare, bruler. This loss, other- 
 wise very rare, is found in other vowels, 
 as in quiritare, crier; corrosus, creux; 
 corotulare, crouler: it also occurs in the 
 second degree in the Fr. forms bluter 
 (beluter), bluette (belueite), brouette (berou- 
 ette), etc. — Der. brilUnt, brUhnter. 
 
 Briraborion, sm. a bauble, toy. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 BRIN, sm. a blade (of grass, etc.). Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 BRIOCHE, sf. a cake. Origin unknown. 
 
 BRIQUE, sf. a brick ; originally a fragment. 
 The Bresse patois has the phrase brique de 
 pain for a piece of bread. Of Germ, origin 
 (Engl, brick, A. S. brice, a fragment). — Der. 
 briquetitx, briqueter, briquet. 
 
 •\' 'Briae, sfa breeze ; a sea term introd. to- 
 wards the end of the 1 7th cent, from Engl. 
 breeze. 
 
 BRISER, va. to break ; from O. H. G. bristan. 
 — Der. bris (verbal subst,), brisee (partic. 
 subst.), 6mant, 6nseur. 
 
 BROC, sm. a jug. Origin unknown. 
 
 BROCANTER, va. to deal in second-hand 
 goods. Origin unknown. — Der. brocantage, 
 brocanleuT. 
 
 t Brocard, sm. a taunt, jeer; word of 
 hist, origin. In the middle ages, in scholastic 
 phrase, brocard (Schol. Lat. brocarda) 
 meant the ' sentences ' of Brocardus, Bishop 
 of Worms, who compiled twenty books of 
 ' Regulae Ecclesiasticae.' 
 
 BROCART, sm. brocade; from brochart, 
 a stuff brochee with gold. See broche. 
 
 BROCHE, sf. a spit; from L. brocca * (a 
 needle, der. from broccus, used by Plautus 
 for a point, a sharp tooth). — Der. brocher, 
 brochette, embrocher, brochure, brochige, 
 brocket, dim. of broche, a word which in 
 O. Fr. meant a pike, so called by reason of 
 its pointed head : this metaphor is not pe* 
 culiar; Engl, pike is a similar case. 
 
6o 
 
 BROCHER — BR ULER. 
 
 BROCHER, va. to stitch (a book). See broche. 
 — Der. brochure. 
 
 BROCHET, sm. a pike. See broche. 
 
 BRODEQ.UIN, sm. (i) a buskin, sock; (2) 
 a half-boot. Sp. borcegui. It. borzacchino, 
 from Flem. brosekin. The It. and Sp.have 
 kept the Flem. s, while the Fr. has changed 
 it, very irregularly, into the dental d. 
 
 BRODER, va. to embroider. See border, of 
 which it is a doublet Der. broderie. 
 
 Bronches, sf. (Med.) the bronchus; from 
 Gr. ^p6yxof- — Der. bronckite. 
 
 BRONCHER, vn. to stumble. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 + Bronze, sm. bronze; introd. in i6th 
 cent, from It. bronzo. — Der. bronzer. 
 
 BROSSE, sf. a brush. This word, now a 
 piece of wood stuck with bristles, and for- 
 merly with couch-grass or heather, is an 
 example of restriction of meaning, see 
 § 12. Brosse, Low L. brustia, from 
 O. H. G. brustia, signified at the beginning 
 of the Fr. language, heather, broom, and 
 only slowly was taken to mean a branch 
 of broom used to sweep away dust. This 
 original sense of the word ( = broussailles, 
 brush-wood) remains in some phrases and 
 usages. Speaking of woodland, brushwood 
 is still called une brosse ; to beat a thicket 
 is still called brosser in hunting- speech; cp. 
 *to brush the covers': so Ronsard says, 
 // brossa longuement sans trouver nulle 
 proie ; and Saint-Simon even uses the word 
 in the general sense of passing or crossing, 
 Le premier president brossa a trovers la 
 compaigne et disparut. This verb brosser, 
 to traverse, cross, exists still in the deriv. 
 rebrousser, originally rebrosser. Lastly, 
 hroussaille, in the 16th .cent, brossaille, is 
 the dim. of brosse, and signifies a little 
 brosse, a little brush. 
 
 BROUET, sm. caudle, broth. The broth 
 which Le Fontaine's fox serves up for the 
 stork is brouet. Like It. brodetto, which is 
 the dim. of It. brodo, brouet is the dim. 
 in et of O. Fr. brou, which answers to Low 
 L. brodum and to O. H. G. brod (gravy). 
 For change of brodum into brou see affou- 
 age ; for the loss of d see accabler. 
 
 BROUETTE, sf. a wheelbarrow; in 12th 
 cent, berouaite, Walloon berouette. This 
 word signified as late as the 1 8th cent, a 
 little two-wheeled truck ; in Louis XIV's 
 days it was a chaise-a-porteur on two wheels. 
 In the 1 5th cent, it was a cart of considerable 
 size, for Andr6 de la Vigne speaks of des 
 charrettes e/ brouettes yw« estoient a V entree 
 
 de Charles VIII a Florence. Brouefte or 
 rather berouette (the prim, orthography) is a 
 dim. of beroue * (for dim. in -el(e see ab- 
 lette). Beroue is from L. birota, a two- 
 wheeled car. For bi = be see bis ; for 
 rota = ro»/tf see roue. The O. Fr. berouette 
 is contrd. into brouette by dropping the e, see 
 briller ; but in many patois the old form is 
 still retained and the word is proncd. 6c- 
 rouette. 
 BROUILLARD, sm. a fog. See brouiller. 
 BROUILLER, va. to mingle, embroil. Origin 
 unknown. — Der. brouille (verbal subst.), 
 brouillon, debrouiller, embrouiller. 
 BROUIR, va. to blight. Origin unknown. 
 BROUSSAILLES, sf. brushwood. See brosse. 
 BROUT, sm. shoots of young wood. O. Fr. 
 broust, originally brost, a word of Germ, 
 origin (A. S. brustian, to burgeon, sprout). 
 — Der. broutti (to browse, lit. to eat the 
 brouts, or shoots), ^rowriller. 
 BROYER, va. to grind, crush ; word of Germ. 
 origin (Goth, brihan, to break). The Lat. 
 bricare* which springs from the Germ, 
 word, produces regularly broyer, just as 
 plicare produces p/qyer, q. v. 
 BRU, sf. a daughter-in-law. O. Fr. brut, from 
 
 O. H. G. prut, a bride. 
 + Brugnon, sm. a nectarine ; introd. in 
 
 1 6th cent, from It. brugna. 
 BRUINE, sf. drizzling rain. Origin un- 
 known. 
 BRUIRE, vn. to roar. Origin unknown. — 
 Der. bruit, ebruiter, bruissemeat. The 
 pres. p. of bruire is bruyant. 
 BRUIT, sm. a noise. See bruire. 
 BRULE-POURPOINT, sm. originally a gun 
 discharged so near as to set fire to the 
 pourpoint, doublet. See bruler and pour- 
 point. 
 BRULER, va. to burn ; formerly brusler. It. 
 brustolare, from L. pSrustulare*, to bum 
 entirely. From ustus, partic. of urere 
 came the verb ustare, whence again the 
 dim. ustulare (which is to be seen in O. Sp. 
 uslar for ust'lar). Just as ustus produced 
 ustulare so perustus produced, with in- 
 termediate perustare, the form perustu- 
 lare (which remains almost unchanged in 
 It. brustolare). 
 
 For change of perustulare into brusler, 
 — perust(u)lare loses its u ; perus'tlare 
 is contri. into p'rust'lare by losing the 
 first vowel, see briller ; p becomes b, see 
 §11; then brustlare, by assimilation of 
 tl into // and reduction of // into / (§ 168), 
 becomes bruslar, then O. Fr. brusler, whence 
 
BR UME — B UVEUR. 
 
 61 
 
 bruler, by loss of s, see § 148. — Der. hrul- 
 
 ure, briilot. 
 Brume, sf. fog, mist; from L. bruma. — 
 
 Der. brumeux. 
 BRUN, adj. brown ; from O. H. G. brdn.— 
 
 Der. brune (sf.) ; brunix, 6r««issage, brun- 
 
 atre, embrunix, rexnbrumx. 
 + Brusque, adj. brusque, sharp, short (in 
 
 manner) ; introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. 
 
 brusco. — Der. brusqutr, brusqueue. 
 Brut, adj. raw, unwrought, uncultivated ; 
 
 from L. brutus. — Der. 6r«^al, bruUlh^, 
 
 brutidiser. 
 BRUYANT, adj. noisy. See brmre.—Der. 
 
 bruyamment for bruyantment ; see abon- 
 
 daviment. 
 BRUYERE, sf. heather. O. Fr. bruiere, from 
 
 L. brugaria, used for heather in several 
 
 Lat. texts of the early middle ages. The word 
 
 comes from Celt., a dim. of Breton briig. 
 
 For the passage from brugaria to bruyere, 
 
 for loss of g see allier ; for -aria = -lire see 
 
 dnier. 
 BUANDIER, sf. a bleacher. See buee. 
 Bubon, sm. a tumour (in the groin) ; from 
 
 Gr. Pov^cuv. 
 Buccal, adj. buccal, relating to the mouth ; 
 
 from L. buccalis. 
 BtJCHE, sf. a log of wood. O. Fr. busche, 
 
 Prov. busca, from L. bosca*, fem. form 
 
 of boscum ; see bois. For -ca = -che see 
 
 acharner; for o = m see curee. — Der. buchtr, 
 
 bucheron. 
 Bucolique, adj. bucolic ; from Gr. ^ovko- 
 
 \ik6s. 
 + Budget, sm.a. budget; introd. at the fall 
 
 of the Empire (1814) from Engl, budget. 
 BUEE, sf. lye. Origm unknown. — Der. 6wan- 
 
 dier, Jwanderie. 
 BUFFET, sm. a cupboard, sideboard, buffet. 
 
 Origin unknown. 
 I BUFFLE, sm. a buffalo ; from L. bufalus, 
 
 used by Fortunatus, a secondary form of 
 
 bubalus. — Der. buffietin, buffieterie. 
 BUIS, sm. a box-tree; from L. buxus 
 
 For x = s see ajouter; accented u becomes 
 
 ui, see § 96. — Der. buison. (For the ex- 
 tension of sense see § 1 2.) 
 BUISSON, sm. a bush. See buis. 
 Bulbe, sm. a bulb ; from L. bulbus. 
 Bulle,s/. a bubble; from L. bulla. Bulle 
 
 is also the little ball of metal appended to 
 
 the seal of letters-patent, whence the name 
 
 of bull, given to papal letters-patent. Bulle 
 
 is a doublet of bill, q. v. 
 t Bulletin, sm. a bulletin ; introd. in i6th 
 
 cent, from It. bulletina. 
 
 BURE, sf. drugget, coarse woollen cloth ; from 
 L. burra*. 'Nobilis horribili jungatur 
 purpura burrae,' says an epigram attributed 
 to Eucerias. — Der. fewreau (woollen stuff: 
 vetu de simple bureau, says Boileau) ; then a 
 table covered with baize. 
 
 BUREAU, sm. a writing table. See bure. — 
 Der. 6wraliste,6wreawcra tie (from bureau and 
 cratie ; see aristocratie, dSmocraiie), bureau- 
 crate. 
 
 BURETTE, sf. a cruet ; dim. of O. Fr. bure 
 (a bottle). Origin unknown. 
 
 + Bur grave, sm. a burgrave ; introd. from 
 Germ, burggraf. 
 
 + Burin, sm. a graver; introd. (see § 25) 
 from It. borino. 
 
 + Burlesque, adj. burlesque, ludicrous; 
 introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. burlesco. 
 
 + Burnous, sm. a burnous, cloak; introd. 
 by travellers from Africa. Ar. bornos. 
 
 + Busc, sm. a busk, bust (for stays) ; also 
 written busque and buste in i6th cent., a 
 corruption of It. busto. See buste. 
 
 BUSE, sf. a buzzard ; from L. buteo, a 
 sparrowhawk in Pliny. For change of -teo 
 into -se, through -tio, see agencer. — Der. 
 6«sard. 
 
 + Buste, sm. a bust ; introd. in 1 6th cent, 
 from It. busto. Buste is a doublet of boite, 
 q. v. 
 
 BUT, sm. aim, mark. See buter. 
 
 BUTER, va. to strike, in O. Fr. ; but in 
 mod. Fr. restricted to certain special mean- 
 ings. Etymologically buter is a dialectial 
 variant of bouter, q. v. — Der. but (verbal 
 subst. ; properly the point one aims at, where 
 one wishes to end), bouter, lebuter, rebut, 
 debut, debuter. 
 
 BUTIN, sm. booty ; of Germ, origin, M. H.G. 
 bitten. — Der. butinex. 
 
 BUTOR, sm. a bittern. Origin unknown. 
 The stupidity of this bird is proverbial, and 
 butor is metaph. used for a stupid fellow 
 just as buse (a bird of prey which cannot 
 be tamed for hawking, q. v.) is used. 
 
 BUTTE, sf. a butt, rising ground, knoll. 
 O. Fr. bute, fem. 'form of but, q. v. These 
 two words had the same primitive meaning, 
 as is seen 'mXh.tT^h.xzsGetreenbuttea = servir 
 de but a. The but being usually placed 
 on a rising knoll, the word presently came to 
 be used for the knoll itself; and then the 
 original meaning perished. 
 
 BUVEUR, sm. a drinker. O. Fr. beuveur, 
 older still beveur, originally beveor, from L. 
 bibitorem (in Isidore of Seville). Bibi- 
 (t)orem produced beveor by loss of medial 
 
6a 
 
 BVSSUS — CACHER. 
 
 t, see § 1 1 7 ; and the two atonic i's became 
 e, see mettre. Beveor became beveur by 
 changing eo into eu, see ateul ; then beu- 
 veur by changing the first vowel e into eu ; 
 and finally buveur by change of eu into u, 
 see jumeau. The Sp. bevedor, It. bevitore, 
 
 confirm this derivation. By a transforma- 
 tion like the above, bibentem becomes 
 buvant (for the changes see above), whence 
 buvahle, buvette, etc. 
 BysBUS, sm. byssus, a kind of fine linen; 
 from L. byssus. 
 
 ^A, adv, here; from L. ecc'ao * (compd. of 
 ecce-hac, like ecciste, eccille, for ecce- 
 iste, ecce-ille). For loss of the h see 
 atelier. Eooe means • here,' in several 7th 
 and 8th cent, documents, e.g. 'Parentes 
 , ecce habeo multos,' * I have here many re- 
 lations.' The phrase ecce-hac is therefore 
 pleonastic. For ecc'ac = fa see ce. 
 
 + Cabale, sf. cabala, cabal; a word of 
 Heb. origin, meaning properly the Jewish 
 traditional interpretation of the O. Test., 
 from Heb. habala, traditional teaching. 
 This word in the middle ages signified (i) 
 a secret interpretation, (2) a mysterious 
 science of commerce with supernatural 
 beings. It has produced the adj. caba- 
 listique. From the sense of occult measures, 
 secret efforts to attain one's end, comes the 
 modern signification of cabal, whence the 
 verb cabaler. Cabale is a doublet of 
 frabelle, q. v. 
 
 •f-Caban, sm. a hooded cloak; introd. in 
 1 6th cent, from Sp. gahan. 
 
 CABANE, sf. a cabin; from L. capanna (in 
 Isidore of Seville : ' Tugurium parva casa 
 est; hoc rustici capanna vocant.* The 
 form cabanna is to be seen in the 8th 
 cent, in the Glosses of Reichenau). For 
 p = 6 see dbeille. Cabane is a doublet of 
 cabine, q. v. — Der. cabanon. 
 
 CABARET, sm. a public-house, tavern. Ori- 
 gin unknown. — Dfer. cabaretitr. 
 
 CABAS, sm. a frail, basket of rushes. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 + Cabestan, sm. a capstan ; in 17th cent. 
 capestan, introd. from Eng. capstan. 
 
 + Cabine, sf. a cabin; introd. from Eng. 
 cabin. Cabine is a doublet of cabane, q. v. 
 
 + Cabinet, sm. a cabinet; introd. in l6th 
 ^cent. from It. gabinetto. 
 
 CABLE, sm. a cable ; from L. caplum (found 
 in sense of a cord in Isidore of Seville beside 
 the form capuliun). For p = 6 see § ill. 
 
 CABOCHE, sf. head, pate, noddle ; dim. of L. 
 
 caput by suffix oceus = oche, which is to be 
 seen in Spinoche, pinoche, etc. For p = 6 
 (caput is cabo in the Salic Law) see 
 § III. 
 + Cabot er, vn. to coast. Cabotage, 
 
 sm. coasting ; introd. from It. cabotaggio. 
 — Der. cabotcax, cabot'm (a strolling come- 
 dian, who goes from village to village, just 
 as the coasters go from port to port). 
 
 Cabotin, sm. a strolling player. See' ea- 
 boter. 
 
 t Cabrer, vpr. to rear, prance, like a goat 
 on its hind legs; introd. in l6th cent, from 
 Sp. cabra. 
 
 t Cabri, sm. a kid. O. Fr. cabrit, from 
 Prov. cabrit, which from L. capritum * (a 
 goat in the Germanic Laws), from capra. 
 
 + Cabriole, sf. a caper ; in Montaigne ca- 
 priole; introd. in i6th cent, from It. capriola 
 (properly the leap of a kid). Cabriole is a 
 doublet of chevreuil, q. v. — Der. cabrioler, 
 cabriolet (a two-wheeled carriage which 
 leaps ; from its lightness). 
 
 Cabriolet, sm. a cabriolet, cab. See ca- 
 briole. 
 
 CABUS, sm. cabbage, cauliflower ; der. in- 
 directly from L. caput (properly = a cabbage 
 without a head). For p = i see § 1 1 1 . For 
 chou-cabus the Germ, is kopfkohl (lit. head- 
 cabbage). It. capuccio (lit. little head), forms 
 which show what the origin of the word is. 
 
 t Cacao, sm. cacao, cocoa ; introd. at end 
 of 1 6th cent, from America. — Der. cacao- 
 tier. 
 
 •\ Cachalot, sm. the sperm-whale; introd. 
 from Engl, cachalot. 
 
 + Cachemire, sm. cashmere, a kind of 
 stuff originally worn in Cashmere. 
 
 CACHER, va. to hide, conceal ; from L. 
 coactare, to be pressed together, whence 
 by extension comes se cacher, i.e. to crouch 
 down, to hide oneself. Cacher was used 
 in Fr. in the active sense of ' to press under 
 foot,* in the line of Ronsard, A pieds 
 
CACHET— CAGOT. 
 
 «3 
 
 desckaux cache le vin noveau, ' Barefoot he 
 presses out the grape,' which proves the 
 origin of the word without doubt. Similarly 
 It. quatto signifies both concealed and com- 
 pressed. 
 
 Coactare produces cacher (l) by chang- 
 ing ct into ch, see Hist. Gram. p. 60 ; (2) 
 by suppressing the o before a (cp. c o a g 1 a r e , 
 d. Fr. coailler, cailler). — Der. cache (verbal 
 subst.), cncAette, cachtX (rightly that which 
 serves to hide the contents of a letter), 
 cacAotter (whence cachot, verbal subst.), 
 cflcAotterie. 
 
 CACHET, sm. a seal, stamp. See cacher. — 
 Der. cacheter, decacheier. 
 
 CACHOT, sm. a dungeon. This word, ori- 
 ginally meaning ( = cachette) a hiding-place 
 (Ambroise Pare speaks' of cachots des betes 
 sauvages), is the verbal subst. of cachotter. 
 See cacher. 
 
 Cacochyme, adj. ' cacochymic,' peevish ; 
 from Gr. Kanoxv/xos. 
 
 Cacographie, s/.'cacography,' bad-spelling; 
 from Gr. KaKoypacpia. 
 
 Cacologie, sf. ' cacology,' bad choice of 
 words ; from Gr. KaKoKoyia. 
 
 Cacophonie, sf. 'cacophony,' jarring 
 sounds ; from' Gr. KaKO<pcovia. 
 
 Cactus, sm. a cactus ; from Gr. kAktos. 
 
 CADASTRE, sm. a 'cadastre,' official report 
 on real property. O. Fr. capdastre, It. 
 catastro, from L. capitastrum* (a register 
 serving to regulate incidence of taxation), 
 der. from caput, which in Class. Lat. is 
 used for the capital-sum of a contribution. 
 The Sp. similarly has cabezon for cabeza 
 (the head). 
 
 Cap(i)tdstrum loses its i according to 
 rule, see § 52 ; and becomes cadastre by 
 changing pt into d, as in male-aptus, 
 malade ; captellum *, ca^/e/. 
 
 Cadavre, sm. a corpse; from L. cadaver. 
 — Der, cadaveri(\vie, cadavereux. 
 
 CADEAU, sm. a gift, present; properly the 
 feather-flourishes with which writing-masters 
 adorn their specimens of skill : in this sense 
 it is found in 1 6th cent., then it came to 
 mean trifles, agreeable pastimes of no value. 
 Faire des cadeaux was used for ' to amuse 
 oneself with trifles ' ; then cadeau was used 
 for amusement, entertainment, fete: thus 
 Moli<-re, in the Mariage force, has J'aimeles 
 visifes, les cadeaux, les promenades, en un 
 
 . mot toutes les choses de plaisir. The word 
 is especially used of entertainments given to 
 women ; in the I yth cent, the phrase don- 
 ner auxfemmes k« cadeau off musique etde 
 
 dance was used. From this phrase donner 
 un cadeau comes the modern sense of a 
 present. The word is a good example of 
 the way in which words drift away from 
 their original sense. In its signification 
 of the feather-flourishes of the writing- 
 master, a sort of calligraphic ' chain,* ca- 
 deau, O. Fr. (i2th cent.), cadel (in Gerard 
 de Roussillon) comes, through the Prov., 
 from L. catellus (a little catena, chain). 
 
 tCadenas, sm. a padlock, in Rabelais 
 catenas. Introd. in 16th cent, from It. 
 catenaccio Der. cadenasser. 
 
 + Cadence, sf. a cadence, measure ; introd. 
 in 16th cent, from It. cadenza. Cadence is 
 a doublet of chance, q. v Der. cadenctx. 
 
 + Caddne, sf. a chain ; from Prov. cadena, 
 which from L. catena. Cadene is a 
 doublet of chaine, q. v. 
 
 Cadenette, sf. plaited hair (as worn by 
 men) ; a word of hist, origin (see § 33) ; 
 a kind of coiffure brought into fashion in 
 the time of Louis XIII by Honor^ d'Albret, 
 brother of the Duke de Luynes, the Lord of 
 Cadanet. 
 
 \ Cadet, adj. younger ; from Prov. capdef, 
 which from L. cap'tettum *, capitet- 
 ttim, dim. of caput, head ; the eldest son 
 being regarded as the first head of the 
 family, the second son the cadet, or little 
 head. 
 
 Cadran, sm. a dial-plate, clock-face. O. Fr. 
 quadrant, from L. quadrantem (a sundial, 
 surface on which the hours are traced). 
 
 t Cadre, sm. a frame; introd. in l6th 
 cent, from It. quadra. — Der. cadrer, en- 
 cadrtT. 
 
 Caduc, adj. decrepit, decayed; from L. 
 caducus. — Der. caducite. 
 
 Caduc6e, sm. a caduceus, herald's staff : 
 from L. caduceum. 
 
 Cafard, sm. a hypocrite. Origin unknown. 
 
 + Caf6, sm. coffee ; introd. from the East by 
 travellers at beginning of 17th cent.; it is 
 the Turkish kahveh, — Der. ca/ier, ca/etier, 
 ca/etiere. 
 
 CAGE, sf. a cage ; from L. cavea. For 
 -ea, = -ge see § 243 ; for loss of v see § 141. 
 Cage is a doublet of gabie, q.v. — Der, 
 cfl/oler (for cageoler), which in O.Fr. bore 
 sense of to sing like a caged bird, but by 
 a natural transition has come to mean to 
 seduce by flattering words. 
 
 tCagneux, adj. knock-kneed (like a 
 beagle), dim. of cagne, from It. cagna, a 
 bitch. 
 
 Cagot, sm. a bigot. Origin unknown. 
 
64 
 
 CAHIER — C A LICE, 
 
 CAHIER. sm. a writing-book, copy-book. 
 O. Fr. cayer, originally quayer, from L. qua- 
 temum* (a book of four leaves, then a 
 writing-book). For loss of medial t, 
 qua(t)em\im, see § 117; for rn = r see 
 aubour; for qua = ca see car; for the in- 
 tercalation of an h see Hist. Gram. p. 79. 
 The It. quaderno. Cat. cuern, both confirm 
 this derivation. Cahier is a doublet of 
 caserne, and quaterne, q. v. 
 
 Cahin-caha, adj. so-so, indifferently ; from 
 L. qua hinc, — qua hac (hither-thither). 
 
 CAHOTER, va. to jolt. Origin unknown. — 
 Der. cahot (verbal subst.). 
 
 tCahute, sf. a hut; prop, ship's cabin: 
 sailors say cajute. From Du. kajuit. 
 
 CAIEU, sm. a clove. Origin unknown. 
 
 CAILLE, sf. a quail. O.Fr. quaille. It. quaglia, 
 from medieval Lat. Quaquila, regularly 
 contrd. (§51) into quaq'la, becomes caille, 
 (l) by changing qtia into ca, see car; (2) 
 cl into iU see abeille. The form quaquila 
 is of Germ, origin, answering to O. Neth. 
 quakele. 
 
 CAILLER, va. to curdle. O. Fr. coailler, from 
 L. coagiilare. Coag(u)lare, contrd, re- 
 gularly (§52) into coag'lare, produced the 
 O. Fr. coailler by changing gl into il, as 
 in vigl'are, veiller; see Hist. Gram. p. 71. 
 For loss of o see cacher. Cailler is a 
 doublet of coaguler, q. v. — Der. caillot. 
 
 CAILLOU, sm. a flint, pebble. Origin un- 
 known Der. cailloutSLge. 
 
 f Caiman, sm. cayman, alligator ; introd. 
 from American colonies through the Sp. 
 cayman. 
 
 + Caisse, sf. a case, chest, box; from L. 
 capsa, through Prov; caissa. For a. = ai 
 see aigle. ps becomes ss by assimilation ; 
 a phenomenon visible in Lat.: we find issa 
 scrisi, for ipsa scripsi, in an 8th-cent. 
 document ; and this change of ps into ss 
 was accomplished ages before in popular 
 Lat., for Suetonius tells us that the Emperor 
 Claudius punished a senator for saying isse 
 instead of ipse, pt is similarly assimi- 
 lated, as in recepta, recette, see § 168; 
 and pm becomes m, as in sept i man a, 
 setnaine. Caisse is a doublet of casse, chasse, 
 q. v. 
 
 CAJOLER, va. to cajole. See cage. — Der. 
 cajolerie. 
 
 Cal, sm. a callosity ; from L. callus. 
 
 Calamity, sf. a calamity; from L. calami- 
 tatem. 
 
 Calandre, sf. (Ornith.) • calandra,' a kind 
 of lark ; from Gr. Kapadpios, through L. 
 
 caradrion, used in the Vulgate. For r = / 
 see autel and § 154; for intercalation of 
 an n see concombre. 
 
 CALANDRE, sf. a calender, mangle ; from 
 L. oylindrus. For y = a see balance ; for 
 in = a« see § 72, note 4. Calandre is a 
 doublet of cylindre, q. v. 
 
 Calcaire, adj, calcareous, chalky ; from L. 
 calcarius. 
 
 Calciner, va.to calcine ; from L.calcinare*, 
 which from calcem. 
 
 Calcul, sm. a reckoning; from L. calculus 
 (properly a pebble, used to count with). — 
 Der. calculex, ca/cw/ateur, inca/cw/able, cal- 
 culeux. 
 
 + Cale, sf. stocks (in a ship); from It. 
 cala. 
 
 + Cale, sf. a wedge, to support, steady 
 (caler) anything ; from Germ. keil. 
 
 + Calebasse, sf. a calabash; introd. in 
 l6th cent, from Sp. calabaza. 
 
 tCaleche, sf a barouche; introd. from 
 Sclav, languages (Polish holasha, holassa) 
 through Germ, kalesche. 
 
 't'Cale^On, sm. drawers; introd. in l6th 
 cent, from It. calzone. Calepon is a double? 
 of chausson, q. v. 
 
 Calembour, sm. a pun. Origin unknown. 
 
 Calendes, sf. pi. the calends; from L. ca- 
 lendae. 
 
 CALENDRIER, sm. a calendar. O. Fr. calen- 
 dier, from L. calendarium. For -arium 
 = -ier see §198; for insertion of r see 
 chanvre. 
 
 Calepin, sm. a Latin dictionary, note-book, 
 a word of hist, origin, see § 33. This 
 word, which now only signifies a little agenda 
 book, meant in the 1 7th cent, a vast collec- 
 tion of notes, as we see in Boileau : Qui de 
 ses revenus ecrils par alphabet Pent fournir 
 aisement un calepin complet. Originally 
 the word signified a huge dictionary in six 
 languages, very famous in early 1 6th cent., 
 by Ambrosius Calepinus, an Augustin monk, 
 who died a.d. 151 1. 
 
 CALER, va. to wedge up, steady. See cale. 
 
 t Calfater, va. to caulk; in Rabelais ca- j 
 lafter; introd in i6th cent, from It. cala- 
 fatare. — Der. calf at (verbal subst). After ] 
 the 1 6th cent, calfater was corrupted into | 
 calfeutrer {calfeutrer un navire is not rare in j 
 i6th-cent. authors). 
 
 Calfeutrer, va. to caulk. See calfater. 
 
 + Calibre, sm. calibre; introd. in l6thcent. 
 from It. calibro. 
 
 CALICE, sf. (i) Bot. a calix; (2) a chalice, 
 cup ; from L. calicem. 
 
CALICOT— CANAPE. 
 
 65 
 
 Calicot, sm. calico; a word of hist, origin 
 (see § 33), from the city of Calicut, the seat 
 of this manufacture. 
 
 t Calife, SOT. a khalif ; from Ar. Khalifa, 
 the successor of the Prophet (§ 30). 
 
 CALIFOURCHON, adv. a-straddle, a-stride. 
 Origin unknown. 
 
 CALIN, sm. a cajoler, wheedler. Origin un- 
 known. — Der. cdlifier, calinene. 
 
 Calleux, adj. callous; from L. callosus. 
 For -osus = -«/«! see § 229. Calleux is a 
 doublet o{ galeux. — Der. callosite. 
 
 Calligraphe, sm. a calligraphist ; from Gr. 
 k6.\\os and ypdcpdv. — Der. calligraphie. 
 
 "f-Calme, sot. tranquillity, quiet; from It. 
 calma. — Der. calmer, which is a doublet of 
 chfJmer, q. v. 
 
 Calomnie, sf. calumny; from L. calum- 
 nia. Calomnie is a doublet of chalenge, 
 q. V. — Der. calomnicLteur, calomiiier. 
 
 Calorif^re, sm. a stove ; a word made up 
 of L. calor and fero. 
 
 CALOTTE, sf. a skullcap. Origin unknown. 
 
 fCalquer, va. to trace, draw on tracing 
 paper; introd. in i6th cent., with many 
 other terms of art, from It. calcare. 
 Calquer is a doublet of cocher, q. v. — Der. 
 calqiie (verbal subst.), decalquer. 
 
 Calvitie, s/. baldness; from L. calvities. 
 
 CAMAIEU, SOT. a cameo. See camee. 
 
 •f Cam ail, S7n. camail ; originally a coat of 
 mail, covering the head and shoulders; now 
 a clerical vestment covering head and 
 shoulders, down to the waist: introd. in 
 middle age from Prov. capmail, from L. 
 caput and macula, properly therefore 
 mail-armour for the head. For etymology of 
 maille, see that word. 
 
 fCaraarade, SOT. a comrade; introd. in 
 1 6th cent, from Sp. camarada, properly 
 one who shares the same chamber (camera), 
 originally a military term. Camarade is a 
 doublet of chambree, q. v. — Der. camarad- 
 erie. 
 
 CAMARD, adj. flat-nosed. Origin unknown. 
 See camns. 
 
 + Cambouis, sm. cartgrease. O. Fr. cam- 
 bois, from Prov. camois, dirt. Origin un- 
 known. 
 CAMBRER, va. to arch, bend, vault ; from 
 L. camerare. For loss of e see §52; 
 for ra.'v = mbr see absoudre. Cambrer 
 is a doublet of chambrer, q. v. — Der. cam- 
 brure. 
 f Cambuse, sf. steward's room, cook's 
 room (on board ship) ; introd. from Engl. 
 caboose. 
 
 + Carafe, sf. a cameo; introd. in i6th 
 
 cent, from It. cameo. — Der. caOTaieu. 
 Cam^leon, sm. a chameleon; from Gr. 
 
 Cainelot, sm. camlet ; originally stuff made 
 of camel's hair. The word, in medieval 
 Lat. documents written camelotum, is a 
 deriv. of L. camelus. 
 t Cani6rier, SOT, a chamberlain ; introd. 
 from It. cameriere. Camerier is a doublet 
 of chambrier, q. v. 
 
 fCam^riste, sf. a waiting-woman; in- 
 trod. from It. camerista. 
 
 Camion, sot. a dray. Origin unknown, 
 
 + Cam.isole, sf. a short night-dress, morn- 
 ing jacket ; introd. in i6th cent, from It. 
 camiciuola. 
 
 tCam.om.ille, sf. camomile; introd. in 
 16th cent, from It. camomilla. 
 
 Cam.ouflet, sm. a puff of smoke in a sleeper's 
 face, an aflfiront. Origin unknown, 
 
 Cam^p, SOT. a camp; from L. campus, pro- 
 perly field of battle, hence the place where 
 an army encamps before a battle). Camp 
 is a doublet of champ, q, v, — Der. camp- 
 er, Aecamper. 
 
 CAMPAGNE, sf. country, champaign, plain- 
 land ; from L. campania, found in sense of 
 a plain in the Roman surveyors. For -ania 
 = -agne see moniagne and § 244. — The 
 O. Fr. form was champagne, which belongs 
 primarily to the Picard dialect (see Hist. 
 Gram. p. 21), and came late into Fr. Cam- 
 pagne is a doublet of champagne, q.v. — Der. 
 ca7npagn!ird. 
 
 f Cam.panile, sot, a campanile; introd, 
 from It. campanile. 
 
 t Cam,parLule, sf. a campanula; introd. 
 in 1 6th cent, from It, campanula. 
 
 Cam.pech.e, sot. logwood ; a word of hist, 
 origin (see § 33), meaning wood from the 
 forests which line Campeachy bay. 
 
 CAMPER, va. to encamp. See camp. — Der. 
 campement. 
 
 Cam.ph.re, sm. camphor; from L. c am- 
 phora*, which is of Ar. origin (^a/ar). F'or 
 loss of o see ancre and § 51, 
 
 CAMUS, adj. flat-nosed. Origin unknown. 
 
 t Canaille, sf. mob. rabble; introd, in 
 1 6th cent, from It. canaglia. Canaille is a 
 doublet oi chienaille and §51. 
 
 Canal, sot. a pipe; from L. canalis. Canal 
 is a doublet of chenal, q. v. — Der. canal- 
 iser. 
 
 + Canape, sm. a sofa; introd. in i6th 
 cent, from It. canape. Rabelais has cono- 
 pee. 
 
66 
 
 CANARD — CAPITAL, 
 
 CANARD, sm. a drake. See cane. — Der. 
 
 canarder. 
 Canari, sm. a canary-bird. O. Fr. canaries, 
 
 a word of hist, origin (§ 33), a bird 
 
 brought from the Canaries. 
 CANCAN, sm. gossip, tittle-tattle. An ono- 
 matopoeia (§ 34). — Der. caticantr. 
 Cancer, sm. a cancer; from L. cancer. 
 
 Cancer is a doublet of chancre, q. v. — Der. 
 
 cancertux. 
 CANCRE, sm. a crab, rightly crahe ; from L. 
 
 canc6rem. For loss of e see § 51. This 
 
 word belongs properly to the Picard dialect 
 
 (see Hist. Gram, p. 21), and has come late 
 
 into the Fr. language. 
 Candelabra, sm. a candelabrum ; from L. 
 
 candelabrum. 
 Candeur, &f. candour, openness; from L. 
 
 candorem. 
 + Candi, adj. candied; introd. in 1 6th 
 
 cent, from It. candi. 
 Candidal, sm. a candidate; from L. can- 
 
 didatus. — Der. candidature. 
 Candide,ac?7. candid, fair; fromL.candidus. 
 CANE, sf. SL duck. In O. Fr. a boat.— Der. 
 
 canard. This word took its present sense 
 
 late ; the transition of ideas being that of a 
 
 bird floating on the water like a boat. 
 
 Cane is from Germ. kahn. — Der. canard, 
 
 caneton, in sense of 'a boat.' Cane has 
 
 left the dim. canot. 
 Can§phore, sf. a basket-bearer ; from Gr. 
 
 Kavq<p6pos. 
 + Canette, s/. a beer-jug; dim. of cane, 
 
 which is the Germ, kanne, a can. — Der. 
 
 canon, the ^ of a litre, 
 ■f Cane V as, sm. canvas; introd. in i6th 
 
 cent, from It. canavaccio, properly a large 
 
 piece of stuff for embroidery. 
 Caniche, sm. a poodle; deriv. of L. canis. 
 Canicule, sf. the dog-star; from L. cani- 
 
 cula. 
 CAN IF, sm. a penknife. Of Germ, origin, 
 
 from A, S. cnif. 
 Canine, adj. canine; from L. canina. 
 CANIVEAU, sm. a sewer, drain. Origin un- 
 known. 
 CANNE, sf, a cane; from L. canna. — Der. 
 
 cannelle, cannele, cannelure, canon. Before 
 
 meaning a piece of artillery it signified the 
 
 gun-barrel, and earlier still the stock of the 
 
 arbaHst. 
 CANON, sm. a cannon. See canne. — Der. 
 
 canonner, -nade, -nier, -niere. 
 Canon, sm. a rule, decree; from L. canon. 
 
 — Der. canonique (of which chanoine, q. v., 
 
 is a doublet), canoniser. 
 
 Canonicat, sm. a canonry; from L. can- 
 
 onicatus*, the benefice of a canonicus, 
 
 or canon. 
 Canoniser, va. to canonise. See canon. 
 
 — Der. canon/sation. 
 CANOT, sm. a canoe. See cane. 
 t Cantaloup, sm. (Bot.) a cantalupe ; a 
 
 word of hist, origin, the etymology of which 
 
 is given § 33, 
 fCantfete, sf. a cantata; introd. from It. 
 
 cantata. Cantate is a doublet of chantte, 
 
 q.v. 
 t Can tat rice, sf. a female singer; introd. 
 
 from It. cantatrice. * 
 
 Cantharide, s/". cantharis; from L. can- 
 
 tharidem. 
 Cantildne, sf. (Mus.) a cantilene, melody ; 
 
 from L. cantilena. 
 + Cantine, sf. a canteen; introd. in i6th 
 
 cent, from It. cantina. Cantine is a doublet 
 
 of quintaine, q. v. — Der. cantimhxe. 
 Cantique, sm. a canticle, hymn ; from L. 
 
 canticum. 
 CANTON, sm. a canton. Origin unknown. 
 
 — Der. can/onal, -ner, -nement, -nier. 
 t Cantonade, sf. interior of the slips (in 
 
 a theatre) ; from It. cantonata. 
 Canule, sf. (Med.) a clyster-pipe ; from L. 
 
 cannula. 
 + Caoutchouc, sm. caoutchouc, india- 
 rubber. A word of American origin, cahtit- 
 
 chu. 
 fCap, sm. a cape; introd. in 1 6th cent. 
 
 from It. capo. The It. also signifies ' a 
 
 head,' whence the phrase cap-d-pie, i. e. 
 
 from head to foot. Cap is a doublet of 
 
 chef, q. V. 
 Capable, adj. capable; from L. capa- 
 
 bilis. For -abilis — -aWc see o^fc/c. 
 Capacity, sf. capacity; from L, capaci- 
 
 tatem. 
 + Capara90n, sm. caparison; introd. in 
 
 1 6th cent, from Sp. caparayon. 
 CAPE, sf. a cape, hooded cloak ; from L. 
 
 cappa, found in Isidore of Seville. For 
 
 pp —p see chape. — Der. ca^eline, capoiit. 
 CAPELINE, sf. a kind of hood. See cape. 
 Capillaire, adj. capillary; from L. capil- 
 
 laris. 
 t Capilotade, sf. a hash. In i6th cent. 
 
 cabirotade, from Sp. cabirotada. 
 Capitaine, sm. a captain ; introd. about 
 
 the 14th cent, from capitaneus, a form 
 
 der. by the medieval Lat. from L. caput. 
 
 Capitaine is a doublet of capitan. 
 Capital, adj. capital, chief; sm. capital, 
 
 principal; from L. capitalis. Capital is 
 
CAPITAN — CAREME. 
 
 ■67 
 
 a doublet of cheptal, q. v. — Der. capitaliser, 
 
 -iste. 
 + Capitan, sm. a hector, bully; introd. in 
 
 1 6th cent, from Sp. capitan. 
 t Capiteux, adj. heady (of wine, &c.) ; 
 
 introd. in i6th cent, from It. capitoso. 
 + Capiton, sm. cappadine, silk flock; 
 
 introd. from It. capitone. — Der. capkonner. 
 Capituler, va. to capitulate; from L. 
 
 capitulare*, i. e. to fix the conditions or 
 
 heads of a surrender. Capituler is a doublet 
 
 of chapitrer. — Der. capituhtion, -aire. 
 + Capon, sm. a hypocrite, sneak; from 
 
 It. cappoiie. Capon is a doublet of chapon. 
 
 — Der. caponner. 
 "t Caporal, sm. a corporal; introd. in 
 
 1 6th cent, from It. caporale. 
 CAPOTE, sf. a great coat, large cape. See 
 
 cape. 
 CAPRE, sf. (Bot.) a caper ; from L. capparis. 
 
 For loss of a see § 51. 
 + Caprice, sm. a whim, freak ; introd. in 
 
 1 6th cent, from It. capriccio. — Der. capric- 
 
 ieux. 
 Capricorne, sm. Capricorn ; from L. 
 
 capricornus. 
 Capsule, sf. a capsule, pod; from L. cap- 
 
 sula. 
 Capter, va. to captivate ; from L. captare. 
 
 — Der. captation, -ateur. 
 Captif, adj. a captive; from L. captivus. 
 
 Captif is a doublet of chetif q. v. — Der. 
 
 captiv'ite, -er. 
 Capture, sf. capture; from L. captura. — 
 
 Der. capturer. 
 tCapuce, sm. a hood; introd. in i6th 
 
 cent, from It. capuccio. — Der. capucin, 
 
 capuc'me (a hood-shaped flower), 
 tCaquer, va. to cure, barrel (fish, &c.). 
 
 O. Fr. quaquer, from Dutch kaaken. — Der. 
 
 caque, tncaquer. 
 CAQUETER, va. to cackle, cluck; an onoma- 
 
 topoetic word (§ 34). — Der. caquet (verbal 
 
 subst.). 
 CAR, conj. for, because ; from L. quare. 
 
 In O. Fr. car kept its etymol. sense ; in the 
 
 13th cent, men said Je ne sais ni car, ni 
 
 comment, where now they would say Je ne 
 
 sais ni p o u r q u o i , «f comment. The change, 
 
 qu = c, is to be seen in many inscriptions 
 
 under the Empire: cotidie, condam,alico, 
 
 etc., for quotidie, quondam, aliquo. qu 
 
 becomes hard c in quare, car; quas- 
 , sare, casser; quomodo, comme, etc. 
 
 qu becomes soft c in quinque, cinq; 
 
 quinquaginta, cinquante; querquedula, 
 
 cercelle. qu becomes ch in quercinus, 
 
 chene; quisque-unus, cTiacun. qu be- 
 comes s in coquina, cuisine. Certain 
 Roman inscriptions of the 3rd cent, give 
 us cocere, cinque, for coquere, quin- 
 que. 
 
 + Carabine, sf. a rifle, carbine; introd. 
 in 1 6th cent, from It. carahina. — Der. 
 carabin a 'sawbones,' medical student 
 (which in the i6th cent, signified a skir- 
 misher armed with a carbine ; thence it 
 came to be used for surgeons' appren- 
 tices, and originally for those of apothe- 
 caries, by way of a nickname, carabin a 
 genoux; and thence the present significa- 
 tion of the word), carabinier. 
 
 + Caracole, sf. a caracole, gambol ; introd. 
 in 16th cent, from Sp. caracal. — Der. cara- 
 coller. 
 
 CaractSre, sm. character; from L. cha- 
 racter. — Der. caracteriser, -istique. 
 
 t Carafe, s/. a decanter; introd. in l6th 
 cent, from It. caraffa. — Der. carafon. 
 
 Caramboler, vn. to make a cannon (in 
 billiards). Origin unknown. — Der. caram- 
 bohge. 
 
 t Caramel, sm. burnt sugar; introd. from 
 Sp. caramello. 
 
 t Carapace, s/". carapace (of a tortoise) ; 
 introd. from Sp. carapacho. 
 
 + Carat, sm. carat; introd., with many 
 other jewellers' terms, from It. carato. 
 
 f Caravane, sf. a caravan; introd. from 
 the East by travellers. Ar. hairavan. — Der. 
 caravam^XdW (properly = matsow des cara- 
 vanes), Pers. karvan-sarat. 
 
 t Caravelle, sf a caravel (ship); introd. 
 from It. caravella. 
 
 Carbone, sm. carbon; from L. carbonem. 
 Carbojie is a doublet of charbon, q. v. — Der. 
 ca^5owiser, -ique, -ate. 
 
 tCarbonade, sf fried or boiled pork; 
 from It. carbonata. Carbonade is a doublet 
 o( charbonnee. 
 
 CARCAN, sm. an iron collar, pillory. O. Fr. 
 quercant, from O. H. G. querca, the throat. 
 
 t Care ass e, sf a carcass ; introd. in 
 1 6th cent, from It. carcassa. 
 
 Carde, sf a chard, teasel-frame; from L. 
 carduus. — Der. car don, carder (to comb 
 with cardes, i. e. with brushes of iron, 
 formed like the teasel), cardtw. 
 
 Cardinal, adj. cardinal; from L. cardina- 
 lis, that on which all hinges. — Der. car- 
 dinal, sm. 
 
 CAREME, sm. Lent. O. Fr. quaresme, origin- 
 ally ywaraesme; lt.quaresima; fromL.quad- 
 ragesima. Q,uadrages(i)ma having 
 F a 
 
68 
 
 CA RkNE—CA R VILA GE. 
 
 lost its 1 (see § 51), becomes quadra- 
 
 ges'ma, thence cart'me: (i) by loss of 
 
 medial g, whence O. Fr. quaraesme, see Hist. 
 
 Gram. p. 82 ; (2) by change of dr into r, 
 
 see § 168 ; (3) by change of qua into ca, 
 
 see car ; (4) by loss of s, see Hist. Gram. 
 
 p. 81. Careme is a doublet oi quadragesime. 
 Cardne, sf. a keel. In 16th cent, carine, 
 
 from L. carina. 
 tCaresse, sf. a caress; introd. in i6th 
 
 cent, from It. carezza. — Der. caresser. 
 tCarguer, va. to braii, clew up (sails); 
 
 from Prov. cargar, which from L. carri- 
 
 oare. Carguer is a doublet of charger, q. v. 
 
 — Der. cargue (verbal subst.), carg-aison. 
 Cariatide, sf. a caryatide; from Gr. 
 
 KapvdriSfs. 
 + Caricature, sf. a caricature; introd. in 
 
 1 6th cent, from It. caricatura. — Der. cari- 
 
 caturiste. 
 Carie, sf. decay; from L. caries. — Der. 
 
 carier. 
 CARILLON, sm. chimes ; from L. quadri- 
 
 lionem, properly the chiming of four bells. 
 
 For qua = <;a see car; for dr = r see § 168 ; 
 
 for 11 = 11 see Hist. Gram. p. 57. — Der. 
 
 can7/o«ner. 
 Carlin, sm. a pug dog. Origin unknown. 
 t Carmagnole, sf. carmagnole, a sort of 
 
 revolutionary dance ; a word of hist, origin 
 
 (see § 33), from the town of Carmagnole 
 
 in Piedmont. 
 CARNAGE, sm. carnage, slaughter ; from L. 
 
 carnaticum *, der. from L. caruem. 
 
 For -aticum = -a^e see § 248. 
 + Carnassier, adj. carnivorous; a word 
 
 introd. from Prov. carnaza, whence also 
 
 camassiere, a game-bag. The Prov. carnaza 
 
 is from L. carnacea *, deriv. from carnem. 
 Carnation, sf. carnation (colour) ; from L. 
 
 carnationem. 
 + Carnaval, sm. carnival ; introd. in i6th 
 
 cent, from It. carnovale. — Der. carnaval- 
 
 esque. 
 CARNET, sm^ a note-book ; from L. quater- 
 
 netum, dim. of quaternum, q. v. 
 
 Q,ua(t)eriietum ; loses its medial t (see 
 
 abbaye and § 117) and changes qua into 
 
 ca (see car). 
 Carnivore, adj. carnivorous; from L. car- 
 
 nivorus. 
 Carotide, adj. carotid (artery) ; from Gr. 
 
 Kapcarides. 
 Carotte, sf. a carrot ; from L. carota (used 
 
 by Apicius). 
 "tCaroube, sm. the caroub, locust-tree; 
 
 introd. from It. carruba. — Der. caroubicx. 
 
 CARPE, sf. a carp ; from L. carpa, in Cassio- 
 dorus, lib. xii. ep. 4 : ' Destinet carpam 
 Danubius.' — Der. carpillon. 
 
 t Carquois, sm. a quiver; originally 
 tarquois, tarquais, from Low L, tarcasia, 
 transcription of Low Gr. ropKaaiov (a 
 quiver), introd. from the East by the early 
 Crusaders, with many other military terms : 
 it answers to the Turk, turkash. 
 
 CARRE, adj. and sm. square. See carrer. 
 
 CARREAU, sm. a tile. O. Fr. carrel, origin- 
 ally quarreel, from L. quadratell\iin, dim. 
 of quadratus (see carr4). Q,uadra(t)el- 
 lum loses its medial t (see abbaye and 
 § 117), softens dr into r (see § 148), changes 
 qua into ca, see car; whence O. Fr. carrel 
 (which remains in carreler, carrellage, 
 decarreler), which has become carreau by 
 el = eau, see agneau. 
 
 CARREFOUR, sm. a cross-way (where four 
 ways meet). O. Fr, quarrefour, Prov. 
 carreforc, from L. quadrifureum. For 
 rc = rsee arbalete; for dr = rsee § 148; 
 for u = OM see § 90 ; for qua = ca see 
 car. 
 
 CARRELER, va. to pave with tiles. See 
 carreau. — Der. carrelet, -age. 
 
 CARRER, va. to square ; from L. quadrare. 
 For qua = ca see car ; for dr = r see § 148. 
 Carrer is a doublet of cadrer, q. v. — 
 Der. carre, contre-carrer, carruie (which 
 is a doublet of quadrature). 
 
 + Car rick, sm. a top-coat, over-coat ; from 
 Engl, carrick. 
 
 CARRIERE, sf. a quarry (stone); from L. 
 quadraria * (in this sense used in several 
 medieval documents : a quarry is properly 
 the spot whence one draws out squared 
 stone, quadrata saxa). For qua = ca see 
 car ; for dr = r see § 148 ; for -&Tia, = -iere 
 see § 198. — Der. carrier. 
 
 Carri^re, sf. a career, a racecourse ; from L, 
 carrus. 
 
 f Carriole, sf. a carriole; introd. from 
 It. carriuola. 
 
 •j* Carrosse, sm. a coach, carriage; introd. * 
 in 16th cent, from It. carrozza. — Der. car- 
 rossier, carrossable. 
 
 t Carrousel, sm. a tilt, carousal ; introd. 
 from It. carosello. 
 
 Carte, sf. a chart ; from L. charta, carta *. 
 ¥ox ch. = c see § 126. Carte is a doublet 
 of charte, q. v. 
 
 + Cartel, sm. a challenge ; from It. car- 
 tello. 
 
 Cartilage, sf. cartilage; from L. cartila- 
 ginem.— Der. cartilagintMK. 
 
CA R TON — CA TIMINI. 
 
 69 
 
 i* Carton, sm. pasteboard; introd. from It. 
 cartone. — Der. car/oranage, cartonmer. 
 
 t Cartouche, 5m. a cartouche, case (Archit. 
 and Military) ; introd. in i6th cent, from It. 
 cartoccio, which bears both senses, as in the 
 Fr. 
 
 Cartulaire, sm. a chartulary ; from L. 
 chartularium, a register of title-deeds, 
 acts, chartulae of a religious house. Car- 
 tulaire is a doublet of chartrier, q. v. 
 
 Cas, sm. a case ; from L. casus. 
 
 Casanier, adj. domestic ; der. through 
 casana * from L. casa : properly one who 
 stays at home is called casanier. 
 
 + Casaque, sf. a cassock; introd. in i6th 
 cent, from It. casacca. — Der. casaqu'in. 
 
 CASAQUIN, sm. a jacket. See casaque. 
 
 i* Cascade, sf. a cascade; introd. in l6th 
 cent, from It. cascata. 
 
 t Case, s/, a little house; from Sp. casa. 
 From the sense of little house it comes to 
 that of a hut, a compartment, square. — Der. 
 crtsier, caser. 
 
 ^Casemate, sf. a casemate ; introd. in 
 1 6th cent, from It. casamatta. 
 
 t Caserne, s/. barracks; introd. from Sp. 
 caserne. Caserne is a doublet of quaterne, 
 q. V. — Der. caserntx, casernement. 
 
 Casimir, sm. kerseymere, cashmere; cor- 
 ruption of cachemire, q. v. 
 
 'f Casoar, sm. the cassowary, the Malay 
 name of the bird. 
 
 'f Casque, sm. a helmet; from It. casco. — 
 Der. casquet, a little light casque ; whence 
 casquette. 
 
 CASQUETTE, sf. a cap. See casque. 
 
 CASSE, sf. a case; now restricted in sense 
 to a printer's case, in compartments, but in 
 O. Fr. in the general sense of chest, box 
 { = caisse). Its original meaning survives in 
 cassette, a little box. Casse is from L. capsa. 
 For ps = S5 see § 168 and caisse, of which 
 word it is a doublet. — Der. cassette, cassetin. 
 
 CASSE, §/". a crucible ; from Low L. caza, 
 which from O. H. G. kezi, a stove. — Der. 
 casserole. 
 
 Casse, sf cassia; from L. casia. — Der. 
 cassier. 
 
 CASSE, sf. a breaking, cashiering ; verbal 
 subst. of casser, q. v. 
 
 CASSER, va. to break ; from L. quassare. 
 For qua = ca see car. — Der. casse, cassuie, 
 cassation, concasscr. 
 CASSEROLLE, sf a saucepan. See casse. 
 CASSETTE, sf. a little box. See casse. 
 Cassis, sm. a black-currant bush. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 tCassolette, -s^a scent-box, perfume-pan; 
 
 introd. from Sp. cazoleta. 
 t Cassonade, sf moist sugar; introd. 
 
 from Port, cassonada. 
 t Castagnettes,s/./)/. castanets; introd. 
 
 from Sp. Castanet as, 
 t Caste, sf caste ; from Port, casta^ of pure 
 
 unmixed race ; a word first applied to Hindu 
 
 ' castes.' 
 f Castel, sm. a castle ; introd. in i6th cent. 
 
 from It. castello. Castel is a doublet of 
 
 chateau, q. v. 
 Castor, sm. a beaver; from L. castor. 
 Castrat, adj. and sm. castrated, an eunuch ; 
 
 from L. castratus. Caitrat'is a doublet of 
 
 chdtre. — Der. cas/ration. 
 Casuel, adj. casual, accidental ; from L. 
 
 casualis. 
 fCasuiste, sm. a casuist; introd. from 
 
 Sp. casuista. 
 Catachr^se, sf catachresis ; from Gr. 
 
 Karaxprjais. 
 Cataclysme, sm. a cataclysm, deluge ; from 
 
 Gr. KaraKAvafios. 
 t Catacombes,././)/. catacombs; introd. 
 
 from It. catacomba. 
 f Catafalque, sm. a catafalque; introd. 
 
 in 1 6th cent, from It. catafalco. Catafalque 
 
 is a doublet of echafaud, q. v. 
 Catalepsie, sf. catalepsy; from Gr. Kara- 
 
 XrjipLS. — Der. cataleptique. 
 Catalogue, sf a catalogue ; from Gr. Kard- 
 
 \oyos. = Der. cataloguer. 
 Cataplasme, sm. a cataplasm, poultice ; 
 
 from Gr. fcaTairXacrfM. 
 Catapulte, s/. a catapult; from L. cata- 
 
 pulta. 
 Cataracte,s/'. a cataract; fromL.cataracta. 
 Catarrhe, sm. a catarrh, cold ; from Gr. 
 
 Karappoos. — Der. catarrhs.], -eux. 
 Catastrophe, sf. a catastrophe ; from Gr. 
 
 KaTaaTpofp-q. 
 Catechiser, va. to catechise ; from Gr. 
 
 KaTTjxi-C^LV. Cat^chisme, sm. a cate- 
 chism; fr om Gr. KaTTjxicTfios*. Catech- 
 
 iste, sm.a catechist; from Gr. KaTr]xi'0"rr]S*. 
 
 Catechum^ne, sm. a catechumen ; from 
 
 Gr. KaTr]xovfj.(vos. 
 Cat6gorie, sf a category ; from Gr. Arariy- 
 
 yopia. — Der. ca^e^orique. 
 Cath6drale, sf. a cathedral; from eccles. 
 
 L. cathedralis, sc. ecclesia, a church in 
 
 which is the bishop's seat (cathedra). 
 Catholique, adj. catholic ; from Gr, naOo- 
 
 Klkos. — Der. catholicl&me, catholicity. 
 CATIMINI, adv. in a corner, stealthily. Ori- 
 gin unknown. 
 
70 
 
 CA TIR — CEINDRE, 
 
 CATIR, va. to press, gloss (cloth) ; from 
 cat *, which is from L, coactus. For 
 loss of o see cacker; for ct = / see § i68 : 
 the It. quatto (from coactus) confirms 
 this etymology. — Der. cati (verbal subst.), 
 cn//ssage, dccatir. 
 
 CAUCHEMAR, sm. a nightmare, an incubus, 
 caused, according to old mythology, by the 
 presence of a supernatural being sitting on 
 the breast of the sleeper. Cauchemar is 
 properly a demon who presses, from the 
 two words mar (a demon in the Germ., 
 which survives in Engl, night-mare and in 
 Germ, nacht-mar), and from cauche, the 
 O. Fr, verb caucher, to press. Caucher is 
 formed regularly from L. calcare. For 
 c = cA see § 126; for al = au see 
 agneau. Menage tells us that in his day 
 the cauchemar was called cauchevieille in the 
 Lyons dialect. Cauche-vieille,ihe old woman 
 who presses one down, = la vieille qtiipresse, 
 confirms the etymology given above. 
 
 Caudataire, adj. and sm. train-bearing, a 
 train-bearer; from L. caudatarius. 
 
 Cause, sf. cause; from L. causa. Cause 
 is a doublet of chose, q. v. — Der. causer (to 
 be the cause of), causalhe. 
 
 Causer, vn. to talk, chat; from L. causari, 
 to defend a cause, then to discuss, lastly to 
 talk. Causator is used for a pleader in 
 the Lex Salica. — Der. causewr, cawsette. 
 
 Caustique, adj. caustic ; from L.causticus. 
 
 Caut^le, sf. cunning, craft; from L. cautela. 
 — Der. cateltMX. 
 
 CatltSre, sm. a cautery, cauterizing iron ; 
 from L. cauterium. — Der. cau tenser, cau- 
 terisation. 
 
 Caution, sf. a caution ; from L. cautionem. 
 — Der. cautionner, cautionnement. 
 
 t Cavalcade, sf. a cavalcade; introd. in 
 1 6th cent, from It. cavalcata. Cavalcade 
 is a doublet of chevauchee, q. v. 
 
 t Cavalcadour, sm. an equerry; introd. 
 in 1 6th cent, from It. cavalcalore. 
 
 i" Cavale, sf. a mare ; introd. in i6th cent, 
 from It. cavalla. 
 
 i* Cavalier, sm. a cavalier ; introd. in i6th 
 cent, from It. cavaliers. Cavalier is a doublet 
 of chevalier, q. v. — Der. cavalierement. 
 
 fCavalerie, sf cavalry; introd. in l6th 
 cent, from It; cavalleria. Cavalerie is a 
 doublet of chevalerie, q.v. 
 
 i*Cavatine, sf. a cavatina; introd. from 
 It. cavatina. 
 
 Cave, sf. a cellar, vault ; from L. cava (used 
 in this sense in the Roman land-surveyors). 
 — Der. eaveau. 
 
 Cave, adj. hollow ; from L. cavus. 
 
 CAVEAU, sm. a small cellar, vault. See 
 cave. 
 
 t Cavecon, sm. a snaffle-bridle; introd. in 
 1 6th cent, from It. cavezzone. 
 
 Caver, va. to hollow ; from L. cavare. 
 
 t Caver, va. to stake; from It. cavare.-^ 
 Der. Aicaver. 
 
 Caveme, sf. a cave, cavern ; from L. ca- 
 vern a. — Der. caverneviX. 
 
 + Caviar, sm. caviare ; in i6th cent, cavial, 
 from It. caviale. 
 
 Cavit6, sf. a cavity ; from L. cavitatem. 
 
 CE, pron. this. O. Fr. fo, originally if 0, from 
 L. ecce-hoc, which has lost its h, see 
 atelier, and its final c, see ami and Hist. 
 Gram. p. 82 ; and then ecce-o (or ecc'o) 
 is changed to /fo by reducing cc into soft 
 c, and by changing e into i, see accomplir. 
 The O. Fr. igo was afterwards reduced to fo 
 (as ici to ci) whence mod. Fr. ce. 
 
 Just as ecce-hoc became ipo, ecce-hic 
 became ici (whence the adv. ci) ; ecce-hac 
 became 2fa* (whence the adv. fa) ; ecciste 
 became O. Fr. icist, later cist ( = celuci-ci in 
 O. Fr.), and this became cest (for i = e see 
 mettre), whence the mod. Fr. cet (for 
 the loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81) ; 
 eccille became O.Yr. icil, then icel; icel 
 (whose fem. icelle survives in some legal 
 phrases) is reduced to eel (whose fem. celle 
 remains, while the masc. has perished, leav- 
 ing behind celui (for details see Hist. 
 Gram. p. 113). Eccillos produced O. Fr. 
 iceux (for i\\. = eu see agneau), just as illos 
 produced eux, and as capillos produced 
 cheveux ; iceux finally was reduced to mod. 
 Fr. ceux. 
 
 CEANS, adv. within, in this house. O. Fr. 
 Qaiens, originally ^aens, compd. of adv. fa 
 (q. V.) and ens, which from L. intus. For 
 in = 0. Fr. m = mod. Fr. an, see § 68, and 
 under andouille. 
 
 CECI, pron. this here ; compd. of ce and ci, 
 q.v. 
 
 C6cit§, sf. blindness; from L. caecitatem. 
 
 C6der, va. to yield; from L. cedere. 
 
 fC^dille, sf. a cedilla; introd. from Sp. 
 cedilla. 
 
 t C6dr at, sm. (Bot.) cedrat ; introd. in i6th 
 cent, from It. cedrato. 
 
 Cddre, sm. a cedar; from L. cedrus. 
 
 C6dule, sf. a schedule, note of hand ; from 
 L. schedula. 
 
 CEINDRE, va. to encompass, gird ; from L. 
 cingere. Cing(e)re having lost the atonic 
 penult (see § 51), becomes cin're, whence 
 
CEINTURE — CERCLE. 
 
 71 
 
 ceindre, by euphonic intercalcation of d 
 
 (n'r = n-d-r), as in astringere, astreindre ; 
 
 pingere, peindre, etc., see Hist. Gram. 
 
 p. 7.:;. (See cem/7/re and absoiidre.) 
 CEINTURE,. sf. a girdle, sash; from L. 
 
 cinctura. For ct = / see § 168 ; for i = ei 
 
 cp. sinus, sein ; insignia, enseigne, etc.; 
 
 and all verbs in eindre answering to Lat. 
 
 -ingere, -imere : stringere, etreindre ; 
 
 astringere, astreindre, etc. — Der. cein- 
 
 turon. 
 CELA, pron. that ; compd. of ce and la, q. v. 
 Celadon, sm. a sentimental lover; of hist. 
 
 origin, see § 33 ; an allusion to Celadon de 
 
 I'Astree. 
 Cel^bre, adj. celebrated, famous ; from L. 
 
 celebrem. — Der. celebr'ile. 
 Celebrer, va. to celebrate ;■ from L. cele- 
 
 brare. — Der. ce7e6ration. 
 Celer, va. to conceal; from L. celare. — 
 
 Der. A&celer, receler. 
 f C61eri, sm. celery ; introd. from It. seleri, 
 
 a Piedmontese word. 
 C616rit6, sf. swiftness; from L. celerita- 
 
 tem. 
 C61este, adj. heavenly; from L. caelestis. 
 C61ibat, sm. celibate, celibacy ; from L. 
 
 caelibatus. — Der. celibata.iiQ. 
 CELLE, pron.f. that. See ce. 
 CELLIER, sm. cellar ; from L. cellarium. 
 
 For -Qxi\xra — -ier see § 198. 
 Cellule, sf. a little cell; from L. cellula. 
 
 Cellule is a doublet of ciaule, q. v. — Der. 
 
 celhdeux, celhihixe. 
 CELUI, pron. sm. this one. See ce. 
 Cement, sm. cement ; from L. caementum. 
 
 Cement is a doublet of ciment, q. v. — Der. 
 
 cementer, cemenUiion. 
 C6nacle, sm. a guest-chamber ; from L. 
 
 caenaculum. 
 CENDRE, sf. ashes, cinders. It. cenere, from 
 
 L. cinerem. Cin(e)rem, contrd. after 
 
 the rule. § 51, into cin'rem, becomes 
 
 cendre by change of i into e (see meitre), 
 
 of nr into ndr (see Hist. Gram. p. 73). — 
 
 Der. cendrex, cendrier, cendreux, cendriWon. 
 Cdne, sf. the Lord's Supper ; from L. 
 
 coena. 
 C6llobite, sm. a cenobite ; from L. coeno- 
 
 bita, one who Kves in the coenobium, or 
 
 convent. 
 Cenotaphe, sm. a cenotaph; from Gr. 
 
 KevoTa.<piov. 
 Cans, sm. census, annual quit-rent ; from L. 
 
 census. — Der. cens'iex, ce/zsitaire, censlve. 
 Censer, va. to deem, reckon ; whence partic. 
 
 cense, reputed; from L. censere. 
 
 Censeur, sm. a censor ; from L. censor. 
 
 Censure, sf. censure, blame; from L. c en- 
 sura. — Der. censurer. 
 
 CENT, adj. hundred ; from L. centum. — 
 Der. centa.ine, cenlennire. 
 
 CENTENIER, sm. a centurion; from L. 
 eentenarius. For -arius = -2Vr see § 198. 
 Centenier is a doublet of centenaire. 
 
 CENTIEME, adj. hundredth. O. Fr. cen- 
 tiesme, from L. centesimus. Centes(i)- 
 mus, conlr. into centes'raus after the rule 
 (§ 51), becomes centieme by the change of 
 e into ie (see arriere), and loss of s (see 
 Hist. Gram, p, 81). Centieme is a doublet 
 of centime, q. v. 
 
 CENTIME, sm. a centime (^ part of 
 a franc) ; from L. centesimus. Oen- 
 tes(i)mus, contrd. into centes'mus (see 
 § 51), becomes centime by changing e into i 
 (see accomplir), and dropping s (Hist. Gram, 
 p. 81). Centime is a doublet of centieme, q.v. 
 
 Centon, sm. a cento ; from L. centonem. 
 
 CENTRE, sm. centre; from L. centrum. 
 CENTRAL, from L. centralis.— Der. cen- 
 traliser, decentraliser, concentrer, concen- 
 trique, excentrique. 
 
 Centrifuge, adj. centrifugal. Centripdte, 
 adj. centripetal. Words coined by the 
 learned, the first centrum with fugere, 
 and the second with petere. 
 
 Centuple, adj. augmented a hundredfold, 
 centuple; from L. centuplus. — Der. ceu' 
 tnpltr. 
 
 Centurie, sf. a century; from L. centuria. 
 
 Centurion, sm. a centurion; from L. cen- 
 turionem. 
 
 CEP, sm. a tree-stock, vine-stock; from L. 
 cippus *. For i = e see mettre ; for 
 V'9=P see chape. Cep is a doublet of cippe^ 
 q.v. — Der. cepnge. 
 
 CEPENDANT, adv. however, =pendant cela. 
 See ce and pendant. 
 
 Cephalalgie, sf. head-ache; from Gr. 
 
 Ceramique, adj. ceramic ; from Gr. «€pa- 
 C6raste, sm. the cerastes ; from Gr. Acepa- 
 
 CTT^S. 
 
 Cerat, sm. cerate ; from L. ceratum, a 
 salve whose chief compound is wax, cera. 
 Cerat is a doublet of cire, q. v. 
 
 CERCEAU, sm. a hoop. O. Fr. cercel, from L. 
 circellus *. For i = e see mettre ; for 
 -ellus = -e/ = -eaw , see agneau. 
 
 CERCLE, sm. a circle; from L. circulus. 
 Circ(ii)lus, contrd. after rule (see § 51) 
 into circ'lus, changes i into e (see 
 
7a 
 
 CERCUEIL — CHA IR . 
 
 mettre). — Der. eerchr, of which circuler is a 
 
 doublet. 
 
 CERCUEIL, sm. a coffin. O. Fr. sarcueil, 
 originally sarcueu, from L. sarcopha- 
 gus. Sarc6pMgus loses (see § 51) 
 the two final atonic syllables, and be- 
 comes sarmett by changing o into ue ; see 
 accueillir. Hence again, by corruption from 
 sarcueu, comes the form sarcueil, in which 
 the presence of the final / is unexplained. 
 Sarcueil has changed a into e, see acheter, 
 and s into c, as in salsa, sauce. The 
 study of proper names, which usually 
 gives us valuable aid in establishing the 
 origin of common nouns, here confirms for 
 us the above etymology, which connects 
 cercueil with sarcophagus : in the arron- 
 dissement of Lisieux is a place called Cer- 
 cueux, which in medieval documents is called 
 ' Ecclesia de Sarcophagis.' Cercueil is a 
 doublet of sarcophage, q. v. 
 
 C6r6ale, adj. cereal; from L. cerealis. 
 
 C6r6bral, adj. cerebral; from L. cere- 
 bralis. 
 
 C§r§inonie, s/. a ceremony; from L. 
 caeremonia. — Der. ceremonial, -eux. 
 
 CERF, sm. a stag; from L. cervus. For 
 final v=/see § 142. 
 
 CERFEUIL, sm. chervil ; from L. caere- 
 folium. For loss of e, cer'folium, see 
 § 52 ; for -6liwoa. = -euil seefeuille. 
 
 CERISE, sf. a cherry ; from L. cerasa, pi. of 
 cerastun. For a = t see aimant. — Der. 
 cmsier, cemaie. 
 
 CERNE, sm. a ring, circle ; from L. circinus. 
 Cir(ci)iius, contrd. according to rule (see 
 § 51) into cir'nus, became cerne by 
 changing i into e ; see mettre. — Der. cern- 
 eau, cerner. 
 
 CERNER, va. to encircle. See cerne. 
 
 CERTAIN, adj. certain ; from L. certus, by 
 the adjunction of the Lat. suffix -anus = 
 ~ain; see § 194. — Der. certainement. 
 
 CERTES, adv. certainly ; from L. certe. 
 For this addition of s see Hist. Gram, 
 p. 80. 
 
 Certiiicat, sm. a certificate; from L. cer- 
 tificatum*, partic. of verb certificare*, 
 whence certifier. 
 
 Certifier, va. to certify. See certificat. 
 
 Certitude, sf. certitude, certainty ; from L. 
 certitudo*. 
 
 C6ruse, sf. white lead; from L. cerussa. 
 
 CERVEAU, sm. the brain. O. Fr. cervel*, 
 from L. cerebellum. Cer(§)beUum, 
 contrd. according to rule (see § 52) 
 into cer'belluin, produced cerveau, by 
 
 b = v, see avant; (2) -ellum into -eau, see 
 agneau. Just as cerebellum becomes cer- 
 veau, so the fern, form cerebella became 
 cervelle. — Der. cerveht, 6cervel^. 
 
 t Cervel as, sm. a saveloy. In 16th cent. 
 cervelat ; introd. from It. cervellata. 
 
 CERVELLE, 5/ the brain. See cerveau. 
 
 Cervical, flrf/. cervical ; from L. cervical is. 
 
 CERVOISE, ./. ale, beer ; from L. cervisia 
 (in Pliny, who cites it as a word of Gaulish 
 origin, see § 19). For i = oi see § 68. 
 
 CESSER, vn. to cease ; from L. cessare. — 
 Der. cesse (verbal subst.), incessant, cass- 
 ation. 
 
 Cession, sf. a cession ; from L. cessionem. 
 — Der. cesszown aire. 
 
 Ceste, sm. a cestus, girdle ; from L. cestus. 
 
 ensure, sf. caesura ; from L. caesura. 
 
 GET, pron. this. See ce. 
 
 C6tace, ofi?;. cetaceous ; from L. cetaceus*, 
 der. from cetus. 
 
 CHABOT, sm. a miller's-thumb, chub (a big- 
 headed fish) ; from L. caput, with addition 
 of the suffix ot, to be found in Fr. in 
 cachot, bntlot, billot, etc. For c = ch see 
 achamer ; for p = fe see aheille. This fish 
 was called, for a like reason, Kk(f>aKos in 
 Gr. and capito in Lat. 
 
 t Chabraque, sf. the cloths on a cavalry 
 horse. A word introd. from Germ, scka- 
 brake. 
 
 fChacal, sm. a jackal; introd. from the 
 East by travellers. Pers. and Turk, schakal. 
 
 CHACUN, distrib. pron. each one. O. Fr. 
 chascun, chasqun, from L. quisque unus. 
 Quisque unus or quisq'unus becomes 
 cAasc7m by changing qu into ch (see § 126), 
 and i into a (see balance). For the loss 
 of s see § 148. 
 
 CHAFOUIN, sm. a pitiful-looking person. 
 In patois chatfouin, compd. of chat and 
 fouine. 
 
 + Chagrin, sm. shagreen; introd. about 
 the 15th cent, from It. Venetian zagrin. 
 
 Chagrin, sm. affliction. Origin unknown. 
 — Der. chagriner. 
 
 CHAINE, sf. a chain ; from L. catena. For 
 loss of medial t see abbaye and § 1 1 7 ; for 
 e = i see accomplir. Chaine is a doublet 
 of cadcne. — Der. chainon (of which chignon, 
 q. v., is the doublet), chainette, enchainer, 
 d^chainer. 
 
 CHAIR, sf. flesh. O. Fr. char, originally charn, 
 from L. carnem. For c = cA see § 126; 
 for a = ai see § 54 ; for rn = n see aubonr. 
 — Der. charnQ\, charnier, chartiu, charn- 
 ure, cAarogne, decAarner, achamer. 
 
CHA IRE — CHA NCELER . 
 
 73 
 
 CHAIRE, sf. a pulpit. O. Fr. chaere, from 
 L. cathedra, i. e. a raised seat from which 
 one speaks. For loss of medial t (th.) see 
 abbaye; for G — ch see § 126; for dr = r 
 see § 168. Before the 1 6th cent, the 
 word chaise did not exist, and chaire, like 
 cathedra, had the two meanings, ' a chair, 
 and ' a pulpit.' Thus Montaigne says, <S"t'' 
 lanpant d'tme chaire (chaise), ok elle esloit 
 assise. In the 1 6th cent, the Parisians substi 
 tuted s for r (see arroser), and so transformed 
 chaire into chaise. Under Louis XIV the 
 phrase ran not une chaire de Droit, but U7ie 
 chaise de Droit, une chaise de Theologie. 
 Moliere says, Les savants ne sont bons que 
 pour precher en chaise ; shewing plainly 
 that chaise long kept the sense of chaire, 
 and is nothing but a slight variation of the 
 same word. 
 
 CHAISE, sf. a chair. See chaire. 
 
 CHALAND, sm. a lighter, barge. A word 
 of Byzantine origin, like many terms of sea- 
 faring and military art of the middle ages ; 
 from Low L. chelandium, Gr. x^^'^i'Stoi/. 
 
 Chaland, sm. a customer. Origin un- 
 known. — Der. achalander. 
 
 t Chale, sf. a shawl ; introd. from the East 
 by travellers. Ar. schdl. 
 
 + Chalet, sm. a cheese-house, a chalet. A 
 Swiss word, from the Grisons patois. 
 Chalet is a doublet of chdtelet. 
 
 CHALEUR, sf. heat; from L. calorem. 
 For o = ch see § 126; for o = eu see § 79. 
 — Der. chaleureux. 
 
 CHALIT, sm. a wooden bedstead. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 CHALOIR, vn. to be important, matter, lit. 
 to be hot ; from L. calere. For o = ch see 
 § 126; for e = oz see § 63. For this verb 
 see Hist. Gram. p. 147. — Der. uonchaloir 
 (to care for nothing), whence the pres. 
 partic. nonchalant. 
 
 tChaloupe, sf. a launch, shallop. In 
 l6ih cent, chaluppe ; introd. from It. scia- 
 luppa. 
 
 CHALUMEAU, sm. straw, blow-pipe. O. Fr. 
 chalemel,ixom L. calamellus, dim. of cala- 
 mus. For o = ch see § 126; for -ellus 
 = -eau see agneau ; for a = u, through e, 
 cp. saccharum, Sucre; rhabarbarum, 
 
 " rhubarbe. 
 
 + Chamade, sf. a parley ; introd. in i6th 
 cent, from It. chiamata. 
 
 CHAMAILLER, vn. to scuffle. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 + Chaniarre, ./. lace-work, embroidery; 
 from Sp. chamarra. — Der, chamarrex. 
 
 CHAMBELLAN, sm. a chamberlain. O. Fr. 
 chambellanc, originally chamberlenc ; It. cam- 
 arlittgo, from O, H. G. chamarlinc, an officer 
 of the chamber. For the assimilation of 
 rl into // see § 168 ; for the dissimilation of 
 mm into mb see § 169. 
 
 CHAMBRANLE, sm. a doorcase, window- 
 frame. Origin unknown. 
 
 CHAMBRE, sf. a chamber; from L. ca- 
 mera*. Cam(e)ra, contrd. regularly (see 
 § 51) into cam'ra, becomes chambre, by 
 changing (1) c into ch, see § 126; (2) 
 m'r into mbr, see absoudre. — Der. cham- 
 brer (whose doublet is cambrer), cham- 
 brette, chambree (whose doublet is camer- 
 ade), chambritx, chambrieie (whose doublet 
 is catnerier). 
 
 CHAMEAU, sm. a camel. Originally chamel, 
 from L. camelus. For c = cA see § 126 ; 
 for -el = -eau see agneau — Der, cAamelle, 
 chameXitr. 
 
 + Chamois, sm. a chamois; a word of 
 Swiss origin. — Der. chamoisem. 
 
 CHAMP, sm. a field ; from L. campus. For 
 c = ch see § 126. Champ is a doublet 
 of camp, q. v. — Der. champion, (who fights 
 in champ clos). 
 
 CHAMPART, sm. a field-rent; for champ- 
 part. A feudal term. See champ and part. 
 
 CHAMPETRE, adj. rural, rustic; from L. 
 campestris. Forc=^ch see § 126; for loss 
 of s see § 126 and Hist. Gram. p. 81. 
 
 CHAMPIGNON, sm. a mushroom ; from L. 
 campinionem.*, i. e. that which grows in 
 the fields; deriv. of cam.pus. For G = ch 
 see § 126; {orni= gn see Hist. Gram, p. 64. 
 
 CHAMPION, sm. a champion. See champ. 
 
 CHANCE, sf chance, hazard. O. Fr. che- 
 ance, It. cadenza, from L. cadentia, that 
 which falls out fortunately, from cadere, 
 a term used in dice-playing. For loss of 
 medial d see accabler and § 120; iox Q = ch 
 see § 126 ; for -tia = -ce see § 192. Chance 
 is a doublet oi cadence, q. v. — Der. chanceux. 
 
 CHANCEL, sm. a chancel, the grating sepa- 
 rating the choir from the nave ; from L. 
 cancellus, the grating or bar dividing the 
 judgment-seat from the people. The cancel- 
 larius was the officer who stood by this 
 bar. From cancellarius, first an usher, 
 then a scribe, a notary, comes mod. Fr. 
 chancelier, by changing (l) c into ch, see 
 § 126; (2) -arius into -ier, see § 198. 
 Chajtcel is a doublet of cancel, q. v. 
 
 CHANCELER, vn. to stagger, reel ; from L. 
 cancellare, to make zigzags, thence to walk 
 unevenly, to stagger. For G = ch see § 126. 
 
74 
 
 CHANCRE — CHAPEA U, 
 
 CHANCRE, sm. a canker, cancer; from L. 
 cancrum. For o = ch see § 126. 
 Chancre is a doublet of cancre, cancer. 
 
 CHANDELLE, sf. a candle; from L. can- 
 
 dela. For c = cA see § 126 Der. 
 
 chandelier, chandehnx, the feast of candles 
 (oandelae). Chandeleur represents the 
 Lat. candelarum in the phrase ' festa S. 
 Mariae candelarum.' 
 
 CHANFREIN, sm. chamfron, armour for a 
 horse's head. Origin unknown. 
 
 CHANGER, va. to change, exchange, barter ; 
 from L. cambiare*, in the Lex Salica, der. 
 from the form cambire, to be found in 
 Apuleius). Cambiare becomes changer by 
 consonification of ia (see abrSger and Hist. 
 Gram. p. 65) and fall of b (see Hist. Gram, 
 p. 81). Forc = cAsee § 126. For the change 
 of m into n, we find it in Lat. tamdiu or 
 tandiu, quandiu or quamdiu, and in in- 
 scriptions quen, tan, ren, for quem, 
 tarn, rem. This change also takes place 
 in Fr. (i) At the beginning of words, as 
 in matta, «a//^; ma.p pa., nappe; mespi- 
 lum, nPJle. Natta is to be found in Gre- 
 gory of Tours, and nespilum in Low Lat. 
 
 (2) In the middle of words, most often 
 when m is blunted by being in contact with 
 another consonant, as in commjatus*, 
 conge; pum'cem, ponce, etc. Also in 
 dama, daine; comestabilis*, coufittahle. 
 
 (3) At the end of words, in summum, son ; 
 suum, son; meum, man, etc. See also 
 imder airain. — Der. change (verbal subst.), 
 Techanger, rtchange, echanger, changem, 
 changement. 
 
 CHANOINE, sm. a canon ; from L. canon- 
 icus. Thi« word, accented on the o, has, 
 according to rule (see § 51), lost its two 
 atonic vowels. For c = ck see § 126. 
 o becomes oi by the attraction of the i, 
 as in historia, histoire, § 84. o also 
 becomes o«, as in focarium, /o^er, § 83. 
 Chanoine is a doublet of canonique, q. v. — 
 Der. chanoine&se. 
 
 CHANSON, sf. a song; from L. cantio- 
 nem. For c = cA see § 126; for tiare = 
 ser see § 264. — Der. chansonnler, chanson- 
 nette. 
 
 CHANT, sm. a song, chant ; from L. cantus. 
 For c = c/t see § 126. 
 
 CHANTEAU, sm. a cantle, hunch. O. Fr. 
 chanlel, from L. cantellus*, dim. of can- 
 tus* (a corner). For -e\lvis = -eau see 
 agneau ; for G = ch see § 1 26. 
 
 CHANTEPLEURE, sf. a long funnel, tap. 
 See chanter and pl^urer. 
 
 CHANTER, va. to sing ; from L. cantare. 
 For o = ch see § 126. — Der. chanfear 
 (whose doublet is chantre), chanttuse, de- 
 chanter, chantoimcr , chatitereWe. 
 
 CHANTIER, sm. a yard, timber-yard, &c. ; 
 from L. canterium, a beam of strong 
 wood. For o = ch see § 126; for e = ie 
 see § 56. 
 
 CHANTRE, sm. a singer, chanter ; from L. 
 cantorem. This word, coming to be proncd. 
 cant(6)rem, was contrd. according to 
 rule (§51) into cant'r, changing c into ch ; 
 see § 1 26. Chantre is a doublet of chanteur. 
 
 CHANVRE, sm. hemp ; from L. cannabis. 
 Cann(a)bis, contrd. according to rule 
 (§ 51) into cann'bis, ought to have 
 become chanve, by change of c into ch 
 (see § 126) and b into v (see § 113). 
 This form chanve exists in fact in Picardy in 
 patois, and doubtless existed in O. Fr. The 
 intercalation of an r, whence chanvre, is to 
 be met with in a few words, as in funda, 
 fronde; encaustum, encre,8cc. See Hist. 
 Gram. p. 80. The form regestrum for re- 
 gestum is to be found at a very earlyperiod. 
 
 Chaos, sm. chaos; from L. chaos. — Der. 
 chaotique. 
 
 CHAPE, sf. a cope ; from L. cappa(a hooded 
 cloak, in Isidore of Seville). For G = ch 
 see § 126. pp becomes p, as in cuppa, 
 coupe; sappa, sape ; pupis, poupe ; 
 stuppa*, etottpe. And we also find the 
 form capa beside cappa in certain Lat. 
 documents. — Der. chaperon, chapezu 
 (O. Fr. chapel, properly a little chape). For 
 -el = eau see agneau. The O. Fr. form had 
 a dim. chapelet, a little head-dress, con- 
 sisting usually of a crown of flowers. 
 Ronsard, speaking of a maiden watering 
 lilies, says Soir et matin les arrose Et a 
 ses noces propose De s'en faire un chapelet. 
 The chapelet de roses, a chaplet of roses 
 placed on the statues of the Virgin, 
 shortly called a rosaire, or rosary, came 
 later to mean a sort of chain, intended 
 for counting prayers, made of threaded 
 beads, which at first were made to re- 
 semble the chaplets of the Madonna. 
 Another deriv. of capa is the dim. ca- 
 pella, which from the 7th cent, has had 
 the sense of a chapel : originally a ca- 
 pella was the sanctuary in which was pre- 
 served the cappa, or cope of S. Martin, 
 and thence it was expanded to mean any 
 sanctuary containing relics. 
 
 CHAPEAU, sm. a hat. See chape.— Dei. 
 chapeUei, from O. Fr. chapel'. 
 
 
CHAPELA IN — CHARRIER. 
 
 75 
 
 CHAPELAIN, sm. a chaplain. See chapelle. 
 
 CHAPELER, va. to chip, rasp, bread ; from L. 
 capulare. For o^ch see § 126. Here 
 u = e as in juniperus, genievre. — Der. 
 chapelmt. 
 
 CHAPELET, sm. a chaplet. See chape. 
 
 CHAPELLE, /. a chapel. See chape.— Der. 
 chapehin. 
 
 CHAPERON, sm. a hood. See chape.— Der. 
 chaperonner. 
 
 CHAPITEAU, sm. a capital, top, cap. O. Fr. 
 chapitel, from L. capitellum. For c — ch 
 see § 126; for -ellum = -e(37^ seeagrieatt. 
 
 CHAPITRE, sm. a chapter. O. Fr. chapitle, 
 from L, capitulum. Capit(u)lum, con- 
 tracted by rule (see § 51) into capit'lum, 
 becomes chapitre by changing (l) cinto ch, 
 see § 126; (2) 1 into r, see § 157. — Der. 
 chapitrev (to reprimand in full chapter). 
 Chapitrer is a doublet o{ capituler, q. v. 
 
 CHAPON, sm. a capon ; from L. caponem. 
 For c = cA see § 126, Chapon is a doublet 
 of capon, q. v. 
 
 CHAQUE, adj. each. O. Fr. chasque. For 
 
 its etymology see chacun. 
 ^HAR, sm. a car, chariot ; from L. carrus. 
 For c = ch see § 126. — Der, charner, 
 charvoyer, charrette, charron, chariot. 
 
 ^ Charade, sf. a charade ; a word of Prov. 
 origin (§ 24), introd. during the l8th 
 cent. Origin unknown. 
 
 CHARANgON, sm. a weevil. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 CHARBON, sm. coal ; from L. carbonem. 
 For Q = ch see § 126. Charbon is a 
 doublet of carbone. — Der. charbonner, char- 
 bonnier, charbonnee (of which carbonade is 
 the doublet). 
 
 CHARCUTIER, sm. a pork-butcher. Chair- 
 cutier as late as Rousseau ; in the 17th cent. 
 chaircuitier; hx\gmA\y chair cuitier, properly 
 a seller of cooked meat, as opposed to a 
 butcher, who sells it raw. For the etymology 
 see chair and cuite. — Der. charcuieiie, char- 
 cuter. 
 
 CHARDON, sm. a thistle; from L. cardu- 
 onem*, der. from carduus. For c = ch 
 see § 126 ; for loss of the u see 
 § 52. — Der. chardonneret, a goldfinch; 
 O. Fr. chardonnet, properly a bird which 
 frequents the thistle. As a confirmation 
 of this origin we may mention the fact 
 
 ^that the Latins similarly called the bird car- 
 duelis from carduus, and the Greeks 
 d/cavBis from aKavOos ; and lastly, the 
 Germans call it distelfinh, the thistle-finch. 
 
 It. caricare, from L. carricare, used 
 by St. Jerome for ' to load.' Carr(i)Gare 
 was soon contrd., according to rule (see 
 § 52), into car'care. The Glosses of 
 Reichenau (8th cent.) have 'onerati = 
 carcati.' Carcare became charger by 
 changing (i) the initial c into ch (see 
 § 126 ; (2) re into rg (see § 129). Charger 
 is a doublet of carguer, q.v. — Der. charge 
 (verbal subst.), chargemenX., dccharger, sur- 
 charger. 
 
 CHARIOT, sm. a wagon. See char. 
 
 CHARITE, sf. charity ; from L. caritatem. 
 For c = cA see § 126 ; for -atem = -e 
 see § 230. Charite is a doublet of cherte, 
 q. V. — Der. chariiMe. 
 
 CHARIVARI, sm. a mock serenade. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 t Charlatan, sm. charlatan, quack; introd. 
 in 1 6th cent, from It. ciarlatano. — Der. 
 charlata?ii%me. 
 
 CHARME, sm. a witch-elm ; in the Berry 
 patois charne. It. carpino, from L. carpi- 
 nus. Car(pi)nus is contrd. according to 
 rule (§ 51) into car'nus, whence charme 
 by changing (i) c into ch (see § 126); 
 (2) n into m, a change of which this word 
 is almost the only example. — Der, charmoie. 
 
 CHARME, sm. a charm, enchantment; from 
 L. carmen. For o = ch see § 126. — Der. 
 charmer, charmant. 
 
 CHARNEL, adj. carnal. See chair. 
 
 CHARNIER, sm. a larder. See chair. Char- 
 nier is a doublet of cornier. 
 
 CHARNU, adj. fleshy, brawnv. See chair. 
 
 CHARNIERE, sf. a hinge;' from L. ear- 
 dindria, der. from cardinem. Card- 
 (i)ndria, contrd. according to rule (see 
 § 52) into card'naria, becomes charniere 
 by changing (l) c into cA (see § 126); 
 (2) dn into n (see aller) ; (3) -aria into 
 -i?re (see § 198). 
 
 CHAROGNE, sf. carrion. See chair.— Cha- 
 rogne is a doublet of carogne. 
 
 CHARPENTIER, sm. a carpenter ; from L. 
 carpentarius, which is properly a cart- 
 wright or wheelwright = cAarro«, for which 
 see § 12. For o — ch see § 126; for 
 -arius = -?er see § 198. — Der. charpenter, 
 charpente (verbal subst.). 
 
 CHARPIE, sf. lint, a partic. subst. (see 
 § 188) of O. Fr. verb active charpir; from 
 L. carpere. For c = ch see § 126; for 
 e = i see § 59. 
 
 CHARRETTE, sf. a cart. See c^ar.— Der. 
 charretier, charretee. 
 
 CHARRIER, va. to cart, carry. See char. 
 
75 
 
 CHARROVER — CHA UDl'^RE. 
 
 CHARROYER, va. to cart, carry. See char. 
 
 — Der. ckarroi (verbal subst.). 
 CHARRUE, sf. a plough ; from L. oarruca. 
 
 For c = cA see § 126; for -uca = -we see 
 
 §237. 
 
 CHARTE, sf. a charter, chartulary ; from 
 L. oharta. Charta, being really proncd, 
 carta, afterwards became charte by re- 
 turning from c to ch (see § 126). Charte 
 is a doublet of carte, q. v. 
 
 CHARTRE, sf. a charter ; from L. char- 
 tula, dim. of charta (see charte). Char- 
 t(ii)la, contrd. according to rule (§ 51) 
 into chart'la, changed 1 into r; see § 157. 
 — Der. chartriei (of which the doublet is 
 cartulaire, q. v.). 
 
 CHARTRE, ./. a prison ; from L. car- 
 eer. For o = ch see § 126; c'r (care'r) 
 becomes tr by change of c into t, of which 
 there is no other example in the modern 
 Fr. language. 
 
 CHAS, sm. the eye of a needle. Origin un- 
 known, 
 
 CHASSE, sf. a shrine, reliquary ; from L. 
 capsa. For c = ch see § 126 ; for ps = ss 
 see caisse. — Der. chassis, enc^asser. 
 
 CHASSE, sf chase, hunting, verbal subst. of 
 chasser, q. v. Chasser is a doublet of 
 caisse, q. v, 
 
 CHASSER, va. to hunt, chase ; from L. cap- 
 tiare*, deriv. of captare, which has 
 taken the sense of 'to chase' in late Lat. In 
 Propertius ' captare feras ' is used in the 
 sense of ' to hunt wild beasts.' For c = ch 
 see § 126 ; for tiare = sser see agencer; for 
 assimilation of r see caisse. — Der. chasse, 
 chasseur, chasseresse, pomchasser. 
 
 CHASSIE, sf blear -eyedness. Origin un- 
 known. — Der. chassieux. 
 
 CHASSIS, sm. a frame, sash, chase. See chasse. 
 
 CHASTE, adj. chaste ; from L. castus. For 
 c = ch see § 126. — Der. chastele (of which 
 the O. Fr. doublet was chastee). 
 
 CHASUBLE, sf. a chasuble ; from L. casi- 
 bula *, dim. of casula, which is used by 
 Isidore of Seville for a mantle. Casibula 
 or casubula, contrd. regularly (§ 51) 
 into casub'la, became chasuble by changing 
 c into ch (see § 126). 
 
 CHAT, sm. a cat ; from L. catus (Isidore of 
 Seville). For c = ch see § 126. — Der. 
 chatoyer (to change colour Hke a cat's eye : 
 those precious stones which jewellers call 
 cat's eyes are pierres chatoyantes), chatte 
 mite (from chatte and mite, L. mitis). 
 
 CHATAIGNE, sf a chestnut. O. Fr. chas- 
 taigne, from L. castdnea. For G — ch see 
 
 § 126 ; for a = a/ see 54; for -nea = -^«c 
 see 244; for loss of 8 see Hist. Gram. p. 81. 
 — Der. chdtaigmer, chdtaignenie. 
 
 CHATEAU, sm. a castle. O. Fr. chastel, from 
 L. castellum. For -ellum = -ea7i see 
 agneau ; for c = cA see § 126; for loss of s see 
 Hist. Gram. p. 81. Chateau is a doublet of 
 O. Fr. castel. — Der. (from O. Fr. chalel) 
 chatelime, chdtelenie, chdtelet. 
 
 CHAT-HUANT, sm. the screech-owl ; in 17th 
 cent, chahuan in Menage, chnuhan and 
 chouhan in the Anjou patois; in the 16th 
 cent, chouan in Ronsard. This form chouan 
 is the real form of the word (and besides, 
 naturalists still give the name of chouan to 
 the middle-sized horned owl). Chouan is 
 a dim. of O. Fr. choue. Choue is in its turn 
 derived from O. H. G. chouch, the owl : the 
 Germ, root-word has also a form choue, 
 whence Fr. choucas. The O. Fr. choue has 
 left two derivations, chouette and chouan, 
 whence chat-huant, a word whose present 
 spelling would mislead us to imagine a 
 deriv. from chat and huer, which is very far 
 from being the case. 
 
 CHATIER, va. to chastise. O. Fr. chastier, 
 from L. castigdre. For loss of g see 
 § 131 ; for c — ch see § 126; for loss of s 
 see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. chdtiment. 
 
 CHATON, sm. a bezel. O. Fr. chaston, 
 originally caston, from Germ, hasten. 
 
 CHATOUILLER, va. to tickle; from L. 
 cattuliare* (der. from cattvilire = titil- 
 lare, to tickle). For c = ch see § 126; 
 for u = ou see § 90; for Ui = ill see ail. 
 — Der. chatouillement. 
 
 CHATOYER, va. to sparkle, change in hue. 
 See chat. 
 
 CHATRER, va. to castrate, geld. O. Fr. 
 chastrer, from L. castrare. For c = ch see 
 § 126 ; for loss of s see Hist.feram. p. 81. — 
 Der. chdtre (of which the doublet is castrat). 
 
 CHATTEMITE, sf. a demure-looking person. 
 See chat. 
 
 CHAUD, adj. warm. O. Fr. chald. It. caldo, 
 from L. caldus, which was used in Rome 
 in the time of Augustus for calidus, as is 
 seen in Quinctilian, i. 6, 'Sed Augustus 
 quoque in epistolis ad Caium Caesareni 
 scriptis, emendat quod is dicere calidum 
 quam caldum malit : non quia illud non sit 
 latinum, sed quia sit odiosum.' For c — ch 
 see § 126; for al = aM see agneau. — Der. 
 6chaudeT, rechaud. 
 
 CHAUDIERE, sf a copper ; from L. calda- 
 ria : ' Vasa caldaria' is used by Vitruvius, 
 For c = ch see § 126; for al = om see 
 
CHA UDRON — CHENIL. 
 
 17 
 
 agneati ; for -aria = -zVre see § 198. — Der. 
 chaudron (O. Fr. chauderon, der. from 
 chaudere, another form of chaudiere. Simi- 
 larly m'Si^.c alder on is deriv. from caldera). 
 
 CHAUDRON, sm. a caldron, kettle. See 
 chaudiere. — Der. chaudronnler. 
 
 CHAUFFER, va. to warm, heat. Prov. cal- 
 far. It. calefare, from calefare *, contrd. 
 form of calefacere. For loss of e 
 (cal'fare) see § 52 ; for c = cA see § 126 ; 
 for al = au see agneau. — Der. chauffe 
 (verbal subst.), chauffzgt, chattffoir, chauf- 
 ferette, chauffeur, ^chauffer, rechauffer. 
 
 CHAULER, va. to lime, steep in. lime-water. 
 See chanx. 
 
 CHAUME, sm. a stalk, haulm ; from L. cala- 
 mus, which is written calmus in a docu- 
 ment dated A. d, 672. Cal(a)raus, contrd. 
 regularly (§ 51) into cal'inus, became 
 chaume by changing c into ch, see § I26; 
 and al into au, see agneau. — Der. chaum- 
 iere, chaumme. 
 
 CHAUSSE, sf. a shoulder-knot. See chausser. 
 
 CHAUSSEE, sf. a causeway, embankment. 
 Prov. causada, Sp. calzada, from L. cal- 
 ciata* (sc. via) properly = i»ozc ma^onnee 
 h la chaux (a road made with lime). Cal- 
 ciata is from calcem. For Q = ch see 
 § 126; for al = au see agneau; for 
 ci = ss see agencer ; for -ata = -e'e see am- 
 poule. 
 
 CHAUSSER, va. to put on (shoes or stock- 
 ings) ; from L. calceare. For c = ch see 
 § 126; for al = aw see agneau ; for ce = ss 
 see agencer. — Der. chausses (verbal subst.), 
 chaussette, chausson (of which the doublet 
 is cale^on), chausswve, dechausses, d6chaux, 
 chatisse-trape (properly a snare, trap, which 
 shoes the foot). 
 
 CHAUSSE-TRAPPE, sf. a caltrop, trap. See 
 chausser and trappe. 
 
 CHAUVE, adj. bald ; from L. calvus. For 
 
 , c = c/i see § 126 ; for al = aM see agneau. 
 — Der. chajwe-somis (a bat), so called be- 
 cause its wings are membranaceous and have 
 no feathers. The Glosses of Reichenau (8th 
 cent.) give us ' Vespertiliones = calves 
 sorices.' 
 AUVE-SOURIS, sm. a bat. See chauve. 
 
 UX, sf. lime. Prov. calz, It. cake, from 
 L. calcem. For c=-ch see § 126; for 
 al = aw see agneau. 
 
 AVIRER, vna. to capsize, upset ; from 
 
 chapvirer, properly to be turned upside 
 
 down ; from virer (q. v.) and chap (from L. 
 
 caput). For c = cA see § 126. 
 
 HEF, sm, a head, chief; originally head, as 
 
 in Ze ch e f c?'w« saint, un corwr e-ch.e f : from 
 L. caput. For c = ch see § 126; for 
 a = e see § 54. p has here become / 
 after having gone through all the stages of 
 the phonetic scale (p, b, v,f), as is shown 
 by Low Lat. cabo (for caput), and loth- 
 cent. Fr. cheve. Like chef, the two words 
 praesaga, /resarV, mespilum, nefle, have 
 also changed p into/. Chef is a doublet of 
 cap, q. v. — Der. a.cheveT (q. v.), chevet (the 
 ' head ' of a bed), chef-lieu. 
 
 CHEMIN, sm. a way, road. Prov. camin. It. 
 cammino, from L. carainus *, found in 6th- 
 cent. documents for a road. For ca = cAe 
 see §§ 126 and 54. — Der. cheminer, 
 acheminex. 
 
 CHEMINEE, sf. a chimney. It. camminata, 
 from L. caminata, deriv. of caminus, 
 used by Vitruvius for a chimney. Forca== 
 che see §§ 126 and 54; for -ata = -ee 
 see § 201. 
 
 CHEMISE, sf a shirt, shift ; from L. camisia. 
 Paulus, the abbreviator of Festus, says of 
 the word supparus : ' Supparus, vesti- 
 mentum lineum quod camisia dicitur.' 
 For 00, = che see §§ 126 and 54. 
 
 CHENAL, sm. a channel; from L. cana- 
 lis. For 00. = che see §§ 126 and 54. 
 Another form of this word is chcneau (for 
 l = w see ag?ieau). Chenal is a doublet of 
 canal. 
 
 + Chenapan, sw. a scamp, blackguard; 
 introd. towards end of 17th cent, by the 
 Germ, wars, from Germ. sch?iapphahn. 
 
 CHENE, sm. an oak. O. Fr. chesne, from L. 
 casnus * ( = an oak in a Chartulary of A. d, 
 508). For ca, = che see §§ 126 and 54; 
 for loss of s see Hist, Gram. p. 81. The form 
 casnus is a transformation of the regular 
 quercinus (querc'nus) by changing re 
 into rs, s : this rs = s is found in Fr. in 
 dorsum, dos, etc. (§ 154), and also in 
 Lat. The Romans said dos sum for dor- 
 sum, sussum for sursum, prosa for 
 prorsa, retrosum for retrorsum. Even 
 introsus is found for introrsus in an in- 
 scription (Orelli, 14034). For qn = c see 
 car. — Der. chena.ie. 
 
 CHENET, sm. a dog, andiron. O. Fr. chien- 
 net. See chien. 
 
 CHENEVIS, S7n. hempseed ; from L. canna- 
 bisium. *, deriv. of cannabis. Forca = 
 che see §§ 126 and 54 ; for b = t/ see avant 
 and § 113. — Der. chenevihxe, chenevotte. 
 
 CHENIL, sm. a kennel ; from L. canile *, 
 place where dogs are kept. Canile is 
 from canis, like equile from equus. 
 
78 
 
 CHENILLE — CHE VA LIER. 
 
 agnile from agnus, etc. Foroa = cAesee 
 §§ 126 and 54. 
 
 CHENILLE, sf. a caterpillar ; from L. canf- 
 oiila, a name drawn from the likeness of 
 the head of certain caterpillars to that of a 
 little dog. This etymology, which at first 
 sight seems strange, is confirmed by the 
 fact that the caterpillar has in many 
 idioms received the name of other animals ; 
 as in Milanese cagnon ( = a little dog) : in 
 other parts of Italy it it called gattola (a 
 little cat). The Portuguese call it lagarta 
 (a Uzard). For ca. = che see §§ 120 and 
 54 ; for -icula, = -ille see § 257. Chenille 
 is a doublet of canicule. — Der. 4cheniller. 
 
 CHENU, adj. hoar-headed ; from L. canutus, 
 deriv. ofcanus. ¥oTC& = che see §§ 126 
 and 54 ; for -utus = -tt see § 201. 
 
 CHEPTEL, sm. leased-out cattle. Prov. 
 capial, from L. capitale. Cap(i)tale, 
 contrd, regularly (see § 52) into cap'- 
 tale, becomes cheptel by changing ca into 
 che (see §§ 126 and 54), and -ale into 
 -el (see § 191.) Cheptel is a doublet of 
 captel, capitale. 
 
 CHER, acf;. dear ; fromL. carus. For ca = 
 che see §§ 126 and 54. — Der. cher'ii, 
 c/ierement. 
 
 CHERCHER, va. to seek. Prov. cercar. It. 
 cercare, from L. circare, used by Proper- 
 tius for to wander hither and thither. For 
 o = ch see § 126; for i = e see mettre ; 
 for Q, = e see § 54. — Der. cherchem, re- 
 chercher, recherche. 
 
 CHERE, sf. cheer, good fare ; from L. cara, 
 a face, countenance, used by Corippus, a 
 6th-cent. poet, in his Paneg. ad Justinum : 
 ' Postquam venere verendam Caesaris ante 
 caram.' Faire bonne chere took its present 
 sense of 'eating a good dinner' only in 
 modern times ; formerly it was —faire bon 
 accueil, and originally —faire bon visage, as 
 the proper sense of chere is a face, as in 
 Patelin's lines. Que ressemblez-vous bien de 
 chere Et du tout a vostre feu pere. For 
 ca, = che see §§ 126 and 54. 
 
 CHERIR, va. to cherish. See cher. — Der. 
 cherissMe, cncherir, rencherir, smencherir. 
 
 CHERTE, sf, dearness, high price; from L. 
 .caritatem. Car(i)tatein, contrd. regu- 
 larly (see § 52) into car'tatem, be- 
 comes cherte by changing (l) ca into 
 che, see §§ 126 and 54 ; (2) -atem into -e, 
 see § 230. 
 
 Ch^rubin, sm. a cherub; from eccles, L. 
 cherubim, introd. into Lat. by St. Jerome 
 (§ 30). 
 
 CHETIF, adj. poor, mean, bad; in 13th 
 cent. c/jfliV// (Joinville), in nth cent, caitif 
 (Chanson de Roland) ; It. cattivo ; from L. 
 captivus, a prisoner, in Class. Lat., but 
 used in sense of chetif, mean, poor-looking, 
 in Imperial times, as we see in the Mathesis 
 of Firmicus Maternus, viii. 24, a treatise on 
 astrology written by this Christian contro- 
 versialist, who was a contemporary of Con- 
 stantine, and died about a. d. 436 : ' Vice- 
 sima pars Sagittarii, si in horoscopo in- 
 venta fuerit, homines facit nanos, gibbosos, 
 captivos, ridiculosque.' How then has 
 the word passed from its proper Lat. sense of 
 * captive ' to that of ' mean ' and * weak ' ? 
 A parallel Fr. metaphor will help to explain 
 it : the word chartre, which properly means 
 a prison, is also said in the Diet, de 
 I'Acaddmie Fran9aise to signify the mesen- 
 teric phthisis to which children are liable ; 
 the phrase un enfant est en chartre being 
 used for a child attacked by this malady. 
 Popular superstition, in its faith in fairies 
 and evil spirits, likened consumption to a 
 mysterious prison-house in which the sick 
 person is held captive till he dies by an in- 
 visible hand : and thus the sick person, 
 the chetif, is the ' captive ' of that fatal 
 malady. The L. captivus having thus 
 this double signification, handed it down to 
 the Romance languages : thus It. cattivo is 
 both ' captive ' and ' bad.' O. Fr., richer 
 and fuller than the modern language, gave 
 to the word chetif both, senses ; as we see in 
 Joinville that St. Louis delivered les chetifs 
 (i. e. the Christian ' captives ' of the Sara- 
 cens). As to the form of the word, 
 captivus becomes caitif by dropping 
 final -us, by final v=/ (§ 142), by pt = ^ 
 (§ 168), and by a = cz (§ 54). Caitif 
 (introd. into England by the Normans in 
 the form caitiff) becomes in the 1 2th cent. 
 chaitifhy c = ch (§ 126), in the 13th cent. 
 chetif by ai = e (§ 103). Chetif is a 
 doublet of captif. 
 
 CHEVAL, sm. a horse; from L. caballus. 
 For GO, = che see §§ 126 and 54; for 
 h=v see § 113. — Der. cheval'm, chevalet, 
 dim. oicheval; similarly the Romans used 
 equuleus, the dim. of equus. Cheval is 
 a doublet of cavale. 
 
 CHEVALIER, sm. a knight ; from L. cabal- 
 larius, used by Isidore of Seville as = alaris 
 eques. For ca = che see §§ 126 and 
 54; for l) = i/ see § 113; for -arius = 
 -ier see § 198. Chevalier is a doublet of 
 cavalier, q. v. — Der. chevaltxic (whose 
 
CHEVA UCHER — CHIEN. 
 
 79 
 
 doublet is cavalerie), chevalihre, chevaler- 
 esque (a word formed after It. cavaller- 
 esco). 
 
 CHEVAUCHER, vn. to ride. O. Fr. cheval- 
 cker, It. cavalcare, Sp. cabalgar, from L. 
 caballicare*. We find in the Salic Law, 
 tit. 25, ' Si quis caballum sine permissu 
 domini sui ascenderit, et euni caballica- 
 verit.' Caball(i)care, contrd. regularly 
 (see § 52) into cabal'care, becomes che- 
 vaiicher by changing (l) ca into che, see 
 §§ 126 and 54; (2) b into v, see 
 § 113; (3) al into au, stt agneau. — Der. 
 chevauchee (whose doublet is cavalcade, 
 q. v.). 
 
 CHEVELU, adj. long-haired. See cheveu. 
 
 CHEVELURE, sf. head of hair, hair. O. Fr. 
 cheveleure. It. capellatura, from L. capilla- 
 tura, used by S. Augustine, der. from 
 capillum. Capella(t)ura having regu- 
 larly lost its medial t (se^ abbnye) becomes 
 chevelure by changing (i) ca into che, 
 see §§ 126 and 54; (2) p into v, see 
 § III; (3) by contracting eu into u, see 
 mur. 
 
 CHEVET, sm. a bed-head. See chef.— Der. 
 cheveder (a choir-master, from chevet, for- 
 merly the name for the choir of a church). 
 
 CHEVETRE, sm. a halter. O. Fr. chevestre, 
 Sp. cabestro, It. capestro; from L. capis- 
 trum. For ca, = che see §§126 and 54; 
 for p = u see § 1 1 1 ; for i = « see mettre ; for 
 loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. 
 s'enchevetrer, used of a horse which catches 
 its leg in the halter (chevetre), whence 
 metaph. to get entangled, embarrassed. 
 
 CHEVEU, sm. a hair. O. Fr. chevel, from L. 
 capillum. For CQ, = che see §§ 126 and 
 54; for p = u see § ill; for i\ = el 
 see mettre ; for el = eu see agfteau. — Der. 
 (from O. Fr, chevel) cheveln, echeveler 
 {echevezu). 
 
 GHEVILLE, sf. a peg, pin. It. caviglia, from 
 L. clavicula * , a wooden peg. For 
 -iciila = -27Ze see § 257; for a=e see 
 § 54. Clavicula ought to have given 
 cleville; but euphony caused a dissimila- 
 tion (§ 169) ; for the reduction of cl 
 
 I into c see able; for c — ch see § 126. 
 
 i Cheville is a doublet of clavictde, q. v. 
 
 CHEVRE, smf. a goat ; from L. capra. For 
 ca, = che see §§ 126 and 54; for p = v 
 see § III. — Der. chevrea.n, chevreite, 
 chevron, chevrier, chevroter, chevrotin, 
 chevroiine (buckshot, shot to shoot goats 
 
 L. caprifolium. For the changes here 
 see under chevre zfid feuille. 
 
 CHEVREUIL, sm. a roe, roebuck ; from L. 
 capreolus. For ca = c/ie see §§ 126 and 
 54 ; for p = 1/ see § 1 1 1 ; for -eolus = 
 -euil see a'iejil and § 253, Chevreuil is a 
 doublet of cabriole. 
 
 CHEVRON, sm. a rafter; from L, caprio- 
 nem *. The word capriones is found in 
 the Glosses of Cassel (8th cent,). For the 
 changes of letters see chevre. As to the 
 transition in meaning (§ 13), the like meta- 
 phor existed in Lat, The Romans called a 
 rafter capreolus (a little goat), 
 
 CHEVROTER, vn. to sing tremulously (like 
 a kid's bleating). See chevre. 
 
 CHEVROTINE, sf buckshot. See chevre. 
 
 CHEZ, prep, at the house of; from L. casa. 
 For ca = che see §§ 126 and 54; for 
 s = z see 7tez. Chez was in very O, Fr, a 
 subst, meaning a house. The Grand 
 Coutumier speaks of ces maisons et chez 
 esquels les marchands mettent leur mar- 
 chandise. In the lith cent, people said je 
 vais a chez Gautier = ^ Ya.do ad casaru 
 Walterii,' to Walter's cottage ; or je viens 
 de chez Gautier. But this distinction 
 speedily shifted ; the phrase a chez became 
 chez, but de chez remains, and bears witness 
 by its form that the word was originally a 
 subst. See § 13. Chez is a doublet of case, 
 q. V. 
 
 t Chicane, sf. chicanery, sharp practice ; 
 another example of those changes of mean- 
 ing noticed in § 13, Before being used 
 for sharp practice in lawsuits, it meant a 
 dispute in games, particularly in the game 
 of the mall; and originally it meant the 
 game of the mall : in this sense chicane re- 
 presents a form zicanum *, which is from 
 medieval Gr. r^vKaviov, a word of Byzan- 
 tine origin. — Der. chicaner. 
 
 CHICHE, sf. chick-peas; from L, cicer. 
 For c = ch see § 126, 
 
 CHICHE, adj. niggardly ; from L, ciccum, 
 that which is of little worth. For o = ch 
 see § 126; for cc — ch see acheter and 
 § 168, 
 
 Chicor§e, sf chicory ; in 1 6th cent, cichoree, 
 from L. cichorium. 
 
 CHIEN, sm. a dog ; from L, canis. For 
 o = ch see § 126; for a. = ie see § 54. 
 —Der. chienne, che?iet (which in O. Fr, was 
 chiennet, a dog, andiron, so called because 
 it had a dog's head on its end : in Provence 
 it was called formerly un chenet cafuec, — 
 chien de feu, a dog which guards the fire ; 
 
8o 
 
 CHIFFE — CHOU. 
 
 ^ 
 
 ill Germ, the word feiierbock is used in this 
 sense). 
 
 CHIFFE, sf. a rag. Origin unknown. — Der, 
 chiffon, chiffonnier. 
 
 CHIFFRE, sm. a numeral, digit, figure. O. Fr. 
 ci/re, which in early O. Fr. meant zero, like 
 low Lat. cifra (' cifra, figura nihil! ' says 
 the Breviloquus) a word of Ar. origin, 
 like so many mathematical terms, represent- 
 ing the Ar. ^ifr. Chiffre is a doublet of 
 zero, q. v. — Der. chiffrer, dochiffrer. 
 
 CHIGNON, sm, the nape of the neck, cervical 
 vertebrae. Buffon often speaks of le chig- 
 non du cou (by extension it is used to de- 
 signate the back hair of a lady gathered by 
 a riband and resting on* the back of the 
 neck). Chignon in its proper sense was in 
 O. Fr. chaignon, originally chaaignon, from 
 L. catenionem *. Ca(t)enionem loses 
 its medial t regularly (see ahbaye), and be- 
 comes chaignon. For c = cA see § 126 ; for 
 Txi = gn see cigogne and § 244. Chignon 
 is a doublet of chainon, q. v. 
 
 Chim^re, sf. a chimera ; from L. chimaera. 
 — Der. chimerique. 
 
 Chimie, sf. chemistry; from L. chymia *. 
 — Der. chimique, chimiste. 
 
 Chiner, va. to colour, dye, stuffs, to resemble 
 Chinese silks, etc. ; a word of hist, origin 
 
 (§ 3.^). 
 
 + Chiourme, sf. the crew of a galley, 
 convicts; introd. in l6th cent, from It. 
 citirma. 
 
 Chiquenaude, sf. a fillip. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 Chiragre, sf. (Med.) chiraga; from Gr. 
 
 Chiromancie, sf. chiromancy; from Gr. 
 
 X^ipofiavrda. 
 Chirurgie, sf. surgery ; from Gr. x^i^povpyia. 
 
 — Der. chirurgien (of which the doublet is 
 
 sargien). 
 Chlore, sm. chlorine; from Gr. x^'^P^s- — 
 
 Der. chlorique, chlonte, chlorose (a disease 
 
 which gives the skin a greenish-yellow tint), 
 
 chloroforme (compounded of chlorine and 
 
 formic acid ; stt formique). 
 'f'Choc, sm. a shock, collision; introd. in 
 
 1 6th cent, from It. cicoco. 
 f CAocolat, sm. chocolate; in 17th cent. 
 
 chocolate, introd. in 1 6th cent, from Sp. 
 
 chocolate. 
 CHCEUR, sm. a chorus, choir ; from L, 
 
 chorus. For o = ceu see cueiller. Choeur 
 
 is a doublet of chorus. 
 CHOIR, vn. to fall. O. Fr. chhir, originally 
 
 chaer and coder, from L. cadere by chang- 
 
 ing (1) c into ch, see § 126; (2) g into 
 oi, see § 61 ; (3) by losing d, see accO' 
 bier; (4) by synaeresis of e-oir into oir. 
 Just as ca(d)ere becomes chioir, ca- 
 (d)utus* (for partic. in utus see boire) 
 produced O. Fr. ch6-ut, then chu, and the 
 fem. ca(d)uta, gave che-ute, then chute, 
 now a subst., by a change considered under 
 absoute. — Der. choir, 4choir, d^choir; chute, 
 xtchute. 
 
 CHOISIR, va. to choose. At an earlier period 
 it signified to see, perceive : in the middle 
 ages men said de sa tour le guetteur choisit 
 les ennemis. Choisir, O. Fr. coisir, originally 
 cosir, Prov. causir, It. causire, is a word of 
 Germ, origin, der. from Goth. Jcausjan, 
 to see, examine. — Der. choix (verbal 
 subst.) 
 
 Chol6ra, sm. cholera, a Lat. word der, 
 from Gr. xoAe'pa. Cholera is a doublet of 
 colle, coltre. — Der. cholerique. 
 
 CH6MER, vn. to be without work; often 
 written chaumer in i6th cent. : it means pro- , 
 perly ' to rest.' Prov. chaume is the time ' 
 when flocks rest. This word is der. from 
 medieval Lat. cauma, heat of the sun, 
 the time of day when heat is too great 
 for work, a word found in sense of 
 great heat in St. Jerome, Isidore of Se- 
 ville, and Fortunatus. This Lat. cauma 
 represents Gr. x"^^"- Fo'^ au = o see 
 § 106; for o = ch see § 126. Chomer 
 is a doublet of calmer, q. v. — Der. chum- 
 age. 
 
 CHOPE,s/ a beer-glass; from Germ. schoppen. 
 — Der. chopme. 
 
 CHOPPER, vn. to stumble ; a word of Germ, 
 origin, from Germ, schnpfen. 
 
 fChoquer, va. to strike, knock. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 CHOSE, sf. a thing. It. cosa^ from L. causa, 
 
 - which first meaning ' a cause ' came in the 
 
 ^■Xat. of the later Empire to mean 'a thing.' 
 \ Hyginus uses causa for res ; Pliny says 
 'quam ob causam' for ' quam ob rem'; 
 the Reichenau Glosses (8th cent.) give us 
 ' rerum = causarum.' We find in the Lex 
 Longobard ' Quia viri istam causam faciunt, 
 non autem mulieres.' Causa becomes chose 
 by changing (1) c into ch see § 126; 
 (2) au into see § 106. Chose is a doublet 
 of cause. 
 
 CHOU, sm. a cabbage. O. Fr. chol, from L. 
 caulis. Caulis becomes chol by changing 
 (l) c into ch, see § 126; (2) au into 0, 
 see § 106. CAo/ becomes cAo7/ by softening 
 0/ into ou, see agneau. 
 
 \ 
 
CHO UCA S — CINI^RA IRE. 
 
 8i 
 
 CHOUCAS, sm. a daw, jackdaw. See chat- 
 huant. 
 
 + Choucroute, sf. sour-crout ; corruption 
 of Germ, sauerkraut, introd. through Alsace. 
 
 CHOUETTE, sf. an owl, owlet. See chat- 
 huant. 
 
 CHOYER, va. to pet, cosset. Origin unknown. 
 
 CHREME, stn. chrism ; from eccles. L. 
 ehrisma, Gr. XP^'^A'O- F<^r i = * see 
 mettre; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 8i. 
 
 Chrestomathie, sf. a chrestomathy, se- 
 lection of pieces ; from Gr. xp'?o"''o/id0€£a. 
 
 CHRETIEN, adj. christian; from L. chris- 
 tlanus. For -ianus = -ien . see ancien ; 
 for i= e see mettre ; for loss of s see 
 Hist. Gram. p. 8i. Chretien is the doublet 
 of Swiss cretin, q. v. 
 
 CHRETIENTE, sf. Christianity; from L. 
 christianitatera, which is contrd. regularly 
 (see § 52) into cliristian'tatem, whence 
 chreiiente by changing (i) christian into 
 Chretien (q. v.) ; (2) -atem into -e see 
 § 230. 
 
 Christianisme, sm. Christianity; fromGr. 
 XptCTiavtOfjios. 
 
 Chrome, sm. chrome ; from Gr. ^pa>ijui. 
 
 Chromatique, adj. chromatic ; from Gr. 
 
 XpCOfMTlKOS. 
 
 Chronique, sf. a chronicle; from L. 
 
 chronica. — Der. chroniqueur. 
 Chronique, adj. chronic ; from L. chron- 
 
 icus. 
 Chronogramme, sm. a chronogram ; from 
 
 Gr. xpoJ'os and ypacpeiv. 
 Chronologie, sf chronology; from Gr. 
 
 XpovoKoyia. — Der. chronologique. 
 Chronomdtre, sm. a chronometer; from 
 
 Gr. xp6vos and fxirpov. 
 Chrysalide, sf. a chrysalis ; from L. chry- 
 
 salidem. 
 Chrysocale, sm. pinchbeck ; a word made 
 
 up of two Gr. words xP^^^^s and KaXos. 
 CHUCHOTER, vn. to whisper ; an onoma- 
 topoeia ; see § 34. — Der. chuchotement. 
 ! CHUT, interj, hush ! an onomatopoeia ; see 
 
 § 34- 
 CHUTE, sf. fall ; partic. subst. (see absoute and 
 
 § 188) of choir,q.v. 
 iChyle, sm. chyle ; from Gr. xw^<5*. 
 jCI, adv. here. See ici. 
 plBLE, sf a target. O. Ft. cibe, from O.H.G. 
 
 sciba. 
 Ciboire, sm. a ciborium, p)^x; from L. cibo- 
 
 rium. 
 CIBOULE, sf. a shalot ; from L. caepuUa*. 
 
 For p = 6 see abeille and § 1 1 1 ; for u = Ott 
 
 see § 90; for ae=-t see § 104. 
 
 Cicatrice, sf a scar ; from L. cicatricem. 
 — Der. cicatrisev. 
 
 tCic^rone, sm. a cicerone; introd. from 
 It. cicerone. 
 
 CIDRE, sm. cider. O. Fr. sidre, from L. 
 sicera, from Gr. a'lKipa. Sieera, contrd. 
 regularly into sic'ra, became sis'ra by 
 changing c into s (see amitii) : sis'ra has 
 regularly intercalated an euphonic dental 
 between s and r (see ancetre), and be- 
 comes sisdre, just as lazarus becomes 
 ladre (laz'rus), or S. Lusor becomes 
 S. Ludre (Lus'r). Sisdre becomes sidre 
 (see Hist. Gram. p. 81), then cidre (see 
 amitie). 
 
 CIEL, sm. heaven; from L. coelum, written 
 celum by the Romans themselves. See 
 § 105. For e = e« see arriere. 
 
 CIERGE, sm. a wax candle ; from L. cereus, 
 from cera. For -eua = -ge see § 272 ; for 
 e = ie see arriere. 
 
 tCigale, sf a cicala, grasshopper; from 
 Prov. cicala, which from L. cicadxila, dim 
 of cicada. 
 
 t Cigarre, sm. a cigar ; introd. from Sp. 
 cigarro. — Der. cigarette. 
 
 CIGOGNE, sf. a stork; from L. ciconia. 
 For 0=^^ see § 129. For the change of ni 
 into gn before a vowel see § 244. See 
 also under aragne. Cigogne is a doublet 
 of O. Fr. soigne. 
 
 CIGUE, sf. hemlock; from L. cicuta. For 
 o=g see § 129 ; for -uta= -ue see § 201. 
 
 CIL, sm. an eyelash, hair of eyebrows ; from 
 L. cilium. — Der. c//ler (whence O. Fr. d^- 
 ciRer, now desszV/er). 
 
 CI ME, sf. a summit, mountain-top. O. Fr. 
 cyme, from L. cyma, a summit, in Isidore 
 of Seville : ' Cjrma est enim summitas ar- 
 borum.' — Der. cimier (an ornament on the 
 top of a helmet). 
 
 CIMENT, sm. cement ; from L. caementum. 
 Here ae becomes i as in caepuUa, ci- 
 boule; caepa, cive ; caepatum*, civet; 
 1 a e t a , //« ; p a e o n i a , pivoine. ae reduced 
 to e becomes ie, as in saeclum, siecle ; 
 graeca, grieche. See § 104. Ciment is 
 a doublet of cement. — Der. cimenter. 
 
 tCimeterre, sm. a scimitar. O. Fr. cimt- 
 terre, introd. from the East through It. 
 scimitej^ra. 
 
 CIMETIERE, sm. a cemetery; from L. 
 coemeterium. For oe = « see §§ 105, 
 64 ; for e = ie see arriere. 
 
 CIMIER, sm. a crest. See eime. 
 
 Cin6raire, arf/. cinerary ; from L. cinera- 
 rius. Cineraire is a doublet oi cendriers 
 G 
 
82 
 
 CINGLER — CTVI^RE. 
 
 CINGLER, va. to lash, whip; from L. 
 
 oingiil^e, to whip with a cingulum. 
 
 For regular loss of penult, ii see § 52. 
 CINGLER, vn. to sail, make sail, O. Fr. 
 
 singler, originally sigler, a word of Germ. 
 
 origin, from O. Scand. sigla, to sail. Cing- 
 
 ler is a doublet of sangler, q. v. 
 CINNABRE, sm. cinnabar; from L. cinnfi.- 
 
 b&ris. For loss of penult, a see § 51. 
 Cixmaine, sm. cinnamon ; from L. cinna- 
 
 mum. 
 CINQ, num. adj. five; from L. quinque, 
 
 written cinque in a 3rd-cent, inscription. 
 
 For qu = c see car. — Der. cinqmhme. 
 CINQUANTE, num. adj. fifty; from L. 
 
 quinquaginta. For change of qu into c 
 
 see car, and for loss of medial g see 
 
 allier. — Der. cinquant'iQxnc, cinquantzine. 
 CINTRER, va. to arch ; from L. cincturdre*. 
 
 For regular loss of u see § 52 ; for 
 
 change of ct into t see affete. — Der. cintre 
 
 (verbal subst.), decintrer. 
 Cippe, sm. a cippus ; from L. cippus. 
 
 Cippe is a doublet of cep, q, v. 
 Circoncire, va. to circumcise ; from L. 
 
 circumcidere. For -cidere = -cire see 
 
 occ'tre. — Der. circoncision. 
 Circonf6rence, sf. a circumference ; from 
 
 L. circumferentia. 
 Circonflexe, adj. circumflex; from L. cir- 
 
 cumflexus. 
 Circonlocution, sf. circumlocution; from 
 
 L. circumlocutionem. 
 Circonscrire, va. to circumscribe; from 
 
 L. circumscribere . — Der. «rco«scnption. 
 Circonspect, adj. circumspect, cautious; 
 
 fromL.circumspectus . — Der. circonspec- 
 
 tion. 
 Circonstance, sf. a circumstance ; from L. 
 
 circumstantia. — Der. circonstancier, -iel. 
 Circonvallation, sf. circumvallation; from 
 
 L. circumvallationera, der. from cir- 
 
 cumvallare. 
 Circonvenir, va. to circumvent, deceive ; 
 
 from L. circumvenire. 
 Circonvoisin, adj. neighbouring, adjacent; 
 
 compd. of voisin and the prefix circon, from 
 
 L. circum. 
 Circonvolution, sf. circumvolution ; from 
 
 L. circumvolutionem*, der. from cir- 
 
 cumvolvere. 
 Circuit, sm. circuit, compass; from L. cir- 
 
 cuitus. 
 Circiilaire,ac//.circular;fromL.circularis. 
 Circuler, vn. to circulate; from L. circu- 
 
 lari. Circuler is a doublet of cercler, q. v. 
 
 —Der. circuhtion. J 
 
 CIRE, sf. wax; from L. cera. For e = i see 
 § 59. — Der. cirii (which is a doublet 
 of cerat, q. v.), c/rer, -age, -ier. 
 
 CIRON, sm. a fleshworm, mite. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 Cirque, sm. a circus; from L. circus, 
 
 Cirre, s?«. a curl, lock (of hair) ; from L. 
 cirrus. 
 
 CISAILLES, sf pi. shears. See ciseau.— 
 Der. cisailleT. 
 
 CISEAU, sm. a chisel. Origin unknown. — 
 Der. mailles, ciseler (from O. Fr. cisel for 
 ciseau. See agneau). 
 
 CISELER, va. to chisel, carve. See ciseau. — 
 Der. ciseleuT, -ure. 
 
 tCitadelle, ./. a citadel ; from It. citea- 
 della. 
 
 + Citadin, sm. a citizen ; from It. cittadino. 
 
 CITE, sf a city ; from L. citateiu for 
 civitatem, so written in several inscrip- 
 tions before the 3rd cent. a.d. For loss of 
 i (civ'tatem) see §51; for v't = / see 
 alleger; tor -ateni = -e' see § 230. 
 
 Citer, va. to cite; from L. citare. — Der. 
 citation. 
 
 Cit6rieur, adj. hither, hithermost ; from L. 
 cilerior. 
 
 CITERNE, sf a cistern; from L. cisterna. 
 For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. 
 citer nea.u. 
 
 Cithare, sf. a cithara, lyre; from L. ci- 
 thara. Cithare is a doublet of guitare and 
 O.Fr. cedre. 
 
 CITOYEN, sm. a citizen. Prov. ciptadan, 
 from L. civitadanus*, der. from civi- 
 tatem. For the change of the first part 
 of the word, civita- = «V-, see cite; for loss 
 of medial d see accabler; for suffix yen 
 see § 194. 
 
 CITRIN, adj. citrine ; from L. citrinus. 
 Citrin is a doublet of sSrin, q. v. 
 
 CITRON, sm. a lemon, citron ; from L. 
 citrum, through a dim. citronem*. 
 
 CITROUILLE, sf a pumpkin, gourd; dim. 
 of O. Fr, citre, which is L. citrum (the 
 yellow colour of the gourd resembling that 
 of a lemon). 
 
 CIVE, sf a chive ; from L. caepa. For ae 
 = e = i see § 104 and ciment. For p = v 
 see § III. — Der. civet (in O.Fr. «W, 
 properly a stew with chives), civette. 
 
 + Civette, ./. a civet cat; a word of 
 Eastern origin ; Ar. zibed. The word 
 came into Fr. through medieval Gr. ^avi- 
 riov. 
 
 CIVI!:RE, sf a handbarrow, litter. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
CIVIL — CLIN. 
 
 83 
 
 Civil, adj. civil; from L. civilis. — Der. 
 civilite, civiliser, civilisation. 
 
 Civique, adj. civic; from L. civicus. — 
 Der. civisme. 
 
 CLABAUD, sm. a babbler, liar. Of Germ, ori- 
 gin. Neth. Happen. — Der. clabander, -age. 
 
 CLAIE. sf. a hurdle, screen. O. Fr. cloie, 
 Prov. cleda, from L. clida*, found in the 
 Lex Bajuwariorum, tit. Ixxvii, ' Si eum in- 
 terfecerit, coram testibus in quadrivio in 
 clida eum levare debet.' The Lat. 
 clida is of Celt, origin, Kymri clwyd, a. 
 hurdle. Lat. clida becomes O. Fr. cloie 
 by loss of medial d (see alouette), and by 
 i =■ oi (see boire) ; oi in turn becomes ai, see 
 § 61, whence claie. — Der. clayon; cloy- 
 ere (from O. Fr. cloye). 
 
 CLAIR, adj. clear, bright; from L. clarus. 
 For a = az see § 54. — Der. clairet, -iere, 
 -on; cZarine, -inette; eclaircr, 6clairciT, 
 clairvoy&nt. 
 
 CLAIRIERE, sf. a glade. See clair. 
 
 CLAIRON, sm. a clarion (clear-sounding 
 trumpet). See clair. 
 
 CLAIRVOYANT, adj. clear-seeing. See clair. 
 Der. clairvoyance. 
 
 CLAM EUR, sf. clamour, din ; from L. 
 clamorem. For 6 = eu see § 79. 
 
 Claudestin, adj. clandestine ; from L. 
 clandestinus. 
 
 + Clapet, sm. a valve ; from Germ, klappe. 
 
 CLAPIER, sm. a burrow. See clapir. 
 
 CLAPIR (SE), vpr. to squat (of rabbits) ; from 
 L, clepere (se clepere = to hide one- 
 self). For accented e = i see § 60; for 
 atonic e = a see amender. — Der. clapicT. 
 
 CLAPOTER, vn. to clap, chop, splash. Dim. 
 of clapper. An onomatopoeia. 
 
 CLAQUE, sf. a slap, smack. An onomatopoeia. 
 — Der. claquer (which is a doublet of 
 clicker, q. v.), clacquear. 
 JCLAQUEMURER, va. to immure. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 CLARIFIER, va. to clarify ; from L. clarifi- 
 care. See clair. — Der. c/fln)fcation. 
 
 CLARINETTE, sf. a clarionet; dim. of 
 clarine^ See clair. 
 
 CLARTE, sf. clearness ; from L. claritatem, 
 
 J by regular loss of 1 (see § 52), and by 
 
 I -atein = -e' (see § 230). 
 
 IjClasse, sf. a class; from L. class is. — Der. 
 classer, classement, declasser, cZassique 
 (which is a doublet of glas, q. v.), class- 
 ification, 
 
 ause, sf. a clause, a thing concluded, 
 closed up ; from L. clausa, partic. of clau- 
 dere. Clause is a doublet of close, q. v. 
 
 Claustral, adj. claustral; from L. claus- 
 tralis. 
 
 CLAVEAU, sm. (Archit.) a keystone. O. Fr. 
 clavel, from L. clavellus, dim of clavis. 
 For -ellu8 = -el = -eaM see § 204. 
 
 CLAVEAU, sm. the rot, sheep rot. O. Fr. cla- 
 vel, from L. clavellus ; the lumps formed 
 in this disease being thought to be like nail- 
 heads (clavis). — Der. clavelee (from O. Fr. 
 clavele). . 
 
 + Clavecin, sm. a harpsichord; from It. 
 clavicembalo. 
 
 Clavicule, sf. collar bone; from L. clavi- 
 cula. Clavicule is a doublet of cheville, 
 q.v.^ 
 
 Clavier, sm. a key-chain, key-board (of a 
 piano) ; from L. claviarius*, from clavis. 
 In O.Yr.=porte-clef,i.t. 2. key-ring; ap- 
 plied afterwards to a collection of piano- 
 keys. 
 
 CLEF, sf. a key ; from L. clavis. For a = « 
 see § 54 ; for v=/see § 142. 
 
 C16inatite, sf. clematis; from L. clema- 
 tidem. 
 
 Clement, adj. clement, merciful ; from L. 
 
 clementem Der. cUmt.nct, from L. 
 
 dementia. 
 
 Clepsydre, sf. a clepsydra, water-clock; 
 from L. clepsydra. 
 
 CLERC, sm. a clerk, scholar; from L deri- 
 cus, Gr. kXtjplkSs, one who belongs to 
 the Kkripos, or clergy, as opposed to a lay- 
 man. The prim, sense has been expanded 
 to that of a man of learning, then a pen- 
 man, clerk (in all its senses), agent, as in clerc 
 d'avoue, etc. For loss of i see § 51. 
 
 CLERGE, sm. the clerical body; from L. 
 clericatus, from clericus. For loss of 
 atonic i see § 52; for c=g see § 129; 
 for -atus = -e see § 201. 
 
 Clerical, adj. clerical; from L. clericalis. 
 
 CLICHER, va. to stereotype. O. Fr. cliquer, 
 a form which shows that clicker is a vari- 
 ant of cliquer, q. v. : it is also a doublet of 
 claquer. Similarly in Germ, ab-klitschen, 
 = clicker, is derived from hlatschen, = cla- 
 quer. — Der. clicks, clickzgt. 
 
 Client, sm. a client, dependent; from L. 
 client em. — Der. clientele. 
 
 CLIGNER, va. to wink ; from L. clinare. 
 n becomes gn, and undergoes the same 
 change as nn in grunnire, grogner ; 
 pinnonem*, pignon. 
 
 Climat, sm. climate; from climatem. — 
 Der. c/tma^erique. 
 
 CLIN, sm. a wink; verbal subst. of cligner, 
 q.v. 
 
 G 2 
 
84 
 
 CLTNIQUE^-COCHE. 
 
 diniqne, adj. clinical, sf. clinical surgery; 
 from L. clinice, a medical lesson given at 
 the sick man's bedside. 
 
 CLINQUANT, sm. tinsel, Dutch gold-leaf; 
 abbrev. of O. Fr. phrase or clinquant. Clin- 
 quer, Neth. klinken, properly means to 
 make a clinking noise. A like metaphor 
 is found in Germ., which calls this metal 
 rauschgold. 
 
 CLIQUER, see clicker, of which it is another 
 form. 
 
 CLIQUETER,t;a.to clack, click. Frequent, of 
 O. Fr. cliquer. An onotnatop. word. — Der. 
 cliquetis. * 
 
 + Oliver, va. to cleave; from Engl, cleave. 
 Der. clivige. 
 
 Cloaque, sf. a sewer; from L. cloaca. 
 
 CLOCHE, sf. a bell ; from Merov. L. clocca. 
 Origin unknown. For c = ch see § 126. 
 — Der. clocher, -ette, -eton. 
 
 CLOCHER, vn. to halt, limp, hobble. Prov. 
 clopchar, Gr. x^w^t^Trovs (lame) gave birth, 
 in the first ages after the fall of the Em- 
 pire, to a Lat. cloppus. This word is 
 found in the Glosses of Philoxenus, * clop- 
 pus =x'''^<^5'>* ^nd the Lex Alamannorum 
 gives cloppus for claudus, 'ut cloppus 
 permaneat.' This adj. cloppus has given 
 the Fr. two important words : — 
 
 1. O. Fr. adj. clop (lame), whence the 
 vn, eloper, lost in mod. Fr., leaving its 
 pres. partic. in the expression clopin- 
 clopant, of which the first part is the 
 verbal subst. of clopiner, another deriv. of 
 eloper. Sclope is also a compd, of eloper. 
 
 2. Through a deriv., cloppicus, came 
 the vn. cloppicare, which regularly losing 
 i became clop'care, whence on one 
 hand the Prov. clopchar, on the other the 
 Fr. clocher. For c = ch see § 126. 
 
 CLOISON, sf. a partition ; from L. closi- 
 onem*, by transposition of i: see Hist. 
 Gram, p, 77. 
 
 CLOfTRE, sm. a cloister, monastery. O. Fr. 
 cloistre, from L. claustrum. For au = o 
 = ot see ahoyer and § 107; for loss of s 
 see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. cloitrer. 
 
 CLOPIN - CLOPANT, adv. loc. haltingly, 
 ' clop-clop.' See clocher. 
 
 CLOPORTE, sm. a wood-louse. In 17th 
 cfent. written clausp6rte, degraded from 
 clausporc, which should be its true form, 
 from Lat. clausus porcus (lit. ' a shut-up 
 pig'). It is hard to say why this name 
 should be applied to the wood-louse; still the 
 Wood-louse is* almost everywhere called a 
 pig. The Lat. called it sometimes asellus, 
 
 sometimes porcellio, the \\. porcellino, the 
 Gr. 6vtaK6s. Similarly in the French pro- 
 vinces; in Champagne cochon de saint An- 
 toine, in Dauphin^ ka'ion (a pig), in Anjou 
 tree{ = truie, a sow). These parallels confirm 
 the existence of this metaphor, without 
 however explaining it, 
 
 CLORE, va. to close, shut; from L. clau- 
 d§re. For the regular loss of the penult. 
 6 see § 51; for au = see alouette ; for 
 dr = r see § 168, — Der. 6clore, enclore, 
 enc/os, dMore ; clos, close (whose doublet 
 is^clause)f closene, c/osier. 
 
 CL6TURE, ,/. an enclosure, fence, close. 
 O, Fr. closture, from L. clausitura*, from 
 clausus. For regular loss of i see § 52 ; 
 for au = see alouette ; for loss of s see 
 Hist, Gram, p. 8i. 
 
 CLOU, sm. a nail, O. Fr, do, from L, 
 clavus. For av = au = = om see 
 alouette. — Der, clouer, -tier, enclouex, de- 
 clouer. 
 
 CLOYERE, sf. an oyster basket. See date. 
 
 + Club, sm. a club ; from Engl, club. — Der. 
 dub'xste. 
 
 Clyst^re, sm. a clyster; from L, clyster, 
 
 Coactif, adj. coactive; from L, coactivus, 
 
 Coaguler, va. to curdle, coagulate ; from 
 L. coagulare. Coaguler is a doublet of 
 cailler, q. v. 
 
 Coaliser, vn. to coalesce. An ill-foi'med 
 word from L, coalescere, — Der, coaZition, 
 
 Coasser, vn. to croak. In l6th cent, co- 
 axer, from L. coaxare. — Der. coassement. 
 
 t Cobalt, sm. cobalt; from Germ, cobalt. 
 
 COCAGNE, sf Cockayne. O. Fr. quaigne, in 
 medieval mythology an imaginary land the 
 houses of which are made of cakes (cogues 
 as they were then called, now couque). 
 
 COCARDE, /. a cockade. O, Fr, coquarde, 
 a cock's comb, then a red device in the hat, 
 like a cock's comb. See coq. 
 
 COCASSE, adj. ludicrous. Origin unknown. 
 
 COCHE, (i) sf. a boat; from L. concha*, 
 which from its proper sense of shell, conch, 
 came to that of a little boat. For nc = c see 
 coque and Hist. Gram. p. 82. The word 
 was early appHed to certain public carriages 
 by the common transfer of words relating 
 to water-carriage to land-carriage. In Paris 
 before 1855 some omnibuses were called 
 gondoles, others galires, thus taking their 
 names from terms of navigation. Hence 
 (2) sf a coach, carriage; see above.— 
 Der. cocher, porte-cocAfere. 
 
 COCHE, sf. a tally, notch. Origin unknown. 
 — Der. decocAer is to shoot an arrow, 
 
COCHE — COLIS. 
 
 85 
 
 by freeing it from the notch of the arba- 
 list. 
 
 COCHE, sf. a sow. Origin unknown. — Der. 
 chocon. 
 
 fCochenille, sf. cochineal; introd. in 
 16th cent, from Sp. cochinilla. 
 
 COCHER, stn. a coachman. See coche. 
 
 COCHET, sm. a cockerel. See coq. 
 
 COCHEVIS, sm. the crested lark. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 COCHON, sm. a pig. See coche. 
 
 + Coco, sm cocoa ; introd. from Port, coquo. 
 — Der. cocotier. 
 
 COCON, sm. a cocoon. See coque. 
 
 Coction, sf. a coction, boiling; from L. 
 coctionem. Coction is a doublet of 
 cidsson, q. v. 
 
 Code, sm. a code; from L. codex.— Der. 
 corfifier. Code is a doublet of codex. 
 
 Codicille, sm. a codicil; from L. codi- 
 cillus. 
 
 CoefiBLCient, sm. a coefEcient ; from co, 
 L. cum, and efficient from L. efficientem. 
 
 Coemption, sf. coemption; from L. co- 
 emptionem. 
 
 Coercition, s/. coercion ; from L. coerci- 
 t ion em. — Der. coercitii. 
 
 CCEUR, sm. the heart; from L. cor. For 
 O = oeu see cueillir. 
 
 COFFRE, sm. a chest, trunk, coffer; from 
 L. cophinus, a basket, but used for a 
 coffer in the Capit. de Villis. art. 62 : 
 ' coflnis id est scriniis.' C6ph(i)lius was 
 first regularly contrd. (see § 51) into 
 coph'nus ; then ph became /, after a 
 general Fr. rule. The Romans proncd. ph 
 and f differently, as we see from Priscian : 
 •Non tam fixis labris est pronuntianda f, 
 quomodo ph,' but this shade of difference 
 was soon effaced, and has entirely dis- 
 appeared from modern languages. For 
 pli=/ cp. phasianus, faison, § 146. 
 Cofnus becomes coffre by changing n 
 
 ! into r : this permutation of the nasal into 
 
 ! a liquid is also to be found in ord'nem, 
 ordre, etc., § 163. Coffre is a doublet 
 of coffin. — Der. coffrtX, coffrtx, en- 
 coffrex. 
 
 COGNEE, sf. an axe, hatchet. O. Fr. coignee, 
 from L. cvmeata*, a wedge to cleave 
 
 « wood with. First ea became ia (see Hist. 
 
 I Gram. p. 66), then cuniata becomes 
 coignee by (i) ni=^ra (see aragne), (2) 
 u = o/(see § ioo),(3)-ata = -e'e(see § 201). 
 
 jpOGNER, va. to drive in (a nail, wedge). 
 O. Fr. coigner, from L. cuneare. For 
 (Hineare = coigner see cognee. 
 
 •Cohabiter, vn. to cohabit; from L. co- 
 habitare. — Der. cohabita.tiox\. 
 
 Coh.6rent, a<^'. coherent ; from L. cohae- 
 rentem. 
 
 Cohesion, sf. cohesion; from L. cohae- 
 sionem. 
 
 Cohorte, sf. a cohort ; from L. cohortem. 
 Cokorte is a doublet of cour. 
 
 COHUE, sf. a rout, crowd ; verbal subst. of 
 cohuer (to cry, hue and cry together). For 
 the etymology see heur. 
 
 COl,fem. coite, quiet, coy, still; from L. quie- 
 tus. For loss of t see aigu ; for i = oi see 
 § 68; for qu = c see car. Coi is a doublet 
 of quitte, q. v. 
 
 COIFFE, sf a headdress, cap ; from L. cofea, 
 used by Fortunatus. First ea became ia (see 
 Hist. Gram. p. 66), then cofla becomes 
 coiffe by attraction of i, which changes o 
 into oi (see Hist. Gram. p. 77). — Der. 
 coiffei, -eur, -ure, decoiffer. 
 
 COIN, sm. a corner, nook; from L. cuneus. 
 For eus = tMS see Hist. Gram, p. 189; for 
 iii= gn see aragne; for \i = oi see § 100, 
 — Der. Tecoin. 
 
 Coincider, vn. to coincide; from L. co- 
 incidere. — Der. co'incidence, 
 
 GOING, sm. a quince. O. Fr. cooing, Prov. 
 codoing. It. cotogna, from L, cotoneus. 
 -eus becoming regularly -ius (see Hist. 
 Gram. p. 66), cotonius produced O. Fr. 
 cooing, (l) by dropping medial t (see § 
 117), (2) by changing ui into ng, (3) by 
 changing o into oi (see Hist. Gram. p. 77). 
 — Der. co^wasse, -assier. 
 
 t Coke, sm. coke ; from Eng. coke. 
 
 COL, sm. a neck, of which cou is the softer 
 form, see agneau ; from L. collum. Col is 
 a doublet of cou, q. v. — Der. collier, -let, 
 -lerette, deco/ler, enco/ure, acco/er. 
 
 tColback, sm. colback; from Turk. 
 kolbdk, a furred hat, adopted by certain 
 French cavalry regiments on their return 
 from the campaign of Egypt. 
 
 Col6optdre, sm. a beetle, adj. coleopterous ; 
 from Gr. KoKeoTrrepos, sheath-winged. 
 
 Colore,./, wrath; from L. cholera, Co- 
 lere is a doublet of cholera and O. Fr. 
 colle. 
 
 + Colibri, sm. a humming-bird; introd. 
 from the American colonies. 
 
 COLIFICHET, sm. a trinket. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 CO LI MACON, sm. a snail. See limapon. 
 
 Colique, sf. colic ; from L. colica. 
 
 t Colis, sm. a package, more correctly 
 written coli, from It. collo, the neck. 
 
85 
 
 COLLA BORER — COMITS. 
 
 Collaborer, va. to work with; from L. 
 col labor a re. — Dcr. co//a6orateur, -ation. 
 
 Collateral, adj. collateral; from L. col la- 
 teralis*. 
 
 Collateur, sm. a collator; from L. colla- 
 tor. 
 
 Collation, sf. a collation ; from L. collatio. 
 The sense of a light repast comes from 
 convents, in which the monks made a daily 
 'collation ' or reading and discussion on Holy 
 Writ. This conference was followed by a 
 light meal, which accordingly took the name 
 of collatio. — Der. collationner. 
 
 Colle, sf. paste, glue ; from Gr. nSWa. — 
 Der. collcr, d^co/Ter, encoder. 
 
 Collecte, sf. a collection, collect ; from L. 
 coUecta * (partic.of colligere). Collecte 
 is a doublet of cueillette, q. v. — Der. col- 
 lecteuT. 
 
 Collectif, adj. collective; from L. collec- 
 tivus. 
 
 Collection, sf. a collection; from L. col- 
 lect ion em. — Der. collectionner. 
 
 College, sm. a college, high school ; from L. 
 collegium. — Der. collegizl, collegien. 
 
 Colldgue, sm. a colleague ; from L. col- 
 lega. 
 
 Coller, va. to stick, glue, paste. See colle. 
 
 COLLERETTE, sf. a collar, frill. See collier. 
 
 COLLET, sm. a collar. See co/.— Der. collet- 
 er, se decolletcT. 
 
 COLLIER, sm. a necklace. See cou. — Der. 
 collerette, dim. of O. Fr. coller for collier. 
 
 COLLINE, sf. a little hill, hillock ; from L. 
 collina, a word used by Roman surveyors. 
 Columella uses the form collinum. 
 
 Collision, sf. a collision; from L. collisi- 
 onem. 
 
 Collocation, sf. a collocation; from L. 
 coUocationem. 
 
 Colloque, sm. a colloquy; from L. col- 
 loquium. 
 
 Colloquer, va. to class, marshall, place; 
 from L. collocare. Colloquer is a doublet 
 of coucher, q. v. 
 
 Collusion, sf. collusion ; from L. col- 
 lusionem. 
 
 Colljrre, sm. collyrium, eye-salve ; from L. 
 
 collyrium. 
 Colombo, ./. a dove ; from L. columba. — 
 
 Der. colombxQi, colombxn. 
 Colon, sm. a husbandman ; from L. col onus. 
 —Der. colonie (which is a doublet of O. Fr. 
 colonge), colonial, coloniser. 
 + Colonel, sm. a colonel; introd. in i6th 
 
 cent, from It. colonello. 
 COLONNE, sf. a column ; from L. columna. 
 
 For u = o see annoncer ; for mn = nn cp. 
 Garumna, Garonne, This assimilation 
 is to be found in Lat., where we have con- 
 necto for cum-necto, etc. (§ i68). — Dei. 
 colonn3.de, colonnette. 
 Colophane, sf. colophony; in l6th cent. 
 colophone, from L. colophonia, rosin of 
 Colophon. 
 Coloquinte, sf colocynth; from L. colo- 
 
 cynthis. 
 Colorer, va. to colour; from L. colorare. 
 Colorer is a doublet of colorier. — Der. 
 co/oration. 
 t Color is, sm. colouring; introd. in 1 6th 
 cent, from It. colorito. — Der. colorier, 
 color'isXe. 
 Colosse, sm. a colossus ; from L. colossus. 
 
 — Der. colosszX. 
 COLPORTER, va. to hawk, peddle; from 
 col and porter, q. v. The colporteur was 
 rightly a pedlar with a pack on his shoulders. 
 — Der. colporteur, colportige. 
 Colore, sf. (Astron.) colure ; from Gr. k6\ov- 
 
 pos, sc. ypafxfifi, properly = ligne colure. 
 t Colza, sm. colza, rape-seed ; from Flem. 
 
 koolsaed. 
 COMBATTRE, va. to fight, combat ; from 
 battre (q. v.) and cum. — Der. combat (verbal 
 subst.). 
 COMBIEN, adv. how many; from com ( = to 
 what point), O. Fr. form of comme (q. v.), 
 and bien. See Hist. Gram. p. i6o. 
 Combiner, va. to combine; from L. com- 
 
 binare. — Der. cow6maison. 
 COMBLE, sm. top, summit, fulfilment ; from 
 L. cumulus, which signifies a summit in 
 several medieval texts. Cura(u)lus, regu- 
 larly contrd. (see § 51) into cum'lus, be- 
 comes comble. For u = see annoncer ; for 
 nil = w&/ see Hist. Gram. p. 72. Comble is 
 a doublet of combrer. 
 COMBLER, va. to fill up, fulfil; from L. 
 cumulare, regularly contrd. (see accointer) 
 into cum'lare, whence combler. For 
 letter-changes see comble. Combler is a 
 doublet of cumuler, q. v. 
 Combustion, sf. combustion; from L. 
 
 combustionem. 
 Com6d.ie, ^f. a comedy, play ; from L. 
 
 comoedia. — Der. comedien. 
 t Comestible, adj. eatable, edible; in- 
 trod. in 1 6th cent, from It. comestibile. 
 Com^tes, sf pi. a comet; from L. co- 
 metes. 
 Comice, sm.pl. comitia; from L. comitia. 
 Com.ique, adj. comic; from L. comicus. 
 t Comit6, sm. a committee; introd. during 
 
COMMA NDER — COMPA GNE. 
 
 87 
 
 the Regency from Engl, committee. Comite 
 is a doublet of comte, q. v. 
 
 COMMANDER, va. to command; from L. 
 commendare (used for 'to order' in the 
 late Lat.). — Der. commands (verbal subst.), 
 commandtmtx\\., commandant, commendeur, 
 commenderie, commandite, rtco^nmander. 
 
 COMMANDITE, sf. a joint-stock company. 
 See commander, — Der. commandittx, com- 
 manditzire, 
 
 COMME, adv. how ; from L. qudmodo. 
 For loss of the last two syllables see § § 50, 5 1. 
 For qu = c see car. — Der. comment (compd. 
 of comme and ent, which is from L. indd). 
 For i = e see § 71 ; for d = / § 121 : ent is 
 also found in the word souv-ent, from sub- 
 inde. 
 
 Commemoration, sf. commemoration ; 
 from L. commemorationem. — Der. com- 
 memoratxi. 
 
 COMMENCER, va. to commence, begin. 
 It. cominciare, from L. cominitiare *, 
 compd. of cum and initiare. Co- 
 min(i)tidre, losing its i regularly (see 
 § 52), becomes comin'tiare, which gives 
 commencer. For -tiare = -cer see agencer ; 
 for -in = e« see § 72 ; foru = o see annon- 
 cer. — Der. commencement. 
 
 Com.m.ensal, sm. a messmate; from L. 
 commensalis*, one who lives at the 
 same table, mensa. 
 
 Com.m.ensurable, adj. commensurable ; 
 from L. cum and mensurabilis. 
 
 COMMENT, adv. why, how. See comme. 
 
 Com m entaire, sm. a commentary, com- 
 ment ; from L. commentarius. 
 
 Com.m.enter, va. to comment, annotate ; 
 from L. commentari. — Der. comment- 
 ateur. 
 
 Com.mdre, sf. a gossip, joint godmother. 
 The Church gives to infants at their bap- 
 tism a spiritual father and mother, whose 
 it is to replace the natural parents should 
 they die, the godfather and godmother 
 (parrain, marraine) of the child being 
 counted as its second father and mother (or, 
 -as would now be said, its co-pere and co- 
 mere) : eccles. Lat. expressed this double 
 idea by the words com-pater, com-mater, 
 whence compere and commere, which origin- 
 ally signified the two persons who held the 
 child at the font. For commater = corn- 
 mere see mere. — Der. commer&ge. 
 
 COMMETTRE, va. to commit; from L. 
 committere. For mittere = mc//re see 
 mettre. — Der. commis, comm/ssaire, com- 
 mission. 
 
 Com.minatoire, adj. comminatory, threat- 
 ening; from L. comminatorius * (from 
 comminationem, which from commi- 
 nari). 
 
 COMMIS, sm. a clerk. See commettre. 
 
 Com.mis6ration, sf. commiseration, pity ; 
 from L. commiserationem. 
 
 COMMISSAIRE, sm. a commissary, com- 
 missioner. See commettre. — Der. commis- 
 ariat. 
 
 COMMISSION, sf. a commission. See com- 
 mettre. — Der. commissionner, commission- 
 naire. 
 
 Com.mode, (i) adj. commodious; from L. 
 commodus. (2) sf. a chest of drawers, so 
 called from its commodiousness. 
 
 Com.m.otion, sf. a commotion ; from L. 
 commotionem. 
 
 COMMUER, va. to commute ; from L. com- 
 mutare. For loss of t see abbaye. — Der. 
 commwable. 
 
 COMMUN, adj. common ; from L. com- 
 munis. — Der. commune, communzl, com- 
 mwwisme, communiste. 
 
 COMMUNAUT^, sf. a community ; from L. 
 commvmalitdtem by regularly dropping 
 i (see § 52) and reduction of com- 
 m.unal'tatem. into communaute by (i) 
 sl = au (see agneau); (2) -atem = -e (see 
 § 230). 
 
 COMMUNIER, va. to communicate ; from L. 
 communicare (which in eccles. language 
 signified to receive the Eucharist). For loss 
 of medial c see affouage. Communier is a 
 doublet of cornmuniqtierandO.Fr.comenger, 
 
 Com.munion, sf communion ; from L. 
 communionem. 
 
 Com.m.uniquer, va. to communicate; 
 from L. communicare. Communiquer 
 is a doublet of communier. — Der. commu- 
 nication, communicatif. 
 
 Com.mutation, sf commutation ; from L. 
 commutationem. 
 
 Com.pacte, adj. compact; from L. com- 
 pactus. 
 
 COMPAGNE.s/. a companion; fem. of O.Fr. 
 compaign. Lat. cum-panis * produced 
 in Merov. Lat. a subst. com.pdnio*, whence 
 the O. Fr. compaing (for a = ofj see § 54), 
 while its accus. com.panionem produced 
 the form compagnon (for ni = ^n see ci- 
 gogne). Of these two cases, subjective and 
 objective, the latter only survives ; see 
 Hist. Gram. p. 8g sqq. Compaing has gone, 
 but leaves its fem. compagne and the deriv. 
 compagnie, and compagnon has taken its 
 place. The oldest known occurrence of 
 
88 
 
 COMPA GNIE — COMPRENDRE. 
 
 this word is in the Gcrmano-Lat. Glosses of 
 the Vatican, which are of the time of Louis 
 the Debonair, in the phrase, no longer Lat. 
 but Romance, ' ubi (h)abuisti mansionem 
 (h)ac nocte, oompagn ?' — Der. compagnie, 
 compagnon, Accompagner. 
 
 COMPAGNIE, sf. a company. See com- 
 pagru. 
 
 COMPAGNON, sm. a companion. See com- 
 pagne. — Der, compagnonnzge. 
 
 COMPARAITRE, vn. to appear; from L. 
 comporesoere. For parescero '^paraitre 
 see npparaitre. 
 
 Comparer, va. to compare ; from L. com- 
 parare. Comparer is a doublet of O. Fr. 
 
 comprer Der. compair^i%oTi, cowiparable, 
 
 cofftparatif. 
 
 COMPAROIR, vn. to ' put in an appearance '; 
 from L. comparere. For e = oi see § 62. 
 
 + Comparse, sf. a figure-dancer; introd. 
 from It. comparsa. 
 
 COMPARTIMENT, sm. a compartment, 
 panel, division ; from O. Fr. verb compartir, 
 which from L, compartiri *. Comparti- 
 ment is derived from compartir, like senti- 
 ment from sentir. 
 
 Comparution, sf. an appearance; corrupted 
 from L. comparitionem. 
 
 COMPAS, sm. a compass, pair of compasses ; 
 properly measure, equal distance. In O. Fr. 
 it signified pas egal, pas regulier, from L. 
 oompassus (see pas). — Der. compasser, 
 to measure by compass, whence the wider 
 sense to measure one's acts. 
 
 Compassion, sf. compassion ; from L. 
 compassionem. 
 
 Com.patir, vn. to compassionate, pity ; from 
 L. compatiri*.-Der. cowparible, incompat- 
 ible (compatibilis*, incompatibilis*). 
 
 Com.patriote, sm. a compatriot ; from L 
 compatriota. 
 
 + Compendium., sm. a compendium, 
 abridgement ; a Lat. word. 
 
 Compenser, va. to compensate, set off, 
 balance; from L. compensare. — Der. 
 compensation, recompenser. 
 
 COMPARE, sm. a godfather, gossip. See 
 commere. 
 
 Comp6ter, vn. to be due, in the competency 
 of; from L, competere. — Der. competent, 
 competence, incompetent, incompetence. 
 Com.p6titeur, sm. a competitor ; from L. 
 
 competitor. — Der. compe'/ition. 
 Compiler, va. to compile ; from L. com- 
 
 pilare. — Der. com/)?7ation. 
 COMPLAINTE, ./. a complaint ; partic. subst. 
 of O. Fr. verb complain Jre (see plaindre). 
 
 COMPLAIRE, vn. to please, gratify; from 
 L. complacere. See plaire. — Der. com- 
 plaisant, complaisznce. 
 
 Com.pl6ment, sm. complement, fulness ; 
 from L. complementum. — Der. comple- 
 menti'ne. 
 
 Complet, adj. complete; from L. comple- 
 tus. Complete is a doublet of complies, 
 q. v. — Der. completer. 
 
 Complexe, adj. complex; from L. com- 
 plexus. 
 
 Complexion, sf. complexion; from L. 
 complexionem. 
 
 Complice, ( i ) adj. privy to, (2) smf. accom- 
 plice; from L. compile em. — Der. com- 
 plicity. 
 
 COMPLIES, sf. complines; in eccles. Lat. 
 completae. For e = i see § 60; for 
 loss of t see aigu. In liturgical language 
 this part of the divine office is called the 
 horae completae, because it completes 
 the service, which comprehends prime, tierce, 
 sexte, none and complies, or in liturgical Lat. 
 prima, tertia, sexta, nona, comple- 
 torium. Complies is a doublet of complete. 
 
 t Compliment, sm. a compHment; in- 
 trod. in 1 6th cent, from It. complim£nto. — 
 Der. complimented. 
 
 Compliquer, va. to complicate ; from L. 
 complicare. — Der. complicztion. 
 
 COMPLOT, sm. a plot. Origin unknown. 
 — Der. complotet. 
 
 Com.ponction, sf. compunction ; from L. 
 compunctionem * (strong sorrow at 
 having offended God). 
 
 Comporter, va. to admit of, allow ; from 
 L. comportare. 
 
 COMPOSER, va. to compose ; from L. com- 
 pausare, compd. of cum and pausare. 
 For au = o see § 106. — Der. xecomposer, 
 decomposer, compositeur, com/>osition (L. 
 compositorem, compositionem). 
 
 Composite, adj. composite ; from L. com- 
 pos it us. Composite is a doublet of com- 
 pote, q. V. 
 
 COMPOSTEUR,sOT. a composing-stick ; from 
 L. composit6rem. For loss of atonic i 
 see § 52; for o = eu see § 79. Com- 
 pGsteur is a doublet of compositeur. 
 
 COMPOTE, sf. stewed fruit. O. Fr. com- 
 poste. It. composta, from L. composita. 
 Compote is a doublet of composite. 
 
 COMPRENDRE, va. to comprehend ; from 
 L. eomprendere. For the loss of the 
 penult, e see § 51. — Der. comprehen- 
 sion (straight from L. comprehen- 
 sionem). 
 
COMPRESSE—CONDESCENDRE. 
 
 89 
 
 COMPRESSE,^/: (Med.) a surgical compress; 
 
 verbal subst. of O. Fr. verb compresser. See 
 
 presser. 
 Comprimer, va. to compress, repress ; from 
 
 L. comprimere. 
 COMPROMETTRE, va. to compromise; 
 
 from L. compromittere. For mittere = 
 
 mettre see mettre. — Der. cotnpromis. 
 COMPTABLE, adj. accountable, responsible. 
 
 See compter. — Der, comptabilite. 
 COMPTER, va. to count, reckon; from L. 
 
 computare, by regular loss of u (see 
 
 § 51). — Der. compte (verbal subst., which 
 
 is a doublet of compJii), comptMe, compt- 
 
 oir, k-compie, decompler, m^compte (verbal 
 
 subst. of tnecompter). 
 Compulser, va. to search, examine ; from 
 
 L. compulsare*, to push, then to collect, 
 
 gather. 
 Comput, sm. a computation ; from L. com- 
 putum. Comput is a doublet of compte. 
 
 Der. computet. 
 Comte, sm. a count; from L, com it em, 
 
 by regularly losing the 1 (§ 51). — Der. 
 
 com^esse, comte (whose doublet is comiid), 
 
 vicomte. 
 CONCASSER, va. to pound, crush ; from L. 
 
 conquassare. See casser. 
 Concave, ctc^". concave ; from L. concavus. 
 Conc6der, va. to concede, grant ; from L. 
 
 concedere. 
 Concentrer, va. to concentrate; from con 
 
 ( = euin) and centre — Der. concentra.tion, 
 
 concentrique. 
 Concept, sm. a concept (philosophical term) ; 
 
 from L. conceptus. 
 Conception, sf. a conception ; from L. 
 
 conceptionem. 
 Concerner, va. to concern, regard ; from 
 
 L. concernere *. 
 + Concert, sm. a concert; introd. in i6th 
 
 cent, from It. concerto. 
 + Concert er, va. to rehearse, concert ; 
 
 introd. in i6th cent, from It. concertare. — 
 
 Der. deconcerter. 
 Concession, sf. a concession; from L. con- 
 cession em. — Der. concessionnziie. 
 i" Concetto, sm. a conceit; an It. word, 
 
 properly of brilliant and false thoughts. 
 CONCEVOIR, va. to conceive ; from L. con- 
 
 cipere. In this verb the accent has been 
 
 displaced in Low Lat. from concipere to 
 
 concip6re ; this -6re has become -oir 
 
 regularly, see § 63. For i = e see mettre; 
 
 for p = v see § lll.^ — Der. inconcevable. 
 Conchyliologie, sf. conchology ; from Gr. 
 
 tf07X»5A.to and \6yos. 
 
 CONCIERGE, smf. a doorkeeper. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 Concile, sm. a council ; from L. concilium. 
 
 Conciliabule, sm. a conventicle ; from L. 
 conciliabulum. 
 
 Concilier, va. to conciliate ; from L. con- 
 ciliare. — Der. co««7iation, r^con«7/ation. 
 
 Concis, adj. concise; from L. concisus 
 
 Der. concision. 
 
 CONCITOYEN, sm. a fellow-citizen; from 
 con ( = cum) and citoyen, q. v. 
 
 t Conclave, sm. a conclave; from It. 
 conclave. 
 
 Conclure, va. to conclude; from L. con- 
 cludere. This word, contrd. into con- 
 clud're regularly (see § 51), changes dr 
 into r; see § 168. 
 
 Conclusion, sf. a conclusion; from L. con- 
 clusionem. 
 
 CONCOMBRE, sm. a cucumber; from L. 
 cucumerem. This word is contrd. regu- 
 larly (see § 52) into cucum'rem, and then 
 undergoes three changes : (i) it intercalates 
 n, as in laterna, lanterne. Hist. Gram. p. 79. 
 This intercalation was not uncommon in 
 Lat., in which we find pinctor, lanterna, 
 rendere, for pictor, laterna, reddere. 
 (2) m'r becomes mhr, see absoudre. (3) 
 u becomes 0, see § 98. 
 
 Concorde, sf. concord ; from L. con- 
 cord i a. — Der. concordeT, concordance, 
 concordzi. 
 
 CONCOURIR, va. (i) to concur, co-operate, 
 (2) to compete; from L. concvirrere. 
 See courir. 
 
 CONCOURS, sm. (l) concurrence, (2) com- 
 petition ; from L. concursus. See cours. 
 
 Concret, adj. concrete ; from L. concretus. 
 
 Concretion, s/. a concretion; from L. con- 
 cretionem. 
 
 Concubine, sf. a concubine ; from L, con- 
 cub in a. — Der. concubinage. 
 
 Concupiscence, sf concupiscence ; from 
 L. concupiscentia. 
 
 Concurrent, sm. a competitor ; from L. 
 concurrentem. — Der. concurrence. 
 
 Concussion, sf. a concussion, extortion ; 
 from L. concussionem (used in Roman 
 Law for peculation, extortion). — Der. con- 
 cussionm.[re. 
 
 CONDAMNER, va. to condemn ; from L. 
 condemnare. — Der. condammtion, con- 
 dam?ia.hle. 
 
 Condenser, va. to condense ; from L. con- 
 den s a r e . — Der. co«cfe«sation, co«<i!e«sateur, 
 condensable. 
 
 Condescendre, va. to condescend i from 
 

 
 CONDIMENT — CONOR U. 
 
 L. condescendere. See descendre. — Der. 
 condescendant, condescendence. 
 
 Condiment, sm. condiment, seasoning ; 
 from L. condimentum. 
 
 Condition, sf. condition; from L. condi- 
 tion em. — Der. conditionner, conditionnel. 
 
 t Condor, sm. a condor ; a word of Ame- 
 rican origin. 
 
 CONDOLEANCE.s/: condolence. See t/o/e'a«ce. 
 
 Conducteur, sm. a conductor, guard, guide ; 
 from L. conductorem. 
 
 CONDUIRE, va. to conduct, guide ; from L. 
 conducere. Conduc(d)re, contrd. regu- 
 larly (see § 51) into conduc're, becomes 
 conduire. For u = m» see § 96 ; for cr = r 
 see benir — Der. conduite (partic. subst.), 
 conduit, Tcconduire, inconduite. 
 
 Cdne, sm. a cone; from L. conus. — Der, 
 co«ique, conifere. 
 
 Confection, sf. construction, making ; from 
 L. confectionem. — Der. confectionn&x. 
 
 Conf6d6rer, va. to confederate; from L. 
 confoederare. — Der. confederi\.\on. 
 
 Confer er, va. to confer, collate ; from L. 
 confer re Der. conference. 
 
 CONFESSOR, va. to confess ; from L. con- 
 fessari * (frequent, of confiteri ; for its 
 formation see Hist. Gram. p. 131). — Der. 
 confesse (verbal subst.), confessenr, con- 
 fession, cow/essional. 
 
 Confidence, sf. a secret, trust; from L. 
 confidentia. Confidence is a doublet of 
 confiafice. — Der. confidentiei, confident (L. 
 confidentem). 
 
 CONFIER, va. to trust, confide ; from L. 
 confldare*. For the changes see /?er. — 
 Der. co«;?ance (whose doublet is confidence), 
 confi^nt. 
 
 Configuration, sf. configuration, shape; 
 from L. configurationem. 
 
 ConfLns, sm. pi. confines, borders ; from L. 
 confinis. 
 
 CONFIRE, va. to preserve, pickle; from L. 
 conficere, = to preserve fruit. Conficere 
 took, especially in medieval Latinity, the 
 sense of 'making up' a medicine. Thus 
 we read in the Leges Neapolitanae, * Quod 
 perveniet ad notitiam suam quod aliquis 
 confectionarius minus bene conficiat 
 curiae denuntiabit.* Contrd. regularly 
 (§ 51) into confic're, it becomes confire 
 by cr = r, see henir. — Der. confit, confixme, 
 confiseuT, deconfit, deconfitme. 
 
 Confirmer, va. to confirm ; from L. con- 
 fir mare. — Der. confirmalion. 
 
 CONFISEUR, sm. a confectioner. See confire. 
 ■• — Der. confisevie. 
 
 Confisquer, va. to confiscate; from L. 
 confiscare. — Der. co«/?scation. 
 
 CONFITURE, sf preserve, jam. See confire. 
 
 Conflagration, sf. a conflagration ; from 
 L. conflagrationem. 
 
 CONFLIT, sm. a conflict; from L. con- 
 fliotus. For ct = ^ see § 168. 
 
 Confluer, vn. to flow together, be con- 
 
 ■ fluent; from L. confluere. — Der. con- 
 fluent. 
 
 CONFONDRE, va. to confound; from L. 
 confundSre. For loss of § see § 51 ; 
 for u = see annoncer. 
 
 Conformation, sf. conformation; from 
 L. conformationem. 
 
 Conforme, adj. conformable; from L. 
 conform is. — Der. conformex, conformiie. 
 
 tConfort, sm. comfort, Confort- 
 able, adj. comfortable; introd. from Engl. 
 comfort, comfortable. Confort is a doublet 
 of comfort. 
 
 CONFORTER, va. to strengthen ; from L. 
 confortare*. — Der. xkconforter. 
 
 Confraternity, sf. a confraternity. See 
 fraternite. 
 
 CONFRERE, sm. a colleague. See frere.-^ 
 Der. confrerie. 
 
 CONFRONTER, va. to confront. See front. 
 — Der. co«/ro«/ation. 
 
 Confus, adj. confused; from L. confusus. 
 — Der. confusion. 
 
 CONGE, sm. (l) leave, permission ; (2) leave 
 of absence ; from L. commeatus = per- 
 mission, authorization, written commi- 
 atus in 8th-cent. documents, e. g. in Char- 
 lemagne's Capitularies, vi. 16 : ' Mulier, si 
 sinfe comiato viri sui velum in caput suum 
 miserit.' For commeatus = commiatus 
 see abreger and agencer. Comiatus 
 gives Prov. comjat and Fr. conge. For i 
 ■=g see Hist. Gram. pp. 65, 66 ; for -atus 
 = -e' see § 200; for m=« see changer. — 
 Der. con^edier. 
 
 Congeler, va. to congeal; from L. conge- 
 lare. — Der. co«^e/ation. 
 
 Cong^ndre, adj. congeneric; from L. con- 
 gener. 
 
 Congestion, sf. congestion: from L. con- 
 gestionem. 
 
 Congre, sm. a conger-eel ; from L. con- 
 grus. 
 
 Congregation, sf. a congregation; from 
 L congregationem. 
 
 Congrds, sm. a congress; from L. con- 
 gressus. 
 
 Congru, adj. congruous, suitable; from L., 
 congruus. — Der. incongru, incongruiXQ. 
 
CONJECTURE — CONSOR TS. 
 
 91 
 
 Conjecture, sf. a conjecture; from L. 
 conjectura. — Der. conjectural. 
 
 CoDJoindre, va. to conjoin; from L. con- 
 jungere. Seejoindre. — Der. conjoint. 
 
 Conjonctif, adj. conjunctive ; from L. 
 conjunctivus. — Der, conjonctWe. 
 
 Conjonction, sf. a conjunction ; from L. 
 conjunctionem. 
 
 Conjoncture, sf. a conjuncture; from L. 
 conjunctura. 
 
 Conjugal, adj. conjugal; from L. conju- 
 galis. 
 
 Conjuguer, va. to conjugate; from L. 
 conjugare. — Der. conjugaison.- 
 
 Conjurer, va. to conjure, conspire ; from 
 L. conjurare. — Der. cow/wration. 
 
 CONNAlTRE, va. to know. O. Fr. con- 
 oistre, from L. cognoscere. Cognos- 
 c(e)re, regularly contrd. (see § 51) into 
 cognos're, becomes conoistre. For gn = 
 n see assener and § 131; for o = oi see 
 § 83; for sr = str see ancetre. Conoistre 
 becomes connaitre. For 11 = nn see en- 
 nemi ; for oi = a/ see § 1 1 1 ; for loss of s 
 see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. cowwaissant, 
 C07i«aissance, co/inaisseur, co««aissement, 
 cowraaissable, recowwaissable, rtconnaitre, 
 -recowwaissant, reco««aissance, meconnaitre. 
 
 CONNETABLE, sm. the constable. O. Fr. 
 conestable. It. conestabile, from L. comes 
 stabuli, count of the stable (a dignitary 
 of the Roman Empire, transferred to the 
 Frankish courts). The comes-stabuli, or 
 as he was soon called in one word, the 
 commestabiilus, entrusted under the early 
 kings with the charge of the cavalry, be- 
 came in the 13th cent, the commander of 
 the forces generally. Comes-stabuli be- 
 coming comestabulus, changed after the 
 8th cent, into conestabulus. A docu- 
 ment of A. D. 807 has 'com.es stabuli 
 quem corrupte conestabulus appellamus.* 
 Comestdb(u)lus, regularly contrd. (see 
 § 51) into com.estab'lu8, becomes cone- 
 stable by the very irregular change of the 
 medial m into n, see changer. For the 
 later loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. 
 
 Connexe, adj. connected; from L. con- 
 nexus. 
 
 Conniver, vn. to connive, wink at ; from 
 L. connivere. — Der. connivence (L. con- 
 niventia). 
 
 Conque, sf. a conch, shell; from L. con- 
 :ha. 
 
 CONQUERIR, va. to conquer; from L. con- 
 quirere. For qvdrere =querir see ac- 
 querir. —Der. conquer&nt., conquQte (strong 
 
 partic. subst., for which see absoiite and 
 quete). 
 
 Consacrer, va. to consecrate ; from L. 
 consecrare. 
 
 Consanguin, adj. a relation, cousin (by 
 the father's side); from L. consanguineus. 
 
 Conscience, sf. conscience; from L. con- 
 scientia Der. conscienc'xeMX. 
 
 Conscription, sf. a conscription ; from L. 
 conscriptionem. 
 
 Conscrit, sm. a conscript; from L. con- 
 scriptus. 
 
 Consecration, sf a consecration ; from L. 
 consecrationem. 
 
 Cons6cutif, adj. consecutive ; from L. 
 consecutivus*, deriv. of consecutum. 
 
 CONSEIL, sm. counsel, advice; from L. con- 
 silium. For i = ei see § 70. — Der. 
 conseiRer, deco«s«71er. 
 
 CONSENTIR, vn. to consent; from L. con- 
 sent ire. — Der. consenttment. 
 
 Consequence, sf. consequence ; from L. 
 consequentia. — Der. consequent (conse- 
 quentem), consequemment {for consequent- 
 ment ; see abondamment), inconsequent, in- 
 consequence. 
 
 CON SERVER, va. to preserve; from L. con- 
 servare. — Der. conservation, -atoire, con- 
 serve (verbal subst.), conservatenx . 
 
 Consid6rer, va. to consider; from L. 
 considerare. — Der. considtnCiion, -able, 
 mconsidere, d6consider6. 
 
 Consigner, va. to consign ; from L. con- 
 signare. — Der. consigne (verbal subst.), 
 consignation, consignatake. 
 
 Consister, vn. to consist (of) ; from L. 
 consistere. — Der. consistent, -ance. 
 
 Consistoire, sm. a consistory ; from L. 
 consistorium. 
 
 CONSOLE, sf a bracket, console. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 Consoler, va. to console; from L. conso- 
 lari. — Der, conso/ation, consohh\e, consol- 
 ateur. 
 
 Consolider,va, to consolidate; fromL. con- 
 solidare. — Der. conso//a?ation, 
 
 Consommer, va. to complete, consum- 
 mate; from L. consummare. — Der. co«- 
 sommation, consomme, consommatem. 
 
 Consomption, sf. a consumption ; from L. 
 consumptionem. 
 
 Consonne, sf. a consonant; from L. con- 
 sona. 
 
 Consonnance, sf a consonance ; from L. 
 consonnantia. 
 
 Consorts, sm. pi. associates; from L, con-* 
 sortes. 
 
92 
 
 CONSO UDE — CONTRASTS, 
 
 CONSOUDE, sf. (Bot.) consound, comfrey. 
 
 O. Fr. consolde, It. consoUda, from L. con- 
 
 solida. For changes see soude. 
 Conspirer, t/«. to conspire ; from L. con- 
 
 spirare. — Der, conspimtion, conspirzttur. 
 Conspuer, va. to scoff at, spit at ; from L. 
 
 conspuere. 
 Constant, adj. constant; from L. con- 
 
 stantem. — Der. Constance, cons/amment. 
 Constater, va, to ascertain, verify, state ; 
 
 formed from L. status. Constater is pro- 
 perly to describe the actual state of any- 
 thing. 
 Constell^, adj. made under influence of 
 
 some constellation; from L. constellatus. 
 Constellation, sf. a constellation; from 
 
 L. constellationem. 
 Consterner, va. to dismay, strike terror; 
 
 from L. consternare. — Der. constern- 
 
 ation. 
 Constiper, va. to constipate ; from L. 
 
 constipare — Der. constipa.tion. 
 Constituer, va. to constitute; from L. 
 
 const ituere. — Der. constitution, constitu- 
 
 tionnel, cons/Z/wtionalit^, constituent, consti- 
 
 tutif. 
 Constricteur, adj. constrictive ; from L. 
 
 constrictor. — Der. constriction. 
 Construction, sf. a construction ; from L. 
 
 constructionem. 
 Construire, va. to construct; from L. 
 
 construere. 
 Consul, sm. a consul; from L. consul. — 
 
 Der. consuht, consuhive. 
 Consulter, va. to consult; from L. con- 
 
 sultare. — Der. consulte (verbal subst.), 
 
 consultant, consulta.tion, consultztii. 
 Consumer, va. to consume ; from L. 
 
 consumere. 
 Contact, sm. contact; from L. contactus. 
 Contagion, sf. contagion; from L. con- 
 
 tagionem. — Der. contagieux (L. conta- 
 
 giosus). 
 CONTE, sm. a tale, narrative. See conter. 
 Contempler, va. to contemplate ; from L. 
 
 contemplari. — Der. contemplation, con- 
 
 temphteuT, contemphtif. 
 Contemporain, adj. contemporary ; from 
 
 L. contemporaneus. 
 Contempteur, sm. a contemner, scorner ; 
 
 from L. contemptor. 
 Contenance, sf. capacity, extent, bearing. 
 
 See contenir. 
 Contenir, va. to contain, hold; from L. 
 contenire. For i = e see mettre ; for e 
 = i see § 58. — Der. contemnt, conten&nce, 
 dicontensinccT. 
 
 Content, adj. content ; 'from L. contentus. 
 
 — Der. contentCT, m&contenter, content- 
 
 ement. 
 Contentieux, adj. contentious; from L. 
 
 contentiosus. 
 Contention, sf. a contention ; from L. 
 
 contentionem. 
 CONTER, va. to tell, narrate. Prov. contar, 
 
 from L. cozaputaxe, which meant first to 
 
 compute, count, then to enumerate, lastly 
 
 to relate, recount. The correctness of this 
 
 etymology is proved by the fact that It. con- 
 
 tare and Sp. contar, mean both to count 
 
 and to recount ; so also Germ, erzahlen (to 
 
 relate) is derived from zaklen (to count). 
 
 Comp(u)t^e, contrd. regularly (see 
 
 § 52) into compt'are, becomes conter. 
 
 For va. = n see changer ; for pt = / see 
 
 § 168. Co«/«r is a doublet of compter, q. v. 
 
 — Der. conte (verbal subst.), conteai, ra- 
 
 conter. 
 Contester, va. to contest, dispute ; from L. 
 
 contestari. — Der. conteste (verbal subst.), 
 
 coM^cs/ation, contestsble. 
 Contexte,s;«. context; from L. contextus. 
 Contigu, adj. contiguous; from L. con- 
 
 tiguus. 
 Continent, adj. continent; sm. a continent; 
 
 from L. continentem. — Der. continence. 
 Contingent, adj. contingent; from L. 
 
 contingent em. — Der. contingence. 
 Continu, adj. continuous ; from L. con- 
 
 tinuus. — Der. continuity, co«/j«ttellement, 
 
 cotitinuex, continuation, discontinue!. 
 Contondant, adj. contusing, blunt; frpm 
 
 L. contundentem. 
 Contorsion, sf. contortion, twist ; from L. 
 
 contorsionem. 
 Contoumer, va. to give a contour to, to 
 
 twist. See tourner. — Der. contour (verbal 
 
 subst. ; see tour.) 
 Contractor, va. to contract; from L. con- 
 
 tractare*. — Der. contraction. 
 Contradicteur, sm. a contradicter, legal 
 
 adversary; from L. contradictorem.— ■ 
 
 Der. contradiction (L. contradictionem);i 
 
 contradictioie (L. contradictorius), 
 CONTRAINDRE, va. to constrain ; from 
 
 constringere. For loss of s see abh 
 
 for -iagere = -eindre see astreindre; 
 
 eindre = aindre see § 63. — Der. contrain\ 
 
 (partic. subst.). 
 Contraire, adj. contrary ; from L. contra 
 
 rius. — Der. contrarier, contrariety. 
 
 tContraste, sm. a contrast; introd. in 
 
 1 6th cent, from It. contrasto. — Der. con- 
 
 trastex. 
 
CONTRA T — CONVOITISE. 
 
 93 
 
 Contrat, sm. a contract, agreement. O. Fr. 
 contract, from L, contractus.- — Contrat is 
 a doublet of contracte. 
 
 Contravention, sf. contravention; from 
 L. contraventionem*. 
 
 Contre, prep, against; from L. contra. — 
 Der. encontre. 
 
 tContrebande, sf. smuggling, contra- 
 band ; introd. in i6th cent, from It. contra- 
 bando. — Der. contrebandier. 
 
 CONTRECARRER, va. to thwart, cross. See 
 'contre and carrer. 
 
 CONTRE-DANSE, sf. a quadrille, country- 
 dance. See danse. 
 
 CONTREDIRE, va. to contradict. See con- 
 tre ind dire. 
 
 CONTRSe, sf. a country. It. contrada, from 
 L. contrata*, properly the country before, 
 or against you, contra. We find the 
 word in the Leges Sicil. 3. 38, a medieval 
 document : ' Statuimus, ut in utraque con- 
 trata, tam in terris domanii nostri quam 
 in baronum,' etc. Just as contrata is 
 from contra, so the Germ, gegend is 
 from the prep, gegen. For ata = ee see 
 § 201. 
 
 CONTREFACON, sf. counterfeit, forgery. 
 See contre and fa f on. 
 
 CONTREFAIRE, va. to counterfeit, forge. 
 See contre zndfaire. — Der. contrefah. 
 
 CONTREMANDER, va. to countermand. 
 See contre and mander. 
 
 CONTRE-PARTIE, sf. a counterpart. See 
 partie. 
 
 CONTRE-PIED, sm. a back-scent (in hunting), 
 the contrary. See pied. 
 
 CONTRE-POIDS, sm. a counterpoise. See 
 contre and poids. 
 
 CONTRE-POINT, sm. counterpoint. See 
 contre and point. 
 
 CONTRE-TEMPS, sm. a contretemps, mis- 
 chance. See contre and temps. 
 
 CONTREVENIR, vn. to offend, transgress. 
 See contre and venir. 
 
 CONTREVENT, sm. an outside shutter. See 
 contre and vent. 
 
 Contribuer, va. to contribute; from L. 
 contribuere . — Der. contribu2\At, contribu- 
 tion (L. contributionem). 
 
 Contrister, va. to sadden; from L. con- 
 tristare. 
 
 Contrit, adj. contrite; from L. contritus. 
 — Der.^con/nVion. 
 
 CONTROLE, sm. a register, counter-roll. 
 
 10. Fr. contre-role is a duplicate register, used 
 to verify the official or first roll. — Der. 
 controkr, contrdkni. 
 
 CONTROUVER, va. to invent, fabricate. 
 
 See trouver. 
 Controverse, sf. a controversy ; from L. 
 
 controversia. — Der. controversiste. 
 Contumax, adj. contumacious; from L. 
 
 contumax.- — Der. contumace. 
 Contus, adj. bruised; from L. contusus. 
 Contusion, sf. a contusion; from L. con- 
 
 tusionem. 
 CONVAINCRE, va. to convince; from L. 
 
 convincere. For the permutations in 
 
 this -word see vaincre. 
 Convalescent, adj. convalescent ; from 
 
 L. convalescentem. — Der. convalesce7ice. 
 CONVENIR, vn. to agree; from L. con- 
 venire. — Der. convenu, -able,-ance(L.con- 
 
 venientia), deconvenue. 
 Convention, ./. a convention, agreement; 
 
 from L. conventionem. — Der. conven- 
 
 tionnel. 
 Conventuel, adj. conventual; from L. 
 
 conventualis from conventus. 
 Converger, va. to converge ; from L. con- 
 
 vergere*. — Der. convergent, convergence. 
 Convers, adj. lay, serving (of monastic ser- 
 vants) ; from L. conversus. 
 Converser, vn. to discourse, converse ; from 
 
 L. conversari, to live with one, thence to 
 
 converse. — Der. conversation. 
 Conversion, sf. a conversion ; from L. 
 
 conversionem. 
 CONVERTIR, va. to convert ; from L. con- 
 
 vertere. For the displacement of the Lat. 
 
 accent see accourir and concevoir ; for e = t 
 
 see § 59. — Der. convertible. 
 Convexe, adj. convex, from L. convexus. 
 
 — Der. convexWe. 
 Conviction, sf. " a conviction ; from L. 
 
 convictionem. 
 CONVIER, va. to invite. It. convitare, from 
 
 L. convitare*, formed from con and a 
 
 radical vitare*, found also in invitare. 
 
 For loss of t see § 1 1 7. 
 Convive, smf. a guest ; from L. conviva. 
 Convocation, ^. convocation ; from L. 
 
 convocationem. 
 CONVOI, sm. a funeral procession, convoy. 
 
 See convoyer. 
 CONVOITER, va. to covet. O. Fr. covoiter. 
 
 It. cupitare, from L. cupiditare, deriv. of 
 
 cupitum, partie. of cupere, by the ordinary 
 
 formation of freq. verbs. Cupitare be- 
 comes O. Fr. covoiter, thence mod, Fr. 
 
 convoiter. For u = see annoncer ; for 
 
 insertion of n see concombre ; for p = 6 
 
 see § III; fori = 01 see § 68. 
 CONVOITISE, sf. covetousness, lust. O.Fr. 
 
94 
 
 CONVOLER — CORDONNIER, 
 
 covoitise. Cat. cobdicia, It. cupidizia, from 
 L. oupiditia*, a Low Lat. form for cupi- 
 ditas. ' Qui cupiditia aestuant,' says Rathe- 
 riijs Vero : whence covoitise, then convoitise. 
 For u = see annoncer ; for addition of n 
 see concombre ; for p = 6 see § III; for 
 the unusual hardening of d into t see § I2i; 
 for ti = soft s see agencer; for i = oi see 
 § 68. 
 
 Convoler, 't^i. to marry again; from L. 
 convolare. 
 
 Convoquer, va. to convoke; from L. 
 convocare. 
 
 COiNVOYER, va. to escort, convoy. O. Fr. 
 voier, from L. conviare*. For i = oi see 
 § 68. — Der. convoi (verbal subst.) 
 
 Convulsion, sf. a convulsion; from L. 
 convulsionem. — Der. convulsif, convul- 
 sionnaire. 
 
 Cooperer, va. to cooperate, concur; from 
 L. cooperari. — Der. cooperation, -ateur, 
 -atif. 
 
 Coordonner, va. to arrange, dispose. See 
 ordonner. 
 
 COPEAU, sm. a chip. Origin unknown. 
 
 Copie, sf. a copy; from L. copia, properly 
 abundance, reproduction ; to multiply a 
 MS. (facere copiam) by frequently writ- 
 ing it out. Hence the restricted sense of 
 copia, for the reproduction or copying of a 
 document. — Der. copiste, copier. 
 
 Copieux, adj, copious; from L. copiosus. 
 
 Copnle, sf. a copula; from L. copula. — 
 Der. copuhtiL 
 
 COQ, sm. a cock. O. Fr. coc, from L. 
 coccvun*, a cock, in the Germ. Laws. 
 *Si quis coccum aut gallinam furaverit,' 
 says the Lex Salica (vii. i6). Coccum 
 is onomatop. from the crowing of the bird. 
 — Der. cochet, cocarde (coxscomb), coquet 
 (formerly a little cock, whence the adj. 
 coquet, meaning as vain as a little cock), 
 coyuelicot (in O. Fr. co juelicoq = cog : this 
 word now means the corn-poppy, the flower 
 of which is red like a cock's comb. The origin 
 of the word coquelicot, is onomatop,, from 
 the crowing of the cock.) 
 
 COQUE, sf. a shell ; from L. concha. Con- 
 clia becomes coque, as conchylium, 
 coquille. This change of nc into c may be 
 seen in carbunculus, escarboucle ; of nc 
 into s in domincella, demoiselle ; domin- 
 cellus, damoiseau. For ch. — c = q see 
 Hist. Gram. p. 63. Coque is a doublet of 
 conque, coche. 
 
 COQyECIGRUE, sf fiddle-faddle, idle tales. 
 Origin unknown. 
 
 COQUELICOT, sm. the wild poppy. See coq. 
 
 COQUELUCHE, sf. a hood. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 COQUET, adj. coquettish. See coq. — Der. co- 
 quetex, -terie. 
 
 COQUILLE, sf a shell; from L. conchylixim. 
 For the changes of the letters see coqtie. — 
 Der. coquilhge, -ier. 
 
 COQUIN, sm. a scoundrel, rogue. Origin un- 
 known. — Der. coyj^merie. 
 
 COR, sm. (i) a corn (on the feet, etc.); 
 (1) a horn, bugle ; from L. comu. 
 For m = r see § 163. — Der. comer, comet 
 (a little horn, then a horn-shaped roll of j 
 paper). 
 
 CORAIL, sm. coral ; from L. corallium. 
 For the changes of letters see ail. — Der, 
 cora/lin. 
 
 CORBEAU, sm. a raven, corbie. ©. Fr. cor- 
 bel, from L. corvellus, dim. of corvus. 
 For the extension of sense see § 13. 
 For v = b see § 140; for -e\hx& — -eau 
 see agneau. — Der. encor6e/lement (from 
 O. Fr, corbel). 
 
 CORBEILLE, sf. a basket ; from L, corbi- 
 cula. For -icula = -«7/e see § 257, — Der. 
 cor6illon. 
 
 Corbillard, sm. a coach, hearse ; a word 1 
 of hist, origin (§ 33), Corbillard, O, Fr. ' 
 corbeillard was used in the 17th cent, for 
 the coach which, plied between Paris and 
 Corbeil; Menage speaks of it as of a word 
 much used in his day : ' Corbillart. On 
 appelle ainsi le coche de Corbeil a Paris; 
 duquel lieu de Corbeil il a ete appele Cor- 
 billart, comme le Melunois de Melun.' Cor- 
 billard towards the end of the 1 7th cent, 
 took the sense of a great show carriage, a 
 wedding coach ; its present sense dates 
 only from the i8th cent. 
 
 CORDE, sf. a cord ; from L. chorda. For 
 ch = c see Hist, Gram. p. 63. — Der. corrfeau 
 (O. Fr. cordel, which in the older form has 
 given the deriv. cor^elle, corrfclier, cordeler, j 
 cordeWere), cor der, cordage, cordon, cordier, ^ 
 corderie. 
 
 Cordial, adj. cordial; from L, cordiale*, 
 deriv, from cordis, cor. — Der. cordiality, 
 cordialement. 
 
 CORDON, sm. a string, twist. See corde. — 
 Der, corrfonnerie, cordonnet. 
 
 CORDONNIER, sm. a shoemaker, cordwainer. ' 
 O. Fr. cordouanier, properly one who works ' 
 with cordouan {Cordovan leather for shoes). 
 Cp, the word maroquin, which means Mo- 
 rocco leather, etc. Similarly It. cordovaniere 
 is from Cordova. 
 
CORIA CE — COR VSE. 
 
 95 
 
 Coriace, adj. tough, leathery ; from L. cor- 
 iaceus*, from corium. 
 
 Coriandre, sf. coriander ; from L. corian- 
 drum, 
 
 CORME, sf. the service-apple. Origin un- 
 known. — Der. Cormier. 
 
 CORMORAN, sm. a cormorant; corruption 
 of cormaran, which form, the more regular 
 one, is still used by fishermen. Catal. corb- 
 mari. Port, corvomarinho, from L. corvns- 
 marinus. The Reichenau Glosses (8th 
 cent.) have ' Mergulus = corvus marinus.' 
 As for the transformation of corvus mari- 
 nus into cor-maran by changing in into 
 an, as in sine, sans, lingua, langue, etc., 
 see amande. 
 
 + Cornac, sm. an elephant-driver, a Hindu 
 word. 
 
 + Cornaline, sf. a corneHan ; introd. from 
 It. cornalina. 
 
 CORNE, sf. a horn ; from L. cornua, plural 
 of cornu, whence cor, q. v. — Der. come, 
 cornee, corwouille, cornemuse (see muse), 
 ecorner, racor«ir, corwichon. 
 
 CORNEILLE, sf. a rook, crow ; from L. cor- 
 nicula, dim. of comicem. For -icula = 
 -eille see § 257. 
 
 CORNEMUSE, sf a bagpipe. See come and 
 muse. 
 
 CORNET, sm. a horn, cornet. See cor. — 
 Der. cor«ette. 
 
 •f Corniche, sf. a cornice. O. Fr. cornice, 
 introd. from It, corniccio. 
 
 CORNICHON, sm. prep, a little horn, then a 
 little horn-shaped cucumber, gherkin. See 
 come. 
 
 CORNOUILLE, sf. a cornel-berry. See corne. 
 — Der. cornouilltx. 
 
 CORNU, adj. horned ; from L. comutus. 
 For -utus = -u see § 201. — Der. cornue, bis- 
 cornu. 
 
 Corollaire, sm. a corollary; from L. co- 
 rollarium, lit. a little crown, i.e. a mark 
 indicating the deduction from the proposition. 
 
 CoroUe, sf. a corolla ; from L. corolla. 
 
 Corporation, sf. a corporation ; from L. 
 corporationem* (from corporatus*, 
 which from corpus). 
 
 Corporel, flc?/. corporal ; from L. corporalis. 
 
 CORPS, sm. a body ; from L. corpus. — Der. 
 corset (q. v.), corsage, corselet. 
 
 Corpulence, sf corpulence; from L. cor- 
 pulentia 
 
 Correct, adj. correct; from L, correctus. 
 — Der. correc^eur, correction, corrects. 
 
 Corr61atif, adj. correlative. See relatif 
 
 Correlation, sf. correlation. See relation. 
 
 CORRESPONDRE, va. to correspond, answer; 
 from L. correspondere *, for correspon- 
 dere (from cum and respondere). For 
 loss of penult, e see § 51. — Der. corre- 
 spondant, correspondence. 
 
 t Corridor, sm. a corridor; introd. in 
 16th cent, from It. corridore. 
 
 Corriger, va. to correct; from L, cor- 
 rigere. — Der. corrigible, incorWg-ible. 
 
 Corroborer, va. to corroborate, confirm ; 
 from L. corroborare. — Der. corroftoratif, 
 corroboration. 
 
 Corroder, va. to corrode; from L. corro- 
 dere. 
 
 CORROMPRE, va. to corrupt ; from L. cor- 
 rumpere. — For the changes see rompre. 
 
 Corrosif, adj. corrosive; from L. corro- 
 sivus. 
 
 Corrosion, sf. corrosion; from L. corro- 
 sionem. 
 
 CORROYER, va. to curry (leather) , deriv. of 
 prepared skin. Corroi, O. Fr. conroi, Low 
 L. conredum is compd, of cum and 
 redum (arrangement, preparation), a word 
 of Germ, origin, Flem. reden, Goth, raidjan. 
 — Der. corrqyeur. 
 
 Corrupteur, sm. a corrupter ; from L. cor- 
 ruptorem. 
 
 Corruption, sf. corruption ; from L. cor- 
 ruptionem. 
 
 Corruptible, adj. corruptible ; from L. 
 cor ruptib ills — Der. incorruptible. 
 
 CORSAGE, sm. bust, shape, waist. See corps. 
 
 tCorsaire, sm. a corsair; from Prov. 
 corsari, one who makes the corsa, the 
 course. See course. Corsaire is a doublet 
 of coursier. 
 
 CORSELET, sm. a corset. See corps. 
 
 CORSET, sm. a corset, stays. See corps : 
 also for the change of sense see § 15. 
 
 + Cort6ge, sm. a procession, cortege ; in- 
 trod. from It. corteggio. 
 
 CORVEE, sf. statute-labour, fatigue-duty, 
 drudgery ; in 8th cent, corvada, in Charle- 
 magne's Capitularies, from L. corrogata*, 
 lit. work done by command. — Der. corve- 
 able. The most interesting philological pheno- 
 menon presented by this word is the inter- 
 calation of a V which had no existence in 
 Latin. This intercalation was thus effected : 
 the medial g disappeared (see allier), and 
 the word became corro-ata, whence a 
 hiatus between the o and the a. Now in 
 this case the Lat. often intercalates v, as 
 from plu-ere comes plu-v-ia and not 
 plu-ia ; from apyuos, argi-v-us, not 
 argi-us; from viduus, vidu-v-ium, not 
 
 
96 
 
 COR VETTE^ CO UCHER, 
 
 vidu-ium; from fluere, flu-v-ius, not 
 flu-ius. This tendency is carried on in 
 Fr. : thus from pluere comes not //^w-o/r, 
 but pleu-v-oir ; from paeonia comes pi-v- 
 oine, not pi-oine; and this intercalation is 
 even extended to words which originally had 
 no hiatus, but in which the medial consonant 
 has been ejected, thus making room for an 
 euphonic v: thus from gra(d)ire comes 
 gra-ire,gra-v-ir; from gla(d)ius, gla-ius, 
 glai-v-e; from imbla(d)are*, embla-are, 
 embla-v-er ; from ipo(t)eTe, po-ere, pou-v- 
 oir ; from par a(d) i su s, ^ara-«s, />ar-i/-is; 
 from corro(g)ata, corro-ata, corro-v- 
 ata, which leads us to the Carlovingian 
 form cofrvada, Fr. corv6e. For the changes 
 from corrSvata to corvada, by the loss 
 of 6, see § 52; for -ata = -a(/a=-^e see 
 4 201. 
 
 The Fr. has even applied this intercala- 
 tion to a foreign word, croate, in order to 
 destroy the hiatus : the 1 6th and 1 7th cen- 
 turies did not S3.y croate hut cra-v-ate ; — Un 
 cheval cravate ; S'enroler dans une coni- 
 pagnie de cravates: La crainte des 
 embuches des Cravates (says Voiture) leur 
 donne Valarme. Hence the name of the 
 regiment Royal-cravate, which simply = 
 Royal-croate. Hence also the common 
 subst. cravate, a piece of light material 
 worn round the neck originally by the first 
 Croatians who entered the French service, 
 came to be called by the name of those 
 who wore it. 
 
 ^Corvette, sf. a corvette; introd. from 
 Port, corveia. 
 
 Coryph6e, sm. a corypheus, leader ; from 
 Gr. KopvcpaTos, 
 
 Cosin6tique, adj. cosmetic; from Gr. 
 KoapLrjTiKos. 
 
 Cosmogonie, sf. a cosmogony; from Gr. 
 Koafxoyovia. 
 
 Cosmographie, sf. cosmography ; from 
 Gr. KOGfxoypa(pla. 
 
 Cosmologie, sf. cosmology ; from Gr. ko<t- 
 fioKoyia. 
 
 Cosmopolite, am. a cosmopolitan; from 
 Gr. KocrfioTroXlrrjs. 
 
 COSSE, sf, a pod, shell, husk. Origin un- 
 known.-^— Der. ecosser. 
 
 + Costume, sm. dress, garb, costume; from 
 It. costume. Costume is a doublet of cou- 
 tume, q. V. 
 
 COTE, sf. a quota, share. See coter. — Der. 
 coriser, corisation. 
 
 COTE, s/". a rib, slope (of a hill), shore, coast. 
 O. Fr. coste, from L. costa. For loss of 8 
 
 see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. c(5/oyer, c«/ier, 
 co/eau ; co/elette (deriv. of cotelle, a little 
 cote, rib). 
 
 COTE, sm. a side. O. Fr. cost4. It. costato, 
 from L. costatvun, used in medieval Lat. 
 For -atum = -e see § 201 ; for loss of s 
 see Hist. Gram, p. 81. 
 
 COTEAU, sm. a slope, hill-side. See cdte. 
 
 COTELETTE, sf. a cutlet. See cote. 
 
 COTER, va. to number, quote; from L. 
 quotare* (to note the price of a thing, 
 deriv. of quotum). For qu = c see car. 
 — Der. cote (verbal subst.). 
 
 COTERIE, sf. a coterie, set. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 Cothume, sm. a buskin ; from L. cothur- 
 nus. 
 
 COTIER, adj. coasting. See cote. 
 
 COTILLON, sm. a cotillon, petticoat. See 
 cotte. 
 
 COTIR, va. to bruise. Origin unknown. 
 
 COTISER, va. to assess, rate. See cote, 
 
 + Co ton, sm. cotton, a word of Oriental 
 origin, Ar. qoton. — Der. co/o«neux, coton- 
 nade, cotonniei. 
 
 COTOYER, va. to coast, go by the side 
 (of one). See cote. 
 
 COTRET, sm. a short fagot. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 COTTE, sf. a coat, petticoat. O.Fr. cote, 
 a word of Germ, origin, O. H. G. kott. — 
 Der. corillon (a little cotille, deriv. oi cotte). 
 
 Cotyledon, sm. a cotyledon; from L. 
 cotyledon. 
 
 COU, sm. a neck. See col, whose doublet it is. 
 
 COUARD, adj. cowardly, properly one who 
 drops his tail ; from O. Fr. coue. In heraldic 
 language a lion couard is one with his 
 tail between his legs. Animals which, 
 when afraid, drop their tails are called 
 couards, whence the word takes the sense 
 of timid, cowardly. O. Fr. coue is from 
 L. Cauda. For au = 0M, and for loss of 
 medial d, see alouette. The It. codardo, 
 deriv. of coda, confirms this derivation. — 
 Der. couardise. 
 
 COUCHER, vn. to lie down. O. Fr. colcher. 
 It. colcare, from L. coUocare (so used in 
 Suetonius, Caligula, 24). Coll(6)ctoe 
 regularly losing its o (see § 52), becomes 
 colcare, a form found in the Lex Salica 
 (tit. 60) : ' Et si tunc . . . legem distulerint, 
 sole colcato' ( = du soleil couche). Col- 
 care becomes coucher. For ol = o« see 
 agneau; for c = ch see § 126. Coucher 
 is a doublet of colloquer, q. v. — Der. 
 couche (verbal subst.), coucher, couch- 
 
COUCOU — COUR. 
 
 97 
 
 ette, couch&nt, zccoucJier (q. v.), de- 
 coucher. 
 
 COUCOU, sm. the cuckoo ; from L. cucii- 
 lus. For u = OM see § 90; for \il = ow 
 see agneau. Coucou is a doublet of cocu. 
 
 COUDE, SOT. the elbow; from L.' cubitus. 
 Ciibitus becomes cub'tus by the re- 
 gular loss of i (see § 51), then changes bt 
 into d, see accouder, and u into ou, see 
 § 90. — Der. cotidee, coudoyer. 
 
 COUDRE, sm. a nut-tree. O. Fr. coldre, 
 from L. corylus. Corylus, regularly 
 contrd. (§51) into cor'lus, has had its 1 
 transposed (see sangloter), arud becomes 
 col'rus. (The word colrina is to be seen in 
 a 9th-cent. document.) Col'rus becomes 
 O. Fr. coldre by regularly changing Ir into 
 Idr, see Hist. Gram. p. 73, whence coudre 
 by softening ol into ou, see agneau. — Der. 
 cowcfraie, coudr'itr. 
 
 COUDRE, va. to sew. O. Fr. cousdre, from 
 L. consuere ; written cosere as early 
 as the 8th cent. By the very regular 
 transformation of ns into s, consuere 
 became cosuere, see aim ; then the diph- 
 thong ue was simplified into e, a change 
 not rare in Lat., Cicero using mortus for 
 mortuus, and the Appendix ad Probum 
 having febrarius for februarius. Ada- 
 mantinus Martyr says expressly ' batuali 
 quae vulgo batalia dicuntur.' 
 
 Cosere, accented on the first syllable, 
 becomes cos're (see § 51). Now s and r 
 cannot stand together (see under ancetre), 
 and consequently when they come together 
 by the dropping of a Lat. vowel, an eu- 
 phonic letter is intercalated, sometimes t 
 sometimes d : thus cos're become cos-d-re, 
 and the o becoming a diphthong ou (see 
 affouage) the word becomes cousdre; this 
 loses its s (see Hist. Gram. p. 81), and then 
 presents its modern form coudre. 
 
 COUENNE, s/. rind, skin. It. cotenna, from 
 L. cutenna*, der. from cutis. For loss 
 of t see § 117; for u = OM see § 90. 
 
 COUETTE, sf. a feather bed. O. Fr. coute, 
 originally coulte, from L. culcita. Culcita, 
 contrd. regularly (§ 51) into culc'ta, then 
 into cul'ta (see affete), becomes couette, 
 by changing u into ou, see § 90. 
 
 POULER, vn. to run, flow ; from L. colare 
 properly to filter, then to run. For o = ow 
 see affouage. — Der, couhge, coulee, couloir, 
 ecouler, decotder. 
 
 OULEUR, sf. colour; from L. colorem 
 For accented o = eu see § 79 ; for 
 atonic o = om see § 76. 
 
 COULEUVRE, sf. an adder; from L.coltlbra. 
 For o = OM see § 76 ; for u = eu see beugler; 
 for b = f see avant and §11 3. — Der. couleu- 
 irine (a long and slender piece of ordnance). 
 
 COULIS, adj. drafty (of wind) ; now re- 
 stricted to a few special phrases, as vent coulis, 
 etc., but in O. Fr. signifying generally run- 
 ning, gliding. O. Fr. colels, Prov. cola- 
 ditz, represents L. colaticus*, deriv. of 
 colare. For loss of t see § 117. — Der. 
 coulis (sm.), coulisse. 
 
 COULISSE, sf. a groove, slide. See couler. 
 
 COULOIR,sm. a strainer, a passage. See couler. 
 
 COUP, sm. a blow, stroke. O.Fr. colp. It. colpo, 
 from L. colpus, found in the Germanic 
 Laws : ' Si quis voluerit alterum occidere et 
 colpus ei fallerit.' (Lex Salica, tit. 19.) 
 Colpus is a contrd, form of colapus, 
 found in the Lex Alamannorum, For the 
 regular loss of penult, a see § 5.1. Col- 
 apus in its turn is a secondary form of 
 Lat. colapbus, by a change not unusual 
 in popular Lat, of ph. into p: thus at 
 Rome men said stropa, ampora, for 
 stropha, amphora, as an old Lat. gram- 
 marian tells us. For change of O. Fr. colp 
 into coup see agneau. — "Dex.coupex (properly 
 to give a blow with a cutting instrument). 
 
 COUP ABLE, adj. culpable ; from L. culpa- 
 bilis. For ul = om see agneau ; for -abilis 
 = -able see affable. 
 
 COUPE, sf cutting, felling. Verbal subst. 
 of couper. 
 
 COUPE, sf. a cup, vase; from L. cuppa. 
 For u = OM see § 90, — Der. soncoupe (for 
 sous-coupe), coupeWe. 
 
 COUPER, va. to cut. See coup.— Der. coupe, 
 coupe, coupeuT, couperet, coupxxxe, coupon, 
 decouper, entrecouper. 
 
 + Couperose, (l) ac^", blotched, pimpled; 
 introd. from It. copparosa. — Der. cou- 
 peros6. (2) sf. copperas. 
 
 COUPLE, sf a couple ; from L. c6piila, by 
 the regular loss of penult. u(§ 51), and by 
 change of o into ou, see § 76. Couple 
 is a doublet of copule, q. v. — Der. coupler, 
 decoupler, couplet (that which is united, 
 coupled, a verse). 
 
 COUPLET, sm. a couplet (of lines), verse. 
 See couple. 
 
 tCoupole, s/". a cupola; from It. cupola. 
 Coupole is a doublet of cuptde. 
 
 COUR, sf a court, yard. O. Fr . court, originally 
 cort, from L, cobortem, a yard, thence a 
 farm, in Palladius ; also in Varro, who tells 
 us that the Roman peasants said cortem : 
 ' Nam cortes quidem audimus vulgo, sed 
 H 
 
98- 
 
 barbare dici.' This oortem was succeeded 
 by the form ourtem, used of the country- 
 house of a Prankish lord, also of his house- 
 hold (officers, friends, servants), and lastly 
 his court of justice holden in his name. 
 The Lex Alamannorum has anlong its 
 
 , headings the following : • De eo qui in 
 curte Regis hominem occiderit,' an ex- 
 ample of the word in the sense of a prince's 
 court. Synesius Confl. gives us an instance 
 of it in the sense of a judicial court : 
 ♦Ad placitum sive ad curtem veniens.' 
 Curtem becomes court by change of u 
 into ou (see § 90). — Der. courtois (from 
 O.Fr. court). 
 
 COURAGE, sm. courage. O.Fr. corage, 
 Prov. coratge, from L. coraticum*, deriv. 
 of cor. For -aticwod'^-age see § 248 ; for 
 o = ou see § 76. — Der. couragenx, d^- 
 couragGT, encourager. 
 
 GOURDE, sf. a curve, adj. crooked; from 
 L. ctorvus. For vl = ou see § 90; for 
 v = 6 see § 140. — Der. courber, courhxxxt 
 (whose doublet is courbature), courbette, 
 recourber. 
 
 COURGE, sf. a gourd. Origin unknown. 
 
 COURIR, vn, to run; from L. currere. 
 For the changes see accourir. Courir is a 
 doublet of O. Fr. courre. — Der. cowrant, 
 courenr, courrier. 
 
 COURONNE, sf. a crown ; from L. c6r6na. 
 For o = ou see § 76 ; for n = nn see 
 ennetni. — Der. couronner, couronnement. 
 
 COURRE, va. to hunt. See accourir. — Der. 
 courrier. 
 
 COURRIER, sm. a courier. See courre. 
 
 COURROIE, sf. a strap. It. corregia, from 
 L. corrigia. For loss of medial g see 
 allier ; for i = oi see boire. 
 
 COURROUX, sm. wrath. Besides this word, 
 O. Fr. had a form corrot, answering to the 
 Prov. corroptz. It. corrotto, which from L. 
 corruptum*, properly ruin, overthrow, 
 dejection, then indignation, lastly wrath. 
 For 11 = ou see § 90; for pt = /see Hist. 
 Gram. p. 76. The modern form courroux 
 is derived from courroucer, which in turn 
 is from L. corruptiare*, deriv. of cor- 
 ruptus. For o = ou see § 76 ; for u = ou 
 see § 90; for pt = / see Hist. Gram. p. 76; 
 for -tiaxe = -cer see agencer. The Prov. 
 corropt and It. corrotto (in It. tt always = 
 pt, as in ca///fO = captivus,scf///o = scrip- 
 tus) confirms this etymology. 
 
 COURS, sm. course ; from L. cursus. For 
 u = 0K see § 90. 
 
 COURSE, sf running, coursing ; from L. cursa. 
 
 COURAGE — COUTEA U. 
 
 — Der. coursiCT (whose doublet is corsaire, 
 q. v.). 
 
 COURT, adj. short ; from L. ctirtus. For 
 \i = ou see § 90. — Der. ^courttt, court- 
 aud, Accourcn, Tuccourcir. 
 
 COURTAGE, sm. brokerage. See courtier. 
 
 COURTE-POINTE, sf a counterpane, quilt. 
 O.Fr, coulte ' pointe, from L. ciolcita 
 puncta. For culcita = coulte see couette ; 
 for ■p\uxc\iB,= pointe see poindre. Coulte- 
 pointe becomes courte-pointe by change of 
 / into r, see apntre. 
 
 COURTIER, sm. a broker. O. Fr. couretier, 
 originally couratier. It. curattiere, from L. 
 curatarius* (one who looks after buying 
 and selling), der. from curatus. For loss of 
 a in cur(a)t£rius see § 52; for -arius 
 = -ier see § 198. — Der. courtage (through a 
 verb courter*, L. curatare*). 
 
 COURTINE, sf. a curtain (in fortification), a 
 bed-curtain; from L. cortlna, which in 
 medieval Lat. means a wall between two 
 bastions. For o = ou see § 76. 
 
 fCourtiaan, sm. a courtier; introd. in 
 16th cent, from It. cortigiano. 
 
 t Courtiser, va. to pay court to; introd. 
 towards end of the middle ages from Prov. 
 cortezar, deriv. of cort. 
 
 COURTOIS, adj. courteous. See cowr.— Der. 
 courtoisie. 
 
 COUSIN, sm. a cousin. Prov. cosin, 
 Grisons patois cusrin, from L. cosinus*, 
 found in the 7th cent, in the St. Gall 
 Vocabulary. Cosinus is from conso- 
 brinus by the regular change of ns into 
 s (cossobrinus), see aine; then by loss 
 of o (cos*rinus), see § 52. The r is 
 weakened into s (see arroser) in a very 
 unusual way, whence cosinus, found in a 
 Merov. document. Cosinus becomes 
 cousin by changing o into ou, see § 76. 
 — Der. cousinage. 
 
 COUSIN, sm. a gnat ; from L. culicinus*, 
 dim. of cvilicem. Ctaliclnus, contrd. 
 regularly (see § 52) into cvil'cinus, 
 becomes cousin. For ti1 = om see agneau; 
 for c = s see amitie. 
 
 COUSSIN, sm. a cushion; from L. culciti- 
 num*, dim. of culcita, properly a little 
 mattress. Culcitinum first loses its 
 medial t (see § 117), then becomes coussin. 
 For c = ss see agencer and amitie; for ul 
 = ou, see agneau. — Der. coussinet. 
 
 COUT, sm. cost, charge. See couter. 
 
 COUTEAU, sm. a knife. O. Fr. coutel, ori- 
 ginally coltel, It. cultello, from L. cultellus. 
 For ul = 0M, and -ellus = eaw, see agneau. 
 
COUTER — CRA VATE, 
 
 99 
 
 ■ — Der. coutelitr (from O. Fr, coutel), coutel- 
 lerie, coulela.s. 
 
 CO0TER, vn. to cost. O, Fr. conster, ori- 
 ginally coster, It. costare, from L. constare. 
 For ns = s (costare) see aine ; for o = ou 
 see § 76 ; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. 
 — Der. coitt (verbal subst.), coiitewx. 
 
 COUTIL, sm. bed-ticking, duck; deriv. of 
 coute. See couette. 
 
 COUTRE, sm. a coulter. It. coltro, from 
 L. cultrum. For ul = om see agneau. 
 
 COUTUME, sf. custom. O. Fr. comhime, ori- 
 ginally costume', in medieval Lat. costuma 
 (Chartulary of 705), from L. consuetu- 
 dinem. Cons(ue)tudineni, contrd. (see 
 § 52) into cons'tudinem, becomes cos- 
 tudinem. by regular change of ns into s, 
 see aine', thence costume by -udinem = 
 -ume, see amertume ; thence coutume by o = 
 ou, see § 76 ; and by loss of s, see Hist. 
 Gram. p. 81. Coutume is a doublet of cos- 
 tiime. — Der. coutumiei, zccoutumer. 
 
 COUTURE, sf. a seam. O. Fr. cousture, ori- 
 ginally costure, Sp. costura, from L. con- 
 sutura*, deriv. of consuere. Cons(u)- 
 tiira, contrd. (see § 52) into cons'tura, 
 became costura by ns = s, see aine; 
 thence cousture by o = ou, see § 76 ; thence 
 couture by loss of s, see Hist. Gram. p. 81. 
 — Der. couturier, coutnrieie. 
 
 COUVENT, sm. a convent; from L. con- 
 ventum. For nv = v see Hist. Gram. p. 
 81 ; for o = 0M see § 76. 
 
 COUVER, va. to hatch, sit ; from L. cubare. 
 For b=v see § 113 ; for u = om see § 96. 
 — Der. couv6e, couvense, couvaison. 
 
 COUVERCLE, sm. a lid, cover; from L. 
 coop^rculum, contrd. regularly (§ 51) 
 into cooperc'lum, whence couvercle. For 
 o = oz/ see § 76; for p = v see § III. 
 
 COUVERT, sm. a cover. See couvrir. 
 
 COUVRIR, va. to wrap up, cover; from 
 L. cooperire. Cooperire, contrd. re- 
 gularly (see § 51) into coop'rire, be- 
 comes couvrir. For o = ou see § 76 ; 
 for p=i/ see § ill. — Der. convert, couv- 
 erte, cowverture, couvrtxxr, recouvrir, dd- 
 couvrir. 
 
 CRABE, sm. a crab; from Germ, krabhe. — 
 Der. crevette, dim. of crabe, through the 
 following steps ; first crdbette, then cravette. 
 For the regular change of b into 1/ see § 113. 
 
 DRAG, inter] . (an onomatopoetic word), crack ! 
 (§ 34)- — Der. craquer. 
 
 3RACHER, va. to spit. O. Fr. racher, a word 
 of Germ, origin, Norse hraki, saliva. — 
 Der. crachemtnX., crachzt, crachoix. J 
 
 ■ CRAIE, sf. chalk. O. Fr. croie, It. creta 
 from L. creta. For loss of t see aigu ; for 
 e = oi = ai see § 61. — Der. croyeux, 
 crayon. 
 
 CRAINDRE, va. to fear ; from L. tremere, 
 by the ordinary change of -emere into 
 -eindre (see geindre), and by the unusual 
 change of tr into cr. — Der. crainte (partic. 
 subst., see absoudre), craintii. 
 
 CRAMOISI, sm. crimson ; a word of Oriental 
 origin (Ar. karmesi), whence Low L. car- 
 raesinus ; whence Fr. cramoisi, by trans- 
 position of r, see aprete, and change of e 
 into oi, see § 61. 
 
 CRAMPE, sf. cramp ; a word of Germ, origin 
 (Engl, cramp). 
 
 CRAMPON, sm. a cramp-iron; dim. of O.Fr. 
 crampe, which is Germ, krampe. — Der. 
 cramponner. 
 
 CRAN, sm. a notch ; from L. crena, by the 
 unusual change of e into a. — Der. creweau 
 (O. Fr. crenel, from crenellum, dim. of 
 crena), cre«ele. 
 
 Cr&ne, sm. a skull; from Gr. Kpaviov. — 
 Der. crdnerle. 
 
 CRAPAUD, sm. a toad ; deriv. of O. Fr. verb 
 craper. Crapaud properly signifies the 
 crawler, creeper. Craper is of Germ, origin, 
 Icel. krjupa, to creep. — Der. crapaud'me. 
 
 Crapule, sf. crapulency; from L. crapula. 
 — Der. crapuhux. 
 
 CRAQUER, vn. to crack (onomatop.). See 
 crac. Craquer is a doublet of croquer. — 
 Der. craquement. craqueter. 
 
 Crase, sf. crasis ; from Gr. Kpdffis. 
 
 Crasse, adj. gross, thick; from L. crassus. 
 Crasse is a doublet of gras, q. v. — Der. 
 crasse (sf.), crasseux, decrasser, encrasser. 
 
 CratSre, sm. a crater; from L. crater. 
 
 fCravache, sf a riding-whip; introd. 
 by Germ, soldiers from Germ, karbatsche ; 
 a word of Sclav, origin. 
 
 Cravate, sm. a Croat, sf. a cravat ; a word 
 of hist, origin, see § 33. Under corvee 
 we have explained the origin etc. of this 
 word. Manage, who lived when ' cravats ' 
 were first brought into France, confirms 
 this etymology : he says — Cravate, on 
 appelle ainsi ce linge blanc qu^on entortille 
 a Ventour du cou, dont les deux bouts pen- 
 dent par devant; lequel linge tient lieu de 
 collet. Et on I'appelle de la sorte, a cause 
 que nous avons emprunte, cette sorte d'orne- 
 ment des Croates, qu'on appelle ordinaire- 
 ment Cravates. Et ce fut en 1636 que 
 nous prismes cette sorte de collet des Cra- 
 vates, par le commtrce que nous eusmes en 
 H2 
 
lOO 
 
 €RA YON — CRISTAL. 
 
 ct tans-la en AUemagne au sujet de la 
 guerre que nous avians avec VEmpereur. 
 Cravate is a doublet of the proper name 
 Croate. 
 
 CRAYON, sm. a lead pencil. See craie. — 
 Der. crayonxitx. 
 
 CR^ANCE, 5/. credit ; properly = croyance 
 in the phrases lettres de creance, donner 
 creance a tine chose ; from L. oredentia*, 
 der. from credere. For loss of medial 
 t see abbaye; for -iia, = -ce see agencer. 
 Creance is a doublet of croyance and cre- 
 dence. — Der. creancitx. 
 
 Cr6ateur, sm. a creator ; from L. crea- 
 torem. 
 
 Creation, s/. creation; from L.creationem. 
 
 Creature, sf. a creature; from L. creatura. 
 
 CRECELLE, sf. a rattle.' Origin unknown. 
 
 CRfeCHE, sf. a manger, crib. Prov. crepcha, 
 It. greppia,z word of Germ, origin, O. Sax. 
 cribbia. For -pia = -pja = -pcha = -che see 
 Hist. Gram. p. 65. 
 
 Credibility, sf. credibility; from credi- 
 bilitatem. 
 
 Credit, sm. credit; from L. creditum. — 
 Der. credittx, creditcux, accrediiex, discredit- 
 ex, decreditex. 
 
 Cr6dule, adj. credulous ; from L. credul.us. 
 — Der. creduhte, incr6dule. 
 
 CREER, va. to create ; from L. creare. 
 
 CREMAILLfiRE, sf. a pothook ; from O. Fr. 
 cremaille, which from L. cramaculus*, 
 found (8th cent.) in the Capitul. de Villis, 
 part 41 ; ' catenas cramaculos.' For 
 -aculus = -az7Ze see § 255; for a = e see 
 § 54. Cramaculus is of Germ, origin, 
 a dim. of Neth. kram. 
 
 Cr^me, sf cream; from L. crema (used 
 by Fortunatus). — Der. ecremtx. 
 
 CR^NEAU, sm. an embrasure, battlement. 
 See cran. — Der. creneler. 
 
 + Creole, sm. a Creole; introd. from Sp. 
 criollo. 
 
 CREPER, va. to crisp, crimp (hair) ; from 
 L. crispare. For i = e see mettre; for 
 loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. Creper is 
 a doublet of crepir (used in the phrase 
 crepir du crin, to crisp horsehair), crisper, 
 q.v. — Der. (l) crepe (crape, stuff lightly 
 crisped), (2) crepe (a thin cake like crape), 
 crepu, crepme. 
 
 CREPIR, va. to crisp. See creper. — Der. 
 crept (panic, subst.), (Te/>issure. 
 
 Crepitation, sf crackling; from L. cre- 
 pitationem. 
 
 Cr6puseule, sm. twilight, dawn ; from L. 
 crepusculum. — Der. crepuscuhixe. 
 
 + Crescendo, adv. (Mus.) crescendo; an 
 It. word, = Fr. croissant. 
 
 CRESSON, sm. cress. It. crescione, from L. 
 crescionem *, from crescere, lit, a plant 
 which grows quickly. sc is assimilated 
 into ss before e and i, as in crescentem, 
 croisi^nnt; nascentem, naissant, etc. 
 
 CRftTE, sf a crest, cock's comb. O. Fr. creste, 
 from L. crista. For i = e see mettre; 
 for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. 
 
 f Cretin, sm. a cretin, idiot ; a Swiss word, 
 from the Grisons patois. Cretin is a doublet 
 of Chretien, q. v. — Der. cre'/misme. 
 
 Cretonne, sf. linen cloth, stout calico. 
 Origin unknown. 
 
 CREUSER, va. to dig a pit. See creux. 
 
 CREUSET, sm. a crucible, melting-pot. 
 Origin unknown. 
 
 CREUX, adj. hollow. Prov. cros, Low L. 
 crosuin, contrd. from L. corrosum. For 
 '08\mx = -eux see § 229; for contrac- 
 tion of corrosus into c'rosus see briller. 
 — Der. cr^Mser. 
 
 CREVER, vn. to burst. Prov. crebar. It. 
 crepare, from L. erepare. For p = v see 
 § III. — Der. crevasse, creve-coeur. 
 
 CREVETTE, sf a shrimp, prawn. See crabe. 
 
 CRIAILLER, vn. to bawl, squall. See crier. 
 — Der. criailler'ie. 
 
 CRIBLE, sm. a sieve, riddle ; from L. cri- 
 brum. For dissimilation of r into / see 
 § 169 and autel. — Der. criblex. 
 
 CRIC, sm. a screw-jack (an onomatopoetic 
 word). See § 34. 
 
 CRIER, vn. to cry. Prov. cridar, Sp. gritar, 
 from L. quiritare. For contraction of 
 q(\u)ritare into q'ritare see briller ; for 
 q = e see car ; for loss of medial t see 
 abbaye and §11 7. — Der. cri (verbal subst.), 
 crzeur, mard, criee,decrier, s'^crier, cria.i\lex. 
 
 Crime, sm. a crime ; from L. crimen. 
 
 Criminel, adj. criminal; from L. crimi- 
 nalis. — Der. criminality, criminalisex, cri- 
 mmaliste. 
 
 CRIN, sm. horsehair ; from L. crinis. For 
 the restriction of sense see § 12. — Der. 
 cnVziere, crmoline. 
 
 CRI QUE, sf a creek; a word of Germ, 
 origin, Neth. hreeli. 
 
 CRIQUET, sm. a field-cricket, grasshopper; 
 der. from eric, an onomatopoetic word. The 
 cricket is similarly called cri-cri. 
 
 Crise, sf a crisis ; from L. crisis. 
 
 Crisper, vn. to shrivel; from L. crispare. 
 — Der. cr/spation. 
 
 Cristal, sm.a crystal; fromL.crystallum. — 
 Der. cristal\xxi, crisiallistx, cns/a/lisation. 
 
CRITERIUM— CRYPTOGRAPHIC. 
 
 lOI 
 
 Criterium, sm. a criterion; a Lat. word, 
 from Gr. KpiT-qpiov. 
 
 Critique, adj. critical, sf. criticism, sm. 
 a critic; from Gr. Kpirifcos. — Der. cri- 
 tiquex, critiquahle. 
 
 CROASSER, vn. to croak, caw (an onoma- 
 topoetic word), — Der. croassement. 
 
 CROC, sm. a hook ; of Germ, origin, Neth. 
 krok. — Der. crochet, crochu, crochi, ac- 
 crocher, decrocher. 
 
 CROCHET, sm. a little hook. See croc— 
 Der. crochettx, crochetem. 
 
 CROCHU, adj. hooked, crooked. See croc. 
 
 Crocodile, sm. a crocodile; from L. cro- 
 codilus. 
 
 CROIRE, va. to believe ; from L. credere. 
 For the changes see under accroire. — Der. 
 crqyant, cro>'ance, cro^able, Accroire, me- 
 crotre. 
 
 tCroisade, /, a crusade; from Pro v. 
 crozada, which from cro2, which from L. 
 crucem. Croisade is a doublet of croisee. 
 
 CROISER, va. to cross. See croix. — Der. 
 croise, crofsement, croisee (primitively =/c- 
 nctre croisee, i.e. divided into four compart- 
 ments by mullion and transom), cro/siere. 
 
 CROISSANT, sm. a crescent. See croitre. 
 Croissant is a doublet of It. crescendo. 
 
 CROITRE, vn. to grow, increase ; from L. 
 cr^scere. For the changes see under ac- 
 croitre. — Der. croit (verbal subst.), cru, crue, 
 accroitre, d4croitre, lecroitre, surcroitre. 
 The partic. croissant is from L.creseentem. 
 For e = oi see §§ 61,62; for sc = ss see 
 cxesson : hence the two subst. croissant and 
 croissance. 
 
 CROIX, sf. a cross ; from L. crucem. For 
 u = oi see angoisse ; for c = « see amitie. 
 — Der. croiser. 
 
 CROQUER, va. to crunch (an onomatopoetic 
 word). Croqner is a doublet of craquer. — 
 Der. croywette, croquh, croyj/ignole. 
 
 CROQUIS, sm. a sketch. See croquer. 
 
 CROSSE, sf. a crozier. O. Fr. croce. It. 
 croccia, medieval L. crucea, deriv. of cru- 
 cem. Crucea signifies properly a cross- 
 shaped crutch ; the exclusive sense of 
 crozier is modern. In some provinces the 
 phrase marcher aiix crosses, is still used of 
 infirm persons who walk with crutches. 
 
 CROTTE, sf. dirt, mud. Origin unknown. 
 — Der. crotler, decrotter, crottin. 
 
 CROULER, vn. to fall down, sink down. 
 O. Fr. croller, originally crodler, Prov. 
 crotlar, from L, corotulfire*, to roll toge- 
 ther. It loses its atonic u regularly (see 
 § 52) and becomes corot'lare, and thence 
 
 c'rot'laa-e by losing the first o (see hriller). 
 Crotlare assimilates tl into // (see § 168), 
 and becomes O. Fr. croller, whence crouler, 
 by resolution of ol into ou (see agneau). — 
 Der. ecrouler. 
 
 t Croup, sm. croup; an Engl, word introd. 
 into Fr. about 181 5. 
 
 CROUPE, sf. crupper, rump. O. Fr. crope. 
 The original sense is a protuberance, as in 
 croupe d'une montagne, etc. ; of Germ, 
 origin, Norse^ro/>pr, hryppa. — Der. crow/>ion, 
 crow/iere, croup'n (which in O. Fr. meant 
 to cover, s'accro«//>ir, croupier (properly one's 
 associate in the game, metaph. from one 
 who rides on one's crupper). 
 
 CROUPIER, sm. a croupier. See croupe. 
 
 CROUPION, sm. a rump. See croupe. 
 
 CROUPIR, vn. to stagnate. See croupe. 
 
 CROCtTE, sf. a crust. O. Fr. crouste, from 
 L. crusta. For u = om see § 90 ; for loss 
 of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81,' — Der. crouton, 
 encroiiter, crowstiller. 
 
 CROYABLE, adj. credible. See croire. 
 
 CROYANCE, /. belief. See croire. Croyance 
 is a doublet of credence, creance, q. v. 
 
 CRU, sm. growth. See croitre. 
 
 CRU, adj. crude; from L. crudus, by loss 
 of d, see alouette. 
 
 CRUAUTE, sf. cruelty. O. Fr. crualte, 
 originally cruelte, from L. crudelitdtem, 
 which, contrd. regularly (see § 52) into 
 orudel'tatem, becomes O. Fr. crualtet by 
 loss of medial d, see § 120; and then 
 cruaute, by softening 1 into u, see agneau ; 
 and by -atem = e/=e, see § 230. 
 
 CRUCHE, sf. a pitcher, jug, cruse. Of Celtic 
 origin, Kymri cruc, crwc. — Der. cruchon. 
 
 Cnicifere, adj. (Bot.) cruciferous ; from 
 L. crucifer. 
 
 Crucifier, va. to crucify; from L. cruci- 
 ficare*. For loss of c see affouage. — 
 Der. criicifiemen\. 
 
 Crucifix, sm. a crucifix; from L. cruci- 
 fixus. 
 
 Crudit6, sf. crudity, rawness ; from L. cru- 
 ditatem. 
 
 CRUE, sf. rising, increase. See croitre. 
 
 CRUEL, adj. cruel ; from L. crudelis, by 
 loss of medial d, see § 1 20. 
 
 Crustac6, adj. crustaceous; from L. crus- 
 ta ce us*, clothed in a crust, crusta. 
 
 Crypte, sf. a crypt; from L. crypta. 
 Crypte is a doublet oi grotte, q. v. 
 
 Cryptogame, adj. cryptogamous ; from 
 Gr. KpvnTos and yafieiy. 
 
 Cryptographic, sf cryptography; from 
 Gr. Kpvnros, and ypd^eiv. 
 
102 
 
 CUBE — CYLINDRE. 
 
 Cube, sw. a cube; from L. cubus. — Der. 
 cubtr, cubige, cj/6ique, 
 
 t Cubitus, sm. a cubit; from L. cubitus. 
 
 CUEILLIR, va. to collect ; from L. oolligere. 
 For the changes see accueillir. Cueillir is 
 a doublet of colliger. — Der. cueillette (L. 
 collecta, of which the doublet is collecte ; 
 for ct = // see assiette and § i68), ^iCcueilUr, 
 recueillir. 
 
 CUIDER, va. to think; from L. cogitare. 
 Cogit^e is contrd. regularly (see § 52) 
 into cog'tare. o becomes ui as in co- 
 quina, cuisine, etc., § 84. In some words 
 the o has become ui by attraction of the i, 
 as in i n-o d i o, ennui. For gt = c? see aider. 
 — Der. outrecwicfance. 
 
 CUILLER, ff. a spoon ; from L. cochleare 
 (found in Pliny and Martial), written co- 
 cleare in the last ages of the Empire. For 
 o = ui see cuider ; for cl = il see Hist. Gram, 
 p. 71. — Der. cuillere, cuiller6e. 
 
 CUIR, sm. hide, skin, leather; from L. ce- 
 rium. For o = ui see chanoine. 
 
 + Cuirasse, sf. a cuirass; introd. from It. 
 corazza. — Der. cuirasser, cuirassieT. 
 
 CUIRE, va. to cook, dress ; from L, coquere, 
 written cocere in a 3rd-cent. inscription: 
 see car. CocSre, contrd. regularly (see 
 § 51) into coc*re becomes cuire by change 
 of o into ui through the influence of the cr 
 (see cuider), which cr is reduced to r, see 
 benir. 
 
 CUISINE, sf. a kitchen. It. cucina, Sp. coci- 
 na, from L. coquina, used by Palladius 
 and Isidore of Seville. Coquina, written 
 cocina in the Glosses (see car), becomes 
 cuisine. For o = ui see cuider ; for c = s 
 seeamitie. — Der. cuisineT,cuisinieT,cmsinihTe. 
 
 CUISSE, sf. a thigh, leg; from L. coxa, a 
 word written cossa by the Romans. For 
 7i = ss see aisselle ; for o = ui see cuider. — 
 Der. cuissot, cuiss^rd. 
 
 CUISSON, sf. cooking, baking ; from L. coc- 
 tionem. For o = ui under influence of c 
 see cuider and attrait ; for ti = ss see 
 agencer. Cuisspn is a doublet of coction, 
 q.v. 
 
 CUISTRE, sm. originally a cook, then a 
 college-servant, then a pedant; from L. 
 cocistro*, used by Isidore of Seville, a 
 form of L. coquaster*, deriv. of coquus. 
 For loss of medial c of co(c)istro see 
 affouage ; for o = ui see cuider. 
 
 CUIVRE, sm. copper ; from L. cuprum. 
 For p=v see § ill ; for u = ttj see buis. — 
 Der. cuivrer. 
 
 CUL, sm. a bottom ; from L. cuius. — Der. 
 
 cuhsse, accw/er, 6culer, rectt/er, culie, cul- 
 otte; cw/buter {ieebuter), c«/-de-sac. 
 
 Culinaire, adj. culinary; from L. cuH- 
 narius. 
 
 Culminer, vti. to culminate ; from L. cul- 
 minare. 
 
 Culpabilit6, sf. culpability ; from L. cul- 
 pabilitatem. 
 
 Culte, sm. worship; from L. cultus. 
 
 Cultiver, va. to cultivate ; from L. culti- 
 vare*, used in Low Lat. 
 
 Culture, sf. culture; from L. cultura. 
 
 Cumin, sm. cumin; from L. cuminum. 
 
 Cumuler, va. to accumulate ; from L. cu- 
 mulare. — Der. cumul (verbal subst.). 
 
 Cun^iforme.flfl?/. cuneiform, wedge-shaped; 
 from L. cuneus. 
 
 Cupide, ac?/. greedy; from L. cupidus.— 
 Der. cupidiie. 
 
 't'Cura9ao, sm. cura5oa, a liqueur imported 
 from the Island of Curagao. 
 
 Curateur, sm. a guardian, curator ; from L. 
 curatorem, deriv. of curare. — Der. curat- 
 elle. 
 
 Cure, (i) sf. cure, doctoring; (2) cure (of 
 souls) ; from L. cura, in eccles. Lat. the cure 
 of souls. Cura took the sense of the duty of 
 a curate, then by extension (3) a parsonage, 
 vicarage. — Der. cure (one who holds a cure), 
 
 CUREE, sf. a quarry (^hunting term); from 
 L. corata*, the entrails etc. of an animal, 
 from cor ; cur^e being properly the en- 
 entrails etc. of the stag, thrown to the 
 dogs. For -ata = -ee see § 201. o here 
 becomes u, as in forum, fur. 
 
 CURER, va. to cleanse, clean, prune; from 
 L. curare. — Der. c^^rage, cwreur, recurer, 
 cure-dent, cwre-oreille. 
 
 Curieux, adj. curious; from L. cur iosus. 
 For -osus = -eux see § 229. 
 
 Curiosity, s/^. curiosity ; from L. curiosi- 
 tateni. 
 
 Cursive, adj. cursive; from L. cursiva*, 
 which from cu'rsum, supine of currere. 
 
 Cutan6, adj. cutaneous; from L. cuta- 
 neus*, deriv. of cutis. 
 
 t Cutter, sm. a cutter; sea-term, from 
 Engl, cutter. 
 
 CUVE, sf. a vat, tub ; from L. cupa. For 
 p = v see § III. — Der. cuviev, cuv6e, cuv- 
 ette, cuvex. 
 
 Cycle, sm. a cycle ; from Gr. kvkXos. — Der. 
 cyc/ique. 
 
 Cyclope, sm, a cyclop ; from Gr. KvK\ai\p. 
 — Der. cyclopeen. 
 
 Cygne. sm. a swan; from L. cygnus. 
 
 Cylindre, sm. a cylinder; from L. cylin- 
 
CYMAISE—DAMOISEA U, 
 
 103 
 
 drus. Cylindre is a doublet of calandre. 
 
 — Der. cylindr'i(]\ie. 
 f Cymaise, sf. (Archit.) an ogee; introd. 
 
 in 1 6th cent, from It. cimasa. 
 Cjrmbale, sf. a cymbal; from L. cymbal- 
 
 um. Cymbale is a doublet of cymble. — 
 
 Der. cymbaliev. 
 
 Cynique, adj. cynical; from L. cynicus. 
 
 — Der. cynisme. 
 Cyprus, sm. a cypress; from L. cu- 
 
 pressus. 
 Cytise, sm. a cytisus ; from Gr. kvthtos. 
 t Czar, sm. the Czar; from Russ. tzar. 
 
 D. 
 
 DA, inter}, truly, indeed ! O. Fr. dea, dia, 
 originally diva, compd. of the two im- 
 peratives di (dis) and va. See dire and aller. 
 We even find the interjection diva followed 
 by di. Ruteboeuf (13th cent.), in his 
 Miracle de Theophile, has diva di, lit. ' say- 
 go-say ' showing clearly the presence of the 
 imperative dis in the word. 
 
 Dactyle, sm. a dactyl; from L. dactylus. 
 Dactyle is a doublet of datte. 
 
 DAGUE, sf. a dagger. Origin unknown. — 
 Der. daguet (a young stag, with straight 
 horns like daggers). 
 
 Dahlia, sf. a dahlia ; a word of hist, origin, 
 see § 33. A plant named after Dahl by 
 Cavanilles. 
 
 DAIGNER, vn. to deign ; from L. dignari. 
 For i = ai see marraine. — Der. didaigner. 
 
 DAIM, sm. a deer ; from L. damus*, secon- 
 dary form of dama. For a = a« see aigle. 
 — Der, daine. As O. Fr. wrote dain for 
 dai7n, the corresponding fem. is daine. 
 
 DAIS, sm. a canopy. O. Fr. dois, It. desco, 
 from L. discus. Dais in O. Fr. always 
 meant a dinner-table, but specially a state- 
 table with a canopy ; gradually the sense of 
 table has been lost and that of canopy 
 prevails, whereas in Eng. the sense of 
 canopy is lost, while that of a state-table 
 remains. Discus gives O. Fr, dois, as 
 meniscus, menois, by change of i into oi, 
 see hois. Dois becomes dais by change of 
 oi into ai, see § 61. Dais is a doublet of 
 disque. 
 
 DALLE, sf. a flagstone. Origin unknown. — 
 Der. dalhx. 
 
 DAM, cost, loss ; from L, damnum. For 
 inn = m see allumer and § 168, 
 
 Damas, sm. Damascus, damask ; a word of 
 hist, origin (§ 33), from Damascus, where 
 damask was first made, — Der, damas^tx. 
 
 t Damasquiner, va. to inlay with gold 
 
 and silver ; from damasquin. Introd. in 
 1 6th cent, from It. damaschino, a Damas- 
 cus blade. 
 
 DAME, sf. a lady ; from L. domina, written 
 dom.na in the inscriptions. Domna be- 
 comes dame by changing m.11 into m (see 
 allumer and § 168) and o into a, the only 
 instance of this change for accented o, 
 though there are several examples of atonic 
 o being changed to a, as domicellus*, 
 damoiseau; dominiarium*, danger; lo- 
 cust a, langouste. Dame is a doublet of 
 dom, masc, and of duegne, fem. — Der. 
 t/aweret, damtx, damiex. 
 
 DAME, interj. why 1 indeed ! This word is 
 all that remains of the medieval exclama- 
 tion Dame-Dieu! (from L. domine Deus ! 
 i. e. Seigneur Dieu !) The right sense of 
 dame ! is therefore Lord ! 
 
 D6m.mus was reduced to domnus by 
 the Romans themselves : the form is found 
 in several inscriptions under the Empire, see 
 § 51. Dom.ine similarly becomes dom.ne, 
 whence dame (interj.), just as dom.na be- 
 came dame (sf.). For details of these 
 changes see above, under dame (l), 
 
 f Dame, sf. a dam ; from Germ. damm. 
 
 DAMER, va. to crown a man (at draughts). 
 See dame (1). 
 
 DAMERET, sm. a ladies' man. See dame (i). 
 
 DAMIER, sm. a draught-board. See dame (i). 
 
 Damner, va. to damn, condemn ; from L. 
 damnare Der. cfamwation, damnMe. 
 
 DAMOISEAU, sm. a page (a gentleman who 
 is not yet knighted), O. Fr, damoisel, from 
 L. dom.inicellus*, dim. of dominus. 
 Dominicellus, contrd, regularly (see 
 § 52) to domin'cellus, drops the n 
 (see coque) and becomes domicellus, the 
 form used in medieval Lat. : ' Non habeant 
 
I04 
 
 DANDINER — DSbARQUER. 
 
 domicellos,' in the Statutes of Cluni. 
 From domicellus comes straight the 
 O. Fr. datnoisel. For o=»a see datne (l) ; 
 for i = oi see boire; for c = s see amitie. 
 Datnoisel afterwards became datnoiseau, by 
 resolution of -el into -eau ; see agneau. — 
 Der. demoisdh (O. Fr. t/amoiselle, fem. of 
 O. Fr. datnoisel). 
 
 DANDINER, vn. to walk awkwardly, like a 
 dandin, an O. Fr. adj. meaning clumsy, 
 boobyish. This adj. is personified in such 
 names as Perrin Dandin, Georges Dandin, 
 etc. Origin unknown. 
 
 + Dandy, sm. a <^ndy; introd. from Engl, 
 during the Restoration period. 
 
 DANGER, sm. danger, peril. The original 
 sense of this word is 'power.* Eire en dan- 
 ger rfe Vennemi signified in the middle ages 
 to be in one's enemy's power, at his 
 mercy. From this signification it passed 
 by natural transition to the sense of peril, 
 danger ; it is perilous to be in the enemy's 
 •danger.* This sense of power remained 
 up to the middle of the l6th cent. Danger, 
 O. Fr. dongier (for o = a see dame l), 
 comes from L. dominiarium*, deriv. of 
 dominium, used in sense of 'sovereignty' 
 by Cicero. Just as dominus had become 
 doxonus in Roman days (see dame 2), so 
 dominiarium became domniarium, 
 which consonified the ia (see the rule under 
 ahreger and Hist. Gram. p. 65) ; whence 
 domnjaritmi, whence O. Fr. dongier 
 For m = « see changer; for -arium = -fer 
 see § 198. — Der. dangereux. 
 
 DANS, prep. in. O. Fr. dens {d'ens contrd. 
 from de and ens) ; ens is L. intus. For 
 intus = ens see mettre ; for dens = dans see 
 § 65, note I. — Der. derfaws. 
 
 DANSER, vn. to dance ; a word of Germ, 
 origin, O.H.G. danson. — Dei.danse (verbal 
 subst.), dansem, coniTedatts. 
 
 DARD, sm. a dart. It. dardo, a word of 
 Germ, origin, A. S. dara^. — Der. darder. 
 
 DARNE, sf. a slice ; a word of Celtic origin, 
 Kymri darn, a slice, piece. 
 
 + Darse, sf. a floating wet-dock; introd, 
 from It. darsena. 
 
 Dartre, sf. (Med.) shingles, rash. Origin 
 unknown. — Der. dartreux. 
 
 Date, sf. a date. It. data, from L. data, 
 rightly meaning • given,' in the expression 
 • datum Romae.' — Der. datei, zntidatei, 
 postrfa/er. 
 
 Datif, sm. a dative; from L. dativus. 
 
 DATTE, sf. a date ; also written dacte. Port. 
 datil, from L. dactyUis. For ct=//see 
 
 § 168; for loss of the two last syllables, 
 -ylus, see §§ 50, 51. Daile is a doublet 
 of dactyle, q.v. — Der. dattier. 
 
 Daube, sf a stew. Origin unknown. 
 
 DAUBER, va. properly to beat, cuff. A word 
 of Germ, origin ; O. G. dubban, to dab, 
 strike. 
 
 DAUPHIN, sm. a dolphin. Prov. dalfin, from 
 L. delphinus. The eldest son of the King 
 of France began to bear the name of the 
 Dauphin in the year 1343, the date of the 
 absorption of Dauphine into the kingdom. 
 Dauphin^, or rather the Viennois, had had 
 several lords named Dauphin, a proper 
 name which is simply the L. delphinus. 
 For el = aM see agneau; for ph.=/ see 
 coffre and § 146. 
 
 DA VANTAGE, adv. more. O.Ft. d'avant- 
 age ; see de and vantage. 
 
 Davier, sm. (Med.) the forceps. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 DE, prep, of; from L. de. 
 
 DE-. A prefix which answers (i) to L. de ; 
 (2) to L, dis (in the latter case the 
 original Fr. form was des: calceare, 
 chausser; dis-calceare, des-chausser, then 
 dechausser. For dis = des = de see mettre 
 and Hist. Gram. p. 81. We have in the 
 double form decrediter, discrediter a strik- 
 ing example of the opposition of the popular 
 and learned forms) ; (3) to L. de-ex in a 
 few words, devier, deduire, etc., which in 
 O. Fr. were desvier (de-ex-viare), desduire 
 J^de-exducere), etc. 
 
 DE, sm. a thimble. O. Fr. del, originally deel, 
 Sp. dedal, It. ditale; from L. digitale*. 
 Digitdle, contrd. regularly (see § 52) 
 into dig'tale, loses its medial t, di-t-ale 
 (see abbaye), whence O. Fr. deel. For -ale 
 = -el see § 191; for i = g see mettre. 
 De is a doublet of doigt, q.v. 
 
 DE, sm. a die, pi. dice ; from L. datum, i. e. 
 what is thrown on the table, from dare, 
 to throw, as in such phrases as * Dare 
 ad terram.' etc. For -atum = -e see am- 
 poule. 
 
 DEBACLE, sf. a break-up (of ice). See 
 bacler. 
 
 d£bALLER, va. to unpack. See balle. — Der. 
 debalhge. 
 
 DEBANDER. va. to disband. See bande (2). 
 — Der. debandade. 
 
 DEBARDER, DEBARDEUR, va. to unlade ; 
 sm. lighterman. See bard. 
 
 DEBARQUER, va. to unship (goods); vn. 
 to land. See barque. — Der. debarcudhve 
 (cp. Sp. sembarcddero). 
 
d£ba rrasser — dScharger . 
 
 105 
 
 DSBARRASSER, va. to clear up, rid. See 
 embarrasser. — Der. debarras (verbal subst.). 
 
 D^BATTRE, va. to argue, debate. See 
 battre. — Der debat (verbal subst.). 
 
 DEBAUCHER, va. to debauch, entice aw^ay 
 from one's duty, i. e. from bauche, O. Fr. 
 for a workshop. The origin of bauche is 
 unknown. — Der. debauche (properly cessa- 
 tion of work, then idleness, then debauch). 
 
 fD^het, sm. a debit; a Lat. word, debet. 
 
 D§bile, a(i;. weak ; from L. debilis. Debile 
 is a doublet of O. Fr. dieble. — Der. debilitei, 
 debilite. 
 
 D6bit, sm. a sale, shop; from L. debitum. 
 Debit is a doublet of dette. — Der. debitor, 
 debiteuT. 
 
 D6blat6rer, w. to rail at; from L. debla- 
 terare. 
 
 DEBLAYER, va. to clear away; from L. 
 debladare*. In medieval Lat. this word 
 kept its original sense of carrying corn from 
 a field, then of carrying off, clearing away 
 generally. In a Chartulary of 1272 we 
 read, ' Similiter in pratis ipsorum de dicto 
 loco, postquam fuerint debladata.' De- 
 bladare is a deriv. of bladura*, q. v. 
 Debladare becomes deblayer by loss of 
 medial d ; see accabler. — Der. deblai 
 (verbal subst.), 
 
 DEBLOQUER, va. to raise a blockade. See 
 bloquer. 
 
 DEBOIRE, sm. an after-taste, disappointment. 
 See boire. 
 
 DEBOITER, va. to dislocate. See hotte. 
 
 DEBONNAIRE, adj. meek, goodnatured. 
 O. Fr. de bon aire. See air (in sense of 
 jiatural disposition). 
 
 DEBORDER, vn. to overflow, run over. See 
 bord. — Der. debord, debordement (verbal 
 subst.). 
 
 DEBOUCHER, va. to uncork ; vn. to emerge. 
 See boucher. — Der. debouche. 
 
 DEBOURSER, va. to disburse. See bourse. — 
 Der. debours (verbal subst.). 
 
 DEBOUT, adv. on end. See bout. 
 
 DEBOUTER, va. to nonsuit. See bouter. 
 
 DEBRAILLER, va. to uncover the breast. 
 See braie. 
 
 DEBRIS, sm. pi. remains, fragments. See 
 briser. 
 
 DEBUCHER, vn. to break cover (hunting). 
 See buche and bois. 
 
 tP6busquer, va. to drive out. See 
 embusquer and de-. 
 
 DEBUT, sm. a beginning, first stroke, outset. 
 
 . See but. — Der. debuter, debutant. 
 
 •jDEQA, prep, on this side of. See de and fa. 
 
 Decade, sf. a decade ; from Gr. Sifcas, -6.S0S. 
 Decadence, sf. decadence; from L. deca- 
 de nti a*, from decadere*. Decadence is 
 
 a doublet of decheance, q. v. 
 D6cadi, sm. the tenth and last day of the 
 
 decade in the calendar of the first French 
 
 republic ; from Gr. Se'/fo and L. dies. 
 Decagone, sm. a decagon ; from Gr. 56«a- 
 
 yojvos. 
 Decagramme, sm. a decagram; from 
 
 Gr. Sifca, and gramme, q. v. 
 Decalitre, sm. a measure of ten litres ; 
 
 from Gr. Siita, and litre, q. v. 
 Decalogue, sm. the decalogue; from Gr. 
 
 deKaXoyos. 
 DECAMPER, vn. to decamp. See camper. 
 D6eanat, sm. a deanery; from L. deca- 
 
 natus, from decanus. Decanat is a 
 
 doublet of doyenne. 
 Decanter, va. to decant. It. decantare, 
 
 from L. decanthare*, to pour wine out 
 
 gently, which from L. canthus, the angle 
 
 o( a wine-jar. 
 DECAPER, va. to clean (properly to scrape 
 
 off the crust of dirt or rust on a metallic 
 
 surface), deriv. of cape, a cloak, q. v. 
 
 Thus decaper would mean to uncloak the 
 
 metal, strip it naked. — Der. decapage. 
 D6capiter, va. to behead ; from L. deca- 
 
 p it are*, deriv. oi caput. 
 Deceder, vn. to depart this life, die ; from 
 
 L. decedere. 
 DECELER, va. to disclose. See celer. 
 DECEMBRE, sm. December; from L. de- 
 
 cembrem. 
 Deceimal, adj. decennial; from L. decen- 
 
 nalis. 
 Decent, adj. decent; from L. decentem. — 
 
 Der. decence. 
 Deception, sf. deception; from L. decep- 
 
 tionem. 
 D^cerner, va. to award (honours, etc.) ; 
 
 from L. decernere. 
 D6cds, sm. decease, death; fromL.decessus. 
 DECEVOIR, va. to deceive ; from L. deci- 
 
 pere. For -cipere = -cevoir see concevoir. 
 
 — Der. decevable. 
 DECHAINER, va. to let loose (a dog). 
 
 O. Fr. deschainer, from L. dis-catenare*. 
 
 For the changes see de- and chaine. — Der. 
 
 dechainement. * 
 
 DECHANTER, vn. to change one's note. 
 
 O. Fr. deachanter. See de- and chanter. 
 DECHARGER, va. to unload, discharge. 
 
 O. Fr. descharger. See de- and charger. — 
 
 Der. decharge (verbal subst.), decharge- 
 
 ment. 
 
io5 
 
 DECHA RNER — D^CRE T. 
 
 DECHARNER, va. to strip the flesh off. 
 O. Fr. descharner, Sp. descarnar, from L. 
 discamare'*'. To take off the flesh, car- 
 nem. For o = ch see § 126. For dxH = de 
 see de-. 
 
 DfiCHAUSSER, va. to pull off boots, shoes, 
 etc, O. Fr. desckausser, from L. discal- 
 ceare. For the changes see chausser and 
 de-. — Der. ddchaux (the barefooted friars, 
 Carmelites'). 
 
 DfiCHEANCE, sf. forfeiture ; from L. deca- 
 dentia, from decadere. For loss of 
 medial d see accabler; for ca, — che see 
 §§ 126 and 54; iox-tia, = -ce stt agencer. 
 Decheance is a doublet of decadence, 
 il-v. 
 
 DECHET, sm. waste, loss. See dechoir. 
 Dechet is a doublet of dcchoit. 
 
 DECHIFFRER, va. to decipher. See chiffre. 
 J— Der. deckiffrahle, indeckiffrzhle. 
 
 DECHIQUETER, va. to cut up, slash, chop 
 into ; a word which seems to be a dim. of 
 chiqidet, from L. ciccum (an insignificant 
 thing, trifle). 
 
 DECHIRER, va. to tear up. O. Fr. des- 
 chirer, compd. of O. Fr. eschirer, Prov. 
 esqnirar; a word of Germ, origin, O. H. G. 
 skerran. — Der. dechirement, dechirure. 
 
 DECHOIR, vn. to fall (from), sink, decline. 
 See de andchoir. — Der. cfecAet (another form 
 of dechoit). See § 187. 
 
 Decider, va. to decide (a case), settle ; vn. 
 to decide,- judge; from L. decidere. — 
 Der. indecis (from in and decisus), decisis 
 (from decisivus*, deriv. of decisus). 
 
 D^cime, sm. a tenth, tithe; from L. de- 
 cima. Decime is a doublet of dixieme 
 and dime, q. v. — Der. decimtx, decitmXion, 
 decimal. 
 
 D^cimdtre, sm. a decimeter ; from L. 
 prefix deci- and metre, q. v. The prefix 
 deci- denotes ten, so that the word is ill- 
 formed, as it rightly means ' ten metres,' 
 not ' a tenth of a metre ' ; for the Lat. 
 deci- multiplies, not divides. 
 
 Decisif, adj. decisive. See decider. 
 
 Decision, sf. a decision; from L. de- 
 cisionem. 
 
 D6clamer, va. to declaim, recite ; from L. 
 dec lam are. — Der. declamation, declam- 
 atoirer 
 
 Declarer, va. to declare ; from L. de- 
 ci ar are. — Der. declamation. 
 
 !D6clmer, vn. to wane, decline ; va. to de- 
 cline (an invitation, etc.); from L. de- 
 clinare — Der. declin (verbal subst.), de- 
 c/mable, declinzison. 
 
 D6clive, adj. sloping; from L. declivus. — 
 Der. d(^clivit6. 
 
 DECLORE, va. to unclose. See d4- and clore. 
 
 DECLOUER, va. to unnail, unfasten. See 
 de- and clouer. 
 
 DECOCHER, va. to discharge, shoot. See 
 de- and coche, 
 
 D6coction, sf. a decoction ; from L. 
 decoctionem. 
 
 DECOIFFER, va. to take off a coif, head- 
 dress. See coiffer. 
 
 D6collation, sf. a beheading; from L. de- 
 j:ollationem. 
 
 DECOLLER, va. to behead. See col. 
 
 DECOLLER, va. to unpaste, unglue. See 
 colle. 
 
 DECOLLETER, va. to bare neck and shoul- 
 ders. See collet. 
 
 DECOLORER, va. to discolour. See de- 
 and colorer. 
 
 DECOMBRES, sm. pi. rubbish. See en- 
 comhre. 
 
 Decomposer, va. to decompose. See 
 composer. — Der. decomposition. 
 
 DECONFIRE, va. to discomfit, rout. Mal- 
 herbe writes that la France a deconfit 
 I'Espagne. Deconjire, O. Fr. desconjire, 
 is from L. disconficere (compd. of con- 
 ficere). For changes see de- and confire. 
 —Der. deconjitme. 
 
 DECONTENANCER, va. to abash. See 
 contenance, 
 
 DECONVENUE, sf mishap, ill-luck. See 
 de- and convenir. 
 
 D6corer, va. to decorate; from L. deco- 
 ra re. — Der. decor (verbal subst.), decora- 
 tion, decorat&nx, decoratif. 
 
 D6coruin, sm. decorum, propriety; from 
 L. decorum. 
 
 DECOUCHER, vn. to sleep out. See de- 
 and coucher. 
 
 DECOUDRE, va. to unsew. See de- and 
 coudre. 
 
 DECOULER, vn. to flow down. See de- and 
 couler. ' 
 
 DECOUPER, va. to carve, cut out. See de- 
 and couper. — Der. decotipnre. 
 
 DECOUVRIR, va. to uncover, discover. See 
 de- and couvrir. — Der. decouv&rtt (partic, 
 subst.). 
 
 DECRASSER, va. to cleanse. See crasse. 
 
 DECREDITER, va. to discredit. See de- 
 and crediter. , 
 
 D6cr6pit, adj. decrepit; from L. decre- 
 pitus. — Der. decrepitude. 
 
 D6cret, sm. a decree; from L. decretum. 
 — Der. decrettx, decretalt. 
 
DJ^CRIER — DjSgSnSreSCENCE. 
 
 107 
 
 DECRIER, va. to decry. See de- and crier. 
 
 — Der. decri (verbal subst.). 
 DECRIRE, va. to describe. O. Fr. descrire, 
 
 from L. describere. For changes see 
 
 ecrire. 
 DECROCHER, va. to unhook, take down. 
 
 See croc. 
 DECROITRE, vn. to shorten, decrease. See 
 
 croitre. — Der. t/ecroissant, cfeVroissance, 
 
 decree. 
 DECROTTER, va. to clean, brush. See 
 
 crotte. — Der. decrotieur, decrottovc. 
 Decuple, adj. tenfold; from L. decuplus. 
 
 — Der. dectipler. 
 D^DAIGNER, va. to scorn, disdain. O. Fr. 
 
 desdaigner. It. disdegnare, from L. dis 
 
 (see de-) and dignari (see daigner). — Der. 
 
 dedain (verbal subst.), dedaigtieux. 
 Dedale, sm. a maze, labyrinth; from Gr. 
 
 Aaida\os (who made the Cretan labyrinth). 
 DEDANS, adv. insist, within. See de and dans. 
 Dedicace, 5/". dedication; from L. dedicatio. 
 DEDIER, va. to dedicate ; from L. dedicare. 
 
 For loss of medial c see affouage. 
 DEDIRE, va. to contradict. See de- and 
 
 dire. — Der. dediX.. 
 Deduction, sf. a deduction; from L. de- 
 
 ductionem. 
 DEDUIRE, va. to deduct; from L. de- 
 
 ducere. Dediicere, contrd. regularly, 
 
 by the rule of the Lat. accent, into de- 
 
 duc're, becomes deduire by changing cr 
 
 into ir, for which see benir. 
 DEESSE, sf. a goddess. O. Fr. deuesse, formed 
 
 from O. Fr. deu (which from L. deus), 
 
 and the fem. sufBx -esse. See abbesse. 
 DEFAILLIR, vn. to fail. See de- and faillir. 
 
 J— Der. defaithncQ. 
 DEFAIRE, va. to undo, unmake. O. Fr. 
 
 desfaire. See de- and /aire. — Der. defaite 
 
 (partic. subst.). 
 DEFALQUER, va. to deduct, subtract. It. 
 
 diffalcare, compd. of de- (q. v.) and the 
 
 radical falquer, a word of Germ, origin, 
 
 O. H. G.falcan. — Der. defalcuXion. 
 DEFAUT, sm. a defect, blemish. Seefaute. 
 DEFAVEUR, sf. disfavour, disgrace. See de- 
 
 andfaveiir. — Der. defavoxa.h[e. 
 Defectif, adj. defective; from L. defec- 
 
 tivus. 
 Defection, sf. defection; from L. defec- 
 
 tionem. 
 D6fectueux, adj. defective; from L. de- 
 
 fectuosus*. 
 DEFENDRE, va. to defend; from L. de- 
 
 fendere. For loss of penult, e see § 51. 
 
 — Der. defendMe, defendem, dtfenderesss. 
 
 DEFENSE, sf. defence ; from L. defensa *, a 
 
 word found in TertuUian. 
 D6fenseur, sm. a defender; from L. de- 
 
 fensorem. 
 fD^fensif, adj. defensive; introd. in i6th 
 
 cent, from It. defensivo. 
 D§ferer, va. to confer, bestow ; from L. de- 
 fer re. — Der. defer QWCQ. 
 DfiFERLER, va. to unfurl. ?>Qeferler. 
 DEFERRER, va. to unshoe, take the tires off 
 
 a wheel. See fer. 
 DEFIANCE, sf distrust, diffidence. See defter. 
 t Deficit, s/n. a deficit; aLat. word. 
 DEFIER, va. to defy. O. Fr. desfier. It. dis- 
 
 fidare. For the etymology see de- and_/?er. 
 
 — Der. deft (verbal subst.), diftunce. 
 D6figurer, va. to disfigure. See figure. 
 DEFILE, sm. a pass, defile. See deftler (2). 
 DEFILER, va. to unthread. Seefil. 
 DEFILER, vn. to file off, defile. See file.— 
 
 Der. defile (a narrow way, through which 
 
 one must pass in file). 
 D§finer, va. to define; from L. definire. 
 
 — Der. deftnif indefini, definissdihle, iudefin- 
 
 issable. 
 D6finitif, adj. definitive; from L. defini- 
 
 tivus. 
 D6finition, sf. a definition ; from L. defi- 
 
 nitionem. 
 DEFLEURIR, vn. to shed blossoms ; va. to 
 
 blight. See fleur. 
 D6florer, va. to deflower; fromL. deflo- 
 
 rare. 
 DEFONCER, va. to stave in, dig up. See 
 
 fond. — Der. defoncement. 
 DEFORMER, va. to deform. See forme. — 
 
 Der. deforma.t\on. 
 DEFRAYER, va. to defray. Seefrais. 
 DEFRICHER, va. to clear (of ground). See 
 
 friche. — Der. defrichement. 
 DEFROQUER, va. to unfrock.— Der. de- 
 
 froque (verbal subst.). 
 D6funt, adj. dead, defunct ; from L. de- 
 
 functus. 
 DEGAGER, va. to redeem a pledge. See 
 
 jgager. — Der. degagement. 
 DEGAINER, va. to unsheath. See game. — 
 
 Der. degaine (verbal subst.). 
 DEGARNIR, va. to unfurnish, unrig, strip. 
 
 Stegarnir. 
 DEGAT, sm. damage, depredation; verbal 
 
 subst. of O. Fr. degater. See gater. 
 DEGELER, va. to thaw. See geler. — Der. 
 
 degel (verbal subst.). 
 Degen^rer, va. to degenerate; from L. de- 
 
 generare. — Der. degener^Xion. 
 Degenerescence, s/". degeneracy; from 
 
io8 
 
 DSGL UTITION— DELIMITER. 
 
 d^g^nirescent, from L. degenerescen- 
 
 tem* (degenerescere*) from degene- 
 
 rare. 
 Deglutition, sf. deglutition; from L. de- 
 
 glutitionem, from deglutire. 
 DEGOISER, va. to chirp, chatter. See 
 
 gosier. 
 DEGORGER, va. to disgorge, vomit. See 
 
 J^orge. 
 DEGOURDIR, va. to take off the stiffness, 
 
 sharpen, brighten. See gourd. 
 DEGOOT, sm. disgust. O. Fr. desgoust, It. 
 
 disgusto. See de- and gout. — Der. de- 
 
 gouttx. 
 DEGO UTTER, vn. to drop, trickle. See 
 
 goutte. 
 D6grader, va. to degrade; from L. degra- 
 
 dare. — Der. degrad&\.ion. 
 DEGRAFER, va. to unhook. See agrafer. 
 DEGRAISSER, va. to skim off the fat, scour, 
 
 fleece. See graisse. — Der. degraisseur, de- 
 
 graissige. 
 DEGRE, sm. a step. Prov. degrat. This 
 
 word answers to a type degradus*, compd. 
 
 of de- and gradus. For loss of d see 
 
 alouette ; for & = e see § 54. 
 DEGREVER, va. to reduce (a tax). See 
 
 ^rever. — Der. degrevement, 
 DEGRINGOLER, vn. to tumble down. Origin 
 
 unknown. 
 DEGRISER, va. to sober. See griser. 
 DEGROSSIR, va. to rough-hew. See 
 
 grosstr. 
 DEGUENILLE, adj. tattered. See guenille. 
 DEGUERPIR, va. to give up, quit ; vn. to 
 
 pack off; compd, of de- and O. Fr. verb 
 
 guerpir to abandon, which is in medieval 
 
 Lat. -werpire, a word of Germ, origin, 
 
 Scand. verpa. For yr = gu see gaine. — 
 
 Der. deguerpissement. 
 DEGUISER, va. to disguise. See guise.' — 
 
 Der. deguisement. 
 D6guster, va. to taste; from L. degus- 
 
 tare. — Der. degusta.tion, degustateur. 
 Dehiscence, sf. (Bot.) dehiscence ; from L. 
 
 ^dehiscentia* (dehiscere). 
 DEHONTE, adj. shameless. See honte. 
 DEHORS, adj. outside, without. See hors. 
 Deicide.sra. deicide(used of the Jews); from 
 
 L. deicida*. 
 D6ifier, va. to deify ; from L. deificare. — 
 
 Der. cfe'//?cation. 
 Deisme, sm. deism; from L. Deus, with 
 
 suffix -isme. — Der. deiste. 
 D6it6, sf. a deity ; from L. deitatem. 
 DEJA, adv. already. O. Fr. desja. See des 
 
 and ja. 
 
 Dejection, sf. dejection; from L. dejec- 
 tionem. 
 
 DEJETER, va. to warp, make crooked ; from 
 L. dejectare. For ct=»/ see § 168. 
 
 DEJEONER, vn. to breakfast. O. Fr. des- 
 jeuner. See d6- and jeiiner, lit. to break 
 one's fast. For the contraction in mean- 
 ing see § 12. — Der. dejeuner {sm.). 
 
 DEJOINDRE, va. to disjoin. Seejoindre. 
 
 DEJOUER, va. to baffle, frustrate. Seejouer. 
 
 DEJUCHER, vn. to leave the roost. Seejucher. 
 
 DELA, prep, beyond, on the other side. 
 See la. 
 
 f Deiabrer, va. to dilapidate, destroy, ruin. 
 O. Fr. deslabrer, from It., Milanese disla- 
 brare. — Der. delabrement. 
 
 DELAI, sm. delay. See delayer. 
 
 DELAISSER, va. to abandon, forsake. See 
 laisser. — Der. delaissement. 
 
 DELASSER, va. to refresh, relax. See las. 
 — Der. delassement. ^'"^ 
 
 Deiateur, sm. an informer; from L. de- 
 latorem. 
 
 Delation, sf. delation, information ; from L. 
 delationem. 
 
 DELAYER, va. to dilute ; from L. dilatare. 
 For loss of medial t see abbaye; for i = e 
 see mettre. The change of sense from 
 dilatare, to dilate, broaden, to that of 
 delayer is seen in the phrase delayer un 
 discours. Delayer is a doublet of dilater, 
 q. v.— Der. delai (verbal subst. of delayer, 
 in its sense of extension ; delai being an 
 extension of time granted). 
 
 Deiecter, va. to delight ; from L, delectare. 
 — Der. delectation, delectable. 
 
 Deieguer, va. to delegate, commission; 
 from L. delegare. — Der. delegation. 
 
 Deleter©, adj. deleterious; from Gr. SrjXij- 
 
 TTJptOS. 
 
 Deiiberer, vn. to deliberate; from L. de- 
 liberare. — Der. deliberation, deliberatxf. 
 
 Delicat, adj. delicate; from L. delicatus. 
 Delicat is a doublet of delie, q. v. — Der. in- 
 delicat, delicatesse. 
 
 Deiices, sf. pi. delights, pleasures ; from L. 
 deljciae. — Der, delicieux. 
 
 DELIE, adj. fine, slender, delicate, as in un 
 fX delie, un style delie, etc, ; from L. deli- 
 catus. For loss of medial c see affouage ; 
 for -atus = e see § 201. Delie is a 
 doublet of delicat, q. v. 
 
 DELIE, partic of delier, unbound. 
 
 DELIER, va. to unbind. O. Fr. deslier. See 
 de- and Her. 
 
 Delimiter, va. to fix boundaries ; from L. 
 delimitare. — Der. delimitation. 
 
BtLINtA TION — DSMORDRE. 
 
 109 
 
 Delineation, sf. delineation; from L, de- 
 lineationem, from delineare. 
 
 Delinquant, sm. a delinquent ; from L. 
 delinquentem. 
 
 D6lire, sm. delirium; from L. delirium. 
 Der. delirer. 
 
 Delit, sm. a crime, offence; from L. de- 
 lictum, 
 
 DELIVRER, va. to deliver, free; from £. 
 deliberare*, compd. of liberare. De- 
 liber^re, regularly contrd. (see § 52) 
 into delib'rare, becomes delivrer (see 
 avant and § 113). — Der. delivriLnce. 
 
 DELOGER, vn to remove, get away ; va. to 
 dislodge. See loger. 
 
 DELOYAL, adj. disloyal, false. O. Fr. des- 
 loyal. It. disleale, from de- (q. v.) and loyal. 
 Der. cfe/qyaut^ (see de- and loyaute). 
 
 DELUGE, sm. a deluge, flood. It. diluvio, 
 from L. diluvium. For consonification 
 of iu into ge (diluyjum) and for vj ^7 
 see Hist. Gram. p. 65 ; for i = e see mettre. 
 
 DELURE, adj. disenchanted. See § 8 and 
 leurre. 
 
 Demagogue, sm. a demagogue ; from Gr. 
 Srjimy or/OS. — Der. demagogic, demagog- 
 ique. 
 
 DEMAIN, adv. to-morrow. Prov. demon. It. 
 dimane; from L. de-mane*, compd. of 
 mand. For a = m see aigle. — Der. len- 
 demain (in O. Fr. Vendemain, as in It. it is 
 Vindomani ; a form compd. of en and de- 
 main). In the 14th cent, the article le by a 
 singular misunderstanding became attached 
 to the body of the word (see lierre) and 
 produced the sm. lendemain, which in its 
 turn is again preceded by the article (le len- 
 demain). 
 
 DEMANDER, va. to ask ; from L. deman- 
 dare. — Der. demands (verbal subst.), de- 
 mandewT, demanderesse. 
 
 DEMANGER, vn. to itch. See manger.— 
 Der. demangeaison. 
 
 DEMANTELER, va. to dismantle, i.e. to take 
 off the mantle, then to strip a town of its 
 protection by destroying its walls. — Der. 
 demantel ement. 
 
 D^mantibuler, va. to break. O. Fr, de- 
 mandibuler, properly to break the jaw ; 
 /rom de- (q. v.) and mandibula. 
 
 DEMARCATION, sf. demarcation. See mar- 
 qtter. 
 
 DEMARCHE, sf. gait, bearing, step. See 
 marche. 
 
 DEMARIER, va. to unmarry. See marier. 
 
 DEMARQUER, va. to unmark, take out a 
 mark. See marquer. 
 
 DEMARRER, va. to unmoor. See amarrer. 
 DEMASQUER, va. to unmask. See masque. 
 DEMELER, va. to disentangle. See de- and 
 
 meler. — Der. demel, demeloix. 
 DEMEMBRER, va. to dismember. See mem- 
 
 bre.—DeT. detnembrement. 
 DEMENAGER, va. to remove. See menage. 
 
 — Der. demenagement. 
 D6nience, s/". madness; from L. dementia. 
 DEMENER, va. to kick, struggle. See mener. 
 DEMENTIR, va. to contradict, deny. O. Fr. 
 
 desmentir. See de- and mentir. — Der. de- 
 menti. 
 Dein6riter, vn. to do amiss. See meriter. 
 
 _;— Der. demerile (verbal subst.). 
 DEMESURE, adj. unmeasured, huge. See 
 
 mestire. 
 DEMETTRE, va. to dislocate, dismiss. See 
 
 mettre. 
 DEMEURER, vn. to dwell, live. It. dimo- 
 
 rare, from L. demorari, found in sense of 
 
 tarrying, dwelling, in the Theodosian Code. 
 
 — Der. demeure (verbal subst.), au demeur- 
 
 ant. 
 DEMI, adj. half; from L. dimidius. For 
 
 loss of medial d see alouette ; for atonic 
 
 i = e see mettre. 
 Demission, sf. resignation (of an ofBce,etc.); 
 
 introd. in 1 6th cent, from L. demis- 
 sion em. — Der. demissionna.ire. 
 D^mocratie, sf. democracy ; from Gr. 
 
 SrjfjLOKpaTia. — Der. democrate, democrat- 
 
 ique. 
 DEMOISELLE, sf. a damsel, young lady. See 
 
 damoiseau. Demoiselle is a doublet of 
 
 dozelle. 
 D6niolir, va. to demolish; from L. de- 
 
 moliri. — Der. c?emo/isseur, demolition, (L. 
 
 demolitionem). 
 D^mon, sm. a demon ; from L. daemonem. 
 
 — Der. Je'mowiaque. 
 D6nionetiser, va. to alter the value of a 
 
 coin, call it in ; from de- and mo net a. 
 D6monstratif, adj. demonstrative ; from 
 
 L. demonstrativus. 
 Demonstration, sf a demonstration, 
 
 proof; from L. demonstrationem. 
 Demonstrateur, sm. a demonstrator ; 
 
 from L. demonstratorem. 
 DEMONTER, va. to unhorse, dismount (a 
 
 rider). See de- and monter. 
 DEMONTRER, va. to demonstrate. O. Fr. 
 
 demonstrer, from L. dem,onstrare. For 
 
 loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. de- 
 
 mows^able. 
 DEMORDRE, vn. to let go (grip), swerve 
 
 from. See de- and mordre. 
 
no 
 
 LENA IRE — DEpENSER . 
 
 Denedre, adj . denary; from L. denarius. 
 Denaire is a doublet of denier, q. v. 
 
 DENATURER, va. to alter the nature of. 
 See nature. 
 
 D6n6gation, sf. denial; from L. denega- 
 tionem. 
 
 DENI, stn. a refusal (law term). See dinier. 
 
 DENICHER, va. to take out of a niche, out 
 of a nest. See nicher. — Der. denichem. 
 
 DENIER, >sm. a denarius, denier (-J^ of a sou), 
 mite; from L. denarius. For -arius 
 = 'ier see § 198. Denier is a doublet of 
 denaire. 
 
 DENIER, va. to deny, refuse ; from L. de- 
 negare. For loss of medial g see allier ; 
 for e = i see § 58. — Der. d^ni (verbal 
 subst.). 
 
 D6liigrer, va. to revile, blacken (character, 
 etc.); from L. denigrare. — Der. denigre- 
 ment. 
 
 DENOMBRER, va. to number; from L. 
 dentunerare. For numerare = «om6rer 
 see nombre. — Der. denombrement. 
 
 I>6noininatif, adj. denominative ; from L. 
 denominativus. 
 
 D^nominateur, stn. a denominator ; from 
 L. denominatorem. 
 
 Denomination, sf. a denomination ; from 
 L. denominationem. 
 
 DENOMMER, va. to name (in a deed) ; from 
 L. denominare. For letter-changes see 
 nommer. 
 
 DENONCER, va. to denounce; from L. 
 demintiare. For nxintiare = noncer see 
 annoncer. 
 
 D§nonciateur, $m. a denunciator, in- 
 former; from L. denuntiatorem. 
 
 D6nonciation,s/". a denouncement, declara- 
 tion ; from L. denuntiationem. 
 
 D6noter, va. to denote, describe ; from L. 
 jienotare. 
 
 DENOUER, va. to untie, unravel. See dc- 
 and nouer. — Der. denotement. 
 
 DENREE,s^. food, commodity; from late L.de- 
 nerata, found in the Capitularies of Charles 
 the Bald : * Ministri Reip. provideant, ne 
 ilH qui panem ... per deneratas . . . ven- 
 dunt.' Originally merchandise generally, and 
 specially such goods as were worth a denier. 
 Similarly Sp. has dinerada, from dinero. 
 From denier came O. Fr. deneree, just as 
 from panier came panneree. Deneree is 
 contrd. into den'ree, denree. Similarly in 
 Bavaria pfenningwerth properly means a 
 pfenning's worth of anything. For loss of 
 the § (denSrdta) see § 52; for -ata = -ee 
 see § 201. 
 
 Dense, adj. dense; from L. densus. — Der. 
 
 dens'xi^. 
 DENT, 5/ a tooth ; from L. dentem.— Der. 
 
 eudent(\ ^dentk, dentier, dentiste, dentcWe. 
 Dentaire, adj. dental; from L. dentarius. 
 
 Dentaire is a doublet of O. Fr. dentier. 
 DENTELLE, sf. lace, properly a little tooth. 
 
 — Der. dentel6, dentelme. 
 Dentifrice, stn. dentifrice, tooth-powder; 
 
 from L. dentifricium (tooth-powder, in 
 
 Pliny). 
 Dentition, s/. dentition; from L. denti- 
 
 tionem. 
 D6nuder, va. to denude, lay bare; from 
 
 L. denudare. 
 DENUER, va. to deprive, strip ; from L. 
 
 denudare, by loss of medial d, see ac- 
 
 cabler. — Der. rfeWment. 
 DEPAREILLER, va. to render incomplete, 
 
 spoil a pair. See pariel. 
 DEPARER, va. to strip. See parer. 
 DEPARLER, va. to cease speaking. See 
 
 parler. 
 DEPARTEMENT, sm. a department. See 
 
 departir. 
 DEPARTIR, va. to distribute. O. Fr. des- 
 
 partir, from L. dispartire. Fordis = </e 
 
 see de. — Der. depart (verbal subst.), de- 
 
 partement. 
 DEPASSER, va. to pass by, go beyond. See 
 
 passer. 
 DEPAYSER, va. to send abroad, expatriate. 
 
 See pays. 
 DEP]&CER, va. to break up (into pieces). See 
 
 piece. 
 DEPECHER, va. to despatch, hasten. See 
 
 empecker. — Der. d^peche (verbal subst.). 
 DEPEINDRE, va. to depict, paint, describe ; 
 
 from L. depingere. For -ingere = -eindre 
 
 see ceindre. 
 DEPENDRE, va. to take down (from a 
 
 j;ibbet). See de- and pendre. 
 DEPENDRE, vn. to be dependent (on); 
 
 from L. dependere. For changes see 
 
 pendre. Notice the displacement of the 
 
 accent from dependere to dependere, 
 
 whence the form dependre, not dependoir. 
 
 (Hist. Gram. p. 133.) 
 DEPENDRE, va. to spend ; from L. depen- 
 
 jiere. For loss of e see § 51. 
 DEPENS, sm. pi. expense, cost, charge. See 
 
 depenser. 
 DEPENSE, sf. expense, outlay. See depenser. 
 DEPENSER, va. to spend. O. Fr. despenser, 
 
 from L. dispensare. For 6is = de- see 
 
 de-. Depenser is a doublet of dispenser, 
 
 q. V. — Der. depens, depense, depensitx. 
 
D^PERDITION — DERNIER. 
 
 Ill 
 
 Deperdition, sf. loss, waste; from L. de- 
 perditionem*, from deperdere. 
 
 D6p6rir, vn. to perish utterly; from L, de- 
 peri re. — Der. c?e/)enssement. 
 
 DEPftTRER, va. to disengage, extricate. 
 O. Fr. despestrer, the opposite of einpetrer, 
 O. Fr. empestrer. Empetrer signifies pro- 
 perly to hobble a horse while he feeds 
 afield, and depetrer is to free his legs from 
 the bonds. These words come from medi- 
 eval Lat. pastorium*, a clog for horses at 
 pasture. Pastorium (der. through pas- 
 tum, from pascere) is common in this 
 sense in the Germanic Laws: 'Si quis in ex- 
 ercitu aliquid furaverit, pastorium, capis- 
 trum, frenum,' etc. (Lex Bavar. tit. IL vi. i). 
 So also in the Lex Langobard. tit. L xx. 5 : 
 ' Si quis pastorium de caballo alieno tu- 
 lerit.' Pastorium, by means of the two 
 compounds, pastoriare *, dispastoriare *, 
 has produced the two. O. Fr. verbs, empes- 
 trer, despestrer, by changing (i) im. into 
 in, then into en, see mettre ; (2) dis 
 into des, then de, see de- ; (3) and pas- 
 toriare into pestrer, by dropping the o, 
 see § 52, whence the modern form pttrer. 
 For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; for 
 a = «, see § 54. 
 
 DEPEUPLER, va. to depopulate. See peupler. 
 — Der. depeuplement. 
 
 D6piler, va. to take the hair off; from 
 ^L. depilare. — Der. c?e/>/7ation, d4pila.toire. 
 
 DEPISTER, va. to track, hunt out. See piste. 
 
 DEPIT, sm. despite, vexation. O. Fr. despit, 
 from L. despectus. For des = de see de- ; 
 for e = t see § 59 ; for ct = / see § 168. 
 — Der. depitex. 
 
 DEPLACER, va. to displace. See place.— 
 Der. deplacemenU 
 
 DEPLAIRE, va. to displease. See plaire. — 
 Der. deplaisiT, deplaisa.nt. 
 
 DEPLIER, va. to unfold, open. See de- and 
 plier. 
 
 D6plorer, va. to deplore; from L. deplo- 
 rare. — Der. deplorable. 
 
 DEPLOYER, va. to unroll. See de- and 
 ployer. — Der. deploiement. 
 
 DEPLUMER, va. to pluck (a bird). See de- 
 and plume. 
 
 Depopulation, sf. depopulation; from L. 
 depopulationem. 
 
 D6porter, va. to deport, transport ; from L. 
 deport are. — Der. deport, deportation, de- 
 ^portement. 
 
 DEPOSER, va. to depose. See poser. 
 
 Depositaire, sm. a depositary, guardian, 
 confidant; from L. depositarius. 
 
 Depositeur, sm. a depositor; from L. de- 
 
 positorem. 
 Deposition, sf. deposition; from L. depo- 
 
 sitionem. 
 D6poss§der, va. to dispossess. See posse- 
 
 der. 
 DEPOUILLER, va. to strip, spoil. O. Fr. 
 
 despouiller, from L. despoliare. For o 
 
 = ou see affouage ; for li = ill see ail ; 
 
 for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. 
 
 depouille (verbal subst.), depotiillement. 
 DEPOURVOIR, va. to deprive, strip. See 
 
 pourvoir. — Der. depourvu. 
 Depraver, va. to deprave, vitiate; from L. 
 
 depravare. — Der. depravation. 
 D6pr6cier, va. to depreciate; from L. de- 
 
 pretiare. Deprecier is a doublet of de- 
 
 priser. — Der. depreciation. 
 D6pr6dation, sf. depredation; from L. 
 
 depraedationem. 
 Depression, sf. depression; from L. de- 
 
 pressionem. 
 D6prinier, va. to depress; from L. depri- 
 
 mere. 
 DEPUIS, prep, since. See puis. 
 D6purer, va. (Chem.) to depurate, purify ; 
 
 from L. depurare. — Der. depuration, de- 
 
 puratiL 
 D§puter, va. to depute; from L. depu- 
 
 tare. — Der. deputation, depute. 
 DERACINER, va. to uproot. See racine. 
 DERAILLER, vn. to run off the rails. See 
 
 rail. 
 DERAISON, sf. unreason. See raison. — 
 
 Der. deraisonner, deraisonnahie. 
 DERANGER, va. to derange, displace. See 
 
 ranger. — Der. derangement. 
 DERECHEF, adv. again, afresh; formerly 
 
 written de rechef compound of re, marking 
 
 repetition, and chef, meaning end, ex- 
 tremity. We have seen under achever the 
 
 medieval phrase venir a chef for venir a 
 
 hout. See chef. 
 DEREGLER, va. to derange, disorder. See 
 
 regie. — Der. dereglement. 
 Derision, sf. derision; from L. derisi- 
 
 onem. 
 Derisoire, adj. derisive; from L. deriso- 
 
 rius. 
 D6river, vn. to leave shore, drift ; to spring, 
 
 derive; va. to turn off (a stream). — Der. 
 
 derive (verbal subst.), derivation, deriv- 
 
 atif. 
 Derme, sm. skin ; from Gr. Sippia. 
 DERNIER, adj. last; formerly derrenier, 
 
 derrainier, der. from O. Fr. derrain. Der- 
 
 rain answers to L. deretranus*, deriv. of 
 
112 
 
 D^R OBER — DESPO TE, 
 
 de-retro, properly one who walks behind. 
 DerStrdnus, contrd. regularly (see § 52) 
 into dertr'anus, softens tr into dr, then 
 rr (see § 168), and changes a into ai (see 
 aigle). 
 
 DfiROBER, va. to rob, steal. See robe. 
 
 D6roger, vn. to derogate (from) ; from L. 
 ^derogare. — Der. derogation. 
 
 DEROULER, va. to unroll, spread out. See 
 rouler. 
 
 DfiROUTE, sf. rout, defeat. O.Fr. des- 
 route, from L. disrupta, from disrum- 
 pere, to break up an army in battle. For 
 dis = de see de- ; for u = o« see § 90 ; 
 for pt = / see acheter. 
 
 DEROUTER, va. to lead astray. See route. 
 
 DEKKltKE, prep and adv. behind; from L. 
 de retro*. ' Visa itaque turba de retro 
 et ab ante adorantes dicite ' (Baruch vi. 5). 
 For retro = riere see arriere. 
 
 DES, art.gen.pl. of the; contr. oi dels = deles. 
 See for details Hist. Gram. p. 10 1. 
 
 Y)r.S,prep. from; from L. deipso, sc. tem- 
 pore, De-ipso, contrd, into d'ipso, be- 
 comes dis. For i = e see mettre ; for ps = s 
 jee caisse. 
 
 DESAIMER, va. to cease loving. See de- 
 ^and aimer. 
 
 DESAPPOINTER, va. to disappoint. See de- 
 and appointer. — Der, desappointement. 
 
 DfiSARROI, sm. disarray, confusion ; compd. 
 of des (see de-) and O, Fr. arroi. Des- 
 arroi therefore = des-ordre. A rroi is a 
 compd. of O. Fr. roi, just as arranger is of 
 ranger, arrondir of rond, etc. Roi, meaning 
 in O. Fr. order, measure (a sense which re- 
 mains in the phrase pied de roi), answers to 
 the It, root redo*, to medieval L, redum*, 
 and comes from Germ, source, Dan. rede, 
 Swed, reda, to set in order, 
 
 + D6sastre, sm. a disaster; introd, in 
 1 6th cent, from It. desastro. — Der, desas- 
 trcMX. 
 
 DESAVANTAGE, sm. a disadvantage. See 
 avantage. 
 
 DESAVEU, sm. a disavowal. See aveu. 
 
 DESAVOUER, va. to disavow. See avouer. 
 
 DESCELLER, va. to unfasten, unseal. See 
 sceller. 
 
 DESCENDRE, vn. to descend ; from L. de- 
 sc^nd§re. For loss of g see § 51, — Der, 
 descents (partic. subst., see ahsoute), de- 
 scendance, redescendre, condescendre. 
 
 Descriptif, adj. descriptive; from L. de- 
 scriptivus. 
 
 Description, s/. a description; from L, 
 descriptionem. 
 
 DfiSEMPARER, va. and n. to quit, go away. 
 See emparer. 
 
 DESERT, adj. deserted ; from L, desertus, 
 — Der, dherttr, deserteur, desertion. 
 
 DESERT, sm. a desert ; from L. desertum, 
 
 DESESPERER, vn. to despair. See d4- and 
 esperer. 
 
 DESESPOIR, sm. despair. See de- and 
 espoir. 
 
 DESHABILLER, va. to undress. See d4- 
 and habiller. 
 
 DESHERENCE, sf. escheat. See hoir. 
 
 DESHONNETE, adj. immodest. See hon- 
 nete. 
 
 DESHONNEUR, sm. dishonour. See hon- 
 neur. 
 
 DESHONORER, va. to dishonour. See hon- 
 orer. 
 
 Designer, va. to designate, describe ; from 
 L. designare. Designer is a doublet of 
 dessiner, q. v, — Der, designation. 
 
 Desinence, sf. (Gram,) a desinence, termin- 
 ation; from L. desinentia. 
 
 DESINTERESSER, va. to buy out (creditors, 
 etc.). See de- and interesser. — Der, desin- 
 teressement. 
 
 tD§sinvolture, sf. ease of carriage; 
 from It. disinvoltura. 
 
 DESIR, sm. desire, wish. See desirer. 
 
 DESIRER, va. to desire. O.Fr, desirrer, from 
 L. desiderare, Desiderdre, contrd, regu- 
 larly (see § 52) into desid'rare, becomes 
 desirer. For 6x = rr = r see § 168, — Der. 
 desir (verbal subst,), desir&nx, desirabXt. 
 
 D^sister (Se), vpr. to desist ; from L, de- 
 sist ere, — Der, desistemtnt. 
 
 DESGEUVRER, va. to throw out of work. 
 See ceuvre. — Der, desceuvrement. 
 
 D6soler, va. to desolate, ravage; from L. 
 desolari. — Der, desohnt, desolation. 
 
 D6sopiler, va. (Med,) to empty, clear out ; 
 from L, dis-oppilare*, 
 
 DfiSORDONNE, adj. disorderly. See de- 
 and ordonner. 
 
 DESORDRE, sm. disorder. See de- and 
 ordre. 
 
 DESORMAIS, adv. henceforth, O, Fr. des 
 ore mais. Ore is from L. hora; mais from 
 L, magis, Des ore mais properly means 
 from this hour forward, i, e, dating from 
 this present hour. For etymology see des, 
 or, and mais. Similarly dormavant, q, v., 
 which was in O. Fr. d'ore en avant, means 
 from this present hour forward, 
 
 DESOSSER, va. to bone. See os. 
 
 Despote, sm. a despot ; from Gr, ScCTTc^riys. 
 — Der. despotiqae, despotisme. 
 
DESSAISIR — DETROIT, 
 
 113 
 
 DESSAISIR, va. to dispossess. See saisir. — 
 
 — Der. rfessa/sissemetit. 
 DESSECHER, va. to dry up. See seeker.— 
 
 Der. dessechement. 
 DESSEIN, sm. design. See dessin, which is 
 
 its doublet. 
 DESSERT, sm. dessert. See desservir. 
 DESSERVANT, sm. an officiating priest. 
 
 See desservir. 
 DESSERVIR, va.to clear away (after dinner). 
 
 See servir. — Der. desservnr\t, dessert and 
 
 desserie (partic. subst, of desservir, see 
 
 absoute ; similarly O. Fr. had sert from 
 
 servir^. 
 Dessiceation, sf. desiccation; from L. 
 
 dessiccationem. 
 DESSILLER, va. to open (eyelids). On this 
 
 word, written in O. Fr. deciller, see § 13 
 
 and oil. 
 DESSIN, sm. design, drawing. See dessiner. 
 DESSINER, va. to draw; in Regnier dessigner. 
 
 It. disegnare, from L. designare. For 
 
 8 — ss, cp. vessica, vessie; pulsare, pous- 
 
 ser. For gn = w see assener. Dessiner is 
 
 a doublet of designer, q. v. 
 DESSOUS, adv. below. See sous. 
 DESSUS, adv. above. See sus. 
 DESTIN, sm. destiny. See destiner. 
 Destination, sf. destination ; from L. 
 
 destinationem. 
 DESTINEE, sf. destiny. See destiner. 
 DESTINER, va. to destine, doom ; from L. 
 
 destinare.— Der. destin (verbal subst.), 
 
 destines (partic. subst.). 
 Destituer, va. to dismiss ; from L. desti- 
 
 tuere. — Der. destitution. 
 DESTRIER, sm. a knight's warhorse, a horse 
 
 led by the squire on his right hand (dextra), 
 
 whence the deriv. dextrarius for a war- 
 horse in medieval texts, as in an llth-cent. 
 
 chronicle we read ' equo ejus militari, quem 
 
 dextrariura vocant, ablato.' For x = s 
 
 see ajouter; for -arius = -zer see § 198. 
 Destructeur, sm. a destroyer ; from L. de- 
 
 structorem. 
 Destructible, adj. destructible; from L. 
 
 destructibilis. — Der. indestructible. 
 Destructif, adj. destructive; from L. de- 
 
 structivus. 
 Destruction, sf destruction; from L. 
 
 destructionem. 
 Desuetude, sf. desuetude, disuse ; from L. 
 
 jiesuetudinem. 
 DETACHER, va. to unfasten. See attacker. 
 
 — Der. deiachement. 
 DETAILLER, va. to cut up. See tailler.— 
 
 Der. detail (verbal subst.), detailhnX. 
 
 DETALER, va. to clear away, pack up. See 
 
 etal. 
 DETEINDRE, va. to take colour from ; vn. 
 
 to lose colour. See teindre. 
 DETELER, va. to unyoke. See atteler. 
 DETENDRE, va. to unbend, relax. See 
 
 tendre. —Der. detente (partic. subst., see ah- 
 
 soute). 
 DETENIR, va. to detain ; from L: detinere. 
 
 For atonic i = e see mettre ; for e = i see 
 
 § 59 — Der. detenu. 
 Detenteur, sm. a holder of property ; from 
 
 L. detentorem. 
 Detention, sf. detention; from L, deten- 
 
 tionem. « 
 
 Deterger, va. to clean (a wound) ; from L. 
 
 detergere. 
 Deteriorer, va. to deface, damage ; from 
 
 L. deteriorare. — Der. deteriora.tion. 
 Determiner, va. to settle, determine ; from 
 
 L, determinare. — Der. determination. 
 D6terrer, va, to dig up, exhume. See 
 
 terre. 
 Detersif, adj. detersive; from L. deter- 
 
 sivus*, from detersus, p.p. of detergere. 
 D6tester, va. to detest ; from L. detestari. 
 
 — Der. detestMe. 
 Detoner, vn. to detonate; from L. de- 
 
 Jtonare. — Der. detonation. 
 DETONNER, vn. to sing out of tune. See 
 
 ton. 
 Detorquer, va. to twist, wrest; from L. 
 
 detorquere. 
 DETORS, adj. untwisted. See tordre. 
 DETOURNER, va. to turn away. See tour- 
 
 ner Der. detour (verbal subst.), detourne- 
 
 ment, 
 Detracteur, sm. a detractor; from L. de- 
 
 tractorem. 
 DETRAQUER, va. to spoil the paces (of a 
 
 horse, etc.), disorder. See traquer. 
 DETREMPER, va. to dilute. See tremper.— 
 
 Der. detrempe (verbal subst.") 
 DETRESSE, sf. distress. O. Fr. destrece, 
 
 oppression, verbal subst. of destrecer, means 
 
 to oppress, and represents the L. de- 
 
 strictiare*, derived regularly from de- 
 
 strictus, p.p. of destringere. De- 
 
 strictiare becomes destrecer. For ct = / 
 
 see § 168 ; for -tiare = -cer see ngencer and 
 
 § 264; fori=esee mettre. Next destrece 
 
 becomes detresse. For loss of s see Hist. 
 
 Gram. p. 81 ; for c = ss see agencer. 
 Detriment, sm. detriment, loss ; from L, 
 
 detrimentum, 
 DETROIT, sm. a strait. O. Fr. destroit, from 
 
 L. districtus. In medieval documents we 
 
114 
 
 DSTR UIRE — DIABLE. 
 
 find • districtus fluvii ' (rendered by Du- 
 cange as a place where a stream is crossed). 
 Distriotus becomes detroit as strictus 
 becomes ^troit. For dia = di see de- ; for 
 iot =» oit see attrait. Detroit is a doublet 
 oi district, q. v. 
 
 DETRUIRE, va. to destroy. O. Fr. destruire, 
 from L. destruSre. For loss of s see 
 Hist. Gram. p. 8l ; for e = f see § 59. 
 
 DETTE, sf. a debt ; from L. d6bita, what 
 is due, from debitum. For loss of i 
 (d6b'ta) see § 51; for bt = « see § 168. 
 — Der. endetter. 
 
 DEUIL, sm. mourning, grief. See douloir. 
 
 DEUXf num. adj. two ; from L. duos. For 
 uo = see § 90 ; then for o = eu see cueiller ; 
 for s = « cp sposus, epoux ; russus, roux; 
 tnssi s, toux; cor ossus*, creux ; otiosus, 
 oiseux ; and for suffix in osus = eux see 
 § 229. Deux is a doublet of duo. — Der. 
 deux\Qme. 
 
 DEVALER, va. to let down, lower. See aval. 
 
 DEVALISER, va. to rifle, plunder. See 
 valise. 
 
 DEVANCER, va. to precede. See devant. — 
 Der. devancieT. 
 
 DEVANT, prep, and adv. before, in front. 
 O. Fr. davant (d'avant), compd. of de and 
 avant, q. v. — Der. devancer. 
 
 IJ6vaster, va. to devastate; from L. de- 
 vast a re. — Der. t/e'i/as/ation, devastAtem. 
 
 DEVELOPPER, va. to develop. Formed 
 from a radical ' velop.' Origin unknown. 
 Cp. envelopper, q.v. — Der. developpement. 
 
 DEVENIR, vn. to become; from L. de- 
 venire. 
 
 DEVERGONDE, adj. dissolute; partic. of 
 O. Fr. verb devergonder, to lose all shame ; 
 compd. of de (q. v.) and vergonder, which 
 from L. verecunddri. Verecundari, 
 contrd. regularly (see § 53) into ver'- 
 cundari, becomes vergonder. For c=g 
 
 see adjuger ; for u = see annoncer Der. 
 
 devergond2igt. 
 
 DEVERS, prep, towards. See vers. 
 
 DEVERS, adj. leaning; from L. deversus. 
 — Der. deversei (to bend a piece of wood). 
 
 DEVERSER, vn. to lean, bend. See verser.— 
 Der. deversoir. 
 
 DEVIDER, va. to wind off. O. Fr. desvider ; 
 see vide. Devider properly means to make 
 the spindle bare {vide) of wool. — Der. 
 devidok. 
 
 Deviation, ./.deviation; from L. devia- 
 tionem. 
 
 DEVIER, vn. to deviate. O. Fr. desvier, from 
 L. de-ex- viare* (to leave the right path). 
 
 See under dS- and vote. Ddvier is a doublet 
 of devoyer. 
 
 DEVIN, sm. a diviner ; from L. divinus. — 
 Der. deviner, devineur, rfmweresse. 
 
 DEVIS, sm. (I) chat, talk; {2\ estimate; 
 verbal subst. of deviser, signifying in 
 O. Fr. to distribute, regulate, whence the 
 meaning of devis as an estimate of all 
 costs of a building. 
 
 DE VISAGER, va. to scratch the face (of one). 
 See visage. 
 
 DEVISE, sf. device ; verbal subst. of deviser, 
 O. Fr. to distribute. Devise was first a 
 heraldic term, meaning a division or part 
 of a shield in which some emblematical 
 figure ( = corps de la devise) was inscribed, 
 and above a legend or sentence explaining it 
 (technically called dme de la devise). This 
 motto, which was originally only a part 
 of the device, presently took to itself the 
 name of the whole. 
 
 DEVISER, va. to chat, talk; in O. Fr. to 
 regulate ; from L. divisare. Divisare 
 is a frequent, of dividere, formed in the 
 usual way from the p.p. divisus. For i = e 
 see mettre. Deviser is a doublet of diviser. 
 ^ — Der. devis, devise. 
 
 DEVISSER, va. to unscrew. See vis. 
 
 DEVOIEMENT, sm. looseness, diarrhoea. See 
 devoyer. 
 
 DEVOILER, va. to unveil. See voile. 
 
 DEVOIR, va. to owe, be in debt ; from L. 
 debere. For b = v see avant and § 113 ; 
 for e = oi see accroire and § 61. — Der. de- 
 voir (verbal subst.). 
 
 D6volu, adj. vested, devolved ; from L. de- 
 volutus. 
 
 D6vorer, va. to devour; from L. devo- 
 rare. 
 
 D6vot, adj. devoted, pious; from L. devo- 
 tus. — Der. devotieux. 
 
 Devotion, sf. devotion; from L. devo- 
 tionem. 
 
 DEVOUER, va. to devote, consecrate ; from 
 L. devotare. For loss of medial t see 
 abhaye ; for o = ou see affouage. — Der. de- 
 vouem&nX. 
 
 DEVOYER, va. to mislead. See voie.— T>tr. 
 devoiement. 
 
 Dexter it6, sf. dexterity; fromL. dexteri- 
 tatem. 
 
 Dextre, sf. the right hand ; from L. dextra. 
 
 Diabdte, sm. (Med.) diabetes; from Gr. 
 Siap-ffTrjs. 
 
 DIABLE, sm. the devil ; from L. di&bolus. 
 For regular loss of 6 see § 52 and ancre. 
 — Der. diablene, diable$se, diablotin. 
 
DIABOLIQUE—DILEMME. 
 
 115 
 
 Diabolique, ac?/. diabolical ; from L. dia- 
 
 bolicus. 
 Diaconat, sm. the diaconate; from L. dia- 
 
 conatus (in St. Jerome). 
 Diaconesse, sf. a deaconess; from L. dia- 
 
 conissa (in St. Jerome). 
 DIACRE, sm. a deacon. O. Fr. diacne, from 
 
 L. diaconus (in Tertullian). Diaconus 
 
 is contrd. regularly (see § 52 and ancre) 
 
 into diac'nus. For n = r see coffre. 
 Diaddrae, sm. a diadem ; from L. diadema. 
 Diagnostic, sm. (Med.) diagnostic; from 
 
 adj. diagnostique, from Gr. SiayvoicrriKSs. 
 Diagonal, adj. diagonal; from L. diagon- 
 
 alis. 
 Dialecte, sm. a dialect ; fromL. dialectus. 
 
 — Der. dialect^]. 
 Dialectique, sf. dialectics; from L. dia- 
 
 lectica. 
 Dialogue, sf. a dialogue ; from L. dialogus. 
 Diamant, sm. a diamond ; from It. dia- 
 mante. Diamant is a doublet oi aimant, 
 
 adamant, q, v. 
 Diamdtre, sm. a diameter ; from Gr. Stci- 
 
 fifTpos. — Der. diametraX, diametr^lement. 
 f Diane, s/. a morning gun, reveille ; introd. 
 
 in 1 6th cent, from Sp. diana. 
 + Diapason, sm. diapason, octave; fromL. 
 
 diapason. 
 Diaphane, adj. diaphanous ; from Gr. 
 
 hia(pavus. 
 Diaphragme, sm. (Med.) the diaphragm ; 
 
 from L. diaphragma. 
 "tDiaprer, va. to diaper, variegate; me- 
 dieval diasprer, formed from O. Fr. subst. 
 
 diaspre (a stuff of jasper-colour). Diaspre is 
 
 from It. diaspro. 
 Diarrh6e, sf. (Med.) diarrhoea; from L. 
 
 diarrhoea. 
 Diath^se, s/. a disposition; fromGr.Sm^ects. 
 Diatribe, sf a diatribe, philippic ; from L, 
 
 diatriba. 
 Dietame, sm. (Bot.) dittany; from L. dic- 
 
 tamnus. 
 Dictateur, sm. a dictator; from L. dicta- 
 tore m. — Der. dictatonal. 
 Dictature, sf a dictature ; from L. dicta- 
 
 tura. 
 Dieter, va. to dictate; from L. dictare. — 
 
 Der. dictee (partic. subst.). 
 Diction, sf diction; from L. dictionem. 
 
 — Der. dictionn&ire. 
 + Diet on, sm. a saying, bye-word, a word 
 corrupted from L. dictum. It is a doublet 
 of dit. 
 Didactique, adj. didactic; from Gr. 5i- 
 
 daKTlK6s. 
 
 Di^r^se, sf diaeresis ; from Gr. Siaipems. 
 Didse, sm. (Mus.) diesis, a sharp ; adj. sharp. 
 
 — Der. diestx. 
 Di§te, sf. (i) a diet, assembly ; from L. 
 diaeta*, an assembly on a fixed day, deriv. 
 of Gr. hlaira. (2) diet (food, etc.). 
 
 DIEU, sm. God ; in the Oaths of a. d. 842 Deo ; 
 from L. deus. From 9th-cent. deo comes 
 modern dieu. For eo = zo see abreger; 
 
 then for o = eu see accueillir Der. zdieu 
 
 (lit. A Dieu), for a Dieu soyezl which 
 was the complete form of the phrase in 
 O.Fr. 
 
 Diffamer, va. to defame; from L. diffa- 
 mare. — Der. diffamzitm, diffamz\o\rt. 
 
 Difference, s/. a difference; from L. differ- 
 entia. 
 
 Different, adj. different; from L. differ- 
 ent em. Differend is simply an orthogra- 
 phic alteration of the word. 
 
 DifPirer, va. (i) to put off, defer, (2) to 
 differ; from L. differre. 
 
 Diflacile, adj. difficult; from L. difficilis. 
 — Der. difficilemtnt. 
 
 Diflacult6, sf a difficulty; from L. diffi- 
 cult a tem. — Der. dijfficultvitMX. 
 
 fDifforme, adj. deformed; introd. in 
 15th cent, from It. difforme. — Der. difform- ' 
 it^. 
 
 DifFus, adj. diffuse; from L. diffusus. 
 
 Dig6rer, va. to digest; from L. digerere. 
 
 Digestif, adj. digestive; from L. diges- 
 tivus*. 
 
 Digestion, sf digestion; from L. diges- 
 tionem. 
 
 Digitale, sf fox-glove, digitalis ; in botanical 
 Lat. digitalis purpurea. 
 
 Digne, adj. worthy; from L. dignus. — 
 Der. dignement. 
 
 Dignity, sf a dignity; from L. dignita- 
 tem. — Der. dignitn'iTe. 
 
 Digression, sf a digression; from L. di- 
 gressionem. 
 
 DIGUE, sf. an embankment, bank. O.Fr. 
 dicque, word of Germ, origin, Neth. dyk. 
 — Der. endiguer. ' 
 
 Dilapider, va. to dilapidate, waste ; from L. 
 dilapidare. — Der. dilapidation, dilapid- 
 ateur. 
 
 Dilater, vfl. to dilate ; from L. dilatare. It 
 is a Aowhltloi delayer, q.v. — Der.rfz'/a^ation. 
 
 Dilatoire, adj. dilatory; from L. dila- 
 torius. 
 
 Dilection, sf affection; from L. dilec- 
 tionem. 
 
 Dilemme, sm. a dilemma ; from L. di- 
 lemma. 
 
 I 2 
 
116 
 
 DILE TTANTE-'DISPENDIE UX, 
 
 t Dilettante, sm. a dilettante, amateur; 
 from It. dilettante. It is a doublet of de- 
 lecfant, q. v. — Der. dilettantisms. 
 
 Diligence,./, diligence; fromL.diligentia. 
 
 Diligent, adj. diligent; from L. diligen- 
 tem. — Der. diligenter. 
 
 Diluvien, adj. diluvian; from L. diluvia- 
 nus* from diluvium . — D er. znt^diluvien . 
 
 DIMANCHE, sm. Sunday. O. Fr. diemenche, 
 from L. dies-domiziica, the Lord's Day, 
 in St. Augustine and Tertullian. Domin- 
 ica loses its penult, i regularly (§ 51), 
 and becomes domin'ca. Die-dominica 
 having thus become die -domin'ca, loses 
 medial d (see accabler), and becomes O. Fr. 
 diemenche, whence dimanche. For ca = cA 
 see §§126 and 54; for in = e« see Hist. 
 Gram. p. 178. 'en = a« in modern Fr. 
 is a very rare change, see § 65, note I. 
 
 DIME, sf. tithe ; formerly disme, It. decima, 
 from L. decima (found in Varro). D6- 
 Cima loses its i regularly (§ 51), and is 
 contrd. to dec'ma, whence disme. For 
 e=t see § 59; for o = s seeamitie; for the 
 loss of s at a later time, see Hist. Gram, 
 p. 81. Dime is a doublet of decime, q. v. 
 
 Dimension, sf. dimension ; from L. di- 
 mensionem. 
 
 Diminuer, va. to diminish ; from L. di- 
 minuere. 
 
 Diminution, s/. diminution; from L. di- 
 minutionem. 
 
 Dinde, sm. a turkey ; a word of hist, origin 
 (§ .^3)> abbrev. of the phrase coq d'Inde. 
 — Der. dindon, dindonnea.\i. 
 
 DINER, vn. to dine ; formerly disner, in the 
 9th- cent. Lat. disnare *, in the Vatican 
 Glosses. Origin unknown. For loss of s 
 see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. diner (sm.). 
 
 Diocdse, sm. a diocese; from L. diocesis, 
 found in Tertullian. — Der. diocesa.in. 
 
 Diphthongue, sf. a diphthong; from L. 
 diphthongus. 
 
 Diplomate, sm. a diplomatist. See di- 
 plome. — Der. diplomatic, diplomatique 
 
 Dipldme, sm. a diploma ; from L. diploma. 
 — Der. diplomate. 
 
 Diptyque, sm. a diptych : from L. dipty- 
 cha. 
 
 DIRE, va. to say ; from L. dicere. Di- 
 cSre, contrd. regularly (§51) into dic're, 
 becomes dire by reduction of cr to 
 r, see henir. — Der. dire (sm.), contrerf/re, 
 vnedire, d^dire, maurf/r, h^nir, xtdire, dit, 
 disenr, disexise. 
 
 Direct, adj. direct; from L. directus. It 
 is a doublet of droit, <j. v. 
 
 Directeur, sm. a director ; from L. direc- 
 torem (deriv. of directus). 
 
 Direction, sf. direction; from L. direc- 
 tionem. 
 
 Directoire, sm. a directory; from L. di- 
 rectorium (deriv. of director). 
 
 Diriger, va. to direct ; from L. dirigere. 
 
 Dirimant, arf/. invalidating ; from L. diri- 
 mentem, pres. part, of dirimere. 
 
 Discerner, va. to discern ; from L. dis- 
 cern ere. — Der. discernement. 
 
 Disciple, sm. a disciple; from L. discipulus. 
 
 Discipline, sf. discipline; from L. disci- 
 pi ina. — Der. discipliner. disciplinAire. 
 
 Discorder, vn. to be in a state of disagree- 
 ment ; from L. discordare. — Der. discord 
 (verbal subst.), discordzut (whence discord- 
 ance). 
 
 Discorde, §f. discord; from L. discordia. 
 
 DISCOURIR, vn. to expatiate, discourse; 
 from L. discurrere. For changes see 
 courir. — Der. discourexxx. 
 
 Discours, sm. a discourse; from L. dis- 
 cursus, found in the Theodosian Code. 
 
 Discret. adj. discreet ; from L. discretus. 
 
 Discretion, sf discretion, distinction ; from 
 L. discretionem. — Der. discretionriAixe. 
 
 Disculper, i/a. to exculpate; from L. dis- 
 culpare * compd. of culpare. 
 
 Discussion, sf. a discussion; from L. dis- 
 cussionem. 
 
 Discuter, va. to discuss; from L. dis- 
 cutere. — Der, discutzhXe, mdiscutzhXe. 
 
 Disert, adj. eloquent; from L. disertus. 
 
 DISETTE, sf dearth. Origin unknown. 
 
 Disgrace, sf disgrace. See grace. — Der. 
 disgrac'itx. 
 
 Disgracieux, adj. ungraceful, uncomely. 
 See gracieux. 
 
 DISJOINDRE, va. to disjoin ; from L. dis- 
 jungere. For changes seejoittdre. 
 
 Disjonction, sf disjunction; from L. dis- 
 junctionem. 
 
 Disloquer, va. to dislocate ; from dis (see 
 de-) and locare. Disloquer properly means 
 to displace ; so disloquer le bras, is to 
 throw the arm out of joint. — Der. disloc- 
 ation. 
 
 DISPARAtTRE, vn. to disappear. See pa- 
 raitre. — Der. dispar'ition (formed after ap- 
 parition). 
 
 Disparate, adj. incongruous; from L. dis- 
 paratus (in Boethius). 
 
 Disparition, sf disappearance. See dis- 
 paraitre. 
 
 Dispendieux, adj. expensive, burdensome ; 
 from L. dispendiosus. 
 
DISPENSER — DIVA N. 
 
 117 
 
 Dispenser, va. to dispense, distribute ; from 
 L. dispensare, to grant, whence the use 
 of dispenser de = to give permission to one 
 not to do something, grant dispensation 
 to. Dispenser is a doublet of depenser, 
 q. V. — Der. dispense (verbal subst.). 
 
 Disperser, va. to disperse; from L. dis- 
 persare * a deriv. of dispersus, partic. of 
 dispergere. 
 
 Dispersion, sf. dispersion; from L. dis- 
 persionem. 
 
 Disponible, adj. disposable ; from L. dis- 
 ponibilis*, deriv. of disponere. 
 
 DISPOS, adj. disposed ; from L, dispositus. 
 For loss of the last two atonic syllables, see 
 
 §§ 5o> 51- 
 Disposer, va. to dispose. See poser. — Der. 
 
 mdispnser. 
 Disposition, sf. a disposition ; from L. 
 
 dispositionem . — Der. dispositif. 
 Disputer, va. to dispute; from L. dispu- 
 
 tare. — Der. dispute (verbal subst.). 
 Disque, sm. a disc: from L. discus. It is 
 
 a doublet of da^is, q. v. 
 Dissection, sf. a dissection; from L. dis- 
 
 sectionem. 
 Diss^miner, va. to disseminate, spread 
 
 abroad; from L. disseminare. 
 Dissension, sf. dissension; from L. dis- 
 
 sensionem. 
 Dissentiment, sm. dissent. See sentiment. 
 Diss^quer, va. to dissect; from L. disse- 
 
 care. 
 Dissertation, sf. a dissertation ; from L. 
 
 dissertationem. 
 Disserter, va. to make a dissertation ; from 
 
 L. dissertare. 
 Dissidence, sf. dissidence, disagreement; 
 
 from L. dissidentia. 
 Dissident, adj. dissident; from L. dissi- 
 
 dentem. 
 Dissimulation, ./. dissimulation ; from L. 
 
 dissimulationem. — Der. dissimulatenr. 
 Dissimuler, va. to dissimulate; from L. 
 
 dissimulare. 
 Dissipateur, sm. a dissipator, spender ; 
 
 from L. d issipatorem. 
 Dissipation, sf. dissipation ; from L. d issi- 
 
 pationem. 
 Dissiper, va. to dissipate; from L. dissi- 
 
 pare. 
 Dissolu, adj. dissolute; from L. disso- 
 
 lutus. 
 Dissolution, s/. dissolution ; from L. dis- 
 
 solutionem. 
 Dissolvant, adj. dissolvent; from L. dis- 
 
 solventem. 
 
 Dissoner, vn. to be dissonant ; from L. 
 
 dissonare. — Der. dissonznt, dissonance. 
 DISSOUDRE, va. to dissolve ; from L. dis- 
 
 solvere. For solveTe = soudre see ab- 
 
 soudre. 
 Dissuader, va. to dissuade; from L. dis- 
 
 suadere. 
 Dissuasion, sf. dissuasion; from L. dis- 
 
 suasionem. 
 Distance, sf distance; from L. dis- 
 
 tantia. 
 Distant, adj. distant; from L. distantem. 
 Distendre, va. to distend; from L. dis- 
 
 tendere. 
 Distiller, va. to distil; from L. dis- 
 
 tillare. — Der. distilhteur, distilhtion. 
 Distinct, adj. distinct; from L. dis- 
 
 tinctus. 
 Distinctif, adj. distinctive; from L. dis- 
 
 tinctivus. 
 Distinction, sf distinction; from L. dis- 
 
 tinctionem. 
 Distinguer, va. to distinguish; from L. 
 
 distinguere. 
 Distique, sm. a distich; from L. dis- 
 
 tichus. 
 Distraction, sf distraction; from L. dis- 
 
 tractionem. 
 DISTRAIRE, va. to distract; from L. dis- 
 
 trahere. For changes see traire. 
 DISTRAIT, adj. distracted; from L. dis- 
 
 tractus. For Qt = it see attrait. 
 Distribuer, va. to distribute; from L. dis- 
 
 tribuere. 
 Distributeur, sm. a distributer ; from L. 
 
 distributorem. 
 Distributif, adj. distributive ; from L. 
 
 distributivus*, from distribuere. 
 Distribution, sf distribution ; from L. 
 
 distributionem. 
 District, sf a district; from medieval L. 
 
 districtum, a territory under one juris- 
 diction. District is a doublet of detroit, q. v, 
 DIT, sm. a saying, maxim. See dire. It is 
 
 a doublet of dicton, q. v. 
 Dithjrrambe, sm. a dithyramb; from L, 
 
 dithyrambus. 
 + Dito, adv. ditto ; from It. deito. 
 Diurnal, adj. diurnal; from L. diurnalis. 
 
 Its doublet is journal, q. v. 
 Diurne, adj. diurnal; from L. diurnus. 
 
 Its doublet IS jour, q. v. 
 Divaguer, vn. to wander hither and 
 
 thither; from L. divagari. 
 + Divan, sw. a divan; a word of Oriental 
 
 origin, Ar. diouann. Its doublet is douane, 
 
 q.v. 
 
ii8 
 
 DIVE— DOMINO. 
 
 Sive, adj. divine ; from L. diva. 
 Diverger, vn, to diverge; from L. diver- 
 
 gere. 
 Divers, adj. diverse; from L. di versus. 
 Diversifier, va. to diversify; from L. di- 
 
 versificare*, deriv. of diversus. 
 Diversion, sf. a diversion; from L. diver- 
 
 sionem. 
 Diversit6, sf. a diversity; from L. diver- 
 
 sitatem. 
 Divertir, va. to turn aside; from L. di- 
 vert ere. — Der. tfji/er/issement. 
 Dividende, sm. a dividend; from L. divi- 
 
 denda, from dividere. 
 Divin, flrf/. divine ; from L. divinus. Its 
 
 doublet is devin, q. v. 
 Divination, sf. divination ; from L. divin- 
 
 ationem. 
 Divinit6, sf. divinity ; from L. divini- 
 
 tatem. 
 Divis, adj. divided; from L. divisus. 
 Diviser, va. to divide; from L. divisare, 
 
 frequent, of dividere. Its doublet is de- 
 viser, q. V. 
 Diviseur, sm. a divisor; from L. divis- 
 
 orem. 
 Divisible, adj. divisible; from L. divis- 
 
 ibjlis. 
 Division, sf. a division; from L. divis- 
 
 ionem. 
 Divorce, sm. a divorce; from L. divor 
 
 tium. 
 Divulguer, va. to divulge; from L. divul- 
 
 gare. 
 DIX, num. adj. ten ; frdm L. decern. For 
 
 e = / see accomplir; for c = » see amide. 
 
 Der. dizzin, diznine, dixihmc (whose 
 
 doublet is dime). 
 Docile, adj. docile; from L, docilis. 
 Docility, sf. docility ; from L. docilitatem. 
 + Dock, sm. a dock ; from Engl. dock. 
 Docte, adj. learned; from L. doctus. 
 Docteur, sm. a doctor; from L. doctor. — 
 
 Der. doctorat, doctoral. 
 Doctrine, sf. doctrine; from L. doctrina. 
 Document, sm. a document; from L. 
 
 documentum. 
 DODU, adj. plump. Origin unknown. 
 i'Doge, sm. a doge; from It. doge. Its 
 
 doublet is due, q. v. — Der. dogzt. 
 Dogmatique, adj. dogmatic; from L 
 
 dogmaticus. 
 Dogmatiser, vn. to dogmatise; from L. 
 
 dogmatizare. 
 Dogmatiste, sm. a dogmatist; from L 
 
 dogmatistes. 
 Dogme, sm. a dogma; from L. dogma. 
 
 + Dogue, sm. a dog; from Engl. dog. 
 
 Gros chien d'Angleterre, says Menage in 
 
 the 17th cent. 
 DOIGT, sm. a finger ; from L. digitus. 
 
 Digitus, regularly contrd. (see § 51) 
 
 into dig*tu8, becomes doigt by changing 
 
 i into oi, see boire. Doigt is a doublet of 
 
 de, q. v. — Der. doigttx, doigixtx. 
 Dol, sm. deceit, cozenage; from L. dolus. 
 DOLEANCE, sf. complaint, grief; answering 
 
 to a verb doleir, which represents a Lat. 
 
 form dolicare. 
 DOLENT, adj. suffering; from L. do- 
 
 lentem. 
 Doler, va. to chip with an adze; from L. 
 
 dolare. 
 + Dollar, sm. a dollar, from Engl, dollar. 
 + Dolman, sm, a hussar's coat, a word 
 
 of Magyar origin. Hung, dolman. See 
 
 §33. 
 
 + Dolmen, sm. a dolmen; a word of 
 Low Breton patois, introd. into Fr. towards 
 the end of the 18th cent. It is of Celtic 
 origin, Gael, tolmen, a stone table. 
 
 DOLOIRE, sm. an adze. O. Fr, doleoire, 
 from L. dolatoria, in Vegetius : 'cum 
 securibus et dolatoriis.' For loss of 
 medial t see abbaye ; doleoire = doloire is a 
 rare change. 
 
 DOM, sm. lord ; from L. dominus, which is 
 domnus in several Merov. documents. 
 For loss of i see §51; for inn = m see 
 § 168, Dom is a doublet of dame^ q. v. 
 
 DOMAINE, sm. domain; from L. domi- 
 nium. For i = az, seen in daigne from 
 digno, see marraine. — Der. domamzX. 
 
 tD6me, sm. a dome; introd. about the 
 15th cent, from It. duomo. 
 
 Domesticity, sf. domesticity; from L. 
 domesticitatem*. 
 
 Dom.estique, adj. domestic; from L, do- 
 mesticus. 
 
 Domicile, sm. a domicile; from L. do- 
 mieilium. — Der. domiciliaiTe, domiciHer. 
 
 Dominateur, sm. a dominator; from L, 
 dominatorem. 
 
 Domination, sf. domination ; from L, 
 dominationem, 
 
 Dominer, va. to dominate; from L. domi- 
 nari. 
 
 Dominical, adj. dominical; from L. do- 
 minicalis, der. from dominus. 
 
 + Domino, sm. a domino; from Sp. do- 
 mino, a black hood worn by priests. — Der. 
 domino (a game composed of pieces of 
 ivory, backed with black, and, so far, re- 
 sembling a domino). 
 
DOMMA GE — DO ULOUREUX. 
 
 IT9 
 
 DOMMAGE, sm. damage; originally damage, 
 from L. damnaticum*, der. from dam- 
 num. For in.n = mm~m see § i68. — 
 Der. dommage'dhle, dedommager, endotn- 
 mager. 
 
 DOMPTER, va. to daunt; from L, domi- 
 tare, contrd. regularly (see § 52) into 
 dom.'tare : the intercalated p is euphonic. 
 — Der. dompttMT, domptahle, indompuhle. 
 
 DON, sm. a gift; from L. donum. — Der. 
 donation, c?owateur, c?o«ataire. 
 
 DONC, adv. then ; aphaeresis of O. Fr. adonc. 
 Adonc is from L. ad-tixnc, compd. of 
 tunc. For u = ow see annoncer. 
 
 DONJON, sm. a donjon, tower. Prov. 
 dompnhon, from medieval L. domni- 
 onem.*, a tower which dominates. Domni- 
 onem is regularly contrd. from domini- 
 6nem by loss of i, see § 52. Domini- 
 onem is a deriv. of dominium. From 
 domnionem we come to donjon. For mn 
 = m (domionem) see § 168; for io=_;o 
 see abreger ; for change of m into n 
 (domjonem) see conge. 
 
 DONNER, va. to give; from L. donare. 
 For n = n« cp. inimicus, ennemi. — Der. 
 doTinee. (partic. subst.), donneur. 
 
 DONT, adv. then pron. whence, from 
 whence, whose. In Clement Marot d'ond, 
 from L. de-undd, whose etymol. mean- 
 ing the Fr. of the 17th cent, had pre- 
 served, as Corneille uses it in Nic. v, 2 : 
 Le Mont Avenfin, dont // Vaurait vu 
 faire une horrible descente. For u = o see 
 annoncer. The second d here becomes /, 
 as in subinde, soiwent. 
 
 i Donzelle, sf. a damsel ; introd. in 16th 
 cent, from It. donzella. Donzelle is a 
 doublet of demoiselle, q. v. 
 
 fDorade, sf. a dorado, gold-fish; introd. 
 from Prov. daurada. Daurada signifies 
 rightly 'gilded' (doree), partic. of Prov. 
 verb daurar, from L. deaurare. Dorade 
 is a doublet of doree. 
 
 DORENAVANT, adv. henceforward. See 
 desormais. 
 
 DORER, va. to gild; from L. deaurare 
 (in Seneca). Deaurare, contrd. regularly 
 into d'aurare, becomes dorer. For au = 
 see alouette. — Der. dorem, dedorer. 
 
 DORLOTER, va. to coddle. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 DORMIR, vn. to sleep ; from L. dormire. 
 — Der. dormeuT, dormeuse, endormir. 
 
 Dorsal, adj. dorsal; from L. dorsalis*, 
 from dorsum. 
 
 DORTOIR, sm. a bedroom, dormitory; from 
 
 L. dormitorium. Dormitorium, regu- 
 larly contrd. (see § 52) into dorm'torium, 
 becomes dor'torium (for loss of m see 
 Hist. Gram. p. 81), and then dorioir by 
 attraction of the i ; see chanoine. 
 
 DOS, sm. the back; from L. dossum, a 
 form found (for dorsum) in several in- 
 scriptions of the Empire. For rs = s see 
 chine. — Der. rfoisier, adosser. 
 
 Dose, sf. a dose ; from Gr. 86cns. — Der. 
 doser. 
 
 DOSSIER, sm. back (of seats, etc.), a bundle 
 of papers labelled on the back; from dos, 
 q.v. 
 
 Dot, sf. a dowry; from L. dot em. — Der. 
 c?o/er (which is a doublet of doner, q. v.), 
 dotz\. 
 
 Dotation, sf. a dotation; from L. dota- 
 tionem. 
 
 DOUAIRE, sm. a dowry; from L. dota- 
 rium. For loss of medial t see abbaye; 
 for o = ou see affouage. — Der, douairVext. 
 
 fDouane, sf. custom-house; introd. to- 
 wards the 15th cent, from It. doana, old 
 form of dogana. Douane is a doublet of 
 divan, q. v. — Der. douanier. 
 
 DOUBLE, adj. double; from L. duplus. 
 For u = OM see § 90 ; for p = 6 see 
 abeille. — Der. doublet, dedoubler, redoubler, 
 doublet, doublure. 
 
 tDoublon, sm. a doubloon; introd. from 
 Sp. doublon. 
 
 DOUCET, adj. mild. See doux. 
 
 DOUCEUR, sf. sweetness ; from L. dul- 
 corem. For vlI — ou see agneau ; for 
 6 = eu see § 79. — Der. doucereux, doucer- 
 eusement. 
 
 t Douche, sf. a douche, bath; introd. 
 in 1 6th cent, from It. doccia. — Der. 
 doucher, 
 
 DOUELLE, sf. an archivolt. See douve. 
 
 DOUER, va. to endow ; from L. dotare. 
 For loss of t see abbaye; for o = o« see 
 affouage. Doner is a doublet of doter. 
 
 DOUILLE, sf. a socket ; from L. ductile * 
 used in medieval Lat. for a culvert ; thus we 
 have ' ductilis aquae ' in a Chartulary of 
 1016. For ductile = douille see andouille. 
 — Douille is a doublet of ductile, q. v. 
 
 DOUILLET, adj. soft, downy, effeminate; 
 dim. of O. Fr. donille (soft, tender), which 
 is from L. ductilis. For ductilis = douille, 
 see andouille. — Der. douilletiement. 
 
 DOULEUR, sf. pain ; from L. dolorem. 
 For accented o = eu see § 79 ; for atonic 
 o = OM see affouage. 
 
 DOULOUREUX, adj. painful, sorrowful, 
 
lao 
 
 DOULOIR—^DU. 
 
 grievous; from L. dolor6su8. For 
 -osu8 = -«/* see § 229; for atonic o — ou 
 see affouafre. 
 
 DOULOIR (SE), vpr. to mourn, grieve ; from 
 L. ddlere. For 6 = ow see q^owa"-* ; for 
 S = ot see § 61. — Der. deiiil (O. Fr. 
 deul, verbal subst. of -doloir). For o = eu 
 see § 79. 
 
 DOUTER, vn. to doubt. Cat. duhtar, from 
 L. dubitare. For loss of i in dubitare 
 see § 52 ; for Vi = ou see § 90; for bt = ^ 
 see § 168. — Der.doute (verbal subst.), dout- 
 eux, redoufer. 
 
 DOUVE, sf. stave (of casks). Origin un- 
 known. — Der. ffowelle (for dou-v-elle). For 
 loss of V see aieul. 
 
 DOUX, adj. sweet, soft. O. Fr. dous, origin- 
 ally dols, from L. dulcis. For ul = ow see 
 agneau ; for G = x see agencer. — Der. 
 zdoiich, doticet, douce&tre. 
 
 DOUZE, adj. twelve ; from L. duodecim, 
 by regular contr. of du6d§cini into 
 duod'cim, see § 51. For uo = see 
 deux; for d'c = c see § 168; for o = ou 
 see affouage; for c = z see amitie. — Der. 
 douzihmt, rfoMzaine. 
 
 DOYEN, sm. a dean ; from L. decanus. 
 For loss of medial c see affouage ; for 
 e = oi see § 61 ; for -anus = -en see 
 § 194. — Der. doyenn6 (which is a doublet 
 of decanat, q. v.). 
 
 Drachme, s/". a drachma ; from L. drach- 
 ma. 
 
 f Dr ag§e, 5/ a sugarplum ; introd. through 
 Prov. dragea, from It. treggea. — Der, 
 drageoxr. 
 
 DRAGEON, sm. (Bot.) a sucker ; a word of 
 Germ, origin, Goth, draibjain. 
 
 DRAGON, sm. a dragon; from L. dra- 
 conein. For Q=g see adjuger. — Der. 
 dragon (a dragoon), dragonne, dragonna.de. 
 
 + Drague, sf. a drag, dredge ; introd. from 
 Eng. drag. — Der. dragutr, dragueur. 
 
 t Drainer, va. to drain; introd. from 
 Eng. drain. — Der. drainzgt. 
 
 Dramatique, adj. dramatic; from L. dra- 
 maticus. 
 
 Dramaturge, sm. a dramatist, playwright ; 
 from Gr. dpafxarovpyos. 
 
 Drame, sm. the drama ; from L. drama. 
 
 DRAP, sm. cloth ; from L. drappum *, in 
 Charlemagne's Capitularies. Origin un- 
 known. — Der. draper, drapier, drapene. 
 
 DRAPEAU, sm. an ensign ; originally stuff, 
 a rag ; dim. of drap, q. v. 
 
 Drastique, adj. drastic ; from Gr. dpaan- 
 
 KOi, 
 
 DRfeCHE, sf. malt. O. Fr. dresche, crushed 
 barley, which is Low L. drascus, coming 
 from O. H. G. drascan (to thresh corn in a 
 barn). For a. = e see § 54 ; for loss of 
 s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. s 
 
 DRESSER, va. to erect, set up, arrange. It. 
 drizzare, dirizzaire, from L, drictiare*, a 
 verb derived from drictus, a form explained 
 under droit, q. v. For -ctiare (cciare) = 
 -sser see agencer; for i = e see meUre. — 
 Der. dressoxx, xedresser. 
 
 DRILLE, s/. (i) rag (for paper-making), (2) 
 drill, (3) a soldier, comrade; of Germ, 
 origin, O. H. G. drigil, a servant, lad. 
 
 f Drogman, sm. a dragoman; in Ville- 
 hardouin drugkemant, It. drogomanno, a 
 word of Eastern origin, introd. from Con- 
 stantinople by the Cru«aders, who had bor- 
 rowed it from the medieval Gr. Spayovfiavos, 
 an interpreter. 
 
 DROGUE, sf. a drug. Origin unknown. — 
 Der. drogmste, droguer. 
 
 DROGUE, sf. game of drogue (played by 
 soldiers and sailors). Origin unknown. 
 
 DROIT, sm. right; from L. directum, 
 which came to have the sense of justice or 
 right. (Thus we find * directum facere ' for 
 'to do justice' in the Formulae of Marculfus.) 
 Directus becomes dirictus in medieval 
 Lat. documents, as in ' et ultro hoc debet 
 habere dirictum,' for e = i see § 59 ; 
 dirictum. soon became contrd. to dric- 
 tum, to be seen in Charlemagne's Capitu- 
 laries, ' Et plus per drictum et legem 
 fecissent' : lastly drictum becomes droit, 
 by regular change of ict into oil, see attrait; 
 cp. St rictus, etroit. — Der. droilnre. 
 
 DROIT, crrf/. straight, right; from L. direc- 
 tus. For changes see above. Droit is a 
 doublet of direct, q. v. — Der, zdroit. 
 
 + Dr61e, adj. droll; sm. a knave, sharp 
 rogue. Formerly drolle. Introd. from Eng. 
 droll. — Der. drolerie, drolesse, cfro/atique. 
 
 Dromadaire, sm. a dromedary ; from L. 
 dromadarius, which from L, dromadem, 
 
 DRU, adj. fledged, lively, vigorous, thickset ; 
 of Celtic origin, Kymr, drud, vigorous. 
 
 Druide, sm. a druid; from L. druida, a 
 Celtic priest. — Der. druidesse, druid- 
 isme. 
 
 Drupe, sm. (Bot.) drupe; from L. drupa 
 (properly the olive). 
 
 Dryade, sf. a dryad ; from L, dryad em. 
 
 DU, art. m. of the* O. Fr. deu, originally 
 del, which is a contr. of de le. Del be- 
 comes deu by softening / into u ; see 
 agneau. 
 
DU — JSbRUITER. 
 
 121 
 
 DU, sm. due, duty ; formerly deii, p.p. of 
 
 devoir used substantively. Under boire 
 
 we have shown that the p.p. of debere 
 
 should have been debutus. Fordebutus = 
 
 deu^dii see boire. — Der, diim&xit (from 
 
 fem. due and suffix merit). 
 Dubitatif, adj. dubitative, expressive of 
 
 doubt; from L. dubitativus. 
 DUG, stn. a duke ; from L. ducem. Its 
 
 doublet is doge, q. v. 
 + Ducat, 5m. a ducat; iromlt. ducato. Its 
 
 doublet is duche. — Der. ducaton. 
 DUCHE, sm. a duchy. See due. 
 DUG HESSE, s/. a duchess. See disc. 
 Ductile, adj. ductile; from L. ductilis. 
 
 Its doublet is douille, q, v. — Der. ductilite. 
 fDudgne, sf. a duenna; from Sp. duena. 
 
 Its doublet is dame, q. v. 
 Duel, sm. a duel ; from L. duellum. — Der. 
 
 duel\\ste. 
 Dulcifier, va. to dulcify, sweeten ; from L. 
 
 dulcificare * (which from dulcem), 
 DUNE, sf. a down ; of Celtic origin, Irish diln, 
 
 a hill. 
 
 t Duo, sm. a duet ; from It. duo. Its doublet 
 
 is deux, q. v. 
 DUPE, sf. a dupe. Origin unknown. — Der. 
 
 dnper, diiperie, dupeur. 
 tDuplicata, swz. a duplicate, a Lat. word ; 
 
 neut. pi. of duplicatus, p.p. of dupli- 
 
 care. 
 Duplicity, s/". duplicity; from L. duplici- 
 
 tatem. 
 DUR, adj. hard ; from L, d\irus. — Der. dur- 
 
 et6 (L. duritatem), durillon, durcir. 
 DURER, vn. to endure, last ; from L. durare. 
 
 — Der. dur^e (partic. subst.), rfwrant, dur- 
 
 able. 
 DUVET, sm. down, wool, nap ; from L. du- 
 
 metum, through a form dubetum*, 
 
 whence diwet; for b=i/ see § 113. 
 Dynastie, sf. a dynasty ; from Gr. Svva- 
 
 (TTfia. 
 Dyspepsie, sf dyspepsia; from Gr. Sva- 
 
 ■niipia. 
 Dyssenterie, sf. dysentery ; from Gr, 8u<r- 
 
 ivr^pia. 
 Dysurie, sf. dysuria ; from Gr. hvaovpia. 
 
 EAU, sf water; in T5th cent, eawe, earlier 
 eave, originally eve, from L. aqua. Aqua 
 becomes aqva by the consonification of 
 u (see Janvier), thence ava by reduction 
 of qv into v (see Janvier and suivre). 
 Ava becomes eve by regular softening 
 of a into e (see § 54); cp, faba, sapa, 
 feve, seve. Eve soon changed e to the 
 diphthong ea {eave); cp. bel, beal, whence 
 beau. Eave next vocalises v into w (see 
 aurone), whence the form eaue which was 
 reduced to eau from the 16th cent. 
 
 EBAHIR, vn. to be amazed; an onomatopoetic 
 word formed from the interj. bah I — Der. 
 eiaAissement. 
 
 EBARBER, va. to pare, scrape. See barbe. — 
 Der, e6ar6age, 
 
 EBATTRE, vn. to sport, frolic. See battre. 
 — Der. ebat (verbal subst,), 
 
 EBAUBI, adj. wonderstruck. Ebaubi is p.p, 
 of O, Fr, ebaubir. Ebaubir means ' to make 
 baube,' just as faroucher means ' to make 
 farouche'; O.Yr. baube, — begue, stammering, 
 is from L. balbus by softening 1 into u, see 
 agneau. 
 
 EBAUGHER, va. to sketch out. Origin un- 
 known. — Der. ebauche (verbal subst.), 
 
 ebauchoir. 
 EBAUDIR, vpr. to frisk, frolic ; lit. to make 
 
 gay. For etymology of baud see baudet. 
 ifib^ne, §/". ebony ; from L. ebenus. — Der. 
 
 ebemer, ebeniste, eftmisterie. 
 EBLOUIR, va. to dazzle. Origin unknown. — 
 
 Der. e'Wowissement, 
 EBORGNER, va. to make blind of one eye. 
 
 See borgne. 
 EBOULER, vn. to fall (like a ball). See 
 
 boule. — Per, eboulement. 
 EBOURIFFE, panic, disordered (of the hair). 
 
 Origin unknown. 
 EBRANLER, va. to shake. See branler.-^ 
 
 Der. ebranlement. 
 EBRECHER, va. to make a breach in, 
 
 impair. — See breche. 
 EBROUER (S'), vpr. to snort, sneeze. Origin 
 
 unknown. 
 tifibrouer, va. to wash (before dyeing 
 
 a stuff) ; from Germ, bruhen. 
 EBRUITER, va. to make known, noise 
 
 about. See bruit. 
 
122 
 
 SB ULLITION — SCHA RPE. 
 
 Ebullition, s/. ebullition; from L. ebul- 
 litionem. 
 
 feCACHER, va. to crush ; formerly escacker, 
 compd. of intensive prefix ez and O. Fr, 
 verb cacher, q, v. 
 
 l^CAILLE, sf. scale, shell. O. Fr. escaille, 
 originally escale, a word of Germ, origin, 
 Goth, scalja. Germ, schale. For initial sc — 
 ec, see Hist. Gram. p. 78. Scaille isa doublet 
 of tcale, q. v. — Der. icailltx, icaillhxe. 
 
 6CALE, sf. hull (of beans, etc.). shell; 
 formerly escale. For its etymology see its 
 doublet ecaille. — Der. ecaler. 
 
 ECARLATE, adj. scarlet ; formerly escarla(e, 
 word of Eastern origin, Pers. scarlat. For 
 sc = esc = tc, see Hist. Gram. p. 78. 
 
 ECARQUILLER, va. to open (one's eyes, 
 etc.). Origin unknown. 
 
 ECART, sm. a step aside, flight, digression, 
 fault. See ecarter. 
 
 ECARTELER, vn. to quarter ; formerly 
 escarteler, compd. of ex and cartel : ecar- 
 ieler is to make into cartel. Cartel is from 
 L, quartellus*, dim. of quartus. For 
 qu = c see car. — Der. ecartelemQw^.. 
 
 ^CARTER, va. to divert, turn aside; for- 
 merly escarter, compd. of ex and carte, 
 ^carter, originally a term of card-playing, 
 means properly to put the cards aside, 
 reject them ; thence by extension to reject 
 generally. — Der. ecart (verbal subst.), ecarte, 
 ecartement. 
 
 Ecchymose, sf. ecchymosis ; from Gr. 
 
 Ecclesiastique, adj. and sm. ecclesiastical, 
 an ecclesiastic; from L. ecclesiasticus. 
 
 ECERVELE, adj. harebrained. See cervelle. 
 
 £CHAFAUD, sm. a scaffold. O. Fr. escha- 
 faud, eschaafaut ; originally escadafaut, 
 meaning first a platform whence to see a 
 tourney, etc. Escadafaut, from Low Lat. 
 scadafaltum, is compd. of ex and 
 cadafaltum. Cadafaltum is in Prov. 
 cadafalc, in It. catafalco. This form 
 catafalco is compd. of cata and falco : 
 cata is derived from a Romance verb catar 
 (to see), origin unknown ; falco is of 
 Germ, origin, answering to O. H. G. palcho. 
 Catafalco is properly a scaffolding whence 
 one sees a show. As to changes from exca- 
 dafaltum * to eschadafaut, eschaafaut, es- 
 chafaut ; for c = cA see § 126 ; for loss of d 
 see accabler; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. 
 p. 81 ; for l = tt see agneau. Schafaud is 
 a doublet of catafalque, q. v. — Der. echa- 
 
 -^ faudzge. echafaudtx. 
 
 ECHALAS, sm. a. lath, stake ; formerly es- 
 
 chalas, escalas ; originally escaras, from L. 
 ex-oaratium *. Caratium, a pale or 
 stake in the Lex Langobardcrum (' Si 
 quis palum, quod est caratium, de vite 
 tulerit'), is from Gr. X'^P°i- 
 
 Ex-caratixim becomes escaras, then 
 eschalas. For o — cA see § 126; for r = / 
 see § 154 ; for x^s see ajouter. 
 
 ECHALOTE, ./. a shalot ; formerly escha- 
 lote ; corruption of eschalone, escalone, the 
 O. Fr. form. Escalone is from L. asca- 
 lonia (Pliny). For a = « see § 54; for 
 c = cA see § 126; for loss of s see Hist. 
 Gram. p. 81. 
 
 ECHANCRER, va. to hollow out, slope, cut 
 in form of a chancre. Chancre is from L. 
 cancriim ; properly a crab, then a canker, 
 crab-shaped. For <i = ch see § 126. — Der. 
 echancrnxe. 
 
 ECHANGER, va. to exchange, barter. See 
 changer. — Der. echange (verbal subst.), 
 echange^hle, echanglsie. 
 
 ECHANSON, sm. a cupbearer. O. Fr. es- 
 fhancon, from L. scantionem* (used in 
 the Germanic laws). Scantio is from 
 O. H. G. scenfo. For initial 8G = esc = ec 
 see Hist. Gram. p. 78 ; for c = ch see § 1 26 ; 
 for ti = f! = s see agencer. 
 
 ECHANTILLON, sm. a sample, pattern; 
 dim. of O. Fr. echantil. Schantil, originally 
 eschantil, escantil, is compd. of ex and 
 O. Fr. cant (a corner, piece), which comes 
 from L. cantlius. For G = ch see § 126. 
 — Der. echantillonnex. 
 
 ECHAPPER, va. to escape, avoid ; formerly 
 eschaper, escaper; properly to get out of 
 the cape (of the cloak), thence by 
 extension, to flee, escape. A parallel 
 metaphor exists in Gr. hKlv^aOai ; for 
 this analogy of metaphors see § 15. 
 The It. confirms this derivation by having 
 two verbs scappare (to escape), formed 
 from ex and cappa (a robe) ; and incappare 
 (to fall into), formed from in and cappa. — 
 Der. echappee (verbal subst., whose doublet 
 is escapade, q. v.), echappexnent, echappzlo'ut. 
 
 ECHARDE, sf. a prickle (lit. of a thistle), 
 splinter. O. Fr. escharde, compd. of ex 
 and charde, which from L. carduus. For 
 e = cA see § 126. 
 
 ECHARPE, sf. a scarp, sling (for a broken 
 arm, etc.); in middle ages a great purse 
 hung round a pilgrim's neck. Joinville 
 speaks of one who put in son escharpe 
 grant foison d'or et d'argent. Then it 
 designated the belt or band from which the 
 purse hung. For this change of meaning 
 
ScHARPER — Colore. 
 
 123 
 
 see § 13. Scharpe, O. Fr. esckarpe, escherpe, 
 is a word of Germ, origin, O.H.G. scherbe. 
 This Germ, word gave to Low Lat. a type 
 Scarpa *, whence the dim. scarpicella *. 
 Scarpicella becomes escarcelle. For the 
 regular loss of i see § 52, whence scarp'' - 
 cella; for &o=esc see Hist. Gram. p. 78; 
 for pc = c see caisse. Echarpe is a doublet 
 o( escarpe. q. v. 
 
 ECHARPER, va. to slash, cut to bits ; second- 
 ary form, with change of conjugation, of 
 O. Fr. echarpir, originally escharpir, which 
 from L. excarpere, compd. of ex and 
 carpere. For c = cA see § 126; fore = i 
 
 , see § 59. 
 
 ECHASSE, sf. a stilt, tressel. O. Fr. eschace, 
 word of Germ, origin, O. Flem. schoetse. 
 For sch = esch = ech see Hist. Gram. p. 78. 
 — Der. echassier. 
 
 ECHAUDER, va. to scald ; formerly chauder, 
 from L. excaldare (in Apicius), For 
 G = ch see § 126, for aX = au see agneau. 
 — Der. echaude, echaudoir. 
 
 ECHAUFFER, va. to warm, heat. See 
 chauffer. — Der. echai-iffement, rechauffer. 
 
 ECHAUFFOUREE, sf. an affray; partic. 
 subst. of O. Fr. echauffbnrer, compd. of ex 
 and O. Fr. chajiffourer. Origin unknown. 
 
 ECHAULER, va. to steep in lime-water. See 
 chauler. 
 
 ECHE, sf. a bait. O. Fr. escke, from L. esca. 
 For csL = che see §§126 and 54, For loss 
 of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. 
 
 ECHEANCE, sf. expiration, falling due (of 
 bills, &c.). See echoir. 
 
 ^CHECS, sm. pi. (i) chess. (2) in the sing. 
 a check, defeat. For such metaphorical 
 senses see § 12. O. Fr. eschac: both the 
 game and name are oriental ; Pers. schah, a 
 king, the game taking its name from the 
 principal piece. From the Pers. phrase 
 sckach-mai = the king is dead, comes the 
 expression echec et mat (checkmate). Echec 
 is a doublet of schah. — Der. echiqnitr. 
 
 ECHELLE, sf a ladder. O. Fr. eschele, from 
 L. scala. For o = ch see § 126, for sc = 
 esc = ec see Hist. Gram. p. 78, for a = e see 
 § 54. Echelle is a doublet of escale. — 
 Der. echelon, echelonner. 
 
 ECHEVEAU, sm. a skein. O. Fr. echevel. 
 For el = eau see agneau. Echevel is verbal 
 subst. of echeveler. See echevele. 
 
 ECHEVELE, partic. dishevelled ; from O. Fr. 
 echeveler. See cheveu. 
 
 ECHEVIN, sm. an alderman, judge ; formerly 
 eschevin. It. scabino, from L. scabinus * ; 
 
 - a Carolingian word of Germ, origin, from 
 
 0*H. G. skepeno. For oa, = che see §§126 
 and 54; for 80 = esc = ec see Hist. Gram. p. 
 78: for b = v see avant and § 113. — Der. 
 echevinnge, echevinzl. 
 
 ECHINE, sf. a spine, chine ; formerly eschine, 
 Prov. esquina ; of Germ, origin, O. H. G. 
 sJiina. Its doublet is esquine. 
 
 ECHIQUIER, sm. a chess-board, exchequer. 
 See echecs. 
 
 ^cho, sm. an echo; from L. echo. 
 
 ECHOIR, vn. to fall to, become due ; formerly 
 eschoir, from L. excadere *. For ca- 
 dere = choir see choir. — Der. ech6^nt (pres. 
 partic), whence sf. echeauce. 
 
 ECHOPPE, sf a graver. Origin unknown. 
 
 ECHOPPE, sf a carved stall (in market); 
 formerly eschoppe, from Germ, schoppen. 
 For sc = esc = ec see Hist. Gram. p. 78. 
 
 ECHOUER, vn. to run aground, to fail, mis- 
 carry. Origin unknown. 
 
 ECLABOUSSER, va. to splash. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 ECLAIR, sm. lightning; verbal subst. of 
 eclairer. 
 
 ECLAIRCIR, va. to clear up, brighten. See 
 clair. — Der. eclaircie (partic. subst.), eclair- 
 cissement. 
 
 ECLAIRER, va. to light, illuminate ; formerly 
 esclairer, from L. exclarare. For a, = ai 
 see aigle ; for x = s see ajouter; for loss of 
 s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. eclair, 
 eclainge, eclairem. 
 
 ECLANCHE, sf. a shoulder of mutton. Origin 
 unknown. * 
 
 ECLAT, sm. a fragment, an explosion, splen- 
 dour. See eclater. 
 
 ECLATER, vn. to fly into fragments, burst, 
 shine brilliantly; of Germ, origin, O.H.G. 
 skleizan, afterwards sMeitan, whence O. Fr. 
 esclater, then eclater. — Der. eclat, eclaUnt. 
 
 ificlectique, adj. eclectic ; from Gr. €k\€k- 
 TiKos. — Der. eclectisme. 
 
 Eclipse, s/. an eclipse; from L. eclipsis. 
 — Der. eclipser. 
 
 ificliptique, sf the ecliptic ; from L. eclip- 
 ticus. 
 
 ECLISSE, sf. split wood ; compd. of clisse, 
 a piece of split wood ; of Germ, origin, 
 O. H. G. kliozan, to cleave. 
 
 ECLOPPE, adj. lame. See clopin-clopant. 
 
 ECLORE, vn. to hatch, open, dawn ; formerly 
 esclore, from L. ex-claudere *. The 
 compd. ex-claudere signified to hatch, 
 come out. Columella often uses ' ex- 
 cludere ova ' for ' to hatch eggs.' For 
 olaudere = clore see clore ; for x = s see 
 ajouter.-— Dex. eclos, ec/osion. 
 
124 
 
 SCLUSE — SCRU, 
 
 ECLUSE, §^. a mill-dam ; formerly escluse,^ Sp. 
 esclusa, from L. ezclusa. Exclusa aqua, 
 properly water dammed up, is used thus in 
 Fortunatiis and several Merov, documents. 
 Exolusa becomes sclusa in the 8th cent, 
 in the Lex Salica : * Si quis sclusam de 
 molendino alieno rumperit.' For x = s see 
 ajouter; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 8l. 
 — Der. edusier, eclusdt. 
 
 ECOLE, s/l a school; formerly escole, from 
 L. schola. For ch = c see § 135; for sc 
 = esc = cc see Hist. Gram. p. 78. — Der. 
 e'co/ier (whose doublet is scolaire). 
 
 ilSconome, smf. an economist; from L. 
 oeconomus, so used in the Theodosian 
 Code. — Der. econom\e, econotnlser, econom- 
 ists. 
 
 Ilconomique, adj. economical; from L. 
 oeconomicus, so used in Quintilian. 
 
 ECORCE, ^. bark; formerly escorce. It. 
 scorzxi, in 7th cent, scorzia, in the 
 Vocabulary of St. Gall, from L. excor- 
 ticea*, deriv. of corticem. For ex = e 
 see ecluse; for corticea = cort'cea see 
 § 51 ; for cort'cea = cortcia see agencer. 
 — Der. ecorcei. 
 
 tCORCHER, va. to flay, skin; formerly 
 escorcher, from L. excorticare, to take 
 away the bark (corticem) ; then in the 
 Salic law to flay. Excorticare is scorti- 
 care in the Capitularies of Charlemagne : 
 ' antea flagellatus et scorticatus.' 
 
 Excorticdre, contrd. regularly (see 
 §«S2) into excort'care, excor'care, be- 
 comes escorcher. For x = s see ajouter; 
 for ca, = che see §§126 and 54. Scorcher 
 is a doublet of ecorcer. — Der. e'corcAeur, 
 ecorchate. 
 
 ECORNER, va. to break the horn, curtail. 
 See corne. — Der. ecorniBer. 
 
 ECORNIFLER, va. to sponge on (any one). 
 See ecorner. — Der. ecornijleur. 
 
 ECOSSER, va. to husk, shell. See cosse. 
 
 ECOT, sm. branch of a tree. O. Fr. escot ; of 
 Germ, origin, O. Norse skot. 
 
 ECOT, sm. share, 'scot'; formerly e^cot; of 
 Germ, origin, Engl, scot, contribution. 
 
 ECOULER (S'), vpr. to run off", drain ; formerly 
 escouler, from L. excolare (occurring in 
 a Latin version of the Bible). For x = s see 
 ajouter ; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 8 1 ; 
 for o = oti see affouage. — Der. ecoulement. 
 
 ICOURTER, vn. to curtail, shorten. See court. 
 
 ECOUTE, s/. a listening-place. See ecouter. 
 
 ECOUTE, sf. sheet (of a sail); formerly escow^e, 
 of Germ, origin, Dan. skicede, Swed. skot. 
 
 JECOUTER, va. to listen to, hearken, O. Fr. 
 
 escolter, from L. auscultfire, which in lat" 
 
 Lat. is often written asoultare. For a = * 
 
 see § 54; for esc = ec see Hist. Gram. 
 
 p. 78; for ul=OM see Hist. Gram, p. 54. 
 
 Its doublet is ausculter, q. v. 
 ECOUTILLE, s/^. a hatchway. Origin unknown, 
 ECOUVETTE, sf. a broom, brush ; dim. of 
 
 4couve *, O. Fr. escouve, from L. scopa. 
 
 For sc = esc = ec see Hist Gram. p. 78 ; for 
 
 o = OM see affouage ; for p = 6 = v see § ill. 
 
 Another dim. of ecouvi is ecouvillon. 
 ECOUVILLON, sm. a gunner's sponge. See 
 
 ecouvefte. * 
 EC RAN, sm. a screen ; formerly escran. 
 
 Origin unknown. 
 ECRASER, va. to crush; formerly escraser, 
 
 compd. of a radical eraser, of Germ, origin, 
 
 Swed. krasa. — Der. ecrasement. 
 ECREVISSE, sf. a crayfish; in 13th cent. 
 
 crevice, from O. H. G. krebiz. 
 ECRIER(S'), vpr. to exclaim, cry out. Seecrier. 
 ECRIN, sm. a casket, shrine ; formerly escrin, 
 
 from L. scrinium. For 80 = esc = ec see 
 
 Hist. Gram. p. 78. 
 ECRIRE, va. to write ; formerly escrire, from 
 
 L. scribere. For regular loss of penult. 6 
 
 see § 51 ; for br = r see boire ; for sc = esc 
 
 = ec see Hist. Gram. p. 78, — Der. ecnveur, 
 
 g'cnvassier. 
 ECRIT, sm. a writing ; formerly escrit, from 
 
 L. scriptum. For sc = ec see Hist. Gram. 
 
 p. 78; for pt = / see § 168. — Der. ecnVeau. 
 ECRITOIRE, sf. an inkstand ; from L. scrip- 
 
 torixim. For script- =ecrit- see ecrit; for 
 
 O = oi, see chanoine. 
 ECRITURE, sf. writing ; from L. scriptiira. 
 
 For script- = ecrit- see ecrit. 
 ECRIVAIN, sm. a writer, author; from L. 
 
 scribanus *, deriv. of scriba. For scri- 
 = ecri- see ecrit ; for b = v see § 113; for 
 
 -anus = -am see § 192. 
 ECROU, sm. a screw-nut; formerly escrou, 
 
 from L. scrobem. For sc = esc = 6c see 
 
 Hist. Gram. p. 78 ; for o = ou see affouage ; 
 
 for loss of b see aboyer and §113. 
 ECROU, sm. a gaol register. See ecro7/er. 
 ECROUELLES, sf. pi. scrofula, the king's 
 
 evil; formerly escronelles, from L. scro- 
 
 fella*, a secondary form of scrofula. For 
 
 loss of f see antienne ; for o = ou see affou- 
 age ', for sc = esc = ec see Hist. Gram. p. 78. 
 ECROUER, va. to enter in the gaol register. 
 
 Origin unknown. — Der. eVrow (verbal subst.). 
 ECROUIR, va. to harden. Origin unknown. 
 ECROULER, vn. to fall to pieces. See 
 
 crouler. — Der. ecroulemexit. 
 ECRU, adj. unbleached; compd. of cru, q. v. 
 
^C U — EFFRA C TION. 
 
 125 
 
 Cuir ecru is what the Romans called cru- 
 diim scorium, untanned leather. 
 
 ECU, sm. a shield, a crowu-piece, money ; for- 
 merly escw, originally escw/, from L. scutum. 
 For so = esc = ec see Hist. Gram. p. 78 ; for 
 loss of t see aigu. The sense of crown 
 piece comes from the three fleur-de-lys 
 stamped on the coin as on a shield. — Der. 
 e'cwsson (properly a little ecu, from L. 
 seutionem ; for ti = ss see agencer). 
 
 ECUEIL, sm. a rock ; formerly escueil, from 
 L. scopulus. For regular contr. into 
 scop'lus see § 51; for pi = il see Hist. 
 Gram. p. 8i ; for o — ue see accueillir ; for 
 sc = ec see Hist. Gram. p. 78,' 
 
 ECUELLE, sf. a porringer, O. Fr. escuelle, 
 Prov. escudela, from L. scutella. For loss 
 of t see abbaye ; for sc = esc = ec see Hist. 
 Gram. p. 78. 
 
 ECULER, va. to tread down the heels (of 
 boots). See cul. 
 
 Legume, sm. foam; ioxxnexly escume ; of Germ, 
 origin, Q, H. G. scum. — Der. ecumtr, ecum- 
 eux, ecjwtGUT, ecumoixe. 
 
 ECURER, va. to scour (pots and pans). See 
 curer. — Der, recurer. 
 
 ECUREUIL, sm. a squirrel ; formerly escu- 
 reuil, from L. sciuriolus, dim. of sciurus. 
 For -iolus = -ewz7 see § 253; forsc = esc = 
 ec see Hist. Gram. p. 78. 
 
 ECURIE, sf. a stable ; formerly escurie, from 
 Merov. L. scTiria (' Si quis scuriam cum 
 animalibus incenderit,' Sahc Law). For sc 
 ~esc=^ec see Hist. Gram. p. 78. Scuria is 
 of Germ, origin, O. H. G. skura. 
 
 ECUSSON, sm. a knob, shield, escutcheon. 
 See ecu. — Der. ecusso?ier (to bud). 
 
 ECUYER, sm. a squire; formerly escuyer, 
 Prov. escudier. It. scudiere, from L. scuta- 
 rius * (who carries the scutum of a 
 knight). For loss of medial t see abbaye ; 
 for -arius = -ier see §198; for sc = esc = ec 
 see Hist. Gram. p. 178. — Der. ecuyhie. 
 
 !!fiden, sm. Eden (in St. Jerome). 
 
 EDENTER, va. to break the teeth of. See 
 dent. 
 
 ^dificateur, sm. a builder; from L. aedi- 
 ficatorem. 
 
 Edification, sf. building, edification ; from 
 ^ L. aedificationem. 
 
 Edifice, sm. an edifice; from L. aedificium. 
 
 :fidifier, va. to build, edify; from L. aedi- 
 ficare. 
 
 ifidile, sm. an aedile ; from L. aedilis. 
 
 Edilit6, sf. aedileship ; from L. aedilitatem. 
 
 Edit, sm. an edict; from L. edictum. For 
 Ct = ^ see § 168. 
 
 Editer, va. to edit; from L. edit are, fre- 
 quent, of edere, to publish. 
 Editeur, sm. an editor; from L. editor em, 
 
 deriv. of edere, to publish. 
 Edition, sf. an edition; from L. editio- 
 
 nem. 
 fEdredon, sm. eider-down; formerly 
 
 ederdon, from Germ, eiderdune. 
 jfiducation, sf. education; from L. educa- 
 
 tionem, 
 Edulcorer, va. (Chem.), to sweeten ; from 
 
 L. e and dulcorem. 
 EFFACER, va. to efface ; meaning originally 
 
 to erase, wipe out, a face. See face. — Der, 
 
 Capable, in^a^able, effacexntnt. 
 EFFARER, va. to scare, make to look wild ; 
 
 from L. eflPerare. For e = a see amender. 
 EFFAROUCHER, va. to scare away. See 
 
 farouche. 
 EflPectif, adj. effective; from L. effec- 
 
 tivus. 
 EfFectuer, va. to effect, execute ; from L. 
 
 effectuare*, dim. verb from effectus. 
 Effeminer, va. to effeminate; from L, 
 
 effeminare. 
 E£Eervescent, adj. effervescent; from L. 
 
 effervescentem. 
 EFFET, sm. effect ; from L. efifectum. For 
 
 ct = / see § 168. 
 Efficace, adj. efficient; from L, effica- 
 
 cem. 
 Efficacit^, sf. efficacy; from L, efficaci- 
 
 tatem. 
 Efi&cient, adj. efficient; from L. effici- 
 
 entem. 
 Effigie, sf. an effigy; from L. effigiem. 
 EFFILE, sm. a fringe. EFFILER, va. to 
 
 ravel out, Seefil. 
 EFFILOCHER, va. to unravel. Seefiloche. 
 EFFLANQUER, va. to render lean. See 
 
 flanc. 
 EFFLEURER, va. to graze, rub a surface. 
 
 See fleur. 
 Ef9.orescent, adj. efflorescent; from L. 
 
 efflorescentem. 
 Eflorescence, sf. efflorescence; from L. 
 
 efflorescentia,deriv.of efflorescentem. 
 Effluve, sm. effluvium; from L. efflu- 
 vium. 
 EFFONDRER, vn. to fall in. ?>&e fond 
 
 Der. effondrement. 
 EFFORCER (S'), vpr. to make an effort. See 
 
 forcer. — Der. effort (verbal subst,). 
 Effracteur, va. a breaker open; from L, 
 
 effractor em. 
 Effraction, sf. a breaking open ; from L. 
 
 effractionem*. 
 
126 
 
 EFFRA YER — SLIMER. 
 
 EFFRAYER, va. to frighten, affray; for- 
 merly eff'royer,es/royer,'Prov. esfreidar; from 
 L. exfrigidare*, compd. of frigidus, so 
 properly to freeze with fright. Exfrigi 
 ddre, contrd. regularly (see § 52) into 
 exfrig'dare, reduces gd to d (see amande), 
 whence exfridare, whence es/royer. For 
 X = s see ajouter ; for i = oi see boire ; for 
 loss of d see accabler. Next it loses s and 
 X = s becomes effroyer, see Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; 
 then effrayer by changing oi into ai, see 
 
 § 61 Der. (from O. Fr. effroyer) effroi 
 
 (verbal subst.), ^^royable. 
 
 EFFRENE, adj. unbridled; from L. efifre- 
 natus. For -atus = -e see § 201. 
 
 EFFROI, va. fright. See effrayer. 
 
 EFFRONTE, adj. bold-faced. See front.— 
 Der. effronttnt. 
 
 EFFROYABLE, adj. frightful. See effrayer. 
 
 Effusion, sf. effusion; from L. effu- 
 sionem. 
 
 EGAL, adj. equal ; from L. aequalis. For 
 ae = « see § 104; for qu=^ see aigle. — 
 Der. egaler, egalistr, egalit^. 
 
 EGARD, sm. regard. See garder. 
 
 EGARER, va. to mislead. See garer. — 
 Der. egarement, egare. 
 
 EGAYER, va. to enliven. See gai. 
 
 !]£gide, sf. an aegis, protection; from L, aegi- 
 dem. 
 
 6GLANTIER, sm. eglantine, dog-rose ; for- 
 merly aiglentier, properly a plant covered 
 with aiglents, thorns. Aiglent is from L. 
 aculentus*, deriv. of actQeus*. Acu- 
 lentus, contrd. regularly (see § 52) 
 into aclentus, becomes aiglent. For cl 
 =ge, and for & = ai, see aigle. — Aiglant 
 has produced two Fr. derivations : aiglaniiei 
 (now eglantier), aiglantine (now eglan- 
 
 ^ tine). 
 
 EGLANTINE sf. eglantine, columbine. See 
 eglantier. 
 
 EGLISE, sf. a church; from L. ecclesia. 
 For e = 2 see § 59 ; for cl =gl see aigle. 
 
 Eglogue, sf. an eclogue; from L. ecloga. 
 
 ifigoisme, sm. egotism, selfishness ; der. 
 from L. ego. — Der. egdiitt. 
 
 EGORGER, va. to cut the throat, slay. See 
 gorge. — Der. egorgemctvt, egorgeur. 
 
 EGOSILLER, va. to make the throat sore, 
 make hoarse. See gosier. 
 
 EGOUT, sm. a fall (of water), sewer. See 
 Sgoutter. — Der. egoutier. 
 
 EGOUTTER, va. to drain. See goutte.— 
 Der. egout (verbal subst.). 
 
 EGRATIGNER, va. to scratch (the skin). 
 See gratter. — Der. egratignutc. 
 
 EGRENER, va. to shell (seeds), pick grapes 
 
 (from the bunch) ; formerly egrainer. See 
 
 grain. 
 EGRILLARD, adj. brisk. Origin unknowo. 
 t Ifigriser, va. to clean (diamonds); 
 
 compd. of a radical grise*, which is Germ. 
 
 gries. Egrisee is diamond-powder, used to 
 
 polish diamonds. 
 EHONTE, adj. shameless. See honte. 
 !£|jacillation, sf. ejaculation ; from L. 
 
 ejaculationem*. 
 ifilaboration, sf. elaboration ; from L. 
 
 elaborationem. 
 Ifilaborer, va. to elaborate; from L. ela- 
 
 borare. 
 ELAGUER, va. to prune, curtail ; of Germ. 
 
 origin, Dutch lalten. — Der. elagngt. 
 ELAN, sm. a burst, spring. See 6lancer. 
 t !filan, sm. an elan (a kind of elk) ; from 
 
 Germ, elenn. 
 ELANCER. va to dart, shoot, push on. See 
 
 lancer. — Der. elan (verbal subst), elance, 
 
 elancement. 
 ELARGIR, va. to widen. See Ibrge. — Der. 
 
 e'/ar^-issement. 
 ifilastique, arf/. elastic; from Gr.kKaaTiKos. 
 
 — Der. elasticite. 
 t Eldorado, sm. Eldorado; from Sp. 
 
 eldorado. 
 ^lecteur, sm. an elector; from L. elec- 
 tor em. — Der. e/ec/oral, electorzX. 
 ifilectif, adj. elective; from L. electivus*, 
 
 der. from electus. See elire. 
 ifilection, sf an election; from L. elec- 
 
 tionem. 
 ifilectrique, adj. electrical; from L. elec- 
 
 trum. — Der. electricite. electriser. 
 Ifilectuaire, sm. an electuary; from L. 
 
 electuarium. 
 !fil6gance, s/. elegance; fromL. elegantia. 
 !fil6gant, ac?/. elegant ; from L. elegantem. 
 ]Sl6giaque, adj. elegiac; from L. eligi- 
 
 acus. 
 I6l6gie, sf. an elegy ; from L. elegia. 
 l6l6nient, sm. an element; from L. ele- 
 
 mentum. — Der. eUmenta'ne. 
 I6l6phant, sm. an elephant; fromL. ele- 
 
 phantem. Its doublet is O. Fr. olifant. 
 ELfeVE, sm. a pupil. See lever. 
 ELEVER, va. to raise, bring up, educate. See 
 
 lever. — Der. eleve (verbal subst.), elevQ, 
 
 eUvztion, elevtnx. 
 ifilider, va. to elide, cut off; from L. eli- 
 
 dere. 
 ifiligible, adj. eligible; from L. eligibilis. 
 
 Der. eligibility. 
 ELIMER, va. to file out. See limer. 
 
^LI MINER — EMDRA SER . 
 
 127 
 
 ifiliminer, va. to eliminate; from L, elim- 
 inate. — Der. e'/fm/wation. 
 
 ELIRE, va. to elect, choose ; from L. elig- 
 
 . ere. The e disappears (§ 51) whence 
 eli'gre ; then gr becomes r (see § i68\ 
 whence elire. Eligere, signifying to choose, 
 try, the O. Fr. elire, meant the same ; whence 
 the O. Fr. p.p. elite, now used as a subst., 
 signifying that which has been chosen, 
 choice. Slite represents L. electa. For e 
 = i see § 59; for ct = t see § 168. 
 
 ]Slision, */■. elision; from L. elisionem, 
 
 ELITE, sf. the elite, chosen ones. See elire. 
 
 fifilixir, sm. an elixir; of Eastern origin, 
 together with many other chemical terms. 
 It represents Ar. al-ahsir, quintessence, 
 
 ELLE, pers. pr. she ; from L. ilia. For i = e 
 see mettre. 
 
 E116bore, sm. hellebore; from L. elle- 
 borum. 
 
 Ellipse, sf. an ellipsis, ellipse; from L. ellip- 
 sis (found in Priscian). — Der. ellipt'ique. 
 
 !filocution, sf. elocution ; from L. elocu- 
 tionem. 
 
 ^filoge, sm. an eulogium, eulogy; from L. 
 elogium. — Der. elogieux. 
 
 ELOIGNER, va. to remove afar. See loin. 
 — Der. eloignement. 
 
 Eloquence, sf. eloquence; from L. elo- 
 quentia, 
 
 Eloquent, ac?/, eloquent; from L. eloquen- 
 tem. 
 
 iSlucider, va. to elucidate; from L, eluci- 
 dare. 
 
 Ifilucubration, sf. a lucubration ; from L, 
 elucubrationem. 
 
 ifiluder, va. to elude ; from L. eludere. 
 
 ^Iys6e, sm. elysium; from L, elysium. 
 
 EMAIL, sm. enamel ; formerly esmail. It, 
 smalto; of Germ, origin, O, H.G. smalti, 
 that which has been fused, melted. For 
 sm = esm = em see Hist. Gram, p. 78, — 
 Der. emailler, emailleur. 
 
 Emancipation, sf. emancipation ; from L. 
 emancipationem. 
 
 iSmanciper, va. to emancipate ; from L, 
 emancipare. 
 
 Emaner, vn. to emanate; from L. ema- 
 nate. — Der, emamtion. 
 
 fiMARGER, va. to wtite in the margin. See 
 marge. — Der. emargement. 
 
 EMBALLER, va. to pack up. See balle.— 
 Der. embalhge, emballeuv. 
 
 fEmbarcaddre, sm. a wharf, place 
 of embarkation ; from Sp. emharcadero. 
 
 t Embarcation, sf. embarkation ; from 
 Sp. embarcacion. 
 
 t Embargo, sm. an embargo; from Sp. 
 embargo. 
 
 EMBARQUER, va. to embark, ship. See 
 barque, — Der. embarquement. 
 
 EMBARRASSER, va. to obstruct, embarrass; 
 DEBARRASSER, va. to disembarrass; 
 compds, of radical barras*, which in Sp. is 
 also barras, whence verb active barrasser* 
 (cp, barrer from harre). Barras* is from Fr. 
 barre, q.v. — Der, embarras (verbal subst,). 
 
 EMBAUCHER, va. to hite, seduce. See de- 
 baucher. — Der. embauch^ge, efnbaucheur. 
 
 EMBAUMER, va. to embalm. See baume. 
 — Der, embaumeur, embanmement. 
 
 EMBELLIR, va. to embellish. See beau.— 
 Der. emfc^Z/issement. 
 
 EMBLAVER, va. to sow with corn ; from L. 
 imbladare*, from bladum, q. v. Imbla- 
 dare is a common word in medieval docu- 
 ments, and has also given birth to It. imbia- 
 dare, which answers exactly to emblaver. 
 Imbladare drops its medial d, see 
 accabler ; it intercalates an euphonic v, see 
 corvee. For i = e see mettre. — Der. em- 
 blavme. 
 
 EMBLEE, adv. at the first onset ; an adverbial 
 phrase, compd. of de and emblee, partic. 
 subst. of embler, O. Fr. verb meaning to 
 steal. It comes from L. involare, written 
 irabolare in the Germanic Laws. For v = 6 
 see bachelier ; for contr. of imboldre into 
 imbl'lare see § 52, whence embler; for 
 i = e see mettre. 
 
 Embl6matique, adj. emblematic See 
 embleme. 
 
 Embldme, sm. an emblem ; from L, em- 
 blem a. — Der. emWe'matique. 
 
 EMBOIRE, va. to cover (with wax or oil). 
 See boire, 
 
 EMBOtTER, va. to fit in, joint. See boite. 
 
 EMBONPOINT, sm. stoutness, plumpness, 
 O. Fr, en bon point. See point. 
 
 EMBOSSER, va,(Naut,) to bring the broadside 
 to bear (on) ; compd, of en and bosse (the 
 name of certain parts of a ship's rigging). 
 — Der, embossage. 
 
 EMBOUCHER, va. to put to the mouth. See 
 bouche. — Der. embouchure, embouchoir. 
 
 EMBOURBER, va. to thtust into mite. See 
 bourbe. 
 
 EMBRANCHEMENT, sm. branching off; 
 deriv. of embrancher, compd. of en and 
 branche, q. v. 
 
 EMBRASER, va. to set on fire. — Der. em- 
 brasement, embrasure ; originally a term of 
 fortification, a narrow window in a parapet, 
 through which to lay a cannon, or fire a 
 
138 
 
 EMBRA SSER — EMPiCHER . 
 
 gun : properly a window whence one sets 
 fire to (embraser) a gun. 
 
 EMBRASSER, va. to embrace. O. Fr. evi- 
 bracer, properly to take in one's arms 
 (brace). For explanation and etymology of 
 O. Fr. brace see bras. — Der. embrassement, 
 embrasszde, embrasse (verbal subst.). 
 
 EMBRASURE, sm. an embrasure. See em- 
 braser. 
 
 EMBROCHER, va. to spit (a fowl). See 
 broche. 
 
 EMBROUILLER, va. to embroil, confuse. 
 See brouiller. 
 
 Embryon, sm. an embryo; from Gr. 
 • efi,0pvov. 
 
 EMBUCHE, sf. an ambush, snare ; verbal sf. 
 of O. Fr. embucher, originally embuscher. 
 It. imboscare, Low L. imboscare, pro- 
 perly to allure into the boscum, or bush. 
 For origin of boscus, see bois. Imbos- 
 care becomes embiicher. For i = e see 
 mettre ; for o = w see curee ; for ca = ch 
 see § 126 and § 52; for loss of s see Hist. 
 Gram. p. 81. 
 
 fEmbuscade, sf. an ambuscade; in- 
 trod. in i6th cent, from It. imboscata. It 
 is a doublet of embusquee. 
 
 fEmbusquer, va. to place in ambush; 
 introd, in i6th cent, from It. imboscare. 
 
 ifimender, va. to amend; from L. emen- 
 dare. 
 
 tMERAUDE, sf. an emerald. O. Fr. esme- 
 ralde. It. smeraldo, from L. smaragdus. 
 For ara. = esm = em see Hist. Gram. p. 78; 
 for a = e see § 52; for ed = ld^ud see 
 amande and agneau. 
 
 ^merger, vn. to emerge; from L. emer- 
 ge re. — Der. emergent, emergence. 
 
 •)■ iSmeri, sm. emery ; formerly esmeril, in- 
 trod. in 1 6th cent, from It. smeriglio. 
 
 EMERILLON, sm. a merlin ; formerly es- 
 merillon, dim. of a form esmerle*, compd. 
 of the prefix es and merle, q. v. 
 
 £in6rite, adj. superannuated, who has served 
 his time ; from L. emeritus. 
 
 EMERVEILLER, va. to amaze. See merveille. 
 
 ^in6tique, sm. an emetic; from Gr. c/xe- 
 TiKus. — Der. emelisei. 
 
 EMETTRE, va. to emit ; from L. emittere. 
 See mettre. 
 
 EMEUTE, sf. a riot, disturbance; from L. 
 exiuota (that which is disturbed, troubled). 
 For x = s see ajouter; for loss of s see Hist. 
 G am. p. 81 ; iox o = eu see accueillir. — 
 Der. emsutlex, 
 
 •ifimigrer, va. to emigrate; from L. emi- 
 grate — Der. e'TMi^ration, 4migr2int, €migr6. 
 
 Eminence, sf. eminence; from L. emi- 
 nentia. 
 
 Eminent, adj. eminent; from L. eminen- 
 tem. 
 
 £missaire, sm. an emissary ; from L. emis- 
 sarius. 
 
 Amission, sf. emission; from L, emis- 
 sionem. 
 
 EMMANCHER, va. to haft, put handle to. 
 See manche. 
 
 EMMENER, va. to lead away. See mener. 
 
 EMOI, sm. anxiety, emotion ; fromerly esmoi, 
 originally csma/. Prov. esmag, It. smago; 
 verbal subst. of esmaier (to be anxious). 
 This O. Fr. verb, answering to It. smagare, 
 is of Germ, origin, being compd. of prefix 
 es (Lat. ex) and O. H. G. magan, and 
 means properly to lose all one's ' main,* 
 strength. 
 
 ifimollient, adj. emollient ; from L. emol- 
 lientem. 
 
 Emolument, sm. emolument ; from L. 
 emolumentum. 
 
 ifimonctoire, sm. (Med.) an emunctory ; 
 from L. emunctorius. 
 
 ifimonder, va. to prune, trim ; from L. 
 emundare. — Der. emondaige. 
 
 Emotion, sf. an emotion; from L. emo- 
 tionem. — Der. emotionnex. 
 
 EMOUDRE, va. to grind ; formerly emoldre, 
 from L. emolere. For regular contr. of 
 emolere into emorre, see § 52 ; for lr = 
 Idr see Hist. Gram. p. 73 ; for o = ou see af- 
 fouage. — Der. emouleux, xemouleux. 
 
 EMOUSSER, va. to blunt, dull the edge of. 
 See mousse. 
 
 EMOUSTILLER, va. to exhilarate, rouse. 
 Origin unknown. 
 
 EMOUVOIR, va. to move; from L. emS- 
 vere. Fox o = ou see affouage; for ere = 
 oir see Hist. Gram. p. 132. 
 
 EMPALER, va. to empale. See pal. 
 
 EMPAN, sm. a span ; formerly espan. It. 
 spanna, a word of Germ, origin. Germ. 
 spanne. 
 
 EMPARER, va. to fortify, in O. Fr. ; compd. 
 of en and parer, to prepare. S'emparer in 
 15th cent, meant to fortify oneself, hence to 
 grow strong, acquire, seize. — Der. xemparer 
 (compd. of re and emparer, whence verbal 
 subst. rempar, now remparl). 
 
 EMPATER, va. to cover with paste. See 
 pate. — Der. empdtement. 
 
 EMPfeCHER, va. to hinder; formerly em- 
 pacher, from L. impactare *, deriv. of 
 impactus, partic. of impingere. Im- 
 pactare becomes first empacher, then 
 
EMPEIGNE — EN. 
 
 139 
 
 empecher. For ct = ch see allecher ; for 
 a = c see § 54 ; for i = e see mettre. 
 — Der, empbchement, depecher (answering 
 to a type dis-pactare * ; see de- and em- 
 pecher for changes. Depecher signifies pro- 
 perly to free oneself from hindrances, 
 opposed to empecher, to embarrass oneself). 
 
 EMPEIGNE, sf. the upper leather, vamp (of 
 a shoe). Origin unknown. 
 
 EMPEREUR, sm. an emperor ; formerly em- 
 pereiir, originally empereor, emperedor, 
 from L. imperatorem. For i = e see 
 mettre; for a = e see § 54; for loss of t 
 see abbaye; for eo~eu see aieul and § 79. 
 
 EMPESER, va. to starch. It rnay be seen 
 in §§ 102, 103 why the deriv. of empois is 
 empeser, and not empoiser. 
 
 EMPESTER, va. to taint. See pesle. 
 
 EMPETRER, va. to entangle, embarrass. 
 See depitrer. 
 
 Emphase, sm. emphasis ; from L. empha- 
 sis. — Der. emphai\<\\xe. 
 
 Emphyt^ose, sf. emphyteusis (legal) ; for- 
 merly emphyteuse, from L. emphyteusis. 
 
 EMPIETER, va. to encroach. See pied. — 
 Der. empieiement. 
 
 EMPIRE, sm. empire ; from L. imperixun. 
 For i =» e see mettre ; for e = i see 
 
 § 59- 
 
 EMPIRER, va. to make worse, aggravate. 
 See pire. 
 
 Empirique, adj. empiric; from L. empi- 
 ricus. — Der. empirhme. 
 
 Empirisme, sm. empiricism. See empir^ 
 ique. 
 
 EMPLACER, va. to place, establish. See 
 place. — Der. emplacement, xemplacer. 
 
 Empl^tre, sm. plaster ; formerly emplastre, 
 from L. emplastrum. 
 
 EMPLETTE, sf. a purchase ; from L. impli- 
 cita *. This word means ' expenditure ' in 
 several medieval texts : thus a 1 2th-cent. 
 regulation says, ' implicitam vero decla- 
 ramus emptionem mercium per commit- 
 tentes ordinatam.' Implicita, regularly 
 contrd. (§ 51) into implic'ta, becomes 
 emplette. For i = e see mettre ; for 
 ct = tt see § 168. Emplette is a doublet 
 of implicite, q. v. 
 
 EMPLIR, va. to fill ; from L. implere. For 
 i = e see mettre ; for e = i see § 59. — 
 Der. xemplir. 
 
 EMPLOYER, va. to employ ; from L. impli- 
 care, which in medieval documents means 
 to employ for some one's profit. We read 
 in a I3th-cent. document, ' Dedit 40 
 libras implicandas in augmentum com- 
 
 munitatis.* For loss of c, impli(cUre, see 
 affouage ; for i = e see mettre ; for i = oi 
 see boire. Employer is a doublet of impli- 
 quer, q. v. — Der. emploi (verbal subst.), em- 
 ploye. 
 
 EMPOIS, sm. starch. See poix. 
 
 EMPOISONNER, va. to poison. See poison. 
 — Der. e?npoisonnement, empoisonnenr. 
 
 EMPORTER, va. to carry oflf; formerly en- 
 porter, for entporter, from L. indd portare. 
 For inde = ent see souvent ; for ent = en see 
 en. — Der. emportement, emporte, lemporter. 
 
 EMPOTER, va. to pot (flowers, etc.). See 
 pot. 
 
 EMPREINDRE, va. to imprint ; from L. 
 imprimere. For imere = eindre see 
 geindre. Empreindre is a doublet of im- 
 primer, q. v. — Der. empreinte (strong partic. 
 subst., see absoiite). 
 
 EMPRESSER (S'), vpr. to be eager, ardent. 
 See presse. — Der. empresse, empressement. 
 
 EMPRUNTER, va. to borrow : from L. im- 
 promutuare *, compd. of promutuari, 
 which is from promutuum, a loan. 
 Inipromutud,re, contrd. into improm'- 
 tuare (see § 52), changes ua into a, see 
 § 52 ; whence impromtare, whence em- 
 prunter. For i = e see mettre; for m = « 
 see change ; for o = « see ctiree. — Der. em- 
 primt (verbal subst.), emprnnttnt. 
 
 Empyree, sm. the empyrean ; from Gr. 
 'ifxiTvpos. 
 
 Empyreume, sm. the empyreum ; from L. 
 empyreuma. — Der. empyreumntique. 
 
 ifimulation, sf. emulation ; from L. aemu- 
 lationem. — Der. emulateur. 
 
 ifimule, sm. a rival ; from L. aemulus. 
 
 ifimulgent, adj. emulgent ; from L. emul- 
 gentem. 
 
 ifimulsion, sf. an emulsion ; from L. emul- 
 sion em *, deriv. of emulsus. — Der. emul- 
 sionner, emulsif. 
 
 EN, prep, in ; in 9th-cent. Fr. tn, from L, in, 
 by change of i into e, see mettre. 
 
 EN, rel. pron. of him, her, etc. ; formerly ent^ 
 originally int, from L. inde. For i = e see 
 mettre ; for nd = nt = n see § 121. 
 
 Indd had, in popular Lat., the sense of 
 ex illo, ab illo : ' Cadus erat vini ; indS 
 implevi Cirneam ' (Plautus, Aniphyt. i. l). 
 This use of ind§ was very common in 
 Low Lat., and Merovingian documents 
 have many examples of it : thus in a For- 
 mula of the 7th cent., • Si potes inde man- 
 ducare ' = si tu peux e n manger ; in a Di- 
 ploma of 543, ' Ut mater nostra ecclesia 
 Viennensis indd nostra haeres fiat,' etc. 
 K 
 
130 
 
 ENCA DRER — ENDIVE. 
 
 Indd becomes in O. Fr. inl, a word extant 
 in the Oaths of 842 ; in the loth cent, it is 
 ent, a form still surviving in souvent, from 
 subinde ; in the 12th cent. en. 
 
 ENCM)RER, va. to frame. See cadre. 
 
 ENCAISSER, va. to pack in a case. See 
 caisse. — Der. encaisse (verbal subst.), en- 
 caissemeni. 
 
 ENCAN, stn. an auction. O. Fr. encant, 
 en quant, originally inquant, from L. in- 
 quantum. For qu = c see car; for i = e 
 see meltre. 
 
 ENCAQUER, va. to pack in barrels. See 
 caque. 
 
 Encastrer, va. to fit in, set in ; from L. 
 incastrare (in Isidore of Seville). 
 
 Eucaustique, sf. encaustic; from L. en- 
 causticus. 
 
 ENCEINDRE, va. to encircle, surround ; from 
 L. incingere. For changes see ceindre. — 
 Der. enceinte (a circuit of walls, which sur- 
 rounds a city). 
 
 ENCEINTE, s/. circuit (of walls), enclosure; 
 from L. incincta (used of a pregnant 
 woman in Isidore of Seville). For i = esee 
 met(re; for ct = t see § 168. 
 
 ENCENS, sm. incense ; from L. incensum 
 (in Isidore of Seville). For i = e see mettre. 
 — Der. encensei, encefisoir, 
 
 Enc6phale, sm. the brain ; from Gr. kyai- 
 (paXov. — Der. encephalic, encephalite. 
 
 ENCHANTER, va. to enchant, bewitch; 
 from L. incantare. For changes see 
 chanter. — Der. enchantemtnl, enchanteuT, 
 desenchanter. 
 
 ENCHERIR, va. to bid for, outbid. See 
 chere. — Der. enchere (verbal subst.), en- 
 cAerissement, encherisseur, xencherir, sxxren- 
 cherir, surenchere. 
 
 ENCHEVfiTRER, va. to halter, entangle in a 
 noose; from L. incapistrare, used by 
 Apuleius. For i = e see mettre; for ca = 
 che see § § 126 and 54 ; for p = v see ar river ; 
 for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. Si. — Der. 
 enchevetremtnt. 
 
 ENCHIFRENER, va. to stop up the nose- 
 passages. Origin unknown. 
 
 Enchymose, sf. enchymosis; from Gr. 
 
 Enclaver, va. to enclose; from L. incla- 
 vare*, a medieval word, meaning to shut 
 in. Its doublet is ejiclouer, q. v. — Der. 
 enclave (verbal subst.). 
 
 ENCLIN, adj. inclined, prone ; from L. in- 
 clinis. For i=e see mettre. 
 
 ENCLORE, va. to enclose ; from L. inclau- 
 dere* (forincludere). Forolaudere = 
 
 clore see clore. Enclore is a doublet of in- 
 clure. — Der. enclos (partic. subst.). 
 
 ENCLOS, sm. a close, enclosure. See enclore. 
 
 ENCLOUER, va. to prick (a horse's foot), to 
 spike (a gun). See clouer. — Der. enclouzge. 
 
 ENCLUME, sf. an anvil; from L. incu- 
 dinem. For in = en see mettre ; for -udi- 
 nem = -vme see amertume : the intercala- 
 tion of / is remarkable. 
 
 ENCOGNER, va. to wedge in, to strike in. 
 See cogne and coin. — Der. encognxat. 
 
 ENCOGNURE, sf. a corner. See encogner. 
 
 ENCOLURE, sf. neck and shoulders (of a 
 horse), appearance, mien (of man). See 
 col. 
 
 ENCOMBRE, sm. an impediment. See de- 
 combres, compd, of the prefixes de and en 
 and a radical combre*, signifying a heap. 
 The Lat.CTimiiluslost its u regularly(§ 51), 
 so becoming cum'lus ; m'l intercalating a 
 regular b (see absoudre), it became ctim- 
 blus ; the 1 became r (see apotre), and 
 thus we have cumbrus, a heap, found in 
 several Merovingian documents, e. g. in the 
 Gesta Regum_^Francorum, chap. 25. 
 
 ENCONTRE (A L'), against, counter; pro- 
 perly a verbal subst. of O. Fr. encontrer, 
 compd. of contre. — Der. rencontrer. 
 
 ENCORBELLEMENT, sm. (Archit.) a corbel- 
 table. See corbeau. 
 
 ENCORE, adv. again ; formerly ancore, from 
 L. banc boram, by loss of initial b ; see 
 atelier. 
 
 ENCOURAGER, va. to encourage. See 
 courage. — Der. encouragement. 
 
 ENCOURIR, va. to incur ; from L. incur- 
 rere. For changes see coiirir and en. 
 
 ENCRASSER, va. to dirty, soil. See crasse. 
 Its doublet is engraisser, q. v. 
 
 ENCRE, sf. ink; formerly enque, originally 
 enca ; from L. encaustum, by intercalating 
 r (see chanvre). This word preserves the 
 Gr. accentuation (eyKavarov), not the Lat. 
 (encailstum). — Der. encrier. 
 
 Encyclique, adj. encyclical ; from Gr. 
 
 €yKVK\l0S. 
 
 Encyclop6d.ie, sf. an encyclopaedia ; from 
 
 Gr. kyKv/cXonaiSda. — Der. encyclopediqxic, 
 
 encyclopediste. 
 End6mique, adj. endemic; from Gr. 
 
 hdrjpuKos. 
 ENDfiVER, vn. to be vexed, wild, mad. 
 
 Origin unknown. 
 ENDIVE, sf. endive ; from L. intyba *, fern. 
 
 of intybus (chicory). For i = « see mettre; 
 
 for b = z; see avant and § 1 13 ; for t = c? see 
 
 aider and §117. 
 
ENDOLORIR — ENGRENER. 
 
 13 
 
 ENDOLORIR, vn. to be in pain. See dou- 
 
 leur. 
 ENDORMIR, va. to lull to sleep. See dor- 
 
 mir. 
 ENDOSSER, va. to don, put on one's back. 
 
 See dos. — Der. endos (verbal subst.), en- 
 
 dossement, endosseur. 
 ENDROIT, sm. a place ; compd. of en and 
 
 droit, q. v. Endroit, an adv. in O. Fr., 
 
 meaning ' right before one,' became later a 
 
 subst,, meaning ' a place right before one.' 
 
 Endroit is a doublet of indirect, q. v. 
 ENDUIRE, va. to coat, cover ; from L. in- 
 
 dueere. For regular contr, of inducere 
 
 into induc're see § 51; for cr = ir see 
 
 benir ; for in = en see mettre. Enduire 
 
 is a doublet of induire. — Der. enduit (partic. 
 
 subst.). 
 ENDURCIR, va. to harden. See dur. — 
 
 Der. ewrfwrcissement, 
 ENDURER, va. to endure ; from L, indu- 
 
 rare. For i = e see mettre. — Der. endur- 
 
 ant, 
 ifinergie, sf. energy; from L, energia*. 
 
 — Der. energ'xqat. 
 !finerguin%ne, smf. a demoniac, fanatic; 
 
 from Gr. kvepyovfievos. 
 jfinerver, va. to enervate ; from L, ener- 
 
 vare, 
 ENFANCE, sf. infancy; from L. infantia. 
 
 For tia, = ce see agencer. 
 ENFANT, sm. a child, infant ; from L. in- 
 
 fantem. For m=e« see mettre. Its 
 
 doublet is infant, q. v. — Der. enfanttx, en- 
 
 fant'm, fw/h«rillage, enfanttmtnt. 
 ENFARINER, va. to flour, Seefarine. 
 ENFER, sm. hell. Prov. enfern, It. inferno, 
 
 from L. infer mim. For i = e see mettre; 
 
 for rn = r see aubour. 
 ENFERMER, va. to shut in. See fermer.— 
 
 Der. renfermer. 
 ENFILER, va. to thread. See;?/,— Der. enjil- 
 
 ade. 
 ENFIN, adv. at last. See en znd Jin. 
 ENFLAMMER, va. to inflame ; from L. in- 
 
 flammare. For i = e see mettre. 
 ENFLER, va. to inflate ; from L. inflare. 
 
 For i = e see mettre. — Der. desenfler, xen- 
 
 fler, enflnre. 
 ENFONCER, va. to sink, plunge, bury. See 
 
 fond. — Der. enfoncement, lenfoncer. 
 ENFORCIR, va. to strengthen. See force. 
 ENFOUIR, va. to bury, dig in ; from L. in- 
 
 fodere. For loss of medial d see accabler ; 
 
 for i = e see mettre; for e = z see § 59; for 
 
 o = ou see affouage. — Der. enfouKse- 
 
 ment. 
 
 ENFOURCHER, va. to stride, bestride. See 
 fourcJie. 
 
 ENFOURNER, va. to put in the oven. Sec 
 four. 
 
 ENFREINDRE, va. to infringe. Seefreindre. 
 
 ENFUIR (S'), vpr. to run away. See en and ' 
 fuir. 
 
 ENGAGE ANT, adj. engaging. See engager. 
 
 ENGAGEMENT, sm. an engagement. See 
 engager. 
 
 ENGAGER, va. to engage. See gage. — Der. 
 engagea.nt, engagement. 
 
 ENGAINER, va. to sheath. See gatne.— 
 Der. rengainer. 
 
 ENGEANCE.s/. breed (of animals). See enger. 
 
 ENGELURE, sf. a chilblain; from O. Fr. 
 verb engeler. See geler. 
 
 ENGENDRER, va. to engender; from L. 
 ingenerare. For regular contr. of in- 
 generare to ingen'rare see § 52; for 
 i = e see mettre; for n'r = ndr see ab- 
 soudre. 
 
 ENGER, va. to burden, multiply. Origin 
 unknown. — Der. engennce. 
 
 ENGIN, sm. skill, engine. It. ingegno, from 
 L. ingenium, used for a war-engine by 
 Tertullian, de Pallio : ' Cum tamen ultima- 
 rent tempora patriae et aries jam Romanus 
 in muros quondam suos auderet ; stupuere 
 illico Carthaginienses ut novum extraneum 
 ingenium ' ; and by Isidore of Seville, 
 * Apud antiquos Minerva vocata quasi Dea 
 et manus artium variarum. Hanc enim 
 multorum ingeniorum prohibent.* For 
 i = e see mettre ; for e = i see § 59. 
 
 ENGLOBER, va. to unite. See globe, 
 
 ENGLOUTIR, va. to engulf, absorb ; from 
 L. inglutire, in Isidore of Seville. For 
 u = OM see § 90. — Der. englout'issement. 
 
 ENGORGER, va. to obstruct, choke. See 
 gorge. — Der. engorgement, rengorger. 
 
 ENGOUER, va. to obstruct (the throat). 
 Origin unknown. — Der. engouement. 
 
 ENGOURDIR, va. to benumb. See gourd. 
 — Der. engourdissement. 
 
 ENGRAISSER, va. to fatten, manure ; vn. to 
 grow fat; from L. incrassare. For i=e 
 see mettre; for G=g see adjuger; for 
 B, = ai see § 54. Engraisser is a doublet of 
 encrasser, q. v. — Der. engrais (verbal 
 subst.), engraissement, engraisseur. 
 
 ENGRAVER, va. to bed in sand. See gravier. 
 — Der. engravement, 
 
 ENGRENER, va. to put corn (into the hopper); 
 formerly engrainer. See grain. 
 
 ENGRENER, va. to tooth (a wheel) ; from 
 L. increnare *, from crena, tooth of a 
 K 2 
 
132 
 
 ENHARDIR — ENTENDRE. 
 
 wheel. For 1 = « see mettre ; for O — g' 
 
 see adjuger. — Der. engremge. 
 ENHARDIR, va. to embolden. See hardi. 
 £nigrQatique, adj. enigmatic. See enigme. 
 £lligm.e, sm. an enigma ; from L. aenigma. 
 
 — Der. 6nigmaA(\Mc. 
 ENIVRER, va. to intoxicate. See ivre. — 
 
 Der. enivremtnX., c«ivrant. 
 ENJAMBER, va. to stride. See jamhe.— 
 
 Der. enjambemtnt, enjamb^e. 
 ENJOINDRE, va. to enjoin; from L. in- 
 
 jungere. For changes see en and joindre. 
 ENJOLER, va. to inveigle. See geole Der. 
 
 enjohm. 
 ENJOLIVER, va. to adorn, embellish. See 
 
 jolt. — Der. ««;o/*Wment, enjolitfuxt, enjoliv- 
 
 eur. 
 ENJOUE, adj. playful ; properly p. p. of O.Fr. 
 
 enjouer, corapd. oijouer, q. v. — Der. enjoue- 
 
 ment. 
 ENLACER, va. to entwine, clasp. See lac. 
 
 — Der. enlacemtnl. 
 ENLEVER, va. to raise, lift, carry oflF. See 
 
 en and lever. — Der. etilevevataX. 
 Enluminer, va. to illuminate ; from L. in 
 
 (see en and Ituninare) properly to brighten, 
 
 whence to paint with brilliant colours. Its 
 
 doublet is illuminer, q. v. — Der. enlumin- 
 
 eur, enluminuTe. 
 ENNEMI, sm. an enemy ; from L, inimicus. 
 
 For icus = i see § 212 ; for i = « see mettre. 
 
 n here becomes nn, as in m on eta, mon- 
 
 naie, 
 ENNUI, sm. ennui, weariness ; formerly enui, 
 
 meaning annoyance, pain, hatred. Sp. 
 
 enojo, O. Venet, inodio, from L, inodio. 
 
 In the Glosses of Cassel (Charlemagne's 
 
 time) we have in odio habut, i. e. I was 
 
 sick and tired of. For iii = en see en, for 
 
 odio = tti see alouette and cuider. — Der. 
 
 ennuyer, ennuytxxx. 
 ENONCER, va. to enunciate, state ; from L. 
 
 enuntiare. For changes see annoncer. — 
 
 Der. e«o«ciation, enonce. 
 ENORGUEILLIR, va. to make proud. See 
 
 orgueil. 
 ^nornie, adj. enormous; from L. enormis. 
 
 — Der. enormement. 
 ^normit^, sf. an enormity; from L. enor- 
 
 mitatem. 
 ENQUERIR, vn. to enquire ; from L. in- 
 
 qxiirere. For changes see en and acquerir. 
 ENQUfiTE, sf. inquiry ; formerly enqueste, 
 
 from L. inquisita; strong partic. subst., 
 
 see absoute. For regular contr. into in- 
 
 qtiis'ta see § 51; for i = e see mettre ; 
 
 for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 8i. — 
 
 Der. enquktuT (whose doublet is inquisiteur, 
 
 q.v.). 
 ENRAGER, va. to enrage. See rage. 
 ENRAYER, va. to put spokes in a wheel. 
 
 See rayon. — Der. enrayme. 
 ENREGISTRER, va. to register, enrol. See 
 
 registre. — Der. enregistrement. 
 ENRICHIR, va. to enrich. See riche. 
 ENR6lER, va. to enrol. See role. Its doublet 
 
 is enrouler, q.v. — Der. enrolement, enroleur. 
 ENROUER, va. to make hoarse ; from L. 
 
 inraucare, deriv. of raucus. For loss of 
 
 medial c see affouage; for au = ow see 
 
 alouette ; for i = e see mettre. — Der. enroue- 
 
 ment. 
 ENROULER, va. to roll up. See rouler. 
 
 Its doublet is enroler, q. v. 
 ENSABLER, va. to run on a sandbank. See 
 
 sable. — 'Der. ensablemtnt. 
 ENSEIGNE, sf. a sign, ensign. It. insegne, 
 
 from L. insignia *. For i = e see mettre ; 
 
 for i = ei see ceinture. Enseigne is a doublet 
 
 of insigne. 
 ENSEIGNER, va. to teach; from L. insig- 
 
 nare *, properly to engrave, then to teach. 
 
 For changes see enseigne. — Der. enseigne- 
 
 ment, renseigner. 
 ENSEMBLE, adv. together; from L. in- 
 
 simul. For i = e see mettre, for siniul = 
 
 semble see assembler. 
 ENSEMENCER, va. to sow. See semence. 
 ENSEVELIR, va. to bury ; from L. insepe- 
 
 lire*, compd. of sepelire. For i = c see 
 
 mettre ; for p = v see §111. — Der. ensevel- 
 
 issement. 
 ENSQRCELER, va. to bewitch. See sorcier. 
 
 — Der. ensorce/lement, ensorceleut. 
 ENSUITE, adv. afterwards. See en and suite. 
 ENSUIVRE (S'), vpr. to ensue. See en and 
 
 suivre. 
 ENTABLEMENT, sm. an entablature. See 
 
 table. 
 ENTACHER, va. to infect. See tacher. 
 ENTAILLER, va. to cut away. See tailler. 
 
 • — Der. entaille (verbal subst.), entaillme. 
 ENTAMER, va. to cut in, attack. Prov. enta- 
 
 menar, from Lat. form intaminare, compd. 
 
 of in and a radical taminare, which is found 
 
 also in contaminare, attaminare. Inta- 
 minare, contrd. regularly (see § 52) 
 
 to intam'nare, becomes entamer. For 
 
 i = e see mettre, for nin = m see § 168. 
 ENTASSER, va. to heap up. See ^as.— Der. 
 
 entassement. 
 ENTE, sf a graft. See enter. 
 ENTENDRE, va. to hear, understand ; from 
 
 L. intendere, to apply to, direct towards. 
 
ENTENTE — ENVA HIR. 
 
 ^S3 
 
 thence pay attention, thence hear. For 
 
 - changes see en and attendre. — Der. entente 
 (partic. subst., see absoute), en/e«c?ant (whose 
 doublet is mtendant),entendement, entendeur, 
 entendn. 
 
 ENTENTE, sf. a meaning, agreement. See 
 entendre. 
 
 ENTER, va. to graft, engraft ; from L. im- 
 potare *, deriv. of impotus, a graft, in 
 the Lex Sahca. Impetus is Gr. e/xipvTov. 
 Irapot^re, contrd. regularly (see § 52) 
 into imp'tare, becomes e?iter. For pt = / 
 see acheter, for m = « see changer, for i = e 
 see mettre. — Der. eiite (verbal subst.), ewAire. 
 
 ENTERINER, va. to ratify; "from O. Fr. 
 enterin, entire, complete, which answers to 
 a Lat. type integrinus *, deriv. of in- 
 tegrum. For in = m see en, for gr = r 
 see § 168. — Der. enterinement. 
 
 ENTERRER, va. to inter, bury. See terre. — 
 , Der. enterrement. 
 
 ENTETER, va. to affect the head, make 
 giddy, vain. See tete. — Der. entetement. 
 
 Enthousiasme, sm. enthusiasm ; from- Gr. 
 h9ovaiacfx6s. — Der. enthousiasmtr, enthou- 
 siaste. 
 
 Enthousiaste, sm. an enthusiast. See 
 enthousiasme. 
 
 Enthym^me, sm. an enthymeme; from L. 
 enthymema. 
 
 ENTIER, adj. entire. Prov. enteir, It. intero, 
 from L. integrum. For in. = en see en, 
 for e = ie see § 67, for gr = r see § 168. 
 Entier is a doublet of integre, q. v. 
 
 ENTICHER, va. to spoil, taint. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 Entite, sf. an entity; in schol. Lat. enti- 
 tatem *, deriv. of entem. 
 
 Entomologie, sf. entomology; from Gr. 
 evTo/jLov and A.070S. — Der. entomologique, 
 entomologiste. 
 
 ENTONNER, va. to tun. See tonne.— Der. 
 entonno'ix. 
 
 ENTONNER, va. to begin (a song), to sing. 
 See ton. 
 
 ENTORSE, ./. a sprain. See tordre. 
 
 ENTORTILLER, va. to twist, wind. See 
 tortiller. 
 
 ENTOUR, sm. neighbourhood. See tour. — 
 Der. entourtx, entourz^Q, alentour. 
 
 ENTOURNURE, sf. slope (of sleeves, etc.). 
 See tournure. 
 
 ENTRAILLES, sf. pi. bowels, entrails. Prov. 
 intralia, from L. intrania*, in the Lex 
 Salica : ' Si vero intra costas vulnus in- 
 traverit, et usque ad intrania pervenerit.' 
 Intrania is from L. interanea (Pliny). 
 
 For regular loss of e see § 5 2 ; for ea — ia 
 see abreger. Intrania in turn becomes 
 enlrailles. For in = en see en; for n = / 
 see § 163. 
 
 ENTRAIN, sm. spirits, animation. See 
 entrainer. 
 
 ENTRAINER, va. to carry away, hurry on, 
 inspirit. See en and trainer. — Der. entrain 
 (verbal subst.), entralnement. 
 
 ENTRAVER, va. to clog, trammel, put an 
 entrave to act as a clog. From L. tra- 
 bem comes a compd. intrabare *, whence 
 entraver. For in = en see en, for b = v 
 see § 113. — Der. entrave (verbal subst.). 
 
 ENTRE, prep, between ; from L. intra. 
 For in — en see eti. 
 
 ENTRE-BAILLER, va. to half-open. See 
 entre and bailler. 
 
 tEntrechat, sm. cutting (in dancing), 
 introd. in 1 6th cent., with many other dance- 
 terms, from It. intrecciato, in the phrase 
 capriola intrecciata. 
 
 ENTREE, sf. entrance, admission. See entrer. 
 
 ENTREFAITES, sf. (in the) interval, i.e. entre. 
 
 ENTRELACER, va. to interlace. See lacer. 
 — Der. efitrelacs, entrelacement. 
 
 ENTREMELER, va. to intermingle. Seemeler. 
 
 ENTREMETS, sm. a side-dish. See mets. 
 
 ENTREMETTRE, va. to interpose (an ob- 
 stacle). See mettre. — Der. entremetteui . 
 
 ENTREMISE, sf. mediation. See mise. 
 
 ENTREPOSER, va. to warehouse. See e?itre 
 and poser. Its doublet is interposer. — Der. 
 entrepot (like depot from deposer), entre- 
 poseuT, entreposxizirt. 
 
 ENTREPRENDRE, va. to undertake. See 
 prendre. — Der. entreprise (partic. subst.), 
 entreprena.nt, e?itrepreneuT. 
 
 ENTRER, va. to enter; from L. intrare. 
 For in = c« see en. — Der. entree (partic. 
 subst.), rentrer. 
 
 ENTRE-SOL, sm. the suite of rooms between 
 ground-floor and first-floor. See entre and sol. 
 
 ENTRETENIR, va. to hold together, sup- 
 port. See entre and tenir. — Der. entre^ca 
 (verbal subst.). 
 
 ENTREVOIR, va. to see imperfectly, catch a 
 glimpse of. See entre and voir. — Der. 
 entrevwe (partic. subst.). 
 
 ^nura^ration, sf. enumeration; from L. 
 enumerationem . — Der. enumeratit 
 
 ^num^rer, va. to enumerate; from L. 
 enumerare, 
 
 ENVAHIR, va. to invade. Sp. envadir. It. 
 invadire, from L. invaders. For loss of 
 medial d see accabler ; for intercalation of 
 h see Hist. Gram. p. 72; for xa. = en see 
 
134 
 
 ENVELOPPER — ^PA ULE. 
 
 mettre ; for ere = ir see § 59. Invadere 
 having lost its d became in O. Fr. enva-ir ; 
 the intercalated h is put in to save the hiatus, 
 as is also done in trader e, trahir. h is added 
 at the beginning of words, such as altus, 
 haut, see Hist. Gram. p. 79, Even in Lat. 
 we find the forms hornamentum, hobi- 
 tus, hac, for ornamentum, obitus, ac, 
 in Griiter's Recueil d'Inscriptions. The as- 
 piration of the letter k in Fr. words is due 
 to the influence of corresponding Germ, 
 words, such as, hoch, heulen, etc., compd. 
 with Fr. haut, Hurler, etc. This remark is 
 due to Professor Max Miiller, who has 
 worked it out in detail in the Zeitschrift fiir 
 vergleichende Sprachforschung (v. 11-24: 
 •iiber deutsche Schattirung romanischer 
 Worte'). In my Historical Grammar 
 (Engl. ed. 1869) I rejected Professor Max 
 Miiller's theory, but I now believe it to be 
 entirely correct. — Der. envahisseni, envah- 
 issement. 
 
 ENVELOPPER, va. to wrap up. See develop- 
 per. — Der, enveloppe (verbal subst.). 
 
 ENVENIMER, va. to envenom. See venin. 
 
 ENVERGUER, va. to bend (sails). See ver- 
 gue. — Der. tnvergwxt (the bending of sails, 
 thence metaph. the unfolding of birds' 
 wings). 
 
 ENVERS, sm. the reverse, wrong side (of 
 Stuffs); from L. inversus. For in. = en 
 see en. Envers is a doublet of inverse, q. v. 
 
 ENVERS, prep, towards ; from L. en and 
 vers, q. v. 
 
 ENVI, prep, in emulation of. For etymology 
 of this word see renvier. 
 
 EN VIE, sf. envy, desire; from L. invidia. 
 For in = en see en ; for loss of d see ac- 
 cabler. — Der. enviev. 
 
 ENVIER, va. to envy. See envie. — Der. en- 
 wable, envieux. 
 
 ENVIRON, adv. about. See virer.—Der. en- 
 vironner. 
 
 ENVISAGER, va. to look at, consider. See 
 visage. 
 
 ENVOI, sm. a sending, parcel. See envoyer. 
 
 ENVOLER (S'), vpr. to fly away. See en and 
 voter. 
 
 ENVOOTER, va. to enchant (by melting etc. 
 a wax figure) ; originally envolter, from 
 medieval L. invultudre*, i. e. to make a 
 waxen face, deriv. of vultus. For loss of 
 ii see § 52; for a = e see §54; for 
 in = en see en; for iil = o/ = Ott see agneau. 
 — Der. envotkemcnt. 
 
 ENVOYER, va. to send ; formerly enveier, 
 originally entveier, from L. indSviare*. 
 
 For inde = ent = en see en ; for viare = 
 voyer (by change of i to oi) see boire. — 
 Der. envoi (verbal subst.), xenvoyer. 
 
 £pacte, sf. the epact; from L. epactae. 
 
 EPAGNEUL, sm. a spaniel ; in Montaigne 
 espagneul, in Rabelais espagnol. Avec une 
 demi-douzaine d'espagnols, et deux levriers, 
 vous voila roy des perdrix et lievres pour 
 tout cet hyver, says Gargantua, i. 12. 
 This breed coming from Spain got the 
 name of chiens espagnols, or, as is now 
 said, chiens epagneuls. For o = eu see § 79 ; 
 for e$p=iep see Hist. Gram. p. 81. £pag- 
 neul is a doublet of espagnol, q. v. 
 
 EPAIS, adj. thick ; formerly espais, originally 
 espois, from L. spissus. For i = o/ see 
 boire; for oi = at see § 62; for sp = 
 esp = ip see Hist. Gram. p. 78. — Der. epais- 
 sir, epa/sseur, epct/ssissement. 
 
 EPANCHER, va. to pour out ; formerly es- 
 pancher, from L. expandicare * (deriv. of 
 expandere. Expandicdre, contrd. re- 
 gularly (see § 52) into expand'care, be- 
 comes epancher. For x = s see ajouter; 
 for es = e see Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; for dc = 
 c see § 168 ; for e = cA see § 126; for a = e 
 see § 54. — Der. epanchemtnX. 
 
 EPANDRE, va. to spread; ioxmexXy espandre , 
 from L. expanders. For regular loss of 
 penult, e see § 51; for ex = es see ajouter ; 
 for es = e' see Hist. Gram, p. 81. — Der. re- 
 fandre. 
 
 EPANOUIR, va. to expand, smoothen ; for- 
 merly espanouir, developed from O. Fr. 
 espanir from espandir, which from L. ex- 
 pandere. For expandere = expandere 
 see courir ; for ex = es = e see ajouter ; for 
 e = t see § 59. — Der. epanouissement. 
 
 EPARGNER, va. to spare. Origin unknown. 
 — Der. epargne (verbal subst.). 
 
 EPARPILLER, va. to scatter, disperse ; for- 
 merly esparpiller, properly, in the middle 
 ages, to scatter, fly off like a butterfly. 
 Esparpiller is compd. of ex and the radical 
 parpille *, which answers to L. papilio. 
 For addition of r see chanvre. This ety- 
 mology is fully proved by It. sparpagliare, 
 similarly formed from parpaglione ; and 
 Prov. esfarfalha ixom falfalla. — Der. epar- 
 pillexxient. 
 
 EPARS, adj. scattered, straggling ; formerly es- 
 pars, from L. sparsus. For 8p = esp = ep 
 see Hist. Gram. p. 78. 
 
 E PATER, va. to break off the foot (of 
 a glass). See palte. 
 
 EPAULE, sf. a shoulder; formerly espaule, 
 originally espalle, from L. spatula (used 
 
^PA VE — Episode. 
 
 -^35 
 
 by Apicius). Spatula, contrd. regularly 
 into spat'la (see able and § 51), becomes 
 espalle by assimilation of tl into // (see 
 § 168), and by sp = esp (see Hist. Gram. p. 
 78). Espalle then becomes espaule by al 
 = au (see agneau); lastly epaule by loss of 
 s (see Hist. Gram. p. 81). Epaule is a 
 doublet of spatule, q. v. — Der. epaulet, 
 epaulement, epaulette. 
 
 EPAVE, adj. stray, sf. a waif; formerly es- 
 pave, a word now applied only to things 
 lost, though still used, in some legal phrases, 
 of animals, aszm cheval epave. In O.Fr. epave 
 was only applied to animals, not to things. 
 Espave comes from L, expavidus, i. e. 
 frightened, then running away, strayed. 
 For ex = e5 = e see aj outer and Hist, Gram, 
 p. 8 1 ; for loss of two last atonic syllables 
 see Hist. Gram. p. 34. 
 
 EPEAUTRE, sm, spelt, bearded wheat ; for- 
 merly espeautre, Sp. espelta. It. spelta, from 
 L. spelta. For s-p = esp = ep see Hist. 
 Gram. p. 78 ; for el = eal see eau ; for eal 
 = eau see agneau; for intercalation of r 
 see chanvre. 
 
 EPEE, sf. a sword ; formerly espee, originally 
 spede, It. spada, from L. spatha (Tacitus). 
 For sip = esp = ep see Hist. Gram. p. 78; 
 for ata = ee see § 201, Spee is a doublet 
 of spathe, espade, 
 
 EPELER, va. to spell ; formerly espeler 
 (meaning in the middle ages to explain, 
 enunciate generally), a word of Germ, 
 origin, O. H. G. spellun. — Der. epellation. 
 
 EPERDU, adj. distracted. See perdu. 
 
 EPERLAN, sm. a sprat, smelt ; formerly es- 
 perlan, originally esperlanc, from Germ. 
 spierling. For sp = esp = ep see Hist. Gram. 
 
 . p. 78- 
 
 EPERON, sm. a spur ; formerly esperon, es- 
 
 poron, from O. H. G. sporon. For sp = esp — 
 
 ep see Hist. Gram. p. 78. — Der. eperonner. 
 EPERVIER, sm. a sparrow-hawk; formerly 
 
 espervier, Prov. esparvier, It. sparviere, 
 
 from O. H. G. sparvari. For sp = esp = ep 
 
 see Hist. Gram. p. 78. 
 fiph61ide, sf. a freckle; from L. epheli- 
 
 dem. 
 !fiph.6m5re, adj. ephemeral ; from Gr. I<^^- 
 
 lifpos. 
 ;fiphem§rides, sf. pi. ephemerides, journal ; 
 
 from L. ephemeridem. 
 EPI, SOT. an ear (of corn), spike ; formerly espi, 
 
 from L. spicus * (a masc. form of spica). 
 
 For sp = esp = ep see Hist. Gram. p. 78 ; 
 
 for icu8 = i see § 212. 
 EPICE. sf. spice, pi. sweetmeats; formerly 
 
 espice, from L. species (used for spice in 
 the Digest, de Publicanis et vectigalibus : 
 ' species pertinentes ad vectigal, cinna- 
 monum, piper longum.' For sp = esp =: ep 
 see Hist. Gram. p. 78; fore = zsee § 59. 
 Epice is a doublet of espece, q. v. — Der, 
 epicier, epicene, epicet. 
 
 !]6pid6inie, sf. an epidemic ; from Gr. 
 km^fxios, sc. voaos. — Der. epidemiqae. 
 
 !]6pideniique, adj. epidemic See epidemic. 
 
 Ifipiderme, sm. epidermis, cuticle ; from L. 
 epidermis. 
 
 EPIER, va. to spy ; formerly espier. It. 
 spiare, a word of Germ origin, Engl, to spy, 
 O. H. G. spehen. For sp = esp = ep see 
 Hist. Gram. p. 78. 
 
 EPIEU, sw. a boar-spear; formerly espieu, 
 originally espiel, from L. spiculum. For 
 regular contr. into spic'lum see § 51. 
 For sp = esp = ep see esperer ; for cl = il see 
 abeille ; for espiel = espieu see agneau. 
 
 Epigrammatique, adj. epigrammatic ; 
 from L. epigrammaticus. 
 
 ifipigramme, sf. an epigram; from L. 
 epigramma. 
 
 ifipigraphe, sf an epigraph; from Gr. 
 I7ri7pa077. 
 
 i^pilepsie, sf. epilepsy; from L, epilepsia. 
 
 ifipileptique, a^'. epileptic ; from L. epi- 
 lepticus. 
 
 ifipiler, va. to depilate, strip of hair; from 
 L.epilare.deriv. of pilus. — Der. epihto'ire. 
 
 Epilogue, sm. an epilogue; from L. epilo- 
 gus. — Der. epiloguex. 
 
 EPINARD, sm. spinach. See epine. 
 
 EPINE, sf. a thorn ; formerly espine, from L. 
 spina. For 8jp = esp = €p see Hist. Gram, 
 p. 78. — Der. epineux, epinoche, epinihre, 
 epimxA (so called from the thorn-shaped 
 dents in its calyx), epine-vinette. 
 
 t Epinette, sf. a spinet ; in the l6th cent. 
 espinette, from It. spinnetla. 
 
 EPINGLE, sf. a pin : formerly espingle, from 
 L. spiniila, properly a little thorn. For 
 regular contr. into spin'la see able and 
 § 51; for n'l = ngl see absotidre ; for 
 sp = esp = ep see Hist. Gram. p. 78. Epingle 
 is a doublet of spinule. — Der. epinglette, 
 epingler. 
 
 EPINOCHE, sm. a stickleback. See epine. 
 
 Epique. adj. epic ; from L. epicus. 
 
 ifipiscopal, adj. episcopal; from L. epi- 
 scopalis. 
 
 ifipiscopat, SOT. the episcopate; from L. 
 episcopatus. Its doublet is eveche, q. v, 
 
 ifipisode, SOT. an episode ; from Gr. kmiff- 
 udiov. — Der. episodiqne. 
 
136 
 
 Spispastique — EquitjE. 
 
 ifipispastique, adj. (Med.) epispastic; 
 
 from Gr. (manaaTiKot. 
 fePISSER, va. to splice ; formerly espisser, 
 word of Germ, origin, Engl, to splice. — 
 Der. epissoire, epissmc. 
 fipistolaire, arf/. epistolary ; from L. epi- 
 
 st Claris. Its doublet is epistolier. 
 ifipitaphe, sm. an epitaph; from L. epi- 
 
 taphium. 
 iJ^pithalame, sm. a marriage song; from L. 
 
 epithalamium. 
 ]]@pithdte, sm. an epithet; from L. epi- 
 
 thetum, used by Macrobius. 
 
 Epitome, sm. an epitome; from L. epitome. 
 
 EPITRE, sf. an epistle, letter; formerly 
 
 epistre ; originally epistle, from L. episto- 
 
 la. For regular contr. into epist'la see 
 
 §51; for 1 = r see apotre ; for loss of s 
 
 see Hist. Gram. p. 81. 
 
 ;fipizootie, sf. distemper; from Gr, inl 
 
 and ^wov. — Der. epizootique. 
 EPLORE, adj. weeping. See pleurer. 
 EPLOYE, adj. spread (eagle) ; from L. expli- 
 catus. For changes see ployer; for -atus = 
 -^' see §201. Eploye \sz6.o\ih\tloi explique. 
 EPLUCHER, va. to pick, examine closely; 
 formerly esplucher, espelucher. See peluche. 
 — Der. epluchsige, epluchement, epluchenr, 
 epluchoir, epluchure. 
 EPOINTER, va. to break the point off. See 
 ^ pointe. 
 
 EFOIS, sm. branches (of horns) ; formerly 
 espois, from O. H. G. spiz, a pointed piece 
 of wood, whence the pointed antlers of the 
 stag. For sp = esp = ep see Hist. Gram, 
 p. 78 ; for i = oi see boire. 
 EPONGE, sf. a sponge; formerly esponge, 
 from L. spongia. For 8p = esp = ep see 
 Hist. Gram. p. 78. — Der. eponge.r. 
 ;fipop6e, sm. an epopee ; from Gr. eiroiroiia. 
 ^poque, sf. an epoch ; from Gr. eiroxv- 
 EPOUSER, va. to espouse, marry; formerly 
 espouser, originally esposer. It. sposare, from 
 L. sponsare (used in the Digest). For 
 ns = s see atne ; for sp = esp = ep see Hist. 
 Gram. p. 78; for o = ow see affouage. 
 EPOUSSETER, va. to dust. See ponssiere. — 
 
 Der. epoussete. 
 EPOUVANTER, ra. to scare, frighten; for- 
 merly espouvanter, originally espaventer. It. 
 spaventare, from L. expaventare (deriv. 
 of expaventem, p. p. of expavere). For 
 ex=es = e see ajouter and Hist. Gram, 
 p. 78 ; a = ou and e = a are peculiar changes 
 which have taken place since the word be- 
 came French. — Der. epouvante (verbal 
 subst.), epouvantzWt, epouvantzW. 
 
 EPOUX, sm. a spouse, husband; from L. 
 sponsus. For changes see ipouser, — Der. 
 e.pousziWts, ^pouseur. 
 
 EPREINDRE, va. to express, squeeze out ; 
 from L. exprimere. For primere =prein- 
 dre see empreindre. Epreindre is a doublet 
 of exprimer, q. v. — Der. epreinte (verbal 
 Subst.). 
 
 EPRENDRE (S'), vpr. to become enamoured. 
 See prendre. — Der. epris. 
 
 EPREUVE, sf. a trial, proof. See eprouver. 
 
 EPROUVER, va. to try. See prouver.—Dtx. 
 ^preuve (verbal subst.), eprouvette. 
 
 EPUISER, va. to exhaust. See puiser. — Der. 
 epuisemtnt, epuisMe, inepw/sable. 
 
 EPURER, va. to purify. See pur.— Dei. 
 epure (verbal subst.), epur&tion. 
 
 EQUARRIR, va. to quarry, cut into an equerre, 
 q. V. — Der. equarriss&ge, equarrisseuT. 
 
 Ifiquateur, sm. the equator; from L. ae- 
 quatorem * (i. e. a circle dividing the earth 
 into two equal parts). — Der. equaiona\. 
 
 ifiquatorial, adj. equatorial. See equateur. 
 
 Equation, sf. an equation; from L. aequa- 
 tionem. 
 
 EQUERRE, sf. a square (instrument); formerly 
 esquerre, originally esquarre, verbal subst. 
 of a type esquarrerer * , answering to L. 
 exquadrare *, whence the name equerre 
 for the instrument which enables us to draw 
 right angles. Squerre is a doublet oi square, 
 escadre, q. v. Exquadrare * produces es- 
 quarrer* by ex ==65, see ajouter; by es = e, 
 see Hist. Gram. p. 81; by dr = rr, see 
 § 168. — Der. equarrh (formerly esquarrir, 
 from esquarre, O. Fr. form of equarre). 
 
 ^questre, adj. equestrian ; from L. eques- 
 tris. 
 
 ifiquidistant, adj. equidistant; from L. 
 aequidistantem. 
 
 ;fiquilat6ral, adj. equilateral; from L. ae- 
 quilateralis. 
 
 Ifiquilibre, sm. equilibrium ; from L. aequi- 
 librium. — Der. equilibrtr. 
 
 ifiquinoxe, sm. the equinox; from L. ae- 
 quinoctium. — Der. e'y7««o»ial. 
 
 EQUIPER, va. to equip, fit out (a ship), purvey 
 (generally). Equiper, O. Fr. esquiper, to rig 
 a ship, is from Goth. skip. For sq = esq = eq 
 see Hist. Gram. p. 78. — Der. equips (verbal 
 subst.), equipage, equipee, equipement. 
 Ifiquipollent, stn. an equivalent ; from L. 
 
 equipoUentem. — Der. equipollence. 
 ifiquitation, sf. horsemanship: from L. 
 
 equitationem. 
 Equity, sf. equity ; from L. aequitatem. — 
 
 I Der. equitable. 
 
Equivalent — escient. 
 
 ^31 
 
 Equivalent, sm. the equivalent; from L. 
 aequivalentem. — Der. equivalence. 
 
 ilfiquivaloir, vn. to be equivalent; from 
 L. aequivalere. See valoir. 
 
 iSquivoque, adj. equivocal ; from L. aequi- 
 vocus. — Der. equivoquer. 
 
 ERABLE, sm. the maple; formerly erabre, 
 erarbrejxom L. acer and arbor. For arbor 
 = arbre see arbre; for acer = ac'r see § 5 2 ; 
 for cr = r see benir and § 168; for a = e 
 see § 54. Erabre becomes erable by chang- 
 ing r into /, see a^itel. 
 
 6RAFLER, vn. to graze. See rafle.—Dtr. 
 eraflme. 
 
 ERAILLER, va. to fray, fret; O. Fr. esrailler, 
 from L. exrallare*, properly to heat by 
 friction, der. from rallum, a scraper. For ex 
 = es = e see Hist. Gram. p. 78. — Der. eraille- 
 ment, eraillnre. 
 
 Ere, sf. an era; from L. aera. 
 
 Ifirectile, adj. erectile; from L. erectilis*. 
 
 !!Srection, sf. an erection, raising ; from L. 
 erectionem. 
 
 EREINTER, va. to break the back of, tire 
 out. See rein. 
 
 ifir^sipdlCj sm. erysipelas. See erysipele. 
 
 ERGOT, sm. spur (of a bird). Origin un- 
 known. — Der. ergo(e. 
 
 Ergoter, vn. to quibble, weary a disputant 
 with syllogisms; der. from L. ergo, sign of 
 the conclusion in syllogism. — Der. ergotcui. 
 
 ifiriger, va. to erect; from L. erigere. 
 
 ERMITE, sm. a hermit; from L. eremita. 
 j For loss of e see § 52. — Der. ermitage. 
 
 Erosion, sf. erosion ; from L. erosionem. 
 
 Erotique, adj. erotic: from L. eroticus. 
 
 + Errata, sm.pl. errata; a Lat. word. 
 
 Erratique, arf/. erratic; from L. erraticus. 
 
 ERREMENTS, sm. track, way, manner; from 
 O. Fr. errer, to travel, which remains in 
 verbal subst. erre, and in the knightly word 
 errant. Errer, Prov. edrar, is from L. 
 iterare* (to travel, from iter), contrd. 
 regularly into it'rare, see § 52. For tr = 
 rr see § 168 ; for i = e see mettre. 
 
 ERREUR, sm. an error, wandering ; from L. 
 errorem. See accueillir. 
 
 Erron6, adj. erroneous; from L. erroneus. 
 
 jfiruetation, sf. eructation, belching ; from 
 L. eructationem. 
 
 ifirudit, adj. erudite; from L. eruditus. 
 
 Erudition, sf erudition; from L. erudi- 
 tionem, 
 
 ifirugineux, adj. (Med.) eruginous ; from 
 L. aeruginosus. 
 
 Erysipdle, sm, erysipelas; from L. erysi- 
 pelas. 
 
 ES, contr. of en les (enls, then ens, whence es, 
 
 by regular reduction of ns to s, see aine). 
 
 Es {en les) has left some few traces in the 
 
 language, as in the phrases maitre es arts, 
 
 docteur es sciences, es mains, Saint-Pierre 
 
 es liens, etc. 
 ESCABEAU, sm. a stool ; from L. scabellum. 
 
 For sc = esc see Hist. Gram. p. 78 ; for 
 
 elluni = eaM see agneau. 
 t Escadre, sf. a squadron; introd. from It. 
 
 squadra. Its doublet is equerre, q. v. 
 t Escadron, sm. a squadron (of cavalry) ; 
 
 introd. in 1 6th cent, from It. squadrone. 
 + Escalade, s/. escalade, scaling (of walls); 
 
 introd. in 16th cent, from It. scalata Der. 
 
 escalader. 
 t Escale, 5/ putting in (naval) ; from It. 
 
 scala. Its doublet is echelle, q. v. 
 tEacalier, sm. a staircase; from Prov. 
 
 escalier, which from L. scalarium,* deriv. 
 
 of scala. Its doublet is echalier. 
 tEscamoter, va. to juggle; from Sp. 
 
 escamotar. — Der. escamotsige, escamottuT. 
 "Y Escamper, vn. to scamper off, decamp ; 
 
 from It. scampare, whence the phrase 
 
 prendre la poudre c?'escampette. 
 t Escapade, sf an escapade, frolic; from 
 
 It. scappata. Its doublet is echappee. 
 ESCARBOT, sm. a stag-horn beetle ; dim. of 
 
 a type escarbe*, answering to L. scara- 
 
 baeus. Scarabaeus is contrd. to scar'- 
 
 baeus (see § 52), whence escarbot. For 
 
 BG = esc see Hist. Gram. p. 78; and for 
 
 addition of o^ see chabot. 
 ESCARBOUCLE, 5/. a carbuncle; from L. 
 
 carbunculus, with prosthesis of s. Ex- 
 
 carbunculus loses its u, see § 51. For 
 
 nc — c see coque ; for u = ou see accouder. 
 
 Escarboucle is a doublet of carboucle. 
 ESCARCELLE, sf a purse. See echarpe. 
 ESCARGOT, sm. an edible snail ; originally 
 
 escargol, from ex and the root cargo}, 
 
 answering to Sp. caracol and It. caragollo. 
 
 Origin unknown. 
 t Escarmouche, sf. a skirmish; from 
 
 It. scaramuccia. 
 t Escarpe, s/". a scarp, escarpment ; from 
 
 It. Scarpa. It is a doublet of echarpe, q.v. — 
 
 Der. escarper, escarpment, contrescarpe. 
 + Escarpin, sm. a pump (shoe) ; from It. 
 
 scarpino. 
 tEscarpolette, sf a swing; from It. 
 
 scarpoletta. 
 Escarre, sf. (Med.) a slought (of a wound) ; 
 
 better written escharre, from L. eschara. 
 Escient, sm. knowledge; from L. scientem. 
 
 For so = es see Hist. Gram. p. 78. 
 
138 
 
 ESCLA NDRE — ESQUILLE, 
 
 ESCLANDRE, sm. a scandal; formerly es- 
 candle, from L. soandalvun. So&nd&- 
 luxn, regularly contrd. (see § 51), be- 
 comes scandlvim, whence O. Fr. escandle. 
 For sc = esc see Hist. Gram, p, 78 ; then 
 esclandre by intercalation of /, which is un- 
 common ; for dl = dr (see apotre). Esclan- 
 dre is a doublet of scandale, q. v. 
 
 ESCLA VE, sm. a slave; in lOth cent, sclavus, 
 in 9th cent, slavus, a word which rightly 
 means a Slavonian, and was originally 
 applied only to Charlemagne's Slavonian 
 prisoners, who were reduced to slavery. 
 After the loth cent, the word sclavus 
 takes the general sense of slave, without 
 distinction of nationality. For -bo\ = -escl 
 see Hist. Gram. p. 78, Esclave is a doublet 
 of slave. — Der. esclavage. 
 
 Escobarderie, sf. subterfuge, shuffle ; of 
 hist, origin, see § 33 , meaning to use 
 Escobar's reticence. Escobar was a Spanish 
 casuist immortalized in Pascal's Provincial 
 Letters. 
 
 ESCOGRIFFE, sm. a sharper. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 + Escompter, va. to discount; from It. 
 scontare. — Der. escompte (verbal subst.). 
 
 + Escopette, sf. a carbine; from It. 
 schioppetto. 
 
 fEscorte, sf. an escort; from It. scoria. 
 — Der. escorter. 
 
 tEscouade, /. a squad, i6th cent. 
 escouadre and scouadre, from It. squadra. 
 It is a doublet of escadre and equerre, q. v. 
 
 ESCOURGEE, sf. a scourge; from L. ex- 
 oonigiata *. Excorrigidta, contrd. 
 regularly (see § 52), becomes escourgee. 
 For ex = es see ajouter; for o = ou see 
 affouage ; for -ata = -e« see § 201. 
 
 ESCOURGEON, sm. winter barley. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 ESCOUSSE, sf. a run (before leaping) ; from 
 L. excussa*. — Der. rescousse. 
 
 t Esc rimer, vn. to fence ; from It. scher- 
 m^re. — Der. escrime (verbal subst.). 
 , +Escroc, sm. a swindler ; from It. scrocco. 
 — Der. escroquer, escroqueur, escroqutx\e. 
 
 ESPACE, sm. a space ; from L, spatium. 
 For 8p = esp see Hist. Gram. p. 78 ; for ti 
 = c see agencer. — Der. espacei, espacement. 
 
 i'Espadon, sm. a sword, sword-fish ; from 
 It. spadone. 
 
 fEspagnolette, ./. baize; introd. in 
 17th cent, from It, spagnoletta. 
 
 tEspalier, sm. a fruit-wall; from It. 
 spalliere. 
 
 ESPECE, sf. a kind; from L, species. For 
 
 sp = esp see Hist. Gram. p. 78. Espece is 
 a doublet of epice, q, v, 
 
 ESP^RER, vn. to hope; from L. sperare. 
 To the initial sounds sc (scribere), sm 
 (smaragdus), sp (sperare), st (status), 
 which were hard to pronounce, the Roman 
 people early prefixed the letter i to divide 
 the two consonants in pronunciation. As 
 early as the 4th cent, we find in Roman in- 
 scriptions ispatium for spatium, istare 
 for stare, istatua for statua, ispiritu 
 for spiritu, istabilis for stabilis, isma- 
 ragdus for smaragdus. This i soon be- 
 came e (see mettre), and in the 5th cent, 
 we find in Christian inscriptions the forms , 
 estatua, espatium ; in Merov. Diplomas; 
 especiem, esperare, estudium. This I 
 change of sc into esc, sm into esm, sp into , 
 esp, st into est, went on in Fr. in suchj 
 words as spatium, espace. Since the i6th 
 cent, many of these words have been again j 
 modified by loss of the s, see Hist, Gram. J 
 p, 80, and the suppression is marked by the ; 
 acute accent on the initial e, as in statu m^i 
 etat. Even farther, a false assimilation led 
 to the prefixing of e before words which had 
 no Latin s ; thus c orticem, ecorce ; car- 
 bunculus, escarboucle, etc.— Der. esper- 
 ance, d6sesperer. 
 
 Espidgle, adj. frolicsome ; of hist, origin, see 
 § 33, £s/)zeg'/e isa wordof the l6th cent., 
 at which time a very popular German tale 
 (Eulenspiegel) was translated and introduced 
 into Fr. under the title of ' L' Histoife 
 joyeuse de Till Ulespi^gle.' In this story 
 the hero performs a number of waggeries 
 and tricks. This ' Histoire de Tiel Ules- 
 piegle,' or, as it was written, * Histoire 
 de I'Espiegle,' soon became popular, and the 
 word espiegle became a name for a tricky, 
 mischievous spirit. — Der, espiegleiie. 
 
 fEspion, sm. a spy; from It. spione. — 
 Der. espionner, espionnage. 
 
 t Esplanade, sf. an esplanade. In 
 Montaigne splanade, from It, splanata. 
 
 ESPOIR, sm. hope ; from L. speres *. For 
 sp = ^s/> see esperer ; for e = oi see § 61. 
 
 fEsponton, sm. a spontoon; from It. 
 spunlona. 
 
 ESPRIT, sm. spirit; from L. spiritus, by 
 displacing the Lat. accent (spiritus for 
 spiritus) and by sp = esp, see esperer ; for 
 loss of i see § 52. Esprit is a doublet of 
 spirite. 
 
 ESQUIF, sm. a skiff; from O. H. G. sMf 
 For sli = esq see esperer. 
 
 ESQUILLE, sf. a splinter ; from L. schidu- 
 
ESQ UINA NCIE — S TA BLIR . 
 
 139 
 
 lae*, dim, of schidiae, splinters of wood, 
 by the regular contr. (see § 51) into schid'- 
 lae. For dl=:// see §168; for sch. = sc 
 — esq see esperer and Hist. Gram, p. 63. 
 
 fEsquinancie, &f. the quinsey. i6th 
 cent, sqninancie, from It. schinanzia. 
 
 fEsquisse, sf. a sketch; from It.schizzo. 
 — Der. esquisser. 
 
 ESQUIVER, va. to evade (a blow), avoid ; 
 from O. H. G. skiuhan. 
 
 ESSAI, sm. a. trial ; from L. exagium, weigh- 
 ing, a trial of exact weight. For :s. = ss see 
 aisselle ; for -agivim = -a« see allier. — Der. 
 essay&r, essayeuv. 
 
 ESSAIM, sm. a swarm; from L. examen. 
 For x = ss see aisselle; for -amen = -aim 
 see airain. Essaim is a doublet of examen. 
 — Der. essaimer. 
 
 ESSARTER, va. to grub up; from L. ex- 
 saritare *, a frequent., der. from ex- 
 saritum, p. p. of ex-sarire. Exsari- 
 tare becomes essarter by regular fall of 
 i, see § 52; by xs = ss, see aisselle. — Der. 
 essartenitxii. 
 
 ESSAYER, va. to essay. See essai. 
 
 Essence, sf. essence; from L. essentia. 
 
 Essential, adj. essential; from L. essenti- 
 alis, in Isidore of Seville. 
 
 ESSIEU, sm. an axle-tree ; in Amyot aissieu, 
 in Montaigne aixieu, from L. axicvilus. 
 For Sb = ai = e see § 54; for x = ss see 
 aisselle ; for iculus = ieu see epieti. 
 
 ESSOR, sm. flight (of birds). See essorer. 
 
 ESSORER, va.to soar; from L. exaurare*, 
 deriv. of aura. For :s. = ss see aisselle ; for 
 au = o see alouette. Essorer in O. Fr. 
 meant to balance in air, soar, whence verbal 
 subst. essor. 
 
 ESSORILLER, va. to crop ears (of dogs); 
 from L, exauriculare *, der. from auri- 
 cula. For regular contr. of exaxu-icu- 
 Idre into exauriclare see § 52; for 
 X = ss see aisselle ; for au = see alouette ; 
 for cl = il see abeille, 
 
 ESSOUFFLER, va. to put out of breath. See 
 souffier. 
 
 ESSUYER, va. to wipe, wipe away. It. as- 
 ciugare, from L. exsuccare. Exsuccare, 
 reducing cc to c (see bee), becomes exsu- 
 (c)are, thence essnyer. For xs=ss see 
 aisselle ; for loss of medial c see affouage. 
 Essuyer is a doublet of essucquer.—T)Qx. 
 essui (verbal subst.). 
 
 EST, sm. the east ; of Germ, origin, Germ. 
 qst, Engl. east. 
 
 + Estacade, sf. a stockade ; from It. 
 stoccata. 
 
 t Estafette, sf. an express; from It. 
 
 sta^etta. 
 + Estafier, sm. a tall footman; from It. 
 
 staffiere. 
 t Estafilade, sf. a gash; from It. 
 
 staffilata. 
 Estaminet, sm. a smoking-room. Origin 
 
 unknown. 
 f Estampe, sf. a print, stamp; from It. 
 
 stampa. — Der. estampxWt. 
 fEstamper, va. to print, stamp; from 
 
 It. stampare. 
 Estampille, sf. a stamp. See estampe. 
 ESTER, vn. (Legal) to appear (in court) ; from 
 
 L. stare. For st — est see esperer. 
 Esth6tique, adj. aesthetic; from Gr. ai- 
 
 adrjTiKos. 
 Estimation, s/. esteem ; from L. aestima- 
 
 tionem. — Der. estimateur, estimatif. 
 Estimer, va. to esteem ; from L. aesti- 
 
 mare. — Der. estime (verbal subst.), estim- 
 
 able, vcxQiestimer, mesestime. 
 ESTOC, swz. (l) a stick, (2) a sword. It. stocco, 
 
 from Germ, stock. For st = est see esperer. 
 t Estocade, sf. a stockade; from It. stoc- 
 cata. 
 ESTOMAC, sm. a stomach ; from L. stoma- 
 
 ch.us. FoT 8t = est see esperer. 
 fEstompe, sf. a stump; from Germ. 
 
 stumpf. 
 fEstrade, sf. a route; from It. strada, 
 
 whence the phrase battre Vestrade. Its 
 
 doublet is estree. 
 fEstrade, /. a platform ; from It. strata. 
 ESTRAGON, sm. (Bot.) tarragon ; corruption 
 
 of L. draconem (primitive of dracuncu- 
 
 lus) with prefix ex. For Fr. words which 
 
 spring from corruption see § 172. 
 tEstram.a90n, sm. a two-edged sword ; 
 
 from It. stramazzone. 
 fEstrapade, sf. a strappado; from It. 
 
 strappata. 
 fEstropier, va. to cripple, maim; from 
 
 It. stroppiare. 
 Estuaire, sm. an estuary; from L. aestu- 
 
 arium. Its doublet is O. Fr. eV/er. 
 ESTURGEON, sm. a sturgeon. Sp. esturion, 
 
 medieval Lat. sturionem. Sturio is de- 
 rived from O. H. G. sturio. For st = est see 
 
 esperer; for io = jo =geo see abreger. 
 ET, conj. and ; from L. et. 
 ETABLE, sf. a stable ; formerly estable, from 
 
 L. stdbulum. For loss of u see § 51 ; for 
 
 &t — est = et see esperer and Hist. Gram. p. 81. 
 ETABLIR, va. to establish ; formerly establir, 
 
 from L. stabilire. Stabilire, contrd. 
 
 regularly (see § 52) into stab'lire, becomes 
 
140 
 
 ^ TA GE — ETERNUER, 
 
 etablir. For st = «/■=<?/ see esperer and 
 Hist. Gram. p. 8l. — Der. elabli (verbal 
 subst.), etablissement. 
 
 £TAGE, sm. a story (of a house) ; formerly 
 estage, Prov. eslatge, from L. staticum* 
 (properly a place where one establishes 
 oneself), deriv. of status. Staticum in- 
 dicates the state or order of the rooms of a 
 house. For -aticum == -o^^ see age; for 
 st = est = <f/ see esperer and Hist. Gram, 
 p. 81. Elage is a doublet of stage, q. v. — 
 Der. etagtr, etaghre. 
 
 £TAI, stn. stay, support; formerly estay, word 
 of Germ, origin, Flem. staeye. — Der. etaytx. 
 
 £TAIM, sm. fine carded wool ; formerly 
 estaim, from L. stamen. For -amen = -aim 
 see airain; for at=^est=et see esperer and 
 Hist. Gram. p. 81, 
 
 6TAIN, sm. tin, pewter ; formerly estain. It. 
 stagno, from L. stagnum* (archaic form of 
 stannum*). For sX = e&t = et see esperer 
 and Hist, Gram. p. 81 ; for gn = m see 
 § 131. — Der. etamtx (from etain, like veni- 
 meux from venin). 
 
 ETAL, sm. a stall, butcher's shop ; formerly 
 estal. It. stallo, word of Germ, origin, 
 O. H. G. stal, Engl, stall. Etal is a doublet 
 of stalle, q. v. — Der. etaler, detaler (to 
 gather in one's goods and be gone). 
 
 ETALER, va. to expose for sale. See etal. 
 — Der. etalige, etahgiste. 
 
 ETALON, sm. a stallion; formerly estalon, 
 It. Stallone (a horse kept in the stall, and 
 not worked). It. Stallone is derived from 
 L. stalla, similarly the Fr. estalon is from 
 medieval L. btallum. For s,X, = est = et see 
 esperer and Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; for addition 
 of suffix on see aiglon. Stallum is O.H.G. 
 stall. The certainty of this etymology is 
 proved by the Germanic Laws, in which we 
 find 'equus ad stallum,' for a stallion. The 
 Lex Wisigothoruni, viii. 4, has ' qui alie- 
 num animal aut quemcumqae quadrupedem 
 qui ad stallum servatur, castraverit.* 
 
 ETALON, sjn. a standard (measure) ; for- 
 merly estalon, in Low Lat. stallonem, from 
 O. H. G. stihil, a stick (measure). For 
 st = est = et see esperer and Hist. Gram. p. 8 1 . 
 
 ETAMER, va. to tin. See etain.— Det. 
 etamage, etamtnr. 
 
 ETAMINE, sf. stamin, bolting - cloth ; for- 
 merly estamine, from estame, which from 
 L. stamen. For 8t = est =et see esperer 
 and Hist. Gram. p. 81. 
 
 ETAMINE, sf. a stamen ; from L, stamina. 
 For st = est = et see esperer and Hist. 
 Grifai. p. 81. 
 
 fiTANCHER, va. to stanch. Origin unknown. 
 
 ETANCON, sm. a stanchion ; formerly 
 estanfon, from O. Fr. estance, which from L. 
 stantia* (that which stands upright). For 
 st = est = et see esperer and Hist. Gram. p. 8 1 ; 
 ior -%iQ. = -ce stt agencer. — Der. etanfonner. 
 
 ETANG, sm. a pond, pool, O. Fr. estang, 
 from L. stagnum. For st = est =et see 
 esperer and Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; for gn = «^, 
 as in pugnus, poing, etc., see Hist. Gram. 
 
 _ P- 77. 
 
 ETAPE, sf. rations, halting-place; formerly 
 estaple, = a warehouse full of necessaries of 
 life (so used even by Montesquieu), then 
 specially a dep6t of food for troops on 
 march; and lastly the place where troops 
 halt. Etaple, in medieval Lat. stapula, is 
 of Germ, origin, Flem. stapel. Stdpula, 
 regularly contrd. (§ 51) hito stap'la, be- 
 comes estaple, then estape, etape. For st = 
 est = et see esperer and Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; 
 for loss of 1 see able. 
 
 ETAT, sm. state, condition; formerly estat, 
 from L. status. For st = est =et see 
 esperer and Hist. Gram. p. 81. 
 
 ETAU, sm. a vice ; formerly estau, from 
 Germ, stock, in the Germ, compd. schraub- 
 stock. For st = est = et see espdrer and 
 Hist. Gram. p. 81. 
 
 ETAYER, va. to stay, shore up. See etai. — 
 Der. etayement. 
 
 ETE, p.p. V. subst. been. See etre. 
 
 ETE, sm. summer; formerly este, from L. 
 aestatem. For ae = e see § 103; for 
 -atem = -e see § 230; for loss of s see 
 Hist. Gram, p. 81. 
 
 ETEINDRE, va. to extinguish; formerly 
 esteindre, from L, exstinguere. Ex- 
 stinguere becomes exstinggre, then ex- 
 sting're (see § 51), whence exstin're ; 
 whence esteindre by intercalation of d (see 
 Hist, Gram, p, 73), lastly eteindre by loss of 
 s (see Hist, Gram. p. 81). — Der. eleignoxx. 
 
 ETENDARD, sm. a standard, flag; der. 
 with suffix -ard from L. extendere. For 
 changes see etendre. 
 
 ETENDRE, va. to extend, stretch forth; 
 formerly estendre, from L, extendere. For 
 ex. = es = e see ajouter and Hist. Gram, 
 p. 8 1 ; for tendere = tendre see tendre, 
 — Der, etendue (partic, subst.). 
 
 ^ternel, adj. eternal; from L. aeternalis. 
 
 ifiternit^, s/". eternity; from L. aeterni- 
 tatem, — Der, eternher. 
 
 ETERNUER, vn. to sneeze ; formerly estern- 
 uer, from L. sternutare. For loss of 
 medial t see abbaye; for at = est =et see 
 
tTEVLE — ETRE. 
 
 T4I 
 
 esperer and Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. 
 eternuen\&n\.. 
 
 ETEULE, sf. stubble ; formerly estenle, origi- 
 nally estuble, from L. stiptQa. Stipilla, 
 regularly contrd. (see § 51) into stip'la, 
 becomes estuble. For st = est =^et see es- 
 perer and Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; for p = 6 see 
 abeille. Estuble, by changing bl into ul 
 (see aurone and alouette), becomes estule, 
 whence esteule by changing u into eu (see 
 beugler), then eteule by loss of s (see Hist. 
 Gram. p. 81). Eteule is a doublet of 
 stipule, q. v. 
 
 :fither, sm. the aether; from L. aether. — 
 Der. ethere. 
 
 Ifithique, adj. ethical; from L. ethica. 
 
 Ethnique, adj. ethnical ; from L. ethnicus. 
 
 Ethnographie, sf. ethnography; from Gr. 
 eOvos and ypdcpeiv. — Der. ethnographique, 
 ethnographe. 
 
 ETIAGE, sm. low water ; from L. aestirati- 
 cum*, properly summer (i.e. low) level of 
 waters. For loss of medial v see a'ieul ; 
 for loss of s, see Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; for 
 -aticum = -age see age ; for ae = e see 
 
 , § 103- 
 
 ETINCELLE, sf. a spark ; formerly estincelle. 
 It. scintilla, from L. scintilla, by trans- 
 position of scintilla into stincilla* (see 
 Hist. Gram. p. 77), whence etincelle. For 
 i = e see mettre; for 8t = est = et see esperer 
 and Hist. Gram. p. 8l. — Der. etinceler 
 (whose doublet is scintiller, q. v.). 
 
 ETIOLER, va. to emaciate ; from L. stipu- 
 lare. Its doublet is stipuler, q. v. — Der. 
 eV/o/ement. 
 
 !fitiologie, sf. (Med.) etiology; from Gr. 
 airioXoyia, that part of medicine which 
 treats of causes of disease. 
 
 ifitique, adj. consumptive, hectic. See hec- 
 tiqne (of which it is a doublet). — Der. 
 eVzsie. 
 
 Etiquette, sf. a label. Ongin unknown. 
 — Der. etiqjieter. 
 
 ETOFFE, sf. stuff, cloth ; formeriy estoffe. It. 
 stoffa, from Germ, sioff. — Der. etofftx. 
 
 ETOILE, sf. a star ; formerly estoile, from L. 
 Stella. For e = ot see § 61; forst = es/ 
 
 ^ =et see esperer and Hist. Gram. p. 81. 
 
 ETOLE, sf. a stole ; formerly estole, from L. 
 stola. For st = est = ei see esperer ant^ 
 Hist. Gram. p. 81. 
 
 ETONNER, va. to astonish ; formerly eston- 
 ner, from L. extonare, compd. of ex and 
 radical tonare, seen in at-tonare. For 
 ex = es see ajouter; for es = e see Hist. 
 
 . Gram. p. 81. — Der. etonnement. 
 
 ETOUFFER, va. to stifle ;'^ formerly estouffer, 
 compd. of ex and a radical touffer *, deriv. 
 of Gr. TV(pos, a word which remains in 
 Prov. touffe, and Sp. tttfo. Etouffer is then 
 rightly ' to stifle in vapour.' — Der. etouffee 
 (partic. subst.), etouffemQnt, etouffoix. 
 
 ETOUPE, sf. tow ; formerly estoupe, from L. 
 stuppa. For st = est = et see esperer and 
 Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; for u = om see § 90 ; for 
 pp=/'see chape. Etoupe is a doublet of 
 eteuf. 
 
 ETOURDIR, va. to din, deafen; formerly 
 estourdir. It. stordire, from L. extorpi- 
 dire, to make torpidus. Extorpidire, 
 regularly contrd. (see § 52) into extorp'- 
 dire, becomes extordire (for pd — d-see 
 § 168), whence estourdir (for o = ou see 
 affouage; for ex = es see ajouter), lastly 
 etourdir (for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81). 
 — Der. etovrdi, e/o?/rc?issement, etotirderie. 
 
 ETOURNEAU, sm. a starling ; formerly es- 
 tournel, from L. sturnellus, dim. of 
 sturnus. For st = est =■ et see esperer and 
 Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; foru = OM see §-90; for 
 -ellus = -e/ = -eaw see agneau. 
 
 ETRANGE, adj. strange ; formerly estrange, 
 from L. extraneus. For ex = es = e see 
 ajouter and Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; for -eus = 
 -ge see abreger. — Der. elrangete, etrange- 
 ment. 
 
 ETRANGER, adj. strange, sm. a stranger; 
 formerly estranger. It. straniere, from L. 
 extranearius*, der. from extraneus. 
 For extranearius = extraniarius see 
 agencer ; for m=ge see abreger; for other 
 changes see etrange. — Der. etrangeid. 
 
 ETRANGLER, va. to strangle, throttle; 
 formerly estr angler, from L. strangul^re. 
 For loss of ii see § 52 ; for s,t = est = et see 
 esperer and Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. 
 etranglement. 
 
 ETRE, V. subst. to be. The Lat. esse being 
 defective borrowed six tenses (fui, fueram, 
 fuero, fuerim, fuissem, forem) from 
 unused fuere. In Fr, etre is composed 
 of three verbs: (l) fuo, whence pret. fus 
 (fui), and subj. fusse (fuissem) ; (2) 
 stare, whence the p.p. ete, O. Fr. este 
 (status) ; (3) esse, whence all other 
 tenses, and specially the inf. pres. Sire, 
 O. Fr. estre. 
 
 To such defective verbs as velle, posse, 
 offere, inferre, esse, too short to provide 
 the usual infinitives, the vulgar Lat. added 
 a termination re, and thus assimilated 
 them falsely to verbs of the second con- 
 jugation. Thus in the 6th cent, we may 
 
142 
 
 ETRSCIR — EVADER. 
 
 find in Merov. • documents vol ^ re for 
 velle, potere for posse, offerrere for 
 offerre, inferrere for inferre, essere 
 for esse. 
 
 fissure was regularly contrd. (see § 51) 
 into ess're ; sr became sfr (see accroitre) ; 
 whence estre, now etre; for loss of s see Hist. 
 Gram. p. 81. This etymology is farther 
 confirmed by the form the verb takes in the 
 other Romance languages, as It. essere, Sp. 
 ser. Port, ser, Prov. esser. If any doubt 
 whether essere ever existed we may reply 
 by producing documentary proofs. In 
 Gruter's Collection of Roman Inscriptions 
 may be read the following epitaph found in 
 Rome in a yth-cent. church, ' Cod estis fui 
 et quod sum essere abetis,' i. e. ' quod estis, 
 fui : et quod sum, esse habetis.' In a 
 series of Carolingian Diplomas we have, 
 A. D. 820, 'quod essere debuissent;' a. d. 
 821, ' essere de beneficio ;' a.d. 836, ' quod 
 de ista ecclesia Vulfaldo episcopus essere 
 debuisset.' The same suffix re is to be 
 seen in compds. of esse, such as adesse, 
 etc., as e. g. in a Chartulary of a.d, 818, 
 ♦quam ingenuus adessere.' Farther 
 proof is unnecessary. No one now be- 
 lieves that etre is from L. stare. How 
 could stdre (accented on the a) have 
 become etre") And again, how could stare 
 produce, with the other Romance forms, 
 Prov. esser. It. essere, Sp. and Port, serf 
 Lastly, we know exactly that stare has 
 given us the Fr. ester, as in the phrase 
 ester en justice ('stare in justitia '). Ester 
 still remains in certain compds. as rester, 
 re-stare; arreter, ad-re-stare (O. Fr. 
 arrester). 
 
 ETRECIR, va. to narrow. See itroit.—Der. 
 retrecir, r^^re'cissement. 
 
 ETREINDRE, va. to bind, tie up ; formerly 
 estreindre, from L. stringere. For st = 
 est = et see esperer and Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; 
 for ingere — eindre see astreindre. — Der. 
 etreinte (verbal subst.). 
 
 fiTRENNE, sf. first sale, pi. Christmas-box ; 
 formerly estrenne, from L, strena. For 
 st = est — et see espdrer and Hist. Gram. p. 
 81. — Der. ^trenner. 
 
 fiTRIER, sm. a stirrup, properly a leathern 
 strap ; formerly estrier, contr. of estri(v)ier. 
 This form with v remains in etriviere, formerly 
 estriviere. Estrivier * is a deriv. of O. Fr. 
 estrif, which is of Germ, origin, from Germ. 
 strippe, a leathern strap. For st = est = et 
 see esperer and Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; for loss 
 of 1/ see aieul. 
 
 ^TRILLE, sf. a curry-comb; formerly 
 estrille, from L. strigilis. Strigilis, 
 regularly contrd. into strig'lis, becomes 
 etrille. For st = est = it see esplrer and Hist. 
 Gram. p. 81 ; for gl = j7 sec Hist. Gram. p. 
 71.— Der. ^/n7/er. 
 
 fiTRIQUE, adj. scanty. Origin unknown. 
 
 fiTRIVIERE, sf. a leathern strap. See etrier. 
 
 fiTROIT, adj. narrow ; formerly estroit, from 
 L. strictus. For Bt = est = it see esperer 
 and Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; for ict = ot7 see at- 
 trait. Etroit is a doublet of strict, q. v. — 
 Der. itroitesse, etr^ck. 
 
 £TUDE, sf. study ; formerly estude, from L. 
 studiiun. For st = est = it see esperer and 
 Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. etudier, eVwdiant. 
 
 ETUI, sm. a case, sheath; formerly estui. 
 Prov. esiug, Sp. estuche, a word of Germ, 
 origin, M. H. G. stiiche. For st — est = it 
 see espirer and Hist. Gram. p. 81. 
 
 ETUVE, sf. a stove ; formerly estuve. Prov. 
 estuba, from medieval Lat. stuba, which 
 from O. H. G. stupa. For st = est = it s^ 
 esperer and Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; for b =v see 
 § 113. — Der. etuvcT, etuv&e (partic. subst.), 
 etuviste. 
 
 jfitymologie,./. etymology; from L.etymo- 
 logia. — Der. e/?ymo/o^ique, <?'/yr«o/o^iste. 
 
 EU, p.p. of va. avoir, had; formerly eii, 
 originally aii, avud, from L. habitus (for 
 p. p. in utus see bil). For loss of medial b 
 see aboyer ; for a = e see § 54 ; for utus = u 
 see § 201 ; for loss of initial h. see atelier. 
 
 Eucharistie, sf. the eucharist ; from L. 
 eucharistia (so used in Cyprian). — Der. 
 eucharistique. 
 
 Eucologe, sm. euchology ; from Gr. (i/xv 
 and \6yos. 
 
 Eudiom^tre, sm. an eudiometer ; from Gr. 
 cvSios and ixerpov. 
 
 Eimuque, sm. an eunuch ; from L. eunu- 
 chus. 
 
 Eupli6niisnie, sm. an euphemism ; from 
 Gr €V(pr)fj,i(Tfi6s. 
 
 Euphonie, sf. euphony ; from Gr. cu^an'ta. 
 — Der. et/phonique. 
 
 Euphorbe, sf. (Bot.) an euphorbia ; from 
 L. euphorbia. 
 
 EUX, pr. pers. m. pi. they, them ; formerly 
 eus, originally els, from L. illos. For 
 
 f regular contr. of illos into ill's see Hist. 
 Gram. p. 70 ; for i = « see mettre ; for ils = 
 els = eus see agneau ; for eus = eux see deux. 
 
 ifivacuation, sf. evacuation; from L. eva- 
 cuationem. 
 
 !fivacuer,va. to evacuate; fromL. evacuare. 
 
 ifivader (S'),i'/'r.to escape; fromL. evadere. 
 
^VALUER — EXCELLENT. 
 
 143 
 
 ifivaluer, va. to value. See valoir. — Der. 
 
 c'va/wation. 
 ifivangelique, adj. evangelical ; from L. 
 
 evangelicus. 
 ]6vangeliser, va. to evangelize; from L. 
 
 evangelizare. 
 ifivangeliste, sm. an evangelist ; from L. 
 
 evangelista. 
 EVANGILE, sm. the Gospel ; from L. evan- 
 
 gelium. For e = i see mettre. 
 EVANOUIR, vn. to vanish ; formerly esva- 
 
 nouir. It. svanire, compd. of L. ex and adj. 
 
 vanus, unreal, as in the phrases ' vana 
 
 simualcra,' 'vana imago.* It would be diffi- 
 cult to give the exact relation between the 
 
 Lat. radical and Fr. deriv. — Der. evanou- 
 
 issement. 
 Evaporation, sf. evaporation; from L. 
 
 evaporationem. 
 fivaporer, va. to evaporate ; from L. eva- 
 
 porare. 
 EVASER, va. to widen. See vase. — Der. 
 
 evasement. 
 ifivasif, adj. evasive; from L. evasivus*, 
 
 der. from evasus. See evader. 
 Evasion, s/". evasion; from L. evasionem 
 
 ( = deliverance, in S. Jerome). 
 EVECHE, sm. a bishopric, bishop's palace. 
 
 Its doublet is episcopal, q. v. 
 EVEILLER, va. to waken ; formerly esveiller, 
 ■ from L. exvigilare *. For changes see 
 
 veiller. — Der. eveil (verbal subst.), xeveiller. 
 't'!fiv6nement, sm. an occurrence, event ; 
 
 introd. in l6th cent, from It. evenimenio. 
 EVENTAIL, sm. a fan. See eventer.—Der. 
 
 eventailliste. 
 f;VENTER, va. to fan. See vent.— Der. 
 
 eventai], eventa.ire, event (verbal subst.). 
 EVENTRER, va. to disembowel. See ventre. 
 Eventuel, adj. eventual; from L. eventu- 
 
 alis * (from eventus). — Der. eventuality. 
 fevfiQUE, sm. a bishop ; from L. episcopus. 
 
 For changes see archeveque. — Der. eveche. 
 Aversion, s/l overthrow ; from L. eversi- 
 
 onem. 
 EVERTUER (S'), vpr. to strive, exert (one- 
 self). See vertu. 
 Eviction, sf. an eviction, ejection ; from L. 
 
 evictionem. 
 Evidence, s/". evidence ; fromL. evidentia. 
 Evident, adj. evident ; from L. eviden- 
 
 tern. 
 EVIDER, va. to hollow out. See vide. — Der. 
 
 evidoxr. 
 lEVIER, sm. a sink ; der. from eve, O. Fr. eau. 
 
 For etymology see eau. Svier is a doublet 
 
 of aquarium, and of O. Fr. aiguiere. 
 
 Evincer, va. to evict, oust ; from L. evin- 
 
 cere. 
 Eviter, va. to avoid; from L. evitare. — 
 
 Der. evitzhle. 
 Evocation, sf. evocation, raising (of spirits) ; 
 
 from L. evocationem. 
 Evolution, sf. evolution; from L. evolu- 
 
 tionem. 
 Evoquer, va. to evoke ; from L. evocare. 
 
 — Der. eVocable. 
 Exacerbation, sf exacerbation, embitter- 
 ing; from L. exacerbationem. 
 Exact, adj. exact; from L. exactus. — Der. 
 
 exactement. 
 Exacteur, stn. an exactor; from L. ex- 
 
 actorem. 
 Exaction, sf. an exaction ; from L. ex- 
 
 actionem. 
 Exactitude, sf. exactness; from L. ex- 
 
 actitudo *, deriv, of exactus. 
 Exag6ration, sf exaggeration ; from L. 
 
 exaggerationem . — Der. exagerateur. 
 Exag6rer, va. to exaggerate; from L. 
 
 exaggerare. 
 Exaltation, sf exaltation ; from L. exal- 
 
 tationem, used for 'pride' in Tertullian. 
 Exalter, va. to exalt ; from L. exaltare. 
 Examen, sm. a survey, examination ; fnom 
 
 L. examert. 
 Examinateur, sm. an examiner ; from L. 
 
 examinatorem. 
 Examiner, va. ta examine ; from L. ex- 
 
 aminare. 
 Exanthdme, sm. exanthema ; from L. ex- 
 anthema. 
 Exasperation, sf. exasperation; from L. 
 
 exasperationem. 
 Exasp6rer, va. to exasperate, enrage ; from 
 
 L. exasperare. 
 EXAU^ER, va. to grant, hear favourably 
 
 (prayers, etc.) ; lit. to exalt, lift up, the peti- 
 tioner, by granting his prayer, from L. 
 
 exaltiare *, deriv. of altus. For al = au 
 
 see agneau ; for tiare = cer see agencer. 
 
 Exauger is a doublet of exhausser, — Der. 
 
 exaucemeat. 
 Excavation, sf excavation ; from L. exca- 
 
 vationem. 
 Exc^dant, sm. excess, surplus; from L. 
 
 excedentem. 
 Exc6der, i/a. to exceed; from L. excedere. 
 Excellemment, adv. excellently. See ex- 
 
 celhr. 
 Excellence, sf excellence; from L. excel- 
 
 lentia. 
 Excellent, adj. excellent; from L, ex- 
 
 cellentem. 
 
144 
 
 EXCELLENTISSIME — EXIGENCE, 
 
 Excellentissime, adj. most excellent; from 
 
 L, excellentissimus. 
 iBxceller, va. to excel ; from L. excellere. 
 tExcentricit6, sf. eccentricity; re- 
 cently introd. from Engl, eccentricity. 
 tExcentrique, adj. eccentric; recently 
 
 introd. from Engl, eccentric. 
 Exceptor, ffl. to except; from L. excep- 
 
 tare. 
 Exception, sf. exception ; from L. excep- 
 
 tionem. — Der. exceptionntl. 
 Excds, sm. an excess; from L. excessus. — 
 ■ Der. excessM. 
 Exciper, va. to plead an exception (legal) ; 
 
 from L. excipere. 
 Excision, ^. excision; from L. excisio- 
 
 nem. 
 Excitable, adj. excitable; from L, excita- 
 
 bilis. — Der. excitability 
 Excitation, sf. excitement; from L. exci- 
 
 tationem. — Der. excitatem, excitatii. 
 Exciter, va. to excite; from L. excitare. 
 
 — Der. excitant. 
 Exclamation, sf. exclamation; from L. 
 
 exclamation em. — Der. exclamatii. 
 EXCLURE, va. to exclude ; from L, exclu- 
 
 dere. For changes see conclure. 
 i^j^clusion, sf. exclusion; from L. exclu- 
 
 sionem. — Der. exclusiL 
 Excommunication, sf excommunication ; 
 
 from L. excommunicationem. 
 Excommunier, va. to excommunicate; 
 
 from L. excommunicare. 
 Excr6m.ent, sm. excrement ; from L. ex- 
 
 crementum. 
 Excretion, sf. excretion; from L. excre- 
 
 tionem *. 
 EXCROISSANCE, sf. an excrescence; from 
 
 L. excrescentia*, deriv. of excrescentem, 
 
 pres. partic. of excreseere. For changes 
 
 see croissance. 
 Excursion, sf an excursion ; from L. ex- 
 
 cursionem. 
 Excuse, sf. an excuse. See excuser. — Der. 
 
 excusMe. 
 Excuser, va. to excuse ; from L. excusare. 
 
 — Der. excuse (verbal subst.). 
 Execrable, adj. execrable; from L. exe- 
 
 crabilis. 
 Execration, sf execration ; from L. exe- 
 
 crationem. 
 Ex6crer, va. to execrate; from L. execrari. 
 Ex§cuter, va. to execute; from L. execu- 
 
 tare*, der. from executus. — Der. ex- 
 ecutant, executahle. 
 Ex6cuteur, sm. an executor; from L. 
 
 executorem. 
 
 Execution, sf an execution; from L. exe- 
 cution em, — Der. ex/cutif. 
 
 Ex6cutoire, adj. executory; from L. exe- 
 cutorius *, der. of executare. 
 
 Exegdse, sf exegesis; from Gr. ^-qyijais. 
 — Der. exf'getique. 
 
 Exemplaire, adj. exemplary; from L. 
 exemplaris (used in theological Lat.). 
 
 Exemplaire, sm. a copy; from L. exem- 
 plarium (in Arnobius). 
 
 Exemple, sm. an example; from L. ex- 
 emplum. 
 
 Exempt, adj. exempt ; from L. exemptus. 
 The sense of ' an officer of police' comes 
 from the fact that under the former French 
 monarchy officers of cavalry were exempt 
 from regular service, and detached to com- 
 maiKi squadrons of horse-police. 
 
 Exempter, va. to exempt ; from L. exemp- 
 tare *, deriv. of exemptus. 
 
 Exemption, sf. exemption; from L. ex- 
 emptionem. 
 
 f Exequatur, sm. an exequatur; a Lat. 
 word = ' let him execute ' (a sentence). 
 
 Exercer, va. to exercise; from L. exercere. 
 
 Exercice, sm. an exercise; from L. exer- 
 citium. 
 
 Exergue, sm. exergue; from Gr. l£ and 
 epyov. 
 
 Exfoliation, sf exfoliation; from L. ex- 
 foliationem. 
 
 Exfolier, va. to exfoliate; from L. exfo- 
 liare. Its doublet is effeuiller, q. v. 
 
 EXHALAISON, sf. an exhalation, expiration ; 
 from exhalationem. For -ationem = 
 -aison see fenaison. Its doublet is exhala- 
 tion, q. V. 
 
 Exhalation, sf. exhalation; from L. exha- 
 lationem. Its doublet is exhalaison, q. v. 
 
 Exhaler, va. to exhale; from L. exhalare. 
 
 EXHAUSSER, va. to raise, run up ; from L. 
 exaltiare *, der. from altus. For al = aM 
 see agneau ; for -tiare = -sser see agencer ; 
 for addition of h see haut. Exhausser is 
 a doublet of exaufer, q. v. 
 
 Exh6r6der, va. to disinherit ; from L. ex- 
 heredare. — Der. exheredation. 
 
 Exhiber, va. to exhibit ; from L. exhibere. 
 
 Exhibition, sf. an exhibition; from L. 
 exhibitionem. 
 
 Exhortation, sf an exhortation ; from L. 
 exhortationem. 
 
 Exhorter, va. to exhort ; from L. exhor- 
 tari. 
 
 Exhumer, va. to exhume; from L. exhu- 
 mare. — Der. exhumztion. 
 
 Exigence, s/". exigency; from L. exigentia. 
 
EXIGER — EXP ULSER . 
 
 145 
 
 Exiger, va. to exact; from L. exigere. — 
 
 Der. exig'xhlt. 
 Exigu, adj. scanty ; from L, exiguus. 
 Exiguite, */". scantiness; from L. exigui- 
 
 tatem. 
 Exil, sm. exile; from L. exilium. — Der. 
 
 exiU, exiler. 
 Exister, va. to exist; from L. existere. — 
 
 Der. existence. 
 Exorable, adj. exorable; from L. exor- 
 
 abilis. 
 Exorbitant, adj. exorbitant; from L. 
 
 exorbitantem. 
 Exerciser, va. to exorcise; fromL, exor- 
 
 cizare. 
 Exorcisrae, sm. an exorcism ; from L. 
 
 exorcismus. 
 Exorde, sm. an exordium ; from L. exor- 
 dium. 
 Exoterique, adj. exoteric ; from L. exote- 
 
 ricus. 
 Exotique, adj. exotic; from L. exoticus. 
 Expansif, adj. expansive ; from L. expan- 
 
 sivus *, der. of expansus. 
 Expansion, sf. expansion ; from L. ex- 
 
 pansionem. 
 Expatrier, va. to expatriate; from L. ex- 
 
 patriare *, a medieval Lat. word. 
 Expectant, adj. expectant ; from L. expec- 
 
 tantem. 
 Expectative, adj. expectant ; from L. e x- 
 
 pectativa *, from L. expectatus. 
 Expectorer, va. to spit; from L. expec- 
 
 torare *. — Der. expec/oration. 
 Expedient, adj. expedient; from L. ex- 
 
 pedientem. 
 EXPEDIER, va. to despatch, expedite ; from 
 
 L. expeditare*, frequent, of expedire. 
 
 For loss of medial t see abbaye. 
 Exp6diteur, sm. a shipper, sender; from 
 
 L. expeditorem*. 
 ; Exp6ditif, adj. expeditious; from L. expe- 
 
 ditivus*, der. from expedire. 
 I Expedition, sf. expedition; from L. expe- 
 
 ditionem. — Der. expeditionn-dire. 
 Experience, sf. experience; from L. expe- 
 
 rientia. 
 Experimental, adj. experimental; from 
 ' L. experimentalis *. 
 
 Experimenter, va. to experience ; from 
 j L. experimentare. 
 |j Expert, ac?/. expert; from L. expertus. — 
 ij Der. expertise. 
 
 ! Expiation, s/". expiation; from L. expia- 
 1 tionem. 
 ! Expiatoire, adj. expiatory; from L. ex- 
 
 piatorius. 
 
 Expier, va. to expiate; from L. expiare. 
 Expirer, va. to expire ; fromL. exspirare. 
 Expietif, adj. expletive; from L. exple- 
 
 tivus. 
 Explicatif, adj. explanatory; from L. ex- 
 
 plicativus *. 
 Explication, sf. an explanation; from L. 
 
 explicationem. 
 Explicite, adj. explicit; from L. expli- 
 
 citus. Its doublet is exploit, q. v. 
 Expliquer, va. to explain; from L. expli- 
 
 care. 
 EXPLOIT, stn. an exploit; verbal subst. of 
 
 exploiter. Its doublet is explicite, q. v. 
 EXPLOITER, va. to work, cultivate, employ, 
 
 make the most of. Prov. explectar, from 
 
 L. explicitare, frequent, of explicare. 
 
 For change of sense see § 13. Explici- 
 
 tare, regularly contrd. (see § 52) into 
 
 explic'tare, becomes exploiter. For let = 
 
 ait see attrait. — Der. exploit (verbal subst., 
 
 signifying rightly an act, just as its primi- 
 tive explicare came to mean 'to act'), 
 
 exploitation. 
 Explorateur, sm. an explorer; from L. 
 
 exploratorem. 
 Exploration, sf an exploration ; from L. 
 
 explorationem. 
 Explorer, va. to explore ; from L. explo- 
 
 rare. 
 Explosion, sf. an explosion ; from L. e x- 
 
 plosionem. 
 Exporter, va. to export; from L. expor- 
 
 tare. — Der. exportation, exportateur. 
 Exposer, va. to expose; from L. expau- 
 
 sare, compd. of pausare. — Der. exposa.nt. 
 Exposition, s/^. exposure; fromL. expo- 
 
 sitionem. 
 EXPRES, adj. express ; from L. expressus. 
 
 Its doublet is express, q. v. — Der. expres 
 
 (adv.). 
 t Express, sm, an express ; recently introd. 
 
 from Engl, express. Its doublet is expres, 
 
 q.v. 
 Expressif, adj. expressive; from L. ex- 
 
 pressivus*, deriv, of expressus. 
 Expression, sf. an expression; from L. 
 
 expressionem. 
 Exprimer, va. to express; from L. expri- 
 
 mere. Its doublet is epreindre, q.v. 
 Expropriation, sf expropriation, a taking 
 
 possession of a debtor's landed property. 
 
 See exproprier. 
 Exproprier, va. to expropriate; from L. 
 
 expropriare *. — Der. expropriation. 
 Expulser, va. to expel; from L. expul- 
 
 sare. 
 
 L 
 
14^ 
 
 EXPULSION — FA CILE, 
 
 XiXpulsion, sf. expulsion; from L. expul- 
 
 sionem. 
 Sxpurger, va. to purge out ; from L. 
 
 expurgare. 
 EXQUIS, adj. exquisite ; from L, exquisitus. 
 
 The accent became misplaced (exqtiisitus 
 
 for exquisitus), and then the last two 
 
 syllables, being atonic, were dropped. 
 !Ex8uder, va. to exude; from L. exsu- 
 
 dare. — Der. exsudiiXion. 
 Bxtase, .«/■. a trance, ecstasy ; from Gr. tK- 
 
 araais. — Der. exlasier. 
 Extatique, adj. ecstatic; from Gr. I«- 
 
 CTariKus. 
 XjXtensif, adj. expanding, capable of exten- 
 
 tension ; from L. extensivus. 
 Extension, s/. extension ; from L. exten- 
 
 sionem. — Der. extenseur, extens\h]e. 
 Extenuation, sf. extenuation; from L. 
 
 extenuationem. 
 Ext6nuer, va. to extenuate; from L. ex- 
 
 tenuare. — Der. extenuation. 
 Ext6rieur, sm. exterior ; from L. exterior. 
 Exterminateur, sm. an exterminator; from 
 
 L. exterminatorem. 
 Extermination, sf. extermination ; from 
 
 L. exterminationem. 
 Exterminer, va. to exterminate ; from L. 
 
 exterminare. 
 Externe, adj. external ; sm. a day scholar ; 
 
 from L. externus. — Der. exterml. 
 Extinction, /. extinction; from L. ex- 
 
 tinctionem. 
 Extirpation, sf. extirpation; from L. ex- 
 
 tirpationem. 
 
 Extirper, va. to extirpate; from L. ex- 
 
 tirpare. 
 Extorquer, va. to extort; from L. extor- 
 
 quere. 
 Extorsion, ./. extortion ; from L. extor- 
 
 tionem*, der. from extortus. 
 Extraction, sf. extraction ; from L. ex- 
 
 tractionem*, der. from extractus. 
 Extradition, sf extradition ; frgm L. ex 
 
 and traditionem. 
 EXTRAIRE, va. to extract ; from L. extra- 
 
 here. For trahere = ^a/re see traire. — 
 
 Der. extrait (verbal subst.). 
 Extraordinaire, adj. extraodinary ; from 
 
 L. extraordinarius, 
 Extravaguer, vn. to rave; from L. ex- 
 
 travagari *. — Der, extravagance, extrava- 
 gant. 
 Extreme, arf;. extreme ; from L. extremus. 
 
 — Der. ^«/rew^-onction (see onction). 
 Extr6mit6, sf. extremity ; from L. extrem- 
 
 itatem, 
 Extrinsdque, a(^'. extrinsic; from L. ex- 
 
 trinsecus. 
 Exuberance, sf. exuberance; from L. ex- 
 
 uberantia. 
 Exuberant, adj. exuberant ; from L. ex- 
 
 uberantem. 
 Exulc6rer, va, to exulcerate; from L, 
 
 exulcerare. 
 Exutoire, sm. (Med.) an issue; from L, 
 
 exutorium*, der. from exutus, p.p. of 
 
 exuere. 
 fEx-voto, sm. a votive offering; from 
 
 L. ex and voto. 
 
 F. 
 
 FABLE, sf. a fable; from L. fdbiila. For 
 regular loss of ■& see § 51. 
 
 FABLIAU, sm. a fableau, metrical tale ; for- 
 merly also fableau, originally fahlel ; from 
 L. fabul611us *, dim. of fabula. For loss 
 of atonic u see § 52 ; for el = eau see 
 agneau. Fableau has htcome fabliau just 
 as beau becomes biau or epeautre becomes 
 epiautre in certain patois. 
 
 Eabrique, sf. a fabric, factory; from L. 
 fabrica. Its doublet is /org-e, q: v. — Der. 
 fabriqueT,fabricznt, fabriatioa, fabriczttMX, 
 fabricien. 
 
 Pabuleux, adj. fabulous ; from L.fabulosus. 
 
 Fabuliste, sm. a fabulist ; a word framed 
 from L. fabula and the sufSx iste. 
 
 + Pa9ade, sf. a facade, front; introd. in 
 1 6th cent, from It. facciata. 
 
 FACE, 5/. a face ; from L. faoies. For ci = 
 c see agencer. — Der. /acette, facex, effacer, 
 surface. 
 
 Pacetie, sf. facetiousness, joke, jest ; from 
 L. facetia. — Der. /aceV/eux. 
 
 FACETTE, sf. a facet, face. See face. 
 
 FACHER, va. to offend, afflict; formerly 
 fascher, from Pro v. fastigar by loss of i 
 (see § 52), whence fast' gar, fas' gar, 
 then fascher. The Prov. fastigar comes 
 iioTdf astig = ennui, and represents L. fas- 
 tidium. — Der. fdcherie, (se) ^kfacher, 
 facheax. 
 
 Facile, adj. easy, facile; from L. facilis. 
 
FA CILITS—FALOT, 
 
 H7 
 
 racilit6, s/. facility; fromL. facilitatem. 
 •)• Faciliter, va. to facilitate; introd. in 
 
 l6th cent, from It. facilitare. 
 FACON, sf. make, fashion, way, manner; 
 
 from L. factionem. For ctio = mo = czo 
 
 = C'o, see agencer. Fafon is a doublet of 
 
 faction, fashion. — Der. faponneT. 
 Faconde, adj. eloquent; from L. facun- 
 
 dus. 
 fFac- simile, sm. a facsimile; from L. 
 
 fac and simile. 
 Facteur, sm. a maker, postman, factor; 
 
 from L. factor em. — Der./ac/orerie. 
 Factiee, adj. factitious ; from L. facti- 
 
 cius. Its doublet is fetiche, q. v. 
 Factieux, flf//, factious; from L. factio- 
 
 sus. 
 Faction, sf. a faction ; from L. factionem. 
 
 Its doublets are fapon, fashion. 
 Factionnaire, sm. a sentinel, der. from 
 
 faction in its sense of military service, which 
 
 from L. factionem. 
 ^Factotum, sm. a. factotum; from L. 
 
 fac and totum. 
 + Factum, sm. a statement of a case; from 
 
 L. factum (properly a fact, thing done : 
 
 then a statement of the facts of a case 
 
 in law). Its doublet is fait, q. v. 
 Facture, sf. composition, bill; from L. 
 
 factura. — Der. mznufactzire, manii/ac/wrer. 
 Faculty, 5/1 faculty; from L. facultatem. 
 
 — Der. facult&tif. 
 FADE, adj. insipid, dull ; from L. vd,pidus 
 
 (properly flat, savourless, without scent). 
 
 For regular loss of i see § 51, hence 
 
 vap'dus, whence fade; for pd = J see 
 
 Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; for v=/ see § 140. — 
 
 Der. fadeur, fadaise, fadasse. 
 FAGOT, sm. a fagot. Origin unknown. — 
 
 Der. fagoteT,fagotm,fagoteur. 
 FAIBLE, adj. weak; formerly /ot'We, from L. 
 
 flebilis. For regular loss of i see § 51 ; 
 
 for e = oi = ai see § 61; for loss of the 
 
 first 1, a result of dissimilation, see § 169. 
 
 Faible is a doublet of flebile, q. v. — Der. 
 
 faibhss,t,faihl\x, nffatbliT. 
 t Faience, sf. faience, pottery of glazed 
 
 earth, first made at Faenza, whence the 
 
 name. — 'De.r.fa'ienc'xtx, fac'ienctne. 
 FAILLIR, vn. to err, mistake, fail, be near 
 
 to ; from L fallere. For 11 = ill see ail ; 
 
 for e = t see § 59. For the change of 
 
 fallere into fallere see courir. Faillir 
 
 is a doublet of falloir, q. v. — Der. failli 
 
 (partic. subst.), faillite, defaillir, faillihle, 
 
 /ai/Zibilite, in/ai7/ible. 
 FAIM, sf. hunger; from L. fames. For 
 
 a=ai see § 54. — Der. af/amer, /azmvalle 
 (the origin of valle is unknown). 
 
 FAINE, sm. a beech-nut ; from L. fagina *. 
 Fagma regularly loses its i (see § 51), 
 hence fag'na, whence faj'na (seejumeau), 
 then faina (for j—i see aider). Fagina 
 becomes faine as vagina becomes gaine. 
 
 FAINEANT, adj. idle, do-nothing; formerly 
 fait neant, from fait and n^ant. — Der. 
 faineatiter, faineanlise. 
 
 FAIRE, va. to do, act, effect ; from L. facere. 
 For regular loss of e, fdicere, see § 51 ;' 
 for acr = air see benir. — Der. /a/sant, 
 faiseui, faisable, affaire, hienfaire, contre- 
 faire, dcfaire, iorfaire, ma.]faire, m^faire, 
 xtfaire, snvfaire. 
 
 FAISAN, sm. a pheasant; from L. phasia- 
 nus. For ph. =/ see coffre ; for a = ai see 
 § 54. — From the old spelling faisant, 
 come faisande, faisandtr (i. e. to give a 
 flavour of high game to), faisanderie, 
 faisandeau. 
 
 FAISCEAU, sm. a bundle ; from L. fascel- 
 lus*, dim. of fascis. For a, = ai see § 54; 
 for -ellus = -eati see agneau, 
 
 FAISEUR, sm. a maker, doer. Seefaire. 
 
 FAIT, sm. a fact, deed; from L. factura. 
 For ct = it see attrait. Its doublet is fac- 
 tum, q. V. 
 
 FAITE, sm. the top, pinnacle ; formerly /a/s/^, 
 from L. fastigium., by an irregular dis- 
 placement of the tonic accent into fasti- 
 gium, whence faiste by loss of last two 
 atonic syllables; by a = az see § 54, and 
 lastly fatte by loss of s (see Hist. Gram, 
 p. 8 1 ). — Der. faitzgt, fait'ihre. 
 
 FAIX, sm. a burden ; from L. fascis. For 
 a = ai see § 54 ; for s = « see deux. — 
 Der. s'a.{faisseT (i. e. to bend under a 
 burden), porte/a?*. 
 
 FALAISE, sm. a cliff; formerly faloize and 
 falize, from O. H. G. felisa, a rock. For- 
 i= oi = ai see §§ 68, 61. 
 
 Falbala, sm. a furbelow, a word traced back 
 to the 1 7th cent. Origin unknown. 
 
 Fallace, sf. deception ; from L. fallacia. 
 
 FallacieUX, adj. fallacious; from L. falla- 
 ciosus. For -osus = -«/x, see § 229. 
 
 FALLOIR, vn. (impers. irregular), to be 
 necessary, to require, need, ask; properly to 
 fail of, as in the phrase il s'en faut de, etc ; 
 from L. fallere. For fallere becoming 
 failure see accourir ; for e = o/ see § 61. 
 
 FALOT, sm. a lantern ; formerly fanot, 
 compd. of radical fan * and dim. ot. Fan, ^ 
 is Gr. <pav6s (a lantern). For n = / see 
 aller. 
 
 L 2 
 
148 
 
 FALOURDE — FARFA DET 
 
 FALOURDE, sf. a bundle of firewood. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 Falsification, sf. falsification ; from L. 
 falsificationem *, der, from falsifica- 
 tus. — Der. fahijicateur. 
 
 Falsifier, va. to falsify; from L. falsifi- 
 care. 
 
 FALUN, sm. shell-marl. Origin unknown. 
 — Der. faluneTj/alumhre. 
 
 Fame, sf. renown, fame; from L. fama. 
 
 FAME, adj. famed ; from L. famatus. For 
 -atU8 = -<*see § 201. 
 
 Fain6lique, sm. a starveling ; from L. 
 famelicus. 
 
 FAMEUX, adj. famous, notorious; from L. 
 famosus. For -osus = -c?/x see § 229, 
 
 Familiariser, va. to familiarise. See 
 familier. 
 
 Familiarity, sf. familiarity; from L. fa- 
 miliaritatem. 
 
 Fam.ilier, adj. familiar; from L. famili- 
 ar i s . — Der. familiariser. 
 
 Fam.ille, sf. a family ; from L. familia. 
 
 Fam.ine, sf. famine; from L. famina*, 
 barbarous deriv. of fames. 
 
 i* Fanal, sm. a ship's lantern, beacon ; 
 introd. in l6th cent, from It.fanale. 
 
 Fanatique, sm. a fanatic; from L. fanati- 
 cus. — Der./ctwa/isme, fanatistx. 
 
 FANER, va. properly to make hay by" turn- 
 ing the mown grass, whence to dry, wither 
 up; from L. foenare*, deriv. of foenum. 
 For oe =e see § 105 ; for e = a see amender. 
 -.JDex. faifa.gt, fane (verbal subst.), fantMX. 
 
 FANFARE, sf. a flourish of trumpets. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 ■f Fanfaron, adj. and sm. blustering, a 
 blustering fellow, swaggerer ; from Sp. fan- 
 farron. — Der.ya«/aro«nade, fanfaronvitnt. 
 
 + Fanfreluche, sf. a bauble; from It. 
 fanfaluca. 
 
 ^ANGE, sf. mud, dirt ; from L, famicem *, 
 whose deriv. famicosus, is found in Festus. 
 Famicem, contrd. regularly into fam'- 
 cem, changes c into g (see juge and ad- 
 juger) and m into n (see changer). 
 
 FANGEUX, adj. muddy, miry ; from L. fami- 
 cosus. ramic6sus becomes fam'co- 
 sus (see § 52), then fangeux. For G=g 
 see adjuger; for m = M see changer; for 
 -oa\ia = -eux see § 229. 
 
 FANON, sm. properly a piece of stuff which 
 acts as a kind of flag, thence (by extension) 
 the dewlap of an ox, which hangs down under 
 his throat; of Germ, origin, O. H. G.fano. 
 
 Fantaisie, sf. imagination, fancy, whim: 
 from Gr. (pavraaia. 
 
 Fantasmagorie, sf. a phantasmagoria, 
 dissolving-view ; from Gr. (pSLvraa/jia and 
 AyopA. — Der. fantasmagorique. 
 
 FANTASQUE, adj. fantastic, homfantasche ; 
 from L. fantasticus, capricious, disorderly, 
 in medieval Lat. texts. Fantdsticus, 
 contrd. regularly into fantast'cus (see 
 § 51), becomes fantas'cus ; thence /««- 
 tasqiie. For tc=c see § 168. Fantasque is 
 a doublet oifantastique, q. v. 
 
 t Fantassin, sm. a foot-soldier ; from It. 
 fantacci7io. 
 
 Fantastique, adj. fantastic ; from Gr. 
 (pavTaariKos. 
 
 FANTOME, .sm. a phantom ; formerly/a«/osm«, 
 from L. phantasma, by ph=/see coffre; 
 by accented a = o (a change which is an 
 exception to all rules) ; by loss of s, see 
 Hist. Gram. p. 81. 
 
 FAON, sm. a doe, fawn ; formerly /ton, from 
 L. foetonus*, deriv. of foetus, properly 
 = little. The sense of/aon was not restricted 
 to the young of deer till very late ; in me- 
 dieval Fr. it meant the young of any beast, 
 and was used of those of the tigress, sheep, 
 etc. Foe(t)onus=/ao« by loss of medial 
 t, see abbaye; by & = e, see § 51 ; bye = a, 
 see amender. — Der./aowner. 
 
 t Faquin, sm. a mean rascal, puppy ; from 
 It. facchino, — Der. faquinene. 
 
 + Far andole, sf a Proven9al dance ; from 
 Vxov.farandolo. Origin unknown. 
 
 FARCE, /. a farce. See farcir.—Dex. far- 
 ceur. 
 
 FARCIN, sm. farcy, glanders (pi.) ; from L. 
 farciminum. For loss of the two last 
 syllables see §§ 50, 51 ; for m = « see 
 changer. — Der. farcineax. 
 
 FARCIR, va. to stuff; from L. farcire. 
 — Der. farce (verbal subst., meaning force- 
 meat, stuffing). Farce, meaning a broad 
 comedy, is verbal subst. of farcir (in such 
 phrases as epitres farcies, pieces farcies, 
 i. e. Latin letters etc. in which are intro- 
 duced expressions or words belonging to the 
 vulgar tongue). 
 
 FARD, sm. paint (for the face), varnish ; for- 
 merly /ar/: of Germ, origin, O. H.G. /ar- 
 jon, to tint, with colour used to rouge the 
 face. — Der. fardex. 
 
 FARDE, sf. formerly in general sense of ' a bur- 
 den,' now restricted to the commercial sense 
 of bales of coflfee. Origin unknown. — Der. 
 /arrfeau. 
 
 FARDEAU, sm. a burden, Seefarde. 
 
 FARFADET, sm. a familiar spirit. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
FARFOUILLER — FA VORABLE. 
 
 149 
 
 FARFOUILLER, vn. to rummage ; compd. 
 
 of fouiller and a prefix far, the origin of 
 
 which is unknown. 
 FARIBOLE, sf. an idle tale. Origin unknown. 
 FARINE, sf. flour; from L. farina.— Der. 
 
 farineux, fariniex, enfarifier. 
 FAROUCHE, adj. fierce ; from L. ferocem. 
 
 For e = a see amender ; for c = ch see 
 
 § 126. Farouche is a doublet of feroce, 
 
 q. V. — Der. effaroucher. 
 Fasce, sf. a fesse (heraldry) ; from L. fascia. 
 Fascicule, sm. a bundle, fasciculus; from 
 
 L. fasciculus. 
 Fascine, sf a hurdle, fascine ; from L. 
 
 fa sc i na. — Der. /ascmage. 
 Fascination, sf fascination; from L. fas- 
 
 cinationem. 
 Fasciner , wa. to fascinate ; from L.fascinare. 
 Faseole, sf a bean; from L. phaseolus. 
 
 For ph.=/see § 146. 
 •} Fashion, sf fashion; an Engl. word. 
 
 Its doublet is fagon, faction, q. v. — Der. 
 faskionzhle. 
 Faste, sm. pomp; from L. fastus. — Der. 
 
 fastueuK. 
 Fastes, sm. pi. the Fasti, the consular records ; 
 
 thence annals, histories, from L. fasti. 
 Fastidieux, adj. fastidious; from L. fas- 
 
 tidiosus. For -osus = -e2/x see § 229. 
 FastueUX, adj. pompous, magnificent; from 
 
 L. fastuosus. For -osus = -«/;<; see § 229. 
 + Fat, sm. a fop ; from Prov. fat, which from 
 
 L. fatuus. Fat is a doublet of fade, q. v. — 
 
 Der.fatuite. 
 Fatal, adj. fatal; from L, fatalis. — Der. 
 
 fatalisme. 
 Fatality, sf. a fatality; from L. fatalitatem. 
 Fatidique, adj. fatidical; from L.fatidicus. 
 Fatiguer, va. to fatigue ; from L. fatigare. 
 
 — Dqt. fatigue (verbal subst.), defaiiguer. 
 FATRAS, sm. a litter, medley ; from L. far- 
 
 taceus *, deriv. of fartus. Fatras rightly 
 
 means a confused heap of all kinds of things. 
 
 Fartaceus becomes fatras (for fartas *) 
 
 by transposing the r, see aprete. 
 Fatuite, sf. fatuity, foppishness ; from L. 
 
 fatuitatem. 
 FAUBOURG, sm. a suburb, faubourg, quarter 
 
 outside the gates of a city ; more properly 
 
 written in O. Yr.forhourg,forsbourg; from 
 
 medieval Lat. forisburgus *, compd. of 
 
 foris and burgus. For forisbiirgus = 
 
 forsburg see § 52 ; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. 
 
 p. 81 ; for or = aur see § 86 ; for loss of r 
 
 see Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; for u = om see § 97. 
 
 See also bourg. 
 FAUCHER, va. to maw, cut down, reap; 
 
 from L. falcare, a middle Lat. word. For 
 al = au see agneau ; for ca = che see 
 §§ 126 and 54. Faucher is a doublet of 
 falquer. — Der.fauche (verbal suhst.),fauch- 
 age, fauchcL\son, fauchet (partic. subst.), 
 fauch&nr (whose doublet is faucheux). 
 
 FAUCILLE, sf. a sickle, reaping-hook ; from 
 L. falcilla, used for falcula in Carolingian 
 documents. For al = au see agneau. 
 
 FAUCON, sm. a falcon ; from L. falconem. 
 For al = au see agneau. — Der. fauconneau, 
 fauconnerie, fauconnler. 
 
 FAUFILER, va. to tack, baste (in sewing). 
 Tacking was done with a fatixfil, i. e. a 
 thread which is not meant to remain. For 
 origin set faux zndfil. 
 
 Faune, sm. a faun ; from L. faunus. 
 
 FAUSSAIRE, sm. a forger ; from L. falsarius. 
 For al = aM see agneau. 
 
 FAUSSER, va. to forge; from L. falsare. 
 For al = au see agneau. 
 
 FAUSSET, sm. a spigot. See faux. 
 
 FAUTE, sf a fault. It.falta, from L. fallita* 
 act of failing, der. from fallere. For 
 subst. of this kind see absoute. Fdllita, 
 contrd. regularly into fall'ta (see § 51) 
 becomes faute. For al — au see agneau. 
 Just as fallita * becomes faute, so fal- 
 litum becomes faut, which remains in the 
 compd. d(faut, formed of de- (q. v.) and 
 faut ; this word answers to defailler, just as 
 faute to failler. — Der. fautxi. 
 
 FAUTEUIL, sm. an arm-chair ; formerly /nz/- 
 destetiil, origmsWy faldesteuil. It. faldistorio, 
 from L. faldestolium *, found in a 9th- 
 cent. document. This word clearly is of Germ, 
 origin, and answers to O.Yi.G. faltstuol. For 
 -olium = -euil see accueillir and aleul ; for 
 al = aw see agneau; for loss of d see ac- 
 cabler; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. 
 
 Fauteur,sra.an abettor; from L. faut or em. 
 
 FAUTIF, adj. faulty ; deriv. of faute, q. v. 
 
 FAUVE, adj. tawny; formerly falve, Prov. 
 falb, It.falbo; of Germ, origin. Germ. falb. 
 For h=v see avant ; for al = au see ag^ 
 neau. — Der. fauvette. 
 
 FAUX, adj. false ; from L. falsus. For al = 
 au see agneau ; for a = x see deux. — Der. 
 fausset (a word formed from /aw;v, imitating 
 It. falsetto). 
 
 FAUX, sf. a scythe ; from L. falcem. For 
 al = au see agneau ; for c = s see agencer ; 
 for s = x see deux. 
 
 Faveur, sm. favour; from L.'favorem. — 
 Der. defaveiir. 
 
 Favorable, adj. favourable ; from L. favo- 
 rabilis. — Der, defavorable. 
 
150 
 
 FA VORI — FERME, 
 
 t Pavori, sm. a whisker ; from It. favorito. 
 — Der. favoriscT, favorixismc. 
 
 + Favorite, sf. a favourite; from It. /a- 
 vorita. 
 
 FEAL, adj. trusty, faithful ; from L. fidelis. 
 For loss of medial d see accabler ; for i = e 
 see tnettre ; for e = a see amender. Feal 
 is a doublet oifidele, q. v. 
 
 Febrifuge, sf. a febrifuge; from L. febri- 
 fugia. 
 
 F6brile, adj. febrile; from L. febrilis. 
 
 F6cal, adj. fecal ; from L. fecal is. 
 
 Fdces, sm. pi. (Med.) feces ; from L. fecem. 
 
 F6coild, adj. fertile, fruitful, prolific ; from 
 L. fecundus. 
 
 Feconder, va. to fertilise; from L. fecun- 
 d a r e . — Der . /ccowrfant, fccondzxXon. 
 
 F6condit6, sf. fertility; from L. fecundi- 
 tatem. 
 
 F6cule, sf. (Med.) fecula ; from L. faecula. 
 — Der. feculent. 
 
 Federal, ai/. federal; from L. foederalis*, 
 deriv. of foedus. 
 
 F§d6ration, sf. a federation ; from L. 
 foederationem . — Der. federat\(. 
 
 Federer, va. to make a federation, confede- 
 rate ; from L. foederare. — Der. federe 
 ^(verbal subst.). 
 
 FEE, sf. a fay, elf; properly a supernatural 
 being, which (according to medieval mytho- 
 logy) presides over our destinies, like the 
 ancient Parcae. Fee, Fort, fada, It. fata, is 
 from L. fata ( = fairy, in an inscription of 
 Diocletian's time). Pata is the being who 
 presides over our fatum or destiny. The 
 inscription uses fata for Parca, so leaving 
 no doubt as to the exact meaning of this 
 common Lat. word. For -ata = -ee see 
 § 201 . — Der. /eerie, /mique. 
 
 FEINDRE, vn. to feign; from L. fingere. 
 For -ingere = -eindre see ceindre. — Der. 
 feinte (partic. subst., see ahsoule), feintise. 
 
 FELER, va. to crack, spht (glass) ; from L. 
 fissulare*, deriv. of fissus. For regular 
 loss of u see § 52; hence fiss'lare, whence 
 fesler, then filer. For i = e see mettre ; for 
 loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der./e/ure. 
 
 Felicite, sf felicity; from L. felicitatem. 
 
 F6liciter, va. to congratulate ; from L. 
 felicitare (to make happy, in Donatus). 
 — Y>tr. felicitation. 
 
 F61in, adj. feline ; from L. felinus. 
 
 FELON, sm. a felon; from L. fellonem*, 
 a word found in the Capitularies of Karl 
 the Bald. Origin unknown. — Der. /e7o«ie. 
 
 + F61ouque, sf. a felucca; from It. 
 feluca. 
 
 Femelle, adj. female; from L. feme 11 a*, 
 
 dim. of femina. 
 F6ininin, adj. feminine; from L. femi- 
 
 ninus. 
 FEMME, sf. a woman; from L. f^iuina. 
 
 For regular loss of 1 see § 51 ; for fem'ua 
 
 =femme, by assimilation of mn to mm, 
 
 see § 168. — Dex.femmelette. 
 F6niur, sm. the thigh - bone ; from L. 
 
 femur Der./e'moral. 
 
 FENAISON, sf. hay-making ; from L. foena- 
 
 tionem*, deriv. of foenare*. For oe = 5 
 
 see §105; for -ationem = -a«o«, by at- 
 traction of i and softening of t, see 
 
 agencer. 
 FENDRE, va. to cleave; from L. flndere. 
 
 For regular contraction of findere into 
 
 find're see § 51 ; for i = « see ceinture. 
 
 — Der. fente (partic. subst,, see absoute), 
 fend'iWer. 
 FEN£TRE, sf. a window ; formerly fenestre, 
 
 from L. fenestra. For loss of s see 
 
 Hist. Gram. p. 81. 
 FENIL, sm. a hay-loft ; from L. foenile. 
 FENOUIL, sm. fennel; from L. foenu- 
 
 culum, secondary form of foeniculum/ 
 
 For oe — e see § 105; for -uculum= , 
 
 -otiille see abeille. — T>er. fenouillette. 
 FENTEj sf. a slit. Seefendre. 
 Feodal, adj. feudal ; from medieval L. 
 
 feodalis (that which relates to zfief q.v.) 
 
 — Der. feodal'ite. 
 FER, sm. iron ; from L. ferrum. — Der, 
 ferrer, ferrage, ferrement, /errant, /errure, 
 
 /erraille, ferret, ferriere, ferronnier,ferron- 
 
 nerie, enferrer, deferrer. 
 FER-BLANC, sm. tin-plate, tinned iron. — 
 
 Der./erWa«tier. 
 Ferie, sf. holidays; from L. feriae. Its 
 
 doublet is foire, q. v. — Der. ferie, feria]. 
 Feri6, adj. relating to holidays. See ferie. 
 FERIR, va. to strike ; from L. ferire, in the 
 
 phrase sans coup /eWr = without striking a 
 
 blow. 
 + Ferler, i/a. to furl ; from Engl. furl. — 
 
 Der. diferler. 
 FERMAIL, sm. a clasp, locket ; from L. 
 
 firmaculum * (a clasp, in medieval Lat.) 
 
 For i = e see mettre; for -aculvtm = -a// 
 
 see § 155. 
 FERME, adj. firm; from L. firmus. For 
 
 i = e see mettre. — Der. af/ermir. Fermete 
 
 is from L. flrmitatem. For -atem = -e' 
 
 see § 230. 
 FERME, sf. a farm ; properly a compact, 
 
 agreement for letting (specially of rural 
 
 properties), then by extension used of those 
 
FERMENT— FIA NCER . 
 
 151 
 
 lands let out to farm, thence the house of 
 the farmer. Ferme in sense of an agreement 
 is from L. firmus. For i = e see mettre. 
 — Der./er?nage,/(?rmier, ^ifermftr. 
 
 Ferment, sm. leaven; from L. fermentum. 
 — Der. ferment2k.'C\{. 
 
 Fermentation, sf. fermentation ; from L. 
 fermentationem*, der. from fermen- 
 tatus. 
 
 Fermenter, vn. to ferment; from L. fer- 
 mentare. 
 
 FERMER, va. to shut, close; from L. 
 firmare, which is used for claudere in 
 Isaiah xxxiii. 15 : 'et firraaijs oculos suos, 
 ut ne videat.' For i = e see mettre. — 
 Der. fermoir, en/ermer, /ermt ture. 
 
 FERMETE, sf. firmness. ?,te ferine. 
 
 FERMIER, sm. a farmer, ^tt ferme. 
 
 Feroce, adj. ferocious, fierce ; from L. 
 ferocem. Its doublet \% farouche, q. v. 
 
 Ferocity, sf. ferocity; from -L. feroci- 
 tatem. 
 
 FERRAILLE, sf. old iron. See /er._Der. 
 fa-raill&x, ferrailleur. 
 
 Ferrugineux, adj. ferrugineous ; from L. 
 ferruginosus, deriv. of ferruginem. 
 
 Fertile, adj. fertile; from L. fertilem. — 
 Der. fertiliser, fertilisation. 
 
 Fertility, sf fertility; from L. fertili- 
 tatem. 
 
 F6rille, sf a ferule, rod; from L. ferula. 
 
 Fervent, adj. fervent; from L. ferven- 
 tem. 
 
 Ferveur, sm. fervour; from L. fervorem. 
 
 FESSE, sf. a buttock ; from L. fissa, from 
 fissus, partic. of findere. 
 
 + Festin, sm. a feast; from It. festino. 
 — Der. festintr. 
 
 Festival, sm. a festival; from L. festi- 
 valis *, deriv. of festivus. 
 
 f Fes ton, sm. a festoon; {xom.lt. festone. 
 — Der, festonner. 
 
 FESTOYER, va. to entertain, feast; from L. 
 festicare*, der. from festum. For loss 
 of medial c see affouage ; for i = oi see 
 boire. 
 
 FETE, sf. a festival, feast, holiday; formerly 
 feste, from L. festa, pi. of festum. For 
 loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der./eVer. 
 
 + Fetiche, sm.. a Fetiche; a name given 
 by the Portuguese to the rough idols wor- 
 shipped by the inhabitants of the West 
 African coast. It comes from Fort, feitifo. 
 Fetiche is a doublet of factice, q. v. — Der. 
 /f;ftc/iisme. 
 
 Fetide, adj. fetid; from L. fetidus.— Der. 
 /('Vrrfite. 
 
 FETU, sm. straw, bit of straw ; formerly 
 festii, Prov. festuc, from L. festucus, masc. 
 form of festuca. For -ucus = -u see § 237 ; 
 for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. 
 
 FEU, sm. fire ; from L. focus. For loss of 
 c see ami ; for o = eu see § 76. 
 
 FEU, adj. late, lately dead ; formerly feu (in 
 fem.feude, in St. Alexis), from L. fatutus*, 
 deriv. of fatum. Feu means properly one 
 who has fulfilled his fate. Fa(t)utus 
 loses its medial t (see abbaye), and changes 
 -utus into -u (see § 201), whence fail, 
 whence feu, by softening a into e (see 
 
 §54)- 
 
 Feudataire, sm. f feudatory ; from L. 
 feudatarius*, a term of feudal law, der. 
 from feudum, a fief. For etymology of 
 feudum seejief. 
 
 Feudiste, sm. a feudist ; from L. feu- 
 dista*, der. from feudum, see fief . 
 
 FEUILLE, sf a leaf; from L. folia, pi. of 
 folium. For li = t7 see ail; {or o = eu 
 see § 76. — Der. feuilhge, fenillex, feuillie, 
 feuilln, fezdlhison, feuillet, feuilletex,feuill- 
 eton. 
 
 FEUILLETTE. sf. a measure of wine (30-8 
 gallons'). Origin unknown. 
 
 FEURRE, sm. straw. Sp. forro. It. fodero., 
 word of Germ, origin, O. Scand. /orfr. For 
 dr = rr see § 168; for o = eu see § 76. 
 
 FEUTRE, sm. felt ; formerly feltre, It. feltro, 
 from L. filtrum.*, a medieval word. Fil- 
 trum. is of Germ, origin, Neth. vilt. Germ. 
 Jilz. Fetitre is a doublet of alchemist's 
 vf Old filtre. Filtrum becomes feltre, then 
 feutre. For i = e see mettre ; for el = eu 
 see agneau. — Der. feutrex, feutrzge. 
 
 FEV£, sf. a bean ; from L. faba. For a = ff 
 see § 54; for b = v see § 113 — Der. 
 fevexoXe. 
 
 FEVRIER, sm. February; from L. febru- 
 arius, febrarius*. For b = t/ see § 113; 
 for -arius = -/er see § 198. 
 
 FI, interj. fie ! (onomatopoetic). See § 34. 
 
 Fiacre, sm. a hackney-coach, cab ; a word 
 of hist, origin (see § 33) : it dates from 
 A. D. 1640, when the first carriages for hire 
 were stationed in Paris, at the Hotel de 
 Saint Fiacre. Menage wrote in 1650-: 
 Fiacre. On appelle ainsi a Paris depuis 
 guelques annees un carosse de louage, a 
 cause cfe. I'image Saint Fiacre qui pendoit 
 pour enseigne a un logis de la rue Saint- 
 Antoine, oil on louoit ces sortes de carr asses. 
 Cest dont je suis temoin oculaire. 
 
 FIANCER, va. to affiance, betroth. It. fidan- 
 sare, from L. fidantiare*, found in some 
 
152 
 
 FIBRE — FILLEUL. 
 
 medieval Lat. documents. Fidantiare is 
 der. through fidantia from fldantem, 
 partic. of fldare* (seejier). Fi(d)antiare 
 becomes fi-ancer. For loss of medial d 
 see § 120; for -tiare = -<:«• see agencer. 
 — Der, fianc^t, ^anf ailles. 
 
 Fibre, sf. a fibre; from L. fibra. — Der. 
 jf6reux,jfffcrilie,^6nne. 
 
 FICELLE, sf. a string, twine ; from L. fili- 
 oellum*, dim. of filum. Filic^Uum 
 is contrd. regularly into fil'cellum (see 
 § 52). whence _/f/ce//e *, whence _;fce//e. — 
 Der. ficehx. 
 
 FICHER, va. to drive in (as a nail), fix (eyes 
 on) ; from L. figicare*, der. from flgere. 
 Figicdre is contrd. regularly into fig'care 
 (see § 52), whence _/?cAcr. For Qa, = che 
 see § 126 and § 54. — Der. fiche (verbal 
 subst.), fichn. 
 
 Pictif, adj. fictitious; from L. fictivus*, 
 deriv. of fictus. 
 
 Fiction, sf. a fiction ; from L. fiction em. 
 
 Fid^icommis, sm. a trust (in law) ; from 
 L. fideicommissum. 
 
 Fid^USSeur, sm. a ' fideijussor,' guarantor ; 
 from L. fidejussorem. 
 
 Fiddle, adj. faithful; from L. fi delis. Its 
 doublet is feal, q. v. - 
 
 Fid61it6, sf. fidelity; from L. fidelitatem. 
 Its doublet hfealte, q. v. 
 
 Fiduciaire, sm. a fiduciary; from L. fidu- 
 ciarius. 
 
 FIEF, sm. a fief; in nth cent. fied. Low L, 
 feodum, from O. H. G. feod, possessions, 
 goods, properly cattle. For eo = ieu see 
 in detail under dieu ; ieu (which is found in 
 the form fieu in several medieval texts) is 
 reduced to ie in a very unusual way. Next, 
 for </=/ see § 121; this resolution of a 
 dental into a labial is found in sitis, soif; 
 judaeus, jnif; viduus, veuf; modus, 
 moeuf and in all Norman names of places 
 ending in -beuf, derived from a Lat. type 
 bodus, as Marbodus, Marbeuf; Pam- 
 podus, Pa/m6^«/, etc. — Der. ^e/fe (which 
 formerly was a subst. signifying one who 
 possesses a fief: in the i8th cent, the 
 phrase un hzdssier fieffe was used. Later 
 the word became an adj. used to strengthen 
 an insulting epithet, as un coquin fieffe, 
 un ignorant fieffe, etc.). 
 
 FIEL, sm. gall, bile ; from L. feL ^ For e = ie 
 see § 56. — Der. tnfielhx. 
 
 FIENTE, sf. dung. Prov. fenta. Cat. fempta, 
 from L. flmitus* der. from flmum. 
 Fimitus, contrd. regularly into flm'tus 
 (see § 51), becomes fiente. For i = e see 
 
 mettre; for e = ie see § 56; form = nsee 
 changer. — Der. Jienter. 
 
 FIER, va. to trust. Sp. fiar, It. Jidare, from 
 L. fldare* (found in this sense in a 13th- 
 cent. document ' habeant perfectam fidem, 
 ita ut omnes . . possint se in illis fldare')* 
 For loss of medial d see § 120. — ^Der. 
 d^fier, confier, m^fier. 
 
 FIER, adj. proud, haughty ; from L. ferus. 
 For e = ie see § 56. 
 
 FIERTE, sf pride; from L. feritatem. 
 Ferit6.tein is contrd. regularly (see § 52) 
 into fer'tatem, whence }f«r/^. For e — ie 
 see § 56 ; for -atexn = -e' see § 230. 
 
 FIEVRE, sf. a fever ; from L. febris. For 
 e = /e see § 56; for b = v see § 113. — 
 Dex.fievrtMX. 
 
 FIFRE, sm. a fife. Of Germ, origin (Jififfer 
 in the Germ, patois of Switzerland). 
 
 Figer, va. to congeal, curdle; from L. 
 figere. 
 
 fFlgue, s/". a fig; a word introd. in this 
 form from Vxoy.figa, which from L. flea, 
 fem. of ficus. The more correct O. Fr. ren- 
 dering of fica was fie (see affouage). — Der. 
 ;?^wier. 
 
 Figure, sf a face; from L. figura. — Der. 
 Jigurine, figurati f . 
 
 Figurer, va. to figure, form ; from L. 
 figurare. — Der. figtirznt, configur^X\ox\, 
 difigurtx, tX3.nsfigurex, ^gure (partic. 
 subst.). 
 
 FIL, sm. thread; from L. filum (used also 
 for a sword's edge by Ennius). — Der.^/er, 
 fileux, fileuse, fihudihre, enjilex, fau/f/er, 
 effilex, affilex ; Jile (properly ranged along a 
 thread, whence 7?/er, defiltx),Jih\., ^lihxe, 
 j^/oche, Jilon, JiUsse, Jihndreux (from 
 filandres, deriv. of filer), fihge. 
 
 Filament, sm. a filament; from L. fila- 
 mentum*, from filare, from which verb 
 come also the non-classical forms filator *, 
 filatura *, whence ^latejir znd filature. — 
 Der. filamenteux. 
 
 Filateur, sm. a spinner. See filament. Its 
 doublet \sfileur. 
 
 Filature, sf. spinning, ^ee filament. 
 
 Filial, adj. filial ; from L. filial is. 
 
 Filiation, sf filiation, affiliation; from L. 
 filiationem. 
 
 FILlfiRE, sf. a draw-plate. See//. 
 
 tFiligrane, sm. filigree-work; introd. 
 for It. filigrana. 
 
 FILLE, sf a girl, female, maid, daughter ; 
 from L. filia. For lia = //e see ail. — Der. 
 _;?//ette. 
 
 FILLEUL, sm. a god-son ; from L. filiolus, 
 
FILOCHE — FLAMBERGE. 
 
 (dim. of Alius). We may see under the 
 words commere, compere, marrai?ie, par- 
 rain how the Church gave the name 
 of father (j)ere) and mother (mere) to 
 those who held the child at the baptismal 
 font as sponsors; she has also given the 
 name of filiolus, = darling little son, to the 
 baptised infant. P'or olus = eM/ see dieul ; 
 for li = // see ail. 
 
 FILOCHE, s/. a network. See//.— Der. ef- 
 filocher. 
 
 FILON, sm. a vein, course, lode. See//. 
 
 t Filoselle, sf. floss-silk; from It. jilu- 
 gello. 
 
 FILOU, sm. a pickpocket, sharper. Its doublet 
 xsfileur, q. v. — Der.//o?^ter,^/owterie. 
 
 FILS, sm. a son; from L. filius. For the 
 continuance of the s see § 149. 
 
 Filtre, sm. a philtre, love-potion ; from 
 the pharmacy of the middle ages, which 
 used filtrum, originally a bit of felt, 
 then of stuff or linen, through which liquids 
 were strained. For etymology of filtrum 
 stefeutre (which is its doublet). — Der. 
 filtreT,Jiltr^\.\on, \nfiltre. 
 
 FIN, sm. an end ; from L. finis. — Der. 
 2Lfin, enjin. From O. Fr. verb finer, to 
 bring to an end, finish, then to pay, comes, 
 through the partic. finant, the deriv. 
 finance. 
 
 FIN, adj. fine, slender ; from L. finitus, 
 finished, perfected, hence by extension re- 
 fined, then keen, sly. This word, while still 
 Lat. displaced its accent from finitus to 
 finitus; it then dropped the two final short 
 syllables, see §§ 50,51. — Der.7?«esse,/«aud, 
 /passer, /nasserie, zifiintr, a{fi?ta.ge, afjin- 
 eur, ra/«er, ra/«eur, ra/«erie. 
 
 Final, adj. final; from L. finalis. — Der. 
 finality. 
 
 FINANCE, sf. cash, fine, finance. See fin.— 
 DcT.financer, financier. 
 
 FINASSER, vn. to finesse. See fin. 
 
 FINAUD, adj. cunning, sly. See fin. 
 
 FINESSE, sf. fineness, delicacy, subtlety. See 
 fin. 
 
 FINI, sm. finish (in art). See finir. 
 
 FINIR, va. to finish; from L. finire (sm.). 
 — Der. fini (partic. subst.), Aefinir. 
 
 FIOLE, sf. a phial, bottle ; from L. pMala. 
 For ph.=/ see coffre; for a = o, in an un- 
 usual way, see taon. 
 
 t Fioritures, sf graces (in music) ; from 
 It. fioriture. 
 
 Firmament, sm. firmament; from L. fir- 
 mamentum. 
 
 + Firman, sm, a firman ; of Oriental origin, 
 
 Pers. firman, an order signed by the 
 Grand Vizier. 
 
 Fisc, sm. the treasury; from L. fiscus. 
 
 Fiscal, adj. fiscal; from L. fiscalis (sm.). 
 — Der. fiscaliie. 
 
 Fissure, sf a fissure; from L. fissura. 
 
 Fistule, sf. a fistula; from L. fistula. — 
 Dex.fistulenx. 
 
 Fixe, adj. fixed ; from L. fixus. — Der. 
 /;cer (whose doublet is ficher, q. v.), fix- 
 ation,/xite. 
 
 Flaccidite, sf flaccidity, flabbiness; from 
 L. flacciditatem *, from flaccidus. 
 
 FLACON, sm. a bottle, flagon ; from L, 
 flasconem*, found in Merov. and Carol, 
 documents. We may quote from Flodoard : 
 ' Vas, quod vulgo flasconem vocant, vini a 
 se benedicti plenum dedit.' Flasconem 
 is a dim. of fiasca, used for a phial in Isidore 
 of Seville. Flasconem becomes flacon 
 by dropping the s (see Hist. Gram. p. 81). 
 
 Flagellation, sf whipping, scourging ; from 
 L. flagellationem. 
 
 Flageller, va. to scourge ; from L. flagel- 
 lar e . — Der. flagelhm. 
 
 FLAGEOLET, sin. a flageolet. Seefiiite.-^ 
 T>er. flageolet (horn flageol*, see fliite). 
 
 FLAGORNER, va. to fawn on. Origin un- 
 known. — Der. flagorner'ie, flagornexxr. 
 
 Flagrant, ac(/. flagrant ; from L. flagran- 
 tem. 
 
 FLAIR, sm. scent (of dogs). See flairer. 
 
 FLAIRER, va. to scent, smell ; in O. Fr. in 
 neut. sense of exhaling an odour ; from 
 L. flagrare, by reduction of gr to r (see 
 § 168), whence flarare, whence fiairer. 
 Forr = l see § 154; for Q. = ai see § 54. 
 Flairer is a doublet of fleurer, q. v. — 
 'Der. flair (verbal subst.), /aiVeur. 
 
 FLAMANT, sm. a flamingo ; formerly flam- 
 mant, a name given from the flaming 
 colour of the bird's plumage. Its doublet 
 is flambant. 
 
 FLAiVlBE, sf. the German iris {iox flamhle) ; 
 from L. flammula, dim. of flamma. 
 For regular contr. of fidmmula to 
 flam'la, then to flamble, see § 51. For 
 change of ml into mbl see absoudre ; for 
 loss of 1 see able. — Der. flamber, flamb- 
 eau. 
 
 FLAMBEAU, sm. a torch. Seeflambe. 
 
 FLAMBER, vn. to flame. See flamhe. — 
 Der. flainboyer. 
 
 Flamberge, sf a sword, a word of hist, 
 origin, being the name of the sword of Renard 
 de Montauban, in medieval romance ; hence 
 by extension applied to any sword. 
 
154 
 
 FLA MME — FL UER. 
 
 FLAMME, s/. a flame ; from L. flamma. — 
 Der. /lammhche, cujlammer, 
 
 FLAN, sm. a custard, tart. O. Fr. /laon. It. 
 Jiadone, from L. flatonem* (a soufflet in 
 Fortunatus), der. from flatus. For loss of 
 medial t of flatonem see abhaye. 
 
 FLANC, sm. flank, side (soft, weak, i. e. the 
 soft part of the body) ; from L. flaocus. A 
 similar metaphor exists in Germ., where 
 we have weiche (the flank), from weich, soft. 
 On such analogies see § 13. Flaccus be- 
 comes fianc by adding n, see concombre. — 
 \y&x.flanqutr, tiflanqu^. 
 
 Plandrin, sm. a lanky lad, a word of hist, 
 origin (see § 33), being a nickname given 
 to the Flemings, then used of any tall and 
 meagre man, like them. 
 
 FLANELLE, sf. flannel. Origin unknown. 
 
 FLANER, vn. to stroll. Origin unknown. — 
 Der. fldntvix. 
 
 FLAQUE, sf. a puddle, pool ; of Germ, origin, 
 Flem. vlaque, the sea. 
 
 FLASQUE, adj. lanky, soft, flabby: from L. 
 flaxidus*, a transformation of flaccidus. 
 Flaxidus, = flacsidus, is transposed to 
 flascidus (see Idche and § '170), flasqu- 
 idus ; whence flasque by dropping the 
 atonic syllables (see §§ 50, 51). 
 
 FLATTER, va. to flatter. Origin unknown. 
 —Der. flatter\&, flattenx. 
 
 FLEAU, sm. a flail, scourge. O. Fr. flael, 
 Prov. flagel, It.JlageUo, from L. flagel- 
 lum. For loss of medial g see allier ; for 
 a, = e see § 54; for el = au see agneau. 
 Fleau is a doublet oiflagelle. 
 
 FLEBILE, adj. lamentable, weak ; from L. 
 flebilis. Its doublet is faible, q. v. 
 
 FLECHE, sf. an arrow, point, pinnacle ; for- 
 merly ^escA? ; of Germ, origin, M. H. G. 
 jlitsch =fleche. 
 
 FLECHE, sf. a flitch of bacon; formerly 
 Jlesche; of Germ, origin, Dan. _/?es^. 
 
 FLECHIR, va. to bend ; from L. flectere. 
 For e = i see § 58; for c% = ch see 
 allecher. — Der. ^e'cAissement, _^e'cAisseur. 
 
 Plegme, sm. phlegm ; from L. flegma. — 
 Der. flegmz.\.\(\w&. 
 
 FLETRIR, va. to blast, wither; formerly 
 flestrir, from O. Fr. flestre, flaistre. Flais- 
 tre corresponds to a L. flaccaster*, deriv. 
 of flaccere (i. e. to be flaccid, faded, 
 withered). Flaccaster becomes flacas- 
 ter, then loses its medial c regularly (see 
 affouage), whence flaistre. For a = a/ see 
 
 i54. 
 FLETRIR, va. to dishonour, brand, properly 
 with a hot iron; to burn, dry up; 
 
 in which way it is connected with flttrir 
 
 I . — Der. ^('Vrissure. 
 FLEUR, sm. a flower ; from L. florem. For 
 
 o^eu see § 79. — Der. ^^wron, ^ewrette, 
 
 fieur'xsie, flei/ret, fleurAisoxi. 
 FLEUR, sm. level with, in the phrase afleur 
 
 de. Of Germ, origin, Germ. flur. — Der. 
 
 ifflevrex, eifleurex. 
 FLEURDELISER, va. to brand with a fleur- 
 
 de-lys ; der. ixoxn. fleur de lis, q. v. 
 tPleuret, sm. a foil, dagger, a word 
 
 created in the i6th cent, to answer to It. 
 fioretto. 
 FLEURIR, va. to flower, flourish ; from L. 
 
 florere. For e = i see § 58 ; for o = eu see 
 
 § 79. Fleurir is a doublet oi florir, q.v. — 
 
 Derj^«?/raison. 
 FLEUVE, sm. a river; from L. fluvius. 
 
 For u = ew see betigler. 
 Flexibility, sf. flexibility; from L. flexi- 
 
 bilitatem. 
 Flexible, adj. flexible; from L. flexi- 
 
 bilis. 
 Flexion, sf. flexion, bending ; from L. 
 
 flexionem. 
 fFlibustier, sm. a buccaneer, freebooter; 
 
 ioxmexly fribustier, a naval term of Germ. 
 
 origin, Dutch vrybuiter, a marauder ; Engl, 
 freebooter. 
 tFlint-glass, sm. flintglass. From Engl. 
 
 flintglass. 
 FLOCON, sm. a flake, flock; dim. of root 
 floe*, remaining in Prov. floe; from L. 
 
 floccus. — Der. floconnewx. 
 FLORAISON, sf. efflorescence. Seeflorir. 
 Flore, ./. Flora; from L. Flora. 
 Flor§al, adj. floral, deriv. of florem. 
 + Florin, sm. a florin; from It. fiorino. 
 FLORIR, vn. to bloom, flower; from 
 
 L. florere. For e = r see § 58. — Der. 
 
 _/?oraison. 
 FLOT, sm. a wave ; from L. fluctus. For 
 
 u = o see § 97; for ct = ^ see § 168. — 
 
 Der. flottex, flott^ge, ^o/taison (whose 
 
 doublet '\s fluctuation, q. v.) 
 PLOTTER, va. to float. See flot Der. 
 
 flotte (verbal subst.),_;?o//ille,_;?o«eur. 
 FLOU, sm. softness of touch ; formerly flo 
 
 (weak), a word of Germ, origin, Flem. 
 flauw. For au = o = ow see alouette. — Der. 
 flueX.. 
 Fluctuation, sf. a fluctuation; from L. 
 
 fluctuation em. Its doublet is flott- 
 
 aison. 
 Fluctueux, adj. fluctuating; from L. 
 
 fluctuosus. For -osus = -ewac see § 229. 
 Fluer^ vn, to flow, run; from L. fluere. 
 
FL UET — FONGIBLES, 
 
 ^55 
 
 FLUET, adj. mean, thin, lanky. Fhiet, in 
 Lafontaine^owe^, is a dim. o^ floti, q. v. 
 
 Fluide, adj. fluid; from L. fluidus. — Der. 
 JIuidite. 
 
 Fluor, sm. (Chem.) fluorine, the presumed 
 root of the fluorhydric acid; formerly a 
 name given by alchemists to all mineral 
 acids, because of their fluidity: from L. 
 fj^uorem. 
 
 FLUTE, sf. a flute ; formerly Jlaiite, It. 
 flauta ; verbal subst. of O. Fr. flaider (to 
 blow into a wind instrument). Flauter 
 is from L. flatuare, deriv. of flatus, by 
 transposition of u : flautare for flatuare. 
 Flauta*, or rather its masc. flautus*, 
 gives the dim. flautiolus *. This, by 
 consonification of io into jo (see abreger), 
 has produced Prov. flaujol, O. Fr. flajol, 
 flageol. Flageol disappeared at end of 
 the 1 6th cent., but left its dim. Jlageolet. — 
 Der. flUt&m, Jiuliste. 
 
 Fluvial, adj. fluvial; from L. fluvialis. 
 
 Flux, sm. flux, flow; from L. flux us. 
 
 Fluxion, sf. fluxion, inflammation; from 
 L. flux ion em. — Der. Jluxionnaire. 
 
 + Foc, sm. a jib-sail; from Dutch fok. 
 
 f Foetus, sm. a foetus; from L. foetus. 
 
 FOI, sf. faith; from L. fldem. For i = oi 
 see boire ; for loss of d see alouette. 
 
 FOIE, sm. liver. It. fegato, from L. ficatum, 
 found in Marcellus Empiricus. The accent 
 has been misplaced (ficatum for ficdtum). 
 Ficatura then loses its atonic syllable 
 (see § 51), then is reduced to flea, 
 whence foie by loss of medial c, see affou- 
 age. For i = oi see hoire. 
 
 FOIN, sm. hay ; from L. foenum. For oe = e 
 see § 105 ; for e = oi see § 63. 
 
 FOIRE, sf. a fair. Sp. feria, from L. feria, 
 found in medieval documents, as ' Quod 
 nullus in regno potest facere feriam sine 
 permissu Regis.' Feriae, properly holidays, 
 has taken the sense of fair, because me- 
 dieval fairs were held on saints' days. 
 For e = oi see § 61. Foire is a doublet 
 oiferie, q. v. 
 
 FOIS, sf. time. Prov. fes. It. vece, from L. 
 vice. For v=/see § 140 ; for i = oi see 
 boire ; for c = s see amitie. 
 
 FOISON, sf abundance ; from L. fusionem, 
 pouring forth with plenty. For \x = oi, by 
 attraction of the i, see bids. Foison is a 
 doublet of fusion, q. v. — Der. /ozsowner. 
 
 FOL, adj. mad, crazy ; from L. follus *, 
 found in a Lat. document, a.d. 879. 
 Follus is properly one who grimaces, 
 moves affectedly, and is connected with L. 
 
 foUere *, which is from follis, a grimace 
 made by puffing out the cheeks, used by 
 Juvenal. The idea of motion survives in 
 the phrases feu follei, esprit follet. — Fol is 
 a doublet of fori, q. v. — Der. /o/ie, /o/let, 
 folatve, folichon, zffoleT. 
 
 FOLATRE, adj. foolish. See fou.— Der. 
 foldtrer. 
 
 FOLIE, s/. folly. See fol. 
 
 Folio, sm. a folio, a Lat. word, abl. of 
 folium. Its doublet \s feuille, q. v. 
 
 FOLLET, adj. wanton, playful. See fol. 
 
 FoUiculaire, sm. a pamphleteer ; der. from 
 follicule, used by Voltaire to signify a small 
 sheet of paper. Follicule is an absurd word, 
 made out of the L. folium. 
 
 Follicule, sf. a follicle; from L. folli- 
 culus. 
 
 Fomenter, 1/fl. to foment; from L. fo men- 
 tare. — Der. fomentation. 
 
 FONCER, va. to bottom a cask. See fond. — 
 Der. fonce, enfoncer, defoncer. 
 
 FONCIER, adj. landed. Seefoftds. 
 
 Fonction, sf a function; from L. func- 
 tion em, — Der. fonctionner, fonctionnaiie, 
 fonctionnement. 
 
 FOND, sm. a bottom, foundation; from L. 
 fundus. For u = o see § 97. O. Fr. 
 form was fonds for the nom., whence 
 fofiser *, now written foncer. For this 
 nominatival s see Hist. Gram. p. 89. — Der. 
 effondrer {see fondriere). 
 
 Fondainental, adj. fundamental ; from L. 
 fundamentalis *, der. from fundamen- 
 tum, 
 
 Fondateur, sm. a founder ; from L. 
 fundatorem. 
 
 Fondation, sf. a foundation ; from L. 
 fundationem *. 
 
 Fondement, sm. a fundament ; from L. 
 fundamentum. 
 
 Fonder, va. to found ; from L. fundare. 
 
 FONDRE, va. to melt; from L. fiindere. 
 For u = o see § 97. For loss of e see 
 § 51. — Der. fonte (partic. subst,, see ab- 
 soute), fondexxr, fondexie, xefondre. 
 
 F0NDRI£RE, sf a slough, bog; der. from 
 fondrer, an O. Fr. verb which survives 
 in its compd. effondrer. Fondrer is 
 from fond. For the addition of r see 
 chanvre. 
 
 FONDS, sm. ground, soil, landed property, 
 funds, cash ; from L. fundus. For u = o 
 see § 97. — Der. /owcier. 
 
 Fongibles, adj. that which being lent or 
 leased may be replaced by other like 
 things; from L. fungibiles. 
 
»5« 
 
 FONG UEUX— FORME. 
 
 Fongueuz, adj. fungous, upstart; from L.' 
 fungosus. 
 
 FONTAINE, sf. a fountain ; from L. fon- 
 tana * ; from fontem. There are several 
 examples of fontana in yth-cent. docu- 
 ments. For a = ai see § 54.— Der. fon- 
 /Oinier. 
 
 Fontange, sf. a top-knot, a word of hist, 
 origin (see § 33), being a form of coiffure 
 introduced by Mile, de Fontange, a.d. 
 1679. 
 
 FONTE, sf. melting, founding. Seefondre. 
 
 tFontes, s/. holster (of a saddle), introd. 
 in 1 6th cent, from It. fonda. 
 
 Fonts, sm. pi. the baptismal font ; from L, 
 fontes ; der. from fons. 
 
 For, sm. a tribunal; from L. forum. Its 
 doublet is/j/r, q. v. 
 
 FORAGE, sm. boring, drilling. Seeforer. 
 
 FORAIN, adj. foreign ; from L. foraneus *, 
 that which is without, strange, foreign, 
 Foraneus* is from foras. Travelling 
 pedlars are called forains in opposition to 
 home-staying traders. 
 
 FORBAN, sm. a pirate, bandit, one out of 
 the pale of law, who is under ban. See ban. 
 
 + Forcat, sm. a convict; from Prov, 
 forcat, which from L, fortiatus ♦ ; see 
 forcer. Its doublet is forc^. 
 
 FORCE, sf force, strength ; from L. fortia * ; 
 used in the Germanic Laws as in this pas- 
 sage in the Lex Bajuariorum il, 5 : ' Si cui 
 Deus dederit fortiam et victoriam.' For 
 tia = ce see agencer. 
 
 F( RCENE, sf. a madman ; formerly forsene, 
 It. forsennato, properly one out of his 
 senses ; compd. of for, which is from L. 
 foris, and O. Fr. sene, der. from sen, which 
 means sense, reason, judgment, in O. Fr. 
 Sen is of Germ, origin, O. H. G. sin. 
 
 fForceps, sm. a forceps; from L. for- 
 ceps. 
 
 FORCER, va. to force, break open, oblige, 
 impose by force; der. from fortia*; see 
 force. For -tia = -ce see agencer. — Der. 
 ^{forcer, xtnforcer. 
 
 FORCES, .</. pi. shears ; from L. forcipes, 
 contr. regularly (see § 51) into forc'pes, 
 whence forces, by assimilation of pc into c 
 (see § 168). 
 
 FORCLORE, va. to forclose ; from L, foris 
 and claudere, lit. to exclude from. For 
 the changes see clore. 
 
 Forer, va. to bore; from L. forare. — Der. 
 
 for3t.gi&, foret. 
 FORESTIER, adj. of forests ; der, from /ores/, 
 O. Fr. form of foret. See foret. 
 
 FORET, sm. a drill, See/or«*. 
 
 FORfiT, sf. a forest ; formerly forest, from 
 L. forestis *, which in Carolingian docu- 
 ments means an open piece of ground over 
 which the rights of the chase are reserved. 
 Medieval writers oppose the forestis or 
 open wood, wherein the lord has sole hunt- 
 ing rights, to the walled-in wood, the 
 parous, Forestis is from foris, out of, 
 i. e, not shut. There is a medieval docu- 
 ment which clearly draws this distinction : — 
 ' Forestis est ubi sunt ferae non inclusae ; 
 parens locus ubi sunt ferae inclusae.' From 
 the special sense of unenclosed woodland 
 the word came to signify any kind of forest. 
 For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. 
 
 FORFAIRE, va. to forfeit ; from L. foris and 
 facere, properly to do things contrary to 
 what is right, to act criminally. For the 
 letter-changes see f aire. — Dei. forf ait (verbal 
 (subst.), forfaitnxe. 
 
 FORFAIT, sm. a crime. See forf aire. 
 
 FORFAIT, sm. a contract, properly a thing 
 done at a settled price; from L, forum 
 factum *, from forumi, a price, and fac- 
 tum. For letter-changes see fait. Of the 
 sense of price given to forum, take some ex- 
 amples from medieval Lat.: 'Quod victualia 
 eis vendantur et tradantur ad rationabilem 
 forum..' (Ordonn. des Rois de France.) 
 Again, in a document of a.d, 742 : ' Ut per 
 omnes civitates legitimum forum et men- 
 sura fiat, secundum abundantiam temporis.' 
 
 -j-Forfanterie, sf. boasting, bragging; 
 from Vi.furfanteria. 
 
 FORGE, sf. a forge, Prov,. faurga, from 
 L. fabrica. For regular contr, of fabrica 
 into fabr'ca see § 51 ; for br = ur see 
 aurone, whence faurca. For c—g see ad- 
 juger, whence faurga, whence forge by 
 ati = 0, see alouette. Forge is a doublet of 
 fahrique, q. v. 
 
 FORGER, va. to forge, Prov, faurgar, from 
 L, fabricare. For the regular contr, of 
 fabricdre into fabr'care see § 52. 
 For letter-changes seeforge. — Der.forgeron, 
 forgeur. 
 
 FORJETER, vn. to project; from L. foris 
 and Jeter. 
 
 Formality, sf. formality. Seeformel. 
 
 Format, sm. size (of books); from L. for- 
 
 matus. Its doublet is formS. 
 Formateur, adj. creative; from L. for- 
 
 matorem. 
 Formation, sf. a formation; from L. for- 
 
 mationem. 
 Forme, sf. form; from L. forma. 
 
FORMEL — FO UINE. 
 
 ^57 
 
 Formel, atf^'. formal ; from L. formalis. — 
 Der. formalite, formalisme, formaliste, for- 
 maliser. 
 
 Former, va. to form ; from L. formare. 
 
 Formidable, adj. formidable; from L. 
 formidabilis. 
 
 Form.ule, sf. a formula; from L. formula. 
 — Der. formultr, fortmihire. 
 
 Forniquer, va. to fornicate; from L. for- 
 n i c a r i , — Der. /orrazcateur, forntca.tion. 
 
 FORS, prep, save, except ; from L. foris. Its 
 doublet is hors, q. v. 
 
 FORT, adj. strong; from L. fortis.— Der. 
 fori (sm.),/or/in. 
 
 t Forte, adv. (Mus.) forte; from It. forte. 
 
 FORTERESSE, sf a fortress. Prov. fortalessa, 
 Sp. fortalezza, from L.fortalitia*,der. from 
 fortis, used for a strong work. We find 
 in a I3th-cent. chronicler the phrase ' Con- 
 sules occurrebant et regi fortalitia trade- 
 bant.' Forl = rsee§ 157; for atonic a = c 
 see § 54; for -itia = -^sse see § 245. 
 
 Fortification, sf. fortification; from L. 
 fortificationem. 
 
 Fortifier, va. to fortify; from L. forti- 
 ficare. 
 
 Fortuit, adj. fortuitous, casual; from L. 
 fortuitus. 
 
 Fortune, sf fortune; from L. fortuna. — 
 Der. mfortune. 
 
 Fortune, adj. happy ; from L. fortunatus 
 — Der. mf or tune. 
 
 FOSSE, sf. a pit, grave; from L. fossa. — 
 Den /ossette, /ossoyer. 
 
 FOSSE, sm. a ditch, drain; from L, fos- 
 satum *, der. from fossa. Fossatum is 
 found in the Lex Longobardorum : ' Si 
 quis fossatum in terra alterius fecerit.' For 
 -atuin = -f' see § 201. 
 
 Fossile, adj. fossil; from L. fossilis. 
 
 FOSSOYER, va. to ditch, dig a trench 
 round. See fosse. — Der./osso_yeur, fossoy<ige. 
 
 FOU, sm. a madman ; a softened form of its 
 doublet /o/, q. v. For l = u see agneau. 
 
 FOUACE, sf a buttered roll. Prov. fogassa, 
 It. foccacia, from L. focacia, fem. of fo- 
 caeius, used of bread baked under the 
 ashes : ' Subcinericius, cinere coctus et re- 
 versatus ipse est et focacius,' says Isidore 
 of Seville, Focacius is der. from focus. 
 Focacia becomes fouace. For loss of 
 medial c see affouage; for o = oz/ see § 81 ; 
 for -cia = -ce see agencer. Fouace is a 
 doublet oifougasse. 
 
 FOUAGE, sm. hearth-penny. Vxov.foguatge, 
 from L. focaticura * (a tax on every 
 hearth), from focus. Ducange quotes 
 
 a passage, ' Forma litterarum quae mittitur 
 praedictis superfocatico.' For letter-changes 
 see affouage. 
 
 FOUAILLER, va. to whip away. Seefouet. 
 
 + Foudre, sm. a tun (for liquids); from 
 Germ, fuder. 
 
 FOUDRE, sm. a thunderbolt ; formerly /oWr^, 
 from L. fulgurera. For regular contr. of 
 fulgurem into fulg'rem see § 51 ; hence 
 furrem. by reduction of gr to r, see § 168. 
 Lastly f Til'rem becomes foldre. For u = o 
 see § 97 ; for Ir = Idr see absoudre. 
 Foldre softens 0/ into on (see agneau), 
 hence foudre. — Der. foudroyer. 
 
 FOUET, sm. a whip, properly a bundle of 
 twigs ; dim. of fou, properly a branch of 
 the beech, then branch of any tree. O. Fr. 
 foil, originally fau, is from L. fagus. For 
 a, = au — o see taon and alouette ; for loss of 
 medial g see allier. — Der. fouetXex'. from 
 prim. /oM comes /oz/ailler. 
 
 FOUGER, va. to grub (of boars) ; from L. 
 fodicare. For regular contr. into fod'care 
 see § 52, whence /ow^er ; for dc = c = g- 
 see adjuger; for = 07/ see § 81. 
 
 FOUGERE, sf. fern. O. Fr. feugere, from 
 L. filicaria *, der. from filicem. For 
 regular contr. of filicaria into fll'caria 
 see § 52; hence Algeria. Forc=g'see 
 adjuger; for a = e see § 54. Filgeria 
 is found in an iith-cent. document: 'Dedit 
 perpetualiter . . . percursum centum porco- 
 rum in glande et Algeria.' Filgeria be- 
 comes felgere (for i=^e see mettre), then 
 feugere (for el = eu see agneau). 
 
 fFougue, sf fury, fire, spirit; from It. 
 foga. — Der. fougueux. 
 
 FOUILLER, va. to excavate, dig; from. L. 
 fodiculare, frequent, of fodicare *. For 
 regular contr. of fodiciilare into fodic'- 
 lare see § 52. Fodiclare loses its medial 
 d, see accabler, and becomes fouiller. For 
 cl = /7 see aheille; for o — ou see § 8r. 
 — Der. fouille (verbal snbst.). For the 
 coimpd. farfouiller, see that word. 
 
 FOUINE, sf a beech-martin ; formerly foine, 
 originally /aiwe, It.faina, C^t. fagina, from 
 L. faglna *, der. from fagus. The 
 word fagina is used for the beech-martin 
 in the following article of the Council of 
 Tarragon : ' Nulli canonici vel clerici . . . 
 vestes rubeas vel virides nee forraturas pel- 
 lium de martis, de faginis . . . portare prae- 
 sumant.' For letter-changes see faine. 
 
 FOUINE, sf. a. fork ; for fousine, from 
 L. fuscina. For the regular contr. of 
 fusciua into fus'na see § 51 ; hence 
 
158 
 
 FO VIR — FOURRIER. 
 
 fouisne* (see hnis and accouder), then 
 fouine (see Hist. Gram. p. 8l). 
 
 FOUIR, va. to dig ; from L. fodere, found 
 in the form fodire in a document of a.d. 
 470. For fodSre = fodire see accourir. 
 Fo(d)8re becomes /ow/r. For loss of medial 
 d see accabler ', for o=ou see § 81 ; 
 for e=i see § 60. 
 
 Foulard, sm. a silk handkerchief. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 FOULE, sf. a crowd. Stt fouler. 
 
 FOULER, va. to press, tread. It. follare, 
 from L. fuUare * ; in Class. Lat. we only 
 find the deriv. fullonem. For u = o« see 
 § 97. — Der. foule (verbal subst.), foul- 
 eur, /o7//erie, foulmc, x&fouler. 
 
 FOULON, sm. a fuller ; from L. fullonem. 
 For u = o see § 97. 
 
 FOULQUE, sf. a coot; from L. fulica. For 
 regular contr. of fulica into fiil*ca see 
 § 51 ; for u = OM see § 97. 
 
 FOUR, sm. an oven ; formerly for, originally 
 forn. It. forno, from L. fumus. For u = o 
 see § 97; for o = om see § 81 ; for 
 rn = n see ahour. — Der. from O. Fr. form 
 foumel (whence fourneau ; for el = eau see 
 agneau), fourn^Q, fournxtr, fournz.gt, four- 
 nil, en_^wr«er. 
 
 fFourbe, adj. cheating; introd in l6th 
 cent, from It. furho. — Xitx.fourhe, fourb&r'xQ. 
 
 FOURBIR, va. to furbish ; of Germ, origin, 
 O. H. G. furban. For u = o« see § 97. 
 — Der. /owrfcissage, /orWssure, /o«r6isseur. 
 
 FOURBU, adj. foundered, having foot disease ; 
 formerly forbu, partic. of O. Fr. verb for- 
 hoire, to drink hard. It was believed that 
 this disease was caused by giving horses too 
 much water after a long journey. For ety- 
 mology of forboire see boire ; for is from 
 L. foris. ¥ or forbu— fourbu see § 81. 
 
 FOURCHE, sf. a fork ; from L. furca. For 
 u = OM see § 97; forc = cA see § 126. — 
 Der. fourchttte,fourchon,fourchu,fourcheT, 
 fourgon (a poker). 
 
 FOURGON, sm. a van, carriage. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 FOURMI, sm. an ant ; formerly formi, from 
 L. formicus*, masc. form of formica. 
 For -icus = -i see § 212; for o = oti see 
 §81. 
 
 FOURMILLER, vn. to swarm (with) ; from 
 L. formiculare*, der. from formi- 
 cula, used by Apuleius for a small ant. 
 For regular contr. into formiclare see 
 accointer; hence fourmiller. For = 0?/ 
 see § 81 ; for c\--il see abeille. — Der. 
 fourmilihre, fourmillement. 
 
 FOURMILLON, sm. an ant-lion; from L. 
 formiculonem*, deriv. of forznicula. 
 
 For letter-changes see fourmiller. 
 
 FOURNAISE, sf. a furnace, h.fornace, from 
 L. fornaoem. For o — ou see § . 81 ; 
 for c = s see amitie ; for a = at see § 54. 
 
 FOURNEAU, sm. a stove (for cooking), fur- 
 nace. See four. 
 
 FOURNEE, sf. a batch, baking. See four. 
 
 FOURNIER, sm. a (public) baker. See four. 
 
 FOURNIL, sm. a bakehouse. See four. 
 
 FOURNIR, va. to furnish ; formerly fomir, 
 Prov.formir and fromir, a word of Germ, 
 origin, O. H. G. frumjan, to furnish, pro- 
 cure. The Germ, radical first becomes 
 fromir, by u = o (see § 97) ihen formir 
 by transposing r (see dprete), hence fomir 
 (for m = « see changer) ; lastly /orm> softens 
 o into ou (see § 81). — Der. /oKr/«"ment, 
 /o?/rnisseur, fournitoxe. 
 
 FOURRAGE, sm. forage ; formerly forrage, 
 from O. Fr. forre, which from fodrum, in 
 Carolingian documents. In a Chartulary 
 of Louis the Pious, a.d. 796, we find : 
 * Inhibuit a plebeiis . . . annonas militares 
 quas vulgo fodriun vocant, dari.' Po- 
 drum is of Germ, origin, answering to Goth. 
 fudr. Fodrum becomes forre by chang- 
 ing dr into rr (see § 168), hence deriv, 
 forrage, whence fourrage (see § 81). — 
 Der. fourrager,fourraghxe, fourragem. 
 
 FOURREAU, sm. a sheath, case, frock ; for- 
 merly fourrel; for el = eau see agneau. 
 Fourrel is dim. of O. Fr. fourre. Fourre 
 is of Germ, origin, answering to Goth. 
 fodr. For dr = rr see § 168; for o = om 
 see § 81. — From O. Fr. forre comes 
 va. fourrer, to thrust, poke, as with a 
 f our r eau. 
 
 FOURRER, va. to thrust, poke, stuff in.— 
 Der. fourr^, fourrare, fourrem. 
 
 FOURRIER, sm. formerly an officer of the 
 royal household, employed to see to quarters 
 and food, a courier, properly one who sees 
 to the forage. From L. fodrarius*, used 
 of one who looks after forage in Carol, 
 documents, as e. g. in Hincmar, Opusc. 5 : 
 ' De coercendis militum rapinis : Et mitte 
 homines secundum consuetudinem prae- 
 decessorum vestrorum, qui in longius per- 
 gant propter fodrarios.' Fodrarius is 
 from fodrum, see under fourrage. Fo- 
 drarius becomes fourrir. For o = o« 
 see § 81; for dr -rr see § 168; for 
 -arius = -iVr see § 198. The place where 
 these fourriers lodged was called four- 
 riere, a word applied later to the pound in 
 
FOURR URE — FRA TERNITS. 
 
 159 
 
 which strayed beasts are put and kept for 
 a time, 
 
 FOURRURE, sf. fur. Seefourrer. 
 
 FOURVOYER, va. to mislead ; formerly /or- 
 voyer, to go out of the way, compd. of 
 for (L. foris) and voyer (deriv. from voie). 
 For o = ou see § 81. — Der. fourvoie- 
 ment. 
 
 FOYER, sm. a fire-grate ; from L. focarium, 
 der; from focus. We find in a medieval 
 glossary the following : ' Igniarium : foca- 
 rius locus in quo fit ignis.' Focarium 
 losing its medial c (see affouage) becomes 
 foyer by changing -arium into -ier (see 
 
 § 198). 
 
 + Frac, sm. a dress-coat, frock ; from Germ. 
 frack. 
 
 tFracasser, sm. to shatter; introd. in 
 the 1 6th cent, from It. fracassare. — Der. 
 fracas. 
 
 Fraction, sf. a fraction; from L. frac- 
 tionem. — Der. /rac//o7jnaire, fractionner, 
 fractionnement. 
 
 Fracture, s/ a fracture; from L. fractura. 
 — Der. fraciurev. 
 
 Fragile, adj. frail; from L. fragilis. Its 
 doublet is frele, q. v. 
 
 Fragility, sf. fragility, frailty ; from L. fra- 
 gilitatem. 
 
 Fragment, sm. a fragment ; from L. frag- 
 mentum. 
 
 FRAI, sm. spawn. See frayer. 
 
 FRAIRIE, sf. an entertainment, merry-mak- 
 ing ; properly a meeting, assembly, then a 
 pleasure party; from L. fratia. For tr = r 
 see § 168 ; for & = ai see § 54. 
 
 FRAIS, adj. fresh, Prov. fresc, It. fresco, a 
 word of Germ, origin, A.S. fresc. For e = 
 oi = at see § § 60, 63 ; for sc = s see bois. 
 The Germ, form fresc was Latinised into 
 frescus by the Gallo-Romans, whence 
 fem. fresca became fresche by changing c 
 into ch (see § 1 26) ; fraische htczme fraiche 
 by loss of s (see Hist. Gram. p. 81). — Der. 
 ^atcheur, fraichk, tzfraichxr. 
 
 FRAIS, sm. pi, cost, expense ; pi. of O. Fr. 
 frait, which is from L. fredum*, a fine, in 
 the Germanic laws, as in the Ripuarian Code: 
 'Fredum autem non illi judici tribuat, 
 qui culpam commisit, sed illi qui solu- 
 tionem recipit.' Fredum, of Germ, origin, 
 answers to Dan. fred, Germ, friede, and 
 signifies rightly a payment for having broken 
 the public peace. Frais is a doublet of 
 fresque. Fredum. becomes /razV. For e = 
 oi = ai see §§ 60, 63. — Der. defrayer. 
 
 FRAISE, sf a strawberry ; from L. fragea, 
 
 deriv. of fragum*. For ea = m see 
 abreger ; for gia = se see agencer : cp. also 
 gesier from gigerium, gencive from gin- 
 giva. For a = az see § 54. — Der. /raesier. 
 
 FRAISE, sf. a fringe, lacework ; introd. from 
 Sp. /reso. — Dtr.fraiser. 
 
 FRAISE, sf a ruffle (a term used by butchers). 
 Origin unknown. 
 
 FRAMBOISE, sf. a raspberry; of Germ, 
 origin, Dutch brambezie, a blackberry. 
 For b = v=^f, an unique change at the 
 beginning of a word, see avant and bceuf; 
 
 for e = oi see § 63 Der. /ramftomer, 
 
 framboistr. 
 
 FRANC, sm. a franc, value 9.69 pence; "so 
 called from the old device on it, Francorum 
 Rex. 
 
 FRANC, adj. free, exempt; from L. fran- 
 cus*, meaning ' free ' in Merov. documents. 
 This sense remains in such phrases zs franc 
 de port, etc. Francus is from O. Yi.G. fran- 
 co. — Der. /rawchir (to free oneself, to leap 
 ""^over an obstacle), franchise., af/rctnchir. 
 
 FRAN^AIS, sm. a Frenchman, sf a French- 
 woman; formerly/ra«^o/s, fromL.francen- 
 sis*, deriv. of Franc, as the name of a peo- 
 ple, with sufhx -ensis.used in Lat. to express 
 nationality. Francensis, regularly re- 
 ducing ns to s (see aine), became france- 
 sis, thence fran^-ois, then frangais (^for 
 e = oi^azsee §§ 60,63). — Der. franciser, 
 francisa.tion. 
 
 FRANC HIR, va. to leap over. See franc. 
 
 FRANCHISE, sf franchise, freedom (of a 
 city). See franc. 
 
 FRANGE, sf a fringe ; formerly fringe, 
 Wallachian frimbie, from L. fimbria*. 
 For transposition of r see aprete, whence 
 frimbia, whence the Wallachian frimbie. 
 Frimbia consonifies ia into ge (see abre- 
 ger), loses b (see abreger), whence fringe ; 
 changes m. into n (see changer), hence 
 frange. For \XL — en = an see andouille. — 
 Der. franger. 
 
 fFrangipane, sf. frangipane; from It. 
 frangipane. 
 
 FRAPPER, va. to strike. Piov.frappar, It. 
 frappare, from Scand. hrappa, to handle 
 roughly, thence by extension to strike. For 
 hr=frcp.freux,hr6c; froc,hroch; frimas, 
 hrim. — Der. frappe (verbal, subst.), frappe- 
 ment, frappexm. 
 
 tFrasque, s/. a farce; from \t.frasca. 
 
 Fratemel, adj. fraternal; from L. frater- 
 nal is. 
 
 Fraternity, sf. fraternity; from L. frater- 
 n i t a t e m . — Der. fratermsex. 
 
i6o 
 
 FRA TRICIDE — FRILEUX. 
 
 Fratricide, (l) sm. fratricide (the act); from 
 L. fratricidium. (2) sm. a fratricide, 
 (the person); from L. fratricida. 
 
 Fraude, sf. fraud; from L. fraudem. — Der. 
 fraudex, fraudtnx. 
 
 Frauduleux, adj. fraudulous ; from L. 
 fraudulosus^ 
 
 FRAYER, va. to trace out (a road), to mark 
 out ; formerly froyer, from L. fricare. 
 For icare = oyer see employer ; for oy — ay 
 see § 63. — Der./rai (verbal snbst.). 
 
 FRAYEUR, sf. fright, fear; formerly >qy«/r, 
 from L. frigorem (shuddering caused by 
 fright). Frigorem loses its medial g (see 
 allier) and becomes /raye«r. For o = eu see 
 § 79; for i = oi see hoire; for oi = ai see § 63. 
 
 FREDAINE, sf. a frolic. Origin unknown. 
 
 FREDONNER, va. to hum. Origin un- 
 known, — Der. fredonnement. 
 
 + Fr6gate, sf. a frigate; introd. in l6th 
 cent, from It. fregata. 
 
 FREIN, sm. a bridle ; from L. freniiin. For 
 e = ei before n, m, cp. plenum, plein; 
 see § 61. 
 
 f Frelater, va. to sophisticate, adulterate. 
 This word signified formerly to decant, 
 transfuse; from Fltm. verlaten, by metathesis 
 of verlaten into vrelaten (see dprete). — 
 Der. frelateuT, frelaiage. 
 
 FRfiLE, adj. frail ; formerly fraile, from L. 
 fragilis. For regular contr. of frdgilis 
 into frag'lis see § 51 ; hence fraile. For 
 gl = il see cailler ; for ai = e see § 112, 
 note I, and § 1 14. Frele is a doublet of 
 fragile, q. v. — Der. frelon (properly an 
 insect whose body is frail and feeble; a 
 hornet, drone). 
 
 FRELON, sm. a hornet. See frele. 
 
 FRELUCHE, sf. a tuft (of silk, etc.). Origin 
 unknown. — Der. freluquet. 
 
 FRELUQUET, sm. a coxcomb. Seefreluche. 
 
 FREMIR, vn. to shudder at; from L. fre- 
 mere. For change of accent (frem^re 
 for fir6m6re) see accourir; for e = i see 
 § 59. — Der./re'missement. 
 
 FRENE, sm. an ash ; formerly fresne. It. 
 frassino, from L. fraxinus, by regular 
 change from fraxinus to frassinus 
 (' Quomodo vadit ad caput frassino- 
 rum,' says Ducange). Pr6,ssinus, contrd. 
 (see § 51) into frass'nus, becomes fresne. 
 For a = e see § 54 ; for loss of s see Hist. 
 Gram. p. 8t. 
 
 Fr6n6si6, sf. a phrensy; from L. phre- 
 nesis. 
 
 Fren6tique, adj. frantic; from L. phre- 
 neticus. 
 
 Fr6quence, sf. frequency; from L. fre- 
 quentia. 
 
 Frequent, adj. frequent; from L. fre- 
 quentem. 
 
 Fr6quenter, va. to frequent; from L. 
 frequentare. — Der. frequenUtiou, fre- 
 quentitif. 
 
 FRfeRE, sm. a brother; from L. fratrem. 
 For tr = r see § 168; for a. = e see § 54, 
 
 " — Der. confrere, confrerie. 
 
 FRESAIE, sf. a white owl ; in Poitevin patois 
 presaie, in Gascon bresague, from L. prae- 
 saga * (properly a bird of ill omen). For 
 &e = e see § 103; for p =/ see chef; for 
 loss of g see allier ; for a = ai see § 54. 
 
 + Fresque, .f. a fresco; introd. in i6th 
 cent, from It. fresco. Its doublet is frais, 
 q.v. 
 
 PRESSURE, sf. pluck (of animals). Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 FRET, sm. freight (of a ship); of Germ, 
 origin, O. H. G.freht. — Der. fritex,freteMX, 
 2SJretex. 
 
 FRETILLER, va. to frisk, wriggle ; from L. 
 frictillare*, der. of frictare*, frequent, of 
 fricare. For ct =/ see § 168 ; for i = « see 
 mettre. — Der. fretillement. 
 
 FRETIN, sm. fry, small fry, trash. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 FRETTE, sf. a hoop (in building), curbing. 
 Origin unknown. — Dex.freitei. 
 
 FREUX, sm. a rook ; of Germ, origin, O. Sax. 
 hroc. For hr =fr see frapper ; for = eu 
 see § 79. 
 
 Friable, adj. friable; from L. friabilis. — 
 Der. friabilite (from L. friabilitatem, 
 deriv. of friabilis). 
 
 FRIAND, smf. an epicure. See frire. — Der. 
 friandise, affriandex. 
 
 FRICANDEAU, sm. a fricandeau (in cook- 
 ery). Origin unknown. 
 
 FRICASSER, va. to fricassee, metaph. to 
 squander. Origin unknown. — Der. fri- 
 cassee. 
 
 FRICHE, sf. waste (of land). Origin un- 
 known. — Der. d^frickex. 
 
 FRICOT, sm. a ragout, stew. Origin un- 
 known. — Der. fricotex, fricotewx. 
 
 Friction, sf. friction; from L. frictionem. 
 Its doublet is frisson, q. v. — Der. friction- 
 ner. 
 
 FRILEUX, adj. chilly. O. Fr. frilleux, from 
 L. frigidvilosus, deriv. of frigidiilus. 
 Under froid we see that frigidus was 
 found in popular Lat. in the form frigdus; 
 which shows that the contr. from frigid- 
 ulosus into frig'dtilosus had taken place 
 
FRIMA S — FR ONTI^RE. 
 
 l6l 
 
 in the Lat. of the time of the later Em- 
 pire. Frigdulosus reduced gd to d (see 
 amande), then fridulosus was regularly 
 contrd. (see § 52) into fridlosus, whence 
 frileux by assimilating dl into U, then into 
 / (see § 168), and by -osus^-^wa; (see 
 § 229). 
 FRIMAS, &m. hoar frost ; der. from O. Scand. 
 hrim. For hr = fr see frapper. — Der. 
 /n'maire. 
 
 PRIME, sf. a pretence, sham. Origin un- 
 known. — Der. /r/mousse. 
 
 FRINGALE, sf. a sudden hunger; in Norm, 
 patois frainvale, a corruption of faimvalle, 
 ' hungry-evil ' (a veterinary term). 
 
 FRINGANT, adj. dapper, brisk; der. from 
 fringuer. Origin unknown. 
 
 FRIPE, sf. a rag, scrap. See /riper. — Der. 
 fripier, fripevie. 
 
 FRIPER, va. to rumple, squander, swallow 
 down. Origin unknown. — Der. fripon. 
 
 FRIPON, sm. (also adj.) a knave, cheat, 
 originally a gourmand; der. from /riper. — 
 Der. /riponntrie, /riponnex, /riponne^u. 
 
 FRIRE, va. to fry ; from L. frigere. For 
 regular contr. of frigere into frig're see 
 § 51 ; whence /rire by reduction of gr 
 to r, see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. /rzand 
 (irom/riant, partic. of /rire, like riattt from 
 rire. Friand means properly anything ap- 
 petising, thence, by a remarkable extension 
 of meaning, an epicure. The old form of 
 /riand is always /riant, showing that the 
 above is the correct etymology). 
 
 fFrise.s/. (Archit.) a frieze; irom It./regio. 
 
 Frise, sf. woollen frieze ; a word of hist, 
 origin, see § 33. It came from Friesland. 
 
 Frise (Cheval de), s/. a military term, 
 so called because it was first used in de- 
 fensive warfare in the province of Fries- 
 land. 
 
 FRISER, va. to frizz, curl (hair). Origin 
 unknown. — Der. /risure, /rison, /risotter, 
 de/mer. 
 
 FRISSON, sm. a shivering, shudder ; formerly 
 /rifon, from L. frictionem, found in 
 Gregory of Tours : ' Ita sospitati est resti- 
 tutus ut nee illas, quas vulgo frictiones 
 vccant, ultra perferret.' For -ctionein = 
 -fon see § 232; for /rigon —/risson see 
 agencer. Frisson is a doublet of /riciion, 
 q. V. — Der. /rissonner, /msownement. 
 
 FRITURE, sf. frying; from L. frictura*. 
 For ct = / see affete. 
 
 Frivole, adj. frivolous; from L. frivolus. 
 — Der./rit/o/ite. 
 
 FROC, sm. a frock, coat ; in Low Lat. hrocus, 
 
 from O. H. G. hrocJi. For hr=/r see 
 /rapper. — Der. /rocard. de/rogue, de/roqueT. 
 
 FROID, adj. cold; from L. frigdus, used 
 popularly at Rome for frigidus. ' Frigida 
 non fricda/ says the Appendix ad Probum. 
 We also tind frigdor for frigidor, frig- 
 dosus for frigidosus, &c. For this loss 
 of 1 see § 52. Frigdus becomes /ro/rf 
 by gd — d (see amatide), i = oi (see § 74). 
 — Der. /roideur, /roidme, xe/roidir. 
 
 FROISSER, va. to bruise, rub violently; from 
 L. frictiare*, der. from frictus, partic. 
 of fricare. For -ctiare = -sser see agencer ; 
 for i = oi see § 74. — Der. /roissement,/roiss- 
 ure. 
 
 FROLER, va. to graze ; from L. frictulare, 
 dim. of frictare*, frequent, of fricare. 
 Frictulare becomes fritulare by ct = t 
 (see affete) ; frituMre, regularly contrd. 
 (see § 52) to frit'lare, changes i into 
 (see /rotter), whence /rot'ler, whence 
 /roler, by assimilating // into / (see § 168). 
 — Der. /ro/ement. 
 
 FROMAGE, sm. cheese ; formerly /ormage, 
 Prov. /ormatge, from L. formaticum 
 ( = caseum in Merov. and Carol, docu- 
 ments. In the Glosses of Reichenau, 8th 
 cent., we have ' caseum = formaticiiJtn'). 
 Formaticum is properly something made 
 in a form. Papias quotes formaticum. 
 as a popular word : ' caseus vulgo form.ati- 
 eum.' Ducange quotes a pth-cent. pas- 
 sage to like effect : ' Ova manducant et 
 formaticum, id est, caseum.' Formati- 
 cum. becomes /ormage by -aticum — -age 
 (see § 248) ; then /romage by transposing r 
 (see aprete). — Der. /romager, /romagerie. 
 
 FROMENT, SOT. wheat ; from L. fru- 
 m.entum. For u = see annoncer. 
 
 FRONCER, va. to wrinkle up, frown; from 
 L. frontiare *, der. from frontem. For 
 -tiare = -cer see agencer. — Der. /ronce 
 (verbal subst.), /rowcement, /roncis, d6- 
 /roncer. 
 
 FRONDE, s/. a sling ; from L. funda. For 
 u = see annoncer ; for intercalated r see 
 chanvre. — Der. /rondtr , /rondenr . 
 
 FRONT, sm. forehead, front ; from L. fron- 
 tem. — Der. /ronta.\, /rontea.\x, /ronton, af- 
 /ront, zf/ronttx, con/ronttr, tf/rontd, ef/ront- 
 erie. 
 
 FRONTIERE, s/. a frontier ; from L. fron- 
 teria*, a word used for a boundary line 
 between two countries in medieval docu- 
 ments, literally the face-to-face boundaries 
 between two countries : from firontem. 
 For e = ie see § 56. 
 
 M 
 
l^^ 
 
 FR ONTISPICE — F USSE. 
 
 Prontispice, ftn. a frontispiece; from L. 
 
 frontibpicium*. 
 FRONTON, itn. a frontal, pediment. See 
 
 front. 
 FROTTER, vn. to rub ; from L. frictare *, 
 
 frequent, of frioare. For ot = tt see 
 
 § l68 ; for i = o cp. ordino, ordonne; 
 
 {t ictxxl SLT e, froler.— Der. froUement, frott- 
 
 age, JroUeuT. frottoxr. 
 fPructidor, sm. Fructidor (the 12th 
 
 month in the Republican Calendar, from 
 
 Aug. 18 to Sept. 16) ; der. from L. fructus. 
 Fructification, ./. fructification ; from L. 
 
 fructificationem. 
 Pructifier, vn. to fructify ; from L. fruc- 
 
 tificare. 
 PructueilX, adj. fruitful; from L. fruc- 
 
 tuosus. For -os\XB = -eiix see § 2^29. 
 Frugal, adj. frugal; from L. frugal is. 
 Frugality, s/". frugality; from L. frugali- 
 
 tatem. 
 Frugivore, adj. frugivorous; from L. 
 
 frugem and vorare. 
 FRUIT, SOT. fruit; from L. ftiictus. For 
 
 ct = iV see at trail. — Der. fruititx, fruit- 
 
 erie. 
 FRUSQUIN, sm. in pi., sticks and stems, 
 
 one's goods and chattels. Origin unknown. 
 + Pruste, adj. defaced (of coins, etc.); 
 
 from \\. frusta. 
 Frustration, sf. frustration; from L. frus- 
 
 trationem. 
 Frustrer, va. to defraud, frustrate ; from L. 
 
 frustrari. 
 Fugace, adj. fugitive, transient; from L. 
 
 fugacem. 
 Fugitif, adj. fugitive, sm. a fugitive ; from 
 
 L. fugitivus. 
 t Fugue, •/. a fugue; from It. fuga. Its 
 
 doublet is fuie. 
 FUIR, vn. to flee; from L. fugSre. For 
 
 regular contr. into fug're see § 51, 
 
 whence yi/i'r. For gr — ir see accueillir and 
 
 buis. — Der. fuite (partic. subst., see absoute), 
 
 fuyzrd, s'en/w/r. 
 FUITE, s/. flight. See/wV. 
 Fulgural, adj. fulgurous; from L. fulgu- 
 
 ralis. 
 Fulguration, sf. lightning; from L. ful- 
 
 gurationem. 
 Fuligineux, adj. fuliginous; from L. 
 
 fuliginosus. 
 Fulminer, va. to fulminate ; from L. ful- 
 
 minare. — Der. fulminznt, fulmimtion. 
 FUMER, vn. to smoke, va. to dry by 
 
 smoke ; from L. fmnaxe. — Der. fumee 
 
 (partic. subst.), fumzge, fumet, /wmeur, 
 
 fumoir, fumcron, /wmiste, enfi/mcT, par- 
 fumcr. 
 
 FUMEUX, adj. smoky; from L. fumosus. 
 For -osus = -fj/jc see § 229. 
 
 FUMIER, sm. dung : formerly femier ; from 
 L. fimariuin*, deriv. of fimus. For 
 -arius — -«er see § 198; for i-e = u see 
 affubler. 
 
 Fumigation, sf. fumigation. See fum- 
 iger. 
 
 Fumiger, va. to fumigate: from L. fum- 
 igare. — Der. fumigzHon, fumignXoire. 
 
 Funanibule,sOT. a rope-dancer, adj dancing 
 on the rope; from L. funambulus. 
 
 Fundbre, adj. funeral; from L. funebris. 
 
 Fun6railles, sf. pi. funeral ; from L. fune- 
 ralia *. For -alia= -aille see ail. . 
 
 Fun6raire, adj. funeral; from L. func-j 
 rarius. ' 
 
 Funeste, adj. fatal, baleful; from L. 
 funestus. 
 
 Funin, sm. a hawser ; dim, of fune, which 
 from L. funis. 
 
 FUR, sm. in proportion ; a pleonastic expres- 
 sion, for fur means price, measure, pro- 
 portion. Fur is from L. forum, in sense 
 of price; see h forfait. For o = « see 
 curee; cp. mesure. Fur is a doublet of 
 for, q. V. 
 
 FURET, SOT, a ferret; dim. of/wr*; a root 
 answering to L. furo, in Isidore of Seville. 
 — Der. fureter (properly to hunt with the 
 ferret, then to rummage). 
 
 FURETER, vn. to ferret, rummage. See 
 furet. — Der. fureteur. 
 
 Fureur, sw, fury ; from L. furore m. 
 
 Furibond, adj. furious; from L. furi- 
 bundus, 
 
 Furie, sf fury ; from L. furia. 
 
 Furieux, adj. furious; from L. furiosus. 
 For -osua = -eux see § 229. 
 
 Furoncle, sot. a gathering, boil ; from L. 
 furunculus. 
 
 Furtif, adj. furtive; from L. furtivus. 
 
 FUSAIN, SOT. spindlewood, a tree whose wood 
 makes good spindles (fuseau). Fusain an- 
 swers to a Lat. fusanus *, deriv. of fasus. 
 For -anus = -am see § 194. The word is 
 also used for the charcoal used by draughts- 
 men, which is made of spindlewood. 
 
 FUSEAU, SOT. a spindle, distaff; formerly 
 fusel. For el = eau see agneau. Fusel re- 
 presents L. fasellus *, from fusus. 
 
 FUSEE, sf. a spindleful ; properly the ball of 
 thread on the spindle, then a piece of 
 artillery of that shape. In its first sense 
 fuseau comes from L. fusata *, which has 
 
FUSER — GA GNA GE. 
 
 1 53 
 
 the same meaning. ' Portans secum duas 
 fusatas fili,' says a document of a.d. 1355. 
 For -ata = -eV see § 201. 
 
 FllSer, va. to fuse; from L, fusare*, 
 deriv. of partic. fusus, from fundere. 
 
 Fusible, adj. fusible; from L. fusibilis. — 
 Der. fusibilixe (from fusibilitatem *, 
 from fusibilis). 
 
 FUSIL, sm. a steel (to strike flint with), 
 tinderbox, hammer (of a gun), then a 
 musket, by extension. Fu&il is in It. focile, 
 from L. focile*, steel (to strike fire with), 
 from focus. For o = u see curee; for o = s 
 see amitie. — Der. f7isilhT,fusilhde, fusilier . 
 
 Fusion, sf. fusion; from L. fusionem. 
 Its doublet isfoison, q. v. — Der./Mszowner. 
 
 Fustiger, va. to beat, whip; from L. 
 fustigare — Der. /ws/z^ation. 
 
 FUT, sm. a cask ; formerly fust ; properly 
 wood (as in the phrase le fut cfune lance). 
 
 from L. fustis. For loss of s see Hist. 
 Gram. p. 81. — Der. fut^ie, futa.i\le (a little 
 cask), fiite (crafty, one who has experience, 
 has suffered, in O. Fr. one who has been 
 beaten with ayw/ or stick), af/i// (compd, of 
 a and fut, i. e. = au bois, properly the 
 leaning up against a tree to watch game ; 
 thence a gun-carriage). 
 
 FUTAIE, sf a forest. See fut. 
 
 FUTAILLE, sf. a small cask. Seefiit. 
 
 t Futaine, sf fustian ; {oxmerXy fustaigne ; 
 introd. in middle ages, through Genoese 
 commerce, from It. fustagno. 
 
 FCtTE, adj. crafty. See/«^ 
 
 Futile, adj. futile ; from L. futilis. 
 
 Futility, sf. futility; from L. futilitatem. 
 
 Futur, adj. future; from L. futurus. 
 
 FUYANT, adj. flying, fleeting, fading. See 
 fuir. 
 
 FUYARD, sm. a fugitive. See fuir. 
 
 G. 
 
 t Gabarre, /. a storeship, lighter; from It. 
 gabarra. — Der. gabarier, gabarit (a model 
 for the construction of these ships, then 
 used for any naval model). 
 
 GABELLE, sf. gabel, salt-tax ; originally any 
 kind of tax, a word of Germ, origin, Engl. 
 gabel, gavel, A. S. gafol. Gabelle is a 
 doublet of cabale, q. v. — Der. gabelem, 
 gabelou, gabeler, gabehge. 
 
 GABER, va. to mock at, gibe at. It. gab- 
 bare; of Germ, origin, O. Scand. gabba, to 
 deceive. 
 
 fGabier, sm. a topman; introd. from. It. 
 gabbiere. 
 
 + Gabion, sm. a gabion; introd. from It. 
 gabbione. — Der, gabionner. 
 
 G&che, sf. a staple. Origin unknown. — 
 Der. gnchette. 
 
 GACHER, va. to bungle ; formerly gascher ; 
 properly to temper mortar : of Germ, 
 origin, O. H. G. washan, to wash ; whence 
 in Low Lat. a form wascare*, whence 
 gascher, by regular transformation. For 
 initial ■w=^w = g' before a, as in wadiare, 
 gager; weidaniare*, gagner; wantus, 
 gant; warant, garant; warten, garder; 
 warenn^L, garenne; wa.r on, garer; war- 
 nian, garnir; wastel, gateau; welk, 
 
 gauche; wafer, gaufre; walu, gaule; 
 WASO, gazon. ^w remains before e ; werra, 
 guerre; w er } a.n, guerir; wahten, guetter. 
 For GSk — che see §§ 126 and 54; for 
 loss of s see Hist. Gram p. 8 1 — DcT.gdche 
 (verbal subst.), gachtur, gncheux, gachh. 
 
 GACHE TTE, sf a tumbler (term of gunnery). 
 See gache. 
 
 Gade, sm. a codfish ; from Gr, 7(i5o$. 
 
 GADOUE, sf. a clearing out (of cesspools, 
 etc.). Origin unknown. — Der. gadousLtd. 
 
 GAFFE, sf. a boat-hook ; of Celtic origin, 
 Gael. gaf. — Der. gaffer. 
 
 GAGE, sm. a pledge, forfeit. See gager. — 
 Der. ^a^iste. 
 
 GAGER, va. to wager, hire, pay. Pro v. 
 gatjar, from L. wadiare *, found in Ger- 
 manic codes: it is der. from wadium*, 
 found in the same codes in sense of a pledge, 
 "Wadium is of Germ, origin, and answers 
 to Goth. vadi. "Wadiare, regularly trans- 
 formed (see abreger, and Hist. Gram. p. 65) 
 into "wadjare, becomes gager. For dj =^ 
 see ajouter; for vr^g see gdcher. — Der. 
 gage (verbal subst.), ^a^erie, ^a^eur, 
 ^a^eure, engager, d^gager. 
 
 GAGNAGE, sm. pasture land, pasturage. See 
 gagner. 
 
 M 2 
 
164 
 
 GA GNER — GA L VA NIQUE. 
 
 GAGNER, va. to earn; formerly to make 
 pfofit out of cultivation, originally to make 
 profit by pasturing cattle ; hence the word 
 first means to pasture : this sense is kept 
 in gagnage, q. v., and in such hunting 
 phrases as le lievre gagne, le cerf gcigne, 
 i.e. the hare, stag, feeds. Gagner, in O. Fr. 
 gaagner, Prov. gazanhar. It. guadagnare, 
 O. Sp. guadanar, is , of Germ, origin, 
 O. H. G. weidanjan, to pasture cattle. 
 This form answers to the Low Lat. form 
 ■weidaniare *. For loss of medial d see 
 accabler ; for w =^ see gdcher ; for ni =gn 
 see cigogne. Gaagner had formed the 
 O. Fr. verbal subst. gaaing, now contrd. 
 into gain. 
 
 GAI, adj. gay, blithe; of Germ, origin, 
 O. H. G. gaki, lively, alert, whence later 
 gay. — Der. gaiet6, egaytx. 
 
 •fQ-aiac, sm. guiac, holywood; a word 
 introd. from St, Uomingo. 
 
 GAIETE, sf. gaiety. See gat. 
 
 GAILLARD, sm. sprightly, merry. Origin 
 unknown. — Der. gaillardise, ragaillardiT. 
 
 GAIN, sm. earnings, profits. See gagner. 
 
 GAINE, sf. a sheath; from L. vagina. 
 For -agina. = -ame see faine. The form 
 vaina became gaine by changing the 
 initial v into g, as in vastare, gdter, 
 and Hist. Gram. p. 64. Gaine is a doublet 
 oivagine. — Der. gain\e.x, gainerie, engainer, 
 rengaintr, degainer. 
 
 "t-Qala, sm. a gala; introd. from It. gala. 
 
 GALANT, adj. worthy, good, gallant ; partic. 
 of verb galer, meaning in O. Fr, to rejoice. 
 This word is of Germ, origin, from A. S, 
 gal. — Der, galanterie, galantm, galantisei. 
 
 Q-alantine, sf. a galantine (dish of turkey or 
 veal, fish, with herbs, etc.); found in medieval 
 documents. For the insertion of n see con- 
 , combre. Galalina is a corruption oi gelatma 
 (see gelatine). For this word see an example 
 in the Philippide of Guillaume le Breton 
 (liv. X.) : ' Millia salmonum murenarumque 
 ministrat Britigenis, quos inde procul com- 
 mercia mittunt Chara diu, dum servat eis 
 Galatina vigorem,' A MS, account-book 
 of A.D. 1240 gives the same sense to the 
 word : ' De duodecim lampredis portatis in 
 galatina.' 
 
 G-alaxie, sf. a galaxy; from Gr, yaKa^ia. 
 
 Galbanum, sm. galbanum; from L. gal- 
 banum. 
 
 "f-Galbe, sm. (Archit.) entasis, entour; 
 garbe in Ronsard (i6th cent.) : from It. 
 garbo. 
 
 GALE, 5/, scab (on fruit, etc), itch; properly 
 
 a hardness of skin, thence a cutaneous dis- 
 order which makes the skin hard and thick : 
 from L. callus. Callus is found in sense 
 of the itch in medieval Lat. We find its 
 deriv. callosus in sense of scurfy in an i ith- 
 cent. document : ' Insuper expertus calloso 
 corpore lepram.' For c =^ see adjuger. — 
 Der. gahux (whose doublet is calleux). 
 
 tGalega, sm. (Bot.) goatsbeard; from 
 Sp. gallega. 
 
 Galdne, sf. (Min.) galena ; from L. ga- 
 lena. 
 
 t Galore, s/. galley; introd. in 1 6th cent, 
 from It. galera. — Der. galeritn. 
 
 t Galer ie, sf. a gallery; introd. from It. 
 galleria. 
 
 GALERNE, sf. the north-west wind ; of Celtic 
 origin, Bret, givalern. 
 
 GALET, sm. a pebble, shovel-board. Origin 
 unknown. — Der. galette (which has the 
 flat and round shape of the galet). 
 
 GALETAS, sm. a garret. Origin unknown. 
 
 GALIMATIAS, sm. nonsense. Origin un- 
 known, 
 
 GALION, GALIOTE, sm. a galleon; from 
 O, Fr. galee. Origin unknown. 
 
 GALIOTE, sf a galliot. See galion. 
 
 Galle, sf. an oak-apple, gall; from L. galla, 
 — Der. ^a//ique, 
 
 Galilean, adj. Gallican; from L. galli- 
 canus*, from gallus. 
 
 Gallinace, adj. gallinaceous; from L. gal- 
 linaceus. 
 
 i Gallon, sm. a gallon ; from "Exi^. gallon. 
 
 GALOCHE, sf. a galoshe; properly a shoe 
 with a wooden sole : from L. calopedia *, 
 used often for a wooden shoe in medieval 
 writers. Calopedia is from Gr. Ka\o- 
 TToSiov. Calopedia is contr, (see § 52) 
 into calop'dia, which is transformed regu- 
 larly (see abreger) into calopd'ja, whence 
 galoche. YoxG=g see adjuger] for pd = c? 
 see hideux; for dja. = che see ajouter and 
 abreger. 
 
 GALONNER, va. to lace (with gold, silver, 
 etc). Origin unknown.— Der. galon. 
 
 GALOPER, vn. to gallop. Prov. -galaupar; 
 of Germ, origin, GoXh.. gahlaupan* (compd. 
 of hlaupan, to run, and the prefix ga. For 
 ajc — o see alouette, — Der, galop (verbal 
 subst,), galopin, galopa.de. 
 
 Galoubet, sm. a kind of flute. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 Galvanique, adj. galvanic ; of hist, origin 
 (see § 33), from Galvani, the Italian 
 physician, who discovered the phenomenon 
 
 i named after him in a.d, 1780. 
 
GALVA UDER — GASCON. 
 
 l6'^ 
 
 Galvauder, va. to throw into disorder. 
 Origin unknown. 
 
 f Gambade, sf. a gambol; introd. from 
 It. gambata, — Der. gambadev. 
 
 t Gambit, sm. gambit (chess); from It. 
 gambetto. 
 
 GAMELLE, sf. a platter, bowl ; from L. 
 camella. For c=g see adjuger. 
 
 GAMIN, sm. an urchin, street boy. Origin 
 unknown. — Der. gaminer, gaminene. 
 
 Gam.me, sf. (Mus.) gamut, scale; named 
 after the Gr. letter gamma. Guy of Arezzo 
 used to end the series of seven notes of the 
 musical scale by this mark y. . He named 
 
 ■ the notes a, b, c, d, e, f, g, and the last of 
 the series has given its name to the whole 
 scale. 
 
 f Ganache, sf. the lower jaw, a dunce; 
 from It. ganascia. 
 
 Ganglion, sm. a ganglion; from L. gan- 
 glionem. 
 
 Gangrene, sf a gangrene; from L. gan- 
 graena. — Der. gangreneux, gangrener. 
 
 fGangue, sf (Min.) gangue, veinstone; 
 from Germ. gang. 
 
 GANSE, sf bobbin. Origin unknown. 
 
 GANT, sm. a glove ; from L. wantus *. In 
 Karl's Capitularies we have ' wantos in 
 aestate,' and in the Acta Sanctorum, ' chiro- 
 thecas quas vulgo "wantos vocant.' "Wan- 
 tus is of Germ, origin, answering to Swed. 
 watite. "Wantus becomes gant by chang- 
 ing w into g (see gdcher). Der. gander, 
 ganter, ganterie, gantelex (through gantel*). 
 
 GARANCE, sf. (Bot.) madder. Origin un- 
 known. — Der. garancer. 
 
 GARANT, sm. a guarantee, voucher, surety. 
 Low L. warantus ; of Germ. origiPx, Engl. 
 warrant, Fries, warend. For vr=g see 
 gdcher. — Der. garant'n, garande. 
 
 tGarcette, sf (Naut.) a gasket; from 
 Sp. garceta. 
 
 GARCON, sm. a boy ; dim. of gars. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 GARDER, va. to guard, keep, take care of; 
 of Germ, origin, O. H. G warten, to watch 
 over. For ^=g see gdcher. — Der. garde 
 (verbal subst.), gardeuT, gardien, xegarder, 
 regard. 
 
 GARDIEN, sm. a guardian. See garder. 
 
 GARDON, sw. a roach. Origin unknown, 
 
 GARE, sf. a basin (river), railway platform, 
 terminus. See garer. 
 
 GARENNE, sf. a warren, properly a district 
 in which the rights of hunting were reserved, 
 originally a prohibition to hunt in a wood. 
 Garenne, in medieval L, warenna^ is of 
 
 Germ, origin, from O. H. G. ivaron, to 
 forbid. "Warenna becomes gare?ine by w 
 =g, for which see gdcher. — Y)tr. gar ennxer. 
 
 GARER, va. (Naut.) to put into dock ; of 
 Germ, origin, O. H.G. waron. — Der. gare 
 (verbal subst.), kgarer. 
 
 Gargariser, va. to gargle ; from L. gar- 
 garizare. 
 
 Gargarisme, sm. gargling; from L. gar- 
 garisma. 
 
 GARGOTE, /. a cook-shop. Origin un- 
 known. — Der. gargotxer, gargoter, gargot- 
 age. 
 
 GARGOUILLE, sj. a gargoyle. Origin un- 
 known. — Der. gargouiller, gargouillement, 
 gargoidU'is, gargouilhde. 
 
 Gargousse, sf a cartridge. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 GARNEMENT, sm. a scapegrace, worthless 
 fellow. See garnir. 
 
 GARNIR, va. to garnish, furnish; of Germ, 
 origin, A. S. warnian, to take care, defend. 
 For w=g see gdcher. — Der. ^arw'ture, 
 garnement (properly that which seems to 
 defend, protect ; so mauvais garnement is 
 that which defends badly, i. e. is worth 
 nothing, thence by extension a bad fel- 
 low), garnison (from garnir, in its first 
 sense of to defend), garnis^ire, garni (partic. 
 subst.). 
 
 GARNISON, sf. a garrison. See garni. 
 
 GARNITURE, sf. garnishing, set, furniture, 
 lining. See garnir. 
 
 GAROU(LOUP), sm. a were-wolf,in medieval 
 mythology a man who is changed into a wolf 
 and roams at night. Garou, O. Fr. garonl, is 
 from gerulphus, found in medieval Lat. 
 Gervasius Tilberiensis says of this imaginary 
 creature, 'Vidimus enim frequenter in Anglia 
 per lunationes homines in lupos mutari, quod 
 hominum genus gerulphos Galli nominant, 
 Angli vero were-vulf dicunt.' Gerulphus 
 is of Germ, origin, and answers to Swed. 
 varulf Varulf is compd. of var (a man) 
 and ulf (a wolf), and means a man-wolf. 
 Gerulphus produced O. Fr. garoul. For 
 e = a see amender ; for w. — ou see § 90 ; 
 for lpli = Zcp.Radulphus, i?ao?^Z; for oul 
 = ou cp. St. Ulfus, St. Ou. 
 
 GARROT, sm. a packing-stick. Origin un- 
 known. — Der. garrotter. 
 
 GARROT, sm. withers (of a horse). Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 GARROTTER, va. to bind with strong cords, 
 tie down. See garrot. 
 
 GARS, sm. a boy. See gargon. 
 
 GASCON, adj. Gascon ; from L. Vasconem, 
 
i66 
 
 GA SPILLER — QELINE. 
 
 an inhabitant of Vasconia. For v=^ see 
 gaxne. - Der. gascorinei, gasconuzde. 
 
 GASPILLER, va. to throw into confusion, 
 squander, waste ; of Germ, origin, A. S. 
 gaspillan, to waste, spend. — Der. gaspilleuT, 
 gaspilhge. 
 
 Qaster, sm. (Med.) gaster; from Or. yaarrjp. 
 — Der. gaslrique, gastrite. 
 
 Gastralgie. ./. (Med.) gastralgia ; stomach- 
 ache ; from Gr. yaarpakyia. 
 
 Gastrique, adj. gastric. See gaster. 
 
 Gastrite, sf. (Med.) gastritis. See gasfer. 
 
 Gastronomie, sf. gastronomy ; from Gr. 
 yaaTpovofiia. — Dei. gastronome, gastronom- 
 ique. 
 
 GATEAU, sm. a cake ; formerly gasteau, 
 originally gastel (for el = eau see agneau). 
 Gastel is of Germ origin, answering to 
 O. H. G. wastel. For w = g see packer. 
 
 GA.TER, va. to spoil ; formerly gaster, from 
 L. vastare. For v=^ see game; for loss 
 of s see Hist. Gram. p. 8l. — Der. d^gdl. 
 
 GAUCHE, sf. left hand (lit. the weak hand); 
 adj. left, awkward ; fern, form of gauc *, 
 originally gale *, a form of Germ, origin, 
 answering to O. H. G. welk, which becomes 
 gale. For io = g see gaeher ; for e = a see 
 amender; for al = au see agneau. Thus 
 the left hand properly means the weak 
 hand, which has not the qualities of strength, 
 agility, address, attributed to the right hand. 
 Strange as this origin may seem, it is quite 
 certain, and is confirmed by the existence of 
 analogous metaphors in other languages. 
 Thus in It. the left hand is stanca, the 
 fatigued, or manca, the defective ; Mod. 
 Prov. calls it man seneco, the decrepit 
 hand. — Der. gavchex, gaueherie, gaueh'ix. 
 
 GAUCHIR, vn. to turn aside, shuffle. See 
 gauche. — Der. ^awcAissement. 
 
 GAUDE, sf. (Bot.) mignonette; of Germ, 
 origin, Germ, waude. For w=g see gdcher. 
 
 Gaudir, vpr. to rajoice, mock (at); from 
 L. gaud ere. Its doublet is jouir, q. v. — 
 Der. gaudnole (for gaudiole). ■' 
 
 Gaudriole, ./. a broad jest. See gaudir. 
 
 GAUFRE, sf a honeycomb, wafer (cake) ; 
 formerly gafre. Of Germ, origin, Engl. 
 wafer. Germ, waffel. For w = g see gaeher. 
 — Der. gaufrex, gaufr'xex, gaufruxe. 
 
 GAULE, sf a long pole, switch; formerly 
 waule. Of Germ, origin, Fries, walu. For 
 w=g see gaeher.— Dex. gaidex. 
 
 GAULOIS, adj. Gaulish, olden, rude, patri- 
 archal ; deriv. of Gaule, which from L. 
 Qallia. For al = au see agneau. 
 
 GAUPE, sf. a slattern, slut. Origin unknown. 
 
 fGausser, vpr. to mock, banter; introd. 
 
 from Sp. gozar, gozarse. — Der. gaussenx, 
 
 gaussexie. 
 Gavotte, sf. a gavot. Of hist, origin, see 
 
 § 33. Originally a dance of the Gavotes, 
 
 i. e. people of Gap. 
 Gaz, sm. gas. Of hist, origin, see § 33. 
 
 It was invented in the 16th cent, by the 
 
 alchemist Van-Helmont. — Der. gazeux, 
 
 ^azeifier, ^azeiforme, ^azier, ^ctzometre. 
 Gaze. sf. gauze. Of hist, origin, see § 33 ; 
 
 a fabric first made at Gaza in Palestine. — 
 
 Der. gazex. 
 i* Gazelle, sf a gazelle. Of Oriental origin, 
 
 introd. from Africa by St. Louis' Crusaders. 
 
 It is the dim. of Ar. ghaza. 
 t Gazette, sf. a gazette; introd. from 
 
 It. gazetta. — Der. gazetiex. 
 Gazomdtre, sm. a gasometer; from gaz 
 
 (q. v.), and from Gr. fi^rpov. 
 GAZON, sm. turf, grass, sod ; formerly wason. 
 
 Of Germ, origin, O. H.G. waso. For 
 
 tv = g see gaeher. — Gazon is a doublet of 
 
 vase, q. v. — Der. gazonnex, gazonx\ement. 
 GAZOUILLER, va. to twitter; secondary 
 
 form of O. Fr. gaziller; dim. of gaser, 
 
 which is for jaser. — Der. gazouillement, 
 
 gazouill'is. 
 GEAI, sm. a jay; formerly gai, which is in 
 
 fact the adj. gai, for the jay gets its name 
 
 from its chattering ways. The O. Sp., 
 
 which uses gayo for both jay and gay, 
 
 confirms this origin. 
 GEANT, sm. giant. It. gigante, from L. 
 
 gigantem. For loss of medial g see Hist. 
 
 Gram. p. 82 ; for i = e see mettre. 
 G6heiine, sf Gehenna ; from L. gehenna, 
 
 found in TertuUian, who had transcribed 
 
 this word from the Septuagint yUvva, which 
 
 is the Heb. gehinnom, the place of eternal 
 
 doom. For this word see § 30. Gehenne 
 
 is a doublet oi gene, q.v. 
 GEINDRE, vn. to moan ; from L. gemere, 
 
 by regular contr. (see § 51) of gemere 
 
 into gera*re, whence geindre. For e = ei 
 
 see §61; for in = « see ehanger ; for 
 
 nv — ndr see absoudre. Geindre is a 
 
 doublet of gemir, q. v. 
 Gelatine, sf gelatine ; from L. gelatina *, 
 
 der. from gelatus (congealed). — Der. 
 
 gelatineux. 
 GELER, va. to freeze; from L. gelare. — 
 
 Der. gel6e (partic. subst.), gelif, gelive, 
 
 engeluxe, d&geler, congeler. 
 GELIF, GELIVE, adj. split by frost (of 
 
 trees, etc.). See geler. 
 GELINE, sf a hen, fowl; from L. gal- 
 
GELINO TTE — GENTILHOMME. 
 
 16 j 
 
 lina. For a = e see § 54. — Der. gelin- 
 otte. 
 
 GFXINOTTE, sf. a fowl fattened in the yard, 
 hazel-hen. See geline. 
 
 G6ineau, sm. in pi. twins ; formerly gemel ; 
 from L. gemellus. For e\ = eau see 
 agneau. Mod. Fr. only uses the word in 
 the sing, in astronomical phrases, as ge- 
 meau occidental, gemeau oriental, i. e. 
 Castor and Pollux. Gemeau is a doublet 
 o(jumeau, q. v. 
 
 Oemine, adj. (Bot.) geminate, double ; from 
 L. geminatus. 
 
 GEMIR, vn. to groan ; from L. gemere. 
 In this case the accent is displaced from 
 gemere to gemere, as in accourir. For 
 e = i see accotnplir. Gemir is a doublet of 
 geindre, q. v. — Der. gemisiement. 
 
 Gremme, s/". a gem ; from L. gemma. 
 
 Gemonies, sf. the Gemonian stairs (in Ro- 
 man antiquities) ; from L. gemoniae (sc. 
 scalae). 
 
 GP^NvJlVE, sf. the gum (in the mouth) ; from 
 L. gingiva. For g = c see f raise ; for 
 i = e see admettre. 
 
 GENDARME, sm. a gendarme, man at arms ; 
 formerly gent d'arme. See under gens, 
 de and arme. — Der. gendarmerie, gendarm- 
 er(se). 
 
 GENDRE, sm. a son-in-law; from L. gener, 
 by regular contr. (see § 51) of generum. 
 into gen'rum., whence gendre. For nr =^ 
 ndr see absoudre. 
 
 GENE, sf. formerly torture: mettre a la 
 gene was = donner la question, to put to 
 torture. It is easy to see how the word has 
 gradually lost its strength : gene, whose 
 doublet is gehenne, is from L. gehenna, the 
 place of torment in TertuUian ; thence any 
 punishment, torture. — Der. gtnex. 
 
 Genealogie, sf a genealogy ; from L. ge- 
 uealogia. — Der. genealog\(\ne, genealog- 
 ists 
 
 GENER, va. to vex, torment, incommode. 
 See gene. 
 
 General, adj. general; from L. generalis. 
 — Der. general (sm.), generaht, general- 
 iser, generalite. • 
 
 Generaliser, va. to generalise. See gene" 
 ral. — Der. generalisation. 
 
 G^n^ralissime, sm. a generalissimo ; from 
 L. generalissimus*, superl. of gene- 
 ralis. 
 
 G6n§rateur, sm. a generator; from L. 
 generatorem. 
 
 Generation, sf. a generation; from L. ge- 
 nerationem. 
 
 G6n6reux, Of//, generous; from L. gene- 
 rosus. For -os\x.s = -eux see § 229. 
 
 G^nerique, adj. generic; from L. gene- 
 ricus *. 
 
 G6nerosit6, sf. generosity; from L. gene- 
 rositatem. 
 
 Gendse, sf. genesis ; from Gr. ytveais. 
 
 + Genet, sm. a jennet (Spanish horse); 
 from Sp. ginete, a light-armed horseman. 
 
 GENET, sm. the broom ; formerly genest, from 
 L. genista. For i = e see mettre ; for loss 
 of -s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. 
 
 tGenette, ./.a genet. Of Oriental origin. 
 Ar.djerneith. 
 
 GENEVRIER, sm. a juniper tree. See genievre. 
 
 G6nie, sm. genius; from L. genius. 
 
 GENIFJVRE, sm. a juniper ; formerly genevre, 
 from L. juniperus. Regularly contr. into 
 junip'rus, after the law of Lat. accent 
 (see § 51), it becomes genevre. For 
 p - v see § III; for u = e see chapeler ; 
 for j=^ cp. junicem, genisse ; jacere, 
 gesir. For genevre = genievre, see arriere. 
 — Der. genevrier. 
 
 GENISSE, sf. a heifer; from L. junicem. 
 For u = ^ see chapeler; for ]=g see ge- 
 nievre ; for c = ss see amitie. 
 
 G6nital, adj. genital; from L. genitalis. 
 
 G6nitif, sm. the genitive; from L. geni- 
 tivus. 
 
 G6niture, sf offspring, child; from L. 
 genitura. 
 
 GENOU, sm. a knee ; formerly genonil, from 
 L. genuculum, dim. of genu. Genu- 
 culum signifies a knee in the Germ, codes : 
 ' Si tibia subtus genuculo media incisa 
 fiierit,' says the Lex Frisonum, 22, 60, 
 Genuculum becomes genouil by -uculum 
 — -ouil, see § 258. For genouil —genou 
 see Hist. Gram. p. 191. — From O. Fr. 
 genouil comes 2igenou\\\ex, genouillhre. 
 
 Genre, sm. a kind, description; from L. 
 ' genere, abl. of geniw. 
 
 GENS, smf.pl. people; -pi. of gent, q. v. 
 
 GENT, sf a nation; from L. gentem. — 
 Der. gens. 
 
 GENT, adj. fair, comely, pretty; from L. 
 genitus, of good birth, then gracious, 
 charming. For regular contr. of genitus 
 into gen'tus see §■ 51. — Der. zgencer 
 (from a form agentiare*, deriv. of 
 gentus * for genitus. See agencer). 
 
 Gentiane, sf the gentian ; from L. gen- 
 tiana. 
 
 Gentil, adj. pretty; from L. gentilis. — 
 Der. p-f'ntWe'ise ^entillktre. 
 
 GENTILHOMME, sm. a nobleman, person 
 
i68 
 
 GENTILlA TRE — GIB OYER . 
 
 of quality ; compd. of homme and genlil, 
 in sense of a person of good birth. — Der. 
 gentilhommene, gentilhotntmhrt. 
 
 Qentill&tre, sm. a lordiing. See gentil. 
 
 Gtentillesse, sf. prettiness, gracefulness. 
 See gentil. 
 
 (^nuflexion, sf. a genuflection ; from L. 
 genuflexionem ♦. 
 
 Q6od6sie, .•/. geodesy ; from Gr. 'yioi^aiaia. 
 
 G6ognosie, sf. geognosy ; from Gr. yfj and 
 yvijais. — Der. g"eWe'sique. 
 
 Q^Ographie, sf geography ; from L. 
 geographia. — Der. geographique, geo- 
 graphe. 
 
 GEOLE, sf a gaol; formerly gaiole. It. 
 gabbiola, from L. caveola. Geole (a 
 prison, properly a cage) still had both senses 
 in the middle ages; in the 13th cent, 
 people spoke of the geole (fun oiseau as 
 well as of the gedle (Twi prisonnier. 
 Caveola, which consonified eo into io 
 (see ahreger) and changed c into g (see 
 adjuger), became gaviola, found in the 
 form gabiola in a charter of a.d. 1229: 
 ' Ipsos quittamus ab omni . . . custodia 
 villae, turris et gabiolae, ab exercitu,' etc. 
 Gabiola becomes jaiole. For loss of 
 medial b see aboyer ; for g =j see jumeau. 
 O. Yt. jaiole becomes jeole : for ai = ae = e see 
 § 103 ; and lastly geole, see genievre. In 
 the sense of a birdcage geole has produced 
 the compd. engeoler, now spelt enjoler, 
 which in the middle ages = mettre en cage. 
 Cp. Sp. enjaular, der. from jaula, a cage. 
 Engeoler in fowler's language meant to lure 
 a bird into a snare or cage by help of other 
 birds. From this technical sense the word 
 came metaph. to mean ' to cajole,' ' take in 
 by flattering words.' The spelling engeoler, 
 which is etymol. correct, and indicates the 
 origin of the word, continued down to the 
 beginning of the 18th cent. — Der. geol'xer. 
 
 G6ologie, sf. geology; from Gr. yf} and 
 A070S. — Der. geologlque, geologue. 
 
 G^omancie, s/.- geomancy ; from L. geo- 
 mantia. — Der. geotnanc'ien. 
 
 G6oilldtre, s?«. a geometrician ; from L. 
 geometra.— Der. geometral. 
 
 Q^Olll6trie, sf. geometry ; from L. geo- 
 metria. — Der. ^e'oweVrique. 
 
 Geranium, sm. a geranium ; from L. 
 geranium. 
 
 GERBE, sf. a sheaf. O. Fr. garbe, from 
 O. H. G. garba. — Der. gerbee, gerber. 
 
 GERCER, va. to chap, crack (in cold weather); 
 formerly garcer, from L. carptiare*, 
 
 , deriv. of carptus, partic. of carpere, to 
 
 break, split. Carptiare becomes garcer. 
 
 For c =g see adjuger; for -tiare = -cer see 
 
 agencer; garcer becomes gercer by a=-e, 
 
 see § 54 — Der. ^erf-ure. 
 G6rer, va. to administer, manage ; from L. 
 
 gerere. — Der. gerznX. 
 GERFAUT, sm. a gerfalcon ; formerly ger- 
 
 fauc, originally gerfalc; of Germ, origin, 
 
 Germ, gerfalk. For al = au see agneau. 
 Germain, adj. german (cousin) ; from L. 
 
 germanus. 
 t Gerinandr6e, sf (Bot.) germander (for 
 
 gelmandree) ; from It. calamandrea. 
 GERME, sm. a germ; from L. genaen. 
 GERMER, vn. to shoot, bud ; from L. ger- 
 
 minare, by regular contr. (see § 52) 
 
 of germinare into germ'nare, whence 
 
 germer. For mn = n see allumer. 
 Gherminal, adj. germinal, sm. Germinal (the 
 
 7th month in the French calendar, Mar. 
 
 21 to April 19). 
 Germination, sf germination; from L. 
 
 germinationem. 
 G6rondif, adj. gerundive; from L. gerun- 
 
 divus. 
 GESIER, sf the gizzard ; from L. gigerium, 
 
 unused sing, of gigeria. For i = e see 
 
 mettre', for g = s see f raise; for e = ie see 
 
 GESIR, vn. to lie (infinitive of git,gisais, etc.) ; 
 
 from L. jacere. For j=^ see genievre; 
 
 for a = e see § 54 ; for c = s see amitie ; 
 
 for e = i see § 59. — Der. gesine. 
 Gestation, sf gestation ; from L. gesta- 
 
 tionem. 
 Q^ste, sm. a gesture ; from L. gestus. 
 Gesticuler, vn. to gesticulate ; from L. 
 
 gesticulari. — Der. gesticuhtion, gesticul- 
 
 ateur. 
 Gestion, sf administration; from L. ges- 
 
 tionem. 
 Gibbosit6, sf. gibbousness; from L. gib- 
 
 bositatem*, from gibbosus. 
 GIBECI^RE, sf a game-pouch ; der. from 
 
 O. Fr. gibecer. Cp. grimaciere from gri- 
 
 macer. See gibier. 
 GIBELET, sm. a gimlet. Origin unknown. 
 GIBELJDTTE, sf a gibelotte, rabbit-stew. 
 
 Origin unknown. 
 + Giberne, sf a cartridge-box ; introd. in 
 
 1 6th cent, from It. giberna. 
 GIBET, sm. a gibbet. Origin unknown. 
 GIBIER, sm. game. Origin unknown. 
 GIBOULEE, sf. a shower, hail-storm. Origin 
 
 unknown. 
 GIBOYER, vn. to hunt. See gibier.— Tiex. 
 
 giboyeuT, giboyeux. 
 
GIGA NTESQUE — GLAIVE. 
 
 169 
 
 tGigantesque, adj. gigantic; introd, 
 
 from It. gigantesco. 
 GIGOT, sm. a leg of mutton. See gigue. 
 GIGUE, sf. a leg. Origin unknown. — Der. 
 
 GIGUE, sf. a jig, a dance to the sound of the 
 gigue, an O. Fr. name for a stringed instru- 
 ment. Gigue is of Germ origin, M. H. G. 
 gige. Germ, geige, a violin. 
 
 GILET, sm. a waistcoat. See gille. — Der. 
 ^fZetiere. 
 
 GILLE, sm. a clown (at a theatre). As a pro- 
 per name Gille represents the L. Aegidius; 
 ' Sanctus Aegidius ' is in Fr. Saint Gilles. 
 But why is the theatre clown "called Gille ? 
 We know not. — Der. gilet (originally a 
 sleeveless waistcoat worn by clowns on the 
 stage. A similar metaphor is found under 
 jaquette, q. v.). 
 
 GIMBLETTE, sf. a kind of cake. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 GINGEMBRE, sm. ginger ; in Joinville gin- 
 gimbre, originally gingibre, from L. zinzi- 
 berum. For regular contr. to zinzib'rum 
 see § 51 ; hence gingibre by z=g, see 
 jaloux. For intercalated m (gingimbre) 
 see lambruche; for i = e (gingetnbre) see 
 mettre. 
 
 •}- Girafe, sf a giraffe; of Oriental origin. 
 Ar. zurafa. For z=g see gingembre. 
 
 t Girandole, sf a girandole, spring (of 
 guns) ; from It. girandola. 
 
 Girasol, sm. a girasol; from L. gyrare and 
 sol. 
 
 Giratoire, adj. gyral ; from L. gyrato- 
 rius*, deriv. of gyratus, partic. of gy- 
 rare. 
 
 GIROFLE, sm. a clove ; corruption (for 
 cheriofle see § 172) of L. caryopliyllum. 
 Contrd., according to the Gr. accent (wap- 
 v6(pvWov, see § 51), into caryoph'lum, 
 whence girofle. For ph. =/ see coffre ; for 
 C=g see accointer. For the unwonted phe- 
 nomenon of a = i see aimant; io = o is still 
 more rare. — Der. giroflier, girofl6&. 
 
 GIRON, sm. lap. Before it received its pre- 
 sent sense it signified the part of the dress 
 between the girdle and the knees : in me- 
 dieval Lat. the word was giro, signifying 
 the lower part of the tunic ; ' Mox cum 
 sinistra manu girones albas accipiens, et 
 ante se tenens, spargit ante se aquam be- 
 nedictam,' a passage quoted by Ducange. 
 The L. giro* is of Germ, origin, M.H.G. 
 gere, a skirt. 
 
 GIROUETTE, sf. a vane, weathercock; from 
 O. Fr. girer, which is from L. gjn-are. 
 
 GISANT, adj. lying (ill, dead) ; from L. ja- 
 centem. For a = i see aimatit ; for c = s 
 see amide ; for i=g see genievre. 
 
 GISEMENT, sm. bearing (in geology, naviga- 
 tion), der. from gesir (q. v.) ; gisement is for 
 gesement, see accomplir. 
 
 GITE, sm. home, lodging, site, seat, form, 
 gist ; formerly giste. Low L. gista, origin- 
 ally gesta, representing L. jacita* , a sleep- 
 ing place, partic. of jacere. Jdcita, regu- 
 larly contr. (see § 51) into jac'ta, becomes 
 Low L. gesta by j=g, see genievre; by 
 c = s, see amilie ; by a = e, see § 54. 
 Gesta becomes O. Fr. giste by e = i, see 
 § 59, and lastly gtte by loss of s see Hist. 
 Gram. p. 81. — Der. giter. 
 
 GIVRE, sm. rime, hoar frost. Origin un- 
 known, 
 
 GIVRE, sf a snake. O. Fr. guivre, from L. 
 vipera*, by regular contr. of vip§ra 
 into vip'ra, whence guivre. For v=gu 
 see gaine ; for p = i' see § iii. 
 
 Glabre, adj. (Bot.) glabrous, unbearded ; 
 from L. glaber. 
 
 GLACE, sf ice ; from L. glacia*. a second- 
 ary form of glaeies, found in Graeco-Lat. 
 glossaries in the middle ages. For cia = ce 
 see agencer. — Der. glafon, glacex, glacier, 
 glacihve, glacis. 
 
 Glacial, ac^'. glacial ; from L. glacialis. 
 
 Gladiateur, sm. a gladiator ; from L. gla- 
 diatorem. 
 
 GLATEUL, sm. (Bot.) a gladiolus ; from L. 
 gladiolus. For glad-io-lus = glad-io- 
 lus see aieul ; hence gla'ieul, by loss of 
 medial d (see accabler), and by -io\\XB = 4eul 
 (see § 253). 
 
 GLAIRE, sf glair, a term used by binders, 
 signifying properly white of egg : the sense 
 of ' glairous humour ' comes from the like- 
 ness of this humour to the white of egg. It 
 comes from L.clara in the phrase 'clarium 
 ovi,' used in some Low Lat. documents. 
 For c\ = gl and for a = a/ see § 54. This 
 derivation is confirmed by It. chiara, Sp. 
 and Port, clara. — Der. glaireux. 
 
 GLAISE, sf loam, clay; from L. glitea*, 
 found in a medieval glossary. Glitea is 
 from glitem, found in Isidore of Seville, 
 signifying thick clay. Glitea becomes re- 
 gularly glitia (see § 58), whence glaise. 
 For tia = se see agencer ; for i = ai see 
 § 69 note 2 — Der. glaiser, glaiseax, glais- 
 iere. 
 
 GLAIVE, sm. a sword ; from L. gladius. 
 For loss of d see accabler ; for insertion o^ 
 V see corvee. 
 
I/O 
 
 GLAND — OO^LA ND. 
 
 GLAND, sm. an acorn ; from L. glandem. 
 — Der. glande (from its likeness to an 
 acorn), glandie. 
 
 GLANDE. sf. (Anat.) a gland. See gland. 
 
 Glandule, sf. (Anat.) a glandule; from L. 
 glandula. Its O. Fr. doublet is glandre. 
 — Der. glandulcMX, glanduUire. 
 
 GLANER, va. to glean ; from L. glenare*. 
 found in some 6th-cent, documents. Thus 
 we read ' Si quis in messem alienam 
 glenaverit' in a document of a. d. 561. 
 Origin unknown. For e = a sec amender. 
 — Der. glane (verbal subst.), glantuT, glan- 
 ure, glanagc. 
 
 GLAPIR, vn. to yelp; of Germ, origin, 
 Neth. Happen. For g1 =gl see aigle. — 
 Der. glapissement. 
 
 GLAS, sm. a knell, passing-bell, also written 
 das in O. Fr. ; from L. classicum, which 
 in Class. Lat. was the signal by the trum- 
 pet to call troops together ; in Eccles. Lat. 
 the bell calling the monks to church, which 
 latter sense is seen in the following : ' Ad 
 matutinum primo totum classicum pul- 
 setur, et, remanente classico, duo minora 
 signa sonent, donee fratres ad ecclesiam con- 
 veniant.' We even find ' classicxun mor- 
 tuorum ' = gins des trespasses, the passing 
 bell. Classicum becomes glas by loss 
 of last two atonic syllables, see §§ 50, 51 : 
 for cl = ^/ see aigle. 
 
 Glauque, adj. glaucous; from L. glaucus. 
 
 Gldbe, sf. glebe, soil ; from L. gleba. 
 
 t Glette, s/. litharge ; from Germ, gla/te. 
 
 GLISSER, vn. to slip, slide ; of Germ, origin, 
 Neth. glitsen. — Der. glissoire, gliss&de, 
 glissenr, glissement. 
 
 Globe, sm. the globe; from L. globus. — 
 Der. englober. 
 
 Globule, sm. a globule; from L. globulus. 
 Der. globuleux, globuhire. 
 
 GLOIRE, sf. glory; from L. gloria. For 
 transposition of i see chanoine. 
 
 Glorieux, adj. glorious, boastful ; from L. 
 gloriosus. For -OB\is = -eux see § 229. 
 
 Glorifier, va. to glorify; from L. glorifi- 
 care. — Der. glorification. 
 
 Gloriole, sf. vainglory; from L. gloriola. 
 
 Glose, sf. a gloss, carping, a parody ; from 
 L. glossa. — Der.g'/oser,^/oseur,^Zossateur. 
 
 Glossaire, sm. a glossary; from L. glos- 
 sarium. 
 
 Glossateur, sm. a glossologist. See glose. 
 
 Glotte, sf. (Anat.) glottis ; from Gr. yXcoTTis. 
 
 GLOUSSER, vn. to cluck ; formerly gloucer, 
 from L. glociare *, deriv. of glocire. For 
 oiare = ccr see agencer; for o = o» see 
 
 affouage ; for cer * sser see agencer. — Der. 
 
 gloui>semen\. 
 
 GLOUTERON, sm. (Bot.) a burdock ; cor- 
 ruption of O.Fr. gletteron. Gletteron is dtr. 
 from glette (cp. moucheron from mouche, 
 aileron from aile). O, Fr. glette, a burdock. 
 The word is of Germ, origin, Germ, kletle. 
 For cl=gl see aigle. 
 
 GLOUTON, sm. a glutton; from L. glu- 
 tonem, found in Festus. For u = ott see 
 § 90. — Der. ^/o7^//o«nerie. 
 
 GLU, sf. birdlime, glue. Prov. glut, from 
 L. glutem, found in Ausonius. For loss 
 of t see aigu. — Der. glimu, g/7/ant, engluer. 
 
 GLUI, sm. thick straw. Origin unknown. 
 
 Gluten, sm. gluten ; from L. gluten. — Der. 
 glutineux. 
 
 Glyptique, adj. glyptic (art of engraving 
 figures on stone) ; from Gr. yXvirros. 
 
 Gnome, sm. a gnome; a word made by 
 Paracelsus from Gr. yvwfirj. 
 
 Gnoniique,afl?/. gnomic; from Gt. 'fVcvfx.tKos. 
 
 Gnomon, sm. a gnomon, dial-pointer ; from 
 L. gnomon. — Der. gnomon'ique. 
 
 GO (TOUT DE), adv. freely, unceremoni- 
 ously. See gober. 
 
 GOBELeT, sm. a goblet ; dim. of O. Fr. gobel. 
 Gobel is from L. cupellum, masc. form 
 of cupella, used in Apicius. For c = ^ see 
 adjuger; for u = om see annoncer ; for 
 p=^6 see § III. 
 
 GOBELOTTER.vw. to tipple; from gobelot*, 
 dim. of gobel (see gobelet). 
 
 GOBER, va. to swallow greedily ; of Celtic 
 origin, Gael, gob, the mouth, whence gober. 
 
 GOBERGER, vpr. to amuse oneself, take 
 one's ease. Origin unknown. 
 
 GODAILLER, vn. to tipple ; der. from O.Fr. 
 goder (cp. criailler from crier, etc.). Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 GODELUREAU, sm. a coxcomb, fop, sim- 
 pleton. Origin unknown. 
 
 GODER, vn. to be creased, puckered (of 
 clothes). Origin unknown. 
 
 GODET, sm. a drinking cup ; dim. of root ^0/, 
 which still survives in the Saintonge patois. 
 Got is from L. guttus, found in Pliny. For 
 u = o s.ee annoncer ; for t - cf see § 117. 
 
 GODIVEAU, sm. a forcemeat pie. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 GODRON, sm. (Archit.) a round plait, god- 
 roon. Origin unknown. — Der. godronner. 
 
 GOELAND, sm, a gull; formerly goiland; 
 of Celtic origin, Kymr. guilan. The root 
 guil has produced both goeland and 
 goelette, which is properly a sea-swallow, 
 then metaph. a light bark. 
 
GOELETTE — GOURDE. 
 
 171 
 
 GOELETTE, sf. a schooner. See goeland. 
 
 GOEMON, sm. sea-weed. Origin unknown. 
 
 GOGO, adj. in clover. Origin unknown, 
 
 GOGUENARD, adj. bantering, sm. a jester, 
 banterer ; from O. Fr. gogue, pleasantry, 
 which survives in deriv. goguetle. Origin 
 unknown. — Der. goguenardei, gogiie?iard- 
 erie, 
 
 GOGUETTE, sf. a merry creature. See go- 
 guenard. 
 
 GOINFRE, sm. a gormandizer. Origin un- 
 known. — Der. gotnfrer, goinfreTie. 
 
 GOtTRE, sm. a goitre, swelled neck ; for- 
 merly goetre, from L. gutter*, another 
 form of guttur. Gutter properly signifies 
 a throat, but is used for a goitre in late 
 Lat. We find its deriv. gutturosus, for a 
 goitre, in Ulpian : ' Si quis natura gut- 
 turosus sit, aut oculos eminentes habeat, 
 sanus videtur;' and the Scholiast on Juvenal's 
 line, ' Quis tumiduni guttur miratur in Alpi- 
 bus ?' has this note : ' Tanquam si in Alpibus 
 gutturosos homines admireris.' Gutter, 
 by u = o (see annoncer) and by metathesis 
 of e, becomes goetre. — Der. ^-oi^reux. 
 
 f Golfe, sm. a gulf; from It. golfo. Its 
 doublet is gotiffre, q. v. 
 
 Gomine, sf. gum; from L. gummi. For 
 u = o see annoncer. — Der. gommer, gomm- 
 eux, gommier. 
 
 GOND, sm. a hinge; formerly gon, from 
 L. gumphus *, a nail, piece of iron used as 
 a hinge, which from Gr. yofAcpos. Gum- 
 phus, which is found also in form gonfus 
 in several iith-cent. documents, becomes 
 gon in O. Fr. For u = o see annoncer ; for 
 m = « see changer ; for ph =/ see coffre ; 
 for lph=^=/, see garou. 
 
 f Gondole, sf. a gondola; from It. ^ow- 
 dola. — Der. gondolier. 
 
 f Gonfalon, sm. a gonfalon ; from It. 
 gonfalone. — Der. gonfalonniei. 
 
 GONFLER, va. to inflate, swell out ; from 
 L. conflare, which in the Latin of the late 
 Empire signifies to swell out. For c=g 
 see adjuger. — Der. gonfiement, degon/Ier. 
 
 GORE T, sm. a porker, young pig ; dim. of 
 O. Fr. gore, signifying a sow. Of igin un- 
 known. 
 
 GORGE, sf. the throat; from L. gurges, 
 properly a whirlpool, then a throat ; for the 
 change of meaning by way of metaphor 
 see § 14. For u = om see § 90. — Der. 
 ^org-erette, gorgei, degorger, egorger, en- 
 gorger, regorgev, lengorger, gorget (partic. 
 subst.). 
 
 GOSIER, sm. the throat, gullet; deriv. of 
 
 O. Fr. gueuse. Origin unknown. Gueuse 
 gives us another deriv., the vn. s'egosiller, 
 to tire the throat. 
 
 Gothique. adj. Gothic ; from L. gothicus, 
 from Gothus. 
 
 t Gouache, sf. water body-colour ; from 
 It. gunzzo. 
 
 f Goudron, sm. tar; corruption of goud' 
 ran. It. catrame, a word of Oriental origin, 
 Ar. gatran. — Der. goudronner. 
 
 GOUFFRE, sm. a whirlpool; originally ^oZ/"re*, 
 It. golfo, from Gr. KoKrros. For ol — ou 
 see agneau ; for p =/ see chef; for the 
 intercalated r see chanvre. Gouffre is a 
 doublet of golfe, q.v. — Der. engouffrex. 
 
 GOUGE, sf. a gouge ; from L. guvia*, a 
 chisel, in Isidore of Seville, lib. xix., De 
 Instrumentis Lingariis : ' Cauterium gallis 
 guvia.' Guvia is regularly transformed 
 (see abreger) into guv'ja, whence gouge. 
 For vj =^" see abreger; for o=ou see af- 
 fouage. 
 
 GOUJAT, sm. an army servant, a blackguard. 
 Origin unknown. 
 
 GOUJON, sm. a gudgeon. It. gobio, from 
 L. gobionem. For consonification of io 
 into ^'0 (gobjoneru) see abreger; for bj 
 =j see abreger ; for o = ou see affouage. 
 
 GOULEE, sf a mouthful; from goule, the 
 throat in O. Fr,, der. from L. gula. For 
 u = OM see § 90. — Der. (from O. Fr. 
 goule) goulet, g02dette, goulotte, goulu. 
 
 GOULET, GOULOT, sm. neck (of a bottle). 
 See goulee. 
 
 GOULOTTE, sf. a gullet. See goulee. 
 
 GOULU, sm. a glutton, adj. greedy. See 
 goulee. 
 
 GOUPILLE, sf. a small pin ; formerly cou- 
 pille, from L. cuspicTila, dim. of cuspis. 
 For -icula — -i7/e see § 257 ; for u==om see 
 § 90; for o^g see adjuger; for loss of 
 s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. 
 
 GOUPILLON, sm. holy water brush; deriv. 
 of goupil, a fox. Goupillon, originally a 
 fox's brush, came to its present sense be- 
 cause these brushes were like those of foxes, 
 Goupil, O. Fr. a fox, is theL. vulpeculus*, 
 dim. of vulpes. For -eculus = -i7 see 
 § 256 ; for -v^g see gains; for ul = o« 
 see agneau. 
 
 GOURD, adj. benumbed. Sp. gordo, from L. 
 gurdus*, heavy, clumsy. For u = ott see 
 § 90. — Der, degourdiT, engourd'n, en- 
 ^OJ^rJissement. 
 
 GOURDE, sf. a gourd ; formerly gouourde 
 and gougourde, from L. cucurbita. For 
 regular contr. of cucurbita into cu- 
 
i7a 
 
 GOURDIN — GRA IN. 
 
 ourb'ta see § 51, hence gougourde. For 
 bt = « see § 168; for tt = d see § 117; 
 for O^g see adjnger; for u = om see 
 § 90. From gougourde comes the O. Fr. 
 gouourde, then gourde, by loss of medial 
 g, see allier. Gourde is a doublet of 
 cucurbiie, 
 
 f Gourdin, sm. a cudgel, club; from It. 
 cordino, the rope's-end with which galley- 
 slaves were punished. 
 
 GOURGANDINE, sf. a street-walker. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 GOURMADE, sf. a punch, blow. See gour- 
 mer, 
 
 GOURMAND, sm. a gourmand, glutton, adj. 
 gluttonous. Origin unknown. — Der. gour- 
 mandise. 
 
 GOURMANDER, va. to scold ; from gourme, 
 q.v. 
 
 GOURMANDISE, sf. gluttony. See gour- 
 mand. 
 
 GOURME, sf. mumps, glanders. Origin un- 
 known.^ 
 
 GOURME, p.p. affectedly grave, curbed. See 
 gourmer. — Der. gozirmander. 
 
 GOURMER, va. properly to put the curb 
 chain on a horse, to beat. Origin unknown. 
 — Der. gourintXXe, gourma.de. 
 
 GOURMET, sm. a judge of wines, connoisseur 
 in food ; originally a wine-merchant's man, 
 in 13th cent, a lad generally. Gourmet, 
 formerly groumet, is a dim. of groume, 
 found for a boy in O. Fr. documents ; of 
 Germ, origin, Neth. grom. For o = ou 
 see affouage ; for transposition, groumet = 
 gourmet, see dprete. 
 
 GOURMETTE, sf. a curb-chain. See gour- 
 mer. 
 
 + Gousse, sf a pod; in i6th cent gosse, 
 from It. guscio, Milanese gussa. 
 
 GOUSSET, sm. the armpit. Origin unknown. 
 
 GOOT, sm. taste ; formerly goust. It. gusto, 
 from L. gustus. For vl — ou see § 90 ; 
 for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. 
 gouttx, d^gouter, rugoutei, goitiex (verbal 
 subst.). 
 
 GOUTTE, /. a drop ; from L. gutta. The 
 sense of ' gout ' comes from the old belief 
 that these joint-pains are caused by drops 
 {gouttes) of humour, which swell the limbs. 
 — Der. ^ow//elette, goutteux, gouttibxe, 
 degoutter, egoutter, igoilt. 
 
 GOUVERNAIL, sm. a helm; from L. guber- 
 naculum. For-aculum = -at7 see § 255 ; 
 for u = OM see § 90 ; for b = v see 
 
 § 113. 
 GOUVERNER, va. to govern; from L. 
 
 gubemare. For u = ou see § 90 ; for 
 'b=v see § 113. — Der. gouverne (verbal 
 subst.), gouvernement, gouvermnte. 
 
 GOUVERNEMENT, sm. government. See 
 gouverner. 
 
 GOUVERNEUR, sm. a governor, ruler ; for- 
 merly gouverneur, Prov. governador. It. 
 governalore, from L. gubernatorem. For 
 -atorem = -eur (through ador, edor, edur, 
 eiir, eur) see under empereur; for n = ou 
 see § go; for b = v see § 13. 
 
 Grabat, sm. a pallet; from L. grabatus. 
 
 GRABUGE, sm. a quarrel. Origin unknown. 
 
 GRACE, sf. grace, favour ; from L. gratia. 
 For •ti& — -ce see agencer. — Der. d\sgrdce. 
 
 Gracier, va. to pardon; from L. gra- 
 tiare *, der. from gratia. 
 
 Gracieux, adj. gracious; from L. grati- 
 osus. For -os\xs = -eux see § 229. 
 
 Gracieuset6, sf. graciousness, courtesy ; 
 from L. gratiositatem. For -atem = -« 
 see § 230. 
 
 Gracilit6, sf shrillness; from L. gracili- 
 tatem. 
 
 Gradation, sf gradation; from L. grada- 
 tionem. 
 
 Grade, sm. grade, rank; from L. gradus. 
 — Der. gradi, gradm. 
 
 Grad6, adj. that has a rank. See grade. 
 
 Gradin, sm. a step. See grade. 
 
 Graduation, sf graduation. See graduer. 
 
 Graduel, adj. gradual; from L. gradu- 
 alis*, from gradus. 
 
 Graduel, sm. a gradual ; from Eccles. L. 
 graduale (properly verses of the Psalms 
 of Degrees, which the Levites are said to 
 have sung on the fifteen steps of the 
 Temple). Graduel is a doublet of O. Fr. 
 grael. 
 
 Graduer, va. to graduate; from L. gradu- 
 are*, from gradus. — Der. ^rnrfwation. 
 
 GRAILLER, vn. to call in the dogs (with the 
 horn) ; from O. Fr. graile, a trumpet, 
 which from L. gracilis, properly clear, 
 shrill ; then a horn, in medieval Lat. texts. 
 So we have clairon from the adj/ clair. 
 There is an example of gracilis in this 
 sense in the Chronicle of Walter the 
 Chancellor : ' Libetque preconari voci pro- 
 patula ut universi, audito primo sonitu 
 graciles, festinent bellicis indui.' And 
 again : ' Gracilibus, tibiis, tubis clangen- 
 tibus.' For gracilis = graiVe see grele. — 
 Der. graillement. 
 GRAILLON, stn. broken meat. Origin un- 
 known. 
 GRAIN, sm. grain ; from L. granum. For 
 
GRAINE— GRA VIER. 
 
 173 
 
 -anuin=-am see § 194. — Der, grainier, 
 grener, gretm, egrener, greneler, grenaille. 
 
 GRAINE, sf. seed, set, race, eggs (of silk- 
 worms) ; from L. grana *, a fem. form of 
 granum. For -ana = -ame see § 194.— 
 Der. graitietleT. 
 
 GRAISSE, sf. fat, grease. See gras.— Der. 
 graisser, graisseux. 
 
 GRAISSER, va. to grease. See graisse. — 
 Der. graissiLge. 
 
 t Gramen, s?n. (Bot.) grass ; from L. gra- 
 
 . men. 
 
 Gramin^e, sf. (Bot.) grass, adj. grassy, 
 gramineal; from L. graminea*. 
 
 Grammaire, sf grammar ; from L. gram- 
 mar! a,* a hypothetical form, composed of 
 L. gramma, a letter, and the suffix arius. 
 — Der. grammainen. 
 
 Grammatical, adj. grammatical ; from L. 
 grammaticalis *, der. from gramma- 
 tica. 
 
 Gram.me, sm. a weight, gramme (15,438 
 grains troy) ; from Gr. 'ypdfifxa. 
 
 GRAND, adj. great ; from L. grandis. — 
 Der. ^ra«cfelet, grandeur. 
 
 tGrandesse, sf grandeeship (Spanish 
 title) ; from Sp. grandezza. 
 
 GRANDEUR, /. greatness. See grand. 
 
 t Grandiose, adj. grand, sw. grandeur ; 
 from It. grandioso. 
 
 GRANDIR, V7i. to grow great ; from L. 
 gran dire. 
 
 Grandissim.e, adj. superlatively great ; 
 from L. grandissimus. 
 
 GRAND'MERE, sf. a grandmother. See 
 grand and mere. See also Hist. Gram, 
 p. 103. 
 
 GRANGE, sf a barn. Sp. granja, from L. 
 granea*, der. from granum. Granea* is 
 thus used in the Germanic Codes : ' Si enim 
 domum . . . incenderit aut , , . graneam 
 vel cellaria,' in the Lex Alemannorum, 
 81, 2. Granea becomes first grania, then 
 granja, then grange; see §§ 243, 244. — 
 — Der. engranger. 
 
 + Gr anit, sm. granite ; from It. granito 
 
 Der. granit{(\ne. 
 
 Granulation, s/. granulation. Seegramder. 
 
 Granuler, va. to granulate ; der. from 
 granule, which is from L. granulum, dim. 
 of granum. — Der. granuUtion, 
 
 Granuleux, adj. grained, granular; der. 
 
 *. from grannie. 
 
 Graphique, adj. graphic ; from Gr. ypacpi- 
 
 KUS. 
 
 Graphom^tre, sm. a graphometer; from 
 Gr. ypacpTj and nirpov. 
 
 GRAPPE, sf a bunch; properly a hook, 
 then clustered fruit. Grappe in sense of 
 ' hook ' remains in some special uses, as 
 grappe de marechal ferrant, etc., and in 
 the deriv. grappin. Grappe is of Germ, 
 origin, Germ, hrappen. For k'= g see 
 adjuger. — Der, grappiWer, grappilleur, grap- 
 ^illon, grappin, egrapper. 
 
 GRAPPILLER, va. to glean. See grappe. 
 
 GRAPPILLON, sm. a cluster of grapes. See 
 grappe. 
 
 GRAPPIN, sm. a grapnel. See grappe. 
 
 GRAS, adj. fat. O. Fr. eras, from L, cras- 
 sus (in Martial), a word in form grassus 
 in the 17th cent, in Isidore of Seville. For 
 C = g see adjuger. Gras is a doublet of 
 crasse, q. v. — Der. graisse, graisser, grais- 
 seux, graisouillet, grasseyer, grasseyemer\t. 
 
 GRATERON, sw. (Bot.) scratchweed. See 
 gratter. 
 
 fGraticuler, va. to square; from It. 
 graticolare. Its doublet is griller, q. v. 
 
 Gratification, sf gratification; from L. 
 gratificationem. 
 
 Gratifier, va. to gratify; from L. grati- 
 ficari. 
 
 GRATIN, sm. the burnt part (of food). See 
 gratter. 
 
 t Gratis, adv. gratis; from L. gratis. 
 
 Gratitude, sf. gratitude; from L. grati- 
 tudinem. 
 
 GRATTER. va. to scratch. It. grattare, 
 from L. cratare, found in the Germanic 
 codes : ' Si quis alium unguibus crata- 
 verit, ut non sanguis, sed tumor aquosus 
 decurrat,' in the Lex Frisonum, app. 5. 
 Cratare is of Germ, origin, answering to 
 Icel. hratta. Cratare becomes gratter 
 by C = g, see adjuger. — Der. gratteWt, 
 graieron, grattoir, gratin, egrarigner, egrat- 
 ignure. 
 
 Gratuit, adj. gratuitous; from L. gratu- 
 itus. — Der. gratuite. 
 
 Grave, adj. grave; from L. gravis. Its 
 doublet is grief, q. v. — Der. graviter. 
 
 GRAVELEUX, adj. gravelly. See gravier.— 
 Der. gravelure. 
 
 GRAVELLE, sf. gravel. See gravier. 
 
 t Graver, va. to engrave ; of Germ, origin, 
 Neth. graven. — Der. grnvewr, gravure. 
 
 GRAVIER, sm. gravel ; from O. Fr. grave, 
 rough sand mixed with stones. Origin un- 
 known. This word grave has left other 
 derivatives : gravois, graveWe, graveleux, 
 engraver, as well as grtve, which is a 
 softened form of O.Yr. grave. For a = e 
 see § 54.— Der. gravats.g-rai/ois, grai/atier. 
 
174 
 
 GRA VIR — GR^S. 
 
 GRAVIR, va. to climb. It. gradire, from L. 
 gradire * (lit. to climb by steps^ from 
 gradiis. Gradire becomes gravir by loss 
 of medial d (gra'ire\ see accabler, and by 
 intercalation of an euphonic v, see corvee. 
 
 Gravity ./. gravity; from L. gravitatem. 
 
 Qraviter, vn. to gravitate. See grave 
 
 Der. ^rav//ation. 
 
 GRAVOIS, sm. rubbish. See gravier. 
 
 QravTire, sf. engraving. See graver. 
 
 GRE, sm. vk'ill, inclination, taste. Prov. 
 grot, It. grato, from L. gratum. For 
 -at\iin = -e see § 201. — Der. agrt'er, mal- 
 gre, q. v. 
 
 Qrec, adj. Greek; from L. graecus. 
 
 GREDIN, sm. a scoundrel. Origin unknown. 
 — Der. gredinerie. 
 
 GREEMENT, sm. rigging. See greer. 
 
 GREER, va. to rig ; of Germ, origin, Goth. 
 geraidjan, to get ready. For geraidjati = 
 g'raidjan see briller; for loss of d see 
 accabler. — Der. a^res, greVment, ^re'eur. 
 
 GREFFE, ff. a record-office ; in Low Lat gra- 
 phium (_see greffier), a style, for writing 
 with. For ph. =/ see coffre ; for a = « see 
 § 54. From greffe, in sense of a stiletto, 
 comes the verb greffer, to graft with a 
 
 GREKFE, sf. (Bot.) a graft. See greffex. 
 
 GREFFER. va. to graft. See above.— Der. 
 greffe (verbal subst.), greffeur, greffo'ir. 
 
 GREFFIER. sm. clerk to a court, registrar ; from 
 L. graphiarius, a word found in medieval 
 documents: 'Guillelmus christianissimi regis 
 consiliarius et status regni a secretis, ut 
 etiam dicti ordinis S. Michaelis ab actis seu 
 graphiarius; ' from an act of a.d. 1550. 
 Graphiarius is from graphium, a style. 
 Graphiarius becomes greffier. For a, = e 
 see § 54; for ph =/ see coffre; for 
 -&TiMB = -ier see § 198. 
 
 + Grdge, adj. raw (of silk) ; from It, 
 greggia (seta greggia, raw silk). 
 
 GREGEOIS, adj. Greek (fire), wildfire ; for- 
 merly feu grezois, an inflammable substance 
 invented in the 7th cent, by Callinicus of 
 Heliopolis ; so called from the Byzantines 
 (or, as they were named in the middle ages, 
 the Gregeois) who employed it. As late as 
 Scarron we find Gregeois used for Grecs. 
 Gregeois represents L. graecensis, der. 
 from graecus. Graecencis becomes 
 grezois by ns = s, see aine ; by e = oi, see 
 
 . § 62; by c = z, see amitie. Lastly gre- 
 zois becomes grigois, just as zelosus ht- 
 comts jaloux (q. v.) 
 
 + Grdgue, sf. breeches; formerly ^reg'es- 
 
 q7/e, from It. grechesco. Its doublets are 
 grieche, grecgue. 
 
 GR£LE, adj. slender, slim ; formerly graile. 
 It. gracile, from L. gracilis. For regular 
 contr. of gracilis into grac'lis, see § 51, 
 hence O. Fr. graile by cl = t7, see Hist. 
 Gram. p. 71. 
 
 GRELE, sf. hail ; formerly gresle, a word 
 whose radical gres- is found in gresil, sleet. 
 The origin of this conmion root gres- is 
 unknown. — Der. grtlon, greltr. 
 
 t Qrelin, sm. a wallfish ; from Germ, gre- 
 ling. 
 
 GRfiLON, sm. a great hailstone. See grele. 
 
 GRELOT, sm. a hawker's bell, dim. o[ grele. 
 
 GRELOTTER, va. to shiver with cold. See 
 grelot. 
 
 tG-renade, sf. a pomegranate, grenade 
 (military) ; from Prov. granada^ which 
 from L. granata for granatum. The 
 suffix ade shows that the word did not come 
 direct from Lat. to Fr. ; for had it done so, 
 its form would have been grenee, the suffix 
 ata always = eV in Fr.^ see § 201. — Der. 
 grenadier, grenadine. (From grenade, in 
 sense of a projectile, comes grenadier.) 
 
 GRENADIER, (i) sm. (Bot.) a pomegranate- 
 tree. See grenade. (2). sm. agrenadier 
 (military). See grenade, 
 
 GRENAILLE, sf. a minute grain; dim. of 
 grain. — Der. grenailler. 
 
 t Grenat, sm. a garnet; from It. granato. 
 
 GRENER, vn. to seed, va. to granulate. See 
 graine. — Tier . greneier , grene (panic, subst.). 
 
 GRENETIER, sm. a seedsman ; from grenette, 
 dim. of graine. — Der. greneterie. 
 
 GRENETIS. sm. the milled edge (of coins), a 
 punch; deriv. o{ grenet, dim. of graine, c\.v. 
 
 GRENETTE, sf. the Avignon berry ; dim. of 
 graine. 
 
 GRENIER, sm. a granary, loft ; from L. 
 granarium. For -arium = -ier see §198; 
 for atonic a = e see § 54. 
 
 GRENOUILLE, sf. a frog. O. Fr. renouille. 
 It. ranocchia, from L. raniincula. fem. 
 form of ranunculus, used by Cicero, der. 
 from rana. Rantmcula becomes ranu- 
 cula by nc = c (see coque), then renouille 
 by ucula = o?«7/« (see § 258), and atonic 
 a=« see § 54, Renouille becomes gre- 
 nouille by the altogether unusual prefix of 
 a g, see Hist. Gram. p. 79, note 2. — Der. 
 grenouillet, grenouillette (see renoncide), 
 grenouiUexe. 
 
 GRENU, adj. corned-, granular ; deriv. of 
 grain {un tpi grenu, an ear full of grain). 
 
 GR^S, sm. sandstone, gritstone; of Germ. 
 
GRSsIL — GROGNER . 
 
 ^75 
 
 origin, O. H. G, grtes, gravel. — Der, gres- 
 i\,gressene. 
 GRESIL, sm. sleet. See gres. — Der. gresil- 
 
 ler, grhihemtnt. 
 GREVE, sf. a strand. See gravier. 
 GREVER, va. to burden, injure ; from L. 
 gravari. For a = e see § 54. — Der. d^- 
 grever. 
 GRIBLETTE, sf. a hash of meat. Origin 
 
 unknown. 
 GRIBOUILLER, va. to daub, scrawl. Origin 
 unknown. — Der. gribouilhgt, gribouillexte. 
 GRIECHE, adj. prickly, importunate ; from 
 L graeca. For ae = e = ze see § 104; 
 for ca, = che see §§ 126, 54. Grieche is 
 a doublet of gregue, grecgjie, q. v. Grieche 
 is only used in two compds., pie-grieche, 
 ortie-grieche, which is called in Eng, greek 
 nettle. . 
 GRIEF, adj. grievous ; fern, grieve, whence 
 grievement. Grief \s used, as late as Bos- 
 suet, as an adj. meaning hard, painful ; 
 from L. gravis. For v=/see § 142 ; for 
 a = e see § 51, whence O. Fr, gre/ which 
 becomes grief by change of e into ie, see 
 arriere. Grief is a doublet oi grave, q. v. 
 GRIEF, sm. a wrong, injury; from L. grave *, 
 by changing ave into ief (for details see 
 above). 
 GRIEVETE, sf gravity, enormity ; from L. 
 gravitatem. For a = c see § 5 1 ; for e = ie 
 see arriere ; i = « see mettre ; for -atem 
 = -e see § 201. 
 GRIFFE, sf a claw ; of Germ, origin, O.H.G. 
 grif anything to seize with, then in me- 
 dieval Germ, texts a claw. — Der. griffkx, 
 griffa.de, griffonntr, griffonneur, grijfon- 
 nage. 
 GRIFFON, sm. a griffin. Port, gripho, der. 
 (with suffix on) from L. gryphus. For 
 pli=/see coffre. 
 GRIGNOTER, vn. to nibble ; der. from 
 grigner, cp. tremhloter from trembler. 
 The O. Fr. grigner, to show one's teeth, is 
 of Germ, origin, O. H. G. grinan. 
 GRIGOU, sm. a poor wretch. Origin unknown. 
 1 GRIL, sm. a gridiron ; formerly gre/l, origin- 
 ally grail, from L. craticulum, masc. 
 form of eraticula, a gridiron (in Martial). 
 Craticulum becomes gra'/l by loss of 
 medial t (see abbaye), and by 0=g (see 
 adjuger). The form graticula for erati- 
 cula is found in medieval Graeco-Lat. 
 glossaries. For -iculum = -il see § 257, and 
 cp. p e r i c u 1 u m , peril. Gra'/l becomes gre/l 
 by a = ei, see § 51; then gril by ei = i, 
 see § 102, note l. — Der. grilki, grillage. 
 
 GRILLE, sf. a grate ; formerly greil, origin- 
 ally gra'il, from L. eraticula*, deriv. of 
 crates. Craticvila is written graticula 
 in medieval Lat. texts : we find ' Unam 
 gratieulam . . . abstulit,' inanact of a. d. 
 I35.S- For OTSiticvla,=p grille see gril. 
 — Der. griller (whose doublet is craticuler), 
 grilUge. 
 GRILLON, sm. a cricket ; dim. of L. gril- 
 lus. 
 
 GRIMACE, sf. a grimace ; of Germ, origin, 
 O. Scand. grima, a mask, — Der. grimactx, 
 grimacier. 
 
 GRIMAUD, sm. an urchin. See grime. 
 
 t Grime, sm. a dotard (theatrical term), 
 introd. in modern times from It. gritno. — 
 Der. se primer, grimzud. 
 
 GRIMOIRE, sm. a conjuring book. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 GRIMPER, 2/«. to climb, clamber; formerly 
 gripper, in double sense of climbing, grip- 
 ping hold to climb, then grasping, seizing : 
 of Germ, origin, Neth. grippen. For in- 
 tercalated m see lamhruche. Grimper is a 
 doublet of gripper, q. v. 
 
 GRINCER, vn. to gnash (with the teeth); 
 of Germ, origin, O. H. G. gremizun, 
 through intermediate forms grem'zon, gren- 
 zon. For in = « see changer. Grincer 
 is a doublet of grincher. — Der. grince- 
 ment. 
 
 GRIOTTE, sf (Bot.) a griotte cherry; corrup- 
 tion of O. Fr. agriotte, dim. of Gr. dypios. 
 The marble called griotte is so named from 
 its being cherry-coloured. 
 
 GRIPPER, vn. to grip, seize ; of Germ, 
 origin, O. Norse gripa. — Der. grippe. 
 
 GRIS, adj. grey ; of Germ, origin, O. H. G. 
 gris, used of the hair. — Der. ^matre, 
 ^nsaille, griser, grison. 
 
 GRISONNER, vn. to grow grey ; deriv. of 
 grison. See gris. 
 
 GRIVE, sf a thrush. Origin unknown. — 
 Der. grivele. 
 
 GRIVOIS, smf a jolly comrade. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 + Grog, sm. grog; from Eng, grog. 
 
 GROGNER, vn. to growl, grumble; secondary 
 form of grognir*. So also It. has grug- 
 nare and grugnire, which is from L. 
 grunnire (said of pigs). For nn = §'« 
 see cligner ', for u = o see annoncer. — Der. 
 From groigner, O. Fr, form for grogner, 
 comes the verbal subst, groing, now 
 written groin ; for the connection between 
 groin and groigner cp. soin and soigner, 
 
 I temoin and temoigner, loin and eloigner. 
 
176 
 
 GROIN— GUERRE. 
 
 etc. Other deriv. are grogner, grogne- 
 ment, grogttzTd, grognon, grognoimer. 
 
 GROIN, sni. a snout. See grogner. 
 
 GROMMELER. vn. to grumble, formerly 
 gnrntmeler; of Germ, origin, O. Germ, ^rwm- 
 tneln. 
 
 GRONDER, vn. to mutter, scold, grumble ; 
 from L. gnindare*, a hypothetical second- 
 ary form of gmndire. For u = o see 
 annoncer. — Der. groTidcuT, grondement, 
 gronderie. 
 
 + Qroom, sm. a groom ; from Eng. groom. 
 
 GROS, adj. large, bulky ; from L. grossus. 
 — Der, ^rosseur, ^rossesse, grossier, grossii, 
 degrossir, grossoyer, grosse, ^rossissement. 
 
 GROSEILLE, sf. a gooseberry. Sp. grosella, 
 of Germ, origin (O. H, G. krausel, in the 
 compd. krausselbeere). For = ^0^ see ad- 
 juger; for au = o see § 106.— Der. gro- 
 seillxtx. 
 
 GROSSIER, adj. coarse. See gros. — Der. 
 grossih-ttQ. 
 
 -h Grotesque, adj. grotesque; from It. 
 grotesco. 
 
 GROTTE, sf. a grotto. Prov. cropta, from 
 L. crypta, which became crupta by y = u, 
 § 101. Crupta, by c = g (see adjiiger) 
 becomes grupta, a form found in a Caro- 
 lingian document : ' Insuper eidem contuli 
 gruptas eremitarum . . . cum omnibus ad 
 dictas gruptas pertinentibus,' is in a Char- 
 tulary of a.d. 887. Grupta becomes ^ro«e 
 by u = see annoncer, and pt = tt, see § 
 168. Grotte is a doublet of crypte, q. v. 
 
 GROUILLER, vn. to stir, move. Origin un- 
 known. — Der. grouillement. 
 
 GROUP, sm. a bag of money. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 + Groupe, sf. a group ; from It. groppo. 
 — Der. grouper, groupement. 
 
 GRUAU, sm. oatmeal ; formerly gruel, from 
 grutellxim, found in medieval Lat. Gru- 
 telltun is a dim. of grutum, in a Carolin- 
 gian text. Grutum is of Germ, origin, 
 A. S. griit, groats. Grutellum becomes 
 gruel by dropping medial t (see abbaye), 
 then gruau by el — au (see agneau). 
 
 GRUE, sf. a crane; from L. grua, a fem. 
 form of grus, found in the Salic Law, 7, 6 : 
 ' Si quis gallum aut gallinam furaverit, vel 
 cygnum aut gruam domesticam.' The 
 word has also the sense of a crane to lift 
 weights : so also Gr. yipavos and Engl. 
 crane have both senses. 
 
 GRUGER, va. to crunch. Origin unknown. 
 
 GRUME, sf. bark (on forest trees). Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 GRUMEAU, 5m. a clod, lump ; formerly 
 grumel, from L. grumellus, dim. of 
 g^ruiuus, a little lump. For el = eau see 
 agneau — Der, (from O.Fr. grumel) grumel- 
 er, grumeleux. 
 
 GRUYER, adj. one who has the right to 
 forest wood (a feudal term). Of Germ, 
 origin, O. Germ, griis, used for an orchard. 
 — Der. ^rwerie, 
 
 fGruydre, sm. Gruyere cheese; of hist, 
 origin, see § 33 ; from Gruyere in Switzer- 
 land, where this cheese is made, 
 
 GUE, sm. a ford. Sp. vado, from L. vadum. 
 For x = gu see game; for -atum = -e' see 
 §201; for loss of d see aigu. — Der. ^Kf'able. 
 
 GUEDE, s/. wood. O.Fr. guaide; originally 
 waide. Of Germ, origin, Germ. waid. 
 For w = gu see gdcher. 
 
 GUENILLE, sf. a rag, tatters. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 GUENON, sf. a pouched monkey. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 GUEPE, sf. a wasp; formerly guespe, origi- 
 nally wespe. It. vespa, from L. vespa. 
 For ■v=gu see gaine ; for loss of s see 
 Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. guepier. 
 
 GUERE, adv. little, but little, not very. 
 Prov. gaigre. The word means ' much ' in 
 O. Fr. : S'il eust gtitre vecu, il eust conquis 
 toute V Italic, says a I4th-cent. chronicle. 
 Guere is of Germ, origin, answering to 
 O. H. G. weigaro *, much. This contr. into 
 weig'ro becomes guere. For w=gu see 
 gacher ; for gr = r see aigrette : the gr re- 
 mains in old Prov. gaigre. — Der. mguere, 
 q.v. 
 
 GUERET, sm. a fallowland, field. Prov. 
 garag, from L. veractum *, a Low Lat. 
 form, representing L. vervactum *, fallow 
 land, by the unique reduction of rv into v 
 in the middle of a word. Veractum by 
 ct = t (see § 168) gives us Fr. gueret. For 
 ■v=gu see game; for actvun = «'/ = «/ see 
 attrait and affete. 
 
 Gu6ridon, sm. a round table. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 GUERIR, vn. to heal ; its primitive sense is • to 
 defend' in very old Fr. documents. Guerir, 
 formerly g-war/V, originally warir, is of Germ, 
 origin, Goth, warjan, to defend. For w=g"« 
 see gacher. — Der. guerhon, ^we'rissable. 
 
 tGu6rite, sf. a sentry box; from Sp. 
 garita. 
 
 GUERRE, sf. war. It. guerra. Of Germ, 
 origin, O. H. G. werra, a quarrel. For 
 w = gu see gdcher. — Der. guerrkr, guerr- 
 oyer, zguerrir. 
 
G UET — GYMNASTIQUE. 
 
 177 
 
 GUET, sm. a watch, guard. See guetter. — 
 Der. ^Me/-apens (formerly g-weZ-apense, 
 compd. of guet, and adj. apense, which 
 answers to a form appensatus*, hung up, 
 prepared. GMe^apens means properly an 
 ambuscade). 
 
 GUETRE, sf. a gaiter. Origin unknown. 
 
 GUETTER, va. to watch, look out; for- 
 merly gtiaiter. It. guatare. Of Germ, origin, 
 O. H.G. wahtan. For w=gu see gacher. 
 — Der. guet (verbal subst.), gzietteur, nguets 
 (verbal subst, of O. Fr. verb aguetter). 
 
 GUEULE, sf. mouth; from L. gixla. For 
 u. = eu see beugler. Gueule is a doublet of 
 goiile, — Der. gueider. 
 
 t-Gueules, &m. pi. gules (heraldry). Of 
 oriental origin (§31), as are many heraldic 
 terms ; from Pers. ghul, a rose. 
 
 + Gueuse, sf. cast-iron ; of Germ, origin, 
 like many other metallurgic terms; from 
 Germ, guss (§ 20). 
 
 GUEUX, sm. a beggar. Origin unknown. 
 Its doublet is queux. — Der. gueuse, gueustx, 
 gueusene. 
 
 GUI, sm. mistletoe. O.Fr. guis and vis, 
 It. visco, from L. viscum. For v=gu 
 see gaine; for sc = s see bois; hence O.Fr. 
 forms vis and guis, 
 
 GUICHET, sm. a wicket ; the original sense 
 being a gate, as in les guichets du Louvre, 
 etc. In O. Fr. it signifies a little gate. 
 Gtiichet, formerly vichet, is of Germ, origin ; 
 vicJiet is dim. of O. Nors. vih, a lurking- 
 place. Vicket becomes guichet by v=gu, 
 see game; and by c = ch see § 126. — 
 Der. gidchet'iex. 
 
 + Guide, sm. a guide; introd. from It. 
 guida. — Der. gidder, gtddon. 
 
 Guider, va. to guide. See guide. 
 
 GUIGNE, sf. (Bot.) a kind of cherry ; for- 
 merly guine, originally gjusne. Of Germ, 
 origin, O. H. G. wihsela, a sour cherry. 
 'Wihs{e)la, contr. to wihs'la becomes guisne. 
 For w—gu see gacher; for / = «, guisne 
 for gidsle, see quenouille. O. Fr. guisne 
 becomes successively gtdne (see Hist. Gram, 
 p. 81) and gtdgne (see cligner). 
 
 GUIGNER, va. to glance, peep at. Origin 
 unknown. 
 I + Guignon, sm. ill luck; from Sp.guinon. 
 i GUILLEDOU, SOT. pi. places of ill repute. 
 Origin unknown. 
 
 Guillemet, sm. an inverted comma ; of 
 hist, origin, see § 33. Guillemet is the 
 name of the i6th-cent. printer (Guillaumet 
 or Guillemet), who first introduced this 
 symbol. 
 
 GUILLERET, adj. brisk, lively. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 Guillocher, va. to ' guilloche,' engine-turn ; 
 of hist, origin see § 33. Guillocher is 
 from Guilloche, the name of the inventor 
 of this kind of ornament. 
 
 Guillotine, sf. guillotine; of hist, origin, 
 see § 33. Guillotine is from M. Guillotin, 
 a Fr. physician, who invented this instru- 
 ment. — Der. guillotiner. 
 
 GUIMAUVE, sf. (Bot.) mallow, marsh mallow; 
 formerly mauve, from L. bismalva, found 
 (8th cent.) in the Capitulary de Villis. Bis- 
 malva is contr. from ibiscum-malva *, 
 compd. of ibiscum, the mallow (in Pliny), 
 and of malva, which means the same thing. 
 Forsc = s see bois. Bismalva losing its 
 s (see Hist. Gram. p. 81) becomes vimauve 
 by \>=v, see avant, and by aX = au, see 
 agneau. Vimauve becomes guimauve by 
 v = gti, see gaine. 
 
 GUIMBARDE, sf. a van, a jew's-harp. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 GUIMPE, sf. a wimple ; formerly guimple. 
 Of Germ, origin, O.H.G. wimpal. Wim- 
 p{a)l contrd. into wimp'l becomes guimple. 
 For w—gu see gacher. 
 
 GUINDER, va. to hoist oneself, strain; of 
 Germ, origin, O.H.G. windan. For w—gu 
 see gacher. 
 
 + Guin6e, sf. a guinea; from Engl. 
 guinea. 
 
 GUINGUETTE, sf. a public house, villa. 
 Origin unknown. 
 
 GUIPURE, sf. guipure (thread of silk lace) ; 
 der. from O. Fr. verb guiper. Of Germ, 
 origin, Goth, veipan, to weave. For v—g 
 see gaine and gacher. 
 
 + Guirlande, ./. a garland; from It. 
 ghirlanda Der. enguirlander. 
 
 GUISE, sf. manner, way, wise; of Germ, 
 origin, O.H.G. wisa. For w=gu see 
 gacher. — Der. degtdser. 
 
 t Guitar e, sf a guitar ; from Sp. guitarra. 
 Its doublet is cithare, q. v. — Der. guitar- 
 iste. 
 
 Gustation, sf. taste; from L. gusta- 
 tionem. 
 
 t Gutta-percha, sf. gutta-percha; from 
 Engl, gutta-percha. 
 
 Guttural, adj. guttural ; from L. guttu- 
 ralis*; der. from guttur. 
 
 Gymnase, sm. a gymnasium ; from L. 
 gymnasium. — Der. g-ymnasiarque, gym- 
 waste, 
 
 Gymnastique, adj. gymnastic; from L. 
 
 gymnasticus. 
 
 N 
 
178 
 
 GYMNIQUE — hAlER, 
 
 Gymnique, adj. (Anat.) gymnic ; from L. 
 
 gymnicus. 
 Gyinnosophiste, sm. a gymnosophist ; 
 
 from L. gymnosophista. 
 
 Gjntl^cee, 5m. a woman's workshop, quarter ; 
 
 from L. gynaeceum. 
 Gypse, sm. (Min.) gypsum. — Der. gyps- 
 
 eux. 
 
 H. 
 
 Habile, adj. able; from L. habilis. 
 
 Habilet6, sf. ability; from L. habili- 
 tatem. For -atein = -e see § 230. 
 
 Habiliter, va. to qualify (legal) ; from L. 
 habilitare, to qualify, in the Notae Ti- 
 ronis. — Der. T&habiliter. 
 
 Habiller, va. to dress; a very ill-formed 
 deriv. from L. habilis, properly to make 
 fit for, put into right state, thence dress. — 
 Der. habillement, kabilleuT, deshabiller. 
 
 Habit, sm. dress; from L. habitus (used 
 for dress by Virgil). 
 
 Habitacle, sm. an abode; from L. habi- 
 taculum. 
 
 Habitation, sf. habitation; from L. habi- 
 tationem. 
 
 Habiter, va. to inhabit; from L. habi- 
 tare. — Der. habitMe, habitant. 
 
 Habitude, sf. habit, use; from L. ha- 
 bitudinem. 
 
 Habituel, adj. habitual ; from L. habit- 
 ualis*; der. from habitus. 
 
 Habituer, va. to habituate; from L. ha- 
 bituare*, from habitus. 
 
 ■fH^bler, va. to boast, brag; from Sp. 
 hablar (§ 26, note 2). — Der. habhwx, habl- 
 erie. 
 
 HACHE, sf. a hatchet ; of Germ, origin, 
 O. H. G. hacco. Yox cc = ch see § 126. — 
 Der. hach&itt, hachtxczu, hachtr, hachoir, 
 hachure, hacMs. 
 
 HACHURE, sf. hatching (engraving). See 
 hache. 
 
 HAGARD, adj. haggard, wild. We have seen 
 (§13) that this word was at first only ap- 
 plied to the falcon: the faucon hagard was 
 one which had not been caught till after 
 more than one ' mewing,' in which case the 
 bird is untameable. Faucon hagard means 
 lit. a hedge-falcon, which has never moulted 
 in a cage. For etymology see hate. 
 
 Hagiographe, sm. a hagiographer ; from 
 Gr.dyioypdcpos. — Der. hagiographie. 
 
 HAIE, sf. a hedge ; from L. haga *, found in 
 very old medieval texts, as e. g. ' Quod 
 totam dictam plateam . . . includere possint 
 
 fossato et haga.' Haga is of Germ, origin 
 answering to O.H.G. haga. L. lia(g)a 
 loses its medial g (see allier), and becomes 
 haia, found (9th cent.) in the Capitularies 
 of Charles the Bald, tit. xxxvi. : • Qui- 
 cumque istis temporibus castella et firmitates 
 et haias sine nostro verbo fecerint.' For 
 a, = ai see § 54. — Der. from a Lat. form 
 haga the adj. hagard (used of birds that 
 live in the hedges, wild). 
 
 HAILLON, sm. rag, tatters ; of Germ, origin, 
 dim. of a hypothetical root haille, which 
 answers to O. H. G. hadil, a rag, by contr. 
 of had{i)l into had'l, and by dl = ll (see 
 § 168), and by a = m (see § 54). 
 
 HAINE, 5/ hatred. See Aa7r.— Der. hainevLX. 
 
 HAIR, va. to hate; in lith cent, hadir (in 
 the poem of St. Alexis), of Germ, origin, 
 A.S.hatian. For i=d see aider. O. Fr. 
 hadir becomes hair by loss of d, see 
 accabler. — Der. haine (formerly hame, der. 
 from hair, like saisine from saisir), Aatssable. 
 
 HAIRE, sf. a hair-shirt ; of Germ, origin, 
 O. Scand. hcera. 
 
 HALBRAN, sm. (Ornith.) a young wild-duck ; 
 of Germ, origin. Germ, halbente, through 
 hypothetical M.H.G. form Aa/&ere«^ whence 
 halbran.—^Der. halebrene. 
 
 HALE, adj. sunburnt, swarthy. See haler. 
 
 HALEINE, sf. breath; formerly aleine (for 
 h prefixed see envahir), verbal subst. of 
 O. Fr. verb alener, to breathe, which is for 
 aneler, from L. anhelare, by transposition 
 of liquids n and I (see sangloter). For e = 
 ei before n seefrein. 
 
 HALENER, va. to scent the breath of, wind 
 (hunting), formerly alener. See haleine. 
 
 HALER, va. to haul, hale ; of Germ, origin, 
 Engl, to hale, O. Nors. hala Der. hahge. 
 
 HALER, va. formerly to dry up, to sunburn. 
 The sun burns (hale) the skin, i, e. dries 
 it up. Hdler is of Germ, origin, der. from 
 Flem. hael, dry. The adj. hale is found in 
 O, Fr., meaning 'dried up.* The place where 
 hemp is dried at a farm is still called the 
 hdloir. — Der. hale (verbal subst.). 
 
HALETER—HARENO. 
 
 179 
 
 HALETER, vn. to pant. It. alitare, from 
 
 L. halitare (used by Ennius). 
 
 Hallali, an onomatopoetic word. See § 45. 
 
 HALLE, sf. a market ; of Germ, origin, Germ. 
 
 halle, a hall, covered market, which latter 
 
 is also the proper meaning of Fr. halle. — 
 
 Der, halhge. 
 
 f Hallebarde, sf. a halberd; introd. 
 
 from It. alabarda. — Der. hallebardier. 
 HALLIER, sm. a thicket ; der. from a form 
 halle *, which is from L. hasla *, branches, 
 in the Germanic Codes. Origin unknown. 
 For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. 
 Hallucination, sf. a hallucination; from 
 
 L. hallucinationem. 
 Halo, sm. a halo ; from Gr. aAcws. 
 HALTE, sf. a halt. O. Fr. halt ; of Germ. 
 
 origin. Germ. halt. 
 Haltdres, sm. pi. weights used by jumpers to 
 help them in making long leaps ; from Gr. 
 aXrrjp^s. 
 + Hamac, sm. a hammock; introd. from 
 
 Sp. hamaca. 
 Hamadryade, sf. a hamadryad ; from Gr, 
 
 a/JLa5pvddes. 
 HAMEAU, sm. a hamlet ; formerly hamel 
 {{or el = eau see agneau). O. Fr. hamel is 
 dim. of ham *, which is of Germ, origin, 
 A. S. ham, a dwelling. 
 HAME^ON, sm. a fish-hook ; from L. hami- 
 cionem*, dim. of hamus. For cio = fo 
 see agneau ; for i = e see mettre. 
 HAMPE, sf. a staff, handle; for hampte*, 
 hantbe^, of Germ, origin, O.H.G. hanthabe, 
 properly that which the hand holds, a handle, 
 by contr. ofhajtthabe into hant'be, and then, 
 very irregularly hant'pe, hamt'pe. 
 HANAP, sm. a goblet; of Germ, origin, 
 
 O. H. G. hnap. 
 HANCHE, sf. the hip, haunch; of Germ, 
 origin, O. H. G. Oncha, the leg, then the 
 haunch. For addition of h see envahir. 
 •Hanche is a doublet of anche. 
 fHanebane, sf henbane; from Engl. 
 
 henbane. 
 HANGAR, sm. a shed, cart-shed; formerly 
 angar, properly a shed to shelter imple- 
 ments and utensils. The Gr. ayyapos, an 
 express, had, through the form dyyapia, 
 produced the L. angaria, meaning the 
 obligation to furnish to the Emperors the 
 means of transport, then a station at which 
 the imperial carriers changed horses ; hence 
 deriv. angarium, a covered place, shed to 
 shoe the carriers' horses in. ' Angarium 
 est locus ubi sufferuntur equi,' says a Low 
 Lat. document. Angarium is extended 
 
 from its special sense of a shoeing-shed, to 
 every kind of shed for iniplements or carts. 
 For addition of h see envahir ; in the 1 7th 
 cent, it was still written angar. 
 HANNETON, sm. a beetle, chafer, cock- 
 chafer; formerly haneton, dim. of a root 
 hane*, of Germ, origin, answering to pro- 
 vincial Germ, hahn, in the compd. weiden 
 hahn, a cock-chafer, a word used in many 
 provinces in Germany. 
 HANSE, ,/. the Hanse ; from O. H. G. hansa, 
 
 an association. — Der. Aanse'atiqne. 
 HANTER, va. to haunt, frequent. Origin 
 
 unknown. 
 HAPPE, sf. the bed of an axletree, cramp- 
 iron, bill ; of Germ, origin, O. H. G. happa a 
 sickle. 
 HAPPER, va. to snap, snatch at ; of Germ. 
 origin, Neth. happen, to bite, then to snap. 
 t Haquenee, sf. a nag, hackney; from 
 
 Sp. hacanea. 
 HAQUET, sm. a dray, a wretched horse, 
 screw. Panser un haquet was a phrase 
 in 15th cent. Haquet is a dim. of O. Fr. 
 haque, a hack, which is of Germ, origin, 
 Engl, hack, a horse. 
 t Harangue.^s/". a harangue; formerly 
 arengue, introd. from It. aringa, which is 
 of Germ, origin. Germ, hring. Its doublets 
 are rang, ranz, q. v. — Der. harangaer. 
 HARAS, sm. a stud ; formerly faras, a troop 
 of horses ; of Oriental origin, Ar. faras, a 
 horse, whence the collective sense. For 
 /=A see §143. 
 HARASSER, va. to harass. Origin unknown, 
 HARCELER, va. to harass, torment ; formerly 
 herceler, from herce, a form of O. Fr. herse. 
 Herceler is to vex, as the herce (harrow) 
 vexes the ground. In Engl, we also find 
 the word ' harrow ' in both senses. 
 HARDE, sf. a herd, flock ; of Germ, origin, 
 
 Germ, herde. 
 HARDE, sf. a leash (for hunting dogs). See 
 
 hart. 
 HARDES, sf. pi. clothes; formerly fardes. 
 
 Origin unknown. For f=h see § 143. 
 HARDI, adj. bold, daring ; partic, of O. Fr. 
 verb hardir, of Germ, origin, O. H. G. 
 hartjan, to harden. For t = d see § 117. 
 — Der. hardiesse, enhardir (from O, Fr, 
 verb hardir). 
 HARDIESSE, sf. boldness. See hardi. 
 + Harem, sm. a harem ; of Oriental origin, 
 
 Ar. charam. 
 HARENG, sm. a herring; formerly harenc, 
 of Germ, origin, O. H. G. harinc. — Der. 
 haretighie. 
 
 N 2 
 
i8o 
 
 HARGNEUX — HA VRE-SA C. 
 
 HARGNEUX, adj. surly, crabbed ; from O.Fr. 
 verb hargner, to quarrel. Hargner is of 
 Germ, origin, O. H. G. harmjan, to quarrel, 
 scold. 
 
 HARICOT, sm. (i) a bean, (2) a stew. 
 Origin unknown. 
 
 HARIDELLE, sf. a jade, hack. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 f Harmonica, sf. a. harmonica; from 
 Germ, hannonika : name and instrument 
 came from Germ, at the beginning of the 
 present century. 
 
 Harmonie, sf. harmony; from L, har- 
 monia. — Der. Aannowieux, harmonv&tt. 
 
 Harmoniexix, adj. harmonious. See har- 
 monie. 
 
 Harmonique, adj. harmonic; from L. 
 harmonicus. 
 
 HARNACHER, va. to harness. See harnais. 
 — Der. enharnacher. 
 
 HARNAIS, sm. harness, trappings ; formerly 
 the full fitting out of a knight and his horse. 
 
 , Originally harnais signified only the har- 
 ness, armour, of a knight, which sense 
 remains in the phrase blanchir sous le 
 harnais. Harnais, formerly harnas, is of 
 Celtic origin, Low Bret, harnez, Kymr, 
 haiamez, implements of iron, and thence 
 armour. — Der. Aarnacher (formerly har- 
 nascher. Pro v. arnascar, from O. Fr. form 
 harnasc *). 
 
 HARO, sm. hue and cry. Origin unknown. 
 
 HARPE, sf. a harp ; from L. harpa, found in 
 Fortunatus (6th cent.) : ' Romanusque lyra, 
 plaudet tibi Barbarus haxpa.' Harpa is 
 of Germ, origin, answering to Scand. harpa. 
 Germ, harfe. — Der. harpiste. 
 
 HARPER, va. to seize with the nails ; of 
 Germ, origin, O. H. G. hqrfan, to seize. 
 — Der. harpon. 
 
 Harpie, sf. a harpy; from L. harpyia. 
 
 HARPON, sm. a harpoon. See harper. — 
 Der. harponner, harponneur. 
 
 HART, sf, a rope (also harde). Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 HASARD, sm. chance, hazard, risk ; originally 
 game of dice (in 1 2-cent. documents), then 
 the chances of gambling, then chances of 
 life. Hasard, O. Fr. asari, Prov. azar, Sp. 
 azar, O. It. zaro, is of Oriental origin, from 
 Ar. al-sar, the game of dice, whence, by 
 omission of the article al comes It. zaro, and 
 with the article the compd. forms of Sp. azar 
 and O. Fr. asar, to • which was afterwards 
 suffixed a d (cp. homard for homar), and an 
 initial h (see envahir). — Der. hasardei, 
 hasardeuK. 
 
 HASE, sf. a doe-hare; of Germ, origin. Germ. 
 
 hase. 
 Hast, sm. a staff; from L. hasta. — Der. 
 
 hastzire. 
 
 HATE, sf haste; formerly hasl, of Germ. 
 
 origin, Germ. hast. For loss of s see 
 
 Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. hater, Au/if. 
 
 HATIER, sm. a spit-rest ; formerly hastier, 
 
 from haste, a spear, spit, which is from L. 
 
 hasta. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. 
 
 HATIF, adj. forward, precocious. See hate. 
 
 — Der. hativet6. 
 HAUBANS, sm. pi. (Naut.) shrouds; for- 
 merly hoben, of Germ, origin, as are most 
 seafaring terms, Flem. hohent. 
 HAUBERT, sm. a hauberk ; {oxractXy hanherc, 
 originally halberc, in medieval Lat. hals- 
 berga; of Germ, origin, O. H. G. halsberc. 
 — Der. (from O. Fr. hauberc) haubergeon. 
 HAUSSER, va. to lift up ; from L. altiare *, 
 a deriv. of altus. For altiare = hausser 
 see exhausser. — Der. hausse-co\, hausse- 
 ment, hausse (verbal subst.), xthausser. 
 HAUT, adj. high ; formerly halt, originally 
 alt, from L. altus. For al = au see agneau; 
 
 for addition of A see envahir Der. Aaw/ain, 
 
 hautesse, hauteur. 
 HAUTAIN, adj. haughty. See haut. 
 HAUT^BOIS, sm. a hautbois ; compd. of bois 
 and haut, q. v. A hautbois is properly a 
 wooden instrument (bois) whose sound is 
 shrill (haut). 
 HAUTESSE, sf. highness (a title). See haut. 
 
 Its doublet is altesse, q. v. 
 HAUTEUR, ./. height, haughtiness. See 
 
 haut. 
 HAvE, adj. wan ; of Germ, origin, A.S. hasva, 
 pale. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. 
 — Der. havir. 
 HAVRE, sm. a haven, harbour; formerly 
 havle, originally liable, from L. habulum *, 
 a harbour, in Low Lat. : * Laxavi et dimisi 
 . . . quidquid juris habebam in portu et 
 habulo,'says a lath-cent. act. Habulum 
 is of Germ, origin, dim. of Germ, forms, 
 as A.S. h(Efen, Engl, haven. Hdbulum, 
 contrd. hab'lum (see § 51), becomes suc- 
 cessively hable, then havle (see avant), and 
 lastly havre (see apotre). 
 "f Havre-sac, sm. a knapsack, Ht, an oat- 
 bag ; in 1 7th cent, habresac, thus defined by 
 Menage, a.d. 1650, Havre-sac ou habre- 
 sac : Les Chartiers et les Fiacres appellent 
 ainsi un sac de toile dans lequel ils donnent 
 de I'avoine a leurs chevaux dans les rues. 
 . . . Les soldals fantassins se servent aussi 
 de cetle sorte de sac quand ils vont en cam- 
 
HEA UME — HERB A GE. 
 
 i8i 
 
 pagne. Thus we see that its true sense is 
 
 an oat-bag. Havresac or habresac is from 
 
 Germ, hahersack. 
 HEAUMEj sm. a helm ; formerly helm, of 
 
 Germ, origin, O. H. G. helm. For el = eau 
 
 see agneau. 
 Hebdomadaire, adj. weekly ; from L. 
 
 hebdomadarius *. Its doublet is hebdo- 
 
 madier. 
 HEBERGER, va. to lodge; formerly her- 
 
 berger, from O. Fr. herberge, a place in 
 
 which one lodges. Herberge is of Germ. 
 
 origin, Germ, herberge. — Der. heberge, 
 H6beter, va. to stultify; from L. hebe- 
 
 tare. 
 H6braiique, adj. Hebrew; from L. he- 
 bra icus. — Der. hebra'isant, hebrdisme. 
 Hebreu, sm. a Hebrew ; from L. he- 
 
 braeus. 
 Hecatombe, sf. a hecatomb; from L. heca- 
 
 tomba. 
 Hectare, sm. a hectare (2 a. i r. 35 p.); 
 
 formed from Gr. kKarov and are. See are. 
 Hectique, adj. hectic; from L. hecticus. 
 
 Its doublet is etique, q. v. 
 Hectogramme, sm. a hectogramme (3'2i6 
 
 oz. Troy) ; formed from Gr. kKarov and 
 
 gramme. See gramme. 
 Hectolitre, sm. a hectolitre (3 '531 7 cubic 
 
 feet) ; formed from Gr. kKarov and litre. 
 
 See litre. 
 Hectom.§tre, sm. a hectometre (328*09167 
 
 feet) ; formed from Gr. kKarov and metre. 
 
 See metre. 
 HELAS ! interj. alas ! Written in O. Fr. he I 
 
 las I compd. of interj. he ! and adj. las, from 
 
 L. lassus, unhappy. In the 13th cent. 
 
 people said Cette mere est \a.s&e de la mort 
 
 de son Jils. — He! las! qui je suisl i.e. 
 
 unhappy that I am ! The two words were 
 
 finally united into one in the 15th cent. 
 
 At the same time las lost its primitive force, 
 
 passing from sense of pain to that of weari- 
 ness, as has also occurred with gene and 
 
 ennui, which originally meant ' plague ' and 
 
 ' hatred,' 
 + Heler, va. to hail; of Engl, origin, like 
 
 many other sea terms, Engl, to hail. 
 Helianthe, sm. the sunflower ; from L. 
 
 helianthes, found in Pliny. 
 H61ice, sf. a helix ; from Gr. eAt£, a spiral. 
 H61iocentrique, adj. heliocentric; from 
 
 Gr. ijXios and Kfvrpov. 
 Helioscope, sm. a helioscope; from Gr. 
 
 i]\ios and (Tkottuv. 
 H61iotrope, sm. a heliotrope ; from L, 
 
 heliotropium. 
 
 Hellenique, adj. hellenic ; from Gr. IWt)- 
 
 VLKOS. 
 
 Helleniste, sm. a hellenist ; from Gr. kWrj- 
 
 vi<Tr-f}s. 
 Helv6tique, adj. helvetic; from L. hel- 
 
 veticus. 
 Hematite, sf. (Min.) hematite; from Gr. 
 
 altiarirris. 
 Hematocele, sf (Surg.) hematocele ; from 
 
 Gr. alfxa and Ki]Kr}. 
 Hematose, sf hematosis; from Gr, aiyLa- 
 
 raxTis. 
 H6maturie, sf (Med.) hematuria ; from 
 
 Gr. aipLarovpia. 
 H6micycle, sm. a hemicycle ; from L. 
 
 hemicyclium. 
 H^miplegie, sf. (Med.) hemiplegy; from 
 
 Gr. ■^ixnrKrj^ia. 
 H6m.ipt§re, sm. (Entom.) a hemiptere, bug ; 
 
 from Gr, ■^ixi- and nrfpov. 
 H6misphdre, sm. hemisphere; from L. 
 
 hemisphaerium. — Der. hemisphdr'ique. 
 H6misticlie, sm. a hemistich ; from L. 
 
 hemistichium. 
 H6moptysie, sf (Med.) hemoptysis ; from 
 
 Gr. aifxa and irrvais. 
 H^mtorragie, ./.(Med.) hemorrhage; from 
 
 Gr, alfioppayia, 
 Hem.orrhoides, sf. (Med,) hemorrhoids ; 
 
 from Gr, atfxoppoides. — Der. hemorrhoidal. 
 Hem.ostatique, adj. (Med.) hemostatic ; 
 
 from Gr, alyLoarariKos. 
 Hend^casyllabe, adj. hendecasyllabic ; 
 
 from Gr. 'ivbtKa and avKXa^rj. 
 HENNIR, vn. to neigh; from L. hinnire. 
 
 For i = e see mettre. — Der. /lewttissement. 
 Hepatique, adj. (Med.*) hepatic ; sf. (Bot.) 
 
 liverwort ; from Gr. rj-nariKos. 
 H6patite, sf (Med.) hepatitis; from Gr. 
 
 i^wariTTjS. 
 Heptacorde, sm. (Mus.) a heptachord ; 
 
 from Gr. knrdxopdos. 
 Heptagone, sm. a heptagon; from Gr. 
 
 kirrdyojvos. 
 H6raldique, adj. heraldic ; from medieval 
 
 L. heraldicus, der. from her»ldus (see 
 
 heraut), properly the art of a herald-at- 
 
 arms. 
 HERAUT, sm. a herald ; formerly heralt, Sp. 
 
 heraldo, from medieval L. lieraldus. For 
 
 al = au see agneau. The exact origin of 
 
 heraldus is unknown. From L. lie- 
 
 raldus, comes adj. heraldicus, whence 
 
 Fr. heraldique, 
 Herbac6, adj. herbaceous ; from L. herba- 
 
 ceus. 
 HERBAGE, sm. herbage, pasture, grass ; from 
 
l82 
 
 HERBE—HE^R. 
 
 L. herbatieum *, der. from herba. For 
 -atioum = -age see age. 
 
 HERBE, sf. grass; from L. herba. — Der. 
 Afr6ette, Aerfcoriser, A«r6oriste. 
 
 HERBEUX, adj. grassy from L. herbosus. 
 For -osu8 = -eMX see § 229. 
 
 HERBIER, sm. a herbal; from L. her- 
 barium. For -arium = -t>r see § 198. 
 
 Herbivore, adj. herbivorous ; from L. 
 herba and vorare. 
 
 Herboriser, vn. to herborise. See herbe. 
 — Der. herboriszixon, herboristwr. 
 
 Herboriste, sm. a herbalist. See herbe. 
 
 H^RE, sm. a fellow, wretch. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 H6r§ditaire, adj. hereditary; from L. 
 hereditarius. Its doublet is heritier, q. v. 
 
 !E[6r6dit6, sf. inheritance; from L, heredi- 
 tatem. For -atem = -e see § 230. 
 
 H6r6siarque, sm. a heresiarch ; from Gr. 
 aip(aLapxr}S. 
 
 H6r6sie, sf. heresy ; from Gr. atpecis. 
 
 Il6r6tique, sm. adj. heretic, heretical ; from 
 L, haereticus. 
 
 HERISSER, va. to bristle, erect, to act like a 
 herisson : just as in It. arricciare is a compd. 
 of riccio, in Sp. erizar is formed from erizo. 
 Herisser does not come straight from 
 herisson, but from the root heriss-, of 
 which herisson is the diminutive. 
 
 HERISSON, sm. a hedgehog, urchin ; for- 
 merly heriQon, originally erigon, from L. 
 ericionem *, dim. of ericius. For cio = 
 ^o = sso see agencer; for addition of h see 
 envahir. Herisson is a doublet of oursin, 
 
 HERITAGE, sm. 'an inheritance. See heri- 
 ter. 
 
 HERITER, va. to inherit Prov. heretar, 
 Sp. heredar, from L. hereditare (found 
 in Arnobius). Hereditd,re becomes he- 
 retare, see accointer; whence htriter by 
 e = i, see § 60. — Der. heritage, des- 
 heriter. 
 
 HERITIER, sm. an heir; from L. heredi- 
 tarius* For heredit- = herit- see heriter ; 
 for -arius = -ier see § 198. Heritier is a 
 doublet of hereditaire, q, v. 
 
 Hermaphrodite, sm. a hermaphrodite; 
 from L. hermaphroditus. 
 
 Herm6neutique, adj. hermeneutic ; from 
 
 Gr. kpiXTJVfVTlKOS. 
 
 Hermds, sm. Hermes ; from Gr. 'Epfirjs. — 
 Der. hermetique. The hermetic philosophy 
 is that which occupied itself with the search 
 after the Philosopher's stone, i. e. that of 
 Hermes Trismegistus. The hermetic science. 
 
 or alchemy, had also a way of absolutely 
 closing flasks with a seal, whence comes 
 the phrase * hermetically sealed. 
 
 HERMETIQUE, adj. hermetic. See hermes. 
 — Der. hermetiquemtnt. 
 
 HERMINE, sm. ermine; formerly ermine, 
 Sp. armino, from L. armenius*, properly 
 fur of Armenia, it having been imported 
 thence into Rome. Armenius becomes 
 ermine. For a = « see § 54 ; for e = i 
 see § 6o. Ermine becomes hermine by 
 prefixing h, see envahir. — Der. hermin^. 
 
 HERMITE, sm. a hermit. See ermite. For 
 prefixed h see envahir. — Der. hermiUgt. 
 
 Hernie, sf. (Med.) hernia ; from L. hernia. 
 — Der. Aerwiaire. 
 
 H6roine, sf. a heroine; from L. heroina. 
 
 Heroique, adj. heroic; from L. heroicus. 
 
 Heroisme, sm. heroism. See heros. 
 
 HERON, sm. a heron. See aigrette. — Der. 
 AeVowneau, heronmex, AeVonniere. 
 
 H6ros, sm. a hero; from L. heros. — Der. 
 heroisms. 
 
 HERSE, sf. a harrow, caltrop, portcullis; 
 formerly herce, It. erpice, from L. hirpi- 
 cem (a harrow, in Varro). For regular contr, 
 of hirp(i)cem into hirp'cem, hir*cem, 
 see § 51; hence O, Fr. herce by \ = e, see 
 mettre. For herce = herse see amitie. — Der. 
 hersage, herser, herseur. 
 
 Hesitation, sf. hesitation; from L. haesi- 
 tationem. 
 
 H^siter, vn. to hesitate; from L. hae si- 
 tare. 
 
 H6t6roclite, adj. heteroclite; from L. 
 heteroclitus (found in Priscian). 
 
 H6t6rodoxe, adj. heterodox; from Gr. 
 kT(p68o^os. — Der. heterodox'xe. 
 
 H6t6rog§ne, adj. heterogeneous ; from Gr. 
 erepoyep'fjs. — Der. heterogeneite. 
 
 H^TRE, sm. a beech-tree; formerly hestre. 
 Of Germ, origin, Low Germ, hester. For 
 loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81, 
 
 HEUR, sm. luck, good fortune ; formerly 
 ei'ir, aiir, Prov. agur. It. augurio, from L. 
 augurium., which signified first a presage, 
 then good or ill fortune. Augurium 
 became agurium, just as auscultare be- 
 came ascultare in Roman times. Agurium 
 drops the g (see allier), whence O. Fr. a-ur ; 
 aiir softens a into e (see § 51), whence 
 eur, whence eur, whence the mcdern form 
 heur, by prefixing h (see envahir). The 
 philologists who have derived heur from 
 hora have committed a grave blunder, for 
 h o r a could only produce a monosyllabic form, 
 heure, whose final and mute e answers to the 
 
HE URE — HOMICIDE. 
 
 183 
 
 final a of its parent ; whereas eiir, ailr, 
 cannot come from hora, being a dissyllable, 
 ending also with a consonant. Hetir is a 
 doublet of augtire, q. v, — Der. honheur, 
 radAhejir, henreux. 
 HEURE, sf. hour ; from L. hora. For o = eu 
 
 see § 79- Its doublet is or. 
 HEUREUX, adj. happy. See heur. 
 HEURTER, va. to strike, hit. Origin un- 
 known. — Der. heurl (verbal subst.), heurt- 
 oir. 
 HexaSdre, sm. a hexahedron ; from Gr. c£ 
 
 and e^pa. 
 Hexagone, sm. a hexagon; from L. hex- 
 agon us, found in Columella. 
 Hexamdtre, sm. a hexameter; from L, 
 
 hexametrus. 
 + Hiatus, sm. a hiatus; from L. hiatus. 
 HIBOU, sm. an owl. Origin unknown. 
 + Hidalgo, sm. 2L hidalgo (Sp. nobleman); 
 
 from Sp. hidalgo. 
 HIDEUX, adj. hideous, frightful. O. Fr. 
 hisdeiix, from L. hispidosus, found in 
 Catullus. The original sense is still to be 
 seen in the following line of Dubellay : 
 Sur r autre sont les 7nurs vienx, hi deux 
 de ronces et d'hierre. Hispidosus, contr. 
 regularly into hisp'dosus (see § 52), be- 
 comes kisdeux by -pd — d. Cp. tep'dus, 
 tiede; male sap'dus, maussade; vap'dus, 
 fade; extorp'dire, etotirdir. For hisdeiix 
 — hideux see Hist. Gram. p. 81. 
 HIE, sf. a paviour's ram, beetle. Of Germ. 
 
 origin, Neth. hei. 
 HIEBLE, sf. (Hot.) dwarf elder, danewort; 
 formerly ieble, from L. ebulum. For 
 regular contr. of ebiilum into eb'lum, 
 see § 51; htnct ieble hy e^ie, s.t&arriere; 
 then hiehle : for prefixed h see envahir. 
 HIER, adv. yesterday; from L. heri. For 
 
 e = ie see arriere. 
 Hierarchie, sf. hierarchy; from L. hier- 
 
 archia. — Der. hierarch\(\Me. 
 Hieratique, adj. hieratic ; from Gr, Upan- 
 
 KOS. 
 
 Hieroglyphe, sm. a hieroglyph ; from Gr. 
 Upos and y\v(po}. — Der. hieroglyphique. 
 
 Hilarit6, s/. hilarity ; from L. hilaritatem. 
 For -atein = -e see § 230. 
 
 Hippiatrique, sf. veterinary medicine; 
 from Gr. InniaTpiicrj. 
 
 Hippique, adj. belonging to horses ; from 
 Gr. InniKus. 
 
 Hippodrome, sm. a hippodrome, race- 
 course ; from Gr. iTrrrodpofios. 
 
 HippogrifiPe, sm. a hippogrifF; a hybrid 
 word,compd. of Gr.fTTTros and L. gryphus. 
 
 Hippopotame, sm. a hippopotamus ; from 
 
 Gr. tnnoTTOTaiios. 
 HIRONDELLE, sf a swallow; from L. 
 
 hirundo, and the dim. suffix elle. For 
 
 u = o see annoncer. 
 HISSER, va. to hoist. Of Germ, origin, 
 
 Germ, hissen. 
 HISTOIRE, sf. history; from L. historia, 
 
 by transposing the i ; see chanoine. — Der. 
 
 hislor'i&x, historien, historiette, historisl. 
 HISTORIEN, sm. a historian. See histoire. 
 HISTORIETTE, sf a Httle history, story 
 
 See histoire. 
 Historiographe, sm. a historiographer, 
 
 historian ; from Gr, iaropioypcKpos. 
 Historique, fli//. historic ; from L. histo- 
 
 ricus. 
 Histrion, sm. a stage-player; from L. his- 
 
 trionem. 
 HIVER, sm. winter; formerly ivern, from L. 
 
 hibernus, used for winter in TertuUian 
 
 and Solinus. For b=f see § 114; for 
 
 rn = r see aubour and § 163. 
 HIVERNAL, adj. wintry; from L. hiber- 
 
 nalis. For h^v see § 114. 
 HIVERNER, vn. to winter, hibernate; from 
 
 L. hibemare. For b = i/ see § 114. — 
 
 Der. hivermge. 
 HOBEREAU, sm. (Ornith.) a hobby; properly 
 
 a small falcon. Hobereau is a dim. of O. Fr. 
 
 hobe, a small bird of prey. Of Germ. 
 
 origin, Engl, hobby. 
 HOCHEQUEUE, sm. (Ornith.) a wagtail, 
 
 nuthatch. See hoche and queue. 
 HOCHER, va. to shake, toss; formerly 
 
 hochier, hocier, hossier. Of Germ, origin, 
 
 Flem. hotsen. — Der. hochet. 
 HOCHET, sm. a rattle, child's coral. See 
 
 hocher. 
 HOIR, sm. heir-at-law ; from L. heres. For 
 
 e = oi see § 61. — Der. hoirie. 
 HOLA ! interj. holloa ! compd. of ho ! and 
 
 la! 
 Holocauste, sm. a holocaust; from Gr. 
 
 6\vKavaTos. 
 Holographe, sm. adj. holograph; from 
 
 Gr. oKoypacpos. 
 HOMARD, sm. a lobster ; formerly homar. 
 
 Of Germ, origin, Dan. hommer. 
 fHombre, sm. ombre (in card-playing); 
 
 from Sp. hombre. Its doublet is homme, 
 
 q.v. 
 Honi6lie, sf. a homily ; from. Gr. ofJuXia. 
 Hom6opathie, sf homoeopathy ; from 
 
 Gr. ofxoLos and nddos. 
 Homicide, sm. a homicide; from L. homi- 
 
 cidium. 
 
1 84 
 
 HOMMA GE — HOR TIC ULTURE, 
 
 HOMMAGE, sm. homage. Prov. homenatge, 
 from L. hominaticum *, in medieval Lat. 
 texts. Hominaticum, meaning feudal 
 homage, occurs in a will of a.d. 1035 : * Volo 
 ergo et mando ut jam dicta ecclesia de 
 Molig teneat eam Bemardus per manum 
 praedicti filii mei Berengarii, et per suum 
 donum et habeat inde hominaticxim.' 
 Homin&tictim, contr. regularly (see 
 § 52) into hom'naticum, becomes hom- 
 mage. For -aticum = -a^c see § 248; 
 for inn = wzm see § 168. 
 
 HOMMASSE, dcf;. masculine (used of women). 
 See homme. 
 
 HOMME, sm. a man ; from L. h6minem, 
 contr. regularly (see § 51) into liom.'nem, 
 whence homme by mn = mOT, see § 168. 
 Homme is a doublet of on, hombre, q. v. — 
 Der. komma.sse. 
 
 Homocentrique, adj. homocentric; from 
 Gr. dfiSKevTpos. 
 
 Homogdne, adj. homogeneous; from Gr, 
 ofxoyfvijs. — Der. homogeneite. 
 
 Homologue, adj. homologous ; from Gr. 
 6fjio\6yos. — Der. homologyxtx, homolog- 
 ation. 
 
 Homonyine, adj. homonymous ; from Gr. 
 dnwvvfios. — Der. homonyxmt. 
 
 HONCHET. Seejonchet, whose doublet it is, 
 
 Hongre, sf. adj. gelded. Of hist, origin, 
 see § 33 ; properly Hungarian. Down to 
 the 1 6th cent, the Hungarians were called 
 Hongres by the French, and les chevaux 
 hongres were horses imported from Hungary. 
 Hongre is a doublet of Hongrie. 
 
 HONNfiTE, adj. honest, virtuous; from L. 
 honestus. For loss of s see Hist. Gram, 
 p. 81 ; for n= «n see ennemi. — Der. hon- 
 neteratni, honneteie. 
 
 HONNEUR, sm. honour; from L. honor. 
 For -oTexa. = -eur see § 227; for n = n« 
 see ennemi. 
 
 HONNIR, va. to dishonour, disgrace; for- 
 merly honir. Of Germ, origin, O. H. G. 
 honjan. 
 
 Honorable, adj. honourable; from L. ho- 
 norabilis. 
 
 Honoraire, adj. honorary; fromL. hono- 
 rarius. 
 
 Honoraire, sm. a fee, honorarium; from 
 L. honorarium. 
 
 Honorer, va. to honour; from L. hono- 
 rare. 
 
 Honorifique, adj. honorary ; from L. ho- 
 norificus. 
 
 HONTE, sf. shame. It. onta; of Germ, origin, 
 O. Sax. honda. — Der. hontexix, 6hont6. 
 
 HONTEUX, adj. ashamed, shameful. See 
 honte. 
 
 Hdpital, sm. hospital, almshouse ; formerly 
 hospital, from L. hospitale (a place where 
 hospitality is exercised, in Low Lat.). Its 
 doublet is h/itel, q. v. 
 
 HOQUET, sm. a hiccough (onomatopoetic). 
 See § 34. 
 
 HOQUETON, sm. a *hoqueton' (archery); 
 formerly hauqiteton, auqueton, a cloak, also 
 stuff, which is the etymol. sense. Originally 
 alqueton, Sp. alcoton ; of Oriental origin, 
 Ar. al-qoton. 
 
 Horaire, adj. horary, horal ; from L. hora- 
 rius. 
 
 t Horde, sf. a horde; of Slav, origin, see 
 § 29. 
 
 HORION, sm. a thump. Origin unknown. 
 
 Horizon, sm. horizon; from L. horizon. 
 — Der, Aonzowtal. 
 
 Horizontal, adj. horizontal. See hori- 
 zon. 
 
 HORLOGE, sf. a clock; from L. horo- 
 logium. For regular loss of 6 in horo- 
 16giTim see § 52. — Der. horlogtr, hor- 
 logerie. 
 
 HORMIS, adv. save, except. O. Fr. horsmis, I 
 i.e. mis hors. In this phrase the partic. | 
 mis (L. missus) used to be variable ; thus ' 
 in 13th cent, we find Cet homme a perdu 
 tons ses enfants, hors mise sajille. In the 
 1 5th cent, the partic. became firmly attached \ 
 to the particle hors, and the phrase hors mis 
 became a prep. For etymology see hors 
 and mis. 
 
 Horoscope, sm. a horoscope; from L. 
 horoscopus. 
 
 HORREUR, sf. horror ; from L. horrorem. 
 For -oTera = -eur see § 227. 
 
 Horrible, adj. horrible; from L. horri- 
 bilis, 
 
 Horrifique, arf/. horrific; from L. horri- 
 ficus. 
 
 Horripilation, sf. horripilation; from L. 
 horripilationem. 
 
 HORS, prep, (of place and of time) out ; for- 
 merly fors, from L, foras. For the very 
 unusual change of f into h see haras and 
 hordes and § 143. — Der. Aormis. 
 
 Horticole, adj. horticultural; from L. hor- 
 ticola, a gardener (in Isidore of Seville). 
 
 Horticulteur, sm. a horticulturist ; a word 
 fabricated out of the Lat. words hortus and 
 cultorem. 
 
 Horticulture, sf. horticulture; a word 
 fabricated out of the Lat. words hortus 
 and cultura. 
 
HOSPICE— HUI. 
 
 185 
 
 Hospice, sm. a hospital, almshouse; from 
 L. hospitium. 
 
 Hospitaller, adj. hospitable; from L. hos- 
 pitalarius*. 
 
 Hospitality, s/. hospitality; from L. hos- 
 pitalitatem. 
 
 Hostie, sf. an offering, victim, consecrated 
 wafer, host; from L. hostia. 
 
 Hostile, adj. hostile; from L. hostilis. 
 
 Hostilite, sf. hostility; from L. hostili- 
 J:atem. 
 
 H5TE, sm. a landlord, host, guest ; formerly 
 hoste. Port, hospede, from L. hospitem, 
 by regular contr. (see § 51) of hospitem 
 into hosp'tem, by pt = / (see acheter), 
 whence hoste, lastly hote (see Hist. Gram. 
 ^p.8i.) 
 
 HOTEL, sm. a mansion, hotel, palace; for- 
 merly hostel, Sp. hostal, from L, hospitale, 
 a large house, palace, in medieval Lat. 
 * Actum apud hospitale juxta Corbolium, 
 anno Domini mccxuii ' is the date of an 
 Ordinance of St. Louis. Hospitdle, re- 
 gularly contr. (see § 52) into hosp'tale, 
 becorhes hostel by pt = ^ and a,- e, see 
 acheter ; lastly hotel by loss of s, see Hist. 
 Gram. p. 81. Hotel is a doublet oi hopital, 
 q. V. — Der. hotelier, hStellerie. 
 
 HOTTE, sf. a basket (carried on the back) ; 
 of Germ, origin, Swiss Germ, hotte. 
 
 HOUBLON.sm. thehop ; dim. ofa root houble*, 
 which is from medieval L. hupulus *, der. 
 from hupa, the hop, in Low Lat. documents, 
 ' Huparum hortus ' is a phrase found in 
 a Chronicle. Hupa is of Germ, origin, 
 Neth. hop. Hupiilus becomes houble * by 
 regular contr. (see §51) into hup'lus, and 
 by p = 6, see § iii. — Der. hotiblonnierQ. 
 
 HOUE, sf. a hoe ; in Namur patois hotive ; of 
 Germ, origin, Engl, hoe, M. H. G. houwe. 
 From O. Fr. hoe comes dim. hoel, then 
 hoyel, by a softening of the hiatus ; hoyel 
 becomes hoyau by softening el into au, see 
 agneau. 
 
 HOUILLE, sf. coal, pit-coal. Origin un- 
 known, — Der. houillere. 
 
 HOULE, sf. a billow, so used in i6th cent.; 
 
 • of Celt, origin, Bret, houl, Kymr. hoeval. — 
 Der. hoideux. 
 
 HOULETTE, sf. a crook, trowel; from L. 
 agolum (used for a shepherd's crook in 
 Festus), through a dim. agoletta *, which, 
 losing its medial g (see accointer) becomes 
 a-olette, whence a-oulette by o = ou, see 
 affouage ; aoulette becomes oulette, just as 
 aoncle, from avunclus*, becomes oncle. 
 For prefixed h see envahir. 
 
 HOUPPE, sf (Ornith.) a tuft, topknot. See 
 its doublet hvppe. 
 
 HOUPPELANDE, sf. a kind of overcoat ; a 
 word found early in the 14th cent. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 HOURDER, va. to pug (walls, etc.), originally 
 to fortify with trellises, hurdles ; of Germ, 
 origin. Germ, hurde. 
 
 HOUSEAU, sm. a spatterdash ; formerly hou- 
 sel. For -el = -eau see agneau. Housel is 
 a dim. of O. Fr. house, a boot, which from 
 medieval L. hosa; of Germ, origin, 
 0.*H. G. hosa. For o = om see affouage. 
 
 HOUSPILLER, va. to mob, worry. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 HOUSSE, sf. a horse-cloth, housing ; for- 
 merly houce, from medieval L. hiiltia *, 
 der. from O. H. G. hulst, a covering. Hul- 
 tia becomes houce. For -tia = -ce see 
 agencer ; for ul = 0/ = ou see agneau. For 
 hozice = housse see agencer. 
 
 HOUSSINE, sf a switch. See houx. 
 
 HOUSSOIR, sm. a birch-broom. See houx. 
 
 HOUX, sm. (Bot.) a holly-tree, holm; for- 
 merly hous, originally hols * ; of Germ, 
 origin, O. H, G. hiiliz, a thorny shrub. 
 Huliz, contrd. into hul'z, becomes hols by 
 ul = ol, see annoricer ; hols becomes hous by 
 ol = ou, see agneau; then houx by s — x, 
 see deux. — Der. Ao;/ssine (properly a holly- 
 branch), ^oMSsoir. . 
 
 HOYAU, sm. a mattock, pickaxe. See houe. 
 
 HUCHE, sf. a kneading-trough, hutch; from 
 medieval L. hutica * : ' Quadam cista, 
 vulgo hutica dicta, quantitate magni- 
 tudinis ampla . . . annonae plena.' See in 
 Ducange. Origin unknown. Hutica, re- 
 gularly contrd. (see § 51) into hut'ca, be- 
 comes huche by tG = c, see § 168, and by 
 -ca, = -che, see §§ 126, 54. 
 
 HUCHER, vn. to whistle. Prov. hucar, from 
 L. huccus*, a call-cry in medieval Lat. 
 texts : e. g. ' Qui ad ipsos huccos cucurre- 
 runt,' in a Formulary published by Sirmond, 
 No. 30. Huccus is an exclamation der. 
 from L. hue. Huccus produces a verb 
 huccare *, whence hucher, by oca, = che, 
 see § 126. — Der. huchet. 
 
 HUCHET, sm. a hunting-horn. See hucher. 
 »HUE, interj. hie ! gee ! (cry to horses). See 
 § 34. — Der. huer. 
 
 HUER, va. to hoot, hoot after. See hue. 
 
 HUGUENOT, sm. a huguenot. Origin un- 
 known. — Der. huguenotisme. 
 
 HUI, adv. this day; formerly hoi, Sp. hoy, 
 from L. hodid. For odi = oi = ui see ap- 
 puyer ; for oi = ui see § 84. 
 
i85 
 
 HUILE — HYDR OG^NE. 
 
 HUILE, sf. oil ; formerly uile, originally oile, 
 Sp. olio, from L. oleum. For oleiim^ 
 olium see abreger. Olivun becomes oile 
 by transposing the i, see chanoine. For 
 oile = uile see cuider ; for prefixed h see 
 envahir. — Der. kuiltx, huileux, huilier, 
 huileric. 
 
 HUIS, sm. a door ; formerly uis. It. uscio, 
 from L. ostium, by attraction of i (ostium 
 Bs oistum *) and st = t, cp. dispos from 
 dispostus, etc. For oi = tt/ see cuider; 
 for prefixed h see envahir. — Der. Awjisier 
 (properly a porter, who keeps the ' gate, 
 huts), huisserie. 
 
 HUIS CLOS, adj. private. See huts and clos. 
 
 HUISSIER, sm. an usher, bailiff. See huis. 
 
 HUIT, adj. eight ; formerly uit, originally oil. 
 Port, oito, It. otto, from L. octo. For oct 
 = oit see attrait ; for oit = uit see atlrait and 
 adder ; for prefixed A see envahir. — Der. 
 /tMjVain, AwzVaine. 
 
 HUITlfiME, sm. and a<^'. an eighth ; formerly 
 huitiesme, from L. octesimus*, by regular 
 contr. (see § 51) of oct6simu8 into 
 octes'mius, whence huitiesme. For oct- 
 = huit- see huit ; for e = ie see arriere. 
 Huitiesme becomes huitieme by loss of s, see 
 Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. huitiemement. 
 
 HUITRE, sf. oyster ; formerly uistre, origin- 
 ally oistre, from L. ostrea. For regular 
 change of ostrea into ostria see abreger ; 
 hence oistre by attraction of 1, see cha- 
 noine', then uistre by oi = ui, see cuider; 
 then huistre by prefixed h, see envahir. 
 For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — 
 Der. huitrier, huitrihre. 
 
 HULOTTE, sf. a howlet, owlet; dim. of 
 root hide*, which is L. \ilula, by regular 
 contr. (see § 51) ofuliila into ul la, whence 
 ulle, then hulle by prefix of h, see envahir. 
 
 SEumain, adj. human; from L. humanus. 
 For -anus = -am see § 194. — Der. human- 
 iser, humaniste. 
 
 Humanity, sf. humanity; from L. hu- 
 manitatem. 
 
 HUMBLE, adj. humble ; from L. humilis. 
 For regular contr. (see § 51) of humilis 
 into hum'lis, whence humble, by nil = 
 mbl, see absoudre. 
 
 Humectation, sf. wetting, moistening^ 
 from L. humectationem. 
 
 Humecter, va. to moisten; from L. hu- 
 mectare. 
 
 HUMER, va. to inhale. Origin unknown. 
 
 t Huni6rus, sm. (Med.) a humerus; from 
 L. humerus. — Der. AwmeVal. 
 
 Humeur, sf. humour, mood, temper ; from 
 
 L. humorem. For -orem^-fx/rsee §227. 
 
 Its doublet is humour. — Der. humorsX. 
 Humide, adj. humid; from L. humidus. 
 Humidity, sf humidity; from L. humidi- 
 
 tatem*. For -atem = -e see § 230. 
 Humiliation, sf. humiliation ; from L. 
 
 humiliationem. 
 Humilier, va. to humiliate, humble ; from 
 
 L. humiliare. 
 Humility, sf humiUty; from L. humili- 
 
 tatem. 
 Humoriste, sm. a humorist ; der. from L. 
 
 humor, with the ending -iste, see § 217. 
 + Humour, sm. humour; from Engl. 
 
 humour. — Der. A»/monstique. 
 + HumiUS, sm. soil; from L. humus. 
 HUNE, sf (^Naut.) top ; of Germ, origin, A. S. 
 
 htin. — Der. Awwier. 
 HUPPE, sf (Ornith.) a crest, tuft, hoopoo. 
 
 Prov. upa. It. upupa, by regular contr. 
 
 (see § 51) of upupa into uppa, whence 
 
 hupe by prefixed h, see envahir. Its 
 
 doublet is houppe. — Der. huppk. (crested : a 
 
 dialectical variety of huppe is houppe). For 
 
 u = ou see affbuage. 
 HUPPE, adj. crested. See huppe. 
 HURE, sf. head (of certain animals). Origin 
 
 unknown. 
 HURLER, vn. to howl; formerly htdler, 
 
 originally uller, from L. ululare, by 
 
 regular contr. (see § f^i) of ululdre into 
 
 ul'lare, whence O. Fr. uller, whence huller 
 
 by prefixing h (see envahir), then hurler 
 
 by / = r (see apotre). — Der. hiirlemeni. 
 HURLUBERLU, sm. a giddy goose, fool. 
 
 Origin unknown. 
 tHussard, sffz. a hussar; of Hungarian 
 
 origin, see § 29. 
 HUTTE, sf. a shed, hut ; of Germ, origin. 
 
 Germ, hutte. — Der. hutttr. 
 Hyacinthe, sf (Hot.) a hyacinth; from 
 
 L. hyacinthus (so used in Pliny). Its 
 
 doublet is jacinthe, q. v. 
 Hyades, sf pi. the Hyades; from J 
 
 hyades. 
 Hybride, adj. hybrid; from L. hybrida. 
 Hydrate, sm. a hydrate ; from Gr. vSup. 
 Hydraulique, adj. hydraulic ; from 
 
 hydraulicus (so used in PHny). 
 Hydre, sf a hydra; from L. hydra. 
 Hydrocephale, sf (Med.) hydrocephalus! 
 
 from Gr. v5poK4(pa\os. 
 Hydrodynamique, sf. hydrodynamics^ 
 
 from Gr. vbwp and dvvafiis. 
 Hydrogdne, sm. hydrogen; a word fabt 
 
 cated, A. D. 1776, by Cavendish, from Gi 
 
 vdwp and yivos. 
 
 L. 
 
HYDR OGRA PHE — ICONOCLA STE. 
 
 187 
 
 Hydrographe, sm. a hydrographer ; from 
 
 Gr. vbap and ypdipdv. — Der. hydrographie, 
 
 hydrographique. 
 Hydrologie, sf. hydrology ; from Gr. vScup 
 
 and Koyos. 
 Hydromel, sm. hydromel, mead ; from L. 
 
 hydromeli (so used in Pliny), 
 Hydrom^tre, sm. a hydrometer ; from Gr. 
 
 vdaip and /xerpov. — Der. hydrometrie. 
 Hydrophobe, adj. hydrophobic; from L. 
 
 hydrophobus (so used in Pliny). — Der. 
 
 hydrophobie. 
 Hydropique, adj. dropsical ; from L. 
 
 hydropicus. 
 Hydropisie, sf. dropsy; from L. hydro- 
 
 pisis. 
 Hydroscope, sm. a hydroscopist ; from Gr. 
 
 iSpooKOTTOs. — Der. hydroscopit. 
 Hydrostatique, s/". hydrostatics; compd.of 
 
 hydro, answering to Gr. vdwp, and siatique, 
 
 q.v. 
 Hydne, sf. a hyena ; from Gr. vaiva. 
 Hygiene, sf. hygiene; from Gr. v-yieivus. — 
 
 Der. hygienique. 
 Hygrom^tre, sm. a hygrometer ; from Gr. 
 
 vypos and fierpov. — Der. hygrometrie, 
 
 hygrotneirique. 
 Hymen, stn. Hymen; from L. hymen. 
 Hyinen6e, sm. hymen, marriage ; from L. 
 
 hymenaeus. 
 Hym^noptdres, sm. pi. hymenopteres, 
 
 bees ; from Gr. v/x'/jv and rrrepov. 
 Hyrane, smf a hymn ; from L. hymnus. 
 Hyoide, sm. (Med.) the tongue bone ; from 
 
 Gr. voeidis, a bone in the throat shaped like 
 
 the Greek letter v. 
 Hypallage, sf. (Rhet.) hypallage; from 
 
 L. hypallage. 
 Hyperbole, sf. (Rhet,) hyperbole; from 
 
 L. hyperbola. — Der. hyperbolique. 
 Hyperboree, sf. the North ; from L. 
 
 hyperboreus, — Der. hyperboreen. 
 
 Hsrpdthre, adj. hypaethral; from Gr. virai' 
 
 dpos. 
 Hypnotique, adj. (Med.) hypnotic ; from 
 
 Gr. vTTVCOTiKos. — Der. hypnotisms. 
 Hypocondre, adj. hypochondriacal ; from 
 
 L. hypochondria (so used in Priscian). — 
 
 Der. hypocondrie. 
 Hypocondrie, sf. hypochondria. See 
 
 hypocondre. — Der, hypocondrhqws. 
 Hypocras, sm. hippocras ; corruption of 
 
 hippocraticum, sc. vinum. 
 Hypoerisie, sf. hypocrisy; from L, hypo- 
 crisis (so used in St. Jerome). 
 Hypocrite, sm. a hypocrite ; from L. 
 
 hypocrita (so used in St. Jerome). 
 Hypogastre, sm. (Med.) the hypogastrium ; 
 
 from Gr. vnoydaTpiov. — Der, hypogastr- 
 
 ique. 
 B[ypog^6. sm. a hypogeum ; from L. hy- 
 
 pogeum (a cive, cellar, in Isidore of 
 
 Seville). 
 Hypostase, sf (Med., Theol.) hypostasis ; 
 
 from L, hypostasis (substance, in St. 
 
 Jerome). 
 Hypot6nu.se, sf. the hypothenuse ; from 
 
 Gr. vTTOTtivovaa. 
 Hypoth.6caire, adj. on mortgage ; from 
 
 L. hypothecarius, 
 Hypoth^que, sf. a mortgage; from L. 
 
 hypotheca. — Der. hypothequtx. 
 Hypothdse, sf. a hypothesis ; from L. 
 
 hypothesis. 
 Hypoth6tique, adj. hypothetical ; from 
 
 L. hypotheticus (so used in Cassiodorus). 
 Hypotypose, sf (Rhet.) hypotyposis ; 
 
 from Gr. vnoTvnooais. 
 Hyssope, sf (Bot.) hyssop ; from L. hys- 
 
 sopum (so used in Pliny). 
 Hyst6rie, ./, (Med.) hysteria ; from L, 
 
 hysteria *. 
 Hyst^rique, adj. hysterical; from L, 
 
 hystericus (so used in Martial). 
 
 I. 
 
 lambe, sm. an iambus; from L. iambus. 
 lambique, adj. iambic; from L, iam- 
 
 bicus. 
 Ibis, sm. the ibis; from L, ibis. 
 ICEL, pron. this. See ce. 
 ICELUI, pron. this here. See ce. 
 Ichneumon, sm. an ichneumon; from L, 
 
 ichneumon. 
 
 Ichthyologie, sf. ichthyology; from Gr. 
 ixOvoXoyia. — Der. ichthyologique, ichthy- 
 ologists. 
 
 Ichthyophage, adj. fish-eating ; from Gr. 
 ix6vo(pdyos. 
 
 ICI, adv. here. See ce. — Der. ci. 
 
 Iconoclaste, sm. an iconoclast ; from Or. 
 ilKOJv and K\daTT]s (from «Adco). 
 
i88 
 
 ICONOGRAPHIE — IMBROGLIO, 
 
 loonographie, sf. iconography; from L. 
 
 iconographia. — Der. iconographe, icono- 
 
 graphique. 
 loonol&tre, sm. an image - worshipper ; 
 
 from Gr. (Ikojv and XArprjs. — Der. icono- 
 
 Idtrie. 
 Iconologie, sf. iconology (interpretation of 
 
 ancient monuments) ; from Gr. tlKdjv and 
 
 \oyia. 
 Id^al, adj. ideal; from L. idealis. — Der, 
 
 idealisme, idealists, idealiser. 
 Id6e, ./. an idea; from L, idea. 
 t Idem, adv. ditto, the same; from L. idem.^ 
 Identique, adj. identical ; from Schol. Lat.* 
 
 identicus*, der. from idem. 
 Identity, sf. identity; from L. identi- 
 
 tatem, der. from idem. See identique. 
 Id^ologie, sf. ideology ; from Gr. tSto and 
 
 ^.6708. — Der. ideologue, ideologique. 
 Idiome, sm. an idiom, language; from L. 
 
 idioma. 
 Idiot, sm. an idiot; from L. idiota. 
 Idiotisme, sm. an idiom, peculiarity of 
 
 speech, idiocy; from L. idiotismus. 
 IdolS,tre, adj. idolatrous, sm. an idolater; 
 
 from L. idolatra. — Der. idoldtrex. 
 Idol&trie, sf. idolatry; from L. idola- 
 
 tria. 
 Idole, sf an idol; from L. idolum. 
 Idylle, sf an idyl; from L. idyllium. 
 IF, sm. (Bot.) yew. Sp. ivai of Germ, origin, 
 
 O. H. G. iwa. For v=/see hoeuf. 
 Ignare, adj. ignorant; from L. ignarus. 
 Ign6, adj. igneous; from L. igneus. — Der. 
 
 i^'nicole. 
 Ignition, sf ignition; from L. igni- 
 
 tionem *, der. from Ignitus. 
 Ignoble, adj. ignoble; from L. ignobilis. 
 Ignominie, sf. ignominy; from L. igno- 
 
 minia. 
 Ignominieux, adj. ignominious ; from L. 
 
 ignominiosus. For -OSMS = -eiix see 
 
 §229. 
 Ignorance, sf ignorance; from L. igno- 
 
 rantia. 
 Ignorant, adj. ignorant; frofn L. igno- 
 rant em. — Der, ignorafit'm. 
 Ignorer, va. to ignore, be ignorant of; from 
 
 L. ignorare. 
 IL, pers.pron. m. he. Its doublet is le, q. v. 
 ILE, sf an island ; formerly isle, Prov. isla, 
 
 from L, insula. For regular contr. of 
 
 insula into ins'la see § 5 1 ; hence isle by 
 
 ns = s (see dine), then He by loss of s (see 
 Hist. Gram. p. 81). — Der. Hot. 
 Illegal, adj. illegal; from L. illegalis*. 
 
 — Der. illegality. 
 
 I116gitime, adj. illegitimate; from L, IIIct 
 
 g i t i m u s ♦. See legitime. 
 ILLETTRfe, adj. unlettered, illiterate ; from 
 
 L. illiteratus. For literatus= /fi//rc see 
 
 lettre. 
 Illicite, adj. illicit; from L. illicitus. 
 lUimit^, adj. unlimited. See limite. 
 Illisible, adj. illegible. See lisible. 
 lUuminateur, sm. an illuminator; from 
 
 L. illuminatorem. 
 Illumination, sf an illumination; from 
 
 L. illuminationem. 
 niuminer, va. to illuminate; from L. 
 
 illuminare. Its doublet is enluminer, q.v. 
 
 — Der. illuming (partic. subst.), illumine 
 
 isme. 
 Illusion, sf. an illusion; from L. illusio- 
 
 nem, — Der. illusionner. 
 niusoire, adj. illusory; from L. illu- 
 
 sorius *. 
 Illustration, sf an illustration ; from L. 
 
 illustrationem. 
 lUustre, adj. illustrious; from L. illustris. 
 lUustrer, vn. to illustrate; from L. illus- 
 
 trare. 
 niustrissime, adj. most illustrious; from 
 
 L. illustrissimus. 
 ILOT, sm. an islet. See He. ' 
 Ilote, sm. a Helot; from L. ilotae. — Der. 
 
 z7o/isme. 
 IMAGE, sf. an image ; from L, imaginem. 
 
 For loss of last two atonic syllables see 
 
 §§ 50» 51' — Der. imager, imagerie. 
 Imaginable, adj. imaginable; from L. 
 
 i magi nab il is *. — Der. inimaginable. 
 Imaginaire, adj. imaginary ; from L. ima- 
 
 ginarius. 
 Imaginatif, adj. imaginative; from L. 
 
 imaginativus *. — Der. imaginative. 
 Imagination, sf. imagination; from L. 
 
 imaginationem. 
 Imaginer, va. to imagine ; from L. imagi- 
 
 nari. 
 Imbecile, adj. imbecile; from L. imbecil- 
 
 lus. 
 Imb6cillit6, ^. imbecility; from L. im- 
 
 becillitatem. 
 Imbevhe, adj. beardless; from L. imber- 
 
 bis. 
 Imbiber, vn. to imbibe; from L. im- 
 
 bibere. Its doublet is emboire. — Der. 
 
 imbibition. 
 Imbrique, adj. (Bot.) imbricated, fringed ; 
 
 from L, imbricatus. 
 + Imbroglio, sm. an imbroglio, per- 
 plexity; introd. in i6th cent, from It. im- 
 broglio. 
 
Irabu, adj. imbued ; from I. 
 
 For -utus = -M see § 201. 
 Imitable, adj. imitable ; from L. imita- 
 
 bilis. 
 Imitateur, s??z. an imitator ; from L. imi- 
 
 tatorem. 
 Imitation, sf. imitation; from L. imita- 
 
 tionem. 
 Imiter, t^a, to imitate; from L. imitari. 
 
 — Der. i7mta.ti(. 
 Immaeule, adj. immaculate; from L. im- 
 
 maculatus. 
 Immanent, adj. constant; from L. im- 
 
 manentem. 
 Immangeable, adj. uneatable. See man- 
 ger. 
 Immanquable, adj. unfailing. See man- 
 
 quer. 
 Immateriality, sf. immateriality. See im- 
 
 materiel. f 
 
 Im.materiel, adj. immaterial; from L. im- 
 
 materialis. — Der. immaterial'xtL 
 Immatricule, sf. matriculation ; from im, 
 
 for iji, and matricide. — Der. immatriculei, 
 
 immatriculztlon. 
 Imm6diat, adj. immediate; from L. im- 
 
 mediatus* . — Der. immediatement 
 Immemorial, adj. immemorial. See me- 
 
 moire. 
 Immense, adj. immense ; from L. immen- 
 
 sus. 
 Immensity, sf. immensity; from L. im- 
 
 mensitatem. 
 Im.merger, va. to immerse; from L. im- 
 
 mergere. 
 Imm6rit6, adj. unmerited. See meriter. 
 Imijiersion, sf immersion; from L.«im- 
 
 mersionem. 
 Im.m.euble, sm. a landed estate ; from L. 
 
 immobilis, used in this sense in the Digest, 
 
 res immobiles. For mohiVis = vieuble 
 
 see meuble. 
 Imm.inence, sf imminence; from L. im- 
 
 minentia. 
 Imminent, adj. imminent; from L. ira- 
 
 minentem. 
 Immiscer, vpr. to mix up; from L. im- 
 
 miscere. 
 Immixtion, sf blending; fromL. immix- 
 
 tionem. 
 Imm.obile, adj. immoveable; fromL. im- 
 mobilis Der. immobihsex, immobilisz- 
 
 tion. 
 Immobility, sf immobility; from L. im- 
 
 mobilitatem. 
 Inim.od6r6, adj. immoderate ; from L. i m- 
 
 moderatus. 
 
 1MB U — IMPECCA BILITS, 
 imbutus. 
 
 189 
 
 L 
 
 Immodeste, adj. indecent ; from L. immo- 
 
 destus. 
 Immodestie, sf immodesty; from L. im- 
 
 modestia. 
 Immolation, s/". immolation ; from L. im- 
 
 molationem. 
 Immoler, va. to immolate; from L. im- 
 
 molare. 
 Immonde, adj. unclean; from L, immun- 
 
 dus. 
 Immondice, sf dirt, uncleanness ; from L. 
 
 immunditia. 
 Immoral, adj. immoraj. See moral. — Der. 
 
 zwmora/ite. 
 Imraortaliser, va. to immortalise. See 
 
 immorlel. 
 Immortality, sf immortality ; from L« 
 
 immortalitatem. 
 Immortel, adj. immortal; from L. im- 
 
 mortalis. — Der. immorlaliser, immort- 
 elle. 
 Immuable, adj. immutable; fromL. im- 
 
 mutabilis. For mutah His = muable 
 
 see muer. 
 Immunity, sf immunity; from L. immu- 
 
 nitatem. 
 Immutabilite, sf immutability; from L. 
 
 immutabilitatem. 
 Impair, adj. unequal, odd. See pair. 
 Impalpable, adj. impalpable ; from L. 
 
 impalpabilis*. 
 Impardonnable, adj. unpardonable. See 
 
 pardon?ier. 
 Imparfait, adj. imperfect; from L. im- 
 
 perfectus. See parfait. 
 Imparfait, sm. the imperfect (tense) ; from 
 
 L. imperfectum. ^ee parfait. 
 Impartageable, adj. indivisible. See par- 
 
 tager. 
 Impartial, adj. impartial. See partial. — 
 
 Der. impartial'xie. 
 Impasse, sf a lane, blind alley. See passe. 
 Impassibilit6, sf impassibility ; from L. 
 
 impassibilitatem. 
 Impassible, ac?/' ™P^ssible ; from L. im- 
 
 passibilis. 
 Impatience, sf impatience; from L. im- 
 
 patientia. 
 Impatient, adj. impatient; from L. im- 
 
 patientem. — Der. impatietttex. 
 Impatienter, va. to provoke. See impa- 
 tient. 
 Impatroniser, vpr. to become master (of a 
 
 house). See patron. 
 Impayable, adj. invaluable. See payer. 
 Impeccability, sf impeccability ; from L. 
 
 impeccabilitatem. 
 
190 
 
 IMPECCA BLE — IMPOSTE, 
 
 Impeccable, adj. impeccable ; from L. 
 
 impeccabilis. 
 Iinp6n6trable, adj. impenetrable; from 
 
 L. impenetrabilis. — Der. impinetrabil- 
 
 it6. 
 Imp6nitence, sf. impenitence; from L. 
 
 impoenitentia. 
 Impenitent, adj. impenitent; from L. im- 
 
 poenitentem. 
 Imp6ratif, {i)adj. imperative ; from L. im- 
 
 perativus. (2)s»i. the imperative (mood); 
 
 from L. imperativus, sc. modus. 
 Imp6ratrice, sf. an empress ; from L. im- 
 
 peratricem. 
 Imperceptible, adj. imperceptible. See 
 
 perceptible. 
 Imperdable, adj. that cannot be lost. See 
 
 perdre. 
 Imperfection, sf. imperfection ; from L. 
 
 imperfectionem (so used by St. Augus- 
 tine). 
 Imiperforation, sf. imperforation. See 
 
 perforation. 
 Imperial, adj. imperial; from L. impe- 
 
 rialis, 
 Imp6rieiix, adj. imperious; from L. im- 
 
 periosus. For -osus = -«?/;« see § 229. 
 Imp^rissable, adj. imperishable. See 
 
 perissable. 
 Imp6ritie, sf. incapacity ; from L. imper- 
 
 itia. 
 Imperm§abilit§, sf. impermeability. See 
 
 permeability. 
 Impermeable, adj. impermeable. See 
 
 permeable. 
 Im.personnel, adj. impersonal ; from L. 
 
 impersonalis. 
 Impertinence, sf. impertinence. See im- 
 pertinent. 
 Impertinent, adj. impertinent ; from L. 
 
 impertinentem. — Der, impertinence. 
 Imperturbable, adj. imperturbable ; from 
 
 L, imperturbabilis. — Der. imperturba- 
 
 bilite. 
 Impetrant, sm. (Legal) a grantee, candidate 
 
 (for a degree). See impetrer. 
 Imp6tration, sf (Legal) impetration ; from 
 
 L. impetrationem. 
 Imp6trer, va. (Legal) to impetrate ; from 
 
 L. impetrare. — Der. impetrant (partic. 
 
 subst.). 
 Imp6tue\ix, adj. impetuous ; from L. 
 
 impetuosus*; for -osms = -eux see § 229. 
 Impetuosite, sf impetuosity ; from L. im- 
 
 petuositatem*. 
 Impie, at//, impious; from L. impius. 
 Impi6t6, sf impiety ; from L. impietatem. 
 
 Impitoyable, adj. unpitying. See pitoy- 
 able. 
 
 Implacable, adj. implacable ; from L. im- 
 pl aca b i 1 i s. — Der. implacabilhe. 
 
 Implantation sf. a planting. See implan- 
 ter. 
 
 Implanter, va. to implant. See planter. — 
 Der. implantation. 
 
 Implexe, adj. intricate; from L. im- 
 plexus. 
 
 Implication, sf (Legal) contradiction ; from 
 L. implicationem. 
 
 Implicite, adj. implicit; from L. implici- 
 tus. 
 
 Impliquer, va. to implicate ; from L. im- 
 plicare. Its doublet is employer, q. v. 
 
 Implorer, va. to implore ; from L. i m- 
 plorare. 
 
 Impoli, adj. unpolished ; from L. impoli- 
 tus. ^ 
 
 Impolitesse, sf unpoliteness. See polit- 
 esse. 
 
 Impolitique, adj. impolitic. See polit- 
 ique. 
 
 Imponderable, adj. imponderable. See 
 ponderable. 
 
 Impopulaire, adj. unpopular. See popti- 
 laire. 
 
 Impopularite, sf unpopularity. See popu- 
 larite. 
 
 Importance, sf. importance. See import- 
 ant. 
 
 Important, adj. important. See importer. 
 — Der. importance. 
 
 Importation, sf importation. See im- 
 porter. 
 
 Importer, (l) va. to import (merchandise) ; 
 from L. importare. — Der. importaiion. 
 (2) vn. to be of importance. — Der. import- 
 ant. 
 
 Importun, adj. importunate; from L. im- 
 portunus. — Der. importunev. 
 
 Importuner, va. to importune. See im- 
 portun. 
 
 Importlinite, sf importunity ; from L. 
 importunitatem. 
 
 Imposable, adj. taxable. See imposer. 
 
 Imposer, va. to impose. See poser. — Der. 
 impossible, imposznt. 
 
 Imposition, sf an imposition ; from L. 
 impositionem. 
 
 Impossibilite, sf impossibility; from L. 
 impossibilitatem. 
 
 Impossible, adj, impossible; from L. im- 
 possibilis. 
 
 t Imposte, sf (Archit.) an impost; from 
 It. imposta. Its doublet is impot, q. v. 
 
IMPOSTEUR—INA CTION. 
 
 191 
 
 Imposteur, sm. an impostor; from L. im- 
 
 postorem (so used in Ulpian). 
 Imposture, sf. imposture ; from L. impos- 
 tura (so used in Ulpian). 
 
 IMPOT, sm. an impost, tax ; formerly im- 
 pose, from L. impositus* (so used in me- 
 dieval Lat.), by regular contr. of inip6- 
 situs into impos'tus (see § 51), whence 
 impost; then impat by loss of s, see Hist. 
 Gram. p. 81. Its doublet is impost, q. v. 
 
 Impotence, sf. impotence ; from L. impo- 
 tentia. 
 
 Im.potent, adj. impotent; from L. impo- 
 tentem. 
 
 Impracticable, adj. impracticable. See 
 pratiquer. 
 
 Imprecation, sf. an imprecation ; from L. 
 imprecationem. 
 
 Impregner, va. to impregnate ; from L. 
 impraegnare*. 
 
 Imprenable, adj. impregnable. See pren- 
 able. 
 
 + Impresario, sm. a manager (at a 
 theatre) ; from It. impresario. 
 
 Imprescriptible, adj. imprescriptible. 
 See prescriptible. — Der. imprescriptibilhe. 
 
 Impression, sf. impression; from L. im- 
 pressionem. — Der. impressionner, impres- 
 sto«nable, fm/'ressfonnabilite. 
 
 Impr6voyance, sf. improvidence. See 
 prevoyant. 
 
 Impr6voyant, adj. improvident. See pre- 
 voyant. — Der. imprevoyance. ^ 
 
 Im.pr6vu, adj. unforeseen. See prevu. 
 
 Im.prim.er,fa.to print ; from L.imprimere. 
 Its doublet is empreindre, q. v. — Der. im- 
 prim6 (partic. subst.), imprimear, imprim- 
 erie. 
 
 Improbable, adj. improbable; from L. 
 improbabilis. 
 
 Improbateur, sm. a disapprover, censor; 
 from L. improbatorem. — Der. impro- 
 bat'if. 
 
 Improbation, sf disapprobation ; from L. 
 improbationem. 
 
 Im.probit6, sf improbity; from L. impro- 
 bitatem. 
 
 Improductif, adj. unproductive. See pro- 
 ductif. — Der. improductih\e. 
 
 Im.promptU, sm. an impromptu ; from L. 
 in and promptu, a thing- improvised, in 
 such phrases as 'in promptu aliquid 
 habere,' to have something at hand ; ' dicere 
 quae sunt in promptu,' to say what is 
 ready in the mind, straight off. 
 
 Im.propre, «(//. improper ; from L. impro- 
 p r i u s . — Der. impropriete. 
 
 Improuv6, a^y./"./". unproved, disapproved 
 
 of. See projiver. 
 f Impro vise r, fa. to improvise; from It. 
 
 improvvisare. 
 t Improviste, adv. suddenly, unawares; 
 
 from It. improvvisto. 
 Imprudence, sf. imprudence ; from L. im- 
 
 prudentia. 
 Imprudent, ac?;. imprudent ; from L. im- 
 
 prudentem. 
 Impub§re, adj. (Legal) in a state of im- 
 
 puberty ; from L. impuberem. 
 Impudence, sf. impudence; from L. im- 
 
 pudentia. 
 Impudent, adj. impudent ; from L. impu- 
 
 dentem. 
 Impudeur, sf. immodesty. See pudeur. 
 Impudicit6, sf. unchastity. See pudi- 
 
 cite. 
 Im.pudique, adj. impure, unchaste ; from 
 
 L. impudicus. 
 Impuissance, sf. powerlessness. See im- 
 
 pinssa?it. 
 Impuissant, adj powerless. See puissant. 
 
 — Der. impuissance. 
 Impulsif, adj. impulsive. See impnilsion. 
 Impulsion, sf. impulsion, impetus ; from 
 
 L. impulsionem. — Der. imptdsii. 
 Impuni, adj. unpunished; from L. impu- 
 
 nitus. 
 Impunite, sf impunity ; from L. impuni- 
 
 tatem. 
 Impur, adj. impure; from L. impurus. 
 Inipuret6, sf. impurity; from L. impuri- 
 
 tatem. 
 Im^putable, adj. imputable (to), chargeable 
 
 (on). See imputer. 
 Imputation, sf. an imputation ; from L. 
 
 imputationem. 
 Imiputer, va. to impute; from L. impu- 
 
 tare. — Der. /mpw/able. 
 Inabordable, adj. inaccessible, unap- 
 proachable. See abordable. 
 Inacceptable, adj. unacceptable. See ac- 
 ceptable. 
 Inaccessible, adj. inaccessible; from L. 
 
 inaccessibilis (so used in Tertullian). 
 Inaccordable, adj. that cannot be brought 
 
 into harmony. See accordable. 
 Inaccostable, adj. unapproachable. See 
 
 accostable. 
 Inaccoutum^, adj. unaccustomed. See 
 
 accouttime. 
 Inacliev§, adj. unfinished. See acheve. 
 Inactif, adj. inactive. See actif. — Der. in- 
 
 activite. 
 Inaction, sf. inaction. See action. 
 
192 
 
 IN A CTIVITS-^INCOH^RENT. 
 
 Inactivity, s/. inactivity. See inactif. 
 
 Inadmissible, adj. inadmissible. See ad- 
 missible. — Der. inadmissibility. 
 
 Inadvertance, ./. inadvertence ; from 
 Schol. L. inadvertantia *, compd. of 
 advertantia, der. from advertere. 
 
 Inalienable, adj. inalienable. See aliener. 
 — Der. inalienabilixd. 
 
 Inalliable, adj. that cannot be alloyed. See 
 alliable. 
 
 Inalterable, adj. that cannot be altered. 
 See alterer. 
 
 Inamovible, adj. irremovable. See amov- 
 ible. — Der. inamovibil'itL 
 
 Inanim6, adj. inanimate; from L. inani- 
 matus. For -atus = -e' see § 201. 
 
 Inanite, sf. inanity; from L. inanitatem. 
 
 Inanition, sf. inanition; from L. inan- 
 itionem (so used in Isidore of Seville). 
 
 Inapp6tence, s/ (Med.) inappetency. See 
 appetence. 
 
 Inapplicable, adj. inapplicable. See ap- 
 plicable. — Der. inopplica.tion, inapplique. 
 
 Inappreciable, adj. inappreciable. See 
 appreciable. 
 
 Inaptitude, sf. inaptitude. See aptitude. 
 
 Inarticuie, adj. inarticulate. See articule. 
 
 Inattaquable, adj. unassailable. See at- 
 taquable. 
 
 Inattendu, adj. unexpected. See attendu. 
 
 Inattentif, adj. inattentive. See attentif. 
 
 Inattention, sf. inattention. See atten- 
 tion. 
 
 Inauguration, sf. inauguration ; from L. 
 inaugurationem. 
 
 Inaugurer, va. to inaugurate; from L. in- 
 augurare. — Der. inaugura.\. 
 
 Incalculable, adj. incalculable. See cal^- 
 culable. 
 
 Incandescent, adj. incandescent ; from L. 
 incandescentem . — Der. incandescetice. 
 
 Incantation, sf. an incantation ; from L. 
 incantationem. 
 
 Incapable, adj. incapable. See capable. 
 
 Incapacity, s/", incapacity ; from L. in (pri- 
 vative) and capacitatem. 
 
 Incarceration, $f. imprisonment. See in- 
 carcerer. 
 
 Incarcerer, va. to incarcerate ; from L. 
 incarcerare *, found in Lat. medieval 
 documents, der. from L. career. 
 
 + Incarnat, adj. incarnate; from It. m- 
 carnato. Its doublet is incarne. 
 
 Incarnation, sf. incarnation ; from L. in- 
 carnationem. 
 
 Incamer, vpr. to become incarnate ; from 
 L. incarnare. 
 
 t Incartade,s/; a wanton insult, practical 
 joke ; from Sp, encartada, der. from encar- 
 tarse, properly to draw a bad card, thence 
 metaph. to make a fool of oneself. 
 
 Incendiaire, adj. incendiary; from L. in- 
 cendiarius. 
 
 Incendie, sf. a fire, conflagration ; from L. 
 incendium. — Der. incendier. 
 
 Incendier,' va. to burn up. See incendie. 
 
 Incertain, adj. uncertain. See certain. 
 
 Incertitude, sf uncertainty; from L. in- 
 certitudinem *. 
 
 Incessant, adj. incessant; from L. inces- 
 santem *. 
 
 Inceste, (l) adj. incestuous; (2) sm. in- 
 cest; from L. incestus. — Der. incestueux. 
 
 Inchoatif, adj. inchoative; from L. in- 
 choativus. 
 
 Incident, adj. incidental; from L. inci- 
 dentem. — Der. incident (sm.), incidence. 
 
 Incise, sf (Gram.) an involution ; from L. 
 incisus. 
 
 Inciser, va. to incise; from L. incisare*, 
 a frequent., through supine incisum, of in- 
 cidere. — Der. incis\f. 
 
 Incisif, adj. incisive. See inciser. 
 
 Incision, sf an incision; from L. incisio- 
 nem. 
 
 Incitation, sf an incitement ; from L. in- 
 citationem. 
 
 Inciter, va. to incite; from L. incitare. 
 
 Incivil, adj. uncivil, brutal; from L. inci- 
 
 viUs. 
 icwili 
 
 Incwilite, sf incivility; from L. incivili- 
 tatem. For -tatem = -/e see § 230. 
 
 Incivique, adj. unpatriotic. See civique. 
 
 Incivisme, sm. incivism, want of patriotism. 
 See civisme. 
 
 Inciemence, sf inclemency; from L. in- 
 clementia. 
 
 Inclement, adj. inclement ; from L. in- 
 clementem. 
 
 Inclinaison, sf inclination, dip ; from 
 inclinationem. For -ationem = -ctfsc 
 see fenaison. Its doublet is inclination 
 q. v. 
 
 Inclination, sf inclination ; from L. in- 
 clinationem. Its doublet is inclinaison, 
 q. V. 
 
 Incliner, va. to incline; from L. inclinare, 
 
 Indus, p. p. inclosed ; from L. inclusus. 
 
 t Incognito, sm. incognito; introd. frou 
 It. incognito. 
 
 Incoherence, sf incoherence. See inco 
 herent. 
 
 Incoherent, adj. incoherent ; from L. 
 cohaerentem. — Der. incoherence. 
 
INCOLORE—INCR^E. 
 
 193 
 
 Incolore, adj. colourless; from L. inco- 
 
 lor. 
 Incomber, V7i. to be incumbent ; from L. 
 
 incumbere. 
 Incombustible, adj. incombustible ; from 
 
 in (negative) and combustibilis *, der. 
 
 from combustus. 
 Incomraensurable, adj. incommensura- 
 ble ; from L. incommensurabilis. — Der, 
 
 incommensurahilil^. 
 Incomraode, adj. inconvenient ; from L. 
 
 incommodus. 
 Incommoder, va. to incommode ; from L. 
 
 incommodare. 
 Incoinmodit6, sf. inconvenience ; from L. 
 
 incommoditatem. For -tatein = -/e see 
 
 § 230. 
 Incommunicable, adj. incommunicable ; 
 L. incommunicabilis, so used by 
 
 from 
 
 St. Jerome. 
 Incommutabilit§, 
 
 sf. incommutability ; 
 For 
 
 from 
 
 from 
 
 See 
 
 See 
 
 See 
 
 from L. incommutabilitatem. 
 -tatem = -/e see § 230. 
 
 Incommutable, adj. incommutable ; 
 L. incommutabilis. 
 
 Incomparable, adj. incomparable; 
 L. incomparabilis. 
 
 Incompatibility, sf. incompatibility 
 compatible. 
 
 Incompatible, adj. incompatible. 
 compatible. — Der. incompatibilite. 
 
 Incompetence, sf. incompetence. 
 competer. 
 
 Incomp6tent, adj. incompetent; from L. 
 incompetentem. 
 
 Incomplet, adj. incomplete; from L. in- 
 completus. 
 
 Incomplexe, adj. simple, incomplex ; from 
 L. incomplexus. 
 
 Incompr61iensibilit6, sf. incomprehen- 
 sibility; from L. incomprehensibili- 
 tatem *. For -tatem = -/e' see § 230. 
 
 Incomprehensible, adj. incomprehen- 
 sible; from L. incomprehensibilis. 
 
 Incompressible, adj. incompressible ; 
 compd. of compressible, from L. com- 
 pressibilis *, der. from compressus- 
 
 Inconcevable, adj. inconceivable. 
 concevoir. 
 
 Inconciliable, adj. irreconcileable. 
 concilier. 
 
 Inconduite, sf. misconduct. See conduite. 
 \ Incongru, adj. incongruous; from L. in- 
 congruus. 
 
 Incongruity, sf. incongruity ; from L. in- 
 congruitatem. For -tatem = -/e see § 
 230. 
 
 See 
 
 See 
 
 Inconsequence, §A inconsequence; from 
 
 L. inconsequentia. 
 Inconsequent, adj. inconsequent ; from L, 
 
 inconsequentem. 
 Inconsideration, sf inconsideration ; from 
 
 L. inconsiderationem. 
 Inconsidere, adj. unconsidered; from L. 
 
 inconsideratus. For -atus = -e see 
 
 § 201. 
 Inconsistance, sf. inconsistency. See con- 
 sister. 
 Inconsolable, adj. inconsolable; from L. 
 
 inconsolabilis. 
 Inconstance, sf inconstance; from L. in- 
 
 constantia. 
 Inconstant, adj. inconstant; from L. in 
 
 and constantem. 
 Inconstitutionnel, adj. unconstitutional. 
 
 See constituer. 
 Incontestable, adj. incontestible. See 
 
 contester. 
 Inconteste, adj. uncontested. See con- 
 tester. 
 Incontinence, sf. incontinence ; from L. 
 
 incontinentia. 
 Incontinent, adj, incontinent; from L. 
 
 incontinentem. 
 Incontinent, adv. forthwith; from L. in 
 
 and continents 
 Inconvenant, adj. improper, unbecoming. 
 
 See convenir. — Der. inconvenance. 
 Inconvenient, adj. used as a sm. incon- 
 venience; from L. inconvenientem. 
 Incorporation, sf incorporation ; from L. 
 
 incorporationem *. 
 Incorporel, adj. incorporal; from L. in- 
 
 corporalis. — Der. incorporalite. 
 Incorporer, va. to incorporate ; from L. 
 
 incorporare (so used in Solinus). 
 Incorrect, adj. incorrect; from L. incor- 
 rect us. — Der. incorrect'ion. 
 Incorrigible, adj. incorrigible ; from L. 
 
 incorri gib ills. — Der. incorrigibilhe. 
 Incorruptibilite, s/. incorruptibility; from 
 
 L. incorruptibilitatem. For -tatein = 
 
 -te see § 230. 
 Incorruptible, adj. incorruptible; from 
 
 L. incorruptibilis. 
 Incredibilite, sf. incredibility ; from L. 
 
 incredibilitatem (incredulity, in Apu- 
 
 leius). For -tatem^-^e see § 230. 
 Incredule, adj. incredulous; from L. in- 
 
 credulus. 
 IncredTllite, sf incredulity; from L. in- 
 
 credulitatem. 
 Incree, adj. uncreated ; from L. increatus*, 
 
 a word used in Christian controversy. 
 O 
 
194 
 
 INCRIMINER — INDISCIPLINA BLE. 
 
 Incriminer, va. to incriminate; from L 
 
 incriminari *; der. from crimen. — Der 
 
 mcr/mmation. 
 Incroyable, adj. incredible. See croyahle. 
 Incrustation, sf. an incrustation ; from L. 
 
 incrustationem. 
 Inoruster, va. to encrust; from L. in- 
 
 crustare. Its doublet is encrouter, q. v. 
 Incubation, sf. incubation; from L. in- 
 
 cubationem. 
 Inculpation, sf. inculpation; from L. in- 
 
 culpationem *. 
 Inculper, va. to inculpate; from L. incul- 
 
 pare*. — Der. inculpL 
 Inculquer, va. to inculcate; from L. in- 
 
 culcare. 
 Inculte, adj. uncultivated; from L. in- 
 
 cultus. 
 Inclinable, sf. a cradle; from L. in- 
 
 cunabulum. 
 Incurability, sf. incurability. See in- 
 
 curable. 
 Incurable, adj. incurable ; from L. in- 
 
 curabilis. — Der. incurabilite. 
 Incurie, sf. carelessness; from L. incuria. 
 Incursion, sf. an incursion; from L. in- 
 
 cursionem. 
 Inde, sm. indigo. Of hist, origin, see 
 
 § 33 ; a blue colour introduced from India. 
 
 Its doublet is indique, indigo, q. v. 
 Ind6cence, sf. indecency; from L. inde- 
 
 centia. 
 Indecent, adj. indecent; from L. inde- 
 
 centem. 
 Ind6chifFrable, adj. undecipherable. See 
 
 dechiffrer. 
 Ind^cis, arf/. undecided ; from L. indecisus. 
 Indecision, sf. indecision: from L. inde- 
 
 cisionem*. 
 Indeclinable, adj. indeclinable; from L. 
 
 indeclinabilis . — Der. indeclinabilitL 
 Indecomposable, adj. indecomposable. 
 
 See decomposer. 
 Indeiini, adj. indefinite; from L. inde- 
 
 finitus. For loss of t cp.aigu from acutus. 
 Indefinissable, adj. indefinable. See 
 
 definir. 
 Indeiebile, adj. indelible; from L. inde- 
 
 lebilis. 
 Indeiicat, adj. indelicate. See delicat. — 
 
 Der. indelicatesse. 
 Indemne, adj. indemnified; from L. in- 
 
 demnis. 
 Indeniniser, va. to indemnify. See in- 
 demne. 
 Indemnite, sf. an indemnity; from L. in- 
 
 demnitatem. For -tatem = -/e see § 230. 
 
 Independant, adj. independent. See de- 
 pendant. — Der. independance. 
 Indestructible, adj. indestructible. See 
 
 destructible. — Der. indestructibility. 
 Indetermination, sf. indetermination. 
 
 See inditertnine. 
 Indetermine, adj. undetermined ; from L. 
 
 indeterminatus. For -atu8 = -4 see 
 
 § 201. — Der. indeterminztioa. 
 Index, sm. an index, forefinger; from L. 
 
 index. 
 Indicateur, sm. an indicator. See in- 
 
 diquer. 
 Indicatif, adj. indicative; from L. indi- 
 
 cativus. 
 Indication, sf. an indication j from L. 
 
 indicationem. 
 Indice, sm. an indication; from L. in- 
 dicium. 
 Indicible, adj. unutterable ; compd. of L. 
 
 dicibilis * ; der. from dicere. 
 Indiction, sf. (Chron.) indiction, convo- 
 cation (of synods, etc.); from L. indic- 
 
 tionem (so used in the Theodosian 
 
 Code.) 
 Indienne, sf. printed calico ; der. from Inde, 
 
 see § 33; properly a coloured cotton stuff 
 
 first made in India. 
 Indifference, sf. indifference; from L. 
 
 indifferentia. 
 Indifferent, adj. indifferent; from L. in- 
 
 differentem. 
 Indigence, sf. indigence; from L. indi- 
 
 gentia. 
 Indigdne, adj. indigenous, native ; from L. 
 
 indigenai. 
 Indigent, adj. indigent; from L. indi- 
 
 gentem. 
 Indigeste, adj. undigested; from L. indi- 
 
 gestus. 
 Indigestion, sf. indigestion; from L. in- 
 
 digestionem. 
 Indignation, sf indignation; from L. 
 
 indignationem. 
 Indigne, a Jj. unworthy; fromL. indignus. 
 Indigner, va. to make indignant ; (S*), vpr. 
 
 to be indignant; from L. indignari; der. 
 
 from indignus. 
 Indignity, s/. an indignity; from L. indig- 
 
 nitatem. For -tatein = -/e' see § 230. 
 t Indigo, sm. indigo; from Sp. indico. — 
 
 Der. indigotene, indigotier. 
 Indiquer.va. to indicate; from L.indicare. 
 Indirect, adj. indirect ; from L. indi- 
 
 rectus. Its doublet is endroit, q. v. 
 Indisciplinable, adj. indisciplinable. See 
 
 indiscipline. 
 
INDISCIPLINE — INEX PLICA BLE. 
 
 195 
 
 indiscipline, s/". want of discipline ; from 
 
 L. indisciplina. — Der. indisciplinahle. 
 Indiscipline, adj. undisciplined; from L. 
 
 indisciplinatus. For -atus = -e see 
 
 § 201. 
 Indiscret, «c?/. indiscreet; from L. indis- 
 
 cretus *, found in this sense in 6th-cent. 
 
 documents. 
 Indiscretion, sf. indiscretion ; from L. 
 
 indiscretionem *. See indiscret. 
 Indispensable, adj. indispensable. See 
 
 dispettser. 
 Indisponible, adj. that cannot be disposed 
 
 of. See disponible. 
 Indisposer, va, to indispose. See disposer. 
 Indisposition, sf. an indisposition. See 
 
 disposition. 
 Indissolubility, sf. indissolubleness. See 
 
 indissoluble. 
 Indissoluble, adj. indissoluble; from L. 
 
 indissolubilis . — Der. indissolubilite. 
 Indistinct, adj. indistinct; from L. indis- 
 
 tinctus. 
 Individu, adj. individual, indivisible ; from 
 
 L. individuus. 
 Individualiser, va. to individualise. See 
 
 individtiel. 
 Individuality, sf. individuality. See indi- 
 
 viduel. 
 Individuel, adj. individual ; der, from 
 
 individu. — Der. individuality, individual- 
 iser. 
 Indivis, adj. undivided; from L. indi- 
 
 visus. 
 Indivisibility, sf. indivisibility. See in- 
 divisible. 
 Indivisible, adj. indivisible ; from L. 
 
 indivisibilis . — Der. indivisibilite. 
 Indi vision, sf. joint-tenancy; from L. 
 
 indivisionem *. 
 Indocile, adj. indocile; from L. indocilis. 
 
 — Der. indocilite. 
 Indolence, sf. indolence; from L. indo- 
 
 lentia. 
 Indolent, adj. indolent; from L. indo- 
 
 lentem. 
 Indomptable, adj. indomitable. See 
 
 dompter. 
 Indonipt6, adj. undaunted. See dompter. 
 Indu, adj. undue. See du. 
 Indubitable, adj. indubitable; from L. 
 
 indubitabilis. 
 1 Induction, sf. induction; from L. induc- 
 
 tionem. 
 Induire, va. to induce; from L. inducere. 
 
 See conduire. Its doublet is enduire, q. v. 
 
 — Der. induit. 
 
 Indulgence, sf indulgence; from L. in- 
 
 dulgentia. 
 Indulgent, aof/. indulgent ; from L. indul- 
 
 gentem. 
 Industrie, sf. industry ; from L. industria. 
 
 — Der. industriel. 
 Industrieux, adj. industrious; from L. 
 
 industriosus. 
 In6branlable, adj. unshaken. See ebran- 
 
 ler. 
 Inedit, adj. unedited; from L. ineditus. 
 Ineffable, adj. ineffable; from L. ineffa- 
 
 bilis. — Der. ineffabilite. 
 Ineffa9able, adj. ineffaceable. See effacer. 
 IneflB.cace, adj. inefficacious; from L. in- 
 
 efficacem. — Der. inefficaclte. 
 In6gal, adj. unequal; from L. inaequalis. 
 
 See egal. 
 In6galit6, sf. inequality; from L. inae- 
 
 qualitatem. See egalite. 
 Ineligible, adj. ineligible. See eligible. 
 Inenarrable, adj. unutterable ; from L. 
 
 inenarrabilis. 
 Inepte, adj. foolish ; from L. ineptus. 
 Ineptie, sf. folly; from L. ineptia. 
 In6puisable, adj. inexhaustible. See 
 
 epuiser. 
 Inerte, adj. inert; from L. inertem. 
 Inertie, sf. inertness; from L. inertia. 
 Inesp6r6, adj. unhoped for. See esperer. 
 Inestimable, adj. inestimable; from L. 
 
 estimabilis. 
 Inevitable, adj. inevitable; from L. in- 
 
 evitabilis. 
 Inexact, adj. inexact. See exact. — Der. 
 
 inexactitude. 
 Inexactitude, sf. inexactness. See exacti- 
 tude. 
 Inexcusable, adj, inexcusable; from L. 
 
 excusabilis. 
 Inex6cutable, adj. impracticable. See 
 
 executer. 
 Inex^CUtion, sf. inexecution. See execu- 
 tion. 
 Inexerce, adj. unpractised. See exercer. 
 Inexigible, adj. not due, that cannot be 
 
 exacted. See exiger. 
 Inexorable, adj. inexorable ; from L. 
 
 inexorabilis. 
 Inexperience, sf. inexperience. See expe- 
 
 rietice. 
 Inexperimente, adj. unpractised. See 
 
 experimenter. 
 Inexpiable, ac^', inexpiable ; from L. inex- 
 
 piabilis. 
 Inexplicable, adj. inexplicable ; from L. 
 
 inexplicabilis. 
 
 O 2 
 
19^ 
 
 INEXPRIMA BLE — INF USIBLE, 
 
 Inexprimable, adj. that cannot be ex- 
 pressed. See exprimer. 
 Inexpugnable, adj. impregnable ; from 
 
 L. inexpugnabilis. 
 Inextingiiible, adj. inextinguishable ; from 
 
 L. inextinguibilis. 
 Inextricable, adj. inextricable ; from L. 
 
 inextricabilis. 
 Infaillibilit6, sf. infallibility. See/aillir. 
 Infaillible, adj. infallible. See/aillir. 
 Inf&me, adj. infamous; from L. infamis. 
 
 — Der. infamznX. 
 Infamie, ^. infamy; from L. infamia. 
 + Infant, sm. infant; from Sp. infante. 
 
 Its doublet is enfant, q. v. 
 flnfanterie, sf. infantry; introd. in 
 
 1 6th cent, from It. infanteria. 
 Infanticide, sm. child-murder; from L. 
 
 infanticidium. 
 Infanticide, smf an infanticide; from L. 
 
 infanticida. 
 Infatigable, adj. indefatigable; from L. 
 
 infatigabilis. 
 Infatuation, sf. infatuation. See infatuer. 
 Infatuer, va. to infatuate; from L. infa- 
 
 tuare. — Der. infatuzlion. 
 Infecond, adj. unfruitful; from L. infe- 
 
 cundus. 
 Inf(§COndit6, sf. unfruitfulness ; from L, i n- 
 
 fecunditatem. For -tatera = -/e see § 330. 
 Infect, adj. corrupt, infected; from L. in- 
 
 fectus. — Der. infectex. 
 Infecter, va. to infect. See infect. 
 Infection, sf. infection; from L. infec- 
 
 tionem. 
 Inf(§odation, sf. infeodation (feudal term). 
 
 See infeoder. 
 Inf6oder, va. to enfeoff; from medieval 
 
 L. infeodare; der. from feodum*, for 
 
 which see fief. 
 Inf6rer, va. to infer ; from L. infer re. 
 Inf(§rieur, adj. inferior; from L. infe- 
 rior em. — Der. inferionXe. 
 Infernal, adj. infernal ; from L. i n fe r na 1 i s. 
 Infertile, adj. infertile; fromL. infertilis. 
 Infester, va. to infest; from L. infestare. 
 Infid^le, adj. unfaithful, infidel ; from L. 
 
 infidelis. 
 Infidelity, s/. infidelity ; fromL. infideli- 
 
 tatem. For -tatem = -te see § 2 30. 
 Infiltrer, va. to filter in, infiltrate. See 
 
 filtre. — Der. infiltraXxon. 
 Infime, adj. lowest; from L. infimus. 
 Infini, adj. infinite; from L. infinitus. — 
 
 Der. t«;?««tesime*, whence infinitesimaX. 
 Infinite, sf. infinity; from L. infinitatem. 
 
 JFor -tatem =-;e see § 230. 
 
 Infinitesimal, adj. infinitesimal. See in- 
 fini. 
 Infini tif, adj. infinitive; from L. infini- 
 
 tivus. 
 Infirme, adj. infirm; from L. infirmus. 
 
 — Der. infirmier, infirmerie. 
 In firmer, va. to invalidate; from L. infir- 
 
 mare. — Der. infirma.ti(. 
 Infirmerie, sf. an infirmary. See infirme. 
 Infirmier, sm. an infirmary nurse. See in- 
 firme. 
 Infirmity, sf. infirmity; fromL. infirmi- 
 
 tatem. For -tatem = -/6' see § 230. 
 Inflammable, adj. inflammable. See 
 
 Jlamme. 
 Inflammation, sf. inflammation ; from L. 
 
 inflartimationem. — Der. inflammatoixe. 
 Inflammatoire, adj. inflammatory. See 
 
 inflammation. 
 Infl§cllir, va. to inflect; from L. inflec- 
 
 tere. For letter-changes seefleckir. 
 Inflexibility, sf inflexibility ; deriv. of in- 
 
 flexible. 
 Inflexible, adj. inflexible; from L. inflexi- 
 
 bilis. 
 Inflexion, sf. an inflexion ; from L. in- 
 
 flexionem. 
 Infliger. va. to inflict; from L. infligere. 
 Influence, sf. influence; from L. influen- 
 
 tia. — Der. influencex. 
 Influencer, va. to influence. See influence. 
 Influent, adj. influential; from L. influ- 
 
 entem. 
 Influer, v«. to influence; fromL. influere. 
 fln-folio, sm. a. folio; from L. in and 
 
 folio. 
 Information, sf. information; from L. in-^ 
 
 formationem. 
 Informe, adj. unformed, shapeless ; from L. , 
 
 informis. i 
 
 Informer, va. to inform ; from L. infor- 1 
 
 mare. 'i 
 
 Infortune, sf. a misfortune ; from L. i n-* j 
 
 fortunium. J 
 
 Infortun6, sm. an unhappy wretch ; from • 
 
 L. infortunatus. For -atus = -e see 
 
 § 201. 
 Infraction, sf. an infraction ; from L. in- 
 
 fr actionem. — Der. infractenx. 
 Infructueux, adj. fruitless; from L. in- 
 
 fructuosus. For -osus = -5//X see § 229. 
 
 — Der. infructueusexaent. 
 Infus, adj. infused; from L. infusus. — Der. 
 
 infusex. 
 Infuser, va. to infuse. See infus. — Der. in- 
 
 fusoixes. 
 Infusible, a£(/. infusible. See fusible. 
 
INF USION — INOFFENSIF, 
 
 T97 
 
 Infusion, sf. an infusion; from L. infusio- 
 
 nem. 
 Infusoires, sm. pi. (Entom.) infusoria. 
 
 See ififuser. 
 tlngambe, adj. active, brisk; from It. 
 
 ingamba. Its doublet is enjambe, q. v. 
 Ing6nier, va. to task one's ingenuity ; from 
 
 L. ingeniari*. Its doublet is O. Fr. en- 
 
 geigner. 
 Ing6nieur, sm. an engineer; from L. in- 
 
 geniatorem, a military engineer in me- 
 dieval documents: ' Erat etiam ibi ingenia- 
 
 tor ... qui fecerat plurima ingenia,' see Du- 
 
 cange. Ingeniator is from, ingenium, 
 
 which (see engin) has the sense of ' a ma- 
 chine/ ' engine of war.' For -torem = -teur, 
 
 see § 228. 
 Ing6nieux, adj. ingenious ; from L. inge- 
 
 niosus. For -osvLS = -eux see § 229. 
 Ing^nu, adj. ingenuous, modest ; from L, 
 
 ingenuus. 
 Ing6nuit6, sf. ingenuity; from L. ingenu- 
 
 itatem. For -tateni = -/e see § 230. 
 Ing6rer (S'), vpr. to meddle with ; from L. 
 
 ingerere. 
 Ingrat, adj. ungrateful; from L. ingratus. 
 Ingratitude, sf. ingratitude; from L. in- 
 
 gratitudinem. 
 Ingredient, sm. an ingredient ; from L, 
 
 ingredientem. 
 Ingu6rissable, adj. uncurable. See guerir. 
 Inhabile, arf/. unskilful; from L. inhabi- 
 
 lis. — Der. inhabilete, inhabilite. 
 Inhabitable, adj. inhabitable; from L. in- 
 
 habitabilis. 
 Inherence, sf. inherence. See inherent. 
 Inherent, adj. inherent; from L. inhae- 
 
 rentem. — Der. inherence. 
 Inhospitalit6, sf. inhospitality ; from L. 
 
 inhospitalitatem. For -tatein = -/e see 
 
 § 230. — Der. inhospitalier. 
 Inhumain, ac?;'. inhuman; from L. inhu- 
 
 manus. 
 Inhumanite, sf. inhumanity; from L. in- 
 
 humanitatem. For -tatem. = -/e see § 230. 
 Inhumation, sf. inhumation, burial. See 
 
 inhiimer. 
 Inhumer, va. to bury; from L. inhu- 
 
 mare. — Der. inhumation. 
 Inimaginable, adj. unimaginable. See 
 
 imaginable. 
 Inimitable, adj. inimitable; from L. ini- 
 
 mitabilis. 
 Inimitie, sf unfriendliness; from L. ini- 
 
 micitatem* (deriv. from inimicus, like 
 
 amicitatem from amicus; see amide). 
 
 For -icitatem = -jV/e, see amitie. 
 
 Inintelligible, adj. unintelligible ; from L. 
 
 inintelligibilis (so used by St. Am- 
 brose). 
 Inique, adj. unjust; from L. iniquus. 
 Iniquity, sf. iniquity; from L. iniquita- 
 
 tem. 
 Initial, adj. initial; from L, initialis. 
 Initiation, sf. initiation; from L. initia- 
 
 tionem. 
 Initier, va. to initiate; from L. initiare. 
 
 — Der. inieie, iniiiative. 
 Injecter, va. to inject; from L. injectare. 
 Injection, sf. an injection; from L. injec- 
 
 tionem. 
 Injonction, sf. an injunction; from L. in- 
 
 junctionem. 
 Injure, sf. an injury, abuse; from L. in- 
 juria. 
 Injurier, va. to revile, abuse; from L. in- 
 
 juriari. 
 Injurieux, adj. injurious, abusive ; from L. 
 
 injuriosus. 
 Injuste, a^^'. unjust; from L. injustus. — 
 
 Der. injustement. 
 Injustice, sf injustice; fromL. injustitia. 
 Innavigable, adj. unnavigable; from L. 
 
 innavigabilis. 
 Inn§, cJ/. inborn ; from L. innatus. For 
 
 -atus = -e see § 20 r. 
 Innocence, sf innocence; from L. inno- 
 
 centia. 
 Innocent, adj. innocent; from L. inno- 
 
 centem. — Der. innocenter. 
 Innocuite, sf innocuousness, harmlessness ; 
 
 from L. innocuitatem, der. from inno- 
 
 cuus. 
 Innombrable, adj. innumerable ; from L. 
 
 innumerabilis. 
 Innomm6, adj. unnamed. See nommer. 
 Innovateur, sm. an innovator. See inno 
 
 ver. 
 Innovation, sf an innovation; from L. 
 
 innovationem, 
 Innover, i/«. to innovate; from L. inno- 
 
 vare. 
 Inoccup§, adj. unoccupied. See occupS. 
 tin-oetavo, sm. an octavo (volume); 
 
 from L. in and octavo. 
 Inoculateur, sm. an inoculator ; from L. 
 
 inoculatorem. 
 Inoculation, sf inoculation ; from L. ino- 
 
 culationem. 
 Inoculer, va. to inoculate, ingraft ; from L. 
 
 inoculare. 
 Inodore, adj. inodorous, scentless ; from L. 
 
 inodorus. 
 InofiFensif, adj. inoffensive. See offensif. 
 
198 
 
 INONDA TION^-INSTABILITS. 
 
 Inondation. sf. an inundation; from L. 
 
 inundationem. 
 Inondor.va. to inundate; fromL.inundare. 
 Inopin6, odf;. unexpected ; from L. inopi- 
 
 natus. For -atusn-J see § 201. 
 Inopportun, adj. inopportune ; from L, 
 
 inopportunus. 
 Inopportunit6, 5/ unseasonableness ; from 
 
 L. inopportunitatem*. For -tatem = -/c 
 
 see § 230. 
 Inorganique, adj. inorganic. See organique. 
 Inoui, adj. unheard-of. See ouir. 
 t In-pace, adv. in peace; from L. in and 
 
 pace, 
 fln-partibus, adv. in partibus, among 
 
 the heathen; from L. partibus (infide- 
 
 lium). 
 + In-pettO, adv. inwardly; from It. in 
 
 petto, properly in the heart. 
 + In-quar to, sm. quarto ; from L. in and 
 
 quarto. 
 Inquiet, adj. unquiet, restless; from L. in- 
 
 quietus. 
 Inqui^ter, va. to disquiet; from L. in- 
 
 quietare. — Der. inquietint. 
 Inqui6tude, sf. uneasiness ; from L. in- 
 
 quietudinem. 
 Inquisiteur, sm, an inquisitor; from L. 
 
 inquisitorem. Its doublet is ettqueteur, 
 
 q. V. — Der. inquisitoriil. 
 Inquisition, sf. inquisition; from L. in- 
 
 quisitionem. 
 Insaisissable, adj. indiscernable. See saisir. 
 Insalubre, adj. unhealthful; from L. in- 
 
 salubris. 
 Insalubrity, sf. unhealthfulness ; from L. 
 
 insalubritatem*. For -tatem=-/e' see 
 
 § 230. 
 Insatiability, sf. insatiableness ; from L. 
 
 insatiabilitatem. For -tatem = -/e' see 
 
 § 230. 
 Insatiable, adj. insatiable; from L. insa- 
 
 tiabilis. 
 Inscription, sf. an inscription ; from L. 
 
 inscriptionem. 
 Inscrire, fa. to inscribe; from L. inscri- 
 be r e . For -ibere = -ire, see ecrire. 
 Insecte, sm. an insect; from L. insectum. 
 fln-seize, sm. l6mo. (book); from L. in 
 
 and Fr. seize. 
 Insens^, adj. insensate, foolish ; from L. 
 
 insensatus. For -atus = -e see § 20r. 
 Insensibility, sf. insensibility ; from L. 
 
 insensibilitatem*. For -tftteni = -/e see 
 
 § 230. 
 Insensible, adj. insensible; from L. in- 
 
 sensibilis. 
 
 Inseparable, adj. inseparable; from L. 
 
 inseparabilis. 
 Ins6rer, va. to insert ; from L. inserere. 
 Insertion, sf. insertion; from L. inser- 
 
 tionem. 
 Insidieux, adj. insidious; from L. insidi- 
 
 osus. For '08\xa = -eux see § 229. 
 Insigne, adj. distinguished; from L. in- 
 
 signis. 
 Insigne, sm. a badge; from L. insigne. 
 
 Its doublet is enseigne, q. v. 
 Insigniiiant, adj. insignificant. See sig- 
 
 nijier. — Der. insignifiancQ. 
 Insinuation, */". insinuation ; from L. in- 
 
 sinuationem. 
 Insinuer, va. to insinuate ; from L. insin- 
 
 uare. 
 Insipide, adj. insipid; from L. insipidus. 
 
 — Der. insipidM. 
 Insistance, sf insistence, persistence. See 
 
 insister. 
 Insister, va. to insist; from L. insistere. 
 
 — Der, insistance. 
 Insociable, adj. unsociable; from L. inso- 
 
 c i a b i 1 i s . — Der. insociabilite. 
 Insolation, sf sunstroke, exposure to the 
 
 sun; from L, insolationem. 
 Insolence,*/. insolence ; fromL.insoIentia. 
 Insolent, arf/. insolent; fromL. insolent em. 
 Insolite, adj. unwonted; from L. insolitus. 
 Insolubility, sf insolubility; from L. in- 
 
 solubilitatem. For -tatem = -/tf see § 230. 
 Insoluble, adj. insoluble; from L. insolu- 
 
 bilis. 
 Insolvable, adj. insolvent. See solvable. 
 
 — Der. insolvabilit^. 
 Insomnie, sf sleeplessness; from L. in- 
 somnia. 
 Insouciant, adj. heedless. See soucier. — 
 
 Der. insouciance. 
 Insoumis, adj. unsubdued. See sou- 
 
 mettre. 
 Insoutenable, adj. indefensible. See sou- 
 tenable. 
 Inspecter, va. to inspect ; from L. in spec- 
 tare. 
 Inspecteur, sm. an inspector ; from L. in- 
 
 spectorem. 
 Inspection, sf inspection ; from L. in- 
 
 spectionem. 
 Inspirateur, sm. an inspirer ; from L. in«j 
 
 spiratorem. 
 Inspiration, sf inspiration; from L. in^ 
 
 spirationem. 
 Inspirer, va. to inspire; fromL. inspirarej 
 Instability, sf instability; from L. insta- 
 
 bilitatem. For -tatem = -/e see § 230. 
 
INSTALLER — INTER CEPTER. 
 
 199 
 
 Installer, va. to instal. See stalle.—Der. 
 
 installation. 
 Instance, sf. instance; from L. instantia. 
 Instant, sm. an instant, adj. pressing ; from 
 
 L. instantem. — Der. instantane. 
 Instar (§11') adv. like ; from L. instar. 
 Instauration, sf. an instauration ; from L. 
 
 instaurationem. 
 Instigateur, sm. an instigator ; from L. 
 
 instigatorem. 
 Instigation, sf. instigation ; from L. insti- 
 
 gationem. 
 Instiguer, va. to instigate ; from L. insti- 
 
 gare. 
 Instinct, sm. instinct; from L. instinctus. 
 
 — Der. instinchi. 
 Instinctif, adj. instinctive. See instinct. 
 Instituer, va. to institute; from L. insti- 
 
 tuere. 
 Institut, sm. an institution, institute ; from 
 
 L. institutum. 
 Instituteur, sm. a teacher, master ; from 
 
 L. institutorem. 
 Institution, sf. institution ; from L. insti- 
 
 tutionem. 
 Instructeur, sm. an instructor ; from L. 
 
 instructorem. 
 Instructif, adj. instructive; from L. in- 
 
 structivus*, der, from instruere. 
 Instruction, sf. instruction; from L. in- 
 
 structionem (so used in Arnobius). 
 Instruire, va. to instruct; from L. in- 
 struere. 
 Instrument, sm. an instrument ; from L. 
 
 instrumentum. — Der. instrumenta.\, in- 
 
 strumenttx. 
 Instrumentation, sf. instrumentation. 
 
 See instrumenter. 
 Instrumenter, va. to draw deeds, etc., to 
 
 compose instrumental music. See instru- 
 ment. — Der. instrumenta.tion. 
 Insu {h V), adv. in ignorance. See savoir. 
 Insubordination, sf insubordination. See 
 
 subordination. 
 Insubordonn6, adj. insubordinate. See 
 
 subordonner. 
 Insuffisance, sf insufficiency; from L. in- 
 
 sufficientia. 
 Insuflisant, adj. insufficient; from L. in- 
 
 sufficientem. 
 Insufllation, sf (Med.) insufflation ; from 
 
 L. insufflationem. 
 InsuflB.er, va. to inspire, breathe into ; from 
 
 L. insufflare. 
 Insulaire, adj. insular; fromL, insular is. 
 Insulte, sf an insult; from L. insultus. 
 Insulter, va. to insult ; from L. insultare. 
 
 Insupportable, adj. insupportable. See 
 
 supportable. 
 Insurger (S'), vpr. to revolt; from L. insur- 
 
 gere. — Der. insurg6 (weakpartic.subst.). 
 Insurmontable, adj. insurmountable. See 
 
 surmonter. 
 Insurrection, sf an insurrection ; from L. 
 
 insurrectionem . — Der. insurrectionnel. 
 Intact, adj. intact; from L. intactus. 
 Intarissable, adj. unfailing. See tarir. 
 Integral, adj. integral; from L. integra- 
 
 lis. 
 Int^gre, adj. whole; from L. integer. Its 
 
 doublet is entier, q. v. 
 Int6grer, va. (Math.) to re-establish, inte- 
 grate; from L. integrare. — Der. integr- 
 
 ation. 
 Int6grit6, sf integrity; from L. integri- 
 
 tatem. For -tatera = -/e see § 230. 
 Intellect, sm. intellect; from L. intel- 
 
 lectus. 
 Intellectuel, adj. intellectual ; from L. 
 
 intellectualis. 
 Intelligence, sf intelligence ; from L. i n- 
 
 telligentia. 
 Intelligent, adj. intelligent ; fromL. intel- 
 
 ligentem. 
 Intelligible, adj. intelligible; from L. in- 
 
 telligibilis. 
 Intemperance, sf. intemperance ; from L. 
 
 intemperantia. 
 Intemp6rant, adj. intemperate; from L. 
 
 intemperantem. 
 Intemp6r6, adj. intemperate; from L. in- 
 
 temperatus. For -atus = -e see § 201. 
 Intemperie, sf. inclemency (of weather) ; 
 
 from L. intemperies. 
 Intempestif, adj. unseasonable, untimely ; 
 
 from L. intempestivus. 
 Intendant, sm. a superintendent, manager ; 
 
 from L. interidentem. Its doublet is en- 
 
 tendant, q. v. — Der. intendance. 
 Intense, adj. intense; from L. intensus. 
 
 — Der. intensite. 
 Intenter, va. to enter (an action), begin a 
 
 suit; from L. intentare. 
 Intention, s/". an intention; fromL. inten- 
 
 tionem. — Der. intentionne, intentionnel. 
 Inter calaire, adj. intercalary ; from L. in- 
 
 tercalaris. 
 Intercalation, sf intercalation; from L. 
 
 intercalationem. 
 Intercaler, va. to intercalate ; from L. in- 
 
 tercalare. 
 Interceder, va. to intercede; from L. in- 
 
 tercedere. 
 Inter cepter, va. to intercept ; from L. 
 
200 
 
 INTER CEPTION-^INTER VENTION. 
 
 interceptare ♦, compd. of inter and 
 
 ceptare, from captare. 
 Interception, sf. an interception ; from L. 
 
 interceptionem. 
 Intercesseur, sm. an intercessor ; from L. 
 
 intercessorem. 
 Intercession, sf. an intercession ; from L. 
 
 intercessionem. 
 Intercurrent, adj. intercurrent ; from L. 
 
 intercurrentem. 
 Interdiction, sf. an interdiction, prohibition ; 
 
 from L. interdictionem. 
 Interdire, va. to interdict ; from L. inter- 
 
 dicere. 
 Interdit, sm. an interdict; from L. inter- 
 dictum. For ct = / see § i68. 
 Int6ressant, adj. interesting. See inter- 
 
 esser. 
 Int6resser, va. to interest; from L. inter- 
 
 esse. 
 Int6ret, sm. interest ; formerly interest, from 
 
 L. interest (v. impers.). For loss of s see 
 
 Hist. Gram. p. 8i. 
 Int6rieur, adj. interior; from L. inter io- 
 
 rem. 
 Int6rini, sm. an interim ; from L. interim. 
 
 — Der. interim&ire. 
 Interjection, sf. an interjection ; from L. 
 
 interjectionem. 
 Inteijeter, va. to interpose ; from L. inter' 
 
 jectare*, compd. of inter and jectare 
 
 which is der. from jectum. For ct = t see 
 
 § i68. 
 Interligne, sf. a space between lines, prin- 
 ter's leading; from L. inter and Fr. ligne. 
 Interlocuteur, sm. an interlocutor; from 
 
 L. interlocutorem *, from interloqui. 
 
 See interloquer. 
 Interlocution, sf. interlocution; from L. 
 
 interlocutionem. 
 ^Interlope, sm. an interloper; from 
 
 Engl, interlope. 
 Interloquer, vn. to award an interlocutory 
 
 in, to nonplus, interrupt ; from L. inter- 
 loqui. 
 Intermdde, sm. an interlude; from L. in- 
 termedins. — Der. intermedizixt. 
 Interni6diaire, adj. intermediate. See 
 
 intermede. 
 Interminable, adj. interminable ; from L. 
 
 interminabilis. 
 Intermission, sf. intermission; from L. 
 
 intermissionem. 
 Intermittence, sf intermission. See m- 
 
 termittent. 
 Intermittent, adj. intermittent ; from L. 
 
 inter mittentem. — Der. intermittence. 
 
 Interne, adj. internal; from L. internus. 
 
 — Der. interncT, internet. 
 Intemonce, sm. an envoy ; from L. inter- 
 
 nuncius. 
 Interpellation, sf a summons, call for 
 
 a reply, question; from L. interpellatio- 
 
 nem. 
 Interpeller, va. to summon, put a ques- 
 tion ; from L. interpellare. 
 Interpolation, sf interpolation; from L. 
 
 interpolationem. 
 Interpoler, va. to interpolate ; from L. 
 
 interpolare. 
 Interposer, va. to interpose ; from L. 
 
 inter and poser. Its doublet is entre- 
 
 poser, q. v. 
 Interposition, sf interposition ; . from L. 
 
 interpositionem. 
 Interpr6tatif, adj. interpretative ; from L. 
 
 interpretativus, from interpretare. 
 
 See interpreter. 
 Interpretation, sf interpretation; from 
 
 L. interpretationem. 
 Interpr^te, sm. an interpreter; from L. 
 
 interpretem. 
 Interpreter, va. to interpret ; from L. in- 
 
 terpretari. 
 Interrdgne, sm. an interregnum ; from L. 
 
 interregnum. 
 Interrogant, adj. asking questions ; from 
 
 L. interrogantem. 
 Interrogateur, sm. an interrogator ; from 
 
 L. interrogatorem. 
 Interrogatif, adj. interrogative; from L. 
 
 interrogativus. 
 Interrogation, sf an interrogation ; from 
 
 L. interrogationem. 
 Interrogatoire, sm. (Legal) an examina- 
 tion; from L. interrogatorius. 
 Interroger, va. to interrogate; from L. 
 
 interrogare. 
 Interrompre, va. to interrupt; from L. 
 
 interrumpere. 
 Interrupteur, sm. an interrupter ; from L. 
 
 interruptorem. 
 Interruption, sf an interruption ; from L. 
 
 interruptionem. 
 Intersection, sf an intersection ; from L. 
 
 intersectionem. 
 Interstice, sm. an interstice ; from L. i n- 
 
 terstitium. 
 Intervalle, sm. an interval; from L. inter- 
 vallum. 
 Intervenir, vn. to intervene; from L. in- 
 ter venire. 
 Intervention, sf intervention; from L. 
 
 interventionem. 
 
INTER VERSION — INVISIBILITY. 
 
 201 
 
 Interversion, sf. inversion; from L. in- 
 
 terversionem. 
 Inter vertir, va. to invert; from L. inter- 
 
 vertere. 
 Intestat, adj. intestate; fromL. intestatus. 
 Intestin, adj. intestine; from L. intesti- 
 
 nus. 
 Intestin, sm. an intestine; from L. intes- 
 
 tinum. — Der. intestinal. 
 Intimation, sf. an intimation, notice ; from 
 
 L. intimationem. 
 Intime, adj. intimate; from L. intimus. 
 
 — Der. intimiiQ. 
 Intimer, va. to intimate; from L. inti- 
 
 mare. 
 Intimider, va. to intimidate. See titnide. 
 Intituler, i/a. to entitle, name; from L. in- 
 
 titulare. 
 Intolerable, arf/, intolerable ; from L. in- 
 
 tolerabilis. 
 Intolerance, sf. intolerance; from L. in- 
 
 tolerantia. 
 Intolerant, adj. intolerant ; from L. in- 
 tolerant em. — Der. intolerantisme. 
 Intonation, sf. an intonation ; from L. in- 
 
 tonationem *, der. from intonare. 
 Intraduisible, adj. untranslateable. See 
 
 traduire. 
 Intraitable, adj. intractable. See traiter. 
 Intransitif, arf/. intransitive ; from L. in- 
 
 transitivus. 
 Intrepide, adj. intrepid; from L. intrepi- 
 
 dus. — Der. intrepidite. 
 t Intrigue, sf an intrigue; introd. in 
 
 1 6th cent, from It. intrigo. — Dex . intrigant, 
 
 intriguer. 
 Intrinsdque, adj. intrinsic; from L. in- 
 
 trinsecus. 
 Introducteur, sm. an introducer ; from L. 
 
 introductorem. 
 Introduction, sf an introduction; from 
 
 L. introductionem. 
 Introduire, va. to introduce ; from L. in- 
 
 troducere. 
 Introit, sm. an entrance, introit ; from L. 
 
 introitus. 
 Intromission, sf intromission; from L. 
 
 intromissionem*, der. from intra- 
 
 missus. 
 Introniser, va. to enthrone; from L. in- 
 
 thronizare *. — Der. m/ro/izsation. 
 Introuvable, adj. undiscoverable. See 
 
 tronver. 
 Intrus, adj. intruded, sm. an intruder ; from 
 
 L. intrusum.' — Der. intrusion. 
 Intuitif, adj. intuitive; from L. intuiti- 
 
 vus*, der, from intueri. 
 
 Intuition, sf an intuition; from L. intui- 
 
 tionem*. 
 Intumescence, sf a swelling, intumes- 
 cence; from L. intumescentia*, der. 
 
 from intumescere. 
 Intussusception, sf (Physiol.) intus-sus- 
 
 ception; from L. intus and susceptionem. 
 Inusite, ac?/. unused ; from L. inusitatus. 
 
 For -atus = -e' see § 201. 
 Inutile, ac?/'. useless ; from L. inutilis. 
 Inutility, s/. inutility ; from L. inutilita- 
 
 tem. For -tatem = -/e see § 230. 
 Invaincu, adj. unconquered. See vaincu. 
 Invalide, adj. weak, invalid; fromL. in- 
 
 validus. — Der. invalidei, invalid'ite. 
 Invariability, sf invariability. See in- 
 variable. 
 Invariable, adj. invariable. See variable. 
 
 — Der. invariabilite. 
 Invasion, sf an invasion; fromL. inva- 
 
 sionem. 
 Invective, sf an invective; from L. in- 
 
 vectiva, from invectivus. — Der. invec- 
 
 tiver. 
 Invendable, adj. unsaleable. See vend- 
 
 able. 
 Invendu, adj. unsold. See vendu. 
 Inventaire, sm. an inventory ; from L. in- 
 
 ventarium. — Der. inventor'xtr. 
 Inventer, va. to invent; from L. inven- 
 
 tare*, from inventum, supine of inven- 
 
 ire. — Der. inventif. 
 Inventeur, sm. an inventor; fromL. in- 
 
 ventorem. 
 Invention, sf invention ; from L. inven- 
 
 tionem, 
 Inventorier, va. to inventory. See in- 
 ventaire. 
 Inverse, adj. inverse ; from L. inversus. 
 
 Its doublet is envers, q. v. 
 Inversion, sf an inversion ; from L. inver- 
 
 sionem. 
 Invertebre, adj. invertebrate. See vertebra. 
 Investigateur, sm. an investigator ; from 
 
 L. investigatorem. ^ 
 
 Investigation, sf an investigation; from 
 
 L. investigationem. 
 Investir, va. to invest; from L. invest ire. 
 
 — Der. mj/es/issement, investiture. 
 Inveterer (S'), vpr. to become inveterate ; 
 
 from L. inveterare. 
 Invincible, adj. invincible; from L. in- 
 
 vincibilis. 
 Inviolable, adj. inviolable; from L. in- 
 
 V i o 1 a b i 1 is. — Der. inviolabilite. 
 Invisibilite, sf invisibility; from L. in- 
 
 visibilitatem. For -tatein = -/e see § 230. 
 
202 
 
 INVISIBLE— ISSU, 
 
 Invisible, adj. invisible; from L. invisi- 
 
 bilis. 
 Invitation, 5^. an invitation; from L. in- 
 
 vitationem. 
 Invitatoire, adj. invitatory; from L. in- 
 
 vitatorius. 
 Inviter, va. to invite ; from L. invitare. 
 Invocation, sf. an invocation ; from L. in- 
 
 vocationem. 
 Involontaire, adj. involuntary ; from L, 
 
 involuntarius. 
 Involucre, sm. an envelope ; from L. in- 
 
 volucrum. 
 Involution, sf. involution; from L. in- 
 
 volutionem. 
 Invoquer, va. to invoke; from L. invocare. 
 Invraisemblable, adj. improbable. See 
 
 vraisemblable. 
 Invraisemblance, sf. improbability. See 
 
 vraisemblance. 
 Invulnerable, adj. invulnerable; from L. 
 
 invulnerabilis. 
 lode, sm. (Chem ) iodine ; from Gr. luiSrjs. 
 lonique, adj. Ionic; from L. ionicus. 
 Iota, sm. iota ; from Gr. Iwra. 
 tlp6cacuana, sf. (Med.) ipecacuanha; 
 
 of American origin, see § 32. The root 
 
 was introd. from Brazil into Europe towards 
 
 the end of the 17th cent. 
 Irascible, adj. irascible; from L. irasci- 
 
 bilis. 
 Ire, sf, anger, ire; from L. ira. 
 Iris, sm. an iris; from L. iris, Goddess of 
 
 the rainbow, then, the rainbow itself. The 
 
 word has other uses, as the iris of the eye, 
 
 so called because of the colours of that 
 
 membrane ; the iris of botany, from the 
 
 blue colour of the plant. — Der. irise. 
 Ironie, sf. irony; from L. ironia. — Der. 
 
 ironique. 
 Irradiation, sf. irradiation. See irradier. 
 Irradier, va. to irradiate; from L. irra- 
 
 diare. — Der. irradia.tion. 
 IrraisonM,ble, adj. unreasonable. See 
 
 raisonna^. 
 Irrationnel, adj. irrational; from L. irra- 
 
 tionalis. 
 Irr6conciliable, adj. irreconcilable. See 
 
 reconcilier. 
 Irrecusable, adj. unexceptionable ; from 
 
 L. irrecusabilis. 
 Irr6ductible, adj. irreducible. See re- 
 
 dnire. — Der. irreductibil'ite. 
 Irr6fl.echi, adj. unreflecting, unguarded, 
 
 thoughtless. See reflechir. 
 Irr6fl.exion, sf. thoughtlessness. See re- 
 flexion. 
 
 Irrefragable, adj. irrefragable; from L. 
 
 irrefragabilis*. 
 Irregularity, sf irregularity. See rigula- 
 
 rite. 
 Irregulier, adj. irregular. See regulier. 
 Irreiigieux, adj. irreligious; fromL. irre- 
 
 ligiosus. For -osus = -««;» see § 229. 
 Irreiigion, sf. irreligion; from L. irreli- 
 
 gionem. 
 Irremediable, adj. irremediable ; from L. 
 
 irremediabilis. 
 Irremissible, adj. irremissible ; from L. 
 
 irremissibilis. 
 Irreparable, adj. irreparable; from L. 
 
 irreparabilis. 
 Irreprehensible, adj. irreprehensible ; 
 
 from L. irreprehensibilis. 
 Irreprochable, adj. irreproachable. See 
 
 reprocher. 
 Irresistible, adj. irresistible; from L. ir- 
 
 resistibilis*. 
 Irresolu, adj. irresolute. See rdsolu. 
 Irresolution, sf. irresolution. See resolu- 
 tion. 
 Irrespectueux, adj. disrespectful. See 
 
 respectueux. 
 Irreverence, sf. irreverence; from L. irre- 
 
 verentia. 
 Irreverent, adj. irreverent ; from L. irre- 
 
 verentem. 
 Irrevocable, adj. irrevocable; from L. 
 
 irrevocabilis. — Der. irrevocabiliti. 
 Irrigation, s/. irrigation; from L. irriga- 
 
 tionem. 
 Irritabilite, sf irritability; fromL. irri- 
 
 tabilitatem. For -tatem = -/e see § 230. 
 Irritable, adj. irritable; from L. irritabi- 
 
 lis. 
 Irritation, sf. irritation; from L. irrita- 
 
 tionem. 
 Irriter, va. to irritate; from L. irritare. 
 Irruption, sf. an irruption; from L. ir- 
 
 ruptionem. 
 Isoceie, adj. isosceles ; for isoscele, from 
 
 Gr. iaoaK(\T}S, comp. of 'iaos and axiXos. 
 Isochrone, adj. isochronous ; from Gr. 
 
 laoxpovos Der. isocAronisme. 
 
 Isolation, sf. isolation. See i&oler. 
 Isolement, sm. isolation, loneliness. See 
 
 isoler. 
 + Isoler, va. to isolate, detach ; introd. in 
 
 16th cent, from It. isolare. — Der. tso/ement, 
 
 isoZation, isoloir. 
 ISSU, sprung from p.p. of O. Fr. issir, which 
 
 from L. exire. For ■x. = ss see aisselle; 
 
 for e = i see § 59. — Der. issut (partic. 
 
 subst.). 
 
ISSUE — JALOUX. 
 
 203 
 
 ISSUE, sf. an issue. See issu. 
 
 Isthme, sm. an isthmus ; from L. isthmus. 
 
 Italique, adj. italic ; from L. italicus. 
 A word of historic origin (§ 33), the typo- 
 graphical letters called italics having been 
 introduced at Venice by Aldus Manutius. 
 
 + Item, adv. moreover ; from L. item. 
 
 It6ratif, adj. iterative; from L. itera- 
 tivus. 
 
 Itin6raire, sm, an itinerary; from L. itin- 
 erarius. 
 
 IVOI RE, sm. ivory ; from L. eboreus. For 
 eboreus = eborius see abreger, whence 
 ivoire. For e = e see § 59 ; for b = f see 
 
 § 113; for o = oi, by attraction of the /, see 
 
 chanoifie. 
 IVRAIE, sf. (Bot.) tares, darnel; from L. 
 
 ebriaca, der. from ebrius ; by reason of 
 
 the drunkenness, or rather the torpor 
 
 caused by it. For ebri- = ivre- see ivre ; for 
 
 -aca = -a/e and for loss of c see ami; for a 
 
 = ««■ see § 54. 
 IVRE, adj. drunken ; from L. ebrius. For 
 
 e = « see § 59; for b = v .see § 113. — 
 
 Der. jvresse, cnivrev, iVrogne. 
 IVRESSE, sf. drunkenness. See ivre. 
 IVROGNE, sm. a drunkard. See ivre, — Der. 
 
 ivrogiieixQ. 
 
 J A. adv. already; from L. jara. For loss of 
 final m, already gone in popular Lat., see 
 in inscriptions under the Empire such words 
 as Corsica for Corsicam, virofor virum, 
 urbe for urbem, etc. — Der. de/d, ^adis, 
 jamais. 
 
 JABLE, sm. a cross groove. Origin unknown. 
 Der. jabkr. 
 
 JABOT, sm. a shirt frill. Origin unknown. — 
 Der.^a^o^er. 
 
 JACASSER, vn. to chatter like a. Jacques (sou- 
 briquet of a magpie). Proper names of 
 men are often applied to birds, as e. g. 
 pierrot to the sparrow. 
 
 J ACHfiRE, sf. fallow-land ; formerly jaschiere, 
 gaschiere, from L. gascaria, so used in 
 medieval documents, as e. g. ' Unusquisque 
 equus, qui laborat in terrae ejusdem villari, 
 id est in gascariis,' from a I2th-cent. text. 
 Origin unknown. Gascaria becomes gas- 
 chiere by o = ch, see § 1 26; and by -aria 
 = -iere, see § 198; then jachiere by loss of s, 
 see Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; and by e=j, see 
 jumeazi. — Der. jacherer. 
 
 JACINTHE, sf. a hyacinth; from L. hya- 
 cinthus. For hy=7 see abreger. Its 
 doublet is hyacinthe, q. v. 
 
 Jaconas, sm. jaconet. Origin unknown. 
 
 JACQUE, sf a coat. Seejaqueite. 
 
 Jactance, sf. boasting ; from L. jactantia. 
 
 Jaculatoire, adj. ejaculatory; from L. 
 jaculatorius. 
 
 JADE, sf. (Min.) jade. Origin unknown. 
 
 JADIS, adv. of old, of yore; compd. of 7a 
 
 and dis. Ja is from L. jam, q. v. ; dis is 
 from L. dies. 
 
 + Jaguar, sm. a jaguar; introd. from the 
 colonies of South America, Sp. jaguar or 
 jaguar a. 
 
 JAILLIR, vn. to gush out ; a form o£jailler*, 
 from L. jaculare*, in Isidore of Seville. For 
 regular contr. of jaciiMre into jac'lare see 
 § 52, hence jailler by c\=^il, see Hist. 
 Gram. p. 71. — Der. ^'az/Zissement, Tejaillir. 
 
 JAIS, sm. jet, black amber ; a very ill-formed 
 word, from L. gagates. Jais was in O. Fr. 
 jayet, in Walloon gaiete. Gagates losing 
 its medial g (see allier) becomes gayet by 
 intercalating an euphonic y and by a = e 
 (see § 54); gayet becomes jayet hy g=j, 
 see jumeau. Up to this point the trans- 
 formation is regular ; how jayet was de- 
 graded into jaye then jai or jais is not 
 known. 
 
 Jalap, sm. (Bot.) jalap ; of hist, origin (see 
 § 33), from the Mexican town of Jalapa, 
 Sp. Xalapa, whence the plant was brought 
 to Europe at the beginning of the 1 7th cent. 
 
 JALE, sf. a large bowl. Origin unknown. 
 — Der.^a/age. 
 
 JALON, sm. a stake, landmark. Origin un- 
 known. — Der. jalonner, jalonneur. 
 
 JALOUSER, va. to be jealous of. Seejaloux. 
 
 JALOUSIE, sf. jealousy. Seejaloux. 
 
 JALOUX, adj. jealous ; from L. zelosus. 
 For e = a see amender ; for o = ou see 
 affouage ; for z = j cp. jujube from 
 zizyphum. — Der. jalouser, jalousie. 
 
204 
 
 JAMAIS— JET, 
 
 JAMAIS, adv. ever. See 705 and mats. 
 
 JAMBE, sf. a leg; ioxmcTly gambe,\X. gamha, 
 from L. gamba, a thigh ; then a leg, in 
 Vegetius, Art. Vet<!'rin. lib. i. 56 : ' Post 
 quod admonitus injuria, tollit altius crura, et 
 in flexione geiiiculorum atque gambarvun 
 _ moUiter vehit.' For g=7 see § 167. — 
 Der. jambige, jambon, enjamber, jambihre, 
 jambette,jamb6. 
 
 JAMBON, sm. a ham. See jambe. — Der. 
 janibonntzu. 
 
 t Janissaire, sm. a janissary ; of Oriental 
 origin, Tmkish jeni/cheri. 
 
 Jans^niste, sm. a Jansenist ; of hist, origin 
 (see § 33), from Jansenius, bishop of 
 Ypres. — Der. jansenisme. 
 
 JANTE, sf. felloe (of wheels) ; from L. cam- 
 item*, found in the Florentine Glosses. 
 The origin of camitem is unknown. Cdm.- 
 item, regularly contr, into cam'tem (see 
 § 51), becomes^'an^e by m. = n, see changer, 
 and by c=g=j, cp. capella,_;nt/e//e. 
 
 JANVIER, sm. January; from L. januarius. 
 For -arius = -z>r see § 198. Here u = v 
 (januarius); for this consonification cp. 
 vidua., veuve; irXfvpd, pUvre : and after a 
 q, as sequere, suivre; aqua, eve*. This 
 change is found even in Lucretius, who has 
 genva for genua, tenvis for tenuis ; so 
 also in Merov. Lat. of the 6th cent., 
 severe for sequere (seq'vere). 
 
 JAPPER, vn. to yelp, yapp (of little dogs, 
 foxes, etc.) ; onomatopoetic. See § 34. — 
 Der.jappement. 
 
 Jaque, sm. a jacket ; of hist, origin (see 
 § 33)> from the time of the Jacquerie; a 
 garment much worn by the Jacques, or 
 revolted peasants of the 14th cent. — Der. 
 jaqutWt. 
 
 JAQUEMART, sm. a clockhouse, jack. Ori- 
 gin unknown. 
 
 Jaquette, sf. a jacket. See jaque. 
 
 JARDIN, sm. a garden ; formerly gardin, of 
 Germ, origin. Germ, garten. For g=j see 
 § 167 ; for t = fl? see § 117. — Der. jardiner, 
 jardinieT, jardinage, jardinet. 
 
 JARGON, sm. jargon, gibberish. Origin un- 
 known. — Der. jargonner. 
 
 + Jarre, sf. a jar ; from Sp.jarra. 
 
 JARRET, sm. ham, hamstring; formerly 
 garret, dim, of a lost radical garre *, found 
 also in Prov. garra ; of Celtic origin, Bret. 
 gar. For g=j see § 167. — Der. jarret- 
 iere. 
 
 JARRETlfeRE, sf. a garter. Seejarret. 
 
 JARS, sm. a gander. Origin unknown. 
 
 t Jaser, vn. to chatter, prattle, tattle; a 
 
 modern word, from Prov, gasar, a word of 
 Germ, origin, Scand. gassi, a prattler. For 
 g =j see jumeau. — Der. j'oseur, jaserie. 
 
 + Jasmin, svi. jessamine; from Sp. jasmin. 
 
 Jaspe, sm. jasper ; from L. i asp is (found in 
 Pliny). — Der. jasper, jaspuie. 
 
 JATTE, sf. a bowl ; formerly gatte, Sp. 
 gabata, from L. gabata, by regular contr. 
 (see § 51) of gdbata to gab'ta, whence 
 gatte, by bt = // (§ 168), which ought re- 
 gularly to have become d, see accouder. 
 Gatte becomes jatte by g=j, see § 167. 
 Jatte is a doublet of joue, q. v. — Der. jattee. 
 
 JAUGER, va. to gauge. Origin doubtful, 
 perhaps from L. qualificare. If so, its 
 doublet is qualifier, q. v. — Der. jauge 
 (verbal suhsX.), jaugezgt. 
 
 JAUNE, adj. yellow ; formerly jalne, from L. 
 galbinus. For regular contr. of gdl- 
 binus into galb'nus see § 51, whence 
 galnus (see § 113), whence y'a/we (for ^=7 
 see § 167), lastly jaune (for al = au see 
 agneau). — Der. jajinktre, jaumr,jaunisse. 
 
 JAVART, sm. a quittor (veterinary). Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 t Javeline, sf. a javelin; introd. in i6th 
 cent, from It. giavelina. 
 
 JAVELLE, sf. a sheaf; formerly ^av«//«. It. 
 gavella, a handful of shoots or ears, from 
 L. capella*, a handful, from the same 
 root as capulus. Capella becomes ga- 
 velle by p = i/ (see § lii), c=g (see 
 § 114), and \zsX\y javelle (for g'^j see 
 § 167). — 'Der.javehr,javele\ir, enjaveler. 
 
 JAVELOT, sm. a javelin. Origin unknown. 
 
 JAYET, sm. pitch-coal. Seejais. 
 
 JE, pers.pron. I ; in nth cent.^'o, in 9th cent. 
 io and eo, from L. ego. By regular loss of 
 medial g (see allier) ego becomes eo, found in 
 9th cent. in the Strasburg Oaths: Eo salvarai 
 cest meon fradre Karlo, sc. ' Ego salvabo 
 eccistum meum fratrem Karolum.' Just as 
 leonem becomes lion, eo becomes io (see 
 abreger) ; it is so found in the Oath of Karl 
 the Bald, A. D. 842 : Ne io ne nerds, lit. ' Nee 
 ego nee nec-uUus.' According to the rule 
 (see abreger) io was consonified into jo, 
 which, about the middle of the 1 2th cent., 
 was weakened into je, just as the O. Fr. 
 forms fo, la are softened into ce, le. 
 
 JEREMIADE, sf. a Jeremiad; of hist, origin, 
 see § 33. 
 
 J6suite, sm. a Jesuit; originally Jesuiste, from 
 Jesus ; of hist, origin (§ 33). For loss of s 
 see Hist. Gram. p. 8 1 . — Der. jesuitiq\ie,jesuit- 
 isme. 
 
 JET, sm. a throw. Seejeier. 
 
JETER — JOUIR. 
 
 205 
 
 JETER, va. to throw, cast. It. gettare, from 
 L. jactare. For a = e see § 54; for ct 
 = t see § 168. — Der. jet (verbal subst.), 
 jet6& (partic. subst.), dejeter, xejeter, sur- 
 jeter,jeton. 
 
 JETON, sm. a counter, token. Seejeier. 
 
 JEU, sm. play, sport, game. Prov. joe, from 
 L. jocus. For o = eu see § 76; for loss 
 of c see ami. 
 
 JEUDI, sm. Thursday. It. giovedi, from L. 
 Joves dies, found in the Inscriptions. 
 Jovis becomes jeti by loss of v (see a'ieul) 
 and by o = eu (see § 76). We see that 
 this derivation is right when we find that 
 the Prov., reversing the order of the com- 
 pounds, calls the day dijous (dies jovis). 
 
 JEUN (A), adv. fasting; formerly jeun, from 
 L. jejunus, by dropping the medial j, as is 
 also done in jeune from je]uni\im,jeuner 
 from jejunare. 
 
 JEUNE, adj. young ; formerly jotie, from L. 
 juvenis. For regular contr. of juvenis 
 into juv'nis see § 51, hence jone, by vn = 
 n (see alleger), and by u = (see annoncer) ; 
 jone becomes jeune by o = eu, see § 76. — 
 Der. jeimesse, rzjeumx. 
 
 JEUNE, sm. fasting, a fast; iormerXy jeune, 
 from L. jejunium. For letter-changes see 
 jeujt. 
 
 JECNER, vn. to fast; formerly jeuner, from 
 L. jejunare. For letter-changes see jeun. 
 — Der. dejeuner, jeuneuT. 
 
 JEUNESSE, sf. youth. See jeune. 
 
 JOAILLIER, sm. a jeweller. See joyau. — 
 Der. joailleiie. 
 
 t Jockey, sm. a jockey; from Engl. 
 jockey. Its doublet is jacquei. 
 
 Jocrisse, sf. a silly servant. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 JOIE, sf. joy ; from L. gaudia (from gau- 
 
 » dium) by dropping medial d (see acca- 
 bler), whence gau-ia, which becomes joie 
 by au = (see § 107), and s — j (see 
 § 167). 
 
 JOINDRE, va. to join ; from L. jungere. 
 For -ungere = -oindre see oindre. 
 
 JOINT, sm. a joint ; from L. junctus. For 
 letter-changes see accointer. Its doublet is 
 juntre. — Der. joiniie, jointoyer. 
 
 JOINTURE, sf. joint; from L. junctura. 
 For unct = oint see accointer. 
 
 JOLI, adj. pretty ; a word of Germ, origin, 
 O. Scand. jul, properly a festival, then joy, 
 whence the original sense of7o/i= joyous. — 
 Der. joliet, enjoliver, jolivete. 
 
 JONG, sm. a rush ; from L. juncus. For 
 u = o see annoncer. — Dei. jonchtx (for- 
 
 merly to strew with rushes, then, by exten- 
 sion, to cover with verdure, flowers, etc.), 
 jonchet (originally pegs made of rushes). 
 
 JONCHER, va. to strew, scatter. See jone. 
 — Der. ^oncAee (partic. subst.). 
 
 JONCHET, sm. bones (a game). See jone. 
 Its doublet is honchet. 
 
 Jonetion, sf a junction; from L. junc- 
 tion em. For letter-changes see accointer. 
 
 JONGLER, vn. to juggle, originally to divert 
 anyhow ; from L. joeulari. For regular 
 contr. into joc'lari see § 52 ; whence 
 jongler by inserting n, see concombre, and 
 by cl = gl see eglise. — Der. jonglerie, 
 jongleur. 
 
 JONGLERIE, sf jugglery. See jongler. 
 
 JONGLEUR, sm. a juggler. See jongler. 
 
 fJonquille, sf. a jonquil; from Sp. 
 junquillo. 
 
 JOUBARBE, sf (Bot.) sengreen, houseleek ; 
 from L. Jovis barba, found in Pliny. 
 Jovis becomes jou by loss of v, see a'ieul, 
 and by o = ou, see affouage. The Italians, 
 reversing the parts of the compd. Jovis 
 barba, call the plant barba di Giove. 
 
 JOUE, sf. a cheek; formerly joe, originally 
 jode, Ix.goia, Vrov. gauta,Siom L. gauta*, 
 a word found in medieval texts : ' Habuit 
 partem capitis St.Bartholomaei,quae maxilla 
 seu faux, vel gauta vulgariter dicitur,' see 
 Ducange. Gauta is contrd. from gavata, 
 a form used by Ennodius, and this is a 
 transformation of gabata, a porringer, in 
 Martial. For the transition from the sense 
 of porringer to that of cheek, see § 14, 
 Joue is a doublet of jatte, q. v. Gabata 
 became first gavata (see avant), then 
 gav'ta (see § 51), then gauta (see 
 aurone),vfhencejoe by loss oft (see aigu), 
 by au = o (see § 107), and g=^j (see 
 § 167). O. Ft. joe becomes joue by o=^ou, 
 see affouage. — Der.70Mfflu (the relation be- 
 tween this word and the primitive gabata 
 can hardly be made out). 
 
 JOUER, va. to play, Prov, jogar, from L. 
 jocari, by regular loss of medial c and = 
 ou, see affouage. 
 
 JOUET, sm. a plaything, toy; dim. of jeu, 
 q. V. ; notice also the curious change of 
 the diphthong from eu to ou. 
 
 JOUFFLU, adj. chubby, fat-cheeked. See 
 joue. 
 
 JOUG, sm. a yoke; from L, jugum. For 
 u = OM see § 90. 
 
 JOUIR, vn. to play ; formerly jotr. Prov. 
 gaudir, from L. gaudere. For gaudere 
 = gaudire see accomplir. Gaudire loses 
 
206 
 
 youR—yuiF. 
 
 its medial d, see accabler, whence joir. 
 For e=j see § 167; for au = see 
 § 107. Joir becomes jouir by o=-ou, see 
 affouage. youir is a doublet of gaudir, 
 q. V. — Der. _/oMissant (whence jouissance), 
 rSjouir. 
 
 JOUR, sm. a day ; formerly jor, originally 
 jorn. It. giorno, from L. diurnus, pro- 
 perly diurnal, daily, then in Low Lat. the 
 length of time called a day. Diiirnus con- 
 sonifies di into_; (see abreger), and makes 
 u = o (see annoncer)^ vfhence joruus, found 
 for diurnus, in Carolingian documents, e. g. 
 in a Chartulary of a.d. 896 : ' Donamus 
 etiam mancipia his nominibus . . . sub eo 
 censu, ut masculi denarios 4. de capite annis 
 singulis, simul et jornos 2. nisi reditus 
 terrae teneant.' Jornus produces O. Fr. 
 jorn, whence jor (see aubotir), whence 
 modern form jour (see affouage). Jour is 
 a doublet oi diurtie, q.v. — Der. (from O. Fr. 
 jorn), jor nee* (now joun\4:e, for o = ou 
 see affouage), yourner, se/oz/nier. 
 
 JOURNAL, sm. journal; formerly jornal 
 (properly that which takes place daily\ from 
 L. diurnale, written jornale in Merov. 
 documents, by, change of diurn into jorn ; 
 see jour. ' Similiter dono jornales de 
 terra arabili,' is found in an 8th-cent. 
 Chartulary. Jornale gives O. Fr. jornal, 
 which becomes journal by o = ou, see 
 affouage. Journal is a doublet of diurnal, 
 q. V. — DeT.journalier, journaliste, journal- 
 isms. 
 
 JOURNALIER, adj. daily, variable. See 
 journal. 
 
 JOURNALISME, sm. journalism. Ste journal. 
 
 JOURNALISTE, sm. a journalist. See jour- 
 nal. 
 
 JOURNEE, sf. a day (from rising to rest). 
 See jour. 
 
 JOUTE, sf. a joust. Seejouter. 
 
 J OUTER, vn. to joust, tilt, tourney ; formerly 
 jouster, originally juster, Sp. justar, from 
 L. juxtare *, to draw near, thence to fight 
 hand to hand, in medieval Lat., from 
 juxta. Juxtare becomes _/ws/er by x = s, 
 see ajouter ; by m = ou, see § 90, whence 
 jouter by loss of s, see Hist. Gram. p. 81. 
 Jouter is a doublet of jouxter. — Der. joute 
 (verbal subst.),70M/eur. 
 
 JOUVENCE, sf. youth ; from L. juventia*. 
 For u = OM see § 90; for -tia = -ce see 
 § 224. 
 
 JOUVENCEAU, sm. a young lad; formerly 
 jouvencel. It. giovincello, from L. juve- 
 nicellus; dim. of juvenis. Juveni- 
 
 oellus, regularly contrd. into juven*cellus 
 (found in a document of a.d. 1 150), be- 
 comes jouvencel by u = ou, see § 90 ; 
 then jouvenceau by */ = eau, see agneau. 
 
 t Jovial, adj. jovial ; from It. giovale. 
 
 JOYAU, sm. a jewel ; formerly joyel, joel, 
 from L. jocale *, found in Gregory of 
 Tours. This word, derived from jocari, is 
 common in sense of a jewel in medieval 
 Lat. documents : thus, ' Reges . . . jocalia 
 plurima in sanctae ecclesiae ornamentum 
 contulerant,' says Ingulphus, p. 858. Jocale 
 having lost its medial c (see affouage), and 
 changed al to el (see annuel), becomes 
 joel, thence joyel, by intercalating an, eu- 
 phonic y, see § 167. Joyel becomes joyau 
 by el = au, see agneau. — Der.^'oai/lier (from 
 O. Vx.joal,joel). 
 
 JOYEUX, adj. joyful, joyous ; from L. gaud- 
 iosus. Gaudiosus loses its medial d 
 (see accabler), and becomes joyeux by 
 g=j (see § 167), byau = o (see § 107), 
 and by -08us = -eux (see § 229). — Der. 
 joyeuset6. 
 
 Julb6, sm. a roodloft ; of hist, origin, see 
 § 33 ; so called because of the ' Jube, 
 domine, dicere,' which was formerly 
 chanted in that part of the church. 
 
 Jubilation, sf. jubilation; from L. jubi- 
 lationem, found in St. Jerome. 
 
 Jubil§, sm. a jubilee ; from L. jubilaeus. 
 
 JUCHER, vn. to roost, perch. Origin un- 
 known. — Der. jucho'iT, dejucher. 
 
 Judaique, adj. Judaical, Jewish; from L. 1 
 judaicus. j 
 
 Judaiser, vn. to judaise; from L. juda- i 
 izare. 
 
 JudaiSlU,e, sm. Judaism; from L. juda- 
 ismus. 
 
 Judas, sm. judas; of hist, origin, see § 33. 
 
 Judicature, sf. judicature; from L. judi- 
 catura *. 
 
 Judiciaire, adj. judicial; from L. judici- 
 arius. J 
 
 JudicieUX, adj. judicious; from L. judi- I 
 ciosus *. For -osus= -eux see § 229. 
 
 JUGE, sm. a judge. Prov. jutge, It. giudice, 
 from L. judicem, by regular contr. (see 
 § 51) of judicem into jud*cem, whence 
 juge by dG = c=g, see adjuger. 
 
 JUGEMENT, sm. judgment. Seejuger. ' 
 
 JUGER, va. to judge; from L. judicare. I 
 For jndio&Te ^juger see adjuger. — Der. ' 
 jngement, adjuger, pT6juger. 
 
 Jugulaire, ac?/. jugular ; from L. jugulum. 
 
 JUIF, adj. Jewish, sm. a Jew ; from L. ju- 
 daeus. Forae = esee § 104, hence judeus; 
 
J VILLET — KIOSQ^ UE. 
 
 ZCJ 
 
 then judeus = judius (see abreger). 
 
 thence juif by attraction of i (see buis), 
 
 and d=/ (seejief). — DeT.jnivene. 
 JUILLP:T, sm. July ; dim. of L. Julius (July, 
 
 at Rome), whence a dim. juliettus*, 
 
 whence juillet by li = il, see ail. 
 JUIN, sm. June ; from L, Junius by trans- 
 position of i, see buis. 
 JUJUBE, sf. (Bot.) jujube; from L. zizy- 
 
 phum. For regular change of y into u see 
 
 § lOI, whence zizuphtini, whence jujube. 
 
 For z =j see jaloux ; for i = « see fumier. 
 
 ph, or f, = 6 is a change against all rule. — 
 
 DeT.jtijubier. 
 t Julep, sm. (Med.) julep; from Sp. julep. 
 JUMEAU, adj. twin, twinborn ; from L, 
 
 geraellus. For -ellus = -eau see § 204. 
 
 In this case initial g becomes 7, as in gaud- 
 
 ere, jouir, see § 130. For e~eu = u cp. 
 
 buveur, bluet, puree, in O. Fr. beuveur, 
 
 hleuet, peuree. The same changes are 
 
 found in reussir from re-exire. Jumeau 
 
 is a doublet of gemeaux. — Der.^wmelles, 
 JUMENT, sf. a mare ; from L. jumentum, 
 
 a beast of burden in Class. Lat., a mare 
 
 in late and medieval Lat. 
 JUPE, sf. a petticoat ; a word of Oriental 
 
 origin, Ar.jubbet, an under-garment. 
 JUPON, sm. a short petticoat. Seejupe. 
 JURANDE, sf. a wardenship. Seejurer. 
 JURER, vn. to swear; from L. jxirare. — 
 
 Der. jurement, juron, jurande. 
 Juridiction, sf. jurisdiction ; from L. 
 
 jurisdictionem. 
 Juridique.ac?/. juridical; from L.juridicus. 
 Jurisconsulte, sm. a jurisconsult ; from 
 
 L. jurisconsultus. 
 Jurisprudence, sf jurisprudence ; from 
 
 L. jurisprudentia, used by Ulpian. 
 
 JURON, sm. an oath. See jurer. 
 
 t Jury, sm. a jury; from Engl. 7?/ry. Its 
 doublet \sJ7iree. 
 
 JUS, sm. juice, sauce ; from L. jus. — Der. 
 jutexxx. 
 
 JUSANT, sm. ebb of the tide; der. from^ws, 
 an adv. which signifies ' downwards 'in O.Fr. 
 O. Fr. jus is from L. jusum *, down, 
 in St. Augustine : ' Jusum facere Deum,' 
 he says in his treatise on the First Epistle 
 of St. John. 
 
 JUSQUE, prep, as far as, until ; from L. de 
 usque, conipd. of de and usque. De- 
 usque regularly became diusque, see 
 § 59 ; whence jusque by consonification 
 of di into 7", see abreger. 
 
 Jusquiame, sf (Bot.) hyoscyamus ; from 
 L. jusquiamus (so used in Vegetius). 
 
 Jussion, s/". a command; from L. jussio- 
 nem. 
 
 JUSTAUCORPS, sm. a close coat, compd. of 
 juste, au, corps, q. v. 
 
 JUSTE, adj. just, accurate^ apt; from L. 
 Justus. 
 
 JUSTESSE, sf. justice ; from L. justitia, by 
 -itia = -esse, see § 245. Its doublet is 
 justice, q. v. 
 
 Justice, sf justice; from L. justitia. For 
 -tia = -ce see § 214, note 2. Its doublet is 
 justesse, q. v. — "Dtx. justiciar, justiciable. 
 
 Justification, sf justification ; from L. 
 justificationem. 
 
 Justifier, vfl. to justify; from L. justifi- 
 c a r e . — Der. justifizhle. 
 
 JUTEUX, aflj/. juicy. See^wsandf 229. 
 
 Juvenile, ac^'. juvenile ; from L. juvenilis. 
 
 Juxtaposer, vn. to juxtapose; from L. 
 juxta and poser, q. v. — Der. juxtapos- 
 ition. 
 
 K. 
 
 t Kan, sm. a khan ; of Oriental origin, Pers. 
 
 kkcln. 
 + Kangurou, sm. a kangaroo ; name and 
 
 animal imported from Australia. 
 t Kaolin, sm. kaolin, porcelain clay; of 
 
 Chinese origin, Chinese kaoling. 
 fKermhs, sm. kermes ; of Oriental origin, 
 
 Ar. kermes, cochineal. 
 fKermesse, sf a kirk-mass, feast-day; 
 
 from Flem. kerhnisse. 
 
 Kilo-, sm. a ' kilo ' (a thousand of) ; from Gr. 
 
 Kilogramme, sm. a kilogram (2lb. 30Z. 
 
 4'428 dr. avoirdupois). See Mo znA. gramme. 
 Kilolitre, sm. kilolitre (I tun 10 galls. 
 
 nearly). See Mlo and litre. 
 Kilometre, sm. a kilometre (io93'6389 
 
 yards). See Mlo and metre. 
 + Kio S que, sm. a kiosk; of Oriental origin, 
 
 Turk, liieuchk. 
 
208 
 
 KIRSCH- WASSER — LA I. 
 
 t Kirsch-Tvasser, sm. kirsch-wasser (a 
 spirit made of cherry stones) ; from Germ. 
 kirsch-wasser. 
 
 t Knout, sm. the knout; from Russian 
 knout. 
 
 Kyrielle, sf. a litany, long list ; a word fa- 
 
 bricated by means of the first two words of 
 the Greek Litany, which contains a long 
 list of invocations of Saints; whence the 
 word comes to mean a long enumeration o? 
 string of things. 
 Kyste, sm. (Med.) cyst ; from Gr. kvotis. 
 
 LA, art. f. the. See le. 
 
 La, interj. La, sixth note of the musical scale. 
 
 LA, adv. there. Sp. ella, from L. iliac, by 
 dropping the initial il, see le. For loss of c 
 see ami. 
 
 fliabarum, sm. the labarum; from L. 
 labarum. 
 
 Labeur, sm. labour ; from L. lab o rem. 
 For o = eu see § 79, 
 
 Iiabial, adj. labial; from L. labialis*, 
 from labia. 
 
 Labile, sf. (Bot.) labiate; from L. labium. 
 
 Laboratoire, sm. a laboratory; from L. 
 laboratorium*, from laborare. 
 
 Laborieux, adj. laborious; from L. labo- 
 riosus. For -osns = -eux see § 229. 
 
 Labourer, va. to labour, till, plough (for 
 the restriction of meaning see § 12). — Der. 
 labour (verbal subst.), laboura.ge, labour- 
 able, laboureuT. 
 
 Labyrinthe, sm. a labyrinth ; from L. la- 
 byrinthus. 
 
 LAC, sm. a lake ; from L. lacus. 
 
 LACER, va. to lace. See lacs. — Der. lacis, 
 enlacer, d6lacer, entrelacer. 
 
 Laceration, s/. laceration; from L. lace- 
 rationem. 
 
 Lac6rer, va. to lacerate; from L. lacerare. 
 
 LACET, sm. a lace. See lacs. 
 
 LACHE, adj, cowardly. O. Fr. lasche, Prov. 
 lasc. It. lasco, from L. lascus, which is a 
 transposition of lascus, e. g. laxus. The 
 double consonant x = cs is thus transposed 
 in a few words ; thus, Idcher, O. Fr. las- 
 cher, lasquer in the Chanson de Roland, 
 from lascare for lacsare (laxare) ; meche, 
 O. Fr. mesche, from mysca for mycsa 
 (myxa); tdche, O.Yt. tasche, from tasca 
 for tacsa (taxa*). For change of lascus 
 into lache see Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; for c = 
 ch see § 126. 
 
 LACHER, va. to slacken, loosen; formerly 
 lascher. from L. laxare. For lacsare 
 
 (laxare) — lascare = lascher, see Idche and 
 acharner; for loss of s see Hist. Gram, 
 p. 81. Ldcher is a doublet of laisser, q. v. 
 — Der. xddcher. 
 
 LACHETE, sf. cowardice ; formerly laschete. 
 It. laschita, from L. laxitatem. For laxi- 
 = Idche-, see Idcher ; for -tatem = -te see 
 § 230. 
 
 LACIS, sm. network. See lacer. 
 
 Laconique, adj. laconic; from L. laconi- 
 cus (Laconian). 
 
 Lacrymal, adj. (Med.) lachrymal ; from L. 
 lacrymalis*. — Der. /acrymatoire. 
 
 LACS, sm, a string, bowstring, lace (of boots). 
 For qu = c see car; for continuance of s 
 see § 149. — From the old objective case 
 lac come lacer, lacet. 
 
 Lactation, sf. lactation; from L. lactatio- 
 nem. 
 
 Lacte, adj. lacteal; from L. lacteus. 
 
 Lacune, sf. a chasm, lacuna ; from L. la- 
 cuna. Its doublet is lagune, q. v. 
 
 LADRE, sm. a leper ; adj. leprous ; from L. 
 Lazarus, the poor man in the Gospel, co- 
 vered with sores, whence by extension 
 (§ 12) applied to all lepers. St. Lazarus was 
 invoked in the middle ages against leprosy, 
 and lazarus in late Lat. documents signi- 
 fies a leper : ' De infirmis qui et leprosi, vul- 
 go autem lazarii nominantur.' IidzSrus, 
 regularly contr. (see § 51) to laz'rus, be- 
 comes laz-d-re, by ZT = zdr, see ancetre. 
 For lasdere = ladre see Hist. Gram. p. 81. 
 It is confirmatory of this derivation that 
 St. Lazare is called St. Ladre in all parts 
 of France north of the Loire. Ladre is a 
 doublet of Lazare. — Der. ladrerie. 
 
 t Lagune, sf a lagoon; from It. laguna. 
 Its doublet is lacune, q. v. 
 
 LAI, adj. unlettered; from L. laicus. For 
 loss of c see ami. Its doublet is Idique, q. v. 
 
 LAI, sm. a plaint, lay ; of Celtic origin, Kymr. 
 llais. 
 
LAlCHE — LANCE. 
 
 209 
 
 LAfCHE, sf. sedge ; formerly laische. It. lisca ; 
 
 of Germ, origin, O, H. G. lisca. For i = 
 
 ai see marraine and § 74; for G = ch see 
 
 § 126. Laiche is a doublet oileche. 
 LAID, adj. ugly. It. laide ; of Germ, origin, 
 
 O. H. G. /azrf, odious. — Der. laideion, 
 
 laideuT, enlaidir, 
 LAIE, 5/. a sow. Origin unknown. 
 LAIE, sf. a path ; from medieval L. leda, a 
 
 woodland track in Low Lat. : ' terram, al- 
 
 netum, paludem, quae jacent inter ledam 
 
 . . . et sclusam molendini,' from a charter 
 
 of A.D. 1 136. Leda is of Germ, origin, 
 
 Scand. leid. Leda becomes. /a/e by loss 
 
 of d, see alouette ; and by e = oi — ai, see 
 
 §§61,63. 
 LAINE, sf. wool. It. lana, from L. lana. 
 
 For ana = c!t«s see § 194. — Der. lainer, 
 
 laimge, lainerie, lainier. 
 LAINEUX, adj. woolly ; from L. lanosus. 
 
 For a = ai see § 54 ; for -osus = -eux see 
 
 § 229. 
 Laique, adj. laic, lay ; from L. laicus. Its 
 
 doublet is O. Fr. lat. 
 LAIS, sfn. a standard tree, in a wood. See 
 
 laisser. 
 LAISSE, sf. a string, leash ; from L. laxa*, 
 
 found in medieval documents. Laxa is 
 
 from laxus, loose, i.e. a string loosely 
 
 held. For :gi='SS see aisselle ; for Q, = ai, 
 
 see § 54. 
 LAISSER, va. to leave; from L. laxare 
 
 (found in Gregory of Tours). For a, — ai 
 
 see § 54; for yi = ss see aisselle. Its 
 
 doublet is lacker, q. v — Der, lais (verbal 
 
 subst.), rdais, delaisser. 
 LAIT, sm. milk ; from L. lactem. For ct 
 
 = it see attrait. — Der. lait^, laiterie, lait- 
 
 age, laitenx, lait'ier, allaitter. 
 LAITANCE, sf (Ichth.) milt. See laite. 
 LAITE, sf (Ichth.) milt, soft roe; from L. 
 
 lactes. For ct = it see attrait. Its doublet 
 
 is lactee. — Der. /aiVance. 
 LAITON, sm. latten, brass. Origin unknown. 
 LAITUE, sf. a lettuce ; from L. lactuca. 
 
 For ct = it see attrait ; for uca = we see § 237. 
 LAIZE, sf. width ; formerly laise, from L. 
 
 latia*, deriv. of latus. For a=m see 
 
 § 54; for tia = soft s see agencer; for s = 
 
 z see nez. 
 + Ii am a, sm. a 'Llama; of Tibetian origin, 
 
 signifying a priest of Buddha. • 
 tljania, sm. (Zool.) the llama ; of Peruvian 
 
 origin, as is also the animal. 
 LAMANEUR, sm. a harbour pilot; from 
 
 O. Fr. laman, a coast pilot. Laman is of 
 
 Germ, prigin, Flem. lotman. 
 
 LAMBEAU, sm. a shred, scrap, rag ; formerly 
 lambel, a form which remains in heraldry. 
 For el = eau see agneau. Origin unknown. 
 Its doublet is the heraldic term lambel. 
 
 Lambin, sm. a dawdler ; of hist, origin, 
 from the diffuse Professor Lambin (see 
 § 33). — Der. lambinev. 
 
 LAMBOURDE, sf. a joist. Origin unknown. 
 
 LAMBREQUIN, sm. (Archjt.) a scallop. 
 Origin unknown. 
 
 LAMBRIS, sm. panelling ; from O. Fr. lambre. 
 Lambre is from L. lamina by regular 
 contr. (see § 51) of Mmina into lam'na, 
 which irregularly changes mn into mr, see 
 coffre ; whence comes mbr, see absoudre. — 
 Der. lambrisser, lambrissnge. 
 
 LAMBRUCHE, sf. the wild vine; in i6th 
 cent, lambrusche, from L. labrusca. For 
 loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; for addi- 
 tion of w cp. turbo, trombe. 
 
 LAME, sm. a plate (of metal), wire (of gold, 
 etc.), blade, wave (of sea); from L. lamina, 
 by regular contr, (see § 51) of lamina 
 into lam.'na, whence lame by mn = m, 
 see allumer and § 168. — Der. lame, lamtWc, 
 /amelleux, lamtWe. 
 
 Lamentable, adj. lamentable; from L. 
 lamentabilis. 
 
 Lam-entation, sf. lamentation ; from L. 
 lamentationem. 
 
 Iiam.enter, va. to lament; fromL, lamen- 
 tari. 
 
 Lamie, sf a lamia ; from L. lamia. 
 
 Lam-iner, va. to flatten (metals) ; from L, 
 laminare,der. from lamina. — Der. lamin- 
 age, lamino'iT. 
 
 Ijam.padaire, sm. a lamp-post ; from L 
 ampadarius. 
 
 LAMPAS, (i) sm. lampas (a fabric); (2) sm. 
 a lampas (veterinary). Origin unknown. 
 
 LAMPE, sf a lamp; from L. lampas. — Der. 
 lampion, lampiste. 
 
 LAMPER, va. to guzzle, gulp down. See 
 laper. — Der. lamp^e (partic. subst.). 
 
 LAMPION, sm. a lamp. See lampe. 
 
 LAMPISTE, sm. a lampmaker, lamplighter. 
 See lampe. 
 
 LAMPROIE, sf. a lamprey, Prov, lamprada. 
 It. lampreda, from L. lampetra. Lam- 
 petra regularly changes tr into dr (see 
 aider), whence lampedra, found in 7th- 
 cent documents, hence lampreda by trans- 
 posing the r, see aprete. Lampreda be- 
 comes lamproie by losing medial d, see 
 accabler ; and by e = oi, see § 63. 
 
 LANCE, sf. a lance. It. lancia, from L. 
 lanoea, by regular transformation of ea 
 P 
 
210 
 
 LANCER — LA TRINES. 
 
 into ia, see abreger ; whence lance, by 
 cia = ce, see agencer. — Der. lancer (properly 
 to throw the lance, then to cast a glance), 
 lancetle, lander. 
 
 LANCER, va. to dart, throw, shoot. See 
 lance. 
 
 Iiancinant. adj. (Med.) shooting (of pain) ; 
 from L. lancinantem. 
 
 LANDE, sf. waste land; of Germ, origin, 
 Germ, lande. 
 
 LANDIER, sm. a kitchen fire-dog. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 LANGAGE, sm. language. See langue. 
 
 LANGE, sf. swaddling band ; from L. lanea*. 
 Xjanea becomes regularly lania (see ac- 
 cointer), whence lanja by ia = ja (see 
 abreger), whence lange. 
 
 LANGOUREUX, adj. languishing, consump- 
 tive. See longueur. 
 
 LANGOUSTE, sf. a lobster ; in O. Fr. both 
 a locust and a lobster. In a I3th-cent. 
 Psalter we read that God gave over the 
 crops of Egypt to the langoustes. Lan- 
 gouste, Port, lagosta, is from L. locusta. 
 liocusta becomes langouste by addition of 
 «, see concombre. For u = om see accouder ; 
 for o = a see dame, 
 
 LANGUE, sf. a tongue; formerly lengue, 
 from L. lingua. For in — en = an see 
 § 71, and Hist. Gram. p. 48. — Der. langage, 
 langMtXXe. 
 
 LANGUEUR, sm. languor ; from L. languo- 
 rem. For o = eu see § 79. — Der. lan- 
 gourevx. 
 
 LANGUIR, vn. to languish; from L. lan- 
 guere. For e = i see § 59. 
 
 LANI£RE, sf. a thong ; in O. Fr. a woollen 
 strap. We find the phrase itsser des lanieres 
 in 13th cent, in the Partonopeus. Laniere 
 is from L. lanaria, from lana. For -aria 
 = 'iere see § 198. 
 
 Lanifdre, adj. laniferous; from L. lanifer. 
 
 't'liansqueuet, sm. a lansquenet, mer- 
 cenary soldier ; from Germ, landsknecht. 
 
 LANTERNE, sf. a lantern ; from L. laterna, 
 lantema. See concombre. — Der. lantermer. 
 
 LAPER, va. to lap; of Germ, origin. Germ. 
 lappen. Another form of laper is lamper. 
 For addition of m see lambrucke. 
 
 LAPEREAU, sm. a young rabbit. See lapin. 
 
 Xjapidaire, sm. a lapidary; from L. lapi- 
 darius. 
 
 Xiapidation, sf. stoning (to death) ; from 
 L. lapidationem. 
 
 Lapider, va. to stone; from L. lapidare. 
 
 LAPIN, LAPEREAU, sm. a rabbit ; from a 
 common root lap. Origin unkiiown. 
 
 Xiaps, sm. a lapse ; from L. lapsus. 
 fljaquais, sm. a lackey, servant; from 
 
 Sp, lacayo. 
 tLaque, sf. gum-lac, lake (colour); from 
 
 It. lacca. — Der. laquexix. 
 LARCIN, sm. larceny, theft. O. Fr. larecin, 
 
 originally larrecin, Sp. ladrocinio, from L. 
 
 latrocinium. For tr = rr = r see § 168; 
 
 for loss of o (larrocinium) see aider. 
 LARD, sm. bacon ; from L. lardum. — Der. 
 
 larder, lardoire, lardon, entrelarder. 
 t Lares, sm. Lares, household gods; from 
 
 L. lares. 
 LARGE, adj. plentiful, broad, large; from L. 
 
 largus. Its doublet is largue. — Der. 6- 
 
 largir, largenr. 
 LARGESSE, sf. largesse, bounty; from L. 
 
 largitia*. For -itia. = -esse see § 245. 
 LARGEUR, sf. breadth. See large. 
 + Largue, adj. large, flowing; from It. 
 
 largo. — Der. larguer. 
 LARME, sf. a tear. Sp. lagrima, from L. 
 
 lacryma, by regular contr. (see § 51) of 
 
 lacryma into lacr'ma, whence larme. 
 
 For cr = r see benir. — Der. larmier, larm- 
 
 oyer. 
 LARMOYER, vn. to shed tears. See larme. 
 
 — Der. /armozVment. 
 LARRON, sm. a thief; from L. latronem. 
 
 For tr = rr see arriere and § 168. — Der. 
 
 Zarronnesse, larronnezn. 
 Larve, sf. a mask, (Entom.) larva ; from 
 
 L. larva. 
 Larynx, sm. the throat, larynx : from Gr. 
 
 \6pvy^. — Der. larynge, laryngien, laryngite. 
 LAS, adj. weary ; from L. lassus. 
 Lascif, adj. wanton; from L. lascivus. 
 Lascivet6, sf. wantonness; from L. lasci- 
 
 vitatem. For -t&%era = 'te see § 230. 
 LASSER, va. to fatigue, tire ; from L. lassare. 
 
 — Der. delasser. 
 Lassitude, §/". weariness; fromL. lassitudo. 
 "tLast, sm. a last (a weight); from Germ.: 
 
 last. 
 Latent, adj. latent; from L. latentem. 
 Lateral, adj. lateral; from L. lateralis. 
 Laticlave, sm. a laticlave (a part of a 
 
 Roman consul's dress) ; from L. laticlavus. 
 Latin, adj. Latin; from L. latinus. 
 Latiniser, va. to latinise; from L. latini-_ 
 
 zare. — Der. latinisme, latiniste. m 
 
 Latinisme, sm. Latinism. See latiniser. % 
 Latiniste, sm. a Latinist. See latiniser. 
 Latinit6, sf. Latinity; from L. latinitatem. 
 Latitude, sf. latitude; from L. latitudi- 
 
 nem. 
 Latrines, s/./>/. a privy; from L. latrina. 
 
LA TTE— LEGITIME. 
 
 !ZI1 
 
 LATTE, sf. a lath ; of Germ, origin, Germ. 
 lalte, latte. — Der. latttx, latds. 
 
 Laudanum, sm. laudanum. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 Laudatif, afl?/. laudatory; from L. lauda- 
 tivus. 
 
 fLaudes, sf.pl. lauds (in the Liturgy of the 
 Roman Catholic Church) ; from L. laudes. 
 
 Laur^at, adj. laureate; from L. laureatus. 
 
 LAURIER, sm. (Bot.) a laurel, bay-tree; 
 from L. laurarius *, der. from laurus. 
 For -axivis = -ier see § 198. 
 
 *t*Ijavabo, sm. a wash-stand; from L. la- 
 vabo, fut. of lavare. 
 
 tLavande, sf. (Bot.) lavender; from It. 
 lavando. 
 
 tLave, sf. lava ; from It. lava. 
 
 LAVER, va. to wash; from L. lavare. — 
 Der. Zaveur, lav'xs, /avoir, lavme, /avasse, 
 lavement, /av andiere. 
 
 Laxatif, adj. laxative; from L. laxativus. 
 
 LAYER, va. to lay out paths in a wood. 
 See late. — Der. layeur. 
 
 LAYETTE, sf. baby linen, properly a box 
 (still used for a drawer in the phrase layette 
 d'archives), then linen etc. in the box. 
 So similarly we have corbeille de marriage 
 meaning the trousseau in the corbeille. Lay- 
 ette is dim. of O. Fr. laye, of Germ, origin, 
 Germ. lade. ;For loss of d see alouette. — 
 Der. layetier. 
 
 t Lazaret, sm. a lazaretto, lazar-house; 
 from It. lazaretto. 
 
 i'Lazzi, sm.pl. pantomime, buffoonery; 
 from It. lazzi. 
 
 LE, pers. pron. m. the ; formerly lo, Sp. lo, 
 from L. ilium. For the use of the pron. 
 ille as an article see Hist. Gram. p. 160. 
 Il-lum becomes le just as il-la becomes 
 la, il-los les, il-luic lui, il-lorum leur, by 
 the loss of the first syllable (which is short 
 in the Lat. comedians). Ille, ilia, ilium 
 are almost enclitic, as may be seen by the 
 compds, ellum, ell am in Terence, these 
 being contr. of en-ilhim, en-illam, by 
 dropping il, e n (il)lum, e n ( i 1 ) 1 a m ; whence 
 en'lum, en'lam, whence ellum, ellam, 
 by assimilating nl into 11. Thus we see 
 how ille, not being accented, lost its first 
 syllable in Fr. 
 
 1. Il-lum, thus reduced to lum, becomes 
 lu by losing m (see ja), then lo by u = o 
 (see annoncer). O. Fr. lo becomes le just 
 as Jo and fo become Je and ce. 
 
 2. Il-los, reduced to los, becomes les by 
 the same softening of o into e. 
 
 3. Illi-huic, contrd. to ill'huic, whence 
 
 illuic by loss of h (see atelier), becomes 
 
 illui, to be seen in an inscription in Impe- 
 rial times (Mur. 2088, 6) : 'ultimum illui 
 
 spiritum.' Illui losing its initial syllable 
 
 becomes lui. 
 
 4. Il-lorum, reduced to lorum, becomes 
 
 leur by o = eu, see § 79. 
 Le is a doublet of il, q. v. 
 LE, sm. breadth (of a textile fabric) ; from 
 
 L. latus. For -atus = e see § 201. 
 LECHE, sf. a thin slice. Origin unknown. 
 
 Its doublet is laiche, q. v. — Der. lechehite. 
 LECHER, va. to lick. Prov. lechar. It. 
 
 leccare; of Germ, origin. Germ. /ec^e«. For 
 
 ck or cc = ch see acheter. 
 LEQON, sm. a lesson ; from L. lectionem. 
 
 For ctio = fo see agencer. 
 Lecteur, sm. a reader; from L. lectorem. 
 Lecture, sf. a lecture, reading; from L. 
 
 lectura*. 
 L6gal, adj. legal; from L. legalis. Its 
 
 doublet is loyal, q. v. — Der. legaliser, legal- 
 isation. 
 L§galit6, sf. legality; from L. legal ita- 
 
 tem*. Its doublet is loyaute, q. v. 
 L6gat, sm. a legate ; from L. legatus. Its 
 
 doublet is legue. 
 L6gataire, adj. legatory; from L. legata- 
 
 rius. 
 Legation, sf. a legation ; from L. le gatio- 
 
 nem. 
 t Ldge, adj. light (of ships) ; of Dutch origin, 
 
 with many other seafaring terms, Dutch 
 
 leeg. 
 L6gendaire, adj. legendary. See legende. 
 L6gende, sf. a legend; pi. n. of the fut. 
 
 pass. part, legendus from legere. — Der. 
 
 legend<iire. 
 LEGER, adj. light ; from L. leviarius*, der. 
 
 from levis. For leviarius = levjarius 
 
 see abreger ; hence O. Fr. legier by vj = 
 
 g (see abreger), and -arius=-zVr see § 198. 
 
 — Der. legeretL 
 L6gion, sf a legion; from L. legionem. 
 L6gionnaire, sm. a legionary; from L. 
 
 legionarius. 
 L6gislateur, sm. a legislator; from L. le- 
 
 gi si at or em. — Der. legislature. 
 L6gislatif, adj. legislative ; from L. legis- 
 
 lativus *. 
 Legislation, s/ legislation ; from L. legis- 
 
 lationem. 
 L6giste, sm. a legist; from L. legista*, 
 
 der. from legem. 
 Legitime, adj. legitimate; from L. legiti- 
 
 mus. — Der. illegitime, legitimtx, legiiim' 
 
 aire, legitimztion, legitimix.^. 
 
 P 2 
 
212 
 
 LtG UER — L£A ISON. 
 
 Ij^guer, va. to bequeath ; from L. leg are. 
 
 — Der. legs (verbal subst.). 
 Ij^gfume, sm. a vegetable; from L. legu- 
 
 men. — Der. legumineux. 
 Iiemme, sm. (Math.) a leninia; from L. 
 
 lemma, 
 li^mures, sf. pi. lemures, spectres ; from L. 
 
 lemures. 
 LENDEMAIN, sm. the fr>llowing day; for- 
 merly Vendemain, compd. of en (q. v.) and 
 
 demain (q. v.). For the agglutination of 
 
 the article and the subst. from Vendemain to 
 
 lendemain, see lierre. 
 li^nitif, adj.iM.tdi.) lenitive; from L. le- 
 
 nitivus*, der. from lenitus. 
 LENT, adj. slow; from L. lentus. — Der. 
 
 tzlentxx, zlentix. 
 LENTE, sf. a nit ; from L. lendem. For d 
 
 = / see § 121. 
 Lenteur, sf. slowness; from L. lentorem. 
 Lenticulaire, arf^. lenticular ; from L. len- 
 
 ticularis. — Der. lenticul^. 
 LENTILLE, sf. a lentil, freckle; from L. 
 
 lenticula. For -icula = -i7/e see § 257. 
 Lentisque, sm. (Bot.) a lentiscus, mastic- 
 tree; from L. lentiscus. 
 Xi^onin, adj. leonine; from L. leoninus. 
 Xi^opard, 5m. a leopard; from L. leopar- 
 
 dus. 
 Ldpre, sf. leprosy ; from L. lepra. 
 L^preux, a^'. leprous ; from L. leprosus. 
 
 For -osus = -««jf see § 229. — Der. U- 
 
 ^roserie. 
 LEROT, sm. a garden dormouse. See loir. 
 LES, pers. pron. pi. the. See le. 
 Iidse-, adj. treasonable, leze ; from L. laesus. 
 
 We find this word in this sense in such 
 
 phrases as 'laesa majestas,' in the Roman 
 
 jurisconsults. — Der. Zeser. 
 Ii^ser, va. to injure. See Tese. 
 t Lysine, sf. meanness; from It. lesina. — 
 
 Der. lesinex. 
 Ii6siner, vn. to be mean, stingy. See lesine. 
 
 — Der. lesineric. 
 Ii^sion, sf (Med.) lesion, injury; from L. 
 
 laesionem. 
 LESSIVE, sf. a lye, wash ; from L. lixiva 
 
 (so. cinis, in Pliny). Fori = « see mettre; 
 
 for x=ss see aisselk. — Der. lessivev. 
 tLest, sm. ballast; from Germ. last. — 
 
 Der. /«/er. 
 LESTE, adj. brisk, light. It. lesto, Sp. listo ; 
 
 of Germ, origin, Germ, listig. 
 Lester, va. to ballast. See lest. — Der. lest- 
 
 eur /cs/age. 
 Ij6thargie, /. a lethargy ; from L. lethar- 
 
 gia. — Der. /e/Aflr^ique. 
 
 LETTRE, 5/ a letter ; from L. littera, by 
 regular contr. (see § 51) of littSra into 
 litt'ra, whence lettre. For i = « see § 72. 
 
 LETTRE, adj. lettered, literary; from L. 
 litteratus. For regular contr. of littSr- 
 dtus into litt'ratus see § 52, hence 
 lettrS. For -atus = -e see ampoule ; for i = 
 e see § 72. — Der. Ulettre. 
 
 Xieude, sm. a leud, great vassal ; from Me- 
 rov. L. leudes, a king's comrade ; of Germ, 
 origin. Germ, leute. 
 
 LEUR, adj. their. See le. 
 
 LEURRE, sm. a lure, decoy ; of Germ, origin, 
 M. G. luoder, which, contrd. into luod'r, 
 becomes leurre. For dr = rr see § 168; 
 for uo = o see § 97; for o = eu see § 76. — 
 Der. leurrtx. 
 
 LEVAIN, sm. leaven, yeast ; from L. leva- 
 men. For -Bxaen.- -ain see § 226. 
 
 LEVANT, sm. the East, Levant. See lever. — 
 Der. levantin, levantine. 
 
 LEVER, va. to raise ; from L. levare. — Der. 
 Iev6e (partic. subst.), levnxe, leviex, levant, 
 Clever, pielever. 
 
 LEVIS, adj. {ox drawing up (in pont-levis). 
 Prov. levadis. Port, levadico, from L. leva- 
 ticius*, lit. that which one lifts, der. from 
 levare) ; -aticius = -adis, a-Vs, e'is, is, 
 form a succession of changes noticed under 
 coidis. 
 
 Ii6vite, sm. a Levite; from L. levites. 
 
 LEVRAUT, sm. a leveret. See lievre.—Dex. 
 levraudex. 
 
 LEVRE, sf. a lip; from L. labmin. For a 
 = e see § 54; for b = i/ see § 113. 
 
 LEVRETTE, sm. a harrier, greyhound. See 
 lievre. 
 
 LEVRIER, sm. a greyhound. See lievre. 
 
 LEVORE, 5/ yeast. See lever. 
 
 Iiexique, sm. a lexicon ; from Gr. \4^ikov. 
 — Der. Z^xtcographe, /e^jzcographie, lexi- 
 cographique. 
 
 LI)Z, adv. near ; from L. latus. In Low 
 Lat. latus was used for juxta, near. • Plexi- 
 tium latus Turonem,' i.e. Plessis-lhz- 
 Tours, i. e. Plessis-near-Tours : so Passy- 
 \hz-Paris, Champigny-lhz-Langres. The 
 O. Fr. lez was a sm. Thus le rot est sur 
 son trone, et sonfils a son lez, i. e. at his 
 side. Latus becomes lez by -atus = -«s, 
 see ampoule ; then es = ez, see nez. 
 
 LEZARD, sm. a lizard; from L. lacertus. 
 For & = e see § 54; for c = z see amitie; 
 for e = a see amender; fox t = d see § II7- 
 — Der. lezarde (properly a crack in a wall 
 into which a lizard can creep), lezardex. 
 
 LIAISON, sf. a junction, connection; from L. 
 
LIANE- -LIWRE. 
 
 213 
 
 ligationem, by loss of medial g and by 
 
 -ationem = -a«o«, see § 232. 
 tLiane, sf. (Bot.) a liane. Its doublet is 
 
 lien, q. v. 
 LIARD, sm. a very small coin worth ith of a 
 
 penny. Origin unknown. 
 LIASSE, sf. a bundle (of papers). See Her. 
 Libation, sf. a libation; from L, liba- 
 
 tionem. 
 Libelle, sm. a libel; from L. libellus. — 
 
 Der. libeller, libelliste. 
 Liberal, adj. liberal; frOm L. liberal is. 
 Lib6ralit6, sf liberality; from L. liber- 
 
 alitatem. For -tatem = -/e see 230. 
 Iiiberateur, sm. liberator ; from L. liber a- 
 
 torem. 
 Liberation, sf liberation; from L. li- 
 
 berationem. Its doublet is livraison, q. v. 
 Lib6rer, va. to liberate; fromL. liberare. 
 
 Its doublet is livrer, q. v. 
 Liberty, sf liberty; from L. libertatem. 
 Libertin, adj. libertine, licentious ; sm. a 
 
 libertine, lit. a freedman, hence one free 
 
 from the duties of religion, common in 
 
 1 7th cent. ; then one who keeps no rule, 
 
 disorderly. From L. libertinus. — Der. 
 
 libertindLgQ. 
 Libidineux, adj. lustful; from L. libi- 
 
 dinosus. 
 Libraire, sm. a bookseller; from L. libra- 
 
 rius. 
 Librairie, sf a library; from L. libraria, 
 
 der. from liber. 
 LICE, sf the weft, woof ; from L. licium. 
 LICE, sf a tiltyard, lists. Origin unknown. 
 LICE, sf a hound bitch ; formerly lisse, from 
 
 L. lycisce. For loss of medial c (lycisce) 
 
 see affouage, hence ly-isce, whence Prov. 
 
 Uissa, Fr. lisse, then lice. 
 Licence, sf. Hcence; from L. licentia. — 
 
 Der. licencier, licencie. . 
 Lieencieux, adj. licentious; from L. licen- 
 
 tiosus. 
 Lichen, sm. a lichen ; from Gr. Xeixvv. 
 Licitation, sf sale by auction (of property 
 
 belonging to co-proprietors); from L. lici- 
 
 tationem. 
 Licite, adj. Hcit, lawful ; from L. licitus. 
 Liciter, va. to sell by auction (joint-pro- 
 perty) ; from L. licitari. 
 fLicorne, s/". an unicorn. It. licorno. 
 LICOU, sm. a halter ; formerly licol, for lie- 
 col ; see Her and cow. 
 Licteur, sm. alictor; fromL. Hctorem. 
 LIE, sf. lye (of wine), dregs. Origin unknown. 
 LIE, ao?/. gay, merry, in the phrase faire chere 
 
 lie, i.e. give glad welcome, lit. = wsa^e_/o>'eM^ 
 
 (see chere). Lie is from L. laeta. For ae 
 = c see § 104; for e = i see accomplir ; for 
 loss of medial t see aigu 
 
 LifiGE, sm. cork ; from L. levium, der. from 
 levis. For consonification of vi into vj see 
 abreger ; hence liege, by vj =g, see abreger, 
 and e = ie, see § 56. 
 
 LIEN, sm. a band, bond; formerly /zWn, Prov. 
 Ham, Port, ligame, from L. ligamen. For 
 loss of medial g see allier, hence liain ; for 
 -amen = -am see § 226, = en see ancien : 
 cp. chien which is for chiain. Lien is a 
 doublet of liane, q. v. 
 
 LIER, va. to bind ; from L. ligare. For 
 ligare = /e^ see allier. Its doublet is li- 
 gner, q. v. = Der. lieur. 
 
 LIERRE, sm. ivy. O. Fr. ierre, hierre, in the 
 loth cent, edre, from L. hedera. Hedera, 
 following the law of the Lat. accent (see 
 § 51), is contrd. into hedra, whence hierre. 
 For e = /e see § 56; for dr = rr see § 168. 
 Hierre next becomes ierre by dropping 
 initial h, see atelier. In the middle ages 
 people properly said I'ierre, and it was not 
 till towards the 15th cent, that the article 
 became absolutely joined to the subst., so 
 as to form lierre. This noun is in its turn 
 preceded by another article, le lierre. This 
 was not decisively settled for a long time : 
 Ronsard writes I'hierre, not le lierre ; and 
 Dubellay says sometimes, Le chef environne 
 de verdoyant lierre ; sometimes Les vieux 
 murs, hideux de ronces et d'hierre. This 
 corruption is found in several other words ; 
 thus we find le lendemain, le loriot, la 
 luette, lors : whilst in O. Fr. men said more 
 correctly Vendemain, I'oriot, I'uette, I'ors ; 
 see those words. 
 
 LIESSE, sf. jollity ; formerly leesse, originally 
 led£ce. It. letizia, from L^ laetitia. For 
 ae = e see § 104. Letitia loses its medial 
 t (see abbaye) and changes -itia into -esse 
 (see § 245), whence leesse, whence Hesse. 
 For e = i see accomplir. 
 
 LIE\J, sm. a place; formerly liu, from L. 
 locus. For loss of c see ami ; for o = eu 
 see accueillir; for eu = m see abreger; 
 whence the form liu, whence lieu, hyu — eu, 
 see beugler. . 
 
 LIEUE, sf. a league ; from L, leuca. For loss 
 of medial c see ami ; for eu = ieu see lieu. 
 
 LIEUTENANT, sm. a lieutenant. See tenant 
 and lieu. — Der. lieutenance. 
 
 LiFVRE, sm. a hare ; originally levre, from 
 L. leporem. For regular contr. of l^po- 
 rem into lep'rem see § 51, whence lebre, 
 by changing p into b (see § III), then 
 
ai4 
 
 LIGAMENT — LINTEA U. 
 
 levre, in the Chanson de Roland, by 6 = v 
 (see § III), then lievre by « ■» le (see 
 § 56). — Der. /«;raut, levrctte. Levrier 
 represents L. leporarius *, properly a dog 
 which courses the hare, in medieval writers. 
 • Si quis per canes leporaxios feram fuga- 
 verit ' is found in a I'Zth-cent. act. For contr, 
 of lepdrarius into lep'rarius see § 5 2 ; 
 for p = v see § 111 ; for -arius -ier see 
 
 § 198. 
 Ijigament, sm. a ligament; from L. liga- 
 
 mentum. — Der. ligamenteux. 
 Iiigature, sf. a ligature; from L. ligatura. 
 
 Its doublet is liure. 
 LIGE, adj. liege; a word of Germ, origin, 
 
 Germ, ledig. Its doublet is lege. 
 LIGNAGE, sm. lineage. Prov. lignatge, from 
 
 L. lineaticum *, der. from linea. For 
 
 linea = ligne see ligne ; for -aticum = -age 
 
 see § 248, — Der. lignager. 
 LIGNE, sf. a line ; from L. linea. For linea 
 
 slinia see abreger, whence lig7ie ; for nia 
 
 =gne see cigogne. — Der. ligjiee, a/Zg-wer, en- 
 
 ligner. 
 LIGNEE, sf. lineage. See ligne. 
 LIGNEUL, sm. shoemaker's thread ; from L. 
 
 lineolum *, der. from linea. For linea 
 
 — ligne see ligne; for -dbxDX = -eul see 
 
 aieul. 
 Xiigneux, adj. woody, ligneous; from L. 
 
 lignosus. For -o8Via = -eux see § 229. 
 liigue, sf. a league. See ligtcer. 
 Ijiguer, va. to league, band together ; from 
 
 L. ligare — Der. ligue (verbal subst.), li- 
 
 guem. 
 Ligueur, sm. a leaguer. See liguer. 
 fljilas, sm. (Bot.) a lilac; from It. lilac. 
 Ijiliac6, adj. (Bot.) liliaceous; from L. lili- 
 
 aceus, found in Palladius. 
 LIMACE, sf. a slug, screw (mechanical) ; 
 
 from. L. limacem. — Der. lima^on. 
 LIMACON, sm. a snail. See limace. 
 LIMAILLE, sf. filings. See limer. 
 LIMANDE, sf. a mudfish, dab. See lime. 
 liimbe, sm. a border; from L. limb us.' 
 Xiimbes, sm. pi. (Theol.) limbo ; from L, 
 
 limbo. 
 Xiime, sf. a file; from L. lima. 
 Limer, t/a. to file; from L-limare. — Der. 
 
 /zmaille, limme. 
 LIMIER, sm. a bloodhound, limehound ; for- 
 merly liemier, from O. Fr, Hem, a leash, 
 
 from L. ligamen, so meaning properly 
 
 a dog held in leash. Prov. liamier is also 
 
 der. from Ham. Ligamen becomes O. Fr. 
 
 Hem by dropping medial g, see allier, and 
 
 by a = e see § 54. 
 
 Iiimitation, 5/: limitation; from L. limi- 
 tationem. 
 
 Xjimite, sf. a limit, boundary; from L. 
 limitem. 
 
 Ijiiniter, va. to limit; from L. limitare. — 
 Der. Wlimiti, Hmiiatif, limits. 
 
 Ijiinitrophe, adj. bordering, neighbouring ; 
 from L. limitrophus. 
 
 LIMON, sm. slime, clay ; from a root Hm *, 
 which is found in L. limus. — Der. limon- 
 eux. 
 
 + Ijiinon, sm. a lemon; from It. Hmone. — 
 Der. limonicr, litnom.de. 
 
 LIMON, sm. shaft, thill (of a cart). Origin 
 unknown. — Der. limoniere, limonier. 
 
 Xiimonade, sf. lemonade. See limon 2. — 
 Der. HmonadicT. 
 
 LIMONEUX, adj. slimy, oozy. See limon i. 
 
 Xjimpide, adj. limpid; from L. limpidus. 
 
 Limpidity, ^. Hmpidity; from L. limpi- 
 ditatem *. For -tateni = -/e see § 2,^0. 
 
 LIN, sm. flax ; from L. linum. — Der. 
 Zmon. 
 
 LINCEUL, sm. a shroud. Prov. linsol, from 
 L. linteolum. For regular change of lin- 
 teolum into lintiolum see a&reg-er, whence 
 linciolum, see agencer. We find linciolo 
 in 7th cent, in the Glosses of Reichenau : 
 ' Sindones linciolos.' Ijinciolo becomes 
 linceul ; for ci = c see agencer ; for o = eu 
 see § 79. 
 
 Iiin^aire, adj. linear ; from L. linearis. 
 
 Iiin6al, adj. lineal; from L. linealis. 
 
 Iiin^ament, sm. a trace, rudiment, linea- 
 ment; from L. lineamentum. 
 
 LINGE, sm. linen ; originally linen cloth, linge 
 being an adj. in O. Fr. The O. Fr. phrase 
 was un drap linge = a linen cloth. Littge 
 is der. regularly from adj. linetim. For 
 lineum = linium and for iu = ju (lin- 
 jum), whence Huge, see abreger. — Der. 
 linger, linghre, lingerie. 
 
 LINGOT, sm. an ingot. Origin unknown. — • 
 Der. lingotiere. 
 
 Xiingual, adj. lingual; from L. lingua lis*, 
 der. from lingua. 
 
 Iiinguiste, sm. a Hnguist ; der. from lingua. 
 — Der. linguistiqae. 
 
 Linguistique, adj. linguistic. See lin- 
 guiste. 
 
 Xjiniment, sm. a liniment; from L. lini- 
 mentum. 
 
 LINON, sm. lawn. See lin. 
 
 LINOT, LINOTTE, sm. a linnet ; so called 
 from feeding chiefly on flax. 
 
 LINTEAU, sm. a lintel, headpiece (of a 
 door) ; formerly lintel, from L. limi- 
 
LION — LIVRA ISON. 
 
 215 
 
 tellus *, der. from limitein. For regular 
 contr. of limitellus into lim'tellus see 
 §52; hence lintel by ra. — n, see changer, 
 hence linteau by el — eau, see agneau. 
 
 LION, sm. a lion; from L. leonem. For 
 eo = io see abreger. 
 
 LIPPE, sf. a pouting lip; of Germ, origin, 
 Germ, lippe. — Der. lippie, lippn. 
 
 LIPPEE, sf. a mouthful, meal. See lippe. 
 
 LIPPU, adj. thick-lipped. See lippe. 
 
 Liquation, sf. (Chem.) liquation ; from L. 
 liquationem. 
 
 Liquefaction, sf. liquefaction ; from L. 
 liquefactionem *. 
 
 Liqu6fier, 2/a. to liquefy; from L. lique- 
 ficare*. 
 
 Liqueur, sm. a liquor; from L. liquorem. 
 — Der. liquor&uyi, liquoriste. 
 
 Liquide, adj. liquid; from L. liquidus. — 
 Der. liquidex, 
 
 Liquider, va. to liquidate. See liquide. — 
 Der. liquiddXxon, liquidnteur. 
 
 Liquidity, s/". liquidity; from L. liquidi- 
 tatem, used for purity, clearness, by Apu- 
 leius. 
 
 LIRE, va. to read; from L. legere. For 
 regular contr. of legere into leg're see 
 § 51, whence lire; for gr = r see ac- 
 cueillir ; for e = i see § 60. — Der. /isant, 
 Zfseur, Zisable. 
 
 LIRON, sm. a garden dormouse. See loir. 
 
 LIS, sm. (Bot.) a lily ; from L. lilius, from 
 liliura, by regular contr. of lilius into 
 Ill's (see § 51). For the continuance of 
 the s see § 149. An orthographic variety 
 of the word is lys. — Der. Z/seron. 
 
 LISERE, sm. a piping, narrow bordering (of 
 ribbon) ; partic. subst. of O. Fr. verb liserer, 
 which is from lisiere. 
 
 LISERON, sm. (Bot.) bindweed. See lis. 
 
 LISIBLE, adj. legible. See lire. 
 
 LISI£rE, sf. binding (of cloths), edge. See 
 liste. — Der. lisere, q. v. 
 
 fLisse, sf. a hand-railing; introd. in l6th 
 cent, from It. liscio. — Der. lisser, lissoir. 
 
 LISSE, sf. warp (of tapestry); from L. licium. 
 
 ■ For ci = ss see agencer. 
 
 LISTE, sf. a list, properly a strip on which is 
 written a row of names ; originally a band, 
 strip (so the word list is used in Engl, and 
 liste in Fr. for a white band across a horse's 
 forehead). Liste, meaning a band, is of 
 Germ, origin, O. H. G. lista. — Der. /isiere 
 (a little liste. Lisiere is from listiere ; for 
 s^ = ss = s see § 168 and angoisse), listezu, 
 ZzVeau, liston, listel. 
 
 LISTEAU, sm. a blue strip (in table linen). 
 
 See liste. — Der. ZzVeau (for listeau ; for loss 
 
 of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81). 
 LISTON, sm. a scroll (heraldry). See liste. 
 LIT, sm. a bed ; from L. lectum. For ect 
 
 = it see attrait. — Der. liteiie, aliter, litean, 
 
 litee. 
 Litanies, sf. pi. litanies ; from Gr. \iTa' 
 
 Vila. 
 LITEAU, sm. a blue stripe. See liste. 
 Litharge, sf. (Min.) litharge; from L. 
 
 lithar gyrus. — Der. litharge, lithargyre. 
 Lithographie, sf. lithography; from Gr. 
 
 \i9os and ypdcpciv. — Der. lithographier, 
 
 lithographique. 
 Lithographier, va. to lithograph. See 
 
 lithographie. — Der. lithographe (verbal 
 
 subst.). 
 Lithotomie, sf (Surg.) lithotomy; from 
 
 Gr. \i6orofj.ia. — Der. lithotome, lithotomiste. 
 Lithotritie, sf. (Surg.) lithotrity; formed 
 
 from Gr. \i9os and L. tritus, p. p. of 
 
 terere. — Der. lilhotriteMT. 
 LITIERE, sf. a litter; from L. lectaria*, 
 
 in medieval Lat. documents. ' Ita pro una 
 
 lectaria' is a phrase found in a docu- 
 ment of A. D. 1333. Lectaria is from 
 
 lectus. For -aria = -tere see § 198; for 
 
 ect = it see attrait. 
 Litige, sm. Htigation; from L. litigium. 
 Litigieux, adj. litigious; from L. litigi- 
 
 osus. For -osvis = -eux see § 229. 
 Litote, sf. (Rhet.) litotes, extenuation ; from 
 
 Gr. \it6tijs. 
 LITRE, sf. a band of black cloth (with the 
 
 armorial bearings of a person deceased) ; 
 
 formerly listre : for loss of s see Hist. Gram. 
 
 p. 8 p. Listre, from Low L. listra, is der. 
 
 from liste. See liste. 
 Litre, sf. a litre (measure of capacity, 1*760 
 
 pint); from Gr. Xirpa. — Der. hectolitre, 
 
 decalitre. 
 Litt6raire, adj. literary; from L. litter- 
 
 arius. 
 Litt6ral, adj. literal; from L. litteralis. — > 
 
 Der. litter alite. 
 Litterateur, sm. a man of letters ; from L. 
 
 litteratorem. 
 Litt6rature, sf. literature; from L. litter- 
 
 atura. 
 Littoral, adj. littoral; from L. littoralis. 
 Liturgie, sf. a liturgy; from Gr. \eiTOvpyia. 
 
 — Der. liturgiqvLG, litzirgiste. 
 Livide, adj. livid; from L. lividus.— Der. 
 
 lividite. 
 Livraison, sf. delivery (of goods), number, 
 
 part (of a serial); from L. liberationem. 
 
 For regular contr. of lib S ratio nam to 
 
2l5 
 
 LIVRE — LONG. 
 
 lib'rationem see § 52, hence livraison. 
 For b = V see § 1 1 3 ; for -ationem = -aison 
 see § 232. Livraison is a doublet of 
 liberation. 
 
 LIVRE, sm. a book; from L. librum. For 
 b=v see § 113. — Der. livret. 
 
 LIVRE, sf. a pound; from L. libra. For 
 b = v see § 113. 
 
 LIVREE, sf. a livery. Sec livrer. 
 
 LIVRER, va. to deliver, abandon ; from L. 
 liberare, found in this sense in Carol, 
 documents : thus we read • Vel pro dona 
 liberanda secum aliquantis diebus manere 
 praecepit,' in the Capitularies of Charles 
 the Bald. For letter-changes see delivrer. 
 Livrer is a doablet of liberer. q. v. — 
 Der. Iivr6e (partic. subst. ; originally a 
 livree, or, as the phrase ran, habits de 
 livree, were clothes distributed by the king 
 yearly to the officers of the household), 
 diUivrer. 
 
 IiObe, sm. a lobe ; from Gr. \60os. — Der. 
 lobi, lobnle. 
 
 XjOcaL odj. local; from L. localis. — Der. 
 localiser. 
 
 XiOCalit^, sf. a locality; from L. locali- 
 tatem. 
 
 Locataire, sm. a tenant; from L. loca- 
 tarius, which, however, means one who 
 hires himself out, not one who rents from 
 another. 
 
 XjOcatif, adj. locative, tenantable ; from L. 
 locativus *. — Der, locatis. 
 
 Location, sf. a letting, hiring; from L. 
 locationem. 
 
 XiOCatis, sm. a sorry hack. See locatif. 
 
 'MiOCh, sm. a ship's log; from Engl^/og*. 
 
 LOCHE, sf. (Ichth.) a loach. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 LOCHER, va. to be loose (of horseshoes, 
 etc.); of Germ, origin, M. H. G. lucke. For 
 ck{ = cc) =ch see § 126. 
 
 i" Locman, sm. a harbour pilot ; of Germ, 
 origin, Neth. lootsman. 
 
 Locomotion, sf. locomotion; from L. 
 loco and motionem. — Der. locomoteur. 
 
 tLocomotive, sf. a locomotive (pro- 
 perly adj.); from Engl, locomotive, pro- 
 perly locomotive engine. 
 
 Locution, sf a form of speech ; from L. 
 locutionem. 
 
 Lods, sm. pi. a lord's dues on sales ; from L. 
 laudes*, so used in Low Lat. 'Si quis 
 emerit terram tenentur de tertio decimo 
 denario, et non plus de laudibus,' occurs 
 in a Chartulary of a. d. 1274. The origi- 
 nal meaning doubtless was a promise, con- 
 
 sent, in which sense we find laudare used in 
 the middle ages. For au = o see § 106. 
 
 tLof sm. (Naut.) luff; from Engl. luff. 
 
 Logarithme, sm. a logarithm; from Gr. 
 \6yos and dpi6n6s. — Der. logarithmiqae. 
 
 LOGE, sf. a lodge, cell, kennel. It. loggia, 
 Lomb. lobia, from L. laubia*, a lodge, in 
 medieval documents. Thus we find in an 
 Act of A. D. 904, ' In palatio quod est fun- 
 datum juxta basilica beatissimi principis 
 apostolorum, in laubia . . . ipsius palatii.' 
 Also in the Polyptych of St. Remi : ' Habet 
 mansum dominicatum, casam cum cellario, 
 laubia, horrea 2.' jjaubia is of Germ, 
 origin, O. H. G. laubja, a hut of Ipaves. 
 Laubia, consonified regularly (see abre- 
 ger) into laubja, becomes loge. For au = 
 o see § 106; for bj=g' see abreger. — Der. 
 loger, logis, logement, logette, logeahle. 
 
 LOGER, va. to lodge. See loge. — Der, log' 
 eur, d6loger. 
 
 Logique, s/. logic ; from L. logica. — Der. 
 logicien. 
 
 LOGIS, sm, a habitation, house. See loger. 
 
 Logogriphe, sm. a riddle ; from Gr. \6yos 
 and ypi(l>os. 
 
 Logomachie, sf. a logomachy, war of 
 words ; from Gr. \oyofMixia. 
 
 LOI, sf law; from L. legem: cp, regem, 
 roi. For e = oi see § 62 ; for loss of g 
 see allier. — Der. zloi. 
 
 LOIN, adv. far; originally loing, from L. 
 longg. For o = oi see § 87. — Der, 
 eloigner (from O. Fr. loing, cp. poignet 
 from poing, soigner from soin, temoigner 
 from temoin). 
 
 LOINTAIN, adj. distant. It. lontano, from 
 L. longitanus*, der. from longe. For 
 regular contr, of longitdnus into long'- 
 tanus see § 52, whence lointain. For 
 -anus = -ain see § 194 ; for ong = oin 
 see loin, 
 
 LOIR, sm. a dormouse. Prov. glire, from L. 
 glirem. The reduction of gl to / is 
 against the rule given. Hist. Gram. p. 71. 
 For i = oi see § 68. — Der. liron, lerot. 
 
 LOISIR, sm. leisure (an infinitive used for a 
 sm,, cp. diner, sonper, etc). The verb 
 loisir, = to have permission not to work, is 
 from L. licere. For i = oi see § 68 ; for 
 c = s see amitie; for e = i see accomplir, 
 — Der, /oisible. 
 
 Lombes, sm.pl. loins; from L, lumbus, — 
 Der, /om6aire. 
 
 LONG, adj. long; from L, longus. — Der, 
 longd&MX, longe, longer, Monger, long- 
 temps, longuet. 
 
LONG A mUlTt — LOVRD. 
 
 %\y 
 
 IiOnganiniit§, sf. longanimity, forbear- 
 ance; from L. longanimitatem. 
 
 LONGE, sf. a tether. See long. 
 
 LONGE, sf. a loin; from L. lumbea, der. from 
 lumbus. For lumbea = lumbia and 
 for lunibia = luinbja see ahreger, whence 
 longe. For u = o see annoncer ; for ra. — n 
 see changer ; for bj =^ see abreger. 
 
 LONGER, va. to go along. See long. 
 
 Loilg6vit6, sf. longevity ; from L. longae- 
 vitatem. 
 
 Longitude, sf. longitude; from L. longi- 
 tudinem. — Der. longitudina.\. 
 
 LONGTEMPS, adv. long, a lon^ time. See 
 long and temps. 
 
 LONGUEUR, sf. length. See long. 
 
 LOPIN, sm. a piece, bit. Origin unknown. 
 
 Loquace, adj. loquacious; from L. loqua- 
 cem. 
 
 Loquacity, sf. loquacity; from L. loquaci- 
 tatem. 
 
 LOQUE, sf. a rag ; of Germ, origin, O. H. G. 
 loc, something hanging, as, e.g. a ' lock ' of 
 hair, thence a rag. 
 
 LOQUET, sm. a latch ; dim. of O. Fr. loc : of 
 Germ, origin, A. S. locan, to lock. 
 
 LORGNER, va. to ogle, glance at ; in Norm, 
 patois loriner: of Germ, origin, Swiss 
 Germ, loren. — Der. lorgnon, lorgnette, 
 lorgneuT. 
 
 LORIOT, sm. (Ornith.) an oriole, goldfinch. 
 O. Fr. loriol, originally oriol in 1 2th-cent. 
 documents, Prov. auriol, from L. aure- 
 olus, i. e. a yellow or gilded bird : similarly 
 the Germans call this bird gold-amsel. 
 Aureolus becomes auriolus (see ahre- 
 ger), whence oriol, by au = o, see § 106. 
 By the agglutination of the article (see 
 lierre) Voriol became loriol, towards the end 
 of the 13th cent. The change of final / to 
 t is peculiar. Loriot is a doublet of aureole, 
 q.v. 
 
 LORS, adv. then; formerly lores, originally 
 I'ores ; from L. hora. For the agglutina- 
 tion of the article see lierre ; for etymology 
 see le and or. — Der. /orsque, a/ors. 
 
 LOS, sm. praise ; from L. laus. For au = 
 see § 106. 
 
 LOSANGE, sf. a lozenge. Origin unknown. 
 
 LOT, sm. a lot, portion ; of Germ, origin, 
 Engl, and Flem. lot. Its doublet is loto, 
 q. V. — Der. lot'xx, loterie. 
 I LOTERIE, sf. a lottery. See lot. 
 [i Lotion, sf. a lotion; from L. lotionem. — 
 Der. lotionner. 
 
 LOTIR, va. to lot, portion. See lot. — Der. 
 loti, lotissement. 
 
 + Loto, sm. loto; from It. loto. 
 
 LOTTE, sf. (Ichth.) lote. Origin unknown. 
 
 f Lotus, sm. (Bot.) lotus; from L. lotus. 
 
 LOUABLE, adj. praiseworthy. See louer 2. 
 
 LOUAGE, sm. letting, hiring. See louer i. 
 
 LOUANGE, sf praise; formerly lounge, from 
 L. laudemia*, a form der. from laudein. 
 For loss of medial d, and for au = o = o?/ 
 see § 106; for -emia = -enija see abre- 
 ger; for m = « see changer, whence -enja, 
 whence -ange, see § 205. — Der. louangex, 
 louangevx. 
 
 LOUCHE, sm. ambiguity, equivocation ; for- 
 merly lousche, Prov. lose, from L. luscus, 
 prim, of lusciosus. Luscus is properly 
 one-eyed. For u = om see accouder; for 
 o — ch see § 126; for loss of s see Hist, 
 Gram. p. 81. — Der. loucher. 
 
 LOUCHET, sm. a grafting-tool. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 LOUER, va. to let, hire, rent; from L. 
 locare. For loss of medial c and for o = ok 
 see affouage. — Der. lounge, loueur. 
 
 LOUER, va. to praise; from L. laudare. 
 For loss of medial d see accabler ; for 
 au = o = OM see § 106. — Der. Zowange (q.v.), 
 lou&hle. 
 
 Lougre, sm. a lugger ; from Engl, lugger. 
 
 Louis, sm. a louis (an old Fr. coin, value 
 19 shillings) ; of hist, origin (see § 33), 
 from Louis XIII, who first issued this coin, 
 A. D. 1640. The proper name Louis, O. Fr. 
 Lois, originally Loois, is from L. Ludo- 
 vicus, of Germ, origin, from Hluodowig, 
 which is compd. of hluodo (illustrious) and 
 wig (a battle). For suffix -icus=-i see 
 § 212. Ludovicus then loses medial d (see 
 accabler), and medial v (see a'ieul), then 
 u = (see annoncer), whence O. Fr. Loots, 
 afterwards contrd. to Lo'is (cp. rond from 
 O, Fr. roond). Lo'is becomes Louis by 
 softening to ou, see § 81. 
 
 LOUP, sm. a wolf; from L. lupus. For 
 u = OM see accouder. — Der. louve (from L. 
 lupa : for u = ou see § 90 ; for p = v see 
 § III), louvcLt, louvet, Zowt/eteau, louvetier, 
 louvetene ; loupe (a tumour, cp. Germ. 
 wolfgeschwulst, lit. a wolfs tumour). 
 
 LOUP-CERVIER, sm. a lynx; from L. 
 lupus-cervarius, in Pliny. For letter- 
 changes see loup ; for -arius = -ier see 
 
 § I9«. 
 LOUPE, sf. a magnifying glass. See loup. 
 LOUP-GAROU, sm. a were-wolf. See garou. 
 LOURD, adj. heavy. It. lordo (dirty), from 
 
 L. luridus, first dirty, then lazy, heavy ; 
 
 original sense, yellowish). Luridus, 
 
ai8 
 
 LOURE — LUTH. 
 
 contrd. regularly (see § 51), becomes 
 lur'dus, whence lourd ; for u = om see 
 § 90. — Der. lourdeuT, lourdiud, lourd- 
 erie, zlonrdir. 
 
 LOURE, sf. (Mus.) a loure (dance). Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 LOUTRE, sf. an otter ; from L. lutra. For 
 u = o« see § 90. 
 
 LOUVE, sf. a she-wolf. See loup. — Der. 
 louvet, /owveteau, /owfeterie, louvetier. 
 
 LOUVOYER, vtt. to tack ; formerly lovoyer, 
 der. from Iqf. For relation of lof to lovoyer 
 see achever; for o = om see § 81. For 
 etymology of lof see that word. 
 
 LOYAL, adj. loyal. It. leale, from L. legalis, 
 sc. conformable to law, whence loyal = con- 
 formable to the laws of honour. Legalis 
 in this sense is very common in medieval 
 documents, as e. g. ' legaliter custodire ' in 
 an Act of a.d. 1355; so also we read in 
 St. Bernard's Epistles, ' Neque enim et per- 
 jurus esse, et legalis simul manere poterit.' 
 An ilth-cent. act also has ' Ad quos 
 missi sunt quatuor legales homines qui 
 ex ore ipsorum . . . audierunt.' Legalis be- 
 comes loyal by losing medial g (see oilier), 
 and by e = oi (see § 61). For alis = aZ 
 see § 191. Loyal is a doublet of legal, 
 q. V. — Der. deloyal. 
 
 LOYAUTE, sf. loyalty ; formerly loyalte, from 
 L. legalitatem, deriv, of legalis. Legal- 
 itfiitem, regularly contrd. (see § 52) to 
 legal'tatem, becomes loyalte by legal = 
 loyal. For -tateni = -/e' see § 230. Loyalte 
 becomes loyaute by al = au, see agneau. 
 Loyaute is a doublet of legalite, q. v. 
 
 LOYER, sm. hire (of rooms, etc.) ; from L. 
 locarium. For loss of medial c see 
 affouage ; the y is intercalated for the sake 
 of euphony. 
 
 IjUbie, sf. capriciousness of will, a whim, 
 crochet; from L. lubere. 
 
 IiUbrifier, va. to lubricate; from L. lubri- 
 ficare*; der. from lubricus. For loss of 
 C see affouage. 
 
 Lubrique, adj. lewd; from L. lubricus. — 
 Der. lubrich^. 
 
 IiUCanie, sf a dormer-window ; from L. 
 lucarna *, found for lucerna in some late 
 Lat. documents. Lucerna is properly a 
 lamp, then in Fr. a light, window-light. 
 
 XjUCide, adj. lucid; from L. lucidus. 
 
 Lucidity, sf lucidity; from L. lucid- 
 itatem, 
 
 liUCratif, adj. lucrative; from L. lucrat- 
 ivus. 
 
 ljUCre, sm. lucre, gain; from L. lucrum. 
 
 LUETTE, sf. the uvula ; in eariiest Fr. Vuette. 
 Uette is dim. of root ve*, which answers to 
 L. uva. For loss of v see a'ieul ; for 
 diminutive suffix see § 281 ; for agglutina- 
 tion of article {luette for Vuette) see lierre. 
 
 LUEUR, sf a glimmer, light, gleam. Prov. 
 lugor, from L, lucorem *, a hypothetical 
 deriv. from lucem. For loss of medial e 
 see affouage ; for o = eu see § 79. 
 
 Lugubre, adj. lugubrious; from L. lugu- 
 bris. 
 
 LUI, pers. pron. mf. sing. him. See le. 
 
 LUIRE, vn. to shine ; from L. lucere. By 
 displacement of Lat. accent from lucere to 
 liicere (see Hist. Gram. p. 133), and by 
 loss of the then atonic § (§ 51), we have 
 luc're, whence luire by CT = ir, see benir. 
 — Der. luisant, xduire. 
 
 tliUmbagO, sm. (Med.) lumbago; from 
 L. lumbago. 
 
 LUMIERE, sf. light. Prov. lumneira, from 
 L. luminaria. Luminaria, regularly 
 contrd. (see § 52) into lum'naria, be- 
 comes lumiere. For -aria = -iere see § 198 ; 
 for ran = m see allumer. 
 
 LUMIGNON, sm. snufF of a candle ; from L. 
 luminionem *, der. from lumen. For 
 ni = ^« see cigogne. 
 
 Luminaire, sm. a luminary ; from L. 
 luminare. 
 
 IiUmineux, adj. luminous; from L. lumi- 
 nosus. 
 
 liUnatique, adj. lunatic; from L. luna- 
 ticus. 
 
 LUNDI, sm. Monday. It. lunedi, from L. 
 lunae dies, found in this sense in the 
 Inscriptions. 
 
 LUNE, sf. the moon ; from L. lima. — Der. 
 Zwwaire, /wwaison, /w«ette (so called from] 
 the round glasses), /wwule. 
 
 LUNETTE, sf. a telescope, eyeglass, spec-^ 
 tacles. See lune. — Der. lunettier. 
 
 Lupin, sm. (Bot.) a lupine; from L. 
 lupinus. 
 
 LURON, sm. a jolly fellow. Origin unknown.] 
 
 Lustral, adj. lustral; from L. lustralis. 
 
 Lustration, sf. a lustration ; from L.1 
 lustrationem. 
 
 Lustre, sm. lustre, splendour, also a ' lustrum^ 
 (space of five years). See lustrer. 
 
 Lustrer, va. to give gloss 'to, glaze; 
 clean, then to brighten; from L. lustrar< 
 — Der. histre (verbal subst.), lustr'mt. 
 
 Lut, sm. (Chem.) lute, luting; from 
 lutum. — Der. luter. 
 
 fLuth, sm. a lute; introd. from It. liuto.- 
 Der. luthxtx. 
 
LUTIN — MAgON, 
 
 219 
 
 LUTIN, sm. a goblin, elf. Origin unknown. 
 
 — Der. lutinei. 
 LUTRIN, sm. a lectern ; formerly lelrin, from 
 
 L. lectrinum; der. from lectrum, used 
 
 for a pulpit in Isidore of Seville. For 
 
 ct = t see § 168; for e = M see jwneau. 
 LUTTE, sf. a struggle ; from L. lucta. For 
 
 letter-changes see lutter. 
 LUTTER, vn. to wrestle, struggle ; from L. 
 
 luctari. For ct = // see § 168. — Der. 
 
 lutteViX. 
 Luxation, sf. (Surg.) luxation, dislocation ; 
 
 from L. luxationem. 
 XiUxe, sm. luxury; from L. luxus. — Der. 
 
 luxuevLX. 
 Luxer, va. to dislocate; from L. luxare. 
 Luxure, sf. lewdness; from L. luxuria. 
 
 Luxurieux, adj. lewd ; from L. lux- 
 uriosus. For -osvjlS =^ -eux see § -229. 
 
 LUZERNE, sf. (Bot.) lucern. Origin un- 
 known. — Der. luzermhxe. 
 
 Lycanthropie, sf. lycanthropy ; from Gr. 
 \vKav6pojnia. — Der. lycanthrope. 
 
 Lycee, sm. a lyceum ; from Gr. KvKdov (the 
 Lyceum at Athens). 
 
 Lycopode, sm. (Bot.) lycopodium; from 
 Gr. \vKos and irovs. 
 
 Lymphatique, adj. lymphatic; from L. 
 lymphaticus. 
 
 Lymphe, sf lymph, sap; from L. lympha. 
 
 Ljmx, sm. a lynx ; from L. lynx. 
 
 Lyre, sf. a lyre; from L. lyra. 
 
 Lyrique, adj. lyrical; from L. lyricus. 
 
 LYS, sm. a lily. See lis. 
 
 M. 
 
 MA, poss. pron.f my. See mon. 
 
 Macadam, sm. macadam ; of hist, origin 
 (from Mr. Macadam, who introduced this 
 method of laying roads), see § 33. — Der. 
 macadamxset. 
 
 + Macaque, sm. a macauco, dog-faced 
 baboon ; from Port, macaco. 
 
 •{"Macaron, sw. a macaroon, cake ; from 
 It. maccarone. Its doublet is maccheroni, 
 q.v. 
 
 fMacaroni, sm. macaroni; from It. 
 maccheroni (pi. of maccarone). 
 
 tMacaronique, adj. macaronic; from 
 It. macckeronico. 
 
 Macedoine, sf. a medley. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 Maceration, sf. maceration ; from L. 
 macerationem. 
 
 Mac§rer, va. to macerate; from L. mace- 
 rare. 
 
 MACHE, sf. a mash. Origin unknown. 
 
 MACHEFER, sm. scales of iron. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 MACHELIERE, sf. a jaw-tooth, grinder; 
 from L. maxiUarius. For ■x. = ch see 
 Idche ; for i = ^ see § 72 ; for -arius = -iere 
 see § 198. 
 
 MACHER, va. to masticate ; formerly mas- 
 cher, Prov. masgar. It. masticare, from L. 
 mastieare. For regular contr. of masti- 
 cdre to mast'care see § 52 ; whence 
 mas'care, see Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; hence 
 mascher. For ca. = che see §§ 126 and 54; 
 hence mdcher by loss of s, see Hist. Gram. 
 
 p. 81 — Mdcher is a doublet of mastiquer, 
 q. V. — Der. mdcAeur, machoixe, mhchonner. 
 
 Machiavelisme, sm. Machiavelism ; from 
 Machiavelli, the Florentine historian. For 
 this historic word see § 33. — Der. ma- 
 chiaveliqae, machiaveliste. 
 
 Machicoulis, sm. machicolation. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 Machinal, adj. mechanical ; from L. ma- 
 chinalis. 
 
 Machinateur, sm. a plotter; from L. 
 machinatorem. 
 
 Machination, sf. a machination ; from L. 
 machinationem. 
 
 Machine, s/. a machine ; from L. machina. 
 
 Machiner, va. to plot ; from L, ma- 
 chinari. — Der. machiniste. 
 
 MACHOIRE, sf. a. jaw. See mdcher. 
 
 MACHONNER, va. to mumble. See md- 
 cher. 
 
 MACHURER, va. to blacken ; formerly mas- 
 churer, originally mascurer. Of Germ, 
 origin, O.H.G. masca, a blot, spot. For 
 loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81; for c = cA 
 see § 126. 
 
 Macis, sm. mace (a spice) ; from L. macis. 
 
 Made, sf. (Bot.) caltrop, (Min.) made. 
 Origin unknown. 
 
 MA^ON, sm. a mason ; from L. macionem, 
 in Isidore of Seville : another form is ma- 
 ehionem. ch is softened to c in Latin 
 tiroes. For -eionem- = po« see § 231. — 
 Der. ma^onner, mafonnzge, mafonniqne, 
 franc-wza^o/i, maf onnerie. 
 
220 
 
 MA CRE USE — MA TLLET. 
 
 MACREUSE, (Omith.) s/. the black diver. 
 Origin unknown. 
 
 Maoule, sf. a spot; from L. macula. Its 
 doublet is maille, q. v. 
 
 Macular, va. to spot, blemish; from L. 
 maculare. — Der. mac?//ation, macuhtmt. 
 
 MADAME, sf. Madam, Mistress. See ma and 
 daine. Its doublet is madone, q, v. 
 
 MADEMOISELLE, sf. Mademoiselle, Miss. 
 See tna and demoiselle. 
 
 t Madone, sf. a Madonna; from It. 
 madona. 
 
 Madras, sm. a Madras handkerchief; of 
 hist, origin, see § 33 ; a fabric made origi- 
 nally at Madras. 
 
 MADRfi, adj. spotted, speckled (as in phrases 
 bois madre, porcelaine madree), cunning, 
 sly. Madre is derived from O. Fr. madre, 
 mazdre ; of Germ, origin, Germ, maser, 
 spotted wood. Maser, contrd. to mas'r, be- 
 comes O.Fr. masdre, mazdre. For sr — sdr 
 see anckre ; for loss of s see Hist. Gram, 
 p. 81. From the sense of spotted, varied 
 in colour or shade, the word takes the sense 
 of ready in ruse and resources, sly. 
 
 "t Madr6pore, sm. madrepore; from It. 
 madrepora. 
 
 MADRIER, sm. a joist ; from L. materia- 
 rius*, der. from materia. For regular 
 contr. of matSriarius to mat'riarius 
 see § 52, hence madrier. For tr = (/r see 
 aider; for -ariu8 = -i^ see § 198. 
 
 + Madrigal, sm. a madrigal ; from It. ma- 
 drigale. 
 
 tMagasin, sm. a warehouse, shop, maga- 
 zine; formerly ma^azm. Of Oriental origin, 
 Ar. machdzin, properly stores of mer- 
 chandise, then a shop. 
 
 Mage, sm. a magian ; from L. magus. 
 
 Magie, sf magic; from L. magia. — Der. 
 ma^ique, m,agici€.n. 
 
 + Magister, sm. a schoolmaster, pedant; 
 from L. magister. Its doublet is maitre, 
 q. V. 
 
 MagistSre, sm. a Grandmastership ; from L. 
 magisterium. 
 
 Magistral, adj. magistral, magisterial ; from 
 L. magistralis. 
 
 Magistrat, sm. a magistrate; from L. ma- 
 gistratus. — Der. magistratarc. 
 
 Magnanime, adj. magnanimous; from L. 
 magnanimus. 
 
 Magnanimity, sf. magnanimity; from L. 
 magnanimitatem. 
 
 Magnat, sm. a magnate; from L. magna- 
 tus (in this sense in St. Jerome). 
 
 Magn^sie, sf (Chem.) magnesia ; from L. 
 
 magnes, a magnet — magnesia having been 
 assimilated by the magnet. 
 
 Magn6tique, adj. magnetic ; from L. mag- 
 neticus. — Der. tnagnetiser. 
 
 Magn6tiser, va. to magnetise. See mag- 
 nelique. — Der. magndliseur, magnMsme. 
 
 Magnificence, sf magnificence; from L. 
 magnificentia. 
 
 Magniiique, sf magnificent; from L. 
 magnificus, 
 
 Magnolier, sm. (Bot.) a magnolia ; of hist, 
 origin (see § 33), from Magnol, who died 
 A.D. 1715. 
 
 MAGOT, sm. a Barbary ape. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 MAI, sm. May (month of) ; from L. madius, 
 a form for xaaius found in medieval Lat. 
 * Tunc etiam mensis xaadius florebat in 
 herbis,' says a 1 2th-cent, poem. Again in 
 an iith-cent document, ' Expeditionem 
 movet comes mense madio.' For -adius 
 = -ai, see bai. 
 
 MAIE, sf a kind of dish ; from L. magida 
 (found in Varro). For loss of medial g 
 see allier, and of d (maida) see accahler. 
 
 MAIGRE, adj. thin, lean ; from L. macrum. 
 For a = az see § 54; for QT=gr see ad- 
 juger. — Der. maigrelet, maigret, maigrir. 
 
 MAIGREUR, sm. leanness ; from L. macro- 
 rein. For & = ai see § 54; for CT=gr 
 see adjuger ; for o = eu see § 79. 
 
 MAIGRIR, sm. to grow lean. See maigre. 
 
 MAIL, sm. a mall, hammer; from L. mal- 
 leum which became mallium. For eu = 
 iu see abreger, hence mail ; for alliiun. = 
 ail see ail. — Der. maiRet. 
 
 MAILLE, sf. a mesh ; from L. macula. For 
 regular contr. of mdcula to m.ac'la 
 see § 51, whence maille. For cl = «7 see 
 abeille. Maille is a doublet of macule. — 
 Der. maillot, mailUx. 
 
 MAILLE, sf. a small coin, maille (worth 
 •083 of a farthing), found in the phrase 
 n' avoir ni sou ni maille ; formerly meaille, 
 O. Port, mealha, answering to L. m.etallea, 
 which became successively metallia (see 
 abreger), and medallia (see aider). Me- 
 dallia is found in sense of money in medieval 
 documents : ' Thesaurus cum medaleis 
 aureis inventus fuerit in horto' is found in 
 an Act of a. d. 1 274 ; also in a Lat. glossary 
 ' Obolus quod est medalia,' whence, by loss 
 of medial d (see accahler), comes O. Fr. 
 meaille, whence maaille (see amender), 
 whence maille. For aa = a cp. age for aage. 
 
 MAILLET, sm. a mallet. See mail. — Der. 
 mailloche. 
 
MA ILLOT—MALFA ITEUR. 
 
 2,21 
 
 MAILLOT, sm. swaddling clothes. See 
 maille (l). 
 
 MAIN, sf. a hand ; from L. manus. For 
 -anus = -am see § 194. — Der. main- 
 d'oeuvre (see de and ceiivre). 
 
 MAINT, adj. many. Origin unknown. 
 
 MAINTENANT, adv. now. See maintenir. 
 
 MAINTENIR, va. to maintain. See main 
 and tenir. — Der. matntien (verbal subst.), 
 tnaintenue, maintenant. 
 
 MAINTIEN, sm. maintenance. See maintenir. 
 
 MAIRE, sm. a mayor; from L. majorem, 
 found in this sense in medieval documents ; 
 properly the chief man of a city. The late 
 Lat. misplaced the accent from majorem 
 to majorem; then mdjorem, regularly 
 • contrd. (see § 51) into maj'rem. becomes 
 maire. For j = / see aider. Maire is a 
 doublet of major, majeur. — Der. maine. 
 
 MAIS, co?tj. but ; from L. magis. The ori- 
 ginal sense ' more ' is still seen in the phrase 
 n'en pouvoir mais. Magis loses its medial 
 g (see Hist. Gram, p. 82) and so becomes 
 mats, mais, 
 
 t Mais, sm. maize; introd. from Sp. mahis. 
 
 MAISON, sf. a house ; from L. mansionem. 
 For ns = s see atne; for attraction of i, 
 which changes a to ai, see aigle. — Der. 
 Twa/sownette. 
 
 MAITRE, sm. a master ; formerly maistre, 
 originally maistre, from L. magistrum. 
 For loss of medial g see Hist. Gram. p. 82, 
 whence maistre, then maistre ; whence 
 maitre by loss of s, see Hist. Gram. p. 8r. 
 Maitre is a doublet of magister, q. v. — Der. 
 maiiresse, maitrise, maitrisQi, maitre-nute]. 
 
 MAITRISER, va. to master, domineer. See 
 maitre. — Der. maitrise (verbal subst.). 
 
 Majest6, sf. majesty; from L. maj esta- 
 te m. — Der. majestueux. 
 
 MAJEUR, adj. greater, important ; from L. 
 majorem. For o = eu see § 79. Its 
 doublet is maire, q. v. 
 
 Major, sffi. a major ; from L. majorem. Its 
 doublet is maire, q. v. 
 
 Majorat, sm. a majorat, a property which de- 
 scends with a title ; from L. majoratum*. 
 
 Majordorae, sm. a major-domo; from L. 
 major and domus. 
 
 Majority, sf. majority; from L. majori- 
 
 tatem. 
 j Majuscule, adj. capital (of letters) ; from 
 L. majusculus. 
 
 MAL, sm. evil, harm ; from L. malum. 
 
 MAL, adv. amiss, ill, badly ; from L. male. 
 — Der. ma/propre, wo/veillant, wo/adroit, 
 mala.de. 
 
 MAL, adj. bad ; from L. malus. This sense 
 remains in the compd. substantives malgre, 
 malheur, malaise, malencontre, malemort, 
 malfa^ofi. 
 
 Malachite, sf malachite ; from Gr. fjio\o- 
 XiTT/s (sc. KiOos). 
 
 Malacie, sf. (Med.) malacia ; from Gp. 
 fiaXafcid. 
 
 MALADE, adj. sick, ill; in the loth cent. 
 malabde, Prov. malapte, from L, male- 
 aptus, compd. of male and aptus, pro- 
 perly ill-disposed, then indisposed, then 
 sick, ill. For p = 6 see: § 1 1 1 ; for t = c? 
 see aider. Malabde becomes malade by 
 loss of b, just as dub'tare becomes douter. 
 — Der. maladie, malad'iL 
 
 MALADRESSE, sf unskilfulness. See adresse. 
 
 MALADROIT, adj. maladroit, clumsy. See 
 adroit. — Der. maladroitement. 
 
 MALAISE, sm. uneasiness, adj. uneasy. See 
 aise. — Der. malaise. 
 
 t Malandrin, sm. a highwayman; from 
 It. malandrino. 
 
 MALART, sm. a mallard, wild drake. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 MAL AVISER,T/a. to judge unwisely. Setaviser. 
 
 Malaxer, t/a..(Eharm.) to work up; from 
 L, malaxare. 
 
 MALE, sm. male; formerly masle, in 12th 
 cent, mascle, from L. m,asclus, a form of 
 m.asculus, which is found in the Appendix 
 ad Probum. For cl = / cp, musclus, 
 moule; marc'linus*, merlin: for loss of 
 s see Hist. Gram. p. 8 1. 
 
 Malediction, sf. a malediction, curse ; from 
 L. malediction em (so used in St. Jerome). 
 
 MALEFAIM, sf cruel hunger. See mal (3) 
 and faim. 
 
 Mal6fice, sm. witchcraft; from L. malefi; 
 cium. — Der. malefc'ie. 
 
 Mal^fique, adj. malevolent; fromL. male- 
 ficus. 
 
 MALEMORT, sf. a tragic death. See mal 
 (3) and mort. 
 
 MALENCONTRE, sf. a mishap. See encon- 
 tre and mal (3). — Der. malencontreux. 
 
 MALENTENDU, sm. a misunderstanding. 
 See mal (3) and entendre. 
 
 MALEPESTE, interj. plague on! See mal 
 (3) and peste. 
 
 Mal6vole, adj. malevolent; from L. male- 
 volus. 
 
 MALFACON, sf. a trick, bad piece of work. 
 See mal (3) and /afo«. 
 
 MALE AIRE, vn. to do evil. See mal (2) 
 and/azVe, — Der. malfaisdioi, malfaisunce. 
 
 MALFAITEUR, sm. a malefactor ; from L. 
 
%22 
 
 MALFA Mt — MA NA NT. 
 
 znalefactorem. For ot = jV see attrait; 
 
 for o — eit see § 79. 
 MALFAME, adj. ill-famed. See mal (2) 
 
 and fame. 
 MALGRACIEUX, adj. rude. See mal (2) 
 
 and grqcieux. 
 MALGKE, prep, in spite of; originally asm., 
 
 a compd. of O. Fr. adj. mal (3) and gre 
 
 (q. v.). 
 MALHABILE, adj. unskilful. See mal (3) 
 
 and habile. 
 MALHEUR, sm. misfortune. See mal (3) 
 
 and heiir. — Der. malheureux. 
 MALHONNfiTE, adj. dishonest, uncivil. See 
 
 mal (2) and honnete. 
 MALHONNETETE, sf. incivility. See mal 
 
 (3) and honnetete. 
 MALICE, sf. malice ; from L. malitia. For 
 
 tia = ce see agencer. 
 MALICIEUX, adj. malicious ; from L. mali- 
 
 tiosus. For -oawB = -eux see § 229. 
 Malignity, sf. malignity; from L. malig- 
 
 nitatem. For -tateni = -/e see § 230. 
 MALIN, adj. malignant ; from L. malignus. 
 
 For gn = « see assener and §131. 
 iBIalines, sf. Mechlin lace ; of hist, origin 
 
 (see § 33), from Malines, where this kind 
 
 of lace was first made. 
 MALINGRE, adj. ailing ; comp. of mal and 
 
 of O. Fr. adj. hingre, heingre*, which from 
 
 L. aegrum. Aegrum, reduced regularly 
 
 to egrum (see § 104), intercalates an n (see 
 
 concombre), whence eingre. For e = « 
 
 before a nasal see § 61 ; for addition of h 
 
 see envahir. 
 Malintentionn^, adj. evil-intentioned. 
 
 See mal (2) and intentionne. 
 MALLE, sf. a trunk ; of Germ, origin, O. H.G. 
 
 malha. — Der. malle-posie, malliet. 
 Malleable, adj. malleable; from L. malle- 
 
 abilis *. — Der. malleability. 
 Mall^ole, sf. (Anat.) malleolus; from L. 
 
 malleolus. 
 MALMENER, va. to maltreat. See mal (2) 
 
 and mener. 
 MALOTRU, sm. a rude, ill-bred person ; 
 
 formerly malostru, originally malestru, 
 
 meaning unhappy. Prov. malastruc, opposed 
 
 to benastruc, is from L, astrutus *, which 
 
 signifies ' under the influence of a star,' good 
 
 or bad (for utTis = tt see § 2or ; for a = o 
 
 see dommage), from astruin, used in 
 
 Petronius for chance, fortune. 
 Malpropre, adj. dirty. See mal (2) and 
 
 propre. — Der. malpropret6. 
 MALSAIN, adj. unhealthy. See mal (2) and 
 
 MALS6ANT, adj. unbecoming. See mal (2) 
 and seant. 
 
 MALSONNANT, adj. ill-sounding, offensive. 
 See mal and sonner. 
 
 i'Malt, sm. malt; of Germ, origin, Engl. 
 malt.^ 
 
 MALTOTE, sf. an exaction, impost ; formerly 
 maltolte, compd. of mal, see mal (3), and 
 tolte, which is from medieval L. tolta, 
 a tax. ' NuUam toltam faciet eis in mer- 
 cato suo, nisi monachi concesserint ' is found 
 in a Chartulary of a.d. 1085. Tollta is 
 contrd. from strong p. p. tollita, meaning 
 properly that which is carried off. For 
 this strong p. p. see § 188. From tolta 
 and the adj. mala comes the compd. luala- 
 tolta, found in medieval documents. ' Mer- 
 catores . . . vcndebant sine toltis mails,' 
 says Matthew Paris. In a Chartulary of a.d. 
 1 2 24 we find ' de malatolta quam Joannes 
 rex Angliae et sui imposuerunt, sic erit.' — 
 Der. maliotier. 
 
 MALTRAITER, va. to maltreat. See trailer 
 and mal (2). 
 
 Malvac6e, adj. sf. (Bot.) malvaceous plant ; 
 from L. malvaceus. 
 
 MALVEILLANT, adj. malevolent. See bien- 
 veillant. — Der. malveillanct. 
 
 MALVERSER,v«. to be guilty of evil practices. 
 See mal (2) znAverser. — Der. malversation. 
 
 MAMAN, sf. mama (onomatopoetic). See 
 
 § 34. 
 
 MAMELLE, sf. a teat, breast ; from L. ma- 
 milla. For i — e see § 52. — Der. ma- 
 melon. 
 
 MAMELON, sm. a teat. See mamelle. 
 
 Mamillaire, adj. mamillary; from L, ma- 
 millaris. 
 
 Mammaire, adj. mammary; from L. 
 mamma. 
 
 Mammifdre, sf. mammiferous; from L. 
 mamma and ferre. 
 
 Mammouth., sm. a mammoth. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 MANANT, sm. a peasant, clown; a term 
 of feudal law, signifying inhabitant of a 
 burgh or village, as in the phrase Les 
 manantse^ habitants d'une paroisse. From 
 this sense of villager comes later the sense of 
 coarseness, clownishness. Manant is from 
 L. m.anentem, cp. tenant from tenentem. 
 Manentem (which properly means one 
 who remains, is attached to the soil) means 
 a peasant in medieval documents : thus we 
 have ' Tradidit casam cum territorio suo 
 et manentes xv cum colonis,' in a Dona- 
 tion of A.D. 1080. 
 
MANCHE—MA NUFA CTURE. 
 
 223 
 
 MANCHE, sf. a sleeve ; from L. manica, by 
 regular contr. (see § 51) of radnica to 
 man'ca, whence manche. For ca — che see 
 §§126 and 54. — Dei.manchette, manchon. 
 
 MANCHE, sm. a handle, neck (of a fiddle, 
 etc.) ; from L. manica. For letter-changes 
 see above. Its doublet is mantque. — Der. 
 emmancher, demancher. 
 
 MANCHOT, sm. a one-handed person ; adj. 
 one-armed ; dim. of O. Fr. mane: cp. bachot 
 from bac. The O. Fr. mane is from L. 
 mancus. 
 
 f Mandarin, S7W. a Mandarin ; from Port. 
 Tnandarin, a name given by the_ Portuguese 
 to the upper officials of the Chinese Empire; 
 a word not used by the Chinese themselves. 
 
 Mandat, sm. a mandate; from L. man- 
 datum. Its doublet is mande Der. man- 
 
 rfa/aire. 
 
 Mandement, sm. a mandate, charge (bi- 
 shop's). See mander. 
 
 Mander, va. to send (by message, etc); 
 from L. man da re. — Der. mandement, de- 
 mander, contremander. 
 
 Mandibule, sf. a mandible, jaw ; from L. 
 mandibula. 
 
 + Mandoline, s/. a mandoline; from It. 
 mandolino. 
 
 f Mandore, sf. a mandura (lute); from 
 It. mandora. 
 
 Mandragore, sf. (Bot.) mandrake; from 
 L. mandragora. 
 
 MANDRIN, sf. a mandrel. Origin unknown. 
 
 Manducation, sf. manducation, eating ; 
 from L. manducationem. 
 
 + Manage, sm. training (of horses); from 
 It. maneggio. 
 
 Manes, sm.pl. manes, shade; from L. manes. 
 
 + Manganese, sm. manganese; from 
 Germ, mangan. 
 
 MANGER, va. to eat ; from L. manducare, 
 by contr. (see § 52) of manducdre to 
 mand'care, whence manger. For dc = c 
 = g see adjuger. — Der. mangeoire, mange- 
 aille, demanger, mangeable, mangexxx, mang- 
 eure. 
 
 Maniaque, adj. maniacal, sm. a maniac ; 
 from L. maniacus. 
 
 iManie, sf. a mania; from L. mania. 
 
 MANIER, va. to touch, handle; from L. 
 manicare, from manus. For loss of 
 medial c see affouage. — Der. maniement, 
 rtmanier, manidhXe. 
 MANIERE, sf manner ; from Schol. L. ma- 
 neria, found in Abelard = genere, kind, 
 der. from L. manus. For e = ie see 
 § 56. — Der. maniere. 
 
 Manifestation, sf manifestation ; from L. 
 manifestationem. 
 
 Manifesto, adj. manifest, sm. a manifesto; 
 from L. manifestus. 
 
 Manifester, va. to manifest; from L. ma- 
 nifestare, der. from manifestus. — Der. 
 manifeste (verbal subst.). 
 
 Manigance, sf a manceuvre ; from manus, 
 through some unknown intermediary form. 
 — Der. maniganeex. 
 
 + Manille, sf manille (a term used in the 
 game of ombre) ; from Sp. malilla. 
 
 i* Manioc, sm. tapioca; introd. from Sp. 
 American colonies. 
 
 Manipule, sm. a handful, maniple ; from L. 
 manipulus. — Der. manipulex, manipula- 
 tion. 
 
 MANIVELLE, sf. a crank, winch. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 MANNE, sf. manna ; from L. manna. 
 
 MANNE, sf. a hamper; of Germ, origin. 
 Germ, manne (?) 
 
 + Mannequin, sm. a mannikin ; of Germ, 
 origin, Du. maneken, a little man. 
 
 MANCEUVRE, sf. a manoeuvre, properly 
 work of the hand ; from medieval L. manu- 
 opera, contrd. to manopera. For letter- 
 changes see oeuvre. — Der. mancBuvrex, ma- 
 nouvriex, manceuvnex. 
 
 MANOIR, sm. a manor; from L, mane- 
 rium*, in medieval texts, = a residence, 
 from manere, to reside. For e = oi see 
 § 62. 
 
 MANQUER, vn. to miss ; from L. mancare*, 
 properly to mutilate, from adj. mancus — 
 Der. manque (verbal subst.), manquement, 
 immanquahle. 
 
 Mansarde, sf. a garret window, garret ; of 
 hist, origin (see § 33), from Mansard, who 
 invented this kind of window. 
 
 Mansu6tude, sf. gentleness; from L. 
 mansuetudinem. 
 
 MANTE, sf. a mantle ; from L. mantum, a 
 short cloak, in Isidore of Seville. — Der. 
 O. Fr. mantel *, softened into manteau (for 
 el = eau see agneau), which has, however, 
 survived in demanteler (q. v.) and in man- 
 telet. 
 
 MANTEAU, sm. a cloak. See mante. 
 
 MANTELET, sm. a short cloak. See mante. 
 
 t Mantille, s/". a mantilla; from Sp. man- 
 tilla. 
 
 Manuel, adj. manual; from L. manualis. 
 
 Manufacture, sf. manufacture; a word 
 formed from two Lat. words factura and 
 manus, lit. a making by the hand. — Der. 
 manufacturex, manufacturiex. 
 
224 
 
 MANUSCRIT—MARE. 
 
 Manuscrit, sm. a manuscript ; from L. 
 manu scriptus. 
 
 "Man utention, sf. maintenance. Before 
 being thus restricted the word meant admi- 
 nistration, originally action of managing. 
 Manutention is from two Lat. words manus 
 and tenere. 
 
 Mappemonde, sf. a map of the world; from 
 L. mappa mundi, lit. a cloth of the world. 
 
 MAQUEREAU, sm. a mackerel. Origin un- 
 known, 
 
 t Maquette, s/; a sculptor's rough model ; 
 from It. tnacchietta. 
 
 MAQUIGNON, sm. a horse dealer ; of Germ, 
 origin, Flem. macken, to traffic. — Der. ma- 
 quignonnzge. 
 
 MARAICHER, sm. a kitchen gardener. See 
 marais. 
 
 MARAIS, sm. a marsh, bog, kitchen garden 
 (environs of Paris) ; formerly marois and 
 maresc, from medieval L. mariscus. Ma- 
 riscus is of Germ, origin, O. Flem. mae- 
 rasch. Mariscus becomes marais by sc 
 = c, see bois ; and by i = oi, see boire. 
 For oi = ai see § 62. Ffom O. Fr. maresc 
 comes O. Fr. marescage, now marecage (for 
 loss of s see Hist, Gram. p. 81), O.Fr. ma- 
 raischer now maraicher. For letter-changes 
 see f rats znd/raiche. 
 
 Marasme, sm. consumption ; from Gr. fia- 
 pafffiSs, 
 
 t Mar as quin, sw. maraschino; from It. 
 marasca, a cherry, whence the liqueur is 
 made. 
 
 MARATRE, sf. a step-mother, a cruel mother; 
 formerly marrastre, from L. matraster * 
 (for restriction of meaning see § 13). 
 Matraster, contrd. regularly to matrast'r 
 (see § 50), becomes marrastre, then 
 marastre by tr = rr = r (see § 168), then 
 mardtre (see Hist, Gram. p. 81). 
 
 MARAUD, sm. a knave, rascal. Origin un- 
 known. — Der. marauder. 
 
 MARAUDER, va. to go marauding, ravage. 
 See maraud. — Der. maraude (verbal subst.), 
 maraudem. 
 
 fMarav6dis, sm. a maravedi (Sp. coin) ; 
 from Sp. maravedi. 
 
 MARBRE, sm. marble ; from L. marmorem, 
 by regular contr. (see § 51) of m6rm6- 
 rem to marm'rem, whence marbre. For 
 mi = mbr see absoudre, and Hist. Gram. 
 p. 73 ; for loss of m see Hist, Gram. p. 81. 
 —Der. marbrier, marbrtr, marbmxe, mar- 
 irerie, marfcrifere. 
 
 MARC, sm. a mark (weight, 8 oz.) ; of Germ, 
 origin, O. H. G. marc. 
 
 MARC, sm. a residuum, dregs (of pressed fruits, 
 etc.). Origin unknown, 
 
 MARCASSIN, sm. a young wild boar. Origin 
 unknown, 
 
 fMarcassite, sf. (Min.) marcassite; 
 from Ar, marcazat. 
 
 MARCHAND, sm. a shopkeeper, dealer ; for- 
 merly marck^and, marchedant. It. merca- 
 dante, from L, mercatantem, pres, partic, 
 of medieval Lat. mercatare, to sell ; as 
 in 'Volunt dum vobis placeat pacifice et 
 quiete cum vestri meroatando et negoti- 
 ando conversari,' from an Act of the 
 nth cent. Mercatare is a frequent, of 
 mercari. Mercatantem loses medial 
 t (see abbaye), changes ca, = che (see §§ 
 126 and 54), whence O.Fr. marcheant. 
 For e = a see amender. — Der. marchandex, 
 marchandlse. 
 
 MARCHE, sf the march (military frontier) ; 
 of Germ, origin, O, H. G. marcha. Its 
 doublet is marque. 
 
 MARCHE, sf. march, walk, gait. See marcher. 
 
 MARCHE, sm. a market. Prov. mercat. It. 
 mercato, from L, mercatum. For e = a 
 see amender; for c = cA see § 126; for 
 -ai;tuin = -e see § 201, 
 
 MARCHEPIED, sm. a step (stair), footboard. 
 See marcher and pied. 
 
 MARCHER, vn. to walk, lit. to stamp about 
 with one's feet, to beat down (so in brick- 
 making the phrase les briquetiers marchent 
 I'argile is used) ; from L. marcare *, der. 
 from marcus, a hammer, properly to tread 
 down. A Lat.-Fr. glossary of the 13th 
 cent, has ' c a 1 c a r e = marcher.' For ca = che 
 see §§ 126 and 54. — Der. marche (verbal 
 subst,), marchem, demarche. 
 
 MARCOTTE, sf. (Bot,) a layer; formerly 
 margotte, der,, with dim. suffix otte, from 
 L. mergus. For e = a see amender. — Der. 
 marcotter. 
 
 MARDI, sm. Tuesday ; formerly marsdi. It. 
 martedi, from L. Martis dies, found in the 
 Inscriptions ; properly Mars' day. For loss 
 of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. 
 
 MARE, sf. a pond, pool; from L. mara*, 
 found in medieval Lat. texts. ' Maras 
 potare lutosas,' says Guillaume the Breton 
 in his Philippide. Mara is a corruption 
 of mare, taken from water generally : from 
 the 7th cent, mare signiiies sweet as well 
 as salt water. * Mare est aquarum gene- 
 ralis collectio. Omnis enim congregatio 
 aquarum sive salsae sint, sive dulces sint, 
 abusive majria nuncupantui',' says Isidore 
 of Seville. 
 
MA RMCA GE — MA RMO T. 
 
 225 
 
 MARECAGE, sm. a marsh. See marais. — 
 Der. juarecagtux. 
 
 MARECHAL, sm. properly one who takes 
 care of horses ; thus marechal ferrarit is the 
 farrier who shoes them. The marechal de 
 France^ and originally the marechal, was an 
 officer set over the horses and stables of the 
 king. Marechal, formerly mareschal, is 
 from Merov. L. raariscalcus (an officer in 
 charge of the king's horses). ' Si maris- 
 calcus, qui super 12 caballos est, occidi- 
 tur, II. solid, componatur,' says the Lex 
 Alamanorum 7, 9. Mariscalcus is of 
 Germ, origin, O. H. G. marahscalc. Ma- 
 riscalcus becomes mareschal by i = e, see 
 § 72; G = ch, see § 126; and loss of c, 
 see bois. For later loss of s see Hist. 
 Gram. p. 81. — Der. marechalerie. 
 
 MARECHAUSSEE, sf. properly a troop com- 
 manded by a 'marshal.' Marechaussee is 
 from medieval Lat. marescalciata, der. 
 from mariscalcus, see marechal. Mar- 
 escalciata becomes mareschaussee by -ata 
 = -ee, see § 201; by i = e, see § 72 ; by 
 c = ch, see §[ 126; by al=aM, see agneau; 
 by ci = c = s, see agencer. For later loss 
 of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. 
 
 MAREE, sf. tide; from L, mare, der. by 
 adding suffix ee (= ata, see § 201). 
 Maree from mare answers to ondee from 
 onde. 
 
 MARELLE, sf. hopscotch. See merelle. 
 
 MARGE, sf. margin ; from L, marginem. 
 For loss of l^t two atonic syllables see 
 §§ 5°? 51- — Der, marg'inal, emargex, marg- 
 elle! 
 
 MARGELLE, sf. kerb-stone (of a well). See 
 marge. 
 
 Marginal, adj. marginal. See marginer. 
 
 Marginer, va. to margin ; from L. m.ar- 
 ginare, — Der, margi?i2i\. 
 
 Marguerite, */. (Bot,) a daisy, pearl; from 
 L, margarita, 
 
 MARGUILLIER, sm. a churchwarden ; for- 
 merly marreglier, from L, matricularius, 
 found in medieval documents for the officer 
 who keeps the church registers. ' La ma- 
 tricxile de I'eglise : Officium matricu- 
 larii est illuminare et extinguere omnia 
 lumina,' says an eccles. regulation, Ma- 
 tricularius, regularly contrd. (see § 52) 
 to m^atric'larius, becomes O. Fr. mar- 
 reglier. For tr = rr see § 168; for i — e 
 see § 72 ; for c\ = gl see aigle ; for -arius 
 = -ier see § 198, Marreglier later becomes 
 mareglier, whence mar'glier and marguillier. 
 Marguillier is a doublet of matricidaire, q, v. 
 
 MARI, sm. a husband ; from L, maritus. 
 
 For -itus = -z see § 201. 
 MARIAGE, 5/. marriage. Prov. maridatge. 
 It. maritagio, from L. m.aritatiCTim, 
 found in medieval Lat, texts, as e. g. a.d. 
 1062, in the Chartulary of Marmoutier : 
 • Cum de medietate ipsius terrae movisset 
 calumniam quidam Constantinus , . . asserens 
 eam suae conjugi in maritaticum datam.' 
 Maritaticum becomes mariage by loss of 
 medial t, see abbaye and § 117; and by 
 -aticum = -a^e, see age and § 248. 
 
 MARIER, va. to marry, Prov, maridar, It, 
 maritare, from L. m.aritare. For loss of 
 medial t see abbaye. — Der, manable, mari- 
 eur, xemarier, demarier. 
 
 MARIN, adj. marine ; from L. marinus, — 
 Der, marinxex, mariner, marine, marina.de. 
 
 MARINGOUIN, sm. (Entom.) a mosquito. 
 Origin unknown, 
 
 Marionnette, sf. a puppet ; of hist, origin, 
 see § 33, Mariojtnelte is for mariolette 
 (for l—n see marne) ; mariolette is dim. of 
 mariole, found in medieval Fr. documents in 
 sense of puppet, doll, originally little figures 
 of the Virgin Mary, whence dim. mariole. 
 
 Marital, adj. marital; from L. maritalis. 
 — Der. maritalement. 
 
 Maritalement, arfz/, matrimonially. See 
 marital. 
 
 Maritime, adj. maritime ; from L. mari- 
 timus, 
 
 Maritorne, sf. a masculine woman ; of hist, 
 origin (see § 33), from the name of the 
 inn-servant in Don Quixote, Maritorna. 
 
 Marivauder, va. to refine excessively ; of 
 hist, origin (see § 33), from Marivaux, an 
 l8th-cent. writer. — Der. marivaudnge. 
 
 MARJOLAINE, sf. (Bot.) sweet marjoram. 
 Origin unknown, 
 
 MARJOLET, sm. a little coxcomb. Origin 
 unknown, 
 
 MARMAILLE, sf. a troop of little ones, little 
 brats ; from It. marmaglia. See marmot. 
 
 tMarmelade, */", marmalade; from Sp. 
 mermelada. 
 
 MARMENTEAU, adj. reserved (of timber). 
 Origin unknown, 
 
 MARMITE, sf. a pot, saucepan. Origin un- 
 known. — Der, marmiteux (properly ' poor '), 
 marmiton. 
 
 MARMITON, sm. a scullion. See marmite. 
 
 MARMONNER, va. to mutter. Origin un- 
 known, 
 
 MARMOT, sm. a marmoset, a child; der. with 
 marmaille from a common root marm-, 
 seen also in It. marmotto. 
 
 Q 
 
226 
 
 MA RMOTTE—MA SSE. 
 
 fMarmotte, 5/: a marmot, a little girl; 
 from It, marmotta. 
 
 MARMOTTER, va. to mutter. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 Marmouset, sm. a queer figure, 'little 
 monkey.' Origin unknown. 
 
 MARNAGE, sm. marling, claying (of ground). 
 See tnarne. 
 
 MARNE, sf. (Agric.) marl, clay and chalk. 
 O. Fr. marie, still used in Normandy ; from 
 L. margula (from znarga, in Pliny), Mdx- 
 giila, contrd. regularly to mar'la (see §51), 
 becomes O. Fr. marie, whence marne by 
 / = «, for which cp. libella,mWaM; pess'la, 
 phte (O. Fr, pesne, pesle); poster'la, po- 
 terne; colucla*, quenouille (the form co- 
 nucla for colucla is to be met with in 
 Merov. documents). — Der. marmhct, marn- 
 er, marnzge, marne\ix. 
 
 Maroquin, sm, morocco ; of hist, origin, 
 see § 33 ; from Morocco, where it was first 
 made. 
 
 Marotique, adj. Marotic ; of hist, origin, 
 see § 33; from Marot, the well-known Fr. 
 poet of the i6th cent. 
 
 MAROTTE, sf. a fool's-cap, hobby-horse, pro- 
 perly a puppet ; from Marie, see marion- 
 nette. 
 
 MAROUFLE, sf. lining-paste. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 MARQUE, sf. a mark, sign, token; of Germ, 
 origin, Germ. ' mark. Its doublet is 
 marche, q. v. — Der. marqutx, marqua.nt. 
 
 Marquer, va. to mark. See marque. Its 
 doublet is marcher, q. v. — Der. marquem, 
 Temarquer, demarquer. 
 
 MARQUETER, va. to chequer ; frequent, of 
 marquer. Cp, tacheter from tacher, voleter 
 from voler, etc. — Der, marquetene. 
 
 MARQUIS, sm. a marquis ; formerly marchis, 
 from medieval L, marcliensis, properly 
 a governor set over the marches or empire- 
 frontiers from the time of Charlemagne. 
 Marcliensis is from marcha ; see 
 marche. Marcliensis, with ns = s (see 
 aine) and e = / (see § 59), becomes marchis, 
 then marquis (see Hist. Gram. p. 81). — 
 Der. marquise, marquisat. 
 
 MARRAINE, sf. a godmother, Prov. mai- 
 rina. It. madrina, from L. matrina *, der. 
 from mater. For tr = rr see § 168; for 
 i = af cp. patrinus*, parrain; digno, 
 daigne; glitea, glaise; dominum, do- 
 maine; pullinus,/>OM/az«, Also see a/>am, 
 
 MARRI, adj. or p.p. sad ; p.p. of O. Fr. verb 
 marrir, to sadden ; of Germ, origin, Germ. 
 marrjan. 
 
 t Marron, sm. a chestnut; from It. mar- 
 rone. — Der. »mrro«nier. 
 
 + Marron, smf. a maroon (free West 
 Indian negro) ; from Sp. cimarron. 
 
 Marrube, sm. (Bot.) bugle weed ; from L. 
 marrubjum. 
 
 MARS, sm. Mars, March; from L. Mars. 
 
 MARSOUIN, sm. (Ichth.) a porpoise; of 
 Germ, origin, O. H. G. meri-suin, a mere- 
 swine, sea-hog. 
 
 MARTEAU, sm. a hammer ; formerly martel 
 (for -el = -eau see agneau), from L, mar- 
 tellus*, a form of martulus, dim. of 
 L, martus, found in late Lat. texts. Its 
 doublet is martel. — Der, marteler, martelet. 
 
 MARTELER, va. to hammer, torment un- 
 bearably. See marteau. — Der. martehgc, 
 marteleuT. 
 
 Martial, adj. martial ; from L. martial is. 
 
 MARTINET, sm. a tilt-hammer, flat-candle- 
 stick ; dim. of marteau. 
 
 MARTINET, sm. (Ornith.) a martin; der. 
 from Martin : cp. pierrot from Pierre, and 
 sansonnet from Sanson. — Der. (from the 
 proper name Martin) martin-picheur. 
 
 Martingale, sf. a martingale, strap; of hist, 
 origin (see § 33), from Martigues in Pro- 
 vence ; the Martigaux, or Martingaux, 
 having been the first to wear stockings 
 a la martingale. 
 
 MARTRE, sf. (Mamm,) a martin. It. mar- 
 tora, from L, martalus *, found in some 
 late Lat. texts, Martalus is from martes, 
 found in Martial in this ^ense (Ep. x. 37), 
 if the reading is correct. Martalus, 
 regularly contrd. to mart'lus (see § 51), 
 becomes martre by 1 = r, see apotre. 
 
 Martjrr, sm. a martyr; from L. martyr. — 
 Der. martyriser, martyre. 
 
 Martyrologe, sm. martyrology ; from Gr. 
 fidprvs and \6yos. 
 
 + Mascarade, sf. a masquerade; from It. 
 mascherata. 
 
 f Mascaron, sm. a mask; from It, mas- 
 cherone. 
 
 Masculin, adj. masculine; from L. mascu- 
 linus. 
 
 t Masque, sm. a mask, visor; introd. in 
 16th cent, from It, maschera. — Der. 
 masquer, d^masquer. 
 
 MASSACRER, va. to massacre; of Germ, 
 origin. Low Germ, matsken. — Der. maS' 
 sacre (verbal subst,), massacrcnr. 
 
 MASSAGE, sm. shampooing. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 MASSE, sf. a mass; from L, massa. — Der, 
 massii, masstx, z-masstx, massicot. 
 
MASSE — MA UDIRE. 
 
 227 
 
 MASSE, sf. a mace; from L. matea*, the 
 lost primitive of mateola, a staff. Matea 
 becomes matia (see abreger), whence 
 masse, by -tia = -ise, see agencer. — Der. 
 mass'ier. 
 
 tMassepain, sm. marchpane; in Ron- 
 sard marcepain, from It. marzapane. 
 
 MASSUE, sf. a club; from L. maxuca*, 
 found in medieval documents, as in ' Qui- 
 dam enormis staturae ferens ingentem 
 maxucam. super caput ejus ' (^Ordericus 
 Vitalis). Maxuca is a deriv. of massa, 
 see masse. Maxuca becomes masstie. 
 For X = ss see aisselle ; for -u,ca = -tie see 
 § 212. 
 
 Mastic, sm. mastic; from L. mastiche. — 
 Der. mastiquei. 
 
 Mastication, sf. mastication ; from L. 
 masticationem. 
 
 Mastodonte, sm. a mastodon ; from Gr. 
 obovs, oduVTOs, and fiaaros. 
 
 MASURE, sf. a hovel, ruin ; from L. man- 
 sura*, properly a residence, from man- 
 ere : ' Anno vero sequenti dedit illis in 
 puram et perpetuam eleemosynam suum 
 dominium Marbodii et suam raansuram,' 
 says a Charter of a.d. 1120. Mansuxa 
 becomes masure by ns = s, see aine. 
 
 Mat, sm. mate (in chess). See echec. — Der. 
 maler. 
 
 fMat, adj. heavy, dull; from Germ, mail, 
 weary, weak, then dull. — Der. math, mat- 
 he. 
 
 MAT, sm. a mast ; formerly mast; of Germ, 
 origin, Germ. mast. For loss of s see 
 Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. mdtei, demdter, 
 mature, wa/ereau. 
 
 + Matador, sm. a matador; from Sp. 
 matador, properly a slayer. 
 
 tMatamore, sm. a bully; from Sp. 
 matamoros, properly a killer of Moors. 
 
 i'Matassin, sm. a matachin, one who 
 dances the Sp. matachin. 
 
 MATELAS, sm. a mattress ; formerly ma- 
 teras, Prov. almatrac, Sp. almadraque; of 
 Oriental origin, see § 31 ; from Ar. al 
 matrak. The O. Fr. materas. It. materasso, 
 reproduce the Arabic subst. without the 
 article al found in the Sp. almadraque and 
 Prov. almatrac. — Der. matelassex, matelas- 
 siere. 
 MATELOT, sm. a sailor. Origin unknown. 
 
 — Der. matelote. 
 MATER, va. to checkmate. See mat. 
 
 |Mat6rialiser, va. to materialise ; der. 
 from materiel. — Der. materialisms, mate- 
 rialiste. 
 
 Materiality, sf. materiality; der. from 
 
 7nateriel. 
 Materiaux, sm. pi. materials, pi. of a form 
 material^ ; from materialis, from ma- 
 teria, building-wood. 
 Materiel, adj. material; from L. materi- 
 alis. — Der. materiality. ' 
 
 Maternel, adj. maternal; from L. mater- 
 nalis, from maternus. 
 
 Maternity, sf maternity; from L. mater- 
 nitatem. from maternus. 
 
 Math^matique, sf mathematics ; from L. 
 mathematica (so found in Cicero). — Der. 
 mnthematicien. 
 
 Mati^re, sf matter; from L. materia. 
 For e = ie see § 56. 
 
 MATIN, sm. morning; from L. raatutinum. 
 For regular contr. of matutmum into 
 mat'tinum see § 52; whence It. tnal- 
 tino, and Fr. matin. — Der. matinee, matinul, 
 matineux, matines, matiniex. 
 
 MATIN, sm. a great cur, mastiff, properly a 
 watch dog. Matin, O. Fr. mastin. It. mas- 
 tino, from L. mansatinus * (properly a 
 dog which stays in the house), der. from 
 mansum, found in medieval texts. Man- 
 sum is the partic. subst. of manere. 
 Mansatinus, regularly contrd. (see § 52) 
 to mans'tinus, gives mastin (for ns = s 
 see atne), thence matin, by loss of s, see 
 Hist. Gram. p. 8 1 . — Der. matinex, mdtineiu. 
 
 MATINES, sf.pl. matins. See matin. 
 
 MATIR, vn. to deaden (metals). See mat. 
 
 MATOIS, adj. cunning, sly. Origin un- 
 known. — Der. matoisexie. 
 
 MATOU, sm. a tom-cat, ugly person. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 Matras, sm. a mattress. Origin unknown. 
 
 Matrice, sf the matrix, womb; from L. 
 matricem. 
 
 Matricule, sf matriculation; from L. ma- 
 tricula. — IDer.matricuhixe (whose doublet 
 is marguillier, q.v.). 
 
 Matrimonial, adj. matrimonial; from L. 
 matrimonialis. 
 
 Matrone, sf a matron; from L. matrona. 
 
 t Matte, sf (Met.) matt, a mass; from 
 Germ, matte. 
 
 Maturation, s/, ripening; from L. matu- 
 rationem. 
 
 MATURE, sf. masts, wood for masts. See 
 mat. 
 
 Maturity, sf maturity; from L. maturi- 
 tatem. 
 
 Matutinal, adj. matutinal; from L. matu- 
 
 tinalis. 
 MAUDIRE, va. to curse ; formerly maldire, 
 
 Q2 
 
328 
 
 MA UDISSON — M^DECINE. 
 
 from L. maledicere (so used in St. 
 Jerome). For mal = mau see agtieau ; for 
 -dioere = -dire see dire. — Der. tnajddit. 
 
 MAUDISSON, sm. a curse; formerly mal- 
 disson, from L. maledictiouem. For 
 -ctio = -sso see frisson ; for al ■= au see 
 agneau^ ^ 
 
 MAUGREER, vn. to rage, show one's ill-will, 
 one's mal gre, as the medieval phrase ran, 
 see malgr^. Malgre becomes inaugre by 
 al = au, see agneau ; whence maugreer. 
 
 Mausol6e, sm. a mausoleum ; from L. 
 mausoleum (found in Pliny). 
 
 MAUSSADE, adj. unpleasant, sour, awkward ; 
 formerly malsade, of a bad taste ; a compd. 
 of mal (see mal 2) and O. Fr. adj. sade, 
 pleasant-tasting. Sade is from L. sapidus 
 by regular contr. (see § 51) of sdpidus to 
 sap'dus, whence sade by pd = c?, see 
 hideux. Malsade becomes maussade by 
 al = au, see agneau. — Der. maussaderie. 
 
 MAUVAIS, adj. bad. Origin unknown. 
 
 MAUVE, sf. (Bot.) a mallow; from L. 
 malva. For al = a?/ see agneau. 
 
 MAUVIETTE, sf. a lark. See mauvis. 
 
 MAUVIS, sm. a mavis, thrush, redwing ; for- 
 merly malvis, from L. malvitius *, found 
 in medieval Lat. texts. Malvitius is a 
 compd. of malixm and vitis, the thrush 
 being very destructive to the vine. The 
 Germans call the same bird iveingarts- 
 vogel; in several parts of France the bird is 
 called grive de vendange, thus confirming 
 the etymology given (see § 15). Mal- 
 vitius becomes mauvis by al—-ati, see 
 agneau ; and ti = s see agencer. — Der. mau- 
 viette. 
 
 Maxillaire, adj. maxillary; from L. m ax- 
 illaris. Its doublet is machelier, q. v. 
 
 Maxime, sf. a maxim ; from Schol. L. 
 maxima (sc. sententiarum, a greater 
 proposition, one which is general and ab- 
 solute). 
 
 f Maximum, sm. a maximum; from 
 L. maximtun. 
 
 MAZETTE, sf a sorry beast (horse), feeble 
 person. Origin unknown. 
 
 ME, pers. pron. (accus.) me ; from L. 
 me. 
 
 Idl^andre, sm. a meander, winding course ; 
 of hist, origin, see § 33 ; from the river 
 Meander in Phrygia. 
 
 M^at, sm. (Anat.) a meatus ; from L. 
 meatus. 
 
 M^canique, (i) sf mechanics; from L. 
 mechanic a. — Der, mecanicien, mecanisme. 
 (3) adj. mechanical. 
 
 M^cdne, sm. a Maecenas, patron ; of hist, 
 origin, see § 33 ; alluding to Maecenas, 
 minister and friend of Augustus, patron of 
 literature. 
 
 M6cliancet6, sf wickedness. See mechant. 
 
 MEG H ANT, adj. wicked ; formerly mes- 
 chant, originally mescheant, meaning in 
 O. Fr. unhappy, that which has bad chance, 
 pres. partic. of mescheoir, to be unlucky. 
 Mesch'oir is from L. minus cadere, lit. 
 to fall amiss. For meaning see chance. 
 For minus = mes = me see mes-; for co,- 
 dere = cheoir see choir. — Der. mechancete 
 (der. from O. Fr. mtchance, representing 
 L. minuscadentia *. For letter-changes 
 see m£s- and chance). 
 
 MfiCHE, sf wick (of a candle) ; formerly 
 mesche, from L, myxa, fem, form of 
 myxus (for x = cs see lacher), whence 
 mycsa, thence mysca. For ca, = che see 
 §§ 126, 54; for i = « see § 72; for loss 
 of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81.— Der. mecher. 
 
 MECHEF, sm. mischief, misfortune, harm ; 
 formerly meschef Prov. mescap, Sp. meno- 
 scabo, lit. a misadventure. As may be seen 
 from the form of words in other Romance 
 languages meschef is compd. of mes- and 
 chef {(\. v.). 
 
 MECOMPTE, sm. a miscalculation. See me- 
 comptex. 
 
 MECOMPTER, vn. to count wrong, strike 
 wrong (of clocks) ; formerly mescompter. 
 For etymology see mes- and compter. — Der. 
 mecompte (verbal subst.). 
 
 MECONNAITRE, va. to fail to recognise, 
 disown, deny ; formerly mesconnaitre. See 
 mes- and connaitre. — Der. meconnaissunce, 
 nieconnaissahle. 
 
 MECONTENT, adj. discontented; formerly 
 mescontent. See mes- and content. — Der. 
 mecontenter, mecontentemeht. 
 
 MECREANT, sm. unbeliever, miscreant, one 
 who believes in some other religion, not 
 the Christian, properly one who believes 
 amiss. Mecreant, formerly mescreant. It. 
 miscredente, is a compd. of mes- (q. v.) and 
 creant, from L. credentem. For loss of 
 medial d see accabler. 
 
 MECROIRE, vn. to disbelieve ; formerly mes- 
 croire. See mes- and croire. 
 
 t M^daille, sf a medal ; from It. me- 
 daglia. Its doublet is maille, q. v. — Der. 
 medaillon, medailler, medailliste. 
 
 M^ecin, sm. a physician ; from L. medi- 
 cinus. For i= « see § 72. 
 
 M^decine, sf. medicine; from L. medi- 
 cina. For i=e see § 72. 
 
M^DIA N — MEMENTO. 
 
 329 
 
 Median, adj. (Anat.) median ; from L. 
 
 medianus. Its doublet is moyen, q. v. 
 Medianoche, sm. a meat supper ; from Sp. 
 
 medianoche. 
 Mediastin, sm. (Anat.) mediastine ; from 
 
 L. mediastinus. 
 'M.^diat, adj. mediate; from L. mediatus. 
 
 — Der. mediatiser, \mmediat. 
 M^diateur, sm. a mediator; from L. me- 
 
 diatorem *. 
 Mediation, sf. mediation ; from L. media- 
 
 tionem. 
 Medical, adj. medical; from L. medicalis*, 
 
 der. from medicus. 
 Medicament, sm. a medicament, medi- 
 cine; from L. medicamentum. — Der. 
 
 medicamenter, medic ament&nx. 
 Medicinal, adj. medicinal; from L, medi- 
 
 cinalis. 
 Mediocre, adj. middling, mediocre; from 
 
 L. mediocrem. 
 M^diocritCj s/. mediocrity ; from L. medio- 
 
 critatem. For -tateni= -te see § 230. 
 MEDIRE, vn. to speak ill (of); formerly 
 
 viesdire. See mes- and dire. — Der, medi- 
 
 sant, medisa.nce. 
 Meditatif, adj. meditative ; from L. medi- 
 
 tativus. 
 Meditation,.?/, meditation; from L. medi- 
 
 tationem. 
 Mediter,z/fl.to meditate; from L.meditare. 
 Mediterran§, adj. mediterranean ; from L. 
 
 mediterraneus. 
 Medium, sw. a medium; from L. medium. 
 M6dullaire, adj. medullary; from L. me- 
 
 dullaris. 
 MEFAIRE, vn. to do harm ; formerly mes- 
 faire. See mes- and /aire. — Der. me/ait 
 
 (partic. subst.). 
 MEFAIT, sm. a misdeed. See mefaire. 
 MEFIANCE, sf. mistrust. See mefier. 
 MEFIER (SE), vpr. to mistrust; formerly 
 
 mesjier. See mes- and Jier. — Der, me/?ant, 
 
 wtj/?ance, 
 MEGARDE, sf. inadvertence ; verbal subst. 
 
 of O. Fr. verb megarder, originally mes- 
 
 garder, see mes- and garder. 
 M6gdre, sf. a fury, vixen; from L. Me- 
 
 ^aera, one of the Furies. 
 MEGISSIER, sm. a leather-dressgr ; from 
 
 O. Fr. megis, a compd. of ashes and alum 
 
 used in leather-dressing. Origin unknown. 
 
 — Der. megisserie. 
 MEILLEUR, adj. better ; from L. meliorem. 
 
 For li = // see ail : for o = eu see § 88, 
 Melancolie, sf. melancholy; from L, me- 
 lancholia. 
 
 M6lancolique, adj. melancholy, dismal ; 
 from L. melancholicus. 
 
 MELANGE, sot, a mixture. See meler. — 
 Der, melanger. 
 
 t M6lasse, sf. molasses, treacle; from Sp, 
 melaza. 
 
 MELER, va. to mix ; formerly mesler. Port. 
 mesclar, from L. misculare, found in 
 medieval Lat. documents: as ' Per pluri- 
 morum ora vulgatur, vos dicere, quoniam 
 de istis rapinis atque depredationibus nihil 
 vos debeatis misculare, unusquisque sua 
 defendat ut potest,' from a letter by Hinc- 
 mar, a.d. 859. Misculare is a frequent, 
 of raiscere. Misculare, regularly contrd. 
 (see § 52) to misc'lare, becomes mes- 
 ler (for cl = / see male ; for i = ^ see § 72), 
 thence meler (for loss of s see Hist. Gram, 
 p. 81). — Der. melee (partic. subst.), me'/ange, 
 gele-mt/^, emmeler, demeler. 
 
 MELEZE, SOT. a larch. Origin unknown. 
 
 M6lisse, ./. balm mint ; from Gr. fiiXtatxa, 
 because the bee delights in this plant, 
 
 Mellifdre, adj. meUiferous; from L. m el- 
 lifer. 
 
 M61odie, sf melody ; from Gr. jxe\oj8ia. — 
 Der. melodienx. 
 
 M61odrame, sm. a melodrama, properly 
 acting with songs; from Gr. /ztAos and Spd/ixa. 
 
 M61omanie, sf. music-madness ; from Gr. 
 fXiKos and fiavia. — Der, melomane. 
 
 Melon, sm. a melon; from L, melonem, 
 — Der. OTe/o«niere. 
 
 M61op6e, sf. melopoeia, laws of musical 
 composition ; from Gr, fXfKoTToda. 
 
 Membrane, sf. a membrane; from L. 
 membrana. — Der, membraneux. 
 
 Membre, sot. a limb, member ; from L, 
 membrum, — Der. membre, membru, de- 
 membrer. 
 
 MfiME, adj. same ; formerly mesme, meesme, 
 earlier me'isme, originally medisnie. Prov, 
 metessme, It, medesimo, from L, metip- 
 simus, contrd. from raetipsissimus, found 
 in classical documents in the form ipsis- 
 simusmet = altogether the same. Me- 
 tipsimus, contrd. to metips'mus, becomes 
 O. Fr. medisme. For ps = s see caisse ; for 
 t = d see aider. This form is found in 
 ilth cent, in the Poem of St. Alexis. Me- 
 disme becomes first me'isme, by loss of 
 medial d (see accabler), then meesme, by 
 i — e (see mettre), then mesme, by ee = e, 
 lastly meme, by loss of s (see Hist. Gram, 
 p. 81). — Der. OTtOTement. 
 
 t Memento, sot. a memento; from L. 
 memento. 
 
230 
 
 MSMOIRE — MER CREDI. 
 
 MEMOIRE, sf. memory; from L. memoria. 
 For attraction of i see chanoine. 
 
 Memorable, «((/. memorable ; from L. nie- 
 morabilis. For -abilia = ■ a6/fi see affable. 
 
 Memorial, sm. a memorial; from L. me- 
 morial is. — Der. immemorial. 
 
 MENACE, sf. a menace, threat ; from L. 
 minacia. Plautus uses pi. minaciae. For 
 -oia = -ce see agencer ; for i = « see mettre. 
 — Der. menacer, menagAtit. 
 
 MANAGE, sm. housekeeping, household ; for- 
 merly mesnage, originally maisnage, from 
 L. mansionaticiun *, expenses of a house- 
 hold, in Carol, documents. ' Nemo in villis 
 nostris mansionaticum accipiat ' is a 
 phrase in the Capitulary De Villis. Man- 
 sionaticum is der. from mansionem, see 
 maison. Mansion6.ticum, contrd. (see § 
 52) to nians'naticum, reduces ns to 
 s (see atne\ whence masnaticum, whence 
 maisnage by a = «i (see § 54), and by 
 •aticum = -a^c (see age). Maisnage be- 
 comes mesnage by ai = e (see §§ 103, 104), 
 thence menage (see Hist, Gram. p. 81). — 
 Der. menagex, menaghre, menagement, de- 
 menagex, emmenager, menagerie (properly 
 a place where the animals of a household 
 are kept, then by extension a place in which 
 are kept rare and foreign animals). 
 
 iM^nagenient, sm. consideration, regard. 
 See menage. 
 
 Mendiciti, sf. mendicity, begging; from 
 L. mendicitatem *. 
 
 MENDIER, va. to beg ; from L. mendicare. 
 For loss of medial c see affouage. — Der. 
 mendidint. 
 
 MENER, vn. to drive ; from L. minare, 
 used of cattle or flocks. For i — e see 
 mettre. Its doublet is miner, q. v. — Der. 
 menee (partic. subst.), meneur, zmener, ra- 
 mener, dC'mener, emmener, promener. 
 
 MENESTREL, sm. a minstrel ; from L. mi- 
 nistrale, in medieval Lat, properly a ser- 
 vant. 'Una cum ministrale nostro Johanne 
 et infantes suos ' is found in a charter of 
 A.D. 805. For i^e see § 59. 
 
 MENETRIER, sm. a fiddler; formerly me- 
 nestrier, from L. ministerarius *, der. 
 from minister. Ministerdrius, regu- 
 larly contrd. (see § 52) to minist'rarius, 
 becomes menestrier. For i = e see § 72; 
 for -arius = -ier see § 198 ; for loss of s see 
 Hist. Gram, p, 81, 
 
 Meninge, sf. (Med.) coat of the brain; 
 from Gr. /J-^viy^. — Der. meningite. 
 
 M^nisque, sm. a meniscus ; from Gr. /xt]- 
 vioKos. 
 
 MENOTTE, sf. a little hand, handcufF; dim. 
 
 of main, q. v. 
 MENSONGE, sm. a lie. See mentir.—Der. 
 
 mensongex. 
 Mensuel, adj. mensual, monthly ; irregularly 
 
 der. from L, mensis. 
 Mental, adj. mental ; from L, mental is. 
 Menthe, sf. (Bot), mint; from L. mentha. 
 Mention, sf. mention; from L. mentio- 
 
 nem. — Der. mentionnex. 
 MENTIR, vn. to lie; from L. mentiri.— 
 
 Der, menteux, mentexie, demendr, men>>onge 
 
 (the exact relation between this word and 
 
 mentir is unknown). 
 MENTON, sm. the chin; from L, mento- 
 
 nem *, from mentum. — Der. mentonxuhxe. 
 Mentor, sm. a mentor ; of hist, origin, see 
 
 § 33 ; allusion to Mentor the adviser of 
 
 Telemachus. 
 MENU, adj. slender, small ; from L. minu- 
 
 tus. For i = e see § 72 ; for -utus = -7/ 
 
 see § 201. Menu is a doublet of minute, 
 
 q. V. — Der, menuet, menitisex (i, e, to cut 
 
 small, then to carpenter), menuisiex, menu- 
 
 iserie. 
 MENUET, sm. a minuet. See menu. 
 MENUISIER, sm. a carpenter. See menu. 
 Mephitique, adj. mephitic; from L. me- 
 
 phiticus. — Der, mephitisme. 
 MEPLAT, s?n. flat part, adj. flat; formerly 
 
 mesplat. See mes- and plat. 
 MEPRENDRE, vpr. to be mistaken; for- 
 merly mesprendre. See mcs- and prendre. — • 
 
 Der. meprise (partic. subst, see absoute). 
 MEPRIS, sm. contempt. See mepriser. 
 MEPRISE, sf. mistake. See meprendre. 
 MEPRISER, va. to despise ; formerly mes- 
 
 priser. See mes- and priser. — Der. mepris 
 
 (verbal subst.), meprisant, me/>r/sable. 
 MER, sf. the sea; from L. mare. For & = e 
 
 see § 54. 
 + Mercantile, adj. mercantile; from It. 
 
 mercantile. 
 Mercenaire, adj. mercenary ; from L. 
 
 mercenarius. 
 MERCERIE, sf. mercery, haberdashery. See 
 
 7nercier. 
 MERCI, sf. mercy, sm. thanks ; from L. 
 
 mercedem. For loss of d see alouette; 
 
 for e = / see § 59. — Der, xemerciex (compd. 
 
 of O. Fr, mercier). 
 MERCIER, sm. a mercer ; from L, merce- 
 
 rius * : in Low Lat, documents mercerius 
 
 is from mercem. Fore = «see § 56. — 
 
 Der, mercexie. 
 MERCREDI, sm. Wednesday ; from L. Mer- 
 
 cnrii dies, so used in inscriptions ; pro- 
 
MERCURE — MESQUIN. 
 
 231 
 
 perly Mercury's day). Mercurii becomes 
 Mercre by regular loss of u, see § 51. 
 
 Mercure, sm. mercury; from L. mercu- 
 
 rius Der. mercur\t\ (whose doublet is 
 
 merciiriale). 
 
 MERE, sf. mother; originally medre, It. 
 madre, from L. matrem. For tr = r see 
 § 168 ; for a = e see § 54. 
 
 Mere, adj. pure, finest (of wool), in such 
 phrases as mere goutte, mere laine ; from 
 L, merus. 
 
 MERELLE, sf. hopscotch ; from L. ma- 
 trella *, der. from matara, a game which 
 takes its name from the tile,, etc., with 
 which it is played. For tr = r see § 168 ; 
 for a = e see § 54. 
 
 M6ridien, adj. meridian, sm. the meridian ; 
 from L. meridianus. — Der. meridienne. 
 
 Meridional, adj. meridional, southern; 
 from L. meridionalis. 
 
 Meringue, sf. a meringue. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 t Merinos, sf. a merino sheep; introd. 
 from Sp. merino, a flock which changes its 
 pasturage. 
 
 MERISE, sf. a wild cherry. Origin unknown. 
 — Der. merisitr. 
 
 M§rite, sm. merit; from L. meritum. — 
 Der. mtriter, meritohe. 
 
 MERLAN, sm. (Ichth.) a whiting. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 MERLE, sm. (Ornith.) a blackbird ; from L. 
 merula. For regular contr. of merula 
 to mer'la see § 51. 
 
 + Merlin, sm. a marline; from Eng. mar- 
 line. 
 
 MERLIN, sm. a hammer ; from L. marcu- 
 linus*, from marculus by regular contr. 
 (see § 52) of marculinus to marc'li- 
 nus, whence merlin. For cl = / see male; 
 for B, = e see § 54. 
 
 MERLUCHE, sm. (Ichth.) hake; formerly 
 merluce, Sp. merluza. Compd. of hice and 
 mer { = luce de mer) ; hice is from L. lu- 
 cius, properly a pike. For ciu = ce see 
 agencer; for o = ck see § 126. 
 
 MERRAIN, sm. a clapboard, properly wood 
 for building, etc. ; from L. materiamen, 
 found in Merov. texts : * Si quis Ripu- 
 arius in silva communi materiamen vel 
 ligna fissa abstulerit,' says the Ripuarian 
 Code, 76. Materiamen is from m.ate- 
 ria. Materidmen, regularly contrd. (see 
 § 52) to mat'riamen becomes merrain. 
 For -amen = -am see § 226; for tr = rr 
 see § 16S ; for a = e see § 54. 
 
 MERVEILLE, sf. a wonder. It. maraviglia. 
 
 from L. mirabilia, properly marvels. 
 Mirabilia, contrd. (see § 52) to mir'bi- 
 lia, becomes merveille. For i = e see § 7 2 ; 
 for li = f/ see ail; for h=v see § 113. — 
 Der. merveilltux, emerveiller. 
 
 MES-, prefix (me- by dropping s, see Hist. 
 Gram. p. 81) gives a bad sense to the words 
 with which it is compd. : priser and mepriser, 
 dire and medire, fait and mi-fait, etc. Mt-, 
 originally mes-, Prov. mens-, Sp. menos-, cor- 
 responds to L. minus. To show how mi- 
 nus becomes me, let us take as an example 
 L. minusfacere, properly to do amiss (to,). 
 Minusfacere, contrd. to min'sfacere (see 
 § 52), has ns = s (see ai?ie) and becomes 
 misfacere, found in Carol, documents : 
 ' In hoc si frater mens meis fidelibus, qui 
 contra ilium nihil misfecerunt, et me, 
 quando mihi opus fuit, adjuverunt ' is found 
 in a document of a.d. 825. Misfacere 
 becomes mesfaire. For mis = mes see 
 § 72; for facere=/ai>e see /aire. Mes- 
 faire becomes mefaire by dropping s, see 
 Hist. Gram. p. 8 1 . Thus we see how minus 
 is reduced to min's, mis, mes, me-. This is 
 also found in mechant, mechef, mecompte, 
 meconnaitre, mecontent, mecreant, mecroire, 
 medire, medisance, mefaire, mtfait, mefier, 
 megarde, meplat, meprendre, meprise, me- 
 priser, mepris, mesallier, mesavenir, mes- 
 aventure, mesuser, etc. 
 
 MES, poss. adj. my; from L. meos. For 
 meos = mos see § 52; for mos = mes 
 see je. 
 
 MESAISE, sf. uneasiness. See mes- and aise. 
 
 MESAILLIER, va. to make a misalliance. See 
 mes- and allier. — Der. mesalliance. 
 
 MESANGE, sf. (Ornith.) a titmouse; for- 
 merly 7nasenge : of Germ, origin, A. S. 
 mase. 
 
 MESARRIVER, vn. to happen ill. See mes- 
 and arriver. 
 
 MESAVENIR, vn. to happen ill. See mes- 
 and avenir. 
 
 MESA VENTURE, sf. a misadventure. See 
 mes- and aventure. 
 
 M6sent§re, sm. (Anat.) mesentery; from 
 Gr. fjieaevTfpiov. — Der. mesenterique. 
 
 MESESTIMER, va. to undervalue. See mes- 
 and estimer. 
 
 M§sintelligence, sf. misunderstanding. 
 See mes- and intelligence. 
 
 MESOFFRIR, va. to underbid. See mes- and 
 ofrir. 
 
 tMesquin, adj. mean, shabby (properly 
 poor); from Sp, mezquino (properly a slave). 
 — Der. mesquineiit. 
 
232 
 
 MESSA GE — MJSriS. 
 
 MESSAGE, sm. a message ; from L. missati- 
 oum*, in Carol, documents, as ' Si quis 
 missum dominicum occiderit, quando in 
 xnissatioum directus fuerit,' in a Capitu- 
 lary of A. D, 813. ' Missaticuiu tulit ipsi 
 summo pontifici ;* from another medieval 
 document. Missatioum becomes message 
 by i — f, see § 72; by -aticum = -a^«, see 
 § 248. — Der. tnessager, messagcrie. 
 
 MESSE, sf. the mass ; from L. missa (used 
 by Christian writers of the 5th cent). Its 
 doublets are mels, mis. 
 
 MESSEANT, adj. indecorous. See messeoir. 
 
 MESSEOIR, vn. to be unbecoming. See mes- 
 and seoir. — Der. messeznt. 
 
 Meesie, sm. the Messiah; fromL. Messias. 
 
 MESSIER, sm. keeper of a standing crop ; 
 from L. messarius*, deriv. of messis. 
 For -arius = -/er see § 198. 
 
 MESSIEURS, sm. pi. gentlemen. See mes 
 and sieur. 
 
 MESSIRE, sm. ' messire,' master ; compd. of 
 O. Fr. mes (my) and sire, q. v. Mes is from 
 L. mens. 
 
 MESURABLE, adj. measurable; from L. 
 mensurabilis. For iis = s see aine ; for 
 -abilis = -a6Z^ see affable. 
 
 MESURE, sf. measure; from L. mensura. 
 For ns = s see aine. 
 
 MESURER, va. to measure ; from L. men- 
 surare. For ns = s see aine. — Der. we- 
 swreur, mesursige, demesure. 
 
 MESUSER, vn. to misuse. See mes- and user. 
 
 M6tacarpe, sm. (Anat.) metacarpus ; from 
 Gr. fxcTaKapiriov. 
 
 METAIRIE, sf. metairie (land held on condi- 
 tion that the lord receives the half of the 
 produce) ; formerly metayerie. See metayer. 
 
 M^tal, sm. metah, from L. met a Hum. — 
 Der. metalWiex. 
 
 M6talepse, sf. (Rhet.) metalepsis ; from Gr. 
 lieraX-qipis. 
 
 M6tallique, adj. metallic; from L. metal- 
 licus. 
 
 !B/E6talliser, va. to metallise. See metal. — 
 Der. me'/aZ/zsation. 
 
 M6tallurgie, sf. metallurgy ; from Gr. 
 /jLcraWovpyia. — Der. me/aZ/wr^ique. 
 
 Metamorphose, sf metamorphosis ; from 
 Gr. fi€TafxupipQjais. — Der. metamorpho&ex. 
 
 M6taphore, sf. a metaphor; from Gr. 
 fiiTaipopd. — Der. metaphor'ique. 
 
 M6taph.ysique, sf. metaphysics ; properly 
 science of intellectual things, whose study 
 was considered to follow after {h^toL) that 
 of physical things {to, (pvoiKo) in Aristotle's 
 system. 
 
 M^taplasme, sm. a metaplasme ; from Gr. 
 fxfTairKaafxos. 
 
 M6ta8tase, sf (Med.) metastasis ; from Gr. 
 fKraaraais. 
 
 Metatarse, sm. (Anat.) metatarsus ; from 
 Gr. niTOL and rapaos. 
 
 Metathdse, sf metathesis ; from Gr. fitrA- 
 Ofais. 
 
 METAYER, sm. a ' metayer,' farmer (who 
 pays the lord half the produce of his farm); 
 from L. medietarius*, found in medieval 
 Lat. documents, from medietatem. Me- 
 dietarius becomes metayer by loss of 
 medial t, see abbaye ; by -arius = -ier, see 
 § 198; by d = /, which usually only occurs 
 with final d, see §§ 120, 121. — Der. me- 
 tairie. 
 
 METEIL, sm. meslin (mixed wheat and rye) ; 
 formerly mesteil, from L. mixtellum*, 
 from mixtura. Forx = s see amitie ; for 
 i = e see § 72 ; for loss of s see Hist. Gram, 
 p. 81. 
 
 M6tempsycose, sf metempsychosis ; from 
 Gr. fj,fTffji.\(/vxo^(Tis. 
 
 M6t6ore, sm. a meteor ; from Gr. ixfrewpos. 
 — Der. meteorique. 
 
 M6t6orologie, sf. meteorology; from Gr. 
 fifTfcopos and A.o70s.'=— Der. meteorologique. 
 
 M6th.ode, sf. method ; from Gr. fiidobos. — 
 Der. methodique, methodisme, methodiste. 
 
 M6ticuleilX, adj. fastidious; from L. meti- 
 culosus. For -08VLa = -e7iX see § 229. 
 
 METIER, sm. trade ; formerly mestier, in 
 loth cent, mistier, in the poem of St. Legei ; 
 from L. ministerium, an office, then 
 employment, lastly, daily occupation, trade : 
 so used in Carol, documents. We find in the 
 Capitularies ' amittere ministerium,' for 
 ' to lose one's employment' ; the Capitularies 
 of Charles the Bald, il. 15, use minis- 
 terium for ' trade ' : ' Ipsi monetarii jurent 
 quod ipsum ministerium, quantum sci- 
 erint et potuerint, fideliter faciant.' The 
 heads of trades {chefs des metiers) are 
 called in medieval documents the capita 
 ministeriorum. Ministerium, contrd. 
 (see § 52) to min'sterium, reduces ns to 
 s (see aine), whence misterium, whence 
 earliest O. Fr. mistier ; whence mestier by 
 i = e (see § 72), whence metier by loss of 
 s (see Hist. Gram. p. 81). 
 
 METIS, sm. and adj. mongrel ; formerly mestis, 
 from L. mixtitius*, der. from mixtus. 
 Mixtitius becomes mestis by i = e, see 
 § 7 2 ; by X = 5, see amitie ; by -itius = -is, 
 see § 214. Mestis becomes metis by loss of 
 s, see Hist. Gram. p. 81. ' 
 
Mt: TONYMIE — MIE. 
 
 ^33 
 
 M^tonymie, sf. (Rhet.) metonymy; from 
 Gr. ixiTOJVVfJua. 
 
 Metope, sf. (Archit.) metope; from Gr. 
 ftfTunrj. 
 
 Mdtre, sm. a metre ; from Gr. fA.fTpov. — 
 Der. metrex, tnetreuT. 
 
 M6trique, adj. metrical ; from Gr. fxe- 
 rpiKus. 
 
 Metropole, sf. a metropolis ; from Gr. 
 fxriTpoTToXis. — Der. metropoli\a.m. 
 
 METS, sw. viand, dish of food ; formerly mes. 
 It. messo, from L. missum*, lit. what is 
 sent in to table : cp. ferculum, der. from 
 ferre. For i = e see § 72.1 — Der. entre- 
 mets. 
 
 METTRE, va. to put, place, lay; from L. 
 mittere, lit. to send, then to place, in 
 medieval Lat. : ' Ut per omnia altaria lumi- 
 naria mittantur * is a passage from a very 
 old Rii.uale. Mittere, contrd. regularly 
 (see § 51) to mitt're, becomes mettre by 
 i = e, see § 72. — Der. mettahle, mettt\xr, en- 
 Xrtmettre, demet/re, soumetire, admetlre. 
 
 MEUBLE, sf. a piece of furniture, adj. move- 
 able ; from L. mobilis, moveable, then 
 subst. for furniture. Mobilis, contrd. 
 regularly (see § 51) to mob'lis, becomes 
 meiMe by o — eu, see § 79. Meuble is 
 a doublet of mobile, q. v. — Der. meiibltr, 
 meubhnt, ameublement (for ameubler), 
 amenblir. 
 
 MEUGLER, vn. to low, bellow; from L. 
 mugtilare *, from mugire. Mugiildre, 
 contrd, (see § 52 ) to mug'lare, becomes 
 meugler by u = eu; see bengler. 
 
 MEULE, sf. a millstone. It. viola, from L. 
 mola. For o = eu see § 79. — Der. meid'xhxe.. 
 
 MEULE, sf. a rick, stack (of hay); formerly 
 meulle, from L. metula*, dim. of raeta, 
 a rick, in Carolingian documents ; e. g. 
 ' acceptisque clavibus metas annonae, quae 
 aderant, elidit,' says Gregory of Tours (Hist. 
 4, 41). Meta is properly a cone. Metula, 
 regularly contrd. (see § 51) to met'la, 
 becomes meulle, then meule, by tl = // = /; 
 see § 168, 
 
 MEUNIER, sm. a miller ; formerly menlnier, 
 Prov. molinier, from L. molinarius, by 
 regular contr. (see § 52) of molinarius 
 to mol'narius ; whence Tneulnier by -arius 
 = -ier (see § 198), and o = eu (see § 79), 
 then meunier by dropping /. — Der. meun- 
 erie. 
 
 MEURTRE, sm. murder; from L. mor- 
 drum * ; found in Carolingian documents, 
 e. g. ' Si mordruin totum quis fecerit,' 
 Lex Saxonum, 2, 6; 'Si quis hominem in 
 
 mordro occiderit,' in a Capitulary of a.d. 
 813. Mordrum is of Germ, origin, Goth. 
 maitrthr; for au = o see § 106. Mor- 
 drum becomes meurtre. For o — eu see 
 § 79 ; for dr = tr, an altogether irregular 
 change, see § 171. — V>tx.meurtr\Gt,meurtr\x, 
 meurtrieve. 
 
 MEURTRIR, va. to bruise, kill. See meurtre. 
 Der. meurtrhsxixe. 
 
 MEUTE, sf. a pack of hounds ; originally a 
 troop generally ; e. g. we find in the Chan- 
 son d'Antioche, a French poem, 13th cent., 
 that Pierre VHermite vit perir toute la 
 meute des croises. Meute is from L. 
 mota*, properly a troop raised for an 
 expedition, in medieval texts. Mota is 
 partic. subst. of movere. Mota becomes 
 meute by o = eu, see § 79. — Der. ameutex 
 (to collect, form into a troop, then excite. 
 From this use meute came, in O. Fr., to 
 = emeute, a revolt, a sense which survives 
 in the deriv. meudn, now mutin. For eu 
 — u see puree). 
 
 MI-, prefix or suffix to words, =:Engl. mid-', 
 from L.medius. For loss ofd see aloteette ; 
 for e = i see § 59. Mi is a doublet of 
 medium. — Der. mmuit, wzpartie, xnijambe, 
 mi-caxeme, midi, milieu, parm/. 
 
 Miasma, sm. a miasma ; from Gr. fiiacTfia. 
 
 MIAULER, vn. to mew, onomatopoetic ; see 
 § .^4. — Der. miaulexnexit. 
 
 fMica, sm. (Min.) mica; from L. mica, 
 der. from micare. Its doublet is mie, q. v, 
 
 MICHE, £/: a loaf; of Germ, origin, Flem. 
 micke, wheaten bread. For c = ch see 
 § 126. 
 
 MICMAC, sm. an intrigue; of Germ, origin. 
 Germ, mischmasch. 
 
 Micocoulier, sf (Bot.) nettle-tree. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 Mierocosme, sm. a microcosm; from Gr. 
 
 HLKpOKOOflOS. 
 
 Micrographie, sf. micrography ; from Gr. 
 fxiKpos and ypdcpeiv. — Der. micrographiqae. 
 
 Micrometre, sm. a micrometer ; from Gr, 
 fxiKpos and fjierpov. — Der. micrometrique. 
 
 Microscope, sm. a microscope; from Gr. 
 fjiiKpos and aKoirfiv. — Der. microscopique. 
 
 MIDI, sm. noon, south ; compd. of mi (me- 
 dius) and di (diem.) : ' Ipsum meridiem, 
 cur non raedidiem? Credo, quod erat 
 insuavius,' says Cicero in the De Oratore. 
 
 MIE, sf. a crumb; from L. mica. So Pe- 
 tronius has ' mica panis ' for a crumb of 
 bread, and a 7th-cent. formulary opposes 
 m.ica to crusta : ' A foris turpis est crusta, 
 ab intus miga nimis est fusca,' For loss of 
 
234 
 
 MIE — MINIME. 
 
 medial o see affnuage. Mie is a doublet of 
 tmca, q.v. — Der. mitnc. 
 
 MiE, adv. not ; from L. mioa. Je tCen at 
 mie properly =i^> n'en at pas une parcelle, 
 ' I have not a scrap.' The Lat. used mioa 
 similarly, as in Martial's ' nullaque mica 
 salis.' For loss of c see affouage. 
 
 MIE, sf. a darling, love; abbreviation of 
 amie. 
 
 MIEL, sm. honey; from L. mel. For e = ie 
 see § 56. — Der. mtWleux. 
 
 MIEN, pron. adj. mine ; formerly men, soft- 
 ened form of mon, q. v. For mon — men 
 see je\ for men = mien see § 56. We 
 find le mon for le mien in several llth- 
 cent. documents ; this confirms the origin 
 given. For the etymology see mon. 
 
 MIETTE, sf. a little crumb. See mz>.— Der. 
 ^miettct. 
 
 MIEUX, adv. better; formerly mieus, origi- 
 nally miels and mels, from L. m,elius, 
 by regular contr. (see § 51) of melius 
 to mel's ; whence O. Fr. mels, whence suc- 
 cessively miels, see § 56 ; mieus, see agtieau ; 
 and mieux, see deux. 
 
 MIEVRE, adj. arch, roguish. Origin un- 
 known. — Der. mievrtx'iQ, mievrete. 
 
 MIGNARD, adj. delicate. See mignon. — 
 Der. mignarder, mignardhe. 
 
 MIGNON, MIGNARD, sm. a favourite, 
 darling, minion ; from a common root mign-, 
 of Germ origin, O.H.G. minnia. — Der. 
 mignonette, mignoter. 
 
 Migraine, sf. headache; from L. hemi- 
 cranium, found in Marcellus Empiricus. 
 For loss of first syllable see briller; for 
 c=^ see adjuger. 
 
 Migration, sf. migration; from L. migra- 
 tion e m . 
 
 MIJAUREE, 5/. an affected lady. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 MIJOTER, va. to nurse up. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 MIL, sm. (Bot.) millet ; from L. milivun. — 
 Der. millet, mz71eraie. 
 
 MIL, adj. thousand ; from L. m.ille. 
 
 t Milan, sm. (Omith.) a kite ; from Sp. 
 milano. 
 
 Miliaire, adj. miliary; from L. miliar i us, 
 from milium, millet. 
 
 MILICE, sf. militia ; from L. militia. For 
 -tia, = -ce see agencer. — Der. miliden. 
 
 MILIEU, sm. middle. See mi and lieu. 
 
 Militaire, adj. military ; from L. militaris. 
 
 Militer, vn. to militate; from L. militare. 
 — Der. militant. 
 
 MILLE, adj. thousand; sm. a thousand; from 
 
 L. millia, pi. of mille. — Der. milliard, 
 million. • 
 
 Mill6naire, adj. millenary; from L. mille- 
 narius. 
 
 Millesime, sm. date (of coins, books, etc.) ; 
 from L. millesimus. Its doublets are 
 millieme, millime. 
 
 MILLET, sm. (Bot.) millet. See mil. 
 
 Milliaire, adj. milliary ; sm. a milestone ; 
 from L. milliarius. 
 
 MILLIEME, adj. and sm. thousandth; for- 
 merly milliesme, from L. millesimus. For 
 -esimus = -ieme see huitieme. Its doublet 
 is millesime. 
 
 MILLIER, sm. thousand (of); from L. mil- 
 liarium. For •Qxi\xxa = -ier see § 198. 
 
 MILLION, sm. a million. See mille.— Dex. 
 millionnaixe, millioniexne. 
 
 t Milord, sm. a lord, rich man; from 
 Engl, my lord. 
 
 Mime, sm. a mime, mimic ; from L. 
 mimus. 
 
 Mimique, adj. mimic; from L. mimicus. 
 
 + Minaret, sm. a minaret; of Oriental 
 origin, Ar. minaret. 
 
 MINAUDER, vn. to be lackadaisical. — Der. 
 minaudexie, minaudiex. 
 
 MINCE, adj. slender, slight. Origin un- 
 known. — Der. amincer. 
 
 t Mine, 5/. air, countenace; from It. mina. 
 — Der. mmois, wzmaud, mzwauder. 
 
 Mine, sf. a mine. See viiner. — Der. minenx. 
 
 MINE, sf. a mine (a measure =78 litres), lit. 
 the half of a setier ; from L. hemina, half 
 a sextarius. For loss of he see migraine. 
 
 Mine, s/". a mina (100 drachms); from L. 
 mina. 
 
 Miner, va. to mine, lead a gallery under- 
 ground; from L. mina re. Its doublet is 
 mener, q. v. — Der. mine (verbal subst.), 
 minexal, minerai. 
 
 Mineral, sm. mineral, ore. See miner. — 
 Der. mineralisex, mineralisation, mineraU 
 isateur, mineralogie (from mineral and Ka- 
 yos). 
 
 Min6ralogie, sf. mineralogy. See mineral. 
 Der. miner alogisXe, mineralogique. 
 
 MINET, sm. a cat, puss. Origin unknown. 
 
 MINEUR, adj. under age, minor, sm. a minor ; 
 from L. minorem. For -orem = -eMr see 
 § 227. Its doublet is moindre, q. v. 
 
 Miniature, sf a miniature; from L. mi- 
 niatura, properly painting done with mi 
 cium, the initials of MSS. being usualU 
 drawn with vermillion. — Der. miniaturistej 
 
 Mini me, adj. very small; from L. mini 
 mus. 
 
MINIMUM— MODALITY. 
 
 ^35 
 
 Minimum, sm. a minimum ; from L. m i- 
 
 nimum. 
 MinistSre, sm. a ministry; from L. niinis- 
 
 terium. Its doublet is metier, q. v. — Der. 
 
 mi?iisttrlel (whose doublet is mtnestral, 
 
 q.v.). 
 Ministre, sm. a minister; from L. mi- 
 nister. 
 Minium, sm. minium, red lead ; from L. 
 
 minium. 
 MINOIS, sm. a pretty face. See mine. 
 Minorite, sf. a minority; from L. mino- 
 
 ritatem*, from minor. 
 MINUIT, nn. midnight. See 7ni and miit. 
 Minuscule, adj. small (of letters) ; from L. 
 
 minusculus. 
 Minute, sf. a minute; from L. minuta, 
 
 properly a small thing, whence a small space 
 
 of time. Its doublet is m,e7iue, q. v. — Der. 
 
 minuttx. 
 Minutie, sf. a trifle; from L. minutia. — 
 
 Der. 77iinu(ieux. 
 tMirabelle,s/. a mirabelle (plum) ; from 
 
 Sp. mirabel. 
 Miracle, sm. a miracle; from L. mira- 
 
 culum. For -aculum = -ac/e, see § 254. 
 Miraculeux, adj. miraculous ; from L. 
 
 miraculosus (so used in St. Augustine). 
 MIRAGE, sm. a mirage. See mirer. 
 MIRE, sf. aim, sight. See mirer. 
 MIRER, va. to aim, aim at, properly to 
 
 admire, look at. Origin unknown. — Der. 
 
 mire (verbal subst,), mirok, mirzge. 
 MIRLIFLORE, sw. a coxcomb. Origin un- 
 known. 
 MIRLITON, sm. a reed-pipe. Origin un- 
 known. 
 MIROIR, sm. a mirror. See mirer. — Der. 
 
 miroiter, miroititr, 
 MIROITERIE, sf looking-glass making. See 
 
 miroir. 
 i* Misaine, s/. a foresail ; from It. mezzana. 
 Misanthropic, sf misanthropy ; from Gr. 
 
 IMiaavOpcuiria. — Der. jnisanthrope, misan- 
 
 thropique. 
 Miscellanees, sf pi. a miscellany ; from 
 
 L. miscellanea. 
 MISE, sf. a putting, laying, setting. See mettre. 
 
 Its doublet is messe, q. v. 
 Miserable, adj. miserable; from L. mise- 
 
 rabilis. 
 Mis^re, sf misery; from L. miser ia. 
 Misericorde, sf pity; from L. miseri- 
 
 cordia. — Der. misericordieux . 
 Missel, sm. a missal, i. e. a book containing 
 
 the masses for special days ; der. from 
 
 missa. For -alia = -el see § 191. 
 
 Mission, sf a mission; from L. missio- 
 nem. — Der. missionna.ire. 
 
 Missive, sf a missive; from L. missiva, 
 from missum, p. p. of mittere. 
 
 t Mistral, sm. the mistral (north-west 
 wind of Provence) ; from Prov. mistral, 
 formerly maestral. It. maestrale, is the 
 L. magistralis, i. e. the masterful wind. 
 For loss of g see allier. Mistral is a 
 doublet of magistral. 
 
 MITAINE, MITON, sf. a mitten, properly a 
 half glove ; from a root mit, of Germ, 
 origin, O. H. G. mittamo, half. 
 
 MITE, sf. a mite, tick; of Germ, origin, 
 A. S. mite. 
 
 Mitigation, sf mitigation; from L. miti- 
 gationem. 
 
 Mitiger, va. to mitigate; from L. miti- 
 gare. 
 
 MITON, sm. a mitten. See viitaine. 
 
 MITONNER, va. to coddle up. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 MITOYEN, adj. medial, middle; from me- 
 dieval L. medietanus ♦. For loss of t 
 see abbaye; for e = i see § 59; for -anus 
 = -en see § 194 ; for e = oi see accroire and 
 § 61 ; for the unusual passage back from 
 d to / see § 121. — Der. mitoyennet^. 
 
 MITRAILLE, sf old iron, small shot; for- 
 merly mitaille; for addition of r see 
 chanvre. Mitaille is dim. of O. Fr. mite, 
 a mite, small copper coin, whence it means 
 morsels of copper, the sense it had as late 
 as the 17th cent. Mite is of Germ, origin, 
 Flem. mijte. — Der. mitrailler, mitrailhde. 
 
 Mitre, sf a mitre; from L. mitra. — Der. 
 mitre, mitron. 
 
 MITRON, sm. a baker's man, properly one 
 who wears a paper mitre. See mitre. 
 
 Mixte, adj. mixed; from L, mixtus. 
 
 Mixtion, sf. mixtion, gold size ; from L. 
 mixtionem. — Der. mixtiotmer. 
 
 Mixture, sf a mixture; from L. mixtura. 
 
 Mn6monique, adj. mnemonic; from Gr. 
 fiVTj/jLoviKTj (sc. rix^rj, the art of helping 
 the memory). 
 
 Mn6niotechnie, sf mnemonics ; from Gr. 
 {jLvqixocv and rix^l- 
 
 Mobile, adj. mobile, moveable ; from L. 
 mobilis. Its doublet is meuble, q.v. — 
 Der. mobU'uLke, mobiher, mobiHser, immo- 
 bile. 
 
 Mobiliser, vfl. to liberate, mobilise (soldiers). 
 See mobile. — Der. mobilissitlon, \mmobilisex. 
 
 Mobilite, sf mobility; from L. mobili- 
 tatem. For -tatera = -/e' see § 230. 
 
 Modality, s/. modality; from L. modal i- 
 
2^6 
 
 MODE — MOLLET. 
 
 tatem*, from modalis, der. from mo- 
 dus. 
 Mode, $/. manner; from L. modus. — Der. 
 
 modiste. 
 + Module, sm. a model ; from It. modello. 
 
 — Der. model tr, modelnge. 
 Mod^rateur, sm. a moderator; from L. 
 
 moderatorem. 
 Moderation, sf. moderation; from L. mo- 
 
 derationem. 
 Moderer, va. to moderate; from L. mode- 
 
 rari. 
 Modeme, adj. modern; from L. moder- 
 
 nus (in Priscian). 
 Modeste, adj. modest; from L. modestus. 
 Modestie, sf. modesty; from L. modestia. 
 Modification, sf. modification ; from L. 
 
 modificationem. 
 Modifier, va. to modify; from L. modi- 
 
 ficare. — Der. moofyJcatif. 
 Modique, adj. moderate (in value); from 
 
 L. modicus. 
 Modicite, sf. smallness, moderateness ; from 
 
 L, modicitatem. 
 Module, sm. a measure, diameter (of coins) ; 
 
 from L. modulus. Its doublet is moule, 
 
 q.v. 
 Modular, va. to modulate; from L. mo- 
 
 dulari — Der. moduhX.\on. 
 MOELLE, sf. marrow. Prov. meolla, Sp. 
 
 meollo, from L. medulla, by loss of d 
 
 (see accabler), whence meolle by u = o (see 
 
 annoncer), whence moelle by. transposition 
 
 of the vowels — Der. moelleux. 
 MOELLON, sm. ashlar. Origin unknown. 
 MCEUF, sm. mood (of verbs) ; so found as 
 
 late as Rollin, from L. modus. For o = 
 
 ceu see accueillir; for d=/see § 122. 
 MCEURS, sm. pi. manners, morals ; from L. 
 
 mores, by regular contr. (see § 51) of 
 
 m.6res into mor's, whence moeurs. For 
 
 o = eu see accueillir. 
 MOI, pers.pron. (objective case), me, to me ; 
 
 from L. rai, contr. of mihi. For i = o/ 
 
 see boire. 
 MOIGNON, sm. a stump (of an amputated 
 
 limb). Origin unknown. 
 MOINDRE, adj. (comp. and superl. oi petit), 
 
 less, least; ioxmeAy mendre, from L. minor, 
 
 by regular contr. (see § 51) of minor to 
 
 min'r, whence O. Fr. mendre. For nr = 
 
 ndr see absoudre ; for i = e see § 72. 
 
 Mendre becomes moindre by e = oi, see 
 
 § 72. Moindre is a doublet of mineur, 
 
 q. V. — Der. amoindrk, 
 MOINE, sm. a monk ; from a type monius*, 
 
 from Gr. fiovos, by transposing i, see cha- 
 
 noine and Hist. Gram. p. 77, Monius* 
 has produced a deriv. monialis. found in a 
 document, a. d. 649. — Der. womerie. 
 
 MOINEAU, sm. a sparrow ; formerly moinel, 
 moisnel, contr. of moissonel, dim. of O. Fr. 
 moisson, from L. muscionem*, a little 
 bird, from musca, i. e. properly a fly- 
 catcher. Muscionem becomes moisson. 
 For u = oi see § 100 ; for scio = sso see 
 agencer. Moissonel, dim. of moisson, is 
 regularly contr. (see § 52) to mois'nel, 
 whence moinel (see Hist. Gram. p. 81), 
 lastly moineau (see ngneati). 
 
 MOINS, adv. less, lacking, too little; from 
 L. minus. For contr. of minus to min's 
 see § 51, whence moins; for i = o/ see 
 boire. 
 
 + Moire, sm. a waved or watered textile 
 fabric ; from Engl, mohair. — Der. moirer. 
 
 MOIS, sm. a month ; from L. mensis. For 
 ns = s see aine; for e = oi see § 62. 
 
 MOISE, sf. a couple, brace. Origin unknown. 
 
 MOISIR, va. to make mouldy ; formerly 
 muisir, from L. mucere. For u = ?/« see 
 buis ; for ui = oi see angoisse ; for c = s see 
 amitii', for e = i see § 59. — Der. moz'sis- 
 sure, moisi (partic. subst.). 
 
 MOISSON, sf. harvest ; from L. messionem 
 (found in Varro). For e = oi see § 62. — 
 Der. moi^sonntT, moissonnenr . 
 
 MOITE, adj. damp, moist ; formerly moiste, 
 from L.musteus*, der. from mustum. 
 Musteus becomes regularly mustius (see 
 abreger), whence moiste, by u==oi (see 
 § 100), lastly moite by loss of s (see Hist. 
 Gram. p. 81). — Der. moiteur. 
 
 MOITlfi, sf. half; from L. medietatem. 
 For loss of medial d see accabler : for e — 
 oi see § 62 ; for -atem = -fe see amitit. 
 
 MOL, adj. soft ; from L. mollis. Its doublet 
 is mou, q. v. — Der. 7«o/lasse, wo/lement, 
 mo/let, moZeton. 
 
 Molaire, adj. molar; from L. molaris.j 
 Its doublet is meuliere. 
 
 M61e, sm. a mole, pierhead ; from L. moles.] 
 
 Molecule, sf a molecule, particle; from' 
 Schol. Lat. molecula, dim. of moles. — ^1 
 Der. moUctddHxt. 
 
 Molester, va. to molest; from L. moles- 
 tare. 
 
 MOLETTE, sf. a painter's grindstone, rowelj 
 
 • dim. of mola. 
 
 MOLASSE, adj. flabby. See mol. 
 
 MOLLESSE, sf softness ; from L. molitia *, 
 der. from mollis. For -itio. =^ -esse see 
 § 245. 
 
 MOLLET, sm. calf (of the leg). See mol. 
 
MOLLIR — MO NT A GNE. 
 
 237 
 
 MOLLIR, va. to soften ; from L, moUire. 
 MoUusque, sm. a mollusc, shellfish ; from 
 
 L. moUusca, 
 Moment, sm. a moment; from L, momen- 
 tum. 
 Momentan^, adj. momentary ; from L, 
 
 momentaneus (so used by St. Jerome). 
 MOMEllIE, s/". mummery, masquerade ; from 
 
 O. Fr. motner; of Germ, origin, Germ. 
 
 mvmmen. 
 + Momie, .«/. a mummy ; from It. mummia. 
 MON, poss. adj. my, mine ; from L. meum. 
 
 For meum^mum see § 102 (cp. sam = 
 
 suam in Ennius). Mum becomes mon 
 
 by u = o (see § 93) and m = « (see changer). 
 Monacal, adj. monacal, monkish ; from L. 
 
 monachalis. 
 Monachisme, sm. monkery ; from L. 
 
 monachismus. 
 Monade, sf. a monad; from L, monadem, 
 
 found in Isidore of Seville. 
 Monadelphie, sf. (Bot.) monadelphy; from 
 
 Gr. iiovos and d5eA<^o$. 
 Monandrie, sf. (Bot.) monandria ; from 
 
 Gr. fiovos and dv-qp. 
 Monarchie, sf. monarchy ; from Gr. fjLovap- 
 
 xia. — Der. wzowarcAique, monarchiste. 
 Monarchique, adj. monarchical. See 
 
 tnonarchie. 
 Monarque, sm. a monarch; from Gr. 
 
 ixovapxv^- 
 Monastdre, sm. a monastery; from L. 
 
 monasterium. Its doublet is moutier, q.v. 
 Monastique, adj. monastic ; from L. 
 
 monasticus *. 
 Monaut, adj. one-eared ; from Gr. fiSvcoTos. 
 MONCEAU, sm. a heap ; formerly moncel. 
 
 For -el = -eau see agnean. Moncel is from 
 
 L. monticelluni, a hill-shaped heap, der. 
 
 from raontem by regular contr. (see 
 
 § 52) of monticellum to mont'cellum. 
 
 For to = c see adjuger. — Der. (from O. Fr. 
 
 moncel) amonceler. 
 MONDAIN, adj. mundane, worldly ; from L. 
 
 mundanus. For u = o see § 93; for 
 
 -anus = -am see § 194. — Der. motidamte. 
 MONDE, sm. the world ; from L. mundus. 
 
 For u=o see § 93. 
 MONDE, adj. clean (of animals) ; from L. 
 
 mundus. For u = o see § 93. — Der. im- 
 
 monde. 
 MONDER, va. to clean ; from L. mundare. 
 
 For u = o see § 93, 
 Mon^taire, adj. monetary ; from L. mone- 
 
 tarius, properly a money-dealer. 
 Moniteur, sm. a monitor ; from L. moni- 
 
 torem. 
 
 Monition, sf. an admonition; from L. 
 
 monitionem. 
 Monitoire, adj. and sm. a monitory ; from 
 
 L. monitorium. — Der. mowzVorial. 
 MONNAIE, sf. coin, money ; formerly mo?i- 
 
 noie ; from L. moneta. For loss of t see 
 
 aigu ; for n = nn see ennemi ; for e = of = at 
 
 see § 62 Der. monnayer, tnonnayage, 
 
 monnayem. 
 Monochrome, adj. monochromatic ; from 
 
 Gr. /JLovoxpoofxos. 
 Monocorde, sm. a monochord ; from Gr. 
 
 ^lov6xop5os. 
 Monocotyledone, sf. (Bot.) a monocoty- 
 ledon ; from Gr. fiovos and KorvXijddiv. 
 Monoecie, sf (Bot.) monoecia ; from Gr. 
 
 fiovos and o'lKia. 
 Monogram m e, sm. a monogram; from 
 
 Gr. fiovoypafifiuv. 
 Monographie, sf a monograph ; from Gr. 
 
 fxavoypacpia. 
 Monoique, adj. (Bot.) androgynous; from 
 
 Gr. fjLovos and oIkos. 
 Monolithe, sm. a monolith; from Gr. 
 
 fiovSKidos. 
 Monologue, sm. a monologue ; from Gr, 
 
 fxovo\oyia. 
 Monomanie, sf a monomania: from Gr. 
 
 fxovos and manie, q. v. — Der. monomane. 
 Mondme, sm. (Algebra) monome; from 
 
 Gr, fjLovoQ}. 
 Monopetale, adj. (Bot.) monopetalous ; 
 
 from Gr. /xovos and iriraXov. 
 Monophylle, adj. (Bot.) monophyllous ; 
 
 from Gr. fxovocpvWos. 
 Monopole, sm. a monopoly; from Gr. 
 
 IxovoirooXia. — Der. monopoleur, monopoliser. 
 Monosyllabe, sm. a monosyllabe; from 
 
 Gr. fxovoavWa^os. — Der. monosyllabique. 
 Monotone, adj. monotonous, sf. monotony ; 
 
 from Gr. fxovoTOvos. — Der. monotonie. 
 MONS, sm. abbreviation of monsieur, q. v. 
 MONSEIGNEUR, sm. my lord, your lordship. 
 
 See mon and seigneur. — Der. monseigneur- 
 
 iser. 
 MONSIEUR, sm. sir. See mon and sieur. 
 Monstre, sm. a monster; from L. mon- 
 
 strum. 
 Monstrueux, adj. monstrous; from L. 
 
 monstruosus. For -osus = -eux see 
 
 § 229. — Der, mo«s/r«osite. 
 MONT, sm. a mountain, hill ; from L. mon- 
 
 tem. — Der. monter, amont. 
 MONTAGNE, sf. a mountain ; from L. mon- 
 
 tanea *, der. from montem. For -anea 
 
 = -agne see aragne. — Der. montagna.xd, 
 
 montagneux. 
 
238 
 
 MONTER — MOR TA ISE, 
 
 MONTER, va. to ascend. See mont. — Der. 
 monUgt, motitie (partic. subst.), wo«/ant, 
 mo«/eiir, mo«/oir, montnxt, d^monter, re- 
 monfer, smmonter. 
 
 Monticule, sm. a hillock ; from L. monti- 
 culus. 
 
 MONTRE, sf. a sample, a watch. See mon- 
 trer. 
 
 MONTRER, va. to show, point out; for- 
 merly monstrer; from L. monstrare. 
 For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81, — Der. 
 tnontre (verbal subst., the dial-plate which 
 shows the hours, thence by extension a 
 watch), 
 
 Montueux, adj. hilly; from L. montu- 
 osus. For -OB\xs = -eux see § 229. 
 
 Monument, sm. a monument ; from L. 
 monumentum. — Der. monumenUX. 
 
 MOQUER (SE), vpr. to mock. Origin un- 
 known. — Der. moquerie, moquexir. 
 
 MOQIJETTE, sf. a Wilton carpet. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 MORAILLES, sf. horse-twitchers (in farriery). 
 Origin unknown. — Der. moraillon. 
 
 Moral, adj. moral; from L. moralis. — 
 Der. moraliser. 
 
 Morale, sf. ethics ; from L. moralis (used 
 as a subst. in Ennodius). 
 
 Moraliser, vn, to moralise. See moral. — 
 Der. moralisewT, moraliste, dimoraliser. 
 
 Morality, sf. morality; from L. morali- 
 tatem. For -tatein = -/e see § 230. 
 
 Morbide, adj. morbid ; from L. morbidus. 
 
 t Morbidesse, sf. morbidity; from It. 
 morbidezza. 
 
 MORCEAU, sm. a morsel ; formerly morcel, 
 originally morsel, It. morsello, from L. 
 znorsellum *, found in late Lat. docu- 
 ments; properly a thing bitten, mouthful, 
 morsellum being a dim. of tnorsum, p.p. 
 of mordere. Cp. Germ, bissen from beiszen. 
 Morsellum becomes successively O. Fr. 
 morsel, then morcel (see cercueil for s = c), 
 lastly morceau (by el=eau, see agneau). 
 Morceau is a doublet of museau, q. v. — 
 Der. (from O. Fr. morcel) morcehx. 
 
 MORCELER, vn. to parcel out. See mor- 
 ceau. — Der. morce/lement. 
 
 Mordicant, adj. corrosive ; from L. mor- 
 dicantem, der. from mordere. 
 
 fMordicus, adv. tenaciously, stoutly; 
 from L. mordicus. 
 
 MORDILLER, vn. to nibble. See mordre. 
 
 MORDORE, sm. reddish brown ; formerly 
 more dore, compd. of dore (q. v.) and more, 
 which is from L. maurus, a Moor. For 
 au = o see § 107. 
 
 MORDRE, va. to bite ; from L. mordere. 
 
 For mordere = mordSre see Hist. Gram. 
 
 p. 133. MordSre becomes mordre b)' 
 
 dropping 6, see § 51. — Der. demordre, re- 
 
 mordre. 
 MORE, sm. a Moor, blackamoor : from L. 
 
 Maurus. For au = o see § 107. — Der. 
 
 7noresque, woreau (formerly morel, for el = 
 
 eau see agneau), morelle, morillon, moricaud. 
 MORFIL, sm. a wire edge (of razors, etc.). 
 
 Seejil and mort. 
 MORFONDRE, va. to chill, properly a veteri- 
 nary term, meaning to strike a chill, with 
 
 nasal catarrh in a horse. Morfondre is 
 
 compd. of morve (a horse's disorder) and 
 
 fondre. 
 MORGELINE, sf. (Bot.) chickweed. It. 
 
 mordigallina, a plant much liked by 
 
 poultry, as is shown by its derivation from 
 
 morsus gallinae, whence morsgeline, then 
 
 morgeline. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. 
 
 p. 81 ; for gallina=g"e7/«« see geline. 
 MORGUE, {i) sf. gravity, cold pride.— Der. 
 
 morgutx. {2) sf. a room at the entrance of 
 
 a prison (used as a sort of depot), morgue. 
 
 Origin unknown. 
 Moribond, adj. in a dying state ; from 
 
 L. moribundus. 
 MORICAUD, sm. a blackamoor. See more. 
 Morig6ner, va. to form the morals of, 
 
 reprimand; from L. morigerari. 
 MORILLE, sf. (Bot.) a morel; of Germ. 
 
 origin, O. H. G. morhila. 
 t Morion, sm. a morion, helmet ; from It. 
 
 morione. 
 MORNE, adj. dull, downcast; of Germ. 
 
 origin, O. H. G. mornen, to mourn. 
 fMorne, sm. a mountain ; introd. from the 
 
 Antilles, Sp. morron. 
 Morose, adj. morose; from L. morosus. 
 Morosit6, sf. morosity; from L. morosi- 
 
 tatem. 
 Morph^e, sm. Morpheus ; from Gr. Mop- 
 
 <pcvs. — Der. morphine. 
 Morphine, sf. (Med.) morphine. See 
 
 Morphee. 
 MORS, sm. a bit (of a bridle); from L. 
 
 morsus. 
 MORSURE, sm. a bite, sting; from L. 
 
 morsura *, der. from L. morsus. 
 MORT, sf death ; from L. mortem. 
 MORT, adj. (or p.p.) dead; from L. mor- 
 
 tuus. For mortuus = mortus see § 51. 
 + Mortadelle, sf. an Italian sausage; 
 
 from It. mortadella. 
 Mortaise, sf. a mortise (carpentry). Origin 
 
 unknown. 
 
MOR TA LlTl^—MO ULIN. 
 
 239 
 
 Mortality, s/. mortality; from L. mortali- 
 tatem. 
 
 MORTEL, adj. mortal ; from L. mortalis. 
 For -alis = -eZ see § 191. 
 
 MORTIER, sm. a mortar; from L. mor- 
 tarium. For -ariuTn = -zVr see § 198. 
 
 Mortification, sf. mortification; from L, 
 mortificationem. 
 
 Mortifier, va. to mortify; from L. morti- 
 ficare. — Der. morlijiant. 
 
 Mortuaire, adj. mortuary; from L. mor- 
 tuarius. 
 
 MORUE, sf. codfish. Origin unknown. 
 
 MORVE, sf. glanders, nasal mucous; from L. 
 morbus, properly a disease, those of ani- 
 mals being usually very vaguely designated ; 
 just as we talk of dogs having the dis- 
 temper, without specifying which distemper. 
 Thus la morve, the special disorder of horfes, 
 is similarly derived from the generic Lat. 
 morbus. — Der. morveux. 
 
 'I'Mosaique, sf. mosaic; from It. mu- 
 saico. 
 
 Mosaique, adj. Mosaic (of Moses) ; from 
 L. mosaicus. 
 
 tMosqu6e, sf. a mosque; of Oriental 
 origin, Ar. mesgid, through It. moschea. 
 
 MOT, sni. a word. It. motto, from L. m.ut- 
 tum. : ' Non audet dicere muttum.,' says 
 Lucilius. Cornutus says, on the first Satire 
 of Persius, ' Proverbialiter dicimus, mut- 
 tum nullum emiseris, id est verbum.' For 
 u = o see § 97. 
 
 + Motet, sm. a motet; from It. motetlo. 
 
 Moteur, sm. a mover, motive power ; from 
 L. motorem. 
 
 Motif, sm. a motive; from L. motivus *, 
 der, from motum, lit. 'that which 
 moves' to the doing of anything. — Der. 
 motiver. 
 
 Motion, sf a motion; from L. motion- 
 em. 
 
 MOTTE, sf a clod. Origin unknown. 
 
 Motus, interj. mum ! Origin unknown. 
 
 MOU, adj. soft ; from mol, whose doublet it 
 is. See agneau. — Der. mou (sm.). 
 
 MOUCHARD, sm. a poHce-spy. See mouche. 
 
 MOUCHE, sfz fly ; formerly mousche, from 
 L. musca. For u = ow see §97; for ca 
 — che see §§ 126, 54; for loss of s see Hist. 
 Gram. p. 81. — Der. moucheron, mouchard, 
 moucheter, moucheroWe, emouchet. 
 
 MOUCHER, i/a. to wipe the nose; from L. 
 
 muccare, from m.ucus. Muccare is 
 
 found in the Germanic Codes : ' Si nasum 
 
 [ excusserit ut muccare non possit,' in the 
 
 Ripuarian Code, v. 2. Muccare becomes 
 
 moucher by co = ch, see acheter, and u = 
 OK, see § 97. — Der. mouchoir, mouchettes, 
 moucheuv, motichnre. 
 
 MOUCHETER, va. to spot, speckle. See 
 movche. — Der. monchcture. 
 
 MOUDRE, va. to grind ; formerly moldre, 
 originally 7nolre, from L. molere, by 
 regular contr. (see § 51) of molere to 
 mol're, whence O. Fr. moire, whence 
 moldre (for Ir — ldr see absoudre), then 
 moudre (for ol = ou see agneau). 
 
 MOUE, sf. a pouting face; of Germ, origin, 
 Neth. mowe. 
 
 MOUETTE, ./. a gull, seamew ; dim. of 
 O. Fr. moue ; of Germ, origin. Germ. 
 m,owe. 
 
 MOUFLE, sf. a muffler, glove; from L. 
 m.uffula *, found in Carol, documents ; 
 thus a Capitulary of A. D. 8 1 7 says ' Ut 
 muffulae vervecinae monachis dentur.' 
 And again a little further on, 'Wantos in 
 aestate, m.uffulas in hieme vervecinas.' 
 Muffula is of Germ, origin, Neth. moffel. 
 By loss of u (see §51) miiffula becomes 
 mufPla, whence moufle. For u = om see 
 §97. 
 
 MOUFLE, (i) s/. a system of pulleys. 
 (2) sm. (Chem.) a muffle. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 MOUFLON, sm. (Mamm.) a mufflon. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 MOUILLER, va. to wet, steep in water ; from 
 L. molliare*, der. from mollis. Cp. the 
 same metaphor in Germ, eitiweicheti, from 
 weich. For lli = ill see ail ; for o = ou see 
 § 86. — Der. mouilhge, mouilloir, mouilluTe, 
 mouilhtte. 
 
 MOULE, sf. a muscle ; formerly mousle, 
 Languedoc muscle, from L. m^usculus, by 
 regular contr. (see § 51) of m.usculus to 
 musc'lus, whence mousle (for cl = / see 
 male), lastly moule (for loss of s see Hist. 
 Gram. p. 81). Moule is a doublet of muscle, 
 q.v. 
 
 MOULE, SOT. a mould ; formerly molle, ori- 
 ginally modle, from L. modulus, by 
 regular contr. (see § 51) of modulus to 
 mod'lus ; whence O. Fr. modle, which be- 
 comes molle by dl = ll, see § 168; lastly 
 moule (for ol = ou see agneau). Moule is a 
 doublet of module, q. v. — Der. mauler, 
 moulure, moulem, mouhge. 
 
 MOULER, va. to mould. See above, 
 
 MOULIN, sm. a mill ; from L. molinus *, 
 in medieval Lat. documents : ' Si quis in- 
 genuus in molino alieno furaverit, ei cujus 
 est molinus.' Lex Salica, p. xxiv. I. The 
 
240 
 
 MOULT — MUER. 
 
 classical form is fern, xuolina. Molinus 
 
 gives viQulin by o = o«, see § 86. — Der. 
 
 motilinet, mouliner, moulinnge, moulinein. 
 MOULT, adv. very ; from L. multum. For 
 
 o»ou see § 86. 
 MOULURE, sf. a moulding. See moule. 
 MOURIR, vn. to die; from L. moriri!(an 
 
 archaic form of luori, used by Plautus). — 
 
 Der. moMrant. 
 MOURON, sm. (Bot.) the pimpernel. Origin 
 
 unknown. 
 + Mourre, sf. morra (a game) ; from It. 
 
 morra. 
 fMousquet, sm. a musket; from It. 
 
 tnoschetto. — Der. mousquelAiTe, mousquet- 
 
 ade, mousquet^x'xt. 
 f Mousqueton, sm. a musketoon ; from 
 
 It. moschettone. 
 MOUSSE, adj. blunt ; of Germ, origin, Neth. 
 
 . mots. — Der. emowsser. 
 t Mousse, sm. a cabin boy; from It. 
 
 mozzo, properly a lad. 
 MOUSSE, sf. (Bot.) moss; of Germ, origin, 
 
 O.H. G. mos. For o = ou see § 86. — Der. 
 
 mousse (foam, from its likeness to the 
 
 plant), moiisser. 
 Mousseline, sf muslin ; of hist, origin, see 
 
 § 33 ; it was originally made at Mossoul. 
 MOUSSER, vn. to froth. See mousse. — Der. 
 
 motissoir, moussu, mousseux. 
 MOUSSERON, sm. a mushroom. See 
 
 mousse. 
 + M0USSOII, sf a monsoon; from Port. 
 
 mousdo. 
 f Moustache, sf a moustache; from It. 
 
 mo<itaccio. 
 fMoustique, sm. (Entom.) a mosquito; 
 
 from Sp. mosquito. For transposition of 
 
 mosquite to moustique see Hist. Gram. p. 77. 
 
 — Der. moustiquihe. 
 MOOT, sm. must (unfermented wine) ; for- 
 merly moust, from L. mustum. For 
 
 u = 0M see § 97; for loss of s see Hist. 
 
 Gram. p. 81. — Der. moutarde (mustard, 
 
 brewed with must or vinegar). 
 MOUTARDE, sf. mustard. See mout. — Der. 
 
 moutardiei. 
 MOUTIER, sm. a monastery ; formerly 
 
 moustier, earlier mostier, originally monstier 
 
 (in a loth-cent. poem), from L. monas- 
 
 terium, by contr. (see § 52) of mouas- 
 
 t^rium to mon'sterium; whence O. Fr. 
 
 monstier. For e = ie see § 56. Monstier 
 
 becomes mostier by ns = s, see aine ; then 
 
 moustier by o = om, see § 86 ; lastly moutier 
 
 by dropping s, see Hist. Gram. p. 8 1 . Moutier 
 
 is a doublet of monasiere, q. v. 
 
 MOUTON, sm. a sheep. Origin unknown. 
 — Der. moutonner, mouionatux, mouton- 
 nier. 
 MOUTURE, !f. grinding (of corn, etc ) ; for- 
 merly moltMr,e, from L. molitura, by 
 regular contr. (see § 52) of molitura to 
 moltura, whence molture, whence motiture. 
 
 For ol = ou see agneau. 
 MOU VANCE, s/. (feudal) tenure. Sttmouvoir. 
 MOUVEMENT, sm. a movement; from L. 
 
 movimentum. For o = ow see § 86; for 
 
 i = e see § 72. 
 MOUVER, va. to stir (the ground in gardens, 
 
 etc.). See mouvoir, whose doublet it is. 
 MOU VOIR, va. to move ; from L. movere. 
 
 For o = 0M see § 86; for e = oi see § 61. 
 
 Its doublet is mouver. — Der. mowvant, 
 
 mouvunce, ^mouvoir. Mouver is another 
 
 form of mouvoir. 
 fMoxa, sm. (Surg.) moxa ; of Chinese 
 
 origin, the thing having been introduced 
 
 from China. 
 MOYEN, sm. a mean, means. See below. — 
 
 Der. moyenner. 
 MOYEN, adj. middle, mean ; from L. media- 
 
 nus. For loss of medial d see accabler ; 
 
 for -anus=-e« see § 194; for e = o/ see 
 
 § 61. Moyen is a doublet oi median, q. v. 
 
 — Der. moyenne. 
 MOYENNANT, prep, in consideration of (lit. 
 
 pres. partic. of moyenner). 
 MOYENNER, va. to mediate. See moyen. — 
 
 Der. moyennant. 
 MOYEU, sm. a nave-box, centre. Prov. 
 
 moiol; from L. modiolus (for loss of 
 
 medial d see accabler), hence O. Fr. mo'leul 
 
 (for -o\vL.8 = -eul see § 253), whence moyeu 
 
 by dropping final /, see garou. 
 MO, p.p. of mouvoir, moved ; formerly meu, 
 
 from L. motus. For loss of t see aigu ; 
 
 for o =■ eu see § 79 ; for eu = m see 
 
 curee. 
 MUABLE, adj. mutable; from L. mutabilis. 
 
 For loss of medial t see abbaye ; for -abilia 
 
 — -able see affable. 
 Mucilage, sf. mucilage; der. from L. 
 
 mucus. — Der. mucilag'meux. 
 Mucosit6, s/. mucosity ; der. from L. mu- 
 
 cosus. 
 t Mucus, sm. mucus; from L. mucus. 
 MUE, sf a coop, mew. See muer. 
 MUE, adj. in the phrase rage mue, speechless 
 
 anger. Mue is from L. muta, by loss oi 
 
 medial t, see aigu. 
 MUER, vn. to moult, mew ; from L. mu- 
 
 tare. For the restriction in meaning see 
 
 § 13. Mutare becomes WMcr by dropping 
 
MUET—MUSCADE. 
 
 241 
 
 the medial t, see abbaye. — Der. mue (verbal 
 subst.), mwance, lemuer. 
 
 MUET, adj. dumb, mute ; dim. in ei of O. Fr. 
 mu. Mu is from L. mutus. For -utus 
 = -M see § 201. 
 
 MUETTE, sf. a mew, hunting lodge; properly 
 metite. We have seen under accueillir that 
 meute is found in O. Fr. in the form muete. 
 This archaic form remains in muette; for 
 the etymology Sice meute and accueillir. In 
 the l8th cent, muette was proncd. meute, 
 as may be seen from a letter of Marshal 
 Richelieu, who speaks of a visit au bois de 
 Boulogne au chdteau de la Meute, which 
 chateau is now called La Muette. 
 
 MUFLE, sm. a muzzle, snout. Origin un- 
 known. — Der. muflltx. 
 
 Muge, sm. (Ichth.) a mullet ; from L. mu- 
 
 Mugir, vn. to bellow, low; from L. mu- 
 gire. — Der. mw^'issant, mwg-issement. 
 
 MUGUET, sm. (Bot.) lily of the valley ; for- 
 merly musguet, from L. musquettiis*, 
 dim. of muscus, musk. For q = ^ see at/- 
 juger; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. 
 Mvguet is a doublet of muscade, muscat. 
 q. V. — Der. muguet (a fop who scents him- 
 self with musk), muguettx. 
 
 MUID, sm. a ' muid,' hogshead ; from L. mo- 
 dius. For Q = ui by attraction of i see 
 appuyer. . 
 
 t MulS,tre, adj. a mulatto ; corruption of 
 Hispano-American mutate, which from Sp. 
 mulato. 
 
 t Mule, sf. a slipper ; from It. mula. 
 
 MULE, sf. a she-mule. It. mula, from L. 
 mula. 
 
 MULET, sm. a he-mule ; dim. of O. Fr. mul, 
 which is from L. mulus. — Der. muletier. 
 
 Mulet, sm. (Ichth.) a mullet ; dim. of O. Fr, 
 7nulle which is from L. mulla. 
 
 MULOT, sm. a fieldmouse ; of Germ, origin, 
 being a deriv. of a root mul, answering to 
 Neth. mol, a mole. 
 
 Multiflore, adj. (Bot.) many-flowered; 
 from L. multiflorus, found in Isidore of 
 Seville. 
 
 Multiforme, adj. multiform; from L. 
 multiformis. 
 
 Multiple, adj. multiple; from L. multi- 
 plex. 
 
 Multiplieande, sm. (Math.) a multiplicand ; 
 from L. multiplicandus. 
 
 Multiplicateur, sm. (Math.) a multiplier; 
 from L. multiplicatorem. 
 
 Multiplication, sf. (Math.) multiplication; 
 from L. multiplicationem. 
 
 Multiplicite, sf. multiplicity ; from L, 
 multiplicitatem*, from multiplicus. 
 
 Multiplier, va. to multiply ; from L. mul- 
 tiplicare. For loss of c see /)/iVr. 
 
 Multitude, sf. a multitude; from L, mul- 
 titudinem. 
 
 Multivalve, adj. (Conch.) multivalve ; 
 compd. of L. multus and Fr. valve (q. v.) 
 
 Municipal, adj. municipal; from L, mu- 
 nicipalis. — Der. municipalitQ. 
 
 Municipe, sm. a municipal government ; 
 from L. municipium. 
 
 Munificence, sf munificence ; from L. 
 munificentia. For -tia = -ce see agencer. 
 
 Munir, vn. to ripen ; from L. muni re. 
 
 Munition, sf ammunition, provisions ; from 
 L. munitionem from munire. — Der. 
 munitionner, munitionnzire. 
 
 Muqueux, adj. mucous ; from L. mucosus. 
 For -osvi8 = -eux see § 229. 
 
 MUR, sm. a wall ; from L. mvirus. — Der. 
 murQT, mwraille, emmwrer. 
 
 MUR, adj. ripe ; formerly meiir, Prov. madur. 
 It. mature, from L. maturus by loss of 
 medial t, see abbaye ; whence meur (for a = 
 e see § 54), then meur (for synseresis of 
 eu = eu see Hist. Gram. p. 38), lastly miir 
 by eu = u, see curee. — Der. murk. 
 
 MURAILLE, sm. a wall, rampart. See mur. 
 
 Mural, etc?/, mural ; from L. mur alls. 
 
 MURE, sf. a mulberry ; formerly meure, from 
 L. mora, fern, form of L. morum.. For 
 o = eu see accueillir, hence meur; then eu = 
 u see curee, whence mure. — Der. murieT. 
 
 MUREMENT, adv. maturely. See mur. 
 
 Murine, sf a sea-eel, muraena; from L. 
 muraena. 
 
 MURER, va. to wall (up). See mur. 
 
 Murex, stn. murex, purple ; from L. mur ex. 
 
 Muriate, snz. (Chem.) a muriate ; from L. 
 muria (salt, properly brine, muriate of 
 soda being an extract of sea salt). — Der. 
 muriatiqxxe. 
 
 MORIER, sm. a mulberry-tree. See miire. 
 
 MijRlR,<vn. to ripen. See tnur. 
 
 Murmure, sm. a murmur; from L. mur- 
 mur. 
 
 Murmurer, vn. to murmur, grumble ; from 
 L. murmurare. 
 
 Musaraigne, sf a shrewmouse; from'L. 
 musaraneus. For -a,Ta,ne\is = -araigne 
 see araignee. 
 
 MUSARD, sm. a trifler, loiterer; adj. loiter- 
 ing. See muser. 
 
 Muse, sm. musk ; from L. museum, in St. 
 Jerome. — Der. musqutx. 
 
 t Muscade, sf a nutmeg; from Prov. 
 R 
 
342 
 
 MUSCA DIN^-MYTHOLOGIE. 
 
 muscada, which from L. muscata^ der. 
 from xnusoum. Its doublet is musquee. — 
 Der. mmcaditT, muscadin (a musk-lozenge, 
 thence a fop). 
 
 Muscadin, sm. a musk-lozenge, a dandy. 
 See mufcade. 
 
 t Muscat, sm. muscat (grapes); from 
 Prov. muscat, which is from L. musoatus* 
 der. from L. museum. Its doublet is mu- 
 guet, q. V. 
 
 Muscle, sm. a muscle; from L. musculus. 
 For musculus =mttsc/ws see § 51. Its 
 doublet is moule, q. v. 
 
 Musculaire, adj. muscular; from L. mus- 
 cularis. 
 
 Musculeux, adj. muscular; from L. mus- 
 culosus. For -o8Via = -eux see § 229. 
 
 Muse, sf. a muse; from L. musa. 
 
 MUSEAU, sm. a muzzle ; formerly musel, 
 Prov. mursel. Musel is dim. of muse, 
 a mouth, in O.Fr. Muse answers to It. 
 muso, from a Lat. musus*, a muzzle, in 
 8th-cent. documents : ' Insuper et oblatran- 
 tes canis musibus sanctam ecclesiam .... 
 valient expugnari' (Epist. Adriani, a.d. 784). 
 Musus is a transformation of morsus, by 
 o = u, see curee, and by rs = s, see cMne ; cp. 
 dorsum, dos. O.Fr. muse gives a dim. 
 musel, whence museler, afterwards museau ; 
 for el = eati see agneau. This etymology 
 is confirmed by Prov. which has kept the 
 r and says mursel, derived straight from 
 morsellum*. Museau is a doublet of 
 morceau, q. v. 
 
 Mus^e, sm. a museum; from L. museum. 
 
 MUSELER, va. to muzzle. See museau. — 
 Der. muselihre, emmuseler. 
 
 Muser, vn. to loiter, dawdle. Origin un- 
 known. — Der. muszrd, amuser. 
 
 MUSETTE, sf. a bagpipe, drone; dim. of 
 O.Fr. muse, verbal subst. of L. musare*, 
 der. from musa, a song, 
 
 + Museum, sm. d museum; from L. mu- 
 seum. 
 
 Musical, adj. musical. See musi^ue. 
 
 Musicien, smf. a musician. See musique. 
 
 Musique, sf. music; from L. musica. — 
 Der. mwsiVal, mwstcien. 
 
 Musquer, va. to musk. — Der. musqu^, 
 *the doublet of which is muscade. 
 
 MUSSER (SE), vpr. to hide, conceal onesell 
 
 Origin unknown. 
 Mutability, sf. mutability ; from L. muta 
 
 bilitatem. For -tatem = /tJ see § 230. 
 Mutation, sf. mutation ; from L. muta 
 
 tionem. 
 Mutilation, sf. mutilation ; from L. muti 
 
 lationem. 
 Mutiler, va. to mutilate; from L. muti 
 
 lare. 
 MUTIN, adj. obstinate, mutinous. See meute 
 
 — Der. mutiner, mutincxie. 
 Mutisme, sm. dumbness ; from L. mu 
 
 tus. 
 Mutuel, adj. mutual ; from L. mutual is * 
 
 der. from mutuus. 
 Myog^aphie, sf. myography ; from Gi 
 
 Hvs and ypd<p(iv. 
 Myologie, sf. myology ; from Gr. ^vs an( 
 
 A 070s. 
 Myope, adj. shortsighted; from Gr. ixiaxf 
 
 — Der. myopie. 
 Myotomie, sf myotomy ; from Gr. fid 
 
 and TOfi-q. 
 M3rriade. sf. a myriad ; from Gr. /xvptoi. 
 Myriamdtre, sm. a myriameter ; from Gr 
 
 fivpioi and fitrpov. See metre. 
 Myriapode, sm. (Entom.) a millepod ; fron 
 
 Gr. fxvpiot and irovs, iro86s. 
 Msrrobolan, sm. (Bot.) myrobolan ; froir 
 
 L. myrobolannm. 
 M3rrrhe, sf myrrh; from L. myrrha. 
 Msrrte, sf, a myrtle; from L. myrtus.— 
 
 Der. myrliWt. 
 Mystdre, sm. a mystery ; from L. myste- 
 
 rium. — Der. mysterieux. 
 Mysticit6, sf mysticism ; from L. mysti- 
 
 citatem *, der. from mysticus. 
 Mystiiier, va. to mystify, hoax ; from L 
 
 mystificare *, a word fabricated from the 
 
 root of Lat. mysteriam. Mystificare 
 
 is properly to deceive secretly. — Der. mysti' 
 _;fcation, mys/i/fcatenr. 
 Mystique, adj. mystic ; from L. mysticus. 
 
 Der. mysticlsme. 
 Mythe, sm. a myth, fable ; from Gr. fxvOos, 
 Mythologie, sf mythology; from Gr. 
 
 IxvOo^.o-^ia. — Der, mytholog\<\MQ, mythology 
 
 iste, mythologue. 
 
NA BA B — NA R G UER . 
 
 243 
 
 N, 
 
 tlTabab, sm. a nabob; of Oriental origin 
 Ar. ndbab, a lieutenant. 
 
 Nabot, smf. a dwarf. Origin unknown. 
 
 tWacarat, sm. nacarat; from Sp. naca- 
 rado. 
 
 NACELLE, sf, a wherry, boat ; from L. na- 
 vicella*, dim. ofnavis, by regular contr, 
 (see § 52) of navicella to nav*cella, 
 whence nacelle ; for vc = c see alleger. 
 
 t Wacre, sf. mother-of-pearl. Sp. nakar, of 
 Oriental origin, Pers. nakar. — Der. nacrL 
 
 t Nadir, sm. (Astron.) nadir; from Ar. 
 nathir, placed over against. 
 
 flTaffe, s/. orange-flower ; from It. nan/a. 
 
 NAGER, vn. to swim ; from L. navigare 
 (used by Ovid for 'to swim*), by regular 
 contr. (see § 52) of navigare to nav'- 
 gare, whence nager ; for vg=g see alleger. 
 Nager is a doublet of navigeur, q. v. — Der. 
 nageoxxQ, nage (verbal subst.), nagem, 
 nag4e. 
 
 NAGUERE, adv. lately ; in O. Fr. written n'a 
 gueres, a compd. of avoir and gueres, which 
 originally meant ' much ' : je Vai vu n'a 
 
 j gueres, i. e. ' I have seen him, not long ago.' 
 In O. Fr. the verb was naturally variable ; 
 in the 1 2th cent, the phrase ran La ville 
 etait assiegee, n'avait gueres, quand elle se 
 rendit, i. e. the town was besieged, it was 
 not a long while, when it surrendered. 
 Notice that O. Fr. has na guere, n'avait 
 guere where modern Fr. has n'y a guere, n'y 
 avait guere : that is to say, O. Fr. did not 
 say il y a, but // a (illud habet), which 
 was necessitated by the character of the 
 object-case which followed, see Hist. Gram. 
 Bk. II. i. I, I ; thus O. Fr. said il a un roi 
 qui . . . (illud habet regem) or il n'avait 
 aucuns arbres dans ce pays (illud non 
 habebat aliquasarbores). Roi, arbres are 
 here in the object-case ; in the subject-case 
 O. Fr. would have said rois, rex, etc. From 
 the 13th cent, the adv. y appears in this 
 phrase, but still the older form il a is found 
 as late as the 17th cent., in what is com- 
 monly called the Marotic style : Entre Le- 
 clerc et son ami Coras, N'a pas longtemps, 
 s'emurent grands debats,' says Racine. 
 For the etymology see ne, avoir, and gueres. 
 
 Naiade, sf. a naiad; from L. naiadem. 
 
 NAIF, adj. simple, ingenuous ; from L. na- 
 tivus, native, whence in feudal law the 
 sense of a man born on the lord's lands : 
 ' Et si quis hominum nativorum suorum, 
 aliquod delictum fecerit,' is found in an 
 I ith-cent. document. O.Fr. na'if originally 
 meant ' native.* Le beau pays de Troie dont 
 il fut naif is in the Roman de la Rose. 
 From the sense of servile, peasantlike, na- 
 tivus takes that of coarse, stupid, senseless. 
 Nativus becomes naif by dropping t (see 
 abbaye) and by v=/ (see bceuf). — Der. 
 na'ivtte. 
 
 NAIN, sm. a dwarf; from L. nanus. For 
 -anus = -a/« see § 194. 
 
 NAISSANCE, sf. birth ; from L. nascentia, 
 der. from nascentem. For a. = ai see 
 § 54; for so = ss see cresson; for e = a see 
 andouille ; for -tia = -ce see agencer. 
 
 NAITRE, vn. to be born, grow ; formerly 
 naistre, from L. nascere *. For the longer 
 active form nascere instead of nasci see 
 etre. Nascere, regularly contrd. (see § 51) 
 to nasc're, becomes nas're by sc = s (see 
 bois), then naistre by sr = s^r (see ancetre) 
 and B. = ai (see § 51). For naistre = naitre 
 see Hist. Gram. p. 81. 
 
 NAIVETE, sf. naivete, artlessness. See naif. 
 
 NANAN, sm. sweetmeats, an onomatopoetic 
 word. See § 34. 
 
 Nankin, sm. nankeen ; of hist, origin, see 
 
 § 33- 
 
 NANTIR, va. to give a pledge to, properly to 
 seize ; from O. Fr. nam, a pledge, a word 
 of Germ, origin, Scand. nam, a prize, 
 seizure. For namlir = nantir see changer. 
 — Der. raan^issement. 
 
 Naphte, sm. naphtha; from L. naphta. 
 
 NAPPE, sf a table-cloth ; from L. mappa. 
 For m = n see changer. — Der, napperon. 
 
 Narcisse, (i) sm. Narcissus, (2) sm. (Bot.) 
 a narcissus; from L. Narcissus, the mythi- 
 cal son of Cephisus. 
 
 Narcotique, adj. narcotic ; from Gr. vapKoj- 
 TiKos. — Der. «arco/ine, «arco/isme. 
 
 Nard, sm. nard, ointment ; from L, nardus. 
 
 NARGUER, va. to set at defiance ; from L. 
 naricare * (properly to wrinkle up the nose, 
 R 2 
 
244 
 
 NARINE — NA VRER. 
 
 as a sign of contempt), from L. naricus*, 
 der. from naris. Naric&re, contrd. regu- 
 larly (see § 5 2) to nar'care, becomes narguer 
 by 0=^ hard, see adjuger. — Der. nargue 
 (verbal subst.), norquois (for narguois). 
 
 NARINE, sf. a nostril; formerly nanZ/e, from 
 L. naricula *, der. from naris (for 
 -ioula = -/■//« see § 257); then narine by 
 ! = «, see quenouille. 
 
 NARQUOIS, sm. a banterer. See narguer. 
 
 Narration, sf. a narration ; from L. nar- 
 rationem. 
 
 Warratif, adj. narrative ; from L. narrati- 
 vus *, from narratus. 
 
 Narrateur, sm. a narrator; from L. narra- 
 torem. 
 
 Narrer, va. to narrate ; from L. narrare. 
 
 Nasal, adj. nasal; from L. nasalis *, from 
 nasus. — Der. nasal'xt^. 
 
 Nasarde, sf. a fillip (on the nose) ; from L. 
 nasus. — Der. nasardtx. 
 
 NASEAU, sm. a nostril (of horses) ; formerly 
 nasel, from L. nasellus, dim, of nasus. 
 For el = eau see agneau and § 282. 
 
 Nasiller, vn. to snuffle, talk nasally ; der. 
 from L. nasus. — Der. nasilhrd, nasillexxr, 
 nasillonnei. 
 
 NASSE, sf. a weir ; from L. nassa. 
 
 Natal, adj. natal; from L. natalis. Its 
 doublet is noel, q. v. 
 
 Natation, sf. swimming; from L. nata- 
 tionem. 
 
 Natatoire, ac^'. natatory ; from L. natato- 
 rius. 
 
 Natif, adj. native; from L. nativus. Its 
 doublet is naif, q. v. 
 
 Nation, sf. a nation; from L. nationem. 
 — Der, nationzX, nation^XiXi, nation&Wstx . 
 
 Nativity, sf. nativity; from L. nativi- 
 tatem. For -tatem = -/e' see § 230. 
 
 + Natron, sm. (Min.) natron; from Ar, 
 nathroun. 
 
 NATTE, sf. a mat. It. matta, from L. matta, 
 written natta in Gregory of Tours (7th 
 cent,) : * Nullum habens stratum foeni, 
 palleaeque molHmen, nisi tantum illud, quod 
 intertextis junci virgulis, fieri solet ; quas 
 vulgo nattas vocant,' For in = « see 
 changer. — Der. natter, nattier. 
 
 Naturaliser, va. to naturalise. See naturel. 
 — Der. naturalisation. 
 
 Naturalisme, sm. naturalism. See naturel. 
 
 Naturaliste, sm. a naturalist. See naturel. 
 
 Naturalit6, sf. naturalisation, state of a 
 native; from L, naturalitatem. 
 
 Nature, sf. nature ; from L. natura, 
 
 Naturel, adj. natural; from L. naturalis. 
 
 — Der. naturaliser, naturalisme, natural- 
 iste. 
 
 Naufrage, sm. a shipwreck; from L. nau- 
 fragium. — Der. naufrager. 
 
 Naulage, sm. freight; from O. Fr. naule, 
 from L, naulum. 
 
 Naumachie, sf a naumachia (representa- 
 tion of an ancient sea-fight) ; from L. nau- 
 machia. 
 
 NaUB^abond, adj. nauseous ; from L, 
 nauseabundus, from nausea. 
 
 Naus6e, sf nausea; from L. nausea. 
 Its doublet is noise, q. v. 
 
 Nautile, sm. a nautilus; from L. nautilus, 
 
 Nautique, adj. nautical; from L. nauticus. 
 
 Nautonier, sw. a mariner ; formerly notoii- 
 iVr, der. from O.Fr, noton,z dim. of L.nauta. 
 For au = o see alouette and § 106. 0,Fr. 
 said, more correctly, notonnier, for the an 
 group of vowels never held its ground in Fr., 
 see alouette. In the l6th cent, the learned 
 transformed notonnier into nautonier, *in 
 order to bring it nearer to its primitive Lat. 
 nauta. 
 
 Naval, adj. naval; from L. naval is. 
 
 NAVEE, sf. a boat-load ; from L. navata * 
 in Low Lat. documents, from navis. For 
 -ata = -eV see § 201. 
 
 NAVET, sm. a turnip ; from L.nappettus*, 
 dim. of napus. For p = 6 = 1; see § iii, 
 — Der. navette. 
 
 NAVETTE, sf. (Bot.) rape. See navet. 
 
 NAVETTE, sf. an incense-boat ; from L. 
 navetta *, dim. of navis. The weaver's 
 shuttle is also called navette, from its shape, 
 being like that of the church-vessel ; simi- 
 larly in other European languages we have the 
 shuttle called, in Germ, schiff, in It. navicella, 
 
 Navieulaire, adj. (Anat.) navicular ; from 
 L. navicularis, der. from navicula. 
 
 Navigable, adj. navigable; from L. navi- 
 gabilis. 
 
 Navigateur, sm. a navigator; from L. 
 navigatorem. 
 
 Navigation, sf. navigation ; from L. navi- 
 gationem. 
 
 Naviguer, va. to navigate ; from L. navi- 
 gare. Its doublet is nager, q. v. 
 
 NAVIRE, sm. a ship ; from L, navirium * 
 a word found in medieval Lat. documents, 
 der. from navis. 
 
 NAVRER, va. to wound, in medieval Fr. 
 documents ; then to break, distress. For 
 this weakening of sense see ennui and § 13. 
 Navrer, formerly nafrer, is of Germ, origin. 
 Scand. nafar, a cutting implement, contrd 
 to nafr. 
 
NE—NEUF. 245 
 
 NE, Tiegation, not ; formerly nen, softer form 
 of non, which is L. non. For iion = «ew 
 see je ; for loss of n see ja. Ne is a doublet 
 oi non, q. V. 
 
 NE, /)./>. born ; from L. natus. For -atus 
 j=-e see § 201. 
 
 NEANMOINS, adv. nevertheless ; formerly 
 neantmoins, compd. of neant (q. v.) and 
 inoins (q. v.). 
 
 NEANT, adv. nought, properly non-being ; 
 from Schol. L. necentem*, compd. of nega- 
 tion nee, and entem*, partic. pres. of sum, 
 by dropping c (see affouage) and by en = 
 an (see andouille). — Der. fnineant (formerly 
 fait neant), ineant'ir, we'awmoins; 
 
 Nebuleux, adj. nebulous; from L. nebu- 
 losus. 
 
 Necessaire, ac^". necessary ; from L. neces- 
 sarius. 
 
 N^cessit^, sf. necessity ; from L. necessi- 
 tate m. — Der. necessittr. 
 
 Necessiter, va. to compel. See necessite. 
 — Der. necessiteux, necessitznt. 
 
 !N"6crologe, sm. an obituary; from Gr. 
 veKpos and \6yos. — Der. necrologie, necro- 
 logique. 
 
 ISTecromaiicie, sf. necromancy; from Gr. 
 V€KpoixavTeia. — Der. necromancien, necro- 
 mant. 
 
 Necrose, sf. (Med.) necrosis; from Gr. 
 veKpwais. 
 
 Nectaire, sm. (Bot.) a nectary ; from L. n e c- 
 tarea (found in Pliny). For a, = ai see § 54. 
 
 ITectar, sm. nectar; from L. nectar. 
 
 NEF, sf. a ship, a nave (of churches) ; from L. 
 navem. For a = tf see § 54; for v=/ 
 see bceiif. 
 
 N"6faste, adj. inauspicious (on which no 
 business should be done); from L. nefastus. 
 
 iNEFLE, sf. (Bot.) a medlar; from L. me- 
 spilum, by regular contr. (see § 51) of 
 m^spilum to mesplum, whence nesfle. 
 For m = ra see changer ; for p =/ see chef; 
 for nesfle — nefle see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — 
 Der. neflxtx. 
 
 M"6gatif, adj. negative; from L. nega- 
 tivus. — Der. negative. 
 
 Negation, sf. a negation; from L. nega- 
 
 ' tionem. — Der. denegation. 
 1^ ISr^gligence, sf negligence; from L. neg- 
 lige n t i a . For -tia = -c^* see agencer. 
 [' W6gliger, va. to neglect; from L, ne- 
 glige re. — Der. neglige (partic. subst,), 
 negligent. 
 
 i* N"6gOce, sm. trade; from L. negotium. 
 For tiu = ce see agencer. 
 
 N'^gociant, sm. a merchant. See negocier. 
 
 IsT^gociateur, sm. a negociator; from L. 
 
 negotiatorem. 
 !N"6gociation, sf. a negociation ; from L. 
 
 negociationem. 
 Negocier, va. to negociate; from L. nego- 
 
 tiari. — Der. negoci-Ant, negocishle. 
 fWdgre, sm. a negro; from Sp. negro. 
 
 Its doublet is noir, q. v. — Der. negresse, 
 
 negriev, negriWon. 
 NEIGE, sf. snow, properly snowy; from L. 
 
 nivea. For nivea = nivia see abreger; 
 
 hence nivja by ia=ja, see abreger; hence 
 
 neige. For i = ei see § 74; for vj=^ 
 
 see abreger. — Der. neigei, neigeux. 
 NENNI, adv. no ; formerly nennil, from L. 
 
 non illud, lit. not that. For non = nen 
 
 seeje; for illud = // see out; iox nennil = 
 
 nenni see garou. 
 tW^nufar, sm. a waterlily; in i6th cent. 
 
 neufar ; of Oriental origin, Pers. noufer. 
 Neographe, sm. a neographer; from Gr. 
 
 vfos and ypa<piiv. — Der. neographisme. 
 Neologie, sf. neology; from Gr. vios 
 
 and A070S. — Der. neologisme, neologiqae, 
 
 neologae. 
 N^om^nie, .f. neomenia, time of new 
 
 moon ; from Gr. vcofjirjvia. 
 Neophyte, sf *. neophyte ; from Gr. 
 
 V(6(pVT0S. 
 
 N^phr^tique, adj. nephretic; from Gr. 
 
 ve(ppiTiK6s. 
 Nephrite, sf nephritis ; from Gr. vfcppiTis, 
 
 sc. voaos. 
 ]Sr6potisnie, sm. nepotism; from L. ne- 
 
 potem, 
 N^r^ide, sf. a nereid; from L. nereidem. 
 NERF, sm. a nerve ; from L. nervus. For 
 
 v=/ see bceuf — Der. nervex. 
 NERPRUN, sm. buckthorn ; in some patois 
 
 noirprun ; compd. of ner from L. nigrum, 
 
 and prun from L. prunum. For i = e 
 
 see § 72 ; for gr = r see § 168. 
 NERVER, va. to nerve. See nerf. — Der. 
 
 nervxxxe, ^nerver. 
 NERVEUX, adj. nervous, sinewy ; from L. 
 
 nervosus. For-osus = -eM;csee § 229. 
 NERVURE, sf. (Archit.) a nerve. See nerver. 
 NET, adj. clean, clear, neat ; from L. nitidus. 
 
 For loss of last two atonic syllables see 
 
 §§ 50. 51 ; for i = e see § 72. — Der. net- 
 
 toyer, «ertete. 
 NETTETE, sf. cleanness. See net. 
 NETTOYER, va. to clean; der. from net, 
 
 q. V. ; cp. rudoyer from rude. — Der. 
 
 nettoyzge, nettoiement. 
 NEUF, sm. nine; from L. novem. For 
 
 o = «< see § 76; for v=/see bceuf. 
 
24^ 
 
 NE UF — NOBLESSE, 
 
 NEUF, adj. new; from L. novus. For 
 o =ew see § 76 ; for v=/ see botuf. 
 
 Ifexime, sm. the modulation of the voice; 
 from L. pneuma, found in this sense in 
 Ecclcs. Lat. Initial pn, a sound unknown 
 in Fr., is reduced to «; cp. pt to / in 
 ptisana, tisane. 
 
 Neutraliser, va. to neutralise; from L. 
 neutral is. — Der. neutralisz\\ovi. 
 
 Neutrality, sf. neutrality; from L. neu- 
 tralitatem *; der. from neutralis. 
 
 Neutre, adj. neuter; from L. neutrum. 
 
 NEUVAINE, sf. a neuvaine, a term used of 
 Church usages ; from L. novena *, der. 
 from novem. For o=eu see § 76; for 
 e = a« see § 61. 
 
 NEUVlfeME, adj. ninth ; formerly neuviesme, 
 from L. novesimus * ; der. from novem. 
 For o = eu see § 76; for -esimus = -/em^ 
 and details of letter-changes see huitieme. 
 
 NEVEU, sm. a nephew, pi. descendants ; from 
 L. nepotem. For loss of t see aigu; 
 for ■p = v see arrive)- and § ill; foro = eM 
 see § 76. 
 
 W6vralgie, sf. (Med.) neuralgia ; from Gr. 
 vevpov and aXyos. 
 
 NEZ, sm. nose; from L. nasus. For a = e 
 see § 54. For final s^z cp. casa, cAez; 
 adsatis, assez; rasus, rez; latus, lez, 
 
 NI, conj. neither ; from L. nee. For loss of 
 c see ami; for e = i see § 58. 
 
 NIABLE, adj. deniable. See nier. 
 
 NIAIS, adj. eyas, simple ; originally a hunting- 
 term, meaning ' caught in the nest.* So a 
 faucon mais('falconemnidaceni*')was one 
 caught in the nest, before learning to fly ; 
 whence the metaph. sense of fool, simple, 
 inexperienced. For this extension of mean- 
 ing, see § 13. Niais is from L. nida- 
 cem*, der. from nidus. For loss of 
 medial d see accabler; for a = a/ see § 54 ; 
 for c = s see amitie. — Der. niaisex, niais- 
 erie. 
 
 NICE, adj. ignorant. Prov. nesci. It. nescio, 
 from L. nescius. For loss of s see Hist. 
 Gram. p. 81; for e = £ see § 58; for 
 ciu = ce see agencer. 
 
 + Niche, sf. a niche; from It. nicchia. 
 
 NICHE, sf. a trick, prank. See nique^ whose 
 doublet it is. 
 
 NICHER, vn. to nestle ; from L. nidicare, 
 der. from nidieus (found in Varro), by 
 regular contr. (see § 52) of nidicdre 
 to nid'eare, whence nicher. For dc = c 
 see adjuger; for c = ch see § 126. — 
 Der. nicMe (partic. subst.), nichet, nicholx, 
 denicher. 
 
 t Nickel, sm. (Min.) nickel; from Swed, 
 
 nickel. 
 Nicotiane, sf. (Bot.) nicotian; of hist, 
 
 origin, see § 33 ; from J. Nicot, ambassador 
 
 of France at Lisbon, who first sent the 
 
 tobacco-plant to Catherine dei Medici in 
 
 A.D. 1560. 
 Nip, sm. a nest ; from L. nidus. 
 NIECE, sf a niece ; from L. neptia, found 
 
 in medieval Lat. documents, e. g. ' In 
 
 quo et neptiam suam Christi famulam 
 
 Erudrudam constituit,' in an act of a.d. 
 
 809. Neptia is der. from neptis. Neptia 
 
 becomes niece by pt = /, see acheter ; and by 
 
 tia = ce, see agencer ; and e = ie, see § 56. 
 NIELLE, (i) sf. (Bot.) the campion rose, a 
 
 plant the seed of which is black; (2) sf 
 
 smut: from L. nigella. For loss of 
 
 medial g see allier. 
 NIELLE, sm. dark enamel work ; from L. 
 
 nigellum. For loss of medial g see allier. 
 
 — Der. nieller. 
 NIER, va. to deny; from L. negare. For 
 
 loss of medial g see allier, and for e = i 
 
 see § 58. 
 NIGAUD, sf. a booby. Origin unknown. — 
 
 Der. nigaudene. 
 Nimbe, sm. a nimbus; from L. nimbus. 
 NIPPE, sf. apparel, clothes; of Germ, origin, 
 
 Icel. hneppe. — Der. nipper. 
 NIQUE, sf. a mocking gesture ; of Germ. 
 
 origin, Swed. nyck. Another form of nique 
 
 is niche. 
 NITOUCHE, sm. a demure-looking person, 
 
 hypocrite. It is the phrase ny louche, see 
 
 those words. 
 Nitre, sm. nitre; from Gr. vhpov. — Der. 
 
 nitrnte, nitreux, nitnhre, nitnque. 
 NIVEAU, sm. level ; formerly liveau, from L. 
 
 libella. For initial 1 = « see quenouille; 
 
 for h=v see § 113; for el = eau see 
 
 agneau. — Der. (from O. Fr. nivel) niveler. 
 NIVELER, va. to level. See niveau.—DGr. 
 
 niveleur, nivellement. 
 Nivose, adj. snowy; from L. nivosus. 
 Nobiliaire, adj. noble, belonging to 
 
 nobility; from L. nobiliaris*, from 
 
 nobilis. 
 Nobilissime, adj. most noble; from L. 
 
 nobilissimus. 
 NOBLE, adj. noble; from L. nobilis, by 
 
 regular contr. (see § 51) of n6bilis to 
 
 nob*lis. — Der. a«o6/ir, en«o6/ir. 
 NOBLESSE, sf nobility ; from L. nobilitia *, 
 
 der. from nobilis, by regular contr. (see 
 
 § 52) of nobilitia to nob'litia, whence 
 
 noblesse. For -itia = -esse see § 245. 
 
NOCE — NONOBSTA NT, 
 
 HI 
 
 NOCE, ./. marriage ; from L. nuptiae. For 
 pt = / see acheier; for u — o see § 97 ; for 
 tiae = ce see agencer. 
 
 i'N'ocher, sm. a pilot; from It. nocchiere. 
 
 Nocturne, adj. nocturnal; from L. noc- 
 turnus. 
 
 Nodosity, 5;^. knottiness ; from L. nodosi- 
 tatem. 
 
 NOEL, sm. Christmas. Prov. nadal. It. 
 natale, from L. natalis. For loss of 
 medial t see abbaye ; for a = see taon ; 
 for alis = eZ see § 191. Noel is a doublet 
 of natal. This deriv. of natalis from noel 
 is confirmed by the fact that a deriv. form 
 Sancta Natalia has also become St. 
 Noele. 
 
 NCEUD, sm. a knot ; from L. nodus. For 
 o = ceti see § 79. 
 
 NOIR, adj. black; from L. nigrum. For 
 gr = r see § 168; for. i = oi see boire. 
 Its doublet is negre, q. v. — Der, noiratre, 
 noirnud, noirck, noirceuv. 
 
 NOIRCIR, va. to blacken. See noir. — Der. 
 «o?>cissure. 
 
 NOISE, sf. a quarrel ; an O. Fr. word, from 
 L. nausea, properly disgust, thence annoy- 
 ance, then quarrel. Nausea becomes 
 regularly nausia, see abreger ; then nosia, 
 see § 106 ; thence noise by attraction of 
 i, see chanoine. Noise is a doublet of 
 nausee, q.v. 
 
 NOISETTE, sf. a hazel-nut. See «o/;c.— Der. 
 «o/se/ier. 
 
 NOIX, sf. a nut, walnut; from L. nucem. 
 For -ucem = -oix see croix. — Der. woisette. 
 i| fWolis, sm. freight; a word used in Me- 
 diterranean ports. See noliser. 
 
 fNoliser, va. to charter (a ship); from 
 It. noleggiare. — Der. nolis (verbal subst.). 
 
 NOM, S7n. a name; from L. nomen. 
 
 Womade, adj. nomad; from L. noma- 
 dem. 
 
 NOMBRE, sm. a number ; from L. numerus, 
 by regular contr. (see § 51) of ntimerus 
 to num'rus, whence nombre. For u = o 
 see annoncer; for Tav=^mbr see absoudre. 
 Nombre is a doublet of numero, q. v. 
 
 NOMBRER, va. to number ; from L. nume- 
 rare, by regular contr. (see § 52) of 
 numerfire to num'rare, whence nombrer. 
 For u = see annoncer ; for mr = mbr see 
 absoudre. — Der. nombricr (whose doublet is 
 numeraine, q. v.). 
 
 NOMBREUX, arf/. numerous ; from L. nume- 
 rosus, by regular contr. (see § 52) of 
 numerdsus to num'rosus, whence nom 
 breux. For u = o see § 97; for mr = 
 
 mbr see absoudre; for -osus = -eux see 
 § 229. 
 
 NOMBRIL, sm. the navel. Prov. umbril, It. 
 ombelico, from L. umbiliculus *, dim. 
 of umbilicus, "by regular contr. of um- 
 biliculus to umb'liculus, see § 52. 
 TJmbliculus, by u = o (see § 97), and 
 -iculus = -z7 (cp. peril from periculum, 
 see abeille and § •257) gives omblil, whence 
 ombril, by dissimilation, l = r, see § 169. 
 Ombril becomes nombril (found in 12th 
 cent.) by prefixing n, a thing difficult to 
 explain. Nombril is a doublet of ombelic, 
 q.v. 
 
 Womenclateur, sm. a nomenclator ; from 
 L. nomenclatorem. 
 
 Nomenclature, sf nomenclature; from 
 L. nomenclatura. 
 
 Nominal, adj. nominal; from L. nomi- 
 nalis. 
 
 Nominatif, sm. and adj. nominative ; from 
 L. nominativus, from nominare. 
 
 Nomination, sf a nomination; from L. 
 nominationem. 
 
 NOMMER, va. to name. Prov. nomnar. It. 
 nominare, from L. nominare, by regular 
 contr. (see § 52) of nominare to 
 nom'nare, whence nommer by mn = mm, 
 see § 168. — Der. lenommer (whence re- 
 nom, verbal subst., renommee, partic. subst.), 
 snrnommer. 
 
 NON, adv. no, not; from L. non. Its 
 doublet is ne, q, v. 
 
 Nonag6naire, adj. of ninety (years) ; from 
 L. nonagenarius. 
 
 Nonag§sime, adj. nonagesimal ; from L. 
 nonagesimus. 
 
 NONANTE, adj. ninety; from L. nona- 
 ginta. For -aginta = -ante see cin- 
 quante. 
 
 f Nonce, sm. a nuncio; from It. nunzio. 
 
 NONCHALANT, adj. nonchalant, careless, 
 cool. See chaloir. — Der. rionchalance. 
 
 f Nonciature, sf a nunciature; from 
 It. nunziatura. 
 
 None, if. none (in Roman Catholic liturgy), 
 the ninth hour of the day; from L. 
 nona. 
 
 Nones, sf pi. the Nones, eighth day before 
 the Ides; from L. nonae. 
 
 NONNE, sf a nun ; from L. nonna, found 
 in St. Jerome. — Der. nonnnin, nonnette. 
 
 Nonobstant, prep, notwithstanding ; for- 
 merly non obstant, from L. non obstante, 
 pres. p. of obstare, properly without 
 having regard to the thing, notwithstand- 
 
248 
 
 NORD—NOFER. 
 
 NORD, sm. the north ; of Germ, origin. 
 
 Germ, ttord. 
 Normal, adj. normal; from L, normalis. 
 NORMAND, sm. a Norman; formerly Nor- 
 
 man ; of Germ, origin, Engl. Northman. 
 NOS, poss. pron. pi. we. See notre. 
 Ifosologie, sf. nosology; from Gr. vSffos 
 
 and \6yos. 
 Nostalgie, sf. homesickness; from Gr. 
 
 v6(TTOs and aXyos. 
 tNTota, va. imper. observe; the L. nota, 
 
 imper. of notare. 
 Notable, adj. notable; sm. a notable, 
 
 deputy ; from L. notabilis. For-abilis = 
 
 -able see § 250. 
 Notaire, sm. a notary; from h. notarius, 
 
 used for a scribe in the Theodosian Code. — 
 
 Der. notarht, noiarier. 
 Notation, sf. notation; from L. nota- 
 
 tionem. 
 Note, sf. a note; from L. nota. 
 Noter, va. to note, notice; from L. notare. 
 
 — I>er. noteuT, denoter. 
 Notice, sf. a notice; from L. notitia. 
 
 For -tia = -ce, see agencer. 
 Notification, sf. a notification; from L. 
 
 notificationem. 
 Notifier, va. to notify ; from L. notificare. 
 Notion, sf a notion; from L. notionem. 
 Notoire, adj. notorious; from L, notorius. 
 
 ;;— Der. wo/ori^te. 
 NOTRE, poss. pron. our; formerly nostre, 
 
 from L. nostrum. For loss of s see Hist. 
 
 Gram. p. 81. Another form of nostre is 
 
 nos, which is for nost; cp. propositum, 
 
 propos; dispositum, dispos, which are for 
 
 propost and dispost. 
 NOUE, sf. pasture-land, marshy plain. Origin 
 
 unknown. 
 NOUE, sf a gutter-lead; from L. noca* 
 
 a conduit in Low Lat. documents. Noca 
 
 is of Germ, origin, O.H.G. noch. For loss 
 
 of medial c see ami; for o = ou see 
 
 § 81. 
 NOUER, va. to knot, tie up; from L. 
 
 nodare. For loss of medial d see accabler; 
 
 for o = o« see § 81. — Der. d&touer, re- 
 
 nouer, nouure, nouet. 
 NOUEUX, adj. knotty ; from L. nodosus. 
 
 For loss of medial d see accabler ; for o = ou 
 
 see § 81; for -os\xa = -eux see § 229. 
 + Nougat, sm. an almond cake; from Sp. 
 
 nogado. 
 NOUILLE, sf pastry, ' noules ' ; from Germ. 
 
 nudel, by contr. of nudel to nud'l, whence 
 
 nouille. For dl = ll see § 168; for « = oi 
 
 see angoisse, and 01 = out see § 81. 
 
 NOURRAIN, sm. small fry. Prov. tioirim, 
 from L. nutrimen, properly nourishment, 
 the act of bringing up young, then small 
 fry. Nutrimen becomes nonrrain by 
 u = OM, see § 97; tr =:rr, see § 168; and 
 -imen = -flm, see § 226. 
 
 NOURRICE, sf. a nurse ; from L. nutrioem. 
 For u = o?/see § 97; for tr =rr see § 168. 
 — Der. nourricieT. 
 
 NOURRIR, va. to nourish ; from L. nutrire. 
 For u = 07/ see § 97; for tr = rr see § 168. 
 — Der. nottrrissant, wowrrisseur, «oj/rrissage. 
 
 NOURRISSON, sm. a nursling; from L. 
 nutritionem, which passes from sense of 
 nourishment to that of the thing nourished ; 
 similarly runs the phrzse faire une education 
 (orfaire un eleve. Nutritionem becomes 
 nourrisson. For u = om see § 97; for 
 tr = rrsee § 168; for ti = ss see agencer. 
 Nourrisson is a. doublet of nutrition, q. v. 
 
 NOURRITURE, sf food, nourishment ; from 
 L. nutritura. For u = om see § 97; for 
 tr = rr see § 168. 
 
 NOUS, pers. pron. pi. we, us, to us ; from L. 
 nos. For o = o« see § 81. 
 
 NOUVEAU, adj. new ; formerly nouvel, from 
 L. novellus. For o = ou see § 81; for 
 -ellus = -el = -eau see agneau. — Der. (from 
 O.Fr. nouvel) renouvelev. 
 
 NOUVEAUTE, sf. a novelty; formerly 
 novelte, from L. novellitatem, by regular 
 contr. (see § 52) of novellitatem to 
 novel'tatem, whence novelte (for -tatem 
 = -te see § 230) ; then nouvelte by = ou, see 
 §81; lastly nouveaute by el = eau, see 
 agneau. 
 
 NOUVELLE, sf. news; from L. novella*, 
 properly a new thing. For = 07/ see. 
 § 81. Its doublet is novelle. — Der. nou- 
 vellhte. 
 
 Novateur, sm. an innovator; from L. 
 novatorem. 
 
 Novation, sf a substitution; from L. 
 novationem. 
 
 Novembre, sm. November; from L. no- 
 vember. 
 
 Novice, sm. a novice; from L. novicius, 
 found in Juvenal. For ciu = ce see agencer. 
 — Der. noviciit. 
 
 NOYAU, sm. a fruitstone ; formerly noial. 
 Prov. nogal, from L. nucalis, properly 
 an almond. For loss of medial c see 
 § 81 ; then noial by u = oi, see § 91; 
 then noyau by al = au, see agneau. 
 
 NOYER, sm. a walnut-tree. Prov. noguier, 
 from L. nucarius *, der. from nucem. 
 Nucarius becomes noyer by dropping the 
 
NOFER — OBIT. 
 
 349 
 
 medial o, see affotiage ; and by u = o, see 
 annoncer; and -arius = -/er see § 198. 
 NOYER, va. to drown ; formerly noier, Prov. 
 negar. It. negare, from L, necare, pro- 
 perly to put to death, then to drown ; for 
 this restriction of sense see § 12. Ne- 
 care is so used in Lat. writers of the 
 decadence, as in ' Postremo Eliae jussu pro- 
 fani sacerdotes comprehensi, deductique ad 
 torrentem necati sunt,' says Sulpicius 
 Sevcfus (Hist, i.); and Gregory of Tours 
 har ' Matrem ejus lapide ad collum ligato 
 n'jcare jussisti.' Necare becomes negare 
 f'ly c = g (see adjuger) in Carolingian docu- 
 
 /ments, e.g. ' Si quis alicujus piecus nega- 
 verit vel famulus vel infans,' in the Lex 
 
 Alamannorum. Negare loses medial g, 
 
 see allier, whence noyer; for e = oi see 
 
 § 61. — Der. woyade. 
 NU, adj. naked ; from L. nudus. For loss 
 
 of d see alouette. — Der. nt^ment (properly 
 
 wMcment). 
 NUAGE, sm. a cloud. See nue. — Der. nuageux. 
 NUAISON,s/'. time of a steady breeze. See nue. 
 NUANCE, sf. a shade. See nue. — Der. nuancev. 
 USTubile, adj. marriageable; from L. nub ills. 
 
 — Der. nubilite. 
 !N"udit6,s/. nakedness; from L. nuditatem. 
 [ NUE, sf. a cloud; from L. nubem. For 
 
 loss of medial b see taon. — Der. nuer, 
 
 nuznce, mizge, wwaison, «Mee. 
 NUIRE, vn. to injure ; from L. nocere. The 
 
 accent on the Lat. verb was shifted from 
 
 nocere to nocere (see Hist. Gram. p. 133) ; 
 
 then came the regular contr. of nocere to 
 
 noc're, see § 51 ; hence nuire by ocre 
 
 = uir, for which see cuire. 
 NUISIBLE, adj. injurious; from L. noci- 
 
 bilis, by regular contr. (see § 51) of 
 
 nocibilis to nocib'lis, whence nuisible. 
 
 For o = ui see cuider and § 84 ; for c = s 
 
 see amitie. 
 
 NUIT, sf. night ; formerly noil, from L. 
 
 noctem. For oct = ok = uit see huit 
 
 Der. nuitamment, nut tee. 
 NUL, adj. no, null ; from L. nullus. — Der. 
 
 nullite, nullement. 
 NtJMENT, adv. nakedly. See nu. 
 Numeraire, sm. specie, cash; from L. 
 
 numerarius. Its doublet is nombrier. 
 Numeral, adj. numeral; from L. nume- 
 
 ralis. 
 Num^rateur, sm. a numerator; from L. 
 
 numeratorem. 
 Numeration, sf. numeration; from L. 
 
 numerationem. 
 !N"lira6rique, adj. numerical ; from L. nu- 
 
 mericus *, from numerus. 
 t Num^ro, sm. a number ; introd. in 1 6th 
 
 cent, from It. numero. Its doublet is 
 
 nombre, q. v. — Der, numeroter, numerotage. 
 Numismafe, sm. a numismatologist ; 
 
 der. from Gr. vofiicfjia. 
 Numismatique, adj. numismatic; from 
 
 Gr. vofjLiafj.aTiK6s. 
 Nummulaire, sf. (Bot.) moneywort; 
 
 (Geol.) nummulite; from L. nummu- 
 
 larius. 
 ISTuncupatif, adj. nuncupative; from L. 
 
 nuncupativus*, der. from nuncupatus. 
 Nuptial, adj. nuptial; from L. nuptialis. 
 NUQUE, sf. nape (of neck) ; of Germ, origin, 
 
 Neth. nocke. 
 Wutation, sf. nutation; from L. nuta- 
 
 tionem. 
 Wutritif, adj. nutritive; from L. nutri- 
 
 tivus *, der. from nutritus. 
 Nutrition, sf. nutrition ; from L. nutri- 
 tion em. Its doublet is nourrisson, q.v. 
 Nyctalope, smf. a nyctalops ; from Gr. 
 
 vvKraXoixp. — Der. nyctalopit. 
 Nymphe, sf a nymph ; from L. nymph a. 
 Nyniph6e, sf. (Archit.) a nymphaeum ; 
 
 from L. nymph eum. 
 
 O. 
 
 Oasis, sf an oasis; from Gr. oaais. 
 Obedience, sf. obedience; from L. obedi- 
 
 entia. For -tia = -ce see agencer. 
 OBEIR, va. to obey ; from L. obedire. For 
 
 loss of medial d see accabler. — Der. obe- 
 
 issant, o6eissance, disoieVr, 
 OBEISSANCE, sf obedience. See obeir. 
 Pb61isque, sm. an obelisk ; from Gr. b^t- 
 
 TdoKos. 
 
 Ob6rer, va. to involve in debt; from L. 
 
 obaerare. 
 Ob6r6, p.p. involved, indebted; from L. 
 
 obaeratus. For -atus = -e see § 201. 
 Ob6sit6, sf. obesity, fatness; from L. obe- 
 
 sitatem. For -tateni = -/6 see § 230. 
 OBIER, sm. (Bot.) a guelder rose. See aubier. 
 Obit, sm. an obit (Roman Catholic liturgy) ; 
 
 from L. obitus. — Der. o6«Vuaire. 
 
2S0 
 
 OBJECTER — OCCURRENT. 
 
 Objeoter, t;a. to object ; from L. objectare. 
 Objectif, odj. objective; from L. objec- 
 
 tivus *, from objectus. 
 Objection, sf. an objection ; from L. ob- 
 
 jectionem. 
 Objet, sm. an object; from L. objectus. 
 
 For ot = /see § 168. 
 Objurgation, sf. objurgation, chiding ; from 
 
 L. ohjurgationera. 
 Oblation, sf. oblation, offering; from L. 
 
 oblationem. 
 Obligation, sf. an obligation ; from L. 
 
 obligationem. 
 Obligatoire, adj. obligatory ; from L. ob- 
 
 ligatorius. 
 Obllgeance, sf. obligingness. See ohliger. 
 Obliger, va. to oblige, compel ; from L. 
 
 obligare. — Der. obligeant, obligeince, des- 
 
 obliger. 
 Oblique, adj. oblique; from L. obliquus. 
 Obliquity, sf. obliquity; from L. obliqui- 
 tatem. 
 Oblit6ration, sf. obliteration ; from L. 
 
 obliterationem. 
 Oblit6rer, va. to obliterate; from L. obli- 
 
 terare. 
 Oblong, adj. oblong; from L. oblongus. 
 Obole, sf. an obolus ; from Gr. b^oXos. 
 Obombrer, va. to overshadow; firom L. 
 
 obumbrare. 
 Obscene, adj. obscene; from L. obscenus. 
 Obsc6nit6, -/. obscenity; from L. obscen- 
 
 itatem. 
 Obscur, adj. obscure; from L. obscurus. 
 
 — Der. obscurcix, oftscwrcissement. 
 Obscurity, sf. obscurity; from L. obscu- 
 
 ritatem. For -tatem = -/e see § 230. 
 Obsecration, sf. obsecration ; from L. 
 
 obsecrationem. 
 Obs6der, va. to beset ; from L. obsidere. 
 Obsdques, sf.pl. obsequies; from L. ob- 
 
 sequiae (found in the Inscriptions). 
 Obs6quieux, adj. obsequious; from L. 
 
 obsequiosus. For -osus = -ew;x see § 229. 
 
 — Der. obs^uioiit^. 
 Observance, sf. observance; from L. ob- 
 
 servantia. For -tia = -c« see agencer. 
 Observateur, sm. an observer; from L. 
 
 observator. 
 Observation, sf. observation ; from L. 
 
 observationem. 
 Observatoire, sm. an observatory ; from 
 
 L. observatus. 
 Observer, va. to observe; from L. obser- 
 
 vare. 
 Obsession, sf. besetting; from L. obses- 
 
 sionem. 
 
 Obsidional, adj. belonging to a siege 
 
 from L. obsidionalis. 
 Obstacle, sm. an obstacle ; from L. obsta-'« 
 
 culum. -aculuin=-ac/e is the learned form. , 
 Obstination, sf. obstinacy; from L. ob*. 
 
 stinationem. 
 Obstin^, adj. obstinate; from L. obsti- 
 
 natus. For -atus = -^ see § 201. 
 Obstiner, va. to make obstinate ; from L. 
 
 obstinare. 
 Obstructif, adj. obstructive ; from L. ob- 
 
 structivus *, der. from obstructus. 
 Obstruction, sf. obstruction ; from L. 
 
 obstructionem. 
 Obstruer, va. to obstruct; from L. ob- 
 
 struere. — Der. Aisobstruer. 
 Obtenip6rer, vn. to obey; from L. ob- 
 
 temperare. 
 Obtenir, va. to obtain ; from L. obtinere. 
 
 For i = e see § 72 ; for e = « see § 59. 
 Obtention, sf obtaining; from L. obten- 
 
 tionem, der. from obtentum, supine of 
 
 obtinere. 
 Obturateur, sm,(Anat.) an obturator; from 
 
 L. obturatorem *, der. from obturare. 
 Obtus, adj. obtuse; from L. obtusus. 
 t Obus, sm. a shell (artillery); from Sp^ 
 
 obuz. — 'Der. o6«sier. 
 Obvier, vn. to obviate; from L. obviare. 
 Occase, adj. occasive; from L. occasus. 
 Occasion, sf. an opportunity, occasion ; from 
 
 L. occasionem. — Der. occasionner, occa- 
 
 s/onnel. 
 Occident, sm. the west; from L. occi- 
 
 dentem. 
 Occidental, adj. western ; from L. occi- 
 
 dentalis. 
 
 Occipital, flf^". occipital; from L. occipi- 
 talis, der. from occiput. 
 t Occiput, sw. the occiput; from L. oc- 
 ciput. 
 OCCIRE, va. to kill ; from L. occidere, by re- 
 gular contr. (see § 51) of occid5re to occi- 
 
 d're; whence occire, by dr = r, see § 168. 
 Occision, sf. slaughter; from L. occi- 
 
 sionem (found in St. Jerome). 
 Occultation, s/. occultation; from L. oc- 
 
 cultationem. 
 Occillte, adj. ocfult ; from L. occultus. 
 Occupation, sf. occupation; from L. oc« 
 
 cupationem. 
 Occuper, va. to occupy; from L. occu- 
 
 pare. — Der. occupznt. 
 Occurrence, sf. an occurrence ; from L. 
 
 occurrentia *. 
 Occurrent, adj. occurring; from L. occuri 
 
 rentem. 
 
OC^AN—OFFRIR. 
 
 351 
 
 Oc6an, sm. an ocean; from L. oceanus. — 
 
 Der. oceant. 
 Ocre, sf. ochre; from Gr.wxP"- — Der. ocreux. 
 Oetaddre, sm. an octahedron; from Gr. 
 
 OKTaihpOS. 
 
 Octant, sm. (Astron.) an octant; from L. 
 octantem. 
 
 Octante, ac//". eighty; from L. octaginta, 
 a form der. from octuaginta (and found in 
 Vitruvius) by reduction of ua to a. For 
 -aginta = -ante see cinquante. — Der. octant- 
 ieme. 
 
 Octave, sf. an octave; from L. octavus, 
 
 Oetobre, sm. October; from L. October. 
 
 Octogenaire, adj. octogenariaii ; from L. 
 octogenarius. 
 
 Octogone, adj. octagon; from Gr. 6kt6j 
 and yuivos. 
 
 OCTROI, sm. grant, concession, town-due. 
 See octroyer. 
 
 OCTROYER, va. to grant ; from L. aucto- 
 ricare, der. from auctorare, to procure, 
 then to grant, by contr. (see § 53) of 
 auctoricare to auct'ricare. By loss of 
 medial c (see affouage) and by i=oi (see 
 boire) auctricare becomes auctroyer (cp. 
 plicare, ployer). Atictroyer becomes oc- 
 troyer by au = o (see § 106); lastly, by 
 ct = t (§ 168), otroyer, the O. Fr. form. — 
 Der. octroi (what one grants, a gift, and 
 then a subsidy granted by the people to 
 the sovereign). 
 
 Octuple, adj. octuple, from L. octuplum. 
 — Der. octuplev. 
 
 Oculaire, adj. ocular; from L. ocularius. 
 
 Oculiste, sm. an oculist ; der. from oculus. 
 i*}- Odalisque, s/". anodalisk; of Oriental 
 origin, Turk, odalik. 
 
 Ode, sf. an ode ; from Gr. a/Sly. 
 
 Odeur, sf an odour; from L. odorem. 
 
 Odieux, adj. odious ; from L. odiosus. 
 For -oswa = -eux see § 229. 
 
 Odontalgie, sf toothache ; from Gr. bhov- 
 Ta\yi^- — I^^r. odontalg'ique. 
 
 Odontologie, sf odontology ; from Gr. 
 odovs and \6yos, 
 
 Odorant, adj. odorous; from L. odoran- 
 tem. 
 
 Odorat. sm. a smell; from L. odoratus. 
 
 Odoriferant, adj. odoriferous; compd. of 
 odorem and ferentem. 
 
 Odyss6e, s/. the Odyssey; fromGr.'OSuortrfta. 
 
 (Ecum^nique, adj. oecumenical ; from Gr. 
 o'lKov/jLeviKos. — Der, oecumenicite. 
 
 jCEddme, sm. (Med.) oedema, a tumour ; 
 from Gr. o'ldTjfia. 
 
 fElL, sm. an eye ; formerly oil, from L. 6cu- 
 
 lus, by regular contr. (see § 51) of6cu- 
 lus to oc'lus, found in popular Lat., as 
 may be seen from the Appendix ad Pro- 
 bum, *oc\ilus non oclus.' Oclus pro- 
 duced O. Fr. oil (for cl = il see abeille) ; oil 
 became ceuil then ceil (for o = ceu see 
 § 79). The pi. yetix, is formed thus: 
 O. Fr. euil became ieuil (for eu = ieu see 
 lieu), whence ieul by dissimilation (see 
 § 170) ; ieul being in pi. ieuls became 
 ieus by losing / (cp. illos, eux) ; ieus, also 
 written yens, became yeux by s = x (see 
 deux). — Der. ce/Zlere, cezVlade, astVlet. 
 
 CEILLET, sm. an eyelet. See te//.— Der. 
 ceilleton. 
 
 CEILLETTE, sf. oil (of poppy); in the 1 6th 
 cent., oliette, der. from L. olium, a Low 
 Lat. form of oleum. For eu = iu see § 84. 
 
 CEnologie, s/. the art of wine-making; from 
 Gr. oTvos and \6yos. 
 
 CEjSOphage, sm. oesophagus, gullet ; from 
 Gr. jolao(pdyos. 
 
 GEJstre, sm. (Entom.) a gad-fly; from Gr. 
 otarpos. 
 
 CEUF, sm. an egg ; from L. ovum. For o 
 = oeu see § 79 ; for v =/ see boeuf. Its 
 doublet is ove. — Der. ceuv6. 
 
 CEUVRE, sf. work ; from L. opera, pi. of 
 opus, by regular contr. (see § 51) of 
 6pera to op'ra, whence ceuvre. For o = 
 ceu see § 79; for p = 6 = v see § ill. 
 CEuvre is a doublet of opera, q. v. — Der. 
 desceuvre (partic. of O. Fr. desoeuvrer, 
 compd. of O. Fr. ceuvrer, der. from ceuvre). 
 
 Offenser, va. to offend ; from L. of fens a re. 
 — Der offense (verbal subst.), offensa.nt, 
 qffensewT, offensif, offensive. 
 
 OFFERTOIRE, sm. an offertory. See o^ir. 
 
 OflB.ce, sm. an office, duty, worship ; from L. 
 officium. — Der. q^cier(vn.),q^cier(sm.). 
 
 OflBcial, sm. an official ; from L. official is. 
 Its doublet is off del, q. v. — Der. official'ixL 
 
 OflRciel, adj. official; from L. officialis, 
 der. from officium. 
 
 OflBcier, vn. to officiate. See office. 
 
 OflB-Cier, sm. an officer. See office. 
 
 Oflftcine, s/. a laboratory; from L. officina. 
 — Der. officinzL 
 
 OFFRANDE, sf. an offering, present; from 
 L. offerenda, by regular contr. (see 
 § 52) of offerenda to ofiF'renda, whence 
 offrande; for en = an see andouille. 
 
 OFFRE, sf. an offer. See offrir. 
 
 OFFRIR, va. to offer; from L. offerere*, 
 der. from ofPerre. For this lengthened 
 termination in re see etre. Oflferlre, re- 
 gularly contrd. (see § 52) to off'rere. 
 
2S2 
 
 OFFUSQUER — OMISSION, 
 
 becomes offrir; for 6 = 1 sec § 59. — 
 Der. offre (verbal subst.); offerte (strong 
 partic. subst,, see nbsoute), qffertolre. 
 
 Oflf\isquer, va. to obscure; from L. offus- 
 care. 
 
 OGIVE, sf. a pointed arch (also written augive 
 in the 17th cent.) ; from L. augplva*, der. 
 from augere, because the ogive goes on in- 
 creasing, while at the same time the arch so 
 formed increases the strength of the vault. 
 And besides, we find the phrase arc ogif, 
 which answers to L. arcus augivus, a 
 decisive proof that this view is correct. Au- 
 givus becomes ogif; for au = o see §§ 106, 
 107; for v^=fsec boeuf. — Der. ogival. 
 
 OGRE, stn. an ogre, in medieval mythology a 
 monster who feeds on human flesh. Ogre 
 (It, orco) is from L.orcus (Orcus,God of the 
 infernal regions). For orcus = ocrus see 
 dprete. Ocrus becomes ogre, cp. acris, 
 aigre ; for e=^ see adjuger. — Der. o^resse. 
 
 OIE, sf. a goose. Prov. auca, It. oca,, from 
 L. auca, a goose, in very ancient medieval 
 Lat. texts. We find the phrase * Accipiter qui 
 aucaiu mordet,' in the Lex Alamannorum ; 
 and in the Formulae of Marculfus, ' Aucas 
 tantas, fasianos tantos.' Auca is contrd. 
 from avica., der. from avis. For avica=: 
 auca cp. navifragium = naufragium, 
 navita = nauta. Auca, losing its medial 
 c (see affouage), becomes oie; for au = oz 
 see § 108. — Der, o/son. 
 
 OIGNON, sm. an onion ; from L. unionem, 
 found in Columella. For ni =gn see cigogne; 
 for u = 02 see § 91. Its doublet is m««o«, q.v. 
 
 + Oille, s/". an olio ; from Sp. olla. 
 
 OINDRE, va. to anoint ; from L. ungere, 
 by regular contr. (see § 51) of Txngere to 
 ung're, whence un're (for gr = r see 
 § 168), whence oindre (for nx = ndr see 
 absoudre; for u = oi see § 91). 
 
 OING, sm. cart-grease ; from L, unguem. 
 For u=oi see § 91. 
 
 OINT, sm. the anointed (one) ; from L, uuc- 
 tum. Forct = /see § 168; foru = o/ see§ 91. 
 
 OISEAU, sm. a bird ; formerly oisel, Prov, 
 aucel, from L, aucellus *, properly a little 
 bird ; for the extension of meaning see § 13. 
 Aucellus is a masc, form of aucella, 
 found in Apicius ; aucella is contrd, from 
 avicella, cp. nauta from navita, nau- 
 fragium from navifragium, etc. Au- 
 cellus becomes oisel: for au = oi see 
 § 108 ; for c = s see amitie. Oisel becomes 
 oiseau by el = eau, see agneau. — Der, (from 
 O. Fr. oisel) oiselem, oiselitx, oisellon (now 
 oisillon; for e = i see § 59). 
 
 OISEUX, adj. idle. Prov. ocios, Sp. ocioso, 
 
 from L, otiosus. For t = c see agencer. 
 
 Ociosus becomes oiseux : for -osus — -eux 
 
 see § 229 ; for o = s see amitii ; for o = a(, 
 
 by attraction of i, see chanoine. 
 OISIF, adj. idle ; der. from a root oise *, which 
 
 answers to L. otium. For ti = s see 
 
 agencer 'y for o = ot see § 84. — Der. o/sivete. 
 OISILLON, sm. a little bird. See oiseau. 
 OISON, sm. a gosHng ; der. directly from 
 
 L. aucionem (der. from auca, see oie), a 
 
 word found (7th cent.) in the Cassel Glosses, 
 
 For letter-changes see alouette, aboyer, and 
 
 agencer. 
 016agineux, adj. oleaginous, oily ; from L, 
 
 oleaginosus *, der, from oleagina, pro- 
 perly an olive-tree, 
 Olfactif, adj. olfactory; from L, olfacti- 
 
 vus. 
 Oligarchie, sf. an oligarchy ; from Gr, 
 
 oKiyapxia. — Der. oligarchiqne. 
 t Olinde, sf. a sword blade (of Olinda) ; of 
 
 hist, origin (see § 33), from the town of 
 
 Olinda in Brazil. 
 OLIVE, sf. an olive ; from L. oliva, — Der, 
 
 olivktTe, olivier, o/ivaire. 
 Olographe, see kolographe. 
 Olympe, sm. Olympus; from L. Olympus, 
 
 — Der. olympien. 
 Olympiade, sf. an Olympiad; from L. 
 
 olympiadem. 
 Olympique, adj. Olympic; from L, olym- 
 
 picus. 
 Ombelle, adj. (Bot.) umbellar; from L. 
 
 umbella. 
 Ombilic, sm. the navel; from L. umbilicus. 
 
 Its doublet is nombril, q, v, — Der, ombilicAl. 
 OMBRAGE, sm. shade, umbrage; from L. 
 
 umbraticum *, For u = see annoncer ; 
 
 for -aticum = -age see age. — Der. ombrag- 
 
 er, ombrageux (a horse which shies at its 
 
 shadow). 
 OMBRE, sf. a shadow ; from L. umbra. 
 
 For u = o see annoncer. 
 OMBRE, sm. a char (fish). Origin unknown, 
 t Ombrelle.s/.aparasol; fromIt.om6re//n. 
 OMBRER, va. to tint; from L. umbrare. 
 
 For u = see annoncer. 
 OMBREUX, adj. shady, . from L. umbrosus. 
 
 For -osus = -eux see § 229 ; for u = o see 
 
 annoncer. 
 OMELETTE, sf. an omelette. Origin un- 
 known. 
 OMETTRE, va. to omit ; from L, omittere. 
 
 For rmttere = mettre see § 72, 
 Omission, sf. omission; from L. omis- 
 
 sionem. 
 
OMNIB US — OPPORTUN. 
 
 ^53 
 
 f Omnibus, s»i. an omnibus; from L. om- 
 nibus. 
 
 Omnipotence, sf. omnipotence; from L. 
 omnipotentia. 
 
 Omniscience, sf. omniscience; from L. 
 omnis and scientia. 
 
 Omoplate, sf. (Anat.) a scapula; from 
 Gr, d)fiOTr\dTT]. 
 
 ON, pron. smf. one, pi. people ; formerly om, 
 horn : Ce sait h o m bien que, says the 
 Chanson de Roland, i.e. 'On sait bien 
 cela que.^ Horn is from L. hoxao, 
 used in the sense of one, they, men, in 
 late Lat., as ' Ut inter tabulas adspicere 
 homo non posset,' in Gregory of Tours. 
 Homo becomes first horn, then om (for 
 loss of h see atelier), then on (for m, = « 
 see changer). On is a doublet of homme, 
 q.v, 
 
 Onagre, sm. an onager, wild ass ; from L. 
 onagrus. 
 
 ONC, adv. ever. It. unque, from L. un- 
 quanii^. For u = o see annoncer; for qu 
 — c see car. 
 
 ONCE, sf. an ounce ; from L. iincia. For 
 u = o see annoncer; for -cia, = -ce see 
 agencer. 
 
 + Once, sf. an ounce (jaguar) ; of Oriental 
 origin, Pers. youz. 
 
 Oncial, adj. uncial; from L. uncialis. 
 
 ONCLE, sm. an uncle. Prov. avoncle, from 
 L. avunculus, by regular contr. (see 
 § 51) of avTinculus to aAomc'lus, by 
 loss of medial v see a'ieul. Avunclus 
 becomes aunclus, whence oncle; for au = 
 see § 107. 
 
 Onction, sf. unction; from L. unctionem. 
 For u = o see annoncer. 
 
 Onctueux, adj. unctuous; from L. onctu- 
 osus*, der. from L. unctus. — Der. onctu- 
 osite. 
 
 ONDE, sf. water, wave ; from L. unda. 
 For u = o see annoncer, — Der. onde, ondee, 
 ondin, ondine, ondoyer (der, from onde ; 
 cp. larmoyer from larme, guerroyer from 
 guerre, cotoyer from cote, nettoyer from 
 net, coudoyer from coude). 
 
 ONDOYER, vn. to undulate. See onde. — 
 Der. ondoyant, ondoiement. 
 
 Ondul6, adj. undulating; from L. undula- 
 tus. — Der. onduUtion, onduhtoke. 
 
 Onduler, vn. to undulate ; from L. undu- 
 lare *. — Der. onduleux. 
 
 Onereux, adj. onerous ; from L. onerosus. 
 
 ONGLE, sf a nail (of hand, etc.) ; from L. 
 ungula, by regular contr. (see § 51) of 
 ungula to ung'la, whence angle. For 
 
 u = o see annoncer. — Der. ongl6e, onglet, 
 
 ongle (whose doublet is ongule, q. v.). 
 Onguent, sm. an unguent ; from L. un- 
 
 guentum. 
 Onguicul6, adj. unguiculate ; from L. un- 
 
 guiculus. 
 Ongul6, adj. hoofed; from L. ungulatus. 
 
 Its doublet is ongle, q. v. 
 Onomatopee, sf an onomatopoeia ; from 
 
 Gr. ovo/MTOTTOua. 
 Ontologie, sf ontology ; from Gr. aiv ovtos, 
 
 and Xoyos. — Der. ontologiqne. 
 f Onyx, sm. (Min.) onyx ; from Gr. ovv^. 
 ONZE, adj. eleven ; from L. undecim, by 
 
 regular contr. (see § 51) of undecim to 
 
 und'cim, whence onze. For dc = c see 
 
 adjuger ; for c = z see amitie ; for u = see 
 
 annoncer. —Der. o«zieme. 
 Oolithe, sm. (Min.) oolite ; from Gr. uoy and 
 
 \i0os. 
 Opacity, sf opacity; from L. opacitatem. 
 Opale, sf (Min.) an opal; from L. opalus. 
 Opaque, adj. opaque; from L. opacus. 
 + Op6ra, sf the opera; from It. opera. 
 
 Its doublet is oeuvre, q. v. 
 Op6rateur, sm. an operator ; from L. ope- 
 
 ratorem. 
 Operation, sf. an operation; from L. ope- 
 
 rationem. 
 Opercule, sm. a * coverlet, lid ; from L. 
 
 operculum. 
 Op6rer, vn. to operate; from L. operari. 
 
 Its doublet is ouvrer, q. v. 
 Ophicl6id.e, sm. an ophicleide; from Gr. 
 
 6<pis and KXeis (i. e. a keyed serpent). 
 Ophthalmie, sf ophthalmia; from Gr. 
 
 6(p6a\^ia. — Der. ophthalmiqne. 
 Opiace, adj. containing opium ; der. from 
 
 opium, q. v. 
 Opiat, adj. opiate ; der. from omov. 
 Opiler, va. to remove the hairs from; from 
 
 L. oppilare. — Der. desopiler. 
 Opimes, adj. rich (properly of spoils taken 
 
 by a commander from the body of the 
 
 hostile general); from L. opimus. 
 Opiner, vn. to speak, opine; from L. opi- 
 
 nari. — Der. qpmant, o/)miatre* (i. e. one 
 
 who is obstinately attached to what he 
 
 opines). 
 Opiniatre, adj. obstinate. See opiner. — 
 
 Der. opiniatrtr, opinidtrete. 
 Opinion, sf an opinion; from L. opinio- 
 
 nem. 
 Opium, sm. opium; from L. opium (so 
 
 found in Pliny). 
 Opportun, adj. opportune ; from L. op- 
 
 portunus. 
 
^54 
 
 OPPOR TUNITS — OREILLE. 
 
 Opportunity, sf. opportunity ; from L. 
 
 opportunitatem. 
 OPPOSER, va. to oppose. See poser.— Dej. 
 
 opposint. 
 Opposite, adj. opposite; from L. opposi- 
 
 tus. 
 Opposition, sf. opposition ; from L. oppo- 
 
 sitionem. 
 OPPRESSER, va. to oppress. See presser.— 
 
 Der. oppressxi. 
 Oppresseur, sm. an oppressor ; from L. 
 
 oppressorem. 
 Oppression, sf. oppression ; from L. op- 
 
 pressionem. 
 Opprimer, va. to oppress; from L. oppri- 
 
 mere. 
 Opprobre, sm. an opprobrium, shame; from 
 
 L. opprobrium. 
 Optatif, adj. optative; from L. optativus. 
 Opter, vn. to choose; from L. optare. 
 Optimisme, sm. optimism ; der. from op- 
 
 timus. — Der. optim\s\Q. 
 Option, sf. an option ; from L. opt ion em. 
 Optique, adj. optical, sf. optics ; from Gr. 
 
 OTTTiKos. — Der. opticien. 
 Opulence, sf. opulence; from L. opulen- 
 
 tia. 
 Opulent, adj. opulent; from L. opulen- 
 
 tus. 
 Opuscule, sm. a tract; from L. opuscu- 
 
 lum. 
 OR, sm. gold ; from L. aurtim, which was 
 
 orum in popular Lat., as we see from 
 
 Festus : ' Aurum, quod rustici orum dice- 
 bant.' For au = o see § 107. 
 OR, conj. now ; formerly ore (properly at this 
 
 hour), from L. hora. For loss of initial h 
 
 see atelier. Its doublet is heure, q. v. — Der. 
 
 d^sormais, dor^navant, encore, lors, alors 
 
 (see those words). 
 Oracle, sm. an oracle; from L. oraclum, 
 
 a contrd. form of oraculum in Virgil. 
 OR AGE, sm. a storm: Prov. auratge, from 
 
 L. auraticum *, deriv. of aura. For au 
 
 = see § 107; for -a,ticma= -age see 
 
 age Der. ora^eux. 
 
 ORAISON, sf prayer, oration ; from L. ora- 
 
 tionem, used for prayer in Tertullian. 
 
 For -ationem = -aison seefenaison. 
 Oral, adj. oral; from L. oralis. — Der. 
 
 oralement. 
 + Orange, sf. orange. Sp. naranja, of 
 
 Oriental origin, Ar. naranj. The Fr. word 
 
 ought to be narange, but has taken the 
 
 form orange from a confusion with the 
 word or ; in Lat. the orange was called 
 aureum malum, and the Fr. consequently 
 
 thought to find the sense of golden (or) in 
 the word it adopted. — Der. oranger, orang- 
 erie, orangezt, orangeade, orange. 
 
 t Orang-outang, sm. an ourang-outang; 
 a Malay word. 
 
 Orateur, SOT. an orator; from L. oratorem. 
 
 Oratoire, sm. an oratory ; from L. orato- 
 rium. — Der. ora/orien. 
 
 Oratoire, adj. oratorical ; from L.oratorius. 
 
 t Oratorio, sm. an oratorio; from It. 
 oratorio. 
 
 Orbe, sm. an orb ; from L. or bis. 
 
 Orbiculaire, adj. orbicular ; from L. orbi- 
 cularis. 
 
 Orbite, sf an orbit; from L. orbita. — Der. 
 or6iVaire (whose doublet is orttiere, q. v.). 
 
 Orcandte, sf. (Bot.) orchanete. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 Orchestre, sm. an orchestra; from Gr. 
 dpxr}(TTpa. 
 
 Orchis, sm. (Bot.) an orchis ; from Gr. 
 opxis. — Der. orchid^e. 
 
 Ordalie, sf an ordeal; from L. o%daliuni *, 
 a Low Lat. word of Germ, origin, A.S. 
 ordal, judgment of God. 
 
 Ordinaire, adj. ordinary; from L. ordi- 
 narius. 
 
 Ordinal, adj, ordinal; from L. ordinalis. 
 
 Ordination, sf ordination ; from L. ordi- 
 nationem. 
 
 Ordonnancer, va. to order payment (in 
 writing). See ordonner. — Der. ordonnance- 
 ment. 
 
 Ordonnateur, sm. an ordainer; from L. 
 ordinatorem. For i = o see ordonner. 
 
 ORDONNER, va. to ordain ; from L. ordi- 
 nare. For i = o see f rotter; for n = nn 
 see an. — Der. d^sordonner, ordonnznce. 
 
 ORDRE, sm. an order ; from L. ordinem, 
 by regular contr. (see § 51) of ordinem 
 to ord'nem, whence ordre. For n = r see 
 coffre. — Der. d^sordre, sous-ordre. 
 
 ORDURE, sf. filth, ordure, dirt; der. from 
 O. Fr. adj. ord, dirty, used as late as the 
 1 8th cent. Ord is from L. horridus (re- 
 pulsive, then filthy) by regular contr. (see 
 § 51) of horridus to liorr'dus, whence 
 ord. For loss of initial h see atelier. — Der. 
 ordurier. 
 OREE, sf skirt, edge (of a wood) ; from L. 
 Grata*, der. from era. For -ata = -c'e 
 see § 201. 
 OREILLE, sf an ear ; from L. auricula, 
 der. from auris, which was oricula in 
 popular Lat., as we learn from Festus. 
 For au = o see § 107. Oricula, contrd. 
 regularly to oric'la (see § 51), becomes 
 
ORSM us — ORPHELIN. 
 
 ^55 
 
 oreille. For -icil& = -etlle see aheille. — Der. 
 oreillon, oreillette, oreilhx (whose doublet 
 is auriculaire, q. v.), oreilhrd, orillon. 
 
 t Or6niUS, sw. aprayer; from L.oremus, 
 lit. imperative of L. orare. 
 
 ORFEVRE, sm. a goldsmith ; from L. auri- 
 fabrum (lit, a workman who works in 
 gold), by contr. of aiirifabrum to atir'fa- 
 brura, whence or/evre. For au = o see 
 § 107; for a = e see § 54; forb = vsee 
 § 113. — Der. orfevrene, orfevrier. 
 
 ORFRAIE, s/. an osprey ; from L. ossifraga 
 (found in Lucretius), by regular contr. (see 
 § 52) of ossifraga to os'fraga. Os- 
 fraga losing its medial g(seeallier) becomes 
 otfraie. For a = m see § 54; for s = r cp. 
 Marseille from Mass i Ilia, and varlet, 
 which is a transformation of vaslet (see 
 valet). Orfraie is a doublet of ossifrage, q. v. 
 ' ORFROI, sm. orphrays (embroidered cloth of 
 gold) ; from L. aurura phrygiiun *. 
 Ovid uses ' phrygiae vestes ' for stuffs 
 broidered with gold. For auruin = or see 
 or. Phrygium becomes /ro/ by dropping 
 g (see allier), and by plir=/r (see coffre), 
 and i = Qi (see boire). 
 
 ORGANDI, sm. book-muslin. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 Organe, sm. an organ ; from L. organum. 
 Its doublet is orgue, q. v. — Der. org^aniser, 
 organisms, org"a«ique. 
 
 Organiser, va. to organise. See organe — 
 Der. or^awisation, or^aw/sateur, desorgan- 
 iser, Teorganiser. 
 
 Organiste, sm. an organist. See orgue. 
 
 Organsin, sm. organzine. Origin unknown. 
 — Der. organsintr, organstnage. 
 
 ORGE, sf. barley. Prov. ordi, from L. hor- 
 deum, by regular change of en = ixi= ju 
 by consonification, see abreger. Hordjum 
 becomes orge by loss of initial h, see atelier. 
 
 ; For dj =g see abreger. — Der. orgeat (ori- 
 
 \ ginally a decoction of barley, though there 
 
 ! is nothing in the drink now but an emulsion 
 
 I of almonds), orge\et. 
 
 [Orgie, sf. an orgy ; from Gr. op-^ia. 
 
 ORGUE, sm. an organ {orgues, pi. sf.). It. 
 organo, from L. organum, an hydraulic 
 organ in Suetonius ; a wind organ in St. 
 Augustine and Cassiodorus. For loss of 
 two final atonic syllables see §§ 50, 51. — 
 Der. org-aniste (der. from L. organum). 
 Orgue is a doublet of organe, q. v. 
 
 ORGUEIL, sm. pride. It. orgoglio, of Germ, 
 origin, from Germ, orgel. — Der. org-M«71eux. 
 
 iOrient, sm. the East; from L. Orientem. 
 — Der. orientQT, orienta.1, orienta]iste. 
 
 Orienter, va. to set towards the east. See 
 orient. — Der. onV«^ation, d^sorienter. 
 
 Orifice, sm. an orifice ; from L. orificium. 
 
 Oriflamme, sf. an oriflamme. For au=o 
 see § 107. 
 
 Origan, sm. (Bot.) marjoram; from L. 
 origanum. 
 
 Originaire, adj. native (of) ; from L. 
 originarius. 
 
 Original, adj. original; from L. origi- 
 nal is. — Der. originalite. 
 
 Origine, s/. origin; from L, originem. — 
 Der. origine]. 
 
 t Orignal, sm. an elk; {ormerly orignac 
 (prenac, the Canadian elk), from Basque 
 orenac, a name given by the Basque emi- 
 grants in Canada to the North American 
 elk. 
 
 ORIPEAU, sm. Dutch gold, tinsel ; from L. 
 auri pellem, used in Low Lat., gold leaf. 
 For au = o see § 107; for e\ = eau see 
 agneau. 
 
 ORLE, sm. an orle (heraldic) ; from L. orula, 
 dim. of ora, an edge, by regular contr. (see 
 § 51) of orula to or'la. 
 
 ORME, sm. an elm. Prov. olm. It. olmo, 
 from L. ulmus. For u = o see annoncer; 
 for l = r see apotre. — Der. ormeau (for- 
 merly ormel; for el = eau see agneau), 
 ormaie, ormoxe, orTOille. 
 
 ORNE, sm. an ash ; from L. ornus. 
 
 Ornement, sm. an ornament ; from L. orna- 
 mentum. — Der. ornemanthte (ornement- 
 iste). ' 
 
 Orner, va. to adorn ; from L. ornare. 
 
 ORNlilRE, sf. a beaten track, old road ; in 
 Picard patois ordiere, from L. orbitaria *, 
 der. from orbita. Orbitaria, regularly 
 contr. (see § 52) to orb'taria, became 
 ordiere. For ht = d see accouder ; for 
 -aria = -/ere see § 198. Orrfeere was after- 
 wards changed to orniere. Its doublet is 
 orbitaire, q. v. 
 
 Ornithogale, sm. (Bot.) star of Bethlehem ; 
 from Gr. opviOSyaKov. 
 
 Ornithologie, sf. ornithology; from Gr. 
 opvis, opviOos, and ^070$. — Der. ornitholog- 
 iste, ornithologue. 
 
 ORONGE, sf. (Bot.) the orange-agaric ; cor- 
 ruption of orange, q. v. 
 
 ORPAILLEUR, sm. a gold-finder, one who 
 looks for pailles cTor. For etymology see 
 or and paille. 
 
 ORPHELIN, sm. an orphan ; formerly orphe- 
 nin, originally orphanin, from L. orpha- 
 ninus, deriv. of orphanus. For a = e see 
 § 54 ; forn = / see aller. 
 
256 
 
 ORPIMENT—OU. 
 
 ORPIMENT, sm. (Min.) orpiment, used in 
 
 painting ; from L. auri pigmentum, i. e. 
 
 a colour to paint gold with. For au = o 
 
 see § 107 ; for gin = m see § 168. 
 OrseiQe, sf. (Bot.) an orchal. Origin un- 
 known. 
 ORTEIL, sm. a big toe; formerly arteil, 
 
 Prov. arteil, It. artiglio, from L. turtiovilus. 
 
 Articulus becomes arteil by -iculus = 
 
 -eil, see § 157. For a = o see taon. Orteil 
 
 is a doublet of articule, q. v. 
 Orthodoxe, adj. orthodox : from Gr. opOo- 
 
 do^os. — Der. orthodoxie. 
 Orthogonal, adj. orthogonal ; from Gr. 
 
 opOoywvos. 
 Orthographe, sf. orthography ; from Gr. 
 
 dp6oypa<pia. — Der. orthographier, ortho- 
 
 graphiqae. 
 Orthographie, sf. orthography, (Archit.) 
 
 elevation ; from Gr. 6p9oypa(pia. 
 Orthop6die, ff. orthopedy ; from Gr. dpOSs 
 
 and iraidda. — Der. orlhopediqxxe. 
 ORTIE, sf. (Bot.) a nettle. Sp. ortiga, It. 
 
 ortica, from L. urtica. For u=o see 
 
 annoncer ; for -ica = -ie see § 21 2. 
 Ortive, adj. (Astron.) ortive; from L. or- 
 
 tivus. 
 t Ortolan, sm. an ortolan; from Prov. 
 
 ortolan. It. ortolano, from L. h.orttilanus, 
 
 properly of the garden, as the ortolan 
 
 usually nests in garden-hedges, 
 f Orvi6tan, sm. orvietan; from It. orvie- 
 
 iatio, der. from Orviete, the name of a quack 
 
 of Orvieto who introduced this electuary 
 
 into France, a. d. 1647. 
 Oryctographie, sf. oryctography (fossil) ; 
 
 from Gr. cpvKTos and 'yp6,<peiv. 
 Oryctologie, sf. oryctology; from Gr. 
 
 opvKTos and \6yos. 
 OS, sm. a bone ; from L. os. — Der. desosser, 
 
 osselet (dim. of ossel). 
 Oscillation, sf. oscillation; from L. oscil- 
 
 lationem. 
 Osciller, vn. to oscillate; from L. oscil- 
 
 lare. — Der. osa'Watoire. 
 OSEILLE, sf (Bot.) sorrel ; from L. oxalia, 
 
 der. from oxalis. For x = s see ajouter; 
 
 for li = i7 see ail; for a. = e see § 54. 
 OSER, vn. to dare. Prov. ausar. It. ausare, 
 
 from L. ausare*, der. from ausum, supine 
 
 of audere. Ausare becomes oser by au 
 
 =0, see § 107. 
 OSERAIE, sf an osier-ground. See osier. 
 OSIER, sm. an osier ; der. from Gr. oTaos. 
 Osmazdme, sf. (Chem.) osmazome ; from 
 
 Gr. oafiTj and (wfios. 
 OSSELET, sm. an ossicle. See os. 
 
 OSSEMENTS, sm.pl. bones (of the dead);] 
 pi. of ossement*, from L. ossamentum *,] 
 der. from ossa, bones, ' 
 
 OSSEUX, adj. bony ; from L. ossuosus. 
 For uo = o see § 102, whence osseux; for 
 -OBUB = -eau see § 229. 
 
 Ossiiier, va. to ossify; from L. ossifi- 
 care*, der. from os. — Der. ossy?ca- 
 tion. 
 
 Ossuaire, sm. an ossuary; from L. ossua- 
 rium. 
 
 Ostensible, adj. ostensible: from L. osten- 
 sibilis*. der. from ostensum, supine of 
 ostendere. 
 
 Ostensoir, sm. a monstrance; from L. os- 
 tensorium *, der. from ostensum, supine, 
 of ostendere. 
 
 Ostentation, sf ostentation; from L. os- 
 tentationem. 
 
 Ost6ologie, sf. osteology ; from Gr. dffTto- 
 Xoyia. 
 
 Ostrac§, adj. ostraceous, belonging to the 
 oyster ; from Gr. barpcutios. 
 
 Ostracisme, sm. ostiacism; from Gr. ba- 
 rpaKi(Tfji6s. 
 
 OTAGE, sm. a hostage; formerly ostage, 
 Prov. ostatge, from L. obsidaticum *, 
 der. from obsidatus, the act of being 
 made a hostage, also a pledge. Obsi- 
 daticum, contr. regularly (see § 52) 
 to ob'sdaticum, gives, by the unusual 
 change of d = t, the form obstaticum, 
 found for a hostage in medieval Lat. 
 documents. • Et de hoc dederunt centum 
 Saracenos de melioribus obstaticos in 
 potestate Januensium ' is found in a loth- 
 cent. text. By bs = s (see sujet) ob- 
 staticum becomes ostaticum, found in 
 a charter of a.d. 1070 : ' Raymundus . . . 
 et Arnaldus . . . miserunt in ostaticum.' 
 Ostaticiim became ostage (for -aticum 
 -age see age), lastly otage by loss of s, see 
 Hist. Gram. p. 81. 
 
 Otalgie, sf. ear-ache ; from Gr. ova, wtos, 
 and 0X70*. 
 
 OTER, va. to remove ; formerly oster, from 
 L. haustare, frequent, of haurire, whence 
 comes the sense of Ster. We find in Festus 
 the compd. exbaustare for to take away : 
 ' exhaustant = eiferunt.' Haustare be- 
 comes osier by losing initial h, see atelier. 
 For au = o see § 107; for loss of s see 
 Hist. Gram. p. 81. 
 
 Ottomane, sf. an ottoman (sofa) ; of hist, 
 origin, see § 33, from ottoman, a Turkish 
 sofa. 
 
 OU, conj. or. It. 0, from L. aut. For loss 
 
Otl^OUVRIER. 
 
 ^57 
 
 of t see abhe and aig7i ; for au = o = ou see 
 
 »U, adv. where; formerly u. It, ove, from 
 L. ubi. By losing b (see taon) ubi be- 
 comes O. Fr. u, which becomes ou. For 
 u = ou see § 90. 
 
 •UAILLE, s/ a sheep, flock (the sense of sheep 
 lasted till the time of Mme, de Sevign^, who 
 uses the word in that sense) ; in Christian 
 symbolism used for the faithful. Ouaille, 
 formerly oueille, originally oeille, Prov, 
 ovelha, from L. ovicula. For loss of v see 
 ateul, whence O. Fr. oeille (for -icula = 
 -eille see § 257), thence oueille by o = ou, 
 see § 81. 
 
 )UATE, sf. wadding. Origin unknown.— 
 Der. ouater. 
 
 )UBLIE, sf. a cake. O. Fr. oublee, from L. 
 oblata*, in middle ages an offering cake, 
 host, from L. oblatus. Oblata in this 
 sense is frequent in medieval Lat. docu- 
 ments : ' Ut de oblatis quae offeruntur 
 a populo et consecration! supersunt,' says 
 a letter of Hincmar, a.d. 852. Oblata 
 becomes O, Fr. oublee (for o = ou see 
 § 86; for -ata=ee see § 201), hence 
 later oublie. Oublie is a doublet of oblat, 
 q. V. — Der. oblieur. 
 
 )UBLIER, va. to forget ; from L. oblitare *, 
 der. from oblitus, p. p. of oblivisci. 
 Oblitare becomes oublier: for loss of 
 medial t see abbaye; for o = ou see § 81. 
 — Der. oubli (verbal subst.), oublienx, 
 oubliette. 
 
 >UEST, sm. west. O. Fr. west ; of Germ, 
 origin, Germ. west. 
 
 >UI, adv. yes ; formerly o'il, from L. hoc 
 illud. From L. hoc comes O. Fr. form o 
 (for loss of initial h see atelier, and of final 
 C see ami) ; in the 1 3th cent ne dire ni 
 ni nan was = ne dire ni oui ni non. Just 
 as hoc became 0, so the compd. hoc illud 
 (it is that same thing) became oil, by loss 
 of medial c (see affouage) and by dropping 
 initial h (see atelier). This form oil (hoc 
 illud) had answering to it the form nennil 
 (non illud) ; and just as nennil lost /, and 
 became nenni in modern Fr., so oil became 
 01, whence oui : for o = om see § 8 1 . 
 
 'UIE, sf. hearing. See ou'ir. — Der. oules. 
 
 UIR, va, to hear ; formerly oir. It. udire, 
 from L. audire. For loss of medial d see 
 accabler; for au = o in O. Fr., then o = ou 
 in modem Fr„ see § 107. — Der. ome 
 (verbal subst.) 
 
 Ouragan, sm. a hurricane; in the 17th 
 cent. houraga?i, originally a sea-term, from 
 
 Sp. huracan, a term brought originally 
 from the Antilles. 
 
 OURDIR, va. to warp, plot ; from L. ordiri, 
 found in Pliny, For o = ou see § 81. — 
 Der. owrrfissage, ourrfisseur, owrrfissoir. 
 
 OURLER, va. to hem ; from L. orulare, der. 
 from orula * ; see orle. Oriil^re, regularly 
 contrd. to or'lare (see § 52), becomes 
 ourler. For o = om see § 81. — Der. ourlet. 
 
 OURS, sm. a bear; from L. ursus. Foru = 
 ou see § 90. — Der. ourse (L. ursa), owrson. 
 
 OURSIN, sm. (i) a hedgehog, (2) an echinus, 
 sea-urchin, a corruption of herisson, q. v., 
 as may be seen by the Port, ownpo, Walloon 
 urefon, Engl, urchin. 
 
 OUTARDE, sf. a bustard ; formerly oustarde, 
 Prov. austarde, from L. avistarda, found 
 in Pliny. For contr. of avistarda to 
 av'starda see autruche, whence austarda. 
 Austarda becomes oustarde (for au = ou 
 see § 107), thence outarde (for loss of s see 
 Hist. Gram. p. 81). — Der, outarde&w. 
 
 OUTIL, sm. a tool, implement ; formerly 
 oustil, originally ustil, from L. usitel- 
 lum* (any instrument used by work- 
 people), der. from L. usitare, by regular 
 contr. (see § 52) of usitellum to us- 
 tellum, whence oustel* (for u = o« see 
 § 90), then oustil ; cp. oisillon from oiseillon, 
 q. V. — Der. outiller, outill&ge. 
 
 OUTRAGE, sm. an outrage. See outrer. — 
 Der. outrager, outrageux. outrageznt. 
 
 OUTRANGE, sf. excess. See outrer. 
 
 OUTRE, sf. a leather bottle ; from L. utrem. 
 For u = 0M see § 90. 
 
 OUTRE, adv. beyond ; formerly oltre, Prov. 
 oltra, from L. ultra. For u = o see § 97, 
 whence oltre, then outre; for ol = ou see 
 agneau. — Der. outrer, ow/re-passer. 
 
 OUTRECUIDANT, adj. overweening. See 
 outre and cuider. — Der. outrecuidznce. 
 
 OUTRER, va. to exaggerate. See outre. — 
 Der. a Vojitnnce, outrage. 
 
 OUVERTURE, sf. opening. See ouvrir. 
 
 OUVRAGE, sm. work. See ouvrer. — Der. 
 owiro^er. 
 
 OUVRER, van. to work ; formerly ovrer, 
 from L. operari, by regular contr. of 
 operari to op'rari, whence ovrer (for 
 p = t' see § III), then ouvrer (for o = o« 
 see § 81). Its doublet is operer, q. v. — 
 Der. OMi/rable, owzrage, ouvrolr, ouvreQ. 
 
 OUVREUR, sm. an opener, boxkeeper. See 
 ouvrir. 
 
 OUVRIER, sm. a workman, mechanic ; for- 
 merly ovrier, Prov. obrier, from L. ope- 
 rarius, by regular contr. of oper4rius to 
 S 
 
458 
 
 OUVRIR — FAILLE. 
 
 op'rariuB, whence ovrier (for p = i/ see 
 § III ; for -arius = -tVr see § 198); lastly 
 ouvrier (for o = ou see § 81). 
 
 OUVRIR, va. to open; formerly ovrir and 
 eevrir, Sp. abrir. It. aprire, from L. aperire, 
 by regular contr. of apSrlre to ap'rire, 
 whence O. Fr. avrir (for p = v see § 1 1 1 ), 
 whence ovrir (for the unusual change a = o 
 see taon). Ovrir later became ouvrir (for 
 o = OM see § 81). — Der. Ottvert (from L. 
 apertus ; for p = v see § iii), owverture, 
 owvrant, owireur. 
 
 Ovaire, sm. (Anat.) an ovary; der. from 
 L. ovum. 
 
 Ovale, adj. oval; from L. ovalis. 
 
 Ovation, sf. an ovation, a lesser Roman 
 triumph; from L. ovationem. 
 
 Ove.sm. (Archit.) an ovolo ; der. from ovum. 
 Its doublet is oeuf, q. v. — Der. ovoide. 
 
 Ovipare, adj. oviparous; from L. ovi- 
 parus. 
 
 Ovoide, adj. ovoid. See ove. 
 
 Oxalique, adj. oxalic; from Gr. ^a\it.— 
 Der. oxo/ate. 
 
 Oxycrat, sm. oxycrate; from Gr. v^v- 
 Kparov. 
 
 Oxyde, sm. an oxide ; a word invented by 
 Lavoisier, a.d. 1787; from Gr. d^vs. — Der. 
 o^iyrfer. 
 
 Oxyder, va. (Chem.) to oxydate. See 
 oxyde. — Der. oxyd6, oxyrfation, oxydzhle. 
 
 Oxyg§ne, sm. (Chem.) oxygen ; a gas dis- 
 covered in A.D. 1774 by Priestley, and 
 named oxygene by Lavoisier, a.d. 1778; 
 from Gr. u^vs and yivos. — Der. oxygcner. 
 
 Oxyg6ner, va. (Chem.) to oxygenate. See 
 oxygene. — Der. oxygemtion. 
 
 Oxymel, sm. oxymel ; from Gr. d^vfieKi ; a 
 mixture of vinegar and honey. 
 
 OYANT, adj. hearing (a legal term) ; from 
 L. audientem, see oulr. Audientem 
 becomes oyanl by loss of medial d, see 
 accabler. For au = o see § 107; for 
 en = a» see amande. 
 
 PACAGE, sm. pasture-land ; iormtrly pascage, 
 from L. pascuaticum *, found in medieval 
 Lat. documents, der. from pascuum by 
 pascuaticum = pascaticuin, whence pas- 
 cage (for -aticum = -a^e see age), then 
 pacage by dropping s, see Hist. Gram, 
 p. 81. 
 
 t Pacha, sm. a Pasha; from Turk, pacha. 
 — Der. pachaVi^i. 
 
 Pachyderme, adj. pachydermatous; from 
 Gr. Traxvs and Sipfia. 
 
 Pacificateur, sm. a peacemaker ; from L. 
 pacificatorem. 
 
 Pacifieation, sf. a pacification ; from L. 
 pacificationem. 
 
 Pacifier, va. to pacify; from L. paci- 
 ficare. 
 
 Pacifique» cdj. pacific; from L. paci- 
 ficus. 
 
 PACOTILLE, sf. a venture (in commerce), 
 quantity, stock (of goods). See paquet. 
 
 Pacte, sm. a pact; from L. pactum. — Der. 
 pactxsex. 
 
 Paganisme, sm. paganism ; from L. paga- 
 nismus*, der. from paganus. 
 
 PAGE, ^. a page; from L. paginem. For 
 
 loss of two final atonic vowels see §§ 
 ."^o, 51. 
 
 PAGE, sm. a page (servant). Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 Paginer, va. to page ; from L. paginare *, 
 der. from pagina. 
 
 fPagne, sw. cotton drawers; from Sp. 
 pano. Its doublet is pan, q.v. 
 
 fPagode, sf. apagoda; of Oriental origin. 
 Pars, buthhoda, a house of idols. 
 
 PAIEN, adj. and sm. pagan, heathen. Prov. 
 pagan. It. pagano, from L. paganus, 
 found in this sense in Tertullian and 
 Jerome. For loss of medial g sec allier ; 
 for -anus = -c« see § 198: the i is inter- 
 calated for euphony. 
 
 PAILLASSE, sf. straw mattress, palliasse. See 
 paille. — Der. paillasson. 
 
 PAILLASSE, sm. a clown. See paille. 
 
 PAILLE, sf. straw; from L. palea. For 
 ea = ia see abreger, whence paille; for 
 li = j7 see ail. — Der. empailler, depailkr, 
 paillasse (a sf. meaning ticking ; this word 
 also becomes a sm. signifying a tumbler, 
 juggler, one dressed in toile h paillasse), 
 paillette, paillon, paillet. 
 
PAIN— PALME. 
 
 259 
 
 I*AIN, sm. bread; from L. panem. For 
 a, = ai see § 54. — 'Dtx. pantx. 
 
 PAIR, adj. similar, even. Sp. par, from L. 
 par. For a = aj see § 54. — Der. paire 
 (a pair, two things which are alike and go 
 together). 
 
 PAIR, sm. a peer, equal, fellow (see above). 
 Peers are properly the chief vassals of a 
 lord, having equal rights one with another, 
 — Der paires&e, pairie. 
 
 PAISIBLE, adj. peaceable. See paix. 
 
 PAISSON, sf. pasturage (in forests) ; from L, 
 pastionem. For stio = sso see agencer 
 and angoisse ; for a = ai see § 54. 
 
 PAITRE, vn. to graze, pasture; formerly 
 pahtre, from L. pascere *, der. from 
 pasci. For this lengthened form in re, 
 and for -ascere = -aitre, see naitre. 
 
 PAIX, sf. peace ; formerly pais, from L. 
 pacem. For a = ai see § 54 ; (ox c=s = x 
 see amide. — Der. paisihle, apaisex. 
 
 Pal, sm. a pale (punishment) ; from L. pal us. 
 Its doublet is pieu, q.v. — Der. empalex. 
 
 t Paladin, sm. a paladine; from It. pala- 
 dino.—lts doublet is palatin, q.v. 
 
 PALAIS,' sm. a palace ; from L. palatium. 
 For t = e see agencer, hence palais ; for 
 a = ai by attraction of i see § 54 ; for c = s 
 see amide. 
 
 PALAIS, sm. (Anat.) the palate ; from L. 
 palatum. As -atum regularly = -e (see 
 ampoule), the French word ought to have 
 become pale: palais, the existing form, 
 arises from a confusion with palais above. 
 
 f Pal an, sm. tackling; in 16th cent. 
 palanc, from It. palanco. — Der. palam^on. 
 
 t Palanquin, sm. a palanquin; of Hindu 
 origin, Pali palangka, a litter. 
 
 Palatal, adj. palatal ; from L. palatum. 
 
 Palatin, adj. palatine; from L. palatinus, 
 
 officer of the Palace. 
 
 \ Palatine, sf. a fur tippet ; of hist. 
 
 I origin, see § 33, alluding to the Princess 
 
 Palatine, sister-in-law to Louis XIV, who 
 
 brought this kind of dress into use a.d. 
 
 ' 1676. 
 
 i Pale, sf. blade of an oar; from L. pala. 
 Its doublet is pelle, q. v. — Der. paleron, 
 palee, palette, palet. 
 
 PALE, adj. pale; from L. pallidus. For 
 loss of last two atonic syllables see §§ 50, 
 5 1 . — Der. pdlix, palot. 
 PALEFRENIER, sm. a groom. See palefroi. 
 PALEFROI, sm. a palfrey. Prov. palafrei, 
 from L. paraveredus, a posthorse, in 
 Cassiodorus and in the Theodosian Code. 
 Paraveredus is regularly contrd. (see 
 
 
 § 52) to parav'redus, found in Caro- 
 lingian documents : thus ' Aut paravreda 
 dare nolunt' is found in one of the Capi- 
 tularies of Charlemagne. Paravredus 
 becomes parafredus (for v = f see § 140), 
 found in the Germanic laws : ' Parafredos 
 donent,' Lex Bajuwariorum, I. 5. Para- 
 fredus, by r = 1 by dissimilation (see § 169), 
 gives palafredus, found in a Lat. docu- 
 ment, end of loth cent. Palafredus be- 
 come palefroi : for loss of d see alouette ; 
 for e — oi see § 61; for Q, = e see § 54. 
 — Der. palefreniex (for palefredier ; cp. 
 omiere for ordiere, q.v.) 
 
 Pal6ographie, sf. palaeography ; from Gr. 
 waXaios and ypdcpeiv. 
 
 Pal6ontologie, sf. palaeontology ; from Gr. 
 Trakaios, ovra and \6yos. 
 
 PALERON, sm. the shoulder bone. See 
 pale. 
 
 Palestre, s/ a palaestra; from L. palestra. 
 — Der. palestriqae. 
 
 PALET, sm. a quoit. See pale. — Der. paletex. 
 
 t Paletot, sm. a great coat; formerly 
 paletoc ; of Germ, origin, Dutch pahrock. 
 — Der. paletoquet. 
 
 PALETTE, sf. a battledore, pallet. See palle. 
 
 Pal6tuvier, sm. (Bot.) a mangrove. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 PALEUR, sf. pallor, paleness ; from L. pal- 
 lorem. For-orem = -e«r see § 227. 
 
 PALIER, sm. a landing-place (on staircases) ; 
 formerly paillier, der. from paille, because 
 of the straw-mat (paillasson) placed there. 
 
 Palimpseste, sm. a palimpsest ; from. Gr. 
 iraXifiil/TjaTOS. 
 
 Paling6n6sie, sf. palingenesia ; from Gr. 
 iraKiyyfvfaia, 
 
 Palinodie, sf a palinode, recantation; 
 from Gr. iraXiuuSia. 
 
 PALIS, sm. a pale, paled enclosure ; from L. 
 palicium *, found in medieval Lat. docu- 
 ments, der. from palus, a stake. For c = 
 s see amitie. — Der. palissex. 
 
 tPalissade, sf. a palisade; from it. 
 palizzata. 
 
 Palissandre, sm. rosewood. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 'j' Palladium, sm. a palladium; from L. 
 palladium. 
 
 Pallier, va. to palliate; from L. palliare. 
 Der. palliation, palliztM. 
 
 + Pallium, sm. a pall, mantle; from L. 
 pallium. 
 
 Palme, sf. a palm-branch ; from L. palma. 
 Its doublet is patime, q. v. — Der, palm- 
 ette, palmiex, palmiste, palmite. 
 S 2 
 
a6o 
 
 PA LME — PA NTELER . 
 
 Palme, sm. palm (measure) ; from L. pal- 
 mus, a length measure. 
 
 PALMETTE, sf. a palm-leaf. See palme. 
 
 PALMIER, sm. a palm-tree ; from L. pal- 
 marius. For -arius = -«r see § 198. 
 
 Falmipdde, sm. a fin-footed bird ; from L. 
 palniipedem. 
 
 Palombe, sf. a ring-dove ; from L. pa- 
 lumba. 
 
 PALONNIER, sm. a swing-bar. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 Palpable, adj. palpable; from L. palpa- 
 bilis, found in St. Jerome. 
 
 Palper, va. to feel about; from L. pal- 
 pare. — Der. pcdpe (verbal subst.). 
 
 Palpiter, vn. to palpitate, throb ; from L. 
 palpi tare. — Der. palpiUnt, palpitation. 
 
 PAMER, vn. to swoon ; formerly pasmer, 
 O. Sp. espasmar. It. spasmare, from L. 
 spasmare (der. from spasma) by un- 
 usual aphaeresis of initial s, see Hist. Gram, 
 p. 80, and loss of second s, see Hist. Gram, 
 p. 81 Der. pamoison. 
 
 t Pamphlet, sm. a pamphlet; from Engl. 
 pamphlet. — Der. pamphUtzne. 
 
 PAMPRE, sm. a vine-branch ; from L. pam- 
 pinus, by regular contr. (see § 51) of 
 pdmpmus to pamp'nus, whence pampre. 
 For ii = r see coffre. 
 
 PAN, sm. a skirt ; from L. pannus. For 
 im = « see an. Its doublets are panne, 
 pagne, q. v. 
 
 Panac6e, sf. a panacea ; from L. panacea. 
 
 + Panache, sm. a plume of feathers; 
 from It. pennacchio. — Der. panacher, pan- 
 achure, empanacher. 
 
 fPanade, sf. a panade (culinary); from 
 It. panata. Its doublet is panee. 
 
 PANADER (SE), vpr. to strut. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 PANAGE, sm. pannage ; formerly pasnage, 
 from L. pastinaticum * (right of pastur- 
 age, der. from pastionem, q. v.). Pas- 
 tindticum, contrd. regularly (see § 52) 
 to pas'naticum, becomes pasnage (for 
 -aticum = -a^e see dge), lastly pasnage, 
 by loss of s, see Hist. Gram. p. 81. 
 
 PANAIS, sm. (Bot.) a parsnip ; . from L. pa- 
 nacem. For a = a/ see § 54; for c = s 
 see amitie. 
 
 Panaris, sm. (Med.) a whitlow; from L. 
 panaricium (found in Apuleius). 
 
 Pancarte, sf. a placard ; from medieval 
 L. pancharta, a hybrid compd. of Gr. 
 iray and L. charta. 
 
 Pancreas, sm. the sweetbread ; from Gr. 
 irayKpfos. — Der. /amreatique. 
 
 Pandour, sm. a pandour ; of hist, origin 
 (see § 33), a name given to irregular 
 Hungarian troops. 
 
 Pan6gyrique, sm. a panegyric ; from Gr. 
 ■nayrj-^vpiKos (i. e. \6yos). 
 
 Pan6gyTiste, sm. a panegyrist; from Gr. 
 vavrjyvpKTT'qs. 
 
 PANER, va. to crumb, cover with bread 
 crumbs. See pain. — Der. pane. 
 
 PANETIER, sm. a panller (officer in charge 
 of bread) ; from O. Fr. paneter, which is 
 formed from pain. — Der. panetiere, panet- 
 erie. 
 
 Panicule, sf. (Bot.) a panicle; from L. 
 panicula. — Der. panicule. , 
 
 PANIER, sm. a basket ; from L. panarium 
 (a bread-basket, in Suetonius). For -arium 
 = -iersee § 1 98. — T>ex. panerit. 
 
 Panifier, va. to panify; from L. panifi- 
 care *, from panem. — Der. panificztxon. 
 
 Panique, adj. panic; from Gr. rraviKor 
 (i. e. beif-ia). 
 
 PANNE, sf. plush velvet ; from L. panna *, 
 found in medieval Lat. documents. Pan- 
 na is from penna ; for transition of sense 
 (§ 13) from a feather to plush, cp. 
 M.H.G. federe, which bears both senses also. 
 For e = a see amender. Its doublets are 
 pan, pagne, q. v. 
 
 PANNE, sf. fat. Origin unknown. 
 
 PANNE, sf. bit of stuff (a sea-term), as in 
 phrase guipon de panne, a mop made of 
 stuff; der. from pan, q. v. 
 
 PANNE, sf. a paling, rafter (in carpentering). 
 Origin unknown. 
 
 PANNEAU, sm. a panel, properly a little 
 pan, piece (of a wall) ; see pan. Panneau 
 is used for a piece of textile stuff in 
 several medieval Fr. documents. 
 
 PANNETON, sm. bit (of keys). Origin un- 
 unknown. 
 
 PANONCEAU, sm. a scutcheon. See pennon. 
 
 Panorama, sm. a panorama; from Gr. 
 ■jrav and opapia. 
 
 PANSE, sf. a paunch; from L. panticem, 
 by regular contr, (see § 51) of p^nticem 
 to pant'cem, whence panse. For tc-c 
 see adjuger; for c = s see amitie. — Der. 
 pansu. 
 
 PANSER, va. to dress wounds (of horses) ; for- 
 merly penser, Sp. pensar, from L. pensare, 
 to think about, examine, then take care of, 
 dress, groom. — Der. pansage, pansement. 
 
 fPantalon, sm. trousers; from It. pan- 
 talon. 
 
 PANTELER, vn. to gasp for breath. See 
 pantois. — Der. pantela.nt. 
 
PA NTHEISME — PA RA DE. 
 
 261 
 
 Pantheisme, sm. pantheism ; from Gr. 
 
 ■nav and 6^6$. 
 Pantheon, sm. a pantheon; from Gr. 
 
 sf. a panther; from L, pan- 
 
 Panthdre, 
 
 thera. 
 
 PANTIERE, sf. a draw-net; from L. pan- 
 thera, fem. form of L. pantlierura, a 
 net. For e = ie see § 56. 
 
 Pantin, sm. a dancing puppet. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 Pantographe, sm. a pantograph; from 
 Gr. TTOLv and ypacpciv. 
 
 PANTOIS, adj. out of breath ; PANTELER, 
 vn. to gasp for breath, der. from a root 
 pant, of Cehic origin, Kymr, pant. 
 
 Pantomdtre, sm. a pantometer ; from Gr. 
 trdv and fxerpov. 
 
 Pantomime, sm. a pantomime ; from Lp 
 pantomimus. 
 
 f Pantoufle, sf. a slipper; from It. pan- 
 tofola. 
 
 PAON, sm. a pea-fowl. Sp. pavon, from L. 
 pavonem, in form of paonem in the 
 7th cent, in the Glosses of Cassel. For loss 
 of medial v see dieul. — Der. paotrnt, paon- 
 neau. 
 
 PAPA, sm^ papa ; onomatopoetic. L. pappa. 
 
 PAPAUTE, sf. the papacy ; from L. pappa- 
 litatera, der. from pappa, by regular 
 contr. (see § 52) of pappalitdtem to 
 pappal'tatem, whence papaute. For pp 
 =p see chape; for al — au see agneau; for 
 -tatem = -/e see § 230. 
 
 PAPE, sm. a pope (father, title given to primi- 
 tive bishops). For pp —p see chape. — Der. 
 papa.], paplsme, papiste. 
 
 fPapegai, sm. a popinjay. Sp. papa- 
 gayo, of Oriental origin, Ar. balbaga, a 
 parrot. 
 
 PAPELARD, sm. a hypocrite. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 PAPERASSE, sf waste paper. See papier. 
 — Der. paperasser, paperassier. 
 
 PAPETIER, sm. a stationer, paper-maker. See 
 papier. — Der. papeterie. 
 
 Papier, sm. paper; from L. papyrius *, 
 from papyrus. Its doublet is papyrus. — 
 Der. papetiei (a very irregularly formed 
 word), papernsse. 
 
 Papille, sf. (Anat.) papilla; from L. pap- 
 illa. — Der. papilhire. 
 
 Papillon, sm. a butterfly ; from L. papili- 
 onem. Its doublet is pavilion, q. v, — Der. 
 papillonntx, papillote. 
 
 PapiUote, sf a curl-paper. See papillon. 
 — Der. papillotei, papillotnge. 
 
 t Papyrus, sm. papyrus; from L. papy- 
 rus. — Der. papyrace. 
 
 PAQUE, sf. passover, Easter ; formerly /asyt/^, 
 Prov. pasca, from L. pascha. For loss of 
 s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. 
 
 fPaquebot, sm. a packet, despatch-boat ; 
 from Engl, packet-boat. 
 
 PAQUERETTE, sf. the Easter daisy; for- 
 merly pasquerette, from O.Fr. pasquier 
 (i. e. the pasturage flower). Pasquier is 
 der. from L. pascuum. For loss of s 
 see Hist. Gram. p. 81. 
 
 PAQUET, sm. a packet, parcel ; formerly 
 pacquet, derived (together with pacotille) 
 from a common root pac, which is L. pac- 
 cus *, found in a medieval Lat. charter : 
 ' Non tamen licebit praefatis mercatoribus . . 
 pannos suos scindere . . . nee aliter nisi per 
 pacctun vel integrum pannum . . . vendere.' 
 Paccus is of Celtic origin, answering to Gael. 
 pac, a pack. — Der. paqueter, empaqueter. 
 
 FAR, prep, hy, from L. per. Fore = asee 
 amender and parachever. 
 
 Par (de), prep, from ; originally de part in 
 nth and 12th cent, documents. It. da 
 parte, Sp. de parte, from L. de parte. De 
 par le roi was in 12th cent, de part le rot 
 (in the St. Thomas the Martyr) and signi- 
 fies properly ' from the king's part ' or ' side.' 
 
 Parabole, sf (Math.) a parabola ; from 
 Gr. irapafioKT}. — Der. /»ara6o/ique. 
 
 Parabole, sf a parable, allegory ; from L. 
 parabola . — Der. /)ara6o/ique. 
 
 PARACHEVER, va. to finish; compd. of 
 achever (q. v.) and par. Par is from L. 
 per (see par), and is found in such Lat. 
 compds. as parfait (perfectus), parvenir 
 (pervenire), parmi (permedio), etg. ; 
 and in such Fr. compds. as parfumer, par- 
 donner. The particle per was used in Lat. 
 to mark the highest degree of intensity, as 
 in perhorridus, pergratus, pergra- 
 cilis, etc. Similarly in Fr. parachever, 
 parfaire, etc. This particle par was separ- 
 able in O.Fr.; thus O.Fr. parsage was 
 divided thus, tant par est sage, a phrase 
 found in the 1 2th cent, for tant il est par- 
 sage. A relic of this construction survives 
 in the phrase par trop, as in c'est par trop 
 fort, a phrase which answers to c'est trop 
 parfort. 
 
 PARACHUTE, sm. a parachute. See parer, 
 a, and chute. 
 
 f Parade, s/". parade; originally a riding- 
 school term, from Sp. parada, one of the 
 figures in the Carrousel. Its doublet is paree, 
 q. V. — Der. paradox. 
 
262 
 
 PA RA DIGME — PA RENCHYME. 
 
 Faradigme, &m. a paradigm; from Gr. 
 
 Paradis, sm. paradise; from L. paradisus. 
 
 Its doublet is parvis, q. v, 
 Faradoxe, sm. and adj. paradox ; from Gr. 
 
 •napAbo^os. — Der. paradoxal. 
 PARAFE, sm. a flourish; from L. para- 
 
 graphiis (found in Isidore of Seville, for a 
 
 mark like a Greek y to distinguish the dif- 
 ferent subjects of a book). Pardgraphus, 
 
 regularly contrd. (see § 51) to paragr'- 
 
 phus, become parar/e* (for gr = r see 
 
 accueillir, for ph =/ see coffre) ; pararfe * 
 
 becomes /arq^ by dissimilation, see § 169, 
 
 Parafe is a doublet oi paragraphs q. v. 
 PARAGE, sf. quarter (sea shore). Origin 
 
 unknown. 
 PARAGE, 5/. extraction, birth ; from L. pa- 
 
 raticum *, der. from par. For -aticum 
 
 — ■age see 6ge. 
 Paragoge, sf. (Gram.) paragoge ; from Gr. 
 
 va pay ouyq. — -Der. />ara^og"ique. 
 Paragraphe, sm. a paragraph; from Gr. 
 
 irapaypacprj. Its doublet is parafe, q. v. 
 + Paragaunte, sf an acknowledgment 
 
 (of a service) ; from Sp. paragaunte. 
 PARAITRE, vn. to appear; formerly pa- 
 
 raistre, from L. parescere, a popular Lat. 
 
 form for parere. For - escere = -at/r^ 
 
 see apparaitre. — Der, comparaitre. 
 Parallaxe, sf parallax; from Gr. napaX- 
 
 ka^is. — Der. parallactique. 
 ParallMe, sm. a parallel ; from Gr. irapd\- 
 
 \tj\os. — Der. parallelisme. 
 Parall61ogramine, sm. a parallelogram; 
 
 from Gr. TTapaWrjKoypapiixa. 
 Paralogisme, sm. a paralogism (fallacy) ; 
 
 from Gr. irapaXoyiafiSs. 
 Paralysie, sf paralysis; from Gr. irapd- 
 
 Kvffis. 
 Paralytique, adj. paralytic; from Gr. 
 
 TrapakvTiKos, 
 f Parangon, sm. a paragon; from Sp. 
 
 paragon. — Der. paratigonnev. 
 + Parapet, sm. a parapet; from It. para- 
 
 petto. 
 Paraphernal, adj. paraphernal ; from Gr. 
 
 rd. irapd<pepva (irapd and (pfpvq). 
 Paraphrase, sf. a paraphrase; from Gr. 
 
 irapdfpaais. — Der. paraphrastt, para- 
 
 phraseuT. 
 Paraphraser, va. to paraphrase. See 
 
 paraphrase. 
 PARAPLUIE, sm. an umbrella. See parer, 
 
 a, and pluie. 
 Paras6l6ne, sf. paraselene ; from Gr. -napd 
 
 and GiXiivq. 
 
 Parasite, sw. a parasite; from L. parasitus. 
 
 f Parasol, sm. a parasol ; from It. parasole. 
 
 PARATONNERRE, sm. a lightning-con- 
 ductor. See parer, a, and totmerre. 
 
 PARAVENT, sm. a screen. See parer, 4, 
 and vent. 
 
 PARC, sm. a park, enclosed pen (for cattle) ; 
 from L. parous * (so used in the Germanic 
 Laws : ' Qui gregem equarum in parco 
 furatus fuerit,* says the Lex Bajuwariorum). 
 Parous is properly a closed space in which 
 animals are kept, reserved; from L.paroere, 
 to keep, reserve. — Der. parquet, parquet, 
 parage. 
 
 PARCELLE, sf a small part, particle ; from 
 L. partioella *, dim. of partem, by re- 
 gular contr. (see § 52) of partic611a to 
 part'cella, whence parcelle. For to = c 
 see adjuger. — Der. parcelhixe. 
 
 PARCEQUE, conj. because. See par, ce, and 
 que. 
 
 PARCHEMIN, sm. parchment ; originally 
 parcamin, Prov. pergamen, from L. per- 
 gameua (found in St. Jerome, and written 
 pergamina in Isidore of Seville). For 
 e = t see § 59. Pergamina, or rather 
 pergaminum, becomes parchemin by e 
 = a, see amender ; by g = c (whence O. Fr. 
 parcamin) ; lastly parchemin by ca = che, 
 
 see acharner Der. parcheminier, parche- 
 
 mmerie, parchemin^. 
 
 Parcimonie, sf parsimony; from L. par- 
 c i m o n i a . — Der. parcimonieux . 
 
 PARCOURIR, va. to go over, run through ; 
 from L. perourrere. For letter-changes 
 see par and courir. 
 
 PARCOURS, sm. a line (of road, etc.) ; from 
 L. percursus *, compd. of per and cur- 
 sus. For letter-changes see par and cours. 
 
 PARDONNER, va. to pardon ; from L. per- 
 donare*, found in Carolingian documents, 
 as 'Et pro illius gratia totum perdono 
 quod contra me misfecerunt,' in the Capi- 
 tularies of Charles the Bald, 26. For sense 
 of per in perdonare see parachever. For 
 letter-changes see par and donner. — Der. 
 pardon (verbal subst.), pardonn^ihlQ. 
 
 PAREIL, adj. alike; from L. parictiltis *, 
 der. from par. Pariculus is found in 
 very ancient medieval Lat. documents ; 
 * Hoc sunt pariciilas cosas,' says the Lex 
 Salica. Pariculus becomes pareil: for 
 -iculus = -«7 see § 257. — Der. appareilleT, 
 zppareil, depareiller. 
 
 PAREMENT, sm. an ornament. See parer. 
 
 Parenchyme, sm. parenchyma ; from Gf. 
 irapiyxvjJLa. 
 
PARENT—PARRICIDE. 
 
 253 
 
 PARENT, smf. a parent; from L. paren- 
 tem. — Der. parentage, parente. 
 
 Parenthdse, sf. a parenthesis; from Gr. 
 vapipOeffts. 
 
 PARER, va. to adorn, deck ; from L. parare; 
 also vn. to parry, in which sense also 
 it comes from parare = to get ready to 
 avoid a blow. — Der. parement, parure, par- 
 ade, Teparer. 
 
 PARESSE, sf. idleness ; formerly parece, ori~ 
 ginally perece, Sp. pereza, from L. pi- 
 gritia. For -itia = -tee = -esse see § 245 ; 
 for gr = r see § 168 ; for i = e see § 70. — 
 Der. paressei, paresseux. 
 
 PARFAIRE, va. to complete. See /aire and 
 parachever. — Der. parfait. 
 
 PARFAIT, adj. perfect. See parfaire. 
 
 PARFILER, va. to pick out threads (of a 
 textile fabric). See par and Jiler. — Der. 
 parJildigQ. 
 
 PARFOIS, adv. sometimes. See par and /ois. 
 
 PARFONDRE, va. to fuse. See parachever 
 and fondre. 
 
 PARFUMER, va. to perfume. See futner 
 and parachever. — Der. parfum (verbal 
 subst.), parfumtMx. 
 
 Parh61ie, sm. a parhelion ; from Gr. Trapi}- 
 kios. 
 
 fParia, sm. a pariah, outcast; of Hindu 
 origin. 
 
 Parier, va. to wager; from L. pariare, 
 lit. to balance an account, then to pledge, 
 wager, equal sums. — Der. pari (verbal 
 subst.), parieuT. 
 
 Parietaire, sf. (Bot.) parietary; from L. 
 parietaria (so used in Apuleius). 
 
 Parietal, adj. (Anat.) parietal; from L. 
 parietalis. 
 
 Parity, /. parity; from L. paritatem. 
 
 PARJURE, sm. perjury; from L. perjurium. 
 For e — a see par. 
 
 PARJURE, adj. perjured ; from L, perjurus. 
 For e = a see par. 
 
 PARJURER, va. to perjure; from L. per- 
 jurare. For letter-changes see par and 
 jurer. 
 
 PARLER, vn. to speak. O. Fr. paroler, from L. 
 parabolare *, properly to relate. Para- 
 bolare is used for 'to speak,' in CaroHiigian 
 documents : we read ' Nostri seniores, sicut 
 audistis, parabolaverunt simul, et con- 
 sideraverunt cum communibus illorum fide- 
 libus ' in a Capitulary of Charles the Bald. 
 Parabolare, regularly contrd. (see § 52) 
 to parab'lare, becomes paraulare * (for 
 hi = vl = ul see aurone). Paraulare be- 
 comes O. Fr. paroler (for au = see 
 
 § 107), then paroler is contrd. to parier 
 (see § 51). — Der. parl&m, parlement, 
 parlementuT, pari emcntzire, parhge, parier 
 (sm.), parlerie, parloii, pourparler, re- 
 parler. 
 
 PARMI, prep, amongst ; from L. per me- 
 dium. For letter-changes see par and mi. 
 
 Parnasse, sm. Parnassus; from L. Par- 
 nassus. 
 
 Parodie, sf. a parody ; from Gr. irapaibia. 
 — Der. parodier, parodiste. 
 
 PAROI, sf. a partition wall; from L. pa- 
 rietem.. For loss of t see aigu ; for i = oi 
 see boire. 
 
 PAROISSE, sf. a parish ; from L, paroecia 
 (a diocese in St. Augustine, a parish in 
 Sidonius Apollinarius). Paroecia is regu- 
 larly reduced to parecia (see § 105), and 
 becomes paroisse. For e = oi see § 61: 
 for ci = ss see agencer. — Der. paroissitn, 
 paroissxzX. 
 
 PAROLE, sf a word, speech. Prov. paraula, 
 from parabola, properly a recital. Para- 
 bola =/'aro/e is found in CaroHngian docu- 
 ments, as ' Non dicam illas parabolas, 
 quas vos dixeritis ad me, et mandaveritis 
 mihi, ut celem eas,' in a document of the 
 loth cent. Parabola, regularly contrd. 
 (see § 51) to parab'la, becomes paraula *. 
 For bl = v/ = ul see aurone. Paraula * 
 becomes parole: for au = o see § 107. 
 Parole is a doublet oi parabole, q. v. 
 
 Paronyme, adj. paronymous ; from Gr. 
 irap6jvvfios. 
 
 Parotide, sf. (Anat.) the parotid gland; 
 from Gr. Trapanis. 
 
 Paroxysme, sm. a paroxysm; from Gr. 
 irapoj^vanos. 
 
 PARPAING, sm. a bonder (in building). 
 Origin unknown. 
 
 Parque, sf a fate ; from L. parca. 
 
 PARQUER, va. to pen (cattle). See pare. 
 
 PARQUET, sw.the bar (of a court of justice), 
 wooden flooring. See pare. — Der. parquet- 
 er, parquettm, parquettne, parqueta.ge. 
 
 PARRAIN, sm. a godfather ; formerly par- 
 rein (so written in the 17th cent.), Sp. 
 padrino, from L. patrinus*, found in 
 CaroHngian documents, as in ' Sanctissimus 
 vir patrinus videlicet seu spiritualis pater 
 noster,' from a Charter a.d. 752. Pa- 
 trinus is from L. pater. Patrinus be- 
 comes parrain : for tr = rr see § 1 68 ; 
 for in = ein (whence O. Fr. parrein) ; lastly 
 ein = ain, see § 69 note 2. 
 
 Parricide, sm. a parricide (murderer of 
 parent); from L. parricida. 
 
264 
 
 PARR ICIDE — PA SSER . 
 
 Parricide, sm. parricide (act of murder) ; 
 from L. parricidium. 
 
 PARSEMER. va. to strew. See semer. 
 
 PART, s/. a share, part ; from L. partem. 
 
 PART, sm. birth, child ; from L. paxtus. 
 
 PARTAGE, sm. partition, der. from partir 
 (in the sense of L. partiri, to divide). — 
 Der. partager, partagezhlc, partageznt. 
 
 PART ANT, adv. consequently ; from L. per- 
 tantum. For letter-changes see par and 
 tant. — Der. partance. 
 
 tPartenaire, sm/. a partner; from 
 Engl, partner. 
 
 PARTERRE, sm. a flower-garden. See par 
 and terre. 
 
 PARTI, adj. divided, in such phrases as parti 
 d'or et de gueule ; aigle d'or au chef parti 
 (i. e. two-headed). Parti is p.p. of O. Fr. 
 va. partir, to divide (see partir), which re- 
 mains in the phrase avoir maille a partir 
 (i. e. to have a penny to share with one). 
 
 PARTI, panic, sm. a party ; from partir, 
 q. v. Parti properly signifies a division. 
 
 Partiaire, adj. that pays part of produce as 
 rent; from L. partiarius. 
 
 Partial, arf/. partial ; from L. partialis*, 
 der. from partem. Its doublet is par tiel, 
 q. v. — Der. partiality, impartial. 
 
 Participe, sm. a participle; from L. parti- 
 cipium. 
 
 Participer, vn. to participate (in); from 
 L. participare. — Der. participant, parti- 
 cipztion. 
 
 Particulariser, va. to particularise; der. 
 from L. particularis. 
 
 Particiilarit6, sf. particular ; from L. par- 
 ticularitatem. ' 
 
 Particule, sf. a particle; from L. particula. 
 
 Particulier, sm. a particular person, indi- 
 vidual; from L. particularis. 
 
 PARTIE, ^. a part. See partir. 
 
 Partiel, arf/. partial; from L. partialis*, 
 der. from partem. Its doublet is partial, 
 q.v. 
 
 PARTIR, vn. to depart, lit. to divide ; from 
 L. partiri. In the middle ages se partir 
 dun lieu meant to separate oneself from 
 a place, go away, hence to depart. The 
 compd. se departir d'un lieu, to travel, 
 produced the partic. subst. depart. — Der. 
 departir, x&partir, partie (partic. subst., 
 properly a division, portion), parti (partic. 
 subst., the side one takes, thence resolu- 
 tion, opinion). 
 
 "t Partisan, sm. a partisan ; from It. par- 
 tigiano. 
 
 Partitif, adj. partitive; from L. partiti- 
 
 vus *, der. from partitum, supine of par- 
 tiri. 
 
 Partition, sf. partition; from L. partitic 
 nem. 
 
 PARTOUT, adv. everywhere. See par aih 
 tout. 
 
 PARURE, sf attire, finery. See parer. 
 
 PARVENIR, vn. to attain, reach; from L. 
 pervenire. For letter -change see par. — 
 Der. parvenu. 
 
 PARVIS, sm. a porch, properly the space I" 
 fore a church porch ; parvis, formerly par^ 
 vis, originally pare'is and para'is, is frci 
 L. paradisus (used in this sense in nn 
 dieval and cedes. Lat. : 'Hie atrium beai: 
 Petri, quod paradisus dicitur, estque awu 
 ecclesiam, magnis marmoribus struxit,' says 
 Anastasius the Librarian. At the end 
 of the 8th cent. Paul the Deacon simi- 
 larly uses the word : * Ecclesiae locum 
 qui paradisus dicitur.' Paradisus by 
 losing d (see accabler) becomes O. Fr. 
 para'is, whence pareis ; for a = e see 
 § 54. Pareis had an euphonic v inter- 
 calated (see corvee) to obviate the hiatus 
 {pare-is, pare-v-is), then dropped e and 
 became parvis, see § 51. Parvis is a 
 doublet of paradis, q. v. 
 
 PAS, sm. a step ; from L. passiis. For ss = s 
 see ais. 
 
 PAS, adv. not, no. It is the same word as 
 the sm., and in its original use kept part at 
 least of its proper sense, as in such phrases 
 as Je ne marche pas, etc. 
 
 Pascal, adj. paschal; from L. pascalis. 
 
 Pasigraphie, sf pasigraphy (imaginary uni- 
 versal language) ; from Gr. irds and ypi<pfii>. 
 
 fPasquin, sm. pasquin; from It. pas- 
 quino. 
 
 t Pasquinade, sf. a pasquinade; from 
 It. pasquinata. 
 
 PASSABLE, adj. passable. See passer. 
 
 fPassade, sf a passage; from It. />assa/a. 
 
 PASSAGE, sm. a passage. See passer.— Der. 
 passagex. 
 
 PASSAVANT, sm. a permit. See passer and 
 avant. 
 
 PASSEMENT, sm. lace (of gold, etc.) Sec 
 passer. — Der. passemetUer, passementier, 
 passementerie. 
 
 PASSE-PORT, sm. a passport. See passer 
 and port. 
 
 PASSER, va. to pass; from L. passare*, from 
 passum, supine of pandere , to open. ' Pan- 
 dere viam,' in Livy, = to make a way, a pas- 
 sage. — Der. pas (verbal subst., remaining in 
 such phrases as pas de vis, pas de parte. 
 
PASSEREA U—PA TRIMOINE. 
 
 265 
 
 pas de Calais), passe, passable, pass6. pass- 
 ant, passage, passeur, passohe, passereWe, 
 passement, passe-passe, pass3.tioa, compas- 
 ser, depasser, outrepasser, xtpasser, sax- 
 passer, tiepasser. 
 
 PASSEREA U, sm. a sparrow ; from L. pas- 
 serellus (dim. of passer). For -ellus = 
 -eau see § 204. 
 
 Passible, adj. liable; from L. passibilis. 
 Der. passibilite, impassible. 
 
 Passif, adj. passive; from L. passivus. 
 
 Passion, sf. passion; from L. passionem. 
 — Der. passionncT. 
 
 t Pastel, sm. a pastel, crayon; from It. 
 pastello. Its doublet is pastille, q. v. 
 
 ■fPastdque, sf. a water-melon; from 
 Port, pateca. 
 
 PASTEUR, sm. a pastor, shepherd ; from L. 
 pastorem. For o = eu see § 79. Its 
 doublet is patre, q. v. 
 
 + Pastiche, sm. imitation, pasticcio ; from 
 It. pasticcio. 
 
 Pastille, sf. a pastille ; from L. pa still a, 
 fem. form of pastillus. 
 
 Pastoral, adj. pastoral; from L. pastoralis. 
 — Der. pastorale (adj. used substantively). 
 
 PASTOUREAU, sm. a shepherd boy ;' for- 
 merly pastourel, from L. pastorellus *, 
 dim. of pastor. For o = om see § 81 ; for 
 -ellus = -eau see § 204. — Der. (from O.Fr. 
 pastourel), pastoureWe (pastoral poetry). 
 
 i'Patach.e, sf. a 'patache' (kind of public 
 coach), originally a little vessel, in Mon- 
 taigne and Sully. From the sense of ' vessel ' 
 it passed to that of * carriage,' just as some 
 public vehicles are called gondolas. Patache 
 is a Spanish word. 
 
 t Pat ate, sf. a Spanish potato ; from Sp. 
 patata. 
 
 PATAU D, sm. properly a young dog with big 
 paws. See patte. 
 
 PAT AUGER, vn. to dabble, splash. See patte. 
 
 PATE, sf. paste ; formerly paste, from L. 
 pasta (in Marcellus Empiricus). For loss 
 of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. pate, 
 patee, pdteux, paton, empdter. 
 
 Patelin, sm. a wheedler ; of hist, origin 
 (see § 33), the name of a celebrated cha- 
 racter in a I5th-cent. comedy. — Der. pa- 
 telinex, patelinage, patelineax. 
 
 Patelle, sf. (Conch.) a limpet ; from L. 
 patella. 
 
 Pat^ne, sf. a paten ; from L. patena. 
 
 PATENOTRE, sf. a paternoster, Lord's 
 prayer ; formerly patenostre, originally pa- 
 ternostre, from L. pater noster. For 
 letter-changes see notre. 
 
 Patent, adj. patent; from L. patent em. — 
 
 Der. patents. 
 Patdre, sf. a patera, a pin, peg; from L. 
 
 patera. 
 Paterne, adj. paternal; from L. paternus. 
 Paternel, adj. paternal; from L. paterna- 
 
 lis*, der. from paternus. 
 Paternity, sf. paternity; from L. pater- 
 
 nitatem. 
 Path6tique, adj. pathetic ; from Gr. ira^i;- 
 
 TIKOS. 
 
 Pathologie, sf. pathology ; from Gr. rrd^os 
 and A.070S. — Der. pathologique. 
 
 t Pathos, sm. pathos; from Gr. TrdOos. 
 
 Patibulaire, adj. of the gallows; der. 
 from L. patibulum. 
 
 Patience, sf patience; from L. patientia. 
 For -cia, = -ce see § 244. 
 
 Patience, sf (Bot.) herb-patience ; a cor- 
 ruption of Low Germ, patich. 
 
 Patient, adj. patient ; from L. patientem. 
 — Der. patientex, impatient. 
 
 PATIN, sm. a high-heeled shoe, skate. See 
 patte. — Der. patinex, patineux. 
 
 Patine, sf patina (fine rust on coins). Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 P&tir, vn. to suffer; from L. patiri*, der. 
 from pati; cp. moriri from mori, see 
 mourir. 
 
 PATIS, sm. a pasture common ; formerly 
 pastis, from L. pasticium, found in medie- 
 val Lat. documents. Pasticium is from 
 pastum, supine of pascere. Pasticium 
 becomes pastis by c = s, see amitie, then 
 patis by loss of s, see Hist. Gram. p. 81. 
 
 fP^tissier, smf a pastry cook; in l6th 
 cent, pastissier, from It. pasticciere. — Der. 
 patissex, patissexxe. 
 
 Patois, S7n. a patois. Origin unknown. 
 
 Patraque, sm. a glmcrack, trumpery. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 PATRE, sm. a herdsman ; formerly pastre, 
 from L. pastor, by regular contr. (see 
 § 50) of past6r (for pastor) to past*r 
 whence pastre, whence pdtre ; for loss of s 
 see Hist. Gram. p. 81. Pdtre is a doublet 
 of pasteur (q. v.). While /)as/cwr is regularly 
 derived from the objective case pastorem, 
 pdtre comes from the subjective case, with its 
 final vowel shortened, see Hist. Gram. p. 95. 
 
 Patriarche, sot. a patriarch; from Gr. 
 TTarpiapxns. — Der. patriarcaX, patriarcaX. 
 
 Patrice, SOT. apatrician; from L. patricius. 
 — Der. patricizi, patricien. 
 
 Patrie,s/.one'snativecountry;fromL.patria. 
 
 Patrimoine, sm. a patrimony; from L. 
 patrimonium. 
 
266 
 
 PATRIOTE — PEC. 
 
 Patriote, sm a patriot ; from Gr. mrpidj- 
 Ti/s. = Der. palriotique, patriofismc. 
 
 Patron, sm. a patron ; from L. patronus. 
 — Dcr. pcUromgt, patronnc, patronntx, pa- 
 trom\. 
 
 tPatrouille, sf. a patrol; altered from 
 patouille, the form used in i6th cent. Pa- 
 touille is from It. pathiglia. 
 
 PATTE, sf. a paw. Origin unknown. — Der. 
 Paliud, paUuger, pat'in. 
 
 PATURE, sf. food (of animals), pasture ; 
 formerly pasture, from L. pastura. — Der. 
 pdturex, /xl/wrage, paturon (der. from 
 O. Fr. patvre, a cord to tether animals 
 pasturing; hence comes the sense of the 
 pastern, the part of the horse's leg to 
 which the cord is fastened). 
 
 PATURON, sm. a pastern. See pature. 
 
 PAUME, sf, a palm ; formerly palme, from L. 
 paliua. For al = au see agneau. Paume 
 is a doublet of palme, q. v. — Der. paume 
 (jeu de), tennis, hand-fives; so called 
 because the ball is hit by the palm of the 
 hand. 
 
 PAUME (JEU DE), sf. tennis. See above.— 
 Der. paumxer. 
 
 PAUPIERE, s/. an eyelid; fromL.palpebra. 
 For br = r see § i68 ; for e = ie see § 56; 
 for al = au see agneau. 
 
 Pause, sf a pause; from L. pausa. Its 
 doublet is .pose, q. v. 
 
 PAUVRE, adj. poor. Prov. pauhre. It. po- 
 vero, from L. pauperus, an archaic form 
 of pauper, by regular contr. (see § 51) 
 of paupSrus to paup'rus, whence pauvre; 
 for p = i' see § ill. — Der. pauvrcsse, ap- 
 pauvrir, pauvret, pauvrette. 
 
 PAUVRETE, sf. poverty ; from L. pauper- 
 tatem. For -tatem = -te see abbe ; for p 
 = v see § III ; for transposition of r see 
 dprete. 
 
 fPavane,s/.pavan,a solemn dance; brought 
 in from Spain in 1 6th cent. Pavane is 
 from Sp. pavana. — Der, pavantr. 
 
 PAVE, sm^ a paving-stone, pavement. See 
 paver. 
 
 PAVER, va. to pave; from L. pavare*, 
 from pavire. 
 
 PAVILLON, sm. a pavilion, tent, Sp, pabeU 
 lon, from L. papilionem, found in Pliny, 
 TertuUian and Vegetius. For p=v see 
 § III; for li = z7 see ceil. Pavilion is a 
 doublet of papillon, q. v. 
 
 fPavois, sw. a shield; from It, pavesse. 
 Origin unknown, — Dtr . pavoisti (originally 
 to set up emblazoned shields, whence later 
 to unfurl a flag). 
 
 PAVOT, sm. a poppy ; formerly paot, pao *, 
 from L. papaver, by irregular loss of final 
 r, whence papave, whence pao * by un- 
 usual loss of medial p. For B,v = au see 
 aurone ; for au = o see § 107; cp, cla- 
 vus, which gives us O. Fr. do, whence clou. 
 Pao, afterwards written paot, becomes 
 very irregularly pavot by intercalating an 
 euphonic v, see corvee. 
 
 PAYER, va. to pay. Prov. pcigar. It. pagare, 
 from L. pacare (properly to appease, 
 satisfy, thence to pay). Pacare, signifying 
 to pay, is found in several medieval Lat. 
 documents, as ' Et si non pacaveirint, non 
 tenentur plus commodare,' in the Leges Bur- 
 gorum of Scotland, and in another passage 
 of the same Scottish Ordinances : 'Pa- 
 cabit mercatori a quo praedicta mercimo- 
 nia emit, secundum forum prius statutum.* 
 For loss of medial c, see affouage ; for a = 
 ai see § 51. — Der. paye (verbal subst.) ; 
 payemtnt, payem, payable, impaynhle. 
 
 PAYS, sm. a country. It. paese, from L. 
 pagensis * (in the phrase ' ager pagensis,' 
 der. from pagus, a district, canton, pro- 
 perly the territory of a canton). For ex- 
 tension of meaning see § 12. Pagensis, 
 regularly reduced (see aine and §§ 163, 206) 
 to pagesis, becomes pais, then pays. For 
 loss of medial g see allier; for e = t see 
 § 59. — lyer, paysan, paysage, depayser. 
 
 PAYSAGE, sm. a landscape. See pays. — 
 Der. paysagiste. 
 
 PEAGE, sm. a toll, Prov, pezatge, Ix.pedag- 
 gio, from L. pedaticum *, found in me- 
 dieval Lat. documents ; as in ' In peda- 
 tico quod per aquam accipitur, duae partes 
 erunt meae tertia monachorum,' from 
 a Charter of a.d. 1164, Pedaticum is 
 der, from pedem, Pedaticum becomes 
 peage : for -aticum = -age see age ; for 
 loss of medial d see accabler. — Der. peag- 
 er. 
 
 PEAU, sm. skin ; formerly pel, from L. pel- 
 lem.. For el = eau see agneau. — Der. 
 (from O. Fr. pel, to peel) peler. 
 
 PEAUSSIER, sm. a skinner, Prov. pelicier. 
 It. pelliciere, from L. pelliciarus *, der, 
 from adi, pellicius, found in the Digest. 
 Pellicidrius, contrd, regularly (see § 
 52) to pell'ciarius, becomes peaussier: 
 for el = eau see agneau ; for ci = ss see 
 agencer ; for -arius = -ler see § 198, — Der. 
 peausstt'ie. 
 
 \ "Pec, adj. newly salted (in the phrase ha- 
 reng pec); introd. from Neth. pehl, 
 pickled. 
 
PECCA BLE — PELERIN, 
 
 267 
 
 I Peccable, adj. peccable; from L. pecca- 
 1 bills. 
 
 \ t Peccadille, sf. a peccadillo; from It. 
 peccadiglio. 
 
 PECHE, s/. fishing. See pecker. 
 
 PECHE, sf. (Bot.) a peach ; formerly pesche. 
 It. persica, from L. persicum (found in 
 Pliny and Columella), by regular contr. 
 (see § 51) of pirsicum to pers'cum, 
 whence pesche. For rs = s see dos ; for c 
 = ch see acharner; for loss of s see Hist. 
 Gram. p. 81. Peche is a doublet oi per- 
 sique, q.v, — Der. pSchev. 
 
 PECHER, vn. to sin ; from L, peccare. For 
 cc = c/f see acharner; for a = e see § 54. — 
 Der. peche (partic. subst., L. peccatum). 
 
 PfiCHER, sm. a peach-tree. See peche. 
 
 PECHER, va. to fish ; formerly pescher, Sp. 
 pescar, from L. piscare. For i = e see 
 § 71; for ca = che see acharner ; for loss 
 of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. peche 
 (verbal subst.). 
 
 PECHERESSE, sf. a sinner (female): Prov. 
 peccairitz, It. peccatrice, from L. pecca- 
 tricem (found in St. Jerome). For cca = 
 che see acharner and § 54 ; for tr = r 
 see § 168; for i = e see §71; for c = 
 js see amide. 
 
 PECHEUR, sm. a sinner ; formerly pe- 
 ch'eur, originally pecheor, Sp. peccador. It. 
 peccatore, from L. peccatorera. For 
 coo, = che see acharner and § 54. For 
 letter-changes of -atorem = -«^r see em- 
 pereur. 
 
 PfeCHEUR, sm. a fisherman ; formerly pes- 
 cheiir, originally pescheor, Sp. pescador, It. 
 pescatore, from L. piscatorem. For i = f 
 see § 71; for c = cA see acharner. For 
 details of -atorera = -«ir see etnpereur. — 
 Der. pecherie. 
 
 t P6core, sf an animal ; introd. in the 
 1 6th cent, from It. pecora. 
 
 Pectoral, adj. pectoral; from L. pecto- 
 ralis. 
 
 P6culat, sw. peculation; from L, pecula- 
 tus. 
 
 P6cule, sm. a stock of money; from L. 
 peculium. 
 
 Pleune, sf cash ; from L. pecunia. — Der. 
 pecuma.\Te. 
 
 PedagOgie, sf pedagogism ; from Gr. irai- 
 Saycoyia. — Der. pedagogique. 
 
 Pedagogue, sm. a pedagogue; from L. 
 paedagogus. 
 
 Pedale, sf a pedal ; from L. pedalis, der. 
 from pedem. 
 
 t Pedant, sm. a pedant; from It. pe- 
 
 dante. — Der. pedandsme, pedanlei, pedant' 
 iser. 
 
 + Pedanterie, /. pedantry; from It.pe- 
 danteria. 
 
 t P6dantes que, ac^'. pedantic; from It. 
 pedantesco. 
 
 Pedestre, adj. pedestrian ; from L. pedes- 
 tris. 
 
 P6diculaire, sf (Bot.) lousewort ; from L. 
 pedicularius, from pediculus. 
 
 PMicule, sm. (Bot.) a stipe; from L. pe- 
 diculus, dim. of pedem. — Der. pedicule. 
 
 Pedicure, sm. a comcutter ; a word formed 
 from the two Lat. words cur a and pedis. 
 
 Pedoncule, sm. (Bot.) a stalk ; from L. 
 pedunculus. — Der. pedoncule. 
 
 PEIGNE, sm. a comb. Sp. peine. It. petdtie, 
 from L. pectinem, by regular contr. (see 
 § 51) of p6ctinem to pect'nem, whence 
 peine*. For ct = ?V see attrait. Peine* 
 later htcomes peigne ; for n =gn see cligner. 
 
 PEIGNER, va. to comb. Sp. peinar. It. 
 pettinare, fr6m L. pectinare, by regular 
 contr. (see § 52) of pectinare to pect'- 
 nare, whence peiner*. For ct — it =i see 
 attrait. Peiner * later becomes peigner; 
 for n=gn see cligner. — Der. peignoir, 
 peigneuT, peignier, peignure. 
 
 PEINDRE, va. to paint ; from L. pingere. 
 For -ingere = -eindre see ceindre. 
 
 PEINE, sf. punishment, pain, trouble; 
 from L. poena. For oe = ^ see § 105; 
 for e = ei see § 59. — "Dex. peiner, pen\h\e. 
 
 PEINTRE, sm. a painter ; from L. pictor, 
 through pinctor* in rustic Lat., which 
 intercalates n under influence of the p.p. 
 pinctus, see concombre. Pinctor, contrd. 
 regularly (see pdtre) to pinct'r, becomes 
 peintre. For ct = ^ see § 168 ; for i = e see 
 § 71 ; whence ei, see § 59. 
 
 PEINTURE, sf painting; from L. pictura, 
 which becomes pinctura, see psintre. For 
 pinct- =peint- see peintre. 
 
 PELAGE, sm. colour of the hair, coat (of 
 animals) ; from L. pilaticum *, der. from 
 pilus. Pilatictim becomes pelage. For 
 -aticum = -age see age ; for i = ^ see § 7 1 . 
 
 PELE-MfiLE, adv. pell-mell ; formerly pesle^ 
 mesle, properly to move (meler) with a 
 shovel (pelle). For etymology see pelle 
 and meler. 
 
 PELER, va. to hair, scald (pigs) ; from L. 
 pilare. For i = € see § 71. — Der. pehde. 
 
 PELER, va. to skin. See peau. — Der. pelure. 
 
 PELERIN, sm. a pilgrim. Prov. pelegrin. It. 
 pellegrino, Sp. peregrino, from L. pere- 
 grinus *, a pilgrim in medieval Lat. docu- 
 
26S 
 
 PJ^LERINE-^PENTA METRE. 
 
 ments; properly a traveller. For change 
 of meaning see § 12. Feregrinus (by 
 gr = r, see § 168) becomes ptlerin, 
 for pererin, by dissimilation (see § 169) 
 and by r = /, see autel. This origin is con- 
 firmed by the fact that Sanctus Fere- 
 grinus (Bishop of Auxerre, died A.D. 304) 
 was called in Fr, Saint Pelerin. — Der. 
 pelerinzge, pelerine. 
 
 PELERINE, sf. a pilgrim's mantle. See 
 pelerin. 
 
 Pelican, sm. a pelican; from L. pelli- 
 canus. 
 
 PELISSE, sf. a pelisse; formerly pelice, It. 
 pellicia, from L. pellicia. For -cia = -ce 
 =^sse see § 273. 
 
 PELLE, sf. a shovel. It. pala, from L. pala. 
 For a = « see § 54. Its doublet is pale, 
 q. V. — Der. pellet, pellet^t (from O. Fr. verb 
 pelleter), pellet 6e. 
 
 PELLETIER, sm. a furrier ; der. from O. Fr. 
 pel, for whose origin see peau. — Der. pel- 
 lettx'xt. 
 
 Pellicule, sf. a pellicle; from L. pellicula. 
 
 ■pELOTE, /. a ball ; formerly pilote. It. pil- 
 lotta, der. from L. pila^ through a dim. 
 pilotta. Pilotellus is found (7th cent.) 
 in Isidore of Seville. For i = « see § 71. 
 — Der. pelottx, peloton, peloionner. 
 
 PELOTONNER, va. to wind into balls (of 
 thread, etc.). See pelote. — Der. peloton 
 (meaning a group of persons gathered 
 together, a knot). 
 
 fPelouse, s/. a lawn; from Prov. pelos, 
 thick-set, close, pelouse being close turf. 
 Pelos is from L. pilosus. 
 
 PELU, adj. hairy. Prov. pelut, Sp. peludo, 
 from L. pilutvi3 *, der. from pilum. For 
 -utu8 = -« see § 201 ; for i = « see § 71. 
 
 PELUCHE, sf. plush. It. peluccio, from L. 
 piluccius*, der. from piltun. For i = e 
 see § 71. — Der. pelucher, ^pluchcr. 
 
 PELURE, sf peel, paring. See peler. 
 
 P6nal, adj. penal; from L, poenalis. — 
 Der. penality. 
 
 tP6nates, sm.pl. penates, household 
 gods; from L. penates. 
 
 PENAUD, adj. sheepish, abashed. See peine. 
 
 PENCHER, va. to stoop, incline; from L. 
 pendicare *, der. from pendere, by re- 
 gular contr. (see § 52) of pendicare 
 to pend'care, whence pencher. For dc 
 = c see adjuger ; for ca = che see acharner. 
 — Der. pench3.nt. 
 
 PENDANT, sm. a pendant, affair hanging, 
 counterpart. See pendre. — Der. pendant 
 (prep. : pendant l' affaire = ' pendente re '). 
 
 PENDELOCiUE, sf. a pendant, drop. See 
 pendre and loque. 
 
 PENDRE, va. to hang ; from L. pendere, 
 by contr. (see § 51) of pendSre to pen'- 
 dire. — Der. pente (strong partic. subst., see 
 absoute), pendint, pendente, penddoqae, 
 pendiWer, pendMe, pendznx, pendzhon. 
 
 Pendule, sm. a pendulum; from L. pen- 
 dulus*. — Der. pendule (sf. a clock, pro- 
 perly a clock with a pendulum). 
 
 PfeNE, sm. a bolt (locksmiths') ; formerly 
 pesne, originally pesle, from L. pessulum 
 (found in Plautus). FessMum, regularly 
 contrd. (see § 51) to pes'lum, becomes 
 pesle (a form used by Villon) ; pesle be- 
 comes pesne (for / = « see quenouille) ; pesne 
 lastly becomes pene, by loss of s, see 
 Hist. Gram. p. 81. 
 
 P6n6trable, adj. penetrable; from L. pe- 
 netrabilis. — Der. penetrabilite, impene- 
 trable. 
 
 P6n6tration, sf penetration; from L. pe- 
 netrationem. 
 
 P6n6trer, va. to penetrate; from L. pene- 
 ^trare. — Der. penetrant, penelratif, penetre. 
 
 PENIBLE, adj. painful. See peine. 
 
 t P 611 i che, sf. a pinnace; from Engl, pin- 
 nace. 
 
 P6nicill§, adj. (Bot). pencil-shaped; from 
 L. penicillum. 
 
 P6llinsule, sf. a peninsula; from L. penin- 
 sula. 
 
 Penitence, s/. penitence; from L. poeni- 
 tentia. For -tia = -ce see § 244. — Der. 
 penitencier, penitenceiie, impenitence. 
 
 P6nitent, adj. penitent; from L. poeni- 
 tentem. — Der. penitentizire, impenitent. 
 
 Penne, sf a feather ; from L. penna. — Der. 
 pennzgt. 
 
 PENNON, sm. a pennon (properly the feather 
 which steadies an arrow) ; from L. penna. 
 
 P^nombre, sf. a penumbra; from L. paene 
 and umbra. 
 
 Penser, vn. to think; from L. pensare. 
 Its doublet is pauser, q. v. — Der. pens&xr, 
 pensee (verbal subst.), pensif. 
 
 Pension, s/. a pension; from L. pensio- 
 nem. — Der. pensionnzire, pensionnzt, pen- 
 sionntx. 
 
 tPenSum, sm. a task (school); from L. 
 pensum. Its doublet is poids, q. v. 
 
 Pentacorde, sm. (Mus.) a pentachord; 
 from Gr. irevraxopSos. 
 
 Pentagone, sm. a pentagon; from Gr. 
 ■nevrdyajvos. 
 
 Pentamdtre, sm. a pentameter ; from Gr. 
 jrtvTafierpos, i. e. arixos. 
 
PENTANDRIE — PSRIPA T^TICIEN. 
 
 26g 
 
 Pentandrie, sf. (Bot.) pentandria ; from 
 
 Gr. ttcVtc and dvrip. it 
 
 Pentapole, sf. a pentapolis ; from Gr. irev- 
 
 raiToXis. 
 Pentateuque, sm. the Pentateuch; from 
 
 Gr. TTCvTOTeuxos (sc. ^i^Kos). 
 PENTE, sf. a slope, descent. See pendre. 
 Pentecdte, sf. Pentecost, Whitsuntide; from 
 
 Gr. TTevTTjKoaTTi (sc. Tjfxepa). 
 P6nultidine, adj. penultimate ; from Gr. 
 
 penultimus. 
 P§nurie, sf penury; from L. penuria. 
 tP6otte, sf. a peotta, Adriatic gondola; 
 
 from It. peotta. 
 PEPIE, sf. the pip (disease of birds). Prov. 
 
 pepida. It. pipita. Port, pevide, from L. 
 
 pituita (found in Columella and Pliny). 
 
 For consonification ofu see ^anwVr, whence 
 
 pitvita, whence pivita; for tv = v see 
 
 Hist. Gram. p. 8i. Pivita becomes pepie 
 
 by dropping medial t, see aigu ; the change 
 
 of V into p is unusual. Pepie is a doublet 
 
 oi pituite, q. v. 
 PEPIN, sm. a pip, kernel. Origin unknown. 
 
 — Der. pepimere, pepinieriste. 
 *)• P^plum, sm. a peplum, Greek robe; 
 
 from L. peplum. 
 PERCALE, sf a cambric muslin. Origin 
 
 unknown, — Der. percal'me. 
 Percepteur, sm. a collector (of taxes, 
 
 etc.); from L. perceptorem. 
 Perceptible, adj. perceptible ; from L. 
 
 perceptibilis *, der. from perceptum, 
 
 supine of percipere. — Der. perceptibillte. 
 Perception, sf perception; from L. per- 
 
 ceptionem. 
 PERCER, va. to pierce. Origin unknown. — 
 
 Der. percee (partic. subst.), perce (verbal 
 
 subst.), percement, perce-ho\s, perce-feuxWe, 
 
 perce-neige, perce-oreille, pergok, tTznspercer. 
 PERCEVOIR, va. to collect (taxes, etc.); 
 
 from L. percipere. For letter-changes 
 
 see apercevoir. 
 PERCHE, sf. a pole, perch ; from L. pertica, 
 
 by regular contr. (see § 51) of p6rtica to 
 
 pert'ca, whence per'ca (see adjuger), 
 
 then perche (see acharner). — Der. perchtr, 
 
 perchoir. 
 PERCHE, sf. (Ichth.) a perch ; from L. perca. 
 
 For ca = che see acharner and § 54. 
 Perclus, adj. impotent; from L. per- 
 
 clusus. 
 Percussion, sf. percussion: from L. per- 
 
 cussionem. 
 Perdition, sf perdition; from L, perdi- 
 
 tionem (found in St. Jerome). 
 PERDRE, va. to lose ; from L. perdere, by 
 
 regular contr. (see § 51) of perdere to 
 
 perd're. — Der. perdzhle, perte (strong 
 
 partic. subst., see absoute). 
 PERDRIX, sf. a partridge; from L. per- 
 
 dicem. For c = « see amiiie; for addi- 
 tion of r see chanvre. — Der. perdrtzn. 
 P6RE, sm. a father ; from L. patrem. For 
 
 B. = e see § 54; for tr = r see § 168. — 
 
 Der. compere. 
 P§r§grination, sf. peregrination ; from L. 
 
 peregrinationem. 
 Peremption, sf. (Legal) the being barred by 
 
 limitation; from L. peremptionem. 
 P6reniptoire, adj. peremptory; from L. 
 
 peremptorius. 
 Perfectible, adj. perfectible; from L. per- 
 
 fectibilis, der. from perfectus. 
 Perfection, sf perfection ; from L. per- 
 
 fectionem. — Der. perfectionntr. 
 Perfide, adj. perfidious; from L. per- 
 
 fidus. 
 Perfidie, sf. perfidy; from L. perfidia. 
 Perforer, va. to perforate; from L, per- 
 
 forare. — Der. perford^lxon. 
 P6riantlie, sm. (Bot.) perianthium ; from 
 
 Gr. v€piav6r)s. 
 P6ricarde, sm. (Anat.) the pericardium; 
 
 from Gr. Trfpiicap^iov. 
 P6ricarpe, sm. (Bot.) a pericarp ; from L. 
 
 pericarpum. 
 P6ricliter, vn. to be in danger ; from L. 
 
 periclitari. 
 P6ri6ciens, sm.pl. perioeci; from Gr.rrfpt- 
 
 OIKOS. 
 
 P6rig6e, sm. (Astron.) perigee ; from Gr. 
 TTfpiyeios. 
 
 P^rihelie, sm. (Astron.) a perihelion ; from 
 Gr. TTfpi and ijKios. 
 
 PERIL, sm. a peril, danger ; from L. peri- 
 culum. For -iculum = -z7 see § 257. 
 
 PERILLEUX, adj. perilous; from L. peri- 
 culosus, by regular contr. (see § 52) 
 of periculosus to peric'losus, whence 
 perilleux. For cl = il see abeille ; for -osus 
 = -eux see § 229. 
 
 Perimer, vn. (Legal) to be barred by limi- 
 tation ; from L. perimere. 
 
 P6rimdtre, sm. (Geom.) perimeter; from 
 Gr. irepifieTpos (sc. ypa/i/xri). 
 
 P6riode, sf a. period; from L. perio- 
 dus. 
 
 P6riodique, adj. periodical; from L. peri- 
 od icus. — Der. periodicite. 
 
 P6rioste, sm. (Anat.) periostium ; from Gr. 
 vepioaTfov. 
 
 P6ripat6ticien, sm. a Peripatetician ; from 
 Gr. TiepnraTqriKos. — Der. pt'ripateiismG. 
 
270 
 
 pSripStie—perspica ce. 
 
 P6rip6tie, sf. a revolution, catastrophe; 
 from Gr. irfpiirirfia. 
 
 P6riph6rie, sf. (Geom.) periphery; from 
 Gr. vfptipipfia. 
 
 P6riphrase, sf. a periphrasis; from Gr. 
 ir(pi(ppa<xis. — Der. periphraser. 
 
 P6riple, sm. a periplus, circumnavigation ; 
 from Gr. irf piirXoos. 
 
 P6ripneuinonie, sf. (Med.) peripneu- 
 monia ; from Gr. vfpiwfvfiovia. 
 
 P6riptdre, sm. (Archit.) a periptery ; from 
 
 Gr. TTfpilTTfpOV. 
 
 P^RIR, vn. to perish; from L. perire. — 
 
 Der. perisszxiX, /icWssable. 
 P6risciens, sm. pi. periscians; from Gr. 
 
 •ttfpiaKioi. 
 Peristyle, sm. (Archit.) a peristyle ; from 
 
 Gr. vfpioTvKov. 
 P6ritoine, sm. (Anat.) a peritoneum ; from 
 
 Gr. TTfpiTcvaios (sc. v/xrjv). 
 FERLE, sf. a pearl. Port, perola, from L. 
 
 pirula, der. from pinim, from the form of 
 
 certain pear-shaped pearls. For i = e see 
 
 § 71, whence penUa, found (7th cent.) 
 
 in Isidore of Seville. Perula, regularly 
 
 contrd. (see § 51) to per'la, becomes 
 
 perle. — Der. perhx, perU. 
 Permanent, adj. permanent ; from L. 
 
 permanentem. — Der. permanence. 
 Permeable, adj. permeable; from L. per- 
 
 meabilis. — Der. permeabilhe, imperme- 
 able. 
 Permettre, va. to permit ; from L. per- 
 
 mittere. For mittere = mettre see 
 
 § 71. — Titr.permxs (partic. subst.). 
 Permission, sf. permission; from L. per- 
 
 missionem. 
 Permutation, sf. permutation ; from L. 
 
 permutationem. 
 Permuter, va. to permute; from L. per- 
 
 mutare. — Der. permutznt. 
 Pernicieux, adj. pernicious; from L. 
 
 perniciosus. For -08Via = -eux see § 
 
 229. 
 P6ron6, sm. a fibula, clasp ; from Gr. rrfpovT]. 
 P6roraison, sf. a peroration ; from L. 
 
 perorationem. For letter-changes see 
 
 oraison. 
 P6rorer, va. to perorate; from L. pero- 
 
 rare. 
 Perpendiculaire, adj. perpendicular ; 
 
 from L. perpendicularis. — Der. perpen- 
 
 dicularii4i. 
 Perp§trer, va. to perpetrate ; from L. per- 
 
 petrare. 
 Perp6tuer, va. to perpetuate; from L. 
 
 perpetuare . — Der. perpeiuntion, perpetud. 
 
 Perp6tuit6, sf. a perpetuity ; from L. per- 
 petuitatem. 
 
 Perplexe, adj. perplexed; from L. per- 
 plexus. 
 
 Perplexit6, sf. a perplexity; from L. per- 
 plexitatem. 
 
 Perquisition, sf. a perquisition ; from L. 
 perquisitionem. 
 
 PERRON, sm. a flight of stone steps. See 
 pterre. 
 
 tPerroquet, sm. aperroquet; from It. 
 perrochelto. — Der. perruche. 
 
 t Per ruche, sf a parrot. See perroquet. 
 
 tPerruque, sf a wig, peruke; from It. 
 parruca. — Der. perriiqmer, perruqjAere. 
 
 Perse, sf Persian chintz ; of hist, origin 
 (see § 33), a fabric originally made in 
 Persia. 
 
 Pers6cuter, va. to persecute; from L. 
 persecutari *. — Der. /w'secw/ant, perseait- 
 eur, persecution. 
 
 Pers§v6rer, vn. to persevere; from L. 
 perse ver are. — Der. persevdrznt, perse- 
 verance. 
 
 Persicaire, sf. (Bot.) persicaria ; from L. 
 persicaria*, der. from persica, q. v. 
 
 Persienne, sf. a window-blind, properly 
 persane; of hist, origin (see § 33), a fashion 
 introduced from Persia. In the 1 7th cent, 
 the form was persien, not person. 
 
 Persifler, va. to quiz. See siffler and para- 
 chever for the prefix per. — Der. persij^zge, 
 persifieuT. 
 
 PERSIL, sm. (Bot.) parsley ; from L. petro- 
 selinum. The Greek accent (ireTpoae\i- 
 vov) has in this word supplanted the Latin 
 (petroselmum). Petros61inum is regu- 
 larly contrd. (see § 52") to petr'selinum, 
 whence persil. For loss of last two atonic 
 vowels see §§ 50, 51; for tr = r see ar- 
 riere; for e = i see § 59.— Der. /erszTlade, 
 persill4. 
 
 Persique, adj. (Archit.) Persian; from L. 
 persicus. 
 
 Persister, vn. to persist; from L. persis- 
 tere. — Der. persistant, persistence. 
 
 Per Sonne, sf a person ; from L. persona. 
 — Der. personn&ge, persoftniHeT, personnifi- 
 cation. 
 
 Personnel, adj. personal: from L. per- 
 sonalis. —Der. personnalite, personnal- 
 iser. 
 
 Perspectif, adj. perspective; from L. per- 
 spectivus *, der. from perspectus. — 
 Der. perspective. 
 
 Perspicace, adj. perspicacious ; from L. 
 perspicacem. — Der. perspicacite. 
 
PERSPIC UITS — PHA LA NGE. 
 
 271 
 
 Perspicuity, sf. perspicuity; from L. per- 
 
 spicuitatem. 
 Persuader, vn. to persuade ; from L. per- 
 
 suadere. 
 Persuasion, sf. persuasion; from L. per- 
 
 suasionem. — Der. persuasif. 
 PERTE, sf. loss. See perdre and absoute. 
 Pertinent, adj. pertinent; from L. perti- 
 
 nentem.~Der. periinencc. 
 PERTUIS, sm. an opening, hole, strait ; from 
 
 L. pertusus. For u = ui see buis. 
 fPertuisane, sf. a partisan (halberd); 
 
 from It. partigiana. 
 Perturbateur, sm. a disturber; from L. 
 
 perturbatorem. 
 Perturbation, sf. perturbation; from L. 
 
 perturbationem. 
 PERVENCHE, sf (Bot.) periwinkle; from 
 
 L. pervinca. For in = e« see § 71 ; 
 
 for ca = che see acharner and § 54. 
 Pervers, adj. perverse; from L. perver- 
 
 sus. 
 Perversion, sf. a perversion; from L. per- 
 
 v^ionem. 
 Perversity, sf. perversity; from L. per- 
 
 versitatem. 
 Pervertir, va. to pervert; from L. per- 
 
 vertere. For e = j see § 59. 
 PESANT, adj. heavy. See peser. — Der. pe- 
 
 $antt\\x. 
 PESER, vn. to weigh^ press hard; from L. 
 
 pensare. For ns = s see a^«e. Its doublet 
 
 is panser, penser, q. v. — Der, peset (partic. 
 
 subst.), pesQMX, peson, pese-liquem, pese-\a.it, 
 
 etc. 
 Pessimiste, sf a pessimist; from L. pes- 
 
 simus. 
 Peste, sf. plague, pest; from L. pestis. — 
 
 Der. pester. 
 Pestif^re, adj. pestiferous; from L. pesti- 
 
 ferus. — Der. pesHfere. 
 Pestilence, sf pestilence; from L, pesti- 
 
 lentia. 
 Pestilent, adj. pestilent; from L. pesti- 
 
 lentem. — Der. pesiilentitX. 
 PET, sm. explosion, breaking wind ; from L. 
 
 peditus, by regular contr. (see § 51) of 
 
 p^ditus to ped'tus, then by dt = /, see 
 
 § 168 and cp. /»fr^^(perd'ta for perdita), 
 
 see also absoute. — Der. pet&r, petzrd, petznd, 
 
 /x^/audiere, petiWev. 
 Petale, sm. (Bot.) a petal ; from Gr, iri- 
 
 rakov. Its doublet is poele, q. v. 
 PETARD, sm. a petard. See pet.—Dtx. pe- 
 
 tardier. 
 PETILLER, vn. to crackle, sparkle. See pet. 
 
 Der. petilhnt, petiUement. 
 
 Petiole, adj. petiolate; from L. petiolus. 
 — Der. petiole. 
 
 PETIT, adj. small. Origin unknown. — Der. 
 petitement, petitesse, upetisser, ra/>e/isser. 
 
 Petition, sf. a petition; from L. petitio- 
 nem. — Der. petitionner, petitionnzire. 
 
 PETON, sm. a little foot. See pied. 
 
 P6toncle, sm. (Conch.) a scallop ; from L. 
 pectunculus. 
 
 P6tree, adj. stony; from L. petraeus. 
 
 PETREL, sm. a petrel. Origin unknown. 
 
 P6trifier, va. to petrify; from L. pet rifi- 
 care *, der. from petra. — Der. petrificz- 
 ^tion. 
 
 PETRIN, sm. a kneading-trough ; formerly 
 pestrin, from L, pistrinum. For i = e see 
 ^§ 71 ; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. 
 
 PETRI R, va. to knead ; formerly /les/n'r, from 
 L. pisturire *, der. from pistura, act of 
 kneading corn for bread. Pisturire is 
 contrd. (see § 52) to pist'rire, whence 
 
 ' pestrir. For i = e see § 72 ; for loss of 
 s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. petriss- 
 age. 
 
 P6trole, sm. petroleum, properly rock-oil; 
 from L. petra and oleum. 
 
 Petulance, sf petulance; from L. petu- 
 lantia. 
 
 P6tulant, adj. petulant; from L. petulan- 
 tem. 
 
 PEU, adv. little. Vrov. pauc, It. poco, from L. 
 paucus. For loss of e see ami; for au = o 
 see § 106 ; then for o = eu see § 79. 
 
 PEUPLADE, sm. a people, colony, horde. 
 See peupler. 
 
 PEUPLE, sm. a people, nation ; from L. 
 populus, by regular contr. (see § 51) of 
 populus to pop'lus, whence peuple. For 
 o = eu see § 79. — Der. peupltr, peuphde, 
 d^peupler, repeupler. 
 
 PEUPLIER, sm. a poplar-tree; from O. Fr. 
 peuple. Peuple is from L. populus, by 
 regular contr. (see § 51) of populus to 
 pop'lus, whence peuple. For o = eu see 
 
 §79- 
 
 PEUR, sf fear ; formerly peiir, earlier peor, 
 originally poor, Sp. pavor, from L. pavo- 
 rem (for loss of medial v see a'ieul), hence 
 O. Fr. paor, whence peor (for a = e see 
 § 54), next peiir (for o = u see curee), lastly 
 for peiir =peur see Hist. Gram. p. 53. — 
 Der. peureux. 
 
 PEUT-feTRE, adv. perhaps. See etre and 
 potivoir. 
 
 Pha6ton, stn. a phaeton ; from L. phaeton. 
 
 Phalange, sf. a phalanx; from L. pha- 
 langem. 
 
%"]% 
 
 PHA RISIEN — PISDESTAL. 
 
 Pharisien, sm. a Pharisee ; from L. phari- 
 
 saeus. 
 Pharmaceutique, adj. pharmaceutical; 
 
 from Gr. (papfw.KfVTiie6s. 
 Pharmacie, sf. pharmacy ; from Gr. <pap- 
 
 fiaxda. — Der. pharmacien. 
 Pharinacop6©, sf. pharmacopoeia ; from 
 
 Gr. (papfxaKOiToita. 
 Pharynx, sm. (Anat.) the pharynx ; from 
 
 Gr. (papvy^. 
 Phase, sf. a phase ; from Gr. <p6.(fis. 
 Ph6bus, sm. Phoebus, fustian, bombast; 
 
 from L. phoebus. 
 Ph6nicopt6re, sm. a flamingo ; from Gr. 
 
 ipOlVlKOTTTtpOS. 
 
 Ph6nix. sm. a phoenix ; from Gr. <poivi^. 
 Ph6noin6ne, sm. a phenomena ; from Gr. 
 
 (paivofjiivov. 
 Philanthrope, sm. a philanthropist ; from 
 
 Gr. (piXavdpQjitos. — Der. philanthropic, phi- 
 
 lanthropique. 
 Philharmonique, adj. philharmonic; from 
 
 Gr. <pi\05 and dpfiovia. 
 Philhelldne, smf. a philhellene ; from Gr. 
 
 <pi\€\\rjv. 
 Philippique, sf. a philippic; from Gr. 
 
 ^iXiimiKos (sc. \6yos), from the speeches 
 
 of Demosthenes against Philip of Macedon. 
 Philologie, sf. philology ; from Gr. (piXo- 
 
 \oyia. — Der. philologue, philologiqne. 
 Philomathique, adj. philomathic; from 
 
 Gr. (piXof^adrjs. 
 Philosophie, /. philosophy; from Gr. 
 
 <pi\o(To<pia. — Der. philosophy, philosopher, 
 
 philosoph\que, philosophisme, philosophal. 
 Philotechnique, adj. philotechnic ; from 
 
 Gr. <Pi\6t€xvos. 
 Philtre, sm. a philter, love-potion; from 
 
 Gr. <piKTpov. 
 Phl6botoniie, sf. phlebotomy; from Gr. 
 
 <p\€^0T0fiia. — Der. phlebotome, phlebotom- 
 
 iser. 
 Phonique, adj. phonic ; from Gr. (p<uvri. 
 Phoque, sm. a seal ; from Gr. <p6}icrj. 
 Phosphore, sm. phosphorus; from Gr. 
 
 (pooacpopos. — Der. phosphite, phosphoreux, 
 
 phosphor'] que, phosophorescent, phosphor- 
 escence. 
 Phrase, sf a phrase; from Gr. <j>pd<Tis. — 
 
 Der. phraser, phrasier. 
 Phras6ologie, sf. phraseology; from Gr. 
 
 (ppafTfoXoyia. 
 Phthisie, sf consumption ; from Gr. <p9'iai$. 
 
 — Der. phthisiqae. 
 PhylactSre, sm. a phylactery; from Gr. 
 
 (pvXaKTTjpiov . 
 Physiognomonie, sf physiognomy; from 
 
 Gr. <pvaioyvo}ixovia. — Der. physiognomoti' 
 
 ique. 
 Physiologie, sf physiology; from Gr. 
 
 (pvortoXoyia. — Der. physiologiqae, physio- 
 
 logiste. 
 Physionomie, sf. physiognomy; from Gr. 
 
 (pvcioyvojfxia for (pvaioyvoipLovia ; see phy- 
 siognomonie. — Der. physiognomiste. 
 Physique, ./. physics; from Gr. (pvatte^, 
 
 (sc. T(x^v)- — Der, physicien. 
 Ph3rtolithe, sm. (Min.) a phytolite ; from 
 
 Gr. (pvTov and Xidos. 
 Phytologie, sf phytology ; from Gr. (pvrdv 
 
 and Xoyos. 
 Piaculaire, adj. expiatory; from L. piacu- 
 
 laris. 
 PIAFFER, vn. to make ostentatious show. 
 
 Origin unknown. — Der. piaffexxr. 
 PIAILLER, vn. to squall; onomatopoetic. 
 
 See § 34. — Der. piaillerie, piailleur. 
 Pianiste, smf a pianist. See piano. 
 "t Piano, sm. a piano; from It. piano. In 
 
 sense of a keyed instrument piano is an 
 
 abbreviation of the older name piano-forte, 
 
 so called because the player can play loud 
 
 or soft at pleasure. Piano is a doublet of 
 
 plain, q. v. — Der. pianiste. 
 + Piastre, sf a piastre; from It. piastra. . 
 PIAULER, vn. to pule, whine; onomatopoetic. 
 
 See § ,:?4. 
 Pic, sm. a woodpecker; from L. picus. 
 
 — Der. pic-vert (then piverl; It. pico- 
 
 verde). 
 PIC, sm. a pike, pick-axe, thence a peak, pro- 
 perly a point ; of Celtic origin, Gael. pic. 
 
 — Der. picot. 
 tPicor6e, s/; marauding; from Sp. picorea. 
 
 — Der. picorer, picoreur. 
 PICOTER, va. to pick, irritate, tease. See 
 
 piquer. — Der. picotin, picotement, picot- 
 
 erie. 
 PICOTIN, sm. a peck (of oats). See pic- 
 
 oter. 
 Pie, adj. pious; from L. pi a. 
 PIE, sf a magpie, pie ; from L. pica (found 
 
 in Pliny). For loss of medial c see ami. — 
 
 Der. chewz\-pie, pigeon-pie, piette. 
 Fl^CE, sf. a piece ; from L. petium (used of 
 
 a piece of land in a document of a.d. 768). 
 
 Origin unknown. Petium becomes piece : 
 
 for e = ie see § 56; for -tium = -ce see 
 
 agenfer. — Der. depecer, rzpiecer. 
 PIED, sm. a foot; from L. pedem. For 
 
 e = ie see § 56. — Der. contre-pied, pied- 
 
 a-terre, pieter. 
 fPi^destal, sm. a pedestal; from It. 
 
 piedestallo. 
 
I 
 
 PISdOUCHE — PINCEA U. 
 
 273 
 
 Pi^douche, SW2. (Archit.) a piedouche ; 
 from It. peduccio. 
 
 PIEGE, sf. a snare. It. pedica, from L. 
 pedica, by regular contr. (see § 51) of 
 pediea to ped'ca, whence piege. For 
 dc=^ see adjnger; for e = ie see § 56. 
 
 PIE-GRIECHE, sf. (Ornith.) a shrike. See 
 grieche. 
 
 Pie-mdre, sf. (Anat.) the pia mater, 
 
 PIERRE, sf. a stone. Prov. peira, Cat. pedra, 
 It. pietra, from L. petra. For tr = rr see 
 § 168; for e = ie see § 56. — Der. pierrex, 
 pierreue, pierrier, tmpierrtr, perron, per- 
 riere, perre. 
 
 PIERREUX, adj. stony ; from L.. petrosus. 
 For -osus = -£?/» see § 229; for petr- = 
 pierr- see pierre. 
 
 Pierrot, sm. (i) lit, a 'little Peter,' a peasant, 
 then a clown dressed like a peasant ; (2) a 
 sparrow. For this application of a man's 
 name to that of birds see jacasser. It is a 
 dim. of Pierre. 
 
 Piete, sf. piety; from L. pietatem. For 
 -tatein = -/e see § 230. Its doublet is pitie, 
 q. V. — Der. pietiste. 
 
 PIETER, va. to dispose to resistance. See 
 pied. 
 
 PIETINER, va. to tread underfoot; der. from 
 O. Fr. pieein, dim. of pied. — Der. pietine- 
 ment. 
 
 PIETON, sm. a pedestrian ; from L. pedi- 
 tonem*, der. from peditare, 'to go afoot,' 
 in 6th-cent. Lat. documents. Peditonem, 
 regularly contrd. (see § 52) to ped'to- 
 nem, becomes pieton. For e = ie see 
 § 56; for dt = / cp. perdita, perd'ta, 
 perte; vendita, vend'ta, vew^e; rendita*, 
 rend'ta, rente. 
 
 PI£TRE, adj. poor, sorry ; from L. pedes- 
 tris, properly « that goes afoot,' hence 
 humble, poor; lastly, wretched. Pedestris, 
 losing medial d (see accahler), becomes 
 fietre. For e = i see § 59; for loss of s 
 see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. pietrement, 
 pieirerie. 
 
 PIETTE, sf (Ornith.) a weasel-coot. See pie. 
 I PIEU, sm. a stake ; formerly pel, Prov. pal, 
 It. palo, from L. palus. For a = e see 
 § 54; hence pel, whence piel. For e = ie 
 see § 56. Piel becomes pieu. For / = « 
 see agneati. Its doublet is pal, q.v. 
 
 PIEUX, adj. pious ; formerly pieus, originally 
 plus, from L. plus. For u= eu see beugler; 
 for s = » see deux. — Y)er.pieuse,pietisement. 
 
 PIFFRE, sm. a fat person, properly fat, full- 
 cheeked ; the same word as l6th-cent. Fr. 
 pifre, a flute-player, fifer ; hence a man with 
 
 puffed-out cheeks. Pifre is from It. piffero 
 — Der. s'empiffrer. 
 
 PIGEON, sm. a pigeon ; from L. pipionem, 
 by regular consonnification of io into jo 
 (see abreger), whence pip'jonem, whence 
 pigeon, see Hist. Gram. p. 65. For pj=j 
 and i—ge see abreger. — Der, pigeonnier, 
 pigeo?ine^n. 
 
 fPignon, sm. a kernel, a gable; from 
 It. pignone. 
 
 t Pilastre, sm. (Archit.) a pilaster; from 
 It. pilastro. 
 
 t Pilau, sm. a pillau (of rice); of Oriental 
 origin (§ 31), Turk, pilau. 
 
 Pile, sf. a pile, pier (of bridge) ; from L. 
 pi la. — Der. empiltx, pilier, pilot (whence 
 pilotis, pilotex). 
 
 PILE, sf. mortar ; from L. pila, — Der. pilon. 
 
 PILE, sf. reverse (of coins), in the phrase 
 pile ou face, ' heads or tails.' Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 FILER, va. to pound small ; from L. pilars. 
 — Der. pilo'xx, pilenx. 
 
 PILIER, sm. a pillar. See pile. 
 
 + Pilier, va. to pillage, ransack; introd. in 
 1 6th cent., with many other military terms, 
 from It. pigliare. — Der. pilUge, pilhxd, 
 pillerie. 
 
 PILON, sm. a pestle. See piler. 
 
 PILORI, sm. a pillory. Origin unknown. 
 
 fPilote, sm. a pilot; from It. pilota. — 
 Der. pilotex, pilotage, pilot'm. 
 
 PILOTIS, sm. pile-work. See pile (l). 
 
 Pilule, sf. a pill; from L. pilula. 
 
 PIMBfiCHE, sf. an impertinent girl. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 PIMENT, sm. pimento, capsicum ; in the 
 middle ages a spiced aromatic drink, then 
 later spice, specially pepper. Piment in the 
 earlier sense is from L, pigmentum, juice 
 of plants, drug, in Caelius Aurelianus, For 
 gni = m see § 168. Piment is a doublet of 
 pigment. 
 
 PIMP ANT, adj. smart, sparkling. Origin un- 
 known, 
 
 t Pimprenelle, sf (Bot.) the pimpernel ; 
 in 1 6th cent, pimpenelle, from It. pimpinella. 
 
 PIN, sm. a pine ; from L. pinus. 
 
 tPinacle, sm. a pinnacle; introd. in l6th 
 cent, from It. pinacolo. 
 
 fPinasse, sf. a pinnace; from It. pin' 
 accia. 
 
 PINCEAU, sm. a painter's brush, pencil ; for- 
 merly pincel, from L. penicillum, by 
 regular contr. (see § 52) of penieil- 
 lum to pen'oillum, whence pincel. For 
 I 6 = I see § 59 ; for 1 = « see § "72 ; for 
 T 
 
274 
 
 PINCER — PITEUX, 
 
 el = eau see agneau. — Der. (from O. Fr. 
 pincel) pincehtx. 
 
 PINCER, va. to pinch. Venet. pizzare, of 
 Germ origin, Neth. /)//stf». For intercalated 
 n (J>icer*, then pincer) see concombre. — 
 Der. pince (verbal subst.), pitted (partic. 
 subst.), pinf on. 
 
 PINCETTE, sf. tweezers, tongs ; dim. of 
 pince. See pincer. 
 
 tPingOuin, sm. a penguin; from Engl. 
 penguin. 
 
 Pinnule, sf. a pinule; from L. pinnula. 
 
 PINSON, sf. (Ornith.) a finch ; formerly pin- 
 fon, dim. of a root pine, of Celtic origin, 
 Kymri pine. 
 
 tPintade, sf. a pintado, guinea-fowl; 
 from Sp. pintada. 
 
 PINTE, sf. a pint ; of Germ, origin, Engl. 
 pint. Germ, pinte. 
 
 PIOCHE,* sf. a pickaxe; der. from pic 
 (q. v.), by the suffix -oche ; whence picoehe, 
 whence pioehe. For loss of c see affouage. 
 — Der. piocher. 
 
 PION, sm. a pawn, lit. a foot-soldier. Pion, 
 used as late as the 17th cent, for a foot- 
 soldier, is in Sp. peon. It. pedone, from L. 
 pedonem * (a foot-passenger, in late Lat. 
 documents, whence a foot-soldier.) Pedo- 
 neiu becomes pion : for loss of medial d, 
 see aecabler ; for e — i see § 59. Pion 
 is a doublet of pedon, peon, q. v. — Der. 
 pionner, pionmtx. 
 
 PIONNIER, sm. a pioneer. See pion. 
 
 PIPE, sf. a pipe ; properly a reed-pipe, then 
 a metal-pipe, whence the sense of a liquid 
 measure, then a barrel of wine. In its 
 original sense of a tube, nozzle, (which is 
 the sense of pipe in the oldest Fr. documents, 
 and has remained in the deriv. pipeau, a 
 shepherd's pipe,) it is the verbal subst. of the 
 • verb piper, which is from L. pipare. — Der. 
 pipesiU. 
 
 PIPEAU, sm. a rural pipe, bird-call. See 
 pipe. 
 
 PIPER, va. properly to whistle, then to imi- 
 tate birds in order to catch them, then to 
 deceive, to cheat. For etymology see pipe. 
 — Der.pipee (partic. subst.), pipeur, piperie. 
 
 + Pique-nique, sm. a picnic; introd. 
 
 from Engl, picnic. 
 PIQUER, vn. to prick; der. from pic, q. v. 
 — Der. pique (verbal subst.), piquunt, piqu- 
 ier, piquette, piqueur, piqme, picoter (fre- 
 quent, of piquer ; cp. trembloter of trem- 
 bler), piquet (whence the sense of a troop 
 of cavalry, whose horses are fastened to the 
 sa me stake, piquet). 
 
 Piquet, stn. piquet (cards). Origin unknown 
 Pirate, sm. a pirate; from L. pirata.— 
 
 Der. piratex, piratexxe. 
 PIRE, adj. (conip. and superl.) worse 
 from L. pejor, by regular contr. (se( 
 § 50) of pej6r to pej'r, whence pire 
 by assimilating j (see aider) and by e = 
 (see § 59). — Der. empirex. 
 t Pirogue, sf a pirogue (boat) ; from Sp 
 
 piroga. 
 PIROUETTE, sf a pirouette. Origin un 
 
 known. — Der. pirouettex. 
 PIS, adv. (comp. and superl.) worse 
 from L. pejus, by regular contr. (se( 
 § 50) of pejus to pej's, whence pis bj 
 e = i (see § 59), and by assimilation of; 
 (see aider). 
 PIS, sm. worst. For the etymology of this 
 
 word see above. 
 Piscine, sf a piscina; from L. piscina. 
 Pis6, sm. (Archit.) pise; partic. subst. ol 
 
 piser, which is from L. pisare. 
 PISSER, vn. to make water. Origin un^ 
 known. — Der. pissoix, pissotex, pissotihxe 
 pissenlit. 
 Pistache, sf a pistachio nut ; from L. pis- 
 
 tacium. — Der. pistachiex. 
 Piste, sf. a trace ; from L. pistus. 
 Pistil, sm. (Bot.) a pistil ; from L. pistillus 
 Pistole, sf a pistole. Origin unknown, 
 t Pistolet, sm. a pistol ; from It. pistola. 
 Piston, sm. a piston; from L. pistonem *, 
 
 der. from L. pistare. 
 PITANCE, sf. pittance ; properly the portion 
 given to a monk at each meal. Still used 
 in this sense in the language of the mon- 
 astery. Pitance, It. pietanza, is from L. 
 pietantia, a monk's meal, in medieval 
 Lat. documents ; as in 'Nos frater Johannes 
 Abbas . . pietantiae modus et ordo sic 
 conscripti . . observentur. . In primis vide- 
 licet quod pietantiarius qui pro tempore 
 fuerit . . tenebitur ministrare,' from a 13th- 
 cent. charter. Watts, in his glossary on 
 Matthew Paris, has 'Pietantiam alii 
 scribunt ; nam dapes suas ad pietatem 
 ducebant.' Pietantia is from pietatem, 
 and signifies the product of the ' piety ' of the 
 faithful. Similarly in the middle ages mis- 
 ericordia was used for certain monastic 
 meals. We read in Matthew Paris, ' Ut 
 detestabiles ingurgitationes misericordia- 
 rum in quibus profecto non erat miseri- 
 cordia, prohiberentur.' Pietantia be- 
 comes pitance, as pietatem becomes pitie : 
 for tia = ce see agencer. 
 PITEUX, adj. piteous. Prov. pitos, Sp. pia- 
 
TiTit — PLAISIR. 
 
 275 
 
 doso, It. pietoso, from L. pietosus *, piti- 
 ful, which is the original sense of the Fr. 
 word, afterwards ' worthy of pity', Pieto- 
 sus, der. from pietas, is found in several 
 medieval Lat. documents : as in one of the 
 13th cent, we have 'Et certe nunquam 
 visum fuit in aliqua civitate tarn enorme 
 nee pietosum infortunium' Pietosus he- 
 comes piieux : {or -osvL8 = -eux see § 229; 
 for ie = i, cp. pietantia, pitance ; pie- 
 tat em, piete. 
 
 PITIE, sf. pity, compassion. Sp. piedad. It. 
 pieta, from L. pietatem (found in this 
 sense in Suetonius). For pietatem =/>zV/e 
 see pileux ; for -osus = -eiix see § 2 29. 
 — Pitie is a doublet of piete, q, v. — Der. 
 pi'oyer *, whence pitoyable, apitoyer. 
 
 PITON, sm. a screw-ring. Origin unknown. 
 
 PITOYABLE, adj. piteous. See pitie.— Der. 
 impitoyahle. 
 
 + Pittoresque,a^". picturesque; from It. 
 pittoresco. 
 
 Pituite, sf. phlegm, mucus; from L. pitu- 
 ita. Its doublet is pepie, q. v. — Der. 
 pituitzite, pitutteux. 
 
 PIVERT, sm. the green woodpecker. See 
 pic. 
 
 PIVOINE, sm. a bullfinch ; formerly pioine, 
 from L. paeonia. For ae = e see § 104, 
 whence peonia, whence pioine; for e — i 
 see § 59; for o = oi by attraction of 
 i see chanoine. Pioine becomes pivoine 
 by intercalating an euphonic v, see corvee. 
 
 PIVOT, sm. a pivot. Origin unknown. — Der. 
 pivoter, 
 
 PLACAGE, sm. a plating (of metals). See 
 plaquer. 
 
 PLACARD, sm. a placard. See plaquer. — 
 Der. placarder. 
 
 PLACE, sf. a place ; from L. platea, by re- 
 gular change of platea to platia (see 
 abreger), whence place. For -tia = -ce see 
 agencer. — Der. placer, placement, placiex, 
 placet. 
 
 PLACER, va. to place, put. See place. — 
 Der. emplacer * (whence emplacement and 
 remplacer). 
 
 + Placet, sm. a petition; from L. placet. 
 
 t Its doublet is plait. 
 
 jPlacide, adj. placid; from L. placidus. — 
 
 I Der. placidite. 
 
 i PLAFOND, sm. a ceiling; properly fond plat. 
 
 \ For etymology see plat and fond. — Der. 
 
 i plafonner, plafonna.ge, plafonxieur. 
 
 Plage, sf. sea-coast, coast ; from L. plaga. 
 
 Plagiaire, sm. a plagiary; from L. plagi- 
 arius (found in Martial). 
 
 Plagiat, sm. plagiarism; from L. plagi- 
 atus*, der. from plagium. 
 
 PLAID, sm. a plea, court-sitting, originally a 
 feudal assembly in which cases were tried, 
 
 • then the hearing of a tribunal, then a 
 counsel's speech. Plaid, for a court of law, 
 is from L. placitiim * (so used in Caro- 
 lingian documents : plaeitum is the last 
 word of the proclamation for convocation 
 of these courts, ' quia tale est nostrum pla- 
 eitum.' Plaeitum, regularly contrd. (see 
 § 51) to plac'tum, becomes O. Fr. plait. 
 For ct = it see attrait ; for plait = plaid see 
 § 117. Plaid is a doublet oi placite,q.v. — 
 Der. plaider (whence O. Fr. plaidoyer, from 
 plaider a.s flamboyer from flamher, totir- 
 noyer from tourner, etc. Plaidoyer has dis- 
 appeared as a verb, but remains as an 
 infinitive used substantively : we have un 
 plaidoyer like un diner, un dejeuner, etc.). 
 
 PLAIDEUR, sm. a litigant, suitor; from 
 plaider. See plaid. 
 
 PLAIDOIRIE, sf. a pleading. See plaidoyer. 
 
 PLAIDOYER, sm. a barrister's speech. See 
 plaider. — Der. plaidoir'xe {for plaidoiere). 
 
 PLAIE, sf. a wound ; from L. plaga. For 
 loss of medial g see allier ; for a = ai see 
 
 § 54- 
 
 PLAIN, adj. even, level ; from L. planus. 
 For -anus = -am see § 194. Its doublet 
 is piano, q. v. — Der. plaine, plain-chznt, 
 plain-pied. 
 
 PLAINDRE, va. to pity, grudge; from L. 
 plangere, by regular contr. (see § 51) 
 of pl^ngere to plang're, whence plan're. 
 Plan're becomes plaindre : for nr = ndr 
 see absoudre; for a, = ai see § 54. — Der. 
 plainte (strong partic. subst. ; L. plancta. 
 For -ancta = -am/g see affete). 
 
 PLAINE, sf. a plain. See plain. Its doublet 
 is plane, q. v. 
 
 PLAINTE, sf. a complaint. See plaindre 
 
 Der. plaintif. 
 
 PLAIRE, vn. to please ; from L. placere, by 
 displacement of the Lat. accent (placere 
 for placere), see Hist. Gram. p. 133. 
 Pldc§re, regularly contrd. to plac're (see 
 §51), becomes plaire. For cr = r see benir, 
 for the weakening of a into ai, see § 54. 
 Plaire is a doublet of plaisir, q. v. — Der. 
 plaisznt, plaisznce. 
 
 PLAISANT, adj. pleasant. See plaire.— Der. 
 plaisanter, plaisanterie. 
 
 PLAISIR, sm. pleasure, delight, an infinitive 
 
 employed substantively of O. Fr. verb 
 
 plaisir. Plaisir is from L. placere. For 
 
 a = ai see § 54; for c = s see amitie; for 
 
 I T 3 
 
276 
 
 PLAN — PLIE. 
 
 e = / see § 59. Plaisir is a doublet of 
 plaire, q. v. 
 
 Plan, adj. even, flat, plain; from L. planus. 
 Its doublets are plain, plane, piano, q. v. 
 — Der. plan (sm.), iplanir, planer. 
 
 PLANCHE, sf. a plank; from L. planca. 
 For ca. = che see §§ 126 and 54. — Der. 
 planchex, plancMxex, planchette. 
 
 PLANE, sm. a plane-tree ; from L. platanus. 
 PldtSnus, regularly contrd. to plat'nus 
 (see § 51), becomes plane; for tn = « cp. 
 ret'na rene, abrot'num ajirone. A cor- 
 responding reduction is found of tm = m in 
 rhythma, rime. Plane is a doublet of 
 platane, q. v. 
 
 Planer, vn. to hover (of birds). See plan. 
 
 PLANER, va. to plane, trim ; from L. pla- 
 nare. — Der. plane (verbal subst., whose 
 doublet is plaine, q. v.), planem, planme. 
 
 Plandte, sf. a planet; from L. planeta. — 
 Der. planeiAke. 
 
 Planisphere, sm. (Geogr.) a planisphere. 
 See plan and sphere. 
 
 PLANTAIN, sm. (Bot.) a plantain ; from L. 
 plantaginem, by regular contr. (see § 51) 
 of plant%inem to plantag'nem, whence 
 plantain. For gn = « see assener; for 
 a = at see § 54. 
 
 Plantation, ^. a plantation ; from L. 
 plantationem. 
 
 PLANTE, sf. a plant ; from L. planta. 
 
 PLANTER, va. to plant ; from L. plantare. 
 — Der. plant (verbal subst.), planta.ge, 
 planteuT, planton, plantzrd, plan(;on, plant- 
 on, d^planter, transplanter, replanter, im- 
 planter. 
 
 PLANTUREUX, arf/ fertile ; der. from O.Fr. 
 plenture, which represents a fictitious Lat. 
 plenitura, der. from plenus, by regular 
 contr. (see § 52) of plenitura to plen*- 
 tura. For en. = an see andouille. 
 
 PLAQUE, sm. a plate (of metal); of Germ, 
 origin, Flem. plache, Scottish plack. — Der. 
 plaquer, plaque, plaquette, plaqueur, plac- 
 age, plac3.Td. 
 
 Plastique, adj. plastic; from Gr. nKacTi- 
 Kus from n\d(T<T€iv, 
 
 t Plastron, sm. a breastplate; from It. 
 piastrone. — Der. plastronner. 
 
 PLAT, adj. flat; of Germ, origin, Germ. 
 platt. — Der. plat (sm.), platee, aplat'ir, 
 platitude, plat-hord, plate-forme, plate- 
 bande, plafond (for plat-fond). 
 
 Platane, sm. a plane-tree; from L. pla- 
 tanus. Its doublet is plane, q. v. — Der. 
 platamste. 
 
 PLATEAU, sm. a plateau, tray ; formerly 
 
 platel. For el = eau see agtieau. Platel i 
 der. from plat, q. v. 
 
 PLATINE, sf a plate. See plat. 
 
 tPlatine, sf. (Met.) platina; from Sp 
 platino. 
 
 PLATRE, sm. plaster ; formerly piastre, fron 
 L. plastrum, found in Low Lat. docu 
 ments. Plastrum is the same word a 
 emplastrum, by losing the em. Foi 
 loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Ver.pl^tras 
 pldtrex, xeplatrer, pldtr'xhxe, pldtnge, pldtr 
 eux, pldtrier. 
 
 Plausible, «<(;. plausible ; from L. plausi 
 bilis. 
 
 Pldbe, sf. the people, common folk ; fron 
 L. plebem. — Der. plebeien (from plebeia 
 nus*, extended form of plebeius). 
 
 Plebiscite, sf. a plebiscite, popular vote; 
 from L. plebiscitum. 
 
 Pleiades, sf pi. the Pleiades (the constel 
 lation) ; from Gr, TrXeiddts : hence the wore 
 pleiade is used for a meeting of seven per- 
 sons. 
 
 PLEIGE, sf. a pledge. Origin unknown.— 
 Der. pleiger. 
 
 PLEIN, adj. full ; from L. plenus. 
 
 PLENIER, adj. plenary ; from L. plenarius*. 
 der. from plenus. For -arius == -zer set 
 § iq8. 
 
 Plenipotentiaire, adj. plenipotentiary ; 
 from L. plenus and potentia. 
 
 Plenitude, sf. plenitude; from L. pleni- 
 tudinem, der. from plenus. 
 
 P16onasnie, sm. a pleonasm ; from Gr, 
 ■nK^ovaaiios. 
 
 P16th.ore, sf. a plethora, superabundance; 
 from Gr. vXrjOdjpr}. — Der. plethorique. 
 
 PLEURER, va. to mourn, weep (for) ; from 
 L. plorare. For o = eu see § 79. — Der. 
 pleur (verbal subst.), pleurard, pleureux, 
 pleurnicher, pleurnicheur. 
 
 Pleur^sie, sf. (Med.) pleurisy; from Gr. 
 TTkfvpiris, i.e. voaos. 
 
 PLEUTRE, sm. a coward. Origin unknown. 
 
 PL EU VOIR, vn. to rain ; from L. pluere. 
 For u = eM see beugler; for ere = oir see 
 accroire ; for displacement of the Lat. accent 
 (pluere for pMere) see Hist. Gram. p. 133, 
 Pleuoir becomes pleuvoir by regularly inter- 
 calating an euphonic v, see corvee. Thus 
 also the Lat. has pluvia, not pluia. 
 
 Pldvre, sf (Anat.) pleura ; from Gr. vKfv- 
 p6v. For M^v see Janvier. 
 
 PLIE, sf. (Ichth.) a plaice ; formerly plaie, 
 corruption of O.Fr, plais. Pla'is is from 
 L. platessa, found in Ausonius. Platessa, 
 losing its medial t (see abbaye), becomes 
 
PLIER—POIDS. 
 
 277 
 
 pla'is. For e = /'see § 59. Plie is a doublet 
 
 of plate. 
 PLIER, va. to bend ; from L. plicare. For 
 
 loss of medial o see affouage. Its doublet 
 
 is ployer, q.v. — Der. pli (verbal subst.), 
 
 plieuT, pliable, plia.nt, pliok, plia.ge, rtplier, 
 
 deplter. 
 Plinthe, sf. a plinth; from L. plinthus, 
 
 found in Vitruvius. 
 PLISSER, vn. to plait ; from L. plietiare *, 
 
 der. from plicare. For ct = / see § 168; 
 
 for tia=^sse see agencer. — Der. plissuie, 
 
 plissement. 
 PLOC, sm. (Naut.) sheathing-hair. Origin 
 
 unknown, 
 PLOMB, sm. lead; from L. plumbum. 
 
 For u = o see annoncer. — Der. plomber, 
 
 plotnba.ge, plombitr, plombeiie, plombem, 
 
 zplomh. 
 Plombagine, sf. (Min.) plumbago; from 
 
 L. plumbaginem. 
 PLONGER, va. to plunge, immerse ; from 
 
 L. plumbicare *, der. from plumbum ; 
 
 plum.bicare meaning properly to fall like 
 
 lead. Plum.bicare, regularly contrd. (see 
 
 § 52) to plum.b'care, becomes plonger. 
 
 For be = c see stijet ; for e = ^ see adjuger ; 
 
 for u = o see annoncer. — Der. plongeon, 
 
 plongeuT, xtplonger. 
 PLOYER, va. to bend, bow; from L. 
 
 plieare. For loss of medial c see affouage; 
 
 for i = oi see boire. Its doublet is plier, q.v. 
 
 — Der. deployer, veployer. 
 PLUCHE, contr. of peluche, q.v. 
 PLUIE, sf. rain ; from L. pluvia. For loss 
 
 of medial v see a'leul. 
 PLUME, sf. a feather ; from L. pluma. — 
 
 Der. plutner, plumage, plu7nea.u, plumtt, 
 
 plumasscT, plumnssier, phimasseau, plum- 
 
 asserie, plumeux, remplumcr, plumttis (of 
 
 which plumitif is the corrupted form). 
 PLUPART, sf. the most part. See plus and 
 
 part. 
 Plurality, sf plurality; from L. plurali- 
 
 tatem. 
 PLURIEL, adj. sm. plural ; formerly plural, 
 
 from L. pluralis. For a = e see § 54; 
 
 then for e = ie see § 56. 
 PLUS, adv. (comp. and superl.) more, most ; 
 
 from L. plus. 
 PLUSIEURS, adj. pi. several; from L. 
 - pluriores *, der. from plures. For r = s 
 
 see arroser; for o = eu see § 79. 
 PLUTOT, adv. rather ; formerly plustot. 
 
 See plus and tot. 
 Pluvial, adj. pluvial; from L. pluvialis. 
 PLUVIER, sm. a plover ; from L. pluvia, as I 
 
 the bird only reaches France in the rainy 
 season. 
 
 PLUVIEUX, adj. rainy ; from L. pluviosus. 
 For -osus = -«w« see § 198. 
 
 Pluviose, sm. Pluviose (5th month in the 
 Republican Calendar, 20 Jan. to 18 or 19 
 Feb.); from L. pluviosus. 
 
 Pneumatique, adj. pneumatic ; from Gr. 
 -nviViJixniKos. 
 
 Pneumonie, sf. (Med.) pneumonia ; from 
 Gr. TTvev/jLOPia. — Der. pneumonique. 
 
 FnyK., sm. the Pnyx ; from Gr. ttvv^.. 
 
 POCHE, sf. a pocket ; of Germ, origin, A.S. 
 pocca. For cc = ch see acheter. — Der. em- 
 pocher, pochtr, pocha.de, pochette, pocheter. 
 
 Podagre, sf. the gout; from L. podagra. 
 Its doublet is pojiacre, q. v. 
 
 fPodestat, sm. a podestat ; from It. 
 podesta. 
 
 POELE, sm. a canopy, pall; from L. pe- 
 talum.*, Ht. the golden plate which covered 
 the Pope's head, whence it comes to mean 
 the veil held over the heads of a bride and 
 bridegroom at their marriage, during the 
 nuptial benediction in Roman Catholic 
 churches. The sense of a dais is later. 
 Petalum,, losing medial t (see abbaye), 
 becomes poele. For e=oi = oe see §§ 62, 
 63 ; for a = c see § 54 
 
 POELE, sm. a stove ; formerly poesle, origi- 
 nally poisle, from L. pensile, signifying 
 properly ' suspended.' In Pliny we find 
 ' balneae pensiles,' for bath-rooms built 
 on vaults, and warmed from below, hence 
 pensile came to mean a stove. Pensile, 
 contrd. regularly (see § 51) to pens'le, 
 has ns = *, see aine; v/hence pesle, whence 
 poisle. For e — oi see § 62. Poisle, also 
 written poesle, becomes poele by loss of s, 
 see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. poelier. 
 
 POELE, sf. a frying-pan ; formerly paelle 
 and paele. It, padella, from L, patella. 
 Patella, dropping regularly its medial t 
 (see abbaye), becomes O, Fr, paele, whence 
 poele. For a = o see taon, Poele is a 
 doublet of petale, q. v. — Der, poelon. 
 
 Poeme, sm. a poem; from L. poema. 
 Poesie, sf. poetry; from L. poesis. 
 
 Poete, sm. a poet; from L. poeta Der. 
 
 poetereau, poetesse, poetiser. 
 Po6tique, adj. poetic; from L. poeticus, 
 POIDS, sm. a weight ; formerly pois, from L. 
 pensum by ns = s, see aider; whence 
 pesum, whence pois. For e = oi see 
 § 62. In the 16th cent, the Latinists, 
 who derived poids from pondus, added a 
 d to the Fr. word, to assimilate it more 
 
278 
 
 POIGNA NT—POLVGA MIE. 
 
 closely to its supposed original. Poids is a 
 
 doublet o^ pemum, q. v. 
 POIGNANT, adj. poignant, keen. See poindre. 
 POIGNARD, sm. a dagger, poniard. See 
 
 poing.^ — Der. poignardti. 
 POIGNEE, sf. a handful. See potng. 
 POIGNET, sm. a wrist. See poing. 
 POIL, sm. hair (not of the head, but of 
 
 the beard, coat of animals, etc.) ; from L. 
 
 pilus. For i = oi see boire. — Der. poiln. 
 POIN9ON, sm. an awl; from L. pimc- 
 
 tionem, properly act of piercing, then 
 
 instrument for piercing. For -unct = -oin 
 
 see affele; for -tionem = -f on see § 232. 
 
 Poin^on is a doublet of ponction. — Der. 
 
 poin^-onntx. 
 POIN9ON, sm. a puncheon. Origin unknown. 
 POINDRE, va. to sting, prick ; vn. to appear, 
 
 dawn; from L. pungere. For -ungere 
 
 — -oindre see oindre. — Der. poignznt, points 
 
 (from L. puncta, strong partic. subst. ; for 
 
 letter-changes see affete.) 
 POING, sm. the fist ; from L. pugnus. For 
 
 gn = ng see etang ; for u = oi see angoisse. 
 
 — Der. poignee, poignet, empoigner. 
 POINT, sm. a point; from L. punctTim. 
 
 For -iuict = -om/ see oint. — Der. pointer, 
 
 vppoint&r (whence appoint, verbal subst.), 
 
 desappo/w/er. 
 POINTE, sf. a point, sharp end. See poindre. 
 
 — Der, pointu. 
 POINTER, va. to point. See point. Its 
 
 doublet is ponctuer, q. v. — Der. pointnge, 
 
 pointement, poifitenr. 
 fPointiller, vn. to cavil, dot, stipple; 
 
 from pointille, introd. in i6th cent, from 
 
 It. puntiglio. — Der. pointing (partic. subst.), 
 
 pointilhux, pointilkrie. 
 POINTU, adj. pointed. See pointe. 
 POINTURE, sf. a point ; from L, punctura. 
 
 For -unct = -oint, see oint. 
 POIRE, sf. a pear; from L. pirum. For 
 
 i = 01 see boire. — Der. poirier, poir6. 
 FOlKEAU,seeporreau. 
 POIREE, sf. (Bot.) a white beet, (Hort.) 
 
 perry; from L, porrus. Poiree meant 
 
 formerly a drink made of leeks. For o = oi 
 
 see chanoine. 
 POIS, sm. a pea ; from L. pisiim. For i — 
 
 oi see boire. 
 POISON, sm. poison ; from L. potionem 
 
 (used for a poisoned drink by Cicero). For 
 
 O = oi see chanoine ; for -tionem = -son see 
 
 § 232. Poison is a doublet of potion, q. v. 
 
 — Der. empoisonner, empoisonneur. 
 POISSARD, adj. low, vulgar. See poix. 
 POISSER, va. to pitch. See poix. 
 
 POISSON, sm. a fish; in 1 8th cent, pescion; 
 It. pescione, from L. piscionem, der, from 
 piscis. For i = oi see boire; for BO — ss 
 see cresson ; for - cionem = -sso« see § 232. 
 — Der. /)0J5so«nier, /)o/ssonnerie, poisson- 
 neux, /o/sso«naille, em/>o/ssonner. 
 
 POITRAIL, sm. the chest, breast (of horses), 
 a breastplate (of harness) ; from L. pecto- 
 raciilum*, der, from pectorale, Pec- 
 tSrdculum, contrd. regularly (see § 52) 
 to pect'racoilum, becomes poitratl. For 
 -aculiim = -arZ see § 255; for ect = oit 
 see attrait. 
 
 POITRINE, sf. the breast, chest; from L. 
 pectorina*, der. from pectoris, by regu- 
 lar contr. (see § 52) of pectorina to 
 pect'rina, whence /'o//rm«. For ect = o// 
 see attrait. — Der. poitrinzke. 
 
 POIVRE, sm. pepper. Prov. pebre, from L. 
 piperem, by regular contr. (see § 51) of 
 piperem to pip'rem, whence poivre. For 
 i = oi see boire; for 'p = v (through b) see 
 § III. — Der, p0ivr2.de (from Vvov. pevra- 
 da : its doublets are puree, poivree, q. v.), 
 poivrer, poivrier, poivrihre. 
 
 POIX, sf. pitch ; from L, picem. For i = oi 
 see boire ; for c = s see amitie. — Der. /)otsser, 
 ^oi'ssard, tmpoisitx, txnpois, em/)eser. 
 
 Pdle, SOT, the pole; from L. polus. — Der. 
 pohne, pohrite, pohriser, /10/arisation. 
 
 Pol6inique, adj. polemical ; from Gr. ttoK- 
 
 fpUKOS. 
 
 Police, sf. police; fromL. politia (political 
 
 organisation, government). For cia = ce 
 
 see agencer. — Der. policer. 
 t Police, sf. a policy (of assurance, etc) ; 
 
 from It. polizza. 
 fPolichinelle, sf. Punch; introd, from 
 
 It, polecenella (Neapol. form of pjtlcinella). 
 POLIR, va. to polish ; from L, polire. — Der. 
 
 poliment, poli, polisscui, polissoh, polissurc, 
 
 d6polir, repolir. 
 POLISSON, SOT. a blackguard. Origin un- 
 known Der. polissonner, polissonnerie. 
 
 tPolitesse, sf. politeness; from It. poli- 
 
 tezza. 
 Politique, adj. political; from L. politi- 
 
 cus. — Der, politique, politiqutr, \mpolitique. 
 Pollen, SOT. pollen ; from L. pollen. 
 + Poltron, SOT, a coward, poltroon ; from 
 
 It, poltrone. — Der, poltronnene. 
 Polyadelphie, sf. (Bot.) polyadelphia ; 
 
 from Gr, iroXvs and d5(\((>6s. 
 Polyddre, sot. (Geom.) a polyhedron ; from 
 
 Gr, TToKvcdpos. 
 Polygamie, sf. polygamy ; from Gr, ttoAv- 
 
 ya/xia. — Der. polygame. 
 
POLYGLOTTE — PORCHE. 
 
 279 
 
 Polyglotte, sf. a polyglot ; from Gr. noXv- 
 yKooTTos. 
 
 Polygene, adj. polygonal ; sm. (Geom.) a 
 polygon : from Gr. iroXvyojvos. 
 
 Polygraphe, sm. a polygraph; from Gr. 
 Tro\v'ypdcf>os. 
 
 Polynome, sm. (Algeb.) a polynome ; from 
 Gr. TToKvs and vofir}. 
 
 Polype, sm.(Med.) a polypus; from L. poly- 
 pus. Its doublet is poulpe, q. v. — Der. 
 polyp'\tx, polypeux. 
 
 Polyp6tale, adj. (Bot.) polypetalous ; from 
 Gr. TToKvs and TreraKov. 
 
 Polysyllabe, adj. polysyllabic; from Gr. 
 iToXvav\\a0os. 
 
 Polyteehnique, adj. polytechnic; from 
 Gr. TToXvs and T6xi'ttf<5s. 
 
 Polyth^isme, sm. polytheism; from Gr. 
 voXvs and devs. — Der. polyihelste. 
 
 tPommade, sf. pomatum ; from It. po- 
 mata. Its doublet is pommee. — Der. pom- 
 madtt. 
 
 POMME, ./. an apple; from L. pomum. 
 For restriction of meaning, see § 12. — Der. 
 pommier, pommehr, pommelle, pommea.u, 
 pommette, pommer. 
 
 POMMIER, sm. an apple-tree. See pomme. 
 — Der. pommemie. 
 
 Pompe, sf. pomp ; from L. pompa. — Der. 
 pompeux, pompon (which up to the end of 
 the 1 8 th cent, signified any toilette orna- 
 ment.) 
 
 POMPE, sf. a pump. Origin unknown. — 
 Der. pompier, pomptr. 
 
 POMPON, sm. a trifling ornament. See 
 pompe. — Der. pom.potmtx. 
 
 PONCE, sf. pumice. It. pumice, from L, 
 pumicem, by regular contr. (see § 51) of 
 pumicem to pum'cem, whence ponce. 
 For u = see annoncer ; for m = « see 
 changer. — Der. ponctr, poncis, ponc'\i. 
 
 PONCEAU, sm. a culvert, little bridge ; from 
 L. ponticellus* (dim. of pontem), by 
 regular contr. (see § 52) of pontic611ura 
 to pont'cellum, whence poncel. For tc 
 = c see § 168 ; for el=^eau see agneau. 
 
 PONCEAU, adj. poppy-coloured; from L. 
 punicellus (from puniceus), by regular 
 contr. (see § 52) of punicellus to 
 pun'cellus, whence poncel (for u = o see 
 annoncer) ; thence ponceau by el = eau (see 
 agneau. 
 
 fPoncire, sm. a great lemon; from Sp. 
 poncidre, 
 
 Ponction, sf. a puncture ; from L. punc- 
 tionem. 
 
 Ponctuel, adj. punctual ; from L. punc- 
 
 tualis*, der. from punctum, properly 
 one who does his duty at the point of time. 
 — Der. ponctuaRte. 
 
 Ponctuer, va. to punctuate; from L. punc- 
 tuare*. Its doublet is ^oz«/er, q. v. — Der. 
 ponctu2.X\on. 
 
 Ponderation, sf. poising, balancing ; from 
 L. ponderationem. 
 
 Ponderer, va. to poise, balance ; from L. 
 ponderare. — Der. ponderMe. 
 
 PONDRE, va. to lay eggs ; from L. ponere. 
 ' Ponere ova ' is found in Pliny. For the 
 restriction in meaning see § 1 2. Pdnere, 
 contrd. regularly (see § 51) to pon're, be- 
 comes pondre ; for nr = ndr see absoiidre. 
 — Der. ponte (strong partic. subst., see 
 absoute), pondeu&e. 
 
 PONT, sm. a bridge ; from L. pontem. — 
 Der. ponte, pontet. 
 
 + Ponte, sm. a punter (gambling term); 
 from Sp. punto. 
 
 PONTE, sf. a laying (eggs). See pondre. 
 
 Pontife, sm. a pontiff; from L. pontifex. 
 
 Pontifical, adj. pontifical; from L. ponti- 
 ficalis. 
 
 Pontificat, sm. a pontificate ; from L. 
 pontificatus. 
 
 PONT-LEVIS, sm. a draw-bridge. See levis. 
 
 PONTON, sm. a pontoon ; from L. ponto- 
 nem.— Der. pontonnier, pontonzgt. 
 
 PONTUSEAU, sm. a bridge. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 t Populace, sf. the populace; from It. 
 populazzo. — Der. populacier. 
 
 Populaire, adj. popular ; from L. popu- 
 laris. — Der. impopulaire, popularhtx. 
 
 Popularity, sf. popularity; from L. popu- 
 laritatem. 
 
 Populariser, va. to popularise ; from po- 
 pulaire, q. V. 
 
 Population, sf. population; from L. po- 
 pulationem. 
 
 Populeux, adj. populous; from L. popu- 
 losus. For -osxis — -eux see § 198. 
 
 PORC, sm. a pig ; from L. porous. 
 
 tPorcelaine, sf. porcelain; from It. /)or- 
 cellana. 
 
 PORC-EPIC, sm. a porcupine ; formerly /'orc- 
 espic, comjifl. of pore (q. v.) and espic, which 
 is from L. spicus (we find L. spicatus 
 meaning prickly in Minucius Felix). For 
 spicus = espic see esperer and Hist. Gram, 
 p. 78 ; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. 
 
 PORCHE, sm. a porch; from L. porticus, 
 properly a portico, then a church porch in 
 Merov. documents : ' Sed Leudastes ... in- 
 fra sanctum porticum deprehensus est ' 
 
28o 
 
 POR CHER — POSTILION. 
 
 (Gregory of Tours, 5, 49). P6rt5ous is 
 
 regularly contrd. (see § 51) to port'cus, 
 
 whence /)orc/i^. For to = c see § 168 ; then 
 
 lor o = ch see § ia6. Porche is a doublet 
 
 of porlique, q. v. 
 PORCHER, sm. a swine-herd ; from L. por- 
 
 oarius. For o = ch see § 126; for & = e 
 
 see § 54. 
 Pore, sm. a pore ; from L. porus. — Der. 
 
 poreux, porositi. 
 Porphyre, sm. (Min.) porphyry ; from L, 
 
 porphyrites . — Der. porphynser. 
 PORREAU, sm. a leek. O. Fr. porrel, from 
 
 L. porrellus *, dim. of porrus. For el 
 
 = eau see agneau. Another form of por- 
 
 reau is poireau ; for = oi see chanoine. 
 PORT, sm. a harbour ; from L. portus. 
 PORT, sm. postage (of letters), carriage. See 
 
 porter. 
 PORTAIL, sm. a portal ; from L. portacu- 
 
 lum *, from porta. For -aculum = -ail 
 
 see § 255. 
 Portatif, adj. portable; from L. portati- 
 
 vus*, from portatum, supine of portare. 
 PORTE, sf. a gate, door ; from. L. porta. — 
 
 Der. portxhxQ. 
 PORTEFAIX, sm. a porter. See porter and 
 
 faix. 
 PORTEFEUILLE, sf. a portfolio. See porter 
 
 and feuille. 
 PORTER, t/a. to carry ; from L. portare. — 
 
 Der. port (verbal subst.), portdt (partic. 
 
 subst.), portige, portMe, porteui (whose 
 
 doublet is porteux). 
 PORTIER, sm. a door-porter ; from L. por- 
 
 tarius. For -arius = -ier see § 198. — Der. 
 
 ^orriere. 
 PORTIERE, sf. a curtain. See parte. 
 Portion, sf a portion; from L.portionem. 
 Portioncule, sf a small portion ; from L. 
 
 portiuncula. 
 Portique, sm. a portico; from L. porti- 
 
 cus. Its doublet is porche, q. v. 
 PORTRAIRE, va. to pourtray, depict ; from 
 
 L. protrahere, to draw, in medieval Lat. 
 
 documents, as in ' Propter quasdam picturas 
 
 devotas de passione Salvatoris in illam 
 
 tabulam protractas,* from a document 
 
 of the 1 2th cent. Protraliere becomes 
 
 protraire *. For trahere = traire see 
 
 traire. Protraire becomes portraire by 
 
 metathesis of r, see Hist. Gram. p. 77. — 
 
 Der. portrait (partic, subst.). 
 PORTRAIT, sm. a portrait. See portraire. 
 
 — Der. portraiture, portraitiste. 
 t Portulan, sm. a list of ports; from It. 
 
 portolano. 
 
 POSE, sf. posture ; verbal subst. of poser 
 q. v. Its doublet is pause, q. v. 
 
 POSER, va. to place. Prov. pausar, from 
 L. pausare, from pausus, a partic, 
 of ponere. Pausare becomes poser 
 by au = o, see § 106. — Der. pose (verbal 
 subst.), postwT, possige, pose, upposer, 
 composer, ddposer, disposer, imposer, inter- 
 poser, juxtaposer, opposer, proposer, pro- 
 poser, xeposer, superposer, sxipposer, trans- 
 poser. 
 
 Positif, adj. positive; from L. positi- 
 vus. 
 
 Position, sf position; from L. position- 
 em. 
 
 Poss6der, va. to possess; from L. possi- 
 dere. For i = c see § 72. 
 
 Possesseur, sm. a possessor; from L. pos- 
 sessorem. 
 
 Possessif, adj. possessive; from L. pos- 
 sessivus. 
 
 Possession, sf possession; from L. pos- 
 sessionem. 
 
 Possessoire, adj. (Legal) possessory ; from 
 L. possessorius. 
 
 Possibility, sf possibility; from L. pos- 
 sibilitatem. 
 
 Possible, adj. possible; from L. possi- 
 bilis. 
 
 Postdater, va. to afterdate ; compd. of 
 dater (q. v.) and L. post. 
 
 POSTE, sf a post, properly relays of horses, 
 a station where horses are kept ; from L. 
 posita*, properly 'put in a depot.' For 
 restriction of meaning see § 12. Posita 
 becomes poste by regular loss of the 
 penult, atonic vowel 1, see § 51. — Der. 
 postal. 
 
 t Poste, sm. a post, guardhouse, berth; 
 introd. in i6th cent, from It. posto. — Der. 
 poster. 
 
 Poster, va. to place. See above. — Der. 
 a-poster. 
 
 Post6rieur, adj. posterior; from L. poste- 
 riorem. — Der. posteriority. 
 
 Post6rit6, sf posterity; from L. posteri- 
 tatem. 
 
 Postface, sf an address to a reader at the 
 end of a book, answering to preface; a 
 word made up of the root face (cp. preface) 
 and of L. post. 
 
 Posthume, adj. posthumous ; from L. 
 posthumus. 
 
 tPostiehe, adj. artificial, false (teeth, 
 etc.) ; from It. posticcio. 
 
 t Postilion, sm. a postillion; introd. in 
 1 6th cent, from It. postiglione. 
 
POST'SCRIPTUM — POULAIN. 
 
 281 
 
 fPost-SCriptum, sm. a postscript; 
 from L. postscriptum. 
 
 Postulation, sf. a postulate; from L. pos- 
 tulationem. 
 
 Postuler, va. to postulate ; from L. postu- 
 lare. — Der. postuhnt. 
 
 POSTURE, sf. a posture ; from L. positura, 
 by regular contr. (see § 52) of positura, 
 to pos'tura. 
 
 POT, sm. a pot ; from L. potus, found in 
 6th cent, in Fortunatus, Vita S. Radegund, 
 19 : ' Missorium, cochlearia, cultellos, can- 
 nas, potum et calices.' — Der./>o/ier, potzgt, 
 potQt, pot\c\\.e, empoter. 
 
 Potable, adj. potable; from L,. potabilis. 
 For -ilis = -/e see § 250, 
 
 POTAGE, sm. soup. See pot. — Der. potagex, 
 poiaghre. 
 
 tPotasse, sf. (Chem.) potash; from 
 Germ, pottasche. — Der. potassmm. 
 
 POTE, adj. lame-handed. Origin unknown. 
 — Der. pottle. 
 
 POTEAU, sm,. a post ; formerly posteau, ori- 
 ginally /)os/e/, from L. postellus*, dim. of 
 postern. Postel becomes posteau (for 
 el = eau see agneau), whence poteau by 
 losing s (see Hist. Gram. p. 81). — Der. 
 (from O. Fr. potel) potelet. 
 
 POTELE, adj. plump. See pote. 
 
 Potence, sf. a gibbet, properly a crutch, in 
 which sense it comes from L. potentia*. 
 ' Per sex annos non poterat ire sine duabus 
 potentiis/ says a medieval Lat. document. 
 Potentia is the Class. Lat. potentia, 
 power, whence a support. For -cia = -ce 
 see agencer. 
 
 Potentat, sm. a potentate; from L. poten- 
 tatus*, Low Lat. word for a sovereign, 
 from L. potentem. 
 
 Potentiel, adj. potential; from L. poten- 
 tialis. 
 
 POTERIE, sf. pottery. See potier. 
 
 POTERNE, sf. a postern ; formerly posterne, 
 originally posterle, It. postierla, from L. 
 postenila*, a private passage in Ammi- 
 anus Marcellinus, a secret opening in medi- 
 eval Lat. ; e. g. ' Quantalibet urbs sublimi- 
 tate murorum et clausarum portarum firmi- 
 tate muniatur, posterulae unius, quamvis 
 parvissimae, proditione vastabitur ' (Cassian, 
 lib. 5; De Institutione Coenob. cap. 11). 
 Posterula, contrd. regularly (see § 51) 
 to poster'la, becomes O.Fr./)os/er/e, whence 
 posterne. For Z = « see qtienoidlle. Pos- 
 terne becomes poterne by dropping s, see 
 Hist. Gram. p. 81. 
 
 POTIER, sm. a potter. See pot. — Der. poterie. 
 
 POTIN, (i) sm. pinchbeck ; (1) gossip. 
 Origin unknown. 
 
 Potion, s/. a potion; from L. potionem. 
 Its doublet is poison, q. v. 
 
 POTIRON, sm. a pumpkin. Origin unknown. 
 
 POU, stn. a louse ; formerly pouil, originally 
 peouil, Prov. pezolh. It, pidocchio, from L. 
 peduculus, secondary form of pediculus. 
 Peduculus, regularly contrd. (see § 51) 
 to peduc'lus, becomes peouil. For -uclus 
 = -ouil see § 258; for loss of medial d 
 see accabler. Peouil is contrd. later 
 (see § 52) to pouil, whence pou : cp. 
 O. Fr. forms verrouil and genouil reduced 
 to verrou and genou. — Der. (from O. Fr. 
 pouil) pouillerle, pouiller, pouilles. 
 
 POUACRE, sf. gout ; also written pouagre, 
 from L. podagrum. For loss of medial d 
 see accabler ; for o = ou see § 8 1 . Pouacre 
 is a doublet of podagre, q. v. 
 
 POUCE, sm. a thumb ; formerly polce. It. 
 pollice, from L, pollicam, by regular 
 contr, (see § 51) of poUicem to poU'- 
 ceni, whence O, Fr. polce, whence pouce. 
 For ol = ou see agneau. — Der. pouccttes, 
 poucier. 
 
 t Pou de sole, sm. paduasoy (a silk 
 stuff) ; from Engl, paduasoy. 
 
 t Poudingue, sm. a pudding ; from Engl. 
 pudding. 
 
 POUDRE, smf. powder; formerly poldre, 
 originally puldre, from L. pulverem, by 
 regular contr. (see § 51) of pulverem, 
 to pulvrem, whence pul'reni, the v 
 being semi -vocal, and so disappearing. 
 Pul'rem becomes O. Ft. puldre: for lr = 
 Idr see absoudre. Puldre becomes poldre 
 (for u — o see annoncer), then poudre (for 
 ol = ou see agneau). — Dev. pojjdrihre, pou- 
 dreux, poudrtr, poudriei, sa.upoudreT. 
 
 POUF, sm. a puff; an onomatopoetic word. 
 See § 34. — Dei. pouffer. 
 
 POUILLER, va. to abuse. See pou. — Der. 
 pouille, whose doublet is polyptique, q. v. 
 
 POUILLES, sf pi. abuse. See pou. 
 
 POUILLEUX, adj. lousy. Prov. pezolhos. 
 It. pidocchioso, from L. peduculosus *, 
 der. from peduculus ; see pou. Peducu- 
 losus, regularly contrd. (see § 52) to 
 pedixc'losus, becomes O. Fr. peouilleux. 
 For loss of medial d see accabler ; for ucl 
 = ouil see pou ; for -osus = -eux see 
 § 198 ; for the later contr. of peouil- 
 leux to pouilleux, see pou. 
 
 POULAILLER, sm. a poultry house; from 
 poulaille, which from poule, q. v. 
 
 POULAIN, sm. a colt ; from L. pullanus *, 
 
282 
 
 PO ULA INE— POURS UIVRE. 
 
 found in medieval Lat. documents ; e. g. 
 • Expensae pro custodia puUanorum doni- 
 ini regis,' in a I3th-cent. account. FuUanus 
 is der, from pullus (so used in Virgil). 
 FuUanus becomes poulain by u = ow, see 
 § 97; by -anus a -am, see § 194. — Der. 
 poulittcT, poulin'xhTe. 
 
 Foulaine, sf. a figure-head. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 POULE, sf. a hen; from L. pulla. in St. 
 Augustine : ' Apud nos pullae appellantur 
 gallinae cujuslibet aetatis,' For u — 07i see 
 § 97. — Der. /)ow/arde, poulet, poulette, 
 pouliiWe, pouh\\\eT. 
 
 POULICHE, !f. a colt ; from a root poul-, 
 which is from L. pullus. 
 
 POULIE, sf. a pully ; of Germ, origin, A. S. 
 pullian. For u = ou see § 97. 
 
 POULIOT, sm. (Bot.) penny-royal, mint; 
 dim. of a root poulie, It. poleggio, answer- 
 ing to L. pulegium. Pulegium, becomes 
 poulie : for loss of g see allier ; for u = o« 
 see § 97 ; for e = i see § 59. 
 
 POULPE, sm. a poulp, polypus; from L. 
 polypus, by regular contr. (see § 51) of 
 polypus to pol'pus, whence poulpe. For 
 = ow see § 81. Poulpe is a doublet of 
 polype, pieuvre, q. v. 
 
 POULS, sm. pulse; from L, pulsus (found 
 in Pliny). For u = ow see § 97. 
 
 POUMON, sm. a lung ; formerly polmon, 
 originally pulmon, in the Chanson de Ro- 
 land ; from L. pulmonera (for u= see 
 annoncer), whence polmon, which becomes 
 poiimon by softening ol to ou, see agneau. 
 Der. s'6poumonneT. 
 
 POUPE, sf. stern (of a ship) ; from L. pup- 
 pis.^ For u = OM see § 97. 
 
 POUPEE, sf. a doll, puppet ; from L. pupa- 
 ta *, der. from pupa (found in Varro). For 
 XL = 07i see § 97; for -ata = -ee see § 201. 
 
 POUPON, POUPIN, POUPARD, sm. a baby ; 
 dim. of root poup-, which is L. pupa. For 
 u = ou see accouder. 
 
 POUR, prep, for ; formerly por, in 9th cent. 
 pro in the Straszburg Oaths ; ftom L. pro by 
 transposing r (see Hist. Gram. p. 78), whence 
 por, whence pour. For o = ou see § 81. 
 Pour (like L. pro. in progredi, propug- 
 nare, procurrere, etc.) is used as a pre- 
 fix in Fr. in pourchasser, pourparler, pour- 
 lecher, pourpris, poursuivre, pourvoir, pour- 
 tour, etc. 
 
 POURBOIRE, sm. a gratuity, beer-money. 
 See pour and boire. 
 
 POURCEAU, sm. a pig; formerly pourcel, 
 originally porcel, from L. porcellus. For 
 
 o = o« see § 81 ; for -ellus » -rf = -eaw see 
 
 agneau. 
 
 POURCHASSER, va. to pursue eagerly ; 
 compd. oi pour and chasser (q. v.). 
 
 POURFENDRE, va. to cleave in twain ; compd. 
 oi fendre (q. v.) and />o«r, which in form 
 answers to L. pro (see pour), but in sense 
 to L. per. It is an example of a confusion 
 which exists between these two words. — 
 Der. pourfendtMX. 
 
 POURPARLER, sm. a parley; an infinitive 
 of O. Fr. verb pourparler used substan- 
 tively (compd. oi pour and parler, q. v.). 
 
 POURPIER, sm. (Bot.) purslane; originally 
 pourpied, from L. pullipedem, lit. chick- 
 en's foot, which is the common Fr. name 
 of the plant. Pullipedem. contrd. (see 
 § 52) to pull'pedem, becomes poulpied: 
 for pedem =pied see pied ; for u = ou see 
 § 97. Poulpied becomes pourpied : for / = r 
 see apotre. 
 
 POURPOINT, sm. a doublet. Prov. per- 
 poing, Sp. perpunte, partic subst. of O. Fr. 
 pourpoindre. Pourpoindre is compd. of 
 poindre (see poitidre), and pour which is in 
 form from L. pro (see pour), and in sense 
 from L. per. 
 
 POURPRE, sf. purple ; formerly porpre. It. 
 porpora, from L purpura, by regular contr. 
 (see § 51) of purpura to purp'ra, whence 
 O. Fr. porpre (for u = o see annoncer), 
 lastly pourpre (for o = om see § 81). — Der. 
 pourprd, empourpreT. 
 
 POURPRIS, sm. an enclosure, partic. subst. 
 (see absoute), of O. Fr. pourprendre. Pour- 
 prendre (to take in a thing's circumference) 
 is compd. of prendre (q. v.) and pottr, in 
 form from L. pro (see pour), in sense from 
 L. per. The Proven9al says rightly per- 
 prendre. 
 
 POURQUOI, adv. why. See pour and quoi. 
 
 POURRIR, vn. to rot ; formerly porrir, ori- 
 ginally /)wmr, Sp. podrir, from L. putrere. 
 For u = o see annoncer; for o = om see 
 § 81; for tT=^dr = rr see § 168. — Der. 
 pourriture, pourrissAge, pourrissoir. 
 
 POURRISSAGE, sm. rotting. See pourrir. 
 
 POURSUITE, sf. pursuit. See poursuivre. 
 
 POURSUIVRE, va. to pursue ; formerly por- 
 suivre, originally pnrsivre, from L. prose- 
 quere, for prosequi. We have already 
 shown that in Fr. all Lat. deponents have 
 been replaced by active verbs. Prosequere, 
 by consonnifying u into v (see Janvier) be- 
 comes proseqvere whence prosevere ; 
 for qv = v (aq'va, eve) see eau. Prose- 
 vere is not an imaginary form; it is found in 
 
POUR TANT — PRALINE. 
 
 283 
 
 the Formul. Andegav. (ed. Mabillon): 'Quia 
 habeo quid apud acta prosevere debiam,' 
 Pros^vere contrd. (see § 51) to prose- 
 v're gives O. Fr. porsivre (found in Ville- 
 hardouin). For pro =por see pour ; for 
 e=i see § 59. O. Fr. porsivre becomes 
 poursuivre. For ■poT=pour see pour; i 
 also by an unusual change becomes ui. — 
 Der. poursuite (strong partic. subst. ; see 
 ahsoute). 
 
 POURTANT, adv. nevertheless; before it 
 meant malgre cela it meant pour tout cela. 
 See for etymology pour and tant. 
 
 POURTOUR, sm. a circumference. See pour 
 and t07ir. 
 
 POURVOI, sm. an application. See pourvoir. 
 
 POUR VOIR, vn. to provide, Prov, provezir. 
 It. prowidere, from L. providers. For 
 pvo=pour see pour; for ■videre = voir 
 see voir. — Der. pourvoyeur, pourvu, d6pour- 
 vu, pourvoi. 
 
 POUR VOYEUR, stn. a purveyor. See pour- 
 voir. — Der. pourvoir'xe. 
 
 POURVU QUE, conj. provided that; compd, 
 oi pourvu (see pourvoir) and que (q. v.). 
 
 POUSSE, sf. (Bot.) a sprout. See pousser. 
 
 POUSSE, sf. asthma, broken-windedness (of 
 horses). See pousser. — Der. poussif. 
 
 POUSSE, sf. dust (in commercial language) ; 
 formerly polce, Prov. pols, from L. pulvis, 
 by regular contr. (see § 50) of pulvis to 
 pulv's, whence pul's. For vs = s see 
 § 167. Puis * becomes O. Fr. polce : for 
 s = c see cercueil ; for u = see annoncer. 
 Polce becomes pousse : (or el = ou see agneau ; 
 for c = ss see agencer. — Der. poussier, pouss- 
 ifere. 
 
 POUSSER, i;a. to push, sprout; formerly /)o/ser, 
 from L. pulsare (for u = see annoncer), 
 whence O. Fr. polser, whence pousser (for 
 ol = ou see agneau). — Der. pousse (act of 
 sprouting,verbal subst.), ^oz^sse (horse-cough, 
 verbal subst. of pousser in its sense of ' to 
 cough,' a sense which also belonged to L. 
 pulsare), poussee (partic. subst.), xepousser. 
 
 POUSSIER, sm. coal-dross. See pousse. — 
 Der. poussxexe. 
 
 POUSSlfiRE, sf. dust. Seepoussier. 
 
 POUSSIF, sm. a puffy, pursy man. See 
 pousse (2). Its doublet is pidsatif, q. v. 
 
 POUSSIN, sm. a young chicken ; formerly 
 poucin, edjlier polcin. ongm^Wy pidcin, from 
 L. pullicenus . Pullicenus, regular contrd. 
 (see § 52) to ptill'cenus, becomes pul- 
 cin (for Q = i see § 59); pulcin becomes 
 successively polcin (by u = o, see annon- 
 cer), Xhen poucin (by o\ = u, see agneau) ; 
 
 hst]y poussin (by c — ss, see agencer). — Der. 
 poussinihre. 
 
 POUTRE, sm. a beam (of a house). This 
 word properly means a mare {De toutes 
 parts les poutres hennissantes, says Ronsard, 
 1 6th cent.), then later came to designate a 
 piece of wood which supports the joists of a 
 floor, by application of the common meta- 
 phor which gives to pieces of wood which up- 
 hold a weight the nameof beasts of burden: 
 cp. chevalet from cheval and equuleus (a 
 piece of wood) from equulea (a mare). 
 Poutre is in O, Fr. pollre. It. poledro, from L. 
 puUetrum*, a colt, in the Germanic laws: 
 ' Si quis pvilletrum anniculum vel binum 
 furaverit' (Lex Salica, tit. 40). PuUe- 
 trum is from Class. Lat puUus. PuUe- 
 trum, contrd. to puU'trum (see §51), be- 
 comes pollre (for u = o see annoncer) ; pol- 
 tre becomes poutre (for ol = ou see agneau). 
 — Der. poutreWe. 
 
 POUVOIR, vn. to be able ; formerly povoir, 
 earlier pooir, originally podir, Sp. podir, It. 
 potere, from L. potere *, found in Merov. 
 acts, and the Germanic codes : for its forma- 
 tion see etre. Potere, by regular change 
 of t into d (see § 117), becomes podere, 
 found in Merov. documents; e. g. ' Idio ipsa 
 aucturetate mano propria non podebat 
 subscribere,' from a Charter of Clotaire III, 
 A.D. 657. Podere, which remains in Sp. 
 poder, by e = i (see § 59) becomes podir, 
 the oldest Fr. form of the word : In 
 quant Deus savir et podir me dunat^ in 
 the Oaths of a.d. 842. Regularly losing its 
 medial d (see accabler), it becomes O. Fr. 
 pooir (for i = oi see boire). By the interca- 
 lation of an euphonic V (see corvee), pooir 
 later becomes povoir, transformed to pou- 
 voir (for o = ou see § 81). — Der. pouvoir 
 (sm.). 
 
 Pragmatique, adj. pragmatic ; from L. 
 pragmaticus (in the Theodosian Code in 
 the phrase 'pragmatica sanctio '). 
 
 PRAIRIE, sf. a meadow ; formerly praerie, 
 Prov. pradaria. It. prateria, from L. pra- 
 taria*, found in Carolingian documents, 
 e. g. • De prataria in insula arpennos duos,' 
 from a Charter of a.d. 832. Prataria is 
 from L. pratum. Prataria loses medial t 
 (see abbaye) and changes a to e (see 
 § 54), whence O. Fr. praerie, whence later 
 prairie. — Der. prairia.]. 
 
 Praline, sf a burnt almond ; of hist, origin 
 (see § 33) ; from the name of Marshal 
 Praslin, whose cook invented this sweet- 
 meat in the 17th cent. — Der. pralinex. 
 
284 
 
 FRAME — PRlEXISTER. 
 
 tPraine, sf. (Naut.) a prame; from Engl. 
 prame. 
 
 Pratique, adj. practical; from L. prac- 
 ticus (found in Fulgentius). For ot = / 
 see § 168. — Der. pratique (sf,), pratiqutx, 
 praticMe, pratic'ien, 
 
 PRE, sm. a meadow ; formerly pred, Prov. 
 prat. It. prato, from L. pratum. For 
 -atuin = -e see ampoule. 
 
 Pr6alable, adj. previously necessary; for 
 pr callable, compd. of pre from L. prae, 
 and allable from aller, q. v. 
 
 Pr6ain.bule, sm. a preamble; from L. 
 praeambulus. 
 
 PREAU, sm. a little meadow, convent en- 
 closure ; formerly pra'el, Prov. pradel. It. 
 pratello, from L. pratellum*, dim. of 
 L. pratum. For details of changes of 
 meaning see § 13. Pratellum, by re- 
 gularly dropping medial t (see abbaye), 
 becomes O. Fr. prael ; by el = au (see 
 agneau) becomes praau*, which is imme- 
 diately softened to preau by dissimilation 
 of the vowels, see § 169. For a = e see 
 
 § 54- 
 Pr6bend.e, sf. a prebendary ship ; from L. 
 
 praebenda* (found in medieval Lat. 
 
 documents), der. from praebere. Its 
 
 doublet is provende, q. v. — Der. prebend^, 
 
 prebendiei. 
 Pr6caire, adj. precarious; from L, pre- 
 
 carius. Its doublet is priere, q. v. 
 Precaution, sf. a precaution ; from L. 
 
 praecautionem . — Der. precautionner. 
 Precedent, adj. precedent, sm. a precedent ; 
 
 from L. praecedentem. 
 Pr6c6der, va. to precede; from L. prae- 
 
 cedere. 
 Precepte, sm. a precept; from L. prae- 
 
 ceptum. 
 Pr6cepteur, sm. a preceptor; from L. 
 
 pr acceptor em, — Der. preceptora], precept- 
 
 orat. 
 Precession, sf. precession ; from L. prae- 
 
 cessionem, der. from praecessum, supine 
 
 of praecedere. 
 PRfiCHER, va. to preach. It. predicare, from 
 
 L. praedicare, by regular contr. (see 
 
 § 52) of praedicdre to praed'care, 
 
 whence precher. For dc = c see adjtiger ; 
 
 for c = ch see § 1 26; for ae — e see 
 
 § 103. — Der. preche (verbal subst.), prech- 
 
 eur (whose doublet is predicateur, q, v.). 
 Pr^cieux, adj. precious; from L. preti- 
 
 osus. — Der. precioshe, precieuse. 
 Precipice, sm. a precipice; from L. prae- 
 
 cipitium. For ti = ce see agencer. 
 
 Precipitation, sf. precipitation, haste; 
 
 from L, praecipitationem, 
 Pr6cipiter, va. to precipitate; from L. 
 
 praecipitare. — Der. precipitant, precip- 
 
 it6 (partic. subst.). 
 Pr6ciput, sm. (Legal) benefit given to one 
 
 of several coheirs by will; from L. prae- 
 
 cipuum. 
 Pr6cis, adj. precise; from L, praecisus. — 
 
 Der. precistr, precis (sm.). 
 Precision, sf. precision; from L. prae- 
 
 cisionem. 
 Precite, adj. aforesaid ; from L. prae and 
 
 cit(^\ See citer. 
 Precoce, adj. precocious; from L. prae- 
 
 cocem. — Der. precoc'iie. 
 Preconiser, va. to extol; from L. prae- 
 
 conisare (in writers of the latest Lat. age). 
 
 — Der. />reco«/sation. 
 Precurseur, sm. a precursor ; from L. 
 
 praecursorem. 
 Pr6d6cesseur, sm. a predecessor ; from L. 
 
 praedecessorem. 
 Predestination, sf. predestination; from 
 
 L. praedestinationem. 
 Predestiner, va. to predestine; from L. 
 
 praedestinare. 
 Predicant, sm. a preacher; from L. prae- 
 
 dicantem. 
 Predicateur, sm. a preacher ; from L. 
 
 praedicatorem. Its doublet is precheur, 
 
 q.v. 
 Predication, sf preaching; from L. prae- 
 
 dicationem. 
 Prediction, sf prediction; from L, prae- 
 
 dictionem. 
 Predilection, sf. predilection ; compd. of 
 
 dilecdon from L. dilectionem, and pre 
 
 from L. prae. 
 Predire, va. to foretell; from L. prae- 
 
 dicere. For dicere = rfirc see dire. 
 Predisposer, va. to predispose ; from dis- 
 poser (q. V.) and L. prae. — Der. predispos- 
 ition. 
 Predominer, vn. to predominate (over); 
 
 from dominer (q.v.) and L. prae. — Der. 
 
 predominance. 
 Preeminence, sf pre-eminence; from L. 
 
 praeeminentia. Yor-ti&^-ce see agencer. 
 Preeminent, adj. pre-eminent; from L. 
 
 praeeminentem. 
 Preetablir, va. to pre-establish ; from 
 
 etablir (q.v.) and L. prae. 
 Preexistence, sf. pre-existence ; from ex- 
 istence (q.v.) and L. prae. 
 Preexister, va. to pre-exist ; from exister 
 
 (q. V.) and L. prae. 
 
PRSFA CE — PRSseANCE. 
 
 285 
 
 Preface, sf. a preface; from L. praefatio. 
 
 For -tio = -ce see agencer. 
 Prefecture, */". a prefecture ; from L. 
 
 praefectura. 
 Pr6f6rer, va. to prefer; from L. prae- 
 
 ferre. — Der. /Titrable, preference. 
 Pr6fet, sm. a prefect; from L. praefectus. 
 
 For ct = / see § 168. 
 Prefix, adj. prefixed; from L, praefixus. 
 
 — Der. prefixe. 
 Prehension, sf. a seizing, taking captive ; 
 
 from L, prehensionem. Its doublet is 
 
 prison, q.v. 
 Prejudice, sm, injury, prejudice ; from L. 
 
 praejudicium. — Der. prejudic'iMe. 
 Prejudiciel, adj. prejudicial ; from L. 
 
 praejudicialis. 
 Pr6jug6, sm. a prejudice. See prejuger. 
 Prejuger, va. to prejudge ; from juger 
 
 (q.v.) and L. prae. — Der. prejuge (partic, 
 
 subst.). 
 Prelasser (Se), vpr. to strut. See prelat. 
 Pr61at, sm. a prelate; from L. praelatus, 
 
 one who is in front, in command, whence 
 
 the sense of a dignitary in eccles. Lat. — 
 
 Der. prelature. 
 Prelation, sf. preference; from L. prae- 
 
 lationem. 
 Prele, sf. (Bot.) hairgrass, horsetail ; for- 
 merly prelle, originally as/Tc//^, It. asperella, 
 
 from L. asperella* ; dim. of asper, rough. 
 Prelever, va. to deduct (from) ; from lever 
 
 (q.v.) and L. prae. — Der. prelevement. 
 Preliminaire, adj. preliminary ; from L. 
 
 prae and liminaris. 
 Pr61uder, va. to prelude; from L. prae- 
 
 ludere. — Der. prelude (verbal subst.). 
 Prematura, adj. premature ; from L. prae- 
 
 maturatus *, der, from praematurus. — 
 
 Der. prematurhe. 
 Premeditation, sf. premeditation ; from 
 
 L. praemeditationem, 
 Pr6ni§diter, va. to premeditate; from L. 
 
 praemeditari. 
 Pr6mices, sf firstfruits; from L, primi- 
 
 tiae. For -tiae = -ce see agencer. 
 PREMIER, adj. first ; from L. primarius. 
 
 For -arius = -z>r see § 198; for i = e see 
 
 § 72. Its doublet is primaire, q.v. 
 Premisses, sf pi. (Logic) premisses ; from 
 
 L. praemissa. 
 Premunir, va. to forewarn ; from L. prae- 
 munire. 
 PRENABLE, adj. that can be taken, corrup- 
 tible (by bribes). — Der, \mprenable. 
 PRENDRE, va. to take. It. prendere, from L. 
 
 prendere, by regular contr. (see § 51) of 
 
 prendere to prend're — Der. appre?idre, 
 comprendre, reprendre, surprendre, dprendre, 
 entr epre?idre, mepj'eftdre, preneur, prenMe. 
 
 Pr^nom, sm. a Christian name ; from L. 
 praenomen. 
 
 Pr6notion, sf a prenotion; from L. prae- 
 notionem. 
 
 Preoccupation, sf preoccupation ; from 
 L, preoccupationem. 
 
 Preoccuper, va. to preoccupy ; from L, 
 praeoccupare, 
 
 Preopiner, sm. to give one's opinion first ; 
 from opiner (q.v.) and L. prae. 
 
 Preparation, sf. preparation ; from L, 
 praeparationem. 
 
 Pr6paratoire, adj. preparatory ; from L. 
 praeparatorius. 
 
 Preparer, va. to prepare; from L. prae- 
 parare. — Der. preparatif. 
 
 Preponderant, adj. preponderant; from 
 L. preponderantem, — Der. preponder- 
 ance. 
 
 Preposer, va. to set over ; from poser (q. v.) 
 and L. prae. 
 
 Prepositif, adj. prepositional ; from L. 
 praepositivus. 
 
 Pr6position, sf a preposition ; from L. 
 praepositionem. 
 
 Prerogative, sf. prerogative; from L. 
 praerogativa, 
 
 PRES, prep, near. It. presso,{rom L, pressus, 
 properly pressed close, hence near. — Der. 
 zpres, presque. 
 
 Presage, sm. a presage; from L, prae- 
 sagium. — Der. preszger. 
 
 Presbyte, adj. (Optics) presbyopical ; from 
 Gr. vpfcr^vTTjs. 
 
 Presbyt§re, sm. a parsonage; from Gr. 
 TTpialivT€piov. — Der. preshyteraX, preshy' 
 ter'ien. 
 
 Prescience, sf prescience; from L. prae- 
 scientia. For -tia = ce see agencer. 
 
 Prescriptible, adj. prescriptible ; from 
 prescription, q. v. — Der. imprescriptible. 
 
 Prescription, sf. prescription; from L. 
 praescriptionem, 
 
 Prescrire, va. to prescribe ; from L, prae- 
 scribere. For scribere = scrire see 
 ecrire. 
 
 PRESEANCE, sf. precedence ; from L. prae- 
 sidentia*, der. from L, praesidere, to 
 have the precedence, in Suetonius. Prae- 
 sidentia becomes preseance. For loss of 
 medial d see accabler ; for ae = e see § 
 103; for i — e see § 72; for &n = an see 
 amender ; for -tia = -ce see agencer. Pre- 
 seance is a doublet of /residence. 
 
286 
 
 PRESENCE — PRiTRE, 
 
 PRESENCE, s/. presence; from L. prae- 
 
 sentia. For -tia = -ce see agencer. 
 PRESENT, adj. present; from L. prae- 
 
 sentem. — Der. prtsentex, present (sm.). 
 PRESENT, sm. a present, gift. See pre- 
 senter. 
 PRESENTER, va. to present. See present. 
 
 — Der. present (verbal subst.), prhentiiXxon, 
 
 presentzteuTy presentable, prcsentement, re- 
 
 prdsenter. 
 Pr6server, va. to preserve; from L. prae- 
 
 s e r V a r e . — Der . preservntevn, preservntif. 
 Pr6sident, sm. a president ; from L. 
 
 praesidentem, — Der. presidency (whose 
 
 doublet \s preseance, q.v.), president'\e\. 
 Pr6sider, va. to preside; from L. prae- 
 
 sidere. 
 + Pr6 sides, s/. presides; from Sp. pre- 
 sidios (Sp. military and penal colonies). 
 Pr6sidial, sm. a court of judicature, pre- 
 
 sidial ; from L. praesidialis. 
 Pr6somptif, adj. presumptive ; from L. 
 
 praesumptivus. 
 Pr6soinption, sf. presumption; from L. 
 
 praesumptionem. 
 Pr6soniptueux, adj. presumptuous; from 
 
 L. praesumptuosus. For -oaMS = -eux 
 
 see § 229. 
 PRESQUE, adv. almost. See pres and que. 
 PRESQU'ILE, sf. a peninsula. See presque 
 
 and He. 
 PRESSE, sf a press. See presser.—DeT. 
 
 pressier. 
 Pressentir, va. to have a presentiment ; 
 
 from L. praesentire. — Der. pressentiment. 
 PRESSER, va. to press ; from L. pressare. 
 
 — Der. presse (verbal subst.), pressis. 
 Pression, sf. pressure; from L. pressio- 
 
 nem. 
 PRESSOIR, sm. a press ; from L. pressoriiim. 
 
 For transposition of i see chanoine. 
 Pressure, sf. a pressure; from L, pres- 
 
 sura. — Der. pressurer. 
 Pressurer, va. to press (out). See pressure. 
 
 Der. pressura.ge, pressureur. 
 Prestance, sf. an imposing deportment ; 
 
 from L. praestantia. 
 Prestation, sf. the taking (an oath) ; from 
 
 L. praestationem. 
 tPreste, adj. agile; from It. presto. Its 
 
 doublet is pret, q. v. 
 + Prestesse, sf agility; from It. presleza. 
 Prestige, sm. prestige; from L. praes- 
 
 tigia. 
 Prestigieux, adj. enchanting; from L. 
 
 praestigiosus. For -osus = -eux see 
 
 § 229- 
 
 t Presto, adv. (Mus.) presto; from It. 
 presto. 
 
 Prestolet, stn, a hedge-priest. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 Pr6sunier, va. to presume; from L. prae- 
 sumere. — Der. presumMt. 
 
 Pr6supposer, va. to presuppose; from 
 supposer (q.v.) and L. prae. 
 
 Pr6supposition, sf a presupposition ; from 
 supposition (q.v.) and L. prae. 
 
 f Pr6BUre, sf rennet; from It. presura. 
 
 PRET, adj. ready ; formerly prest. It. presto, 
 from L. praestus*, ready, in several inscrip- 
 tions under the Empire. Praestus* is fre- 
 quent in this sense in the Germanic Laws, 
 as in ' Quando cum petitore causam finire 
 sit praestus ' (Wisigothic Law ix. 2). 
 Praestus becomes prest (for ae=^c see 
 § 103) ; prest becomes pret by dropping s 
 (see Hist. Gram. p. 81). Pret is a doublet 
 of preste, q. v. 
 
 PRET, sm. a loan. See preter. 
 
 Pretantaine, sf in the phrase courir la 
 pretantaine, to run about uselessly, gadabout. 
 Origin unknown. 
 
 Pr6tendre, va. to claim, vn. to pretend; 
 from L. praetendere. For tendere = 
 tendre see tendre. — Der. pretendmt, pre- 
 tendw. 
 
 Pr^tentieux, adj. pretentious. See pre- 
 tention. 
 
 Pretention, sf. a pretention ; from L. prae- 
 tentionem*, der. from praetentum, 
 supine of praetendere. — Der. pretentitxw. 
 
 PR£TER, va. to lend ; formerly prester, from 
 L. praestare, properly to furnish ; the 
 word signifies ' to lend ' as early as the Theo- 
 dosian Code : ' Cum nisi peculiariter ut 
 pecuniam praestet, a domino fuerit postu- 
 latus.' Praestare becomes prester (for 
 ae = e see § 103), lastly preter, by dropping 
 s (see Hist. Gram. p. 81). — Der. preteur, 
 pret (verbal subst.). 
 
 Pr6t§rit, sm. the preterite; from L. prae- 
 teritum. 
 
 Pr6t6rition, sf. pretermission; from L. 
 praeteritionem. 
 
 Pr§teur, sm. a lender ; from L. praetor. 
 
 Pr6texte, sm. a pretext; from L. prae- 
 textus. — Der. pretexter. 
 
 Pretintaille, sf a trimming (of a dress). 
 Origin unknown. 
 
 Pr6toire, sm. a praetorium; from L, prae- 
 tor i u m . For o = oi see chanoine. 
 
 "PT^torieXi, adj. praetorian; from L. prae- 
 torianus. 
 
 PR£TRE, sm. a priest; formerly prestre. 
 
PRSTURE — PRINTEMPS. 
 
 287 
 
 from L. presbyter, found for a priest in 
 
 Prudentius and Jerome. Presbyter, contrd. 
 
 regularly (see § 51) to presb'ter, then to 
 
 pres'ter (see poudre), becomes prestre, by 
 
 dropping final e (see § 50), then pretre, by 
 
 dropping s (see Hist. Gram. p. 81). — Der. 
 
 pretresse, prttr'ist, pretr^WXe. 
 Preture, sf. the prajtorship; from L. prae- 
 
 tura. 
 PREUVE, ff. a proof. It. prova. Cat. proha, 
 
 from L. proba, der. from probare. 
 
 Proba becomes pretive. For \> = v see 
 
 § 113; for o = £'M see § 79. 
 PREUX, adj. gallant ; formerly preus, origi- 
 nally pros. It. pro. Origin unknown. — Der. 
 . (from O. Fr. pro) proesse * (now prouesse ; 
 
 for o = ou see § 81). 
 Pr6valoir, vn. to prevail; from L. prae- 
 
 valere. For valere= valoir see valcir. 
 Pr6varicateur, sm. a prevaricator ; from 
 
 L. praevaricatorem. 
 Prevarication, sf, prevarication ; from L. 
 
 praevaricationem. 
 Pr6variquer, vn. to prevaricate ; from L, 
 
 praevaricari. 
 Pr6venant, adj. prepossessing. See pre- 
 
 venir. — Der. prevena.nce, 
 Prevenir, va. to precede; from L, prae- 
 
 v en ire. — Der. prevenant. 
 Pr^ventif, adj. preventive. See prevention. 
 Prevention, sf. prevention; from L. prae- 
 
 ventionem, from praeventum, supine of 
 
 praevenire. 
 Pr6venu, sm. a prisoner ; partic. subst. of 
 
 prevenir, q. v. 
 Provision, sf. prevision; from vision (q.v.) 
 
 and L. prae. 
 Pr§voir, va. to foresee; from L. prae- 
 
 videre. For videre = vozr see voir. — 
 
 — Der. pr^voyant, prevoyznce. 
 PREVOT, sm. a provost; formerly prevost, 
 
 properly one put over by the king, from 
 
 L. praepositus. Praepositus, contrd. 
 
 regularly (see § 51) to praepos'tus, he- 
 
 comes prevost. For ae = e see § 103; for 
 
 p = t/see § III. Prevost becomes prevot 
 
 by loss of s, see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. 
 
 prev'ital, prevote, 
 PREVOYANT, adj. provident. See prevoir. 
 
 — Der. prevoyance. 
 PRIE-DIEU, sm. a faldstool. See dieu and 
 
 prier. 
 PRIER, va. to pray ; from L. precare. For 
 
 loss of medial c see affouage ; for e = i see 
 
 PRIERE, sf. a prayer. Pro v. preguiera. Cat. 
 pregaria, from L. precaria*, a prayer, in 
 
 medieval Lat. documents. Precaria is from 
 
 precor. Precaria becomes priere by loss 
 
 of medial c, see affouage. For e = i see 
 
 § f9; for a = (? see § 54. Priere is a 
 
 doublet oi precaire, q. v. 
 PRIEUR, &m. a prior ; from L. priorem. 
 
 For o = eu see § 79- — Der. prieure, prieure. 
 Primaire, adj. primary; from L. prima- 
 
 rius. Its doublet is />r^/m>r, q. V. 
 Primat, sm. a primate; from L. prima- 
 
 tem. — Der. primalia}, primaiie. 
 PRIMAUTfi, sf. a primacy ; from L. prima- 
 
 litatem *, from primus. For -alitatem 
 
 = -aute see communaute. 
 Prime, adj. first; from L. primus. — Der. 
 
 />rzwe-abord. 
 Prime, sf. prime; from L. prima (so. 
 
 hora). 
 Prime, sf a pebble (jewellery) ; formerly 
 
 prisme, from L. prisma. For loss of s 
 
 see Hist. Gram. p. 81. 
 + Prime, s/. premium; from Engl. premium. 
 Primer, vn. to lead (in play). See prime ( i). 
 
 — Der. prims.ge. 
 PRIME-SAUT, adv. suddenly, all at once. 
 
 See saut and prime (l). — D ex. prime- saut\er. 
 Primeur, sf the first part (of the season, 
 
 for fruit, etc.). See pri/ne (i). 
 Prim.ev§re, sf a primrose; from It. pri- 
 
 mavera, used of flowers which come in early 
 
 spring. 
 Primicier, sm. a primicerius (church digni- 
 tary) ; from L. primicerius. 
 Primitif, adj. primitive ; from L. primi- 
 
 tivus. 
 t Primo, flcfv. firstly; from L. primo, abl. 
 
 of primum. 
 t Primogeniture, sf. primogeniture; 
 
 from It. primogenitura. 
 Primordial, adj. primordial; from L. pri- 
 
 mordialis. 
 PRINCE, sm. a prince. It, principe, from 
 
 L. principem, by dropping the last two 
 
 atonic syllables, see §§ 50, 51. — Der. princ- 
 
 esse, princier. 
 + Prineeps, arf/. first-printed (of editions); 
 
 from L. princeps. 
 Principal, adj. principal ; from L. princi- 
 palis. 
 Principaute, sf a principality; from L. 
 
 princip alitatem, first the dignity, then 
 
 the territory. For -alitatem = -aw/e see 
 
 communaute. 
 Principe, sm. a principle; from L. princi- 
 
 pium. 
 PRINTANIER, adj. vernal. See printemps. 
 PRINTEMPS, sm. spring-time; from L. 
 
288 
 
 PRIOR I^PR ODIGA LITS. 
 
 primum tempus *, i. e. the first season of 
 the year, beginning at Easter. Primum 
 tempus, contrd. to prim'tempus, be- 
 comes /rj«/fm/)s ; form. = M see changer. — 
 Der. prinlanier. 
 
 t Priori (a), adv. a priori ; from L. a and 
 priori, 
 
 Priorit6, sf. priority; from L. priorita- 
 tem *, from prior. 
 
 PRIS, p.p. o{ prendre, taken ; from L. pren- 
 sus, Prensus, regularly reducing ns to s 
 (see aine), becomes presus, whence pris 
 (for e = t see § 59). — Der.^/me (verbal 
 subst.), whence />r/ser. 
 
 PRISER, va. to take snuff. See pris. — Der. 
 priseuT. 
 
 PRISER, va. to prize ; from L. pretiare, 
 found in Cassiodorus. The word is common 
 in the Germanic Codes : thus, ' Si quis 
 alicui caballum involaverit et pretiet eum 
 dominus ejus cum sacramento usque ad 6 
 solidos,' in the Lex Alamannorum, 71. Pre- 
 tiare becomes priser. For e = « see § 59 ; 
 for -tiare = -ser see § 264. — Der. com- 
 missaire-/)r/seur, pris6e, mepriser. 
 
 Prisme, sm. a prism ; from Gr. irpiafia. — 
 Der. /»nswatique. 
 
 PRISON, sf. a prison ; from L. prensionem, 
 first, the act of seizing, thence prison, by 
 passage from abstract to concrete. Pren- 
 sionem, regularly reducing ns to s (see 
 atne), becomes presionem, whence /rtsow. 
 For e = t see § 59 ; for sio = so see 
 agencer. Prison is a doublet of prehen- 
 sion, q. V. — Der. prisonnier. 
 
 Privatif, adj. privative; from L. priva- 
 tivus. 
 
 Privation, sf. a privation ; from L. priva- 
 tionem.^ 
 
 PRIVAUTE, sf. extreme familiarity; for- 
 merly privalte, from L. privalitatem *, 
 from privalis, der. from privus. For 
 -alitatem. = -ante see communaute. 
 
 PRIVE, adj. private ; from L. privatus. 
 
 PRIVER, va. to deprive ; from L. privare. — 
 Der. priver. 
 
 Privilege, sm. a privilege; from L. privi- 
 legium. — Der. privilegier, privilegie. 
 
 PRIX, sm. ,a price ; formerly pris, from L. pre- 
 tium. For e = i see § 59; for ti\i = s = ;)(; 
 see agencer. 
 
 Probability, sf probability; from L. pro- 
 babilitatem. 
 
 Probable, ao?/. probable ; from L. proba- 
 bilis. Its doublet is prouvable, q. v. 
 
 Probant, adj. probatory; from L. pro- 
 bantem. 
 
 Probation, sf probation; from L. proba- 
 tionem. 
 
 Probe, adj. honest, upright; from L. pro- 
 bus. 
 
 Probit6, sf probity; from L. probita- 
 tem. 
 
 Probl6matique, adj. problematical ; from 
 Gr. npoP\T)tiariK6s. 
 
 Probldme, sm. a problem ; from Gr. 3rp6- 
 
 Proboscide, sm. a proboscis ; from L. p ro- 
 boscidem. 
 
 Proe6d.er, vn. to proceed; from L. pro- 
 cede re. — Der. procede (partic. subst.), pro- 
 cedure. 
 
 Procedure, sf a procedure. See proceder. 
 
 Procds, sm. a suit, lit. a process, onward 
 movement; from L. processus. — Der. 
 proces%\L 
 
 Procession, sf a procession; from L. pro- 
 cessionem . — Der. processionm\. 
 
 Proc^S-verbal, sm. proceedings (of as- 
 semblies). Ste proces and verbal. 
 
 PROCHAIN, adj. near. See proche. 
 
 PROCHE, adj. near; from L. propius. compd. 
 of prope. For piu = cA« see abreger. — 
 Der. prochsiin, ap^rocAer, npprochcT, re- 
 procher. 
 
 Prochronisme, sm. a prochronism ; from 
 Gr. irpoxpovos. 
 
 Proclamation, sf a proclamation ; from 
 L. proclamationem. 
 
 Proclamer, va. to proclaim ; from L. 
 proclamare. 
 
 Proconsul, sm. a proconsul; from L. pro- 
 consul. 
 
 Proconsulaire, adj. proconsular ; from L. 
 proconsularis. 
 
 Proconsulat, sm. proconsulate; from L. 
 proconsulatus. 
 
 Procreation, sf procreation ; from L. 
 procreationem. 
 
 Procr6er, i;a. to procreate; from L. pro- 
 creare. 
 
 Procurateur, sm. a procurator, proctor; 
 from L. procuratorem. Its doublet is 
 procureur. q. v. 
 
 Procuration, sf a procuration, proxy; 
 from L. procurationem. 
 
 Procurer, va. to procure; from L. pro- 
 curare. 
 
 Procureur, sm. a proxy, agent ; from 
 L. procuratorem. For -atorem = -fwr 
 see empereur. Its doublet is procjirateur, 
 q.v. 
 
 Prodigality, sf prodigality ; from L. pro- 
 digalitatem. 
 
PR ODIGE—PR OMISSION. 
 
 289 
 
 I Prodige, swi. a prodigy; from L. prodi- 
 
 [ gium. 
 
 i Prodigieux, adj. prodigious ; from L. 
 
 prodigiosus, 
 I Prodigue, adj. prodigal; from L. prodi- 
 
 gus. — Der. prodiguei. 
 ■ Prodrome, sm. an introduction ; from Gr. 
 
 irpodpo/xos. 
 i Producteur, sm. a producer ; from L. p ro- 
 
 ductorem, from productum, supine of 
 
 producere. 
 Productif, arf;. productive ; from L. pro- 
 
 ductivus *, from productum, supine of 
 
 producere. 
 Production, sf. production; from L, pro- 
 
 ductionem, from productum,' supine of 
 
 producere. 
 I Produire, va. to produce ; from L. produ- 
 cere. Forducere = duire see conduire. 
 ' Produit, sm. a product ; from L. produc- 
 
 tus. For ct = it see attrait. 
 \ Pro^minent, adj. prominent ; from L. p r o- 
 Ij eminentem. — Der. /roewfwence. 
 Profanateur, sm, a profaner; from L. 
 
 profanatorem. 
 Profanation, sf. a profanation ; from L. 
 
 profanationem. 
 Profane, adj. profane; from L. profanus. 
 Profaner, i/a. to profane ; from L. profa- 
 
 nare. 
 Proferer, va. to utter ; from L. proferre. 
 Profds, Profegge, smf. and adj. professed 
 
 (of religious orders); from L. professus. 
 
 — Der. professer. 
 Professer, va. to profess. See profes. 
 Professeur, sm. a professor; from L. pro- 
 
 fessorem. 
 Profession, sf. a profession; from L. pro- 
 
 fessionem. 
 fProfesso (ex), at/v. professedly; fromL. 
 
 ex and professus. 
 Professoral, adj. professorial ; from L. 
 
 professoralis*, from professor. 
 Professorat, sm. professorship; from L. 
 
 professoratus *, from professor. 
 tProfil, sm. a profile; from It. proffilo. — 
 
 Der. profiler. 
 PROFIT, sm. profit; from L. profectus 
 
 (so used in Ovid). For ect = ii see attrait. 
 
 — Der. profiler, />ro/?/able. 
 Profond, adj. deep ; from L. profundus. — 
 I Der. profondeur, a.pprofond'ir. 
 !Profus6nient, adv. profusely; from pro- 
 
 fus, which is from L. profusus. 
 Profusion, sf. profusion ; from L. profu- 
 
 sionem. 
 Prog6niture, sf. progeny; from L. pro- 
 
 genitura *, from p rogenitum, supine of 
 
 progignere. 
 Programme, sm. a programme ; from Gr. 
 
 TTpoypafifxa. 
 Progrds, sm. progress; from L. progres- 
 
 sus. — Der. progress.tr, progressif. 
 Progression, sf. progression; from L. 
 
 progressionem. 
 Prohiber, va. to prohibit ; from L. pro- 
 
 hibere. 
 Prohibitif, adj. prohibitive; from L. pro- 
 
 hibitivus*, from prohibitum, supine of 
 
 prohibere. 
 Prohibition, s/. prohibition; fromL. pro- 
 
 hibitionem. 
 PROIE, sf. prey, booty. It. preda, from L. 
 
 praeda. For loss of d see alouette; for 
 
 ae=e see § 104; and e = oi see § 62. 
 Projectile, adj. sm. projectile; from L. 
 
 projectilis*, from projectum, supine of 
 
 projicere. 
 Projection, sf. a projection ; from L. pro- 
 
 jectionem. 
 Projecture, sf. (Archit.) a projecture ; from 
 
 L. projectura. 
 Projet, sm. a project; from L. proj actus. 
 
 — Der. projeter. 
 Projeter, va. to project. See projet. 
 Prol6gomdnes, sm./*/. prolegomena; from 
 
 Gr. ira) irpoKfyoficva. 
 Prolepse, sf. (Rhet.) prolepsis; from Gr 
 
 TTp6\T]\plS. 
 
 Prol§taire, adj. proletarian ; from L. pro 
 
 letarius. 
 Prolifique, adj. prolific; from L. prolifi 
 
 cus. 
 Prolixe, adj. prolix; from L. prolixus. 
 Prolixity, sf. prolixity ; from L. p rolixita 
 
 tern. 
 Prologue, sm. a prologue; from Gr. irpS 
 
 \oyos. 
 Prolonger, va. to prolong; from L. prO' 
 
 longare. — Der. prolonge (verbal subst.) 
 
 />ro/on^ation, /iro/ora^ement. 
 PROMENER, va. to lead out for a walk ^ 
 
 from L. pronoinare (to lead, in Apuleius) 
 
 For i = e see § 72. — Der. promenade, pro- 
 
 meneur, promenoir. 
 PROMESSE, s/. a promise; from L. pro- 
 
 missa. For i = e see § 72. 
 PROMETTRE, va. to promise. It. pro- 
 
 mettere, from L. promittere. For i = e 
 
 see § 72. 
 Promiscuity, sf. promiscuousness ; from 
 
 L. promiscuitatem*, from promiscuus. 
 Promission, sf. promise; from L. pro- 
 
 missionem. 
 
 U 
 
2^0 
 
 PR OMONTOIRE — PR OSOPOPSE. 
 
 Promontoire, sm. a promontory ; from L. 
 
 promontorium. 
 Promoteur, sm. a promoter ; from L. pro- 
 
 motorem*, from promotum, supine of 
 
 promovere. 
 Promotion, sf. promotion ; from L. p ro- 
 
 motionem. 
 Promouvoir, va. to promote ; from L. 
 
 promovere. For movere= tnouvoir 
 
 see mouvoir. — Der, promu. 
 Prompt, adj. prompt; from L. promptus. 
 Promptitude, sf. promptitude; from L. 
 
 promptitudinem *. 
 Prom.ulgation, sf. promulgation ; from L. 
 
 promulgationem. 
 Promulguer, va. to promulgate ; from L. 
 
 promulgare. 
 PRONE. sm. a sermon (before or after mass) ; 
 
 from L. praeoonixun. For ae = e see 
 
 § 103, hence preconium, whence prSne ; 
 
 for loss of medial c, and for contr, of 
 
 preone to pr6ne see § 102. — ^Der. prontr, 
 
 proneuT. 
 Pronom, sw. a pronoun ; from L. pro no- 
 men. 
 Pronominal, adj. pronominal; from L. 
 
 p ronominalis. 
 Prononcer, va. to pronounce ; from L. 
 
 pronuntiare. For mintiax e = noncer 
 
 see annoncer. 
 Prononciation, sf. pronunciation ; from 
 
 L. pronuntiationem. 
 Pronostic, sm. a prognostic; from Gr. 
 
 vpoyvcocTTiKSv. — Der. pronostiqutr. 
 Pronostiquer, va, to prognosticate. See 
 
 pronostic. 
 Propagande, sf. the Propaganda ; of hist. 
 
 origin (see § 33), 'from the Collegium de Fide 
 
 Propaganda, at Rome. 
 Propagateur, sm. a propagator; from L. 
 
 propagatorem. 
 Propagation, sf. propagation; from L. 
 
 propagationem. 
 Propager, va. to propagate; from L. pro- 
 
 pagare.^ 
 Propension, sf. a propensity; from L. pro- 
 
 pensionem. 
 Prophdte, sm. a prophet; from L. pro- 
 
 pheta. 
 Proph6tesse, sf. a prophetess; from L. 
 
 prophetissa. Fori=«see § 72. 
 Proph6tie, sf. prophecy; fromL. prophe- 
 
 tia. 
 Proph6tlqne, adj. prophetic; from L. 
 
 propheticus. 
 Proph6tlser, va. to prophesy; from L. 
 
 prophetizare (in St. Jerome). 
 
 Propice, adj. propitious ; from L.propitius. 
 
 For tiu = ce see agencer. 
 + Propolis, sf. propolis (substance with 
 
 which bees stop holes in their hives) ; from 
 
 L. propolis. 
 Proportion, sf. proportion ; from L. p re- 
 port ionem. — Der. proportionner, dispro- 
 portion. 
 Proportionnalit6, sf. proportionateness ; 
 
 from L. proportionalitatem. 
 Proportionnel, adj. proportional; from 
 
 L. proportionalis. 
 PROPOS, sm. a thing said in conversation, 
 
 talk, purpose ; from L. propositum. For 
 
 -osituin = -OS see §§ 50, 51. 
 Proposer, va. to propose. See poser. 
 Proposition, sf. a proposition; from L. 
 
 propositionem. 
 PROPRE, adj. proper ; from L. proprius. — 
 
 Der. impropre, ap/>ro/>rier, proprct, pro- 
 
 prt\L 
 Propr6teur, sm. a propraetor; from L. 
 
 propraetorem. 
 Propri6taire, sm. an ovraer; from'L. 
 
 proprietarius (found in Ulpian). 
 Propri6t6, sf. propriety; from L. pro- 
 
 prietatem. 
 Propyl§es, sm.pl. propylaeum; from Gr. 
 
 ■npo-nvXaios. 
 f Prorata, sm. proportion; from L. pro 
 
 and rata (sc. parte). 
 Prorogation, sf. prorogation ; from L, 
 
 prorogationem. 
 Proroger, va. to prorogue; from L. pro- 
 
 rogare. 
 Prosaique, adj. prosaic; from L. pro- 
 saic u s . — Der. />rosaisme. 
 Prosateur, sm. a prose-writer. See prose. 
 Proscripteur, sm. a proscriber; from L, 
 
 proscriptorem. 
 Proscription, sf a proscription ; from L, 
 
 proscriptionem. 
 Proscrire, va. to proscribe; from L. pro- 
 se r i b e r e , For -ibere = -ire see ecrire. 
 Proscrit, sm. an outlaw; from L. pro- 
 
 scriptus. Forpt = ^see § 168. 
 Prose, sf. prose; from L. prosa, — Der. 
 
 /»rosateur. 
 Prosecteur, sm. (Anat.) a preparator ; from 
 
 L. prosector. 
 Pros61yte, sm. a proselyte ; from L. prose- 
 
 lytus (found in St. Jerome). — Der. prose- 
 
 lytisme. 
 Prosodie, sf. prosody ; from Gr. irpomlia. 
 
 — Der. prosodiqae. 
 Prosopop6e, sf. prosopopoeia; from Gr. 
 
 irpo<rwnoiroua* 
 
PROSPECTUS — PR URIGINE UX. 
 
 291 
 
 Prospectus, sm. a prospectus; from L. 
 
 prospectus. 
 Prosp6rer, vn. to prosper; from L. pro- 
 
 sperare. 
 Prosp6rit§, sf. prosperity; from L. pro- 
 
 speritatem. 
 Prosterner (Se), vpr. to prostrate oneself; 
 
 from L. prosternere. — Dei. prostermtion, 
 
 prosternement. 
 Prostituer, va. to prostitute ; from L, 
 
 prostituere. 
 Prostitution, sf. prostitution; from L. 
 
 prostitutionem. 
 Prostration, sf. prostration ; from L. 
 
 prostrationem. 
 Prote, sm. an overseer ; from Gr. vpaiTos. 
 Protecteur, sm. a protector; from L. pro- 
 tect or em. — Der. proteclorsit. 
 Protection, sf protection; from L. pro- 
 
 tectionem. 
 Prot6e, sm. Proteus ; from L. Proteus. 
 Prot6ger , va. to protect ; from L.protegere. 
 Protestation, sf a protest ; from L. pro- 
 
 testationem. 
 Protester, va. to protest; from L. pro- 
 
 testari. — Der . protesia.nt (of historic origin; 
 
 the name given to the Lutherans who pro- 
 tested, A.D. 1529, at the Diet of Spires, 
 
 against an edict of the Diet of Worms), 
 
 /)ro/es/antisme. 
 Protdt, sm. a protest ; from protest. For 
 
 loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. Protet is 
 
 verbal subst. of protester, q. v. 
 Protocole, sm. a protocol ; from Gr. irpurd- 
 
 KoWov, lit. the first leaf of a book. 
 Protonotaire, sm. a protonotary; from 
 
 Gr. TTpwTOS and from L. uotarius. 
 Prototype, sm. a prototype ; from Gr. 
 
 VpOJTOTVTTOS. 
 
 Protoxyde, sm. (Chem.) a protoxyde ; from 
 Gr. ttpojTos and b^vs. 
 
 Protuberance, sf a protuberance; from 
 i L. protuberantia*, from protuber- 
 antem, partic. of protuberare. 
 
 Protuteur, sm. a guardian of a minor's 
 property; from L. protutorem. 
 
 PROU, adv. much. It. pro, from L. probe. 
 For loss of medial b see aboyer ; for o = ou 
 see affouage. 
 
 tProue, sf. a prow; in i6th cent, proe, 
 a word comparatively new in the language, 
 from Sp. proa. For proe=proue see af- 
 fouage. 
 
 PROUESSE, sf. prowess. See preux. 
 
 PROUVER, va. to prove ; from L. probare. 
 For o = ou see affouage; for b = v see 
 § 113. — Der. eprouver, i^prouver. 
 
 PROVENDE, sf. provisions ; from L. prae- 
 benda. Praebenda gives provende : for 
 b = 2/ see § 113 ; for ae = e see § 104; for 
 
 e = o see rognon. Provende is a doublet of 
 prebende, q. v. 
 Provenir, va. to proceed (from) ; from L. 
 
 proven ire. —Der. provenzni, provenance. 
 Pr over be, sm. a proverb; from L. pro- 
 
 verbium. 
 Proverbial, adj. proverbial; from L. pro- 
 
 verbialis. 
 Providence, sf. providence ; from L. pro- 
 vide nt i a . For -tia = -ce see agencer. Its 
 
 doublet is pourvoyance, q. v. 
 PROVIGNER, vn. to increase. See provin. 
 
 — Der. provignemevA. 
 PROVIN, sm. a layer (of vines); formerly 
 
 provain, Prov. probaina. It. proppagine, 
 
 from L. propaginem. Propdginem, 
 
 contrd. regularly (see § 51) to propag'- 
 
 nem, becomes provain. For p = v see 
 
 § III; for gn = « see assener ; for a = ai 
 
 see § 54.' — Der. provigner, provignement. 
 Province, sf a province; from L. pro- 
 
 vincia. 
 Provincial, adj. provincial; from L. pro- 
 
 vincialis. Its doublet is proven^al, q. v. 
 Proviseur, sm. a head-master, principal; 
 
 from L. provisorem. 
 Provision, s/". provision ; from L.provisio- 
 
 n em. — Der. provisionaer, zpprovisionner. 
 Provisoire, adj. provisory; from L. pro- 
 
 visorius *. 
 Provocateur, sm. a provoker; from L. 
 
 provocatorem. 
 Provocation, sf provocation; from L. 
 
 provocationem. 
 Provoquer, va. to provoke; from L. pro- 
 
 vocare. 
 Proximity, sf proximity; from L. proxi- 
 
 mitatem. 
 PRUDE, adj. prudish ; from L, pnidens. 
 
 Its doublet is prudent, q. v. — Der. prud'- 
 
 homme, prudene, prud'homie. 
 Prudence, sf prudence; from L. pruden- 
 
 tia. 
 Prudent, adj. prudent; from L. pruden- 
 
 tem. Its doublet is ^rwc?*, q.v. 
 PRUNE, sf. a plum ; from L. prunum. — 
 
 Der. prunier, prune&v (from O. Fr. prunel, 
 
 dim. oi prune; for el = eau see agneau), 
 
 pruneWier, pruneWe (whence sense of pupil 
 
 of the eye, likened to a little black plum). 
 PRUNELLE, (1) sf a sloe.— Der, prunelhex. 
 
 (2) an eyeball. See prune. 
 Prurigineux, adj. lustful; from L. pruri- 
 
 ginosus. 
 
 U2 
 
292 
 
 PR URIT-^P UNIQUE, 
 
 Prurit, sm. prurience; from L. pruritus. 
 Prussique, adj. Prussic (acid) ; so called 
 
 because it was first extracted from Prussian 
 
 blue. 
 Prytan6e, sm. a prytaneum ; from Gr. 
 
 ■npvTaviiov, 
 Psalmiste, sm. a psalmist; from L. psal- 
 
 mista (so used in St. Jerome). 
 Psalmodie, sf. psalmody; from L. psal- 
 
 m o d i a . — Der. psalmoditx. 
 Psalt^rion, sm. a psaltery; from L. psal- 
 
 terium. Its doublet is /)saw^i>r, q. v. 
 PSAUME, sm, a psalm; from L. psalmus. 
 
 For al = aM see agneau. The initial sound 
 
 ps being strange to the Fr. language, O.Fr. 
 
 rightly said saume for psaume, sautier for 
 
 psautier. 
 PSAUTIER, sm. a psalter ; formerly sautier, 
 
 from L. psalterium. For Q\=ati see 
 
 agneau ', for e = «fi see § 56. For expla- 
 nation of O.Fr. form sautier see psaume. 
 
 Its doublet is psalterion, q. v. 
 Pseudonym e, adj. pseudonymous; from 
 
 Gr. xpevSuvvfios. 
 Psych6, sf. Psyche ; from Gr. ipvxv.—'DcT. 
 
 psyche. 
 Peychologie, sf. psychology ; from Gr. 
 
 il/vx'h and \6yos. — Der. /'sycAo/o^ique, psy- 
 
 chologiste, psychologue. 
 PUANTEUR, sf. a stench. See puer. 
 Pubdre, adj. pubescent; from L. pub e rem. 
 Pubert6, */. puberty ; from L. pubertatem. 
 Public, adj. public; from L. pub lie us. — 
 
 Der. publiciste, publicite. 
 Publicain, sm. a publican ; from L. publi- 
 
 canus. 
 Publication, sf. a publication; from L, 
 
 publicationem. 
 Publiciste, sm. a publicist. See public. 
 Publicity, sf. publicity. See ptiblic. 
 Publier, va. to publish; from L. publi- 
 
 care. For loss of medial c see affouage. 
 PUCE, sf. a flea ; formerly pulce. It. pulce, 
 
 from L. pulicem, by regular contr. (see 
 
 § 5O of ptilicem to pul'cem, whence 
 
 O. Fr. pdce. — Der. pucevon, epucev. 
 Pudeur, sf shame; from L. pudorem. — 
 
 Der. impudeur. 
 Pudibond, adj. modest, bashful ; from L. 
 
 pudibundus. 
 Pudicit§, sf. modesty; from L. pudicita- 
 
 tem. 
 Pudique, adj. modest ; from L. pudicus. 
 PUER, vn. to stink. O. Fr. puir, Prov. pudir. 
 
 It. pudire, from L. putere. For loss of 
 
 medial t see Hist. Gram. p. 82; for e = i 
 
 see § 59. — Der./>ttant, /ttanteur, em/>«anter. 
 
 Pu^ril, adj. puerile; from L. puerilis. 
 
 Pu6rilit6, sf puerility; from L. puerili- 
 tatem. 
 
 Pugilat, sm. pugilism; from L. pugilatus. 
 
 PUINE, adj. younger ; formerly puisne, from 
 L. postnatus *. ' Est consuetude in qui- 
 busdam partibus, quod postnatus prae- 
 fertur primogenito,* says a medieval docu- 
 ment. Postnatus is compd. of natus and 
 post. For post-natus =puis-ne see puis 
 and tie; for puisne=puin4 see Hist. Gram, 
 p. 81. 
 
 PUIS, adv. afterwards ; from L. post. For 
 loss of t see notre ', for o = ui see cuider. — 
 Der. puisqne, depuis. 
 
 PUISER, va. to dip, draw (from a well). See 
 piits. — Der. puisage, epuiser. 
 
 PUIS QUE, conj. since. See puis and que. 
 
 PUISSANCE, /. power. See puissant. 
 
 PUISSANT, adj. powerful ; from L. possen- 
 tem *, a barbarous part. pr. of posse. For 
 o = ui see cuider, — Der. puissance, impuis- 
 sant. 
 
 PUITS, sm. a well ; formerly puis, from L. 
 puteus. For GU = iw see abreger, hence 
 puis ; for u = wi see buis, and ti = s see 
 agencer. From this O. Fr. puis come 
 puiser, piiisard. The spelling puits is the 
 work of i6th-cent. pedants, who inserted a 
 /, thinking that they should thus bring the 
 Fr. word nearer its Lat. original, not knowing 
 that the Fr. s of puis already represented 
 the Lat. te. 
 
 Pulluler, vn, to multiply; from L. puUu- 
 lare. 
 
 Pulmonaire, adj. pulmonary; from L, 
 pulmonarius. 
 
 Pulpe, sf pulp; from L. pulp a. 
 
 Pulpeux, adj. pulpy; from L. pulposus. 
 
 Pulsation, sf. pulsation ; from L. pulsaj- 
 tionem. 
 
 tPulv^rin, sm. a priming-horn; from 
 It. polverino. 
 
 Pulveriser, va. to pulverise ; from L. pul- 
 V e r i s a r e . — Der. pulveris&tion. 
 
 Pulverulent, adj. pulverable; from L. 
 pulverulentus. 
 
 PUNAIS, adj. fetid. Prov. putnais, from 
 O. Fr. put, by means of a suffix nais, from 
 inais, which is from L. -inaceus. O. Fr. 
 put is from L. putidus. For loss of last two 
 atonic syllables see §§ 50, 51, — Der.punaise. 
 
 PUNAISE, sf (Entom.) a bug. See punais. 
 
 t Punch, sm. a punch ; from Engl, punch. 
 
 Punction, sf a pointer; from L. puncti- 
 onem. Its doublet is poinf on, q. v. 
 
 Punique, adj. punic ; from L. punicus. 
 
PUNIR — QUADRI-. 
 
 293 
 
 Punir, va. to punish; from L. punire. — 
 
 Der, ^wwissable, ^wwisseur. 
 Punition, sf. punishment; from L, puniti- 
 
 onem. 
 Pupillaire, adj. pupillary; from L. pupil- 
 
 laris. 
 Pupille, sf. a pupil, ward; from L, pu- 
 
 pilla. 
 PUPITRE, sm. a desk ; from L. ptdpitum. 
 By transposing 1 (see sangloter) pulpitum 
 becomes pupitlum, whence pupitre. For 
 1 = r see apdtre. 
 Pur, adj. pure ; from L. pur us. — Der. pur- 
 
 iste, /jwrisme. 
 PUREE, if. soup ; formerly peuree,, originally 
 pevreejiom L.piperata* (properly peppered 
 meat), by regular contr. (see § 52) of pipe- 
 rata to pip'rata, whence pevree. For p — v 
 see § III; for -ata = -e'e see § 201. 
 Pevree becomes peuree by vocalising v to u, 
 see aurone ; peuree later becomes puree by 
 eu = u, see curee : cp. bu, mil, miire, mutin, 
 bluet, etc., which were formerly beu, meu, 
 meure, meutin, bleuet, etc. Purie is a 
 doublet of poivree, poivrade, q. v. 
 I Puret6, sf. purity; from L. puritatem. 
 
 For i = e see § 72. 
 [ Purgatif, adj. purgative; from L. purga- 
 
 tirus. 
 ! Purgation, sf. a purgation ; from L. pur- 
 ! gationem. * 
 
 ■ Purgatoire, sm. purgatory; from L. pur- 
 i gatorius. 
 
 I Purger, va. to purge; from L. purgare. — 
 ; Der, purge (verbal subst.), expurger. 
 Purification, sf. purification; from L. 
 
 purificationem. 
 Purifier, va. to purify; from L. puri- 
 
 ficare. 
 Purisme, sm. purism. See pur. 
 Puriste, sm. a purist. See pur. 
 i-Puritain, sm. a puritan; from Engl. 
 
 puritan. — Der. puritanisme. 
 Purpurin, adj. purplish; from L. pur- 
 
 purinus. 
 Purulence, sf. purulence; from L. puru- 
 lentia. 
 
 Purulent, adj. purulent; from L. puru- 
 
 lentus. 
 Pus, sm. (Med.) pus ; from L. pus, 
 Pusillanime, adj. pusillanimous, cowardly ; 
 
 from L. pusillanimis. 
 Pusillanimity, sf. cowardice ; from L. 
 
 pusillanimitatem. 
 Pustule, sf. a pustule; from L. pustula. 
 PustuleUX, a^/- pustulous; from L, pustu-^ 
 
 losus. For -os\is = -eux see § 229. 
 Putatif, adj. putative, supposed; from L. 
 
 putativus. 
 PUTOIS, sm. a polecat; properly = bete 
 
 puante. Putois is from O. Fr. put, see 
 
 punais. 
 Putrefaction, sf. putrefaction ; from L. 
 
 putrefactionem. 
 Putr6fier, vn. to putrefy; from L.putrifi- 
 
 care *, from putris. 
 Putride, adj. putrid; from L. putridus. — 
 
 Der. putridite. 
 Pygra6e, sm. a pigmy ; from Gr. itvyjmios. 
 Pyldne, sm. a portal ; from Gr. itvXwv. 
 Pylore, sm. (Anat.) pylorus ; from Gr. 
 
 TTvXcopvs. — Der. pyloriqae. 
 Pyramide, sf. a pyramid; from L. pyra- 
 
 midem. — Der. pyramidal, pyramidex. 
 Pyrique, adj. pyrotechnic ; from Gr. ttvp. 
 Pjrrite, sf. a pyrite; from Gr. vvpiTijs. — • 
 
 Der. pyriteux. 
 Pyroligneux, adj. pyroligneous ; from Gr. 
 
 TTvp and ligneux, q. v. 
 Pyromdtre, sm. a pyrometer; from Gr. 
 
 TTvp and fX€Tpov. 
 Pyrotechnie, adj. pyrotechnics ; from Gr. 
 
 TTvp and rexvq. — Der. pyrotechniqat. 
 Pyrrhique, adj. pyrrhic; from Gr. itvp- 
 
 p'^XV- 
 Pyrrhonisme, Pyrrhonien, sm. Pyr- 
 rhonism ; of hist, origin (see § 33), from 
 
 the Greek philosopher Pyrrho. 
 Pythagoricien, adj. Pythagorean; from 
 
 Gr. TTvOayopiKds, a disciple of Pythagoras. 
 Pythie, adj. Pythic ; from Gr. irvOia. 
 P3rthonisse, sf a Pythoness; from Gr. 
 
 vvQajVKTCa. 
 
 Q- 
 
 Quadrag6naire, adj. of forty years of 
 
 age; from L. quadragenarius. 
 Quadrag6sim.e, sf. quadragesima ; from 
 L. quadragesima (sc. dies}. Its doublet 
 is carime, q. v. 
 
 Quadrangle, sm. a quadrangle ; from L. 
 
 quadrangulus Der. quadranguhke. 
 
 Quadrature, sf quadrature; from L. 
 
 quadratura. Its doublet is carrure, q. v. 
 Quadri-, a prefix; from L. quadri-. 
 
294 
 
 QUADRIGE^ QUESTEUR. 
 
 Quadrige, sm. a quadriga; from L. quad- 
 riga. 
 Quadrilatdre, sm. a quadrilateral; from 
 
 L. quadrilaterus. 
 t Quadrille, 5/. a quadrille; from It. 
 
 quadriglia. 
 Quadrumane, adj. quadrumanous ; from 
 
 L. quadrumanus. 
 Quadnipdde, sm. a quadruped; from L. 
 
 quadrupedem. 
 Quadruple, adj. quadruple; from L. quad- 
 
 ruplus. — Der. quadruphx. 
 QUAI, 5m. a quay ; of Celtic origin, Breton hae. 
 •j" Quaker, sm. a quaker; from Engl.,g«a^er. 
 Qualificatif, arf/. qualifying ; from L. qua- 
 
 lificativus *, from qualificare. See 
 
 qualifier. 
 Qualification, sf. a qualification ; from L. 
 
 qualificationem *, from qualificare. 
 
 See qualifier. 
 Qualifier, va. to qualify; from L. quali- 
 ficare *, from qualis. Its doublet is 
 
 jauger, q. v. 
 Quality, sf. quality; from L. qualitatem. 
 QUAND, conj. though ; from L. quando. 
 QUANT, adj. how many ; from L. quantus. 
 
 — Der. quant'ihme. 
 QUANT, adv. respecting ; from L. quantum. 
 QUANTIEME, adj. what number. See 
 
 quant. 
 Quantity, §/". a quantity; from L. quanti- 
 
 tatem. 
 QUARANTE, adj. forty ; from L. quadra- 
 
 ginta. For dr = r see § 168; for-aginta 
 
 = -anle see cinquante. — Der. ywaran^aine, 
 
 quarantihm^. 
 QUARDERONNER, »a. to round off; from 
 
 quart de rond. See quart, de and rond. 
 QUART, adj. fourth; from L. quartus. — 
 
 Der. quart (sm.), y«ar/ant, quart&mt. 
 QUARTERON, sm. a quarter (of a pound). 
 
 See quart. 
 QUARTE, sf. a quart ; from L. quarta. 
 QU ARTIER, sm. a quarter ; from L. quart- 
 
 arius, fourth of a sextarius. For -arliis 
 
 = -ier see § 198. — Der. quarteron. 
 QUARTIER-MAiTRE, sm. a quarter-master. 
 
 See maitre and quartier. 
 + Quartz, sm. quartz; from Germ, quarz. 
 
 — Der. quartzexix. 
 + Quasi, adv. almost; from L. quasi. 
 Quaternaire, adj. quaternary ; from L. 
 
 quaternarius. 
 Quaterne, sm. quaternary; from L. qua- 
 
 ternus. Its doublets are cahier, caserne, 
 
 q. V. — Der, quaternzke. 
 QUATORZE, adj. fourteen. It. quattordici, 
 
 from L. quatuordedm, by regular contr. 
 (see § 51) of quatu6rd§cim to quatu- 
 ord'oim, whence quatorze. For quatuor- 
 = quator- see quatre ; for dc = z see amitie 
 and adjuger. — Der. quatorzxhmc. 
 
 QUATRE, sm. four ; from L. quatuor, by 
 regular change of uo into o (see § 102), 
 whence quator. We find the form cator 
 in an inscription of the Empire. Quator 
 becomes quatre by dropping final vowel, see 
 § 50. Quatre is a doublet of quattor, 
 q. V. — Der. quatrihme, quatnin. 
 
 t Quatuor, sm. (Mus.) aquartett; from 
 L. quatuor. Its doublet is quatre, q. v. 
 
 QUE, pron. whom, that ; from L. quem. 
 
 QUE, conj. that ; from L. quod. For loss of 
 d see alouette. Also from L. quam, in the 
 connection plus . . . que, which is L. plus 
 . . . quam. For loss of m see ja. 
 
 QUEL, adj. what; from L. qualis. For 
 -a.li8 = -el see § 191. — Der. ywe/que. 
 
 QUELCONQUE, adj. whatever; from L. 
 quale cunque. For quale = quel see 
 quel ; for cunque = conque see annoncer. 
 
 QUELQUE, adj. some. See quel and que. — 
 Der. quelqu'un, quelquelois. 
 
 QU6MANDER, vn. to beg secretly. Origin 
 unknown. — Der. quemand&ix. 
 
 QUENOTTE, sf. a tooth (of a child) ; dim. of 
 O. Fr. quenne ; of Germ, origin, Icel. kenna. 
 
 QUENOUILLE, sf a distaff. It. conocchia, 
 from L. coluoula, dim. of colus. For 
 l = n see marne ; whence conucula, found 
 in Carol, documents ; e. g. ' Si ingenua Ri- 
 puaria servum Ripuarium secuta fuerit, et 
 parentes ejus hoc contradicere voluerint, 
 offeratur ei a rege spatha et conucula. 
 Quod si spatham acceperit, servum interfi- 
 ciat; si autem conuctdam, in servitio 
 perseveret.' Lex Ripuaria, 59. 18. Oon- 
 ■dciila, regularly contr. (see § 51) to con- 
 uc'la, becomes quenouille. For o = ue see 
 accueillir; for -\icl& = -ouiUe see § 258; 
 for G — q see queue. 
 
 QUERELLE, /. a quarrel; from L. querela. 
 — Der. quereller, querelleur. 
 
 QUERIR, va. to fetch ; from L. quaerere. 
 For quaerere = quaerere see Hist. Gram. 
 P- 133 ; whence querir : for e = i see § 59. 
 Querir is a doublet of querre. — Der. quite 
 (formerly queste, from L. quaesita, strong 
 partic. subst., see asboute. For loss of i by 
 displacement of accent from quaesita to 
 quaesita see § 51 ; for loss of « see Hist. 
 Gram. p. 81). 
 
 Questeur, sm. a quaestor; from L. quaes- 
 tor em. Its doublet is queteur. 
 
Q UESTION — QUITTE, 
 
 295 
 
 Question, sf. a question; from L. quaes- 
 tionem. — Der. questiotmer, questionniLiie, 
 qiiestionneur. 
 
 Questure, sf. quaestorship ; from L. quaes- 
 tura. 
 
 QUETE, sf. a search. See querir. — Der. 
 queieT, qutteuT (whose doublet is quesieur, 
 q. v.), gwe^euse. 
 
 QUEUE, sf. a tail ; from L. cauda. c here 
 = q, cp. colucla*, quenouille; cotem, 
 queux ; puscus,'^, paqueretle; mancare*, 
 manquer ; coquus, queux; apotheca, 
 boutique. For loss of medial d see alouette ; 
 for a,\x. = ue = eu (which is the same sound) 
 set accuetllir : cp. paucum, />««; Aucum, 
 Eu. 
 
 QUEUE, sf. a cask (holding l^ hogsheads). 
 Origin unknown. 
 
 QUEUX, sm. a hone. It. cote, from L. 
 cotem. For loss of t see aigu ; for c = g 
 see queue ; for o = eu see accueillir. 
 
 QUEUX, sm. a cook, in O. Fr. It. cwoco, from 
 L, coquus. Coquus, by reducing uu to u 
 (see § 102), becomes cocus, found in Lat. 
 writers. Coous becomes queux: for = 
 eu see accueillir ; for initial = ^ see queue; 
 for final o = s = x see amitie. Queux is a 
 doublet of coq, a cook. 
 
 QUI, rel. pron. who ; from L. qui. 
 
 QUICONQUE, pron. whosoever; from L. 
 quicumque. For in=» see changer; 
 for u = see annoncer. 
 
 t Quidam, 5/, a certain person (name 
 unknown) ; from L. qviidain. 
 
 Quiet, ac?/. quiet; from L. quietus. — Der. 
 quieAsme, quietiste. 
 
 Quietude, s/. quietude; from L. quietudi- 
 nem, 
 
 tQuille, sf. a keel; from Sp. quilla. — 
 Der. quitlige. 
 
 QUILLE, sf. a skittle ; of Germ, origin, 
 O. H. G. kegil, by contr. of kegil to keg'l, 
 and assimilation of gl to il, see caille, 
 
 QUINA, sm. bark, quinine. See quinquina, — 
 Der. quinine. 
 
 QUINAUD, adj. abashed. Origin unknown. 
 
 QUINCAILLE, sf. ironmongery (originally 
 every kind of hardware) ; formerly clin- 
 caille* or cliquaille in Marot, from cliquer 
 (q. v.), signifying rightly that which clinks. 
 Cliquaille becomes clinquaille by nasal- 
 isation, see concombre ; then quincaille by 
 dissimilation of cl to c, see able. — Der. 
 quincaillier, quincaillene. 
 
 Quinconce, sm. a quincunx ; from L. 
 quincunx. 
 
 Quine, sm. five winning numbers (lottery) ; 
 from L. qui ni. 
 
 Quinine, sf. quinine. See quina. 
 
 Quinola, sm. the knave of hearts (cards). 
 Origin unknown. 
 
 Quinquag6naire, adj. of fifty years of 
 age; from L. quinquagenarius. 
 
 Quinquennal, adj. quinquennial ; from L. 
 quinquennalis. 
 
 Quinquet, sm, a lamp ; of hist, origin, 
 see § 33. 
 
 + Quinquina, sm. cinchona, bark-tree, 
 Peruvian bark ; formerly quinaquina ; of 
 American origin, Peruv. kinakina. An 
 abbreviation of quinquina is quina, q. v. 
 
 QUINT, sm. a fifth ; from L. quintus." 
 
 QUINTAINE, sf. a quintain; from L. 
 quintana (a little place, thence a place set 
 aside for military exercises, then the exer- 
 cises themselves). Quintaine is a doublet 
 oi cantine, q. v. For a = ai see § 54. 
 
 QUINTAL, sm. a hundredweight ; der. from 
 quint, q.v. 
 
 tQuinte, sf. a musical fifth; from It. 
 quinta. 
 
 Quinte, sf. a fit of coughing; from L. 
 quinta, lit. coughing five times. — Der. 
 quinteux. 
 
 Quintessence, sf a quintessence ; formerly 
 quinte essence, from L. quinta essentia; 
 lit. the fifth essence, i.e. that substance in 
 alchemists' language which is superior to 
 the four elements. — Der. quintessenc'iex. 
 
 Quinteux, adj. whimsical. See quinte. 
 
 Quintuple, adj. quintuple; from L. quin- 
 tuplex. — Der. quintupltr. 
 
 QUINZE, adj. fifteen. It. quindici, from L. 
 quindecim, by regular contr. (see § 51) 
 of quindecim to quind'cim, whence 
 quinze. For dc = c see adjuger ; for c = z 
 see amitie. — Der. quinz^va, ywmzaine, quinz- 
 ieme. 
 
 t Quiproquo, sm. a quidproquo, in i6th 
 cent; from L. qui pro quod, lit. to 
 take a quid for a quod. 
 
 QUITTANCE, sf. a receipt. It. quitanza, 
 from L, quietantia*. * Qua praefatae 
 camerae . . . solvere quomodo libet obligati 
 erant, generalem qiiietantiam fecerit de- 
 cernens eos ad illorum solutionem non 
 teneri,* says a medieval document. Quie- 
 tantia is from quietus, meaning quitte, 
 see quitte. Quietantia becomes quittance, 
 cp. pietantia,/'/Va«ce. For letter-changes 
 see pitance. — Der. quittance!. 
 
 QUITTE, sf free, discharged, clear ; from L. 
 quietus. Qviietus is used in this sense 
 in several Carolingian documents : ' Et si 
 de una judiciaria fuerit ad dies XII, ante- 
 
ag6 
 
 QUITTER^RA CLER. 
 
 quam eat ad exercitum sit quietus* (Lex 
 Loneobardorum, 2. 14). For ie = i see 
 piti^ Quitte is a doublet of cot, q, v. — 
 Der. quitter (lit. to hold quit, then to yield, 
 leave), zcquitter. 
 
 QUITTER, va. to quit. See quitte. 
 
 QUI-VIVE, sm. a challenge (military). See 
 qui and vivre. 
 
 QUOI, pron. which, that, what; from L. 
 quid. For loss of d see alouette ; for i = oi 
 see boire. — Der. quoique. 
 
 fQuolibet, sm. a quibble, trivial pun; 
 
 originally a scholastic thesis, proposed to 
 exercise students' minds ; whence it conies 
 to mean theses discussed for amusement, 
 quibbles, as opposed to serious ones; from 
 L. quod libet. 
 
 Quote-part, sf. a quota, share ; compd. of 
 part, and L. quota. 
 
 Quotidien, adj. daily; from L. quotidi- 
 anus. 
 
 Quotient, sm. a quotient ; from L. 
 quotiens. 
 
 Quotit^, sf. quota, share; from L. quotus. 
 
 R. 
 
 RABACHER, vn. to repeat over and over. 
 Origin unknown. — Der. rabdchage, rabdch- 
 eur. 
 
 RABAIS, sm. diminution (of price). See 
 rabaisser. 
 
 RABAISSER, va. to lower, underrate. See re- 
 and abaisser. — Der. rabais (verbal subst.). 
 
 RABAT, sm. a band (for the neck). See 
 rabattre. 
 
 RABATTRE, va. to beat down. See re- and 
 abattre. — Der. rabat (verbal subst.), rabat- 
 joie, rfl6a//ement. 
 
 + Rabbin, sm. a rabbi; of Heb. origin, 
 Heb. rabbi. — Der. ra66mique. 
 
 RABLE, sm. back (of hares). Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 RABLE, sm. a rake, poker (used by bakers) ; 
 formerly roable, from L. rutabulum (a 
 baker's poker in Festus), by regular contr. 
 (see § 51) of rutdbulum to rutab'lum, 
 whence roable. For loss of medial t see 
 abbaye; for u=«o see annoncer. 
 
 RABOT, sm. a plane. See raboter. 
 
 RABOTER, va. to plane ; properly to strike, 
 in O. Fr., a sense which survives in raboteux, 
 knotty, rough. Raboter is another form of 
 rabouter. For etymology see re- and 
 bouter. Raboter is a doublet of rebouter, 
 q. v. — Der. rabot (verbal subst.), ra6o/eux. 
 
 RABOUGRIR, vn. to be stunted. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 RABROUER, va. to scout, snub. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 RACAILLE, sf. rabble, mob ; dim. of a root 
 rac *, which is of Germ, origin, Engl. rack. 
 Racaille is formed like canaille, which 
 comes indirectly from L. canis. 
 
 RACCOMMODER, va. to mend, repair. 
 See re- and accommoder. — Der. raccommod- 
 eur, raccommodement. 
 
 RACCORDER, va. to join, unite. See re- 
 and accorder. — Der. raccord (verbal subst.), 
 raccordemtnX.. 
 
 RACCOURCIR, va. to shorten. See re- 
 and accourcir. — Der. raccourci (partic. 
 subst). 
 
 RACCOUTRJER, va. to dress out. See re- 
 and accoutrer. 
 
 RACCOUTUMER (SE), vpr. to accustom. 
 See re- and accoutumer. 
 
 RACCROCHER, va. to hook on again. See 
 re- and acerocher.-~-DeT. raccroc (verbal 
 subst.). 
 
 + Bace, sf. a race; from It. razza. 
 
 RACHAT, sm. repurchase. See racketer. 
 
 RACHETER, va. to repurchase, ransom; 
 formerly rachater. See re- and acheter. — 
 Der. r achat (verbal subst.). 
 
 Rachitique, adj. rickety; from Gr. ^&x'^s. 
 Der. rachitisTcit. 
 
 RACINE, sf. a root. Prov. racina, from L. 
 radicina*, from radicem, by regular 
 contr. (see § 52) of radicma to rad*- 
 cina, whence racine. For dc = c see ad- 
 juger. — Der. d^racmer, enracmer, racing, 
 raciner. 
 
 RACLER, va. to sgrape off; formerly rascler, 
 Cat. rasclar. It. raschiare, from L. rasi- 
 culare *, der. from rasioare *, frequent, of 
 radere. Rasicdre, contrd. regularly to 
 ras'care (see § 52), gives the deriv. 
 rasculare. Rasculire, regularly drop- 
 ping u (see § 52), becomes ras'clare, 
 whence rascler, whence, by loss of s (see 
 
RACOLER — RAIE. 
 
 397 
 
 Hist. Gram. p. 81), racier. — Der. raclem, 
 racloir, racoire, racluve. 
 
 RACOLER, va. to pick up, crimp (soldiers). 
 See col. — Der. racoleur, racohge, 
 
 RACONTER, va. to relate; from re- and 
 aconter*, compd. of a and conter, q. v. — 
 Der. raconteuT. 
 
 RACORNIR (SE), va. to make homy; from 
 re- and acornir *, compd. of a and come, 
 q. V. — Der. racor«issement. 
 
 RACQUITTER (SE), vpr. to win back. See 
 re- and acquitter. 
 
 fRade, sf. a road, roadstead (naval); from 
 It. rada. — Der. rader. 
 
 RADEAU, sm. a raft ; formerly radel (for 
 el — eau see agneau), from L. radellus *. 
 Radellus (found in medieval Lat. docu- 
 ments) is a transformation of ratellus *. 
 For t = rf see aider, Katellus* is a dim. 
 of ratis. 
 
 B-ader, va. to strike (a measure) ; from L. 
 r ad ere. — Der. radtm. 
 
 Kadial, adj. radial from L. radialis, der. 
 from radius. 
 
 Radiant, adj. radiant; from L. radi- 
 
 antem. 
 I Radiation, sf. radiation; from L. radi- 
 ationem. 
 
 Radical, adj. radical ; from L. radical is*, 
 der. from radicem. 
 
 Radicant, adj. (Bot.) radicant; from L. 
 radicantem. 
 
 Radicule, sf. (Bot.) a radicle, little root; 
 from L, radicula. 
 
 Radi§, adj. (Bot.) radiate; from L. radi- 
 atus. For -atus = -e see § 201. Its 
 doublet is raye, q. v. 
 
 Radier, sm. an inverted arch. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 Radieux, arf/. radiant; from L. radiosus. 
 For -osus = -ew«! see § 229. 
 
 'I'Radis, sm. a turnip, radish; from Prov. 
 raditz, which from L. radioem. 
 
 ^Radius, sm. (Anat.) a radius; so used in 
 Celsus. 
 
 RADOTER, vn. to dote; formerly redoter, 
 compd. of re- and the root doter*, of 
 Germ, origin, Engl, dote, Flem. doten. — 
 Der. radoieuT, radotiige, radotene. 
 
 ■RADOUB, sm. a refitting, repair. See ra- 
 douber. 
 
 RADOUBER, va. (Naut.) to refit ; formerly 
 redouber, compd. of re- and a theme 
 dauber *, which, like many other sea- 
 terms, is of Germ, origin, A. S. dubban, to 
 strike, whence sense of preparing, repair- 
 ing. — Der. radoub (verbal subst,). 
 
 RADOUCIR, va. to soften. See re- and 
 adoucir. — Der. racfowcissement. 
 
 Rafale, sf. a squall. Origin unknown. 
 
 RAFFERMIR, va. to harden. See re- and 
 affermir. — Der. ra^rmissement. 
 
 RAFFINER, va. to refine. See re- and 
 affinir. — Der. rqffimgt, raffinemtnt, raffin- 
 erie, raffinem. 
 
 RAFFOLER, vn. to dote. See re- and 
 affoler. 
 
 RAFLER, va. to carry off; of Germ, origin, 
 Dan. rafle. — Der. rafle (verbal subst.), 
 
 RAFRAlCHIR, va. to cool, refresh. See re- 
 and afraichir*, compd. of a and /ra/s, q.v. 
 — Der. rafraichi%sznt, rafraichxssQmtnt. 
 
 RAGAILLARDIR, va. to enliven, cheer up. 
 See re- and agaillardir, compd. of a and 
 gaillard, q. v. 
 
 RAGE, sf. rage. Sp. rahia, from L. rabies. 
 For bi = bj see abrSger ; then for bj =j see 
 sujet; lastly for j=^ see abreger and 
 genievre.—Dtx. enrager. 
 
 RAGOT, adj. thickset, dumpy. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 RAGOUT, sm. a stew. See ragoilter. 
 
 RAGOOTER, va. to restore the appetite, 
 stimulate; from re and agoilter*, compd. 
 of a and gouter, q. v. — Der. ragoilt (verbal 
 subst.), ragoHtznt. 
 
 RAGRANDIR, va. to enlarge again. See re- 
 and agrandir. 
 
 RAGREER, va. to finish, restore. See re- 
 and agreer. 
 
 tRaia, sm. a raiah; from Turk, raia, 
 properly ' a flock,' then ' dog of a Christian,' 
 an insulting name given by the Mussulmans 
 to the Christian inhabitants of Turkey. 
 
 RAIDE, adj. stiff, rigid ; formerly roide, from 
 L. rigidus, by regular contr. (see § 51) of 
 rigidus to rig'dus, a contr. already made 
 in popular Lat. : we find rigdus in the 
 Appendix ad Probum. Rigdus becomes 
 roide'. for gd = c? see amande; for i = oi 
 see boire. Roide J)ecomes raide by oi = ai, 
 see § 63. — Der. raider, raideur. 
 
 RAIDEUR, sf stiffness. See above. 
 
 RAIE, sf. a stroke, line; from L. radia*, 
 fem. form of radius. For loss of medial d 
 see alouette. 
 
 RAIE, sf a furrow; formerly roie, Prov. 
 rega, from L. riga *, a furrow in medieval 
 Lat. documents ; e. g. ' Nee unam rigam 
 de terra, nee ullum habebat mancipium pro- 
 prium,' from an llth-cent. text; and in a 
 somewhat earlier document, ' Coepit ter- 
 ram fodere et in modum sulci rigam facere.' 
 Biga is verbal subst. of rigare. Biga 
 
^a 
 
 RATE^RAMENBR» 
 
 becomes roie by loss of medial g (see 
 allier), then raie by oi = ai (see § 63). 
 
 RAIE, sf. (Ichth.) a ray ; from L. raia. 
 
 RAIFORT, stn. (Bot.) a radish; formerly 
 raisfort, compd. of adj. fort (q. v.) and 
 O. Fr. rai, rats, which is from L. radicem. 
 Badioem becomes rais by regular contr. 
 (see § 51) of rddicem (for radicem) to 
 rad'oem. For do = c see adjuger ; for 
 c = s see amitie. 
 
 fRail, sm. a rail; from Engl. rail. — Der. 
 d^rai7/er. 
 
 RAILLER, va. to rally, jest at; from L, 
 radiculare*, der. from radere ; cp. Germ. 
 scherzen similarly der. from scheren. Hadi- 
 culdre, regularly contrd. (see § 52) to 
 radio'lare, becomes railler: for loss of 
 medial d see accabler; for cl = z7 see 
 abeille. — Der. raillerie, raillenr. 
 
 RAINE, sf. a frog. It. rana, from L. rana. 
 For a,=ai see § 54. — Der. ramette. 
 
 RAINETTE, sf. a tree-frog. See raine. 
 
 RAINETTE, sf. a reinette, or rennet, apple, 
 pippin. See reine. 
 
 RAINURE, sf. a grove. Origin unknown. 
 
 + B.aiponce, s/". a rampion; from Sp.rai- 
 ponce. 
 
 RAIS, sm. spoke (of a wheel), ray (of light) ; 
 from L. radius. For adiu = at see a- 
 louette and bale ; for persistence of s see 
 § 149. — Der. : from the obj. case rai comes 
 the deriv. rayon and compd. enrayer. 
 
 RAISIN, sm. a grape, raisin, plum. Prov. 
 razim, Sp. racimo. It. racemo, from L. 
 racemus. For a = ai see § 54 ; for o = s 
 see amitie; for e = i see §59; forni=n 
 see changer. — Der. raisine. 
 
 RAISON, sf. reason; from L. rationem. 
 For -ationem = -aiso« see fenaison. Its 
 doublet is ration, q. v. — Der. raisonntx. 
 
 RAISONNABLE, adj. reasonable; from L. 
 rationabilis. For ration- = ra/son- see 
 raison; for -abilis = -a6/e see affable. — 
 Der. deraisonnable. 
 
 RAISONNER, va. to reason. See raison. — 
 Der. raisonn^, raisontiemtnt, raisonneur, 
 deraisonner. 
 
 RAJEUNIR, va. to restore to youth. See 
 jeune. — Der. ra;ew«issement. 
 
 RAJUSTER, va. to readjust. See ajusler.— 
 per. rajustement. 
 
 RALE, sm. (Ornith.) a rail (so called from 
 its cry). See rdler. 
 
 RALE, sm. (Med.) a rattle. See rdler. 
 
 RALENTIR, va. to retard. See /e«^— Der. 
 ra/e«^issement. 
 
 RALER, vn. to have a rattling in the throat. 
 
 Origin unknown. — Der. rdle (verbal subst.), 
 ralement. 
 
 RALINGUE, sf. a bolt-rope ; of Germ, origin. 
 Germ, raleik. For intercalated n see con- 
 comhre. — Der. ralingutx. 
 
 RALLIER, va. to rally. See allier.—Dtx. 
 ralliement. 
 
 RALLONGER, va. to lengthen. See allonger. \ 
 — Der. rallonge (verbal subst.), rallonge- j 
 ment. i 
 
 RALLUMER, va. to rekindle. See allumer. 
 
 t Ramadan, sm. Ramadan ; from Ar. ra- 
 madan. 
 
 RAMAGE, sm. flowers, branches. Prov. ra- 
 matge, from L. ramaticvuu, deriv. of 
 ramus. For -aticum = -age see 6ge. 
 Ramage still means ' branching ' in hunting, 
 and is also used for. a kind of textile fabric 
 on which are represented leaves and flowers. 
 
 RAMAGE, sm. warbling (of birds) ; formerly 
 chant ramage, i.e. song of birds in the 
 branches. For origin of ramage see above, 
 
 RAMAIGRIR, va. to make lean again. See 
 amaigrir. 
 
 RAMAS, sm. a collection, lot, heap. See 
 ramasser. 
 
 RAMASSER, va. to amass, collect. See a- 
 masser. — Der, ramas (verbal subst.), ra- 
 mass6, ramasseui, ramassis. 
 
 Rambour, sm. a kind of apple; formerly 
 rambor, originally rambure ; of hist, origin 
 (see § 33), from Rambure, a village near 
 Amiens. 
 
 RAME, sf. a stick, branch, twig; from L. 
 ram^a, fem. form of ramus. — Der. ramtx, 
 ramier (a wild pigeon which roosts in the 
 branches), ra/neux, ramilles, ramnxt, ramoxi 
 (a broom of twigs). 
 
 fRame, sf. an oar; introd. from Prov. 
 rem, which is from L. remus. Jal (Archeo- 
 logie Nautique) says "that rame was intro- 
 duced into France by the sailors of Pro- 
 vence and Languedoc. — Der. ramer, romeur. 
 
 + Rame, sf. a ream ; formerly rayme, Sp. 
 resma. It. risma ; of Oriental origin, Ar. 
 rizma. For / = ai = a see balance ; for loss 
 of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. 
 
 RAMEAU, sm. a twig, branch; formerly 
 ramel, from L.ramellus*, dim. of ramus. 
 For -eU.via = -el = -eau see § 282. 
 
 RAMEE, sf branches with green leaves. Sp. 
 ramada, from. L. ramata*, der. from 
 ramTOB. 
 
 RAMENDER, va. to lower the price (of pro- 
 visions). See re- and amender. 
 
 RAMENER, va. to recall, bring back. See 
 re- and amener. 
 
RA MENTE VOIR — RAPPRENDRE. 
 
 399 
 
 RAMENTEVOIR, va. to recall, call to mind ; 
 compd. of re- and O. Fr. ame?itevoir. A- 
 mentevoir, also amentavoir. It. a mente 
 avere, is compd. of the three words a ment 
 avoir (ad mentem habere, to have in 
 mind). For etymology see a and avoir. 
 
 RAMER, va. to row. See rame (2). — Der. 
 raweur. 
 
 RAMIER, sm. a ringdove. See rame (l). — 
 Der. rnmereau. 
 
 Eamifier, vn. to ramify; from L. rami- 
 ficare*, der. from ramus and the verbal 
 suifix ficare. — Der. ramyf cation. 
 
 RAMILLES, sf. pi. twigs, sprays. See rame. 
 
 RAMOITIR, va. to make damp. See moite. 
 
 RAMOLLIR, va. to soften. See amollir. — 
 Der. rawzo/Zissant. 
 
 RAMON, sm. a broom (of twigs). See 
 rame (i). — Der. ramoner (to sweep with 
 a ramon. In O. Fr. ramoner signiiied * to 
 sweep ' generally ; in modern Fr. to sweep 
 chimneys only : for such restricted significa- 
 tions see § 12), 
 
 RAMONER, va. to sweep (chimneys). See 
 ramon. — Der. ramowage, ramoneui. 
 
 RAMPEj sf. a flight of stairs. See ramper. 
 
 RAM PER, vn. to creep, crawl; formerly 
 meaning to climb by catching hold of 
 another. Prov. rapar, of Germ, origin, 
 Low Germ, rapen. For intercalated m see 
 lambruche. — Der. rampe (verbal subst. : the 
 sense of climbing, proper to the O. Fr. word, 
 is still seen in this word, as also in the 
 heraldic rampant), rampant, rampement. 
 
 RAMURE, sf. branching, hunting attire. See 
 rame (l). 
 
 RANGE, adj. rancid; from L. raneidus. 
 For regular loss of the last two atonic 
 vowels see §§ 50, 51. — Der. ranch. 
 
 RANCHER, sm. a rack-ladder ; from ranche. 
 Ranche (a wooden pin) is from L. ramicem, 
 by regular contr. (see § 51) of ramicem 
 to ram.'cem, whence rauche. For va. = n 
 see changer; for o = ch see § 126. 
 
 Eancidit6, sf. rancidity; from L. ranci- 
 ditatem. 
 
 RANCIR, vn. to become rank. See ranee. — 
 Der. ra«cissure. 
 
 RANCON, sm. a ransom ; formerly raen^on, 
 Prov. reemsos, It. redenzione, from L. re- 
 demption^m., by regular loss of medial d 
 (see Hist. Gram. p. 81), whence re-empti- 
 .ouexa whence raen^on. For e = a see 
 amender ; for m. = « see changer ; for pt = / 
 see § 168; for -tionem. = -^o« see agencer. 
 For contraction of raenpon to ranQon see 
 § 103. Ranfon is a donhltt of redemption, 
 
 q. v. — Der. rawf owner, rangofineur, ran' 
 
 fownement. 
 RANCUNE, sf. rancour, ill-will; an altered 
 
 form of ranctire, which is from medieval 
 
 Lat. rancura *, der. from the same root as 
 
 the Class. Lat. rancor, and found in St. 
 
 Jerome. — Der. rancunier. 
 RANG, sm. a row, rank ; formerly reng ; of 
 
 Germ, origin, O. H. G. hring, a ring. For 
 
 in = en = an see andouille. Rang is a doublet 
 
 of ranz, harangue, q. v. — Der. ranger, 
 
 ranges (partic. subst.), deraw^er, nrranger. 
 Ranimer, va. to restore to life, reanimate. 
 
 See animer, 
 tRanz, sm. ranz (des vaches) ; of Swiss 
 
 origin, Germ.-Swiss ranz. 
 Rapace, adj. rapacious; from L. rapacem. 
 Rapacite, sf. rapacity; from L. rapaci- 
 
 tatem. 
 RAPATELLE, sf. horse-hair cloth (for 
 
 sieves). Origin unknown. 
 RAPATRIER.vn.to reconcile; compd. aire, a, 
 
 and patrie. — Der. rapatriage, rapatriement. 
 RAPE, sf. a rasp, giater. See rdper. 
 fR&pe, sf. stem, stalk of grapes; from 
 
 Germ, rappe. — Der. rape. 
 RAPER, vn. to rasp, grate ; formerly rasper, 
 
 of Germ, origin, O. H. G. raspon. — Der. 
 
 rape (verbal subst.). 
 Rapetasser, va. to patch, piece ; from re- 
 
 and apetasser *, compd. of petas* , a frag- 
 ment, piece. See piece. 
 RAPETISSER, va. to lessen. See petit. 
 Rapide, adj. rapid; from L. rapidus. 
 Rapidity, sf. rapidity; from L. rapidita- 
 
 tem. 
 RAPIECER, va. to piece. See piece.— Der. 
 
 rapiecettx, rapiecetage. 
 RAPIECETAGE, sm. patching, patchwork. 
 
 See rapiecer. 
 RAPIERE, sf a rapier. Origin unknown. 
 Rapine, sf. rapine ; from L. rapina. — Der. 
 
 rapiner. 
 RAPPAREILLER, va. to match. See re- and 
 
 appareiller. 
 RAPPARIER, va. to match, get the pair to; 
 
 from re- and apparier, q. v. 
 RAPPEL, sm. recall. See rappeler. 
 RAPPELER, va. to recall. See re- and ap- 
 
 peler. — Der. rappel (verbal subst.). 
 RAPPORT, sm. bearing, produce, revenue, 
 
 report, relation. See rapporter. 
 RAPPORTER, va. to bring again. See re- 
 
 and apporter. — Der. rapport (verbal subst.), 
 
 rapportahlQ, rapporttwx. 
 RAPPRENDRE, va. to relearn. See re- and 
 
 apprendre. 
 
300 
 
 RAPPROCHER — RA VELIN. 
 
 RAPPROCHER, va. to place near again. See 
 re- and approcher. — Der. rapprochement. 
 
 Rapsode, sm. a rhapsodist ; from Gr, paipo)- 
 bds. — Der. rapsodie. 
 
 H>apt, sm. abduction ; from L. raptus. 
 
 RApURE, s/. raspings. See rdper. 
 
 RAQUETTE, sf. a racket, batUedore. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 Rare, adj. rare; from L. rarus. — Der. 
 rar^ment. 
 
 Bar6fier, va. to rarify; from L. rarefi- 
 care *, compd. of rarus and of suffix 
 -ficare, which becomes ;;ffr by regular loss 
 of medial c, see affouage. — Der. rare/fant. 
 
 Raret^, sf. rarity, scarceness; from L. rari- 
 tatem. For i = « see § 72. 
 
 Rarissime, adj. superl. most rare ; from L. 
 rarissimus. 
 
 RAS, adj. close shaven ; from L. rasus. Its 
 doublet is rez, q. v. — Der. raser, rasibus. 
 
 + Ras, sm. the bore, race (of tide); a some- 
 what modem Fr. word, introd. by sailors 
 from Low Bret, raz, a swift current, race. 
 
 RASADE, sf. a bumper. See raser. Its 
 doublet is racee, q. v. 
 
 RASER, va. to shave. Seeras. — Der. ras ant, 
 rascment, rasoir, rasade. 
 
 RASSASIER, va. to satiate ; compd. of re- 
 and O. Fr. verb assasier. Assasier repre- 
 sents a L. adsatiare *, compd. of ad and 
 satiare. For ds = ss see § 168 ; for ti = s 
 see agencer. — Der. rassasiant, rassasiement. 
 
 RASSEMBLER, va. to reassemble. See re- 
 and assembler Der. rassemblement. 
 
 RASSEOIR, va. to reseat. See re- and as- 
 seoir. 
 
 RASSERENER, va. to make clear, render 
 serene ; compd. of re- and asserener, der. 
 from serein, q. v. 
 
 RASSIS, sm. an old horse-shoe put on again. 
 See re- and assis. 
 
 RASSOTER, va. to infatuate ; compd. of re- 
 and assoter *. See sot. 
 
 RASSURER, va. to strengthen, tranquillise. 
 See re- and assurer. — Der. rassur&nt. 
 
 RAT, sm. a rat ; of Germ, origin, O. H. G. 
 rato. — Der. rate, ra/ier, ro/iere, raton, rater 
 (there was an old phrase prendre un rat, i.e. 
 to take a fancy, as in ce pistolet a pris un 
 rat, of a pistol missing fire, in l8th-cent. 
 writers). 
 
 RATAFIA, sm. ratafia. Origin unknown. 
 
 RATATINER (SE), vpr. to shrivel up. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 RATE, sf. milt, spleen ; of Germ, origin, 
 Neth. rate, properly honeycomb, whence 
 sense of spleen, from supposed likeness of 
 
 -I 
 
 the cellular tissue of the spleen to a honey- 
 comb — Der. Tate\^e, rate\enx. 
 
 RATEAU, sm. 3l rake; formerly ra/e/, origin- 
 ally rastel, from L. rastelluiu (found in 
 Suetonius, whence rastel, then ratel (by loss 
 of s, see Hist. Gram. p. 81), then rateax 
 (for el = eau see agneau). — Der. (from O.Fr. 
 ratel) rateler, ratel4e (partic. subst.), rdtel- 
 eur, rdteliei. 
 
 RATER, vn. to miss fire. See rat. 
 
 Ratification, sf. ratification ; from L. rat i- 
 ficationem *. 
 
 Ratifier, va. to ratify ; from L. rati ficare 
 der. from ratum. 
 
 RATINE, sf. a ratteen. Origin unknown. — 
 Der. ratinex. 
 
 Ration, sf. a ration; from L. rationem. 
 Its doublet is raison, q. v. 
 
 Rational, sm. a breastplate (Jewish) ; from 
 L, rationale (found in St. Jerome). 
 
 Rationnel, adj. rational; from L. ration- 
 alis. 
 
 RATISSER, vn. to scrape off. See rature. 
 Der. ratissnge, ratissohe, ratissuTC. 
 
 RATON, sm. a racoon. See rat. 
 
 RATTACHER, va. to fasten again. See 
 attacker. 
 
 RATTEINDRE, va. to overtake again. See 
 atteindre. 
 
 RATTRAPER, va. to catch again. See 
 attraper. 
 
 RATURE, sf an erasure ; der. from O. Fr. 
 verb rater. Origin unknown. This verb 
 rater gives another derivation ratisser. — ' 
 Der. raturex. 
 
 Raucit§, s/. hoarseness ; from L. raucita- 
 tem. 
 
 Rauque, adj. hoarse; from L. raucus. 
 
 RAVAGE, sf. ravage. See ravir, — Der. rfl- 
 vagex, ravageux. 
 
 RAVALER, va. to lower, swallow again; 
 compd. of re- and O. Fr. verb avaler. For 
 etymology see aval. — Der. ravalement. 
 
 RAVAUDER, va. to mend (old clothes), pro- 
 perly to strengthen, fortify ; compd. of re- 
 and a form avauder*, which is from L. 
 advalidare *, compd. of Class. Lat. vali- 
 dare. Advaliddxe, contrd. regularly (see 
 § 52) to adval'dare, becomes avauder*. 
 For dv = v see § 168; for al = aw see 
 agneau. — Der. ravaudzge, ravaudeux, ra- 
 vaudexie. 
 
 RAVE, sf. a long radish. Sp. raba, It. rapa, 
 from L. rapa. For p=v see § 11 1. — 
 Der, ravitx, raviexe. 
 
 f Ravelin, s?«. a ravelin; introd. in i6th 
 cent, from It. rivellino. 
 
RA VIGOTER — REBOUTONNER. 
 
 301 
 
 RAVIGOTER (SE), vpr. to recover one's 
 strength ; corruption of O. Fr. verb ravi- 
 gorer, der. from L. vigorem. — Der. ravi- 
 gote (verbal subst.), 
 
 RAVILIR, vn. to debase. See re- and avilir. 
 
 RAVIN, sm. a ravine, hollow road. See 
 ravine. 
 
 RAVINE, sf., properly a torrent rushing 
 down, then ravine. Pro v. rabina, from L. 
 rapina, act of carrying off, thence sense of 
 a swift torrent which digs out a deep bed. 
 For -p — v see § lil Der. ravin. 
 
 RAVIR, va. to ravish. It. rapire, from L. 
 rapere. For change of quantity, rap§re 
 = rapere, see Hist. Gram. p. 133. Eapere 
 becomes ravir : for p = i/ see § 1 1 1 ; for e 
 = i see § 59 -^Der. rav/ssant, ravissement, 
 ravisseuT, ravage (der. from ravir, cp. 
 remplage from remplir). 
 
 RAVISER (SE), vpr. to alter one's mind. See 
 re- and aviser. 
 
 RAVITAILLER, va. to revictual ; compd. of 
 re- and avitailler. 
 
 RAVIVER, va. to revive (a fire), rouse up. 
 See re- and aviver. 
 
 RAVOIR, va. to get back. See re- and avoir. 
 
 RAYER. va. to scratch, erase. Prov. raiar, 
 Sp. rtidiar. It. radiare, from L. radiare. 
 For loss of medial d see accabler. — Der. 
 ra_yure, 
 
 RAYON, sm. a ray. See rais. — Der. rayon- 
 ner. 
 
 RAYONNER, vn. to radiate, irradiate. See 
 rayon. — Der. rayonnunt, rayonne, rayonne- 
 ment. 
 
 RE-, prefixed particle, denoting repetition, re- 
 newal, reciprocity, increase ; from L. re-. 
 Before words beginning with a vowel re- 
 usually loses the e {r-attacher, r-endormir, 
 etc., for re-attacher, re-endormir, etc.). 
 Before s re- is assimilated to res- (ressem- 
 bler, ressusciter for resembler restisciter, etc.). 
 
 E,6aetif, adj. reacting ; from L. reactivus *, 
 from re-agere. See reagir. 
 
 Reaction, sf. a reaction. See re- and action. 
 
 Reaggraver, va. to censure by a reaggra- 
 vation (canon law). See re- and aggraver. 
 
 Beagir, vn, to react ; from L. reagere. 
 For letter-changes see agir. 
 
 REAJOURNER, va. to readjourn. See re- 
 and ajourner. — Der. reajournement. 
 
 + R6al, sm. a real (Spanish coin) ; from Sp. 
 real, lit. royal. Its doublet is royal, q. v. 
 
 t Realgar, sm. (Min.) realgar; from Sp. 
 rejalgar. 
 
 R6aliser, va. to realise ; from L. realis *. 
 — Der. realisation, realisme, realiste. 
 
 R6alit6, sf. reality; from L. realitatem *, 
 
 from realis *. 
 R6apparition, sf. reappearance. See re- 
 
 ^and apparition. 
 REAEPPLER, va. to call over the names 
 
 again. See re- and appeler. — Der. reappel 
 
 (verbal subst.). 
 REAPPOSER, va. to reafBx. See re- and 
 
 apposer. — Der. rea/'/>osition. 
 R6assigner, va. to reassign. See re- and 
 
 assigner. — Der, reassignation. 
 REATTELER, va. to harness again. See re- 
 
 and atteler. 
 REBAISSER, va. to lower again. See re- 
 
 and baisser. 
 REBANDER, va. to bind again. See re- and 
 
 bander. 
 Rebaptiser, va. to rebaptize; from L. re- 
 
 baptizare (found in St. Augustine and 
 
 St. Jerome). 
 REBARBATIF, adj. stern, dogged, cross; 
 
 from rebarbe *, compd. of re- and barbe, q. v. 
 REbATIR, va. to rebuild. See re- and hatir. 
 REBATTRE, va. to beat again. See re- and 
 
 battre.— Der. rebatta. 
 + Rebec, sm. a rebeck; from It. ribeca. 
 'Rehelle, adj. rebellious; from L. rebellis. 
 Rebeller (Se), vpr. to rebel, revolt ; from 
 
 L. rebellare. 
 R6bellion, sf. a rebellion; from L. rebel- 
 lion e m . 
 REBENIR, va. to bless again. See re- and 
 
 benir. 
 REBEQUER (SE), vpr. to be impertinent. 
 
 See re- and bee. 
 REBLANCHIR, va. to whiten again. See 
 
 re- and blanchir. 
 REBONDIR, vn. to rebound. See re- and 
 
 bondir. — Der. rebondi, rebondissement. 
 REBORDER, va. to border again. See re- 
 
 and border.— Der. rebord (verbal subst.). 
 REBOUCHER, va. to stop up again. See 
 
 re- and boucher. 
 REBOUILLIR, vn. to boil again. See re- 
 
 and bouillir. 
 REBOURS, sm. the wrong way (of a stuff) ; 
 
 from L. rebuxrus *, rough, in late Lat. 
 
 documents : we find, in the Glosses of 
 
 Isidore, ' reburrus = hispidus.' Ilebur- 
 
 rus, contrd. regularly (see § 50) to re- 
 burr's, becomes rebours. For u = om see 
 
 § 97. — Der. rebours (adj.). 
 REBOUTEUR, sm. a bone-setter ; from re- 
 
 bouter. See re- and bouter. Its doublet is 
 
 raboter, q. v. 
 REBOUTONNER, va. to rebutton. See re- 
 
 and boutonner. 
 
50« 
 
 REDRIDER—RECL URE. 
 
 REBRIDER, va. to bridle again. See re- and 
 brider. 
 
 REBROCHER, va. to restitch. See rt- and 
 brocher. 
 
 REBRODER, va. to reimbroider. See re- and 
 broder. 
 
 REBROUSSER, va. to turn back, to retrace 
 (one's steps) ; formerly rebrosser. For ety- 
 mology see brosse ; for o = ou see § 86. 
 
 t Rebuffade, s/. a repulse, rebuff; from 
 It. rabbuffo. 
 
 t B,6bus, sm. a rebus, pun ; formerly rebus 
 de Picardie ; of hist, origin (see § 33). The 
 basoche-clerks of Picardy used yearly to 
 compose a Latin satiric poem on the topics 
 of the day • de rebus quae geruntur.' 
 
 REBUTER, va. to repel. See re- and buter. 
 — Der. rebut (verbal subst.), rebuUnt. 
 
 RECACHETER, va. to reseal. See re- and 
 cacheter. 
 
 !R6calcitrant, adj. recalcitrant; from L. 
 recalcitrantem. 
 
 !R6calcitrer, va. to recalcitrate; from L. 
 recalcitrare. 
 
 R6capituler, va. to recapitulate ; from L. 
 recapitulare (found in Tertullian). — Der. 
 recapitulz\.\on. 
 
 RECARDER, va. to card again. See re- and 
 carder. 
 
 RECASSER, va. to break again. See re- and 
 casser. 
 
 Rec6der, va. to recede ; from L. recedere. 
 
 Receler, va. to conceal. See re- and celer. 
 — Der. recele, receltwr, recelemcnt. 
 
 Recenser, va. to recount ; from L. recen- 
 sere. — Der. resencexatnt. 
 
 Recent, adj. recent ; from L. recentem. 
 — Der. rhemmcnt. 
 
 RECEPER, va. to cut down (wood). See re- 
 and cep. — Der. recepee (partic. subst.), re- 
 ce/>age. 
 
 tll6c6piss6, sm. a receipt; from L. 
 recepisse. 
 
 Receptacle, sm. a receptacle ; from L. re- 
 ceptaculum. 
 
 Reception, sf. reception; from L. recep- 
 tionem.. 
 
 RECERCLER, va. to hook again. See re- 
 mind cercler. 
 
 RECETTE, sf. a receipt. Prov, recepta. It. 
 ricetta, from L. recepta*, a receipt in 
 medieval Lat. texts, as in a I3th-cent. 
 charter : ' Compotum et rationem legitimam 
 de receptis et misiis ob hoc factis semel 
 in anno reddere teneantur.* Recepta be- 
 comes recette. For pt = W see § 168. 
 
 RECEVOIR, va. to receive; from L, reci- 
 
 pere. For -cipere = -c«/ojV see aperce- 
 
 voir. — Der. recevibXe, recevtMX. 
 Recez, sm. a recess ; from L. recessus. 
 RECHANGE, sm. an exchange ; verbal subst. 
 
 of rechanger * ; see changer. 
 RECHAPPER, vn. to escape. See re- and 
 
 ^chopper. 
 RECHARGER, va. to reload. See re- and 
 
 charger. — Der. rechargem^nt. 
 RECHASSER, va. to drive back. See re- and 
 
 chasser. 
 RECHAUD, sm. a chafing-dish ; verbal subst. 
 
 of r^chauder*, comp. of re- and echauder. 
 
 See chaud. 
 RfeCHAUFFER, va. to rewarm. See re- and 
 
 Chauffer. — Der. rechauffement. 
 RECHAUSSER, va. to put on again (shoes, 
 
 stockings). See re- and chausser. 
 RECHE, adj. rough (to the senses), then res- 
 tive, indocile ; formerly resche, from Germ. 
 
 resche. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. 
 
 — Der. rechm, rechigntr. 
 RECHERCHER, va. to seek again. See re- 
 
 and chercher. — Der. recherche (verbal 
 
 subst.), recherche. 
 RECHIGNER, vn. to look cross, surly. See 
 
 reche. 
 RECHOIR, vn. to relapse. See re- and choir. 
 
 — Der. rechute (see re- and chute.) 
 RECHUTE, sf. a relapse. See rechoir. 
 R6cidive, sf. (Legal) a second offence ; 
 
 from L. recidivus. — Der. recidivtr. 
 fR^cif, sm. a reef; from Port, recife. 
 fR^cipe, sm. a prescription; from L. 
 
 recipe. 
 R6cipiendaire, sm. a new member (about 
 
 to be received): from L. recipienda- 
 
 rius. 
 Recipient, sm. a recipient; from L. re- 
 
 cipientem. 
 Reciprocity, sf. reciprocity; from L. reci- 
 
 procitatem. 
 R6ciproque, adj. reciprocal ; from L. reci- 
 
 procus. 
 R6cit, sm. a recital. See reciter. 
 R6citateur, sm. a reciter; from L. recita- 
 
 torem. 
 Recitation, sf. recitation; from L. recita- 
 
 tionem. 
 Reciter, va. to recite; from L. recitare. — 
 
 Der. recitztif, recitznt, recit (verbal subst.). 
 Reclamation, sf. a demand, opposition; 
 
 from L. reclamationem. 
 Redamer, va. to demand; from L. rec la- 
 mare. — Der. reclame (verbal subst.). 
 RECLOUER, va. to renail. See re- and clouer. 
 RECLURE, va. to sequester, shut up ; from 
 
RECLUS — RECRUE. 
 
 3^3 
 
 L. recludere. For -cludere = -dure see 
 
 exclure. 
 RECLUS, sm. a recluse ; from L. reclusus. 
 
 — Der. reclusion. 
 RECOGNER, va. to knock in again. See re- 
 
 and cogner. 
 R6cognitlf, adj. (Legal) ratifying a liability; 
 
 from L. recognitivus *, der. from recog- 
 
 nitus. 
 RECOIFFER, va. to redress (hair). See re- 
 
 and coiffer. 
 RECOIN, sm. a nook. See re- and coin. 
 B.6coler, va. to read evidence to (a witness), 
 
 verify; fromL, recolere. — Der. reco/ement. 
 RECOLLER, va. to paste again. See re- and 
 
 coller. 
 Recollet, sm. Recollet (a religious order) ; 
 
 from L. recollectus. For ct = / see 
 
 § l68. Its doublet is recueille, q. v. 
 + B.6colte, sf. a harvest ; from It. raccolta. 
 
 — Der. recolttx. 
 RECOMMANDER, va. to recommend. See 
 
 re- and commander. — Der. recommand^hlt, 
 
 recommanda.tion. 
 RECOMMENCER, va. to begin anew. See 
 
 re- and commencer. 
 E^compenser, va. to recompense. See re- 
 
 and compenser. — Der. recompense (verbal 
 
 subst.). 
 RECOMPOSER, va. to recompose. See re- 
 
 and composer. — Der. recomposiiion. 
 RECOMPTER, va. to recount. See re- and 
 , compter. 
 ileconciliateur, sm. a reconciler ; from L. 
 
 reconciliatorem. 
 B.6conciliation, sf. reconciliation ; from L. 
 
 reconciliationem. 
 R6concilier, va. to reconcile ; from L. re- 
 
 conciliare. — Der. reconciliablt, irr^con- 
 
 ciliahle. 
 RECONDUIRE, va. to reconduct. See re- 
 
 and conduire. 
 RfiCONFORTER, va. to comfort, revive. 
 
 See re- and conforter. — Der. reconfort 
 
 (verbal subst.), re'con/or^ation. 
 RECONNAITRE, va. to recognise. See re- 
 
 and connattre. — Der. reconnaisszhXt, recon- 
 
 issant, recowwaissance. 
 RECONQUERIR, va. to reconquer. See re- 
 
 and conquerir. 
 Reconstitution, sf. reconstitution. See 
 
 re- and constittition. 
 Reconstruction, sf. reconstruction. See 
 
 re- and construction. 
 Reconstniire, va. to reconstruct. See re- 
 
 and construire. 
 Recopier, va. to recopy. See re- and copier. 
 
 RECOQUILLER, va. to curl up, cockle up. 
 See re- and coquille. — Der. recoquillement. 
 
 Recorder, va. to remember ; from L. re- 
 cordari. — Der. recors (formerly records, 
 one who remembers, then a witness; in 
 which sense it is found as a legal term in 
 O. Fr. : it later came to mean an assistant, 
 then an armed agent). 
 
 Recors, sm. a bailiffs follower. See recorder. 
 
 RECOUCHER, va. to lay flat again, put 
 again to bed. See re- and concher. 
 
 RECOUDRE, va. to sew again. See re- and 
 coudre. 
 
 RECOUPER, va. to cut again. See re- and 
 couper. — Der. recoupe (verbal subst.), re- 
 couptxxt. 
 
 RECOURBER, va. to bend round. See re- 
 and courbe. 
 
 RECOURIR, vn, to run again, to have re- 
 course to ; from L. rec\irrere. For change 
 of accent see Hist. Gram. p. 133; for u = ow 
 see § 97 ; for rr=r see § 168 ; for -6re = 
 ir see § 59. — Der. recours (see cours). 
 
 RECOUVRER, va. to recover. Sp. recobrar, 
 It. recuperare, from L. recuperare, by 
 regular contr. (see § 52) of recuperfire 
 to recup'rare, whence recouvrer. For u = 
 ou see § 97; for ■p = v see § 1 11. Re- 
 couvrer is a doublet of recuperer, q. v. — 
 Der. recouvrzhlc, recouvra.nce, recouvrement. 
 
 RECOUVRIR, va. to cover again. See re- 
 and couvrir. 
 
 RECRACHER, va. to spit out again. See 
 re- and cracker. 
 
 R6cr6er, va. to recreate, create anew ; from 
 L. recreare. — Der. recreation, recre&tif. 
 
 RECREER, va. to recreate, amuse. See re- 
 and creer. 
 
 RECREPIR, va. to rough-coat, patch up. 
 See re- and crepir. 
 
 RECRIER, va. to cry out again. See re- 
 and eerier. 
 
 R6criniiner, va. to recriminate; from L. 
 re and criminari. — Der. recrimination, 
 recriminztoire. 
 
 RECRIRE, va. to rewrite. See re- and ecrire. 
 
 RECROITRE, vn. to spring again. See re- 
 and croitre. — Der. recrue. 
 
 RECROQyEVILLER (SE), vpr. to shrivel 
 up. Origin unknown. 
 
 RECRU, adj. tired out; p.p. of O. Fr. re- 
 croire, from L. recredere se * (sc. to en- 
 trust oneself to the conqueror, give oneself 
 up, avow oneself to be helpless). For 
 letter- changes see accroire. 
 
 RECRUE, sf recruiting. See recroitre. — 
 Der. recrut&x (from O. Fr. masc. recrut). 
 
304 
 
 RECR UTER^RtDUIRE. 
 
 RECRUTER, va. to recruit. See recrue.^ 
 
 Der, recruttUT, recrutemtnt. 
 t Recta, adv. punctually, right ; from L. 
 
 recta. 
 Rectangle, s/n. a rectangle; from L. rect- 
 
 angulus, found in a 7th-cent. author. — 
 
 Der. rectanguhixt. 
 Recteur, sm. a rector; from L. rectorem. 
 
 — Der. rectorzl, rector&t. 
 Rectifier, va. to rectify; from L. rectifi- 
 
 care. — Der. rec/j/fcation. 
 Rectiligne, adj. rectilinear; from L. recti- 
 
 lineus. For letter-changes see ligne. 
 Rectitude, sf. rectitude; from L. recti- 
 
 tudinem. 
 "t* Recto, sm. the right-hand page (in a 
 
 book) ; from L. recto, 
 t Re ctum, sm. (Anat.) the rectum; from 
 
 L. rectum. 
 RE^U, sm. a receipt ; weak p.p. of recevoir 
 
 (q. v.). 
 RECUEILLIR, va. to gather, cull; from L. 
 
 recolligere. For letter-changes see ac- 
 
 cueillir. — Der. recueil (verbal subst.), re- 
 
 ateillement. 
 RECUIRE, va. to reheat, anneal. See re- and 
 
 cuire. 
 RECULER, va. to move back. See cul. — 
 
 Der. recul (verbal subst.), recul^e (partic. 
 
 subst.), reculade, reculement, recule, a 
 
 reculons. 
 R6cup6rer, va. to recover ; from L. recu- 
 se rare. Its doublet is recouvrer, q. v. 
 RECURER, va. to scour. See re- and ecurer. 
 Recusable, adj. liable to challenge; from 
 
 L. recusabilis. For -al)ilis= -able see 
 
 affable. 
 Recusation, sf. a challenge ; from L. re- 
 
 cusationem. 
 R^cuser, va. to challenge ; from L. recu- 
 
 sare. Its doublet is ruser, q. v. 
 R6dacteur, sm. a writer, editor ; from L. 
 
 redactorem*, from redactum, supine of 
 
 redigere. See rediger. 
 Redaction, sf. the drawing up (of deeds, 
 
 etc.); from L. redactionem *, from re- 
 dactum, supine of redigere. See rediger. 
 REDAN, sm. (Archit.) a skew-back, redan; 
 
 in 17th cent, reden and redent, properly a 
 
 toothed-work, as is clearly shown by the old 
 
 spelling redent ; for the later change from 
 
 reden to redan see andouille. For the 
 
 etymology of redent, see re- and dent. 
 R§darguer, va. to reprove; from L. re- 
 
 darguere. 
 Reddition, sf a giving in (of accounts) ; 
 
 from L. redditionem. 
 
 REdSfAIRE, va. to undo again. See re- 
 
 and defaire. 
 REDEMANDER, va. to ask again. See re- 
 
 and demander. 
 R6dempteur, sm. a redeemer; from L. 
 
 redemptorem (found in St. Jerome). 
 Redemption, sf redemption ; from L. re- 
 
 demptionem (found in Prudentius). Its 
 
 doublet is ronton, q. v. 
 REDESCENDRE, vn. to descend again. See 
 
 re- and descendre. 
 REDEVABLE, adj. indebted. See redevoir. 
 REDEVANCE, sf. a rent, service. See redevoir, 
 REDEVENIR, vn. to become again. See re- 
 
 and devenir. 
 REDEVOIR, va. to remain in one's debt. 
 
 See re- and devoir. — Der. redevMe, redev- 
 
 ance. 
 Redhibition, sf (Legal) an action to set 
 
 aside a contract of sale; from L. redhibi- 
 
 tionem. 
 Redhibitoire, adj. setting aside a contract 
 
 of sale; from L. redhibitorius. 
 Rediger, i/a. to draw out; from L. redi- 
 gere. 
 Redimer (Se), vpr. to redeem oneself; from 
 
 L. redimere. 
 f Redingote, sf. a frock-coat ; from Engl. 
 
 riding-coat. 
 REDIRE, va. to repeat. See re and dire. — 
 
 Der. redite (partic. subst.). 
 REDITE, sf. a repetition. See redire. 
 Redondance, sf. redundancy ; from L. re- 
 
 dundantia. For -tia = -ce see agencer ; 
 
 for u = o'sce § 97. 
 Redonder, vn. to be redundant ; from L. 
 
 redundare. 
 REDONNER, va. to give back. See re- and 
 
 donner. 
 REDORER, va. to regild. See re- and dorer. 
 REDOUBLER, va. to redouble. Sec re- 
 
 and doubler. — Der. redoubleratnt. 
 fRedoute, s/. a redoubt; introd. in l6th 
 
 cent, from It. ridotto. Its doublet is re- 
 
 duit, q. v. 
 REDOUTER, va. to dread. See re- and 
 
 douter. — Der. redoutzhXt. 
 REDRESSER, va. to straighten. See re- and 
 
 dresser.- — Der. redressemtnt, redressem. 
 Reductible, adj. reducible ; from L. re- 
 
 ductibilis*, der. from reductus, see 
 
 reduire. 
 Reductif, a^/. reductive; from L. reduc- 
 
 tivus*, der. from reductus. 
 Reduction, sf a reduction; from L. re- 
 
 ductionem. 
 REDUIRE, va. to reduce; from L. re- 
 
REDUPLICA TIF — REFUSER. 
 
 3^S 
 
 *' ducere. For ducere = cfw/re see con- 
 
 duire. — Der. reduit (partic. subst.). 
 Reduplicatif, adj. reduplicative ; from L. 
 
 reduplicativus *, der. from reduplica- 
 
 tus. 
 Reduplication, sf. reduplication ; from L. 
 
 reduplicationem. 
 R^edification, sf. rebuilding. See re- and 
 
 edification. 
 R6ediiier, va. to rebuild. See re- and edifier. 
 Reel, adj. real ; from L. realis *, from rem. 
 
 — Der. rtiV/lement. 
 Reelection, sf. re-election. See re- and 
 
 election. 
 REELIRE, va. to re-elect. See re- and elire. 
 Reexportation, &f. re-exportation. See re- 
 
 and exportation. 
 Reexporter, va. to re-exf ort. See re- and 
 
 exporter. 
 REFAIRE, va. to remake. See re- and /aire. 
 
 — Der. refait (partic. subst.) 
 I REFAUCHER, va. to mow again. See re- 
 i zndfaucher. 
 
 I Refection, sf. a refection; from L. refec- 
 j tionem. 
 Refectoire, sm. a refectory; from eccles. 
 
 L. refectorium *, properly a place in 
 
 which one refreshes oneself. 
 REFENDRE, va. to cleave again. See re- 
 
 Andfendre. — Der. re/end (verbal subst.). 
 Refere, sm. an application to a judge in 
 
 chambers. See re/erer. 
 R6ferendaire, sm. a referendary (officer 
 
 connected with the seals) ; from L. referen- 
 
 darius. 
 Ref6rer, va. to refer; from L. referre. — 
 
 Der. refere (partic. subst.). 
 REFERMER, va. to restrict. See re- and 
 
 fermer. 
 REFERRER, va. to shoe again. See re- and 
 
 ferrer. 
 REFLECHIR, vn. to reflect. It. riflettere, 
 
 from L. reflectere. For ot = ch see al- 
 
 lecher; for e = i see § 59. — Der. rejlechi, 
 
 reflechxssement, itreflechi. 
 Reflecteur, sm. a reflector; from L. re- 
 
 flectorem. 
 Refleter, va. to reflect (light, etc.) ; in 
 
 14th cent, reflecter, from L. reflectere. 
 
 For loss of c see affete. — Der. reflet (verbal 
 
 subst.) 
 REFLEURIR, vn. to reflourish. See re- and 
 
 fleurir. 
 Reflexion, sf. a reflexion; from L. reflex- 
 
 ionem. Its doublet is reflection. 
 iRefluer, vn. to flow back; from L. re- 
 
 fluere. 
 
 Reflux, sm. a reflux. See re- zndflux. 
 
 REFONDRE, va. tc^j^ recast. See re- and 
 fondre. — Der. refonte (partic. subst., see 
 absoute). 
 
 R6forniateur, sm. a reformer; from L. 
 reformatorem. 
 
 Reformation, sf. reformation; from L. 
 reformationem. 
 
 Reformer, va. to reform; from L. refor- 
 mare. — Der. reformahle, reforms (verbal 
 subst.). 
 
 Reformer, va. to form anew. See re- and 
 former. 
 
 REFOULER, va. to drive back. See re- and 
 fouler. — Der. refoulement, refouloir. 
 
 Refractaire, adj. refractory ; from L. re- 
 fractarius. 
 
 Refracter, va. to refract; from L. refrac- 
 tare *, from refractum. 
 
 Refractif, adj. refractive; from L. refrac- 
 tivus. 
 
 Refraction, sf refraction ; from L. refr ac- 
 tionem. 
 
 REFRAIN, sm. burden, refrain (of a song); 
 verbal subst. of O. Fr. refraindre (to break, 
 as the refrain breaks a song into equal 
 parts). Refraindre is from L. refran- 
 gere, Refrdngere loses its atonic e 
 (see § 51) ; then loses g between two con- 
 sonants (see Hist. Gram. p. 81) ; then an 
 euphonic d is inserted (see Hist. Gram, 
 p. 73); lastly a = af, see § 54. 
 
 Refrangible, adj. refrangible ; from L. re- 
 frangibilis *, from refrangere. — Der. 
 refrangibilite. 
 
 REFRAPPER, va. to strike again. See re- 
 and f rapper. 
 
 Refrener, va. to bridle ; from L.refrenare. 
 
 Refrigerant, adj. refrigerant ; from L. re- 
 frigerantem. 
 
 Refrigeration, sf. refrigeration; from L. 
 refrigerationem. 
 
 Refringent, adj. refracting ; from L. re- 
 fringentem. 
 
 REFROGNER (SE), vpr. to frown ; compd. 
 of frogner and a form the origin of which is 
 unknown. — Der. renfrogner (the same word 
 as refrogner ; for intercalated n see con- 
 comhre). 
 
 REFROIDIR, va. to chill, cool. See re- and 
 froid. — Der. re/rozc?issement. 
 
 Refuge, sm. a refuge, shelter ; from L. r e- 
 fugium. — Der. (se) refug'iex. 
 
 Refugier (Se), vpr. to take shelter. See 
 refuge. — Der. refugw (partic. subst.). 
 
 REFUSER, va. to refuse; from L. refu- 
 tiare *, from refutare (to push back, 
 X 
 
3o6 
 
 rSfuta tion—rSimpression. 
 
 whence to refuseV For ti = s see agencer. 
 — Der. refus (verbaj|iubst.). 
 
 Refutation, sf. a refutation; from L. re- 
 futationem. 
 
 B^futer, va. to refute; from L. refutare. 
 
 REGAGNER, va. to regain. See re- and 
 gagner. — Der. regain (verbal subst.) 
 
 REGAIN, sm. return (of health). See re- 
 gagner. 
 
 REGAIN, sm. aftermath ; compd. of re- and 
 O. Fr. gain, originally ga'ln, and wa'in (grass 
 which grows in meadows that have been 
 mown) ; It. guaime, of Germ, origin, from 
 a form weidima *, der. from O. H. G. 
 weida *, grass, pasture, and the Lat. suffix 
 ime. Weidime, losing its medial d (see 
 accabler), becomes gain. For wei=ga see 
 gagner ; for ime = in see airain. 
 
 B^gal, sm. a banquet, entertainment. See 
 regaler. 
 
 Regale, sf. the regale (right of the crown to 
 receive revenues of vacant benefices) ; from 
 L. regalis. Its doublet is royal, q.v. — 
 Der. regalien. 
 
 fR^g&ler, va. to regale; from Sp, re^a- 
 lar. — Der. regal (verbal subst.), regahnt, 
 regala.de, regalement. 
 
 REGARDER, va, to look. See re^ and gar- 
 den — Der. regard (verbal subst.), regard- 
 ant. 
 
 REGARNIR, va. to refurnish. See re- and 
 garnir. 
 
 t B,6gate, sf. a regatta; from Venetian 
 regatta. 
 
 !R6g6n6rateur, sm. a regenerator; fromL. 
 regeneratorem *. 
 
 !R6g6n6ration, sf. regeneration; from L. 
 regenerationem. 
 
 Il6g6n6rer, va. to regenerate ; from L. re- 
 generare. 
 
 Regent, sm. a regent ; from L. regentem. 
 — Der. regence, regentex. 
 
 R6gicide, sm. a regicide; from L. regi- 
 ^ida. For termination cide, see parricide. 
 
 REGIE, sf. a responsible administration, ex- 
 cise-office. See regir. 
 
 REGIMBER, vn. to kick. Origin unknown. 
 
 Regime, sm. regimen, diet, government, 
 system; from L. regimen. 
 
 Regiment, sm. a regiment ; from L. regi- 
 men tum. — Der. regimentahe. 
 
 Region, sf a region; from L. regionem. 
 
 REGIR, va. to govern ; from L. re g ere. For 
 e = i see § 59. — Der. regie (partic. subst.), 
 regnsgeur. 
 
 REGISSEUR, sm. a manager. See regir. 
 
 REGISTRE. See regitre.— Der. ewegistrer. 
 
 REGITRE, sm. a register, also registre; fron 
 L. registrum* (found in Papias) : 'Re 
 gistrum liber qui rerum gestarum me^ 
 moriam continet.' Registrum or reges- 
 trum is an altered form of regestum, i 
 journal, der. from regestus. Regis- 
 trum becomes registre, then regitre b) 
 loss of s, see Hist. Gram. p. 81. 
 
 REGLE, sf a rule; from L. regtila.' Foi 
 jegulai loss of u see § 51. 
 
 REGLEMENT, sm. a regulation. See regler. 
 — Der. rdglementcT, reglementzire. 
 
 REGLER, va. to regulate ; from L. regu- 
 lare, by regular contr. (see accointer) ol 
 regiUare to reglare. — Der. r^'^/«nent, 
 reglet, reglette, regleur (its doublet is 
 regulateur, q. v.), ii6regl6. 
 
 + R6glisse, sf. licorice; from Sp. regaliz. 
 
 R^gne, 5m. a reign ; from L. r eg num. 
 
 R6gner, va. to reign; from L. regnare. 
 
 Regnicole, smf a native; from L. regni- 
 cola. 
 
 REGONFLER, va. to swell again, inflate 
 See re- and gonfler. — Der. regonjlement. 
 
 REGORGER, va. to gorge again. See re- 
 and gorge. — Der. regorgement. 
 
 REGRATTER, va. to scratch again, regrate, 
 bargain. See re- and gratter. — Der. regrat, 
 (verbal subst.), regrattier, regrattene. 
 
 REGRETTER, va. to regret; formerly re- 
 greter (meaning to pity), compd. of re- 
 and the form greter * ; of Germ, origin, 
 Goth, gretan, to greet. — Der. regret (verbal 
 subst), regrettable. 
 
 R6gulariser, va. to set in order; from L, 
 r e g u 1 a r i s . See regulier. — Der. regularis- 
 ation. 
 
 R6gularit6, sf. regularity; from L. regu- 
 laritatem *, der. from regularis. 
 
 Regulateur, sm. a regulator; from L. regu- 
 latorem *, der. from regulare. Its 
 doublet is regleur, q. v. 
 
 Regulier, arf/. regular; from L. regularis, 
 
 R61iabiliter, va. to rehabilitate. See re- 
 and hahiliter. — Der. rehabilitation. 
 
 R6h.abituer, va. to habituate again. Sec 
 re- and habituer. 
 
 REHAUSSER, va. to raise higher. See re- 
 and hausser. — Der. rehaussement. 
 
 RMmporter, va. to re-import. See re- and 
 importer. 
 
 R6iinposer, va. to re-impose. See re- anc 
 imposer. 
 
 R6iinposition, sf a re-imposition. See re- 
 and imposition. 
 
 R6iinpression, sf re-imprcssion. See re- 
 and impression. 
 
RSIMPRIMER — REMARQUER. 
 
 3^7 
 
 Reimprimer, va. to reprint. See re- and 
 
 imprimer. 
 REIN, sm. kidney, loins ; from L. ren. For 
 
 e = ei see/rein and § 6l. — Der. emwter. 
 REINE, sf. a queen ; formerly reine, from L. 
 
 regina. For loss of medial g see accabler. 
 
 — Der, reinette. 
 REINETTE, sf. a pippin (apple). See reine. 
 R6mstaller, va. to reinstall. See re- and 
 
 installer. — Der. reV«s^a//ation. 
 Il6int6gration, sf. reinstatement ; from L. 
 
 reintegrationem. 
 Reintegrer, va. to reinstate; from L. re- 
 
 integrare. 
 E.6it6ration, sf. reiteration; from L. re- 
 
 iterationem. 
 Il6it6rer, va. to reiterate; from L. reiter- 
 
 are. 
 fE-eitre, sm. a horseman; introd. in i6th 
 
 cent, from Germ, reiter. 
 REJAILLIR, vn, to gush out. See re- and 
 
 jaillir. — Der. re/azV/issement. 
 REJETER, va. to reject ; from L. rejectare. 
 
 For ct = ^ see affete. — Der. rejet (verbal 
 
 subst.), rejetaXAh, rejeton. 
 REJOINDRE, va. to rejoin. See re- and 
 
 joindre. 
 REJOINTOYER, va. to rejoint. See re- and 
 
 joint. 
 REJOUER, va. to play again. See re- and 
 
 jouer. 
 REJOUIR, va. to delight, rejoice. See re- 
 
 &ndjouir. — Der, re/owissant, re/'owissance. 
 RELACHER, va. to slacken, relax ; from L. 
 
 relaxare. For letter-changes see lacker. 
 
 Its doublet is relaxer, q. v. — Der. relache 
 
 (verbal subst,), relachsint, reldchement. 
 RELAIS, sm. a relay. See relayex. 
 RELANCER, va. to start anew (hunting term). 
 
 See re- and lancer. 
 Relaps, adj. relapsed; from L. relapsus. 
 RELARGIR, va. to widen. See re- and 
 
 elargir. 
 Relater, va. to relate; from L. relatare*, 
 
 der. from relatum, supine of referre. 
 Relatif, adj. relative; from L, relativus. 
 Relation, sf. a relation; from L. rela- 
 
 tionem. * 
 
 RELAVER, va. to wash again. See re- and 
 
 laver. 
 Relaxation, sf. relaxation; from L. re- 
 
 laxationem. 
 Relaxer, va. to release ; from L, relaxare. 
 
 Its doublet is reldcher, q, v. 
 RELAYER, va. to relieve (take place of) ; 
 
 compd. of re- and O. Fr. layer, to discon- 
 tinue, stop. Layer is of Germ, origin, 
 
 Goth, latan. This word has given birth to 
 a Low Lat. type latare *, whence layer 
 (cp. dilatare, delayer) ; for loss of medial 
 t see abbaye, hence layer; for a, = ai see 
 § 54. — Der, relai (verbal subst. of relayer, 
 to stop, properly a halt, rest. Relais, in 
 the phrase lais et relais de mer, is the verbal 
 subst. of relaisser, see laisser). 
 
 Rel6guer, va. to banish; from L. rele- 
 gare. — Der. re'Ze^ation. 
 
 RELENT, sm. mouldiness; from L, redo- 
 
 * lentem, by regular contr, (see § 52) of 
 redolentem to red'I^ntem., whence re- 
 lent. For dl = / see § 168. 
 
 RELEVER, va. to raise anew ; from L. rele- 
 vare. — Der. relief (verbal subst., from L. 
 relevium, found in many medieval Lat. 
 texts : ' Et ibi omnes barones concesserunt 
 sibi relevium,' from an iith-cent. docu- 
 ment. Relevium becomes very regularly 
 relief; for e = ie see § 56; for v=/ see 
 bceuf), relevaiWes, relevement, releve (partic, 
 subst.), relev^t (partic. subst. fern.), re- 
 leveuT. 
 
 RELIEF, sm. a foil, set-ofF. See relever. 
 
 RELIEF, sm. relief (in art). See relever. — 
 Der. hzs-relief (sculpture raised on a level 
 ground, lit. low relief, opposite to round, 
 high relief). 
 
 RELIEFS, sm. remains (from table), scraps. 
 See relever. 
 
 RELIER, va. to bind; from L. religare. 
 For letter-changes see Her — Der. relifar, 
 reliuve, reli&ge. 
 
 Religieux, adj. rehgious; from L. religi- 
 osus. 
 
 Religion, sf. rehgion; from L. religionem. 
 — Der. religionmixe, coreligionnn'ne. 
 
 Reliquaire, sm. a reliquary. See relique. 
 
 Reliquat, sm. balance (of an account); 
 from L. reliquatum. — Der. reliqualniie. 
 
 Relique, sf. a relic; from L. reliquiae. — 
 Der. reliquahe. 
 
 RELIRE, va. to read again. See re- and 
 lire. 
 
 Relouer, va. to let, hire, again. See re- and 
 louer. 
 
 RELUIRE, vn. to shine ; from L. relucere. 
 For letter-changes see luire. — Der. relui- 
 sant, 
 
 REMANIER, va. to handle again. See re- 
 and manier. — Der, remaniemeyx\.. 
 
 REMARIER, va. to remarry. See re- and 
 marier. 
 
 REMARQUER, va. to remark. See re- and 
 marquer. — Der, remarque (verbal subst.), 
 remarqunhle. 
 
 X a 
 
3o8 
 
 remballer—rMmunSra toire. 
 
 REMBALLER, va. to pack again. See re- 
 
 and emballer. 
 REMBARQUER, va, to re-embark. See re- 
 
 and embarquer. — Der. renibarquemtnt. 
 REMBARRER, va. to repel ; compd. of re- 
 
 and embarrer *. See barrer. 
 REMBLAYER, va. to embank; compd. of re- 
 
 and emblayer. Emblayer is the opposite 
 
 of deblayer, q. v. — Der. remblai (verbal 
 
 subst.). 
 REMBOITER, va. to clamp. See re- and 
 
 emboiter. — Der. r^m6o?/cment. 
 REMBOURRER, va. to stuff out. See 
 
 bourre. — Der. r^mfeowrrement. 
 REMBOURSER, va. to reimburse; compd. of 
 
 re- and embourser. Embourser is the op- 
 posite of debotirser. See bourse. — Der. rem- 
 
 botirsement, remboursahle. 
 REMBRUNIR, va. to make darker, sadden. 
 
 — Der. r^mfenmissement, 
 Bem^de, sm. a remedy; from L. reme- 
 
 dium. 
 Rein6d.ier, va. to remedy, cure; from L. 
 
 remediare. 
 REMfiLER, va. to mix again. See re- and 
 
 meler. 
 REMEMBRANCE, ./. remembrance; from 
 
 O. Fr. verb remembrer, which from L. re- 
 . memorare *. Rememordre *, regu- 
 larly contrd. (see § 52) to remem'rare, 
 
 becomes remembrer. For nor = m6r see 
 
 absoudre. 
 Rem^morer, va. to remind; from L. re- 
 
 memorari. — Der. rememoraiii. 
 REMERCIER, va. to thank. See merci. — 
 
 Der. remercivatnt. 
 REMETTRE, va. to remit, put back ; from 
 
 L. remittere. For i = e see § 72. — Der. 
 
 remise (partic. subst.). 
 REMEUBLER, va. to refurnish. See re- and 
 
 meubler. 
 B^minisoence, «/. a reminiscence; from 
 
 L. reminiscentia. For -tia = -ce see 
 
 agencer. 
 REMISE, sf. delivery, surrender, job-carriage. 
 
 See remettre. — Der. remisev. 
 Remissible, adj. pardonable: from L. 
 
 remissibilis. 
 H6niission, sf. pardon; from L. remis- 
 
 sionem. 
 Remittent, adj. remittant; from L. remit- 
 
 tentem. 
 REMMENER, va. to lead back. See re- and 
 
 emmener. 
 REMOLADE, sm. a charge (in farriery). See 
 
 remoudre. 
 REMONTER, va. to remount. See re- and 
 
 monter. — Der. remonte (verbal subsi.), re- 
 
 montage. 
 REMONTRER, va. to remonstrate. See re- 
 
 and montrer. — Der. remontrAnt, remon- 
 
 /rance. 
 tR6mora, sm. (Ichth.) an obstacle, hin- 
 drance, remora ; from L. remora. 
 REMORDRE, va. to bite again; from L. re- 
 mo rdere. For letter-changes see mordre. 
 
 — Der, remords (verbal subst.). 
 REMORDS, sm. remorse. See remordre. 
 REMORQUE, sf. towing ; formerly remolque, 
 
 from L. remulcum. For u = o see an- 
 
 noncer ; for 1 = r see apotre. — Der. remor- 
 
 qutx, remorqueur. 
 REMOUDRE, va. to grind again. See re- 
 
 and motidre. — Der. remotis (formerly re- 
 
 mols, verbal subst. of remoldre, primitive 
 
 form of moudre; for ol = ou see agneau), 
 
 remouhde, remouleur. 
 REMOULEUR, sm. a grinder. See remoudre. 
 REMOUS, sm. an eddy. See remoudre. 
 REMPAILLER, va. to new-bottom (a chair 
 
 with straw). See paille. 
 REMPARER (SE), vpr. to Tortify oneself (for 
 
 defence) ; compd. of re- and emparer. — 
 
 Der. rempart (formerly rempar, a more 
 
 correct form, rempar being a verbal subst. 
 
 of rempar er). 
 REMPART, sm. a rampart. See remparer. 
 REMPLACER, va. to replace. See re- and 
 
 emplacer. — Der. remplafa.nt, remplacement. 
 REMPLAGE, sm. filling up (casks); der. 
 
 from remplir, q. v. ; cp. ravage from ravir. 
 REMPLIR, va. to fill up. See re- and em- 
 
 plir. — Der. remplissage. 
 REMPLOYER, va. to employ again. See re- 
 
 and employer. — Der. remploi (verbal subst.). 
 REMPLUMER, va. to feather again. See 
 
 plume. 
 REMPOCHER, va. to put into one's pocket 
 
 again. See re- and empocher. 
 REMPORTER, va. to carry back. See re- 
 
 and emporier. 
 REMPOTER, va. (Hortic.) to pot again. See 
 
 pot. — Der. rempotzge. 
 REMUE-MENAGE, sm. a rummage. See 
 
 menage arid remuer. 
 REMUER, va. to move, stir. See re- and 
 
 muer. — Der, rewzwant, remuzge, remuement, 
 
 remue-memge. 
 R6miin6rateur, sm. a rewarder; from L. 
 
 remuneratorem. 
 R6m.un6ration, sf. remuneration ; from 
 
 L. remunerationem. 
 R6muneratoire, adj. remunerative; der. 
 
 from remunerer, q. v. 
 
REMUNERER — RENTRER. 
 
 309 
 
 Remunerer, va. to remunerate; from L. 
 remunerare. 
 
 RENACLER, vn. to snort, snuff; formerly 
 renaquer, originally renasquer. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 RENAITRE, vn. to be born again, revive; 
 from L. renascere*. For letter-changes 
 see naitre. — Der. rewaissant (whence re- 
 Mflissance). 
 
 Renal, adj. (Anat.) renal ; from L. renal is. 
 
 RENARD, sm. a fox ; formerly regnard, of 
 hist, origin, see § 33. We have seen under 
 goupillon that in O. Fr. the fox was called 
 goupil, which name was supplanted by that 
 of Regnard. Maistre Regnard is the sur- 
 name of the fox in the Roman de Renard, 
 a satirical work which had an unrivalled 
 popularity in the middle ages. Maitre Reg- 
 nard properly = Maitre Ruse. Regnard 
 is of Germ, origin, Germ, reginhari. For 
 regnard = renard see assener; for details of 
 changes of sense see baudet. — Der. renarde, 
 renarde^u, renardVere. 
 
 RENCAISSER, va. (Hortic.) to put into a 
 
 box again. See re- and encaisser Der. 
 
 rencahszgQ. 
 
 RENCHERIR, van. to outbid again, make 
 dearer, make nice. See re- and encherir. — 
 Der. rencheri (partic. subst.), rencherisse- 
 ment. 
 
 RENCHERISSEMENT, sm. rise of prices 
 again. See rencherir. 
 
 RENCONTRER, va. to meet ; compd. of re- 
 and O. Fr. encotitrer (see encontre). — Der. 
 rencontre (verbal subst.). 
 
 RENDEZ-VOUS, sm. an appointment, rendez- 
 vous. See rendre and vous. 
 
 RENDORMIR, va. to lull to sleep again. See 
 re- and endormir. 
 
 RENDOUBLER, va. to turn in, make a tuck 
 (in clothes). See doubler. 
 
 RENDRE, va. to return, restore. It. rendere, 
 from L. rendere *, in Carolingiad docu- 
 ments. Rendere is a nasalised form of 
 reddere : for intercalated n see concombre. 
 Der. rewte (from L, rendita *, rent, in medi- 
 eval Lat. documents, strong partic. subst. of 
 rendere, see absoute^, renda.nt,rendem.ent. 
 
 RENDURCIR, va. to harden again. See re- 
 and endurcir. 
 
 R^NE, sf. a rein. It. redina, from L. retina*, 
 sf. of retinere, properly a leather strap 
 used to stop, hold in, a horse, etc. Retina, 
 contrd. regularly (see § 51) to ret'na, 
 becomes rene : for tn = « see § 168. 
 
 i'Renegat, sm. a renegade; from It. rin- 
 Its doublet is renie. 
 
 RENFERMER, va. to shut up. See re- and 
 
 enfermer. 
 RENFLER, vn. to swell. See re- and enfler. 
 
 — Der. renflevacnt. 
 RENFONCER, va. to pull down (over one's 
 
 eyes). See re- and enfoncer. — Der. renfonce- 
 
 ment. 
 RENFORCER, va. to reinforce. See/orce.— 
 
 Der. renfort (verbal subst.), rew/orcement. 
 RENGAGER, va. to re-engage. See re- and 
 
 engager. — Der. rengagem.tx\t. 
 RENGAINER, va. to sheathe. See re- and 
 
 engainer. 
 RENGORGER (SE), vpr. to bridle up, carry 
 
 the head high. See re- and engorger. 
 RENGRAISSER, va. to fatten again. See 
 
 re- and engraisser. 
 RENTER, va. to deny again. See re- and 
 
 nier. — Der. rem'able, renitur, renienient. 
 RENIFLER, vn. to sniff at ; compd. of re- 
 
 and O. Fr. nijier : of Germ, origin, Low 
 
 Germ, nif, the nose. 
 f Renne, sm. the reindeer ; from Swed. ren. 
 RENOMMER, va. to name again. See re- 
 
 and nommer. — Der. renom (verbal subst.), 
 
 renommee (partic. subst.), renomme. 
 RENONCER, va. to renounce ; from L. re- 
 
 nixntiare. For -nuntiare = -woncer see 
 
 annoncer. — Der. renonce (verbal subst.), re- 
 
 noncement. 
 Renonciation, sf. renunciation; from L. 
 
 renuntiationem. For u. = osee annoncer', 
 
 for ti = ci see agencer. 
 RenonCTlle, s/. a ranunculus ; from L. ra- 
 nunculus (found in Pliny). Its doublet is 
 
 grenouille, q.v. 
 RENOUEE, sf. (Bot.) polygonium, knot-berry. 
 
 See renouer. 
 RENOUER, va. to tie anew. See re- and 
 
 nouer Der. renouQe. (partic. subst.) renou- 
 
 eur, renouement. 
 RENOUVEAU, sm. spring-time. See re- and 
 
 nouveau, 
 RENOUVELER, va. to renew ; from L. re- 
 
 novellare (found in Columella). — Der. re- 
 
 nouvellement. 
 Renovation, sf. renovation ; from L. re- 
 
 novationem. 
 RENSEIGNER, va. to inform. See re- and 
 
 enseigner. — Der. retiseignevatnt. 
 RENTE, sf. income, revenue. See rendre. — 
 
 Der. renter, rente, rentier. 
 RENTOILER, va. to put fresh linen to. See 
 
 toile. — Der. rentoihge. 
 RENTRAIRE, va. to fine-draw. See iraire. — 
 
 Der. rentraiture, renirayeur, 
 RENTRER, va. to return, re-enter. See re- 
 
310 
 
 RENVERSER — REPLET, 
 
 and entrer. — Der. rentnnt, rentr6t (partic. 
 subst.). 
 
 RENVERSER, va. to reverse ; compd. of re- 
 and O. Fr. ettverser, which is from envers, 
 q. V. — Der. renvers6, renversement, renverse 
 (verbal subst.). 
 
 RENVIER, va. to place a farther sum on the 
 game ; compd. of O.Fr. envier (a term used 
 in gambling), from L. invitare, whence 
 verbal sm. envi, a challenge, whence the 
 phrase a Venvi. 
 
 RENVOYER, va. to send again. See re- and 
 envoyer. — Der. renvoi (verbal subst.). 
 
 R6ordination, sf. reordination. See re- 
 and ordination. 
 
 R6ordoimer, va. to reordain. See re- and 
 ordonner. 
 
 R^organiser, va. to reorganise. See re- 
 and organiser. — Der. re'org'amsation. 
 
 B.6ouverture, sf. reopening. See re- and 
 ouverture. 
 
 REPAIRS, sm. a den, lair, originally dwelling 
 (of any kind). For restriction of meaning 
 in modern Fr. see § 13. Repaire is verbal 
 subst. of O. Fr. repairer, to return home. 
 Repairer is from L. repatriare, found in 
 Isidore of Seville. Repatriarie becomes 
 repairer by attraction of i, whence a = 
 ai, see § 54; for tr = r see § 168. 
 
 REPAITRE, va. to feed. See re- and paitre. 
 Der. repw. {Paitre also in O.Fr. had a 
 p.p. pu, which remains in the language of 
 falconry, unfaucon qui a pu.) 
 
 REP ANDRE, va. to pour out. See re- and 
 epandre. 
 
 E.§parable, acj?". reparable ; from L, repar- 
 abilis.^ 
 
 REPARAITRE, vn. to reappear. See re- and 
 paraitre. 
 
 Il6parateur, sm. a repairer; from L. re- 
 paratorem. 
 
 B.6paration, sf. a reparation; from L. 
 reparationem. 
 
 R6parer, va. to repair; from L. reparare. 
 
 REPARLER, vn. to speak again. ' See re- 
 and parler. 
 
 REPARTIR, vn. to depart again, reply. See 
 re- 3ind partir. — Der. reparde (partic. subst.). 
 
 REPARTIR, vn. to divide, dispense. See 
 partir. — Der. reparthtur, repartition. 
 
 REP AS, sm. a repast ; from L. repastus * 
 (found in Merov. documents) : ' Nullum ibi- 
 dem praesumant exercere doniinatum.non ad 
 mensionaticos aut repastos exigendo,' from 
 a 7th-cent. formula. Repastus is an inten- 
 sive compd. of pastus. Repastus becomes 
 repas by st = s, found in post, puis, etc. 
 
 REPASSER, va. to repass. See re- und passer. 
 — Der. repasszge, repasseu^e. 
 
 REPAVER, va. to repave. See re- and paver. 
 
 REPECHER, va. to fish up again. See re- 
 and ptcher. 
 
 REPEINDRE, va. to repaint. See re- and 
 peindre. — Der. repeint (partic. subst.). 
 
 Repenser, vn. to think again. See re- and 
 penser. 
 
 REPENTANCE, sf repentance. See repentir. 
 
 REPENTIR, vn. to repent ; comp. of re- and 
 O. Fr. pentir. This old word represents L. 
 poenitare (for oe = e see § 105), whence 
 penitere, whence pentir, by regular contr. 
 (see § 52) of penitere to pen'tere : for 
 
 e = t see § 59 Der. repentir (subst.), re- 
 
 pentant (whence repentance). 
 
 REPERCER,i/a, to repierce. See re- and percer. 
 
 Repercussion, sm. reverberation ; from L. 
 repercussionem. 
 
 B,6percuter, va. to reverberate; from L. 
 repercutere. 
 
 REPERDRE, va. to lose 'again. See re- and 
 perdre. 
 
 Repdre, sm. a bench-mark ; verbal subst. of 
 L. reperire. 
 
 Repertoire, sm. a repertory ; from L. re- 
 pertorium. 
 
 R6p6ter, va. to repeit; from L. repetere. 
 — Der. repetaiWer. 
 
 R6p6titeur, sm. (Naut.) a repeating ship, a 
 tutor; from L. repetitorem, der. from 
 repetere. 
 
 Repetition, sf a repetition; from L. re- 
 petitionem. 
 
 REPEUPLER, va. to repeople. See re- and 
 J>eupler. — Der. repeuplemeat. 
 
 REPIT, sm. a respite; formerly respit, It. 
 rispetto, from L. respectus, considera- 
 tion, whence indulgence, whence delay, in 
 which sense the word is found in Carol, 
 texts : ' Et si comes infra supradictarum 
 noctium ntimerum mallum suum non habu- 
 erit, ipsum spatium usque ad mallum comi- 
 tis extendatur, et deinde detur ei spatium 
 ad respeettim ad septem noctes,' from a 
 Capitulary of a.d. 819. Respectus be- 
 comes respit (for act = it see attrait), then 
 repit, by loss of s (see Hist. Gram. p. 81), 
 Repit is a doublet of respect, q. v. 
 
 REPLACER, va. to replace. See re- and placer. 
 
 REPLANTER, va. to replant. See re- and 
 planter. 
 
 REPLATRER, va. to replaster. See re- and 
 pldtre. — Der. repldtrage. 
 
 Replet, adj. replete; from L. repletus. — 
 Der. repletion. 
 
REPLIER — REQUETE. 
 
 311 
 
 REPLIER, va. to fold again. See re- and 
 plier. Its doublets are reployer, repliqtier, 
 q, V. — Der. repli (verbal subst.). 
 
 R§pliquer, vn. to reply; from L. rep Il- 
 ea re. Its doublets are replier, reployer. — 
 Der. replique (verbal subst.). 
 
 REPLONGER, va. to replunge. See re- and 
 plo7iger. 
 
 Repolir, va. to repolish. See re- and polir. 
 
 REPONDRE, va. to reply; formerly re- 
 spondre, from L. respondere, whence re- 
 spondere (Hist. Gram. p. 135), whence 
 by regular contr. (see § 51) respond're, 
 whence repondre, by loss of s (see Hist. 
 Gram. p. 81). — Der. repond^nt, repons (for- 
 merly respons, strong partic. subst. of L. 
 responsus), reponse (fem. oi repons, L. 
 responsa), repondnnt. 
 
 REPONS, sm. a liturgical response. See re- 
 ^ofidre. 
 
 REPONSE, sf. an answer. See repondre. 
 
 Reporter, va. to report ; from L. repor- 
 tare. — Der. report (verbal subst.). 
 
 REPOSER, vn. to rest, repose. See re- and 
 poser. — Der. repos (verbal subst.), reposoh, 
 repose. 
 
 REPOUSSER, va. to thrust back. See re- 
 and pousser. — Der. repoussant, repoussoir, 
 repoiissement. 
 
 Reprehensible, adj. reprehensible ; from 
 L. reprehensibilis. 
 
 Reprehension, sf. blame; from L. repre- 
 hensionem. 
 
 REPRENDRE, va. to take back. See re- 
 and prendre. 
 
 t Repr6sailles, sf.pl. reprisals; from It. 
 ripresaglia. 
 
 Repr§sentatif, adj. representative ; from 
 L. repraesentativus *, from reprae- 
 sentatus. 
 
 Representation, sf. a representation ; from 
 L. repraesentationem. 
 
 Representer, va. to represent; from L. 
 repraesentare. — Der. represenUxiX. 
 
 Repressif, adj. repressive ; from L. re- 
 pressivus *, from repressus. 
 
 Repression, sf. repression ; from L. re- 
 pressionem *. 
 
 Reprimande, sf a reprimand ; from L. 
 reprimenda. — Der. reprimandtr. 
 
 Reprimer, va. to repress; from L. re pri- 
 me re. — Der. reprimMe. 
 
 REPRIS, sm. a person retaken. See re- and pris. 
 
 REPRISE, sf. retaking, recovery. See re- 
 and prise. 
 
 R6probateur, sm. a reprover ; from L. re- 
 probatorem. 
 
 Reprobation, sf reprobation; from L. re- 
 
 probationem. 
 REPROCHER, va. to reproach. Prov. re- 
 
 propchar, from L. repropiare *, der. from 
 
 prope, near; cp. L. ob-jicere, which is 
 
 both ' to place before ' and ' to reproach' ; 
 
 also Germ, vor-riicken, which is both ' to 
 
 approach' and ' to reproach.' Repropiare 
 
 is ' to bring near the eyes,' ' lay before one's 
 
 eyes,' 'to blame.' Repropiare becomes 
 
 reprocher: for pia = c/te see ahreger. — 
 
 Der. reproche (verbal subst.), reprochnhle, 
 
 irreprochMe. 
 Reproducteur, sm. a reproducer. See re- 
 
 and prodticteur. 
 Reproductible, adj. reproducible. See 
 
 re- and productible. — Der. reproductibilite. 
 Reproduction, sf reproduction. , See re- 
 
 and production. 
 REPRODUIRE, va. to reproduce. See re- 
 
 and produire. 
 REPROUVER, va. to prove anew. See re- 
 
 and prouver. 
 REPROUVER, va. to reprove ; from L. re- 
 
 probare. For letter-changes see prouver. 
 
 — Der. reprouve (partic. subst.). 
 Reps, sm. ' reps ' (a textile fabric). Origin 
 
 unknown. 
 Reptile, sm. a reptile; from L. reptilis. 
 Republique, sf a republic; formerly res- 
 
 ptiblique, from L. respublica. For loss of 
 
 s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. republica.m, 
 
 republicanisme. 
 Repudiation, sf repudiation ; from L. re- 
 
 pudiationem. 
 Repudier, va. to repudiate; from L. re- 
 
 pudiare. 
 Repugner, vn. to be repugnant (to) ; from 
 
 L. repugnare.— Der. repugna.nt (whence 
 
 repugnance). 
 Repulsif, adj. repulsive; from L. repulsi- 
 
 vus * from repulsus. 
 Repulsion, sf repulsion; from L. repul- 
 
 sionem. 
 Reputation, sf reputation ; from L. repu- 
 
 tationem. 
 Reputer, va. to repute, esteem ; from L. 
 
 reputare. 
 REQUERIR, va. to request, summon ; from 
 
 L. requirere. For i = e see § 72; for 
 
 e = i see § 59. — Der. requis (from L. re- 
 
 quisitus, regularly contrd., after change of 
 
 accent from requisitus to requisitus, 
 
 see § 51, to requis'tus, whence requis: 
 
 for st — s see repas). 
 REQUETE, sf. a petition ; formerly reqveste. 
 
 It. richiesia, from L. requisita, properly 
 
3U 
 
 REQUIEM — RESSA UTER. 
 
 a thing required, asked for, whence sense of 
 petition, request. In a Lat. charter (loth 
 cent.) we find • requistam fccerunt ' for 
 * they made a request.' Requisita (see 
 under requerir) regularly coutrd. (see § 51) 
 to requis'ta becomes reqneste by i = « (see 
 § 72), then requete by loss of s (see Hist. 
 Gram. p. 81), 
 
 •f- Requiem, sm. a requiem; from L. 
 reqmem.. 
 
 Requin, sm. a shark. Origin unknown. 
 
 REQUINQyER (SE), vpr. to spruce up one- 
 self. Origin unknown. 
 
 REQUIS, p.p. sm. a demand. See requirir. 
 
 !R6quisition, s/. a requisition; from L. 
 requisitionem. 
 
 B^quisitoire, sm. a public prosecutor's 
 address, speech ; from L. requisitorium*, 
 der. from requirere. 
 
 Hescinder, va. to rescind ; from L. rescin- 
 dere. 
 
 Hescision, sf. annulment (of deeds, etc.) ; 
 from L. rescisionem. 
 
 RESCOUSSE, sf. a leap back (in fencing). 
 See escousse. 
 
 Rescription, sf. an order, cheque ; from 
 L. rescriptionem. 
 
 Rescrit, sm. a rescript; from L. rescrip- 
 Jum. For pt = / see ecrit. 
 
 RESEAU, sm. network, wirework; formerly 
 resel. It. reticello, from L. reticellum *, 
 dim. of rete. Betic611um, regularly 
 contrd. (see § 52) to ret'cellum, be- 
 comes resel. For tc = c see adjuger ; for 
 c = s see amide ; for el = eau see agneau. 
 Reseau is a doublet of resille. 
 
 'j'R6s6da, sm. (Bot.) reseda, mignonette; 
 from L. reseda. 
 
 RESERVER, va. to reserve ; from L. reser- 
 vare. — Der. reserve (verbal subst.), reserv- 
 oir, reserve. 
 
 Resident, sm. a resident ; from L. residen- 
 tem. — Der. residence. 
 
 R6sider, vn. to reside (at); from L. resi- 
 dere. 
 
 R6sidu, sm. a residuum ; from L. residuum. 
 
 Resignation, sf. a resignation; from L. 
 resignationem *, from resignatus. See 
 resigner. 
 
 R§signer, va. to resign, lay down (office) ; 
 from L. re sign a re, — Der. resignznX.. 
 
 RESILLE, sf. small net-work; either ahered 
 form of O. Fr. resel, reseau, or a corrup- 
 tion of O. Fr. reseiul, which answers to L. 
 retiolum (a little net, in Apuleius). 
 
 R^silier, va. to cancel ; from L. resilire. — 
 Der. resiliement, resilintion. 
 
 R^sine, sf. rosin ; from L. resin a. 
 R6sineux,oc?/'. resinous; from L. resinosus. 
 R^sipiscence, sf. repentance ; from L. 
 
 resipiscentia. 
 Resistance, sf resistance. See rdsisler. 
 R^sister, vn. to resist; from L. resistere. 
 
 — Der. rests/ant, resistance. 
 R^solu, adj. resolute; from L. resolutus. 
 
 See resoudre. For -utus = -w see § 201. — 
 
 Der. iirdsolu. 
 Resoluble, adj. resoluble ; from L, resolu- 
 bilis. 
 Resolution, sf resolution; from L. reso- 
 
 lutionem (so used in Ulpian). — Der. 
 
 irresolution. 
 Resolutoire, adj. (Legal) subsequent ; from 
 
 L. resolutorius. 
 Resolvant, adj. resolvent; from L. resol- 
 
 ventem. 
 Resonnance, sf resonance; from L. re- 
 
 sonantia. 
 RESONNER, vn. to resound ; from L. reso- 
 
 nare. For n = nn see ennemi. — Der. re- 
 
 sonnznt, resonnemtnl. 
 Resorption, sf resorption ; from L. re- 
 
 sorptionem *. from resorbere. 
 RESOUDRE, va. to solve, resolve ; from L. 
 
 resolvere. For -solvere = -soudre see ab- 
 
 soudre. — Der. resous (from resoudre, cp, 
 
 absous from absoudre. The Academy 
 
 uses this word still in the phrase brouillard 
 
 resous en pluie). 
 Respect, sm. respect; from L. res pectus. 
 
 Its doublet is repit, q. v. — Der. respecter, 
 
 respectable. 
 Respectif, adj. respective ; from L. respec- 
 
 tivus, from respectus. 
 Respectueux, adj. respectful; from L. 
 
 respectuosus *, from respectus — Der. 
 
 irrespectueux. 
 Respiration, sf. respiration ; from L. 
 
 respirationem. 
 Respirer, va. to respire; from L. respi- 
 
 rare. — Der. respirMe, respir a.toirQ. 
 Resplendir, vn. to shine brilliantly ; from 
 
 L. resp lend ere. — Der. resplendissznt, re- 
 
 splendissement. 
 Responsable, adj. responsible; from L. 
 
 responsabilis *, from responsa. 
 Ressac, sm. surf Origin unknown. 
 RESSAISIR, va. to seize again. See re- and 
 
 saisir. 
 RESSASSER, va. to sift again, examine closely, 
 
 See re- and sasser. 
 RESSAUTER, vn. to leap again, (Archit.) to 
 
 stand out of line. See re- and sauter. — 
 I Der. ressaut (verbal subst.). 
 
RESSEMBLER —RETONDRE. 
 
 3^3 
 
 A 
 
 RESSEMBLER, vn. to be alike, resemble. 
 
 See re- and semhler. — Der. ressembUnt 
 
 (whence ressemblaiice). 
 RESSEMBLER, va. to new sole (boots). See 
 
 re- and semelle. — Der. ressemehge. 
 RESSEMER, va. to sow again. See re- and 
 
 semer. 
 RESSENTIMENT, sm. a slight attack, touch, 
 
 attack, resentment. See ressentir. 
 RESSENTIR, va. to feel. See re- and sentir. 
 
 — Der. ressentimtnt. 
 RESSERRER, va. to tie again, tighten. See 
 
 re- and serrer. — Der. resserremQut. 
 RESSORT, sm. a spring, elasticity. See res- 
 
 sortir. 
 RESSORTIR, vn. to go out again. See re- 
 
 3-ad sortir. — Der. ressort (verbal subst., pro- 
 perly that which goes out again, rebounds). 
 RESSORTIR (A), vn. to be in the jurisdiction 
 
 (of) ; formerly resortir, from L. resortiri, 
 
 which in medieval Lat. signified ' to be in the 
 
 jurisdiction of.' — Der. ressort (judicial), res- 
 
 sor^issant. 
 RESSOUDER, va. to resolder. See re- and 
 
 souder. 
 RESSOURCE, sf. a resource. See source. 
 RESSOUVENIR (SE), vpr. to remember. See 
 
 re- and souvenir. — Der. ressouvenir (verbal 
 
 subst.). 
 RESSUER, vn. to sweat (of metals). See re- 
 
 and suer. — Der. resswage. 
 Ressusciter, va. to bring to life again ; 
 
 from L. resuscitare. 
 RESSUYER, va. to dry again. See re- and 
 
 ess7iyer. 
 Restauration, sf. restoration ; from L. 
 
 restaurationem. 
 Restaurer, va. to restore, re-establish ; from 
 
 L. restaur are. — Der. res/awrant, restaur- 
 
 ateur. 
 RESTER, VTi. to remain ; from L. restare. — 
 
 Der. r^s^nt (partic. subst.), reste (verbal 
 
 subst.). 
 Restituer, va. to restore ; from L. resti- 
 
 tuere. — Der. restituzhlQ. 
 Restitution, 5/. restitution ; from L. resti- 
 
 tutionem. 
 RESTREINDRE, va. to restrict ; from L. 
 
 restringere. For -stringere = -streindre 
 
 see astreindre. 
 Restrictif, adj. restrictive ; from L. re- 
 
 strictivus *, from restrictus. See re- 
 
 streindre. 
 Restriction, sf. restriction; from L. re- 
 
 strictionem. 
 
 Restringent, adj. 
 restringentem. 
 
 restringent ; from L. 
 
 R6sulter, v?i. to result ; from L. resultare. 
 
 — Der. resulut, resuhznte. 
 R^SUmer, va. to resume; from L. resu- 
 me re. — Der. resume (partic. subst.). 
 Resurrection, sf a resurrection ; from L. 
 
 resurrectionem. 
 RETABLE, sm. (Archit.) a reredos ; a contrd. 
 
 Jorm of riere-tahle, see table and arriere. 
 RETABLIR, va. to re-establish. See re- and 
 
 etablir. — Der. re7a6/issement. 
 RETAILLER, va. to cut anew, mend (pens). 
 
 See re- and tailler. — Der. retaille (verbal 
 
 subst.). 
 RETAPER, va. to comb (hair) the wrong 
 
 way. See re- and taper. 
 RETARD, sm. delay. See retarder. 
 RETARDER, va. to delay; from L. re- 
 
 tardare. — Der. retard (verbal subst.), 
 
 re/arJataire, retard2.X\on. 
 RETEINDRE^x/a. to dye anew. See re- and 
 
 teindre. 
 RETENDRE, va. to stretch out again. See 
 
 re- and tendre. 
 RETENIR, va. to retain ; from L. retinere. 
 
 For i = e see § 72; for e = / see § 59. — 
 
 — Der. ri'tenwe. (verbal subst.). 
 Retention, sf retention; from L. reten- 
 
 tionem. — Der. rete7itionndi\re. 
 RETENTIR, vn. to resound, re-echo ; compd. 
 
 of re- and O. Fr. tentir, which from L. 
 
 tinnitire * for tinnitare. Tinnitire, 
 
 regularly contrd. (see § 52) to tinn*- 
 
 tire, becomes O.Fr. tentir. For in = c« 
 
 see § 72. — Der. retentissant, retentisse- 
 
 ment. 
 RETENUE, sf. reserve, prudence. See re- 
 
 tenir. 
 R6tiaire, sm. a retiarius (gladiator) ; from 
 
 L. retiarius. 
 Reticence, sf reticence ; from L. reti- 
 
 centia. 
 R6ticule, sm. a reticule, little net ; from L. 
 
 reticulum. — Der. reticuhire, reticule. 
 RETIF, adj. restive ; formerly restif, properly 
 
 a horse which refuses to stir, which rests 
 
 quiet. Restif It restivo, is from L. re- 
 
 stivus *, deriv. of restare. For loss of s 
 
 see Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; for v=/see bcejif 
 R6tine, sf the retina ; from L. retina *, der. 
 
 from rete, a net. Retine is properly a net- 
 like membrane; cp. Germ, netz-haut. 
 RETIRER, va. to withdraw, remove. See 
 
 re- and tirer. — Der. retire, retirement. 
 RETOMBER, vn. to fall again. See re- and 
 
 tomber. — Der. retombee (partic. subst). 
 RETONDRE, va. (Archit.) to clean off; 
 
 from L. retundere. 
 
3H 
 
 RETORDRE — RiVER, 
 
 RETORDRE, va. to retwist. See re- and 
 
 tordrg. 
 R^torquer, t/a. to retort; from L. retor- 
 
 quere. 
 RETORS, adj. twisted ; from L. retortus 
 
 (found in Martial). For the continuance 
 
 of s see §§142 and 149. 
 Retorte, sf. a retort; from L. retorta, 
 
 properly a vessel of distorted form. 
 RETOUCHER, va. to retouch. See re- and 
 
 toucher. — Der. retouche (verbal subst.). 
 RETOUR, sm. a winding, return. See lour. 
 RETOURNER, vn. to return. See re- and 
 
 tourner. — Der. retourne (verbal subst.). 
 RETRACER, va. to retrace. See re- and 
 
 tracer. 
 B^tractation, sf. a retractation ; from L. 
 
 retractationem. 
 B^tracter, va. to retract; from L. re- 
 
 tractare. Its doublet is retraiter. 
 B6tractile, adj. retractile; der. from re- 
 
 tractus. 
 Retraction, sf. (Med.) retraction ; from L. 
 
 retractionem. 
 RETRAIRE, va. to withdraw; from L. 
 
 retrahere. For trahere = traire see 
 
 traire — Der. retrait (from L. retractus ; 
 
 for ct = it see attrait), retraite (act of re- 
 tiring, from L. retracta). 
 RETRAIT, sm. shrinkage, contraction (of 
 
 metals). See retraire. 
 RETRAITE, sf retreat. See retraire.— Der. 
 
 retraite. 
 RETRANCHER, vn. to cut off, retrench. 
 
 See re- and trancher. — Der. retranchement. 
 RETRAVAILLER, va. to work again. See 
 
 re- and travailler. 
 RETRECIR, va. to narrow, straiten. See 
 
 re- and trecir. — Der. re/re'cissement. 
 RETREMPER, va. to temper (iron) anew. 
 
 See re- and tremper. 
 R6tribuer, va. to reward; from L. re- 
 
 tribuere. 
 Retribution, sf. retribution ; from L. re- 
 
 tributionem. 
 Retroactif, adj. retroactive; from L. retro 
 
 and Fr. actif, q.v. — Der. retroactivAe. 
 Retroaction, sf retroaction; compd. of 
 
 L. retro and action (q.v.). 
 R6troceder, va. to reassign ; from L. 
 
 retrocedere — Der, retrocession. 
 Retrogradation, sf retrogression ; from 
 
 L. retrogradationem. 
 Retrograde, adj. retrograde ; from L. re- 
 
 trogradem. 
 Retrograder, vn. to retrograde; from L. 
 
 retrogradare. 
 
 RETROUSSER, va. to tie up, tuck up. See 
 
 re- and trousser. — Der. retroussement, re- 
 
 trouss'is. 
 RETROUVER, va. to find again. See re- 
 
 and trouver. 
 RETS, sm. a net, snare ; from L. retls. For 
 
 the continuance of s see §§ 142 and 149. 
 Reunion, sf a reunion. See re- and 
 
 union. 
 Reunir, va. to reunite. See re- and unir. 
 REUSSIR, vn. to succeed, thrive ; compd. of 
 
 rS- (q.v.) and of O. Fr. ussir, which from 
 
 L. exire. Exire, changing x to s (see 
 
 aisselle) and e to i (see § 59), becomes 
 
 O. Fr. isdr, whence ussir by i=u (see 
 
 fumier and also jumeau). 
 fReussite, sf success; from It. riuscila. 
 REVALOIR, va. to return (good, evil). See 
 
 re- and valoir. 
 REVANCHE, sf retaliation, revenge. See 
 
 revancher. 
 REVANCHER, va. to defend (from attack); 
 
 compd. of re- and L. vindicare, by 
 
 regular contr. (see § 52) of vindicare 
 
 to vind'care. For dc=c see adjuger; 
 
 for o=ch see § 126; for in = cm = an see 
 
 dimanche. — Der. revanche (verbal subst.). 
 REVASSER, vn. to muse, dream. See rtve. 
 
 ^ — Der. revasseur, revctsserie. 
 REVE, sm. a dream. Origin unknown. Its 
 
 doublet is rage, q. v. 
 + Re V e C h e, arf;. sharp, harsh, cross; for- 
 
 merly revesche, from It. revescio. Its 
 
 doublet is revers, q. v. 
 REVEILLER, va. to arouse. See re- and 
 
 eveiller. — Der. reveil (verbal subst.), re- 
 
 veiHon. 
 Revelateur, sm. a revealer ; from L. reve- 
 
 latorem. 
 Revelation, sf a revelation ; from L. 
 
 revelationem. 
 Reveler, va. to reveal; from L. revelare. 
 REVENANT, sm. a ghost, apparition. See 
 
 revenir. 
 REVENDEUR, sm. a retailer. See re- and 
 
 vendeur. 
 Revendication, sf a claiming; from L. 
 
 re- and vindicationem. _ 
 
 Revendiquer, va. to reclaim, demand;,! 
 
 from L. re- and vindicare. | 
 
 REVENDRE, va. to resell. See re- and 
 
 vendre. 
 REVENIR, vn. to return. See re- and venir. 
 
 — Der. revenu (partic. subst. masc), revenxit 
 
 J- partic. subst. fern.), rment. 
 REVER, vn. to dream. See reve. — Der, 
 
 rei/eur, reverie. 
 
RS VER BER E — RICIN. 
 
 Z^5 
 
 B^verb^re, sm. a street-lamp. See rever- 
 berer. 
 
 R§verb§rer, vn. to reverberate; from L. 
 reverberare. — Der. reverbere (verbal 
 subst.), reverberation. 
 
 REVERDIR, vn. to grow green again. See 
 re- and verdir. 
 
 R6v6rence, sf. reverence ; from L. reve- 
 rent! a. — Der. reverencieWe, reverencieux. 
 
 R6v6rend, adj. reverend ; from L. reve- 
 re n d u s . — Der. reverendissime. 
 
 R6verer, va. to revere; from L. revereri. 
 
 REVERS, sm. back, a back-stroke, reverse 
 (of coins). Its doublet is reveche, q. v. 
 
 REVERSER, va. to decant, pour off. See 
 re- and verser. — Der. reversement, revers- 
 ible. 
 
 i'Reversi, sm. reversis (a game of cards) ; 
 from It. rovescino. 
 
 REVERSIBLE, adj. reversible. See reverser. 
 
 Reversion, sf. reversion; from L. rever- 
 sionem. 
 
 REV^TEMENT, sm. facing, coating (of 
 buildings). See revetir. 
 
 REVETIR, va. to clothe. See re- and vetir. 
 — Der. rei»e/ement, 
 
 REVIRER, vn. (Naut.) to tack. See re- and 
 virer. — Der. reviremQnt. 
 
 Reviser, va. to revise ; from L. revisere. 
 — Der. reWseur. 
 
 Revision, sf. revision; from L, revisi- 
 onem. 
 
 Revivifier, va. to revive, restore ; from L. 
 revivificare. 
 
 REVIVRE, vn. to rise from the dead ; from 
 L. revivere, by loss of the atonic e, see 
 
 §51. 
 Revocable, adj. revocable; from L. re- 
 
 vocabilis. 
 Revocation, sf. revocation; from L. re- 
 
 vocationem. 
 R6vocatoire, adj. (Leg.) revocatory ; from 
 
 L. revocatorius. 
 REVOIR, va. to see again ; from L. revi- 
 
 dere. For letter-changes see voir. — Der. 
 
 revue (partic. subst.). 
 + R6volte, sf. a revolt ; from It. rivoUa. — 
 
 Der. revolttr, revolta.nt. 
 R§VOlu, adj. revolved, accomplished ; from 
 
 L. revolutus. For -utus = -M see § 201. 
 Revolution, sf. a revolution; from L. 
 
 revolutionem. — Der. revohidonn^iie. 
 Revomir, va. to revomit; from L. revo- 
 
 mere. 
 R6voquer, va. to revoke, recall; from L. 
 
 revocare. 
 REVUE, sf. a review. See revoir. 
 
 R6vulsif, adj. repellent. See revulsion. 
 Revulsion, sf. a revulsion; from L. revul- 
 
 sionem. — Der. revulsif. 
 REZ, prep, on a level with, sm. level ; from 
 
 L. rasus. Rez in the phrases rez pied, rez 
 
 terre, rez de chaussee, signifies that part 
 
 of a house which is on a level with the 
 
 chaussee, the road. For rasus = rez see 
 
 nez. Rez is a doublet of ras, q. v. 
 REZ-DE-CHAUSSEE, sm. a ground-floor. 
 
 See rez. 
 RHABILLER, va. to dre?s again. See re- 
 
 and habiller. — Der. rhabtllage. 
 Rheteur, sm. a rhetorician ; from L. rheto- 
 
 rem. v 
 
 Rhetorique, sf. rhetoric; from L. rheto- 
 
 rica. — Der. rhetoricien. 
 Rhinoceros, sm. a rhinoceros; from L. 
 
 rhinoceros. 
 t Rhododendron, s?ra. a rhododendron; 
 
 from L. rhododendron. 
 Rhombe, sm. a rhombus, diamond; from 
 
 L. rhombus. 
 Rhomboide, sm. a rhomboid ; from L. 
 
 rhomboides. — Der. rhombo'idal. 
 RHUBARBE, sf. rhubarb ; from L. rheubar- 
 
 barum (found in Isidore). Rheubdr- 
 
 barum, losing regularly the penult, atonic 
 
 vowel (see § 51), becomes rheubarb'rum, 
 
 whence rkubarbe by dissimilation (see 
 
 § 169). For eu = « ste puree. 
 + Rhuni, sm. rum; from Engl, rum. 
 Rhumatisme, sm. rheumatism ; from L. 
 
 rheumatismus (found in Pliny). — Der. 
 
 rhumatismal. 
 RHUME, sm. cold ; from L. rheuma. For 
 
 eu = M see puree. 
 Rhythme, sm. rhythm ; from L. rhyth- 
 
 mus. Its doublet is rime, q. v. 
 Rh3rthmique, adj. rhythmical; from L. 
 
 rhythmicus. 
 RIANT, adj. smiling; from L. ridentem, 
 
 by loss of medial d, see accabler ; for en = 
 
 an cp. andouille. 
 Ribambelle, sf. a string, host, number. 
 
 Origin unknown. 
 RIBOTE, sf. debauch, drunkenness. Origin 
 
 unknown. — Der. ribottx, ribofeur. 
 RICANER, vn. to sneer. Origin unknown. — 
 
 Der. ricanerie, ricaneur, ricanement. 
 RICHARD, sm. a married man. See riche. 
 RICHE, adj. rich ; of Germ, origin, Germ. 
 
 reich, Engl. rich. — Der. richesse, rich&rd, 
 
 richement, enrichii. 
 RICHESSE, sf riches. See riche. 
 Ricin, sm. the castor-oil plant; from L. ri- 
 
 cinus. 
 
3i6 
 
 RTCOCHER — R2SS0LER. 
 
 Bicocher, vn. to ricochet. Origin unknown. 
 — Der. ricochet (verbal subst.). 
 
 RIDE, sf. a wrinkle. See rider. 
 
 RIDEAU, sm. a curtain, screen; formerly 
 ridel. For el = eau see agneau. Ridel is 
 dim. of ride (see rider), and rightly means 
 a plaited stuff. 
 
 RIDELLE, sf. the staff-side (of cards). Origin 
 unknown 
 
 RIDER, va. to wrinkle; of Germ, origin, 
 M. H. G. riden. — Der. ride (verbal subst.). 
 
 Hidicule, sm. a little bag; from L. reticu- 
 lum (in Horace). 
 
 IRidicule, sm. ridicule; from L. ridiculum. 
 
 B.idicule, adj. ridiculous; from L. ridicu- 
 lus. — Der. ridiculher, ridicul\\.6. 
 
 RIEN, adv. nothing; from L. rem. For 
 e = tV see § 56; for in = n see changer. 
 Rien was a subst. in O. Fr., meaning * a 
 thing.' La riens (res) qtiej'ai vue est fort 
 belle. Une tres-belle riens (res). When 
 joined with a negative it meant ' no thing ' 
 (nihil), just as ne . . . personne = xvtmo. 
 This use of rien is very proper, and it did 
 not lose its natural meaning of ' thing ' to 
 take that of nothing ' (as e. g. in the phrase 
 On ma donne cela pour rien) till people 
 became accustomed to take this subst. with 
 ne so as to form a negative expression. By 
 this account of the sense of rien we may 
 explain the passage of Molifere, in which it 
 is at once negative and positive : 
 
 Dans le siecle ou nous sommes 
 On ne donne rien pour rien. 
 
 Ecole des Femmes, ii. 2. 
 
 RIEUR, sm. a laugher. See rire. 
 
 Rigide, adj. rigid; from L. rigidus. Its 
 doublet is roide, q. v. 
 
 Rigidity, sf. rigidity; from L. rigiditatem. 
 
 Rigodon, sm. a rigadoon ; an onomato- 
 poetic word. See § 34. 
 
 t Rigole, sf. a trench ; from It. rigoro. 
 
 Rigorisme, sm. austerity; from L. rigor. 
 — Der. rzg-onste. 
 
 Rigoureux, adj. rigorous; from L. rigo- 
 rosus. For o = ou see § 81; for -osus 
 = -eux see § 229. 
 
 Rigueur, sm. rigour; from L. rigorem. 
 For o — eu see § 79. 
 
 RIMAILLER, vn. to rhyme. See rimer. — 
 Der. rimailleuT. 
 
 RIME, sf. rhyme; from L. rhythmus. 
 Khythmus signified in the middle ages 
 versification, based not on length of sylla- 
 bles as in classical metres, but on the number 
 of syllables ; a method of versification which 
 characterises the Romance languages. To 
 
 the verses thus formed was added what 
 now call rhyme, i. e. the agreement in soi. 
 of the last two accented syllables at the cm 
 of the verses ; and so rhythmus, whicl 
 first signified a manner of versification 
 was restricted to rhyme, one only of thi 
 conditions of this poetical system. Rhyth 
 mus, or rather rhythma, becomes rime 
 by loss of h (we find rjrthmus in Isidore 
 of Seville), and by tin = m, see plane. 
 Rime is a doublet of rhythme, q. v. — Der 
 rimer. 
 
 RIMER, vn. to rhyme. See rime. — Der, 
 n'meur, rimziWer. 
 
 RINCEAU, sm. foliage ; formerly rainceat 
 (used in sense of a bough, foliage, in medi' 
 eval documents), from L. ramicellus ♦ 
 dim. of ramus. Ramicellus, contrd.' 
 (see § 52) to ram.'cellus, becomes rain', 
 eel : for m = « see changer ; for a = ai seei 
 § 54. Raincel becomes rainceau by -e/ = i 
 •eau, see agneau. 
 
 RINCER, va. to rinse ; formerly rinser, rein- 
 ser ; of Germ, origin, O. Scaiid. hreinsa, to 
 rinse, clean out. For s = c see cercueil. — 
 Der. rinpxtt. 
 
 RIOTER, vn. to titter. Origin unknown. — 
 Der. r/o/eur. 
 
 Ripaille, sf. feasting, good cheer. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 RIPER, va. to drag, scrape ; from Germ. 
 rippefi, a popular form of rlben, answering 
 to O. H. G. riban. — Der. ripe (verbal 
 subst.). 
 
 Ripop6e, sf. slop (mixed liquors). Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 t Riposte, sf. a repartee; from It. ri- 
 posta. — Der. riposttx. 
 
 RIRE, vn. to laugh ; from L. ridere. For mis- 
 placement of accent, ridere for ridere, 
 see Hist. Gram. p. 133; hence rid're, by 
 regular contr. (see § 51), whence rire: for 
 dr=r see § 168. — Der. neur, r/sible. 
 
 RIS, sm. a laugh ; from L. risus. — Der. 
 r«ee. 
 
 RIS, sm. a sweetbread ; corruption of rides de 
 veau. 
 
 RISEE, sf. laughter. See ris. 
 
 Risible, adj. risible; from L. risibilis, 
 der. from ridere. See rire. 
 
 t Risque, sm. a risk; from Sp. risco, 
 properly a reef, then peril, risk. — Der. 
 risguer. 
 
 RISSOLER, va. to roast brown; dim. of a 
 form risser*; of Germ, origin, Dan. riste, 
 For st = ss seeangoisse. — Der. rissole (verbal 
 subst.). 
 
RIT—ROGNE. 
 
 3-^1 
 
 Rit, sm. a rite; from L. ritus. 
 
 tllitournelle, sm. (Mus.) a ritornello, 
 refrain ; from It. ritornello. 
 
 Rituel, sm. a ritual, prayer-book ; from L. 
 ritualis (sc. liber, a book of rites). 
 
 RIVAGE, sm. a bank, shore, beach ; from L. 
 ripaticum*, der. from ripa, ' Bipati- 
 cum quoddam . . . vendidit super fluvium 
 ad faciendum molendinum,' says a Carol, 
 text. Ripaticum, changing p successively 
 to b and v (see § iii) becomes ribati- 
 cum (found in a charter of a. d. 891), then 
 rivaticum (in a text of a.d. 897), whence 
 rivage by -aticum = -age, see age. 
 
 Rival, adj. rival; from L, rivalis. — Der. 
 rivaliser. 
 
 Rivalit§, sf. rivalry; from L. rivalitateni. 
 
 RIVE, sf. bank (of stream). Prov. riba, 
 It. ripa, from L. ripa. For p = v see 
 § III. 
 
 RIVER, va. to rivet, clinch ; of Germ, origin, 
 Dan. rive, properly to flatten down any pro- 
 jection. — Der. nVet, ni/ure, rivoir. 
 
 RIVERAIN, adj. situated on the river's 
 bank. See riviere. 
 
 RIVIERE, sf. a river. Sp. ribera, from L. 
 riparia*, found in medieval Lat. documents : 
 ' Nee villae, nee homo distringatur facere 
 pontes ad riparias,' says a I2th-cent. docu- 
 ment. Riparia is der. from ripa, used 
 for a river in medieval Lat. Riparia be- 
 comes riviere: for -axia. = -ih-e see §198; 
 for p = i; see § III. — Der. rivera.\n. 
 I f Rixdale, sf. a rix-dollar; from Germ. 
 ' reichsthaler. 
 
 j Rixe, sf. a scuffle ; from L. rixa. 
 j tRiz, sm. rice; from It. rise. — Der. rjzi^re. 
 '. + Rob, sm. a rubber (of whist) ; from Engl. 
 rubber. 
 
 + Rob, sm. (Pharm.) rob; of Oriental origin, 
 Ar. robb, purified syrup of boiled fruit. 
 
 ROBE, sf. a dress. We find in Lat. docu- 
 ments after the 6th cent, a verb raubare, 
 to rob : ' Si quis in via alterum adsalierit et 
 eum raubaverit ' (Lex Salica Pact). This 
 verb is of Germ, origin, Germ, rauben, to 
 rob, which gives O. Fr. rober (for au = o see 
 § 107), whose compd. derober is in use. 
 This verb raubare had a verbal subst. 
 rauba, the spoil of robbery ; whence, later, 
 the sense of clothes : ' Quidquid super eum 
 cum rauba vel arma tulit, omnia sicut fur- 
 tiva componat' (Lex Alemann, tit. 49). 
 Rauba, from its general sense, became 
 specialised ; e. g. ' Apparatu raubarum 
 Persicarum . . . deposito, vilem habitum 
 sumsit ' (Acta S. Yvonis). Rauba becomes 
 
 Prov. rauba, Fr. robe. The It. roba keeps 
 the full sense of late Lat. rauba, and has 
 three meanings, dress, merchandise, goods. 
 — Der. robin (sm., a ' man of the robe,' 
 lawyer). 
 
 ROBINET, sm. a tap, cock, dim. of Robin ; 
 of hist, origin, see § 33. In the mytho- 
 logy of the middle ages Robin was the 
 name of the sheep ; and as the first taps 
 were made in the form of a sheep's head, 
 they got the name of Robinet. 
 
 Robinier, sm. robinia, acacia, locust-tree ; 
 of hist, origin (see § 33), from Jean 
 Robin, gardener to Henry IV, who first 
 grew the tree in Europe from seed received 
 from America, A. d. i6oi. 
 
 Robuste, adj. robust; from L. robustus. 
 
 ROC, sm. a rock ; from L. rupicus, der. 
 from rupes, by contr. (see § 51) of ru- 
 picus, to rup'cus, whence roc. For u = o 
 see annoficer; for pc = c see § 1 68. — Der. 
 rocaille, rocailleux. 
 
 ROCHE, sf. a rock ; from L. rupea *, der. 
 from rupes. Rupea, by ea = ia (see 
 abreger), becomes rupia ; by ia = ja (see 
 Hist. Gram. p. 65), becomes rupja ; whence 
 rocke. Foru = osee annoncer; for -pja = 
 -che see abreger. — Der. rocher, rocheux. 
 
 ROCHET, sm. a rocket (surplice), ratchet (of 
 a lock) ; dim. of a form roc *. Rochet is 
 from roc, like cochet from coq, sachet from 
 sac. Roc is from L. roccus*, an under 
 garment, in Carol, documents : ' Roccus 
 matrinus et utrinus,' says a Capitulary of 
 Charlemagne, a. d. 808. Also in the Chron. 
 of the Monk of St. Gall (ii. 27) we read 
 ' Carolus habebat pellicium bombycinum,nou 
 multum amplioris pretii, quam erat roccus 
 ille S. Martini,' etc. Roccus is of Germ, 
 origin, cp. Germ. rock. 
 
 f R6der, vn. to ramble ; from Prov. radar. 
 Prov. radar answers to It. rotare, from 
 L. rotare. Roder is a doublet of rauer, 
 q.v. 
 
 fRodomont, sm. rhodomontade ; from 
 It. rodomante Der. rodamantude. 
 
 Rogation, sf (Eccles.) rogation ; from L, 
 rogationem. 
 
 Rogatoire, adj. belonging to an examina- 
 tion ; from L. rogatorius *, from rogare. 
 
 Rogaton, sm. broken meat. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 ROGNE, sf the itch ; formerly roigne, from 
 L. robiginem, rust, then scab, itch, by 
 regular contr. (see § 51) of robiginem 
 to robig'nem, whence roigne. For loss of 
 medial d see aboyer. — Der. rogntMX. 
 
3i8 
 
 R OGNER — R ONGER . 
 
 ROGNER, va. to cut (off ends), pare, clip; 
 formerly roogner, to cut hair all round, in 
 nth-cent, documents. Prov. redonhar, from 
 O. Fr. roond, primitive form of rotid 
 (q. v.). Roond gives roonner*, cp. plafond, 
 plafonner. Roonner becomes roogner, for 
 n = gn see cligner; roogner gives rogner, 
 for 00 — see rond. — Der. ro^neur, ro^wure. 
 
 ROGNON, sm. a kidney; from L. renio- 
 nem*, dim. of ren. For nio=^«o see 
 cigogne; for e = o, cp. elephantem, 
 olifant; petalum, poele ; vester, votre. 
 We find voster for vester in the Inscrip- 
 tions of the Empire. — Der. rognonner. 
 
 Rogue, adj. proud ; of Germ, origin, Norse 
 hrokr. 
 
 ROI, sm. a king ; from L. regem. For 
 -egeiu = -oi see lot. — Der. rottelet (dim. of 
 O. Fr. roietel, a wren ; roietel is from 
 roiet*, compd. of rot and dim. suffix et. 
 For the change of sense from kinglet to 
 wren see § 15. 
 
 ROIDE, ROIDEUR, adj. stiff, rigid. See 
 raide, raideur. Its doublet is rigide, q. v. 
 — Der. roza?illon, roid'n. 
 
 ROIDIR, va. to stiffen. See roide. 
 
 ROITELET, sm. a wren. See rot. 
 
 ROLE, sm. a roll. Prov. rode. It. rololo, 
 from L. rotulus, by regular contr. (see 
 § 51) of rotillus to rot'lus, whence rule. 
 For tl = 11 = I see § 168. Role is a doublet 
 of rotule, q. v. — Der. enrtJ/er, coiArole 
 ^(\. v.), r6hx, roht. 
 
 ROLET, sm. a character, part. See role. 
 
 ROMAIN, adj. Roman ; from L. romanus. 
 For -anus = -a/tt see § 194. Its doublet 
 is roman, q. v. — Der. romaint. 
 
 SrOniail, sm. a romance, novel ; adj. romantic, 
 Romance. The Lat. phrase 'lingua ro- 
 mana* in Carolingian times meant the 
 growing Fr. language, the ' rustic Latin,' as 
 opposed to the 'lingua latina,' which was 
 the name for the Class. Lat. We read in 
 the Life of St. Adalbert, Abbot of Corbie 
 (a.d. 750), that he preached in the vulgar 
 tongue ' with a sweet abundance' (' Quern 
 si vulgo audisses, dulcifluus emanabat'); 
 and his biographer distinguishes still more 
 plainly between the learned Lat. and the 
 Romance or vulgar tongue : ' Qui si vul- 
 gari, id est romana lingua, loqueretur, 
 omnium aliarum putaretur inscius ; si vero 
 teutonica, enitebat perfectius ; si latina, 
 in nulla omnino absolutius' (Acta Sanctorum, 
 Januar. i. 416). From this form romana 
 comes the adv. romanice*, in the phrase 
 'romanice loqui.' Romanice, contrd. 
 
 regularly (see § 51) to roman'ce. gives boti 
 the subject-case romance and the object-cas' 
 romant. See Hist. Gram. pp. 89-96. Ro 
 mance and romant meant properly the vulga 
 tongue, as distinguished from the Lat. 
 these words are applied to compositions ii 
 the former, thence came to designate cer- 
 tain classes of literary composition. Roman 
 afterwards became roman, whence romaiv 
 esgue. For the nominative form romance, ii 
 the sense of a novel, comes romancier, lit 
 a writer who uses the vulgar tongue. Ro^ 
 mance and roman, which both originall] 
 meant any kind of composition in the vulgai 
 tongue, survive in modern Fr. in two ^ 
 ferent senses. Roman is a doublet oiromm 
 and romance. 
 
 ROMANCE, sf. a ballad. See roman. 
 
 ROMANCIER, sm. a novelist. See roman, 1 
 
 ROMANESQUE, sm. romantic. See roman.\ 
 
 tB-omantique, sm. romantic; introd 
 from Engl, romantic. — Der. roma«/isme. 
 
 ROMARIN, sm. rosemary; from L. rosma' 
 rinus. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81 
 
 ROMPRE, va. to break ; from L. rumperej 
 by regular contr. (see § 51) of rtimpdx 
 to rump're, whence rompre : for u = s< 
 annoncer. — Der, rompn, romptmtnt. 
 
 RONCE, sm. a blackberry-bush, bramble; 
 from L. rumioem, lit. a sting, prickle, 
 whence sense of a thorn-bush. Bumicem 
 becomes ronce by -umicem = -o«ce. For 
 letter-changes see ponce. 
 
 ROND, adj. round; formerly roond. It. ro- 
 tondo, from L. rotundus. Botundus, 
 by losing medial t (see abhaye), by u = o 
 (see annoncer), becomes O.Fr, roond, which 
 later is contrd. to rond. — Der. rondt, rond" 
 eau, rondeWt, rondkleX, rowJache, ronrfin, 
 rondtVLX, zrrondit. 
 
 RONDACHE, sf. a buckler, target. See rond. 
 
 RONDE, sf. a round. See rond. Its doublet 
 is rotonde, q. v. 
 
 RONDEAU, sm. a rondeau (poem of thirteen 
 verses). See rond. 
 
 RONDELET, adj. plump. See rond. 
 
 RONDELLE, sf. a round, washer, round- 
 shield. See rond. 
 
 RONDEUR, sf. roundness. See rond. 
 
 RONDIN, sm. a round piece of wood, cudgel. 
 See rond. — Der. rondiner. 
 
 ROND-POINT, sm. (Archit.) an apse. See 
 rond and point. 
 
 RONFLER, vn. to snore. Origin unknown. 
 — Der. ronflant, ronfltMX, ronjlement. 
 
 RONGER, va. to gnaw, nibble. Prov, romiar, 
 Sp. rumiar, from L. rumigare, found for 
 
RONGE UR — ROTURIER. 
 
 319 
 
 ' to niminate ' in Apuleius, a sense which sur- 
 vived in the O. Fr. word, which had sense of 
 ruminating as well as of gnawing: the 
 former sense remains in the hunting phrase 
 le cerffait le range. Kumigdre, regularly 
 contrd, (see § 52) to ruin'gare, becomes 
 ranger : for m = n see changer. — Der. rang- 
 eur, 
 
 RONGEUR, sm. a rodent. See ranger. 
 
 Roquefort, sm. a Roquefort cheese ; of 
 hist, origin (see § 33), from Raquefort, 
 a village in the Department of Aveyron, 
 where these cheeses are made. 
 
 ROQUET, sm. a pug-dog ; of hist, origin (see 
 § 33)' properly a dog of St. Roch, allud- 
 ing to the legend which represents St. Roch 
 accompanied by his dog St. Roquet. 
 
 tRoquette, sf. (Bot.) rocket; from It. 
 rucchetta. 
 
 Rorif^re, sm. a sprinkler; from L. rotifer. 
 
 Rosace, sf. a rose (window, etc.) ; from L. 
 rosaceus. 
 
 Rosac6e, sf. a rose-tree; from L. rosacea. 
 
 Rosaire, sm. a rosar)"^; from L. rosarius, 
 properly a garland of roses (see chapelet) to 
 crown the image of the Virgin, then a gar- 
 land or necklace of threaded beads, serving to 
 mark off prayers. Its doublet is rosier, q. v. 
 
 + Rosat, adj. of roses, rose; introd, in 
 1 6th cent, from It. rosato. Its doublet is 
 rose, q. v. 
 
 + Rosbif, sm. roast beef; from Engl, roast 
 beef 
 
 ROSE, sf. a rose ; from L. rosa. — Der. rose 
 (adj.), rose, rosiere, rosette. 
 
 ROSE, adj. rose-coloured, rosy. See rose. 
 
 ROSE, adj. roseate. See rose. Its doublet is 
 rosat, q. v. 
 
 ROSEAU, sm. a reed ; formerly rosel : for 
 -el = -eau see agneau. Rosel, Prov. rauzel, 
 is the dim. of a root ros, of Germ, origin, 
 Goth, raus, a reed. Goth, raus gives Prov. 
 raus, Fr. ros*: for au = o see § 107. 
 
 ROSEE, sf dew ; partic. subst. (see absoute) 
 of O. Fr, roser *, which is from L, rorare. 
 E-orare becomes roser, as adrorare be- 
 comes arroser. For r = s see arroser. 
 
 ROSETTE, sf. a rosette. See rose. 
 
 ROSIER, sm. a rose-bush; from L. rosarium. 
 For -arium = -2er see § 198. Its doublet is 
 rosaire, q. v, — Der, roseraie. 
 
 + Rosse, sf. a poor horse, jade ; from Germ. 
 ross. 
 
 ROSSER, va. to thrash; formerly roissier. 
 Origin unknown. 
 
 ROSSIGNOL, sm. a nightingale; formerly 
 lossignol, It. rossignuolo, from L. lusci- 
 
 niolus *, masc. form of lusciniola (found 
 in Plautus). Lu^ciniolus becomes O. Fr. 
 lossigfwl : for u = see annoncer ; for sc 
 = ss see cresson ; for ni = gn see cigogne. 
 Lossignol, by changing / to r (see apotre), 
 becomes rossignol, by dissimilation (see § 
 169). — Der. rossignohx. 
 
 Rossinante, sm. Rosinante ; of hist, origin 
 (see § 33), from Sp. rocinante, name of 
 Don Quixote's horse 
 
 fRossolis, sm. sun-dew; from L. ros 
 and solis. 
 
 Rostral, adj. rostral; from L. rostralis. 
 
 Rostres, sm.pl. rostra; from L. rostra. 
 
 ROT, sm. roast. See rotir. 
 
 ROT, sm. belching. It. rtitto, from L. ructus. 
 For u = o see annoncer; for ct = / see § 168. 
 
 Rotateur, sm. a rotator; from L. rotato- 
 rem. 
 
 Rotation, sf rotation; from L. rotatio- 
 nem. 
 
 f Rote, sf the rota (a Roman court) , from 
 It. rota. Its doublet is roue, q. v. 
 
 ROTER, vn. to belch : from L. ructare. For 
 VL = o see annoncer; for ct^t see § 168. 
 
 Rotin, sm. a rattan. Origin unknown. 
 
 ROTIR, va. to roast; formerly rostir, of 
 Germ, origin, O, H. G. rostjan. For loss 
 of s, see Hist. Gram. p. 8i. — Der. rot 
 (verbal subst,), roti, ro/ie, ro/isserie, ro/is$- 
 eur, ro/issoire. 
 
 ROTISSEUR, sm. master of a cookshop. 
 See rijtir. 
 
 fRotonde, sf a rotunda ; from It. roton- 
 da. Its doublet is ronde, q. v, 
 
 Rodondit6, s/. rotundity ; from L. rotundi- 
 tatem. 
 
 Rotule, sf. (Anat.) a patella ; from L. rotu- 
 la. Its doublet isrole, q.v. 
 
 ROTURE, sf. commonalty; from L, rup- 
 tura, properly act of breaking (clods), 
 whence of cultivating fields, found in me- 
 dieval Lat. ; e, g, ' Decimas et primitias de 
 novis rupturiis, quae facta sunt in alodio 
 S. Felicis,' in an iith-cent. charter. From 
 this sense the word passes to that of the 
 land of a ' villein ' subject to rent, land not 
 noble. Ruptura becomes rotura ; for 
 pt = / see § 168; for u = see annoncer. 
 Roture is a doublet of rupture, q. v. 
 
 ROTURIER, sm. a plebeian, lit. peasant who 
 holds a roture (q. v.) ; from L. ruptura- 
 rius * (one who cultivates a ruptura, 
 see roture). We find in an iith-cent. 
 charter ' Concedimus quoque eidem decern 
 sextarias terrae, si a rupturariis dono vel 
 emptione ilias acquisierint.' Ruptvira- 
 
320 
 
 ROUAGE — ROFAL. 
 
 rius becomes roturier: for -ftrius ■=-/«- 
 see § 198; for pt = / %ee § 168 ; for u = o 
 see annoncer. 
 
 ROUAGE, sm. wheelwork, machinery. See 
 roue. 
 
 t Rouan, sm. a roan horse; formerly roa», 
 
 . from It. roano. 
 
 Rouanne, sf. a brand-iron. Origin un- 
 known. — Der. rouanner, rouannette. 
 
 t Rouble, sm. a rouble (Russian coin), a 
 Russian word. 
 
 ROUCOULER, va. to warble plaintively ; an 
 onomatopoetic word. See § 34. — Der. 
 roucoulement. 
 
 ROUE, sf. a wheel ; from L. rota. For loss 
 of medial t see aig7i ; for o = ou see § 81. 
 Its doublet is rofe, q. v. — Der. rower, rowage, 
 rowet. 
 
 ROUE, sm. a roue, lit. one broken on the 
 wheel. See rouer. 
 
 ROUELLE, sf. a slice, round (of beeQ. For 
 letter-changes see roue. 
 
 Rouennerie, sf. common printed cotton ; 
 of hist, origin, see § 33, first fabricated 
 at Rouen. 
 
 ROUER, va. to break on the wheel. See rou. 
 Its doublet is roder. — Der. rou^, rouerie. 
 
 ROUERIE, sf. action of a roue. See rouer. 
 
 ROUET, sm. a spinning-wheel. See roue. 
 
 ROUGE, adj. red ; formerly rage, It. robbio, 
 from L. rubeus (found in Isidore of Seville). 
 Rubeus, regularly transformed (see abre- 
 ger) to rubius, consonnifies iu to ju (see 
 abreger), whence rubjus, whence O. Fr. 
 rage: for 'bj=j see Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; for 
 u = o see annoncer. Roge later becomes 
 rouge : for o = ou see § 81. — Der. rougekUe, 
 roK^^aud, rougeoXt, rouget, rougtxxr, rougir. 
 
 ROUILLE, sf. mildew ; formerly roille, Prov. 
 ro'ilh, from L. rubigula*, dim. of ru- 
 bigo. Rubigula, regularly contrd. (see 
 § 51) to rubig'la becomes ro-ille: for 
 loss of medial b see aboyer ; for u = o 
 see annoncer ; for gl = // see cailler. Roille 
 becomes rouille : for o = ou see § 81. — 
 Der. rouiller, rouillure, d^rouilhr, en- 
 routlleT. 
 
 ROUIR, va. to ret ; of Germ, origin, Dutch 
 roien. For loss of medial t see abbaye; 
 for o = o« see § 81. — Der. rowissage, 
 rottissoir. 
 
 ROULADE, /. a roll, collar (of meat). See 
 rouler. Its doublet is roulee. 
 
 ROULAGE, sm. a rolling, wagon-ofEce, wagon. 
 See rouler. 
 
 ROULEAU, sm. a roll; from L. rotulellum*, 
 dim. of rotulus. Botulinum, regularly 
 
 contrd. (see § 52) to rot'lellum, be- 
 comes row/eoM : for tl = // see § 168; for 
 ol = OM see §§ 81, 157; for -ellum = -fi/ = 
 'eau see § 282. 
 
 ROULER, va. to roll, wheel ; formerly roller, 
 Prov. rotlar. It. rotolare, from L. rotu- 
 lare* (found in medieval Lat. texts), 
 der. from rotulus, Botul^re, regularly 
 contrd. (see § 52) to rot'lare, becomes 
 O.Fr. roller by tl = // (see § 168), whence 
 rouler by ol — ou, see §§ 81, 157.— Der. 
 row/age, row/ade, row/ier, row/is, rou/ement, 
 row/eur, row/euse, row/etle, row/oir, derow/- 
 er, Gnrouler. 
 
 ROULIER, sm. a carter. See rouler. 
 
 ROULIS, sm. (Naut.) a rolling. See rouler. 
 
 tRoupie, s/l a rupee. Origin unknown. 
 
 ROUSSEUR, sf redness. See roux. 
 
 ROUSSIN, sm. a cob, thickset stallion ; from 
 O. Fr. rous, ros, of Germ, origin (M. H. G. 
 ross). Foio = ou see § 81. 
 
 ROUSSIR, vn. to redden. See roux. — Der. 
 roussi (partic. subst.). 
 
 + Rout, sm. a rout, great party; from Engl. 
 rout. 
 
 ROUTE, sf. a road ; formerly rote, from L. 
 rupta*(sc. a cross-road, via). Bupta means 
 a road in medieval Lat. texts : * De qui- 
 bus cimaliis forestae de Gadabone, nec- 
 non de ruptis ejusdem forestae,' in a 
 1 2th-cent. document. Cp. the phrase aller 
 S7ir les bris^es de quelqu'un. Hupta 
 becomes rote: for pt = / see § 168; for 
 u = see annoncer. Rote becomes route ; 
 for o = 0M see § 81. — Der. row/ier, rout- 
 ine (act of following the route marked 
 out). 
 
 ROUTIER, sm. a stager. See route. 
 
 ROUTINE, sf. routine. See route.— Der. 
 routinitx. 
 
 ROUVIEUX, adj. mangy; from rouffe. 
 Rouffe is of Germ, origin, Dutch rofe. 
 
 ROUVRE, sm. English oak. O.Fr. rovre, 
 Prov. robre, from L. robur, by regular 
 contr. (see § 50) of robur to rob'r, 
 whence rovre (for b = v see § 113), then 
 rouvre (for o = ow see § 81). 
 
 ROUVRIR, va. to re-open. See re- and ou- 
 vrir. 
 
 ROUX, adj. red, russet. Prov. ros, It. rosso, 
 from L. russus ; for u = om see § 97; 
 for ss = s see ais, whence O. Fr. rows, after- 
 wards roux ; for s = x see deux. — Der. (from 
 O. Fr. rows) rowsse, rowssatre, rowsseau, 
 roKsselet, rowsseur, rowssette, rowssir. 
 
 ROYAL, adj. royal ; from L. regalis. For 
 letter-changes of -egalis = -qya/, see loyal. 
 
ROYAUME—RUT. 
 
 321 
 
 Its doublets are real and rtgale, q, v. — 
 Der. royalt, royalisme, royaliste, royalt- 
 ment. 
 
 ROYAUME, sm. a kingdom, realm ; formerly 
 royalme. Pro v. reialme, Sp. realme, from L. 
 regalimen *, der. from regalis. Regali- 
 men is contrd, (see § 51) to regal'men, 
 whence O. Fr. royalme ; for regal- 5= royal- 
 see royal. Royalme becomes royaume by 
 al = au, see agneau. 
 
 ROYAUTE, sf. royalty; formerly roialte, 
 from L. regalitatem *, from regalis, by 
 regular contr. (see § 52) of regalitd,- 
 tem to regal'tatem, whence royalte. For 
 regal- = royal- see royal ; for -tatem = -te 
 see § 230. 
 
 RU, sm. a channel. O. Fr. rui, from L. ri- 
 vus, or rather from rius, the popular 
 form of rivus, for the Appendix ad Probum 
 blames that form, and says 'rivus non 
 rius.' For loss of medial v see a:ieul. 
 
 RUBAN, sm. a ribbon. Origin unknown. — 
 Der. riibantnt, rubanier, 
 
 Rub6fier, va. to redden; from L. rubefi- 
 care*, der. from rubeus. See rouge. — 
 Der. rubefiant. 
 
 Rubiacee, sf. (Bot.) madder-plant ; from 
 L. rub i ace a *, der. from rubeus. 
 
 Rubicond, adj. rubicund; from L. rubi- 
 cundus. 
 
 + Rub is, sm. a ruby ; introd. from Sp. rubi. 
 
 Rubrique, sf. red chalk, a rubric ; from L. 
 rubrica. 
 
 RUCHE, sf. a hive ; formerly rusche, Prov. 
 rusca ; of Celtic origin, Breton rusken. For 
 c = ck see acharner ; for loss of s see Hist. 
 Gram. p. 81. — Der. rucher, ruchee. 
 
 Rude, adj. rude ; from L. rudis. — Der. rud- 
 esse, rudoytr. 
 
 Rudiment, sm. a rudiment; from L. rudi- 
 mentum. 
 
 RUDOYER, va. to treat rudely. See rude. 
 
 RUE, ./. (Bot.) rue. Sp. ruda. It. ruta, from 
 L. ruta. For loss of medial t see 
 aigu. 
 
 RUE, sf. a street ; in O. It. ruga, from L. 
 ruga, properly a furrow, then a path, 
 street, in medieval Lat. documents. We 
 find in a charter of a.d. hi I, 'Quorum 
 rex operta expertus, ecclesiam, rugam, 
 plateam et mensuras concessit'; and in a 
 text of A.D. 1 165, 'Usque ad locum qui 
 vocatur Tudella, in ruga ejusdem S. Ger- 
 man!.' Buga becomes rue by dropping g, 
 see allier. — Der. ruelle. 
 
 RUELLE, sf. a lane. See rue. — Der. rueller. 
 
 Ruer, va. to rush; from L, ruere. — Der, 
 rwade, r?/eur. 
 
 Rugir, v7i. to roar, bellow ; from L. rugire. 
 — Der. n/^issant, rw^issement. 
 
 RugOsit6, s/, roughness; from L. rugosi- 
 tatem. For -tatem = -<e see § 230. 
 
 Rugueux, adj. wrinkled ; from L. rugosus. 
 For -osus = -«/* see § 229. 
 
 Ruine, sf. a ruin; from L. ruina. — Der. 
 ruintr, ruineux. 
 
 Ruinure, sf. bearing (carpentry). Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 RUISSEAU, sm. a stream ; formerly ruissel, 
 from L. rivicellus *, dim. of rivus (for 
 e\ = eau see agneau). Rivicellus, regu- 
 larly contrd. (see § 52) to riv'cellus, 
 becomes ruissel. For v = m see aurone ; for 
 c — ss see amine. — Der. (from O. Fr. ruissel) 
 ruisseler, ruisselet. 
 
 RUISSELANT, adj. streaming. See ruisseler. 
 
 RUISSELET, sm. a streamlet. See ruisseau. 
 
 RUISSELER, vn. to gush. See ruisseau. — 
 Der. ruisselnnt. 
 
 fRumb.s/K. (Naut.) a rhumb ; from Engl. 
 rhu7nb. 
 
 Rumeur, sm. a rumour ; from L. rumorem. 
 
 Rumination, sf. rumination ; from L. ru- 
 minationem. 
 
 Ruminer, vn. to ruminate ; from L. rumi- 
 nare. — Der. ruminant. 
 
 Rupture, sf. a rupture ; from L. ruptura. 
 Its doublet is roture, q. v. 
 
 Rural, adj. rural ; from L. rural is. 
 
 RUSER, va. to use artifice ; formerly reuser, 
 originally a hunting term for the doubles of 
 a hare, etc., to escape the dogs, by throwing 
 them off the scent. For the later extension 
 of meaning see § 13. Reuser, Prov. reusar, 
 from L. recusare, by loss of medial c, 
 whence reuser, whence reuser (see Hist. 
 Gram. p. 38), whence ruser. For eu = M 
 see puree. Ruser is a doublet of recuser, 
 q. V. — Der. ruse (verbal subst.), ruse. 
 
 RUSTAUD, SOT. a rustic. See rustre. 
 
 Rusticity, sf rusticity ; from L. rusticita- 
 tem. 
 
 Rustique, adj. rustic; from L. rusticus. 
 Its doublet is rustre, q. v. 
 
 RUSTRE, sm. a boor; formerly ruste, from 
 L. rusticus. Rusticus losini^ its last two 
 atonic vowels (see §§ 50, 51 ) becomes O. Fr. 
 ruste, whence ruslre by addition of r, see 
 chanvre. Its doublet is rustique. — Der. 
 (from O. Fr. ruste) rusta.ud. 
 
 RUT, SOT. rut ; originally ruit, from L. ru- 
 gitus. For loss of g see Hist. Gram, p, 82. 
 
3aa 
 
 SA — SAGE. 
 
 s. 
 
 SA, poss.pron./em. her ; from L. sam (found 
 
 in Eiinius). Sam is an archaic form of 
 
 suam; for its relation to it see mon and 
 
 § 1 02. For loss of m see 70. 
 Sabbat, sm. Sabbath, Jewish day of rest ; 
 
 from L. s abb a turn. — Der. sabbatiqae. 
 SABBATIQUE, adj. sabbatical. See sabbat. 
 Sabine, $/. (Bot.) savin; from L. sab'ina. 
 SABLE, sm. sand ; from L. sabulum. For 
 
 -aibhlxua = -able see able. — Der. sabler, 
 
 sablitT, sablihre. 
 f Sable, sm. sable (heraldic), black; in 
 
 O. Fr. the sable martin, whose fur is black 
 
 in winter. Sable is of Sclar. origin, Polish 
 
 sobal. 
 SABLE R, va. to sand. — Der. ensabler. 
 SABLEUX, adj. sandy ; from L. sabulosus, 
 
 by regular contr. (see § 52) of sabiild- 
 
 sus to sab'losus, whence sableux. For 
 
 -osus = -cwa; see § 229. 
 SABLlfiRE, sf. a sand-pit. See sable. 
 SABLIHRE, sf. a raising-piece (carpenter's 
 
 tool). Origin unknown. 
 SABLON, sm. sand, lit. large sand ; from 
 
 L. sabulonem, by regular contr. (see 
 
 § 52) of sabulonem to sab'ionem. 
 
 — Der. sablonner, sablonneuK, sablonnier, 
 
 sablonniere. 
 SABORD, sm. (Naut.) a port-hole. Origin 
 
 unknown. 
 SABOT, sm. a wooden shoe. Origin unknown. 
 
 — Der. saboter, sabot'icr, sabotVeie. 
 SABOULER, va. to push about. Origin 
 
 unknown, 
 t Sabre, sm. a sabre; from Germ, sdbel, by 
 
 contr. of sabel to sdb'l, whence sabre (by 
 
 l=r, see apotre). — Der. sabrer, sabrem. 
 + Sabretache, sf. a sabretache; from 
 
 Germ, sdbeltasche. 
 SAC, sm. a sack ; from L. saccus. For cq = c 
 
 see bee. — Der, sachee, sachet (cp. cochet 
 
 from coq). 
 SAC, sm. sack, plunder ; verbal subst. of O. Fr. 
 
 sacquer. Sac is from sacquer, as trac from 
 
 traquer. Origin of sacquer unknown. 
 •f-Saccade, sf. a jerk, shake; introd. in 
 
 1 6th cent, from It. staccato, from staccare. 
 tSaccager, va. to sack, pillage; from It. 
 
 saccheggiare. — Der. saccage (verbal subst.), 
 
 saccag enxtnt. 
 
 Sacerdoce, sm. priesthood ; from L. sacv-.,. 
 
 dotium. 
 Sacerdotal, adj. sacerdotal ; from L. saceri 
 
 dotalis. 
 + Sacoche, s/. a saddle-bag ; from It. sac 
 
 cocia. 
 Sacramentel, adj. sacramental ; from L 
 
 sacramentalis *, from sacramentum. 
 Sacre, sm. consecration ; from L. sacrum. 
 Sacr6, adj. consecrated, devoted, damned 
 
 from L. sacratns. For -atus = -e' set 
 
 ampoule and § 20 r. — Der. consacr^. 
 Sacrement, sm. a sacrament ; from L 
 
 sacramentum. Its doublet is serment, q. v 
 Sacrer, va. to consecrate ; from L. sacrare 
 
 — Der. consacr^r. 
 Sacrificateur, sm. a sacrificer ; from L 
 
 sacrificatorem. — Der. sacrtficature. 
 Sacrifice, sm. a sacrifice; from L. sacrifi 
 
 cium. 
 Sacrifier, va. to sacrifice ; from L 
 
 sacrificare. 
 Sacrildge, sm. sacrilege; from L. sacrile 
 
 gium. 
 Sacrildge, adj. sacrilegious; from L. sacri 
 
 legus. 
 + Sacripant, sm. rhodomontadc ; from It 
 
 Sacripante{si name in the Orlando Furioso) 
 Sacristain, sm. a sacristan; from L. sacri 5 
 
 tanus*, from sacrista, a sacrist, in chargt 
 
 of the sacred objects for divine worshij 
 
 (found in an 8tb-cent. text), from sacrum 
 Sacristie, sf a sacristy ; from eccles. L 
 
 sacristia*, from sacrista. See sacristain 
 t Safran, SOT. saffron; from It. zaff'erano 
 
 — Der. safranex. 
 Safre, adj. gluttonous. Origin unknown. 
 SAFRE, sf zafFer, oxyde of cobalt. Origii 
 
 unknown. 
 Sagace, adj. sagacious ; from L. sagacem 
 Sagacity, sf. sagacity ; from L. sagacita 
 
 tem. For -tatem = -/c' see § 230. 
 SAGE, adj. wise. Sp. sabio, from L. sapiui 
 
 (found in Petronius, who uses the compd 
 
 ne-sapius for senseless). Sapius become 
 
 successively sabius * (for p = b see § 1 1 1) 
 
 whence Sp. sabio; then savius (for \i=^ 
 
 see § 113), whence sage. For vi = vj 
 
 whence savjus, see abreger ; for vj =g 
 
 whence sage, see alleger. — Der. sa^esse. 
 
SA GETTE — SALSIFIS, 
 
 Sagette, sf. an arrow; from L. sagitta. 
 
 For i = e see § 72. 
 Sagittaire, sf. Sagittarius, an archer ; from 
 
 L. Sagittarius. ♦ 
 
 f Sago 11, sm. sago; of Indian origin, 
 
 through Engl. sago. 
 Sagouin, sm. a sagoin (animal). Origin 
 
 unknown. 
 SAIE, sf. a sagum (Roman over-cloak) ; from 
 
 L. saga *, from sagum. For loss of medial 
 
 g see allier. — Der. sayon. 
 SAIGNER, vn. to bleed; from L. sangui- 
 
 nare *, found in the Germanic Laws : ' De 
 
 ictus nobiiis . . . livor et tumor si sangui- 
 
 nat ' (Lex Saxonum). For loss of atonic 
 
 ui see § 52; for a,-ai see § 54. — Der. 
 
 !-aign2t.\\\., saignee (partic. subst.), saigne- 
 
 ment, saigneMV, saigneux. 
 SAILLANT, adj. prominent, salient. See 
 
 saillir. 
 SAILLIE, sf. a projection. See saillir. 
 SAILLIR, vn. to project; from L. salire. 
 
 For a.li = aill see ail. — Der. saillk (partic. 
 
 subst.), sailhnt, zssaillir, Utssaillir. 
 SAIN, sm. lard. It. saime, Prov. sain, sagin, 
 
 from L. sagimen *, fat, in medieval Lat. 
 
 texts ; e. g. ' Qiii lardum prius ahquantulum 
 
 cum oleribus coctum, et sagimen faciunt,' 
 
 from a I2th-cent. document. Sagim.en 
 
 becomes sain : for loss of medial g see 
 
 allier; for -im.en = -m see § 226. — Der. 
 
 sain-doux. 
 SAIN, adj. sound ; from L. sanus. For 
 
 -anus = -am see § 194. — Der. «ai«-foin. 
 SAINDOUX, sm. lard. See sain. 
 SAINFOIN, sm. (Bot.) sainfoin. See sain and 
 
 foin. 
 SAINT, adj. sainted, holy; from L. sanctus. 
 
 For anct = aiftt see affete. 
 SAINTETE, sf. sanctity ; from L. sanctita- 
 
 tem. For i = e see § 72; for anct = 
 
 aint see affete; for -tatem = -/e' see § 230. 
 SAISIE, sf. an execution (in law). See saisir. 
 SAISIR, va. to seize; from L. sacire, in 
 
 medieval Lat. documents. ' Alterius rem ad 
 
 proprietatem sacire,' is found in a Merov. 
 
 formula. Sacire is of Germ, origin, O.H.G. 
 
 sazjan, to place, whence to occupy, take in 
 
 possession, seize. Sacire becomes saisir. 
 
 For a = az see § 54; for c = s see amide. — 
 
 Der. saisxe (partic. subst.), saisine, satssiss- 
 
 able. sa/sissant, sa/sissement. 
 SAISISSABLE, adj. seizable. See saisir. — Der. 
 
 insaisissable. 
 . SAISON, sf a season. Sp. sazon, from L. 
 
 sationem, properly the sowing-time. 'Vere 
 
 fabis satio/ says Virgil, whence sense of a 
 
 3^3 
 
 definite part of the year during which plant- 
 ing and sowing go on. For -ationem = 
 -aison see § 232. 
 
 t Salade, sf a salad ; from It. salala (the 
 modern It. word is in-salata). Its doublet 
 is salee. — Der. saladier. 
 
 t Salade, sf a helmet ; from It. celata. 
 
 Salaire, sm. a salary; from L. salarium. 
 Its doublet is saliere. — Der. salarier. 
 
 SAL AISON, s/. salting; from L.salationem,*, 
 from sal. For -ationem = -azso« see § 
 232. 
 
 t Salamalec, sm. a low bow; phrase 
 introd. by Eastern travellers. Ar. salam 
 alaik. 
 
 Salamandre, sf a salamander ; from L. 
 salamaadra (found in Pliny). 
 
 Salarier, va. to salary, pay wages. See 
 salaire. — Der. salari^. 
 
 SALE, adj. dirty; of Germ, origin, O.H.G. 
 salo, dull, thence dirty.: — Der. sa/ete, salir, 
 sahud, sa/igaud. 
 
 f Salep, sm. Salop; introd. by Eastern tra- 
 vellers, 
 
 Saler, va. to salt; from L. salare*, from 
 sal. — Der. sa/ant, sa/eur. saZiere, saloir, 
 salure, saleron, salnge. 
 
 SALETE, sf dirtiness. See sale. 
 
 Salin, adj. saline ; from L. salinus. 
 
 Saline, sf salt provisions ; from L. salinae. 
 
 SALIR, va. to dirty. See sale. — Der. sa/is- 
 sant, saZissure. 
 
 Salivaire, adj. salivary; from L. sali- 
 varius. 
 
 Salivation, sf salivation; from L. saliva- 
 tionem. 
 
 Salive, sf saUva; from L. saliva. — Der. 
 saliver, 
 
 SALLE, sf. a hall. O. Fr. sale, It. sala, from 
 L. sala*, a dwelling in Merov. documents ; 
 e. g. ' Si quis super aliquem focum in nocte 
 miserit, ut domum ejus incendat aut salam 
 suam,' in the Lex Alamannorum, tit. 5. 
 Sala is of Germ, origin, O. H. G. sal, a 
 house, hall. — Der. salon. 
 
 Salmigondis, sm. a salmagundi, hotch- 
 potch. Origin unknown. 
 
 Salmis, sm. a salmi, ragout. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 SALOPERIE, sf. slovenliness ; from a form 
 salope, the origin of which is unknown. 
 
 Salpetre, sm. saltpetre ; from L. sal petrae. 
 — Der. salpetrer, salpetr'itx, salpefriere. 
 
 t Salsepareille, sf (Bot.) sarsaparilla ; 
 from It. salsapariglia. 
 
 f Salsifis, sm. (Bot.) salsify, goatsbeard; 
 corruption of It. sassefrica. 
 
 Y 2 
 
324 
 
 SALTA TION — SANTALINE. 
 
 Saltation, sf. dancing; from L. salta- 
 
 tionem. 
 t Saltimbanque, sm. a mountebank; 
 
 from It. saltimbanco. 
 
 Salubre, adj. healthful; from L. saluber. 
 
 Salubrit6, s/. salubrity; from L. salubri- 
 tatem. 
 
 SALUER, va. to salute. Sp. saludar. It. 
 salutare, from L. salutare. For loss of 
 medial t see ahhaye. 
 
 Salut, sm. safety, salutation; from L. salu- 
 tem. 
 
 Salutaire, adj. salutary; from L. salu- 
 taris. 
 
 Salutation, sf. salutation; from L. salu- 
 tationem. 
 
 i* Salve, sf. a salute, salvo; from It. salva. 
 
 SAMEDI, sm. Saturday; from L. sabbati 
 dies, properly the Sabbath day. The word 
 should be regularly sahedi not samedi, but 
 the existence of the archaic Lat. form du- 
 benus by the side of dominus, proves the 
 correctness of this origin : moreover the It. 
 says sdbato, Wallachian sembete ; and Prov., 
 reversing the words, says dissapte (dies 
 sabb'ti *). 
 
 Sanctification, sf. sanctification ; from L. 
 sanctificationem. 
 
 Sanctifier, va. to sanctify; from L. sanc- 
 tificare. — Der. sanctifiznt. 
 
 Sanction, sf. sanction; from L. sanctio- 
 nem. — Der. sanctionntx. 
 
 Sanctuaire, sm. a sanctuary; from L. 
 sanctuarium. 
 
 Sandale, sm. a sandal; from L. sanda- 
 lium. 
 
 Sandaraque, sf sandarach (rosin); from 
 L. sandaraca (found in Pliny). 
 
 SANG, sm. blood ; from L. sanguis. 
 
 SANGLANT, adj. bloody ; from L. sangui- 
 Ifntus (found in Scribonius Largus), by 
 contr. (see § 52) of sanguil^ntus to 
 sang'lentus, whence sanglant. For en = 
 an see dimanche. — Der. ensanglanter. 
 
 SANGLE, sf. a strap, band, girth; formerly 
 sengle and cengle. It. cinghia, from L. 
 cingula, by regular contr. (see § 51) of 
 cingiila to cing'la, whence cengle (for 
 in = en see § 72), whence sengle (for c = 
 s see amttie), whence sangle (for en — an 
 see dimanche and Hist. Gram. p. 48). — 
 Der. sangler (its doublet is cingler, q. v.), 
 sanghdQ. 
 
 SANGLIER, sf. a boar. O. Fr. senglier, ori- 
 ginally pore senglier, from L. singularis 
 (sc. porcus), properly a solitary or wild pig. 
 The five-year-old boar is called in Fr. soli- 
 
 taire, because he lives alone. Similarly in: 
 Gr. fiovios is used for a boar. Senglier is 
 originally, in the phrase pore senglier, a 
 simple adj. signifying solitary; later, ihe 
 epithet ejected the subst., and sanglier 
 remained in the sense of the L. aper. 
 Besides, the adj. singularis is seen toi 
 have already taken the sense of ' a boar ' in 
 medieval Lat. texts ; e. g. ' Ecce immanis- 
 simus singularis de sylva egressus ' (Vita 
 St. Odonis, lib. 2). SinguMris, contrd. 
 regularly (see § 52) to sing'laris, gives 
 O. Fr. senglier. For -aris- -ier see § 198; 
 for in = en see § 72 ; whence later an, s« 
 dimanche. Sanglier is a doublet of sin- 
 gulier, q. v. 
 
 SANGLOTER, vn. to sob ; from L. singul-i 
 tare. For u = o see annoncer; for the 
 metathesis of ol to lo see pupi're ; for in ■■ 
 an see dimanche. — Der. sanglot (verbal 
 subst.). 
 
 SANGSUE, sf. a leech; from L. sanguisuga, 
 by contr. (see § 52) of sanguisuga to 
 sang'suga, whence sangsue. For loss of 
 medial g see allier. 
 
 Sanguin, adj. sanguine; from L. sangui- 
 neus. — Der. sanguine. 
 
 Sanguinaire, adj. sanguinary ; from L.i 
 sanguinarius. 
 
 Sanguinolent, adj. sanguineous ; from L. 
 sanguinolentus. 
 
 Sanie, sf. sanies; from L. saniem. — Der. 
 saraieux. 
 
 tSanitaire, adj. sanitary; introd. from 
 Engl, sanitary. 
 
 SANS, prep, without; formerly sens, from L. 
 sind. For in = an see dimanche; for 
 addition of s see Hist. Gram. p. 80 : in the 
 phrase sens dessus dessous, sens is not the 
 original word, but a corruption of e'en : in 
 the middle ages the phrase was not sens 
 dessus dessous, but e'en dessus dessous, i. e. 
 that which is above is put below. 
 
 SANSONNET, sm. a starling ; of hist, origin 
 (see § 33), dim. of Sanson, common form 
 of Samson : for m = n see changer. We 
 know how often birds have been designated 
 by the names of men, as for the sparrow 
 pierrot (dim. of Pierre), for the parroquet 
 Jacquot (dim. oi Jacques), etc. (§ 14). 
 
 SANTE, sf health ; from L. sanitatem, by 
 regular contr. (see § 52) of sanitatem 
 to san'tatem. For -tatem — -te see 
 § 230. 
 
 t Santa line, s/". (Chem.) santaline; dim. 
 of santal, a Malay kind of wood, Malay 
 tsendana. 
 
SANVE — SA TURA TION. 
 
 3^5 
 
 SANVE, sf. the charlock; from L. sinapi. 
 
 The Gr. accent (aivani) has here supplanted 
 
 the Lat. accent (sindpi). This word is 
 
 I then contrd. (see § 5 1 ) to sin'pi, whence 
 
 I O. Fr. senve. For p = v see § 1 1 1 ; for 
 
 in = en = a?i see dimanche ; whence sanve. 
 ' f Sapajou, stn. a monkey; of American 
 origin, see § 32. 
 SAFE, sf. sap (military) ; from L. sappa, a 
 pick, in Isidore of Seville. For pp —p see 
 chape. — Der. saptx, sapeur. 
 SAPEUR, sm. a sapper. See sape. 
 Saphir, stn. a sapphire; from L. saphirus. 
 
 — Der. saphir'me, 
 Sapide, adj. sapid, tasty; from L. sapidus. 
 
 — Der. msipide. 
 Sapience, sf. sapience, wisdom ; from L. 
 
 sapientia. For -tia = -ce see agencer. 
 SAPIN, &V1. a spruce fir; from L. sappinus. 
 
 For pp =p see chape. — Der. sapiniere. 
 Saponaire, sf (Bot.) soapwort; from L. 
 saponarius*, from saponem. Its doublet 
 is savomiiere, q. v. 
 tSarabande, sf a saraband (dance); 
 from Sp. zarabaiida. 
 \ f Sarbacane, sf a pea-shooter, air-cane; 
 I' from It. sarbacane. 
 
 1 Sarcasme, sm. a sarcasm; from L. sar- 
 I casmus (so used in Quintilian). — Der, sar~ 
 I castique. 
 I Sarcastique, adj. sarcastic ; from. Gr. aap- 
 
 I KaOTlKOS. 
 
 i SARCELLE, sf. a teal ; formerly sercelle, ori- 
 
 : ginally cercele, from L. querquedula. 
 
 I For qu = c see car, whence cercedula *. 
 
 j Cercedula, regularly contrd. (see § 51) 
 
 j to cerced'la, becomes cercelle (for dl=:// 
 
 I see § t68), then sercelle (for c = s see 
 
 ' amitie), then sarcelle (for e = a seeamender). 
 
 i Sarcelle is a doublet of cercelle, q. v. 
 
 SARCLER, va. to weed ; from L. sarcu- 
 
 lare. By regular loss of u (see § 52) 
 
 sarculd,re becomes sarc'lare, whence 
 
 sarcler. — Der. sarc/age, sarcltwx, sarcloir, 
 
 sarclwxt. 
 
 Sarcologie, sf sarcology; from Gr. oap^ 
 
 and Kofos. 
 Sarcophage, sm. a sarcophagus ; from Gr. 
 
 aapKOfpcuyus. Its doublet is cerceuil, q. v. 
 SARDINE, sf. a sardine, pilchard; from L. 
 sardina (in Columella). For persistence 
 of the Gr. accent (aapdivrj) see sanve. 
 SARDOINE, sf. a sardonyx; from L. sar- 
 donyx. For o = oi see chanoine. 
 Sardonique, adj. sardonic ; from Gr. oap- 
 tavios (sc. yeXas), a convulsive laugh caused, 
 as the Greeks held, by a Sardinian weed. 
 
 + Sarigue, sm. an opossum; of American 
 origin. Brazilian farigi^eia. 
 
 SARMENT, sm. a vine shoot ; from L. sar- 
 mentum, 
 
 Sarmenteux, adj. (Bot.) sarmentous ; from 
 L. sarmentosus. For -o&yxa = -eux see 
 § 229.^ 
 
 Sarrasin, sm. buckwheat ; originally from 
 Africa, whence its name of ' Saracen,' 
 
 SARRAU, sm. a smock-frock. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 SARRIETTE, sf (Bot.) savory; dim. of 
 sarrie*. For dim. in ette see ablette. Sarrie*, 
 Prov. sadreia. It. santoreggia, is from L. 
 satvireia. Satiireia, regularly contrd, 
 (see § 52.) to sat'reia, becomes sarrie. 
 For tr = rr see § 168; for e = 2 see § 59. 
 
 SAS, sm. a sieve. O. Fr. saas, originally seas, 
 Sp. sedaza, Neapolitan setaccio, from L. seta- 
 Qeum, der. from seta. Setaceum, by 
 eu = iu (see abreger), becomes setacium 
 (found in a medieval Lat. glossary : ' Seta- 
 cius instrumentum purgandi farinam, Se- 
 taciare farinam purgare*), thence seda- 
 cium : for t = (f see aider and aigu. Se- 
 dacium is found (9th cent.) in the Glosses 
 of Schlestadt. Sedacium, by losing its 
 medial d (see accabler) and by a=s (see 
 agencer) becomes O. Fr. seas, whence later 
 saas, afterwards contrd. to sas: for ea = aa 
 = a see age. — Der. sasser, resasser. 
 
 t Sassafras, sm. (Bot.) sassafras; from 
 Port, sassafraz. 
 
 SASSE, sf. a scoop, shoveL Origin unknown. 
 
 SASSER, va. to bolt, sift. See sas. — Der. re- 
 sasser. 
 
 Satan, sm. Satan; from L. Satanus. — Der. 
 sa^anique. 
 
 Satellite, sm. a satellite ; from L. satelli- 
 tem. 
 
 Sati6t6, sf satiety; from L. satietatem. 
 
 Satin, sm. satin; from barbarous L. setinus*, 
 der. from seta. For e = a see amender. — 
 Der. satinet, satina.ge. 
 
 Satire, sf a satire; from L. satira. 
 
 Satirique, adj. satirical; from L. satiri- 
 cus. 
 
 Satisfaction, sf. satisfaction; from L. satis- 
 factionem. 
 
 Satisfaire, va. to satisfy; from L. satis- 
 f a c e r e . For f a c e r e =faire stefaire. 
 
 Satisfaisant, adj. satisfying ; pres. partic. 
 of satisfaire. 
 
 Satrape, sm. a satrap; from L. satrapa. 
 
 Satrapie, sf satrapy; from L. satrap ia. 
 
 Saturation, sf. saturation; from L. satu- 
 rationem 
 
325 
 
 SA TURER — SA VANE. 
 
 Saturer, va. to saturate ; from L. satu- 
 rare. 
 
 Saturnales, sf. pi. saturnalia ; from L. 
 saturnalia, feasts in honour of Saturn. 
 
 Batume, sm. Saturn; from L. saturnus. 
 
 Satyre. sm. a satyr; from L. satyrus. 
 
 Satyrique, qdj. satiric ; from L. satyr icus. 
 
 SAUCE, .«/. sauce. It. saha, from L. salsa *, 
 a seasoning of salt and spices, in medieval 
 Lat, texts : ' Salvia, serpillum, piper, allia, 
 sal, petrcsillum. His bona fit salsa, vel sit 
 sententia falsa,' from an old Lat. poem. 
 Salsa is Class. Lat. adj. salsa, so called 
 from the salt which, with spice, is the base 
 of the seasoning. Salsa becomes sauce : 
 for al = aw ■see agneau ; for s = c see cer- 
 cueil. — Der. sawcer, saticihre. 
 
 SAUCISSE, sf. a sausage. It. salciccia, from 
 L. salsitia *, in medieval Lat texts. Sal- 
 sitia is from Salsus : ' Salsa intestina 
 hirci,' is found in Acronius, one of the 
 Scholiasts of Horace. Salsitia, found in 
 several very ancient glossaries, changes s to 
 C, and becomes salcitia, see cercueil: 
 • Lucanica, genus cibi, ut dicunt salcitia,' 
 says' a medieval Lat author. Salcitia 
 becomes saucisse : for al = au see agneau ; 
 for -tia = -sse see agencer. — Der. saucisson. 
 
 SAUF, adj. safe ; from L. salvus. For al = 
 ail see agneau ; for v =/ see boeuf. — Der. 
 sa«/-conduit, sawi/«garde (see garde). 
 
 SAUGE, sf. (Bot.) sage. It. salvia, from L. 
 salvia. For al = aM see agneau; for -via 
 = -ge see abreger. Its doublet is ^Ivia, 
 q.v. 
 
 SAUGRENU, adj. ridiculous ; from a form 
 salgrenu *, compd. of sal and grenu, lit. 
 large-grained salt. See sel and grenu. 
 
 SAULE, sf. a willow; of Germ, origin, 
 O. H. G. sala *, contr. of salaha. For a = 
 au see gaule. 
 
 S AUM ATRE, adj. briny ; formerly saumastre. 
 It. salmastro, from L. salmastrxim *, der. 
 from sal. For loss of s see Hist. Gram, 
 p. 8i ; for al = aw see agneau. 
 
 SAUMON, sm. a salmon. It, salamone, from 
 L. salmonem For al = aM see agneau. 
 — Der. saumone, saumontzn. 
 
 SAUMURE, sf. brine. Sp. salmuera, compd. 
 of L. sal and muria. Sal-muria becomes 
 saumure : for al = au see agneau. 
 
 SAUNER, vn. to make salt ; from L. sali- 
 nare, der. from salinum. by regular contr. 
 (see accointer) of salinare to sal'nare, 
 whence sauner. For Ql = au see agneau. 
 — Der. saunzgQ. 
 
 SAUNIER, sm. a Salter, saltmaker: from L. 
 
 salinarius. by regular contr. (fee accoinfer) 
 of salinarius to sal'narius, whence 
 saunter. For -arius = -ier see dnier. — Der. 
 sauniere, saunerit. 
 
 SAUPIQUET, sm. a pungent sauce; from 
 O. Fr. verb savpiquer, Sp. salpicar, compd. 
 of sou (which from L. sal ; for a,l = au sec 
 agneau) and of piquer, q. v. 
 
 SAUPOUDRER, va. to salt, powder with 
 salt; lit. poudrer de sel. Sau-poudrer is 
 compd. of sau (which from L. sal ; for al 
 = au see agneau) and of poudrer, q. v. 
 
 SAUR, adj. dried, brownish red ; as in hareng 
 saur, etc. Saur is of Germ, origin, Neth. 
 soor. — Der. sawrer, sawret. 
 
 Saurien, adj. saurian ; from Gr. cavpos. 
 
 SAUSSAIE, .<f. a willow-ground ; from L. 
 salicetum *, by regular contr. (see ac- \ 
 cointer) of salicetum to sal'<jetura, 
 whence saussaie. For loss of medial t see 
 aigu; for al = au see agneau; for c— vs 
 see amide ; for e = oi = at see accroire. 
 
 SAUT, sm. a leap ; from L. saltus. For al 
 = au see agneau. 
 
 SAUTER, vn. to leap. It. salfare, from L. 
 saltare. For al = aw see agneau. — Der. 
 saute (partic. subst.), 5a7//eur, sautoir, saiit- 
 iller, rtssauter, sautertWc. 
 
 SAUTERELLE, sf. a grasshopper. See sauter. 
 Its doublet is saltarelle, q. v. 
 
 SAUTILLER, vn. to hop, skip. See sauter. 
 — Der. sautillznt, sautillement. 
 
 SAUVAGE, adj. wild. O. Fr. salvage, Prov. 
 salvatge, from L. silVaticus (found iu 
 Pliny). For i = a see balance, whence sal- 
 vaticus, found in 7th ■cent, in Merov. 
 documents: we see in the Lex Bajuwariorum, 
 tit. XX. § 6, ' De his quidem avibus, quae de 
 salvaticis per documenta humana domes- 
 ticantur industria.' The Glosses of Reiche- 
 nau (8th cent.) gives us ' Aper salvaticus 
 porcus.' Salvaticus becomes salvage (for 
 -aticum = -age see dge), then sauvage (for 
 al = au see agneau). — Der. sauvagerie, 
 sauvageoD, sauvagin, sauvag'me. 
 
 SAUVEGARDE, sf. safeguard. See sauf and 
 garde. 
 
 SAUVER, va. to save. It. salvare, from L. 
 salvare. For al = aM see agneau. — Der. 
 sauveter (whence sauvet&ge). ■ 
 
 SAUVETAGE, sm. salvage. See sauver. | 
 
 SAUVETEUR, sm. a salvOr. See sauver. *J 
 
 SAUVEUR, sm. a saviour, deliverer. Port. 
 Salvador, lt.salvadore,iTom L. salvatorem. 
 For -atorem = -eur ste empereur ; for al = 
 au see agneau. 
 
 t S a vane, sf. a savannah. Sp. savana. 
 
SA VANT — SCIEMMENT, 
 
 3^1 
 
 ...VANT, adj, learned; pres. partic. of 
 savoir, q. v. — Der. savania.ise. 
 
 f Sa VatG, s/. an old shoe ; from It. ciabatta, 
 ciavatta. — Der. savat\tx, savafer, savatene. 
 SAVEUR, sf. a savour, relish. Sp. sabor. It. 
 sapore, from L. saporem. For p = v see 
 § 1 1 1 ; for o = eM see § 79, — Der. savourei, 
 savoureux. 
 SAVOIR, vn. to know. Sp. saber. It. sapere, 
 from L. sapere. For change of quantity, 
 sapere to sapere, see Hist. Gram. p. 133. 
 Sapere becomes sapire (found in Carol, 
 texts); for e = i see § 59. Sapire be- 
 comes savire; forp = vsee§ iii. The 
 subst. savirum is found in a Capitulary of 
 Charles the Bald, a,d. 851: 'Ego illi 
 Karolo Hludowici et Judith filio, ab ista die 
 inante fidelis ero secundum meiim savi- 
 rum.' Savire becomes savoir ; for i = oi 
 see boire. The subj. sapiam becomes 
 sache; for pia = cAe see abreger. The 
 pres. partic. sapientem becomes sachant ; 
 for en = an see amender ; for pi = che see 
 abreger. — "Dtx. savoir (verbal subst.), savoir- 
 faire, sai»ozr-vivre, savant (q. v.). 
 
 SAVON, sm. soap ; from L. saponem. For 
 p = i; see § iii. — Der. savonvitx, lavon- 
 nette. 
 
 SAVONNER, va. to soap. See savon. — Der, 
 sai/ownage, savonnene, savonnier, savon- 
 neux. 
 
 SAVOURER, va. to savour, relish. See 
 saveur. — Der. savouremenx., 
 
 SAVOUREUX, adj. savoury. See saveur. 
 
 Saxatile, adj. saxatile (belonging to rocks) ; 
 from L. saxatilis. 
 
 Saxifrage, sf. saxifrage; from L. saxi- 
 fraga. 
 
 SAYON, sm. a great coat. See sale. 
 
 + Sbire, sm. a sbirro, officer of justice ; from 
 It. sbirro. 
 
 Scabieuse, sf. (Bot.) the scabious ; from L, 
 scabiosa, der, from scabies, lit, that 
 which cures the scab, as was believed. For 
 -osa= -etise see § 229. 
 
 Scabieux, adj. scabious; from L. scabi- 
 osus. For -oa}is = -eux see § 229. 
 
 ScabreUX, adj. rugged, rough ; from L. 
 scabrosus. 
 
 Scaldne, adj. scalene ; from Gr. ana- 
 \t]vus. 
 
 Scalpel, sm. (Surg,) a scalpel ; from L. 
 scalpellum. 
 
 t Scalper, va. to scalp; from Engl, to 
 scalp. 
 
 Scammonee, sf. (Bot,) scammony ; from 
 L, scammonea. 
 
 Scandale, sm. a scandal; from L. scan- 
 da lum. Its doublet is esclandre, q. v, 
 
 Scandaliser, va. to scandalise ; from L, 
 scandalizare (in TertuUian), 
 
 Scander, va. to scan; from L. scandere. 
 
 Scaphandre, sm. a cork-jacket ; from Gr. 
 cTKCLcpT] and dv:qp, avSpos. 
 
 Seapulaire, S7n. a scapulary (cloak over 
 the shoulders); from L. scapularis*, 
 found in Low. Lat., der. from scapulus. 
 
 Scarab^e, sm. a beetle; from L, scara- 
 baeus. 
 
 Scare, sm. (Ichth,) a scar; from L. scarus. 
 
 Scarification, sf. scarification; from L. 
 scarificationem. 
 
 Scarifier, va. to scarify, cilp ; from L. 
 scarificare. 
 
 fScarlatine, sf. scarlatina; from It. 
 scarlattina, dim. of scarlatto, scarlet. A 
 Neapolitan physician (a. d. 1553) first gave 
 this name to the disease. 
 
 SCEAU, sm. a seal ; formerly seel. It, sigillo, 
 from L, sigillum. Sigillum, losing its 
 medial g (see allier), and by i = e (see 
 § 72), becomes O. Fr. seel, which after- 
 wards became seel by adding a c, whence 
 sceati ; for el = eau see agtieau. — Der. 
 sceller (from O. Fr. seel). 
 
 Sc616rat, sm^ a profligate; from L. scele- 
 ratus. — Der. sceleratesse. 
 
 SCELLER, va. to seal. See sceau. — Der, 
 scellc (partic. subst.), scellemtnt, scelleuT, 
 desceller. 
 
 Sc§ne, sf. a scene; from L. scena. 
 
 Sc^nique, adj. scenic; from L. scenicus. 
 
 Sceptique, adj. sceptical; from L. scep- 
 ticus (found in Quintilian). — Der. scepfic- 
 isme-. 
 
 Sceptre, sm. a sceptre; from L. sceptrum. 
 
 tSchabraque, sf shabrack (cavalry 
 officer's horse-clothing). See chabraque. 
 
 fSchako. See shako. 
 
 fSchall. Stt chale. 
 
 fSchelling, sm. a shilling; from Engl. 
 shilling. 
 
 Scliisniatique, adj. schismatic ; • from L. 
 schismaticus (found in St. Augustine). 
 
 Schisme, sm. a schism; from L. schisma. 
 
 Schiste, sm. schist, clayslate (found in 
 Pliny). Its doublet is zeste. — Der. schist- 
 tux. 
 
 + Schlague, sf. military flogging; from 
 Germ, schlag. 
 
 Sciatique, sf. (Med.) sciatica ; corruption 
 of L. ischiadicus (found in Pliny). 
 
 SCIE, sf. a saw. See scier. 
 
 Sciemment, adv. knowingly, wittingly ; 
 
328 
 
 SCIENCE — SECO UER . 
 
 for scientment* (see ahondamment). It. scien- 
 
 temente. Scientment* is compd. of scient, 
 
 from L. scientem and ment, see § 225. 
 Science, sf. science; from L. scientia. 
 
 For tia - ce see agencer. — Def. scien- 
 
 tifique. 
 SCIER, va. to saw, O. Fr. sier. It, segare, 
 
 from L. seoare. Seoare, by loss of 
 
 medial c (see affouage), and by o = i (see 
 
 § 59), becomes O, Fr. sier, whence scier, 
 
 by the addition of c. — Der. scie (verbal 
 
 subst.), sc/age, sc/erie, sc/eur (its doublet 
 
 is secateur), sc/ure. 
 Scille, sf. a squill; from L. scilla, 
 Scinder, va. to cleave; from L, scindere. 
 Scintillation, sf. a scintillation; from L. 
 
 scintillationem. 
 Scintiller, vn. to sparkle; from L, scin- 
 
 tillare. Its doublet is itinceler, q. v. 
 SCION, sm. a scion ; der, from scier, q. v. 
 Scissile, adj. scissile, cleavable; from L. 
 
 scissilis. 
 Scission, sf scission, cleavage; from L, 
 
 scissionem . — Der. scissionmxxt. 
 Scl6rotique, adj. (Anat.) sclerotic; from 
 
 Gr, CKXrjpus {aKKrjpayriKos). 
 Scolaire, sm, a scholar; from L. scholaris. 
 
 Its doublet is ecolier, q,v. 
 Scolastique, sf scholasticism ; from L, 
 
 scholastica (used for a declamation in 
 
 Seneca). 
 Scolastique, sm. a schoolman; from L. 
 
 scholasticus, 
 Scoliaste, sm. a scholiast; from Gr. axo- 
 
 Kiaar-qs. 
 Scolie, sm. a scholium, note; from Gr. 
 
 Scolopendre, sf (Bot.) scolopendra, harts- 
 tongue; from L. scolopendra (found in 
 
 Pliny), 
 Scombre, sm. a mackerel; from L. scom- 
 
 brum. 
 + Scorbut, sm. scurvy; in 17th cent. 
 
 scurbut : of Dutch origin, Neth. scheurbuk. 
 
 — Der, scorbiitiqae. 
 Scorie, 5/", scoria; from L. scoria (found in 
 
 Pliny), — Der. scoriHer. 
 Scorpion, sm. a scorpion; from L. scor- 
 
 pionem, 
 fScorsondre, sf (Bot.) scorsonera; 
 
 from It. scorzonera. 
 Scribe, sm. a scribe; from L. scriba. 
 Scrofules, sf pi. scrofula; from L. scro- 
 
 fulae. Its doublet is ecrouelle, q. v. — Der, 
 
 scrofuleux, scrofuhxxQ. 
 Scrupule, sm. a scruple ; from L. scrupu- 
 
 ius. 
 
 Scrupuleux, adj. scrupulous ; from L . 
 
 scrupulosus, 
 Scr ut ateur, sm. an investigator; from L, 
 
 scrutatorem. 
 Scruter, va. to explore, scrutinise; from L, 
 
 scrutari. 
 Scnitin, sm. a ballot; from L. scruti- 
 
 nium. 
 Sculpter, va. to sculpture; from L. sculp- 
 
 tare *, from sculptus. 
 Sculpteur, sm. a sculptor; from L. sculp- 
 
 torem. 
 Sculpture, sf sculpture; from L. sculp- 
 
 tura. 
 SE, pers. pron. s. pi. self; from L. se. 
 SEANCE, sf. a seat, sitting. See seant. 
 SEANT, pres. part, sitting ; from L. seden- 
 
 tem, sitting, whence resident, as in la 
 
 cour royale scant a Paris. Sedentem 
 
 becomes seant: for loss of medial d see 
 
 accabler; for en = a« see amande. — Der. 
 
 seant (sm.), seance. 
 SEAIJ, sm. a bucket ; formerly seel, Milanese 
 
 sidell, from L. sitellum*, neuter form 
 
 of sitella, a vessel, found in Cicero. 
 
 Sitellxim, by losing medial t (see ahbaye), 
 
 and by i = e (see § 72), becomes seel, 
 
 then seau. For el = eau see agneau. 
 S§bac6, adj. sebaceous ; from L. seba- 
 
 ceus. 
 S6bile, sf. a wooden bowl. Origin un- 
 known. 
 SEC, adj. dry; from L. siccus. For i = e 
 
 see § 72 ; for cc = c see bee. Seche 
 
 represents L. sicca. For i = e see § 72: 
 
 for cc = ch see acheter. — Der. s^cheresse. 
 S6cable, adj. scissile; from L. secabilis. 
 S6cante, sf (Geom,) a secant; from L. 
 
 secantem. Its doublet is sciante, q.v. 
 SECHE, sf. a cuttle-fish. It. sepia, from L. 
 
 sepia. For pia = cAe see abreger. Its 
 
 doublet is seiche, q.v. 
 SECHER, va. to dry ; from L. siccare. For 
 
 i = e see § 72; for cc = cA see acheter. — 
 
 Der. sechoix. 
 SECHERESSE, sf. dryness. See sec. 
 Second, adj. second; from L. secundus. 
 
 For u = o see annoncer. — Der. seconde. 
 Secondaire, adj. secondary ; from L, 
 
 secundarius. 
 Secondairement, adv. secondarily. See 
 
 secondaire. 
 Seconder, va. to second; from L. secun- 
 
 dare. 
 SECOUER, va. to shake off; from L. suc- 
 
 cutare*, secondary form of succutere. 
 
 Succutare * becomes secouer : for loss 
 
SECO URIR — SEILLE. 
 
 329 
 
 of medial t see ahbaye; for M = e see 
 chapeler : for u = ow see § 90. — Der. secoue- 
 ment. 
 SECOURIR, va. to succour; from L. suc- 
 currere. For u = e see chapeler; for 
 eurrere = cownV see §§ 90, 168, 59. — 
 Der. secours (L. succursus * from suc- 
 currere ; for u = £ see chapeler ; for cursus 
 = cours see course), secowrable. 
 SECOURS, sm. help. See secotirir. 
 SECOUSSE, sf. a shaking, concussion ; from 
 L. succussa *, partic. subst., act of shak- 
 ing, der. from succussus, p.p. of suc- 
 cutere. For su = se see secotier ; for 
 u = OM see § 90. 
 Secret, adj. secret; from L. secretus. 
 Secret, sm. a. secret; from L. secretum. — 
 
 Der. secretaire. 
 Secretaire, sm. a secretary. See secret. — 
 
 Der. secretariat, secretaircne. 
 S6cr6ter, va. to secrete; from L. secre- 
 tare *, der. from secretus, p.p. of secer- 
 nere. — Der. secreieur, secretoire. 
 S6cr6tion, sf. secretion; from L. secre- 
 tionem. 
 ; Sectateur, sm. a votary; from L. sec- 
 : tatorem. 
 
 ! Secte, sf. a sect; from L. secta. — Der, 
 j sectaiTe. 
 I Secteur, sm. (Geom.) a sector ; from L. 
 
 sectorem. 
 j Section, sf. a section ; from L. sec- 
 I tionem. 
 Seculaire, adj. secular (coming once in 100 
 years); from L. saecularis. — Its doublet 
 is seculier, q. v. 
 j S6culariser, va. to secularise ; from L. 
 j saecularis in sense of worldly, given to 
 this word by the ecclesiastics ; see seculier. 
 ! — Der. secularis2.X\on. 
 \ Seculier, a£^'. secular ; from L. saecularis, 
 from saeculum. For -aris = -zer see 
 § 198. Its doublet is seculaire, q.v. 
 S6curit^, sf. security ; from L. securi- 
 ; tatem. Its doublet is surete, q.v. 
 S6datif, adj. sedative ; from L. sedativus *, 
 
 der. from sedatus. 
 S6dentaire, adj. sedentary ; from L. seden- 
 
 tarius. 
 Sediment, sw. a sediment; from L. sedi- 
 
 mentum. 
 Seditieux, adj. seditious; from L. sedi- 
 
 tiosus. 
 Sedition, sf. sedition ; from L. sedi- 
 tion e m . 
 Seducteur, sm. a seducer ; from L. se- 
 ductorem. 
 
 Seduction, sf. seduction; from L. seduc- 
 ^tionem. 
 
 SEDUIRE, va. to seduce ; from L. seducere 
 (found in Tertullian). For -ducere = 
 -duire see conduire. — Der. seduisant. 
 
 SEDUISANT, adj. seductive. See sediiire. 
 
 Segment, sm. a segment ; from L. seg- 
 mentum. 
 
 Segregation, sf. segregation ; from L. 
 segregationem. 
 
 SEICHE. See its doublet seche. For e = ei 
 see frein. 
 
 Seide, sm. a fanatical assassin ; of hist, 
 origin, see § 33 note I . 
 
 SEIGLE, sm. rye. Pro v. seguel, It. segale, 
 from L. secale (in Pliny). By an un» 
 usual displacement of the Lat, accent, 
 secale becomes secale in vulgar Lat. 
 Secale, by c = g (see adjuger), becomes 
 segale in 8th cent, in a Capitulary of 
 Charlemagne. Segale, by e=i (see § 
 59), becomes sigale, found in a text of 
 A.D, 794: ' De modio sigali denarii 3.' 
 Sigale, losing its penult, a (see § 51), is 
 contrd. to sig'le, whence seigle. For i = ei 
 see § 74. 
 
 SEIGNEUR, sm. a lord. Sp. senor, from L, 
 seniorem, an old man, whence sense of 
 master, lord ( = doininus), in medieval 
 Lat. texts ; e. g. ' Et mandat vobis noster 
 senior, quia si aliquis de vobis talis est, cui 
 suus senioratus non placet, et illi simulat, ut 
 ad alium seniorem melius,' from a Capitu- 
 lary of Charles the Bald. Seniorem be- 
 comes seigneur: for e = « see § 61; 
 for ni=^« see cigogne; for o = eu see 
 § 79. The nom. senior, regularly 
 contrd. (see § 50) to sen'r, becomes by 
 nr^tidr (see absoudre) sendre, found in the 
 9th cent., ' Carlos meos sendra ' = ' Karolus 
 meus senior ' in the Oaths of a.d. 842. 
 As prensus becomes successively /)n«s, and 
 then pris, so sendre was successively 
 sindre*, sidre*, sire. For e = i see § 59; 
 for loss of n see § 163 ; for loss of d see 
 § 168. Seigneur is a doublet oi sieur, q.v. 
 — Der. seigneurie, seigneurisil. 
 
 SEIGNEURIE, sm. a lordship; der. from 
 seigneur, q. v. 
 
 SEILLE, sf. a pail, bucketful. It. secchia, 
 from L. situla, by regular contr, (see § 51) 
 of situla to sit'la, whence sicla, by an 
 euphonic change, found also in Lat. veclus 
 for vet'lus * (see vieux). Sicla is not an 
 imaginary form ; it is found in this sense in 
 Carolingian texts : ' Servi Ecclesiae tributa 
 legitima reddant xv siclas de cervisia * 
 
33<^ 
 
 SEIN—-SEMOULE, 
 
 (Lex Alamannomm, tit. 22). For -iola = 
 -eille see § 257. 
 
 SEIN, sm. a bosom ; from L. siniis. For 
 i«i«isee § 64. Its doublet is sinus. 
 
 SEINE, s/". a drag-net ; formerly se'ine. It. 
 sagenna, from L. sagena (found in Ulpian). 
 By e = i (see § 59) sagena becomes 
 sagina : ' Barcae . . . grandesque saginae ' 
 in a medieval Lat. document. Sagina 
 losing medial g (see allier) becomes O. Fr. 
 $eine \ for a = « see § 54: seine later be- 
 comes seine ; cp. reine, reine. 
 
 SEING, sm. a signature. It. segno^ from L. 
 signum. For gii. = ng see eiang ; for 
 i = ei see § 74. Its doublet is signe, q, v. 
 
 SEIZE, adj. sixteen ; from L. sedecim. For 
 -edecim = -eize see treize. — Der. seizxhmt. 
 
 Sl;jOUR, sm. stay, sojourn. See sejourner. 
 
 SEJOURNER, vn. to sojourn, remain. O.Fr. 
 sojourner, Frov, sojornar. It. soggiomare, 
 from L. subdlvimare *, compd. of diur- 
 nare, to stay long. By loss of d (see ac- 
 couder), by 6i\xxna.Te=journer {see jour), 
 and by u = o (see annoncer) subditirnare 
 becomes sojourner, whence sejourner (by 
 o = e, seeje). — Der. sejour (verbal subst.). 
 
 SEL, sm. salt ; from L. sal. For a = « see 
 
 § 54- 
 
 S^lenite, sm. (Chem.) selenite; from L 
 selenites, — Der. sdleniteux. 
 
 S616nographie, sf. (Astron.) selenography ; 
 from Gr. CfXTjUT] and ypdijiiiv. — Der. seleno- 
 graphique. 
 
 SELLE, sf. a saddle ; from L. sella (a seat, 
 also a saddle in the Theodosian Code). — 
 Der. sellette, seller. 
 
 SELLER, va. to saddle. See selle.—DeT. 
 sellerie, sellier, desneller. 
 
 SELLETTE, sf. a stool. See selle. 
 
 SELON, prep, according to ; formerly selonc 
 solonc, sulunc, sullunc, from L. sublon 
 gum*, properly near, ' along-of,' which sense 
 survived in O. Fr. : passer selon une tour, 
 says a Fr. document of the 12th cent. 
 Sublongum, by bl = // (§ i68), gives 
 O. Fr. sullonc, whence solonc (for m = see 
 annoncer), whence selonc (for o = e see 
 
 je). 
 SEMAILLES, sf.pl. seed-time. Prov. se- 
 
 menalha, from L. seminalia, sown land, 
 
 by regular contr, (see § 52) of semi- 
 
 ndlia to sem'nalia, whence semailles. 
 
 For mn = m see allumer; for -alia = -a«7/e 
 
 see ail. 
 SEMAINE, sf. a week ; in 13th cent, sepmaine, 
 
 in the Roman de la Rose, Prov. setmana. 
 
 It. settimana, from L. septimana (found 
 
 in the Theodosian Code), by regular contr. 
 (see § 52) of septimdna to sep'mana, 
 whence semaine. For pm = m see caisse ; 
 for -ana = -am« see § 194. 
 Semaphore, sm. a semaphore ; fashioned 
 
 out of Gr. afiiM and <pop6s. 
 SEMBLABLE, adj. like. Seesembler. 
 SEMBLANT, sm. a seeming. See sembler. 
 SEMBLER, vti. to seem, resemble ; from L. 
 simulare, which = sembler in Carolingian 
 texts, e. g. * Ut ille possit res de sua ecclesia 
 ordinare, et illi liceat, sicut ei sin:iulaverit, 
 disponere ' in a letter of Hincmar, a.d. 874. 
 For simtilare =sem6/«r see assembler. — 
 Der. sembhnt (partic. subst.), sembhhle, 
 ressembler, diss«m6/able, dissem6/ance. 
 SEMELLE, sf. a sole ^^of boot). Origin un- 
 known. — Der. ressemekr. 
 SEMENCE, sf. seed; from L. sementia*, 
 found (8th cent.) in the Capitularies of 
 Charlemagne. Sementia is from se- 
 mentis. For -tia = -c« see agencer. — 
 Der. ensemencer. 
 SEMER, va. to sow. Prov. semnar. It. semi- 
 nare, from L. seminare, by regular contr. 
 (see § 52) of 8emin6,re to sem'nare, 
 whence semer. For mn - m see allumer. 
 — Der. semeur, semis, semoir, piTsemer. 
 Semestre, sm. a half-year ; from L. se- 
 
 mestris. — Der. semestriel, semestr'xex. 
 t Semi, adj. half, semi- ; from L. semi. 
 SEMILLANT, adj. brisk, lively; of Celtic 
 origin, being derived from a root sem *, 
 Kymr, s/m, light, brisk. Fore = z see § 05. 
 S^minaire, sm. a seminary ; from L, semi- 
 nar ium, — Der. se'mmariste. 
 SEMIS, sm. a seed-plot. See semer. 
 SEMONCE, sf. an invitation, reprimand. See 
 
 semondre. — Der. semoncer. 
 SEMONDRE, va. to summon, invite ; from L. 
 submonere, to inform, in Tertullian, to 
 summon, in medieval Lat. texts. Submo- 
 nere by bm = mm (see sujet) becomes 
 summonere: cp. submoveo, sum- 
 moveo. Summon6re, byu = o = e(see 
 secouer), becomes semondre by change of 
 accent to summonere (see Hist. Gram, 
 p. 133); then by regular contr. (see § 51) to 
 summon're, whence semondre. For nr 
 = ndr see absoudre. — Der. semonce {for 
 semonse : for s = c see sauce. Semonse is 
 the fem. form of O. Fr. semons, from L. 
 summonitus, p. p. of summonere. 
 Summonitus, regularly contrd., see § 51, 
 to summon'tus, becomes semons : for 
 u = = e see secouer). 
 t Semoule, sf. semolina ; from It. semola. 
 
SEMPITERNEL — SEPTUPLE. 
 
 Z?>^ 
 
 Sempiternel, adj. eternal ; from L. sempi- 
 ternalis *, from sempiternus. 
 Senat, sm. a senate ; from L. senatus. 
 
 Senateur, sm. a senator ; from L. senator- 
 em. — Der. senalonal. 
 
 S6natus-COnsulte, sm. a senatus-consul- 
 tum ; from L. senatus consultum. 
 
 t S6nau, sm. a ' snow' (two-masted Dutch 
 vessel) ; of Dutch origin, like many other 
 naval terms, Dutch snaauw. 
 
 f S6n§, sm. senna; of Oriental origin, like 
 many other names of medicinal herbs, Ar. 
 jana. 
 
 SENECHAL, sm. a seneschal ; formerly se- 
 neschal, Prov. senescal. It. siniscalco, from 
 Merov. L, seniscalcus, an overseer': ' Si 
 alicujus seniscalcus, qui servus est, et 
 dominus ejus XII vassos infra domum 
 habet, occisus fuerit ' (Lex Alamannorum, 
 79, 3). Seniscalcus is of Germ, origin, 
 from a form siniscalc *, properly the oldest 
 of the slaves or servants. Seniscalcus be- 
 comes senechal by -iscalcus = -ecAa/. For 
 letter-changes see marechal. — Der. sene- 
 cAaussee (from senechal : cp. marechaussee 
 from 7narechal. For letter-changes see 
 marechaussee). 
 
 SENECHAUSSEE, sf. a seneschal's court. 
 See senechal, 
 
 SENEgON, sm. (Bot.) groundsel ; from L. 
 senecionem (found in Pliny). For -cio 
 ^ = f see agencer. 
 
 SENESTRE, adj. left, sinister ; from L. sinis- 
 trum. For i = e see § 72. Its doublet 
 is sinistre, q, v. 
 
 SENEVE, sm. (Bot.) charlock. It. senapa, 
 from L. sinapi. For i=e see § 72 ; for 
 a-e see § 54; for p = v see § 11 r. 
 
 Senile, adj. senile; from L. senilis. 
 
 SENNE. See seine. 
 
 SENS, sm. sense ; from L. sensus. — Der. 
 sensitif, sensitive. 
 
 Sensation, sf. sensation ; from L. sensati- 
 on em *, der. from sensare *. See sense. 
 
 Sens§, adj. sensible; from L. sensatus 
 (found in Firmicus). For -atus=--e see 
 § 201. — Der. se«sement. 
 
 Sensibilit6, sf. sensibility ; from L. sensi- 
 bilitatem, from sensibilis. See sensible. 
 
 Sensible, adj. sensible ; from L. sensibilis. 
 — Der. sensibleue. 
 
 Sensitif, adj. sensitive. See sens. — Der. 
 sensitive. 
 
 Sensitive, sf. (Bot.) the sensitive plant. 
 See sensitif. 
 
 Sensuality, sf. sensuality; from L. sensu- 
 alitatem. 
 
 Sensuel, adj. sensual; from L. sensualis. 
 SENTE, sf a path. Sp. senda, from L. 
 
 s^mita, by regular contr. (see § 51) of 
 
 semita to sem'ta, whence sente. For m = 
 
 n see changer. 
 Sentence, sf sentence; from L. sententia. 
 
 For -tia = -ce see agencer. 
 Sentencieux, adj. sententious ; from L. 
 
 sententiosus. For -osus = -eM» see § 229. 
 SENTEUR, sf. scent. See sentir. 
 SENTIER, sm. a path. Sp. sendero, Prov. 
 
 semdier, from L. semitarius, der. from 
 
 semita, by regular contr. (see § 52) 
 
 of semitarius to sem'tarius, whence 
 
 sentier. For m = « see changer ; for -arius 
 
 = -ier see § 198. 
 Sentiment, sm. a sentiment. See sentir. — ■ 
 
 Der. sentimenta.]. 
 Sentine, sf. (Naut.) a well, sink, well-room ; 
 
 from L. sentina, 
 t Sentinelle, sf. a sentinel ; from It. 
 
 senlinella. 
 SENTIR, vn. to feel ; from L. sentire. — Der. 
 
 sentiment, ressentir, senteur. 
 SEOIR, vn. to become, suit. O. Fr. seder. 
 
 It. sedere, from L. sedere. For loss of 
 
 medial d see asseoir; for e = oi see § 62. 
 S6parable, adj. separable; from L. sepa- 
 
 rabilis. 
 Separation, §/^. separation; from L. sepa- 
 
 rationem. 
 S§parer, va. to separate; from L. sepa- 
 
 rare. Its doublet is sevrer, q. v. — Der. 
 
 separement. 
 t S6pia, s/". sepia : introd. in the i6th cent. 
 
 from It, sepia, properly the cuttle-fish. Its 
 
 doublet is seiche, q. v. 
 SEPT, adj. seven ; from L. septem. — Der. 
 
 septieme. 
 SEPTANTE, adj. seventy; from L. septua- 
 
 ginta. For ua = a see § 102 ; for -aginta 
 
 = -ante see cinquanle. 
 Septembre, sm. September; from L. Sep- 
 tember. 
 Sept6naire, adj. septenary; from L. sep- 
 
 tenarius. 
 Septentrion, sm. north, Ursa Minor ; from 
 
 L. septentrionem. 
 Septentrional, adj. northerly; from L. 
 
 septentrionalis. 
 SEPTIEME, adj. seventh. See sept. 
 Septuag6naire, adj. septuagenary ; from 
 
 L septuagenarius. 
 Septuag6sime, adj. septuagesima ; from 
 
 L. septuagesimus. 
 Septuple, adj. sevenfold; from L. sep- 
 
 tuplus. 
 
33^ 
 
 sSpulcral-^serrer. 
 
 S6pulcral, adj. sepulchral ; from L. sepul- 
 cralis. 
 
 S6pulcre, sm. a sepulchre; from L. sepul- 
 crum. 
 
 S6piilture,s/. sepulture; fromL.sepultura. 
 
 S6quelle, sf. a set, gang, following (of peo- 
 ple) ; from L, sequela. 
 
 S6questration, sf. sequestration ; from L. 
 sequestrationem. 
 
 S6questre, sm, a sequestrator, sequestra- 
 tion ; from L. sequester. 
 
 S6questrer, t/a. to sequester; from L. se- 
 questrare. — Der. seqnestre (verb.il subst.). 
 
 t Sequin, sm. a sequin (Levantine gold 
 coin) ; introd. from It. zecchino. 
 
 'tS6rail, sm, a seraglio; introd. by tra- 
 vellers from Turkey, Turk, serai, a palace. 
 
 S6raphin, sm. a seraph. From the Hebrew, 
 see § 30. — Der. seraphiqac, 
 
 SEREIN, adj. serene; from L. serenvis. — 
 Der. serein (sm.). 
 
 SEREIN,sm. the night dew; from L. serenus, 
 deriv. of senim, evening. P'or e = ei see 
 §64. 
 
 + S6r6nade, sf. a serenade ; from It. sere- 
 nata. 
 
 t S6renissiine, a<^". most serene; from 
 It. serenissimo. 
 
 Ser6ilit6, sf. serenity; from L. sereni- 
 tatem. 
 
 S6reux, adj. serous; from L. serosus. 
 For -osus = -cw« see § 229. 
 
 SERF, sm. a serf; adj. servile; from L. 
 servus. For v =f see bcettf. — Der. serv&ge. 
 
 SERFOUETTE, sf. a pronged hoe; from 
 serfouir, q. v. 
 
 SERFOUIR, va. to hoe. Origin unknown. — 
 Der. serfo7iiss^ge, ser/ouette. 
 
 SERGE, sf. serge. Prov. serga, from L. 
 serica, silk stuff: ' Vestimentorum sunt 
 omnia lanea, lineaque vel serica vel bom- 
 bycina ' (Ulpian. Dig. 1. 23). Serica, regu- 
 larly contrd. (see § 51) to ser*ca, becomes 
 serge (for c=g see adjuger). — Der. serg- 
 erie, sergex, sergier. 
 
 SERGENT, sm. a sergeant. O. Fr. serjent : 
 in medieval Fr. the word meant a servant, 
 as in les sergents du Rot, les sergents de 
 I'Eveque =serviteurs du Rot, de I'Sveque. 
 In the 13th cent, the Roman de la Rose 
 calls lovers sergens d'amour, i.e. servants 
 of the god Love. In several O. Fr. docu- 
 ments the phrase sergent de Dieu is found 
 s=servitetir de Dieu. Sergent is from L. 
 servientem (for i =j see abreger), whence 
 eervjentem, whence serjentem, by re- 
 gular loss of V (see alUger). We also find 
 
 Servians in medieval Lat. texts = sergent, 
 thus confirming the origin stated ; e. g. * De 
 castrorum excubiis summe sollicitus, mili- 
 tibus XX, servientibus Ix,' from a docu- 
 ment dated a.d. 1191. 
 
 S6rie, sf. a series; from L. seriem. 
 
 S6rieux, ofl?/. serious; from L. seriosus*, 
 der. from serius. 
 
 SERIN, sm. a canary bird ; from L. citrinus, 
 i. e. citron-coloured, in Pliny, whence sense 
 of serin, a yellow bird. Citrinus becomes 
 serin : for c = s see amitie ; for i = « see 
 §72; fortr = rsee § 168. — Der. serincr, 
 serinette. 
 
 Seringat, sm. (Bot.) a seringa ; corruption 
 of syringa, from L. syrinx. 
 
 Seringue, sf. a syringe, squirt; from L. 
 syringa (found in Vegetiusj. — Der. serin- 
 guer. 
 
 SERMENT, sm. an oath. O.Fr. sairment, 
 originally sairement, Prov, sagramen. It. 
 Sacramento, from L. sacramentum. For 
 cr = ar see benir; for a = e see § 54, 
 whence O. Fr. sairement, afterwards sair'- 
 ment, by loss of e (see § 51), Sairment \ 
 becomes serment by ai = e, see §§ 102, 103. 
 Serment is a doublet of sacrement, q, v. — 
 Der, sermente, zssermenter. 
 
 Sermon, sm. a sermon; from L. sermo- 
 nem. — Der. sermonner, sermonneuT, ser- 
 Twownaire. 
 
 S6rosit6, sf. serosity, wateriness ; from L. 
 serositatem *, from serosus. See sereux. 
 
 SERPE, sf. a hedge-bill, pruning-hook ; verbal 
 subst. of L. sarpere, to cut, prune. For 
 a = e see § 54. — Der. serpette. 
 
 SERPENT, sm. a serpent ; from L, serpen- 
 tem. — Der. serpentenu, serpent'm, serpentine, 
 serpenter. 
 
 Serpentaire, sf (Bot.) serpentaria; from 
 L. serpentaria. 
 
 SERPENTIN, sm. (Chem.) a worm. See 
 serpent. 
 
 SERPENTINE, sf serpentine (marble). See 
 serpent. 
 
 Serpillidre, sf a •sarplier,' packing-cloth. 
 Origin unknown. 
 
 SERPOLET, sm. wild thyme; dim. of root 
 serpol *, answering to Sp. serpol, der. from 
 L. serpulltun. For u = o see annoncer. 
 
 SERRE, sf a greenhouse, talon (of bird), 
 grasp. See serrer. 
 
 SERRER, va. to press close, lock, squeeze. It. 
 serrare, from L. serare, to lock, in Pris- 
 cian, then to put under lock and key, the 
 meaning in O. Fr. phrases, serrer les grains, 
 serrer son argent, serrer des hordes, and in sf. 
 
SERR URE — SISGER, 
 
 333 
 
 sernire. The L. serare becomes serrare* 
 in medieval Lat. texts, and takes sense of 
 chaining up, then of binding strongly, press- 
 ing. We find, in the Chron. Saxon, publ. 
 in Mabillon, t. 4, Ann. p. 431, ' Fratri- 
 cidas autem et parricidas , . . sive per ma- 
 num et ventrem serratos de regno eji- 
 ciant.' — Der. serre (verbal subst.), serres, 
 serrement, serre, serre-file, s^rre- papiers, 
 serre-tete, enserrer, resserrer, desserrer. 
 
 SERRURE, sf. a lock. See serrer.— Der. 
 serrurier, serrurerie. 
 
 SERTIR, va. to set in a bezil; from L. ser- 
 tire *, der. from sertum. — Der. serdssure. 
 
 f S^ruin, sm. serum; from L. serum. 
 
 SERVAGE, sm. serfage. See serf. 
 
 SERVANT, sm. a gunner ; adj. serving. See 
 servir. 
 
 SERVANTE, sf. a maidservant. See servir. 
 
 SERVIABLE, adj. serviceable. See servir. 
 
 SERVICE, sm. service ; from L. servitium. 
 For -tium = -ce see agencer. 
 
 SERVIETTE, sf. a table-napkin. See servir. 
 
 Servile, adj. servile; from L, servilis. — 
 Der. servilxie. 
 
 Servility, sf. servility. See servile. 
 
 SERVIR, va. to serve; from L. servire 
 
 Der. servant, seri^ante, serffable, serwette. 
 
 Serviteur, sm. a servant; from L. ser- 
 vitor em (found in some Inscriptions). 
 
 Servitude, 5/. servitude; from L. servi- 
 tudinem (found in Festus). 
 
 SES, adj.pl.poss. his. Sp. sos, from L. sos. 
 We find in Ennius sas for suas : 'Virgines 
 nam sibi quisque domi Romanus habet 
 sas.' For the relation of this archaic form 
 SOS to the Class, suos see mow. For 
 SOS = ses seeje. 
 
 Sesame, sm. (Bot.) sesamum ; from L. se- 
 samum. 
 
 Sessile, adj. sessile, sitting; from L. ses- 
 silis (found in Pliny). 
 
 Session, sf a session; from L. sessionem. 
 
 Sesterce, sm. a sestertius; from L. sester- 
 tius. For -tins = -ce see agencer. 
 
 SETIER, sm. a setier (a measure) ; formerly 
 sestier. It. sesdere, from L, sextarius. For 
 -arius = -ier see § 1 98 ; for x = s see amitie ; 
 whence O. Fr. sestier, whence setier, by loss 
 of s (see Hist. Gram. p. 81). 
 
 t S6ton, sm. (Med.) a seton ; from It. setone 
 
 SEUIL, sm. a threshold. Prov. sol, from L. 
 soleum*, secondary form of solea, a 
 threshold, in Festus. Soleum, regularly 
 transformed (see abreger) into soliiun, 
 becomes seuil: for o = ew see § 79; for 
 transposition of i see § 84. 
 
 SEUL, adj. alone ; from L. solus. For o = 
 eu see § 79. — Der. sew/ement, seulet, 
 essejile. 
 
 SEULEMENT, adv. only. See seul. 
 
 SEVE, sf. sap. Prov. saba. It. sapa, from L. 
 sapa. For p — z/ see § 1 1 1 ; for a = e see 
 § 54- 
 
 S§vdre, adj. severe; from L. severus. 
 
 Sev6rit6, sf. severity; from L. severita- 
 tem. 
 
 S6vices, sf.pl. cruelty; from L. saevitia. 
 For -tisL = -ce see agencer. 
 
 Sevir, vn. to treat severely; from L. sae- 
 vire. 
 
 SEVRER, va. to wean, lit. to separate from 
 the mother ; from L. separare, by regular 
 contr. (see § 52) of separare to sep'- 
 rare, whence sevrer. For p = 6 = i/ see 
 §111. Sevrer in O. Fr. meant ' to sepa- 
 rate,' and was at a late period restricted (see 
 § 13) to its special sense of weaning. 
 Sevrer is a doublet of separer, q. v. Sepa- 
 rare becomes sevre as L. Separis becomes 
 Sevre, the name of two Fr. rivers. — Der. 
 sei/rage, setreuse. 
 
 Sexagenaire, adj. sexagenary; from L. 
 sexagenarius. 
 
 Sexagesime, sf. sexagesima ; from L. sexa- 
 gesimus. 
 
 Sexe, sm. sex ; from L. sexus. 
 
 Sextant, sm. a sextant ; from L. sex- 
 tantem. 
 
 Sexte, sf. sixth canonical hour ; from L. 
 sextus. Its doublets are sixte, sieste, q. v. 
 
 Sextuple, adj. sixfold; from L. sextuplus*. 
 — Der. sextuplex. 
 
 Sexuel, adj. sexual; from L. sexualis. 
 
 f Shako, sm. a shako; of historical origin 
 (a Hungarian word), see § 33. 
 
 SI, conj. if; from L. si. — Der. smon. 
 
 SI, adv. so ; from L. sic. For loss of c see 
 ami. — Der. ains/, aussz. 
 
 Sibylle, sf. a sibyl ; from L. si by 11 a. 
 
 Sibyllin, adj. sibylline; from L. sibyl- 
 linus. 
 
 Sicaire, sm. an assassin; from L. sicarius. 
 
 Siccatif, ac?/. siccative ; from L. siccativus. 
 
 Siccite, sf. dryness ; from L. siccitatem. 
 
 Side. sm. a shekel; from L. siclus, Jewish 
 silver money. 
 
 Sideral, adj. sidereal ; from L. sideralis. 
 
 SIECLE, sm. an age ; from L. saeclum. 
 For ae = e see § 104, whence seclum 
 (found in classical authors). Seclum be- 
 comes siecle. For e = ie see § 56. 
 
 SIEGE, sm. a seat. See sieger. 
 
 SIEGER, vn. to sit ; from L. sediare *, from 
 
334 
 
 SIEN — SINGE. 
 
 sodium *, which from sedes. Sediare 
 by ia=ja (see abriger) becomes sedjare, 
 whence sieger. For dj =g see ajouter and 
 abreger; for e =ie see § 56. — Der. siege 
 (verbal subst.). 
 
 SIEN, adj. his ; formerly sen, softened form of 
 sow, q. V. Foro = e seeje; for e = ie see 
 § 56 ; for change of sense see mien. 
 
 i*Sieste, sf. a siesta, midday nap ; introd. 
 from Sp. siesta. Its doublet is sexie, q. v. 
 
 SIEUR, sm. Mr. ; a doublet of seigneur, q. v. 
 
 SIFFLER, va. and n. to whistle ; from L, sifll- 
 are (found in Nonius). Sifilare is certainly 
 a popular Lat. form ; for we find in the 
 Appendix ad Probum, ' Sibilus, non sifllus.' 
 Sifildre, regularly contrd. (see § 52) 
 to sif 'lare, becomes siffler. — Der. s/^ant, 
 s/^able, sifflemenX, sifflet, siffltMX. 
 
 SIFFLET, sm. a whistle, hiss. See siflet. 
 
 Signal, SOT. a signal; from L. signale *, 
 found in medieval Lat, documents, der. from 
 signum. — Der. signaltx, signalement. 
 
 Signataire, sm. a signatory, signer. See 
 signer. 
 
 Signature, sf. signature; from L. signa- 
 tura (found in Suetonius). 
 
 Signe, sm. a sign; from L. signum. Its 
 doublet is seing, q. v. — Der. signet. 
 
 Signer, va. to sign; from L. signare. — 
 Der. sf^nataire. 
 
 Significatif, adj. significative ; from L. 
 significativus. 
 
 Signification, sf. signification ; from L. 
 significationem. 
 
 Signifier, va. to signify; from L. signifi- 
 care. For loss of c see affouage. 
 
 Silence, sm. silence; from L. silentium. 
 For -tium = -ce see agencer. 
 
 Silencieux, adj. silent; from L. si lent i- 
 osus. For -osu8 = -ew* see § 229. 
 
 + Silex, sm. silex; from L. silex. 
 
 Silhouette, sf. a silhouette ; of hist, origin 
 (see § 33), alluding to De Silhouette, the 
 Comptroller-General of Finance under Louis 
 XV, who died a.d. 1767. Silhouette por- 
 traits were so called simply because they 
 came into fashion in the year in which 
 M. de Silhouette was minister. 
 
 Silice, sf. (Geol.) silex; from L. silicem. 
 — Der. silicevx. 
 
 Silique, sf (Bot.) siliqua ; from L. siliqua 
 — Der. siliqueux. 
 
 Sillage, SOT. (Naut.) steerage-way, head-way. 
 See siller. 
 
 SILLER, vn. to run ahead, cleave the seas ; of 
 Germ, origin, Scand. sila. — Der. sj7/on, sill- 
 age. 
 
 Sillet, SOT. nut (of stringed instruments). 
 
 Origin unknown. 
 SILLON, SOT. a furrow. See siller. — Der. 
 
 s«7/o«ner. 
 SILLONNER, va. to trace. See siller. 
 + Silo, SOT. a pit (to keep corn, etc.) ; from^ 
 
 Sp. si7o. i 
 
 Silure, sm. (Ichth.) a silurus; from L. si-| 
 
 lurus. I 
 
 Silves, sf. pi. • silvae,' a collection of pieces ; j 
 
 from L. silva (so used by Statins and C^uin- ' 
 
 tilian). ^ 
 SIMAGREE, sf. a grimace ; corruption of old 
 
 formula si m'agree, whence the sense of 
 
 simagree, affected, obsequious attention. 
 
 See si and agreer. 
 + Si mar re, sf a gown; from It. zimarra. 
 Similaire, a^". similar; from L. similaris*, 
 
 from si mi lis. 
 Similitude, sf similitude; from L. simili- 
 
 tudinem. 
 Similor, sm. similor ; a word fashioned out 
 
 of L. similis and Fr. or. 
 Simoniaque, adj. simoniacal. See simonie. 
 Simonie, sf simony; from eccles. L. si- 
 
 monia *, from the name of Simon 
 
 Magus. — Der. stOTOwaque. 
 Simple, adj. simple; from L. simplex. — 
 
 Der. simplesse, simpli^er (L. simplifi- 
 
 care*), szOT/>/ification (L. simplificati- 
 
 onem *). 
 Simplicity, sf simplicity; from L. sim- 
 
 plicitatem. 
 Simplification, sf. simplification. See 
 
 simple. I 
 
 Simplifier, va. to simplify. See simple^ I 
 Simulacre, sm. an image, phantom ; from' 
 
 L. simulacrum. 
 Simulation, sf feigning ; from L, simula- 
 
 tionem. 
 Simuler, va. to feign; from L. simulare. 
 
 Its doublet is sembler, q. v. 
 Simultan6, adj. simultaneous; from L. 
 
 simultaneus, a word found in medieval 
 
 Lat. texts. — Der. simultaneity. 
 Sinapisme, sm. a mustard-poultice; from 
 
 L. sinapismus (found in Caelius Aureli- 
 
 anus). 
 Sincere, adj. sincere; from L. sincerus. 
 Sinc6rit6, sf sincerity; from L. sinceri- 
 
 tatem. 
 t Sinciput, SOT. (Anat.) the sinciput; from 
 
 L. sinciput. 
 Sin6curej sf a sinecure; from L. sine 
 
 cur a, that has no care, no work attached. 
 SINGE, SOT. an ape ; from L. simius. For 
 
 iu = ju see abreger, whence singe. For 
 
SING ULA RISER — SOL. 
 
 335 
 
 m = n see changer ; for j =^ see Hist. Gram. 
 
 p. 63. — Der. singer, singerie. 
 Singulariser, va. to render odd ; from L. 
 
 singularis. 
 Singularity, sf. singularity; from L. sin- 
 
 gularitatem, from singularis. See 
 
 singulier. 
 Singulier, adj. singular; from L. singu- 
 laris. For -aris = -zer see § 198. Its 
 
 doublet is sanglier, q. v. Der. smguliere- 
 
 ment. 
 Sinistre, adj. sinister; from L. sinister. 
 
 Its doublet is senes'.re, q. v. 
 SINON, conj. otherwise. See si and non. 
 Siliu6, adj. (Bot.) sinuate; from L. sinu- 
 
 atus. For -atus = -e see § 201. 
 Sinueux, adj. sinuous; from L. sinuosus. 
 
 For -osvLa = -etix see § 229. 
 Sinuosity, sf. sinuosity; from L. sinuosi- 
 
 tatem, from sinuosus. Seesinueux. 
 f Sinus, sm. a sinus,' curve ; from L. sinus. 
 
 Its doublet is sein, q. v. 
 Siphon, sm. a siphon ; from L. siphon em, 
 
 a water pipe, in Seneca. 
 SIRE, sm. sire. See its doublet seigneur. 
 Sir§ne, sf. a siren ; from L. siren. 
 fSirOCO, sm. a sirocco; introd. from It. 
 
 scirocQO, south-east wind. 
 + Sir op, sm. a syrup ; introd. from It. si- 
 
 roppo. — Der. sirupeux. 
 SIRO TER, va. to sip. Origin unknown. 
 Sirupeux, adj. syrupy. See sirop. 
 SIS, adj. (Legal) situate ; from L. situs. 
 
 For the continuance of Lat. s see § 149. 
 
 — Der. sise. 
 Sistre, sm. a sistrum (Egyptian timbrel) ; 
 
 from L. sistrum. 
 Sisymbre, sm. (Bot.) sisymbrium ; from L. 
 
 sisymbrium. 
 ^Site, sf. site; introd. in i6th cent, from 
 
 It. silo. — Der. situer, situation, situe. 
 SI TOT, adv. so soon. See si and (6t. 
 Situation, sf. situation. See site. 
 Situer, va. to situate. See site. 
 SIX, adj. six; from L. sex. For e = i see 
 
 § 59. — Der. s/;cain, szxieme. 
 SIXAIN, sm. a stanza. See six. 
 SIXIEiME, adj. sixth. See six. 
 ♦Sixte, sf. (Mus.) a sixth; from L. sextus. 
 
 For e = i see § 59. Its doublets are 
 
 sexte, siesle, q. v. 
 + Sloop, sm. a sloop; introd. from Engl. 
 
 sloop. 
 Sobre, adj. sober ; from L. sobrius. 
 Sobriete, sf. sobriety; from L. sobrieta- 
 
 tem. 
 SOBRIQUET, 5m. a soubriquet, nickname. 
 
 Origin unknown. 
 
 SOC, sm. sock, share (of a plough, etc.) ; from 
 L. soccus (properly a shoe), whence of the 
 ploughshare, because of the curved end of 
 the plough : so used in Alexander Necham, 
 ' Supponatur dentile, vel dentale, cui soccus 
 vel vomis infigatur.' For 00 = c see bee. 
 Soc is a doublet of socque, souche (?), 
 q.v. 
 
 Sociability, sf. sociability; from L, socia- 
 bilitatem *, from sociabilis. See soci- 
 able. 
 
 Sociable, arf/. sociable; fromL. sociabilis. 
 
 Social, adj. social; from L. socialis. 
 
 Societaire, sm. a partner, member of a 
 society. See socieie. 
 
 Society, .'?/. society ; from L. societatem. 
 — Der. soe/eVaire. 
 
 + Socle, sm. a plinth, pedestal; from It. 
 zoccolo. 
 
 Socque, sm. a clog; from L. soccus. 
 
 Sodium, sm. sodium, an alkaline metal, 
 extracted from soda by Sir Humphrey Davy 
 in 1807. 
 
 SCEUR, sf. a sister; from L. soror (see Hist. 
 Gram, p. 96). For loss of last atonic syllable 
 see § 50, whence sor' ; for o = ceu see 
 § 79 note 3. — Der. scewrette, 
 
 t Sofa, sm. a sofa, ottoman; a word introd. 
 from the East by travellers, Ar. foffah. 
 
 fSoffite, sm. soffit; introd. from It. 
 soffito. 
 
 SOI, pr on. stU; from L. sibi. Fori = 02 see 
 boire ; for loss of b see taon. 
 
 SOI-DISANT, adj. self-styled. See soi and 
 disant. 
 
 SOIE, sf. silk. Sp. seda, It. seta, from L, 
 seta. For loss of medial t see aigu ; for 
 e = oi see § 61. — Der. sozerie, sojyeux, 
 
 SOIF, sf. thirst. Prov. set. It. sete, from L. 
 sitim. For 1 = oi see boire ; for t =/ see 
 
 SOIGNER, va. to attend to. See soin. — Der. 
 soigneux. 
 
 SOIN, sm. care. Origin unknown. — Der. 
 soigner. 
 
 SOIR, sm. the evening. Prov. ser, from L. 
 seram (found in Suetonius). For e = oi 
 see § 61 Der. soiree. 
 
 SOIT, adv. either; sub), of etre. Soif repre- 
 sents L. sit. For i = oi see boire. 
 
 SOIXANTAINE, sf sixty. See soixante. 
 
 SOIXANTE, adj. sixty; from L. sexaginta. 
 For e = or see § 61; for -aginta = -a«/« 
 see cinquante. — Der. soixantihuie, soixant- 
 aine. 
 
 SOIXANTlfiME, adj. sixtieth. See soixante. 
 
 SOL, sm. a penny. It. soldo, from L, sdli- 
 
33^ 
 
 SOL — SOMME, 
 
 dus (gold coin, in Ulpian), by loss of the 
 
 last two atonic vowels, see §§ 50. 51 ; cp. 
 
 nitidus, net; pallidus, pule, etc. Its 
 
 doublet is sou, q. v. 
 Sol, sm. the soil ; from L. solum. 
 Solacier, va. to solace; from L. solatiare*, 
 
 from solatium. For ti = cz see agencer. 
 Solaire, adj. solar; from L. solarius. 
 Solan6e, sf. (Bot.) solanea; from L. sol- 
 
 anea. 
 Solanum, sm. (Bot.) nightshade; from L. 
 
 solanum. 
 tSoldat, sm. a soldier; introd. from It. 
 
 soldato. Its doublets are soude, solde. 
 + Soldatesque, adj. soldier-like; introd. 
 
 from It. soldatesca. 
 I" Solde, sm. balance (of an account) ; from 
 
 It. soldo. 
 t Solder, va. to pay, settle; from It. sol- 
 dare. Its doublet is souder, q. v. 
 SOLE, sf. a break ; from L. sola *, fern, form 
 
 of solum. See sol. — Der. asso/er, assole- 
 
 ment. 
 SOLE, sf. (Ichth.) a sole ; from L. solea (in 
 
 Pliny). 
 Sol^cisme, sm. a solecism ; from L. soloe- 
 
 cismus. 
 SOLEIL, sm. the sun ; from L. soliculus *, 
 
 der. of sol. For the use of this form see 
 
 § 18. For -iculus = -«7 see § 257. 
 Solen, sm. a solen, shell; from L. solen. 
 Solennel, adj. solemn; from L. solen- 
 
 nalis*, from solemnis. — Der. solenniser, 
 
 solenniszUon. 
 Solennellement, adv. solemnly. See solen- 
 nel. 
 Solennit^, sf. solemnity; from L. solen- 
 
 nitatem. 
 + Solfege, sm, solfeggio; introd. from It. 
 
 solfeggio. 
 t Solfier, va. to sol-fa; from It, solfa. 
 Solidaire, adj. (Legal) jointly and severally 
 
 liable. See solide. — Der. solidarity. 
 Solidarity, sf joint and several liability. 
 
 See solidaire. 
 Solide, adj. sclid; from L. solidus. Its 
 
 doublet is sow, q.v.— Der. solidaire, solid- 
 
 ifier. 
 Solidifier, va. to solidify. See solide. 
 Solidit6, sf solidity ; from L. solidita- 
 
 tem. 
 Soliloque, sm. soliloquy; from L. solilo- 
 
 quium, 
 Solipdde, sm. soHped, one-footed ; from L. 
 
 solum and pedem. 
 Solitaire, adj. solitary; from L. solita- 
 
 rius*, from solus. 
 
 Solitude, sf. solitude; from L. solitude. 
 
 SOLIVE, sf a joist ; formerly solieve, verbal 
 subst. of sublevare : solive accordingly 
 properly means a support. Subleva * be- 
 comes solieve : for hi — I see semondre ; for 
 u = o see annoncer; for e = ie see § 56. 
 then =1. — Der. so//veau. 
 
 Sollicitation, sf solicitation; from L, sol- 
 licitationem. 
 
 Solliciter, va. to solicit ; from L. sollici- 
 t a r e . — Der. solliciteur. 
 
 Sollicitude, sf solicitude ; from L. solli- 
 citudinem. 
 
 + Solo, sm. a solo ; introd. from It. solo. — 
 Der. so/iste. 
 
 Solstice, sm. a solstice; from L. solstitium. 
 For -tium = -ce see agencer. 
 
 Solsticial, adj. solstitial; from L. solsti- 
 tialis. 
 
 Solubility, sf solubility ; from L. solubili- 
 tatem*, from solubilis. 
 
 Soluble, adj. soluble; from L. solubilis. 
 
 Solution, sf solution; from L. solutio- 
 nem. 
 
 Solvability, sf. solvency ; from L. solva- 
 bilitatem, from solvabilis. See solv- 
 able. 
 
 Solvable, adj. solvent; from L. solva- 
 bilis*, from solvere. For -abilis = 
 -able see affable. 
 
 i" Sombre, adj. sombre; introd. from Sp. 
 sombra, properly a shade. From sombre 
 comes the verb assombrir. 
 
 SOMBRER, vn. to founder, lit. to cause to 
 disappear, hide in the shade; from L. sub- 
 umbrare*. For loss of medial b see 
 taon ; for u = see annoncer, whence so- 
 ombrer, whence afterwards sombrer. 
 
 Sommaire, sm. a summary; from L. sum- 
 mar ium (so used in Seneca). Its doublet 
 is soummier. 
 
 Sommation, sf a summons. See sommer. 
 
 SOMME, sm. a nap; from L. somnus. For 
 jxm. = mm see allumer. 
 
 SOMME, sf a sum (total) ; from L. summa. 
 For u ^ o see annoncer. Its doublet is 
 sow, q. v. 
 
 SOMME, sf a burden (for a beast to carry). 
 It. sa/ma, from L. salma*, corruption of 
 sagma, a pack-^ddle, then the pack on 
 the saddle. ' Sagma, quae corrupte dicitur 
 salma,* says Isidore of Seville. Salma 
 (by al = au, see agneau) becomes sauma, 
 found in an ilth-cent. Lat. text. Sauma 
 becomes somme by au = o, see § 106. 
 — Der. sommier (first a pack-horse, then a 
 mattress, because it carries the sleeper), 
 
SOMMEIL — SORCIER. 
 
 337 
 
 assofnmer (properly to crush under a 
 pack). 
 I SOMMEIL, sm. sleep; from L. somniculus*, 
 I deriv. of somnus : for this diminutive form 
 see § 1 8. Somniculosus is in Martial, 
 I and proves the existence of somniculus *, 
 I as periculosus proves the existence of 
 periculum. For -iculus = -«7 see § 257; 
 for mn = mm see allumer. — Der. sommeil- 
 ler. 
 I SOMMEILLER, vn. to slumber. See som- 
 meil. 
 
 SOMMELIER, sm. a butler; originally an 
 officer who had the care of provisions, 
 from L. saumalerius *, der. from 
 sauma * ; see somme (3). Saumalerius 
 is found in a document of date a. D. 1285. 
 Saum,alerius becomes sommelier : for au 
 = see § 106; for a = e see § 54. — Der. 
 sowme//erie. 
 
 SOMMELLERIE, sf. a buttery. See somme- 
 lier. 
 
 SOMMER, va. to sum, add up, properly to 
 sum up what has been said ; from L. 
 sum.mare *, der. from sum.ma, a sum- 
 mary. For u = o see annoncer. — Der. somm- 
 ation. 
 
 SOMMET, sm. summit ; dim. of O. Fr. som, 
 which from L. summ.um.. For u = o see 
 annoncer. 
 
 SOMMIER, sm. a packhorse, mattress. See 
 somme (t,). 
 
 Sommit^, sf. a summit; from L. summi- 
 tatem. For u = o see annoncer. 
 
 Soninanibule, smf. a somnambulist; a word 
 fashioned out of L. somnus and ambu- 
 lare. — Der. somnambulisme. 
 
 Somnifdre, adj. somniferous, narcotic; 
 from L. somnifer. 
 
 Somnolence, sf. somnolency ; from L. 
 somnolentia. 
 
 Somnolent, adj. somnolent; from L. som- 
 nolentus. 
 
 Somptuaire, adj. sumptuary ; from L. 
 sumptuarius. 
 
 Somptueux, adj. sumptuous ; from L. 
 sumptuosus. 
 
 Somptuosit6, sf. sumptuousness ; from L. 
 sumptuositatem, 
 
 SON, pass. pron. his ; from L. sum, som, in 
 Ennius, for suum. For the relation be- 
 tween sum. and suum see mon. Sum. 
 becomes son : for u = o see annoncer ; for 
 m = « see changer. 
 
 SON, sm. bran. Sp. soma, from L. sum- 
 miim, properly the top of the meal, then 
 bran which is bolted to the surface after 
 
 grinding. For u = o see annoncer; for 
 m = w see changer. 
 
 Son, sm. a sound; from L. sonus. 
 
 tSonate, sf. a sonata; introd. from It. 
 sonata. Its doublet is sonnee. 
 
 SONDAGE, sm. sounding. See sender. 
 
 SONDE, sf. a fathom-line, bore (mining). 
 See sonder. 
 
 SONDER, va. to sound, lit. to go under 
 water ; from L. subundare, from unda. 
 Subundare becomes sonder: for loss of 
 medial b see taon ; for u = o see annoncer ; 
 for 00 = cp. rond from roond, Louis from 
 Loots, etc. — Der. sonde (verbal subst.), 
 sondnge, sondeur. 
 
 SONDEUR, sm. a leadsman. See sonder. 
 
 SONGE, sm. a dream ; from L. som.nium. 
 For iu = ju see abreger, whence somnjum, 
 whence songe : for mn = n see colonne and 
 changer ; for j =g- see Hist. Gram. p. 65. 
 — Der. songer, songexir. 
 
 SONNAILLER, vn. to keep ringing. See 
 sonner. — Der. sonnaille (verbal subst.). 
 
 SONNER, vn. to sound, ring; from L. so- 
 nare. For n = «n see ennemi. — Der. sonn- 
 ant, sowtterie, sonnelte, sowweur, so««ailler 
 (cp. criailler from crier). 
 
 t Sonnet, sm. a sonnet ; from It. sonnetto. 
 
 SONNETTE, sf. a bell. See sonner. 
 
 Sonore, adj. sonorous ; from L. sonorus. 
 
 Sonorit6, sf. sonorousness; from L. sonor- 
 itatem. 
 
 Sopha. See sofa. 
 
 Sophisme, sm. a sophism ; from L. so- 
 phisma. 
 
 Sophiste, sm. a sophist ; from L. sophista. 
 
 Sophistique, adj. sophistic; from L. so- 
 phisticus. — Der. sophistiquer. 
 
 Sophistiquer, vn. to subtilise. See sophis- 
 tique. — Der. sophistiqueuT, sophisticiition. 
 
 Soporifdre, adj. soporiferous ; from L. so- 
 porifer. 
 
 Soporifique, adj. soporific; from L. sopo- 
 rificus *. 
 
 t Soprano, sm. soprano ; from It. soprano. 
 It is a doublet of souverain, q. v. 
 
 Sorbe, sf. (Bot.) a sorb-apple; from L. sor- 
 bum. — Der. sorbier. 
 
 t Sorbet, sm. a sorbet; introd. from It. 
 sorbet to. — Der. sor6e^iere. 
 
 SORCELLERIE, sf. sorcery. See sorcier. 
 
 SORCIER, sm. a sorcerer; from L. sortia- 
 rius *, a teller of fortunes by lot, from 
 sortiare *, to tell fortunes. Sortiare * is 
 from sortem, a lot, oracle. Sortiarius, 
 sortiaria* are found for sorcerer and 
 sorceress in Merov. texts ; e. g. ' Et quia 
 
338 
 
 SOR DIDE — SO U DOVER . 
 
 audivimus, quod malefici homines et sortia- 
 riae, per plura loca in noslro regno insur- 
 gunt,' Capitularies of Charles the Bald, 
 t. 39, § 7 ; and Hincmar, De Divortio Lo- 
 tharii, ' Alii potu, alii autem cibo a sor- 
 tiariis dementati, alii vero tantum car- 
 minibus a strygio fascinati.' Sortiarius 
 gives sorcier : for ti = ci see agencer ; for 
 -ariVLS =-ier see § 198. — Der. ensorcder 
 (from O. Fr. ensorcerer by r = /, see autel). 
 
 Sordide, adj. sordid; from L. sordidus. 
 
 Sorite, sm. a sorites (in logic) ; from L. 
 sorites. 
 
 SORNETTE, .</. a trifle ; dim, of a root sorn, 
 of Celtic origin, Kymr. stvrn, a trifle. 
 
 SORT, sm. fate, destiny, lot; from L. sor- 
 tem. 
 
 SORTABLE, adj. suitable. See sorte. 
 
 + Sorte, sjf. sort, kind, species ; introd. from 
 It. sorta. — Der. assor/ir, sor/able. 
 
 SORTIE, sf. a going out, egress, sortie. See 
 sortir. 
 
 Sortilege, sm. sorcery; from L. sortile- 
 gium, from sortilegas. 
 
 SORTIR, vn. to go out, lit. to divide by lot, 
 then to go out; cp. partiri, to depart, 
 and to part. — Der. sor/ant, sortie (partic, 
 subst.). 
 
 SOT, sm. a fool. Origin unknown. — Der. 
 so/ie, so/tise. 
 
 SOTTISE, sf. folly. See sot. 
 
 SOU, sm. a halfpenny, sou ; a softened form 
 of its doublet the O. Fr. sol (see sol l) : 
 cp. mou from mol,fou from fol, cou from 
 col, etc. For l = u see agneau. 
 
 i'Soubasseinent, sm. basement; for- 
 merly sousbassement, a word fabricated in the 
 16th cent, from sous (q. v.) and bassement, 
 which is from It. bassamento. 
 
 "t Soubresautjsm. a summersault; introd. 
 in the 1 6th cent, from Sp. sobresalto. Its 
 doublet is sursaut, q. v. 
 
 Soubrette, sf. an abigail, female intriguer. 
 Origin unknown. 
 
 SOUCHE, sf. stock, stump (of trees). Origin 
 unknown. Its doublet is soc, q. v. — Der. 
 soMcAeteur, souchet&gt. 
 
 Souchet, sm. (Bot.) galingale ; (Geol.) rag- 
 stone ; (Ornith.) a kind of duck. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 SOUCI, sm. (Bot.) marigold ; formerly solcie, 
 from L. solsequium, the sunflower in 
 Apuleius ; the marigold in Carol. ^ texts. 
 Solsequitim becomes O. Fr. solcie : for 
 loss of q see affouage; for e = » see § 59; 
 for s = c see cercueil. Solcie becomes souci: 
 for ol=^ou see agneau. 
 
 SOUCI, sm. care. See soucier. — Der. sottci-- 
 eux. 
 
 SOUCIER (SE),t/^r, to care (for), be anxious; 
 modern Prov, soucidh, from L. soUicitare, 
 by contr. (see aider) of sollicitare to 
 SoU'citare, whence solder (see abbaye),\\\t\\ 
 soucier, by ol = ou see agneau. Soucier is 
 a doublet of solliciler, q. v. — Der. souci 
 (verbal subst,) 
 
 SOUCIEUX, adj. anxious. See souci. 
 
 SOUCOUPE, sf. a saucer ; sous-coupe, some- 
 thing put under the cup. 
 
 SOUDAIN, adj. sudden. Prov. sobtan, from 
 L. subitanus *, another form of subit- 
 aneus (found in Columella), Subitdnus, 
 regularly contrd. (see § 52) to sub'ta- 
 nus, becomes soudain. For bt = rf see ac- 
 couder; for -anus = -am see § 194; for u 
 = o = ou see § 90. — Der. soudaintmtnx, 
 soudainet6. 
 
 SOUDAN, sm. a sultan. O. Fr. soldan, from 
 L. soldanus, the Latinised form of the! 
 Oriental sultan (q, v. ; see also § 31). This' 
 word was introd, into France at the time of 
 the Crusades. We read in a Chronicle ofj 
 the first Crusade, ' Sicut principes vestri 
 vel imperatores dicuntur vel Reges : sic 
 apud illos qui praeeminent soldani, 
 quasi soli dominantes vocantur.' For ol 
 = 07/ see agneau. 
 
 t Soudard, sw. a soldier; introd. in the 
 l6th cent, from It., with many other military 
 terms. It. soldardo*, der. from L. sol- 
 dare. 
 
 SOUDE, sf. (Bot.) glasswort. It. soda, from 
 L, solida, by regular contr, (see § 51) of 
 s61ida to sol' da, whence soude. For ol = 
 on see agneau. Its doublet is soda, q. v. 
 
 SOUDER, va. to solder, weld together. It. 
 soldare, from L. solidare (properly to join a 
 fracture, in Pliny). On the line of Juvenal, 
 • Quassatum et rupto poscentem sulphura 
 vitro,' a scholiast remarks, ' Quia hoc solent 
 vitrum solidare, id est malthare.' We 
 read in Geoffroy de Vendome, Opusc. 7, De 
 Area Foederis, ' Aes etiam in tabernaculo 
 cum auro et argento solidamus.' Soli- 
 dare, regularly contrd. (see § 52) to 
 sol'dare, becomes souder. For ol = ou see 
 agneau. Souder is a doublet of solder, 
 q. V. — Der. souduie. 
 
 SOUDOYER, va. to pay troops ; from L. 
 soldicare * , der. from L. soldum, a 
 sum of money, in Martial. Soldicare, by 
 -icare = -o^^r (see ployer), becomes sol- 
 doyer*, whence soudoyer. For ol = ou see 
 agneau. 
 
so UDRE — SOUPENTE. 
 
 339 
 
 SOUDRE, va. to solve; from L. solvere. 
 For letter-changes see absoudre. 
 
 SOUFFLER, vn. to blow, breathe ; from L. 
 sufflare. For u = om see § 90. — Der. 
 soujie (verbal subst.), souffltt, soufflerxt, 
 so7(jfflewr, souffiure. 
 
 SOUFFLET, sm. a pair of bellows, box on 
 the ear. See souffler. — Der. souffiet&x. 
 
 SOUFFLETER, va. to slap, box the ears (of 
 one). See soufflet. 
 
 SOUFFRANCE, /. suffering. See souffrir. 
 
 SOUFFRETEUX, adj. miserable, poor ; for- 
 merly soiiffraiteux, Prov. sofraitos, sofrachos, 
 from O. Fr. sojijfraite (denudation, want, 
 suffering). Souffraite is from L. suffracta *, 
 der. from p.p. L. suffractus. Suffrae- 
 ta becomes soufffaite: for ^x = o^l see 
 § 90; for ct = j7 see attrait; for ai = e 
 see § 103. 
 
 SOUFFRIR, va. to suffer; from L. suf- 
 ferrere *, a secondary form of sufferre : 
 for this lengthened form see etre. Suffe- 
 rere, regularly contrd. (see § 52) to 
 suff'rere becomes souffrir. For u = ow see 
 § 90; for e = t see § 59. — Der. souffre- 
 douleur, soiffr&nt (whence soz^rance). 
 
 SOUFRE, stn. sulphur ; formerly solfre, from 
 L. sulfur, by regular contr. (see § 50) 
 of sulfur to sulf'r, whence solfre. For 
 u = see annoncer, whence soufre ; for ol 
 — on see agneau.—Der. soufrtx. 
 
 SOUHAIT, sm. a wish. See souhaiter. 
 
 SOUHAITER, va. to wish ; compd. of prefix 
 sous, and O. Fr. hatter, to desire. Haiter is 
 of Germ, origin, Scand. heit, a wish. — 
 Der. souhait (verbal subst.), sow/tazVable. 
 
 SOUILLE, sf. a wallowing-place (of boars). 
 See souiller. 
 
 SOUILLER, va. to soil, dirty; from L. sucu- 
 lare *, to wallow like a pig ; suculus, a 
 porker, in Justinian : cp. the Prov. sulhar 
 (to soil), der. from sulha. Suculare, re- 
 gularly contrd. (see § 52) to suc'lare, 
 becomes souiller. For cl = z7 see abeille; 
 
 for u = o?/ see § 90 Der. souil, souille 
 
 (verbal subst.), souillon, souillure. 
 
 SOUL, adj. satiated, surfeited, tipsy. O. Fr. 
 saoul, Prov. sadol. It. satollo, from L. sa- 
 tuJlus (found in Varro). SatuUus be- 
 comes O, Fr. saonl : for loss of medial t see 
 abbaye; for u = om see § 90. — Der. soiiltr. 
 
 SOULAGER, va. to solace, ease. Sp. soliviar, 
 from L. subleviare, der. from suble- 
 vare. Subleviare becomes soulager : for 
 u = OM see § 90 ; for bl = / see sujet ; 
 for e = a see amender ; for -viare = -ger see 
 alleger. — Der. soulagem^xX.. 
 
 SOULAS, sm. a solace. Prov. solatz, from L. 
 solatium. For o = om see § 81 ; for ti = s 
 see agencer. 
 
 SOULEVEMENT, sm. a heaving, rising. See 
 soulever. 
 
 SOULEVER, va. to raise ; from L. sublevare. 
 For u = ou see § 90 ; for bl = / see sujet. — 
 Der. soulevem&nt. 
 
 SOULIER, sm. a shoe ; from L. solarium *, 
 deriv. of Class. Lat. solea. We find in 
 Plautus solearius, a shoe-maker, sandal- 
 maker. Solarium, becomes Soulier: for 
 0^07/ see § 81; for -ariTim = ier see 
 §198. 
 
 SOULIGNER, va. to underline. See sous 
 and ligne. 
 
 SOULOIR, vn. to be in want ; from L. so- 
 lere. For o = ou see § 81; for e = oi 
 see § 61. 
 
 SOULTE, sf. payment made by one joint 
 owner to another on division in order to 
 equalise shares ; from L. solutum., a pay- 
 ment, in the Digest, partic. subst. of sol- 
 vere. Solutus (the accent having been 
 misplaced) contrd. (see § 51) to sol'tus, 
 becomes soulte. For o = ow see § 81. 
 
 SOUMETTRE, va. to submit ; from L. sub- 
 m.ittere. For sub = sow see Hist. Gram, 
 p. 179; for vaxtteve = mettre see § 72. 
 
 SOUMIS, adj. submission ; from L. sub- 
 missus. For sub = sow see Hist. Gram, 
 p. 179. 
 
 SOUMISSION, ./. submission; from L. sub- 
 missionem.. For sub = sow see Hist. Gram, 
 p. 1 79. — Der. soumissionner, sowmzssiownaire. 
 
 SOUP APE, sf. a plug. Origin unknown. 
 
 SOUP9ON, sm. a suspicion ; formerly sou- 
 pefon, originally souspeQon. For u = ou see 
 § 90; for i = e see § 72; for cio = fo 
 see agencer. Souspegon becom.es soupepon 
 by loss of s (see Hist. Gram. p. 81), then 
 soupfon by loss of e (see § 51). Soupfon 
 is a doublet of suspicion, q. v. — Der. soup- 
 ponner. 
 
 SOUPgONNER, va. to suspect. See souppon. 
 — Der. soupponntnx. 
 
 SOUPE, sf. soup, broth; of Germ, origin, 
 Germ, suppe. For w = o see annoncer. — 
 Der. souper, soupiere. 
 
 SOUPENTE, sf. a loft, carriage-brace, strap ; 
 partic. sqjDst. of a verbal form soupendre, 
 cp. pente for pendre, detente for detendre. 
 For details see absoute. The form sow- 
 pendre * answers to L. suspendere. For 
 u = ow see § 90; for ^&rxd.eTe= pendre 
 see pendre; for loss of s see Hist. Gram, 
 p. 81. 
 
 Z2 
 
340 
 
 SOUPER—SOUTENIR. 
 
 SOUPER, vn. to sup. See sotipe.—Der. souper 
 (sm.), sonp4, soupem, 
 
 SOUPESER, va. to weigh with the hand. See 
 sows and peser. 
 
 SOUPIERE, sf. a soup-tureen. See soupe. 
 
 SOUPIR, sm. a sigh. See soupirer. 
 
 SOUPIRAIL, sm. an air-hole, vent-hole ; for- 
 merly souspirail, from L. suspiraculum *, 
 from snspirare: cp. Class, form spira- 
 culum from spirare. Suspiraculum 
 becomes soupirail : for -aculum = -ail see 
 § 255; for \x = 07i see § 90; for loss of 
 s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. 
 
 SOUPIRER, va. to sigh, breathe ; formerly 
 souspirer, from L. suspirare. For o = om 
 see § 90 ; for loss of s see Hist. Gram, 
 p. 81. — Der. soupir (verbal subst.), soupir- 
 ant. 
 
 SOUPLE, adj. supple; from L. supplex*. 
 For u = o« see § 90. — Der. souphssc, 
 zssoiipl'n. 
 
 SOUPLESSE, sf. suppleness. See souple. 
 
 SOUQUENILLE, sf. a stable-coat. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 SOURCE, s/. a spring (of water). Stesourdre. 
 — Der. sowrcier. 
 
 SOURCIL, sm. an eyebrow. Prov. sobrecilh, 
 It. sopracciglio, from L. supercilium, by 
 contr. (see § 52) of supercilium to sup'r- 
 cilium, whence sourcil. For u = om see 
 § 90; for pr = r see swr.— Der. sourcil- 
 ler. 
 
 SOURCILLER, vn. to knit the brow. See 
 sourcil. — Der. sonrcilhux. 
 
 SOURD, adj. deaf; from L. surdus. For 
 u = OM see § 90. — Der. sourdnud, sourd- 
 ine, assowrrfir, abasoj/rofir. 
 
 SOURDINE, sf. a sordine (of trumpets). See 
 sourd. 
 
 SOURDRE, vn. to rise; from L. surgere, 
 by regular contr. (see § 51) of siirgere 
 to surg're, whence sourdre. For intercala- 
 tion of d see absoudre; for vi = ou see 
 § 90. Soudre is a doublet of surgir, 
 q. V. — Der. source (that which springs up, 
 a water spring, partic. subst. of sourdre, see 
 absoute. Source, formerly sorce, originally 
 sorse, represents not the L. snrrecta, but 
 a form sursa, found in the sense of a spring 
 in several llth-cent. Lat, documents: for 
 B = c see cercueil ; for u = o = ow see § 90), 
 whence ressource. 
 
 SOURIRE, vn. to smile ; from L. subridere. 
 For sub = sou see Hist. Gram. p. 1 7^9 ; for 
 ridere = rire see rire. — Der. sourire (verbal 
 subst.), sowris (from L. subrisus : for sub 
 = sou see soulever. 
 
 SOURIS, sm. a smile. See sourire. 
 
 SOURIS, sf. a mouse. Prov. sorilz, from L. 
 soricem. For o = o« see § 81 ; forc = s 
 see amide ; note that in this case the Low 
 Lat. displaced the accent (soricem. for 
 s6rfcem). — Der. so«nVeau, sownciere. 
 
 SOURNOIS, adj. cunning, sly. Origin un- 
 known. — Der. surtioistrie. 
 
 SOUS, prep, under ; formerly sos, Prov. sotz. 
 It. solto, Wallachian subi, from L. subtus. 
 For bt = / see sujet ; for regular loss of final 
 u see § 50 (whence sut's, hence sos) ; for 
 ts = s see § 168; for u = o see annoncer; 
 for the transition from O. Fr. sos to modern 
 Fr. sous see affouage. — Der. dessows, &ou- 
 peser, sowcoupe, sows-pied, so7/tirer. 
 
 SoUBCription, sf. a subscription. See sous- 
 crire. 
 
 SOUSCRIRE, va. to subscribe, sign ; from L. 
 suscribere, to subscribe to, sign. For 
 sub = sow see Hist. Gram. p. 179; for 
 scribere = scrire see ecrire. — Der. sou- 
 scripteuT (L. subscriptorem), souscription 
 (L. subscriptionem). 
 
 SOUS-ENTENDRE, va. to understand. See 
 sous and entendre. — Der. sous-entendu, sous- 
 entente. 
 
 SOUS-PI FDj sm. a strap. See sous and pied. 
 
 SOUSSIGNE, p. p. undersigned. See sous and 
 signer. 
 
 Soustraction, sf. subtracrion. See sous- 
 traire. 
 
 SOUSTRAIRE, va. to remove, subtract ; from 
 sous (q. v.) and traire, see traire. — Der. 
 soustraction (formed from L. subtrac- 
 tionem.. Subtractionem, changing sub 
 to sou, see Hist. Gram. p. 179, ought to 
 have produced the form soutraction, but 
 here the form of the word has been in- 
 fluenced by the prefix in the case of the 
 verb soustraire. 
 
 t Soutane, sf. a cassock; introd. from It. 
 sottana. For o = ou see § 81. — Der. 
 soM/a«elle. 
 
 SOUTANELLE, sf. a short cassock. See 
 soutane. 
 
 SOUTE, sf. a store-room ; in Rabelais souette, 
 introd. from It. sotto, lit. below, a warehouse 
 at the end of a quay. 
 
 SOUTENABLE, adj. sustainable. See soti- 
 tenir. 
 
 SOUTENEMENT, sm. a support. See sou- 
 tenir. 
 
 SOUTENIR, va. to sustain ; formerly sous- 
 tenir ; from L. sustinere. For u — on see 
 § 90 ; for tinere = tenir see appar- 
 tenir ; whence O. Fr. soustenir, whence sou- 
 
so UTERRAIN—SPIRITUALISER. 
 
 341 
 
 tenir, by dropping s, see Hist. Gram. p. 8 1 . 
 ■ — Der. soutxtn (verbal subst.), S07iten2.h\&, 
 soHtliiQvatiW., soutenunt (partic. subst.), 
 foufenu. 
 
 SOUTERRAIN, sm. a cave, vault ; from L. 
 subterraneiis. For sub = sou see Hist. 
 Gram. p. 179; for -aneus = -am see § 194. 
 
 SOU TIEN, sm. a support. See soutenir. 
 
 SOUTIRER, va. to draw off, rack (wine, 
 etc.). See sons and iirer. — Der. sontira.ge. 
 
 SOUVENANCE, s/. remembrance. See soti- 
 venir. 
 
 SOUVENIR (SE), vpr. to remember; from 
 L. subvenire, lit. to come into one's mind. 
 For sub = 502/ see Hist. Gram. p. 179. 
 Its doublet is subvenir, q. v. — Der. sou- 
 w«ant, so7/i/=«ance, souvenir (verb taken 
 subsiantively). 
 
 SOUVENT, adv. often. It. sovente, from L. 
 subinde, found in Pliny, x. 34: ' Con- 
 jugii fidem non violant communemque ser- 
 vant domum. Nisi caelebs aut vidua nidum 
 non relinquit : et imperiosos mares, sub- 
 inde etiam iniquos ferunt.' Subinde be- 
 comes souvejit : for u = ou see § 90 ; for 
 b = v see § 119 ; for -inde = -e«^ see en. 
 
 SOUVERAIN, S7n. a sovereign ; formerly sove- 
 rain, It. iovrano, from L. superanus, he 
 who is above, from super. Superanus be- 
 comes souverain ; for u = om see § 90 ; 
 for p = u see § ill; for -anus = -ai?i see 
 § 194. Its doublet is soprano, q. v. — Der, 
 souverainement, souverainet^.. 
 
 SOUVERAINEMENT, adj. sovereignly. See 
 sotiverain. 
 
 SOUVERAINETE, sf. sovereignty. See sou- 
 verain, 
 
 SOYEUX, adj. silky. See soie. 
 
 Spacieux, adj. spacious; from L. spatio- 
 sus. For ti — ci see agencer; for -osus 
 = -eux see § 229. 
 
 fSpadassin, sm. a fighter; introd. in 
 1 6th cent, from It. spadaccino. 
 
 ■\ Spalme, sm. (Naut.) paying-stuff; verbal 
 subst. of spahner, from It. spalmare, to tar 
 a boat. 
 
 ■fSpalt, sm. (Min.) spalt ; from Germ. 
 spalt. 
 
 Sparadrap, sm. adhesive plaster. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 Spare, sm. (Ichth.) the gilt-head ; from L. 
 sparus. 
 
 Sparte, sm. esparto (a kind of reed) ; from 
 L. spartum. — Der. sparierie. 
 
 Sparterie, sf. a manufacture of esparto. 
 See sparte. 
 
 Spasme, sm. a spasm; from L. spasma. 
 
 Spasmodique, adj. spasmodic; from Gr. 
 
 aTraafx<jjbr]S. 
 f Spath, sm. spar ; from Germ, spath. 
 Spathe, sf. a spathe-(of a palm-tree) ; from 
 
 L. spatha. Its doublet is epee, q. v. 
 Spatule, sf. (Anat.^) a spatula; from L. 
 
 spatula (found in Celsus), 
 Special, adj. special; from L. specialis. 
 Speciality, sf a speciality; from L. speci- 
 
 alitatem (in Isidore of Seville). 
 Spacieux, adj. specious; from L. specio- 
 
 sus. 
 Specification, sf a specification. See 
 
 specifier. 
 Specifier, va. to specify; from L. speci- 
 
 ficare *, in medieval Lat. documents, 
 
 compd. of species and the form ficare. 
 
 — Der.s/ec(/ique(specificus),s/)e'c27?cation. 
 Specifique, adj. specific. See specifier. 
 Specimen, sm. a specimen; from L. speci- 
 men. 
 Spectacle, sm. a spectacle; from L. spec- 
 
 taculum, also spectaclumin Class. Lat. 
 Spectateur, sm, a spectator; from L. 
 
 spectatorem. 
 Spectre, sm. a spectre ; from L. s pectrum. 
 Speculaire, adj. (Min.) specular ; from L. 
 
 specularius. 
 Speculateur, sm. a speculator; from L. 
 
 speculatorem. 
 Sp6culatif, adj. speculative ; from L. s p e- 
 
 culativus. 
 Speculation, sf speculation; from L. spe- 
 
 culationem. 
 Speculer, vji, to speculate ; from L. specu- 
 
 lari. 
 t Spencer, sm. a spencer ; introd. recently 
 
 from Engl, spencer. 
 Sphere, sf a sphere; from L. sphaera. 
 Spherique, adj. spherical ; from L. sphae- 
 
 ricus. — Der. sphericite, 
 Spheroide, sm. (Geom.) spheroid; from L. 
 
 sphaeroides. 
 Spheromdtre, sm. a spherometer ; from 
 
 Gr. acpaipa and fiirpov. 
 Sphinx, sm. a sphinx; from L sphinx. 
 Spic, sm. (Bot.) spica. See aspic (i). 
 Spiciiege, sm. a spicilegium (gleaning) ; 
 
 from L. spicilegium. 
 Spinal, adj. spinal ; from L. spinalis. 
 Spirale, sf a spire, convolution, spiral. See 
 
 spire. 
 Spire, sf a spire; from L. spira. — Der. 
 
 spiml, spira.\e. 
 Spiritualiser, va. to spiritualise ; from L. 
 
 spiritualis. — Der. spirilualisntion, spi- 
 ritualisms, spiritualiste. 
 
34i 
 
 SPIRITUALISMS — STELLIONA T, 
 
 Spiritualisme, sm. spiritualism. See spirit- 
 
 ualiser. 
 Spiritualiste, sm. a spiritualist. See spirit- 
 
 ualiser. 
 Spirituality, sf. spirituality; from L. spirit- 
 
 ualitatem. 
 Spirituel, adj. spiritual; from L. spirit- 
 uals. 
 tSpiritueUX, adj. spirituous; a com- 
 mercial term introd. from Engl, spirituous. 
 Splanchnologie, /. splanchnology; from 
 
 Gr. (Tirkdyxva and \6yos. 
 + Spleen, sm. the spleen; introd. in l8th 
 
 cent, from Engl, spleen. 
 Splendour, sm. splendour; from L. splen- 
 
 dorem. 
 Splendide, adj. splendid; from L. splen- 
 
 didus. 
 Spoliateur, sm. a spoiler; from L. spoli- 
 
 atorem. 
 Spoliation, sf. spoliation; from L. spoli- 
 
 ationem. 
 Spolier, va. to spoil ; from L. spoHare. 
 Spondaique, adj. spondaic ; from L. spoti- 
 
 daicus. 
 Spondee, sm. a spondee ; from L. spon- 
 
 daeus. 
 Spondyle, sm. (Anat.) a spondyl ; from L. 
 
 spondylus. 
 Spongieux, adj. spongy ; from L. spongi- 
 
 osus. 
 Spongite, sf. (Min.) spongite; from L. 
 
 spongites. 
 Spontan^, adj. spontaneous ; from L. 
 
 spontaneus. — Der. spontaneity, spontane- 
 
 ment. 
 Spontaneity, sf. spontaneity. See spon- 
 
 tane. 
 Sporadique, adj. (Med.) sporadic ; from 
 
 Gr, crwopadiKos. 
 Sportule, sf. a dole, a little basket ; from 
 
 L. sportula. 
 Squale, sm. a dogfish; from L. squalus. 
 Squammeux, adj. scaly; from L. squa- 
 
 mosus. 
 Squelette, m. a skeleton ; from Gr. c/ce- 
 
 \€t6s. 
 Squirrhe, sm. a schirrus ; from Gr. OKippCs. 
 
 — Der. squirrhtux. 
 Stability, sf. stability; from L. stabilita- 
 
 tem. 
 Stable, adj. stable; from L. stabilis. For 
 
 -abilis = -able see affable. 
 Stade, sm. a stadium. ; from Gr. araSiov. 
 Stage, sm. obligation to reside, or to wait, 
 
 between being licentiate in Law, and being 
 
 called; from L. stare, through deriv. 
 
 staticum*, found in Merovingian acts, 
 whence stage. For -aticuva. = -age see 
 ^ge. Stage is a doublet ot ctage, q. v. — 
 Der. stagnire. 
 
 Stagnant, adj. stagnant; from L, stag- 
 nantem. Its doublet is etanchant. 
 
 Stagnation, sf. stagnation; from L. stag- 
 nationem *, der. from stagnare. 
 
 Stalactite, sf. a stalactite; from Gr. CTa- 
 \aKTis. 
 
 Stalagmite, sf. a stalagmite ; from Gr. 
 arakayiios. 
 
 Stalle, sf. a stall ; introd. from eccles. Lat. 
 stallum, a monk's stall in a church. *So- 
 lito more venit in chorum et ecce invenit 
 spiritum immundum in stallo suo, similan- 
 tem fratri qui juxta se manebat in choro,* 
 says a I3th-cent. document. Stallum is 
 of Germ, origin, O. H. G. stdl. From stal- 
 lum was formed the medieval Lat. inst al- 
 ia re, lit. to place in one's stall, instal. 
 Stalle is a doublet of etal, q. v. 
 
 t Stance, sf a stanza ; from It. stanza. 
 
 4 Stathoudet, sm. a statholder; from 
 Dutch stathouder, Ut. a lieutenant, vice- 
 officer. — Der. stathouderat. 
 
 Statice, sf. (Bot.) sea lavender; from L. 
 statice. 
 
 Station, sf. a station; from L. stationem. 
 — Der. stationner. 
 
 Stationnaire, adj. stationary; from L. 
 stationarius. 
 
 Stationner, va. to station. See station. — 
 Der. stationnement. 
 
 Statique, sf. statics ; from Gr. arariK-q, i. e. 
 emarrjiXTj, that part of mechanics which 
 deals with equilibrium of bodies. 
 
 Statistique, sf statistics ; from a Gr. form 
 araTiaTiKT], forged by the learned through 
 the verb OTaTi^HV. 
 
 Statuaire, sm. a statuary ; from L. statu- 
 arius. 
 
 Statuaire, sf the statuary art; from L. 
 statuaria. 
 
 Statue, sf. a statue; from L. statoa. 
 
 Statuer, va. to decide, enact ; from L. 
 statuere. 
 
 Stature, sf stature ; from L. statura. 
 
 Statut, sm. a statute; from L. statutum. 
 
 Steatite, sf (Min.) steatite; from L. stea- 
 tites. 
 
 St6ganographie, sf cypher-writing ; from 
 Gr. (TT€yavoypa(pia. — Der. steganograph- 
 ique. 
 
 Stellaire, adj. stellar ; from L. stellar is. 
 
 Stellionat, sm. stellionate (Roman Law) ; 
 from L. stellionatus. 
 
ST^NOGRAPHESU. 
 
 343 
 
 Bt^nographe, sm. a shorthand writer ; 
 
 from Gr. anvos and ypacpoj. — Der. steno- 
 graphic. 
 Stentor, sm. a stentor ; of hist, origin, 
 
 alluding to Stentor, the loud-voiced person- 
 age of Homer's Iliad. 
 fSteppe, sm. a steppe; from Russian 
 
 steppe, a vast and barren plain. 
 St^re, sm. stere (a Fr. measure, 35-3174 ft.) ; 
 
 from Gr. arfpeos. 
 Stereom6trie, sf. stereometry; from Gr. 
 
 (TTepeus and jxerpov. 
 St^reotomie, sf. stereotomy ; from Gr. 
 
 arepius and tojxt]. 
 Stereotype, adj. stereotype ; from Gr. 
 
 CTfpfus and rvnos. — Der. stereotypie, stereo- 
 
 typer, stereotypage. 
 Sterile, adj. sterile; from L. sterilis. 
 Sterilit6, sf. sterility ; from L. sterilita- 
 
 tem. 
 Sternum, sm. (Anat.) the sternum ; from L. 
 
 sternum, der. from arepvov. 
 Sternutatoire, adj. sternutatory ; from L, 
 
 sternutare. 
 Stethoscope, sm. a stethoscope ; from Gr. 
 
 (TTTjOos and (TKoneTv. 
 Stibi6, adj. (Med.) stibiated ; from L. stibi- 
 
 atus *, der. from stibium. 
 Stigmate, sm. a scar, brand; from L. stig- 
 
 matis. — Der. stigmather. 
 Stigmatiser, va. to stigmatise. See stig- 
 mate. 
 Stillation, sf. the process of dropping ; from 
 
 L. stillationem. 
 Stimulant, adj. stimulant; from L. stimu- 
 
 lantem. 
 Stim.uler, va. to stimulate ; from L. stimu- 
 
 lare. 
 Stipe, sm. (Bot.) a stipe; from L. stipes. 
 Stipendiaire, adj. hired; from L. stipen- 
 
 diarius. 
 Stipendier, va. to pay stipend to ; from L. 
 
 stipendiary 
 Stipulation, sf. a stipulation; from L. 
 
 stipulationem. 
 Stipule, s/. (Bot.) a stipula ; from L. stipula. 
 
 Its doublet is eteule, q. v Der. stipule. 
 
 Stipuler, va. to covenant; from L. stipu- 
 
 lari. Its doublet is etioler, q. v. 
 Stoicien, sm. a stoic. See sto'ique. 
 Stoicisme, sm. stoicism. See sto'ique. 
 Stoique, adj. stoic; from L. stoicus. — 
 
 Der. s/o?cisme, sto'ic'ien. 
 Stomacal, adj. stomachal; from L. sto- 
 
 machus. 
 Stom.achique, adj. stomachic ; from L. 
 
 stomachus. 
 
 Storax, sm. (Bot.) storax ; from L. storax. 
 Store, sm. a blind (of a window) ; from 
 
 L. storea. 
 Strabisme, sm. (Med.) strabismus, squint- 
 ing ; from Gr. (TTpaPicrfios. 
 Strangulation, sf. strangulation ; from L. 
 
 str angulation em. 
 Stras, sm. strass, paste (jewellery) ; of hist. 
 
 origin (see § 33), from one Strass, who 
 
 invented it. 
 Stratagdme, sm. a stratagem ; from L. 
 
 stratagema. 
 Stratege, sm. a strategist, general ; from L. 
 
 strategus (found in Plautus). 
 Strat§gie, sf strategy ; from L. strategia. 
 
 — Der. strategiste, siralegique. 
 Stratifier, va. to stratify ; from L. strati- 
 
 ficare*, from strata. — Der. stratifie, 
 
 stratification. 
 Stribord. See trihord. 
 Strict, adj. strict; from L. strictus. Its 
 
 doublet is etroit, q. v. 
 Stri6, adj. striated; from L. striatus. For 
 
 -atus = -e see § ■201. 
 Strie, sf (Archit.) a fluting ; from L. stria. 
 
 — Der. s/nures. 
 Strophe, sf a strophe; from L. stropha. 
 Structure, s/^. a structure; from L. struc- 
 
 tura. 
 f Stuc, sm. stucco ; from It, stucco. 
 Studieux, adj. studious ; from L. studi- 
 
 osus. For -08\is = -eux see § 229. 
 Stupefaction, sf stupefaction ; from L. 
 
 stupefactionem *, from stupefactus. 
 
 See stiipefait. 
 Stup6fait, adj. stupefied; from L, stupe- 
 factus. For ct = // see attrait. 
 Stup6fiant, adj. stupefying. See stupefier. 
 Stup6fier, va. to stupefy; from L. stupe- 
 
 fieri (found in Propertius). — Der. stupefi- 
 
 ant. 
 Stupeur, sm. stupor ; from L. stuporem, 
 Stupide, adj. stupid; from L. stupidus. 
 Stupidity, sf. stupidity; from L. stupidi- 
 
 tatem. 
 Style, sm. style; from L. stylus. — Der. s/y/er. 
 t Stylet, sm. a stiletto ; from It. stiletto. 
 Stylobate, sm. (Archit.) a stylobate ; from 
 
 L. stylobates (found in Vitruvius). 
 SU, sm. knowledge ; partic. subst. of savoir. 
 
 The p. p. SU, formerly se'u, Prov. sabut. It. 
 
 saputo, is from L. saputus. For p. p. in 
 
 -utus see boire. Saputus becomes sa- 
 
 butus (see § ill), loses medial b (see 
 
 aboyer): by a = e (see § 57) and by 
 
 -utus = -M (see § 201) we get O. Fr. sen, 
 
 later contrd. to su, seejumeau. 
 
344 
 
 S UA IRE — SUCCINCT, 
 
 SUAIRE, stn. a shroud. It. sudario, from 
 
 L. sudarium. For loss of medial d see 
 
 accabler. 
 Suave, adj. suave, sweet ; from L. suavis. 
 Suavity, sf. suavity; from L. suavita- 
 
 tem, 
 Subalteme, sm. a subaltern; from L. 
 
 subalternus*, compd. of L. sub and 
 
 alternus from alter. 
 Subdiviser, va. to subdivide; from L. 
 
 subdiviser, frequent, of subdividere; see 
 
 ^viser. 
 Subdivision, sf. a subdivision; from L. 
 
 subdivisionem (found in St. Jerome). 
 Subir, va. to undergo; from L. subire. 
 Subit, adj. sudden; from L. subitus. 
 -f Subito, adv. suddenly; from L. subito. 
 Subjonctif, adj. sm. subjunctive; from L. 
 
 subjunctivus. 
 Subjuguer, va. to subjugate; from L. 
 
 subjugare. 
 Sublimation, sf sublimation. See sub- 
 
 limer. 
 Sublime, adj •, ublime; from L. sublimis. 
 Sublimer, va. to sublimate ; from L. sub- 
 
 limare, to lift to the highest: thence the 
 
 sense of sublimation given to the word 
 
 by the alchemists. — Der. sublime (partic. 
 
 subst,), s?/W/mation. 
 Sublimits, sf. sublimity; from L. sub- 
 
 limitatem. 
 Submerger, va. to submerge; from L. 
 
 submergere. 
 Submersion, sf. submersion; from L. sub- 
 
 mersionem. 
 Subordination, sf subordination ; from 
 
 L. subordinationem (found in Cassio- 
 
 dorus) — Der. insubordination. 
 Subordonner, va. to subordinate ; compd. 
 
 of L. sub and of Fr. ordonner, q. v. 
 Subornation, sf a suborning ; from L. 
 
 subornationem. 
 Suborner, va. to suborn ; from L. sub- 
 
 ornare. — Der. suborntwx. 
 + Subrecargue, sm. a supercargo ; from 
 
 Sp. sobrecarga. Its doublet is surcharge, 
 
 q.v. 
 Subreptice, adj. surreptitious; from L. 
 
 subrepticius. 
 Subreption, sf. subreption ; from L. sub- 
 
 reptionem. 
 Subrogation, sf subrogation ; from L. 
 
 subrogationem. 
 Subroger, va. to surrogate; from L. sub- 
 
 rogare. 
 Subsequent, adj. subsequent ; from L. 
 
 subsequentem. 
 
 Subside, sm. a subsidy; from L. sub- 
 si d i u m . 
 Subsidiaire, adj. subsidiary; from L. sub- 
 
 sidiarius. 
 Subsistanoe, sf. subsistence; from L. sub- 
 
 sistentia (found in Cassiodorus). 
 Subsister, vn. to subsist; from L. sub- 
 
 sistere (found in the Theodosian Code), 
 Substance, sf substance; from L. sub- 
 stantia. For -tia = ce see agencer. 
 Substantiel, adj. substantial; from L, 
 
 substantialis. 
 Substantif, sm. substantive; from L. sub- 
 
 stantivus (found in Priscian). 
 Substituer, va. to substitute; from L, 
 
 substituere (found in the Digest). 
 Substitut, sm. a substitute; from L. sub- 
 
 stitutus. 
 Substitution, sf substitution ; from L 
 
 substitutionem (found in the Digest). 
 Substruction, sf a substruction ; from L 
 
 substructionem. 
 Subterfuge, sm. a subterfuge ; from L 
 
 subterfugium *, from subterfugere. 
 Subtil, adj. subtle; from L. subtilis. — Der 
 
 S7/6///iser. 
 Subtiliser, va. to subtilise. See subtil.— 
 
 Der. subtilisation. 
 Subtilit6, sf a subtlety; from L. sub 
 
 tilitatem. 
 Subvenir, vn. to relieve; from L. sub 
 
 venire. Its doublet is souvenir, q.v. 
 Subvention, sf a subvention; from L 
 
 subventionem *, from subvenire.— 
 
 Der, subventionntx . 
 Subversif, adj. subversive; from L, sub 
 
 versivus *, der. from subversus. 
 Subversion, sf subversion; from L. sub 
 
 versionem. 
 Sue, sm. juice; from L, succus. 
 Succdder, va. to succeed ; from L. sue 
 
 cedere. 
 Succds, sm. success; from L, sue 
 
 cessus. 
 Successeur, sm. a successor; from L 
 
 successorem. 
 Successible, adj. heritable; from L. sue 
 
 cessibilis*, from successum, whicl 
 
 from succedere. — Der, successibilite. 
 Successif, adj. successive; from L, sue 
 
 cessivus. 
 Succession, sf succession; from L. sue 
 
 cessionem, 
 Succin, sm. yellow amber; from L, sue 
 
 cinum. 
 Succinct, adj. succinct; from L, sue 
 
 cinctus. 
 
S UCCION — S UPERFIN. 
 
 345 
 
 Suceion, sf. suction; from L. suctionem*, 
 
 from suctus, p.p. of sugere. 
 Succomber, vn. to succumb; from L. 
 
 succumbere. 
 Succulent, adj. succulent; from L. suc- 
 
 culentus. 
 Succursale, sf. a parochial chapel ; from 
 
 L. succursalis *, der. from succur- 
 
 sus *. 
 SUCER, va. to suck. It. succiare, from L. 
 
 suctiare; a frequentative verb formed 
 
 through suctus, p.p. of sugere. For 
 
 ct = /, see affeter ; for -tiare = -cer see 
 
 agencer. — Der. swccment, swceur, suqoxt, 
 
 swfoter. 
 . SU^ON, sm. a spot made by suction ; from 
 
 L. suctionem *. For -ctionem = -p o«, 
 
 cp. lectionem, le^on. 
 SUCRE, sm. sugar ; from L. saccarum, by 
 
 regular contr. (see § 51) of saccarum 
 
 to sacc'rum, whence sucre. For a = 7^ 
 
 (a very rare change) see chalumeau. — Der. 
 
 sucrei. 
 SUCRER, va. to sugar. See sucre. — Der. 
 
 SMcrerie, sucrier, sucrm. 
 SUD, sm. the south; of Germ, origin, A.S. 
 
 siib. 
 SUER, vn. to sweat ; from L. sudare. For 
 
 regular loss of medial d see accabler. — Der. 
 
 sueQ (partic. subst.), S7/ette. 
 SUEUR, 5m. sweat ; from L. sudorem.. For 
 
 regular loss of medial d see accabler. 
 SUFFIRE, vn. to suffice ; from L. sufficere. 
 
 For -ficere = ^re see confire. — Der. sujffi- 
 
 sant, siiffis2.nc&. 
 SUFFISANCE, sf. sufficiency. See suffire. 
 Suffocation, sf. suffocation; from L. suf- 
 
 focationem. 
 Sufifoquer, va. to suffocate; from L. suf- 
 
 focare. — Der. suffocznt. 
 Suffragant, sm. a suffragan ; from L, 
 
 suffragantem. 
 ^SuJffrage, sm. the suffrage; from L. suffra- 
 
 gium. 
 Sugg^rer, va. to suggest; from L. sug- 
 
 gerere. 
 Suggestion, sf. a suggestion; from L. 
 
 suggestionem. 
 Suicide, sf. suicide ; a word framed out of 
 
 L. sui, and termination aide {homicide, 
 
 fratricide, parricide^, which answers to 
 
 Lat. cidium(homicidium,parricidium, 
 
 etc.), der.from L. caedere. — Der. suicider. 
 SUIE, sf. soot. Origin unknown. 
 SUIF, sm. tallow, grease (in Pliny) ; from L. 
 
 sevum. For v=/ see boeuf; for e=^ui 
 
 cp. poursuivre. — Der. suifi^t, suivtx. 
 
 
 SUINT, sm. grease (of wool, etc.). See 
 suinter. 
 
 SUINTER, vn. to ooze ; from an old form 
 suiter, of Germ, origin, Engl, sweat, Norse 
 sueitan. For intercalated n see concombre. 
 — Der. suint (verbal subst.), suintemtnt. 
 
 SUITE, sf rest, suite, following. See suivre. 
 
 SUIVANT, sm. an attendant. See suivre. — 
 Der. suivsLUte. 
 
 SUIVANT, prep, according to. See suivre. 
 
 SUIVER, va. to tallow. See sttif. 
 
 SUIVRE, va. to follow. See poursuivre. — 
 Der. suite (strong partic. subst., see ab- 
 soute), suivant (sm.), suivznt (prep.). 
 
 SUJET, sm^. a subject ; from L. subjectus. 
 For ct = ^ see affete. For loss of b cp. g o b- 
 ]onem*, g07{jon; cam bj a re*, changer; 
 Dibjonem*, Dijon; lumbja*, longe; 
 rabjes *, ra^e; rubjus *, ro7/^e. This loss 
 of b always takes place in a double con- 
 sonant, when it comes first : thus bm, bt, 
 bl, bs, be, bv, are reduced in Fr. to m, /, 
 /, s, c, v; as in submissum, soumis; sub- 
 mittere, soumettre; submonere, semon- 
 dre; dub'tum, doute; dub'tare, (/o///e/*; 
 presb'ter*, pretre; subleviare, sow/ao-fr; 
 obsidaticum (formerly ostage), otage ; 
 plumb'care, plonger*; subvenire, 
 souvenir, — Der. zssujettir. 
 
 Suj6tion, sf. subjection ; from L. sub- 
 jectionem. For letter-changes see sujet. 
 
 Sulfate, sm. a sulphate. See sulfurique. 
 
 Sulfite, sm. sulphite. See sulfurique. 
 
 Sulfure, sm. sulphuret; from L. sulfureus. 
 — Der. sulfure.. 
 
 Sulfureux, adj. sulphurous; from L. sul- 
 fur osus (found in Vitruvius). 
 
 Sulfurique, adj. sulphuric; from L. sulfur, 
 whence also come the derivatives sulfate, 
 sulfite, etc. 
 
 t Sultan, sm. a Sultan ; of Oriental origin 
 (see § 30), from Turk, sultan. 
 
 Super-, a prefix, which is the Lat. prep, 
 super, and signifies excess, increase, or 
 higher position. 
 
 Superbe, adj. proud; from L. superbus. 
 
 t Super cherie, sf deceit; introd. in 
 1 6th cent, from It, soperchieria. 
 
 Superf6tation, sf superfetation, super- 
 fluity ; from L. superfetationem *, sf, 
 of verb superfetare. 
 
 Superficie, sf superficies; from L. super- 
 ficies. 
 
 Superficiel, adj. superficial ; from L. 
 superficialis (found in Tertullian). 
 
 Superfin, adj. superfine. See super- and 
 Jin. Its doublet is surfin. 
 
34<5 
 
 S UPERFL U-—S URDITS. 
 
 Superflu, adj. superfluous; from L. super- 
 fluus. 
 
 Superfluity, s/. superfluity ; from L. super- 
 Quitatem. 
 
 Sup6rieur, adj. superior: from L. superior. 
 
 Superiority, sf. superiority; from L. supe- 
 rioritatem*, from superior. 
 
 Superlatif, adj. superlative ; from L. 
 superlativus. 
 
 Superposer, va. to superpose. See super- 
 and poser. 
 
 Superposition, sf. superposition ; from L. 
 superpositionem *. 
 
 Suporstitieux, adj. superstitious ; from L, 
 superstitiosus. 
 
 Superstition, sf. superstition; from L. 
 superstitionem. 
 
 Supin, adj. supine; from L, supinus. 
 
 Supplanter, va. to supplant ; from L. 
 supplantare. 
 
 Supplier, va. to supply ; from L. sup- 
 pi ere. — Der. supple&nt. 
 
 Supplement, sm. a supplement; from L. 
 supplementu m . — Der. sjipplement&'ne. 
 
 Suppietif, adj. suppletory; fromL. supple- 
 tivus. 
 
 Supplication, sf. a supplication; from L. 
 supplicationem. 
 
 Supplice, stn. punishment; from L. sup- 
 plicium. — Der. supplic'ier, supplicie. 
 
 Supplier, va. to supplicate ; from L. sup- 
 pi i c a r e . For -plicare = -plier see plier. — 
 Der. suppliant. 
 
 + Supplique, sf. a petition ; introd. from 
 It. supplica. 
 
 SUPPORT, sm. a support. See supporter. 
 
 Supporter, va. to support; from L. sup- 
 portare. — Der. support (verbal subst.), 
 suppQrtah\Q, [nsupport^bXe. 
 
 Supposer, va. to suppose ; from L. sup- 
 pausare*, from sub and pausare, see 
 poser. — Der. stippose, supposah'le. 
 
 Supposition, sf. a supposition ; from L. 
 suppositionem. 
 
 SUPPOT, sm. a member (of a body), instru- 
 ment, agent, imp ; formerly suppost, from 
 L. suppositus, a subordinate, whence the 
 meaning of the French word. A suppot de 
 Satan is properly one to whom Satan 
 entrusts a charge. Suppositus, contrd. 
 regularly (see § 51) to suppostus (a form 
 found in Virgil), gives O.Fr. suppost. For 
 later dropping of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. 
 
 Suppression, sf. suppression ; from L. 
 suppressionem. 
 
 Supprimer, va. to suopress ; from L. sup- 
 primere. 
 
 Suppuratif, adj. suppurative ; from L. 
 
 suppurativus *. 
 
 Suppuration, sf. suppuration; from L. 
 suppurationem. 
 
 Suppurer, vn. to suppurate; from L. sup- 
 purare. 
 
 Supputation, sf. computation ; from L. 
 supputationem. 
 
 Supputer, va. to compute ; from L. sup- 
 putare. 
 
 Supr6matie, sf. supremacy. See suprtme. 
 
 Supreme, adj. supreme; from L. supre- 
 nius. — Der. sw/>rematie. 
 
 SOR, adj. sour; of Germ, origin, O. H. G. 
 sur, acid, sour. 
 
 SUR, prep, on, upon ; from L. super. Sti- 
 per, regularly contr. (see § 50) to sup*r, 
 becomes sur-. for pr = r cp. sup'rcilium *, 
 sourcil; sup'rvenire *, survenir; sup'r-* 
 vivere*, survivre, etc. The Lat. lan- 
 guage used super in composition to express 
 addition, elevation, etc., whence super- 
 venire, supervivere, etc. The Fr. lan- 
 guage in turn uses sur for new compds. ; 
 e. g, surnager, surmonter, surcroit, suranne, 
 etc. 
 
 SOR, adj. sure ; formerly seur, originally senr, 
 .Prov. segur, Sp. seguro, from L. securus. 
 For regular loss of o see affouage ; for eu — 
 eu see mtir; for eu = u ste jumeau. 
 
 Surabondance, sf. superabundance. See 
 sur 2 and abondance. 
 
 Surabonder, va. to superabound. See sur 
 2 and abonder. 
 
 SURAIGU, adj. (Mus.) extremely high, shrill. 
 See stir 2 and aigu. 
 
 SURAJOUTER, va. to superadd. See sur 2 
 and ajouter. 
 
 SURANNER, vn. to expire, properly to have 
 more than a year's standing ; from sur (see 
 sur 2) and anner, der. from an, q. v. — Der. 
 suranne.^ 
 
 SURBAISSE, adj. surbased. See sur 2 and 
 baisser. — Der. surhaissemenX.. 
 
 SURCHARGE, sf. an additional burden. See 
 surcharger. Its doublet is subrecargue, 
 q. V. 
 
 SURCHARGER, va. to surcharge. See sur 
 2 and charger. — Der. surcharge (verbal 
 subst.). ^ 
 
 SURCROIT, S7?i. increase. See surcroitre. 
 
 SURCROITRE, vn. to grow out; va. to 
 increase exceedingly. See sur 2 and croiire. 
 — Der. surcroit (verbal subst.). 
 
 SURDENT, sf. an irregular tooth. See sur 2 
 and dent. 
 
 Surdity, sf. deafness; fromL. surditatem. 
 
StTRDORER — SURTAXE. 
 
 347 
 
 SURDORER, va. to double-gild. See sur 2 
 
 and dorer. 
 SUREAU, SOT. an elder-tree; formerly sieu- 
 reaii, originally se«re/, sei'ierel*. Lat. sa- 
 bucus, losing its medial b (see aboyer), 
 becomes Sp. sauco, Prov. saiic, O. Fr. seii. 
 For-ucus =-7^ see § 237; for a = e see § 54, 
 Towards the end of the middle ages the 
 simple form seii is replaced by its dim. 
 se'iierel*, compd. of root seii and suffix erel, 
 which is from L, -arellus : for & — e see 
 § 54. By el = eau (see agneau) O. Fr. 
 seiierel* is contrd. euphonically to seiirel, 
 then to seurel (see miir), whence the old 
 form setireau. Thus O. Fr. seuereau is 
 formed from O. Fr. seu, like poetereau from 
 poete and mdtereau from mat. But though 
 the Fr. language has only kept the derived 
 form, and has dropped the primitive seu, 
 this is not the case with the Fr. patois : in 
 Picardy and Burgundy they still call the tree 
 seyu ; in Languedoc sahuc, which is the L. 
 sabucus closely followed. For eu = u see 
 jutneau. 
 SURENCHERE, sf. a higher bid. See sur 
 
 and enchere. 
 SURENCHERIR, va. to overbid. See sur and 
 
 encherir. 
 SURET, acf/. sourish. See sur i. 
 SURETE, sf. safety, security ; formerly surete, 
 Prov. segurtat, from L. securitatem. For 
 secur- = stir- see silr ; for i = e see § 72; 
 for -tatem = -^e' see § 230. Its doublet is 
 1, securite, q. v. 
 
 j Surexcitation, sf. extreme excitement. 
 
 See sur 2 and excitation. 
 
 SURFACE, sf. surface ; from L. superfacies, 
 
 for superficies. For super = sur see 
 
 sur 2. 
 
 SURFAIRE, vn. to overcharge. See sur 2 
 
 and faire. 
 SURFAIX, sm. a surcingle. See sur 2 and 
 
 faix. 
 SURGEON, sm. a sucker, which springs 
 up (surgil) from the foot of a tree. See 
 surgir. 
 Surgir, va. to spring up; from L. surgere. 
 
 Its doublet is sozirdre, q.v. 
 SURHAUSSER, va. to raise excessively. See 
 
 sur 2 and hausser, — Der, surhaussement. 
 Surhuraain, adj. superhuman. See sur 2 
 
 and humain. 
 Surintendance, sf. superintendence. See 
 
 sur 2 and intendance. 
 Surintendant, sm. a superintendent. See 
 
 sur 2 and intendant. 
 SURJET, sm, a hem. See surjeter. 
 
 SURJETER, va. to whip (with a needle). 
 See sur 2 and jeter. — Der. surjet (verbal 
 subst.). 
 
 SURLENDEMAIN, sm. the third day (after). 
 See sur 2 and lendemain. 
 
 SURLONGE, ./. a sirloin. See sur 2 and 
 longe. 
 
 SURMENER, va. to overdrive. See sur 2 
 and mener. 
 
 SURMONTER, va. to surmount. See sur 
 and monter. — Der. surmontMe, insnrmont- 
 able. 
 
 SURMOUT, sm. new wort. See siir 2 and 
 mout. 
 
 SURMULET, sm. a grey mullet. See sur 2 
 and mulet. 
 
 SURNAGER, va. to float on the surface. See 
 sur 2 and nager. 
 
 Surnaturel, adj. supernatural. See sur 2 
 and naturel. 
 
 SURNOM, sm. a surname. See sur 2 and 
 nom. — Der, surnommtx. 
 
 SURNOMMER, va. to surname. See surnom. 
 
 Sumumeraire, sm. a supernumerary; 
 compd. of S2ir (see sur 2) and L.. nume- 
 rarius. — Der. surnumeraria.t. 
 
 SURPASSER, va. to surpass. See sur 2 and 
 passer. 
 
 SURPLIS, sm. a surplice. O. Fr. surpelis, 
 Prov. sobrepelitz, Sp. sobrepeliz, from L. 
 superpellicium, in medieval Lat. docu- 
 ments ; e. g. ' Archiepiscopus sacerdotali 
 superpellicio inductus,' says a chronicler 
 of the 13th cent. Superpellicium, 
 compd. of pellicium, fur (in the Digest), 
 and of super, means properly an over- 
 garment. Superpellicium becomes O. Fr. 
 surpelis. For super- = sur- see sur 2 ; for 
 ci = s see agencer. For contr. of O. Fr. 
 surpelis to surplis see § 51. 
 
 SURPLOMBER, vn. to overhang. See sur 2 
 and plomber. — Der. surplomb (verbal subst.) 
 
 SURPLUS, 5m. a surplus. See sur 2 and 
 phts, 
 
 SURPRENDRE, va. to surprise. See sur 2 
 
 and prendre, properly to take beyond all 
 
 expression. — Der. surpr'is, surprise, sur- 
 
 prena.nt. 
 
 SURPRISE, sf. a surprise, deceit. See sur- 
 
 prendre. 
 SURSAUT, sm. a start. See sur 2 and satit 
 
 Its doublet is soubresaut, q. v. 
 SURSEOIR, vn. to supersede, suspend ; from 
 L. supersedere. For letter-changes see 
 sur 2 and seoir. — Der. sursh (partic. subst. : 
 surseoir gives sursis as asseoir gives assis). 
 SURSIS, sm. a delay. See surseoir. 
 
348 
 
 SUR TOUT—SYNTAXE. 
 
 Surtaxe, sf. a surcharge. See sur 2 and 
 taxe. — Der. surtaxer. 
 
 SURTOUT, sm. a surtout, coat. Sp. sobretodo, 
 from L. supertotus *, found in medieval 
 Lat. texts for a garment put on over all 
 others ; ' Illas quidem vestes, quae vulgo 
 supertoti vocantur' (Statuta Ordinis S. 
 Bcnedicti, A.D. 1226, cap. 16). For letter- 
 changes see stir 2 and tout. 
 
 SURTOUT, adv. above all. See sur 2 and 
 tout. 
 
 SURVEILLANCE, sf. surveillance, super- 
 vision. See survetller. 
 
 SURVEILLANT, sm. an overseer. See sur- 
 veiller. 
 
 SURVEILLE, sf. two days before. See sur 2 
 and veille. 
 
 SURVEILLER,va. to superintend. See sur 2 
 and veiller. — Der. surveilhnt, surveillance. 
 
 SURVENIR, vn. to arrive unexpectedly ; from 
 L. supervenire. For super- = swr- see 
 sur 2. 
 
 SURVIE, sf. survival. See sur and vie. 
 
 SURVIVANCE, /. reversion. See survivre. 
 
 SURVIVANT, sm. a survivor. See survivre. 
 
 SURVIVRE, vn. to survive ; from L. super- 
 vivere. For super- = sur- see sur 2 ; for 
 "Vivere = i/zvre see vivre. — Der. survivznt, 
 swmvance, 
 
 SUS, prep, upon ; interj. come ! cheer up ! 
 from L. susum (in Tertullian and St. 
 Augustine). — Der. dessws, en sus, swsdit. 
 
 Susceptible, adj. susceptible; from L. 
 susceptibilis *, from susceptus, p.p. of 
 suscipere. — Der. susceptibtlite (L. suscep- 
 tibilitatem*). 
 
 Susciter, va. to excite; from L. susci- 
 tare. 
 
 Suscription, sf. a superscription ; from L 
 subscriptionem. 
 
 SUSDIT, adj. aforesaid. See sus and dit. 
 
 Suspect, adj. suspected; from L. suspectus 
 
 Suspecter, va. to suspect; from L. sus- 
 pectare. 
 
 Suspendre, va. to hang; from L. sus- 
 pendere. For loss of penult, e see § 51 
 — Der. suspens (L. suspensus), en sus- 
 pens (in suspenso), suspensok (suspen- 
 sorium *). 
 
 Suspension, sf. suspension; from L. sus- 
 pensionem. 
 
 Suspensoir, sm. a suspensory bandage 
 See suspens. 
 
 Suspicion, sf. a suspicion; from L. sus- 
 picion em. Its doublet is soupfon, q. v. 
 
 Sustenter, va. to sustain; from L. sus- 
 tentare. 
 
 Suture, sf. (Anat.) a suture; from L. su- 
 
 tura. 
 Suzerain, sm. a suzerain, sovereign ; a word 
 
 framed by means of sms and the termination 
 
 -erain, imitating the word souverain. 1 
 
 f Svelte, adj. slender; introd. in l6th 
 
 cent, from It. svelto. 
 Sycomore, sm. a sycamore; from L. sy co- 
 rn orus (found in St. Jerome). 
 Sycophante, &m. a knave; from L. syco- 
 
 phanta. 
 Syllabaire, sm. a spelling-book. See syllabe. 
 Syllabe, sf a syllable ; from L. syllaba. — 
 
 Der. 5y//a6aire, s_y//a6ique. 
 Syllepse, sf. (Gram.) syllepsis (found in 
 
 Donatus). 
 Syllogisme, sm. a syllogism ; from L., 
 
 syllogismus (found in Seneca). I 
 
 SyUogistique, adj. syllogistic; from L.| 
 
 syllogisticus (found in Quinctilian). 
 Sylphe, sf. a sylph; from L. sylph i, genii, 
 
 among the Gauls, a word found in more 
 
 than one Inscription). 
 Symbole, sm. a symbol, creed ; from Gr. 
 
 ovfi^oKou. — Der. symboliqae, symboliser. 
 Syni6trie, sf symmetry ; from L. symetria 
 
 (found in Vitruvius). — Der. symetrique, 
 
 symetriscT. 
 Sympathie, sf sympathy ; from Gr. avfi- 
 
 iradfia. — Der. sympath\(\\\t, sympath'isem. 
 Sympathiser, va. to sympathise. See 
 
 sympathie. 
 Symphonie, sf a symphony ; from L. 
 
 symphonia. — Der. symphonkte. 
 Symptdme, sm. a symptom; from Gr. 
 
 GvfxtrrojfJLa. 
 Synagogue, sf a synagogue; from L. 
 
 synagoga (found in Tertullian). 
 Synallagmatique, adj. reciprocal ; from 
 
 Gr. avvaWayfuiTiKos. 
 Synchronisme, sm. a synchronism ; from 
 
 Gr. av7xpoj/iO'^os. 
 Sjrncope, sf syncope ; from Gr. avyKovq. 
 Syndic, sm. a syndic ; from L. syndicus. — 
 
 Der. syndics], syndic^t. 
 S3niecd.OCh,e, sf. (Rhet.) synecdoche ; from 
 
 Gr. avv€K5oxV' 
 Syn6r6se, sf. (Gram.) synaeresis ; from Gr, 
 
 awaip(cis. 
 Synode, sm. a synod ; from Gr. aiVoSos. — 
 
 Der. synodal. 
 Synonyme, sm. a synonym ; from Gr 
 
 cvvdjvvfios. — Der. synonymic, synonymique 
 Synoptique, adj. synoptic ; from Gr. ctw- 
 
 OTTTIKOS. 
 
 SjTHtaxe, sf syntax ; from Gr. GvvTa^is.-^ 
 Der. s^n^a^ique. 
 
SYNTHASE— TA IRE. 
 
 349 
 
 Synthase, sf. synthesis ; from Gr. avvde- 
 
 ais. 
 Synthetique, adj. synthetic; from Gr. 
 
 avvOiTiKus. 
 
 Systdme, sm.a. system; from Gr. avarrjua. 
 
 — Der. sy5/(/matique. 
 Syzygie, sf. (Astron.) a syzygy, conjunction; 
 
 from Gr. <jv^vyia. 
 
 T. 
 
 TA, poss. pron.f. they ; from L. tarn *, for 
 
 tuam. For ua = a see sa; and for loss 
 
 of m seeja. 
 fTabac, sm. tobacco; from Sp. tabaco. — 
 
 Der. ^a^flgie, ^afefltiere (for tahaquiere). 
 Tabellion, sm. a village notary ; from L, 
 
 tabellionem * (found in the Theodosian 
 
 Code). — Der. tabellionnage. 
 Tabernacle, sm. a tabernacle ; from L. 
 
 tabernaculum. For loss of u see 
 
 § 51- 
 
 Tabis, sm. tabby (coarse stuff). Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 Tablature, sf. a tablature. See table. 
 
 TABLE, s/. a table; from L. tabula. For 
 loss of u see § 51. — Its doublet is tole, q. v. 
 — Der, attablcv, entabhr (entablement) , 
 tabliex (a garment worn at table, apron), 
 tahlette. 
 
 TABLEAU, sm. a picture ; from L. tabu- 
 lellum *, dim. of tabula. By regular loss 
 of vl (see § 52) tabul^Uum becomes 
 tab'lellum, whence tablel, whence tableau. 
 For el = eau see agneau. 
 
 TABLET! ER, sm. a toyman. See tablette. 
 
 TABLETTE, sf a shelf. See :^a6/^.— Der. 
 tabl6t'\er, tablettene. 
 
 TABLIER, sm. an apron. See table. 
 
 TABOURET, sm. a stool. See tambour. 
 
 TAG, sm. contagion ; from L. tactus (used 
 in the sense of leprosy, contagion, in the 
 fragments of the Itala, published by Lord 
 Ashburnham). 
 
 TACHE, sf. a spot. Origin unknown. — Der. 
 tacher. 
 
 TACHE, sf. a task; formerly tascJie, Prov. 
 tasca, from medieval L. tasca. Tasca is 
 a transposed form of tacsa, verbal subst. of 
 taxare. For taxa = tasca see ZdcAe; for 
 CSi = che see §§126 and 54; for loss of s 
 see Hist. Gram. p. 8r. — Der. tacher. 
 
 TACHER, va. to spot, stain. See tache. Its 
 doublet is taxer, q.v. — Der. tachetev, en- 
 facher. 
 
 TACHER, vtf. to strive, try. See tdche. 
 
 Tachygraphe, sm. a shorthand writer; 
 from Gr. raxvypatpos. — Der. tachygraphxe. 
 
 Tacite, adj. silent; from L. tacitus. 
 
 Taciturne, adj. taciturn; from L. taci- 
 turn us. — Der. taciturniie. 
 
 Tact, sm. touch, tact ; from L. tactus. 
 
 Tactile, adj. tangible; from L. tactilis. 
 
 Tactique, sf tactics ; from Gr. raKriK-q 
 (sc. T«xf J?). — Der. tacticien. 
 
 t Taffetas, sm. taffety ; of Oriental origin 
 (as are several other fabrics, as muslin, 
 gauze, etc., see § 31), from Pers. tafteh, 
 
 TAIE, sf. a pillow-case ; formerly toie, from 
 L. theea, a sheath, case. For lojs of c 
 see amie ; for e = ot = ai see § 62. 
 Theca = /o/e = /a/e, as creta =^croie = craie. 
 From sense of a covering, taie passes to that 
 of the film which partly covers the eye. 
 
 t Taillade, sf a cut, gash; introd in 16th 
 cent, from It. tagliata. Its doublet is 
 tailU. — Der. tailladex. 
 
 TAILLANDIER, sm. an edge-tool maker. 
 See tailler. — Der. taillandene. 
 
 TAILLE, sf. cutting, cut. See tailler. 
 
 TAILLER, va. to cut. It. tagliare, from L. 
 taleare * (the compd. intertaleare is 
 found in Nonius Marcellus, meaning 'to cut 
 a shoot'). Taleare by e=i (see § 59) 
 becomes taliare, found in very old me- 
 dieval Lat documents : ' Siquis nemus 
 alicuius sine licentia comburat vel taliet,' 
 from an A. S. law. For letter-changes see 
 az7.— Der. taille (verbal subst.), taillenx, 
 taillis, taillon, tailhnt (sword-edge, edge- 
 tool, whence taillandier), detailler, en- 
 tailler. 
 
 TAILLEUR, sm. a tailor. See tailler. 
 
 TAILLIS, sm. copse, underwood. See tailler. 
 
 TAILLOIR, sm. (Archit.) a platter, abacus. See 
 tailler. 
 
 TAIN, sm. tinfoil ; corruption of etain, q. v. 
 
 TAIRE, vn. to be silent ; from L. tacere. 
 Accented as tficere in common Lat. (see 
 Hist. Gram. p. 133), it is regularly contrd. 
 (see § 51) to tac're, whence taire. For 
 
350 
 
 TAISSON — TAPOTER. 
 
 or •— ir see bctiir. Taire is from tacere, like 
 traire from trace re, plaire from place re. 
 
 TAISSON, sm. a badger. It. tasso, Prov. 
 tais. Taisson is derived from O. Fr. tais *, 
 which represents medieval L. taxus, which 
 is from O.U.G. thats*. For x = ss see § 150; 
 for a = fli see § 54. The hole of the 
 taisson was called taissoniere, or, by soften- 
 ing o Xo e taissenitre, whence taiss'nicre, 
 whence taisniere, which from the sense of 
 the hole of the badger takes the general 
 sense of ' lair of a wild beast.' This form 
 taisniire has become modern Fr. taniere : 
 for loss of s, see Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; for 
 extension of meaning see § 13. 
 
 •^Talc, sm. talc; of Oriental origin (see 
 § 31 \ from Pers. talcq. 
 
 Talent, sm. a talent (weight) ; (2) sm. ta- 
 lent, ability (lit. treasure, wealth, then gift 
 of nature) : from L. talentum. 
 
 Talion. sf. retaliation; from L. talionem. 
 
 •)* Talisman, sm. a talisman; introd. from 
 It. talismano. 
 
 Talle, sf. (Hort.) a sucker; fromL. thallus. 
 Der. /a//er. 
 
 TALOCHE, sf. a thump (on the head). 
 Origin unknown. 
 
 TALON, sm. a heel, heel-piece ; from L. talus 
 (found in Celsus) through a deriv. talo- 
 nem*, found in the Cassel Glosses (7th 
 cent.). Talonem is formed from talum, 
 like mentonem * (see menton) from men- 
 turn. — Der. talonner. 
 
 TALUS, sm. lit. foot of a rampart, then slope 
 of a rampart. See talon. — Der. taluter. 
 
 i'Taniarin, sm. a tamarind; introd. from 
 It. tamarmdo. — Der. tamariner. 
 
 Tamaris, sm. (Bot.) a tamarisk; from L. 
 tamarix. 
 
 + Tambour, sm. a drum; of Oriental 
 origin (see § 31), introd. about 12th cent., 
 from Pers. tambiir. O. Fr. had a form ta- 
 hovr, which is gone, leaving however its 
 deriv. tabouret (lit. a little drum-shaped seat). 
 — Der, tambour'm, tambour'mer. 
 
 TAMIS, sm. a sieve ; of Germ, origin, Neth. 
 tems. — Der. tamiser. 
 
 TAMPON, sm. a plug. See taper.— Der. 
 tamponner. 
 
 TAN, sm. tan. Origin unknown. — Der. tan- 
 ner, tanneuT, tannerie. tanin. 
 
 TANCER, va. to rebuke ; formerly tencer, 
 from L. tentiare*, found in medieval L. 
 contentiare to dispute, frequent, of con- 
 tendere. For t&niiQxe = tencer see agen- 
 cer ; for e = a see dimanche. 
 
 TANCHE.s/. (Ichth.)a tench ; formerly tenche, 
 
 from L. tinea. For oa> = che see §§126 
 and 54; and for i = e = a see § 72 and note 4 
 
 TANDIS QUE, at/v. while; coimpd. of tandii 
 and que. Tandis is from tan-, from L. tarn j 
 for m = n see changer ; for -rf/s ste jadis. 
 
 TANGAGE, sm. pitching (of a ship at sea). 
 See tanguer. 
 
 Tangence, sf. tangency ; from L. tangen- 
 tia*, from tangentem. See tangente. 
 
 Tangente, sf. a tangent; from L. tangen- 
 tem. 
 
 Tangible, adj. tangible; from L. tangi bi- 
 lls. 
 
 TANGUER, va. to pitch (of a ship at sea). 
 Origin unknown. — Der. tangzgc. 
 
 TANIERE, sf. a lair. See taisson. 
 
 TANIN, sm. tannin. See tan. 
 
 TANNER, va. to tan. See tan. — Der. tann- 
 age, tannem, tannene. 
 
 TANT, adv. so much ; from L. tantum. — 
 Der. tanteX, tantVavne, tantoX. 
 
 TANTE, sf. an aunt ; formerly ante, Prov. 
 amda, Lomb. amida, from L. amita. 
 Amita regularly losing i (see § 51) be- 
 comes am'ta, whence O. Fr. ante : for ra 
 = n see changer. Ante means an aunt in 
 O.Fr,, and it is not till the end of the 13th 
 cent, that the word tante appears frequently. 
 No account can be given of this strange 
 formation. 
 
 TANTOT, adv. presently, = tellement tdl, 
 si tot, tant tot ; compd. of tant and tut (see 
 those words). 
 
 TAON, sm. a breeze-fly, horse-fly; from L. 
 tabanus, by loss of medial b (see aboyer)y 
 and by a = o (cp. phai»tasme, fantume; 
 patella, poele, etc.). 
 
 TAPAGE, sm. an uproar ; der. from taper. 
 Cp. assemblage from assembler. — Der, ta- 
 pagexiT. 
 
 TAPE, sf. a slap, tap. See taper. 
 
 TAPER, va. to strike, tap. Origin unknown. 
 — Der. tape (verbal subst.), tapzge. 
 
 TAPINOIS (EN), adv. stealthily. See tapir. 
 
 + Tapioca, sm. tapioca; of American 
 origin, see § 32. 
 
 TAPIR (SE), vpr. to crouch. Origin un- 
 known. — Der. tapinei (en), tapinois. 
 
 Tapis, sm. a carpet; from L. tapete. For 
 e = i see § 60. — Der. tapissex, tapissier, 
 tapisserie. 
 
 TAPON, sm. a bundle. Tapon is dim. of 
 O. Fr. tape, a bundle, of Germ, origin, 
 A. S. tape. A nasal form of tapon is its 
 doublet tampon. For addition of m see 
 lambruche. — Der. taponnex. 
 
 TAPOTER, va. to slap; frequent, of m/m 
 
TAQUIN — TECHNOLOGIE. 
 
 35^ 
 
 \ 
 
 Cp. clignotcr of digner, picoter of piquer, 
 cracholer of cracker, trembloter of trem- 
 bler, etc. 
 
 tTaquin, sm. a torment, tease; introd. 
 in 1 6th cent, from Sp. iacano, — Der. 
 (aqimier, taqnintnt. 
 
 TARABUSTER, va. to pester. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 TARAUD, sm. a tap-borer, tap ; der. from a 
 hypothetical verb tarer"^, which would 
 answer to a Lat. verb tarare *, traces of 
 which are seen in the deriv. form tara- 
 trum, see tariere. — Der. tarauder. 
 
 TARD, adj. slow, late; from L. tardus. — 
 Der. tarder, zUard&x, letarder, tardxi, 
 tardivement. 
 
 f Tare, sf. loss, waste; introd. in i6th 
 cent, from It. tara. — Der. tar&r. 
 
 t Tarentelle, sf. a tarantella; introd. 
 from It. tarantella. 
 
 f Tarentule,s/".(Entom.)atarantula;from 
 tarentole in Menage, introd. from It. taran- 
 tola. 
 
 TARGE, sf. a target (shield); of Germ, 
 origin, O. Scand. targa. — Der. target, targ- 
 ette (a target having the form of a little 
 shield), (se) targuer (to cover oneself with 
 something as with a target). 
 
 TARIERE, sf an auger, (Entom.) terebra. 
 Prov. taraire, from L, taratrum (found in 
 Isidore of Seville). A medieval Lat. docu- 
 ment has ' Terebrum, instrumentum perfo- 
 randi quod dicitur aliter taratrura.' For 
 Sk = ie see § 54 ; for tv-r see § 168. 
 
 + Tarif, sm. a tariflf; from Sp. tariffa.— 
 Der. tariftr. 
 
 TARIR, vn. to dry up ; of Germ, origin, 
 O. H. G. tharrjan. — Der. /arissable, /arisse- 
 ment, intorissable. 
 
 f Tarot, sm. spotted cards; introd. in i6th 
 cent, from It. tarocchi. — Der. tarote. 
 
 TAROUPE, sf hair between the eyebrows. 
 Origin unknown. 
 
 Tarse, sm. the tarsus, sole of foot ; from 
 Gr. rapaos. 
 
 f Tartan, sm. tartan ; from Scottish tartan. 
 
 tTartane, sf (Naut.) tartan; from It. 
 tartana. 
 
 TARTE, sf a tart. Origin unknown. — Der. 
 tartine, tarteWette. 
 
 Tartre, sm. (Chem.) tartar; der. from 
 alchemist's Lat. tartarum. Origin un- 
 known. — Der. tartrsite, tartrique. 
 
 Tartufe, sm. a hypocrite; of hist, origin 
 (see § 33) from a well-known character in 
 Moliere. — Der. tartuferie. 
 
 TAS, sm. a heap ; of Germ, origin, Neth. tas, 
 
 originally a heap of corn, then a heap 
 generally. — Der. tasser (en/asser), tasse- 
 ment. 
 
 t Tasse, sf a cup ; from It. tazza. 
 
 TASSEAU, sm. (Archit.) . a hammer-beam ; 
 formerly tassel, from L. taxellus, secon- 
 dary form of taxillus. For x = ss see 
 § 150; for -ellus = -e/ see § 282. 
 
 TASSEMENT, sm. a subsidence, sinking (of 
 a building). See tas. 
 
 TASSER, vn. to subside. See tas. 
 
 TATER, va. to feel (by touch). O. Fr. taster, 
 It, tastare, from L. taxitare*, frequent, 
 of taxare, to touch often. Taxitdre', 
 regularly contrd. (see § 52) to tax'- 
 tare, becomes taster (for x = s see § 150), 
 then tdter by loss of s, see Hist. Gram, 
 p. 81. — Der. tdtonner (o idtofis), tatiWon 
 ^tatillonner). 
 
 tAtONNER, vn. to grope. See tdter.— Der. 
 tdtonnement. 
 
 fTatOUer, va. to tattoo; from Engl. 
 tattoo. — Der. tatouage. 
 
 TAUDIS, sm. a dog-hole, wretched hole ; der. 
 from O. Fr. verb taudir. Taudir is from 
 O. Fr. taude, cloth. Tande (which must 
 originally have been tolde) is of Germ, 
 origin, Flem. telde. Germ. zelt. For al = au 
 see agneau. 
 
 TAUPE, sf. a mole; from L. talpa. For 
 al = au see agneau. — Der. taupier, taupiere, 
 taupin, taup'miiiTe. 
 
 TAUPINIERE, sf a mole-hill. See taupe. 
 
 TAUREAU, sm. a bull ; from L. tavirellus*, 
 dim.oftaurus. For ellus — eau see § 282. 
 
 Tautologie, sf. tautology ; from Gr. ravTO- 
 \oyia. 
 
 TAUX, sm. price, assessment ; verbal subst. 
 of O. Fr. verb tauxer (given in Palsgrave), 
 which is from L. taxare. 
 
 TAVELER, va. to spot, speckle (like the 
 colours of a chequer-board). Taveler is 
 from O. Fr. tavelle, which represents L. 
 tabella *, a secondary form of tabtila. 
 For b=i; see § 113. — Der. tavelme. (introd. 
 in loth cent.). 
 
 T A VERNE, sf. a tavern; from L. tabema. 
 For b = i' see § 113. — Der. tavermtr. 
 
 Taxer, va. to tax : from L. taxare (found 
 in Suetonius). Its doublet is tdcher, q. v. 
 — Der. taxe (verbal subst.), /a;«ateur, tax- 
 ation. 
 
 TE, pers. pron. obj. case, thee ; from L. te. 
 
 Technique, adj. technical ; from Gr. rex- 
 
 VIKOS. 
 
 Technologie, sf technology; from Gr. 
 rexvq and A070S, 
 
^35 
 
 tSgument— tenir . 
 
 T6guinent, sm. a tegument; from L. 
 
 tegumentum. 
 TEIGNE, s/. scurf, (Entom.) moth ; from L. 
 
 tinea. For i = « sec § 74; for -nea = 
 
 'gne see cigogne. — Der. teigntwx, teignzsse. 
 TEILLE, s/. lime-bast, bast; another form of 
 
 tille. For i = ei see § 74 Der. /«7/er, 
 
 TEINDRE, va. to tinge ; from L. tingere. 
 
 For letter-changes sec ceindre. — Der. teint 
 
 (partic. subst. : teint represents L. tinctus ; 
 
 for letter-changes see ceintiire. The fem. 
 
 p. p. also gives us the partic. sf. teinte). 
 TEINT, sm. a dye, complexion. See teindre. 
 TEINTE, sf. tint, tinge. See teindre.— Der. 
 
 teintei. 
 TEINTURE, sf. a dye, thicture; from L. 
 
 tinctura. For letter-changes see ceinture. 
 
 — Der. teinturier, teinturerie. 
 TEL, adj. such ; from L. talis. For -alis = 
 
 -el see § 191. — Der. tellement. 
 T616graph.e, sm. a telegraph ; a word 
 
 framed from two Gr. words, ypacpos and 
 
 trjKe. — Der. telegraphic, telegraphique. 
 Telescope, sm. a telescope ; from Gr. rtjXe- 
 
 OKOITOS. 
 
 T6ni§raire, adj. rash; from L. temera- 
 rius. 
 
 Tein§rit6, sf. temerity; from L. temeri- 
 Jtatem. 
 
 TEMOIGNER, vn. to bear witness, va. to 
 testify. See temoin. — Der. temoignzge. 
 
 TEMOIN, sm. a witness ; from L. testimo- 
 nium, used for testimony in Class. Lat., 
 for witness in Carol. Lat. : ' De mancipiis 
 quae venduntur, ut in praesentia episcopi 
 vel comitis sit, aut ante bene nota testi- 
 m.onia/ says a Capitulary of A. d. 779. 
 Testim.6nium, regularly contrd. (see 
 § 52) to test'monium, then to tes'mo- 
 nium (by tm = m, see plane), becomes 
 temoin. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 
 
 81; for o = oi see § 83 Der. te- 
 
 moignei (from temoin, like soigner from 
 sain and eloigner from loin, etc.). 
 
 TEMPE, sf. a temple (of the head) ; formerly 
 temple, from L. tempora. T^mpora, 
 regularly contrd. (see § 51) to temp'ra, 
 becomes O. Fr. temple. For T = l see autel. 
 Temple is reduced to tempe in modern Fr., 
 like O. Fr. angle from L. ang'lus to ange. 
 
 Temperament, sm. a temperament ; from 
 L. temperamentum. 
 
 Temp6rant, adj. temperate. See temperer. 
 — Der. temperance. 
 
 Tem.p6rature, sf. a temperature ; from L. 
 temperatura (found in Varro). 
 
 Temp6rer, va. to temper; from L. tem- 
 
 per are. Its doublet is tremper, q, v.— 
 
 Der. temperL 
 Temp^te, s/ a tempest ; from L. tempes- 
 
 tat em. For loss of s see Hist. Gram, p 
 
 81. — Der. tempcttr, tempitcux. 
 Temple, sm. a temple; from L. templum 
 
 — Der, femplicT. 
 Temporaire, adj. temporary; from L 
 
 temporarius. 
 Temiporal, adj. (Anat.) temporal ; from L 
 
 temporalis. 
 Tem.porel, adj. temporal; from L. tempo- 
 ralis, first = perishable, then secular. Foi 
 
 -alis = -e/ see § J91. 
 Tem.poriser, vn. to temporise, procrasti- 
 nate; from L. tempus, temporis. — Der 
 
 temporisztion, temporimitwr. 
 TEMPS, sm. time; from L. tempus. Foi 
 
 loss of u see § 50 ; for continuance of £ 
 
 see Hist. Gram. p. 162. 
 TENABLE, adj. tenable. See tenir. 
 Tenace, adj. tenacious ; from L. tena' 
 
 cem. 
 T6nacit6, sf. tenacity; from L. tenacita- 
 
 tem. 
 TENAILLE, sf. a tenaille (fortification), pi 
 
 pincers ; from L. tenacula : the Class. Lat 
 
 form is tenaculum. For -acula = -a///< 
 
 see § 255. — Der. tenailler. 
 TENANCIER, sm. a holder, tenant-farmer 
 
 See tenant. 
 TENANT, sm. a challenger, supporter. Se< 
 
 tenir. — Der. tenance * (whence tenancier). 
 TENDANCE, sf. tendency. See tendre. 
 i" Tender, sm. a tender (railway); from 
 
 Engl, tender. 
 TENDON, sm. (Anat.) a tendon. See tendre. 
 TENDRE, adj. tender; from L. tenerum, 
 
 by regular contr. (see § 51) of tenerum 
 
 to ten'rum, whence tendre. For nr = ndt 
 
 see absoudre. — Der. tendrts%t, tendret6, 
 
 tendron, attendrii. 
 TENDRE, vn. to lead, conduce; from L 
 
 tendere, by regular contr. (see § 51) oi 
 
 t^ndere to tendre. — Der. tendant (whence 
 
 tendance), tendon. (A similar metaphor ii 
 
 found in Germ, tehne, der. from tehnen.) 
 T6ndbres, sf.pl. darkness; from L. tene- 
 
 brae. 
 T6n6breux, adj. gloomy ; from L. tene^ 
 
 brosus. For -osus = -eux see § 229. 
 Teneur, sm. tenor, purport; fromL. teno- 
 
 rem (found in the Digest). For o = eu se« 
 
 § 79. Its doublet is tenor, q. v. 
 T6nia, sm. taenia ; from Gr. raivia. 
 TENIR, va. to hold ; from L. tenere, whicf 
 
 is found in the form tenire in a 4th-cent 
 
TENOR — T&TE. 
 
 ?^S?, 
 
 document. For Q — i see § 59, — Der. 
 
 /ewable, /ewant, tenxie (partic. subst.)» tenon. 
 tT6nor, sm. a tenor (voice); from It. 
 
 tetiore. Its doublet is teneur, q. v. 
 Tension, sf. tension ; from L. tensionem. 
 Tentacule, sf. a tentacle; from L. tenta- 
 
 cula *, from tentare. 
 Tentation, sf. a temptation; from L. ten- 
 
 tationem. 
 Tentative, sf. an attempt; from L. tenta- 
 
 tiva *, der. from tentatus. 
 TENTE, sf. a tent ; from medieval Lat. tenta, 
 
 lit. cloth stretched, partic. subst. of tentus. 
 TENTER, va. to tempt, attempt; from L, ten- 
 tare. — Der. tentaX&MX (L. tentatorem). 
 TENTURE, sf. tapestry ; from L. tentura*, 
 
 from tentus. 
 Tenu, adj. tenuous ; from L. tenuis. 
 TENUE, sf. a holding, session, bearing. See 
 
 tenir. 
 Tenuite, sf. tenuity ; from L. tenuitatem. 
 Tepide, adj. tepid; from L. tepidus. Its 
 
 doublet is tiede, q. v. 
 TERCER, va. to give a third dressing (to 
 
 vines); from L. tertiare (found in Colu- 
 mella). For -tiaxe = -cer see agencer. 
 TERCET, sm. a tiercet, couplet of three 
 
 verses ; from L. tertius, with dim. suffix 
 
 et, see § 281. ¥ ox tia = ce s&e agencer. 
 Terebenthine, sf. turpentine ; der. from 
 
 terebinthe, which from L. terebinthus. 
 Tergiverser, vn. to evade, shift ; from L. 
 
 tergiversare. — Der. tergiversdAxon, ter- 
 
 giversdiXtur. 
 TERME, sm. a term ; from L. terminus, by 
 
 regular contr. (see § 51) of terminus to 
 
 term'nus, whence terme. For mn = m 
 
 see § 168. — Der. ztermoyex. 
 Terminaison, sf a termination ; from L. 
 
 terminationem. For -ationem = -a/sow 
 
 see § 232. 
 Terminer, va. to terminate ; from L. ter- 
 
 minare. — Der. terminable, interminable. 
 Ternaire, adj. ternary ; from L. ternarius. 
 Terne, sm. two threes (in dice) ; from L. 
 
 ternus. 
 TERNE, adj. (Bot.) ternal ; of Germ, origin, 
 
 O.H.G. tarni, veiled, then ternal Der. 
 
 tern\x, /erwissure. 
 TERRAIN, sm. ground, soil. It. terreno, 
 
 from L. terrenum (found in Columella). 
 
 For e=ei = at see § 61. 
 Terraqu6, adj. terraqueous; compd. of 
 
 L. terra and aqua. 
 + Terrasse, s/. a terrace ; introd. from It. 
 
 terrazzo. — Der. terrassement, ierrassiex, 
 
 terrassei. 
 
 Terrasser, va. to fill in with earthwork, to 
 throw to earth, cast down, dismay. See 
 terrasse. 
 
 TERRE, sf. earth; from L. terra. — Der. 
 terre-i)lein,terre2.\i, ierrex {enterrex,deterrex), 
 terrien, terrine, terrix (ztterrix), terriex. 
 
 Terrestre, adj. terrestrial; from L. ter- 
 restris. 
 
 Terreur, sm. terror; from L. terrorem. 
 
 TERREUX, adj. earthy, dirty ; from L. ter- 
 rosus. For -osvL8 = -eux see § 229. 
 
 Terrible, adj. terrible ; from L. terribilis. 
 
 TERRIEN, adj. of land. See terre. 
 
 TERRIER, sm. a terrier (hole, dog, and land- 
 roll). See terre. 
 
 TERRINE, sf an earthen pan. See terre. 
 
 TERRIR, vn. to bury eggs in ground (of tor- 
 toises). See terre. 
 
 Territoire, sm. a territory ; from L. terri- 
 torium. Its doublet is terroir, q. v. 
 
 Territorial, adj. territorial ; from L. terri- 
 torialis. 
 
 TERROIR, sm. soil (for agriculture) ; from 
 L. territorium. Territorium, losing 
 medial t (see abbaye), is contrd. to a form 
 terreoir *, which has not survived, but is re- 
 duced to terroir. Its doublet is territoire, 
 q.v. 
 
 TERTRE, sm. a hillock. Origin unknown. 
 
 TES, poss. pron. pi. thy ; from L. tuos. For 
 reduction of tuos to tos see mon and ses ; 
 for o = e seeje. 
 
 TESSON, sm. fragment of broken glass ; from 
 L. testonem *, dim. of testtim, clay, then 
 clay vessel, then fragment. For st = ss 
 see angoisse. 
 
 Test, sm. a shell; from L. testa. — Der. 
 testice (L. testaceus). 
 
 Testament, sm. a will ; from L. testa- 
 mentum. — Der. testamenta.ixe. 
 
 Testateur, sm. a testator; from L. test a- 
 torem. 
 
 Tester, vn. to make a will ; from L. tes- 
 tare. 
 
 Testimonial, adj. testimonial; from L. 
 testimonialis. 
 
 TESTON, sm. a teston (old coin). See teie. 
 
 TET, sm. a shell, skull ; formerly test, from 
 L. testum. For loss of s see Hist. Gram, 
 p. 81. Its doublet is tete, q. v. 
 
 t T6 tanos, sm. tetanus ; from Gr. riravos. 
 
 TETARD, sm. a pole-socket, a tadpole. See 
 tete. 
 
 TfeTE, sf. a head; formerly teste, from L. 
 
 testa (found in this sense in Ausonius). 
 
 * Abjecta in triviis inhumati glabra jacebat 
 
 Testa hominis, nudum jam cute calvitium.' 
 
 Aa 
 
354 
 
 TETER — TILLAC, 
 
 See also § 14. For later loss of s see Hist. 
 Gram. p. 81. O. Fr. teste remains in the 
 derived teston, coin with the head {teste) 
 of the king on it. Tete is a doublet of tet, 
 q. V. — Der. /^/u, /«;/ard, tnteti, tttikxt. 
 
 TETER, va. to suck (milk). See tette, 
 
 TI;TIN, sm. a nipple. See tette. 
 
 TETINE. sf. an udder. See tette. 
 
 TETON, sm. a teat. See telle. 
 
 T6tracorde, sm. a tetrachord ; from Gr. 
 T€Tp(t yopSos. 
 
 T6tra§dre, sm. a tetrahedron; from Gr. 
 T(TTap(s and (Spa. 
 
 T6tragone, adj. four-cornered; from Gr. 
 
 T(Tp6y<UV0S. 
 
 T6trarchie, sf. tetrarchy ; from Gr. T^rpap- 
 
 X«a. 
 TETTE, sf. a dug, teat ; of Germ, origin, A.S. 
 
 tile, title, Engl. teat. — Der. teter, let'm, tetine, 
 
 teton. 
 Texte, sm, a text ; from L. textus. — Der. 
 
 texiuel. 
 Textile, adj. textile; from L, textilis. 
 Texture, s/. texture; from L, textura. 
 Thaumaturge, sm. a wonder-worker ; from 
 
 Gr. davfxarovpyos. 
 + Th6, sm. tea ; of Chinese origin, Chinese 
 
 te. — Der. theihxe. 
 Th6&,tre, sm. a theatre ; from L. theatrum. 
 
 — Der. theatrnl. 
 Th6isnie, sm. theism ; from Gr. Bios with 
 
 termination -isme. see § 218. 
 Thdme, sm. a theme ; from Gr. ©f'/m. 
 Th6ocratie, sf. a theocracy; from Gr. 
 
 OeoKparia. 
 Th§odicee, sf. theodicy ; a word forged by 
 
 Leibnitz out of the two Gr. words 6(6s and 
 
 S'lKT}. 
 
 Th6ogonie, sf. a theogony; from Gr. 
 
 Ofoyovia. 
 Th6ologie, sf. theology; from Gr. $€0X0- 
 
 yia. — Der. theologiqxie, thiologiQ, theolog^X. 
 Th^ordme, sm. a theorem ; from Gr. 
 
 6(wpr]na. 
 Th6orie, sf a theory ; from Gr. Ocupia. 
 Theorique, adj. theoric ; from Gr. etwpiKos. 
 
 — Der. theoricien. 
 Th6rapeutique, sf therapeutics ; from Gr. 
 
 OepavevTiKos. 
 Th6riaque, sf theriac, treacle ; from L. 
 
 theriaca. Its doublet is triaqtie. 
 Thermes, sm. pi. thermal baths ; from L. 
 
 thermae. — Der. therma], thermidor. 
 Thermomdtre, sm. a thermometer ; from 
 
 Gr. 6(pfi6s and nerpov. 
 Th6sauriser, va. to treasure up, heap up ; 
 
 from Gr. thesaurizare. 
 
 Thdse, sf a thesis: from L. thesis. 
 
 THON, sm. a tunny fish ; from L. thunnus 
 For u = see annoncer. 
 
 Thorax, sm. thorax, chest ; from Gr. Owpa^ 
 — Der. thorac\(\wt. 
 
 Thuriferaire, sm. a thurifer, censer-bearer ; 
 from L. thurifer. 
 
 Thym, sm. thyme; from L. thymum. 
 
 Th3rrse, sm. a thyrsus; from L. thyrsus 
 Its doublet is torse, q. v. 
 
 Tiare, sf a tiara (Persian head-dress) ; fron: 
 L. tiara. 
 
 t Tibia, sf (Anat.) a tibia ; from L. tibia 
 Its doublet is lige, q. v. 
 
 TIC, sm. knack, tic ; an onomatopoetic word 
 See § 34. 
 
 TIEDE, adj. tepid, lukewarm ; from L. tepi 
 dus, by regular contr. (see § 5 1 ) of tepi 
 dus to tep'dus, whence tiede. For pd = c 
 see hideux ; for e = ie see § 56. It: 
 doublet is tepide, q. v. — Der. tiedtm, tiddir 
 attiediT. 
 
 TIEN, sm. pron. adj. thine; formerly ten 
 softened form of ton, q. v. For o = e se( 
 je ', for e = ie see § 56. We find le lot. 
 for le lien in several iith-cent. documents 
 thus confirming the etymology given. Foi 
 origin see ton. 
 
 TIERCE, sf. a third ; from L. tertia. Fo: 
 e = ie see § 56 ; for -tia = -c^see agencer. 
 
 TIERCELET, sm. a tercel (falcon) ; dim. o 
 O. Fr. tiergol. Tiercol is from L. terti' 
 olus *, a goshawk in medieval Lat. texts 
 e. g. ' Tertiolis et minoribus inter fal 
 cones dari debet pro pastu sufficienti mino 
 quantitas carnium ' in the Ars Venandi o 
 Frederick II. Tertiolus is from tertius 
 the male goshawk being one-third smalie 
 than the female. Tertiolus become 
 tiercol: for e = ie see § 56; for ci = i 
 see agencer. 
 
 TIERCER, vn. to raise the price one-third 
 from L. tertiare. For e = ie see § 56 
 for -tiare = -cfr see § 264. — Der. tierce 
 ment. 
 
 TIERS, adj. third; from L. tertius. Fo 
 e = ie see arriere; for ti = s see § 264.— 
 Der. tiers etat, tiers parti, //er.s-point. 
 
 TIGE, sf. a stalk; from L. tibia. Tibii 
 becomes tige : for bia = bja=Je se 
 abreger. Its doublet is tibia, q. v. 
 
 Tigre, sm. a tiger; from L. tigris. — Dei 
 tigre. 
 
 Tigr6, adj. spotted. See tigre. 
 
 t Tilbury, sm. a tilbury; introd. fron 
 Engl, tilbury. 
 
 TILLAC, sm. a deck (of merchant ships) 
 
TILLE — TOILE TTE. 
 
 355 
 
 of Germ, origin, like most naval terms, 
 
 O. Scand. thilia, a floor, then deck. 
 TILLE, sf. lime-bast, bast; from L. tilia. 
 
 For li = ill see ail. 
 TILLEUL, sm. a lime-tree; from L. tili- 
 
 olus *, dim. from tilia. For li = il see 
 
 ail; for -olus = ew/ see § 253. 
 fTimbale, sf. a kettle-drum; introd. 
 
 in 1 6th cent, from It. timballo. Its doublet 
 
 is timbre, q. v. — Der. timbalitr. 
 TIMBRE, sm. a bell, sound, stamp ; from L. 
 
 tympanura, by regular contr. (see § 51) 
 
 of tympanum to tymp'num, whence 
 
 timbre. For n = r see diacre ; for p = 6 
 
 see § 111. Its doublets are timbale, tympan. 
 
 — Der. iimbrer. 
 Timide, adj. timid; from L. timidus. — 
 
 Der. lutimider. 
 Timidity, sf. timidity; from L, timidi- 
 
 tatem. 
 TIMON, sm. a carriage-pole ; from L. tem.o.- 
 
 nem. For e = t see § 59. — Der. timonier. 
 TIMONIER, sm. a shaft-horse, a steersman. 
 
 See timon. 
 Tinior6, adj. timorous (found in the Vulgate); 
 
 from L. timoratus. For -atus=-e' see 
 
 § 201. _ 
 Tinctorial, adj. used in dyeing; from L. 
 
 tinctorius. 
 TINE, sf. a tub; from L. tina. — Der. 
 
 tinette. 
 TINTAMARRE, sm. a hubbub. Origin 
 
 unknown. 
 TINTER, va. to ring, toll (a bell); vn. to 
 
 tinkle; from L, tinnitare, frequent, of 
 
 tinnire. For regular contr. of tinnitare 
 
 to tin' tare, see § 52. — Der, tiritemtnt, 
 
 tintovLxn. 
 TIQUE, sf. a tick; of Germ, origin, from 
 
 Engl. tick. 
 TIR, sm. a shooting. See tirer. 
 TIRAILLER, va. to pull, pester, skirmish 
 
 (military). See tirer. — Der. tirailleur. 
 TIRER, va. to draw ; of Germ, origin, 
 
 Neth. teren. — Der. tir (verbal subst. masc), 
 
 tire (verbal subst. fem. : a tire d'aile, a tire 
 
 larigot), tire, tira.de, tireur, tirage, //ret, 
 
 tiroir ; ztlirer, dedrer, etirer, vetirer, 
 
 soutirer; /zVailler. 
 Tisane, sf a tisane, diet-drink ; from L. 
 
 ptisana. For pt = / see Hist. Gram. 
 
 p. 80. 
 TISON, sm. a fire-brand ; from L. titionem. 
 
 For ti = s see agencer. — Der. tisonner. 
 Tisser, va. to weave ; from L. texere. For 
 
 e = i see § 59; x = ss see § 150. Its 
 
 doublet is tistre, q. v. — Der. tissiLge. 
 
 TISSERAND, sm. a weaver ; formerly tisse- 
 ranc, originally tisserenc. This last form 
 is a compd. of O. Fr. tissier, and of suffix 
 enc, which is of Germ, origin (me). As 
 tisserand is for tisserenc, so Flamand is 
 for Flamenc, and chamhellan for cham- 
 berlen, chamberlenc. 
 
 TISSIER, sm. a weaver ; from L. texarius *, 
 der. from texere. See tisser. 
 
 TISSU, sm. texture. See tistre. — Der. Ass- 
 ure. 
 
 TISTRE, va. to weave ; from L. texere, by 
 regular contr. (see § 51) of texere to 
 tex're. Tex're, by x = s (see § 150), 
 becomes tes're, whence tistre. For e = t 
 see § 59; for sr = s/r see ancetre. Its 
 doublet is tisser, q. v. — Der. tissu (verbal 
 subst). 
 
 Titillation, sf tickling. See titiller. 
 
 Titiller, va. to tickle; from L. titillare. 
 — Der. titillaX-ion. 
 
 TITRE, sm. a title; from L. titulus, by 
 regular contr. (see § 51) of titulus to 
 tit'lus, whence titre. For l = r see 
 apotre. — Der. titrtr, attitrer. 
 
 TITRE, adj. titled. See titre. 
 
 TITRER, va. to title. See titre. 
 
 Tituber, vn. to slip, stumble; from L. 
 titubare. 
 
 Titulaire, adj. titular; from L. titularis. 
 
 t Toast, sw. a toast, health ; introd. from 
 Engl, toast. — Der. toster. 
 
 TOCSIN, sm. a tocsin, alarm bell; in 17th 
 cent, toquesin (in Menage), compd. of two 
 words, toque (act of striking, see toquer) 
 and sin (a bell). Sin is from L. signum, 
 which is used for a bell in Merov. texts ; 
 e.g. * Qui dum per plateam praeteriret, 
 signum ad matutinas motum est : erat 
 enim dies dominica ' (Gregory of Tours, 
 3, 1 5). Signum becomes sin by gn = n, 
 see accointer. This word is found in a 
 proverb current as late as the 1 7th cent. : 
 Le bruit est si grand qu^on n'oirait pas las 
 sins sonner. Bell-founders also used to be 
 called saintiers. As a confirmation of this 
 etymology cp. Prov. toca-senh for tocsin, 
 in which senh represents L. signum, 
 
 Toge, sf. a toga ; from L. toga. 
 
 TOI, pers. pron. thee ; from L, tibi. For 
 the formation of the word see Hist. Gram, 
 p. 109. For i — oi see hoire. — Der. 
 tuioyer. 
 
 TOILE, sf. cloth ; from L. tela. For e = oi 
 see § 61. — Der. toilier, toilene, entoilcT, 
 {rentoiler), toilette (properly a napkin). 
 
 TOILETTE, sf. a toilette. See toile. 
 A a 2 
 
35^ 
 
 TOISE — TORJSA DOR. 
 
 TOISE, sf. a fathom, lit. the length between 
 the outstretched arms. It. tesa, from L. 
 tensa, found in medieval Lat. : ' Habet 
 namque ipsa domus in longitudine tensas 
 XL,' in an iith-cent. document. Tensa 
 is a partic. subst. from tensus, outstretched. 
 By xxs = s (see aine) tensa becomes tesa, 
 whence toise, by e = oi (see § 6l). — Der. 
 toiscT. 
 
 TOISER, va. to measure. See toise. 
 
 TOISON, sf. a fleece ; from L. tonsionem 
 (act of shearing, then thing shorn, fleece). 
 Tonsionem, reduced regularly to tosi- 
 onem (see aine), becomes toison, by trans- 
 position of i (see chanoine). Its doublet is 
 tonsion, 
 
 TO IT, sm. a roof; from L. tectum. For 
 ect = o// see attrait and § 6i. — Der. toiiuie. 
 
 TOITURE, sf. roofing. See toil. 
 
 TOLE, sf. sheet-iron ; formerly taule. Taule 
 is from L. tabtda, a sheet of metal in 
 some late Lat. texts. Tdbiila is regularly 
 contrd. (see § 51) to tab'la, whence taule. 
 For bl = i/Z = ul see aurone ; for au = 6 see 
 § 106. Tole is a doublet oi table, q.v. 
 
 Tolerance, sf. tolerance. See tolerer. 
 
 Tol6rer, va. to tolerate; from L. tolerare. 
 — Der. toUraxit {tolerance), tolerable (in- 
 tolerMe). 
 
 f Tomate, s/". a tomato; introd. from Sp. 
 tomate. 
 
 Tombe, sf. a tomb; from L. tumba. — 
 Der, tombzl. 
 
 Tombeau, sm. a tomb ; from L. tum- 
 bellus*, dim. of tumba. For -ellus = 
 -eau see § 282. 
 
 TOMBER, vn. to fall; formerly tumber, of 
 Germ, origin, O. Scand. tumba. For u = o 
 
 see annoncer Der. tombee (partic. subst), 
 
 tombere^u (a tumbril, cart which pitches 
 over). 
 
 TOMBEREAU, sm. a tumbril. See tomber. 
 
 Tome, sm. a volume; from L. tomus. — 
 Der. tomer, /omaison. 
 
 Ton, sm, tone; from L. tonus. — Der. 
 /owique, /onalite. 
 
 TON, poss. adj. thy ; from L. tuum, by 
 regular contr, (see mon) of tuum to 
 turn. Tum becomes ton: for u = o see 
 annoncer ; for m = n see changer. 
 
 TONDRE, va. to shear, clip ; from L. ton- 
 dere, which was tondere in common Lat., 
 as we find (6th cent.) ton dent for ton- 
 debunt in a fragment of the Itala. For 
 regular contr. of tondere to tond're see 
 § 51. — Der. tonte (strong partic. subst., 
 see absoute), tondeni, /oncfaison. 
 
 Tonique, adj. tonic. See ton. 
 
 TONNE, sf. a tun. Origin unknown. Hence 
 
 come two words, tonnel * and tonnelle ; 
 
 the latter survives in mod. French, the first 
 
 has become tonneau. For el = eau see 
 
 agneau. — Der. /OM«elier, tonne\tr, tonnzge. 
 TONNEAU, sm. a cask. See tonne. 
 TONNELER, va. to tunnel. See tonne. 
 TONNELIER, sm. a cooper. See ton7te. — 
 
 Der. tonnellene. 
 TONNELLE, sf. an arbour, vault. See tonne. 
 TONNER, vn. to thunder ; from L. tonare. 
 
 For n = nn see ennemi. 
 TONNERRE, sm. thunder. Prov. tonedre, 
 
 from L. tonitru. For n = «M see ennemi; 
 
 for i = « see § 72 ; for tr = rr see § 168. 
 Tonsure, sf. tonsure; from L. tonsura. 
 TONTE, sf. shearing. See tondre. 
 i* Tontine, sf. a tontine; introd. in a.d. 
 
 1653 from It. tontina. 
 Topaze, sf a topaze ; from L. topazus. 
 t Toper, vw. to stake equal (at dice) ; from 
 
 It. toppare. 
 Topique, adj. topical ; from Gr. romKCs. 
 Topiques, sm. pi. the topics ; from Gr. 
 
 TOITIKT] (SC. TeX^V)' 
 
 Topographie, sf. topography; from Gr. 
 TOTToypacpia. 
 
 t Toque, sf. a cap; introd. from It. tocca. 
 — Der. toquet. 
 
 TOQUER, va. to offend ; from a primitive 
 L. toccare *, of Germ, origin, O. H. G. 
 z'dchon. Its doublet is toucher, q.v. — Der. 
 toe (verbal subst.), tocsin. 
 
 TORCHE, sf. a torch. See torcher. 
 
 TORCHER, va. to wipe (with a wisp of 
 straw, etc., twisted together) ; from L. 
 tortiare *, der. from tortus. For -tia = 
 -cer see agencer. — Der. torche (verbal 
 Subst., lit. a wisp of straw ; in this sense 
 torche becomes torchon, a clout, dish-cloth), 
 torchxs. 
 
 TORCH IS, sm. a loam-coated pit. See 
 torcher. 
 
 TORCHON, sm. a house-cloth, clout. See 
 torcher. 
 
 TORDRE, va. to twist ; from L. torquere, 
 by change of accent from torquere to 
 tdrquere (Hist. Gram. p. 133), and regular 
 contr. (see § 51) of torquere to torq're, 
 whence tor're. For qr = r see benir; for 
 euphonic intercalation of d see Hist. Gram, 
 p. 73. — Der. tordzge, tordeur. 
 
 Tore, sm. (Archit.) a torus ; from L. torus 
 (found in Vitruvius). 
 
 t Toreador, sm. a toreador; from Sp. 
 toreador. 
 
TORPE UR — TOURNER. 
 
 357 
 
 Torpeur, sm. torpor; from L. torporem. 
 
 Torpille, sf. a torpedo ; a dim. formed from 
 L. torpere. 
 
 Torrefaetion, sf. torrefaction ; from L. 
 torrefactionem *. 
 
 Torrefier, va. to torrefy ; from L. torre- 
 ficare *. 
 
 Torrent, sm. a torrent; from L. torren- 
 tem. — Der. (orrentueux, torrent'iel. 
 
 Torride, adj. torrid; from L. torridus. 
 
 TORS, adj. twisted ; from L, tortus. For 
 loss of u see § 50 ; for continuance of s 
 see § I49. — Der. torsa.de. 
 
 TORSADE, sf. a twisted fringe. See tors. 
 
 + Torse, stn. a torso; introd. in l6th cent, 
 from It. torso. Its doublet is thyrse, q. v. 
 
 Torsion, sf torsion; from L. torsionem. 
 
 TORT, sm. wrong; from L. tortus. The 
 L. partic. tortus means first ' twisted,' then 
 (in Carol, times) a twist, damage, injustice. 
 We find in the Capitularies of Charles the 
 Bald, ' Sic injustitiam istam exsolvant, sicut 
 illi, qui in suo ministerio tortum faciunt.' 
 
 Torticolis, sm. a stiff neck ; compd. of the 
 two Lat. words tortum collum. 
 
 TORTILLER, va. to twist ; from L. torti- 
 culare *, der. from tortus. For -icula 
 = -ille, see § 257. — Der. tortille, tortille- 
 ment, entortiller. 
 
 TORTU, adj. crooked ; from L. tortuous *, 
 der. from tortus. For -ucus=-« see 
 § 237. The twisted shape of the feet of the 
 testudo gave the animal the name of 
 tortuca in rustic Lat. From this L. tor- 
 tuca comes Sp. tortuga, Fr. tortue. For 
 -uca = -Me see § 237. 
 
 Tortueux, adj. winding; from L. tortu- 
 osus. For -osus = -eM;« see § 229. 
 
 Torture, sf torture; from L. tortura.— 
 Der. torturer. 
 
 Tester, va. to toast. See toast. 
 
 TOT, adv. early, soon ; formerly tost, from 
 L. tot cito, compd. of cito. Totcito, 
 contrd. regularly (see § 51) to totc'to, be- 
 comes toc'to, by tc= c see adjuger. 
 Toc'to becomes tost by c = s, cp. amistie 
 (amilie), {rom amic'tatem (see amitie) ; for 
 loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. plu^o^ 
 (see phis). 
 
 Total, adj. total; from L. totalis*, der. 
 from totus. — Der. totalite. 
 
 TOUAILLE, sf a round towel ; formerly 
 ioaille, It. tovaglia, from medieval L. toa- 
 CTila : * Ad saccos autem faciendos drappos 
 albos 2 de quibus fieri possunt staminea 10 
 toaculae 2 ' ( Chronicon Fontanellense). 
 Toacula is of Germ, origin, M. H. G. 
 
 twehele, a towel. Toacula becomes tou- 
 aille: for -acula = -a/Z/e see § 255 ; for o 
 — 071 see § 81. 
 TOUCHER, va. to touch. Origin unknown. 
 Its doublet is toquer, q. v. — Der. touche 
 (verbal subst.), toucher (infin. taken sub- 
 stantively), zUoucher, refoucher. 
 TOUER, va. to tow; of Germ, origin, like 
 most sea terms, Engl. tow. — Der. toue 
 (verbal subst.), ^07/age, /07/ee (partic. subst.). 
 
 TOUFFE, sf. a tuft. O. Fr. toffe, of Germ, 
 origin. Low Germ. topp. For p=fsee 
 chef; for o = ou see § 81. — 'Der. touffn. 
 
 TOUJOURS, adv. always, lit. every day. See 
 tout ajid jour. 
 
 TOUPET, sm. a tuft (of hair), dim. of O. Fr. 
 toupe. Toupe is of Germ, origin. Low 
 Germ. topp. For o = ou see § 81. 
 
 TOUPIE, sf a spinning-top ; formerly topie, 
 of Germ, origin, Er>gl. top. For o = ou 
 see § 81. 
 
 TOUR, sm. a turn, tour. See tourner Der. 
 
 touret, tourihre. 
 
 TOUR, sf. a tower ; from L. turrim. For 
 u = ou see § 90. — Der. toureWe. 
 
 TOURBE, sf. turf, peat; of Germ, origin. 
 Germ, torf EngL turf. For o = ou see 
 § 81. — Der. tourbeux, tourbihre. 
 
 Tourbe, sf the vulgar herd ; from L. 
 turba*. For u,= om see § 90. 
 
 TOURBILLON, sm. a whirlwind, dim. of 
 primitive tourbille *, which from L. ttirbi- 
 cula, der. from Class. L. turbo. For 
 -icula = -///e see § 257; for u = om see 
 § 90. — Der. tourbillonner. 
 
 TOURD, sm. (Ornith.) a fieldfare ; from L. 
 turdus. For u = ou see § 90. — Der. 
 tourdeWe. 
 
 TOURELLE, sf a turret. See tour.— Der. 
 tour'iWon. 
 
 TOURET, sm. a wheel. See tour. 
 
 TOURIERE, sf an attendant (at the revolv- 
 ing box in convents). See tour. 
 
 TOURILLON, sm. a bearing-neck, axle-tree. 
 See tourelle. 
 
 TOURMENT, sm. a torment, plague ; from 
 L. tormentum. For o = om see § 81. 
 — Der. tourmentex (its verbal subst. is 
 tourmente). 
 
 TOURMENTE, sf stormy weather. See 
 tojirment. 
 
 TOURNER, va. to turn. It. tornare, from L. 
 tornare. For = 07/ see § 81. — Der. 
 /o?^r(verbalsubst.masc., whence the compds. 
 entour, entourex, a Vewtour, z\ex\tGurs), au- 
 tour, tourne (verbal subst. fem.), tournee 
 (partic. subst.), tourna.vit, tournuie, tourneMx, 
 
35^ 
 
 TO URNESOL — TRA IRE. 
 
 contoumer, d6tourner, xttovrner, pour/oj/r- 
 ner*, ztovrner* (which verbs only remain 
 in verbal substantives pourtour, atour). 
 
 TOURNESOL, sm. (Bot.) a girasol, sunflower ; 
 comp. of tourner (q. v.) and sol, which is 
 L. sol. 
 
 TOURNIQUET, sm. a turnstile. See tour- 
 noyer. 
 
 TOURNOI, sm. a tournament, tourney. See 
 tournoyer. 
 
 TOURNOIEMENT, sm. a turning round and 
 round. See tournoyer, 
 
 TOURNOIS, adj. of Tours (so. money) ; from 
 L. Turonensis, by regular contr. (see § 
 52) of turdnensis to tur'nensis, whence 
 txirnesis ; for ns = s see aine. Turnesis 
 becomes tournois : for u = o« see § 90 ; 
 for e = oi see § 62. 
 
 TOURNOYER, vn. to turn round and round ; 
 from L. tomicaa'e *, from tornare. 
 Tournoyer is from tornicare, like ployer 
 from plica re. For letter-changes of-icare 
 = -oyer see ployer; for = 0?/ see § 81. 
 — Der. tournoi (verbal subst. Tournoi is 
 from tournoyer, cp. emploi from employer), 
 tot/rnoiement. From tornicare comes 
 also tourniquet, q. v. 
 
 TOURTE, sf. a tart, cake ; from medieval 
 L. torta, der. from L. torta, a rolled cake. 
 ' Torta unde tortula diminutivum, genus 
 cibi est vel panis, quod vulgo dioitur ita,' is 
 found in an lith-cent. document. For 
 = 07/ see § 81. — Der. tojtriVext, tourtenu. 
 
 TOURTEAU, sm. a cake. See tourfe. 
 
 TOURTEREAU, sm. turtle dove ; formerly 
 tourterel, from L. turterellus*, dim. of 
 turtur. For u = e see chapeler ; for 11 = 
 ou see § 90. — Der. tourtereWe. 
 
 TOUSSAINT, sf. All Haltews. See tous and 
 saint. 
 
 TOUSSER, vn. to cough. See toux. 
 
 TOUT, atf/, all ; from L. totus. Foro = ow 
 see § 8r. — Der. tout k coup, tout a fait, 
 /o?//efois. 
 
 TOUTEFOIS, adv. nevertheless. See tout and 
 fois. 
 
 TOUX, sf. a cough ; from L. tussis. For u 
 = ou see § 90 ; for ss = «; see deux. 
 
 Toxique, sm. poison ; from Gr. to^ikos 
 (properly poison for tipping arrows). — Der. 
 toxico\o^\e (compd. of toxique and Gr. 
 A.070S). 
 
 TRAC, sm. a track. See traquer. 
 
 TRACASSER, va. to torment. See traquer. 
 — Der. tracas (verbal subst.), tracass\tT, 
 tracassene. 
 
 TRACE, sf. a trace. See tracer. 
 
 TRACER, va. to trace. It. tracctare, from L. 
 tractiare *. der. from traotus, p.p. of 
 trahere (to draw lines, trace). For ct = 
 / see affete; for -tidcre = -cer, see § 264. 
 — Der. trace (verbal subst.), tracd (partic. 
 subst.); tracemtnt. 
 
 Trach6e, sf. a windpipe; from L. trachia 
 (found in Macrobius). 
 
 Traction, sf. traction; from L. tr acti- 
 onem. 
 
 Tradition, s/; tradition ; from L. traditi- 
 onem. Its doublet is trahisson, q. v. 
 
 Traducteur, sm. a translator; from L. 
 traductorem. 
 
 Traduction, s/. translation ; from L. tra- 
 ductionem. 
 
 TRADUIRE, va. to translate ; from L. tra- 
 ducere. For -dnoere = -duire see con- 
 d74ire.— DtT. traduisihle. 
 
 t Trail C, sm. traffic; from It. traffico. 
 
 t Trafiquer, vn. to traffic; from It. traf- 
 ficare. 
 
 Trag6die, sf. tragedy; from L. tragoedia. 
 — Der. tragedien. 
 
 Tragique, adj. tragic; from L, tragicus. 
 
 TRAHIR, va. to betray ; originally tra'ir. It. 
 tradire, from L, tradere. For -adere = 
 -ahir see envahir. — Der. trahison (from L. 
 traditionem : for ti = s see agencer. Its 
 doublet is tradition, q. v.). 
 
 TRAIN, sm. pace, retinue, train. See traire. 
 
 TRAINER, va. to drag. See /ram.— Der. 
 traine (verbal su'bst.),/ra?72^e (partic. subst.), 
 trainezu, traina.ge, trainaid, traineur, en- 
 trainer. 
 
 TRAIRE, va. to milk, lit. to draw; from 
 ■which O. Fr. signification it has slowly been 
 restricted to special sense of drawing milk 
 (cp. miier, from 'to change' to 'to moult'). 
 For such narrowing of sense see § 13. 
 Trahere becomes traire as distrahere 
 becomes distraire, or extrahere, extraire. 
 Trahere was early changed to tragere 
 (we find subtragendo for subtrahend© 
 in Merov. texts). Trjigere, regularly 
 contrd. (see § 51) to trag're, becomes 
 traire : for gr = r see accueiller ; for a = ai 
 see § 54. — Der. trait (partic. subst. masc), 
 traite (partic. subst. fern. Traite is properly 
 * drawn,' and keeps its original sense, as a 
 traite is properly a letter of change drawn 
 on some one). From tragere comes deriv. 
 tragimen *, act of moving, march, whence 
 sense of train. Tragimen becomes train 
 as sagimen, sa/« : for letter-changes see 
 saiti. As a confirmation of this origin, note 
 that O. Fr. had train while Sp. had tragin. 
 
TRAIT— TRANSSUBSTANTIER. 
 
 359 
 
 TRAIT, sm. an arrow, shaft ; from L. 
 
 tractus. For letter-changes see attrait. 
 TRAITE, 5/. a stage, journey. See traire. 
 TRAITJE, sm. a treaty ; from L. tractatus. 
 
 For -atu3 = -e see § 201; for ot = it see 
 
 attrait. 
 TRAITER, va. to treat ; from L. traotare. 
 
 For ct = it see attrait. — Der. traiieur, traite- 
 
 ment, /rct//able. 
 TRAITRE, sm. a traitor; formerly traitre, 
 
 from L. traditor. For regular loss of o 
 
 see § 50, whence tradit'r, which loses 
 
 medial d (see accahler) and becomes O. Fr. 
 
 traitre. — Der. /raZ/reusement, traitresse. 
 Trajectoire, 5/. a trajectory ; from L. tra- 
 
 jectoria *. 
 Trajet, sm. passage; from L. trajectus. 
 
 For ct = ^ see affete. 
 TRAMAIL, sm. a trammel, net; formerly 
 
 tremail, from L. tremaculura, in the Loi 
 
 Salique, 29, 32 ; 'Si quis . . . tremaculum 
 
 aut vertevolum de flumine furaverit.' For 
 
 e = a see amender ; for -aculuin = -ai7 see 
 
 § 255. Tremaculum, lit. of three 
 
 meshes, is compd. of L. tres and m.acvila. 
 Trame, sf. weft, course ; from L. trama. — 
 
 Der. tramtx. 
 t Tramontane, sf. the north wind; 
 
 from It. tramontana. 
 TRANCHER, va. to cut. Origin unknown. 
 
 — Der. tranche (verbal subst.), tranchznt, 
 
 iranchee (partic. subst.), tranchet, tranchoir, 
 
 retrancher. 
 Tranquille, adj. tranquil ; from L. tran- 
 
 quillus. — Der. tranquilizer. 
 Tranquillite, sf. tranquillity; from L. 
 
 tranquillitatem. 
 Transaction, sf. a transaction; from L. 
 
 transactionem. 
 Transborder, va. to trans-ship ; compd. 
 
 of L. trans and Fr. border, q. v. — Der. 
 
 tra?ishorden\en\., transbordMe. 
 Transcendant, adj. transcendent; from 
 
 L. transcendentem. — Der. transcend- 
 
 ance. 
 Transcription, sf. a transcription ; from 
 
 L. transcriptionem. 
 Transcrire, va. to transcribe ; from L. 
 
 transcribere. For - scrib ere = -scr/re 
 
 see ecrire. 
 TRANSE, sf affright. See transir. 
 Transferer, va. to transfer ; from L. trans- 
 ferre. 
 Transfert, sm. a transfer; from L. trans- 
 
 fertus, barbarous p.p. of transferre. 
 Transfigurer, va. to transfigure ; from L. 
 
 transfigurare. — Der. transfiguriiiioii. 
 
 Transformer, va. to transform; from L. 
 
 trans formare. — Der. transform^ition. 
 Transfuge, sm. a deserter; from L. trans- 
 
 fuga. 
 Transfuser, va. to transfuse; from L. 
 
 transfusare*, frequent, of transfun- 
 
 dere. — Der. transfusion. 
 Transgressor, va. to transgress : from L. 
 
 transgressare *, frequent, of trans- 
 
 gredi. — Der. transgresseuv, transgression. 
 Transiger, va. to transact ; from L. transi- 
 
 gere. 
 Transir, va. to chill, vn. to be chilled ; 
 
 from L. transire * ( = to die in medieval 
 
 Lat. texts), compd. of trans and ire. From 
 
 sense of dying it passes to that of being 
 
 chilled with cold, sorrow, etc. — Der. transe 
 
 (verbal subst.), transi, /rawsissement. 
 Transit, sm. a transit; from L. transitus. 
 Transitif, adj. transitive ; from L. transi- 
 
 tivus. 
 Transition, sf a transition ; from L. tran- 
 
 sitionem. 
 Transitoire, adj. transitory ; from L. 
 
 transitorius. 
 Translator, va. to translate ; from L. 
 
 translatare *, from translatus. 
 Translation, sf a translation ; from L. 
 
 translationem. 
 Transmettre, va. to transmit ; from L. 
 
 transmittere. For i = e see § 72. — 
 
 Der. transmis, transmissible. 
 Transmission, sf. transmission ; from L. 
 
 transmissionem. 
 Transmuer, va. to transmute ; from L, 
 
 transmutare. For mutare = wwer see 
 
 mi/er. — Der. transm7iMe. 
 Transmutation, sf transmutation; from 
 
 L. transmutationem. 
 Transparent, adj. transparent ; from L. 
 
 transparentem *. — Der, transparence. 
 Transpercer, va. to transfix ; compd. of 
 
 L. trans and Fr.percer, q. v, 
 Transpirer, vn. to transpire; from L, 
 
 trans and spirare. — Der. /ra«s/>i>ation. 
 Transplanter, va. to transplant ; from L, 
 
 transplantare. — Der. tratisplantation. 
 Transporter, va. to transport ; from L. 
 
 transportare. — Der. transport (verbal 
 
 subst.), transportable. 
 Transposer, va. to transpose ; compd. of 
 
 L. trans and Fr. poser. — Der. iranspos- 
 
 ition. 
 Transsubstantier,t;a. to transubstantiate; 
 
 compd. of L. trans and substantiare *, 
 
 der.from substantia. — Der. transsubstanti- 
 
 ation. 
 
3^0 
 
 TRA NSVA SER—TRSMO USSER . 
 
 Transvaaer, va. to decant ; compd. of 
 
 L. trans and Fr. vase, q. v. 
 Transverse, adj. transverse ; from L. 
 
 transversus. — Der. tramversa], transvers- 
 
 alement. 
 Trapeze, sm. a trapezium ; from Gr. rp6.- 
 
 TRAPPE, sf. a trap, trapdoor ; from medieval 
 L. trappa, a snare, in the Lex Salica, 7, 9 : 
 ' Si quis turturem de trappa furaverit,' 
 Trappa is of Germ, origin, like most hunt- 
 ing terms, O. H. G. trapo, a trap, snare. — 
 Der. AttrappcT (lit. to trap. For this word 
 see § 20). 
 
 TRAPU, adj. stubby, squat. Origin unknown. 
 
 TRAQUENARD, sm. a racking-pace, *traque- 
 nard * (dance). See traquer. 
 
 TRAQUER.vfl. to beat (a wood), hunt; then 
 to enclose, surround. Traquer is properly 
 to draw a net round a wood to catch the 
 game in it ; and is of Germ, origin, 
 Neth. trekken. — Der. trac (verbal subst. 
 masc.), traque (verbal subst. fem.), /rag'?^eur, 
 iraquet, traquen&rd, /racasser. 
 
 TRAVAIL, sm. a horsebreaker's break. It. 
 
 , travaglio, Sp. trabajo, Prov. trahahl, pro- 
 perly a break for vicious horses ; and in 
 this sense is from L, trabaculum *, der. 
 from trabem. For b = v see § 113; for 
 -aculvim = -ai7 see § 255. From sense of 
 a machine for restraining horses, the word 
 comes to mean constraint, drudgery, trouble, 
 whence the verb travailler, to vex oneself, 
 exert oneself, work hard. 
 
 TRAVAIL, sm. labour. See travailler. 
 
 TRAVAILLER, vn. to labour. See travail. 
 —Der. travail. 
 
 TRAVEE, sf. a bay, arch ; from L. trabata *, 
 der. from trabem. For b=v see § 113 ; 
 for -ata = -e« see § 201. 
 
 TRA VERS, sm. breadth ; from L. traversus, 
 for transversus. — Der. traverser, traversin. 
 
 TRAVERSER, va. to cross, traverse. See 
 travers. — Der. traverse (verbal subst.), tra- 
 verser (partic. subst.). 
 
 TRAVERSIN, sm. a bolster. See travers. 
 
 fTravestir, va. to travesty; introd. in 
 1 6th cent, from It. travestire. — Der. tra- 
 vesrissement. 
 
 TRE-, TRES-, prefix = across, beyond. It. 
 tra-, tras-, from L. trans, which, by ns = s 
 (see aine), becomes tras, whence tres : for 
 a = e see § 54. Thus transsalire be- 
 comes tressaillir; trans pass are, trans- 
 buccare*, trans filare*, transtellum *, 
 were in O. Fr. trespasser, tresbucher, tres- 
 fiUr, tresteau, which in mod. Fr. are reduced 
 
 to tripasser, trebucher, tr^filer, treleau, by 
 regular loss of s, see Hist. Gram. p. 81. 
 
 TREBUCHER, vn. to stumble; formerly 
 tresbucher, answering to a Lat. form trans- 
 buccare *, compd. of trans ^for trans = 
 tres see tre-) and buccare, der. from 
 buccus *, a word found in O. Fr. hue, the 
 human trunk, which is A.S. buc. Tri'bucher 
 is therefore properly to overthrow the body, 
 fall over ; and this etymology is confirmed 
 by the It. transbustare, which is compd. of 
 the Lat. prefix trans and busto, the human 
 bust. For cc = cA see § 126; for es = e 
 see Hist. Gram. p. 81. — Der. trebuchet*. 
 
 TREFILER, va. to wiredraw; formerly 
 tresfiler, from L. transfilare, der. from 
 filum, properly to pass thread through the 
 drawing-frame. For trans = tres — tre see 
 tri". — Der. tre/ileur, trefilerit. 
 
 TREFLE, sm. trefoil ; from L. trifolium, 
 by contr. of trifolinm to triflium, 
 (§ 51), whence trejle. For i = c see § 72. 
 
 TREILLE, sf. a vine-arbour, trellis-arbour; 
 from L. tricliila (found in Coluniella and 
 in the Copa). TricMla, regularly contrd. 
 (see § 51) to trich'la, becomes tricla 
 by cli = c, whence treille by -icla, = -eille 
 (see § 257). — Der. treilhge, treillis. 
 
 TREILLIS, sm. a trellis. See treille. 
 
 TREIZE, adj. thirteen ; from L. tredecim, 
 by regular contr. (see § 51) of tr^decira 
 to tred'cim, whence treize. For dc = e 
 see adjuger ; for e = ei see § 61 ; for c = z 
 see amitie. 
 
 Trema, sm. (Gram.) diaeresis; from Gr. 
 rprjixa. 
 
 TREMBLE, sm. (Bot.) an aspen-tree. It. 
 tremula, from L. tremula (lit. that which 
 trembles), by regular contr. (see § 51) of 
 tremula to tremla, whence tremble. 
 For nil = m6/ see Hist. Gram. 73. 
 
 TREMBLER, vn. to tremble. It. tremolare, 
 from L. tremulare*, deriv. of tremxilus. 
 * Nimio frigore horribiliter cum fletu ac 
 stridore dentium tremnlantes,' says Flo- 
 doard(iii. 3). Tremulsire, regularly contrd. 
 (see § 52) to trem'Iare, becomes trembler. 
 For mi = mbl see Hist. Gram. p. 73. — Der. 
 trembloier, tremblem, tremblement. 
 
 TREMIE, sf. a mill-hopper ; corruption of 
 O. Fr. tremuie, compd. of tre, which is from 
 L. tres, and muie, which is the L. mo- 
 dia, lit. a trough to hold three bushels. For 
 loss of d see alouette ; for o = ui see § 84. 
 
 TREMIS;RE, sf. hollyhock. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 TREMOUSSER (SE), vpr, to flutter; from 
 
TREMPE — TRICTRA C, 
 
 36, 
 
 L. transmotiare *, to move rapidly, der. 
 from transmotus, p. p. of transmovere. 
 Transmotiare becomes tremousser : for 
 trans = ^re see tre-; for o = ou see § 81; 
 for -tiare = -sser see § 264, 
 
 TREMPE, sf. temper (of steel). See tremper. 
 
 TREMPER, va. to steep, dip, temper ; from 
 L. temperare, lit. to temper steel, also to 
 mix : so we find in Gregory of Tours, 
 ' vinum temperatum ' = vhi trempe 
 d' eau. Temperare, regularly contrd. (see 
 § 52) to temp'rare, becomes O. Fr. 
 temprer, later tremper, by transposition, see 
 aprete. Tremper is a doublet of temperer, 
 q. V. — Der, trempe (verbal subst.), de- 
 tremper. 
 
 + Tremplin, sw. a spring-board; introd. 
 in 16th cent, from It. trampellino. 
 
 TRENTE, adj. thirty. Sp. treinta, from L. 
 triginta, by regular loss of medial g, see 
 allier. For i=e see § 72. — Der. trent- 
 ieme, /r^M/aine, 
 
 + Trepan, sm. a trepan; introd. from It. 
 trapano. — Der. trepaner. 
 
 TREPASSER, vn. to die. O.Fr. trespasser, 
 It. trapasiare, from L. transpassare, 
 properly to pass across, then to die : it is 
 almost the exact rendering of the popular 
 phrase /aire le saut. For trans = tres - tre 
 see tre-. — Der. trepas (verbal subst.). 
 
 Trepidation, sf. trepidation; from L. tre- 
 pjdationem. 
 
 TREPIED, s7n. a tripod ; from L. tripedera. 
 For tri = /re see § 72; for pedem = 
 pied see pied. 
 
 TREPIGNER, vn. to stamp one's feet; der. 
 from O. Fr. treper, as egratigner is from 
 gratter. Treper is of Germ, origin, Neth. 
 trippen. — Der. trepignemQn^. 
 
 TRfiS, adv. very; from L. trans, lit. beyond, 
 then later 'very.' By ns = s (see aine) 
 trans becomes tras, whence tres. For 
 a = esee § 54. 
 
 TRESOR, sm. a treasure. It. tesoro, from L. 
 thesaurus. By th. = /, and by au = o (see 
 § 106) thesaurus becomes tesor, whence, 
 by intercalating r, tresor (see chanvre). — 
 Der. tresorier, tresorerie. 
 
 TRESSAILLIR, vn. to start, shudder; from 
 L. transsalire *. For trans = tres see 
 tre- ; for salire = saillir see saillir. — Der, 
 ^ressaz7/ement. 
 
 TRESSER, va. to plait ; originally trecer. It. 
 trecciare, from L. tricciare *, der. from 
 triccia *, a later form of trichea, which 
 from Gr. rpixo., tripartite, whence sense of 
 a tress, three-plaited. For tricciare = 
 
 trecer = tresser see § 264; for i = e see 
 §72 — Der. tresse (verbal subst.). 
 
 TRETEAU, sm. a mountebank's stage ; for- 
 merly tresteau, originally trestel, from L. 
 transtellum *, dim. from transtrum, a 
 bench, beam, platform. Transtellum, by 
 trans = tres (see tre-), becomes O. Fr. tres- 
 tel, whence later treteau. For loss of s see 
 Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; for -ellum = -eaM see* 
 § 282, 
 
 TREUIL, sm. a wheel and axle. It. torcolo, 
 from L. torculum, a press, which was the 
 meaning of tretiil in very O. Fr. Torcu- 
 lum, regularly contrd. (see § 51), be- 
 comes torclum, whence, by transposing 
 r (see aprete), troclum, whence treuil. 
 For o = ew see § 79 ; for cl = il see 
 aheille. 
 
 TREVE, sf. a truce ; originally trive, lit. 
 security, peace, whence truce. Trive is of 
 Germ, origin, Goth, triggua. Triggua, 
 consonnifying u to v {c^. Janvier from j anu- 
 •arius, q. v.), becomes trigva, whence 
 O. Fr. trive, by gv-v. For i = e see 
 
 Triangle, sm. a trivet, triangle ; from L. 
 triangulum. For loss of penult, u see 
 
 §51. 
 Triangulaire, adj. triangular; from L. 
 
 triangularis. 
 Triangulation, sf. triangulation ; from L. 
 
 triangulationem*, from triangulus. 
 Tribord, sm. starboard. O, Fr, estribord, 
 
 of Germ, origin, Engl, starboard. 
 Tribu, sm. a tribe; from L. tribus. 
 Tribulation, sf tribulation; from L. tri- 
 
 bulationem. 
 Tribun, sm. a tribune; from L. tribunus. 
 
 — Der. tribunit (from L, tribunatus). 
 Tribunal, sm. a tribunal; from L. tri- 
 bunal, 
 t Tribune, sf a tribune (speaker's desk), 
 
 gallery ; from It. tribufia. 
 Tribut, sm. tribute; from L. tributum. 
 Tributaire, adj. tributary; from L. tribu- 
 
 tarius. 
 TRICHER, va. to trick, cheat. O. Fr. tre- 
 
 cher, of Germ, origin, M. H. G. trechen, 
 
 to launch a shot, thence to play a trick. 
 
 For e = i see § 59. — Der. tricheur, trich- 
 
 erie. 
 Tricolore, adj. tricoloured; from L. tri- 
 color. 
 TRICOTER, va. to knit. Origin unknown. 
 
 — Der, tricot (verbal subsr.), tricoteui, tri- 
 
 coteuse, iricotngQ. 
 TRICTRAC, sm. backgammon ; formerly 
 
35a 
 
 TRIENNA L — TR UBLE, 
 
 tictac. Ticlac is an onomatopoetic word, 
 
 from the noise of the rattling dice, see § 34. 
 Triennal. adj. triennial; from L. trien- 
 
 nalis *, from triennis. 
 TRIER, va. to sort, cull. It. tritare, from L. 
 
 tritare, der. from tritus, p. p. of terere. 
 
 The actual sense comes from the phrase 
 
 ♦granum terere,' to beat the corn from 
 • the chaff, trier le grain, whence the mean- 
 ing of trier. The It. tritare, which keeps 
 
 both senses, to grind and to sort, confirms 
 
 this etymology. For loss of medial t see 
 
 abbaye. — Der. trizge. 
 Trigonoin6trie, sf. trigonometry; from 
 
 Gr, rpiyonfov and fiirpov. 
 t Trille, sm. a trill ; from It. trillo. 
 TRIMBALER, va. to drag about. Origin un- 
 known. 
 TRIMER, vn. to run about. Origin un- 
 known. 
 Trimestre, sm. a quarter of a year ; from 
 
 L. trimestris. — Der. /r/mes/riel. 
 TRINGLE, sf. a curtain-rod. Origin imi- 
 
 known. — Der. tringler, tringlette. 
 Trinit6, sf. the Trinity; from L. trini- 
 
 tatem. — Der. trinitsihe. 
 t Trinquer, vn. to touch glasses ; of 
 
 Germ, origin (see § 27), from Germ. 
 
 trinken. 
 t Trio, sm. a trio ; introd. from It. trio. 
 Triolet, sm. a triplet; from L. tres. 
 Triomphal, adj. triumphal ; from L. 
 
 triumphalis. 
 Triomphateur, sm. a triumpher; from L. 
 
 triumphatorem. 
 Triomphe, sm. a triumph; from L. 
 
 t r i u m p h u s .— Der. triompher . 
 TRIPE, sf tripe. Origin unknown. — Der. 
 
 trip2.i\\e, tripette, tripiei, tripihre. 
 TRIPLE, adj. triple ; from L. triplus.— Der. 
 
 triplet. 
 TRIPOTER, va. to make a medley, intrigue. 
 
 Origin unknown. — Der. /r/^o/ (verbal subst.), 
 
 tripot-dge, tripoter. 
 TRIQUE, sf a cudgel. Origin unknown. 
 Trirdme, sm. a trireme; from L. tri- 
 
 remis. 
 TRISTE, adj. sad; from L. tristis.— Der. 
 
 at/Ws/er. 
 TRISTESSE, sf sadness ; from L. tristitia. 
 
 For -itia = -fsse see § 245. 
 Triturer, va. to triturate ; from L. tritu- 
 
 rare. — Der. trituration. 
 Trivial, fl(^'. trivial ; from L. trivialis. — 
 
 Der. trivialite. 
 TROC, sm. barter (of old goods), truck. See 
 
 tro^uer. 
 
 TROGNE, sf. a full face. Origin unknown. 
 
 TROGNON, sm. a core (of fruit). Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 T RO IS, ar^'. three; from L. tres. Fore = o/ 
 see § 61. — Der. trois'xhme. 
 
 TROLER, vn. to drag about, gad, lounge 
 about ; of Germ, origin, Germ, trollen. 
 
 TROMBE, sf a waterspout ; from L. turbo, 
 by transposing r (see dprete) and by inter- 
 calating m (see lambruche). 
 
 t Trombone, sw. a trombone; from It. 
 trombone. 
 
 TROMPE, sf. a horn, trumpet. Origin un- 
 known. — Der. tromptx (properly to play 
 the horn, alluding to quacks and mounte- 
 banks, who attracted the public by blowing 
 a horn, and then cheated them into buying ; 
 thence to cheat). 
 
 TROMPER, va. to deceive. See trompe.— 
 — Der. trompeuT, tromperie, detromper. 
 
 TROMPETTE, sf. a trumpet. See trompe. 
 — Der. trompettr. 
 
 TRONC, sm. a trunk; from L. truncus. 
 For u = see annoncer. — Der. tronche (fem. 
 form of ironc, whence dim. troncket), 
 tron^on. 
 
 TRONCON, sm. a fragment. See tronc. — 
 Der. tronfonner. 
 
 TRONE, sm. a throne ; from L. thronus. — 
 Der. trontr, detrdner. 
 
 Tronquer, va. to mutilate; from L. trun- 
 care. 
 
 TROP, adv. too much. From Low Lat. 
 troppus *, which from O. H. G. drupo ; 
 see Hist. Gram. p. 160. — Der, par trop (see 
 par). 
 
 Trope, sm. a trope, rhetorical figure ; from 
 L. tropus. 
 
 Troph.6e, sm. a trophy ; from L. tropaeum. 
 
 Tropique. acf/. tropical; from L. tropicus. 
 — Der. tropical. 
 
 t Troquer, va. to exchange, truck ; from 
 Sp. trocar. — Der. troc (verbal subst.) 
 
 TROTTER, va. to trot ; from L. tolutare * 
 (we find tolutarius, a trotter, in Seneca ; 
 ' ire tolutim,,' to go at a trot, in Pliny), 
 by contr. of tolutare to tlutare, whence 
 trotter. For tl = ^r cp. titlum, titre ; capit- 
 lum, chapitre. — Der. trot (verbal subst.), 
 trotteuT, trotto'iT. 
 
 TROU, sm. a hole. See trouer. 
 
 t Troubadour, sm. a troubadour; from 
 Prov. trobador, der. from verb trobar = 
 trouver, to find, invent. For etymology of 
 trobar see trouver. Its doublet is trouveur, 
 q.v. 
 
 TROUBLE, adj. turbid, muddy; from L. 
 
TROUBLER — TVER. 
 
 3^3 
 
 turbulus*, by contr, (see § 51) of tiir- 
 bulus to turb'lus, whence trouble, by 
 transposition of r, see dprete. 
 
 TROUBLER, va. to troubl-e, disturb, thicken 
 (liquids) ; from L. turbulare *, der. from 
 turbula, found in Ammianus Marcellinus. 
 Turbuldre, regularly contrd. (see § 52) 
 to turb'lare, becomes troubler : for trans- 
 position of r see aprete; for u = om see 
 § 97. — Der. trojible (verbal subst.), trouble. 
 
 TROUER, va. to perforate. The barbarous 
 Lat. traugus, found in the Ripuarian Law, 
 tit. 43 (' Si quis in clausura aliena traiigum 
 ad transeundum fecerit'), whose origin is 
 unknown, has produced Prov. trauc, O. Fr. 
 trou. For loss of g see allier ; for au = ou 
 see alouette. From trou comes the verb 
 trouer, whence trouee. 
 
 TROUPE, sf. a troop; der. from barbarous 
 L. troppus *. ' Si enim in troppo de 
 jumeutis illam ductricem aliquis involaverit ' 
 (Lex Alamannorum, 7, 9). Origin unknown. 
 Troupe is from troppus *, or rather from 
 the fem. form troppa*: for o = ou see 
 § 86. — Der. troiipe^u, troupier, zUrouptx. 
 
 TROUPEAU, sm. a flock. See troupe. 
 
 TROUPIER, sm. a trooper. See troupe. 
 
 TROUSSE, 5/. a bundle, breeches. See trorisser. 
 — Der. /ro?«seau,de^roMsser (properly to take 
 off the breeches), trotisse(\\\m. 
 
 TROUSSEAU, sm. a small bundle, outfit. See 
 trousse, 
 
 TROUSSER, va. to tuck up, turn up; for- 
 merly trosser, originally torser, from L. 
 tortiare *, to bind together, der. from 
 tortus, p.p. of torquere. Tortiare, by 
 -tiare = -ser (see § 264), becomes torser, 
 whence trosser, by transposing r, see aprete. 
 For later change of to ou see § .•86. — 
 Der. trousse (a bundle of things bound 
 together, a verbal subst.), trouss'is, re- 
 trousser. 
 
 TROUVER, va. to find; formerly trover, 
 torver in an I ith-cent. document ; Prov. 
 trobar, from L. turbare, to move, seek 
 for, then lastly find. For h=v see § 113; 
 ■for u = see annoticer (whence O. Fr. torver, 
 whence trover) ; for transposition of r see 
 aprete; for later change of o to ou see 
 § 86. This etymology is confirmed by 
 O. Port, trovar, which = both trouver and 
 remuer, like the L. turbare. Just as 
 turbare becomes trouver, so conturbare 
 becomes controuver. — Der. trouvMWe, trouv- 
 eur (whose doublets are trouvere, trou- 
 badour, q. v.). 
 
 i TROUVERE, sm. a poet, lit. one who finds, 
 
 invents. Trotwere would answer to a Low 
 Lat. form trovator *, which, by regularly 
 losing its final vowel (see § 50), becomes 
 trovat'r, whence trovere (for a = e see 
 § 54; for tr = r see § 168), then trou- 
 vere (for o = ou see § 86). Trouvere is 
 a doublet of troubadour, q. v. 
 
 TRUAND, sm. a vagrant, truant ; from me- 
 dieval Lat. trutannus : ' Praecipimus ut 
 semper pauperes magis indigentes (et mi- 
 nime trutanni) ad ipsam oeieemosynam 
 admittantur,' from a document of a.d. 1340. 
 Trutannus is of Celtic origin, Kymr. tru. 
 
 For loss of medial t see abbaye Der. 
 
 triianderie. 
 
 t Truchement, sm. an interpreter; from 
 Sp. trucheman, a dragoman Its doublet is 
 drngman, q. v. 
 
 TRUELLE, sf. a trowel, fish-slice; dim. of 
 a form true *, which from L. trua. 
 
 TRUFFE, sf. (Bot.) a truffle. Origin un- 
 known. — Der. truffxex, truffer. 
 
 TRUIE, s/.a sow. It. iroja, from L. troja, a sow 
 in common Lat. We know that the Romans 
 called a roast pig a ' porcus troianus,' in 
 the stomach of which were put birds and 
 other animals, in allusion to the Trojan 
 horse. Thence, by assimilation, people 
 called the sow troia. A writer under the 
 Empire, Messala Corvinus, tells us that in 
 his day the Romans called the sow troia : 
 ' Troia namque vulgo Latine scrofa dicitur.' 
 We read in a legal document, * Troias 
 omnes meas do, lego.' Troia becomes 
 truie by o = ou, see § 86. For relation 
 of j to i see aider. 
 
 TRUITE, sf. a trout ; from L. tructa (found 
 in Pliny). For ct = it see attrait. 
 
 TRUMEAU, sm. a leg of beef. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 TU, pers. pron. thou ; from L. tu. — Der. tu- 
 toyer (see toi). 
 
 Tube, sm. a tube; from L. tubus Der. 
 
 tubwXtwx, tuhwXMXt. 
 
 Tubercule, sm. a tubercule; from L. 
 tuberculum. — Der. tubercuhnx. 
 
 Tub^reuse, sf (Bot.) a tuberose ; from L. 
 tuberosa. 
 
 TUER, va. to kill, a tolerably recent word 
 in this sense: in O. Fr. 'to kill' was not 
 tuer but occire (from oocidere). In O. Fr. 
 tt4er meant to stifle, as in Prov. tudar, 
 O. It. tutare. Tuer is from L. tutari, to 
 defend, then cover for defence, then stifle; 
 e. g. tuer le feu was originally to bank up 
 a fire, then to stifle, then, generalised (§ 12), 
 to kill. By losing medial t (see abbaye) 
 
3<54 
 
 TVF — UNIQUE. 
 
 tntari gives tuer, as commutare gives 
 commuer, remutare, sternutare, salu- 
 tare, niutare, become remuer, eternuer, 
 faluer, muer. — Der. tuer'xt, /weur. 
 
 Tuf. sm. tufa ; from L. tophus. For ph=/ 
 see coffre ; for o = ou see curee. 
 
 Tuile, sf. a tile; from L. tegula, by regular 
 contr. (see § 51) of K'-gtila to teg'la, 
 whence tuile. For gl = // see cailler ; for 
 e = w seejumeau. — Der. tuilier, tuileve. 
 
 fTulipe, sf. a tulip; from Sp. lulipa. — 
 Der. tulipier. 
 
 Tulle, sm. press-point, tulle ; of hist, origin 
 (see § 33), tulle being a textile fabric 
 woven first at Tulle, just as Valenciennes 
 lace was first made at that place. 
 
 Tumefaction, sf. tumefaction; from L. 
 tumefactionem *, from tumefactus. 
 
 Tura6fier, i/a. to tumefy; from L. tume- 
 ficare *. 
 
 Tumeur, sm. a tumor; from L. tumor em. 
 
 Tumulaire, adj. tumular, pertaining to a 
 grave; from L. tumularis*, from tu- 
 mulus. 
 
 Tumulte, sm. a tumult ; from L tumultus. 
 
 Tumultueux, adj. tumultuous; from L. 
 tumultuosus. 
 
 Tunique, sf. a tunic; from L. tunica. 
 
 •f Tunnel, sm. a tunnel; introd. from 
 Engl, tunnel. Its doublet is tonneau, q. v. 
 
 t Turban, sm. a turban; introd. from It. 
 turbante. 
 
 TURBOT, sm. a turbot ; der., by help of dim. 
 suffix ot (§ 281), from a primitive form 
 turbe*, which from L. ttirbo, properly a 
 top, then a turbot, from the likeness of the 
 fish to the shape of a top. The Gr. 
 pofjL^os. which signifies a top and a turbot, 
 confirms this derivation. 
 
 Turbulent, adj. turbulent ; from L. turbu- 
 lentus. Its doublet is troublant. — Der. 
 
 turbulence. 
 tTurf, sm. turf; introd. from Engl. 
 
 turf 
 Turgescent. arf/. turgid ; from L. turges- 
 
 centem. — Der. turgescence. 
 Turlupin, sm. a maker of conundrums ; of 
 
 hist, origin (see § 33), alluding to Tur- 
 lupin, an actor of the time of Louis XIII. — 
 
 Der. turlupinex. turlupinz.de. 
 Turpitude, sf. turpitude; from L. tur- 
 
 pitudinem. 
 Tut61aire, adj. tutelary; from L. tute- 
 
 laris. 
 Tutelle, ff. tutelage, guardianship ; from L. 
 
 tutela. 
 Tuteur, sm. a guardian; from L. tutorem. 
 TUTOYER, va. to say ' thou and thee ' to, 
 
 treat intimately. See tu and toi. — Der, 
 
 tutoiemtnt. 
 Tutrice, sf a female guardian ; from L. 
 
 tutricem. 
 TUYAU, sm. a pipe, tube; formerly tuyel, 
 
 from L. tubellus, dim. of tubus, by loss 
 
 of medial b, see aboyer; for el = au see 
 
 agneau. 
 Tympan, sm. a typanum (of the ear), 
 
 drum. Its doublet is timbale, q. v. — Der. 
 
 tympanlser, tympanite. 
 Type, sm. a type; from L. typus. — Der. 
 
 typ'ique. 
 Typhoide, adj. typhoid ; from Gr. TvcpdiSrjs, 
 
 der. from rvcpos. See typhus. 
 Typhus, sm. typhus ; from Gr. rvcpos. 
 Typographie, sf typography; from Gr. 
 
 rvTTos and ypd(pQ}. — Der. typographique. 
 TjO'an, sm. a tyrant ; from L. tyr annus. — 
 
 Der. tyrannic, tyranniser. 
 
 u. 
 
 TJbiquiste, sm. an Ubiquitarian ; from L. 
 
 ubique. 
 Ubiquit§, sf ubiquity; from L. ubique. 
 Ulcere, sm. an ulcer; from L. ulcerus. — 
 
 Der. ulcertx, 7//ceVation. 
 Ult^rieur, adj. ulterior; from L. ulteri- 
 
 orem. 
 •]- Ultimatum, sm. an ultimatum; from 
 
 L. ultimatum *, p. p. of ultimare *, 
 
 from ultimus. 
 t Ultramontain, adj. ultramontane; 
 
 introd. from It. oltramontano. 
 
 UMBLE, sm. (Ichth.) an umber, char ; from 
 
 L. um.bra (found in Ovid). For r = / see 
 
 autel. 
 UN, adj. one ; from L. unus. — Der. 
 
 wwieme. 
 Unanime, adj. unanimous; from L. una- 
 
 nimus. — Der, unanim\te. 
 Uniforme, ao?;. uniform ; from L. unifor- 
 
 mis. — Der. uniformiie. 
 Union, sf union; from L. unionem Its 
 
 doublet is oignon, q, v. 
 Unique, adj. unique; from L. unicus. 
 
UNIR — VAIN. 
 
 3^5 
 
 Unir, va. to unite; from L. unire. — Der. 
 desnnir, rez/nzV. 
 
 Unisson, ^m. unison; from L. unisonus*. 
 
 Unite, sf. unity; from L. unitatem. 
 
 Univers, sm. the universe; from L. uni- 
 versum (found in Cicero). 
 
 Universality, sf. universality ; from L. 
 universalitatem, 
 
 Universel, adj. universal; from L, uni- 
 versalis. 
 
 University, 5/. a university ; from L. uni- 
 versitatem, a college, corporation, com- 
 munity, in Marcianus (6th cent.).— Der. 
 7iniversita.\Te. 
 
 Uranoscope, sm. (Ichth.) the uranoscopus ; 
 from L. uranoscopus (found in Pliny). 
 
 Urethra, sm. (Med.)ureter ; from Gr. ovp-qT-qp. 
 
 Ur^tre, sm. (Med.) urethra; from Gr. ov- 
 prjOpa. 
 
 Urgent, adj. urgent; from L. urgentem. 
 — Der. urgency. 
 
 Urine, sf. urine; from L. urina. 
 
 Urique, adj. (Chem.) uric; derived, with 
 urate and uree from Gr. ov^ov. 
 
 Urne, sf. an urn ; from L. urn a. 
 
 Urticaire, sf. (Med.) urticaria, nettle-rash ; 
 from L. urtica. 
 
 US, sm.. usage ; from L. usus. 
 
 USER, vn. to use ; from L. usare *, der. 
 
 from usus, p. p. of uti. — Der. wsage, 
 
 Msance. (A deriv. of usare * is usinare *, 
 
 to have the use of, in several medieval Lat. 
 
 documents, whence verbal subst. usina, 
 
 which signifies use of water-power, in an 
 
 lith-cent. text; whence it comes to mean, 
 
 later, any factory driven by water, then a 
 
 factory generally.) 
 USINE, sf. a manufactory, factory. See user. 
 Usit6, adj. in use, used ; p. p. oUisiter, which 
 
 is from L. usitari. 
 Ustensile, sm. an utensil; from L. uten- 
 
 silia (found in Varro and Livy). 
 Ustion, sf. ustion (Roman Law), act of 
 
 burning; from L. ustionem. 
 Usuel, adj. usual ; from L. usualis. 
 Usufruit, sm. usufruct; from L. usufruc- 
 
 tus. 
 Usure, sf. usury; from L. usura. — Der. 
 
 7^s7/rier, j/swraire. 
 Usurper, va. to usurp; from L. usurpare. 
 
 — Der. Mswrpateur, wswrpation. 
 Uterin, adj. uterine; from L. uterinus. 
 Utile, adj. useful; from L. utilis. — Der. 
 
 7{{Hhe, udliser, utilituxre. 
 Utopie, sf. Utopia, plan of government of an 
 
 imaginary and perfect country; from Gr. 
 
 ov Toiros, lit. no-place, land of nowhere. — 
 
 Der. utopiste. 
 
 V. 
 
 Vacant, adj. vacant; from L. vacantem. 
 
 — Der. vacance. 
 VACARME, sm. a hubbub, uproar ; of Germ. 
 
 origin, Neth. wacharmer, woe to thee ! 
 
 Vacarme in medieval Fr. was an exclama- 
 tion, and came later to signify a noise. 
 Vacation, sf a vacation; from L. vacati- 
 
 onem. 
 Vacein, sm. vaccine-matter; from L. vac- 
 
 cinus. — Der. vaccinal (whence vaccine). 
 VAC HE, sf a cow ; from L. vacea. For 
 
 cc = ch see § 1 26. — Der. vachtr, vacherie. 
 Vacillant, adj. vacillating. See vaciller. 
 Vaciller, vn. to vacillate; from L. vacil- 
 
 lare — Der. vacillement, vacilla.tion. 
 Vacuity, sf. vacuity ; from L, vacuitatem. 
 t Vade-mecum, sm. a vade-mecum; 
 
 from L. vade mecum. 
 Vagabond, adj. vagrant, sm. a vagabond ; 
 
 from L. vagabundus. — Der, vagabondei, 
 
 vagabondzge. 
 
 Vagir, vn. to wail ; from L. vagire. — Der. 
 t/ag-issement. 
 
 t Vagon, sm. a wagon ; from Engl, wagon. 
 
 VAGUE^ sf. a wave; of Germ origin, O.H.G. 
 uiac. 
 
 Vague, adj. vague; from L. vagus. 
 
 t Vaguemestre, sw. an officer in charge 
 of the baggage ; a word introd. in the 1 6th 
 cent, by the German horsemen : it is the 
 Germ, wagen-meister. In a.d. 1650 Menage 
 defined vaguemestre as un officier qui a le 
 soin de faire charger et atteler les bagages 
 d'une armee. 
 
 Vaguer, vn. to wander ; from L. vagari. 
 
 VAILLANCE, sf. valour ; from L. valentia. 
 For -tia = -ce see agencer ; for en = an see 
 andouille. 
 
 VAILLANT, adj. valiant; from L. valen- 
 tem. 
 
 VAIN, adj. vain ; from L. vanus. For 
 -anus = -at« see § 194. 
 
366 
 
 VAINCRE—VA UDEVILLE. 
 
 VAINCRE, va. to conquer ; from L. vincere, 
 by regular contr. (see § 51) of vinofire 
 to vinc're. — Der. vainqueur. 
 
 VAIR, sm. vair (furriery) ; from L. varius. 
 For attraction of i see aigle. — Der. 
 vairon. 
 
 VAISSEAU, sm. a ship, vessel ; formerly 
 vaissel. It. vascello, from L. vascellum, 
 der. from vas. Vascellum becomes 
 vaissel: for a, = ai see § 54; for so = ss see 
 cresson ; for el = eau see agneau. The 
 fem. form of vaissel is vaisselle. 
 
 VAISSELLE, sf. plate (gold and silver). See 
 vaisseau. 
 
 VAL, sm. a valley ; from L. vallis. Val also 
 follows the usual rule of softening / to 7/ (see 
 agneau), and thus becomes vau, in a vau 
 I'eau, vaudeville, etc. — Der. 7/a/lee, val\ov., 
 Sival, avahr. 
 
 VALABLE, adj. valid. See valoir. 
 
 VALET, sm. a valet, servant ; formerly 
 va!<let *, from medieval Lat. vassalettus, 
 dim. of vassalis, see vassal. The vaslet 
 was originally a squire, youth who served 
 under a lord, then later a servant. Vassa- 
 lettus losing atonic a (see § 52) becomes 
 vas'Iettus, whence vaslet, whence later 
 valet. For loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 8l. 
 — Der. valefer, valetzge, valetaxWc. 
 
 Val6tudinaire, adj. valetudinarian ; from 
 L. valetudinarius. 
 
 Valeur, sm. value; from L. valorem. — 
 Der. valeurtux. 
 
 Valide, adj. valid; from L. validus. — 
 Der. mvalide, validite, validtx. 
 
 + Valise, sf. portmanteau; from It. vali- 
 gia. — Der. devalisev. 
 
 VALLEE, sf. a valley. See val. 
 
 VALLON, sm. a dale. See val. 
 
 VALOIR, vn. to be worth ; from L. valere. 
 For e = o/ see § 62. — Der. value (partic. 
 subst.), vahhle. 
 
 •+ Valser, vn. to waltz ; introd. lately from 
 Germ. walzen.—Der. valse (verbal subst.). 
 
 VALUE, sf. value. See valoir. 
 
 Valve, sf. a valve ; from L. valva * Der. 
 
 valvu]e. 
 
 VAN, sm. a fan ; from L. vannus. — Der. 
 vanner, vanne, vanneau, vanmer, vanneur, 
 vannerie. 
 
 Vandale, sm. a Vandal ; of hist, origin, see 
 § 33, name of those barbarians who sacked 
 Rome, AD. 455. — Der. vandalisms. 
 
 •f Vanille, sf. vanille ; from Sp. vainilla. 
 — Der. vanillieT. 
 
 Vanity, sf. vanity; from L. vanitatem.-- 
 Der. vanilcux. 
 
 VANNE, sf. a sluice, shuttle. See van. 
 
 VANNER, va. to ventilate, winnow. See van. 
 
 VANNIER, sm. a basket-maker. See van. 
 
 VANTAIL, sm. a folding-door. See vent. 
 
 VANTARD, sm. a braggart. See vanier. 
 
 VANTER, va. to extol, boast ; from L. vani- 
 tare*. * Vanitas est fallacia ; vanitantea 
 autem vel falsi vel fallentes vel utrique in- 
 telliguntur,' says St. Augustine (De Quant. 
 Animae, 23). Vanitdre regularly losing 
 atonic i (see § 52) becomes van'tare, 
 whence vanter. — Der. vantzxA, vantezie. 
 
 Vapeur, sf a vapour; from L. vaporem. 
 — Der. vaporeux, vaporiser. « 
 
 Vaquer, vn. to be vacant; from L. va- 
 care. 
 
 VARANGUE, sf. a floor (of a ship) ; of Germ. 
 origin, like most sea terms, Swed. vranger. 
 
 VARECH, sm. sea-wrack ; of Germ, origin, 
 A. S. vriic, Engl, tvrack. 
 
 VARENNE, sf a warren, chase; from medieval 
 L. warenna. For details see under its 
 doublet garenne. 
 
 Variable, adj. variable; from L. variabi- 
 lis.— Der. variabilite. 
 
 Varice, ./. varix ; from L. varicem. 
 
 Varier, va. to vary, change; from L. vari- 
 are. — Der. sanation, varianXe.. 
 
 Vari6t6, sf. variety ;. from L, vatietatem, 
 
 Variole, sf. smallpox; from L. variola *. 
 from varius, spotted. Its doublet is ve- 
 role, q. v. 
 
 VARLET, sm. a varlet, page ; formerly vaslet. 
 See valet. For s = r see orfraie. 
 
 VARLOPE, sf. a jointer. Origin unknown. 
 
 VASE, sm. a vessel, vase ; from L. vasum. 
 
 VASE, sf, mud, slime ; of Germ, origin, A. S. 
 vase. Its doublet is gazon, q. v. — Der. 
 va&enx. 
 
 Vasistas, sm. a casement window. Origin 
 unknown. 
 
 VASSAL, sm. a vassal ; from medieval L. 
 vassalis, der. from vassus * : 'Si alicujus 
 seniscalcus, qui servus est, et dominus ejus 
 xii vassos infra domum habet, occisus fu- 
 erit' (Lex Alamannorum, 79. 3). Vassus 
 is of Celtic origin, Kymric gwas, a servant. 
 — Der. vassehge, vassalite. 
 
 Vaste, adj. waste ; from L. vastus. 
 
 Vaudeville, sm. a ballad, vaudeville, pro- 
 perly a ballad sung to a well-known tune. 
 Vaudeville is of hist, origin, see § 33. 
 Vaudeville is an altered form of vaudevire. 
 For r = l see autel. Menage wrote, in the 
 17th cent.. Vaudeville, sorte de chansons. 
 Par corruption au lieu de Vaudevire. 
 Cest ainsi qu'on appeloit anciennement ces 
 
VA U-VEA U — VENEUR, 
 
 3^7 
 
 chansons, pcirce qii'elles furent inventees par 
 Olivier Basseliit, qui etoit unfoiillon de Vire 
 €71 Normandie, et qiielles fiirent premiere- 
 ment chantees an Vau de Vire, qui est le 
 nom d'tin lieu proche de la ville de Vire. 
 
 VAU-L'EAU, adv. with the stream, i. e. aval 
 I'eau. For letter-changes see val and aval. 
 
 VAURIEN, sm. a worthless fellow ; from 
 vaut-rie?i : cp. faineant for fait-neanf. For 
 etymology see rien and valoir. 
 
 VAUTOUR, sm. a vulture ; from L. vultu- 
 rius (found in Lucretius). By changing u 
 to o (see annoncer) vulturius became 
 volturius (found in a Merov. text), Vol- 
 turius becomes vautour : for ol = au see 
 ao;neau : for u = ou see § 90. 
 
 VAUTRER (SE), vpr. to wallow ; formerly 
 vQutrer, originally voltrer, in Marie of 
 France. It. voltolare, from L. voltulare *, 
 deriv. of vol'tus, contr. ofvolutus. Vol- 
 tulare. regularly contrd. (see § 52) to 
 vol'tlare, becomes voltrer. For \ = r see 
 apotre. By ol— ou = au (see agneau) 
 voltrer becomes voutrer, then vautrer ; cp. 
 volturius *, vautour. 
 
 VEAU, S7n. a calf, veal ; formerly veel, Prov. 
 vedel, from L. vitellus. For loss of medial 
 t see abhaye ; for i = e see § 72 : whence 
 veel, then veau ; for -ellus = -ea7^ see § 282. 
 — Der. veltx (from O. Fr. veel). 
 
 Vecteur, sm. (Math.) a vector ; from L. 
 vectorem. 
 
 t Vedette, sf. a vedette, scout ; introd. 
 in 1 6th cent, from It. vedetta. 
 
 Vegetal, adj. vegetable; from L. vegeta- 
 ns *, from vegetus. 
 
 'V6g6tation, s/. vegetation ; from L. vege- 
 tationem. 
 
 V^g^ter, vn. to vegetate : from L. vege- 
 tare (used in a neut. sense). 
 
 V^h^raent, adj. vehement ; from L, vehe- 
 mentem. — Der. vehemence. 
 
 V6h.icule, sm. a vehicle; from L. vehicu- 
 lum. 
 
 VEILLER, vn. to wake, lie awake; from L. 
 vigilare, by regular contr. (see accointer) 
 of vigilare to vig'lare, whence veiller. 
 For gl = ?7 see cailler ; fori^^ see § 72. 
 — Der. veille (verbal subst., whose doublet 
 is vigilel), veillce (partic. subst.), veilltur, 
 veilltuse, eveiller, reveiller, sxxxveiller. 
 
 VEINE, sf. a vein ; from L. vena. For e = ei 
 see § 61. — Der. veiner, veineux, venelle 
 (for veinelle, q. v.). 
 
 VELER, vn. to calve. See veau. 
 
 VELIN, sm. vellum ; from L. vitulinus, by 
 regular contr. (see § 52) of vitulinus 
 
 to vit'linus, whence velin. For tl = / see 
 bmdeau ; for i = e see § 72. 
 
 "Velleit6, sf. a feeble desire; from L. velle. 
 
 V61oce, adj. swift; from L. velocem. — 
 Der. velocke. 
 
 Velocipede, sm. a velocipede ; from L. 
 veloci and pede. 
 
 VELOURS, sm. velvet ; formerly velous 
 (Menage, as late as the 17th cent., tells us 
 that in his day both forms were used), from 
 L. villosus, lit. shaggy, hairy, then a 
 fabric with close, short hair. Villosus (by 
 o = u, see § 78, and i = e, see § 72) 
 becomes O. Fr. velous, whence later velours, 
 by intercalation of r ; seefronde. 
 
 fVeloute, ac?/. velvety ; partic. of ve/o?^- 
 ter *, which is from It. vellutare. 
 
 VENAISON, sf. venison ; from L. venati- 
 onera, lit. hunting, then game got in 
 hunting. For -tionem = -sow see § 232. 
 
 V6nal, adj. venal ; from L. venal is. — Der. 
 venal\\b. 
 
 VENDANGER, va. to gather grapes ; from L. 
 vindemiare. By ia=ja (see abreger) 
 vindemiare becomes vindemjare, whence 
 vendanger. For in = en see § 72; for 
 m = « see changer ; for en — an see andou- 
 ille. — Der. vendange (verbal subst.), ven- 
 dangeuT. 
 
 Vendemiaire, sm. Vendemiaire, first month 
 in the Republican Calendar, 23rd or 24th 
 Sept. to 2 1 St or 22nd Oct. ; from L. vin- 
 demia. 
 
 VENDRE, va. to sell ; from L. vendere, by 
 regular contr. (see § 51) of vendere 
 to vend're, whence vendre. — Der. vente 
 (strong partic. subst., see absoute), xevendre, 
 vendeuT, venda.h\e. 
 
 VENDREDI, S7n. Friday. O. Fr. venredi. It. 
 venerdi, Prov. di-ve7ires, from L. Veneris 
 dies (found in the Inscriptions). Veneris- 
 dies or vener'dies regularly losing its 
 atonic e (see § 52) becomes ven'rdies, 
 whence vendredi. For XiX = ndr see ab- 
 soudre. Veneris-dies becomes ve7idre'di 
 as Portus-Veneris becomes Port-Ve7idres. 
 
 VENELLE, sf. a small street. See veine. 
 
 Ven6neux, adj. poisonous; from L. vene- 
 nosus. For -osUi8= eux see § 229. 
 
 VENER, va. to run (tame animals to make 
 their flesh tender) ; from L. venari. — Der. 
 veuQwr, veneris. 
 
 V^nerer, va. to venerate; from L. vene- 
 rari. — Der. venerable, ve7iera.tioa. 
 
 VENERIE, sf. hunting. See vener. 
 
 VENETTE, sf. fear. Origin unknown. 
 
 VENEUR, sm. a huntsman. See vener. 
 
368 
 
 VENGER — VERMEIL, 
 
 VENGER, va. to revenge ; from L. vindi- 
 care. by regular contr. (see § 52) of vin- 
 dicfire to vind'care. The d between 
 two consonants is dropped, see Hist. Gram, 
 p. 81. For -OBxe^-ger see adjnger; for 
 i = tf see § 72. — Der. vengeur, vengeznce. 
 
 V6lliel, adj. venial; from L. venialis. 
 
 VENIMEUX, adj. venomous. See venin. 
 
 VENIN, sm. poison, venom ; from L. vene- 
 nvun. For e = i see § 56. — Der. venimeux, 
 envenimeT (for venineiix, enveniner, by dis- 
 similation, see § 169). 
 
 VENIR, vn. to come ; from L. venire. — 
 Der. venne. (partic. subst.). 
 
 VENT, sm. wind ; from L. ventus. — Der. 
 venter, venteux (with its doublets venteuse, 
 ventitse), eventer, contievent, prnvent, 
 t»a«/ail (formerly written ventail). 
 
 VENTE, s/. sale. See vendre. 
 
 Ventilateur, sm. a ventilator; from L. 
 ventilatorem. See ventilation. 
 
 Ventilation, sf. ventilation ; from L. ven- 
 tilationem. 
 
 Ventiler, va. to ventilate, estimate at a re- 
 lative worth (legal); from L. ventilare. 
 
 Ventdse, adj. Ventose, sixth month in the 
 Republican Calendar, from 19th or 20th 
 Feb. to 20th March ; from L. ventosus. 
 
 VENTOUSE, sf. a ventilator ; from L. ven- 
 tosa*, in the 6th cent, in Theodorus Prisci- 
 anus, • Missae in scapulis, sive cruribus, 
 ventosae, procedentibus, erumpentibusque 
 vesicis, decursa sanie multi liberabantur ' 
 says Gregory of Tours (Hist. v. 6) ; and 
 Isidore of Seville, ' Quae, a Latinis, a simili- 
 tudine cucurbitae, a suspirio ventosa, vo- 
 catur.' For o = ow see § 81. 
 
 VENTRE, sm. the belly ; from L. ventrem. 
 — Der. ventree, ventrihre, sons-ventriere, 
 ventru, evenlrer. 
 
 Ventricule, sm. a ventricule; from L.ven- 
 triculus. 
 
 Ventriloque, adj. ventriloquous, sm. a ven- 
 triloquist; from L. ventriloquus. 
 
 VENUE, sf. arrival. See venir. 
 
 VEPRE, sm. evening, then vespers ; formerly 
 vespre, from L. vesper. For loss of s see 
 Hist. Gram. p. 81. 
 
 VER, sm. a worm ; from L. vermis. For 
 rm = r see aubour. — Der. vereux. 
 
 V§racit6, s/l veracity; from L. veracita- 
 tem. 
 
 Verbal, adj. verbal ; from L. verbalis. — 
 Der. verbalement, prochs-verbal (whence 
 verbaliser). 
 
 Verbe, sm. a verb ; from L. verbum. — 
 Der. verhizge. 
 
 Verbeux, adj. verbose, wordy; from L. 
 verbosus. For -oQ\XB — -eiix see § 229. — 
 Der. verboshd (L. verbositatem). 
 
 VERD, adj. green ; from L. viridis, by regu- 
 lar contr. (see § si'^ of viridis to vir'- 
 dis, whence verd. For i = e see § 72. — 
 Der. verdaXxQ, verdh, verdtt, verdalet, verd- 
 ier, verdvLXt, verdoyer. 
 
 t Verdict, sm. a verdict; lately introd. 
 from Engl, verdict. 
 
 VERDURE, sf. verdure. See verd.— Der. 
 yerdur'xex. 
 
 VEREUX, adj. worm-eaten. See ver. 
 
 VERGE, sf. a rod ; from L. virga. Fori = e 
 see § 72. Its doublet is vergue, q. v. — , 
 Der. verg6, vergeme, vergette, vergettr. I 
 
 VERGER, sm. a fruit garden ; from L. viri- 
 diarium (found in the Digest and the In- 
 scriptions). Viridiaxium (by ia = ja, \ 
 see abreger, and suppression of atonic i, see 
 § 5 2) becomes vir'djariura, whence verger. '. 
 For i = e see § 71 ; for a = c see § 54; for : 
 dj=g' see ajouter. 
 
 VERGLAS, sm. glazed frost. Verglas is 
 compd. of verre and glace (see those words). | 
 
 VERGOGNE, sf. shame; from L. vere- j 
 cundia, by contr. (see § 52) of vere- 
 cundia to ver'cundia, whence vercun- 
 nia *, by assimilating nd to nn. Ver- 
 ctinnia becomes vergogne: for c==g see 
 ajuger ; for u = see annoncer ; for -nia 
 = -gne see cigogne. 
 
 t Vergue, ./. (Naut.) a yard ; from Prov. 
 vergua, which from L. virga. Its doublet 
 is verge, q. v. — Der. enverguer. 
 
 VERICLE, sf. paste, imitation jewellery ; from 
 L. vitriculus, der. from vitrum. Vitri- , 
 cuius, regularly losing u (see § 51) is I 
 ccJntrd. to vitric'lus, whence vericle. For 
 i = e see § 72 ; for tr = r see § 168. 
 
 Veridique, ac^'. veracious ; from L. veri- 
 dicus. — Der. veridicit6. 
 
 Verifier, va. to verify; from L. veri- 
 /icare*. — Der, veVz;?cation, wri/fcateur. 
 
 VERIN, sm. a screw-crane. Origin unknown. 
 
 VERITABLE, adj. veritable. See verite. 
 
 VERITE, sf. verity, truth; from L. veri- 
 tatem. For -tatem = -te see § 230. — Der. 
 veritMe. 
 
 VERJUS, sm. verjuice; for vert jus. See 
 vert and^ws.-^Der. verjuXe. 
 
 VERLE, sf. a rod, switch ; from L. virgula, 
 by regular contr. (see § 51) of virgula to 
 virg'la. By reduction of gi to 1 (see 
 cailler) virgla becomes verle : for i = e see 
 § 72. 
 
 VERMEIL, adj. vermilion ; from L. vermi- 
 
VERMEIL — VESTIAIRE. 
 
 369 
 
 cuius, scarlet (in St. Jerome). For -iculus 
 = -eil see § 257. — Der. vermilion. 
 VERMEIL, sni. silver gilt ; properly a varnish 
 
 of gum and cinnabar pounded up with 
 
 essence of turpentine. For etymology see 
 
 above. 
 t Vermieelle, sm. vermicelli; from It. 
 
 vermicelli. Its doublet is vermisseau, 
 
 q.v. 
 VERMILLON, sm. vermilion. See vermeil I. 
 VERMINE, sf. vermin ; from L. vermis. 
 VERMISSEAU, sm. a worm. O. Fr. vermicel, 
 
 from L. vermicellus *, der. from vermis, 
 
 lit. a Httle worm. For c = ss see amitie; 
 
 for -ellus = -el = -eau see § 282. Its 
 
 doublet is vermieelle, q. v. 
 VERMOULU, adj, worm-eaten, lit, reduced 
 
 to powder by worms. For etymology see 
 
 ver and moudre. — Der. vermoulxne. 
 "Vernal, adj. vernal; from L. vernalis, 
 VERNE, sm. an alder-tree; of Celtic origin, 
 
 Kymric gwern, from coed gwern. 
 VERNIR, va. to varnish, glaze; from L. 
 
 vitrinire *, to make bright as glass. Vi- 
 
 trinire *, is der. through vitrinus from 
 
 vitrum. Vitrmire, regularly contrd. 
 
 (see § 52) to vitr'nire, becomes vernir. 
 
 For tr = r see § 168; for i = e see § 72. — 
 
 Der. t/erwis (vernisser), vernissme. ■ 
 VEROLE, sf. the pox; petite verole, the 
 
 smallpox. O. Fr. vairole, from L. variola*, 
 
 a dim. of varius. Variola becomes O. Fr. 
 
 vairole by transposing i (see aigle) ; vairole 
 
 becomes verole, cp. O. Fr, alaigre, aissieu, 
 
 afterwards alegre, essieu. Its doublet is va- 
 
 riole, q- v. 
 VERRAT, sm. a boar-pig ; from O. Fr. ver, 
 
 which from L. verres, 
 VERRE, sm. glass ; from L. vitrum. For 
 
 tT = rr see § 168; for i = e see § 72. 
 
 Its doublet is vitre, q.v. — Der. verrier, 
 
 verrVere, i/erroterie. 
 VERROU, sm. a bolt; originally verrouil, 
 
 from L. veruculum., a little metal pin, 
 
 found in medieval Lat. glossaries. For 
 
 -uculum = -ow// see § 258, whence O. Fr. 
 
 verrouil, whence later verrou ; cp. O. Fr. 
 
 genouil and pouil reduced to getiou and pott. 
 
 Just as O. Fr. ge?iouil remains in agenouiller, 
 
 so O. Fr, verrouil remains in verrouiller^ 
 VERRUE, sf. a wart; from L. verrxica. 
 
 For -uca = -w« see § 237, 
 VERS, prep, towards; from L. versus. — 
 
 Der. devers, tnvers. 
 VERS, sm. a verse ; from L. versus. — Der. 
 
 verstt, versification (L. versificationem), 
 
 vfrsificateur (L.versificatorem), versifier. 
 
 Versatile, adj. versatile; from L. versa- 
 tilis. — Der. versatilite. 
 
 VERSANT, sm. side (of a hill). See verser. 
 
 VERSER, va. to pour out ; from L. versare, 
 to overturn, tilt over, whence to pour out. — 
 Der. verse (verbal subst., whence the phrase 
 a verse and the sf. averse), verseau, verse- 
 ment, i/ersant. 
 
 Version, sf. a version; from L. versio- 
 nem *. 
 
 f Verso, sm. the reverse; from L. verso, 
 sc. folio, lit. with the leaf turned over. 
 
 VERT, aJ;. green. See ver d. For d = t see 
 §121. 
 
 Vert^bre, sf. a vertebra; from L. ver- 
 tebra. — Der. vertebre, vertebml. 
 
 Vertical, adj. vertical; from L. verti- 
 calis*, der, from verticem. 
 
 Vertige, sm. giddiness; from L. vertigo 
 (found in Livy). — Der. vertig'meux (L. 
 vertiginosus). 
 
 VERTU, sf virtue ; from L. virtutem. For 
 -utem = -M see aigu; for i = e see § 72. 
 
 VERTUEUX, adj. virtuous. Prov. vertudos, 
 from L. virtutosus*, der. from virtu- 
 tem. Virtutosus, losing medial t (see 
 aboyer), becomes vertueux. For i = e see 
 § 72; for -OBMS = -etix see § 229. Its 
 doublet is virtuose, q. v. 
 
 Verve, sf rapture, animation ; from L. 
 verva * (found in Ruteboeuf), lit. a sculp- 
 tured ram's head, then any fanciful sculpture, 
 then a caprice and fancy of an artist. 
 
 VERVEINE, sf (Bot.) vervain ; from L. ver- 
 bena. For b =1/ see § 113; for e = « see 
 § 61. 
 
 VERVEUX, sm. a hoop-net ; from L. verte- 
 bolum * (found in Merov. documents) : 
 ' Si quis vertebolum. de flumine fura- 
 verit,' Salic Law, 27, 14, Vertebolum 
 is from vertebra. Vertebolum, regu- 
 larly contrd. (see § 52) to vert'bolum, 
 becomes verveux. For th = b see plane; 
 for b = V see § 1 1 3 ; for ol = eu see agneau. 
 
 VESCE, sf a vetch ; formerly vesse, from L. 
 vicia. For i = e see § 72; for ei& = sse 
 see agencer. — Der, vescexon. 
 
 "V6sicatoire, sm. a blister ; from L. vesica- 
 torium *. 
 
 V6sic"ule, sf a vesicle, bladder; from L. 
 vesicula. 
 
 VESSIE, sf a bladder ; from L. vesica. For 
 loss of c see ami ; for s = ss see dessiner. 
 
 "Veste, sf a vest; from L. vestis. For 
 reduction of meaning see § 1 3. 
 
 Vestiaire, sm. a vestiary, robing-room; 
 from L. vestiarium. 
 
 B b 
 
370 
 
 VESTIBULE — VIDUITS. 
 
 Vestibule, sm. a vestibule; from L. vesti- 
 bulum. 
 
 Vestige, sm. a footstep, trace, vestige ; 
 from L. vestigium. 
 
 VfeTEMENT, sm, a garment. O.Fr. veste- 
 merit, from L. vestimentum. For i ■» ^ see 
 § 72 ; for loss of s see Hist. Gram. p. 8 1. 
 
 Veteran, sm. a veteran ; from L. vete- 
 ran us. — Der. veterance. 
 
 V6t6rinaire, adj. veterinary ; from L. ve- 
 terinarius, a veterinary surgeon, in Colu- 
 mella. 
 
 tV6tille, sf, a trifle; introd. from Pied- 
 montese vetilia. 
 
 VETIR, va. to clothe ; formerly vestir, from 
 L. vestire. For loss of s see Hist. Gram, 
 p. 81. — Der. vcAire, d6vetir, rcvttir. 
 
 V6to, sm. a veto; from L. veto. 
 
 VETURE, sf. the taking the monastic habit, 
 or veil. See vetir. 
 
 V6tust6, sf. oldness, decay; from L. ve- 
 tustatera. 
 
 VEUF, adj. widowed ; from L. viduus. By 
 usual reduction of uu to u we get a form 
 vidua *, whence veuf. For i = eti see a/- 
 fjibler; for v=/ see § 142. 
 
 VEUVAGE, sm. widowhood. See veuve. 
 
 VEUVE, sf. a widow ; from L. vidua. For 
 u = v see Janvier; whence vidva, whence 
 veuve. For i = eu see affuhler ; for dv = v 
 see aval. Its doublet is vide, q. v.—Der. 
 veiivzge. 
 
 Vexation, sf. vexation. See vexer. 
 
 Vexatoire, adj. vexing. See vexer. 
 
 Vexer, va. to vex ; from L. vexare. — Der. 
 vexation, vexatoire. 
 
 Viability, sf. viability, ability to live 
 (forensic). See viable. 
 
 VIABLE, adj. viable (forensic). For etymo- 
 logy see vie. — Der. viabilite. 
 
 Vistduc, sm. a viaduct; a word framed 
 from L. via and ductus. 
 
 VIAGER, adj. for life: from L. vitati- 
 carius *. Vitatic^rius, regularly contrd. 
 (see § 52) to vitatcarius, becomes 
 viager. For to = g see adjuger ; for a = e 
 see § 54; for loss of medial t see 
 abbaye. 
 
 VIANDE, sf. meat. It. vivanda. Viande 
 was long before it was restricted to its 
 present sense of fresh meat : in O. Fr. it 
 signified vegetable as well as animal food. 
 Rabelais tells us (iv. 54) that, les poires 
 sont viande trct-salubre. In hunting lan- 
 guage the verb viander is used for to feed, 
 
 . and viandis for the food of animals, pas- 
 ture. Viande signified originally any kind 
 
 of food, and comes (with It. vivanda) from 
 L. vivanda*, sustenance necessary for 
 life, as in 'Ut nuUus audeat in nocte nego- 
 tiari, excepto vivanda et fodro, quod iter 
 agentibus necessaria sint,' from a Capitulary 
 of Charlemagne, a.d. 803. Vivanda 
 from vivenda, properly things needful for 
 life. For e = a see amender; for loss of 
 medial v see aieid. 
 
 Viatique, sm. viaticum; from L. viati- 
 cum. Its doublet is voyage, q. v. 
 
 Vibrer, vn. to vibrate; from L. vibrare. 
 — Der. vibrztion. 
 
 Vicaire, sm. a vicar, vicegerent; from L. 
 vicar ius. Its doublet is viguier, q. v. — 
 Der. vicarizt. 
 
 VICE, sm. defect, blemish, fault; from L. 
 vitium. For -tium = -ce see agencer. 
 
 VICE, prep, in the place of; from L. vice. 
 — Der. v/ce-amiral, vice-roi, wee-president, 
 etc. By c = s (see amitie) vice becomes in 
 Fr. vis, whence vi-comte (vice-comitem), I 
 vidame (vice-dominum), which in O. Fr. 
 were vis-comte, vis-dame. For loss of s see 
 Hist. Gram. p. 81. 
 
 Vicier, va. to corrupt, vitiate; from L. 
 vitiare. 
 
 Vicieux, adj. vicious ; from L. vitiosus. 
 
 Vicinal, adj. parochial; from L. vicinal is, 
 from vicinus. 
 
 Vicissitude, sf a vicissitude; from L. 
 vicissitudinem. 
 
 VICOMTE, sm. a viscount ; from L. vice- 
 comitem : ' Comes praecipiat suo vice 
 comiti, suisque centenariis,' from an 8th- 
 cent. document. For vice = w see vice; 
 for comitem = cow^e see comte. — Der. 
 vicomte. 
 
 Victime, sf a victim ; from L. victim a. 
 
 Victoire, sf a victory; from L. victoria. 
 — Der. wc/orieux (L. victoriosus). 
 
 Vietuaille, sf victuals; from L. victualia. 
 
 VIDAME, sm. a vidame (dignitary holding 
 under a bishop); from L. vice-dominus : 
 ' Ut Episcopi, abbates, atque abbatissae 
 advocatos atque vice-dominos, centena- 
 riosque legem scientes et mansuetos habe- 
 ant,' says a Capitulary of Charlemagne, 
 A.D. 802. For vice = w see vice; for 
 dominus = dame see dame. 
 
 VIDANGE, sf. an emptying. See vider. — 
 Der. vidangeuT. 
 
 VIDE, sm. a void, adj. empty, void ; from L. 
 viduus. Its doublet is veuve, q.v. — Der. 
 vider. vida.nge, dvidex, devider. 
 
 Viduit6, sf widowhood; from L. vidui- 
 tatem. 
 
VIE — VIOLET. 
 
 37T^ 
 
 VIE, sf. life ; from L. vita. For loss of 
 medial t see ahbaye. — Der. w'able. 
 
 VIEIL, adj. old. It. vecchio, from L. veclus. 
 Veclus was a popular form for vetlus, 
 vetulus, as we see from the Appendix ad 
 Probum ' vetulus, non veclus.' Veclum 
 becomes vieil : for e = ie see § 54; for 
 cl = z7 see abeille. The nominative veclus 
 produced O. Fr. viels, which by l = w (see 
 agnemi) becomes vieus, then vieux : for 
 s = x see deux. — Der. v/«71esse, vieilX&xie., 
 vieiR^xA, vieillot, vieillii. 
 
 VIELLE, sf. a hurdy-gurdy, viol ; from L. vi- 
 tella *, a secondary form of vitula *, a viol 
 in medieval Lat. texts ; e.g. ' Cymbala prae- 
 clara, concors symphonia, dulcis Fistula, 
 somniferae cytharae, vitulaeque jocosae,' 
 says an iith-cent. poet. Vitula is from 
 vitulari *, to delight oneself. Vitella be- 
 comes vielle by loss of medial t, see abbaye. 
 — Der. vielltx. 
 
 VIERGE, &f. a virgin ; from L. virgo. For 
 i = ie see § *J2 note 3, 
 
 VIEUX, adj. old. See vieil. 
 
 VIF, adj. lively; from L. vivus. For v=/ 
 see bcenf. 
 
 VIGIE, sf. a look-out ; the exact origin un- 
 known ; connected with L. vigilare. 
 
 Vigilance, adj. vigilance. See vigilant. 
 
 Vigilant, adj. vigilant; from L. vigi- 
 lantem. Its doublet is veillant. — Der. 
 vigilzncQ. 
 
 Vigile, sf. a vigil; from L. vigilia. Its 
 doublet is veille, q.v. 
 
 VIGNE, sf. a vine; from L, vinea. For -nea 
 — -iiia=-gne see cigogne. — Der. wo'weron. 
 
 VIGNETTE, sf. a vignette, lit. a little vine, 
 the first vignettes having been adorned 
 with borders of vine-leaves and grapes. 
 
 VIGNOBLE, sm. a vineyard ; from L. vini- 
 opulens (lit. a land wealthy in wine), by 
 regular contr. (see § 51) of viniopiilens 
 to viniop'lens, whence vignoble. For 
 ni=^« see cigogne; for p = 6 see § ill. 
 
 + Vigogne, sf. vicunia, swan's-down ; from 
 Sp. vicuna. 
 
 Vigueur, sw. vigour; from L. vigorem. — 
 Der. vigoureux. 
 
 VIGUIER, sm. a viguier (a provost, in Langue- 
 doc and Provence) ; from L. vicarius. For 
 c=g see adjuger ; for -arius = ier see § 1 98. 
 Its doublet is vicaire, q.v. — Der. viguex'ie. 
 
 VIL, adj. vile ; from L. vilis. — Der. zvilxx. 
 
 VILAIN, sm. a ' villein,' farmer (feudal) ; 
 from L. villanus*, from villa. From 
 the sense of peasant the word takes that of 
 rude, vile, low; whence later the adj. vilain. 
 
 For -anus = -am see § 194. — Dei. villan- 
 elle (pastoral poetry). 
 
 VILAIN, adj. ugly, villanous. See above. 
 ■ — Der. vilenie. 
 
 VILEBREQUIN, sm. a wimble, drill; in 
 O. Fr. virebrequin, compd. of virer (q.v.) 
 and brequin, transposed from berqjiin * ; of 
 Germ, origin, Neth. boreken. For ber- 
 quin * = brequin see aprele ; for O. Fr. 
 vire-brequin = vilebrequin, caused by dis- 
 similation, see § 169 and autel. 
 
 VILENIE, s/". dirt, abusive language. See vilain. 
 
 Vilipender, va. to contemn, vilipend; 
 from L. vilipendere. 
 
 t Villa, sf. a villa; introd. from It. villa. 
 Its doublet is ville, q. v. 
 
 VILLAGE, sm. a village; from L. villa- 
 ticum*, a collection of several farms or 
 metairies, from L. villa : ' Juraverunt 
 Richardus sacerdos et tota villatica ' (Acta 
 Sanctorum, June, iv. 574). Villatica 
 here rather signifies the gathering of all the 
 dwellers on the same farm. For letter- 
 changes see age. — Der. villageoxs. 
 
 VILLE, sf. a town ; from L, villa (for the 
 meaning of this word see §12). Its doublet 
 is villa, q.v, 
 
 t Villegiature, sf a visit to, sojourn in 
 the country ; introd. from It. villeggialtira. 
 
 VIM AIRE, sf damage caused by heavy 
 storms, etc.; from L. vis major. For 
 vis = w see Hist. Gram. p. 81 ; for major 
 = 77iaire see maire. 
 
 VIN, sm. wine; from L. vinum. — Der. 
 vineux, vinee, wwaigre. 
 
 VINAIGRE, S7n. vinegar. See vin and aigre. 
 — Der. vinaigrette, vinaigriex. 
 
 VINDAS, sm. a windlass ; of Germ, origin 
 (like most sea terms), O. H. G. windan. 
 
 Vindicatif, adj. vindictive; from L. vin- 
 dicativus*, from vindicare. 
 
 Vindiete, sf a prosecution (of crime) ; from 
 L. vindicta. 
 
 VINGT, adj. twenty ; from L. viginti. For 
 loss of medial g see allier. — Der. vingtiexne, 
 vingUxxie. 
 
 Viol, sm. violation. See violer. 
 
 Violace, adj. (Bot.) violaceous. See violet. 
 
 + Viole, sf a viol, tenor violin; introd. 
 from It. viola. Its doublet is vielle, q. v. 
 
 Violent, arf/. violent; from L. violentus. 
 — Der. violence (L. violentia), violentex. 
 
 Violer, va. to violate; from L. violare. — 
 Der. viol (verbal subst.), woZation, fio/ateur. 
 
 VIOLET, adj. violet-coloured ; from L. viola, 
 which produced a primitive form viole*, 
 whence violette, violace, violier. 
 
 B b 2 
 
372 
 
 VIOLETTE — VIVIPARE. 
 
 VIOLETTE; s/. a violet. See violet. 
 
 VIOLIER, sm. a wallflower. See violet. 
 
 t Violon, sm. a violin ; from It. violone. — 
 Der. t//o/o«isle. 
 
 t Violoncelle, s7n. a violoncello ; from 
 It. violoncello. 
 
 VIORNE, sf. (Bot.) viburnum ; from L. vi- 
 burnum. For loss of medial b see ahoyer ; 
 for u = see annoncer. 
 
 Vipdre, sf. a viper; from L. vipera. Its 
 doublet is gvivre, q. v. 
 
 Virago, sf. a virago; from L. virago. 
 
 VIRELAI, sm. a virelay. See virer. 
 
 VIRER, vn. to turn, tack, veer; lit. to turn 
 round, describe a circle : from O. Fr. vire 
 (a circle, ring), which from L. viria (a ring, 
 in Pliny). Vire has disappeared from modern 
 Fr., leaving the deriv. virole, a little wire, 
 circle of metal. — Der. viremeni (Tevirement), 
 virole, viron * (in a-viron, that which one 
 turns with, and en-viron, that which is 
 around), vire\&i (compd. oilai, see lai 2, and 
 virer, properly a lay which veers round, a 
 rondeau). 
 
 Virginal, adj. virginal; from L. virgin- 
 alis. 
 
 Virginity, s/. virginity ; from L. virgini- 
 tatem. 
 
 Virgule, .y''. a comma; from L. virgula. 
 
 Viril, adj. virile; from L. virilis. 
 
 VIROLE, sf. a ferrule, collar. See virer. 
 
 Virtuel, adj. virtual; der. from L. virtus. 
 
 •fVirtuose, sm. a virtuoso; introd. from 
 It. virtuoso. 
 
 Virulent, ac?/. virulent ; from L. virulen- 
 tus. — Der. virulence. 
 
 VIS, .</. a screw. O. Fr. vis depressoir (whence 
 the general sense of a screw), from L. vi- 
 tis, the tendril of a vine, spiral-formed, 
 then, by assimilation of sense, a screw, 
 a spiral staircase. Vitis in the sense 
 of a screw is found in the Acta Sanc- 
 torum (May, ii. 62). ' Arcasque praedictas 
 praedicti argentarii clavis et vitibua ferreis 
 fortiter simul affixerunt et cooperierunt ' : 
 in the sense of vis de pressoir in the fol- 
 lowing passage from the same (June, ii. 
 738), * Cujus lingua erat modicum promi- 
 nens extra guttur et brevissima, ad modum 
 vitis torcularis retorta ' : in sense of spiral 
 staircase in the following I4th-cent. chro- 
 nicle, ' Per claustrum ecclesiam introivit, et 
 in vitem quae ad defendendum in eadem 
 ecclesia est, ascendit, et ostium post se clau- 
 sit.' This etymology is confirmed by the 
 fact that It. vite retains both meanings, vine 
 and screw. — Der. w'sser. 
 
 fVisa, sm. a visa, endorsement; from L. 
 
 visa (sc. est). — Der. v/ser. 
 VISAGE, .sm. face. See vis-a-vis. — Der. di-- ' 
 
 visagtx, envisager. 
 VIS-A-VIS, prep, opposite ; a phrase compd. 
 
 of O. Fr. sm. vis, the L. visus (properly 
 
 appearance, then face in modern Lat.) : 
 
 ' Habebat autem visum valde tumefactum 
 
 ac inflatum ita quod oculis humanis nimis 
 
 horribilis apparebat' (Acta Sanctorum, May, 
 
 iv. 337). Vis-a-vis is lit. face to face. — Der. : 
 
 from vis come visage, visihre. 
 Viscdr e, sm. entrails; from L. viscera. — 
 
 Der. wse^ral. 
 VISER, vn. to take aim ; from L. visare *, 
 
 from visus, p. p. of videre. — Der. visee 
 
 (partic. subst.). 
 Viser, va. to endorse. See visa. 
 Visible, Qflf;'. visible ; from L. visibilis. — 
 
 Der. visibility. 
 VISIERE, sf. a visor (of helmets). See vis-a- 
 vis. 
 Vision, sf. vision; from L. vision em. — 
 
 Der. visionnsLire. 
 Visiter, ra. to visit; from L. visitare. — 
 
 Der. visite (verbal subst.), visitenx, visit- 
 
 ation. 
 VisqueUX, adj. sticky, slimy ; from L. vis- 
 
 cosus. For -osxx8 = -eux see § 239. — 
 
 Der. wscosite. 
 VISSER, va. to screw. See vis Der. d4- 
 
 visser. 
 Visuel, adj. visual; from L. visualis*, 
 
 der. from visus. 
 Vital, adj. vital; from L. vitalis. — Der. 
 
 vitaliser, vitalite (L. vitalitatem). 
 VITE, adj. quick ; adv. quickly, a word found 
 
 in Fr. documents of the 13th cent. Origin 
 
 unknown. — Der. vitesse. 
 Vitre, sm. glass; from L. vitrum. Its 
 
 doublet is verre, q. v. — Der. vitrzge, vitrtr, 
 
 vitr'me, vifreux, wVrifier. 
 + Vitriol, sm. vitriol; introd. from It. 
 
 vitriuolo. 
 Vivace, adj. vivacious; from L. vivacem. 
 
 — Der. vwacite (L. vivacitatem). 
 f Vivandier, sm. a sutler; introd. in 
 
 1 6th cent, from It. vivandiere. — Der. vi- 
 
 vandVere. 
 t Vivat, interj. hurrah ! from L. vivat. 
 VIVIER, sm. a fishpond ; from L. vivarium 
 
 (found in Juvenal), For -axium. =^ -ier see 
 § 198. 
 Vivifier, va. to quicken; from L. vivifi- 
 
 care. 
 Vivipare, adj. (Zool.) viviparous ; from L. 
 viviparus (found in Apuleius). 
 
VIVRE — VOLUTE. 
 
 373 
 
 VIVRE, vn. to live ; from L. vivere, by 
 
 regular contr. (see § 51) of vivere to 
 
 viv're. — Der. vivre (sm.), xtvivre, sur- 
 
 viv7-e. 
 + Vizir, sm. a vizier, a Turkish word, see 
 
 § 30. — Der. vizirat. 
 Vocabulaire, sm. a vocabulary ; from L. 
 
 vocabularium *, der. from vocabulum. 
 Vocal, adj. vocal; from L. vocalis, — Der. 
 
 vocaliser. 
 Vocale, sf. a vowel; from L, vocalis. Its 
 
 doublet is voyelle, q. v. 
 Vocaliser, vn. (Mus.) to vocalise. See vocal. 
 
 — Der. vocalise (verbal subst.), vocfl/isation. 
 Vociferer, va. to vociferate ; from L. vo- 
 
 ciferari. — Der. vociferation. 
 VCEU, sm. a vow, prayer ; from L. votxim. 
 
 For loss of t see aigu ; for o = oeu see 
 
 § 79. Its doublet is vote, q. v., .and voto 
 
 in the compound ex-voto. 
 tVoguer, vn. to row; introd. in i6th 
 
 cent, from It. vogare. — Der. vogue (verbal 
 
 subst.). 
 YOICI, prep, see here! for vois-ci, and there- 
 fore compd. of a verb imperat, and an adv. 
 
 See voir and ici. 
 VOIE, sf. a way ; from L. via. For i = oi see 
 
 § 68. — Der. : from Lat. viare comes Fr. 
 
 verb voyer, found in the compds. devoyer, 
 
 convoy er, envoyer, hnrvoyer (q.v.). 
 YOILA, prep, see there ! for vois-lcc, cp. void. 
 
 See voir and IcL. 
 VOILE, sm. a veil ; from L. velum, whose 
 
 pi. vela gives us the sf. voile, a sail. For 
 
 e = oi see § 62. — Der. voiler (from L. 
 
 velare), »oz7ette, devoiler (q. v.) 
 VOILE, sf. a sail. See voile. — Der. voiluie, 
 
 voilicT, voilerie. 
 VOIR, va. to see ; formerly veoir, from L. 
 
 videre. For loss of medial d see accabler ; 
 
 for i = e see § 72; for e = oi see § 62. 
 
 For later contr. of veoir to voir, see mur. 
 VOIRE, ao?/. truly ; from L. ver^. For e = 
 
 oi see § 62. Its doublet is vrai, q. v. 
 VOIRIE, sf a commission of public ways, a 
 
 sewer. See voyer. 
 VOISIN, adj. neighbouring; from L.vicinus. 
 
 For i = oi see § 68 ; for c = s see amide. — 
 
 Der. voisintx, voisimge, zvoisiner, avoisinnnt. 
 VOITURE, sf. a carriage ; from L. vectura. 
 
 For ect = oii see attrait. — Der. voihirev, 
 
 voiturier. 
 i" Voiturin, sm. a vetturino, driver and 
 
 owner of a travelling-carriage ; from It. vet- 
 turino. 
 VOIX, sf. voice ; from L. vocem. For o = 
 
 oi see § 83 ; for c = x see amitie. 
 
 VOL, sm. flight. See voter I. 
 VOL, sm. theft. See voler 2. 
 VOLAGE, adj. volatile, fickle ; from L. vo- 
 
 latieum (found in Cicero). For -aticum 
 
 = -age see age. 
 VOLAILLE, sf. poultry, a collective name of 
 
 ail farm-yard birds ; from L. volatilia, pi. 
 
 of volatilis. Columella uses the phrase 
 
 ' volatile pecus ' for poultry. Volatilia 
 
 contrd. (see § 51) to volat'lia gives vola- 
 
 ille. For assimilation of tl to / see bouleau ; 
 
 for li = // see ail. 
 Volatile, aJ/". volatile ; from L. volatilis. 
 
 — Der. volatiliser, volatilise. 
 t Vol can, sm. a volcano ; from It. volcano, 
 
 — Der. volcan\(\ut, volcaniser, 
 VOLE, sf. vole (in cards). See voler t. 
 VOLER, vn. to fly ; from L. volare. — Der. 
 
 vol (verbal subst. masc), vole (verbal subst. 
 
 fern,), vol6e (partic. subst.), vohnt, voliere, 
 
 volet (the wing, shutter of a window), vol- 
 
 au-vent. 
 VOLER, vn. to steal ; from L. volare *, 
 
 abstract form of compd. involare (to steal, 
 
 in Cato and Petronius). — Der. vol (verbal 
 
 subst.), voleur, volerie. 
 VOLET, sm. a shutter. See voler i. 
 Voleter, v«. to fly, flit ; from L. volitare. 
 Volition, sf volition; from L. voliti- 
 
 onem*(a word framed by the Schoolmen; 
 
 from L. vol ere *, see vouloir.) 
 VOLONTE, sf. will ; from L. voluntatem. 
 
 For u = o see annoncer; for -tateni = -/e 
 
 see § 230. 
 Volontaire, adj. voluntary; from L. vo- 
 
 luntarius. 
 VOLONTIERS, adv, willingly ; from L. vo- 
 
 luntarid. For -arie ^-ier, see § 198. 
 "t* Volte, sf. volt, fencing term; introd. 
 
 from It. volta. Its doublet is voitle, q. v. — • 
 
 Der. voltcT, whence volte-face (lit. turn-face, 
 
 face-about). 
 t Voltiger, vn. to flutter; introd. from It. 
 
 volteggiare. — Der. voltige (verbal subst.), 
 
 voltigenx. 
 Volubile, adj. voluble; from L. volubilis. 
 Volubilite, sf. volubility; from L. volu- 
 
 bilitatem. 
 Volume, sm. (i) a volume (book); (2) 
 
 volume; from L. volumen. — Dex.volum- 
 
 ineux (L. voluminosus). 
 Volupt6, s/. pleasur^; from L. voluptatem. 
 Voluptueux, adj. voluptuous; from L. 
 
 voluptuosus. For -osus = -evx see 
 
 § 2^9. 
 Volute, sf. (Archit.) a volute; from L. vo- 
 
 luta (found in Vitruvius). 
 
374 
 
 VOMIQUE — VULNERA IRE. 
 
 Vomique, adj. vomic, sf. (Med.) vomica; 
 from L. vomica. 
 
 VOMIR, va. to vomit; from L. vomere. 
 For e = t see § 59. — Der. t/omissement, 
 vom/tif. 
 
 Vorace, adj. voracious ; from L. voracem. 
 — Der. voracit6 (L. voracitatem). 
 
 Vote, sm. a vote; from L. votum. — Der. 
 voter (its doublet is vouer, q. v.). 
 
 Votif, adj. votive; from L. votivus. 
 
 VOTRE, poss. adj. your, yours ; formerly 
 voslre, from L. vostnun, archaic form of 
 vestrum (in Emiius). For os = d see Hist. 
 Gram. p. 81. 
 
 VOUER, va. to vow ; from L. votare, from 
 votus, p. p. of vovere, to vow. Votare 
 becomes vouer by losing t, see abhaye ; by 
 o = 0M see § 81. Its doublet is voter, 
 q. V. — Der. nvouer. 
 
 VOULOIR, va. to will, order, wish. It. 
 volere, from L. volere *, found in Merov. 
 texts, der. from voile *, which is for velle. 
 For this lengthened form in ere see etre. 
 Volere becomes vouloir: for o = om see 
 § 81 ; for e = oz see § 62. 
 
 VOUS, pers. pron. you ; from L. vos. For 
 o = 0M see § 81. 
 
 VOUSSOIR, sm. an archstone (engineering') ; 
 der. from a form vousser (cp. tailloir from 
 tailler). Vousser is from L. volutiare *, 
 to bend, vault, der. from volutus. Volu- 
 tiare *, contrd. (see § 53) to vol'tiare, 
 
 ; becomes vousser. For ol = ou see agneau ; 
 for -tioxe = -sser see § 264. From the 
 same verb vousser comes also the deriv. 
 voussure. 
 
 VOUSSURE, sf. (Archit.) coving. See vous- 
 soir. 
 
 VOOTE, sf. a vault. O. Fr. volte, from L. 
 voluta*, a vault, in medieval Lat. texts; 
 der. from volutus. V61uta, contrd. (see 
 § 51) to vol'ta, becomes O. Fr. volte, 
 whence voilte. For o1 = om see agneau. 
 Vouie is a doublet of volte, q. v. — Der. 
 voiiteT. 
 
 VOYAGE, sm. a journey, voyage. Sp. viage, 
 It. viaggio, Prov. viatge, from L. viati- 
 ctim, lit. provisions for a journey, then a 
 journey, in Fortunatus ; ' Deducit dulcem 
 per amara viatica natam.' And a Charter 
 of A. D. 1 299 has ' Pro viatico quod 
 
 fecimus in Sicilia.' Viaticum becomes 
 voyage : for via- = voy- see voie ; for 
 -aticum = -age see age. Voyage is a 
 doublet of viatique, q. v. — Der. voyager, 
 voyageur. 
 VOYELLE, sf. a vowel ; from L. vocalis. 
 For loss of medial c see affbuage ; for a = 
 e see § 54; for = 0/ see § 83. Its 
 doublet is vocale, q. v. 
 VOYER, sm. a trustee of roads; from L. 
 viarius, relating to roads. For via- = voy- 
 see voie. — Der. zgtnX-voyer, voir'it (contr. 
 of O. Fr. voierie). 
 VRAI, adj. true. O. Fr. verai, from L. ver- 
 acum*, veracious. For a,=ai see § 54; 
 for loss of c see ami. — Der. vraimenl, vrai- 
 semblable. 
 VRAIMENT, adv. truly. See vrai. 
 VRAISEMBLABLE, adj. probable. See vrai 
 
 and semhlable. 
 VRAISEMBLANCE, sf probability. See vrat 
 
 and sembler. 
 VRILLE, sf. (Bot.) a tendril, gimblet ; from 
 L. vericula *, der. from vericum *, a spit. 
 ' Tria verica ' is found in an inventory 
 dated a.d. 12 18. Vericura is a dim. of 
 veru. Vericxila, by -icula = -///e (see 
 § 257), gives vm//e*, which is later contrd. 
 to vrille, as O. Fr. verai is contrd. to vrai. 
 For this loss of e see briller. 
 VU, sm. sight; partic. subst. of voir, q. v. 
 Vu, in O. Fr. veu, originally vedut. It. 
 veduto, is from L. vidutus *, a barbarous 
 p. p. of videre : for these p. p. in -utus 
 see boire. Vidutus, losing its medial d 
 (see accabler), becomes O. Fr. veu. For 
 -utus = -M see § 201 ; for i = e see § 72. 
 Veu is later contrd. to veu (see miir), 
 whence the form vu. For eu — u see 
 jumeau. 
 VUE, sf. view; partic. subst. fem. of voir. 
 
 For etymology see vu. 
 Vulgaire, adj. vulgar, common ; from 
 L. vulgaris. — Der. vulgariser, vulgarity. 
 Vulgate, sf Vulgate; from L. vulgata*, 
 properly the accredited, popular version of 
 Scripture. 
 Vulnerable, adj. vulnerable; from L. vul- 
 
 nerabilis. 
 Vuln6raire, adj. vulnerary; from L. vul- 
 nerarius. 
 
WA GON — ZODIA QUE. 
 
 375 
 
 W. 
 
 Wagon, see vagon. 
 
 t Warrant, sm. a warrant, 
 
 Ifrom Engl, warrant. Its doublet is garanf, 
 q. V. 
 t Whist, sm. whist; from Engl, whist. 
 
 X. 
 
 X6rasie, s/. dryness ; from Gr. ^rjpaaia. i Xylographie, sf. xylography (wood en- 
 X6rophagie, sf. xerophagy (Church his- graving) ; from Gr. ^vkoypa(pia. 
 tory) ; from Gr. ^rfpoipayia. I 
 
 Y, adv. there, O. Fr. /, originally tv. It. ivi, 
 from L, ibi. In Merov. Lat. ibi takes the 
 sense of illi, illis, * Ipsum monasterium 
 expoliatum, et omnes cartae, quas de supra 
 dicto loco ibi delegaverunt, ablatae,' from 
 a Diploma of Hlotair III, a.d. 664 ; and 
 in a Charter of a.d. 883, ' Tradimus ibi 
 terram ; . . . dono ibi decimas.' By b = v (see 
 § 113) ibi becomes O.Fr.iv: 'In nulla 
 aiudha contra Lodhuwig nun li iv er,' from 
 the Oaths of a.d. 842 ; i. e. in the Lat. of 
 the day, ' In nullam adjutam contra Ludo- 
 vicum non illi ibi ero.' Finally iv loses 
 final V (see a'ieul) and becomes i, whence y. 
 
 f Yacht, sm. a yacht; from En^. yacht. 
 
 t Yatagan, sm. a yataghan; of Turkish 
 origin. 
 
 Y^BLE, see hiehle. 
 
 YEUSE, sf. evergreen oak, holly; originally 
 ielce *, It. elce, from L. ilicem, by regular 
 contr. (see § 51) of ilicem to ircein, 
 whence elce*. For i = e see § 72. Elce* 
 becomes ielce (for e = /e see § 56), then 
 ieuse (for c = s see amitie; for el = eu see 
 agneau). 
 
 YEUX, sm. pi. eyes. See ceil. 
 
 Yole, sf. a yawl. Origin unknown. 
 
 t Yucca, sm. (Bot.) a yucca; of American 
 origin, see § 32. 
 
 fZaln, adj. whole-coloured, dark bay (of 
 
 horses) ; from It. zaino. 
 i'Zdbre, sm. a zebra; of African origin, 
 
 see § 31. 
 Zdle, sm. zeal; from L. zelus. — Der. ze'/e. 
 tZ6nith, sm. the zenith; introd. through 
 
 It. zenit, from Ar. semt. 
 Z6phyr, S7n. a zephyr; from L. zephyrus. 
 't'Z6ro, sm. zero, naught; introd. through 
 
 It. zero, from Ar. cifrun. Its doublet is 
 
 chiffre, q. v. 
 ZEST, sm. the membrane which divides a nut, 
 
 orange, etc. ; from L. schistus, divided, 
 whence the word comes to mean a division. 
 Sohistus becomes zest as schedula be- 
 comes ^-edule. For i = e see § 72. Its 
 doublet is schiste, q.v. 
 
 t Zibeline, sf. sable; from It, zibellino. 
 
 ZIGZAG, sm. zigzag, an onomatopoetic word ; 
 see § 34 ; imitated from Germ, zickzach. 
 
 fZinC, sm. (Met.) zinc; from Germ. 
 zink. 
 
 Zizanie, sf. tares; from L. zizania. 
 
 Zod.iaQ.Ue, sm. the zodiac; from L. zodi- 
 
37^ 
 
 ZONE — ZOOPHYTE, 
 
 acus (found in Aulus Gellius). — Der. zodi- 
 acal. 
 
 Zone, sf. a zone; from L. zona. 
 
 Zoolithe, sm. a zoolite ; from Gr. ^wov and 
 Kleos. 
 
 Zoologie, sf. zoology; from Gr. ^wov am 
 
 Xd-^os. — Der. zoo/o^ique. 
 Zoophyte, sm. a zoophyte ; from Gr. ^<oi 
 
 <pvTov, i. e. that which is between a plat 
 
 and an animal. 
 
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14 
 
 A GENO UILLER — A GREA BLE, 
 
 in which case the o was proncd. tz (as is 
 proved by Merovingian Formulas, where 
 we find unzias/or uncias). 
 
 The groups t-ia, t-ie, t-io, t-iu, were 
 proncd., not like ti in amide, but like // 
 in precaution ; as is proved by Prankish 
 charters, which change ti into oi, si, ssi, 
 writing cciam, solacio, precium, per- 
 dicio, racionem, concrecasione, nep- 
 sia, altercasione, for etiam, solatio, 
 pretium, perditio, rationem, congre- 
 gatione, neptia, altercatione ; show- 
 ing also that in pronunciation tia and cia 
 were the same thing. 
 
 2. When the c is followed by one of 
 the groups, ia, ie, io, iu, and forms the 
 combinations cia, cie, cio, ciu — ci is 
 usually changed into a soft s, ss, p, and 
 the Lat. i is dropped; as in macioni, ma- 
 fon; pTovinciali, provenfal; suspicio- 
 nem,sott/>fon ; crescionem*, cresson, etc. 
 Thenceforward ti, which (when followed 
 by an a, o, or u) is identical with ci (as 
 is shown above), must, like ci, drop the 
 i and become f, hard s, ss: denuntiare 
 becomes denoncer ; cantionem, chan- 
 son; scutionem*, e'cusson. A like change 
 takes place with -tea, which becomes -tia 
 (ea, eo, eu, becoming ia, io, iu, as may 
 be seen under abreger ; cp. also the forms 
 Dius, for Deus, mius for meus, in very 
 ancient Lat. inscriptions) : then such words 
 as platea, matea, linteolus, becoming 
 platia, matia, lintiolus, are rendered 
 according to rule into place, masse, linceuL 
 
 The following are the cases of change of 
 tia, tio, tiu, into g, ss, s hard : — 
 
 1. c soft in antianus, ancien; caden- 
 tia, chance, etc. 
 
 2. ss, as in captiare, chasser, etc. 
 
 3. s hard, as in cantionem, chanson, 
 etc. See Hist. Gram. p. 61. 
 
 The change of ti into soft s, as in acu- 
 
 tiare, aigtmer, is uncommon. See Hist. 
 
 Gram. p. 192. 
 AGENOUILLER, (S), vpr. to kneel ; from L. 
 
 adgeniculari, as in Tertullian, 'Presby- 
 
 teris advolvi et caris Dei adgeniculari.' 
 Aggloin6rer, va. to agglomerate, collect; 
 
 from L. agglomerare. — Der. agglomer- 
 
 ation. 
 Agglutiner, va, to glue together, unite ; 
 
 from L. agglutinare. — Der. agglutin- 
 
 ation. 
 Aggraver, va. to aggravate, make worse ; 
 
 -ation, sf. aggravation, increase. See 
 
 grave. I 
 
 Agile, adj. agile; from L. agilis. — Der. 
 agilM (§ 230). 
 
 t Agio, sm. rate of exchange ; an It. word 
 introd. towards the end of the 17th cent., 
 from aggio (§ 25).— Der. agioXtx (§ 263), 
 -age (§ 248), -eur (§ 227). 
 
 AGIR, va. to act, do; from L. agere. 
 For e = i see § 59. — Der. agtnt, from 
 agentem; but fagenda, a Lat. word 
 imported bodily into Fr., is not to be 
 reckoned as a deriv. 
 
 Ag^ter, va. to agitate, stir; from L. agi- 
 tare. Der. agitz\.ion, -ateur. 
 
 Aguat, sm. an agnate, collateral relation on 
 the father's side; from L. agnatus. 
 
 AGNEAU, sm. a lamb ; from O. F. agnel, 
 and this from L. agnellus. 1 preceded by 
 a vowel (al, el, il, ol, ul) remains un- 
 changed in Fr. in the early period of the 
 language (mollis, mol; malva, malve; 
 porcellus, pour eel) ; then was softened 
 into u {mou, mauve, pourceau) towards the 
 middle of the 12th cent. See § 157. 
 
 1. Lat. al became au, eau ; as in alba, 
 aube, etc. 
 
 2. Lat. el became au, eau, as in el'- 
 mosyna*, aumone, etc.; ieu in melius, 
 mieux ; similarly with dim. suffixes in 
 -ellus, in O. Fr. el ; then softened for 
 the most part into -eau, -au, as agnellus, 
 agneau, etc. 
 
 3. Lat. il became eu in capillus, cheveu, 
 etc. ; -eau in sigillum, O. Fr. seel, sceau; 
 0, ou, in basil'ca, basoehe, and fil'caria, 
 
 foiigere, which was written more correctly 
 feugere in O. Fr. 
 
 4. Lat. ol became ow in coHs ( = caulis), 
 chou, etc.; eu in mol'narius, meunier, etc.; 
 au in voltulare*, vautrer. 
 
 5. Lat. ul became ou in buHcare, 
 houger, etc.; au in vulturius, vautour; 
 o in remorque (O. Fr. remolque) from re- 
 mulcum. 
 
 Agonie, sf. agony, struggle against death; 
 
 from Gr. ayoivia. — Der. a^owiser. 
 AGRAFE, sf. a hook, clasp ; 0. Fr. agrape. 
 
 Low L. agrappa, compd. of ad and Low L. 
 
 grappa, a word found in documents of the 
 
 7th cent. Grappa again comes from 
 
 O. H. G. h-apfo (§ 20).— Der. agraftr. 
 Agraire, arf;. agrarian ; from L. agrarius. 
 
 Agraire is a doublet of O. Fr. agrier. 
 AGGRANDIR, va. to enlarge ; -ISSEMENT, 
 
 sm. increase, aggrandisement. See grand. 
 AGREABLE, adj. agreeable ; der. from 
 
 agreer, like gueable from gueer. — Der. 
 
 desagreable (Hist. Gram. p. 1 78). 
 
AGRSER — AIEUL, 
 
 15 
 
 AGREER, va, to receive favourably, accept 
 (lit. = prendre a gre). See gre. — Der. 
 agremtnt. desa^rement. 
 
 Agr6ger, va. to admit, incorporate (into a 
 public body); from L, aggregare — Der. 
 agrege (of which agregat is a doublet), 
 agrega.U.on. 
 
 AGREMENT, sm. consent, approbation. See 
 agreer. 
 
 AGRES, sm. pi. rigging, tackling. See greer. 
 
 Agresseur, sm. an aggressor ; from L. 
 aggressorem. — Der. agression, -if, 
 
 Agreste, adj. rustic; from L. agrestis. 
 
 Agricole, adj. agricultural; from L. agri- 
 cola. The Lat. subst. has become a Fr. 
 adj. 
 
 Agriculteur, sm. a farmer, agriculturist; 
 from L. agricultorem, — Der, agriculture. 
 
 Agronome, sm. an agriculturist ; from 
 Gr. dypovofios (which from dypos and 
 vofios) (§ 21). 
 
 AGUERRIR, va. to accustom to war. See 
 guerre. 
 
 AGUETS, sm. pi. a word used only in the 
 pi. in mod, Fr. {etre aux aguets, to be on 
 the look out, to be lying in wait) ; but in 
 O, Fr. it had a sing. also. It is used as late 
 as Malherbe, Quand Z'aguet d'un pirate 
 arreta leur voyage. Aguet is the verbal 
 sm. (§ 184) of the old verb aguetter, compd. 
 of guetter, q. v. 
 
 AHEURTER (S'), vpr. to be bent on, ob- 
 stinate. See heurter. 
 
 AHURIR, va. to amaze. The word hure, 
 originally meaning hair standing on end, 
 produced ahuri (la gent barbue et ahuri, 
 ' a folk bearded and of up-standing locks,' 
 is a phrase of the 13th cent.). Ahuri 
 later received the sense of ' standing on end 
 from fright,' then ' terrified ' ; lastly, the 
 modern sense, which is nothing but a di- 
 minution of the old signification (§ 13). 
 
 AIDER, va. to aid, help ; from L. adjutare 
 (Varro and Terence), later ajutare, which 
 must be written aiutare, as the Latins 
 pronounced j between two vowels as i. 
 For this cause raja, boja, major, baju- 
 lare, have become in Fr. raie, bouee 
 (O. Fr. boie), maire, bailler, as they were 
 proncd. raia, boia, ma'ior, baiulare. 
 To pass from aiutare to aider we find 
 two philological changes: (1) the fall of 
 the u, aiutare becoming aitare (§ 52) ; 
 (2) the change of t into d, aiitaxe = aidar, 
 then aider (§117). 
 
 I. Fall of the u. We have seen (§ 52) 
 that every vowel immediately preceding the 
 
 tonic vowel (like the i of sanitatem), dis- 
 appears in Fr, if short (san-!l!-tatem = 
 sante), remains if long (caem-e-terium = 
 cim-e-tiere). This continuance of a long 
 atonic vowel has only a few exceptions : 
 the atonic vowel which directly precedes 
 the tonic syllable disappears, when long, in 
 mirabilia, merveille, etc, § 52. There are 
 about twenty of these exceptions to the rule 
 of the continuance of the long atonic vowel, 
 which are to be explained by two facts : 
 
 (1) that in many of these words the con- 
 traction is quite modern, and the long atonic 
 vowel remained inO.Fr.; — courtier, serment, 
 soup^on, larcin, were in O. Fr., more regu- 
 larly, couretier, serement, soupe^on, larecen : 
 
 (2) that in the common Lat. many of these 
 words had already lost this long atonic 
 vowel, and the Fr. simply reproduced this 
 irregularity, and could do nothing else ; 
 thus in the 7th cent, we find cosinus for 
 consobrinus, costuma for consuetu- 
 dinem, matinum for matutinum, el- 
 mosna for eleemosyna, vercundia for 
 verecundia, 
 
 2, The softening of the t into d. Aiu- 
 tare having become aitare changes into 
 a'idare. This softening had already taken 
 place in common Lat., in which it was very 
 frequent, especially when the t lay between 
 two vowels: iradam is found for iratam 
 in an inscription of A, D. 142; limides, 
 sidus, terridoriam, mercadum, stradu, 
 for limites, litus, territorium, mer- 
 catum, strata, in 5th cent, documents, 
 and in the Salic Law ; thus again. Classical 
 Lat. said quadraginta, quadratus, from 
 quatuor, which, regularly, should have 
 been quatraginta, quatratus. For the 
 full history of the Lat. t see aigu and 
 §§ 117, 118. 
 
 Der, aide, verbal subst. of aider, aidant^ 
 which is a doublet of adjudant, q. v. 
 AIEUL, sm. a grandfather ; from L. aviolus. 
 By the side of the class, form avus, the 
 popular Lat, had a form avius, which is 
 to be found in certain 5th-cent. documents. 
 (Such double forms as avius and avus are 
 not rare in Lat.; witness luscinius and 
 luscinus, etc.) From this form avius the 
 Romans made the derivative aviolus, by 
 adding the dim. suffix -olus (cp. gladi- 
 olus, filiolus, lusciniolus, etc.). Avi- 
 olus, properly ' a little grandfather,' soon 
 supplanted avius, in accordance with the 
 Roman tendency to use diminutives. See 
 §13. 
 
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