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IN MEMOmAJA
John Swett
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A MANUAL:;'.;
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Instruction in Latin
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ON THE BASIS OF
ALLEN &^ GREENOUGH'S LATIN METHOD
SPARED
§
O^VKx
JOSEPH H. ALLEN
BOSTON
ginn and heath
1878
f
n
Entered according to Act of Congress, iiMthqnrear 1876, by
JOSEPH H. ALLEr
in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.
Cambridge :
Press of John Wilson 5^ Son.
l^^^ ^
I'
PREFACE.
' ' K
This Manual retains from the " Latin Method '* the general ar-
rangement of topics, the later reading selections, and a few state-
ments in detail, especially the section on reading at sight, with
much of what is said on the derivation and meaning of words.
In all other respects it is an independent book, and one for which
I am solely responsible.
The object in ^ view has been to provide a full year's course in
Latin, which can be studied without the grammar. The fulness,
the general statement, the scientific nomenclature required in a
book of reference, ill adapt it to the beginner, bewildering him
with theory before his mind is steadied and cleared by knowing
the simpler facts. The thirty Lessons of Part First, with the ac-
companying Exercises, contain, it is believed, all of the forms and
constructions needed as a preparation for easy reading. These
may be followed directly by the earlier selections of Part Fourth,*
before proceeding to the more difficult constructions of Syntax.
The Vocabulary to be used with these selections contains the
more useful Roots as a guide to the proper study of words. The
sections on the formation and meaning of words, with the illustra-
tive lists on pages 126-128, and those given at the end of the book,
will be found of advantage at this stage, for constant reference if
not for class study.
In the elementary lessons, and in the vocabularies^ the practice
has been followed of marking as long all vowels known to have
* Taken from Kuliner's " Elementargrammatik," Hannover, 1866, 27th ed.
54 ♦ .lOS
iv , , Preface,
* tfeen so "regarded by.. the Romans. These have been held to
; ;ih[clu{lc not.'ohly'.tKoGe Irtng "by nature " or by " vowel-extension,"
but also those before the combinations nfzxidi ns* together with a
few others indicated by analogy, «s amdnt. If a serious attempt
* is made to pronounce according to the " Roman Method," the best
help will be to train the learner's ear to it from the start.
The systematic study of Syntax is provided for in Part Second
by very numerous classified illustrations, both in Latin f and Eng-
lish, which may be used for practice in the writing of Latin during
a second year's course. The grammar is here referred to, con-
stantly and minutely, as the subject seems to require ; but the
topics may be treated orally, if preferred, the examples in Latin
being taken (at sight) as a guide in the exercises which follow.
The composition of this Manual has been studied wholly from
the point of view of the elementary class-room ; and, while scien-
tific accuracy has been aimed at, the convenience of teacher or
learner has in no case been sacrificed to theoretical completeness.
Forms have been very fully indicated in the vocabularies ; and
occasional references to the grammar in the earlier Lessons will
enable the teacher to give such further detail as may here and
there be desirable.
My grateful acknowledgments are due to several of our best
teachers, who have generously aided me by their counsel in the
plan and in numerous details of the book. The entire work has
received, in addition, the valuable revision and oversight of Dr.
Henshaw, former Principal of Wilhston Seminary, Easthampton,
Massachusetts.
It may be worth while to add that the practice of tasking the
beginner with a great mass of grammatical detail — which is fast
coming to be considered a serious burden and harm to our scholar-
ship — is one of comparatively recent date, and one which is not
found (I believe) in any other country. The schoolboys of forty or
* See Cicero, Orator, ch. 48.
t Many of these are taken from Wright's " First Latin Steps." Macmillan, 1871.
\
Preface, v
fifty years ago, with less of theoretical accuracy and completeness
in their studies, were relatively more familiar with the classic
authors, and, there is reason to suppose, enjoyed them more, than
those of a later day. A scientific etymology, and a syntax ex-
pounded on the principles of comparative philology, are a positive
and great gain in the newer school. But the detail of these
studies appears to belong to the professional scholar ; while their
results are best seen in making more vivid and clear the forms
of ancient thought and expression that have /come down to us.
They may be of real help to the youngest learner ; but only
when they make the way easier and brighter in which he has to
travel. To smooth that way a little is the best service I can
hope to render.
J. H. A.
Cambridge, August 21, 1876.
NOTE.
In the present edition has been inserted a course of Exercises,
prepared by Mr. William Deutsch, of the St. Louis High
School, which may be substituted, at pleasure, for the " Parallel
Exercises" on pages 46-73. For convenience, these are given
immediately before the Vocabulary (pages 169-209). In amount,
they are calculated to make just one year's work for an average
class. For the plan and details of these exercises, their compiler
is solely responsible.
"Thus, upon examination, we find that all that requires un-
j"easoning memory may be reduced to the following heads : —
1. The five declensions, which include all adjectives and parti-
ciples ;
2. The rules for gender, and exceptions ;
3. The four conjugations, active and passive, which latter voice
includes sum ;
4. The irregular verbs, eo^ volo^ nolo, malo, possuut ;
5. Syntax : two pages.
All this might easily be comprehended within twenty-four octavo
pages."
D'Arcy W. Thompson,
" Day-DreatJts of a Schoolmaster.'*
CONTENTS.
PART I. — ELEMENTARY LESSONS.
PAGE
Lesson i. Pronunciation and Accent i
2. The Inflection of Nouns 2
3. First Declension of Nouns 4
4. Second Declension of Nouns 5
5. Adjectives of First and Second Declensions . . 6
6. Simple Sentence : Subject and Predicate . . ' . 8
7. „ Object-Accusative .... 9
8. „ Questions ; Conjunctions . . 10
9. Third Declension of Nouns 12
10. Adjectives of the Third Declension 15
11. Comparison of Adjectives 17
12. Fourth and Fifth Declensions of Nouns ... 18
13. Pronouns : Personal and Demonstrative ... 18
14. „ Relative, Interrogative, and Indefinite 20
15. Numerals ■. 21
16. Verbs: I. Mood^ and Tenses 23
17. ,, 2. The Verb esse, /^ 3<? ..... 24
18. ,, 3. The Four Conjugations .... 26
19. Regular Verb : 1st Conjugation, Active .... 28
20. „ „ „ „ Passive ... 30
21. „ „ Noun and Adjective Forms ... 32
22. „ „ 2d Conjugation 33
23- » » 3d Conjugation 34
24. „ „ 4th Conjugation 36
25. Deponent Verbs 37
26. Irregular and Defective Verbs 38
27. Particles 41
28. Formation of Words : Verb Stems 42
29. „ „ Nouns and Adjectives ... 43
30. „ „ Derivatives and Compounds . 44
Parallel Exercises 46-74
viii Contents,
PART H. — CONSTRUCTIONS OF SYNTAX.
PAGB
Cases : — a. As Objects of Verbs.
I. Object Accusative ; 2. Two Accusatives . . 'j^^ j6
3. Dative ; 4. Genitive ; 5. Ablative 77-79
b. As Modifying Adjectives.
6. Genitive; 7. Dative 80,81
8. Ablative of Want ; 9. Of Source ; 10. Of Com-
parison ; II. Of Means and Supply; 12. Of
Difference 82-85
c. Miscellaneous.
13. Adverbial Accusative ; 14. Ace. of Exclamation 86,87
15. Dative of Possession; 16. Of Service; 17. Of
Reference 88-90
18. Ablative Of Separation ; 19. of Cause ; 2p. Of
Means ; 21. Of Manner and Quality ; 22. Of
Price; 23. Of Specification ; 24. Locative . 91-96
25. Predicate Genitive 97
26. Relations of Time and Space 97
Moods and Tenses 99-103
27. Independent Uses of the Subjunctive .... 99
28. Historical Infinitive 101
29. Sequence of Tenses loi
Subordinate Constructions 103-113
3P. Conditional Clauses 103
31. Disguised Conditions , 104
32. Comparative Particles 105
33. Temporal Clauses . . , . > 106
34. Purpose and Result 108
35. Clause of Characteristic no
3^. Intermediate Dependent Clauses in
37. Indirect Discourse 112
Substantive Clauses 114-119
38. Infinitive Clauses 114
39. Substantive Clauses of Purpose 115
40. Substantive Clauses of Result 117
41. Substantive Clauses with 2?/^^ 118
42. Indirect Questions 118
Contents, ix
PAGB
Participial Constructions 120-123
43. Participles: Predicate use 120
44. Ablative Absolute _ 121
45. Gerundive Constructions 122
PART III. — ON READING LATIN.
1. The Meaning of Words 124
2. The Latin Sentence 129
3. Reading at Sight 133
PART IV. — READING LESSONS.
I. Fables 139
II. Dialogues 142
III. Anecdotes 146
IV. The Kings of Rome 148
, V. The War with Porsena. — Livy 151
1 . Horatius holds the Bridge 151
2. The Deed of Mucins Sccevola 152
3 . The Escape of Cloelia 1 54
VI. Miscellaneous Selections 154
1. A Haunted House. — Pliny 154
2. A Sharper of Syracuse. — Cicero 155
3. The Vale of Enna. — Id 156
4. The Earth is made for Mart. — Id 157
5. The Heavens declare a C7'eator. — Id. . . . 159
6. All Active Old Age. — Id 160
Notes 161
Vocabulary: i. English and Latin 169
2. Latin and English 185
Table of Synonymes, etc 235
Synopsis of Constructions \ . 243
GRAMMATICAL INDEX.
A or ab with ablative of Agent,
31. b, 163. R. 27.
Ablative with Comparatives, 17.
R., 83 ; as Object, 79; of Want,
82 ; of Source, 83 ; of Means,
&c., 85, 92; of Difference, 85;
of Separation, 91 ; of Cause, 92 ;
of Manner, &c., 93 ; of Price,
94 ; of Specification, 95 ; Loca-
tive, 96 ; Absolute, 32. 2. 3, 121 ;
General Rules, 163. R. 26-35.
Accent, Rules of, 2.
Accusative, as Case of Object, 9,
75; two accusatives, 76; Ad-
verbial, 86 ; of Exclamation, 87 ;
General Rules, 162. R. 21-25.
Adjectives, Inflection, 4. r, 6, 7,
15, 16 (47, 53); Comparison, 17
(54) ; rule of Agreement, 6, 162.
R. 2 ; used as Nouns, 7. 2 j De-
rivative Forms, 43.
Adverbs in e, 6 ; in ter, 16 ; Deri-
vation, 41.
Apposition, rule of, 7; 163. R. i.
Cases, use of, 3 ; Syntax of, 75-99.
Characteristic, Clause of, no.
Comparative Particles, 105.
Comparison of Adjectives, 17 ; of
Adverbs, 17. 2.
Compounds, formation of, 45 ; of
qui and quis, 21.
Conditional Clauses, 103 ; dis-
guised, 104; General Rule, 163.
R. 46.
Conjugations, 10, 26 ; First, 28-
32 ; Second, 33 ; Third, 34 ;
Fourth, 36 ; forms of, 27.
Conjunctions, 11. 2.
Correlatives, 21. 3.
cum, use of, 106.
Dative, as Indirect Object, 3. c,
yy ; of Nearness, 81 ; of Posses-
sion, 88; of Service, 89; of
Reference, 90 ; General Rules,
162. R. 14-20.
Declensions, 3 ; First, 4 (46) ;
Second, 5 {46) ; Third, 12-14
(51) ; Fourth and Fifth, 18 (56).
Defective Verbs, 40 (72).
Deponent Verbs, t,-] (70). [124-128.
Derivative Forms, 43, 44 ; Words,
Distributive Numerals, 22. c.
Forms of, 8 ; Inflection, 24,
25; Compounds, 26; Predicate
after, 9. R.
Gender, 2 ; Rules of, 4^ 3. ^, 5. a,
14. b, 18. a, c.
Genitive, 3. 2. b ; in ius, 7. i ; of
Pronouns, 19. d; as Object, 79;
with Adjectives, 80 ; of Value,
94 ; as Predicate, 97 ; General
Rules, 162. R. 8-13.
Gerund and Gerundive, 23. 3. a,
2. d ; Constructions, 122; Gen-
eral Rule, 163. R. 41.
Impersonal Verbs, 40. 2 ; Use of
Passive, 31. c.
Indirect Discourse, 112, 113.
Indirect Questions, 118, 119.
Infinitive, with Subject- Accusa-
tive, 32. d, 114; Historical, loi ;
Clauses, 114; General Rules,
163. R. 38-40.
Grammatical Index.
XI
Intermediate Clauses, in.
Interrogative Particles, lo (50).
Intransitive Verbs, impersonal in
Passive, 31. c.
Irregular Verbs, 38-40 (72).
Locative Forms, 4. by 5./, \Z. b ;
Uses, 96, 98 ; Rules, 163. 36, 37.
Moods, 23. I ; Syntax of, 99-119.
Nominative as Subject, 3. a, 8. i ;
as Predicate, 9.
Nouns, Inflection, 4, 5, 12-14, 18 ;
Derivation, 43, 44.
Numbers, 3. 2.
Numerals, 21, 22.
Object, Definition, 9.
Object-Cases, 9. a, 75.
Participles, 23. 2, 32. 2 ; of Depo-
nents, 38 ; Constructions, 120.
Particles, 41 ; Interrogative, 10.
Passive Voice, Uses of, 31.
Perfect, Formation of, 27. c.
Personal Endings, 8.
Possessives, 19. e, 162. R. 3.
possum and prosum, 26.
Predicate, Definition, 8 ; Nomina-
tive, 9; Genitive, 97.
Pronoun, in Verb-ending, 8. 2 ;
Personal and Reflexive, 18 (57) ;
Possessive, 19, e; Demonstra-
tive, 19 (57) ; Relative, 20 (58).
Pronunciation, i, 2.
Purpose, Subjunctive of, 108 ; Sub-
stantive Clauses of, 115.
Quantity, Rules of, 2.
Questions, 10 (50); Indirect, 118.
Reading at Sight, 133-138.
Reflexive Pronoun, 19.
Relative Pronouns, 20; Rule, 21 ;
162. R. 4.
Result, Clauses of, 108, 117.
Root, 3. 3. « ; 42 2, 3 ; in Deriva-
tives, 126-128.
Sentence, the Latin, 129-133.
Stem of Nouns, 3. 3. b^ 12. a, 13.
ay 14. a; of Perfect, 27. c; of
Present in Verbs, 42. 2.
Subject, Definition, 8 ; Accusa-
tive, 32. d ; 162. R. 22.
Subjunctive Mood, 23. b ; Inde-
pendent, 99 ; Tenses of, loi ; in
Conditions, 103, 104 ; with Com-
parative Particles, 105 ; in Tem-
poral Clauses, 106 ; of Purpose
and Result, 108; of Charac-
teristic, no; in Intermediate
Clauses, in; in Substantive
Clauses, 115, 117; General
Rules, 163. R. 43-48.
Substantive Clauses, 114-119; In-
finitive, 114; of Purpose, 115;
of Result, 117; with quod, 1 18 ;
Indirect Questions, 118.
Supine, 23. 3. b ; 163. R. 42.
Synopsis of Verbs, 27. e ; of Con-
structions, 243, 244.
Temporal Clauses, 106.
Tenses, 24 ; Sequence of, lOi ;
Rule for, 163. R. 48.
Time and Space, 97-99.
Transitive Verbs, 9. i ; in Passive,
31.^.
Translation, Rules for, 1 29-1 31.
Verbs, 8 ; Moods and Tenses, 23 ;
Conjugations, 26-37 ; Deponent,
37 ; Irregular, 38 ; Defective,
40. I ; Impersonal, 40. 2 ; Deriva-
tion, 42; Derivative Forms, 44;
Compounds, 45 ; Syntax, 99-123.
Vowel-Stems of Nouns (3d decl.),
14 ; Adjectives, 15 ; Verbs, 42. 2^.
Words, Meaning of, as shown by
Derivation, 124-128.
TO TEACHERS.
In the paradigms given in this book, the case-endings, &c., have been
marked by bold type. This is intended simply for the convenience of the
learner, and has nothing to do with the etymological theory of stems.
Thus the noun-stem of pueris is puerd-, and the verb-stem of monuit
is mone- ; while these words are printed so as to show the character-
istic ending of the case, number, tense, or. person. As the stem-theory
is beset, to the beginner, by some special difficulties, it seems best that
the forms themselves should be made very familiar before that is taken
up J and, to be dealt with intelligently, it requires much more abundant
illustration than could be given here. It may be illustrated orally by
the teacher ; but should be used, in any case, to explain difficulties, not
to multiply them.
It will be observed that the lists of words on pp. 46-72 are not
intended as complete vocabularies to the Lessons, but to furnish
a sufficient number and variety of examples for practice. If well com-
mitted to memory, they will, it is believed, greatly help in mastering
the earlier difficulties of the tongue.
The sentences given for practice are intended, in general, to offer no
difficulty too great for the average learner, but with here and there an
example to try the ingenuity of the brightest. If any should prove too
hard, let them be omitted without hesitation : there are enough left,
and to spare. At the same time, it is these very difficulties, much more
than the facilities, that test and develop the learner's capacity, and help
his real progress in the language. If the practice of reading at sight,
with the, teacher's direction and help, is followed from a very early stage,
most of them will disappear of themselves. In such practice, the
method indicated in pages 133-138 should be followed, subject, how-
ever, to the teacher's judgment and experience.
INTRODUCTION.
I. — Pronunciation.
There is at present a strong tendency, among the best
scholars, to pronounce Latin (as well as Greek) phonetically,
giving to each letter of the alphabet the one sound which by
the best authority most nearly represents that given it by
Romans of the classic ages. These sounds are given in the
first Lesson (p. i). Observing the rules of accent, it is only
necessary to give each letter its proper enunciation. This is
by far the easiest and simplest way. It may be acquired by
any intelligent person, with a good ear, in ten minutes ;
though practice will be required to make the reading fluent
and agreeable.
Many persons, however, prefer to retain the English
Method, so called ; that is, the practice which has prevailed,
with some variation, in England and among ourselves, for the
last two or three centuries. In general, the following direc-
tion is sufficient. Read a Latin sentence just as if the words
were English, observing the rules of accent (p. 2), and bearing
in mind that there are no silent letters. This single precept
would probably give a pronunciation as correct and about as
uniform as can be had from any number of arbitrary rules.
A few special points necessary to be observed are given in
the grammar (§ 2, 2). To read Latin easily and well is an
accomplishment which must be taught orally, and acquired
by practice. The directions which follow, accordingly, are
not ifitended to be studied by the pupil, but to serve as a guide
in cases of doubt.
xiv Latin Method,
1. The chief difference between Latin (pronounced as in
EngHsh) and EngHsh is that the former has no silent letters.
Every vowel makes a syllable; except in the combinations ae, oe,
au, eu, ei, ui, and u before a vowel, and these are separate when
marked with the diaeresis. Thus di-es, ma-re, pau-pe-ri-e-i,
2. The vowels always have their English sounds : —
a as in mane or man. ae
u u J . as e.
be or bed oe
'1
11 )
i „ fittd or fin. au as aw in awe.
o „ 710 te or not. eu as ew in hew.
u ,, tune or tun. ei
y as i. ui
3. An unaccented i before another vowel is in almost all cases
changed into its semivowel y. In the same cases as in English
this y blends with the preceding consonant, making the sound of
sh, as in Maia (Ma-ya), Pompeius (Pom-pd-yus), Harpy ia
(Harpi-ya), socius (so-shus), vitium (vish-yum), Asia (A-shya).
Except such words as Fabius (Fa-be-us), where the y is less
distinct ; so Sextius, fiectier, where it is hardly distinguishable at
all. Practice must be the guide in these cases.
4. Of the two sounds of the vowels above given the long sound
(so called) ends a syllable, the short (" stopped ") sound is followed
by a consonant: as pa-ter (pay-ter), mag-nus (mag-nus), de-dit
(de-dit), reg-num (reg-num). But a at the end of an unaccented
syllable has an obscure sound as in the word A7nerica : stella
(stellah).
5. The combinations quad and quart are pronounced as in
the English quart; arr is pronounced as in Harry ; es at the end
of all words, and os at the end of plural words have the long
sound : pes (pease), pares (pay-reze), nos (noce) ; post (with its
compounds) is pronounced like the same word in English.
6. The consonants are pronounced as in English. Thus, c is
soft (j-) before e, i, y, ae, oe, eu. Elsewhere it is hard {k\ and it
blends with u in nearly the same cases as in English, as socius,
conscius (pronounced shus) ; oh is always k, as in charta, uidchina;
g is soft (7) and hard in the same situations respectively as c.
7. S is usually hard (sharp as in saw). It is sonant (soft, z) at
the end of a word, after e, ae, au, n, r, as pes, atides, mons, pars,
trans (even in composition). A few other words have also sonant
8 {z), as causa, rosa.
8. X has the sound of z at the beginning and of ks at the
end of syllables : as, Xerx-es, pax.
Introduction . xv
Since many of the sounds depend upon the open or close
syllables, the following rules for the division of syllables may
be observed, which are, however, the regular rules in English.
9. A vowel not accented and a penultimate vowel in any case
complete their syllables without a following single consonant or
mute with / or r, as socius, ratio. (This rule applies when the
number of syllables is reduced by rule 3 above.)
10. A vowel accented, not penultimate, requires the following
single consonant, or divides the combination of mute with / or r.
11. But a following i and e attract a consonant rather than an
accented a, e, 6, preceding; as 7ne'di-d-tor, hae-re-o pd-tri-us. —
u, on the other hand, repels a following consonant, as Iti-ci-dus,
du-ri-us.
12. A single consonant after any accented vowel except the
penultimate is joined with that vowel. A mute and liquid in this
position are separated. In other cases a single consonant or a
mute and liquid belong to the following vowel.
13. Two consonants (except a mute and / or r as above) are
divided : as, mag-nus, cor-pus.
14. Of three or more consonants, the last (or a mute with I or r
as above) is given to the following syllable.
15. A compound word is divided between the parts if the first
ends in a consonant, otherwise it follows the rules for single words :
?iSj prod-est, circum-esse, prae-sto^ ego-met^ pro-sum.
2. — Elementary Definitions.
1. Grammar treats of the different forms of words (Ety-
mology), and the mode of connecting them in speech
(Syntax).
2. Words are either Nouns, Adjectives, Pronouns, Verbs,
Participles, Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions, or Interjec-
tions. These are called Parts of Speech.
3. Words like Ccesar, consul, temple, virtue, which are names
of persons, things, or ideas, are called Nouns.
Names of Persons and Places are called Proper Nouns ;
other names are Common (as temple^ or Abstract (as virtue).
4. Words like brave, loud, strong, which express qualities,
are called Adjectives.
XV i Latin Method,
5. Words which indicate any person or thing, without either
naming or describing, are called Pronouns. These include
Personal, as /, thou^ we, he^ they ; and Adjective, as these^
those (Demonstrative), my^ your (Possessive), who^ which
(Relative or Interrogative).
6. Words like build^ fight^ stand; be, suffer, which express
actions or conditions, are called Verbs.
7. Words like conquering, going, gone, beaten, which describe
by means of actions or conditions, are called Participles.
8. Words like nobly, well, very, here, now, to-day, which
define an action or quality in manner, place, time, or the like,
are called Adverbs.
9. Words like /or, with, by, against, which show the relation
between a noun and other words in the sentence, are called
Prepositions.
10. Words like and, or, if, but, then, which connect words
or sentences together, are called Conjunctions.
11. Some words as where, while, till, ?ievertheless, both
define as adverbs and connect as conjunctions. These are
called Adverbial Conjunctions.
12. Words like ah / ho I alas ! are mere exclamations, and
are not strictly parts of speech, but are called Interjections.
3. — The Order of Words.
The order of words in Latin is comparatively free ; but the
following rules may serve as a guide to the beginner.
1. In general, put the Subject first and the Verb last. But —
2. Any very emphatic word may be first or last.
3. An Adjective, except for emphasis, follows the noun; but
may precede the preposition with its noun : as, multis in locis.
4. The verb i?tqua7n (in quotations), and the conjunctions autein,
enim, quoque, vero, always follow one or more words in their clause.
5 The order is very often determined by Emphasis or Contrast.
6. Observe carefully and imitate the form of the sentences given
as examples. (For special rules of arrangement, see Or. § 76 )
PART FIRST.
ELEMENTARY LESSONS.
Lessofi I.
Pronunciation and Accent.
Note. — Pronunciation should be taught orally by the teacher.
The pronunciation of Latin is different in different countries.
Among us, it usually follows one of two ways, which may be called
the Roman (or Phonetic) and the English.
1. By the Roman (or Phonetic) method, every
letter has ahvays the same sounds as follows : —
Vowels : a as in father; a as in fast.
e as in reiti; S as in met.
< i as in machine; i as \\\ pin or piano.
o as in holy; 6 as in obey.
u as in rude {oo in boot) ; u as mfull.
N.B. — Vowels marked thus, a, e, i, 5, u, are long; marked
thus, a, e, i, 6, ii, are short. A long syllable is reckoned equal
to two short ones.
Diphthongs : ae like ^y^oe like oy ; au like ow in now.
ei as in eight ; eu as ew ;^vi\ as we {oo'ee).
Consonants : c and g are always hard, as in come, get.
s is always sharp, as in sea, lips.
3 is like y; v like "w (or v) ; qu as in English.
bs is like ps; ch like k; ph like f.
2. By the English method, the letters have the
same sound as in English; but —
a. There are no silent letters, each word having as many
syllables as there are vowels or diphthongs.
b. Final a is pronounced as in Atnei'ica ; but in the mono-
syllables a, da, qua, sta, the long sound is sometimes given.
1 Particle of Affirmation. 2 ^s in few.
.?, Latin Method,
c. The diphthongs ae, oe, are pronounced h'ke ee ; au like aw;
eu like ew ; ei and ui like / in kite ; es and (in plural words) os
at the end of a word, as in disease^ morose.
d. The consonants c and g are made soft (like s and j) before
e, i, y, ae, oe, eu ; ch is always hard, as in ckasjn, chemist.
3. The following are general Rules of Quantity : —
a. A vowel before another vowel or h is short : as in via, nlhiL
b. A diphthong is long : as in aedes, foedus.
c. A syflable formed by contraction is long: as, nil (nihil).
d. A syllable in which a vowel is followed by two consonants,
or a double consonant (x, z), is long : as in rectus, rexit.
e. A syllable in which a short vowel is followed by a mute
with 1 or r is common ; i. e. it may be long in verse : as in alacris.
4. The following are Rules of Accent : —
a. Words of two syllables are always accented on the first
syllable.
d. Words of more than two syllables are accented on the
Penult, if that is long : as, ami'cus ; if it is short or common, then
on the Antepenult : as, do'minus, a'lacris.
Definition : The Penult is the last syllable but one ; the Ante-
penult, the last but two.
Lesson 2.
The Inflection of Nouns.
I. Nouns are of three Genders, masculine (m.),
feminine (f.), and neuter (n.).
a. Names of male beijigs, rivers, winds, and mountaifis are
Masculine.
b. Names oi feinale beings, cities, countries, and plants, are
Feminine.
c. Neuter nouns include indeclinable nouns, terms or phrases
used as nouns, and words quoted merely for their form.
d. Many names of Things — as lapis (m.), a stone, mensa (f.),
a table — are masculine or feminine.
e. Nouns which may be of either gender according to sex are
said to be of Common gender (c.) : as, dux, leader; bos, ox or cow.
Elementary Lessons, 3
2. Nouns are declined in two Numbers, singular
and -plural; and in six Cases, nommative^ genitive^
dative^ accusative^ vocative^ ablative,
a. The Nominative is the case of the Subject of a sentence
(see Lesson 6).
b. The Genitive may generally be translated by the English
Possessive, or with the preposition of.
c. The Dative is the case of the Indirect Object: it may usually
be translated with the preposition to or for; but sometimes
corresponds to the English Objective.
d. The Accusative is the case of the Direct Object (see Lesson
7) : it is used with most of the Latin Prepositions.
e. The Vocative is the case of Direct Address.
/. The Ablative may usually be translated with the prepositions
FROM, BY, WITH, IN, Or AT.
g. All the cases, except the nominative and vocative, may be
used as object-cases ; and are sometimes called oulique cases.
N. B. — The meanings and uses of the Cases, which are very
numerous, will be shown in the "Constructions of Syntax" (pages
IS to 99).
3. Nouns are inflected in five Declensions, which
are thus distinguished : —
Decl. I. Gen. sing, ae Characteristic 5
» 2. „ „ 1 „ o
„ 3. „ „ is „ i or a Consonant.
„ 4. „ „ us (uis) „ u
M 5- » » ®i » ®
a. A syllable having a signification of its own, from which that
of a word is derived, is called a Root: thus from the root sta,
stand, is derived the word unstable (that which cannot stand).
b. The body of a word, to which the terminations are attached,
is called a Stem : thus in milit-is, of a soldier^ the stem is milit-.
c. The last letter of the stem is called the stetn-ietter or chai'ac-
teristic; when a vowel, it is often blended with the termination :
as, currus for curru-is.
Note. — In the following Lessons, and in the Vocabularies, only
long vowels are, in general, marked. Those not marked, whether
or not long by position, are to be considered short or common.
L,atm Method,
Lesson 3.
First Declension of Nouns.
I. Learn the inflection of Stella (f.), giving the
name and meaning of all the Cases, as follows (§ 9) :
Nominative.
Genitive.
Dative.
Accusative.
Vocative.
Ablative.
SINGULAR.
Stella, a (or the) star.
stellae, of a star.
stellae, to a star,
stellam, a star.
Stella, thou star /
Stella, with a star.
PLURAL.
stellae, stars.
stellarum, of stars.
stellis, to stars.
Stellas, stars.
stellae, ye stars !
stellis, with stars.
2. In like manner decline the following : —
Athenae (f. plur.), Athens.
copiae (f. "^Xwx.)^ forces.
dea (f ), goddess (a).
f ilia (f.), daughter {a)»
insula (f.), island.
nauta (m), sailor.
patria (f.), native-land.
porta (f.), gate.
Roma (f.), Rome {b).
silva (f.), wood, forest.
terra (f.), earth, land.
via longa (f.), a long way (c).
a. The dative and ablative plural of dea, filia, and a few other
words, end in abus (see 2. e).*
H b. The singular form Romae is used to mean at Rome; and the
plural form Athenis to mean at Athens (2. ^). These forms
are called Locative (see Rule 36, p. 163).
c. Adjectives (as longa) are decHned like nouns.
y^ 3. Decline the following Greek nouns : —
co7nct (m.).
NOM.
cometes (a)
Gen.
cometae
DAT.
cometae
Acc.
cometen (am)
Voc.
cometa
Abl.
cometa (e)
laurel (f.). ^Eneas (m.).
daphne Aeneas
daphnes (ae) Aeneae
daphne (ae) Aeneae
Anchises (m.).
Anchises
Anchlsae
AnchTsae
daphnen Aenean (am) Anchisen
daphne Aenea (a) Anchise (a)
daphne (a) Aenea Anchise (a)
a. These nouns are inflected regularly in the plural.
b. Most nouns of the first declension are Feminine.
See Exercise, page 46.
* The References are to Allen and Greenougli's Latin Grammar.
Elementary Lessons,
Lesson
Second Declension of Nouns.
Learn the inflection of the following (§ 10) :
SINGULAR.
slave (m.).
boy (m.).
book (m.).
man (m.).
war (n.).
NOM.
servus
puer
liber
vir
bellum
Gen.
servi
pueri
libri
viri
belli
DAT.
serv5
puero
libro
viro
bello
Ace.
servum
puerum
librum
virum
bellum
Voc.
serve
puer
liber
vir
bellum
Abl.
servo
puero
libro
viro
bello
PLURAL.
NOM.
servi
puerS
libri
viri
bella
Gen.
servorum
puerorum
L librorum
virorum
bellorumi
DAT.
servis
pueris
libris
viris
bellis
Ace.
servos
pueros
libros
viros
bella
Voc.
servi
pueri
libri
viri
bella
Abl.
servis
pueris
libris
viris
bellis
a.
Nouns of this
declension
ending in us, er, and ir, are masci
line ;
those in um are neuter.
(For excel
Dtions, see '
V a, b).
b. All Latin nouns in um are declined like bellum (n.). In
all neuter nouns, the nom. ace. and voc. plural end in a.
c. Notice that nouns in us of this declension are the only Latin
nouns which have the vocative different from the nominative.
v/ d. Proper names in ius, with filius, son, lose e in the vocative
(so mi from meus, 7ny) : as, mi f ili, my son (4. e).
•^e. The voc. of deus,^^^, is deus ; the plural nom. and voc. are
dei, dii, or di; dat. and abl deis, diis, or dis (4./).
sCf- The Locative form is like the genitive in the singular : as,
Corinthi, af Corinth ; humi, on the ground; vesperi, at evening.
In the plural it is like the ablative : as, Gabiis, at Gabii (4. a),
g. A few Greek nouns end in os, on, instead of us, um. Names
ending in eus (like Orpheus) are declined thus (7. a) : —
Nom. Orpheus Dat. Orphei Voc. Orpheu
Gen. Orphei (or eos) Ace. Orphea Abl. Orpheo
h. Decline together servus bonus, a good slave j puer miser,
unhappy boy.
See Exercise, page 46.
Latin Method,
Lesson 5.
A<yectives of the First and Second Declensions.
PART FIRST.
Learn the inflection of the following : —
i
SlNG.
NOM.
bonus
bona
bonum, Good.
Gen.
boni
bonae
boni
DAT.
bon5
bonae
bono
Ace.
bonum
bonam
bonum
Voc.
bone
bona
bonum
Abl.
bono
bona
bono
Plur.
NOM.
boni
bonae
bona
Gen.
bonorum bonarum
bonorum
DAT.
bonis
bonis
bonis
Ace.
bonos
bonas
bona
Voc.
boni
bonae
bona
Abl.
bonis
bonis
bonis
Sing.
Miser, ivretched.
Niger, black.
N.,V
. miser
m.isera
miserum niger
nigra nigrun
Gen.
miseri
miserae
m.iseri nigri
nigrae nigri
DAT.
misero
miserae
misero nigro
nigrae nigrd
Ace.
miserum
miseram
miserum nigrum
I nigram nigrum
Abl-
misero
misera
misero nigro
nigra nigro
The plural of these adjectives is declined like that of bonus.
Observe that the declension of Adjectives of this form is pre-
cisely the same as that of the corresponding nouns, servus, puer,
liber (m.) ; steUa (f.), bellum (n.).
Rule. — Adjectives agree with their nouns in
gender.^ ntmiber^ and case.
Decline together the following, making the Adjective agree
with the Noun in gender, number, and case: —
vir bonus, a good man; hasta vaiida, a strong spear;
taurus niger, a black bull; bellum longum, a long war;
servus miser, a wretched slave; filius meus, my son {d. p. 5).
Adverbs are formed from these adjectives by changing the case-
ending to e : as, valide, strongly; misere, wretchedly.
Elementary Lessons.
PART SECOND.
I. Decline the singular of the following: —
M.
F.
N.
M.
F.
N.
NOM.
unus
iana
unum
uter
utra
utrum
Gen.
unius
unius
unius
utrius
utrius
utrius
DAT.
fmT
uni
uni
utri
utri
utri
Ace.
unum
iinani
unum
utriim
utram
utrum'
Abl.
uno
una
iino
utro
utra
utro
NoM.
alius
alia
aliud
alter
altera
alterum
Gen.
alius
alius
alius
alterius
alterius
alterius
D.\T.
alii
alii
alii
alteri
alteri
alteri
Ace.
alium
aliam
aliud
alterum
alteram
alterum
Abl.
alio
alia
alio
„ ,«Uter6
altera
altero
The plural is declined regularly, like that of bonus.
The following are declined as above : —
alius (n. aliud), other, nullus, none. uUus, a7iy (with negatives).
alter, other (of two). solus, alone. Gnus, ofie.
neuter, -trius, neither, totus, whole, liter, -trius, which (of two).
Observe that these, except alius, differ from the regular declen-
sion only in the genitive and dative singular, which end in ius and i
for all the genders. In the plural, all are declined like bonus. From
their signification they are rarely or never found in the vocative.
Duo, two^ and ambo, both, are thus declined : —
NOM.
duo
duae
duo
Gen.
duorum
duarum
duorum
DAT.
duobus
duabus
duobus
Ace.
duos (duo)
duas
duo
Abl.
duobus
duabus '
duobus
2. Many adjectives in the singular, and most ad-
jectives in the plural, may be used as Nouns: thus.
liber, a free man.
amicus, a friend.
Romanus, a Roman.
bona, good things (property).
Latini, the Latins.
Sabinae, the Sabine women.
Rule. — A noun used to describe another., and
meaning the same thing., agrees with it in case: as,
Homerus poeta, Homer the poet ; Gabiorum oppidi, of the town
Gabii. See Exercise, page ^T.
V
8 Latin Method,
Lesson 6.
Simple Sentence: 1. Subject and Predicate.
Definition. — The Subject of a sentence is the
-person or thing spoken of : the Predicate is that
which is stated of the subject (§ 45, 2).
1. Every complete sentence must contain a Subject
and a Verb. The Subject is in the nominative case
(§ 49, 2) : as,
equus curr-'icM" horse runs.
regina sedet, the queen sits.
Note. — In certain constructions, a verb is put in the Infinitive
mood, in which case its subject becomes the Accusative (Less. 21).
2. In Latin, the subject may be a personal pronoun
contained in the termination of the verb itself: as,
aro, I plough {am ploughing) j sedemus, we sit; curritis, j^w run.
Note. — This is true, in general, only when the verb is of the
first or second person. With the third person, a definite subject
must be expressed, unless implied in what goes before or follows.
3. Learn the following forms of the verb esse,
to be: — •
PRESENT.
sum, / am. sumus, we are.
es, thou art {you are). eatis, you are.
est, he (she, it) is. sunt, they are.
IMPERFECT.
eram, / was. eramus, we were.
eras, thou wast (you were). eiRtis, you were.
erat, he {she, it) was. erant, they were.
Upon comparing these forms, the learner will notice that the
terminations are ahke for each person : thus,
Singular i.-m Plural i.-mus
2. -s 2. -tis
3-t 3-iit
I
Elementary Lessons, 9
Rule. — The case of the Predicate, after esse, is
the same with that of the Subject,
Examples.
1. Pueri sumus, we are boys.
2. Stellae lucidae erant, the stars were bright.
3. Parati non eramus, we were not ready.
4. Viri boni sunt/ they are good men.
5. Roma patria est nostra, Rome is our native city.
6. Prisci Roman! erant agricolae, the early Romans were
farmers.
1 This sentence may be translatea'?/^^ (some persons previously re-
ferred to, and implied in the termination) are good men ; or, the men are
good ; also (considering sunt as a substantive verb), there are good men.
In the first case, boni and viri are both predicate ; in the second, viri
is subject and bom predicate ; in the third, both are in the subject.
See Exercise, page 48.
Lesson 7.
Simple Sentence : 2. Object Accusative.
Definition. — The Object of a verb is that on
which its action is exerted.
Rule. — The Accusative is the case of the direct
OBJECT of a transitive verb.
I. The action of many verbs (called Transitive
verbs) passes over upon an object, which must be
expressed to complete the sense : as,
vocat f ilium, he calls (his) son.
vidimus lunam et Stellas, we see the moon and stars.
a. With certain verbs, the genitive, dative, or ablative may be
used as an object-case, where the corresponding English verbs
require the objective (see p. 75).
b. Many verbs transitive in Latin are translated in English by a
verb requiring a preposition (intransitive) : as,
pecuniam postulo, I ask for {demand) money.
petit aprum, he amis at the boar.
/
10 Latin Method.
2. Learn the following verb-forms of the First and
Second conjugations : —
I.
voco, / call. vocamus, we call.
•vocas,j/07i call {thou callest). vocatis, j/<?« call.
vocat, he {she, it) calls. vocant, they call.
II.
video, / see. videmus, we see.
•v\6.e3,yoic see {thou seest). vidiGtia, you see.
videt, he {she, it) sees. vident, they see.
Upon comparing these forms, the learner will notice that the
first has a and the second e b^^c^e the terminations. These vowels
are characteristic of two different conjugations called the Jirst
and second. In the first person singular, voca-o has been con-
tracted into voco.
Like voco inflect the following : —
Yl
, amo.i love. 6.0} ^ive.
laudo,^ praise.
li
\ 2x0} plough. juvo,' help.
pugno,'/^/^/.
V
^ Like video inflect the following: —
r
dpceo,^ teach. noceo,^ injure.
timeo,'^ fear.
liabeo,^ have. sedeo,^ sit.
valeo,2 be stro7ig.
See Exercise, page
49-
Lesson 8.
Simple Sentence : 3. Special Forms.
I. Questions. — Questions in Latin are introduced
by Interrogative Pronouns, Adverbs, or Particles, and
are not distinguished by the order of the words, as
in English.
a. A Question of si7nple fact, requiring the answer j/^j' or 710,
is formed in Latin by adding the syllable -ne (eitclitic) to the
emphatic word : as,
erasne Caesaris amicus? were y 071 (in fact) Ccesar^s frie7idf
tune eras Caesaris amicus? were you a friend of Ccesar ?
Note. — Sometimes the interrogative particle is omitted, when
no sign of a question appears except in the punctuation.
Elementary Lessons. ii
Y ^- A Question asking of some circumstaiice about the fact is
formed by prefixing to the sentence an interrogative word. Such
words are —
quis ? who ? ubi ? where ? quando ? when ? quare ? why ?
quomodo ? how ? qualis ? of what sort ? quantus ? how great ?
Note. — A Question of this form becomes an exclamation by
omitting the mark of interrogation, or (in speech) by changing the
inflection of the voice.
c. When the syllable -ne is added to a negative word, — as
nonne, — an affirmative answer is expected. The particle num
implies a negative answer: as,
nonne eras Caesaris amicus ? were you not Ccesar's friend?
num eras Caesaris ixiivcd.QiM^l'were you an ene7ny of Ccesar's?
(surely not) : i.e. you were not, were you ?
d. A double or alternative question is usually asked by utrum
and an (see § 71, 2): as, utrum amicus Caesaris an inimicus
eras, were yoti a friend or an enemy of Ccesar ?
e. There is no word in Latin meaning simply _y^^ or no. Hence,
in answering a question, the verb is generally repeated : as,
valesne?. are you well? valeo,yes (" I am well ").
aderasne ? were you there ? non aderam, no.
2. Conjunctions. — Two simple sentences are often
connected by Conjunctions, and make a single sen-
tence.
a. The commonest Conjunctions are the following : —
Y ^^, and. aut, vel, ^r. nee {neque), nor = and Jtot .
sed, but. -que {enclitic), and. atque (sometimes ac before a
at, but yet. quoque, «/j'<f. conson2in\.), and besides.
b. The following are often repeated in the different parts of the
sentence, for the sake of distinction or emphasis : —
et or -que, both . . . and. nee or neque, neither . . . 7ior.
aut (vel), either , , . or (compare utrum ... an, whether . . . or).
c. It is very common, in sentences thus made up of two or more
members, to express in one part what must be understood in the
rest {ellipsis) : as,
C. Gracchus amicus plebis erat, Scipiones inimici [plebis
erant], Caius Gracchus was a friend of the comtnons, the
Scipios [were their] enemies.
See Exercise, page 50.
12
Latin Method,
Lesson 9.
Third Declension of Xoung.
PART FIRST.
I. Decline the following (§ 11, iii.).
tJOUt c
Sing.
help (F.).
ki7ig (M.)
. guide (C.),
soldier (.m.)
head (n.)
N., V.
[ops]
rex
dux
miles
caput .
Gen.
opis
regis
ducis
mllitis
capitis
DAT.
opi
regi
duci
mlliti
capiti
Ace.
opem Y
regem
ducem
mllitem
caput
Abl.
ope
rege
•^'' xduce
milite
capite
Plur.
wealth.
N., V.
opes
reges
duces
milites
capita
Gen.
opum^
regum
ducum
militum
capitum
DAT.
opibus
regibu^
ducibus
militibus
capitibus
Ace.
opes
reges
duces
milites
capita
Abl.
opibus
regibus
ducibus
militibus
capitibus
2.
In like manner decline : —
princeps, ipis (c), chief. apex, icis {m.\ peak.
custos, odis {u.), guard. cor, cordis (n.), heart.
aestas, atis (f.), su;/imer. poema, atis {>^.),poem.
a. In these nouns, the Stem ends in a 7mite consonant.
b. The nominative singular of masculine and feminine nouns is
formed by adding s to the stem; sometimes (as in miles) with a
change of vowel.
c. The letter t or d is lost before s ; c or g is joined with s and
becomes x.
^. In Neuter nouns, the accusative is always the same as the
nojninative.
e. In a few Greek nouns (as lampas), the genitive singular ends
in 63, and the accusative in a; and the accusative plural in as.
Examples {for analysis).
* I. Opes^ amplas philosophus habet.
2. Non est vera voluptas sine virtiite.
3. Fata nullae preces commovent.
4. Non hospes ab hospite tutus erat.
1 The singular (meaniiig Aetp) is not used in the Nominative.
Elementary Lessons,
13
PART SECOND.
I. Decline the following : —
Sing. co?tsul {m.). lion (m.). maiden{^).na7ne {^.).
N, v.,
Gen.
DAT.
Ace.
Abl.
Plur.
N.,V.
Gen.
DAT.
Ace.
consul
consulis
consul!
consulem
consule
leo
leonis
leoni V
leonem
leone
Virgo
virginis
virgin!
virginer
virofine
nomen
nominis
nomini
nomen
nomine
body (n.).
corpus
corporis
corpori
corpus
corpore
consules leones
consulum , leonum
consulibus leonibus
consules leones
virgines nomma corpora
vjrginum nominum corporum
virginibus nominibus corporibus
virgines nomina corpora
Abl. consulibus leonibus virginibus nominibus corporibus
2. In like manner decline
X
homo, inis (m.), ^nan.
mulier, eris (f.), ivoinan.
pulvis, eris (m.), dust.
hpnor (os), oris (m.), honor,
pater, tris (m.), father.
oratib, onis (f,), discourse.
fulgur, uris (n.), lightning.
fulmen, inis (n.), thimderbolt,
genus, eris (n.), race, birth.
iter, itineris, (n.), journey.
a. In these nouns the Stem ends in a liquid (1, n, r).
b. The nominative is the same as the stem (sometimes chang-
ing the vowel) ; but n in masculine and feminine nouns is dropped
in the nominative, and some apparently r-stems have s (§ 11, ii. d).
c. Nouns in o, onis (as leo), are Masculine. Those in io,
ionis, are also masculine in many names of visible objects, as scipio,
a staff J but when abstract ox collective — as proditio, treason;
legio, legion — they are Feminine.
d. These four, imber, linter, uter, venter, with glis, mas,
mus, ren, have the genitive plural in ium (see page 14).
I.
2.
3-
4-
nuntiant
Examples.
Homines vana gloriae imago tenet.
Nemo vere aestimat tempus.
Genus ex alto sanguine deorum habemus. ^
Mira fulminis opera sunt. Fulmina fatorum ordinem
olei et unguenti teter post fulmen odor est.
.^-t^'^t^M^
H
Latin Method,
LiTL^
PART THIRD.
•^^^1^50^
I. Decline the following : —
Sing, tower i^). cloud (¥.). sea (ti.).
animali^^. city (f.).
N., V.
turris
nubes
mare
animal
urbs
Gen.
turris
nubis
maris
animalis
urbis
DAT.
turri > •
nubi
mari
animali
urbi
Ace.
turrem (im
) nubem
mare
animal
urbem
Abl.
turre (i)
nube
mari
animali
urbe
Plur.
N., V.
turres
nubes
maria
animalia
urbes
Gen.
turrium y-
nubium
marium
animalium
urbium
DAT.
turribus
nubibus
rnaribus
animalibus
urbibus
Ace.
turres (is)
nubes (is)
maria
animalia
urbes (is)
Abl.
turribus V"
nubibus
maribus
animalibus
urbibus
-^
2. In like manner decline: —
ovis, is (p.), sheep. calcar, aris (n.), sptir.
clades, is (f.), disaster. pars, partis {¥.\ part.
imber, bris (m.), rain-storm. mus, muris (m.), mouse.
a. Nouns of this class are called vowel or i-stems. They are,
I. Those in is, es (mostly F.), with neuters in e, al, ar; 2. Mono-
syllables with ste77i ending zjt two co7isonants ; 3. Most nouns in
ns or rs, some in as, with a few of one syllable. They are thus
distinguished: —
I. All have the gen, plur. in iimi; 2. Neuters have nom. and ace. plur. in ia ;
3. The ace. plur. (m. or f.) is often written u; 4. A few in the ace. sing, end in
* im; 5. The abl. sing, of all neuters, and of many m. or f., ends in i.
b. Masculine endings of this declension are o, or, 6s, er, es;
feminine are as, es, is, ys, x; do, go, io, us; neuter are a, e, i, y;
c, t, 1 ; men, ar, ur, iis.
3. Decline the following, of peculiar inflection : —
/
Sing.
ox, c.
old jnan^ M.
yiesh, V.
bone, N.
force, F.
swine, C,
N., V
b«s
sgnex
caro
6s
vis
BUS
Gkn.
bSvis
senis
carais
ossis
vis (rare)
suis
DAT.
bovi
seni
carni
OSSl
SUl
Ace.
bovem
senem
carnem
OS
vim
suem
Abl.
bove
sene
came
osse
vi
sue
Plur.
cattle.
strength.
N., A., V.
boves
senes
carnes
ossa
Vires
sues
Gen.
boum
senura
ossium
virium
suum
Dat., Abl.
bobus
(bubus)
senibus
carnibus
ossibus
viribus
siibus
(suibus)
See Exercise, page 51,
Elementary Lessons,
IS
Lesson lo.
Adjectives of the Third Declension.
PART FIRST.
Learn the following inflections
Sing.
M., F. light. N.
M. keen
. F.
N.
N., V.
levis
leve
acer
acris
acre
Gen.
levis
levis
acris
acris
acris
. \i ^ -
€^
DAT.
levi
levi
acri
acri
acri
.U4
<
Ace.
levem
leve
acrem
acrem
acre
- V
Abl.
lev^
levi
acri
acri
acri
-tStw .
O
Plur.
-\.
N., V.
leves
levia
acres
acres
acria
Gen.
levium
levium
acriuni
acrium
acrium
DAT.
levibus
levibus
acribus
acribus
acribus
Ace.
leves (is)
levia
acres (is)
acres (is)
acria
Abl.
levibus
levibus
acribus
acribus
acribus
Sing.
M., F. fierce, n
N., V.
atrox
Gen.
atrocis
DAT.
atroci
Ace.
atrocem atrox
Abl.
atroce or atroci
Plur.
N., V.
atroces atr5cia
Gen.
atrocium
DAT.
atrocibus
Ace.
atroces (is) atrocia
Abl.
atrocibus
Adjectives declined like levis are called adjectives of two ter-
minations.
Twelve adjectives, — dcer^ aldcer, catnpester, celeber^ equester,
paiuster^ puter, sahiber, Silvester, terrester, volticer, with celer,
ceteris, celere — are declined like levis, except that the masculine
nominative and vocative singular end in er. They are called
adjectives of three tertninaiiotis .
PART SECOND.
I. Decline the following : —
■"^-, F. needy. n.
egens
egentis
egenti
egentem egens
^fOfttetic?^ egenti
egentes egentia
egentium
egentibus
egentes (is) egentia
egentibus
i6
Latin Method,
Sing.
M., F. rich. n.
M., F. fertile, n.
M., F. old. N.
N., V.
dives
Tiber
vetus
Gen.
divitis
uberis
veteris
DAT.
diviti
Oberi
veteri
Ace.
divitem dives
iiberem Ober
veterem vetus
Abl.
divite (5^
ubere (5)
vetere ^
Plur.
N., V.
divites [ditia]
uberes ubera
veteres vetera
Gen.
divitum
uberum
veterum
DAT.
divitibus
iiberibus
veteribus
Ace.
divites [ditia]
iiberes libera
veteres vetera
Abl.
divitibus
iiberibus
veteribus
a. These are called adjectives of one iertnination^ having only
one form in the nominative singular.
b. When used as nouns, they have the ablative singular in e;
otherwise more commonly in L
V^
c. Adverbs are formed from adjectives of the third declension
with the ending ter or iter ; as, leviter, lightly; atrocitex, fercely.
2. Decline the following Comparatives : —
M., F. 7nore.
N.
plus
pilaris
plus
plure
plures plura
plurium
pluribus
plures plura
pliiribus
a. The singular plus is used only as a neuter noun ; the geni-
tive (rarely ablative), as an expression of value.
d. The neut. sing. ace. of comparatives is used as an adverb : as,
levius, 7nore lightly ; atrooius, more fiercely.
^Examples.
1. Viri fortes pericula non timent.
2. Non omnis via brevis est facilis.
3. Gustos es pauperis horti.
See Exercise, page 53.
Sing.
M., F. better. n.
N., V.
melior melius
Gen.
m el i oris
DAT.
meliori
Ace.
meliorem melius
Abl.
meliore or"!
Plur.
N., V.
meliores meliora
Gen.
meliorum
DAT.
melioribus
Ace.
meliores meliora
Abl.
melioribus
Elementary Lessons. 17
Lesson 1 1 .
Comparison of Adjectives.
1. The Comparative is formed by adding ior, and
the Superlative by adding issimus, to the stem of the
positive : as,
altus, high; altior, higher ; altissimus, highest.
levis, light J levior; levissimus.
2i\xo-si, fierce ; atrooior; atrocissimus.
egens, 7teedy j egentior; egentissimus.
N. B. If the stem ends in a vowel, this vowel is dropped before
these terminations. For the inflection of comparatives, see p. 16.
a. Adjectives in er form the superlative by adding -rimus : as,
miser, miserior, miserrimus ;
acer, acrior, acerrimusj
b. The following form the superlative by adding -\\vcl\\&'. faciliSy
difficilis^ similis, dissi;nilis, gracilis, huinilis : as,
similis, like; similior, simillimus.
c. The following are compared irregularly : —
bonus, melior, optimus, good, better, best.
malus, pejor (peior), pessimus, bad, worse, worst.
magnus, major (maior), xa.diiLia\\iB, great, greater, greatest.
parvus, minor, minimus, smalL smaller, smallest.
[ multiyii»(N.), plus, pliirim w mjJ/i 7ich, ?nore, most.
^ multi, plures, pliirimi, many, more, most.
For other irregular and defective forms, see grammar, pp. 39,^40.
2. Adverbs formed from adjectives are compared
as follows : —
altus, high : alte, altius, altissime.
miser, wretched: misere, miserius, miserrime.
levis, light : leviter, levius, levissime.
similis, like : similiter, similius, simiUime. ^^
\:tQn.\x^, good : bene, melius, optime.
malus, bad : male, pejus, pessime.
Rule. — The comJ)arattve degree may be followed
by the ablative : as,
eloquentior Cicerone, more eloquent thafi Cicero.
See Exercise, page 54.
i8
Latin Method.
Lesson 1 2.
Fourth and
Fiftli Declensions.
I.
Decline the followin
^'•^
Sing.
ha7id{^.).
lake (M.).
house (F.)
knee (n.).
day (m.).
N., V.
maiius
lacus
domus
genu
dies
Gen.
manus
lacus
domus
genij^;Hfi)
diei
DAT.
manui
lacui
domui
genu K.
diei
Acc.
manum
lacum
domum
genu
diem
Abl.
manu
lacu
domo
genu
die
Plur.
N., V.
manus
lacus
domus
genua
dies
Gen.
manuum
lacuum
domorum
genuum
dierum
DAT.
manibus
lacubus
domibus
genibus
diebus
Acc.
manus
lacus
domos
genua
dies
Abl.
manibus
lacubus
domibus
genibus
diebus
a. The following nouns of the fourth declension have the dative
and ablative plural in -ubus : artiis^ partus^ partus^ tribus, veru ;
with dissyllables in -cus (as lacus). Most in us are masculine.
b. Domus, house, has all the forms of the fourth declension ; but
the most usual are those given above. It has also the locative
domi (sometimes domui), at ho?ne.
c. Most nouns of the Fifth Declension want the plural. The
only ones complete in their inflection are dies, day, and res, thing.
All are feminine except dies, (generally masc), and meridies (m.).
See Exercise, page s^-
Lessoji 13.
Pronouns : 1. Personal and Demonstrative,
PART FIRST.
The Personal Pronouns are thus declined : —
FIRST PERSON.
NOM.
Gen.
DAT.
Acc.
Voc.
Abl.
ego, /
mei, of ?ne
mihi, to me
me, me
nos, we
nostrum, tri =
nobis, to us
nos, 2CS
of us
SECOND PERSO.N
\.
tu, thou
vos, ye or
you
tui
vestrum,
tri
tibi
v5bis
te
vos
tu
vos
te
vobis
me, by me nobis, by us
a. These are also used reflexively: as, te laudas, you praise
yourself.
Elementary Lessons.
19
b. The pronouns of the Third Person — he, she, it, they — are
wanting in Latin ; a demonstrative being sometimes used.
c. The Reflexive pronoun of the third person is the same in the
singular and plural: viz.,
Gen. sui, of himself, herself, thejnselves.
V- D^T. sibi, to
Ace. se or sese „ „ „
Abl. „ „ with „ „
N. B. —The Reflexive pronoun should not be confounded with the
intensive ipse ; thus, ipse se laudat, he [himself] praises himself.
d. The genitives nostrum, vestrum, are n?,td partitive ly : as,
iinus nostrum, one of us; while mei, tui, sui, nostri, vestri,
are used objectively : as, memor es nostri, be mindfil of us.
e. For the genitive of possession, the adjectives meus, tuus,
suus, noster, vester, are always used. They may stand in apposi-
tion with a genitive in any case : as,
nostra omnium patria, the country of us all.
s^ - f The preposition cum, with, is joined enclitically with the
ablative of the personal pronouns : as,
vobiscum loquitur, he speaks with you.
g. The personal or demonstrative pronouns are in general used
only for the sake of distinction or emphasis : as,
te voco, I call you J but —
quis me vocat ? ego te voco : who calls me ? it is I.
PART SECOND.
The Demonstrative Pronouns
are thus declined : —
this.
that.
Sing.
M.
F.
n.
M.
F.
N.
NOM.
hie
haec
hoc
\
is
ea
id
Gen.
hiijus
hiijus
hujus
ejus
ejus
ejus
DAT.
huic
huic
huic
ei
ei
ei
Ace.
hunc
hanc
hoc
eum
eam
id
Abl.
hoc
hac
hoc
eo
ea
eo
Plur.
these.
those.
NOM.
hi
horun
hae
haec
ii (ei)
eae
ea
Gen.
1 harum
horum
A
eorum
earum
eorum
DAT.
his
his
his
eis or iis
Ace.
hos
has
haec
eos
eas
ea
Abl.
his
his
his
eis or iis
20
Latin Method,
that.
self.
Sing.
M.
F.
N.
M.
F.
N.
NOM.
ille
ilia
illud
ipse
ipsa
ipsum
Gen.
illius
illius
illius
ipsius
ipsius
ipsius
DAT.
illi
illi
illi
ipsi
ipsi
ipsi
Ace.
ilium
illam
illud
ipsum
ipsam
ipsum
Voc.
ipse
ipsa
ipsum
Abl.
iUo
ilia
illo
ipso
ipsa
ipso
Like ille decline iste, ista, istud, that (^yonder).
The Plural of these words is regular, like that of bonus : as,
illi, illae, ilia, those ^ &^'c.
Sing. the same. Plur.
N. idem eadem idem iidem eaedem eadem
G. ejusdem ejusdem ejusdem eorundem earuudem eorundem
D. eidem eidem eidem
A. eundem eandem idem
A. eodem. eadem eodem
eisdem or iisdem
eosdem easdem eadem
eisdem or iisdem
The demonstrative pronouns are often used in the oblique cases
as personal pronouns of the third person (see p. 19, ^) : as,
eum et fratrem ejus video, I see him atid his brother.
See Exercise, page 57.
Lesson 14.
Pronouns : Relative, Interrogative, &c.
I. The Relative Pronoun is thus declined : —
SINGULAR
quod
which.
PLURAL
.
NOM.
qui quae >
qui
quae
quae
Gen.
cujus clijus
cujus
quorum
quarum
quorum
DAT.
cui cui
cui
quibus
quibus
quibus
Ace.
quem quam
quod
quos
quas
quae
Abl.
qu5 qua
quo
quibus
quibus
quibus
a. The affix -cumque (or -cunque), -soever^ may be added to
any relative word : as, quicumque, whoever; ubicumique, wher-
ever ; qualiscumque, of whatever sort.
b. The preposition cum is affixed to the ablative of qui as
the personal pronouns : as, quocum, quibuscum, with who;n.
€. The forms of the Relative are also Interrogative, as in £n<
lish ; but when used substantively^ quis is used for qui, and qui<
for quod.: as,
quis vocat ? who calls ? quid vides? what do you see ? but
qui (or c^uis) homo vocat? quod templum vides?
Eleme7itary Lessons, 2i
2. Compounds of qui or quis are thus declined : —
\: u. In the compounds quidam, some one j quicumque, whoever j
quivis, quilibet, quispiam, quisquam, any one; the former part
is declined like qui or quis.
b. The compounds aliquis, sojne; siquis, if any; nequis, lest
any; ecquis, numquis, whether any, are declined as follows : —
SINGULAR. SO?ne. PLURAL. ^
N. aliquis aliqijailX aliquid aliqui aliquae aliqua
G. alicuju^ aliquorum aliquarum aliquorum
D. alicui aliquibus
A. aliquem aliqii^m aliquid aliquos aliquas aliquaL
A. aliquo aliqua aliquo aliquibus *
c. Of quisquis, whoever, both parts are declined ; but the
feminine and most plural forms are wanting.
3. Correlatives. — Many fairs of words ^ demon-
strative and relative, are used in corresponding parts
of a sentence (see the lists in § 22) : as,
tantus . . . quantus, as great . . . as. \j^
talis . . . qualis, s?4ch . . . as.
tot . . . quot, as mafty . . . as.
Rule. — A Relative agrees with its Antecedent
in gender and number ; but its case defends on the
construction of the clause in which it stands*
See Exercise, page 59.
Lesson 15.
Numerals.
The following list of Cardinal and Ordinal numbers
should be gradually committed to memory : —
CARDINAL.
ORDINAL.
ROMAN NU:
MERALS.
I.
unus, una, unum, one.
primus, a,
um^frst.
L
2.
duo, duae, duo, twj!).
secundus
(alter), second.
IL
' 3.
tres, tria, three, dr»c.
tertius, third, &^c.
in.
4-
quattuor
quartus
IV.
5.
quinque
quintus
V.
6.
sex
sextus
VI.
7.
septem
Septimus
VII.
8.
octo
octavus
vm.
9-
novem
nonus
IX.
10.
decem
decTmus
X.
22
Latin Method,
/
CARDINAL.
ORDINAL. ROMAN NUMERALS.
II.
undecim
. undecimus
XI.
12.
duodecim
duodecimus
XII.
13-
tredecim
tertius decimus
XIII.
14.
quattuordecim
quartus decimus
XIV.
15-
quindecim
quintus decimus
XV.
16.
sedecim
sextus decimus
XVI.
17-
septendecim
Septimus decimus
XVII.
18.
duodevl^intl (octddecim)
duodevTcesimus
XVIII.
19.
undevlginti (noveiidecim)
undevTcesimus
XIX.
20.
vTgintI
vicesimus (vigesimus
tricesimus f ? / >,,
quadragesimus i
;) . XX.
30.
triginta
.tJUHviixX.
40.
quadraginta
XL.
50.
quinquaginta
quinquagesimus
L.
60.
sexaginta
sexagesimus
LX.
70.
septuaginta
septuagesimus
LXX.
80.
octoginta
octogesimus
LXXX.
90.
nonaginta
nonagesimus
xc.
.' 100.
centum
centesimus
c.
200.
ducenti, ae, a
ducentesimus
cc.
300.
trecenti
trecentesimus
ccc.
400.
quadringenti
quadringentesimus
cccc.
500.
quill gen tl
quingentesimus
ID, or D.
600.
sexcehti
sexcentesimus
DC.
700.
septingenti
septingentesimus
DCC.
800.
octingenti
octingentesimus
DCCC.
900.
nongenti
nongentesimus
DCCCC.
1000.
mille
millesimus
CIO, o\m>.
a.
The inflection of unus and duo will be found in
Lesson 5.
That of tres is like the plural of levis.
bers, up to 100, are not declined ; the
declined like the plural of bonus.
b. Mille, a thousand, is not declined ;
The other Cardinal num-
hundreds, up to 1000, are
millia (milia), thousands^
is declined as a noun, like the plural of mare. Thus we say —
cum mille hominibus, with a thousand men; but —
cum duobus millibus (milibus) hominum ; or,
cum bis mille hominibus, with two thousand men.
c. The following are called Distributive Numerals, and are
inflected like the plural of bonus : —
1. s\ngw\\^ one by one. 5. quini 9. novenl
2. blni, two-and-two. 6. sen! 10. deni
3. term, trim, by threes. 7. septenT 11. undenT
4. quaterm, by /ours, &^c. 8. octonT 12. duodeni
For the use of Distributives, see § 18, 2. a, b^ c, d.
d. The following are Numeral Adverbs : —
1. semel, once. 3. ter 5. quinquies (ens)
2. bis, twice. 4. quater 6. sexies (ens), etc.
Elementary Lessons, 23
Lesson i6.
Verbs: 1. Moods and Tenses.
1. There are four Moods of the Latin verb : —
a. The Indicative is used for direct assertions or interro-
gations : as, veni, vidi, vici, I came ^ saw, conquered.
b. The Subjunctive is used chiefly in comtnajids, conditions,
and dependent clauses ; as, eamus, let us go; si adesses, if you
ivere here ; adsum ut videam, / a7n here that I may see.
N. B. — For the special uses of the Subjunctive, see " Construc-
tions of Syntax," pages 99-119.
c. The Imperative is used for exhortation or command : as,
adeste pueri, co?ne, boys ! but its place is often supplied by the
Subjunctive ; m prohibitions, the perf. subj. is used with ne.
d. The Infinitive is used chiefly as the subject or object of
another verb ; as, humanum est errare, to err is human j volo
videre, I wish to see j jubeo te venire, I bid you come.
2. There are four Participles : —
a. The Present participle ends in ans or ens: as, vocans/
calling ; legens, readittg.
b. The Future participle ends in urus, and is used to express
purpose : as, venit auditurus, he came to hear. As an adjective,
it expresses what is likely or about to happen : as, urbs est casura,
the city is about to fall.
c. The Perfect participle ends in tus or sus : as, tectus,
sheltered. It is chiefly used with esse to form certain tenses
in the passive : as, vocatus est, he has been called, or was called.
d. The Gerundive ends in dus, and is used in the obhque
cases in such phrases as —
pads petendae causa, /"^r the sake of seeking peace (§ 73, 3).
As an adjective, it expresses that which ought to be or must be
done : as, delenda est Karthago, Carthage must be destroyed.
3. The verb has also the following noun-forms : —
a. The Gerund is a verbal noun, in di, do, dum, correspond-
ing to the Enghsh participial noun in -ing : as, loquendi causa,
for the sake of speakiiig.
b. The Supines are verbal nouns ending in um and ii, usually
translated by the English infinitive : as, venit spectatum, he ca?ne
to look J mirabile dictii, wonderful to tell.
24 Latin Method,
4. There are six Tenses ; three of incomplete and
three of completed action : viz.,
a. Present : as, adsum, here I am; diu aegroto, / am [and
have long been] sick.
b. The Imperfect is used chiefly for deso'iption, or for con-
tinued or repeated action; as, dicebat, he said, was say i fig, or
used to say ; mons impendebat, a inountain overhung.
c. Future : as, veniet, he will come.
d. The Perfect is either definite or historical : as, vocavit,
he has called (definite) ; or, he ^^//^^ (historical).
e. Pluperfect : as, venerat, he had co?ne.
f. Future Perfect: as, cum venero scribam, when I come
(shall have come), / will write.
Note. — The Future and Future Perfect are wanting in the
Subjunctive ; but are sometimes supplied by the future participle
with the tenses of esse.
Lesson 17.
Verbs : 2. The verb ESSE, to be.
PRESENT. INFIN. PERF. FUT. PART.
Principal Parts : sum esse fui futurus
indicative. Present. subjunctive.
Sing. i. Bum, / am. sim, may I be .^^ {lam^fnay or
2. es, thou art {you are), sis, may you be. {wouldbe^&'c.)
3. est, he {she, it) is. sit, let him be {may he be).
Plur. I. sumus, we are. simus, let us be.
2. estis, you are. sitis, may ye be.
3. sunt, they are. sint, let the77t be {may they be).
Imperfect.
Sing. I. eram, /w^j. eBsevn, I should be.^
2. eias, you were. esses, you would be.
3. erat, he (she, it) was. esset, he would be.
Plur. i. eramus, we were. essemus, we should be.
2. eiatis, you were. essetis, you would be.
3. erant, they were. essent, they would be.
1. si sim, if I should be ; cum sim, since I am.
2. si essem, if I were ; cum essem, wheti (or since) I was.
3. si fuerim, // I should have been; cum fuerim, sitice I was.
4. si fuissem, if I had been; cum fuissem, when {or since) I had been.
Ele7nentary Lessons,
25
Sing.
Plur.
Future.
ero, / shall be.
eris, thou wilt be {you will be).
erit, he will be.
erimus, we shall be.
[futurus sim]
w
fuerim, /
fueris
fuerit
fuerimus
fueritis t
fuerint
fuissem, I should have
\i
V
eritis, you will be.
erunt^ they will be.
Perfect.
Sing. i. fui, I was (have been).
2.B fuisti, you were.
3. fuit, he was.
Plur. i. fuimus, we were.
2. iVi^hA^ you were.
3. fuerunt, they were.
or fuere.
Pluperfect.
Sing. I. fuexsLm, I had been
2. fneiaa^ygu had been. fuisses
3. fvLerat, he had been. fuisset
Plur. i. tMexa.m.\\.^,wehadbeen. fuissemus
2. fueratis, you had been. * fuissetis
3. fueraut, they had been. fuissent
Future Perfect.
Sing. i. fuero, I shall have been.
2. fvLeria, you will have been,
3. fuerit, he will have been.
Plur. i. fuerimus, we shall have been.
2. fueritis, you will have been,
3. fuerint, they will have been.
Imperative.
Present, es, be thou. este, be ye.
Future. esto, thou shall be. estote, ye shall be.
esto, he shall be. sunto, they shall be.
Infinitive.
Present, esse, to be.
Perfect, fuisse, to have-been.
Future, fbre or futuru^ 'esse, to be about to be.
Future Participle, futurui^ a, um, about lobe
may have
[been.^
[been.
26 Latin Method.
The verb esse is joined with the adjective potis, able, vs\2M\ng
the compound possum, / can {am able). It is also compounded
with pro (prod), for, in prosum, / benefit or help, and with
several other prepositions. These compounds are inflected as
follows : —
Present,
indic. subj. indic. subj.
possum, / <:rt«. possim prosum, 7/^^/^. prosim
potes,j'(9« ca?t. possis prodes prosis
potest, he can. possit prodest prosit
possumus, ■z£/^^««. possimus prosumus prosimus
potestis,j<7« can. possitis prodestis prositis
possunt, they can. possiiit prosunt prosiut
Imperfect.
poter am, / could, possem proderam prodessem
Future.
potero, / shall be able. prodero, / shall help.
Perfect.
potui, / could. potuerim profui, / helped, profuerim
Pluperfect.
potueram potuissem profueram profuissem
Future Perfect.
potuero, / shall have been able. profuero, / shall have helped.
Imperative.
prodes, prodesto, &c.
Infinitive.
Pr. posse Perf. potuisse Pr. prodesse Perf. profuisse
Participles.
poteos (adj.), powerful. profuturus, about to help.
Lesson i8.
Verbs : 3. The Four Conjugrations.
1. Verbs are inflected in four regular Conjugations,
distinguished by the vowel before -re in the Infinitive :
viz., I. are; 2. ere; 3. ere; 4. ire.
2. The Principal Parts of the verb, from which all
the others are found, are — '
1. The Present Indicative; -3. The Perfect Indicative;
2. The Present Infinitive; 4. The Supine.
Elementary Lessons, 27
a. The regular forms of conjugation are these : —
1. amo, amare, amavi, amatum, to love.
2. deleo, delere, delevi, deletum, to destroy.
3. carpo, carpere, carpsi, carptum, to pluck.
4. audio, audire, audivi, auditum, to hea?'.
b. In the second conjugation, a more common form is the
following (omitting e in the perfect and supine) : —
moneo, monere, monui, monitum, to warn.
c. The Perfect stem is sometimes the same as the present ; but
it is usually changed in one of the following ways : —
1. By lengthening the vowel : as, lego, legi ; capio, cepi.
2. By reduplication : as, cado, cecidi ; tondeo, totondi,
3. By adding s : as, carpo, carpsi; duco, duxi; tego, texi.
4. By adding u: as, dome, domui; aperio, aperui.
5. By adding v (u) preceded by the vowel of conjugation (see
page 10) : as, amo, amavi; audio, audivi. This is found in
almost all verbs of the first and fourth conjugations ; but the v is
often dropped and the syllable contracted : as, amarat, audierat,
for amaverat, audiverat; amasse, audisse (or audiisse), for
amavisse, audivisse.
d. The Supine stem is generally formed by adding t or s : as,
dice, dictum; cado, casum; flecto, flexum (see p. 12, c).
e. The Synopsis of a verb consists of \\\^ first person singular
of each tense, with infinitive and participles, given in regular order :
as of amo, / love —
{Present Stejn.) active voice. {Perfect Stem?)
Indic. amo, amabam, amabo amavi, amaveram, amavero
SuBj. amem, amarem amaverim, amavissem
Imper. ama, amato
In fin. amare amavisse
PASSIVE VOICE. {Supine Stem)
Indic. amor, amabar, amabor amatus sum, — eram, — ero
SuBj. amer, amarer amatus sim, — essem
Imper. amare, amator
Infin. amari amatus esse, amatum iri
Participles.
Act. amans amaturus
Pass. amandus amatus
28
Latin Method.
Lesson 19.
Kegular Verb ; First Conjugration.
I. ACTIVE VOICE.
PRESENT. INFIN. PERFECT. SUPINE.
iNCiPAL Parts : amo amare amavi amatnin
INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE.
Present, / love^ or a7it loving. .
May I love (see p. 24),
Sing. I. ^mo, I love.
amem
2. 3.ma.3, you love.
ames
3. amat, he {she, it) loves.
amet
Plur. I. amamus, lue love.
amemus
2. amatis, you love.
ametis
3. amant, they love.
ament
\ Imperfect, / loved {used to love)
/ should love.
Sing. i. amabam,//^?/^^.
amarem
2. amabas, j^7^ loved.
amares
3. amabat, he loved.
amaret
Plur. i. amabamus, we loved.
amaremus
2. amabatis, j^?/ loved.
amaretis
3. amabant, they loved.
amarent
Future, / shall love.
Sing. I. 2ima\yo, I shall love,
2. amabis, jj/^z^ will love.
3. amabit, he will love.
Plur. i. amabimus, we shall love.
2. amabitis, you will love.
3. amabunt, they will love.
Perfect, / loved {have loved.)
/ may have loved.
Sing. i. amavi, I loved.
amaverim
2. amavisti, j^« loved.
amaveris
3. amavit, he loved.
amaverit
Plur. i. amavimus, we loved.
amaverimus
2. amavistis, j^^^ loved.
amaveritis
3. amaverunt (ere), they loved.
amaverint
Pluperfect, / had loved.
/ should have loved.
Sing. i. amaveram, I had loved.
amavissem
2. amaveras, you had loved.
amavisses
3. amaverat, he had loved.
amavisset
Plur. i. amaveramus, we had loved.
amavissemua
2 . ama veratis, you had loved.
amavissetis
3. amaverant, they had loved.
amavissent
Elementary Lessons.
29
Future Perfect, / shall have loved.
Sing. I. amavero, I shall have loved.
2. amaveris, you will have loved.
3. amaverit, he will have loved.
Plur. I. amaverimus, we shall have loved.
2. 2im2iveT:itis, you will have loved.
3. amaverint, they will have loved.
SINGULAR. Imperative.
PLURAL.
PRES.
FUT.
ama, love thou.
amato, thou shall love.
amato, he shall love.
amate, love ye.
amatote, ye shall love.
amanto, they shall love.
Present.
Perfect.
Future.
Present.
Future.
Noun and Adjective Forms.
Infinitive.
am are, to love.
amavisse, or amasse, to have loved.
amaturus esse, to be about to love.
Participles.
amans, antis, loving.
amaturus, a, um, about to love.
Gerund.^
G. amandi, of [the act or' state of] loving.
D. amando,/br loving (with adjectives).
Ac. amandum, loving (with ad and inter).
Ab. amando, by loving.
Supine.
Ace. am|Ltum, to love (with verbs of motion).
First Periphrastic Conjugation,
indicative.
subjunctive.
Pres.
amaturus sum
. . Sim, / am about to love.
Imperf.
amaturus eram .
, . essem, / was about to love.
FUT.
amaturus ero
Perf.
amaturus fui . ,
, . fuerim
Plup.
amaturus fueram . ,
. . fuissem
Second Periphrastic Conjugation.
Pres.
amandus sum . .
. Sim, / am to be loved.
Imperf.
amandus eram . .
. essem, / was to be loved.
FUT.
amandus ero
Perf.
amandus fui . .
. fuerim
Plup.
amandus fueram . .
. fuissem
See Exercise, page 60.
30
^"t^i^ </"i^<>t'V^<:::=^£<^^^«^vC^ ^^
Latin Method,
Lesson 20.
Regular Verb : First ConJug:ation.
2. PASSIVE VOICE.
PRESENT. INFINITIVE. PERFECT.
Principal Parts : ' amor amari amatus sum
INDICATIVE.
Present, / am loved.
Sing. i. amor, I am loved.
2. amaris (le), jyoii are loved.
3. amatur, he is loved.
Plur. \. \ amamur, we are loved.
2. 2iVC\Bxaix)l, y oil are loved.
%hy
ajii^autur, l/iey a?'e le^^d^. , , »
Imperfect, / was loved. \
Sing. i. 2Lrv3i}a2ix, I was loved.
2. amabaris (re) , you were loved.
3. amabatur, he was loved.
PLtiR. I. amabamur, we were loved.
2. amabamini, you were loved.
3. amabantur, they were loved.
Future, I shall be loved.
amabor. / shall be loved.
amaberis (re), thou wiltli'ouj
amabitur, he will be lovea?
amabimur, we shall be loved.
amabimini, you will be loved.
amabuntur, they will be loved.
Perfect, / was {have beeft) loved.
amatus sum, / was loved.
amatus es,you were loved.
amatus est, he was loved.
amati sumus, we were loved.
2. amati estis, you were loved.
3. amati sunt, they were loved.
Pluperfect, I had been loved.
Sing. i. amatus eram, I had bee?i loved.
2i--?amatus eras, y^?/ had been loved.
amatus erat, he had been loved.
Plur. iv-.^amati eramus, we had been loved.
imatT eratis, you had been loved.
imatl erant, they had been loved.
Sing. i.
2.
Plur. i.
2.
3-
Sing. i.
2.
Plur. i.
subjunctive.
May I be loved.
amer
ameris (re)
ametur
amemur ▼
amemini
amentur yV- 'V -i^
/ should be loved.
amarer
amareris (re)
amaretur
amaremur
amaremini
amarentur
,be loved.
amatus sim
amatus sis
amatus sit
amati simus
amati sitis
amati sint
amatus essem
amatus esses
amatus esset
amati essemus
amati essetis
amau essent
Elementary L^essons, 31
Future Perfect, I shall have beeji loved.
Sing. i. amatus ero, I shall have been loved.
,21 amatus ^x\s, yoti will have been loved.
31 amatus erit, he will have beeti loved.
Plur. I. amati erimus, we shall have been loved.
2. amati exiX.v&.you will have been loved.
3. amati erunt, they will have bee?i loved.
PASSIVE VOICE.
SINGULAR. Imperative. plural.
Pres. 2. , amare, be thou loved. amamini, be ye loved^
FuT. 2. amator, thou shall be loved.
3. 2imB.tor, he shall be loved, zmantox, they shall be loved.
Noun and Adjective Forms.
Infinitive.
Present.' amari, to be loved.
Perfect. amatuA esse, to have been loved.
Future. amatum iri (amatus fore), to be about to be loved.
Participles.
Perfect. amatus, loved {beloved., or having been loved). <y*
Gerundive, amaudus, a, um, to-be-loved {lovely).
Supine.
Abl. amatu, to love or to be loved (with adjectives).
a. In the tenses of completed action in the passive, — the
perfect, pkiperfect, and future perfect, — the participle (amatus, &c.)
is treated as an adjective, agreeing in gender and number with the
subject of the verb : as,
bellum palatum est, war has beeti prepared.
Galli domiti erant, the Gauls had been subdued.
naves depressae sunt, the ships were sunk.
b. In the passive construction, the object of the action becomes
subject, while the subject (or agent), if a person, or treated as a
person (personified), is put in the ablative with the preposition a or
ab, BY ; if not a person, in the ablative alone : as,
Caesar domuit Gallos, Ccesar subdued the Gauls j
Galli a Caesare domiti sunt, //r^ Gauls were subdued by Ccesar;
fames necat Yiomines, hicr^er destroys 7ne ft ;
homines fame necantur, jnen are destroyed by hunger.
c. An Intransitive verb ipay be used impersonally., in the third
person singular of the passive : as,
pugnatum est, there ivas fighting ; lit. it [a battle] was fought.
See Exercise, page 62.
32 Latin Method,
Lesson 21.
Regular Verb : First Conjugration.
3. NOUN AND ADJECTIVE FORMS.
1. The following are the uses of the Infinitive : —
a. The Infinitive is used with verbs where the sense would be
incomplete without another action of the same subject : as,
consilia non possum mutare, / catmot change \_my~\ plans.
Such verbs are to be able^ dare^ begin, cease, wish, and the like.
b. The Infinitive is used like the nominative of a neuter noun,
in such sentences as —
scribere est utile, to write {writing) is useful.
c. It is used like the accusative of a 7ieuter nottn, in such
sentences as —
hostes parant expugnare oppidum, the enemy prepare to
storm the town.
d. \v\. either of these uses, it may take as subject the accusative
of a noun or pronoun : as,
senem saltare indecorum est, for an old man to dance is
unbecoming.
video te esse claudum, I see that you are lame.
, Here the object of video, i.e. the thing seen, is really the sub-
stantive clause te esse claudum, not the simple accusative te.
Rule. — The infinitive with stihject-accusative is
used with verbs or other expressions of knowing",
thinkiiig, telling, or perceiving : as,
rumor erat Catilinam servos armasse, there was a report
that Catiline had armed the slaves (see page 114. «).
2. The following are special participial uses : —
a. The participle is often used to describe some circumstance : as,
arantem L. Quinctium legati salutaverunt, the envoys salu-
ted Lucius Quinctius while ploughing (at the plough').
b. A noun and participle are used together in the ablative to de-
fine the time or circumstances of an action {ablative absolute) : as,
hostibus fugatis Caesar suos revocavit, when the enemy
were put to flight, Cczsar called back his men (see p. 121).
For the Participles, Gerund, and Supine, see page 23. 2, 3.
See Exercise, page 63.
Eleinentary Lessons.
33
Lesson 22.
Regular Verb : Second Conjugation.
Principal Parts : Act. moneo monere monui monitum
Pass, moneor moneri monitus sum
iNDic. Active, subj.
Present, / warn.
moneo, / warn, moneam
vcioxv^^, you warn, moneas
monet, he warns, moneat
INDIC. Passive. subj.
/ a7n warned.
monear
mo near is (re)
moneor
moneris (re)
monetur
monemus
monetis
monent
moneamus
moneatis
moneant
monemur
monemini
moneiitur
Imperfect, I warned {was warning).
monebam
monebas
monebat
monebamus
monebatis
monebant
monerem
moneres
moneret
moneremus
moneretis
monerent
Future, / shall warn.
monebo
monebis
monebit
monebimus
monebitis
monebunt
moneatur-
moneaniur
moneamini
moneaiitur
/ was warned.
monebar monerer
monebaris (re) monereris (re)
monebatur moneretur
monebamur moneremiir
monebamini moneremini
monebantur monerentur
/ shall be warned,
monebor
moneberis (re)
monebitur
monebimur
monebimini
monebuntur
Perfect, / warned {have warned). I was {have been) warned.
monui
monuisti
monuit
monuerim
monueris
monuerit
monuimus monuerimus
monuistis monueritis
monuerunt (re) monuerint
Pluperfect, / had warned.
monitus sum
monitus es
monitus est
monitl sumus
moniti estis
monitl sunt
monitus Sim
monitus sis
monitus sit
monitl simus
monitl sitis
monitl sint
monueram
monueras
monuerat
monueramus
monueratis
monuerant
FuT. Perf.
monuero
monueris
monuerit
monuerimus
monueritis
monuerint
monuissem
monuisses
monuisset
I had been wa?'ned.
monitus eram monitus essem
monuissemus
monuissetis
monuissent
/ shall
moniti essemus
monitl essetis
monitl essent
monitus eras monitus esses
monitus erat monitus esset
moniti eramus
monitl eratis
monitl erant
warned. I shall have been warned.
monitus ero
monitus eris
monitus erit
monitl erimus
monitl eritis
monitl erunt
34
Latin Method.
Active. imperative. Passive.
Sing. Phir. Sing. Pliir.
Pr. mone, warn. monete monere monemini
F. moneto monetote monetor
moneto monento monetor
infinitive.
Pr. monere <v^,^Pf. monuisse Pr. moneri
F. monituruli^ esse F. monitum iri (monitus fore)
O.^ ^<><-^^^ -'participles.
Pr. monens ^Tut. moniturus ^ Pf. monitus Ger. monendus
G. monendi, do, dum Sup. monitum monitu
See Exercise, page 65.
monentor
Pf. monitus esse
Lesson 23.
Regular Verb : Third Conjugation.
Principal Parts : Act. teg^o tegere texi tectum
Pass, tegor tegi tectus sum
INDIC. ACTiy^. SUBJ.
Pres., I cover.
tego, / cover. tejam
tegis,j/t77/ cover. tegas
tegit, he covers. tegat
tegimus, we cover, tegamus
tegitis, j<?« cover, tegatis
iNDic. Passive. subj.
/ a7Ji covereii {coveriitg jnyself).
tegor
tegeris (re)
tegitur
tegimur
tetrimiiii
tegar
tegaris (re)
tegatur
tegamur
tegamini
teoantur
tegujiJt, they cover, tegant
Imp., / covered {was covering). I was covered {covering myself).
tegebam
tegebas tegeres
tegebat tegeret
tegebamus tegeremus
tegebatis tegeretis
tegebant tegerent
FuT., / shall cover.
tegam
teges
teget
tegemus
tegetis
teirent
tegebar
tegebaris (re)
tegebatur
tegebamur
tegebamini
tegerer
tegereris (re)
tegebantur
tegeremur
tegeremini
tegereutur
/ shall be covered.
tegap " '-' ^^'
tegeris (re)
tegetur
tegemur
teoemini
Perf., / covered {have covered). I was {have been) covered.
texi
texisti
texit
teximus
texistis
texerunt (re)
texerim
texeris
texerit
texerimus
texeritis
texerint
tectus sum
tectus 0s
tectus est
tecti sumus
tecti estis
tecti sunt
tectus Sim
tectus sis
tectus sit
tecti .«5imus
tecti sitis
tecti Bint
.vQy:>v
Elementary Lessons,
35
iNDic. Active. subj.
Plup., I had covered.
texerarri texissem
texerad j texisses
texeratj j texisset
texeramus texissemus
texeratis f texissetis
texerant texissent
INDIC. Passive. subj.
/ had been covered.
tectus erani
tectus eras
tectus erat
tecti eramus
tecti eratis
tectI erant
tectus essem
tectus esses
tectus esset
tecti essemus
tecti essetis
tecti essent
FuT. Perf., / shall have covered. I shall have been covered.
texero
texeris
texerit
texerimus
texeritis
texerint
Imperat.
Pr. 2.
Fui. 2.
3-
Sing.
tege, c^ver
tegito
teefito
Plur.
tectus ero
tectus eris
tectus erit
tecti erimus
tecti eritis
tecti erunt
Sine.
Plur.
tegunto
teffitor
Infin. Pr. tegere ^^^^Per/. texisse
Put. tectiini* esse
teguntor
Pres. %i^,^/y. tectusi, esse
Fut. tectunj iri (tectus fore)
Part. Pr. tegens* Fut. tectums Perf. tectus Ger. tegendus S af-.^^^"^^'
Ger. tegendi, -dS, -dum Sup. toetwm , tectii
Verbs in io,
capio, capere, cepi, captum ; capior, capi, caytus smm
Pr. capio, / take, capiam
capis capias
capit capiat
capior
caperis (re)
capitur-
capiar
capiaris (re)
capiatur
capimns capiamus
capitis capiatis
capiunt capiant
capimur
capimini
capiuntur
capiamur
capiamini
capiantur
/////. capiebam caper em
capiebar
caperer
FuL capiam, ies, iet, &c.
capiar, ieris (re), &c.
Per/, cepi ceperim
captus sum
captus Sim
Phip. ceperam cepissem
captus eram
captus essem
F. P. cepero
captus ero
Imperat. cape capib«
capito capitote
capito capiunto
capere
capitor
capitor
capimini
capiuntor
Imp. /v. capere ^ cepisse Pr
Fut. capturuie esse
. capi
captum iri
captu^^'esse
Part. capiens capturus i:;*' :.^^*«aptus ^v ^ ^ . -^
capiendus ^^V
Ger. capiendi, do, dum Sup.
. captum
captQ
i.iA^'1/^-
See Exercise, page 66.
tZii(^
36
Latin Method,
Lesson 24.
Regular Verb: Fourth Coiijugation.
Principal Parts : Act. audio audire audivi auditum
Pass, audior audiri auditus sum
iNpic. Active. subj.
iNDic. Passive, subj.
Pi^ES., / hear.
I atn heard.
audio, / hear.
audiam
audior
ai^iar
audiaris (re)
audis, yo7i hear.
audits
audiris (re)
audit, he heah.
audiet
auditur
audiatur
audimus, we hear
. audiamus
audimur
audiamur
auditis, you hear.
audiatis
audimini
audiamini
audiunt, they hear, audiaut
audiuntur
audiantur
Imperf., / heard {was hearing). I was heard.
audiebam
audirem
audiebar
audirer
audiebas
audires
audiebaris (re)
audireris (re)
audiebat
audiret
audiebatur
audiretur
audiebamus
audiremus
audiebamur
audiremur
audiebatis
audiretis
audiebamini
audiremini
audiebant
audirent
audiebantur
audireutur
F'UT., / shatt hear.
/ shall be heard.
audiam
audiar
audies
audieris (re)
audiet
audietur
audiemus
audiemur
audietis
audiemini
audient
audientur
Perf., I heard
{have heaj'd) .
/ was {h
ave been) heard.
audivi
audlverim
auditus sum
auditus Sim
audlvisti
audlveris
auditus es
auditus sis
audivit
audiverit
auditus est
auditus sit
audlvimus
audiverimus
audltl sumus
audltl simus
audlvistis
audiveritis
auditl estis
audltl sitis
audiverunt (re)
audiverint
audltl sunt
audit! sint
Plup., I had heard.
/ had been heard.
audiveram
audlvissem
auditus eram
auditus essem
audiveras
audivisses
auditus eras
auditus esses
audlverat
audivisset
auditus erat
auditus esset
audiveramus
audivissemus
auditl eramus
audltl essemus
audiveratis
audlvissetis
audltl eratis
audltl essetis
audlverant
audlvissent
audltl erant
audltl essent
I
FuT. Perf., / shall have heard. I shall have been heard.
audlvero auditus ero
audlveris auditus eris
audiverit auditus erit
audiverimus audltl erimus
audiveritis audltl eritis
audiverint audltl erunt
Elementary Lessons.
37
Active.
IMPERATIVE.
Passive.
Sing.
Plur.
Sing.
Plur.
Pr. 2. audi, hear.
audite
audire
audimini
F. 2. audito
auditote
auditor
3. audito
audiunto
auditor
audiuntor
Pr. audire Pf.
INFINITIVE.
audlvisse Pr. audiri
Pf. auditu\esse
F. auditiiruii esse
^^
F. auditum iri (auditus fore).
PARTICIPLES.
Pr. audiens"' FuT. auditiirus^i Pf. auditus^jGER. audiendu^J?
Ger. audiendi, do, dum Sup. auditum, auditu
See Exercise, page 68.
t)
Lesson 25. . .
Deponent Verbs. V
I. Deponent Verbs have the form of the Pi
Voice, with an active or reflexive signification : as,
I. miror, mirari, miratus, admire;
vereor, vereri, veritus, fear;
sequor, sequi, secutus,/'^//d?'Z£/y
potior, potiri, potitus, possess.
Indicative.
vereor sequor
verebar sequebar
verebor sequar
Perf. miratus sum veritus sum secutus sum
Plup. miratus eram veritus eram seciitus eram potitus eram
F. P. miratus ero veritus ero seciitus ero potitus ero
Subjunctive.
Pres. mirer verear sequar potiar
Imp't. mirarer vererer sequerer potirer
Perf. miratus sim veritus sim secutus sim potitus sim
Plup. miratus essem veritus essem seciitus essem potitus essem
Imp. mirare, ator verere, etor sequere, itor potire, itor
vereri sequi potiri
Participles.
2.
3-
4-
Pres.
miror
Imp't.
mirabar
FUT.
mirabor
potior
potiebar
potiar
potitus sum
^ ^fin. mirari
T-P v.s. mirans
FuT. miraturus
Perf. miratus
Ger. mirandus
verens
veriturus
veritus
verendus
sequens
secuturus
seciitus
sequendus
potiens
potitiirus
potitus
potiendus
38
Latin Method,
a. Deponents have the participles of both voices ; as,
sequens, following j secuturus, about to follow j
secutus, having followed; sequendus, to-be-followed.
b. The future infinitive is always to be given in the active form :
thus of sequor it is secuturus esse, not secutum iri.
c. The gerundive, being passive in meaning, is found only in
transitive verbs, or neuter verbs used impersonally : as,
potienda est telliis, the land 7>iust be won;
moriendum est omnibus, all tnust die.
d. The perfect participle is sometimes also passive : as, mer-
catus, bought; a.deptna, gained (or, having gained).
e. The following verbs have no perfect active, but form the per-
fect, &c., like deponents, and are called seini-ciepone7its :
audeo,^ ausus, dare; gaudeo,^ gavisus, rejoica;
fido,^ fisus, trust; soleo,^ solitu3, be accustomed.
See Exercise, page 70.
Lesson 26.
Irregular and Defective Verbs.
PART FIRST.
Several verbs are irregular in the tenses of the
present stem. The most common of these are —
1. volo, Vi^j^le, volui, to wish.
2. nolo (rrorrvolo), nolle, nolui, to be unwillittg.
3. malo (magis volo), malle, malui, to wish rather.
These three are i
nflected as -follows : —
SUBI.
INDIC. SUBJ
[. INDIC.
SUBJ.
velim
velis
velit
^^«^,BRES|^.^^^,
nonvis nolis '
nonvult nolit
w.^-^-^^S.
volo
vis
vult
inalo
mavis
mavult
malim
malis
malit
volumus
vultis
volunt
velimus
velitis
velint
nolumus nolimus
nonvultis nolitis
nolunt nolint
/^ IMPERFECT.
malumus
mavultis
malunt
malimus
malitis
malint
volebam
veUem
nolebam nsllem
malebam
mallem
volam
FUTURE,
nolam
PERFECT.
malam
volui
-erim
n51ui -erim
,^i^ PLUPERFECT.
malui
-erim '^^
volueram
-issem
ndlueram -issem
FUTURE PERFECT
malueram
-issem ^-
voluero
noluero
maluero
ct<y, -d-iit^^
Elementary Lessons.
.^,
39
IMPERATIVE.
noli, nolite, do not.
nolltO, nolltote, thou shalt not, ye shall not.
nolltO, nolunto, he ^lall jwt, they shall not.
INFINITIVE.
Pres. velle voluisse nolle noluisse malle maluisse
PARTICIPLE.
Present. volens,_w////7/_^.
Gkkund. volenai, volendo
nole ns ,_ zanvillinc^.
nolendi
4. fero, ferre, tuli, latum * to bear.
Pres.
iNDic. Active, subj.
fero feram
fers feras
fert ferat
ferimus feramus
fertis feratis
ferunt ferant
ferebam ferrem
feram
tuli tulerim
tuleram tulissem
tulero
fer: ferte
FuT. feiio fertote
feito feruiito
Infix, ferre. ^ulisse, laturuikesse
Part, ferens'.'^aturus 0^.^,^^*^-
Passive. subj.
ferar
feraris (re)
Imperf.
Future.
Perfect.
Pluperf.
F. Perf.
Imper. Pr
5. eo, ire, ivi (ii), itum, to go.
eo, is, it Subj
INDIC.
ferpr
ferris
fertur feratur
ferimur feramur ,
ferimini feramini
feruntur ferantur
ferebar ferrer
ferar
latus sum latus sim
latus eram latus essem
latus ero
ferre ferimini
fertor
fertor feruntor
ferri, latil^ esse, latum iri
latu^ ferendus
earn, eas, eat
eamus, eatis, eant
irem, ires, iret
iverim (ierim)
ivissem (issem)
Ind., Pres. S.
P. imus, itis, emit
Imp. ibam, ibas, ibat
FuT. ibo, ibis, ibit
Perf. ivi (ii) '
Plup. iverara (ierara)
FuT. P. ivero
Imper at. i, ito ; ite, itote, eunto
Infin. Pres. ire Perf. ivisse (isse)
Part. Pres. iens, euiitis Fut. itiirus
6. f io, fieri, factus : | used as passive of facio,^ to 7nake.
Pres. S. fio, fi-, fit fiam, fias, fiat
P. f imus, fitis, fiunt fiamus, fiatis, fiant
Imp. fiebam fierem
Fut. fiam, fies, &:c.
* Regular of 3d Conjugation, omitting the connecting vowel in fers^ &c
t Regular of 4th Conjugation, except yf^r/ zxidi ficrein.
40 Latin Method,
Perf. factus sum factus sim
Plup. factus eram factus essem
FuT. P. factus ero
Imperat. fi, fite; f ito, f itote, f iunto
Infin. Pres. fieri \^ Perf. factus esse
Part. Perf. factus \ Ger. faciendus ^
IS^T SECOND.
1. The following verl^sare defective —
a. coepi, / began (for the present, use incipio ; and with the
passive infinitive, the form coeptus sum).
b. odi, I hate^ with the participles osus, osurus.
c. memini, / remember; imperative memento.
The above are found only in the tenses of the Perfect.
d. aio, / say^ ais, ait, aiunt, aiebam, etc.
e. inquam, said I; inquit, said he (only in quotations). A few
other forms are rarely used.
f. queo, / can; nequeo (or non queo), / cannot. These are
inflected like eo, ire ; but only a few of their forms are in use.
For other forms of defectives, see Gr. § 38.
2. The following are Impersonal : —
a. pluit, // rains ; grandinat, // hails ; niugit, // snows ; ful-
gurat, it lightens.
>#. miseret, // g?'ieves; paenitet, it repents ; piget, // disgusts;
pudet, // shames ; taedft, // wearies. These take an accusative of
the^^r&pn with a genitivfe or infinitive : as,
miseret me tui, I pity you;
paenitet me hoc fecisse, I repent of having done this.
c. libet, it pleases ; licet, // is allowed, used with the dative of
the person : as, licet mihi loqui, / am permitted to speak; also
oportet, there is need : as, oportet me scribere, / must wfite.
These have the regular synopsis in the third person : as, licet,
licebat, licebit, licuit, &c. ; also libitum and licitum est, &c.
d. The third person passive of intransitive verbs (see Lesson 20):
as, pugnatur, ihej'e is Jightijtg ; mihi invidetur, I am envied.
e. Several verbs are used impersonally in special meanino:s : as,
certum est, /'/ is resolved; constat, it is clear; placet, videtur, //
seeins good ; decet, it is becoming; praestat, it is better; interest,
refert, // concerns (with genitive) ; vacat, there is leisure; with
verbs of happening and the like.
See Exercise, page 72.
Elementary Lessons,
41
Lesson 27.
Particles.
1. The regular Adverbs of manner are formed from
Adjectives, as follows : —
a. Adjectives of the first and second declensions (ending in us
or er) form the adverb in e : as,
callidus {cunning), callide; dexter {skilful), dextre.
b. Those of the third declension form the adverb in -ter : as,
fortis {brave), fortiter ; prudens {prudent), prudenter.
c. Many case forms of adjectives are used as adverbs : as,
multum, much; idlso, falsely ; recta, straightway.
For the comparison of adverbs, see Lesson 11; for their classi-
fication, see Gr. § 41, 2.
2. The more common prepositions in the following
lists should be committed to memory : —
a. The following Prepositions require the accusative : —
ad, to.
adversusX
adversum, towards.
ante, before.
apud, at, near.
circa, or
circum, around.
circiter, about.
cis, citra, this side.
contra, aiiainst.
erga, tawards.
extra, outside.
infra, below.
inter, amo7tg.
intra, inside.
juxta, near.
ob, on account of
penes, in the power.
per, through.
pone, behind. ^--^'^
ablative : —
e, ex, out of
prae, ii>i Mmpllrtsan wilfht
le, without.
tenvLB/up to, or as far as.
post, after.
praeter, beyond.
prope, near.
propter, on accoimt of
secundum, next to.
supra, above.
trans, across.
ultra, on the farther
side,
versus, towards.
b. The following require t
a, ab, ^\>Q,from, by.
absque, but for, without.
coram, /;/ presence of.
cum, with. C^^ Od^^^^ <f<C^f /.
de,y>77;;?. /
c. The following may take eitner c^e
in, into, in; sub, under ; subter, beneath ; super, above.
In and sub, when followed by the Accusative, signify motion to^
when by the Ablative, rest in, a place.
1
42 Latin Method,
Lesson 28.
Formation of Woi-ds : 1. "Verb Stems.
1. The parts of a word which most commonly
determine its meaning are: i. the Root; 2. the
significant ending found in the Stem ; 3. the Inflec-
tion ; 4. (in compounds) the Prefix.
For example, the noun flumen, river^ is formed from the root
¥i.v,Jlow, and the termination men, denoting act, means, or result.
In the verb conjecerat, he had hurled, we find: i. the root JAC,
throw (lengthened in the perfect to jec) ; 2. the inflectional end-
ing erat of the pluperfect third person (being the imperfect of esse
added to the perfect stem) ; 3. the prefix con, signifying here the
force or vigor of an action.
Note. — Many words (as most Particles) are primitive ; and
many others, though derivative, are simple, and do not apparently
come under the rules of derivation.
2. The Root gives a word its radical meaning.
Roots consist of a single syllable, and have a short
vowel. Verb-stems are formed from roots in one of
the following ways : —
1. By lengthening the vowel : as, dig. dico.
2. By reduplication : as, gen, gigno ; sta, sisto.
3. By inserting m or n : as, cub, -cumbo ; Fm, findo.
4. By adding d or n : as, ten, tendo ; tem, temno.
5. By doubling final 1 or r: as, fal, fallo ; ver, verro.
6. By adding sc (inceptive) : as. Die, disco (:= dicsco).
7. By adding t: as, mit, mitto; pec, pecto.
8. By adding a vowel: as, jac, jacio ; cap, capio.
N. B —The added vowel, a, e, i, becomes the vowel of conju-
gation (characteristic or connecting vowel) in amo (= amao),
moneo, audio.
For the formation of the Perfect and Supine stems, see
Lesson 18.
3. Give the principal parts of the verbs which fol-
low (consulting the Vocabulary), tracing the formation
of the different stems from the root, and comparing
the appended derivatives ; —
Ele^neniary Lessons, 43
N. B. — The small figures i, 2, 3, 4, represent the conjugations.
1. voco' (voc), call ; vox, voice.
2. seco' (sec), cut; segmentum, slice.
3. do' (da), give; Aoiwivq., gift.
4. 2iVi^eo'^ {a\]G), increase ; au^uatus, august.
5. suadeo'^ (svad), make pleasant ; suavis, sweet.
6. oa.6.6^ {cad\ fall ; casus, accident.
7. sisto^ (sta), stand (compare sto, stare).
8. nosco^ (gno), know ; nomen, naine.
9. cre-do'' (dha), trust {^place confidence').
10. finio"* (from fini-, stem of finis), end.
11. salio* (sal), leap ; sal to, dance.
12. eo (i), go (compare ven-eo, to be sold) ; iter, way.
Lesson 29.
Formation of Words : 3. Nouns and Adjectives.
I. The following are some of the more important
significant endings : —
1. tor (m.), trix (f.), doer or agent : as, arator, ploughman;
victrix, she that conquers.
This form is often used as an adjective : as, victor exercitus, a
victorious army ; victricia arma, conquering ar?Jts.
2. men, mentum, bulum, culum (n.), means : as, tegmen,
covering; frumentum, corn (fruor, enjoy).
3. ulus (olus, ellus), a, um, diminutive : as, rivulus, a brook;
filiolus, a little son ; capella, a she-goat; munusculum, a trifling
gift; catellus, a young puppy (catulus).
4. ax, idus, bundus, active verbal : as, pugnax, apt to
fight; liioidus, shining ; vagabundus, wandering.
5. ilis, bilis, ivu3, mnus, passive verbal : as, fragilis, frail
(frango) ; nobilis, well-known (nosco) ; captivus, prisoner (of
war) ; alumnus {dXo) , foster-child.
6. ia, io, tas, tudo (f), quality: as, prudentia, prudence;
caritas, dearness ; latitude, breadth.
7. alis, aris, arius, acius, ilis (adj.), belonging to : militaris,
of a soldier ; hostilis, of the enemy ; o-vlle, sheep-fold ; bubile (n.),
a stall for cattle ; argentarius, sihiers7nith or money-lender.
8. eus, aceus, osus, ilus, denoting material or abundance :
as, awxQXiS, golden ; aeinvunosvis, full of grief.
44 Latin Method,
9. ium, etum, office or group : as, servitium, slavery^ or the
servile class j quercetum, oak-forest.
10. atus, itus, utus, participial: as, galeatus, hebneted;
auritus, long-eared ; cornutus, having hor?ts.
11. ides, ades, (m.), as, is, eis (f.), patronymic : as, Priamides,
son of Priam; Tyndaris, daughter of Tyfidarus.
12. anus, ensis, patrial: as, Romanus, Roman; Atheiiiensis,
Athenian.
2. Give the meaning of the following derivatives,
as shown by the termination : —
1. venatrix: venor,'^ hunt. 15. facilis : facio,^ /^ ^<?.
2. nubilus: nuhes, cloud. 16. eda.x: edo,^ to eaL
3. mobilis: moveo,- ///^^'^. 17. migratio : mi^io,^ emigrate.
4. fertilitas : feio, dear. 18. dumetum: Awooms, bramble,
5. flamen: flo,i to blow. 19. arbustum: arbor, tree.
6. puerulns : puer, boy. 20. cantor : cano,^ sing.
7. misellus : laiiBex, wretched, 21. hospitium: Yios^pes, host.
8. moribundus : morior,^ to die. 22. civilis : civis, citizen.
9. castrensis : castra, ^^;;/^. 23. urbanus: urbs, <://>/.
10. calidus : caleo,^ to be hot. 24. nodosus : nodus, knot.
11. fortitudo: ioxths, brave. 25. absentia: 2i}o%Gn.s, absetit.
1 2. levitas : levis, light. 26. Cretensis : Creta {an island).
13. levamen: levo,' lift. I'j . Atrides: Atreus.
14. mercator: mercor,' trade. 28. Nereis: T^qxqws {a sea-god).
Lesson 30.
Formation of "Words : 3. Derivatives and Compounds.
I. The following are the forms of the derivative
verbs : —
1. sco^ {inceptive or inchoative)^ beginning: as, fl5resco, to
put forth flowers ; cslesco, to grow warm.
2. esso,^ isso^ {intensive), attemp-j: : as, capesso, lay hold
on; facesso, to do (with energy) ; petisso, seek (eagerly).
3. to,' ito^ {intensive^ frequentative), force or repetition:
as, jacto,' to hurl ; dictito,i to keep on saying.
4. illo^ {diminutive)^ feebleness : as, cantillo^ to chirp or
warble.
5. urio^ (^/fi-zV/^fr^Z/V^), desire : as, esurio,* / ^/// ^z/«^rj/ (from
edo,^ eat). [The last three are added to the Supine stem.]
Ele7nentary Lessons, 45
6. Many verbs of the first conjugation are formed from nouns or
adjectives : as, milito,' to serve as a soldier; caeco/ to 7nake
blind J vigilo,' to keep watch ; dominor/ to be inaster, or tyrant.
2. Compounds are formed in two ways : —
a. By joining two or more words in one, each retaining its own
meaning : as, armiger, armor-bearer; maledico,^ to speak ill;
magnanimus, great-hearted; tubiceu {tuba, cano), trumpeter ;
multiformis, of many shapes; suovetaurilia {sTis, ovis, taurus), a
ceremony including the sacrifice of a hog, a sheep, and a bull,
b. By prefixing a Particle : most frequently a Preposition to a
Verb. The meaning of the most common prefixes is seen in
the following : —
1. a, ab, AWAY : as, aufero (abfero), take away.
2. ad, TO, TOWARDS : as, affero (adfero), brittg.
3. ante, BEFORE : as, antefero, /r,^^ry antecello,^ ^,tr^/.
4. circum, around: as, cixcvLYO.mvLnio,'^ fortify completely.
5. con, together or forcibly : as, confero, bring together;
coUoco,' to set firm.
6. de, DOWN, UTTERLY : as, despicio,^ despise {look down on) ;
destruo,^ destroy.
7. di or dis, asunder : as, diduco,^ draw apai't ; disjungo,^
uvbind.
8 e, ex, OUT : as, effero (ecfero), carry forth., uplift.
9. in (with nouns or adjectives), not : as, inf initus, boundless.
10. in (with verbs), in, on, against: as, infero, bear against.
11. inter, between, to pieces : as, interrumpo,^ intentipt.
12. ne, neo, not : as, nequeo, cannot ; necopinatus, unlooked
for.
13. ob, towards, to meet : as, offero, offer ; obvenio,'' ineet.
14. per, prae, very : as, permagnus, very great ; praeclarus,
glorious.
15. per, FORWARD : 2.S, -poxrectvL^, oictstretched.
16. re, red, back, again : as, refero, report ; redeo, return.
17. se, APART : 2^^, ^'QY>2iXO^ separate ; secexno,^ p7it aside.
18. sub, UNDER, in LOW degree: as, subdolus, crafty; sub-
struo,^ build beneath.
19. super, UPON, OVER and above: as, superfluo,^ overfloxb ;
superstes, a survivor.
See Examples, pp. 126-1^8.
46 Latin Method.
PARALLEL EXERCISES
ON THE FCTREGOING LESSONS.
Lesson 3.
First Declension of Nouns.
Vvcabtilary.
a or 2ih,from (with abl.). in, in (with abl.).
ad, to (with ace)- i°» ^^^^ (with ace),
cum, wiih (with abl). inter, between, among (ace.)'
e or ex, out of (with abl.). per, through (with ace),
ala, ae (f.), wing. nympha, ae (f.), nymph.
aquila, ae (f.), eagle. umbra, ae (f.), shadow.
et or -que, and; sed, but; non, not.
Translate into English.
I
I.
Nautae filia.
8.
In insula.
2.
Nympha aquarum.
9-
Ad portas.
3.
Via per silvas.
ID.
Cometes inter Stellas.
4-
Agricola cum filiabus.
II.
Inter lunam et Stellas.
5-
Amicitia puellarum.
12.
In umbra silvae.
6.
Ex aqua.
13-
Ad reginae filias.
7-
In aquam.
14.
Aquilae alis.
Write in L,atin.
1. The queen's^ daughter. 4. Between Rome and Athens.
2. The wings of eagles. 5. To the gates of Rome.
3. A way through the wood. 6. From the island to the land.
1 Genitive •* observe that " queen's " is the same as " of the queen."
L E S S O N • 4.
Second Declension of Nouns.
Vocabulary.
argentum, i (n.), silver, murus, i (m,), wall.
ager, gri {u^feld. oculus, i (m.), eye.
folium, i (n.), leaf. somnus, i (m ), sleep.
hortus, i (M.), garden. taurus, i (m.), bull.
multum, i (n.), much. templum, i (x.), temple.
Parallel Exercises, 47
Translate into English.
1. Servi filius. 10. Umbrae foliorum.
2. Magistrorunr libri. 11. Bella Romanorum.
3. Tauri oculus. 12. Magister cum pueris.
4. Cum Marco puero. 13. Nauta cum filiis.
5. Marce lili. 14. Multum argenti.^
6. Corinthi murus. 15. Belli pericula.
7. In somno. 16. Via ad oppidum.
8. In agris magistri. 17. Ager inter silvam et oppi-
9. In agros viri. dum.
Write in iLatin.
1. In the gardens. 7. Into the town.
2. Into the master's fields. 8. To the walls of the town.
3. The queen's slaves. 9. Among the leaves of the
4. The walls of Rome. forest.
5. In the wars of the Romans.^ 10. In the temples of the
6. Between land and water. gods.
1 Words of Quantity, as much, more, less, are in" Latin used with the
genitive : thus, muck silver is much (a great deal) 0/ silver, — ^ Rbmdnus.
Lesson 5.
Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions.
Vocabulary.
collum, i (n.), neck. angustus, a, um, narrow.
pomum, i (n.), apple., fruit. funestus, a, Mva, fatal.
socius, i (m.), companion. maturus, a, um, ripe.
tenebrae, arum (f.), gloom. sanctus, a, um, holy,
noster, tra, trum, our. pulcer," era, crum, beautiful.
Translate into ^English.
1. Regina cum parvis filiabus. 6. In via angusta.
2. In magno funestoque bello. 7. Niger equus in agro.
3. Templa sanctarum dearum. 8. Multa folia in silvis.
4. Cum sociis et filio et magnis 9. Sancte deus !
dis.^ 10. Roma patria nostra.
5. Via angusta inter silvam et 11. Tenebrae sub foliis sil-
oppidum. varum.
1 Later and commoner form, pulcher, 2 See page 5, e.
4S
Latin Method.
1. My friend (voc).
2. The long neck of the swan.
3. Many gifts in the temples
of the gods.
4. Ripe apples in the master's
garden.
Write in Latin.
5. Shadows of the dense
forests.
6. A long way through fields
and forests.
7. Italy our native-land.
8. Seven^black bulls (ace).
1 septem.
Lesson 6.
Simple Sentence: 1. Subject and Predicate.
Vocabulaiy.
anc5ra, ae (f.), anchor.
constantia, ae {¥.), firmness.
dominus, i (m.), master^ lord.
solatium, i (n,), comfort.
acutus, a, um, keen.
apertus, a, um, open.
arduus, a, um, difficult.
curvus, a, um, crooked.
fidus, a, ura., faithful.
serenus, a, um, clear, still.
Translate into English.
1. Filia reginae est pulcra. ii. Magna sunt pericula belli.
2. Ancorae curvae sunt. 12. Nihil viris bonis arduum
3. Portae sunt apertae. est.
4. In silvis multae erant ferae. 13. Miseri semper sumus sine
5. Oculi nautarum sunt acuti.
6. Agricola erat in agro. 14.
7. Lucida est luna in caelo
sereno. 15.
8. Corinthi portae altae ^2i-
tent {are open) . 16.
9. Pueri sumus non viri.
10. Seneca philosophus erat 17.
clarus inter Romanos.
beneficiis deorum.
Maximis curis remedium
est patientia.
NuUius omnino vita est
libera curis.
In medio templo sedet
regina.
Mucins vir erat Romanae
constantiae.
lYrite in Latin.
1. The son of Aeneas was
Ascanius.
2. Anger is a great fault.
3. Athens was the native-city
of many great men.
4. Few slaves were faithful
to [their] masters (dat.).
5. Great men [are] the gift of
the gods.
6. The moon and stars were
bright in the clear sky.
7. You are men, not boys.
8. The forces of the Ro-
Parallel Exercises, 49
Lesson 7.
Simple Sentence : 3. Object- Accusative.
Vocabulary,
fugo,' drive. mico/ glitter.
fulgeo,2 shine. minus, less.
garrulus, a, um, chattering. moveo,^ move.
impleo.^y?//. placidus, a, um, calm.
intro,^ enter. tener, era, erum., tender,
libum, i (n.), cake. turbo,i disturb.
liquidus, a, um, transparent. uiida, ae (f.), wave.
magis, more^ (adv.). ventus, i (m.), wind.
Translate into English.
1. J^unam et Stellas videmus in caelo sereno.
2. Magnam perieuli procellam Horatius sustinet.
3. Silvam magnam, atram tenebris, prope oppidum in-
tramus.
4. Ignavus nauta ventos et undas culpat.
^^ 5. Bona consilia das fili©.
6. Locum vera gloria habet inter astra.
^ 7. Bonos laudamus, improbos vituperamus.
8. Aquam liquidam agnus non turbat.
9. Atra cura placidum somnum membris non dat.
10. Tua fata docet aliorum fortuna. ^■
, II. Romani castra movent e campo.
12. Saevus lupus agnam teneram lacerat.
13. Servi pocula magna vino implent.
14. Fessi nautae fretum angustum intrant.
15. Puellae garrulae multa inter se^ narrant.
16. Poetae antiqui sapientiam docent.
17. Agricola lupos ex agris suis fugat.
"Write in Latin.
1. Slaves fear a cruel master. ;
2. The black^ darkness of the forest terrifies'' small boys.
3. We give cakes to children.^
4. The queen is walking in [the] garden with* [her] two
daughters.
1 a7noug Ihenisclvcs [to one (inot/ier). ^ ater. 3 puer. * cum.
5 Plural. 4
50 Latin Method,
5. We owe a great [sum of] money to the jeweller.
6. Few [men] love glory more than life.^
- 7., We often see wolves' in the forest.
8. We praise the good less than we blame the bad.
9. The Tyrians^ praise the beautiful queen.
10. We have riches [as] a gift of the bountiful gods.
11. The son of Anchises enters the shades of Avernus.*
8 Avernus, i. ^ Accusative. 2 Xyrii,
Lesson 8.
Simple Sentence : 3. Special Forms*
Vocabulary .
caecus, a, um, blind. impiger, gra, um, vigorous.
canorus, a, um, melodious. . invideo,'^ envy (with dat.).
cygnus, i (m.), swan. noceo,^ do harm (dat.).
erga (with ace), towards. potius, rather.
frigidus, a, um, cold. stultus, a, \im, foolish.
ignavus, a, um, lazy. V2Xqo,^ prevail^ be strong.
Translate into Englisli.
1. Num tu laudas stultum ? nonne potius rides?
2. Ubinam in terris cygnum canorum videmus?
3. Cur pericula belli timetis t
4. O quam frigida est aqua !
5. Et oculis^ et animo videmus.
6. Quomodo vita tyrannorum veram amicitiam habet ?
7. Quanta sunt tua erga me beneficia !
8. Virum bonum inimici non terrent.
9. Inter stultos maxime valet'prudentia.
10. Quando eras tu RomaQ. aut Corinthi ? ;':f^'
11. Et stultos et caecos saepe videmus multos.
12. Nee nocet inimicis vir bonus nee invidet.
13. Alter puerorum impiger est, alter ignavus.
1 Translate with (ablative of means).
Write in Latin.
I. Do you see a narrow road in the forest ? Yes (" I see ").
'2. How-great are the gifts of the gods !
3. We were both^ weary and frightened.
1 et.
Parallel Exercises, 5X
4. We do not sea wholly either with the eyes or with the
mind (use neque . . nee).
5. The queen has two slaves, the one^ tall, the other^stout;:
yd. We have neither riches nor glary.
7. Does a good man ever envy the bad ?
8. The perils of war frighten cowards, but not strong men.
9. How-many fingerj have-you on' the right-hand ? how
many on the left ?
10. Pompey was an honest man, no-doubt,* and a good
general ; but proud, jealous, sullen, and-not^ a true friend.
Y 2 alter (ace). 3 i^. 4 quidem. ^ neque.
Lesson 9.
Third Declension of Xoung.
Vocabulary.
coram (abl.), m presence of. quies, etis (f.), rest.
hirundo, inis (f.), swallow. sol, solis (m.), the sun.
iter, itineris (n.), journey^ inarch. s61um, i (n.), soil^ land.
jucunditas, atis (f.), delight. tempus, oris (n.), time.
latro, onis (m.), robber. venator, oris (m.), huntsman.
me (ace. or abl.), 7ne. ver, veris (n.), spring.
mutatio, onis (f.), change. vulnus, eris (n.), wound
Translate into English.
1. Cantat vacuus coram latrone viator.
2. Milites Romani in hostium finibus pugnant.
3. Mare vastum sub oculis militum patet.
4. Hirundines veris tempore videmus.
5. Virtus in astra spectat ; in mortem timor.
x^6. Nobilitas sola est atque unica virtus.
7. Inter heroas^ veteres Herculem, Thesea,^ Persea,^
lasona,^ Bellerophonta^ memoramus.
V 8. Somnus est mortis imago.
sr 9- Immensas arbor habet opes.
10. Subita formido occupat corda Romanorum.
11. Rectores civitatis boni strenuique erant multi.
12. Hostes vim legionum atque equitum non sustinent.
1 page 12. e. ^ page 5.^. ^ § 11, iii. 6. c^ d.
52 Latin Methdd,
, 13. Homo sum : humani* nihil a me alienum puto.
^ 14. Fontem liquidum agnus non turbat.
x 15. L. Junius Brutus et L. Tarquinius Collatinus primi
erant consules Romae.
16. Lampadas facesque dextris tenemus.
17. Fortuna spondet multa multis \ praestat nemini.
18. Senex bubulcus libertatem frustra orat.
19. Post equitem sedet atra Cura.
20. Pallida Mors aequo pulsat pede pauperum tabernas
regumque turres.
21. In solis defectionibus, soli luna obstat.
22. ^abet multum jucunditatis soli caelique mutatio.
23. Ver praebet flores, formosa est messibus aestas.
24. Navita de ventis, de tauris narrat arator ;
Enumerat miles vulnera, pastor oves.
25. Venator fera? canibus agitat.
26. Labor et requies sunt pariter necessaria.®
.27. Itinere et frigore et vulneribus fessus erat miles.
28. Senum multorum consilia sunt sana, corpora infirma.
29. Agricola laudat nemora sua amoena, et rura plena
jucunditatis.
30. Neque est trepidatio diligentia, neque irapudentia
fortitudo.
* That is, "of what belongs to man." 5 Neuter plural (§ 47, 2. b).
"Write in I^atin.
1. The ramparts^ of the city are high and long.
2. The boy is in the garden with [his] father and mother.
3. The hunter's dogs are-hastening to the woods.
4. Riches, honor, [and] beauty are uncertain.
5. The enemy (plur.) puts-to-flight^ the Roman legions.
6. A fox and a lion were once partners^ in the chase."*
7. The virtue of [one's] parents is a great dovver.^
8. A constant dropping wears-away® a stone.
9. The mind of man (plur.) is ignorant of future destiny.
^ moenia. ^ fi*goy ^ saeius. ^ venatio.
5 dos (f.). ^ cavoy
Parallel Exercises, 53
10. The broad tree of Jove furnishes acorns for swine/
.11. The nymphs are guards of the fountains.
12. Vulcan furnishes thunderbolts to-Jove.
13. A thousand shining fishes are-swimming* in the stream.
"^ page 14, 3. 8 natoy
Lesson 10.
Adjectives of the Third Declension.
Vocabulary,
adhibeo,2 apply. ingens, tis, vast^ mighty,
aequor, bris (n.), lev el ^ sea. iners, tis, idle^ inefficient.
civitas, atis (f.), state. mergus, i (m.), sea-gull.
fallax, acis, treacherous. pauper, eris, poor (not destitute),
fidelis, Q.faithpil. paupertas, atis (f.), poverty,
ferens, tis, bringing. recens, tia, fresh.
ferox, OCXS, fierce. xervoio^ fly back.
fortis, e, brave, sceleratus, a, um, wicked.
impleo,2yf//. torqueo,^ hurl.
Translate into £ngrlish.
1. Silvam veterem in montibus videmus.
2. Inertes semper maxime laborant.^
3. Medio celeres revolant ex aequore mergi.
^,4. Impia sub dulci melle venena latent.
5. Amicorum omnia^ sunt communia.
6. Semper gravis est ira regum.
7. Filius sapiens laetificat patrem.
8. Fortuna fortes^ juvat.
. 9. Ignis aurum probat, miseria fortes viros.
10. Paupertas omnes artes docet.
11. Alteri* divitiae, alteri ingentes opes sunt.
.12. Senex est debilis et annis et morbo.
13. Timeo hostes et^ dona ferentes.
. 14. Servi fideles pocula vino recenti implent.
15. Ferox leo agnum asperis lacerat dentibus,
16. Voluptas fallax est, et inimica virtuti.
^ i.e. take most trouble. 2 all things [every thing).
' " the brave,^'' i.e. brave men. ^ 'Uo the one are,'' i.e. the one has. ^ even.
54 Latin Method, *
17. Salus civitatis est civium virtus.
18. Vires^ virorum sunt inter se' dispares.
19. Terribilia sunt fulmina Jovis, et sceleratis inimica.
20. Gravibus morbis^ curationes adhibemus periculosas.
21. Tu frigus amabile fessis tauris et pecori vago praebes.
22. Navi fragili omnes venti sunt contrarii.
6 See page 14, 3. '^ from one another (see § 19, 3. d). ^ Dative.
"Write in Liatin.
1. The lion's strength (plur.) is vast.
2. In the tomb the poor [man] is equal to the rich.
3. With mighty force^ the soldier hurls [his] spear.
4. The wicked fear the dreadful thunderbolts of Jove.
5. The valor^ of general and soldiers is the safety of
the state.
6. All good citizens call-on^ the gods with humble prayers.
7. A wise father often has a foolish son.
8. Why do-you-fear the tiger ?* Because he has mighty
teeth and dreadful claws.
9. The horseman pricks-up^ [his] horse with sharp spurs.
10. We fill the bowls daily with fresh milk.
11. In a short time the enemy (plur.) move [their] camp
from the plain. ^
1 vis. 2 virtus. 3 invocoy * tigris (§ H, iii. d. b). ^ stinmlo.^
Lesson II.
Comparison of Adjectives.
Vocabulary.
aequalis, e, of one's own age. jucundus, a, ura., pleasa?it
aequitas, atis (y.^^ justice. plerique, aeque, aque, most.
egens, tis, needy. posteri, 9rvira., posterity.
facetus, a, um, cheerful, funny, sagax, acis, sagacious.
felix, Ids, fortunate. validus, a, um, strong.
gravis, e, heavy. velox, ocis, swift.
Translate into English.
1. Quid est in oti© jucundius quam sermo facetus t
2. Quis animi maximi aequitatem summam non laudat ?
-. 3. Labor voluptasque, dissimillima natura, societate na-
turali sunt conjuncta.
« Parallel Exercises. 55
4. Argentum villus est auro/ virtutibiis aurum.
5. Nihil est praestantius sapientia.
6. Romam, urbem Italiae clarissimam, laudant poetae.
7. Liberi saepe parentibus sunt simillimi.
8. O matre pulcra filia pulcrior !
9. Caesarem, et virum fortissimum et imperatorem sum-
mum, nos poster! laudamus.
10. P. Clodius erat nequissimus" omnium aequalium.
11. Hostes maximum oppidum Hispanorum oppugnant.
12. Hieme pauperes sunt egentissimi.
13. Senem sapientissimum omnes Catonem vocant.
14. Magister noster omnium est doctissimus.
15. Lupi ferociores sunt quam canes,
16. Feliciores erant filii quam patres.
17. Filia pulchra pulcherrimae matri est simillima.
18. Permulti' seraes validiores sunt quam pleriq^ue pueri.
19. Omnium animalium ferocissimus est tigris, sagacissimus
elephantus, callidissinia vulpes.
1 thajigold (abl.). 2 See § 17, 2. 3 See § 17, 5. d.
"Write in Latin.
1. No one of the Romans was more eloquent than Cicero,
no one more wise than Cato.
2. It was a very-heavy^ load.
3. Care is swifter than the winds.
4. The glory of the Roman people was greatest in war.
5. The deeds of brave men are often very obscure.
6. Dogs are more sagacious than cats.
7. A queen is often the most wretched of all women.
8. 'Cornelia was the elder of the [two] sisters.
9. Men often dread even the smallest evils.
10. In the forest are very-many fierce animals, among
others boars, wolves, and bears.
11. The children were more fortunate than [their] parents.
12. The farmer's servant is-giving very poor fodder"^ to
his cattle.^ ^
^ Superlative. , 2 malum pabuhitn. 3 ^(^^.^j (see page 14,3).
56 Latin Method,
Lesson 12.
Fourth and Fifth Declensions.
Vocabulary.
acies, ei (f.), edj^e, line-of-battle. orno/ adorn.
adventus, us (m.), coming. partus, a, Mm., gotten.
caesaries, ei (f.), hair, locks. pendeo,^ hang^ depend.
contra, against. posterus, a, um, the next.
fluctus, us (m.), billow. praeclarus, a, um, glorious,
glacies, ei (f.), ice. roscidus, a, um, dewy.
male, ill, badly. sudo,i sweaty distil,
minax, acis, threatening. unguis, is (m.), claw.
Translate into English.
At
1. Ex parvis rebus saepe magnae, pendent.
2. Durae quercus sudant roscida mella.
\r 3. Est mihi domi pater, est optima mater.
4. Altas quercus in silvis videmus.
5. In alto lacu plurimi sunt pisces.
v6. Puerum minapja tauri cornua terrent.
7. Domus suitfsplendidae in oppido.
8. Plurimas naves in portu videmus.
9. In magnis fluctibus maris natant pueri.
10. Validis arcubus Persae pugnant, longissimis hastis
Macedones.
11. Circiter meridiem milites ad magistratus festinant.
12. Postero die Caesar cum omni equitatu confertissima
acie pugnat.
13. Pecunia male parta materies est plurimorum malorum.
14. Soror fidei est justitia.
15. Solis occasu Caesar aciem Gallorum militibus suis
monstrat.
16. Filio suo Aeneae alma Venus caesariem dat decoram.
17. Spes victoriae milites delectat.
18. Tauri contra leones cornibus pugnant.
19. Fortuna est domina rerum humanarum.
20. Cantibus avium parvarum magnopere gaudemus.
V 21. Non domus nostra corpus est, sed hospitium, et quidem
breve.
Parallel Exercises, 57
Write in L.atin.
1. The father's coming delights the children.
2. The face of the goddess was most beautiful.
3. Caesar, with all his cavalry, fights against the line-of-
battle of the Gauls.
4. We see very-hard ice upon^ the lake.
5. A good man always keeps his promise.^
6. Bulls fight with [their] horns, boars with their tusks,
lions with their claws.
7. In the most wretched case,^ hope sustains^ [our] minds.
8. About sunset the enemy (plur.) hasten towards^ the city.
9. Of all things the sun is most glorious.
1 m (with abl.). 2 status A ^ sustento^ * ^^.
s Jides.
Lesson 13.
Pronouns : Personal and Demonstrative.
Vocabulary.
artifex, icis (m.), craftsman. ortus, us (m), rising.
collega, ae (m.), colleague, par, paris, equal {^ 16, 3. a),
formica, ae (f.), ant. poema, atis (x.), poem.
frugi (indecl. § 17, 2), thrifty. respondeo,^ answer.
mandatum, i (x.), commajid. rideo,"^ laugh, laugh at.
nonnuUus, a, um, so77te (§ 41, 2 e, R.). seges, etis (f.), standing corn.
occasus, us (m.), settitig. vehementer, exceedingly.
Translate into Englisli.
1. Horum omnium fortissimi sunt Belgae.
2. Saepe eadem mandata servis suis dat artifex.
3. Cur stulta ista rana bovi magnitudinem^ invidet ?
4. Nemo hanc animi maximi aequitatem in ipsa morte^
non laudat.
1^5. Pastor canisque ejus sunt fessi.
6. Ego et tu et frater tuus una ambulamus.
7. Et tu et nonnulli collegae tui vehementer erratis.
8. Formica cibum sibi aestate parat.
' enzy to the ox his size, i.e. envy the ox for his size.
- at the very point of death.
58 Latin Method,
9. Labor voluptasque, dissimillima natura, societate inter
se natural! sunt conjuncta.
10. Ranae stultae regem a Jove orant. Pater deorum
ridet, atque eis dat parvum tigillum.
11. Ilia seges votis respondet frugi agricolae.
12. Sol nobis signa dat, sive ortu sive occasu.
13. Nemo hostis nobiscum^ paribus armis pugnat.
14. Ille dies erat tristissimus \ haec nox est laetissima.
-^15. Omnia mea^ mecum porto.
16. Vos vobiscum^ pugnatis.
17. Stultus sibi est inimicus.
18. Virtus et vitium semper inter se® pugnant.
19. Ista poemata nobis sunt grata.
20. Non omnes eadem laudamus.
3 See p. \%f. ^ my possessions. 8 Less. 13, a. 6 See § 19, 3. d.
Write in Latin.
1. Fools and the impatient are always fighting with them-
selves.^
2. These apples are sweet, those [are] sour.
3. We are wretched, you are happy.
4. Covetous [men] are hostile to themselves.
5. You^ praise yourself too-much.
6. These songs are most pleasing to us.
7. I am a shepherd, you are a robber.
8. He has his brother with him at-home.
9. One of these boys is diligent, the other lazy.
1 seaim, or inter se. 2 jj,se.
Lesson 14.
Pronouns: Relative, Interrogative, and Indefinite.
Vocabulary.
aestus, us (m.), tide. obtineo.^ hold^ keep.
aliquamdiu,/'^r some time. ora, ae (f.), shore.
auctoritas, atis (f.), authority. postulo.^ claim, demand.
cruor, oris (m.), blood {when shed), quivis (§ 21, 2. c), any, every.
f initimus, a, um, neighboring. sanguis, inis (m.), blood.
iiisto,' to be at hajid. tolero,^ endnre.
maritimus, a, um, of the sea. tumultus, us (m.), confusion.
I
Parallel Exercises. 59
Translate into English.
1. Cuivis dolori remedium est patientia.
2. Num quod^ eloquentiae vestigium in Numa Pompilio
apparet ?
3. Miles quern laudas fidem non servat.
4. Quern deorum non invocamus ?
5. Omnia animalia quae sanguinem habent, habent
etiam cor.
6. Dies instat, quo die populus Romanus magistratus
quotannis creat.
7. Bestiae in quo loco natae sunt, se ex eo'^ non com-
movent.
8. Erat luna plena, quo die maximi sunt aestus maritimi.
H^ 9. Sunt nonnulli, quorum auctoritas apud^ plebem pluri-
mum valet.
. 10. Milites, quibus rex gratissimus erat, maestum aliquam-
diu silentium obtinent.
V II. Hie quoque sunt matres miserorum et parvuli liberi,
quorum utrorumque"* aetas laborem meum postulat.
12. Thebae ipsae, quod Boeotiae^^ caput est, in magno
tumultu erant.^
13. Ibi vides quicquid^ habeo copiarum.
14. Res Romana cuilibet finitimarum civitatum par erat.
/ 15. Quo^ major exercitus, eo'^ gravior clades est.
J 16. Ut quisque est exercitus maximus,^ ita gravissima
dlades.
V 17. Quibus precibus virgines sfhctae Vestam fatigant !
18.- Quae caret^ ora cruore nostro ?
19. Quem virum aut heroa^*^ lyra celebramus ?
20. Tu, quae^^ tua est fortitude, adversam fortunam facillime
toleras.
^ any (§ 21, i. a). - Supply loco, and translate before in quo.
3 with. 4 of both of tvhom (§ 21, 2. ^).
^ Translate was, as to us the name Thebes is singular.
« See § 21, 2. b. 7 See § 22, c.
^ i.e. the greater a7iy army is (See § 17, 5. c).
9 is tuithotity i.e. is clear from the stain. '^^ See § 11, iii. (>.f.
*l such is, &c. ^2 Boeotia, a district of Greece.
6o Latin Method,
21. Estne quisquam^^ {or, num quis est) omnium morta-
lium justior ac fortior quam hie, quem merito laudas ?
22. Quemcumque^^ videmus amicum, eum gratum habemus.
12 § 21, 2. h. 13 See p. 20, a.
TTrite in L.atin.
1. The boys whom you praise are very idle.
2. What was the cause^ of the war.? Who is-tending the
wounded'-^ soldiers ?
3. Those are good citizens who adorn the state by their
warlike^ glory, and their own homes by their virtues.
4. Whatever I have of riches, I give all to you.
5. We honor Rome, which* is the head of all Italy.
6. There was war between the Romans and Samnites,
both of whom^ were brave and warlike people.®
7. Anybody^ enters the town in-the-day-time.®
8. Which do you consider the greatest general, Csesar,
Scipio, or Hannibal ? Which the better^ orator, Cicero or
Demosthenes .•*
1 causa, 2 vulneratus ^ bellicus. * Neuter.
5 Nominative. ^ Plural. ^ quivis. ^ interdiu. ^ § 17, 5. a.
Lesson 19.
Regular Verb: First Conjugation (Active),
Vocabulary.
avoco,^ call away, litus, oris (n.), shore,
caiius, a, um, gray^ hoary. luctus, us (m.), grief.
coloniis, i (m.), farmer (colonist). lustre,' purify.
egregius, a, um, remarkable. nex, necis (f.), death.
foedus, a, um, disgraceful. occupo,^ seize.
gens, gentis (f.), race^ nafion. quondam, once., formerly,
illustro,' 7nake famous. vehementer, exceedingly.
Translate into English.
1. In medio campo errabant timidae oves.
2. Ferox lupus agnum nece injusta laceravit, nam fontem
liquidum agnus miser non turbaverat.
I
Parallel Exercises, 6i
3. Lauda mare : litus ama.
4. Humida solstiti^ atqu^ hiemes orate serenas,
Agricolae.
5. Me ne commendaveris^ Caesari tuo.
6. Et tu et nonnuUi collegae tui vehementer erravistis.
^7. Nihil sine magno labore vita dedit mortalibus.
8. Magna fuit quondam capitfe reverentia cani.
9. Foedus hostium timor omnem exercitum occupaverat.
10. Sulpiciorum^ familiam egregia juris scientia illustravit.
11. Filium meum a conjunctione Caesaris"^ avocavi.
^^2. Luctus filii'' mortui animum patris agitabat.
13. Me Vexant luctus et longae taedia vitae.
14. Suevi,^ Germanorum gens bellicosissima, fertilissima
Germaniae loca occupaverant.
15. Cum hostes agros devastaverint, urbem ipsam oppug-
nabuht.
1 Prohibition (see p. 23, i. f). 2 77^^ Sidpicii, a Roman family.
* Translate with Ccvsar. * Translate yi?r, &c.
5 T/ie Stievi, or Swabians.
Write in Latin.
1. The enemy had seized^ the camp by night.
2. You had asked, I refused.
3. If the enemy are-holding^ the woods, they will easily
drive our cavalry.
4. The soldiers carry ladders with them,^ and easily enter
the town.
5. Let"* the soldiers carry* corn with them into the camp.
6. A stag praised his branching horns, but blamed the
extreme thinness^ of his legs.
7. Citizen (plur.) strove with citizen in valor.^
8. Do not carry all the corn with you.
9. Let us take-a-walk"' in the garden.
10. The farmer sailed-over^ the fields which he lately
ploughed.
' occupo. 2 teneo. 3 secuni. * Present subj.
•^ jtimia tenuitas. ^ virtus. 1 deamlmlo. ^ navigo.
62 Latm Method,
' Lesson 20.
Regular Verb : First Conjugation (Passive),
Vocabulary.
appello,^ call^ address. oppugno,^ attack.
domo,' ui, itum, subdue. perturbo,' alarm,
eSJemino} enfeeble. repudio,' reject.
extra, outside of. * trepido,i tremble.
fautor, oris (m.), partisan. voluntas, atis (f.), will.
honorificus, a, um, honorable. vulnero,' wound.
Translate into English.
1. Agnus miser nece injusta laceratus est a lupo.
2. Monstrum ingens a virgine domitum est.
3. Nos omnium miserrimae virginum appellatae sumus.
4. Vos a Senatu honorificentissime^ appellati estis.
5. Totis^ trepidatum est^ castris.^
6. Diu a Gallis acerrime^ pugnabatur.
7. Illis locis^ extra moenia non habitatur.
8. Haec urbs nostra a Gallis oppugnata est.
9. Regio imperio^ duo sunto, iique consules appellantor.
10. Illius viri voluntati semper obtemperatur.*
11. Cur tantum perturbamini, cives ?
12. Maria magna, a Carthaginiensibus navigabantur.
13. "A fautbribus utriusque poetae'' diu disputatum est.
14. De agro cum regis legatis disceptatum est.
15. .Kaquae animos effeminant non importantur.
16. Vera gloria nunquam a bonis viris repudiatur.
17. Ab omnibus promissa p^rpetuo servantor.
V 18. A dis quoque habitabuntur silvae.
19. Templis^ deorum a Romanis temperatum est.
• See § 17, \. c ; \. 2 Translate, throtighout the camp (see § 55, 3,/).
3 there %vas terror. ^ tjt, &c. ^ of royal power.
^ Translate is heeded, taking the will as subject. "^ of both poets.
8 See Note 6.
Write in X<atin.
I. All the soldiers will be wounded.
V 2. The faithful^ guards were praised by all the citizens.
^ fidiis.
Parallel Exercises, 6^^
3. The nightingale^ is charmed^ by her-own »ongs.
4. Wreaths had been given to the victorious* soldiers.
5. Let the mountain be occupied^ by our [men].
6. [A battle] will be fought to-merrow.^
7. Between the wolf and dog there was a long*^ dispute.^
8. Are you alarmed, Romans, at^ the dangers of war?
9. There was-terror^ throughout^^ the city.
'^ luscinia. ^ delecto. * victor. ^ occupo. ® cr^u.
"^ diu. 8 Verb, impers. passive. ^ Ablative. ^^ totus.
Lesson 21.
Regular Verb: First Conjugation (Noun and Adjective Forms),
~r Vocabitlary.
/' /
aedifico,^ build. f / quamvis, however. .
apto/y?/. . . =^^ ^ redundo,^ overjlow.
calco/ tread. ~ vacat,^ there is leisure.
debeo,2 owe^ ought. vasto,* ravage.
jubeo,^ jussi, co7nmand. veto,* ui, itnm., forbid.
maueo,^ wait, await. / virilis, e, inanly.
numero/ count, y^ /^o\o}Jly.
Translate into English.
1. Turpe est terga^ hostibus dare in armis.
2. Beatus esse sine virtute nemo p^^t.
3. Aut prodesse volunt, aut delectare poetae.
4. Aptari onus viribus debet.
5. Sine pennis volare baud facile est.
6. Ciconiae, in alienas terras migraturae, in unum locum
congregantur.
7. Ager quamvis fertilis sine cultura fructuosus esse non
potest.
; 8. Neque abesse quicquam debet, neque redundare.
, 9. Arandi an- navigandi ars utilior est ?
5,10. Omnes una manet nox, et calcanda^ semel via leti.*
V II. Animo cupido nihil satis festinatur.^
I shcTcU the back to, i.e. retreat before. '^ or {% 71, 2. a),
3 \.Q.. we must tread. * Understand <rj-A ^ \.t. goes fast enough.
64 LaUn Method, ^ ^'ff
12. Num potest esse bonus imperator sine usu rei-militaris,^
aut sine scientia regionum terrestrium^ aut maritimaruni ?
13. Summae dementiae^ est in vitiis perseverare. \
14. Aequam memento rebus in arduis servare mentem. ,' 'v,
15. Divitem me esse vicini falso existimant.
16. Leges duo ex una familia magistratus creari vetuerunt.
17. Contra libidines est pugnandum/
18. Te hilari esse animo valde me juvat.
19. Inchoare (or^ incohare) haec studia non vacabit. =
20. Armatos video stantes in limine primo.
21. Magiva.piars hominum, navigatura,^ de tempesftate non
cogitat " \^
22. Anco regnante^ Lucumo Romam^° commigravit.
23. Hannibal ad vastandam Italiam paratus erat.
24. Infandum,regina,jubes renovare dolorem.
4 soldiership. ^ See § 16, 2. a. ^ a mark of, &c.
"^ i.e. we must, &c. ^ inteiiding to sail. ^ in the reign of Aticits.
1^ to Rome.
"Write in L.atin.
1. We are good men if we help^ those^ whom^ we can help.
2. Caesar denies that he^ can* give to any a way^ through
the province.
3. No-one beholding the whole^ earth will doubt oF divine
providence.
4. While fighting,^ keep an even temper.
5. I see that you are of a cheerful temper (gen. or abl.).
6. No one [when] about-to-sail ought to think of storms.
7. Can any-one^ be a good commander without knowledge
^^soldiership ?
8. For a soldier^*^ to refuse obedience is disgraceful.^^
9. The Germans were prepared to ravage Gaul.^'^
10. The ancient laws forbade a plebeian^'^ to be elected
consul.
11. We are about-to-remove into the city.
1 prosum.
2 Dative. 3 ^e. 4 Infinitive.
5 iter.
^ universus.
■^ de. 8 inter with ace. of gerund.
^ 7tiim qnis.
1" Accusative.
11 turpis (neut.). 12 Gallia.
*3 plebeins.
r
Parallel ExArSises, 65
Lesson 22.
Regnlar Verb : Second Conjugation.
Vocabulary.
adflicto,^ dash about. pendeo,^ pependi, hang.
coetus, us (m.), assembly. principium, i (n.), beginning.
delectus, us (m.), a levy (of sentes, ium (m.), thorns.
troops). stipula, ae (f.), stubble.
habeo,^ ui, itum, have., hold. sustiheo,^ ui, tentum, sustain.
improbus, a, unj, wicked. tondeo,^ totondi, tonsum, cut.^
inrideo,2 risi, risum, deride. mow.
mitis, e, gentle. vehementer, vigorously.
pareo,^ ui, itum, obey (with dat.). vigeo,'-* ui, thrive^ Jiourish.
Translate into £ng:lish.
1. Urbem R»mam a principi* reges habuere.
2. Hostes irapetum legionum atque equitum non sustine-
bant.
3. Ne invideris^ fratri tuo.
4. In Romana civitate nulla umquam vehementius quam
eloquentiae studia viguerunt.
5. Necessitati parere semper sapientis^ est habitum.
6. lUe patris magni parere parabat imperi^
7. Nullum ad nocendum tempus angustum* est irnprobis.
8. N#n mihi quicquam praest^i»s yideUir quam posse
eloquentia te»ere homimwm coetus. ^^
#- 9. Impius ne audeto'*^ placare donis iram dcorum.
y\Q. Uno tempore longas-naves* aestus complevit, et onera-
rias^ tempestas adflictabat.
v-ii. Non modo non invidetur juventuti, verum
favetur. * i\^
\r\2. Bonus homo civibus suis gratum se videri stiideti
13. Delectum haberi prohibebo.
14. Populi Romani auctoritati parendum est.
15. No*'ri milites a pugnando non abhorrebant. >
16. Caesar Catonem inridere visus est.
17. Conscia mens recti famae mc»dacia riilet.
^ See p. 23, \. c. - wise, i.e. the act of a wise man. 3 tio4-short.
* let not, ^c. (see § 35, 2). •'"> £»lley», « [ships] »/ burden.
5
66 Jl^tm Method.
W^e in Latin.
^ I. You seem to me to be of a very cheerful mind.
2. The enemy kept themselves hidden in the woods.
3. The consul forbade the army to move from virinter-
quarters.^
4. We shall always obey the laws of the country.
5. Here the soldiers stood, and stoutly^ sustained the
attack joi the enemy.
y 6. Carthage .was destroyed by the younger^ Scipio Afri-
canus.
7. It is difficult for a coward"* to appear brave.*
8. No one should^ envy anybody.^
9. Gaul is bounded by the river Rhine and the ocean. "^
10. The power of the Romans was feared by all nations.,
11. Our friends were warned in vain. 7
v^ 12. The frogs were frightened by the sound of the log.
13. A monkey sat [as] judge between a wolf and' a fox.- .
1 Ablative. '^ for titer. 3 minor. * Accusative. ^ debett^
Lesson 23.
Regular Verb: Third Conjugation. .^rcr
\ -Vocabulary. >
ago,3 egi, actum, pass^ act. peto,^ petivi (ii), itum, seek. -
cespes, itis (m.), turf. irector, oris (m.), ruler.
cinis, eris (m.), ashes. rumpo,^ rupi, ruptum, break.
exsisto,^^ stiti, stitum, arise. tango,^ tetigi, tactum, touch.
mitto,^ misi, missum, send. tolerabilis, e, passable.
natus. a, um, boin. traho,-^ xi, ctum, drag, bring.
Translate into English.
1. Rectores civitatis boni sapientesque exstitere multi ;
oratores autem diu nulli boni, vix singulis^ aetatibus singuli^
tolerabiles inveniuntur.
2. Incipe, parve puer, risu cognoscere matrem.
3. Ex ducentis viginti navibus triginta fugerunt, non-
aginta cum pugnatoribus captae sunt, demersae ceterae.
^ See Grammar, § 18, 2. a.
Parallel Exercises, 67
<■ 4. ^anae ab Jove regem petiere.^ Pater deorum risit,
atque illis dedit parvum tigillum.
5. Homines amplius oculis quam auribus credunt.
6. Vita om.;iis Germanorum in venationibus atque in rebus
militaribus agi^^; ab parvulis labori ac duritiae student.
7. ArajtuSji^no ignarus astrologiae, optimis versibus de
caelo stellisque dixit.
8. Hominis^ est animum praeparare, Dei autem est regere
eventus.
9. Cur times ^[^vum Tiberim tangere ?
ID. Non vivere bonum est, sed bene vivere.
II. Philosophia ars.et ratio est bene vivendi.
^ 12. Ne necesse habueris^ epistolam reddere.
13. Homines ad intelligendum et ad agendum nati sumus.
14. Hoc ne^ nunc quidem^ difficile factu est.
15. Ne sapiens quidem semper sapit j stultus non semper
desipit.
16. Haedui^ legatos ad Caesarem miserant rogatum^
auxilium.
17. Pontem in Arari Caesar faciendum curat.
18. Non est injussu^ imperatoris, id est Dei, de statione
vitae decedendum. y
19. Veritas et justitia veP amicitiae sunt anteponenda.
20. Theramenes^° conjectus in carcerem venenum hilariter
ac fortiter bibisse dicitur.
21. Alba ligustra cadunt, vaccinia nigra leguntur.
2 See p. 27, c*. •* i7ian''s pmrt. * do not consider, &'c.
5 not rjen. ^ The Aidui, a people of Gaul. "^ Supine.
8 See § 12, 4. b. ^ even.
^^ Thera7neneSy a politician of Athens, one of the Thirty Tyrants,
put to death by his colleagues.
Write in Liatin.
1. Cicero wrote many letters to his friend Atticus.
2. Unrelenting^ labor conquers all [things].
3. Caesar with all [his] cavalry made an attack^ upon^ the
Germans, who presently* sent ambassadors to him to-ask peace.
1 improhns. 2 impetus.^ 3 {ji (with ace). * mox.
68 • ^ Latin Method^ ,
4. Antony married^ Octavia, the sister of Octavianus.
5. Octavia, th^ sister of Octavianus,^rnarrle'd*'Ahtoh){>'^v
6. The mischievous^ boys 'were^funning through, my
garden. M >^ ^\ ^ ,^
7. The forces of the Romans were led by Crassus.
8. The [commander's] tent^ had been set-on-fire by the
barbarians.
9. Two stags of vast size^° were caught by the hunters.
10. The women weeping threw" themselves at^"^ Caesar's^f.
feet. ,
11. After the log, Jupiter sent a water-snake^^ to the
wretched frogs, which devoured them daily.
12. The senate de(?reed rewards to the soldiers who had
not betrayed the t5wn.
5 djico. ^ niibo. '^ Dative. ^ improbtis. ^ praetorium.
^^ corpus (abl.). ^^ projicio. ^2 ^d. i"* Dative. ^^ hydrus.
Lesson 24.
Kegvilar Verb: Fourth Conjugation.
Vocabulary.
aheneus, a, mvh, f -brass. rmtxio,'^ feed, nourish.
aperio/ ui, apertum, open. palus, udis (f ), marsh.
catena, ae (f.), chain. salio,-* ui, saltum, leap.
coerceo.2 ui, itum, check. sentio,^ si, sum., feel, Jiidire.
conscio,'* be-conscious. voco^ ussi, ustura, bu7-7t.
invenio," veni, ventum, find, urtica, ae (f.), nettle.
disconer. vincio,'* vinxi, vinctum, bind.
maestus, a, um, sorroiiniig. vmea, ae (f.), trellis (f&r vines).
Translate into English.
1. Ubinam in terHg eygnum nigrum inveni^mus ?
2. Ad rivum em^^clem lupus et agnus venerant.
3. Nutritur vento, vento restinguitur ignis.
4. Saepius^ ventis agitatur ingens
Pinus, et celsae graviore casu
Decidunt turres, feriuntque summos
Fulgura montes.
1 See§ 17, 5. a.
Parallel Exercises. 6^
5. Aliud^ est audire, aliud intelligere.
6. Hie mums aheneus esto :
Nil conscire sibi, nulla pallescere culpa.
7. Alius alio^ plura in venire potest, nem© omnia.
8. Athenis summa dicendi vis et inventa est et perfecta.
9. Fame coacta^ vulpes uvam alta in vinea pendentem
appetebat, summis saliens viribus.
10. Minime sibi quisque notus est, et difficillime de se
quisque sentit.
11. Terra salutiferas herbas, eademque nocentes
Nutrit ; et \irticae proximo saepe rosa est.
la- Cn.^ Julius Agricola prima'in juventute studium philo-
sophiae acrius hausit : prudentia matris incensum animum
coercuit.
13. Divitis audita estcui'non opulentia Ctoesi ?
14. Ludibrio fratris Remus novos transiliit muros. Inde
ab irato Rom-ulo interfectus est.
15. Impium lenite clamorem, sodales.
16. Jugurtha, Numidarum rex, regie vestitus et vinctus
catenis, tum cjuobus filiis,"currum victoris antecessit.
17. Hominem mortuum in urbene sepelito neve urito.
18. In montibus castellum erat ingens, natura munitum. ^ t
19. Oppidani portas patefaciunt Romanis.
20. Summo labore urbs erat munita.
21. Corneliae filii maxima cura a matre eruditi erant.
22. Militum corpora a sociis sepulta sunt.
23. Vere colles arvaque floribus vestiuntur.
24. Asinus rudit, bos mugit, canis latrat, catulus gannit,
equus hinnit, gallus canit, corvus crocit, leo rugit, ovis balat,
serpens sibilat, sus grunnit, infans vagit.
2 one thing. 3 See § 47, 9. 4 cogo.^ 5 See § 15, 4.
6 by whom ?
"Write in Latin.
1. The body of Caesar was buried by his sorrowing friends.
2. The Roman camp had been fortified by Labienus with
great labor.
7o Latin Method.
3. The Helvetii had now^ arrived-at^ the territory^ of the
Sequani.
^^^ 4. A great crash is heard in the woods, from falling trees."*
5. The Britons^ were clothed with skins, and lived^ in the
woods and marshes.
6. Those scoundrelly'^ robbers were severely punished.
N^ 7. Let the gates of the city be opened to the conquering
army.
8. In spring the trees are clad with blossoms, in summer
are laden^ with fruits.
9. The soldiers bound the prisoner with chains.
10. In punishing,^ anger is by-no-means^° to-be-admitted.-^^
^11. Let the voice^^ justice be-heard.-^^
1 jafii. ^ pervejiio in. ^ fines. •* Genitive. ^ Britannus.
^ habiio} ' sceleshis. 8 onero?- ^ Gerund. ^'^ iTiinime.
^.^ \ il a^hibendii^ ^^ Pres. subjuncdve.
Lesson 25.
Deponent Verbs.
Vocabulary. , ^ . •
adipiscor,' adep^tjig, ^aiii, gef} loquor,^ lo^ufcus, 'speak:
adsequor,^ seciitus, ^^/;z, real^Jr. maternus, a,;mm, of a tjwther.
aggredior,^ aggressus,.<^/Az^/^. V^ mentior,^ speak falsehood.
arx, arcis (f.), towen. . • _• nascor,^ natus, be born.
classis, is (y.), fleet. polliceor,^ itxus, promise.
egredior,-^ egressus, ^^ out. populeus, a, um, of the poplar.
frons, tis (f.), brow. queror,^ questus, bewail.
fruor,'' fructus, enjoy. sequor,^ secutus, /^//^7£/.
irascor,-^ iratus, be angry. utor,^ usus, use., employ.
Translate into ^English.
1. Testis fidelis non mentitur."
2. Nunquam sapiens irascitur.
3. De multis rebus locuti sumus.
4. Subita tempestas morabatur classem.
5. Saepe suas Liber^ miratus-est uvas.
6. Vocalem Orphea"^ insecutae-sunt silvae.
1 A name of Bacchus. 2 gee p. 5, g.
Parallel Exercises. 71
7. Improbus plurima ^ollice.tur, pauca perficit.
1/-8. Populea Philomela^ sub umbra
Amissos queritur pullos. ■ /"^
9. Nemo potentes aggreditur tutus.^
10. Sine studio et ardore quodam amoris nihil egregium
quisquam adsequetur.y^**'^^
11. Cur stulta ista rana bovem imitatur?
12. Erojis, oculi, vuljus, saepe mentiuntur.
13. Nox atque praeda hostes remorata sunt.
14. Deos deasque omnes ne eveniat^ precamur.
15. Omnia' vetustate labuntur, nee quicquam tutum i.
senectute est.
16. Aliquando oculi suo munere non funguntur.
17. Omnibus in vita commodis^ una cum amicis fruere.*^
^-18. Puppibus egressus Latia stetit exsul in herba.
19. Deos solos venerabantur Germani Solem et Volcanum
et Lunam. In fluminibus saepe lavabantur, et pellibus aut
parvis tegimentis utebantur.
20. Sine ullo vulnere victoria Caesar potitur.
21. Tu voluptate frueris, ego utor.
22. Senectutem omnes sperant, eandem accusant adeptam.®
23. Orpheus arte materna® rapidos fluminum lapsus mora-
batur.
24. Non rastros patietur humus, non vinea falcem ;
Robustus quoque jam tauris juga solvet arator.
25. Nocens omnis^° de se U^uentes audire videtur.
3 nightingale. * See § 47, 6. ^ that it may not happen.
6 advantages (seep. 163, 31). "^ Imperative. ^ gge p. 38, d.
9 with his mother's skill: Orpheus was the son of Apollo and the Muse
Calliope. ^^ Ace. plur. (see § 16, 3. <:-).
Write in tatin.
1. The Rauraci go-forth^ along with the Helvetii into
Gaul.
2. Many of- the Greeks, who had gone forth [to] Troy
never returned^ home.
3. Orgetorix persuades Dumnorix to-attempt"* the same.
^ proficiscor.^ 2 ^x. ^ revertor^ sus. * conor (use iit with pres. subj.).
72 Latin Meth9}d,
4. Gato the elder died in the eighty-fifth year of his age.
5. On-every-side^ flowers sprang-up^ in the fields and
meadows. "^^
6. A violent storm delayed Caesar [when] about-to-sail
for^ Greece.
7. Speak little,^ promise with-cau4ion,® and remember
always to keep [your] word.^*^ ^
8. The lieutenant will measure-out" corn to the soldiery^
y^. I entirely forgot myself. ^^ ^^'-i'.iUi^- ' W^
IP. Pity me/'^ pity our hardships.
II. My son has reached^^ the same grades^* of honor.
^j^ndique. 6 nascor. 7 in. ^ pauca {•i^.'^Xwx.). ^ caute.
Hservarejidem. i^ metior. ^'-^ Genitive. ^^ consequor.
"^ I* gradus.
Lessc^n 26. •
Irregular, I>efecti.v(i| and Impersonal Verbs. ^'•'^■
^Vompklary . * • # "
conspicio,^ spexi, ctum, kfjwld.^^ffoi^xo, display. t'
demum, m short. \* • x* repentinus, a, um, sudcun.^ X
f inio,^ put an end to. ' retro, backward.
iracundus, a, um, passio?iate. \ supplex, icis, stippliant.
nemus, oris (^.), grove. * veuor,' hunt.
Translate into English.
1. Acriores fiebant dux militesque. .
2. Quid est tam regium quam opem ferre supplicibus ?
3. Idem^ velle atque idem nolle, ea demum vera est
amicitia.
4. Noli esse amicus homini iracundo.
5. Virtuti retro ire non licet, i^&i^'
6. Potest ex casa magnus vir exire ; virtus omni loco
nascitur.
7. Aut prodesse volunt aut delectare poetae.
8. Non cuivis homini contingit adire Gorinthum.
9. Venatm© Aeneas unaque miserrima Dido
In nemus ire parant. 4 ^
1 alike.
Parallel Exercises, 73 s333^
10. Fame coacta vulpes uvam alta in vinea pendentem
adpetebat, summis saliens viribus. Tangere autem non po-
tuit. Tunc disceden^, " Nondum " inquit " est matura ; nolo
acerbam sumere.,% -^
11. Ipse animi discessus a corpore fit sine dplore, et fit
plerumque sine senstv-nonnunc^am etiam cum voluptate.
12. Romani Sabini^ue in medik'yalle redinteg^arunt^ proe-
lium/ ' Tum Sabinae mulieres, criniBus passis^ scissaque
veste,f ausae sunt se inter tela . volantia inf erre, hinc patres
hinc viros orantes. Movet res cum^ multitudinem tum^ duces.
Silentium et repentina fit quies. ],nde duces prodeunt, nee
pacerh modo sed civitatem unam ex duabus faciunt, regnum
consociant, imperium omne conferunt Romam.
2 See p. 27, c^. ^ Participle oi pando.
4 with dishevelled locks and torn garments. ^ See § 22, d.
"Write in tatfn.
1. Many cannot bear the pain of sickness.
2. Bad citizens bore arms against [their] country.
3. The river Rhine flows^ a long distance through the
territory of the Germans.
4. The Helvetii wonder that Caesar^ has S9-long borne^
the wrongs brought on by them. _ -
v^S- The sapling at length becomes a treerj^^'i^-^'^^^'
6. Do-not^ tell-a-lie.
V.
7. What we wish we gladly believe. -/ ' *-'
8. Love others, if you wish to be loved yourself. * , ^ ^'
9. Many will hate you, if you love yourself alone. '^'
10. We^ are-allowed"* to be free.^
11. Remember that you are mortal.
12. Then the god said : " Because you would-not^ bear your
good, endure"^ the evil."
13. At length Caesar (ace.) was weary of the business.
14. While the greedy dog wishes to grasp the shadow, he
lets-falP the meat from his mouth.
1 Lit. "is borne." ^ Accus. and infin. ^ jiqH |§ 57^ 7. a),
* licet. ^ Dative. ^ nolo. '^ per^ro. 8 omitto
74 Latin Method.
Examples in Poetry.
1. Jam glacialis hiemps squalentia protulit ora,
Terraque marmoreo Candida facta gelu est;
Nix jacet, etglaciem nee sol pluviaeve resolvunt,
Indurat Boreas, perpetuamque facit. — Ovid.
2. Jam satis terris nivis atque dirae
Grandinis misit .Pater, et rubente
Dextera sacras jaculatus arces
Terruit urbem. — Horace.
3. Diffugere nives, redeunt jam gramina campis,
Arboribusque comae ;
Mutat terra vices, et decrescentia ripas
Flumina praetereunt \
Frigora mitescunt Zephyris ; Ver preterit Aestas. — Id,
4. Molli paulatim flavescet campus arista,
Incultis rubens pendebit sentibus uva,
Et durae quercus sudabunt roscida mella. — Virgil,
5. Cespes Tyrio mollior ostro
Solet impavidos ducere somnos :
Aurea rumpunt tecta quietem,
Vigilesque trahit purpura noctes j
Pectora pauper secura gerit.
6. Beatus ille qui procul negotiis,
Ut prisca gens mortalium,
Paterna rura bubus exercet suis,
Solutus omni fenore ;
Neque excitatur classico miles truci,
Neque horret iratum mare ;
Forumque vitat, et superba civium
* Potentiorum limina. — Horace,
J . Justum ac tenacem propositi* virum
Non civium ardor prava jubentium,
Non vultus instantis tyranni,
Mente quatit solida. — Id.
Constructions of Syntax. 75
PART SECOND.
CONSTRUCTIONS OF SYNTAX.
Note. — It may be best to proceed at once from the foregoing
lessons to the course of reading provided in Part Fourth, reserving
the following section to be studied as the constructions occur in
reading, and for systematic practice in writing Latin, once a week
or oftener, at the convenience of the teacher.' It should be com-
pared with the "Synopsis of Constructions" given at the end of
this volume. The letter R. refers to the short rules on pages
162, 163 (Grammar, § 75).
A. — Uses of Cases : 1. As Objects of Verbs,
Notice that all of the four Oblique cases may be used in Latin
with different classes of verbs, being represented alike in English
by the Objective case. Thus, —
1. hominem video, / j^^ ///^ //z^;z (Accusative).
2. homini servio, I serve the man (Dative).
3. hominis misereor, I pity the 7nan (Genitive).
4. homine amic5 utor, I treat the man as a friend (Ayh^atiyy).
I. Accusative as Direct Object.
Learn § 52, i. (Object- Accusative), with a^ b^ d
(verbs of feelings cognate accusative, and com-
pounds).
a. The accusatives in a are usually rendered with a preposition
in English, though sometimes a transitive verb may be supplied :
as, ridere, to laugh at or ridicttle j dolere, to grieve at or
lament, &c.
d. With the" compounds in d compare those of § 51, 2. d;
noticing that there is usually no difference in the translation of the
two classes of verbs, which are generally transitive in English : as,
adire aliquem, to approach one; obstare alicui, to withstand one.
76 Latin Method,
Sxamples.
1. African o^ industria virtutem, virtus gloriam, gloria
aemulos comparavit.
2. Tres jam copiarum partes Helvetii flumen traduxerant.
3. Saepe suas Liber^ miratus est uvas.
4. Rastros non patietur humus.
U" 5. Paulatim Germani Rhenum transire consueverant.
6. Posthac vitam^ tutiorem vivemus.
7. Joca tua plena facetiarum risimus satis.
8. Iram demetitur Deus suam ; clementiam profundit.
9. Suas quisque miserias dolet. y
^ 10. Nee te, juvenis memorande, silebo. 'f^^ ^/
^ Dative. ^ A name of Bacchus. ^ Cognate accus. (§ 52, i. b).
Write in r.atin.
1. A sudden tempest had delayed the ships.
2. A soft answer subdues^ wrath.
3. Appius Claudius, the censor, brought^ the Appian
water into the city, and laid^ the Appian Way.
4. Hannibal had already crossed the Alps.
5. Caesar led his forces across the Rhine.
6. They afterwards lived a safer life.
7. Poverty teaches all the arts.
8. My son complains'* [of] his fortune.
9. We shall go once [on] the last journey.
10. All men laugh-at folly : all men grieve-at misery.
1 frango. 2 indiico. 3 sterno. * qtieror. '
2. Two Accusatives,
§ 52, 2. with a and c (appositive and secondary
object: R. 25) ; also b and d (compounds, and verbs
of hiding),
Examples.
1. Te tua fata docebo.
2. Deos deasque omnes pacem oramus.
3. Quid me ista rogas ? Stoicos roga.
4. Iter omnes celabo.
Constructions of Syntax, 77
5. NonnuUi utilia solum pueros docent, honesta negligunt.
6. Tu modo posce deos veniam.
7. Juvenes avum Numitorem regem salutabant.
8. Consul primus rogatus est sententiam.
9. Illud puer saepe admonitus erat.
10. Nos hoc diu celamur.
ii.'-Melvetii pacem a Cassare petierunt.
Write in L.atiii.
1. I will teach you your destiny.
2. We beseech^peace [of] all the gods and goddesses.
3. I did not hide from you [my] friend's ©pkHon.
4. Why do you ask me that ? Ask your father.
5. The consul Nero^ skilfully concealed his march [from]
Hannibal.
6. The senate saluted Cicero [as] father of [his] country.
7. Lucius Junius Brutus was called the liberator of Rome.
8. The people elected Lucius Junius Brutus and Lucius
Tarquinius CoUatinus [as] first consuls.
9. An old herdsman in vain begged^ [his] liberty [of]
Vespasian.
1 Put the name before the title. 2 org.
3. Dative of Indirect Object,
§ 51, I. and 2. with a and <f(R. 14, 16) ; also c^ e^
/, reading carefully the classes of verbs in a and 3.
a. These classes of verbs will be learned gradually, in the
course of practice. Some of those in a (as to favor ^ envy, serve,
&c ) seem to be transitive. In fact, however, the Latin retains a
primary meaning which is lost in English : as, invidere {fo eftvy)
is to look [askance] at one; servire is to be a slave; suadere is
to make [a thing] pleasant to any one (compare suavis, sweet).
See Remark i (page 123), and the second paragraph of the Note
on page 121 of the grammar.
b. The verbs in 2. c are to be compared with those of Giving,
&c., in I : though different in kind as seen from the English point
of view, their construction in Latin is the same : thus in the sen-
78 Latin Method,
tence invidet mihi divitias, he envies 7ne for my riches, divitiSs
is the direct and mihi the indirect object of invideo, though the
opposite is the case in English.
^Examples-
1. Nil pictis timidus navita puppibus fidit.
2. Homines amplius oculis quam auribus credunt.
3. Nonnulli levissimam delectationem gravissimae utilitati
anteponunt.
4. Dii immortales hoc tibi delictum ignoscent.
5. Servi dominis suis maledixerunt.
6. Milites integri et recentes fessis succurrunt.
7. Innocentiae nostrae, judices, subvenite.
8. A bono filio matri semper parebitur.
9. A victore milite templis deorum parcendum est.
10. Uterque consul legioni illi indulserat.
11. Invidetur praestanti florentique fortunae.
12. Mihi numquam persuaderi potuit, animos esse mortales.
"Write in L.atin.
1. The ant gets itself food in summer-time.
2. The sun shall give thee signs.
3. You pardon yourself ; others you pardon not.
4. Men believe their eyes more than their ears.*
5. Patience heals-^ any^ pain.
6. He told me every thing.
7. I mercifully spared the wretched man.
8. A faithful soldier serves the state.
9. The soldiers spared^ the temples of the gods.
10. Our men pressed-hard^ the flying Gauls.
{Passive^
11. Your glory is envied.^
12. Liars are not believed.^
13. The temples of the gods were spared.
14. That age is not envied, but even favored.
15. The authority of the senate will be obeyed.
i6. Clodius was distrusted by all good citizens.
1 medeofy ^\ \ '^ quivis. ^ temper o. ^ ins to.
'■^K
6 auris. ; V f See Examples 10 and 19, on page 62. ■? credo.
s
Constructions of Syntax. 79
4. Genitive as Object,
§ 50, 4. a, b^ c (verbs of memory^ feelings &c.),
bserving the peculiar genitives of b^ and the con-
struction of the Impersonals in c^ and d; also e {egeo).
Examples.
1. Senex veterum meminit dolorum.
2. Hunc puerum ignaviae suae neque pudet neque taedet.
3. Taedet me quotidianarum harum molestiarum.
4. At vos, Arcadii, caeci miserescite regis.
5. Catilina admonebat alium egestatis, alium cupidinis
suae.
6. Suae quemque fortunae paenitet.
7. Arguitur Verres repetundarum.
8. Conjurati omnes capitis damnati sunt.
9. Reminiscere, inquit, pristinae %irtutis Helvetiorum.
Write in Latin.
. Cato admonished the judges of the laws and of [their]
. We have-no-need^ of your help.
3. I shall always remember this day and place.
. The man is neirfier ashamed nor sorry for his cowardice.
5. The Athenians charged Socrates with impiety.
6. Forget slaughter and conflagration.
7. I lack not gold or silver. ^^
8. You have charged me in-my-absence^ with a capital
offence.^
9. Brutus condemned to death'* his two sons.
^ religio. ^ jiifiH indigere. 3 absens. < § 50, 4. b.
^ res capitalis.
5- Ablative as Object.
§ 54, 6. J (ablative with ntor, &c. : R. 31).
Observe that these are in reality ablatives of 7neans, and that
they may generally be represented in English by a phrase with a
preposition : as, vescitur carne, he eats {feeds on) Jiesh ; amicitia
mea abutuntur, they abuse {take advantage of) my friendship.
8o Latin Method.
Examples.
1. Impedimentis castrisque Romani potiti sunt.
2. Aliquando oculi suo munere non funguntur.
3. Omnibus in vita commodis una cum amicis fruimur.
4. Frater mens omnibus vitae officiis fungitur.
5. Divitiis, nobilitate, viribus male utimini.
6. Britanni aere pro nummo utebantur.
7. Dii nee escis nee potionibus vescuntur.
8. Lacte,caseo^carne vescor, scribit Anacharsis Scythes.
9. Quo usque tandem abutere, Catilina, patientia nostra?
Write in tatiii.
1. The ancient Germans fed^ chiefly on milk and meat.
2. 'llie Macedonian' phalanx employed-^ very-long^ spears.
3. We deem'* Cicero worthy* of the highest praise of elo-
quence.
4. A brave man bravely performs his duty.
5. A base man takes-advantage-of ^ the ignorance or folly
of-others.
6. We enjoy the gifts of the earth, which therefore we call
fruits and crops.
7. The soldiers of-the-legion^ used a shield, a javelin, and
a short sword.
1 vescor. 2 utor. ^ praclongus. ^ dignor.^ ^ abutor. ^ Icgiomirms.
7 Macedojiicus .
4t
B. — Uses of Cases : 2. As Modiff/ing Adjectives,
Note. — Some of the foUowins; are also to be classed among
the adverbial uses of cases ; but they are distinguished by being
used to complete the meaning of the adjective on which they depend.
6. Genitive with Adjectives.
§ 50, 3. b^ c^ d (relative adjectives, genitive of sfc-
cijicatioii^ adjectives of likeness^ &c.).
Compare the lists of adjectives in § 50, 3. d with thnt in
§ 51, 6. c. These adjectives, when followed by the genitive, have
in fact become nouns (compare § 47, 3) : as, cognatus Ciceronis,
Cicero's kinsman j Ciceroni cognatus, kindred with Cicero.
[Compare such phrases as meus aequalis, my conte^nporary.']
Constructions of Syntax, 8i
£x am pies.
1. Galli sunt barbari, et nostrae consuetudinis imperiti.
2. Mens hominum nescia fati est, sortisque futurae.
3. Misi homines earum regionum peritissimos.
4. Habetis ducem memoreni vestri oblitum sui.
5. Cassandrae inerat mens provida rerum futurarum.
6. Homini erat mens ferox, impotens irae.
7. Corpus patiens erat inediae, vigiliae, algoris.
8. Nostra vita insidiarum est et metus plena.
9. Nulla aetas virtutis feracior erat.
10. Orbus auxilii opumque ad te confugio>f
Write in Latin.
1. This man is eager^ for glory and greedy^ of praise.
2. Most boys are careless^ about antiquities.
3. Catiline was able-to-endure'* fasting, watching, cold.
4. Gaul is full of Roman citizens.
' 5. Night alone was conscious of this deed.^
6. This boy is very like his father. ^-'T^
7. The consul was full of plans, sparin^rVin words.
8. The river Rhine is common to Gaul and Germany.
9. Achilles, bravest of the Greeks, was ungovernable^ in
wrath.
1 cicpidtis. '^ avidtis. ^ negUgens. * patiens. ^ faciims.
*' farms. 7 impotens.
7. Dative of Nearness., &c.
§ 51, 6. (words of likeness., nearness ., fitness .^ service
or help: R. 15), with «, h (use of prepositions), and d
{propior, &c.). , i \
Examples. / ' y \
T. Amara sunt vitiosis, ac male viventibus, praecepti i\
justitiae. ^v'^
2. Auctumnus gravis est urbi agrisque. ^
3. Tyrannis aliena virtus semper form idolosa est. ^ /\ ]
4. Rex infidis consiliis semper est obnoxius.
5. Ista oratio dignitati tuae alienissima est.
82 Latin Method.
6. Mantua, vae, miserae nimium vicina Cremonae.
7. Unicuique virtutum finitimum vitium est.
8. Ceteri filii superstites patri erant.
9. Is dolor communis erat tribus fratribus.
10. Haec virtus fructuosa vobis, mihi periculosa est.
11. Patres filiis suis nonnunquam sunt iniqui.
12. Rara avis in terris, nigroque simillima cygno.
Write in Liatin.
1. Death is like a sleep.
2. To a frail ship all winds are contrary.
3. The death of Socrates was harmonious^ with his life.
4. I have noticed a harbor fit^ for our ships.
5. Livius was of-the-same-age^ with Ennius.
6. Not even the gods — so they boast — are a-match-for*
the Swabians.^
7. Radishes^ are bad^ for the teeth, says Pliny.^
8. This thing is easy for me, [but] hard for you.
9. Simple food is good^ for children.
10. The speech of Marius was very pleasing t® the people.
^ ccnseiitaneiis. 2 idonetis. '^ aeqiialis. ^ par. ^ Suetn.
^ raphamis, i, m. "^ inhnhus. 8 jitilis.
9 ait Plinius.
8. Ablative of Want,
§ 54, I. ^, <f (adjectives of freedom and want, w^ith
of>its and usus: R. 28).
Examples.
1. Urbs nuda praesidio poscit opem.
2. Animus per somnum sensibus et curis vacuus est.
3. Nos plerique patriae, sed omnes fama atque fortunis
expertes sumus.
4. Auctoritate tua mihi opus est.
5. Etiam sapienti amicis opus est.
6. Priusquam incipias consulto, et ubi consulueris mature
facto opus est.
7. Exempla nobis opus sunt.
Constructions of Syntax, 83
"Write in Latin.
1. What Roman is free from this dishonor^ ?
2. The army was in lack^ of all necessaries.
3. The common-people were-in-terror [when] deprived of
tribunes.
4. Cato, said his friends, was clear^ of every human fault.
5. This counsel is foreign to* the dignity of the empire.
6. The senate was bereft^ of counsel and authority.
7. I have need^ of your help.
* dedecus. 2 egens. ^ vacuus. ^ alienus a. ^ orbus. 6 opus.
9. Ablative of Source.
§ 54, 2. « (participles of birth and origin : R. 29).
Examples.
1. Ti. Gracchus, matre nobilissima genitus.
2. Nate dea, quae nunc animo sententia surgit.^
3. Natus erat pulcra origine Caesar.
4. Consul loco obscuro tenuique fortuna ortus.
5. Non sanguine humano sed stirpe divina satus es.
Write in Latin.
1. ^neas was son^ of Anchises and Venus.
2. Thou art sprung^ not from human blood, but from
divine stock.
3. The youth was born of a most noble mother.
4. The consul Marius was sprung from an obscure place
and slender fortune.
1 nattcs. '- ortus.
10. Ablative of Comparison,
§54,5 (iablative after comparatives: R. 32), with
«, c (use o( qua7nj construction o{ plus, etc.),
Examples.
1. Honesta mors turpi vita potior est.
2. Quaedam remedia ipsis periculis sunt graviora.
3. Nihil inter homines rarius perfecto oratore inventum est.
84 Latin Method,
4. Humana omnia inferiora virtute ducimus.
5. Non ego hac nocte longiorem vidi.
6. Punico bello secundo nullum neque majus neque peri-
"culosius Romani gessere.
7. Saepe dixi Graecam linguam locupletiorem esse quam
Latinam.
8. Hujus orationes exiliores sunt et redolentes magis anti-
quitatem quam aut Laelii aut Scipionis.
9. Hispanorum non plus quam quattuor milium effugerunt.
10. Plus septingenti aut in proelio aut in castris capti sunt.
11. Spatium est non amplius pedum DC.
12. Apes nunquam plus unum regem patiuntur.
13. Amplius sunt sex menses {it is more than, &>c^,
14. Bella fortius quam felicius gerebat.
15. Consilium magis honestum quam utile.
Write in I^atiii.
1. The earth is larger than the moon, the sun than the
earth.
2. Ignorance of future evils is better than knowledge.
3. From^ the tongue of the old Nestor, says^ Homer,
flowed speech sweeter than honey.
4. A base escape from death^ is worse than any'* death.
5. All riches we hold inferior to wisdom.
6. These thinjjs are harder than-one-would-think.*
7. In this march the Romans suffered more than usual®
from hunger and cold.
8. You have rendered^ no man more kindnesses than to me.
9. This thing has in it more joy'^ than grief.^
10. In the battle at- Cannae the Rom^s lost more than
40,000 men.
11. The speech of the consul was more true than pleasing*
to the people.
12. A pestilence more threatening than destructive^ felP''
upon the city.
13. There is nothing stupider" than a stupid laugh.
1 ex. 2 (iH^ i Genitive. * oinnis. ^ opinio. ^ solitum. '^ tribiio.
^ Comparative (§ 47,7). ^ pernio iosus. ^^ incido. 1^ ineptus.
Constructions of Syntax, 85
II. Ablative of Means and Suffly,
§ 54, 6. (accompaniment, means, and instrument :
R. 30), with c (words oi fillings &c.).
a. All the words under § 54, d.c are either participles, like abun-
dans, completus ; or were originally participles, as plenus. When
used as pure adjectives^ they take the genitive under § 50, 3. b.
b. The ablatives under Rule 30 (§ 75) are of various origin, and
must be translated according to the English idiom: as, dignus,
worthy of; -pxaeditna, gifted wit/i, &c. (compare § 54, 3. ay 10. a).
Examples.
1. Verris domus plena erat raptis ornamentis.
2. Exercitum Ti. Sempronius domum reportavit plenissi-
mum praeda.
3. Erant plena laetitia et gratulatione omnia.
4. Alveus Tiberis completus erat ruderibus.
5. Pater ille tuus florebat omni genere virtutis.
6. Sum pecore et multa dives tellure.
7. Macte virtute diligentiaque esto.
8. Boni homines metuunt vitam plenam et confertam
voluptatibus.
W^rite in I.atin.
1. Twelve ships were laden^ with the spoil.
2. The house of Croesus was full of treasures.^
^. The city was full of grief and lamentation.^
4. Sulla advanced with his army into a region abounding^
in all good things.
5. Corinth was the richest city of Greece in pictures,^
statues,^ and gold.
. 1 o}tustus. 2 divitiae. 3 luctus. * abtmdans. 5 tabula. ^ signum.
12. Ablative of Difference,
§ 54, 6. e^ with Remark (degree of difference).
Notice that § 54, 5 (ablative of comparison) and 6. e (ablative
of difference), expressing different relations, may be used together
with the same adjective : as, multo divitior Crasso, uiuch richer
than Crassus.
86 Latin Method,
Examples.
1. Quo occultius est periculum, hoc difficilius vitatur.
2. Recte uon credis de numero militum : ipso dimidio^
plus scripsit Clodia.
3. Hibernia dimidio minor est, ut aestimatur, quam Bri-
tannia.
4. Iter alterum per provinciam nostram, multo facilius
atque expeditius.
5. Quanto diutius abest, magis cupio tanto.
6. Galli segnius sequebantur, quanto longius ab domo
trahebantur.
7. Romani duobus milibus plures erant quam Sabini.
8. Decem post diebus pugnatum est.
9. Catilina paucis ante diebus eruperat ex urbe.
10. Sol multis partibus major atque amplior est, quam
terra universa.
1 full half.
Write in Latin.
1. Cicero was six years older than Caesar.
2. The empire of Rome was much more powerful and
lasting than [that] of Athens.
3. The more cautiously you go, the sooner'^you will arrive.
4. The greater severity he showed,^ the more numerous^
were the mobs.
5. Veii was^ about twenty miles distant^ from Rome.
6. The battle of Cannae'' was fought seventeen years
before^ [that] of Zama.^
^ utor. ^ creber. 3 abesse a. * Cannensis. ^ Insert quam.
6 Zamejisis. ^ citius,
C. — Uses of Cases : Miscellaneous.
13. Adverbial Accusative.
§ 52, 3. with a^ b, c (use with intransitive verbs,
adverbial phrases, Greek accusative: R. 24).
Note. — The accusatives under a are usually, translated as
adverbs (see examples). Those under <; are mostly poetical, and
should be avoided in writing Latin prose.
Constructions of -Syntax, 87
Examples.
1. Suevi maximam partem lacte atque pecore vivunt.
2. Tuam vicem magnopere gaudeo.
3. Nostram vicem indignaris.
4. Vir erat cetera egregius.
5. Id temporis eos ventures esse dixeram.
6. Cum esset illud aetatis, imperator factus est.
7. Dexterum genu lapide ictus est.
8. Os humerosque deo similis.
9. Eeminae Germanorum nudae erant brachia et lacertos.
Write in Latin.
1. The Suevi live for-the-greatest-part^ on milk and nueat.
2. I am often sorry on your account.^
3. At that time Romulus was king.
4. A man at that age ought to be more discreet^ than
daring.'^
5. Hannibal was severely wounded right in the thigh^ with
a dart.«
6. They bind their [own] heads with wreaths of-myrtle.
7. The commander exhorted his [ii>€n] at-length.'
8. The maidens put on a long robe.
^ plurimum. ^ ma's. ^ prudens. ■* atidax (comparative).
^ adversicm femur. ^ tragula. "^ multa.
14. Accusative of Exclamation,
§ 52, 4. a.
Examples.
1. Heu dementiam hominum ! •
2. Beatos quondam duces Romanos !
3. In balneis delituerunt : testes egregios !
4. Huncine^ hominem ! hancine impudentiam, judices !
hanc audaciam !
5. O fallacem hominum spem, fragilemque fortunam, et
inanes nostras contentiones !
IVrite in I^atin.
I. O the folly^ of man, and [his] uncertain fortune, and
our idle^ hopes !
* See § 20, i. Note. 2 dementia. 3 inanis.
88 Latin Method,
2. A famous^ [set of] doctors !
3. Ah !^ the faith of gods and men !
4. What a man ! what impudence ! what audacity !
5. Happy the Roman chiefs of-old.^
6. Ah !^ unhappy me !
* nobilis. * pro. ^ quondam. ^ ^^^.
15. Dative of Possession, &c,
§ 51, 3. with a, b (compounds of esse; nomen est:
R. 17).
Examples.
1. Est et fideli tuta silentio merces.
2. En Priamus ! sunt hie etiam sua praemia laudi.
3. Addam cerea pruna : et honos erit huic quoque porno.
4. Di, quibus imperium est animorum !
5. Est mihi namque domi pater, est injusta noverca.
6. Sunt nobis mitia poma,
Castaneae molles, et pressi copia lactis.
7. Homini cum deo similitudo est.
8. Puero ab inopia Egerio inditum nomen.
9. Hoc mihi volenti est.
10. Sp. Tarpeius Romanae praeerat arci.
11. Nihil tibi meae litterae proderunt.
12. Multis proeliis miles ille interfuit.
13. Druides rebus divinis intersunt.
14. Huic homini virile ingenium inerat.
15. Origin! Romanae et dii adfuere et non defuit virtus.
Tl^rite in I.atin.
1. We have and shall have the same laws.
2. A sick man always has hope.
3. I had a dispute with your friend.
4. The surname of Lucius Scipio was Asiaticus ; of Pub-
lius his brother, Africanus.
5. A brave soldier will-be-at-hand^ in all dangers.
1 ad sum.
Constructions of Syntax, 89
6. The name of this disease is avarice.
7. In this man was a manly soul.^
8. My letter will do^ you no good.^
9. We used to give him the nickname* of sluggard.
ID. Caesar had been-present-at^ many battles.
•* pro sum, ^ cognomen, ^ inter sum.
16. Dative of Service,
§ 51, 5 (purpose or end : R. 20).
The Dative (of service) under § 51, 5. may sometimes be trans-
lated as predicate ii07ninative j but more commonly with the pre-
position OF. It is sometimes called the Predicate Dative-
Examples.
1. Mihi ea res curae erit.
2. Magno malo est hominibus avaritia.
3. Is fuit et mihi et liberis meis magno usui.
4. Sic et vobis honori, et amicis utilitati eritis.
5. Ea res magno tibi erit impedimento.
6. Ea gens mihi semper odio erit.
7. Tua amicitia maximo mihi erat detrimento.
8. Testimonio hujus rei sunt clarissimi poetae.
9. Nos diis immortalibus curae sumus.
10. Consul Hannibali ludibrio erat.
11. Plerumque Gallis brevitas nostra contemptui est.
12. Veteribus Romanis divitiae oneri miseriaeque fuere. <•
Write in liatin.
1. This book was of great service^ to me.
2. Caesar left two legions as a guard^ to the camp.
3. That thing will be a great hindrance^ to you.
4. We are the care of the immortal gods.
5. We regard this as a fault in Cicero.
6. For whose advantage'* is this ?
7. The Germans came to our relief.^
1 usus, 2 praesidium. 3 impeditnentum. ^ bo7ium.
^ auxilium.
90 Latin Method,
17. Dative of Reference,
§ 51, 7 {datizms cominodi et incomfnodi).
The Dative (of reference) in § 51, 7. merely expresses a more
re?note 7'elation than those under 2 (indirect object) : compare the
first examples under each.
Kxamples.
1. Quis huic rei testis est ?
2. Domus pulcra dominis aedificatur, non muribus.
3. E bestiarum corporibus multa remedia morbis et vul-
neribus eligimus.
4. Non mihi ex cujusquam amplitudine aut praesidia
periculis aut adjumenta honoribus quaero.
5. Duo milites nequaquam visu ac specie aestimantibus
pares.
6. Sita Ortygia est in dextra parte portum magnum Syra-
cusarum intrantibus.
7. Hie mihi quisquam misericordiam nominat ?
8. Quid sibi vult haec oratio ?
9. Ova alia sunt Candida, ut columbis, perdicibus ; alia
pallida, ut aquaticis ; alia punctis distincta, ut meleagridum ;
alia rubri colons, ut phasianis.
Write in Latin.
T. I seek for myself no defence against danger^ or helps
to honors.^
2. The Germans chose them^ a place for an abode.
3. A good man seeks wealth not for himself only, but for
his children and friends.
4.^The calamity of the Sicilians came-before^ my eyes.
5. [Is it] for Hannibal [that] you have saved this city .^
6. SuchMamentation^ stirs the temper of the fiery^ youth.
7. The wood strews' you wild*^ leaves® and acorns.
8. We culP'^ many remedies for sickness and wounds.
9. Anticyra is situated^^ on the left as you enter the
Corinthian gulf.
^ Dative. - sihi. 3 oh'ersor.^ * tantiis. ^ co7iipI oratio.
^ ferox. "^ spar go. ^ agrestis. ^ frons. '^ eligo. •* situs.
Constructions of Syntax, 91
18. Ablative of Separation.
§ 54, I. (verbs meaning remove^ deprive^ &c.), with
a (compounds), and e {egeo^ indigeo, with genitive).
For the translation, see examples.
^Examples.
1. L. Brutus civitatem dominatu regio liberavit.
2. Usu urbis prohibere peregrinos sane inhumanum est.
3. Apud veteres Germanos quemcumque mortalium arcere
tecto^ nefas habebatur.
4. Cedo vobis possessione hortorum.
5. Ea philosophia spoliat nos judicio, privat approba-
tione.
6. Ne ab obsidibus quidem iram belli hostis abstinuit.
7. Ego te culpa absolve, supplicio non libero.
8. Ciceroni aqua atque igni interdicitur.
9. Caesaris oratio Helvetios ea spe dejecit.
10. Ilia lex tyrannos reditu semper arcebit.
11. Adventus peditatus equites metu levaverat.
12. Desine, quaeso, istis laudationibus.
1 i.e. to turn any stranger from the door.
"Write in I.atin.
1. The Helvetii, cast down from that hope, desisted from
their attempt.
2. I am quite free from fever, and feel finely.^
* 3. The engines^ presently stripped^ the wall of its de-
fenders.
4. Caecilius had cheated'' Varius of a large sum-of-money.
5. The barbarians, having caught-sight-of^ the standards
afar-off,® desist from the attack.
6. Caesar departed from"^ Italy, and led his army into
Gaul.
7. Sulla laid-down^ the dictatorship.®
8. The engines drove the enemy from the walls. ^^
1 belle se habere. '^ nudoA 3 tormenta (plur.). ^ frando}
5 coiispicory 6 procul. "^ ex. 8 j-^ abdicare. ^ dictatura.
92 Latin Method,
19. Ablative of Cause,
§ 54, 3. with a^ 3, c (certain verbs and adjectives;
obov propter; causa, gratia),
Examples.
1. Ser. Tullius regnare coepit non jussu sed voluntate
atque concessu civium.
2. Quidam morbo aliquo et sensus stupore suavitatem cibi
non sentiunt.
3. Quod benevolentia fit, id odio factum-^ criminaris.
4. Multi homines officia deserunt molHtia animi.
5. Quam multi luce indigni sunt, et tamen dies oritur !
6. Amplissimis honoribus dignus erat adulescens Scipio.
7. Ignavia ac stultitia saepe fit^ ut res maximae dilaban-
tur.
8. Haud equidem tali me dignor honore.
9. Non te Romanus populus illo magistratu dignatus est.
1 as being done. 2 happetts
Write in Ijatin.
1. Tarquin, relying^ on [his] victories, was-wanton in
insolence.
2. For the sake of the republic, I accuse Lucius Catiline.
3. He wept at the grief ^ of his friends.
4. The Roman people held^ the young Scipio worth/
of the highest honors.
5. I judge** him most unworthy of every honor.
6. Do this for my sake.
7. Ducks delight^ chiefly in marshy^ places.
1 subnixus. '^ dolor. ^ dignor.^ * aestimo\ ^ detector \
'° paluster.
20. Ablative of Means,
§ 54, 6. (accompaniment, means, instrument), with
a, 3, (use of cmn).
Constructions of Syntax, 93
Examples.
1. Venatio et^ cibi genere et quotidiana exercitatione et
libertate vitae vires alit.
2. Non viribus aut celeritate corporum res maximae ge-
runtur.
3. Dei providentia mundus administratur.
4. Summis suppliciis fures afficiuntor.
5. Caelum hominibus virtute recluditur.
6. Pax ornata venit ramo felicis olivae.
7. Galli huic terrae igni ferroque minitantur.
8. Luctantes ventos vasto rex Aeolus antro
Imperio premit, ac vinclis et carcere frenat.
9. Frondibus et stipula tauri pascuntur, et herba.
10. Armis munimenta, non munimentis arma, tuta esse
debent.
11. Nutritur vento, vento restinguitur ignis ;
Lenis alit flammas, grandior aura necat.
1 both.
"Write in Latin.
1. We accomplish more by wisdom than by force.
2. Rome fell by her own strength.
3. Bulls defend themselves with [their] horns, boars with
[their] tusks.
4. The priest's head was covered with a long mantle.
5. Great things are-done^ not by strength or speed of
body, but by counsel and valor.
6. Links of-steeP are worn-out^ by constant use.
I gero? ^ f err ens. ^ contero?
21. Ablative of Manner and Quality,
§ 54, 7. with ^, b (description ; manner with cum^ ;
compare § 50, i. g (genitive of quality).
^Examples.
1. Vir acerrimo ingenio civitatem tum regebat.
2. Campi suapte natura humentes inutiles sunt.
94
Latin Method.
3. Regina ad templum forma pulcherrima Dido incessit.
4. Sabini brachio laevo gemmatos magna specie anulos
gerebant.
5. Erat inter Labienum atque hostem difficili transitu
flumen ripisque praeruptis.
6. Duo viri egregia virtute consulatum eo anno petebant.
7. Haec res immani corporum magnitudine homines efficit.
8. Galli eadem celeritate ad nostra castra contenderunt.
9. Horridiores sunt Britanni in pugna adspectu ; capillo-
que sunt promisso, atque omni parte corporis rasa praeter
caput et labrum superius.
10. Agesilaus et statura fuit humili, et corpore exiguo, et
claudus altero pede.
Write in Latin.
1. The barbarians were of vast size^ of body (plur.).
2. Three Graces, of exquisite^ beauty, wait-on^ Venus.
3. A mountain of great height overhangs'* the town.
4. Caesar was a man of extraordinary force^ of intellect,®
and of remarkable skilF in-war.^
5. A giant of monstrous stature, whose^ name was Poly-
phemus, devoured^^ the companions of Ulysses.
1 magnitudo. ^ eximius. 3 comitor) * impetideo? ^ vis.
6 ingeniiwi. • scientia. ^ rei bellicae. ^ Dative. ^^ devSro)-
22. Ablative of Price,
§ 54, 8. with a (genitive of indefinite value : R. ii ;
compare § 50, i. ^*).
Examples.
1. Viginti talentis unam orationem Isocrates vendidit.
2. Eriphyle auro viri sui vitam vendidit.
3. Hunc fundum maxima pecunia mercatus sum.
4. Duobus milibus nummum hunc equum emi.
5. Ea Poenis victoria multo sanguine stetit.
6. Tritici modius duobus sestertiis veniit.
7. Domum meam ternis sestertiis locavi.
8. Mea mihi conscientia pluris est quam omnium sermo.
Constructions of Syntax » 95
Write in liatin.
1. I have sold my house for fifteen talents.
2. Virtue is not salable^ for gold or gems.^
3. That oration cost^ him a-great-deal-of labor.
4. Mean men are bribed^ with money ; the ambitious*
with honors and vain glory.
1 venalis. -^ sto\ ^ corrumpo^ * ambitiosus.
^ gemma.
23. Ablative of Specification,
§ 54, 9. (that in respect to which ; in accordance
with which).
Examples.
1. Specie urbs libera est, non re vera.
2. Ex omnibus filiis natu minimus Marcus erat.
3. Scelere par es Marco, industria inferior.
4. Iste servus aeger est pedibus.
5. Altero oculo captus erat Hannibal.
6. Tota mente et omnibus artubus contremuit.
7. Omnes Galli lingua institutis legibus inter se differunt.
8. Belgae omnibus Gallis virtute praestant.
9. Latini Trojanis studio ac fide erga regem cessere.
10. Non tu quidem tota re sed temporibus erras.
"Write in Liatin.
1. In glory Cicero was far inferior to Caesar,^ but superior
in eloquence and wisdom.
2. In laws and language the Greeks widely^ differ from
the Romans, but in warlike^ gloi'y they are nearly equal.
3. My brother is lame of the left^ foot.
4. The Spartans excelled^ all the other Greeks^ in fidelity
and reverence to the laws.'
5. The Germans were a race of tall^ stature, fair complex-
ion, blue^° eyes, courage in war,"^ and great bodily'*^ strength.
1 Ablative. '^ multum. ' rei bellicae (gen.). * laevus.
5 antecello.^ ® Dative. "^ Genitive. ^ grandis.
9 corporis (gen.). l** caeruleus.
96 Latin Method,
24. Locative Ablative,
§ 54, 10. (idiomatic expressions), with a (list of
verbs and verbals under this use).
Examples.
1. Castra opportunis locis posita erant.
2. Terra marique res maximae gestae sunt.
3. Meliore loco res nostrae sunt.
4. Parentis loco habebatur patris amicus.
5. Reliquis oppidi partibus acriter pugnatum est.
6. De amicitia alio libro dictum est.
7. Vehementer animo angebar.
8. Silvisque agrisque viisque corpora foeda jacent.
9. Urbe tota gemitus fit.
10. Caesar nuntios tota civitate Aeduorum dimittit.
11. Menippus tota Asia illis temporibus disertissimus
erat.
12. Adventu Caesaris in Galliam, Helvetii bellum para-
bant.
13. Bello Punico secundo, tota Italia Hannibal paene
potiebatur.
14. Extrema pueritia, Caesar Cinnae filiam in matrimo-
nium duxit.
Write in Latin.
1. At the death of Caesar grief and terror prevailed^
throughout the city.
2. The Romans carried-on^ war by land and sea.
3. At this news I was glad at heart.
4. I regard^ my father's brother in the light* of a parent.
5. Caesar pitched^ his camp on favorable ground.*
6. Your affairs are in excellent case.*
7. This subject® is discussed^ in the third book.
1 exsisto? ^ gero? 3 habeo!^ * locus. ^ pono?
<> de hac re. "^ disserd^ (impers.).
Constructions of Syntax, 97
25. Predicate Genitive,
§ 50, I. ^, d (for predicate appositive ; use of phrase
or clause), with Remark {sa^ientis^ &c,),
Examples.
1. Omnia quae mulieris fuerant matrimonio viri fiebant.
2. Ego totus Pompeii sum.
3. Hie versus Plauti non est.
4. Tiiebae populi Romani beUi jure factae sunt.
5. Non gloriam meam laborem illorum faciam.
6. Albani dicionis alienae facti sunt.
7. Hoc non est judicii mei.
8. Marcellus id nee juris nee potestatis suae esse dixit.
9. Boni imperatoris est hostium consilia antecapere.
10. Ut Athenae et Lacedaemon Atheniensium Lacedae-
moniorumque causa conditae sunt, omniaque quae sunt in
his urbibus eorum populorum recte esse dicuntur, sic quae-
cumque sunt in omni mundo deorum atque hominum putanda
sunt.
TTrite in liatin.
1. All the property^ of the father became the son's by
inheritance.^
2. That oration is not Cicero's.
3. After the battle of Cannae, Capua became [the pos-
session] of the Carthaginians.
4. The kingdom was [the share] of Numitor ; the wealth,^
of Amulius.
5. That is not [an affair] for your decision."*
6. Desire^ belongs more to the young^ than to the old.
^ bona {y^\^xx.). "^ hereditas. ^ pecunia. ^judicium.
^ libido. 6 adulesceiis.
26. Relations of Time and Space,
§ 55, I. with b (relations of time); 3. with «, 3, c, d
(relations of place, witli locative forms) and/ (locative
use of ablative).
7
p8 "*- Latin Method,
Compare the Note, § 55, 3. (relations of Place) with § 42, i. (on
prepositions) and the note on p 1 13 (on the use of Cases).
£xauiples.
1. Proxima nocte Caesar castra movit,
2. Tota aestate vos exspectamus.
3. Quadraginta annis Alba stetit.
4. Frater meus decimo aetatis anno Roma abiit.
5. Vere diffugiunt nives.
6. Primo silentio noctis Tiburtes Romam venerunt.
7. Tertia vigilia Caesar castris excessit.
8. Heroicis aetatibus non multi florebant philosophi.
9. Per decern dies Latini ludos fecerunt.
10. Sum totos dies cum Marco, noctisque saepenumero
partem.
11. Hanc urbem decern aestates continuas circumsedimus.
12. Triduo servus.miserrime peribit.
13. Paucis diebus ad te veniam.
14. Altero et tricesimo anno aetatis suae Galba mortuus est.
15. Gaia testamentum fecit, atque his paucis diebus obiit.
16. Ab Africa ad Siciliam Aeneas navigavit.
17. Consul legiones per Italiam in Galliam duxit.
18. Ex Hispania per Galliam in Italiam exercitum duxit
Hannibal.
19. Servos Romae, Tarenti, Athenis, Veils, Karthagini,
Sardibus alui.
20. Numa Curibus habitabat ; sed postea Romae quadra-
ginta annos regnavit.
21. Delo Rhodum pater meus navigavit.
22. Milites Albae constitere, in oppido munito.
23 Archias Antiochiae vixit, celeberrima quondam urbe.
24. Nunc domi sum : eras rus ibo.
25. Frater meus mox rure domum redibit.
26. M. Regulus Karthagine Romam de pace missus est.
27. Multa corpora fessorum vulneratorumque humi jacebant.
28. Maximam domi militiaeque gloriam Cn. Pompeius adu-
lescens erat adsecutus.
29. Is dies erat ante diem sextum (a. d. vi.) Kalendas
Martias (see § 56, i. /).
Constructions of Syntax, 99
Write in Latin.
1. In winter and summer the Arabs roam-over^ the plains.
2. At the beginning of summer the consul passed^ into
Spain.
3. Agamemnon scarcely in ten years took one city.
4. Within three days I will finish^ the work.
5. Caesar moves [his] camp, and in about fifteen days
arrives at the bounds* of the Belgse.
6. I was yesterday at Caesar's house {apud Caesarem).
7. That most illustrious^ commander had strengthened^ the
republic at home and abroad by his victories.
8. Brutus learned philosophy at Athens, eloquence in
Rhodes.
9. My sisters are passing"^ their life in the country.^
10. I have lived in Rome, Carthage, Athens, Sardis, and
Corinth; and have now been^^ three years at home in Gaul.
11. Amynander sent ambassadors both to Rome to the
Senate, and to the Scipios in Asia.^
12. Cicero after [his] exile sailed^^ from Greece to Italy,
and remained a few days at Brundisium ; then, through
friendly cities, returned to Rome.
* peragro.^
2 transeo. 3 perficio? ^ fines.
5 dartcs.
^ augeo?-
"7 ago? 8 § 55, 3. d. 9 Accusative.
ii Present.
10 navigo^
1>. — JJse of Moods and Tenses,
27. Independent Uses of the Subjunctive,
§ 57, 2. with a (classification: R. 43); 3, 4, 6
(hortatory, optative, dubitative) ; compare § 60, 2. a, h
(potential, hypothetical) ; and § 57, 7. a (prohibitions).
^Examples.
1. Haec sint falsa sane : invidiosa certe non sunt.
2. Malim te esse bonum quam videri.
3. Hoc vero sine uUa dubitatione confirmaverim, eloquen-
tiam esse rem unam omnium difficillimam.
4. Me quidem eo proficiscentem baud sane quis facile
retraxerit.
lOO Latin Method,
5. Jam vero quis audeat dicere vera omnia esse somnia ?
6. Quid hoc homine facialis ?
7. Felix vivas, moriare felix !
8. Valeant cives mei, valeant ! Sint incolumes, sint flo-
rentes, sint beati. Stet haec urbs praeclara. Tranquilla
republica cives mei perfruantur.
9. Si certum est facere, facias ; verum ne post conferas
culpam in me.
10. Nihil ignoveris, nihil gratiae causa feceris, misericordia
commotus ne sis.
11. Isto bono utare dum adsit; cum absit, ne requiras.
12. Vendat^ aedes vir bonus propter aliqua vitia, quae ipse
norit ceteri ignorent : pestilentes sint^ et habeantur salubres ;
ignoretur^ in omnibus cubiculis apparere serpentes;^ male
materiatae, ruinosae — sed hoc, praeter dominum, nemo sciat.^
Quaero, si hoc emptoribus venditor non dixerit, num id
injuste fecerit ?
I Render these subjunctives by "suppose," &c. * vermin.
Write in Latin.
i. Let the advantage^ of the commonwealth prevail.^
2. Let us accordingly^ bring up"* [our] child with every
indulgence.
3. Plant^ no tree. Varus, sooner^ than the sacred vine.
4. This thou shalt do -J this thou shalt not do.®
5. Let him write to me what he has done.®
6. I could not easily say® that this is better.
7. I wish^ [that] Athens may conquer.^
8. This thing may [perhaps] seem absurd^'' to you.
9. Some-one^^ may [perhaps] think that I am-wrong.^^
10. No one can easily restrain Caesar from victory .^^
11. I would rather^^ be at home than abroad.-^^
12. Suppose your friend should fall sick^^ or die, what will
you do?
13. Let justice be done [though] heaven fall.
1 titilitas. 2 valeo? 3 proinde. * nutrio.^ ^ sero? ^ prius,
7 Fut. imperat. ^ Perf. subj. ^ Pres. subj. ^" absurdus.
II quispiam. ^^ errd^ (infin.). '>* Compare Latin example 4 (above).
^4 inalim. ^^ foris. ^^ in morbum cadere.
Constructions of Syntax' loi
28. Historical Infinitive,
§ 57, 8. h: R. 40. (For other uses of the Infinitive,
see page 114-)
Examples.
1. Brevi spatio hostes ex omnibus partibus decurrere,
lapides in vallum conjicere ; nostri primo integris viribus for-
titer repugnare, neque ullum frustra telum mittere : ut quae-
que pars castrorum premi videbatur, eo occurrere et auxilium
ferre.
2. Circumspectare tum patriciorum vultus plebeii, et inde
libertatis captare auram, unde servitutem timuerant. Pri-
mores patrum odisse decemviros, odisse plebem.
3. Interea Catilina Romae multa simul moliri : consuli
insidias tendere, parare incendia, opportuna loca armatis ho-
minibus obsidere, ipse cum telo esse, item alios jubere ; dies
noctisque festinare, vigilare, neque insomniis neque labore
fatigari.
Write in Liatin.
1. Every single^ article-of-plate^ that^ [man would] take
into [his] hands, praise, admire.
2. And now not even the back* was spared •} some^ were
beaten'^ with rods,^ others brought to the block.^
3. Under the dominion^^ of Lucius Sulla, everybody
[would] rob, carry-off, covet^^ — one man a house, another
lands ;^^ the victors kept^^ no limit^* or restraint, ^^ [but] did
shocking^® and cruel [things] among the citizens.
1 unumquodque. ^ vas. 3 iste. * Ablative.
5 abstineo (impers.).
6 alius.
^ verbero.^ 8 z^irga.
9 securi subjicere.
10 dominatttsA
11 ra/>io, tra/iOf cupio.'^
12 ager. ^^ habeo.
14 modus.
15 modestia. ^^ foedus.
29. Sequence of Tenses,
§ 58, 9, 10. (tenses of the Subjunctive, and rule for
Sequence of Tenses), with the classification as given
in the Remark (p. 162), which is to be carefully
studied, as well as the examples above.
I02 Latin Method.
Observe that the general rule for the sequence of tenses is the
same as in English ; but in Latin a dependent verb is put in a past
tense by this rule, when either the principal or a subordinate verb,
on which it depends, is in the past, even though the construction
may be otherwise in English (see example 7, below).
Note. — The imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive under this
rule may express a relatively future action (see § 59, 4 f\ as rep-
resenting in indirect discourse the future and future perfect indica-
tive : as, si discessisset = //" y^^ shall depart {shall have departed)
(C^SAR, B. G. i. 45).
Examples.
1. Non possunt multi rem amittere, ut non plures secum
in eandem calamitatem trahant.
2. Rex adeo saevus erat, ut filio suo non temperaret.
3. Mos est hominum, ut nolint eundem pluribus rebus
excellere.
4. Quorum haec est condicio, uti omnibus in vita com-
modis una cum iis fruantur, quorum se amicitiae dederint.
5. Singulas naves nostri expugnaverunt, ut perpaucae ex
omni numero ad terram pervenerint.
6. Cicero se ex patria excessisse dicit, ut bellum civile
averteret.
7. Tantum profecisse videmur, ut a Graecis ne verborum
quidem copia vinceremur.^
8. Omnem coetum hominum vitat, quasi omnibus invisus
sit.2
i Translate by the present tense.
2 Translate by the past tense (see § 61, i. R.).
Write in Latin.
1. I write that I may admonish you.
2. I wrote yesterday that I might inform you.
3. He runs-away-^ as if he were^ frightened.
4. He undertook this task as if he were 'a good workman.*
5. I will come to-morrow to-see^ you.
6. We went out yesterday to see'* the battle.
7. I have toiled^ so-long^ that I am completely tired-out."^
1 effugio.^ 2 Present subj. ^ faber. ^ ?^/, with subj.
5 labor oy ^ tarn diu. ^ defessus.
Constructio7is of Syntax. 103
8. Caesar was so merciful^ that not even [his] beaten^ ene-
mies^ feared him.
9. This man is so® just that no one ever feared^^ to con-
fide in him.
6 cleifiens. "^ victus. 8 inimicus. 9 adeo. 10 Perfect subj.
^, — Huhordinate Constructions.
30. 'Conditional Clauses.
§ 59: general definition, with i. a, b (Protasis and
Apodosis), and the Classification on page 167 (com-
mitting to memory the models, with their meaning) ;
also 3. a, b, and 4. a, b^ c (present, past, and future
conditions).
N. B. — Notice the exceptional use of the Indicative in the
apodosis contrary to fact, as given in 3. d^ e; comparing these
with § 60, 2. c^ and the Remark.
^Examples.
1. Nisi me animus fallit, hand multum a me aberit infor-
tunium.
2. Hoc si tecum patria loquatur, nonne impetrare debeat,
etiam si vim adhibere non possit ?
3. Si scripserim ad fratrem meum, Romam statim properet.
4. Si calamus mihi adesset, scriberem ad Marcum.
5. Sapientia non expeteretur si nihil efficeret.
6. Servi mei si me isto pacto metuerent, ut te metuunt
omnes cives tui, domum meam relinquendam putarem.
7. Si te parentes timerent atque odissent tui, neque eos
ulla ratione placare posses, ab eorum oculis aliquo concederes.
8. Si meum consilium auctoritasque valuisset, tu hodie
egeres, nos liberi essemus, respublica non tot duces et exer-
citus amisisset.
9. Mens prope uti ferrum est : si exerceas, conteritur ;
nisi exerceas, rubiginem contrahit.
10. Nulla est igitur excusatio peccati, si amici causa pec-
caveris.
I04 Latin Method,
Write in Latin.
1. If you should see your father to-morrow, what should
you say ?
2. If I had not known that you would come, I should
have written.
3. I should not have gone*yesterday, if I had known.
4. I should go to-day if you wished.
5. I should go to-morrow if you should be ill.^
6. Hannibal would not have fought at^ Zama if he could
have helped^ [it].
7. I would not have gone* unless Caesar had ordered.
8. You can always do that if you try.^
9. If it is allowed,^ I shall be-glad-to'^ speak.
10. If it would be allowed, I should be-glad-to^ speak.
* aegrotoy 2 ^^, 8 defugio.^ < proficiscor.^ ^ conor.^
« licet (fut.). 7 libenter (adv.).
31. Disguised Conditions.
§ 60, general remark, also i. with a (usual forms
of disguised conditions).
Examples.
1. Nemo unquam, sine magna spe immortalitatis, se pro
patria offeret ad mortem.
2. Manent ingenia senibus, modo permaneat studium et
industria.
3. Tum ego: " Etiamne, si te in Capitolium faces ferre
vellet ? " " Nunquam " inquit " voluisset."
4. Omnes labores contemnendo fiunt tolerabiles.
. 5. Nee ego Seriphius nee tu Atheniensis clarus unquam
fuisses.
6. Illo tempore aliter sensisses.
7. Neque agricultura neque frugum perceptio et conser-
vatio sine hominum opera esse potuisset.
8. Magnitudo animi, remota a communitate conjuncti-
oneque hominum, feritas sit quaedam et immanitas.
9. Pons sublicius iter paene hostibus dedit, ni unus vir
fuisset.
Cunst7'tictio7is of Syntax. 105
Write in L<atin.
1. At another time I might think^ so.
2. Without friendship no man's life could be truly called
happy. .g
3. [If he were] intending-to-return'Miome, he would not
delay^ so long in business.''
4. A life remote from the society of men and the protec-
tion of laws would justly^ be reckoned" wild' and dreary.^
5. Without help of the Gauls, Caesar could not have over-
come^ the Germans.
6. In extreme poverty^*^ old age cannot be a light [burden].
1 Present subj. 2 Future participle. ^ morory
4 negotior^ (gerund). ^ rede. *> Present subj. " agrestis.
8 tristis. 9 stipero.^ ^^ suinnia inopia.
32. Comparative Particles,
§ 61, I. (particles of comparison introducing con-
ditional clauses) ; also the Remark, comparing § 59,
3. b (condition contrary to fact).
^Examples.
1. Sed quid his testibus utor, quasi res dubia aut ob-
scura sit ?
2. Me juvat, velut si ipse in parte laboris ac periculi
fuerim, ad finem belli Punici pervenisse.
3. Parvi primo ortu jacent, tanquam omnino sine animo
sint.
4. Quasi vero haec similia sint !
5. Perinde ac si in banc formulam omnia judicia legitima
comprehensa sint !
6. Quasi vero ego ad ilium venire debuerim !
Write in Latin.
1. He walks as if he were lame.^
2. You speak to me as if you thought I were deceiving^
you.
^ daudus. - dedpio}^
io6 Latin Alcthod,
3. You spoke^ to me yesterday as if you thought I was
deceiving you.
4. He spends^ [his] money as if he reckoned^ himself a
rich [man].
5. He looks as if he had lived a year in-the-country.
6. He spoke of the monuments and antiquities as if he
had lived a year at Rome.
3 loquor? * largiorA ^ existimoS
33. Temporal Clauses,
§ 62, 2. w^ith Note (absolute and relative time) ;
also «, b (construction of iibi^ -postqiiam^ etc., and of
cum temporal), and e {ctwi causal and concessive).
a. Cum followed by the present or perfect subjunctive is almost
always causal or concessive, and is to be translated since,
while, or although.
b. Cum followed by the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive is
more commonly temporal. In this case, it is sometimes to be
translated when j but is often best rendered hy 2^ participle, present
ox perfect, in English.
Examples.
1. Cum ad villam veni, hoc ipsum nihil agere me delectat.
2. Cum fortuna reflavit, affligimur.
3. Ubi id Verres audivit, Diodorum ad se vocavit.
4. Pompeius ut equitatum suum pulsum vidit, acie excessit.
5. Simul ac primum Verri occasio visa est, consulem
deseruit.
6. Postquam id difficilius visum est, neque facultas-' "per-
ficiendi dabatur, ad Pompeium transierunt.
7. Ita mulier, dum pauca mancipia retinere vult, fortunas
omnes perdidit.
8. Dixerat hoc ille, cum puer rediit.
9. Cum ego ilium vidi, jam consilium mutaverat.
10.' Cum ver esse coeperat, Verres dabat se labori atque
itineribus.
1 and 110 opportunity.
Constructions of Syntax, 107
11. Jam ver adpetebat, cum Hannibal ex hibernis movet.
12. Argumentum tempestatis nautae putant, cum multae
transvolant stellae.
13. Epaminondas cum vicisset Lacedaemonios apud Man-
tineam, atque ipse gravi vulnere exanimari se videret, quae-
sivit salvusne esset clipeus.
14. Res cum haec scribebaim^ erat in extremum adducta
discrimen.
15. Cum vita sine amicis insidiarum et metus plena sit,
ratio ipsa monet amicitias parare.
16. Homines, cum^ multis rebus infirmiores sint, hac re
maxime bestiis praestant, quod loqui possunt.
17. Phocion fuit perpetuo pauper, cum ditissimus esse
posset.
18. Cum multae res in philosophia nequaquam satis adhuc
explicatae sint, tum perdifficilis et perobscura^ quaestio est de
natura deorum.
19. Cum sit in nobis consilium, ratio, prudentia, necesse
est deum haec ipsa habere majora.
2 See § 58, 8. 3 .^/^//^. 4 See § 17, 5. d,
"Write in liatin.
1. When you come (fut. perf.), I shall go away.^
2. I was asleep^ when the doctor came.
3. I had scarcely^ read your letter, when Lentulus ap-
proached.*
4. When he had said this, he went away.
5. This he had said, when news-was-brought® that the
enemy were in sight.^
6. When summer had begun,'^ he used-to-make his quarters®
at Syracuse.
7. When I reached home, my father had already gone.®
8. While he was speaking thus, his father arrived. ^^
9. When I come home at night,^^ I take-comfort^^ in-
doing^^ nothing.
1 abeo. 2 (formioA '^ vix. * appropinqtioy ^ nuntio^ {impers. ).
•* conspectus. '^Add"tobe." 8 stativa. ^ projiciscor.
^" venio.^ H vesperi. ^2 ,,^^ delector. ^^ Gerund.
io8 Latin Method,
10. As soon as he saw his father coming, he ran-away.^*
11. Since the time is-near/^ it becomes us all to be ready.
12. While I do not believe him to be a robber, yet I dis-
trust him.
13. Will you not believe, when the thing is so plain ?^®
14. I congratulate^' you that^^ you have recovered^^ your
property^^ at-last.^
^* ^ff^'^'(>'^ ^^ adsum. ^<» manifestus. i*^ gratulor^ (dat.).
i** quod (followed by indie). ^^ recipio!^ 20 tandem (before the verb).
34. Purpose and Result,
§ 64, I. with a (Final Clauses, with ut^ ne, quo) ;
§ 65, I. with a^ b (Consecutive Clauses, with «/, quo-
nimus^ qimi),
a. The clause of Purpose is often to be translated by that, or
m order that, with jnay or might (English Potential) ; but oftener
by the Infinitive with to : as, veni ut viderem, / came to see {that
1 7night see) .
b. The clause of Result is expressed in English sometimes by
the Infinitive with to, so-as-to, or an equivalent : as, tarn longe
abfui ut non viderem, / was so far away that I did ?tot see {too
far away to see).
c. After verbs of hinderittg, quominus is most commonly
rendered by from with the verbal noun in -ing : as, turba impe-
divit quominus videremi, the crowd hindered jne from seeing.
d. But If the verb of hindering is 7iegatived by not, or some
equivalent, quin is used instead of qnominus : as, turba non im-
pedivit quin viderem, the crowd did not hinder 7ne fro7n $eei7ig.
e. Purpose is never to be expressed in Latin by the simple
infinitive, as it often is in English. For the ways in which it may
be expressed, see § 64, 2.
Note. — Observe that in Latin these two constructions are
precisely alike in the affirmative, but that in the negative one takes
ne, and the other ut non. Thus, custoditus est ne effugeret, he
was gitarded so that he WIGHT 7iot escape ; but custoditus est ut
non effugeret, he was guarded so that he did not escape.
Constructions of Syntax, lOp
Examp^les.
1. Capuam proficiscar, quo facilius de Pompeii rebus
cognoscam.
2. Ager non semel aratur, sed novatur et iteratur, quo
meliores fetus possit et grandiores edere.
3. Haec ideo ad te scribebam/ ne me oblitum esse man-
datorum tuorum piitares.
4. Quamobrem discede, atque hunc mihi^ timorem eripe :
si est verus, ne opprimar ; sin falsus, ut tandem aliquando
timere desinam.
5. Helvetii legatos ad Caesarem miserunt qui pacem
peterent,
6. Sunt multi qui eripiunt aliis^ quod aliis largiantur,
7. Verba reperta sunt quae ^/z^/V^r^/^/voluntatem.
8. Arria gladium dedit marito quo se interficeret.
9. Helvetii diem dicunt/ qua^ die ad ripam Rhodani
omnes conveniant,
10. Natura oculos membranis tenuissimis vestivit et sepsit,
quas primum perlucidas^ fecit, ut per eas cerni posset^ firmas
autem, ut coiiti7ierentur ; sed lubricos oculos fecit et mobiles,
ut et dediiiarent si quid noceret, et aspectum quo vellent
facile cojiverterent.
11. Non dubito quin hoc xi\xx\\Xo gaiideas.
12. In virtute multi sunt adscensus ; ut is gloria maxima
excellat^ qui virtute plurimum praestet.
13. Exspectari diutius non oportuit, quin ad castra iretiir.
14. Caesar cognovit, per Afranium stare^ quominus dimi-
carctur.
15. Non recusabo quominus omnes mea scripta lega7tt.
» See § 58, 8. 2 See § 51, 2. e. .3 See § 66, 2.
4 appoint. 5 See § 13, 2. n. 6 See § 17, 5. d.
'^ that it was ozuing to Afranitis.
Write in Latin.
1. Aeneas, that he might win^ the hearts of the Aborigines,
called both the nations Latins.
2. Romulus, lest the greatness of the city should be void,^
opened a certain place [as] an asylum.
1 sibi conciliare. 2 -nanus.
i<b ' Latin Method,
3. The Clusians sent ambassadors to Rome, to ask aid
from the Senate.
4. I sent [a man] to Antony, to^ tell [him] this.
5. A pen* was given me to write with.^
6. He lived honorably, that^ he might quit" life with a
more calm mind.
7. Again and again I beg you to do it.
8. Thrice I have begged you to come as-soon-as-possible.**
9. What prevents you from coming at-once .'' ®
10. I shall not prevent your returning home to-morrow.
3 qui. ^ calamus. ^ quo scriberem. ^ quo. 7 excedo^^ e.
8 quam primuni. ^ statim.
35. Clause of Characteristic.
§ 65, 2. with ^, b^ c, d, e, f (relative Clauses of
Characteristic).
The Clause of Characteristic is to be translated variously,
according to the context : see examples in the Grammar, noticing
particularly e (cause or hindrance).
N. B. — The constructions which have now been given are the
only ones in which the Subjunctive affects the translation into
English. '^
Examples.
1. Qui sunt qui audeaiit in provincia contra fortunas
praetoris judicare?
2. Nemo fuit quin mala mea inrideret.
3. Nulla acies ingenii humani tanta est, quae penetrare
in caelum possit.
4. Nunc dicis aliquid quod ad r^xn per fineaf.
5. Nihil bonum est, quod non eum qui id possideat melio-
rem faciat.
6. Digna res est, quam diu multumque consideremus .
7. Nulla mihi videbatur aptior persona quae de senectute
loqueretiir.
8. Major est quam cui nocere /^J"i"/>.
9. Miserior erat quam cui invideri posset.
10. Voluptas est sola quae nos vocet ad se.
Cofistructions of Syntax, iii
11. Nemo est tarn senex, qui se annum non putef posse
vivere.
12. Nemo est quin ubivis, quam ibi ubi est, esse malit.
Write ill Latin.
1. Innocence is a quality^ of the mind which harms^ no
one.
2. Who is there that does not laugh sometimes ? *
3. There is no one who has not heard this.
4. He is an honest man, so far as I know.^
5. This man is' not fit^ for you to imitate.^
6. The load is too heavy for' a boy to carry.
i affectio. - noceo.'^ ^ aliquaiido. * quod sciam.
5 idoneus. ^ imitor.^ '^ quam quod, &c.
36. Intermediate Dependent Clauses,
§ 66 (the general statement, comparing R. 47) ; i.
with c, d, and 2. (implied indirect discourse, and de-
pendent subjunctive) : compare § 67, i. (general rule
of Indirect Discourse).
Elxainiiles.
1. Caesar dat negotium Senonibus, uti ea quae apud
Belgas gerantur cognoscant, seque de his rebus certiorem
faciant.
2. Caesar graviter eos accusat quod ab iis non subievetur,
praesertim cum eorum precibus adductus bellum susceperit.
3. Laudat Africanum Panaetius quod fuerit abstinens.
4. Quinto die Volusenus ad Caesarem revertitur, quaeque
\h\ perspexisset nuntiat.
5. Ariovistus respondit : " Si quid ipsi a Caesare opus
esset, sese ad eum venturum fuisse."^
6. Helvetii, auctoritate Orgetorigis permoti, constituerunt
ea quae ad proficiscendum /^r//;/<?;r;?/ comparare.
7. Xerxes infiammasse templa Graeciae dicitur, quod
parietibus induderent deos, quibus omnia deherent esse paten-
tia ac libera ; quorumque hie mundus omnis templum esset
et dom.us. '^
1 would have come (see § 67, i. c).
112 Latin Method,
^. "Write in Latin.
1. He promised to-give^ what I had asked.
2. I ordered him to bring^ whatever was necessary.*
3. The lieutenant* on-his-return^ reported to Caesar what
he had seen in the enemy's camp.
4. Cicero praises Pompey [on the ground] that he was a
commander of the highest merit.^
5. The ambassador* replied that, if this [demand] were
refused,' the Romans would at-once** declare^ war.
6. I will declare^*^ frankly" what I think to be for the
advantage^^ of the state.
1 se daturum. - adfero. 3 opus. . * legatus. ^ reversus.
6 virtus. "^ nego?- 8 statifn. ^ indico.^ iw confirino.^
^^ aperte. i- utilitas.
^*j. Indirect Discourse,
§ 67, General Definition with Remark ; and i. (gen-
eral rule of Indirect Discourse) with a and h (use of
subject-accusative, and of relative clauses).
a. The form of speech called Indirect Discourse, and distin-
guished by the use of the Infinitive and Subjunctive moods, is
constructed as follows : —
1. The leading statement is put in the main clause^ with its
verb in the Infinitive and the subject in the Accusative : it is a
SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSE, construed as the Object of some verb or
other expression of knowing, thi7iki?ig, tellitig, or perceivi?ig (see
the following section, where examples of it will be given).
2. Subordinate clauses, introduced by Relatives, relative or
conditional Particles, and the like, have their verbs in the Subjunc-
tive : these are intermediate dependent clauses (as in the
foregoing section).
b. The English word to introduce Indirect Discourse is that :
as, dicit scire se haec esse vera, he says that he knows that
this is ti'ue. But it is frequently well (as in the above example) to
omit "that" in translation, or even to change the form to direct
discourse, as if the statement were independent, inserting the verb
of saying, &c. (if necessary) in a parenthetical clause. Thus, in
the passage —
I
Present.
I. dicit se
Constructions of Syntax, 113
P. Scipionem, eum qui primus Publius Scipio, the same who
Africanus appellatus est, dicere was first called Africanus, used to
solitum, scripsit Cato, qui fuit ejus say — as Cato writes, who was
fere aequalis, nunquam se minus nearly of his time — that he was
otiosum esse quam cum otiosus, never less idle than when at leisure,
nee minus solum quam cum solus and never less alone than when
esset. — Cic. Off. iii. i. alone.
- An attention to this remark will often make a sentence read
easily and clearly in the English idiom, without departing from
the order of thought or even of words as found in Latin.
c. The use of tenses in Indirect Discourse may be seen in the
following examples : —
scribere, he says that he is [now] wt'iting.
scripsisse, he says that he wrote {has or had
written or was writing).
1 scripturum [esse], he says that he will write.
Past. f scribere, he said that he was [then] writing.
2. dixit se \ scripsisse, he said that he had written.
I scripturum [esse], he said that he would write.
Future f s^"^®^®* ^^ "^^^^ ^^7 ^^^^ ^^ ^^ [then] writing.
dicet se J s^^^P^^^^®' ^^ ^^^^ ^^y ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ written, &c.
I scripturum [esse], he will say that he is going to
[_ write.
Observe that in the future of Indirect Discourse, with the
participle in -iirus, the infinitive esse is more commonly omitted.
d. With verbs of hoping, promising, threatening, and the like,
the Latin use differs from English in requiring the subject always
to be expressed : as,
1. sperat se venturum, he hopes to come {Wt "he hopes that he
shall come ").
2. minatus est se urbem deleturum, he threatened to destroy
the city.
e. As in English, a double construction is found in the passive
of indirect discourse, the verb of saying, &c., being either personal
or impersonal. Thus we may say dicitur Caesar abiisse, Ccpsar
is said to have gone ; or, dicitur Caesarem abiisse, // is said that
Ccesar has gone. In the former case (as more commonly in Latin),
the subject of the verb is Caesar ; in the latter, the clause Caesa-
rem abiisse (compare § 70, 2. «■).
8
114 Latm Method,
F. — Substantive Clauses*
38. Infinitive Clauses,
§ 70, 2. (the infinitive clause as Subject and as
Object: R. 38, 39), also § 57, 8. a and e. Compare
the illustration and examples in Lesson 21, page 32.
a. In English the sign of the Infinitive is to. It is often used
in such sentences as these : " I think it to be right ; " "I know
it to be true ; " " He is said to be rich ; " " You ordered it to be
done ; " when we might say, " I think that it is right," and so on.
In Latin the infinitive construction is used in this way after any
verb or other expression of knowiiig^ thmktng^ tellings or pei'-
ceiving.
b. The present infinitive (§ 58, 11. with d)^ when depending on
a past tense, is to be translated by a past tense : as, renuntiavit
hostes esse in conspectu, he brought word that the e7ieiny were
/;/ slight J sometimes by the perfect infinitive : as, scire potuit, he
might HAVE KNOV^N ; hoc fieri oportuit, this ought to have been
DONE. In these cases, the past possibility, necessity, &c., are
indicated in Latin by the leading verb, as they are not in English.
c. The perfect infinitive in Latin may stand in indirect discourse
for a7iy past tense of the indicative (see § 58, 11.^, with the special
use of memini).
^Examples.
1. Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori.
2. Accusatores multos esse in civitate utile est.
3. Gives civibus parere aequum esse censeo.
4. Magna laus est tantas res solum gessisse.
5. Fama est ludibrio fratris Remum novos transiluisse
muros.
6. Renuntiatur Germanos castra tum habuisse juxta
Rhenum.
7. Te hilari esse animo valde me juvat.
8. Majori parti exercitus placuit castra defendere.
9. Memini me epistolam scribere cum hie rumor adlatus
est.
10. Mihi non licet esse otioso (non licet me esse otiosum).
11. Eum non licet ante tempus consulem fieri.
Constructions of Syntax. 115
12. Vestra interest manus hostium distineri.
13. Oratorem irasci minime decet, simulare non dedecet.
14. Senatui placuit C. Cassium proconsulem provinciam
Syriam obtinere.
15. Facinus est vincire civem Romanum ; scelus verberare ;
prope parricidium necare : quid dicam in crucem tollere ?
verbo satis digno tarn nefaria res appellari nullo modo potest.
Write in Latin.
1. It is a grand^ thing to be made consul.
2. It is beneficial^ for a sick^ man to sleep.
3. It is-better"* to live honorably^ than to be born honorably.
4. It is said that he was writing at the^ time.
5. There was, however, a rumor that the election' would
be« put off.^
6. It is lawful for no man to lead an army against [his]
country.
7. The scouts^'' report that the Germans have already
crossed^^ the Rhine.
8. It was to the interest of Clodius that Milo should perish.
9. I hear that Cicero has set out^^ [for] Athens.
10. Divitiacus said that he knew these things were true.
11. I remember that [when] a boy I saw the orator Hor-
tensius.
12. I take it ill^^ that I am poor.^^
^ magnificus. 2 utiUs. 3 aegrotus. * praestat. ^ honeste.
6 is. ' comitia (plur.). "^ fore ut. 9 differ o. ^^ explorator.
11 transeo. ^^ proficiscor? ^'^ aegre fero. ^^ Compare § 70, 5. b.
39. Substantive Clauses of Purpose,
§ 70, 3. (clauses with ut and ne developed (rom pur-
pose), with a, 3, c, d, ^,/ (clauses of influence, wish,
permission, resolve, effort, 2iX\d fearing), with the two
Remarks on page 196 (omission of ut or ne).
The clause of Purpose may be translated by that with the
auxiliaries may, ini^ht, shall, should (English potential) ; but
often by the simple infinitive (compare 37, a'..ove).
Ii6 Latin Method.
Examples.
1. Navem idoneam ut habeas diligenter videbis.
2. Videant consules 7ie quid respublica detrimenti capiat.
3. Satis undique provisum atque praecautum est, ne quid
adversus vos in pugna praeter hostes esset.
4. Jugurtha oppidanos hortatur ;// moenia defendant.
5. Caesar huic imperat adeat civitates* hortetur(\\xQ ut
populi Romani fidem sequantur^ seque celeriter eo venturum
nuntiet.
6. Cave enim putes me pacem desperare.
7. Galli timebant ne Caesar sibi bellum inferret.
8. Orn amenta metuo ut possim recipere.
9. Vereor ut Dolabella ipse satis nobis prodesse /^j-x/V.
10. Tu ad me de istis rebus omnibus scribas velim quam
diligentissime.
11. Publicola instituit primus, «/ singulis consulibus alter-
nis mensibus Wctox qs praeirent.
Write in L.atin.
1. He gave-orders^ that the Senate should return to [their
usual] apparel.^
2. The Senate voted^ that the consuls should hold a
levy.*
3. The general made-proclamation^ that no one^ should
fight without his orders.^ .
4. Divitiacus implores"^ that Caesar will pardon^ his
brother^ [his] fault.^"^
5. I wish you would inquire," and write to me.
6. Galba persuaded the soldiers to go away.
7. I fear he will come.
8. I fear he will not come.
1 edico.^ 2 vestitus.'^ '^ decerno.^ 4 delectus} ^ ne qiiis.
6 injussu suo. 7 iniploro^ 8 ignosco.^ 9 Dative.
^^ peccatwn. '^ inter rogo}
Constructions of Syntax, ii'7
40. Substantive Clauses of Result,
§ 70, 4. (clauses with ut and ut non, developed
from result)^ with a, d, e^ g (clauses of happenings
tantum abest ut^ facere ut, and hindering) .
The clause of Result may be translated by that, with or with-
out the auxiliaries can, could j occasionally by the simple Infinitive ;
sometimes by the participial noun in -ing (see examples under ^),
especially verbs of hindering.
In general, the learner may be advised to use the Infinitive
in rendering a Latin object-clause, wherever the English idiom
permits.
Examples.
1. Restat /// pauca dicam de senectute.
2. Reliquum est iit ofBciis certemus inter nos.
3. Sequitur ut officioruin genera distinguam.
4. Facere non possum giiin quotidie litteras ad te mittam
ut tuas accipiam.
5. Tantum abest ut nostra miremur^ ut nobis ipse non
satisfaciat Demosthenes.
6. Non est dubium quiii totius Galliae plurimum Helvetii
possint.
7. Sequitur ut futurum sit ut rex interficiatur.
8. Credidiy^r^ ut puerum ignaviae/z/^<?r^/.
9. Haec prima lex amicitiae sanciatur : ut ab amicis
honesta petamus ; amicorum causa honesta faciamus ; ne
exspectemus quidem, dum rogemur ; studium semper adsit,
cunctatio absit.
Write in I.atin.
1. It remains^ that I speak briefly^ concerning peace.
2. It cannot be doubted that^ we ought to obey^ the laws
of virtue.
3. Dionysius was so far^ from being happy, that he was of
all men most wretched.
4. The soldiers were hardly^ held-back' from^ bursting^
into the town.
'^restat. ^ pattca. "^ qiun. ^ pareo?- ^ tajittwi aberat {\\x\^tx^.).
^ aegre. ^ retiiieo!^ 8 quin. 9 iiirumpo.^
Ii8 Latin Method.
41. Substantive Clauses with ^uod.
§ 70, 5. with a and b (indicative clause with quod,
introducing a statement of fact, specification, or object
of feeling).
The quod-clause is generally to be translated by that, or
THE-FACT-THAT ; occasionally by whereas, or as-to-what.
£xainples.
1. Non ea res me deterruit, quod tu ad me nullas litteras
miseras.
2. Percommode^ factum est, quod de morte primo die
disputatum est,
3. Non pigritia facio quod non mea manu scribo.
4. Hoc uno praestamus vel maxime feris, quod exprimere
dicendo s&ns?i possumus.
5. Me una consolatio sustentat, quod tibi nullum a me
pietatis officium defuit.
6. Quod spiratis, quod vocem mittitis, quod formam homi-
num habetis, indignantur.
1 See § 17, 5. d.
Write in Latin.
1. It alarms^ me that I hear nothing from my brother.
2. This^ is my chief comfort,^ that I have done no wrong*
willingly.^
3. The Romans excelled the Greeks in this, — that they
knew-how^ to give liberty to conquered' states.
4. I am glad that you have returned^ at length to [your]
country.
5. As to what you say of [your] health,^ I am glad to hear
that you are recovering.^^
1 terreoP' ^ illud. ^ solacium. * injuria. ^ volens.
6 scio.^ "^ victus. 8 revertor. ^ valetudo. ^^ convalesco.^
42. Indirect ^icstions.
§ 67, 2. (construction of the Indirect Question),
with a and e (use odhaperifhrastic future, nescio quis,
etc.) ; also the Remark, p. 191 (passive construction).
Constructions of Syntax. 119
Observe that an Indirect Question occurs only when an inter-
rogative clause (or one introduced by an interrogative word) is made
thi subject or object of some verb, or equivalent phrase. Thus the
words who is there? are a direct question ; in the sentence I do
not know [it is uncertain] who is there, the same words are an
INDIRECT QUESTION. This form is to be carefully distinguished
from dependent relative clauses under 39, above ; also from
direct questions in the subjunctive mood {dubitative subjunctive) :
as, quid faciam ? what shall I do f quid facerem? what was I
to do?
Examples.
1. Si quid in mentem venit, velim scribas et ipse quid sis
acturus.
2. Caesar ab iis quaesivit, quae civitates quantaeque in
armis essent, et quid in bello possent.
3. Incertum est quando domus nostras visuri simus.
4. Videamus deorumne providentia mundus regatur.
5. Quaero num quando amici novi veteribus sint ante-
ponendi.
6. Deinde ex eo quaesitum est, Archelaum nonne beatum
putaret.
7. Quaero utrum Alexandrum an Caesarem magis mireris.
8. Interrogatus scutumne amisisset, respondit id esse
tutum.
9. Mihi non minori curae est qualis respublica post
mortem meam futura sit, quam qualis hodie sit.
"Write in Latin.
1. Do you not remember what I said a-little-while-ago.*
2. No man knows when he shall die.
3. I wrote what I was going-to-do.^
4. I asked what you were going-to-do :^ what had to be
done.*
5. You ask me whether I have lost my friend.
6. Bring-me-word^ whether your brother is at home.
7. I should-like-to-have-you^ inform' me whether you will
come or-not.®
1 patdo ante. 2 acturus. ^ f acturus. * faciendum esse.
^ renuntio.^ 6 ■velim. "^ certiorem facere (subj.). ^ neciie.
I20 Latin Method,
O. — Participial Constructions*
43. Participles: Predicate Use.
§ 72, I. with b (use of the participles; perfect of
deponents) ; 2, 3. with Remark and a (adjective and
predicate use) ; 4. with a^ b (the future participle in
urus) .
In these constructions, the translation must be varied to conform
to the English idiom (see § 72, 3. with the Remark).
Examples.
1. Pastor elatam securim in regis caput dejecit.
2. Catilinam Lentulus et Cethegus deprehensi non terru-
erunt.
3. Non multo ante urbem captam, exaudita est vox e luco
Vestae.
4. Ab orto usque ad occidentem solem pugnatum est.
5. Querimur de Milone per vim expulso.
6. Major ex civibus amissis dolor quam laedtia fusis
hostibus fuit.
7. Post expulsos reges consules creati sunt.
8. Aer effluens hue et illuc ventos efficit.
9. Tarquinius elatum e curia regem in inferiorem partem
per gradus dejecit.
10. Fugientes Gallos Caesar adsecutus trucidavit.
11. Intentum animum tanquam arcum habebat Appius
senex.
Write in L,atin.
1. Each man claimed^ for himself the glory of having
slain^ the king.
2. From the founding^ of the city to the expulsion* of the
kings and the liberation^ of the city was two hundred and
forty years.
3. Caesar overtook^ the Helvetii in-their-flight,' at^ the
river Arar.
1 expeto? 2 itjterficio? ^ coitdo.^ * exigo? ^ liber oy
'° adsequor.^ '^ fugio!^ ^ ad.
Co7istructio7is of Syntax. 121
4. After the storming^ of Massilia a league was struck.^^
5. Six years after the capture^ of Veil, Rome was taken by
the Gauls.
6. By the conquest^^ of the Veientes, the consul had
increased^^ the Roman state.
^ expiigno^- 1^ ico.^ ^^ devinco? 12 augeo?-
44. Ablative Absolute.
§ 54, 10. ^, with Note (ablative absolute of time or
cif'cumstance) ^ and c (impersonal use of adjective or
participle).
a. The Ablative Absolute is very rarely found except wjth the
present active and the perfect passive participle.
b. As the Nominative Absolute is rarely admissible in English,
a change of form is generally required in translation. Thus the
present participle is oftenest to be rendered by a relative clause
with when or while ; and the perfect passive participle by the
perfect active participle in EngHsh. These changes may be seen
in the following example : —
"At illi, intermisso spatio, impru- "But they, having paused a space
dentibtis nostris, atque ocatpatis in xvhile our men were unaware and
munitione castrorum, subito se ex busied in fortifying the camp, sud-
silvis ejecerunt ; impetu(\\\& m eos denly threw themselves out of the
facto, qui erant in statione pro cas- woods ; then making a7i attack upon
tris collocati, acriter pugnaverunt ; those who were on guard in front
dnabusqiie missis subsidio cohortibus of the camp, fought fiercely ; and,
a Caesare, cum hae {perexiguo in- though two cohorts had been sent to
tennisso loci spatio inter se) con- their relief by Caesar, after these
stitissent, novo genere pugnae had taken their position ( leaving
perterritis nostris, per medios auda- very little space of ground between
cissinie perruperunt, seque inde them), as our ?nen were alarmed by
incolumes receperunt." — C^sar, the strange kind of fighting, they
B, G. V. 15. dashed most daringly through the
midst of them, and got off safe."
Examples.
1. Caesar, confirmata re ab exploratoribus, omnem equi-
tatum praemisit.
2. Paucis a me^ stantibus, non desperabo.
^ on my side.
122 Latin Method,
3. Non te invito filium tuum Romam mittam.
4. Pythagoras, Tarquinio Superbo rege, in Italiam venit.
5. Latini exercitu a consulibus deleto pacem Romanes
poposcerunt.
6. Caesar castris munitis, vineas agere, quaeque ad oppug-
nandum usui erant comparare coepit.
7. Catilina necato filio vacuam domum scelestis nuptiis
fecit.
8. Lysias, filio e civitate pulso, multos annos Sardibus
vixit.
9. Cognito super humeros fratris paludamento sponsi,
quod ipsa confecerat, virgo solvit crines.^
^ ^ A sign of mourning,
"Write in Latin.
1. After ending^ the war with the Veneti, Csesar put^ all
the senate to death^ [and] sold the rest [of the inhabitants]
at-public-sale.^
2. We strive^ in vain when nature opposes.^
3. The father, not-expecting^ the arrival of his son, set-out^
for Rome.
4. The Latins, having lost^ [their] army, begged peace of
the Romans.
5. The Romans, when the city was taken by the Gauls,
retreated^ to the Capitol.
1 conficiff^ (abl. abs.)- ^ neco^ (abl. abs.). ' stih corona.
4 coiitendo.^ ^ repugno.^ ^ deeper o} ' projiciscor!^
^ amitto.^ ^ se recipere?
45. Gerundive Constructions,
§ 72, 5. with c (participial and adjective use) ; § 73,
1,2. (Gerund and Gerundive) ; 3. with ^, <5, c, d (the
gerundive constructions).
Note. — In this Gerundive use the form in dus is always
to be rendered by an active form in English (usually by the
participial noun in -ing, followed by the objective : see examples
3, 4, 5); while in the Predicate use it is always passive (trans-
lated ought, must, &c. ; see Lesson 16, 2. d).
Constructions of SyniaxT 123
£xaniples.
1. Vitia senectutis diligentia compensanda sunt.
2. Rem tibi omittendam esse censeo.
3. Helvetii legates pacis petendae causa miserunt.
4. Vivis, et vivis non ad deponendam sed ad confirrn-
andam audaciam.
5. Caesar pontem in Arari faciendum curavit.
6. Praetor decemviros agro^ Samniti metiendo dividendo-
que creavit.
7. Habenda ratio valetudinis ; utendum exercitationibus
modicis ; tantum cibi et potionis adliibendum, ut reficiantur
vires non opprimantur.
8. Principes civitatis tuorum consiliorum reprimendorum
causa Roma profugerunt.
9. Cretum leges laboribus erudiunt juventutem, venando,
currendo, esuriendo, sitiendo, algendo, aestuando.
10. Caesari omnia uno tempore erant agenda : vexillum
proponendum, signum tuba dandum, ab opere revocandi
milites, acies instruenda, milites cohortandi, signum dandum.
1 Dative.
"Write in Latin.
1. The consul gives heed^ to propitiating^ the gods.
2. All hope of taking the town was lost.
3. Caesar perceives^ that the war must be put-off'^ tilP
summer.
4. The consul gave Fabius one legion to lead into Spain.
5. Conon provided-for'' the repair^ of the walls of Athens.
6. A short time^ of life is [long] enough to^ live well and
happily.
7. By always obeying the magistrates, the youth won^*
[themselves] good fame.
8. The grass^^here is very convenient^^ for sleeping.
9. You have lost much time in play.^^
1 opera.
'^ placoy
3 animadverto'^
\ 4
differo. ^ ad.
7 reficio?
^ spatiwH.
» ad.
1" adseqtwr?
1^ conwioibis. 1-
ludo:^
13
grdmen (n.).
124 Latin Method,
PART THIRD.
ON READING LATIN.
Note. — The following section, consisting chiefly of hints and
directions to aid the learner in his subsequent reading, is not de-
signed to be used as lessons for class mstrtiction^ but to be reserved
for reference or occasional use, according to the teacher's judgment.
Its chief advantage may perhaps be found at a later period of study
than that covered by the Reading Lessons contained in this book.
I. THE MEANING OF WORDS.
In his reading, the learner should always be guided, not
merely by the dictionary meaning of the words, but by the
meaning of the Root, or Stem, and terminations, as explained
by the laws of derivation and the groupings of families of
words (see pages 42-45). To aid in this, the following illus-
trations may be of service.
I. Notice the meaning of the significant endings^
and their force in the derivative words.
As an example of analysis, take the word pabulatio. The ter-
mination tio is seen to be a " verbal abstract ; " that is, to express,
in a general or abstract way, the action of a verb. The long a
points to a verb of the first conjugation, formed from an adjective
or noun of the first or second declension. This leads us to the
noun pabulum; and the verb would ^\gmiy doing S07ftethi7tg vi\\\\
that noun. In the list (p. 43), bulum is found as a termination
of nouns of means : pabulum is the means of doing the action ex-
pressed in the root pa. As roots are not given in our lexicons, we
must learn to recognize them in the present ste7ns of verbs (see
Lesson 28). If the meaning of pascor is known, pabulum will
appear to be a meatis of feeding; pabulor (deponent) is to obtain
the means of feeding; and pabulatio, in the connection where we
find it, can only m^^in foraging.
The Meaning of Words, 125
Even when the meaning of the root does not appear at all, the
grouping of the derivations may still be very instructive. Thus,
humus, ^rouHc/y humilis, /ow (on the ground) ; homo (homin-),
mafi (creature of earth) ; humanus, ^^w//^, as belonging to man in
distinction from brutes ; hunianitas, ^^^///^//^j-j- or refinement.
The chief advantage, however, is in the knowledge of immediate
and conscious derivatives. Thus, aedilioius can only mean belong-
ing to an csdile, while aedilis itself must have something to do with
public edifices (aedi-ficia) ; sermunoulus must mean a little talk ;
esurio,^ desire to eat, hence to be hungry j emax, eager to buy,
and so on. Compare, for illustration, the following words from
one root ; medeor, medious, medicina, medicinalis, medioor,
medicamentum, medicamentarius, medicabilis, medicamento-
sus, meditor (frequentative, with an earlier meaning preserved).
Notice the modes of formation in the foregoing words.
Even if no advantage were gained in acquiring or retaining the
meaning, yet the words become more interesting and lively, and the
knowledge of them more intelligent and fruitful. Thus in redinte-
gratio we have the prefix red-, back again (to its former state) ; the
ending -tio (verbal abstract) ; the verb is integro (are), denomin-
ative from integer, whole or sound (in, not; tag, root of tango,
touch; ra, participial = tus or nus) : hence the meaning restora-
tion (making uninjured again).
In such derivatives as amputo, compute, the meanings seem
absurdly inconsistent. But the verb is a denominative from the ad-
jective putus, a collateral form of purus, clean. The correspond-
ing verb (which would be puo) is lost ; but its original sense
appears in puto, /<? clean up (as by trimming off a diseased branch),
and also to clear up (as an account), and so to reckon, then to think,
which meanings are divided between the above compounds.
2. Form words with the following meanings from
their primitives, comparing the Vocabulary : —
I. A reckoning (reor,' reckon) ; 2. An assembly (convenio,*^^;//^
together) ; 3. Arrangement (dispono,^ distribute) ; 4. A change
(miito,! alter)\ 5. A Joitting (jungo^) ; 6. A bj^eaking (frango^) ;
7. Length (longus) ; 8. Breadth (latus) ; 9. Power of holding
(capax from capio^, take) ; 10. Means of teaching (doceo^) ; 11.
Means of support (colo^) ; 12. Means of covering (tego^) ; 13.
Brightness (clarus) ; 14. Softness (mollis, soft)', 15. Sweetness
126 Latin Method,
(suavis) ; i6. Means of tryiftg {e^-iperiox^)\ 17. y^ /r^/ (for carry-
ing : fero) ; 18. A piece broken (frango^) ; 19. Means of /eedi?ig
(alo^) ; 20. A bramble-thicket (dumus) \ 7.1. A rose-garden (rosa) ;
22. A dove-cote (columba) ; 23. Lamentable (fleo^) ; 24. Made of
flowers (flos) ; 25. Blooming (floreo"^) ; 26. Sickly (morbus) ; 27.
Commerce (mercor^) ; 28. A jningling (misceo^) ; 29. Belonging to
a soldier (miles) ; 30. To grow mild (mitis) ; 3 1 . yi little measu7'e
(modus) ; 32. ^ little pattern (forma) ; 33, ^ little man (homo) ;
34. A little puppy (catulus) ; 35. y? means of defotce (munio*);
36. Chaftgeable (muto) ; 2,7. Teachable (doceo) ; 38. With a large
nose (nasus) ; 39. With herns (cornu) ; 40. Bearded (barba) ;
41. Belonging to a ship (navis) ; 42. Sinewy (nervus) ; 43. Snowy
(nix); 44. A little eye {ocviius) ; 45. Son of Priam (Piiamus).
3. Explain the following phrases from the meaning
of the Root prefixed, with the significant ending : —
I. CAD, fall : cado,8 accido, etc.
1. Casus est, cum aliquid cecidit, it is an accident when
somethiiig befalls.
2. Calamitas accidit, a misfortune has happened.
3. Caduca spes, a futile hope.
4. T)Q:Q\dM2i ^\diQX2i, falling stars .
5. S6lis occasus, sunset.
6. Ab oriente ad occidentem,y>'<?;« east to west.
7. Succidua fiamma, a dying flame.
8. Occasio pugnandi, a7t opportunity for flghting.
9. Pestis in urbem incidit, a plague attacked the city.
10. Post Trojae excidium, after the destruction of Troy.
Compare the English words case, accident, deciduous, occasion,
incidental, casualty.
2. CAP, take : capio,^ incipio, etc.
1. Litteras tuas accepi, I got your letter.
2. Acceptus erat populo, he was a favorite of the people.
3. Auceps multos passeres cepit, the fowler caught a good
many spatrows.
4. Captator aurae popularis, one who courts popular favor.
5. Incidere in captionem, to be tricked.
The Meaning of Words. 127
6. Captura magna piscium, a great haul of fish.
7. Populus vult decipi, the people like to be taken i?i.
8. Inceptio operis, tmdertakifig a task.
9. Manere incepto, to persevere in an undertaking.
10. Multa pericula excepi, / have e7icountered many a peril.
11. Frugum fructuumque perceptio, the gathering of crops
and fruits.
12. Receptui canere, to sound a retreat.
English : captive, capture, accept, receive, perception, inci-
pient, except.
3. FAC, 7nake : facio,'' efficio.
1. Domination em adfectat, he aitns at do77tinion.
2. Gaudium dolorque sunt affectus animi, y^j attd grief
are affections of the mind.
3. Captiv^um morte adfecit, he put the prisoner to death.
4. Librorum confectio, the composing of books.
5. Confector negotiorum, ojie who despatches business.
6. Del ore confectus, exhausted with grief
7. Arma sanguine infecta, ar7ns stai7ied with blood.
8. Re infecta, without success {the thing u7ido7ie).
9. Officia perficere, to fulfil 07ie's duties.
10. Homo officiosus, an obligi7ig ma7i.
11. Facinus atrox hie fecit, this man has do7ie a viole7it act.
12. Res factu facilis, a thing easy to do.
13. Per vim et factionem, by party violence.
14. Mature facto opus est, there is need of prompt actioft.
15. Praefectus castrorum {or castris), a quarter 7naster.
16. Pecunia multarum eifectrix est voluptatum, mo7iey pro-
cures ma7ty delights.
17. Pontem reficere conantur, they try to repair the bridge.
18. Filius patri suffectus, a son put in his father's place.
19. Sufficit hoc dicere, it is e7iough to say this.
English : — fact, factious, effect, efficacious, refection, cofifec-
tionery, perfect, sufficient, factitious, facility, difficult, officious,
affiectionate, benefit, satisfy.
128 Latin Method.
4. JAC, throw : jacio,^ injicio (inicio).
1. Abjectus animo, disheartened.
2. Adjectio caloris, the application of heat.
3. Oculum adjecit hereditati, he cast eyes on the inheritance.
4. Conjectura judicare, to judge by guess (common sense).
5. Conjectus aquae, a puddle of water.
6. Conjicere verba, to batidy words.
7. Omni spe dejectus, hopeless afid downcast.
8. Homo ejectus, a ruined (shipwrecked) man.
9.. Ferrati obices (objices), iron bolts.
10. Objectus invidiae, exposed to jealousy.
11. Projectus in antro, stretched out in a grotto.
12. Arma projecerunt, they surrendered.
13. Libertatem projecerat, he had renounced his freedom.
14. K&]QC\.\o ]\id\c\xm., challengijig of the jurymen.
15. Rejicula vacca, a worthless cow.
16. Equitatus rejectus est, the cavalry were driven back.
English : — abject, conjecture, reject, projection, object, subject,
dejected.
5. TAG, touch : tango,^ contingo.
1. Haec causa te non attingit, this motive does not touch you.
2 . Versibus rem attingere, to treat a subject in verse.
3. Attactu nuUo, with 710 contact (^n. ii. 350)-
4. Contactu immundo, with unclean touch (id. iii. 227).
5. Contagio sceleris, a sharing in guilt.
6. Contagium morbi, contagio7i of sickfiess.
7. Sanguine se contaminare, to stain one's self with blood.
8. Turris contingit vallum, the toiver reaches the palisade.
9. Romae nutriri mihi contigit, I had the luck to be brought
up at Rome.
10. Exercitus integer intactusque, an army safe and sound.
11. Homo tagax, a knavish fellow (Cic. Att. vi. 3).
12. Simul ac tetigit provinciam, as soon as he reached the
province.
English : — tact, tangible, contact, contingency, integrity, con-
tagion.
The Latin Sentence, 129
2. THE LATIN SENTENCE.
It may now be taken for granted that the learner has
become acquainted with the meaning of many words, and
has learned to distinguish the case, person, tense, &c., by
their inflections, so as to connect them readily in a simple
sentence. He will have noticed that, while in English words
almost always follow the order of Subject, Verb, and Object
or Predicate, in Latin this order is very seldom, found ; while
Latin has an order of its own (see § 76 of the Grammar),
though it is much less rigidly followed than in English. The
chief difficulty he will now have to meet will be in the long
a7id complicated sentences^ which are much more common in
Latin than in English. And, before he attempts these, a few
points should be carefully observed.
As early as possible, let him accustom himself to follow
the thought and the words in their Latin order ; not to pick
out the words here and there, to make a natural (English)
order, as if the sentence were a puzzle, to be taken to pieces
and put together again. Let him attend carefully to the
ideas in the order in which they are expressed, with their
relations as denoted by the inflections. After a very little
practice — reading over the words several times, if necessary
— the meaning will begin to appear through a kind of broken
English^ and a habit can soon be formed of reading in the
Latin order almost as well as in our own.*
The following special directions will now be of service : —
I. Read the Latin carefully, noting familiar words,
and single out the Nominative (if there is one) and
the Verb.
N. B. — All Latin words ending in t (exc. at, sat, et, -met, tot;
quot, ut, caput, or their compounds) are verbs in the third person ;
all in nt are i7t the third person plural.
* It will be noticed that English itself often deviates from the estab-
lished order in its older forms or in poetry, without presenting any
difificulty : as in the sentence, " Whom therefore ye ignorantly worship,
him declare I unto you."
9
130 Latin Method,
2. Notice the first word or words ^ as these will
often hint the gist of the sentence.
3. Note the person, number, and voice of the Verb,
before deciding on the relations of the other words.
4. Notice that Correlative expressions — as , . .
«5, not only . . . but also, &c, — immediately pre-
cede the same words or phrases which they must
precede in English.
5. Translate by -phrases and not by single words:
taking an adjective with its noun, an adverb with its
verb, and so on.
N. B. — An adjective usually follows its noun: when it goes
before, it is generally for emphasis, and so often gives a hint at
the meaning of the sentence.
So much for simple sentences. But Latin has the habit,
more than most languages, of inserting Subordinate Clauses
(§ 45, 5. /^) in the body of the sentence. Such clauses are
generally introduced by a Relati-ve word or a Subordinate
Conjunction (see the list in § 43, i. b). These — which we
may call subordinate connectives — suspend the sense,
until the subordinate clause is finished ; and this, again, may
be suspended in the same way. Thus a Latin period often
becomes very long and involved. If it gets to be confusing,
then a subordinate clause may be dropped entirely, to be
taken up afterwards. But generally the following directions
will serve : —
6. The words at the beginning of a sentence or
clause belong with the first finite verb* But —
7. Any clause, principal or subordinate, is sus-
pended, when any subordinate connective appears
between! the first and last word of that clause,
* A Finite Verb is one limited by personal endings ; neither an
Infinitive nor a Participle.
The Latin Sentence. 131
8. In case such a connective appears, the rest of
the main clause does not appear till the whole of the
subordinate one is Jifiished.
9. An Interrogative word often serves as a con-
nective, introducing an Indirect Question.
10. A relative clause in Latin often comes before
the principal or antecedent clause (see § 48, 3. <5,
with Rem.).
Thus it will be seen that the next finite verb after any sub-
ordinate C07i7iective is the leading verb of that clause^ u?iless the
clause itself is suspended ;^ and that the 7?tain verb of the sejite?tce
may be known by not being introduced by any such subordinate
word.^ Rarely a verb may be omitted ; but the sentence is
then easily understood as elliptical (§ 45, 2. ^).
Take now the following example : —
Atqije ego, ut vidi quos maximo furore et scelere
esse inflammatos sciebam, cos vobiscum esse et Romae
rcinansissc, in eo omnes dies noctesque consumpsi, tU
quid agerent, quid molirentur, scntircm ac viderem.
Here the leading clause Atque ego (6) is suspended (7) by the
relative clause ut vidi, which again is interrupted by the words
quos ... scieba7}t. The latter clause being now complete (8), the
object oi vidi is seen to be the infinitive clause eos . . . re7nansisse,
the antecedent coming after the relative (10). The main clause
is now resumed, its verb being evidently coiisui7ipsi, which is the
predicate of ego. This again is followed by ut . . . viderei7i in
apposition with eo, this clause being itself suspended by the in-
direct questions quid . . . 7nolireiitur (9).
Note. — In applying the rule for the suspension of clauses, it
should be remembered that a relative clause is very rarely sus-
pe7tded except by relative pronoiius. In the very common phrases,
qui si, qui cum, quern quis, etc., it is necessary, according to the
English idiom, to translate the 7'elati7)e by a de7/tonstrative word;
as, qui cum advenisset, when he had a7^rived; cui quis credat?
who ca7i believe hitJi ? It may be added that the comparative con-
junctions, tamquam, quasi, with nisi and some others, are often
used without a verb.
132 Latin Method.
The learner is now advised to study carefully the sub-
joined passages (which may be translated and explained to
him by the teacher), comparing the various phrases and
subordinate constructions with the foregoing notes. The
figures in these passages refer to the above points.
1. T. Labienus,^ castris hostium potitus,^ et ex loco
superiore quae^ res in nostris castris gererentur con-
spicatus,^ decimam legionem subsidio nostris misit.
Qui CUM ex equitum et calonum fuga quo^ in loco res
esset? qnantoQ^^ in periculo et castra et legiones et
imperator versaretur^ cognovissent ,^ nihil ad celeri-
tatem sibi reliqui fecerunt/ — C^sar, Bell. Gall. ii. 26.
2. Occidisse^ patrem Sex. Roscius arguitur. Sce-
lestum, di immortales, ac nefarium facinus ! atque
ejus modi* quo uno maleficio scelera omnia complexa
esse videantur. Etenim si" (id quod praeclare a
sapientibus dicitur) vultu saepe laeditur pietas,^ quod^
supplicium^ satis acre reperietur*^ in eum qui mortem
obtulerit parenti, pro quo mori ipsum, si^ res postula-
ret, jura divina atque humana cogebant?^ In hoc
tanto, tam atroci, tam singular! maleficio, quod ita
raro exstitit ut, si quando auditum sit, portenti ac
prodigii simile numeretur,^ quibus tandem tu, C.
Eruci, argumentis accusatorem censes uti oportere?
— Cic. Rose. Amer. 13.
3. Reliquum est ut de Q^ Catuli auctoritate et sen-
tentia dicendum esse videatur. Qui^ cum ex vobis
quaereret, si in uno Cn. Pompeio omnia poneretis, si
quid eo factum esset,| in quo spem essetis^ habituri,J
cepit^ magnum suae virtutis fructum ac dignitatis, cum
* The phrase ejus modi, " of such a sort," is here equivalent to tale.
t in case any thing should happen to him.
% The clause from in quo is the object of qtcaereret, suspended by the
two conditional clauses si . . . poneretis, si . . . esset.
Reading at Sight. 133
omnes una prope voce in eo ipso vos spem habitu-
ros esse dixistis. Etenim talis est vir, ut nulla res
tanta sit ac tarn difficilis, quam ille non et consilio
regere et integritate tueri et virtute conficere possit.
Sed in hoc ipso ab eo vehementissime dissentio,
quod, quo'^ minus certa est hominum ac minus diu-
turna vita,^ hoc magis res publica, dum"^ per deos
immortales licet,^ frui debet summi viri vita atque
virtute. — Cic. Manil. 20.
3. READING AT SIGHT.
The most valuable knowledge we can have of a foreign
language, whether for the pleasure and advantage to be
derived from it, or for the convenience of a practical
acquaintance with its forms, can be had only by the habitual
practice of reading at sight. In attempting this, the follow-
ing directions will be of service : — .
1. Look first at the endings of words ^ so as to
become instantly aw^are of their grammatical relations.
2. Observe the signijicant endings, and always con-
nect obvious derivatives with their primitives.
3. Even where derivations are not obvious, group
words in families^ so as to associate their meanings.
4. Associate the Latin words with English deriva-
tives^ however remote ; and with other languages, if
you happen to know any.
5. Use any mechanical device or "thumb-rule"
possible, as to the position of words, or their probable
meanings in such and such connections.
6. Commit to memory phrases, or (if possible)
whole passages.
7. Notice constantly such idioms, or modes of ex-
pression, as are like or unlike our own.
134 Latin Method,
8. In translating aloud, always use the English
idiom ; but take in the Latin first in its own idiom; if
possible, without even thinking of the corresponding
English words.
9. In translating any word, always bear in mind its
leading or principal meaning.
This is not always the etymological meaning, though it may be
usually traced to that ; but it is the conscious ff?eanbig (as it were),
the notion which the Roman himself attached to it. For example,
the leading meaning of mitto seems to be let go, either with or
without accompanying effort : and this meaning the Roman felt in
it, though we may translate it by different expressions. Thus,
mittere telum, to throw a weapott; mittere legates, to send am-
bassadors j mittere aliquam rem (often), to let a thing go, to omit
or pass over a thing; hence, mittere lacrimas, to cease weeping;
mittere dicere, to forbear saying (see mitto in Lexicon).
We may even say that this is more necessary in using a good
dictionary than in using a poor one ; for a good one gives meanings
which — being correct in the corresponding Enghsh phrase — give
a very inaccurate reflection of the true meaning of the word. Thus,
capere poenas means in English to injlict punishinent ; but to a
Roman it meant to receive or exact the pettalty for a wrong. So
also with the relations of words. Caesar says that Orgetorix was re-
quired to plead his cause ex vinculis, for which our translation must
be in chaitts; though this is exacdy the opposite of what Caesar says,
viz.. that, standing in chains, he should make his plea //w// them.
A few short passages are here appended, in order to illustrate the
foregoing points, and show how to go to work.
I. Matrem'^ Phalaridis^ scribit^ Ponticus Heracli-
des, doctus'^ vir, auditor et discipulus Platonis, visam
esse^videre in somnis--^ simulacra^ deorum, quae'* ipsa
domi consecravisset ; ^' ex iis'^ Mercurium^ e patera,"'
quam dextera manu teneret, sanguinem visum esse
fundere,'' qui cum terram attigisset,'' refervescere^
videretur, sic ut tota domus sanguine redundaret.^
Qiiod matris somnium'* immanis-^ filii crudelitas com-
probavit. — De Divinatione., i. 23.
I
Reading at Sight, 135
a. Notice that the first word is an accusative, matrem. This
must probably be either the object of a verb, or the subject of
an infinitive : it can remain in suspense till the verb appears. Its
meaning, jnol/ier, naturally suggests a genitive : This we find in
b. Phalaridis, which has the genitive ending of the third declen-
sion ; its nominative must be Phalaris, obviously a proper name.
We may learn elsewhere that it is that of a Sicilian tyrant.
c. The verb soribit, writes, from its meaning naturally suggests
an object-clause, accusative with infinitive. Such clauses are often
best rendered by direct discourse in English. Thus we may trans-
late as if matrem were nominative : the mother of Phalar is, writes
Ponticus Heraclides (obviously a proper name, and sul ject of
soribit) .
d. The next words, being nominative, are probably in apposition
with the name : doctus (participle of doceo) is taught, but as an
adjective must be learned; auditor (noun of agency from audio) is
hearer ; discipulus (connected with disco) is clearly the same as
our disciple; Platonis (as Phalaridis, above) explains itself.
e. As we have been expecting an infinitive for an object-clause,
visam esse (having its participle in the feminine) is the natural
verb for matrem ; and as we have learned that the passive of video
means seem, we may translate (in direct discourse, as above) with
videre, seemed to see.
f. In the phrase in somnis, the noun is probably ablative, since
the connection requires in rather than into; and comes from som-
nus, or -a, or -um. Some English derivative will probably suggest
the meaning sleep ; and the plural form, though odd, will ^ive no
trouble.
g. The next is a new word, but may be analyzed. The ter-
mination -crum, denoting means, is appended to a verb-stem Simu-
la- : hence the verb is simulo, are, suggesting the English verb
siimdate or perhaps the adjective similar. Its meaning will be
something to represent ; and we may render the phrase simulacra
deorum, images of the gods.
h. The relative quae naturally refers to a noun just preceding :
this cannot be deorum, which is masculine, and must be simulacra;
ipsa might agree with quae, but will be more easily taken with the
verb next following.
/. This verb, consecravisset, at once suggests the English
consecrate. It is evidently a compound with con ; and if we
remember the common change of vowel in compound verbs, and
connect its meaning with sacer, sacred (already given), this mean-
136 Latin Method,
ing will be confirmed. The subjunctive form (see above, 37) does
not affect the translation, which is by the simple indicative, because
our idiom does not require any other mood.
k. The ablative iis will refer to the last or most important //«r^/
noun, either deorum or simulacra, it will not matter which. The
phrase may be rendered ofie of these.
I. Mercurium may be assumed to continue the same construc-
tion as matrem, and will take the infinitive visum esse, below.
m. Patera may be left as not important for the meaning of the
whole ; we may, for the present, call it " something " which he held
in his right hand (the relative clause here explaining itself): in
fact, a shallow bowl.
n. The infinitive fundere must be guessed at from the context
or given by the teacher, unless its meaning is known, to pour.
0. The verb attigisset, as a glance shows, contains the root tag
found in tango, touch j the subjunctive is required by cum, and
does not affect the translation ; its subject is qui, referring to the
masculine sanguinem. But as two relatives cannot come together
in English, we translate, and when this had touched the ground.
p. The verb refervescere should be seen to be derivative, and
compounded from ferveo, which associates it with fervent, fervid;
and its meaning, to boil tip, is seen from our word effervescent.
q. The meaning of redundaret {overflowed^ may perhaps
require to be given, though a tolerably close idea may be gained by
conjecture. Following ut, it is subjunctive expressing a result.
r. The phrase quod somnium may be either nominative or
accusative ; but, as the verb is directly preceded by the nominative
crudelitas, these words must be accusative, and the object of
comprobavit. The meaning of somnium {drea?n), if not known,
may be easily inferred from somnus, above.
s. The adjective immanis may be either genitive with filii or
nominative with crudelitas: consider which needs an epithet. Its
meaning {monstrous) will require to be given, as also that of com-
probavit {proved), which should, however, be explained through
the adjective probus, and kindred English words.
The above analysis is given in much greater detail than will
often be required in practice. When the habit has once been
formed, it is followed rapidly and almost unconsciously ; in fact, it
is impossible, when once the mind has been trained to it, to read a
single sentence without deriving help from it. In succeeding pas-
sages, only a few hints will be given.
Reading at Sight, I37
2. Hoc item in Sileni Graeca historia est: Hanni-
balem, cum cepisset Saguntum, visum esse in somnis
a Jove in deorum concilium vocari ; quo cum venisset,
Jovem imperavisse ut Italiae bellum inferret ; ducem-
que ei unum e concilio datum, quo ilium utentem cum
exercitu progredi coepisse. Tum ei ducem ilium prae-
cepisse ne respiceret ; ilium autem id diutius facere
non potuisse, elatumque cupiditate respexisse. Tum
visam beluam vastam et immanem, circumplicatam
serpentibus, quacumque incederet omnia arbusta, vir-
gulta, tesca pervertere ; et eum admiratum quaesisse
de deo, quodnam illud esset tale monstrum. Et deum
respondisse Vastitateni esse Italiae^ praecepisseque ut
pergeret protinus : quid retro atque a tergo fieret ne
laboraret. — id. i. 24.
This passage may be somewhat harder than the foregoing, but a
little attention will show that it is in the same general construc-
tion, — " Hannibalejn . . . vistan esse " hke " matrem . . . visam
esse^'' — and that it contains several of the words and phrases
already explained. It will greatly simplify the rendering of a pas-
sage hke this, to drop the form of indirect discourse, beginning with
the leading subject : Hannibal^ havmg taken Saguntum^ see7ned in
his sleep to be sumjnoned, dr'c. : all tfie infinitives being translated
by indicatives, and the subjunctive laboraret as an infinitive, not to
trouble himself. A number of words must of course be suggested.
3. L. Paulus, consul iterum, cum ei bellum "" ut cum
rege Perse gereret obtigisset, uf^ ea ipsa die domum
ad vesperum rediit/ filiolam^ suam Tertiam, quae tum
erat admodum parva, osculans animum advertit ^ tris-
ticulam. 'Quid est,' inquit, ' mea Tertia? quid tristis
es?' 'Mi pater,' inquit, 'Persa periit.' Tum ille ar-
tius puellam complexus, ' Accipio,' inquit, ' mea filia,
omen.' Erat autem mortuus catellus eo nomine. —
id. i. 46.
a. In this passage, — as we find it hard, with our habit of speech,
to carry so many words in the mind undisposed of, — it may be
138 Latin Method,
necessary after bellum to look for the verb to which it belongs. As
ut is a relative word, the nearest verb will belong to that; so that
we must take the next following, obtigisset, the meaning of which
must be given (in connection with the root tag); the object of
gereret must be supplied from bellum ; and it will read, when the
war had fallen to his lot to wage with king Perses. This is not
a good translation ; but, having seen the Latin idea in this way,
you can easily find a corresponding English expression : // had
fallen^ &^c.
b. To translate ut, notice at once the mood of its verb; because
the two uses of ut have meanings very far apart in English, though
the Romans did not probably feel the difference. As the verb is
here indicative, ut means as or when : rediit (red, back; eo, go')
signifies returned.
c. The word filiolam, diminutive of f ilia, explains itself; while
animum advertit, turned his mind^ is to be rendered as a single
transitive verb, observed; and its subject is L. Paulus.
4. Scipio Nasica cum ad poetam Ennium venisset,
eique ab ostio quaerenti'^ Ennium ancilla dixisset domi
non esse ;^ Nasica sensit, illam domini jussu dixisse et
ilium intus esse. Paucis post diebus, cum ad Nasicam
venisset Ennius, et cum a janua quaereret, exclamat
Nasica, se domi non esse. Tum Ennius, *Quid,' in-
quit, * ego non cognosca vocem tuam ? ' Hie Nasica,
' Homo es impudens ; ego cum quaererem, ancillae
tuae credidi, te^ domi non esse; tu mihi non credis
ipsi.'
a. To him inquiring, &'c. can only mean when he inquired for
Ennius.
b. The subject of the infinitive is here wanting, a rare usage in
Latin ; but it is obviously Ennius, to be suppHed from the
preceding.
c. The clause te domi non esse is evidently a secondary object
of credidi; but, as believe does not take two objects in English,
some word like saying must be supplied.
Reading Lessons » 139
PART FOURTH
READING LESSONS.
Note. — The small figures in the following Lessons refer to the
Brief Rules of Syntax, pp. 162, 163.
I. Fables.
1. The Wolf and the Goat.
tupus capram^^ conspicatus est, quae in rupe pascebatur.
Cum ad earn accedere non posset,*^ praedicabat apud se
mollia prata ac varias herbas esse,"^ et earn hortabatur ut de
rupe descenderet. Ei autem capra respondit : " Mi amice,
non me ad pascua vocas, sed ipse cibi^^ indiges 1 "
2. The Fox and the Grapes.
Vulpes, extrema fame^^ coacta, uvam adpetebat, quae ex alta
vite dependebat ; sed summis viribus saliens earn attingere^^
non poterat. Tandem discessit, et, " Nondum matura est,"
inquit; "nolo acerbam sumere." — Sic saepe homines, quae
facere non possunt, verbis elevant.
3. The Farmer and his Dog.
Rusticus in agros exiit ad opus suum. Filiolum, qui in
cunis jacebat, reliquit cani^'' fideli atque valido custodiendum.
Adrepsit anguis immanis, qui puerulum exstincturus erat. Sed
custos fidelis corripit eum dentibus^ acutis, et, dum eum
necare studet, cunas simul evertit super exstinctum anguem.
Paulo^^ post ex arvo rediit agricola ; cum cunas eversas
cruenturlique canis rictum videret, ira accenditur. Temere
igitur custodem filioli interficit ligone, quern manibus tenebat.
Sed ubi cunas restituit, super anguem occisum reperit pue-
rum vivum et incolumem. — Paenitentia facinoris temere
patrati turn sera fuit.
140 Latin Method,
4. The Farmer and his Sons.
Inter filios rustic! cujusdam grave discidium ortum erat.
Diu frustra operam impenderat pater, hortans ut pacem atque
concordiam colerent.*^ Tandem filiis^* " Virgulas," inquit,
"mihi adferte decern, et considite." Turn omnes virgulas in
unum fasciculum conligavit, eumque constrictum singulis filiis
obtulit, hortans ut frangerent. lUi autem, quamquam vim
omnem adhibebant, frustra laborarunt, nee quicquam profe-
cerunt. Turn pater nodum discidit, et illis singulas virgulas
dedit, quas sine ullo labore confregerunt. Quo facto,^^ rusticus
filios ita adlocutus est : " Haec res vobis exemplo^ sit. Tuti
eritis ab inimicorum injuriis, quamdiu Concordes eritis ; at
simul ac facta erit dissensio atque discordia, inimici securi in
vos inrumpent."
/ , c. TJie Boy that cried " Wolf:' / / ^
Puer in pfato oVes pascepat, atque».per joqum clamitaoatr
ut^ibi auxilium f erretur, ^qiia^l'^-l^rpus \re^em ess(^t< adortus.
Agricoiae undique succurrebant, neque lill^um inveniebant. •
Ita ter quaterque se elusos la puerb viderunt. Deinde cum
ipse lupus aggrederetur, et pi^^r.e vera/imploraret auxilrum,
nemo gregi^^^ subvenite et ove^' lupi praeda simOactae. — Men-
daci homini^ non creaimus,"^etiam cum vera aicit. ^"^^^^^
6. The Fox and Crow.
Corvus, cum frustum carnis rapuisset, in arbore quadam
consedit. Quo conspecto,^^ vulpes, carnein cupiens, accurrit,
eumque callidis verbis adoritur : " O corve," inquit, " quam
pulcra es avis, quam speciosa! Te decebat esse avium
regem. Sane omnes aves regiis virtutibus antecederes,^^ si
vocem haberes." *® His laudibus corvus inflatus, ne mutus ha-
beretur,*'^ clamorem edidit ; sed simul, aperto rostro, earn em
amisit ; eam vulpes statim rapuit, atque inridens, " Heus," in-
quit, " corve ! Nihil tibi^'^ deest praeter mentem."
7. The trained Monkeys.
Simiae purpuratae instituebantur ad saltationem. Cujus^^
cum peritae viderentur esse, productae sunt in scenam. Cum
Reading Lessons, 141
autem saltarent, objeeit quidam nuces ; quibus visis, omnibus
rebus posthabitis et neglectis,^^ ad nuces discurrerunt, et de
eis inter se luctari atque depugnare coeperunt.
8. The Ant and the Dove.
Formica sitiens descenderat ad fontem ; sed undae earn
abripuerunt, nee multum aberat, quin misere periret.^'* Cum
autem columba sortem ejus videret, misericordia tacta ra-
mulum in aquam injecit. Hunc adsecuta est formica, in eoque
natans effugit mortem. Paulo^^ post venator, arcu instructus,
illuc venit, columbamque telo^^ suo transfixurus fuit. Peri-
culum sentit form.ica ; et, ut piae columbae opem ferret, ac-
currit, atqu(^ venatoris talum momordit. Dolore impeditus
ille telum non recte misit, et columba incolumis avolavit. —
Juva et juvabere ; raro beneficium perit.
9. The Lion and his Troops.
Leo bellum meditans lustrat aciem suam in ordines divisam.
Cum ursus etiam asinum et leporem inter milites videret,
hiante ore ridens : " Piger hie asinus," inquit, "galeam et
gladium gerat"*^ ? belli artes discat ? Molae^^ aptior est
quam castris. Ecquid autem firmus stabit lepus? proeliabi-
tur?" " Erras, urse," inquit leo ; "asinus portabit onera,
machinas, saxa ; et, ubi opus erit, eum tubicinem faciam, qui
suo rugitu commilitones in pugnam ciebit; lepus autem ob
pedum pernicitatem celeris tabellarii officio^^ fungetur."
10. The Nightingale and Cuckoo.
Luscinia verno quodam die^"* dulcissime canere coepit. Pueri
aliquot baud procul aberant in valle ludentes. li, cum lusui'^
essent intenti, lusciniae cantu nihil movebantur. Paulo post
cuculus coepit cuculare. Continuo pueri, lusu neglecto,^^ ei
adclamant, vocemque^^ cuculi identidem imitantur. " Audisne,
luscinia," inquit cuculus, " quanto plausu me isti excipiant,^^ et
quantopere cantu meo delectentur ? " Luscinia, quae cum eo
altercari nolebat, nihil impediebat quominus ille suam vocem
admiraretur.'^* Interea pastor fistula canens cum puella lento
gradu'-^® praeterit. Cuculus iterum vociferatur, novas laudes
142 Latin Method.
captans. At puella pastorem adlocuta : " Male sit," ^^ inquit,
huic cuculo," qui cantui^^ tuo odiosam vocem intermiscet."
Quo audito,^^ cum cuculus, in pudorem conjectus, conti-
cuisset, luscinia tarn suaviter canere coepit, ut se ipsam
superare velle videretur.^* Pastor, fistula deposita: "Con-
sidamus," ^^ inquit, " hoc loco sub arbore, et lusciniam audia-
mus ! " Turn pastor et puella cantum lusciniae certatim lau-
dare coeperunt, et diu taciti intentis auribus^^ sedent. Ad
postremum adeo capta est puella sonorum dulcedine, ut etiam
lacrimae erumperent. Turn luscinia ad cuculum conversa:
" Videsne," inquit, " quantum ab imperitorum opinionibus
prudentiorum judicia distent?*^ Una sane ex istis lacrimis,
quanquam muta est, locupletior tamen est artis meae testis
quam inconditus iste puerorum clamor, quern tantopere jacta-
bas." — Fabula docet magnorum artificum opera^^ non vulgi
opinione, sed prudentiorum existimatione esse^ censenda.
II. Dialogues.
I. Study and Play,
Carolus. Veni, mi Ludovice !
Ernestus. Quo tandem ?
C. In hortum ; satis jam legimus et scripsimus ; ludamus'*^
quoque !
E. Ego pensum meum ante absolvam.
C. Nondumne absolvisti?
E. Nondum omnia. Tune jam omnia didicisti et scrip-
sisti, quae praeceptor nos discere^^ et scribere jussit ?
C. Non omnia.
E. Ergo nondum licet ludere.^
C. Cur non liceat?^^ Reliqua discam et scribam post
ludum.
E. Sed praestat primum discere, deinde ludere.^^
C. Quam morosum sodalem habeo !
E. Non sum morosus, sed facere volo, quae jussa sunt.
C Ergo una ediscamus ! Ego tibi recitabo, tu mihi.
Deinde cum omnia didicerimus, statim ad ludum properabimus.
E. Placet ; nam peracti labores jucundi sunt.
I
Reading Lessons. 143
2. Early Rising.
Frede7'icus Hens, heus, Carole ! Expergiscere ! Tempiis
est surgere. Audisne ?
C. Non audio.
F. Ubi ergo habes aures ?
C. In lecto.
F. Hoc video. Sed quid facis adhuc in lecto ?
C. Quid faciam ? Dormio.
F. Dermis ? et loqueris tamen mecum ?
C. Saltern volo dormire.
F. Nunc autem non est tempus dormiendi/^ sed surgendi.
C. Quota est hora ?
F. Septima.
C. Quando tu surrexisti e lecto ?
F. Jam ante duas horas.
C. Num sorores meae jam surrexerunt ?
F. Jam pridem.
C. Sed frater meus certe adhuc jacet in lecto ?
F. Erras. Cum expergefacerem eum, statim reliquit
nidum suum.
C. Mox igitur surgam.
3. An Afternoon Vf^alk.
Fredericus. Age, mi frater,. ambulemus ;^^ tempestas serena
est.
Augustus. Placet ; sed ubi ambulabimus ? In pratisne ?
F. Miiiime ; prata enim pluvia inundavit, et viae lutulentae
sunt. Placetne adscendere in montem, quem e fenestra pro-
spicimus ?
A. Placet ; jam pridem enim in monte non fuimus.
F. Hiems nos prohibuit ; hieme^'* enim mons glacie et nive
tectus erat. Quid stas autem?
A. Duae viae ducunt ad montem: altera recta, altera
flexuosa. Utram eligamus ? **
F. Flexuosam censeo ; est enim umbrosior, et sol fervet.
Descendentes altera ibimus et ambulationem variabimus.
Vesperi enim sol minus fervet.
A. Proinde eamus !
144 Latin Method,
4. Sport.
Paullus. Trahit sua quern que voluptas ; mihi^^ plac^
venatio.
Thomas. Placet etiam mihi ; sed ubi canes, ubi venabula,
ubi casses ?
P. Valeant apri, ursi, cervi, vulpes ! nos insidiabimur]
cuniculis.^^
Vicentiics. At ego laqueos injiciam locustis.'^*'
Lau7-e7itiiis. Ego ran as captabo.
Bartholus. Ego papiliones venabor.
L. Difficile est sectari^^ volantia.
B. Difficile, sed pulcrum, nisi pulcrius esse ducis sectari
lumbricos aut cochleas, quia carent alis.^
L. Equidem malo insidiari piscibus ; est" mihi^^ hamus
elegans.
B. Sed unde parabis escam ?
L. Lumbricorum ubivis magna est copia.
B. Est, si tibi velint prorepere e terra.
L. At ego mox efficiam, ut multa milia prosiliant.
B. Quo pacto ? incantamentis ? ^^
L. Videbis artem. Imple banc situlam aqua.^ Hos jug-
landium summos cortices virentes confractos immittito. Hac
aqua perfunde solum. Nunc observa paulisper. Vides
emergentes ?
B, Rem prodigiosam video. Sic olim, opinor, exsiliebant
armati viri ex satis serpentis dentibus. Sed plerique pisces
delicatioris et elegantioris sunt palati,® quam ut esca tarn
vulgari capiantur {too dainty to be caught^.
L. Novi quoddam insecti genus, quo talibus insidiari
soleo.
B. Tu vide, possisne*^ imponere piscibus ; ego ranis^*
facessam negotium.
L. Quomodo ? reti ?^^
B. Non ; sed arcu.
L. Novum piscandi genus.
B. At non injucundum. Videbis et fatebere.
V. Quid, si certemus*^ nucibus ?
Reading Lessons. 145
P. Nuces pueris relinquamus ; nos grandiores sumus.
V. Et tamen nihil aliud adhuc quam pueri sumus.
P. Sed quibus^^ decorum est ludere nucibus, eisdem non
indecorum est equitare^^ in arundine longa.
V. Tu igitur praescribito lusus genus ; sequar, quocumque
vocaveris.
F, Et ego futurus sum omnium horarum homo.
5. A Lessofi in Manners.
Paedagogtts. Tu mihi videris non in aula natus, sed in
caula ; adeo moribus^^ es agrestibus. Puerum ingenuum de-
cent ingenui mores. Quoties adloquitur te quispiam, cui de-
bes honorem, compone te in rectum corporis statum, aperi
caput. Vultus sit^^ nee tristis nee torvus nee impudens nee
protervus nee instabilis, sed hilari modestia temperatus ; oculi
verecundi, semper intenti in eum quocum loqueris ; juncti
pedes, quietae manus. Neve vacillato alternis tibiis, neve
manus agant gestiis, neve mordeto labrum, neve scabito caput,
neve fodito aures. Vestis item ad decorum componatur, ut
totus cultus, vultus, gestus, habitus corporis ingenuam mo-
destiam et verecundam indolem prae se ferat.**
Piter. Quid, si mediter ?*^
Pae. Fac.
Pu. Sicine satis?
Pae. Nondum.
Pu. Quid, si sic ?
Pae. Propemodum.
Pu. Quid si sic ?
Pae, Hem satis est ; hoc tene, ne sis**^ inepte loquax aut
praeceps. Neve vagetur animus interim, sed sis attentus,
quid alter dicat. Si quid erit respondendum, id facilo paucis
ac prudenter, interdum praefatus honorem, nonnunquam
etiam addito cognomine^® honoris gratia ; atque ideiitidem
modice flectas alterum genu, praesertim ubi responsum ab-
solveris. Neve abito, nisi praefatus veniam aut ab ipso
dimissus. Nunc age : specimen aliquod hujus rei nobis
praebe !
10
146 Latin Method,
Quantum temporis abfuisti a maternis aedibus ?
Pti. Jam sex ferme menses."^
Fae. Addendum erat, domine,
Pu. Jam sex ferme menses, domine.
Pae. Non tangeris desiderio matris ?
Pu. Nonnunquam sane.
Pae. Cupisne eam revisere?^^
Pu. Cupio, domine, si id pace liceat**' tua.
Pae. Nunc flectendum erat genu. Bene se habet. Sic
pergito ! Cum loqueris, cave, ne praecipites'*^ sermonem aut
haesites lingua aut palato murmures, sed distincte, dare, arti-
culatim consuescito proferre verba tua. Si quem praeteribis
natu grandem, magistratum, sacerdotem, doctorem aut omnino
virum gravem, memento aperire caput. In convivio sic te
praebebis hilarem, ut semper memineris, quid deceaf*' aetatem
tuam ; postremus omnium admoveto manum patinae.^^ Si
quid dabitur lautius, recusato modeste ; si instabitur, accipe
et age gratias ; mox, decerpta particula,^ quod reliquum est,
illi qui tibi obtulit reddito, aut alicui proxime adcumbenti.
Si quis praebibet, hilariter illi bene precator, sed ipse bibito
modice. Si non sitis, tamen admoveto calicem labris. Adride
loquentibus ; ipse cave, ne quid loquare, nisi rogatus. Ne
cui obtrectato, ne cui temet anteponito, ne tua jactato, ne
aliena despicito. Esto comis, etiam erga tenuis fortunae
sodales. Ita fiet, ut sine invidia laudem invenias et amicos
pares. Si videris convivium extrahi, precatus veniam ac
salutatis convivis, subducito te a mensa. Vide, ut horum
memineris.
Pu. Dabitur opera, mi praeceptor ! Numquid aliud vis ?
Pae. Adito nunc libros tuos.
Pu. Fiet.
IV. Anecdotes.
i; Themistodes.
Noctu ambulabat in publico Themistodes, quod somnum
capere non posset f^ quaerentibusque respondebat Miltiadis
tropaeis se e somno suscitari.^^
Reading Lessons, 147
2. Socrates,
Socrates, cum esset ex eo quaesitum, Archelaum, Perdic-
cae filium, qui turn fortunatissimus haberetur/'' nonne beatum
putaret :^^ Haud scio, inquit ; nunqiiain e7iim au?i eo conlocutus
sum. — Ain tu ? aliter id scire non potes ? — Nullo modo. —
l\i igitur ne de Persarum quidem rege magno potes dicere,
beatusne sit ? — An ego possim,"^^ cum ignoreni quam sit'^^ doctus^
quiun vir bonus ? — Quid ? tu in eo sitam vitam beatam putas ?
— Ifa prorsus existimo : bonos beatos ; wiprobos miseros. —
Miser ergo Archelaus ? — Certe^ si ijijustus.
3. Spartan Broth.
Lacedaemone cum tyrannus cenavisset Dionysius, nega-
vit se jure illo nigro, quod cenae caput erat, delectatum.
Tum is, qui ilia coxerat : Mininie miruin ; condiinenta enhn
defuerunt. Quae tandem ? inquit ill e. Labor in venatu,, sudor ^
cursus ad Eurotam^ fames ^ sitis ; his enim rebus LacedaemoJiio-
rum epulae condiuntur.
4. Respect to Age.
Cum Athenis ludis quidam in theatrum grandis natu ve-
nisset, in magno consessu locus ei a suis civibus nusquam est
datus. Cum autem ad Lacedaemonios accessisset, qui le-
gati cum essent, certo in loco consederant, consurrexerunt
omnes et senem ilium sessum''^ receperunt. Quibus cum a
cuncto consessu plausus esset multiplex datus, dixit ex eis
quidam : Athenienses sciunt^ quae recta sunt ; sedfacere nolunt.
5. Fabius,
Cum, Tarento amisso,^^ arcem tamen Livius Salinator reti-
nuisset, multaque ex ea proelia praeclara fecisset, cum ali-
quot post annos Maximus id oppidum recepisset, rogaretque
eum Salinator, ut meminisset opera sua^*^ se Tarentum rece-
pisse : Quidni, inquit, memi7ierim ? ^^ nimquam eni7n rccepissem^^
nisi tu perdidisses.
6. Nasica and Ennius.
Nasica cum ad poetam Ennium venisset, eique ab ostio
quaerenti Ennium ancilla dixisset domi non esse.; Nasica
148 Latin Method,
sensit illam domini jussu dixisse, et ilium intus esse. Paucis
post diebus, cum ad Nasicam venisset Ennius et eum a janua
quaereret, exclamat Nasica se domi non esse. Turn Ennius :
"Quid? ego non cognosco vocem," inquit, "tuam?" Hie
Nasica : Homo (inquit) es impttdens. Ego cum te quaerere^n,
ancillae tuae^^ credidi te do?ni non esse ; tu mihi no7i credis
ipsi?
IV. The Kings of Rome.
1. Romanum imperium a Romulo exordium habet, qui,
Rheae Silviae, Vestalis virginis, et Martis filius, cum Remo,
fratre gemino, urbem condidit, quam ex nomine suo Romam
vocavit (753 a. Chr.). Asylo aperto ad numerum civium au-
gendum, ingens hominum multitudo ex finitimis civitatibus
Romam^^ confluxit. At viri non habebant feminas. Itaque
Romulus ludos sollennes instituit, invitavitque ad eorum spec-
taculum vicinas urbis Romae nationes. Cum alii multi con-
venerunt, tum Sabinorum omnis multitudo cum liberis et
conjugibus. Dum ludi eduntur, extemplo Romani discur-
runt, magnamque virginum partem rapiunt.
2. Propter raptarum mulierum injuriam Sabini Romanis^^
bellum intulerunt. Res venit ad pugnam. Utrimque acerrime
decertatur. In media acie repente raptae mulieres crinibus
passis scissaque veste ansae sunt se inter tela volantia inferre,
et precibus infestas acies dirimere. Rebus compositis, Romu-
lus centum ex senioribus legit, quorum consilio omnia ageret,
quos senatores nominavit propter senectutem. Anno^^ regni
tricesimo septimo, cum orta subito tempestate non compar-
uisset, ad deos transisse creditus est (716).
3. Postea NuMA Pompilius, Curibus, in urbe agri Sabi-
norum, natus, rex creatus est (715 — 673). Qui bellum quidem
nullum gessit, sed non minus civitati quam Romulus profuit.
Nam legibus moribusque et sacris plurimis constitutis^^ populi
barbari et bellicosi mores mollivit. Etiam annum descripsit
in decem menses. Omnia autem, quae faciebat, se nymphae
Egeriae jussu facere dictitabat. Regnavit tres et quadraginta
annos.23 — ^^ Huic^^ successit Tullus Hostilius (673 — 640).
Reading Lessons, 149
Is bella reparavit. Bellum Albanis inlatum certamine trigemi-
norum fratrum, qui forte in utroque exercitu erant nee aetate
nee viribus dispares, finitum est. Deinde etiam Veientes et
Fidenates bello superavit. Cum xxx annos regnasset, ful-
mine ictus cum domo sua arsit.
4. Post eum Angus Martius, Numae ex filia nepos, sus-
cepit imperium (640 — 616). Contra Latinos dimicavit, apud
ostium Tiberis urbem condidit, quam Ostiam vocavit. Vice-
simo quarto anno imperii morbo periit. — Deinde regnum
Tarquinius Priscus accepit (616 — 578). Is numerum se-
natorum duplicavit ; Circum Romae aedificavit j ludos Ro-
manos instituit. Vicit idem etiam Sabinos, nee parum agrorum,
eis ademptorum, urbis Romae territorio adjunxit. Muros fecit
et cloacas ; Capitolium inchoavit. Tricesimo octavo imperii
anno per Anci filios occisus est, regis^ ejus, cui* ipse succes-
serat. — Post eum Servius Tullius suscepit imperium
(578 — 534). Primus, omnium^'' censum ordinavit. Sub eo
Roma habuit capitum lxxxiii milia civium, cum eis qui in
agris erant. Occisus est xlv imperii anno scelere generi
sui Tarquinii, filii^ ejus regis cui^^ ipse successerat, et filiae,^
quam Tarquinius habebat uxorem.
5. Hie Tarquinius, qui propter superbiam Siiperbi cogno-
men accepit, septimus fuit atque ultimus regum^'^ (534 — 509).
Multasgentes devicit ; templum Jovi^* in Capitolio aedificavit.
Postea Ardeam, urbem Etruriae, oppugnans imperium per-
didit. Nam cum filius ejus nobilissimae feminae, Lucretiae,^^
eidemque pudicissimae, vim fecisset, ea, de injuria marito^^ et
patri et amicis questa, in omnium conspectu se occidit, post-
quam eos obtestata est, ut eam injuriam ulciscerentur.^''
Propter quam causam Marcus Brutus, Tarquinius Collatinus
aliique in exitium regis conjuraverunt, et, populo concitato,
ei^^ imperium ademerunt. Cum uxore et liberis suis fugit,
cum XXV annos regnasset. Ita Romae^° regnatum est per
septem reges annos'^^ ccxliv. ^
6. Hinc consules coepti sunt pro uno rege duo hac causa
creari, ut, si unus malus esse voluisset, alter eum, habens
eandem potestatem, coerceret. Et placuit, ut ne imperium
longius quam annum haberent, ne per diuturnitatem potes-
150 Latin Method,
tatis insolentiores fierent, sed aequitatem semper servarent,
qui se post annum scirent^' futures esse privates. Fuerunt
igitur anno primo, expulsis regibus, consules L. Junius Brutus,
qui maxime egerat ut Tarquinius pelleretur, et Tarquinius
Collatinus, maritus Lucretiae. Sed Tarquinio Collatino^®
statim sublata dignitas est. Placuerat enim, ne quisquam
in urbe maneret, qui Tarquinius vocaretur.*^ In ejus locum
factus est Valerius Publicola consul.
7. Commovit tamen bellum urbi^^ Romae rex Tarquinius,
qui erat expulsus, et, collectis multis gentibus, ut in regnum
posset restitui, dimicavit. In prima pugna Brutus consul et
Ancus, Tarquinii filius, alter alterum occiderunt. Romani
tamen ex ea pugna victores discesserunt. Brutum Romanae
matron ae, defensorem pudicitiae suae, quasi communem pa-
trem, per annum luxerunt. Valerius Publicola Spurium
Lucretium, Lucretiae patrem, collegam sibi fecit : quo^^
morbo^® mortuo, iterum Horatium Pulvillum collegam sibi
sumpsit. Ita primus annus quinque consules habuit.
8. Etiam secundo anno iterum Tarquinius, ut reciperetur
in regnum, bellum Romanis^* intulit, auxilium ei ferente Por-
sena, Etruscorum rege.'^ Is, ne Tiberim transiret, virtute
Horatii Coclitis prohibitus est, qui, dum alii pontem rescin-
dunt, unus Etruscos sustinuit, et, ponte rupto, armatus se in
flumen misit, et ad suos transnavit. Cum Porsena urbem
obsideret. Gains Mucins Scaevola, adulescens npbilis, in castra
hostium se contulit, ut Porsenam regem occideret. At pro
rege scribam obtruncat, qui propter eum sedebat pari fere
ornatu indutus.^ Tum a regiis satellitibus comprehensus ante
tribunal regis constitutus est. Qui'' cum tormenta minitare-
tur, Mucins dextra accenso ad sacrificium foculo injecta :
" En tibi," inquit, " quam vile corpus sif^ eis qui magnam
gloriam vident ! " Qua animi virtute perculsus rex juvenem
intactum inviolatumque dimisit. Tum Mucins, quasi remune-
rans beneficium, trecentos principes juventutis Romanae in
ejus vitam conjurasse ait. Qua re territus Porsena pacem
fecit. Tarquinius autem Tusculum^® abiit, ibique cum Ro-
manis privatus cum uxore consenuit.
Reading Lessons. 151
V. The War with Porsena. — Livy.
I. Horatius holds the Bridge.
1. Jam Tarquinii ad Lartem Porsenam, Clusinum regem,
perfugerant. Porsena Romam ^ infesto exercitu venit. . Non
unquam alias ante tantus terror senatum invasit : adeo valida
res turn Clusina^ erat, magnumque Porsenae nomen. Nee
hostes ^^ modo timebant, sed suosmet ipsi cives, ne Romana
plebs, metu perculsa, receptis in urbem regibus, vel cum ser-
vitute pacem acciperet. Multa igitur blandimenta plebi per
id tempus ab senatu data. Haec indulgentia Patrum adeo
concordem civitatem tenuit, ut regium ^ nomen ^^ non smiimi
magis, quam infimi, horrerent ; nee quisquam unus malis
artibus postea tarn popularis esset, quam turn bene imperan-
do^^ universus senatus fuit.
2. Cum hostes adessent,^* pro se quisque in urbem ex
agris demigrant : ^ urbem ipsam sepiunt praesidiis. Alia muris,
alia Tiberi objecto videbantur tuta. Pons sublicius iter paene
hostibus dedit : ni unus vir fuisset,^^ Horatius Codes : qui,
positus forte in statione pontis, cum captum repentino im-
petu Janiculum, atque inde citatos decurrere ^^ hostes vidis-
set, trepidamque turbam suorum arma ordinesque relinquere,
reprehensans singulos, obsistens, obtestansque deum^ et ho-
minum fidem, testabatur : neqiiicquain deserto praesidio eos
fiigere. Si transitum poJitem a tergo reliqitissenty ja7n plus
hostiiim ill Palatio Capitolioque^ quam in jfaniculo^ fore. Ita-
que monere, praedicere, ut pontem ferro, ig^h quacumque vi
posseut, interrumpant. Se impetum hostium^ quantum corpore
uno posset obsisti, excepturum.^^ Vadit inde in primum aditum
pontis ; insignisque inter conspecta cedentium pugnae terga,
ipso miraculo^^ audaciae obstupefecit hostes.
3. Duos tamen cum eo pudor tenuit, Sp. Lartium ac
T. Herminium, ambos claros genere ^* factisque. Cum his
primam periculi procellam, et quod tumultuosissimum pugnae ^°
erat, parumper sustinuit ; deinde eos quoque ipsos, exigua
parte pontis relicta,^^ cedere in tutum coegit. Circumferens
152 Latin Method,
inde truces minaciter oculos ad proceres Etruscorum, nunc
singulos provocare,*^ nunc increpare omnes : Servitia regum
superborum, suae libertatis ^^ immemores, alienam oppugnatum ^^
venire. Cunctati aliquamdiu sunt, dum alius alium, ut
proelium incipiant, circumspectant : pudor deinde commovit
aciem, et, clamore sublato, undique in unum hostem tela
conjiciunt.
4. Quae cum in objecto cuncta scuto haesissent, neque
ille minus obstinatus ingenti pontem obtineret gradu, jam
impetu conabantur detrudere ^^ virum ; cum simul fragor rupti
pontis, simul clamor Romanorum, alacritate perfect! operis
sublatus, pavore subito impetum sustinuit. Tum Codes,
Tiberine pater ^ in quit, te sancte precor, haec arma et hunc mill-
te7n propitio flmnine accipias.'^^ Ita sic armatus in Tiberim
desiluit ; multisque superincidentibus telis, incolumis ad suos
natavit. Grata erga tantam virtutem civitas fuit: statua' in
comitio posita, agri^^ quantum uno die^* circumaravit, datum.
Privata quoque inter publicos honores studia eminebant :
nam in magna inopia pro domesticis copiis unusquisque ei
aliquid, fraudans se ipse victu^* suo, contulit.
2. The Deed of Mucins Sccevoia.
1. Obsidio erat nihilo^* minus, et frumenti cum summa
caritate inopia ; sedendoque expugnaturum ^^ se urbem spem
Porsena habebat : cum C. Mucins, adolescens nobilis, primo
sua sponte penetrare^ in hostium castra constituit: dein,
metuens ne, si consulum injussu et ignaris omnibus iret,'*'
forte deprehensus a custodibus Romanis retraheretur ^* ut
transfuga,^ senatum adiit : Transire Tiberim, inquit, Patres,
et intrare, si possim,'^^ castra hostium volo ; non praedo^ nee
populationum in vicem ultor : majus, si dii Juvant, in animo
est f acinus. Approbant Patres : abdito intra vestem ferro,
proficiscitur.
2. Ubi eo venit, in confertissima turba prope regium tri-
bunal constitit. Ibi cum stipendium forte militibus daretur,^
et scriba, cum rege sedens pari fere ornatu, multa ageret, eum
Reading Lessons, 153
milites vulgo adirent, timens sciscitari uter Porsena esset,*^ ne
ignorando regem semet ipse aperiret quis esset,'^^ scribam pro
rege obtruncat. Vadentem inde, qua per trepidam turbam
cruento mucrone ^® sibi ipse fecerat viam, cum, concursu ad
clamorem facto, comprehensum regii^ satellites retraxissent,
ante tribunal regis destitutus, turn quoque, inter tantas for-
tunae minas, metuendus magis quam metuens :
3. Romanus sum, inquit, civis : C. Mucium vocant. Hostis
hostem occidere voliii ; nee ad mortem minus animi^^ est, qua7nfuit
ad caedem. Et facer e ^ et pati fortia, Romanum est. Nee unus
in te ego hos animos gessi : longus post me or do est idem petentium
decus. Proinde hi hoc discrimen, si juvat, accingere, ut in sin-
gulas haras capite dimices tuo ; ferrum hostemque in vestibulo
habeas regiae. Hoc tibi juventus'^ Romana indicimus bellum.
JVullam aciem, nullum proelium timueris. Uni tibip et cum
singulis, res erit.
4. Cum rex, simul ira infensus, periculoque conterritus,
circumdari ignes minitabundus juberet, nisi expromeret ''"^ pro-
pere quas insidiarum sibi minas per ambages jaceret : ^"^ En
tibi, inquit, ut sejitias quam vile corpus sit iis qui magnam gloriam
vident : dextramque accenso ad sacrificium foculo ^^ injicit.
Prope attonitus miraculo rex, cum ab sede sua prosiluisset,
amoverique ab altaribus juvenem ^^ jussisset,** Tu vero abi,
inquit, in te magis, quam in me, hostilia ausus. jfuberem
made virtute esse, si pro mea p atria ista virtus staret}^ Nunc
jure'^^ belli liberum te, intactum inviolatumque hi7ic dimitto.
5. Tum Mucins, quasi remunerans meritum, Quando-
quidem, inquit, est apud te virtuti^"^ honos, ut beneficio tuleris
a me, quod minis nequisti ; trecenti conjuravimus principes ^ ju-
ventutis Romanae, ut in te hac via grassaremur. Mea prima
sors fuit; ceteri, ut cuique ceciderit primo, quoad te opportunum
fortuna dederit, suo quisque tempore^^ aderunt. Mucium ^^ dimis-
sum, cui^^ postea Scaevolae a clade dextrae manus cognomen
inditum, legati a Porsena Romam secuti sunt. Composita
pace, exercitum ab Janiculo deduxit Porsena, et agro Romano
excessit. Patres C. Mucio virtutis causa trans Tiberim agrum
dono^^dedere, quae postea sunt Mucia^ Praia appellata.
154 Latin Method,
3. The Escape of Cloelia.
1. Ergo, ita honorata virtute, feminae quoque ad publica
decora excitatae. Et Cloelia virgo, una ex obsidibus, cum
castra Etruscorum forte haud procul ripa^^ Tiberis locata
essent, frustrata custodes,^^ dux ^ agminis virginum inter tela
hostium Tiberim tranavit j sospitesque omnes Romam ad
propinquos restituit. Quod ubi regi nuntiatum est, primo,
incensus ira, oratores Romam misit ad Cloeliam obsidem I
deposcendam ; ^^ alias haud magni " facere : ^^ deinde in ad-
mirationem versus, supra Codites Muciosque dicere id f acinus
esse ; et prae se f erre, quemadnurdum, si non declatur ^" obses^ pro
rupto se foedus habiturum ; sic deditam^ ifiviolatam ad suos re.
missurum.
2. Utrimque constitit fides : et Romani pignus pacis ex
foedere restituerunt ; et apud regem Etruscum non tuta solum,
sed honorata etiam, virtus fuit. Laudatam virginem parte
obsidum se donare dixit : ipsa, quos vellet, legeret.^^ Pro-
ductis omnibus, elegisse impubes dicitur: quod et virginitati
decorum, et consensu obsidum ipsorum probabile erat, eam
aetatem potissimum liberari ab hoste, quae maxime opportuna
injuriae esset.*^ Pace redintegrata, Romani novam in femina
virtutem novo genere honoris, statua^ equestri, donavere. In
summa Sacra Via fuit posita virgo insidens equo.^^
VI. Miscellaneous Selections.
I. A Haunted House.
1. Erat Athenis^^ spatiosa et capax domus, sed infamis
et pestilens : per silentium noctis sonus ferri,® et, si atten-
deres acrius, strepitus vinculorum, longius primo, deinde e
proximo, reddebatur : mox apparebat idolon, senex ^ macie
et squalore confectus, promissa barba,^^ horrenti capillo :
cruribus compedes, manibus catenas gerebat quatiebatque.
2. Inde inhabitantibus tristes diraeque noctes per metum
vigilabantur : vigiliam morbus, et, crescente formidine, mors
sequebatur. Nam interdiu quoque, quamquam abscesserat
imago, memoria imaginis oculis ^^ inerrabat ; longiorque causis ^^
Reading Lessons, ' 155
timor erat. Deserta inde et damnata solitudine domus,
totaque illi monstro ^^ relicta ; proscribebatur, seu quis emere,
seu quis conducere, ignarus tanti mali, vellet.
3. Venit Athenas^*' philosophus Athenodorus : legit titu-
lum ; auditoque pretio, quia suspecta vilitas, percontatus,
omnia ^^ docetur, ac niliiio minus, immo tanto magis, conducit.
Ubi coepit advesperascere, jubet sterni [lectum] sibi prima
domus parte : poscit pugillares, stilum, lumen : suos omnes
in interiora dimittit ; ipse ad scribendum animum, oculos,
manum intendit, ne vacua mens audita simulacra et inanes
sibi metus fingeret.^'*
4. Initio, quale ubique, silentium noctis : deinde concu-
ti ^^ ferrum, vincula moveri. Ille non tollere oculos, non re-
mittere stilum, sed obfirmare animum, auribusque praeten-
dere. Tum crebrescere ^^ fragor, adventare, et jam ut in
limine, jam ut intra limen, audiri. Respicit : videt agnos-
citque narratam sibi effigiem. Stabat, innuebatque digito,
similis vocanti.^^ Hie, contra, ut paulum exspectaret manu
significat : rursusque ceris ^^ et stilo incumbit.
5. Ilia scribentis capiti ^^ catenis insonabat. Respicit rur-
sus, idem quod prius innuentem : nee moratus, tollit lumen,
et sequitur. Ibat ilia lento gradu, quasi gravis vinculis.
Postquam deflexit in aream domus, repente dilapsa deserit
comitem ; desertus herbas et folia concerpta signum ^ loco
ponit.
6. Postero die adit magistratus; monet, ut ilium locum
effodi jubeant. Inveniuntur ossa inserta catenis et implicita,
quae corpus aevo terraque putrefactum nuda et exesa reli-
querat vinculis : collecta publice sepeliuntur : domus postea,
rite conditis manibus,^^ caruit. — Pliny, Epist. vii. 27.
2. A Sharper of Syracuse,
I. C. Canius, eques Romanus, nee infacetus, et satis lite-
ratus, cum se Syracusas, otiandi (ut ipse dicere solebat) non
negotiandi causa, cqntulisset, dictitabat se hortulos aliquos
velle^^ emere, quo invitare amicos, et ubi se oblectare sine
interpellatoribus, posset.*^ Quod cum percrebuisset, Pythius
156 Latin Method,
ei ^^ quidam, qui argentariam faceret Syracusis, dixit, venales
quidem se hortos non habere, sed licere [eis] uti Canio, si
vellet,*^ ut suis: et simul ad cenam hominem in hortos in-
vitavit in posterum diem.
2. Cum ille promisisset, tum Pythius (qui esset,'*'* ut argen-
tarius, apud omnes ordines gratiosus) piscatores ad se con-
vocavit, et ab his petivit, ut ante suos hortulos postridie
piscarentur ; dixitque quid eos facere vellet.^^ Ad cenam
tempore venit Canius : opipare a Pythio apparatum con-,
vivium : cymbarum ante oculos multitudo : pro se quisque,
quod ceperat, adferebat : ante pedes Pythii pisces abjicie-
bantur.
3. Tum Canius * Quaeso,' inquit, * quid est hoc, Pythi ?
tantumne piscium, tantumne cymbarum ? ' Et ille, * Quid
mirum ? ' inquit. ' Hoc loco est, Syracusis quicquid est
piscium; haec aquatio : hac villa '-^^ isti carere non possunt.*
Incensus Canius cupiditate, contendit a Pythio ut venderet.
Gravate ille primo. Quid multa ? impetrat : emit homo cupi-
dus et locuples, tanti," quanti Pythius voluit ; et emit in-
structos : nomina facit ; negotium conficit.
4. Invitat Canius postridie familiares suos. Venit ipse
mature. Scalmum nullum videt. Quaerit ex proximo vicino,
num feriae quaedam piscatorum essent, quod eos nullos vide-
ret."*^ * Nullae, quod sciam,' inquit ille : ' sed hie piscari nulli
Solent: itaque heri mirabar, quid accidisset."^
5. Stomachari Canius, sed quid faceret ?^^ nondum enim
Aquillius, collega et familiaris mens, protulerat de dolo malo
formulas : in quibus ipsis cum ex eo quaereretur, Quid esset ^^
dolus malus ; respondebat. Cum esset ^'^ aliud simulatum, aliud
actum. — Cicero, De Off. iii. 14.
3. The Vale of Etina.
I. Vetus est haec opinio, judices, quae constat ex anti-
quissimis Graecorum Uteris ac monumentis, insulam Siciliam
totam esse Cereri et Liberae consecratam. Hoc cum ceterae
gentes sic arbitrantur, tum ipsis Siculis ita persuasum est,
ut in animis eorum insitum atque innatum esse videatur.
Reading Lessons, 157
Nam et natas esse has in iis locis deas, et fruges in ea terra
primum repertas esse arbitrantur, et raptam esse Liberam,
quam eamdem Proserpinam vocant, ex Hennensium nemore :
qui locus, quod in media est insula situs, umbilicus Siciliae
nominatur. Quam cum investigare et conquirere Ceres
vellet, dicitur inflammasse taedas iis ignibus qui ex Aetnae
vertice erumpunt : quas sibi cum ipsa praeferret, orbem omnem
peragrasse 'terrarum.
2. Henna autem, ubi ea quae dico gesta esse memo-
rantur, est loco perexcelso atque edito, quo in summo est
aequata agri planities et aquae perennes, tota vero omni
aditu circumcisa atque directa est : quam circa lacus lucique
sunt plurimi, atque laetissimi flores omni tempore anni, locus
ut ipse raptum ilium virginis, quem jam a pueris accepimus,
declarare videatur.
3. Etenim prope est spelunca quaedam, conversa ad aqui-
lonem, infinita altitudine, qua Ditem patrem ferunt repente
cum curru exstitisse, abreptamque ex eo loco virginem secum
asportasse, et subito non longe a Syracusis penetrasse sub
terras, lacumque in eo loco repente exstitisse : ubi usque ad
hoc tempus Syracusani festos dies anniversarios agunt cele-
berrimo virorum mulierumque conventu.
4. Propter hujus opinionis vetustatem, quod horum in iis
locis vestigia ac prope incunabula reperiuntur deorum, mira
quaedam tota Sicilia privatim ac publice religio est Cereris
Hennensis.*^ Etenim multa saepe prodigia vim ejus numen-
que declarant : multis saepe in difficillimis rebus praesens
auxilium ejus oblatum est, ut haec insula ab ea non solum
diligi, sed etiam incoli custodirique videatur. — Ve?'r. v. 48.
4. The Earth is made for Man,
I. Terra vero feta frugibus et vario leguminum genere,
quae cum maxima largitate fundit, ea ferarumne an hominum
causa gignere videtur? Quid de vitibus olivetisque dicam ?
quarum uberrimi laetissimique fructus nihil omnino ad bestias
pertinent. Neque enim serendi neque colendi nee tempestive
demetendi percipiendique fructus, neque condendi ac repo-
158 Latin Method,
nendi ulla pecudum ^ scientia est, earumque omnium rerum
hominum est et usus et cura.
2. Ut fides igitur et tibias eorum causa factas dicendum
est, qui illis uti possent,^^ sic ea, quae diximus, iis solis " con-
fitendum est esse parata, qui utuntur ; nee si quae bestiae
furantur aliquid ex iis aut rapiunt, illarum quoque causa ea
nata esse dicemus. Neque enim homines murum aut formi-
carum causa frumentum condunt, sed conjugum et liberorum
et familiarum suarum. Itaque bestiae furtim (at dixi) fruun-
tur, domini palam et libere.
3. Tantumque abest ut haec bestiarum etiam causa pa-
rata sint, ut ipsas bestias hominum gratia generatas esse
videamus. Quid enim oves aliud adferunt, nisi ut earum
villis confectis atque contextis homines vestiantur ? Quae
quidem neque ali neque sustentari neque uUum fructum
edere ex se sine cultu hominum et curatione potuissent.^^
4. Canum vero tam fida custodia tamque amans domino-
rum adulatio tantumque odium in externos et tam incredibilis
ad investigandum sagacitas narium, tanta alacritas in venando
quid significat aliud, nisi se ad hominum commoditates esse
generatos ?
5. Quid de bobus loquar ? quorum ipsa terga declarant
non esse se ad onus accipiendum *^ figurata, cervices autem
natae ad jugum, tum vires humerorum et latitudines ad aratra
extrahenda. Quibus,^^ cum terrae subigerentur fissione glae-
barum, ab illo aureo genere (ut poetae loquuntur) vis nulla
umquam adferebatur.
Ferrea tum vero proles exorta repefite est^
Ausaque funestum prima est fabricarier ensem,
Et gustare manu vinctum domitumque juvencum.
Tanta putabatur utilitas percipi ex bobus, ut eorum visceribus
vesci scelus haberetur.
6. Longum est mulorum persequi ^ utilitates et asinorum,
quae certe ad hominum usum paratae sunt. Sus vero quid
habet praeter escam ? Cui ^^ quidem, ne putresceret, an imam
ipsam pro sale datam dicit esse Chrysippus. Qua pecude,^-
Readmg Lessons. 159
quod erat ad vescendum hominibus apta, nihil genuit natura
fecundius.
7. Quid multitudinem suavitatemque piscium dicam, quid
avium ? ^ ex quibus tanta percipitur voluptas, ut interdum
Pronoea nostra Epicurea fuisse videatur. Atque hae ne
caperentur quidem, nisi hominum ratione atque sollertia;
quamquam aves quasdam et alites et oscines, ut nostri au-
gures appellant, rerum augurandarum *^ causa esse natas pu-
tamus.
8. Jam vero immanes et feras beluas nanciscimur
venando, ut et vescamur iis ^^ et exerceamur in venando ad
similitudinem bellicae disciplinae, et utamur domitis et con-
docefactis,^^ ut elephantis, multaque ex earum corporibus
remedia morbis " et vulneribus eligamus, sicut ex quibusdam
stirpibus et herbis, quarum utilitates longinqui temporis usu ^®
et periclitatione percepimus.
9. Totam licet animis tamquam oculis lustrare terram
mariaque omnia: cernes jam spatia frugifera atque immensa
camporum vestitusque densissimos montium, pecudum pastus,
turn incredibili cursus maritimos celeritate. Nee vero supra
terram, sed etiam in intimis ejus tenebris plurimarum rerum
latet utilitas, quae ad usum hominum orta ab hominibus solis
invenitur. — De Natura Deorum, ii. 62-64.
5. The Heavens declare a Creator.
I. Praeclare ergo Aristoteles : 'Si essent,' ^^ inquit, 'qui
sub terra semper habitavissent'*'' bonis et illustribus domiciliis,
quae essent ^' ornata signis atque picturis, instructaque rebus
iis omnibus quibus abundant ii qui beati putantur, nee tamen
exissent umquam supra terram, accepissent autem fama et
auditione, esse quoddam numen et vim deorum ; deinde ali-
quo tempore, patefactis terrae faucibus, ex illis abditis
sedibus evadere in haec loca, quae nos incolimus, atque
exire potuissent : 2. cum repente terram et maria caelumque
vidissent, nubium magnitudinem ventorumque vim cogno-
vissent, adspexissentque solem, ejusque tum magnitudinem
pulchritudinemque^ tum etiam efficientiam cognovissent, quod
i6o Latin Method,
is diem efficeret ^' toto caelo luce diffusa ; cum autem terras
nox opacasset,*^ turn caelum totum cerneretit astris distinctum
et ornatum, lunaeque luminum varietatem tum crescentis ^
tum senescentis, eorumque omnium ortus et occasus, atque
in omni aeternitate ratos immutabilesque cursus ; haec cum
viderent, profecto et esse ^® deos et haec tanta> opera deorum
esse arbitrarentur.' — id. ii. 37.
6. An Active Old Age.
1. Nihil necesse est mihi de me ipso dicere,^^ quamquam
est id quidem senile, aetatique nostrae conceditur. Videtisne
ut apud Homerum saepissime Nestor de virtutibus suis prae-
dicet?^^ Tertiam enim jam aetatem hominum vivebat, nee
erat ei verendum ne vera praedicans de se nimis videretur
aut insolens aut loquax. Etenim, ut ait Homerus, ex ejus
lingua melle dulcior fluebat oratio, quam ad suavitatem nullis
egebat corporis viribus.^^ Et tamen dux ille Graeciae nus-
quam optat ut Ajacis similis habeat decem, sed ut Nestoris ;
quod si sibi acciderit,*' non dubitat quin brevi sif^ Troja
peritura.
2. Sed redeo ad me. Quartum ago annum et octogesi-
mum. Vellem *^ equidem idem posse gloriari quod Cyrus ; sed
tamen hoc queo dicere : non me quidem iis esse viribus^®
quibus aut miles bello Punico, aut quaestor eodem bello,
aut consul in Hispania fuerim, aut quadriennio post, cum
tribunus militaris depugnavi apud Thermopylas M'. Glabri-
one consule ;^^ sed tamen, ut vos videtis, non plane me ener-
vavit, non adflixit senectus ; non curia viris meas desiderat,
non rostra, non amici, non clientes, non hospites. Nee enim
umquam sum adsensus veteri illi laudatoque proverbio,^® quod
monet mature fieri senem^ si diu velis *' senex esse : ego vero me
minus diu senem esse mallem, quam esse senem ante quam
essem.^^ Itaque nemo adhuc convenire me voluit, cui
fuerim^® pccupatus. — De Senect. 10.
Notes, 165
2. obtineret, lield against the enemy.
3. impetu conabantur, were just trying by a rush (imperfect).
4. perfect! operis, of the finished task == at having finished the
task. The genitive is very often used, where w^e might expect a
different case, when two nouns are closely connected, as here.
5. sustinuit, held in check.
7. sic armatus, armed as he ivas.
10. comitio : the comitium was the place of patrician gatherings.
It was an elevated part of the Forum. — quantum, as much as.
12. pro, in proportion to.
2. The Deed of Mucius Sccevola.
1. 14. obsidio erat, the siege continued. — frumenti limits inopia.
2. expugnaturum [esse] se, that he should cotiquer, depending
on spem habebat. In the future of indirect discourse, with the
participle in urus, the infinitive esse is more commonly omitted.
5. ne deprehensus retraheretur, lest he should be seized and
dragged back (" lest being seized," &c.).
7. senatum, governed by adiit as a transitive verb, as often
with compounds of ad, trans, and circum (§ 52, i. d).
8. si possim, if I should be able : the present subjunctive with
si is generally to be rendered with should.
9. populationum . . . ultor = to avenge in turn the plunder.
10. ferro, steel, poetic for gladio, sivord.
2. 2. daretur, was [in the act of] being given.
(P- 1 53-) I- adirent: observe that this subjunctive depends on
cum, two lines before.
3. vadentem, as he went, agreeing with eum (understood),
object following cum . . . retraxissent : when the king^s attendants
had seized (comprehensum), and dragged him back ("him having
been seized ").
6. destitutus = alone.
3. I . vocant, understand me. — hostis is in apposition with ego,
subject of volui. .
2. est, understand mihi : / have ("there is to me") no less
courage for death than I had for killing.
3. fortia, translate by an adverb, bravely. — Romanum, a Roman
virtue.
4. petentium, of those seeking (or aiming at). The genitive
petentium limits ordo, to be translated series or succession.
i66 Latin Method.
5. accingere (pass, imperat.), hrace yourself up for this conflict
if it pleases you. — in singulas horas =from hour to hour.
6. capite tuo, for your life : the stake or prize of the conflict
being taken is the abl. of price. — dimices, habeas, pres. subj.,
following ut, so that you may^ Sfc.
7. juventus, in appos. with nos (understood), subject of indi-
cimus.
8. nuUam timueris (the perf, subj., used for the imperative in
prohibitions : see Lesson 16, i. c.) : fear no arjny, Sfc.
4. 2. nisi . . . jaceret, unless he should instantly declare plainly
the threats of plots against him, which he threw out by dark hints (am-
bages). The noun (minas) is here, as commonly in Latin, in the
relative clause.
3. en tibi, look you ! — vile, worthless.
8. in te . . . ausus, you who have dared hostile deeds against
yourself §'c.
9. macte virtute, a common phrase of encouragement, like
persevere in valor or merit. — macte is a vocative ( =magis aucte),
though here used in indirect discourse.
5. 2. apud te, icith you. — ut . . . tuleris, so that you have tvon
from me by kindness what you could not by threats.
5. ceciderit, fut. perfect, to be translated by the simple future,
as it shall fall to each first [in his turn].
6. Mucium, object of secuti sunt.
7. Scaevolae, dative (seep. 88). — clade, loss.
9. agro, ablative following ex in excessit.
3. The Escape of Cloelia.
1.2. una ex obsidibus, for una obsidum : this form is more
common than the genitive after numerals (§ 50, 2. e. r.^).
6. quod ubi, when this. ^c. (see Note, p. 131)-
8. alias . . . facere, made the others of no great account.
10. prse se ferre. asserted or declared. — pro rupto, as broken.
11. sic . . . remissurum, so (on the other hand), 7/ 5wrrenf/emi,
he icould restore her unharmed to her friends (suos).
2. I. constitit, remained firm. — ex foedere, according to the
treaty.
6. probabile, etc., it teas approved by the general feeling (con-
sensu) of the hostages themselves, that [the persons of] that age should
be released, &fc.
Notes, 167
Miscellaneous Selections.
Selection I. — i. sonus is limited by ferri, and subject of
reddebatur. — longius . . . e proximo, at a distance^ close by.
2. inhabitantibus (dative), translate by (strictly on the part of).
vigiliam, object of sequebatur. In English, the passive con-
struction would be more natural: watching was followed by, Sfc —
causis, than the cause of it (the fear). — soUtudine, to solitude.
The Latin often uses the ablative to denote the penalty. — tota,
i. e. entirely. — proscribebatur : the imperfect means not it was
advertised, but the advertisement was kept up. — seu . . . vellet, in
case any one should wish.
3. quia gives the reason of peroontatus. — audita is taken with
simulacra.
4. ubique, i. e. everyivhere else, —stahsit : the imperfect de-
scribes the appearance of the phantom.
5. capiti, over the head. — catenis : translate as accusative,-
rattled the chains, noticing the difference of idiom. — idem,
governed by innuentem. — quod prius, i. e. innuerat. — nee, and
not ; as it is very often, much oftener than nor. — desertus, i. e.
after he was thus abandoned. — signum, in apposition with herbas,
etc., as a mark
6. quae corpus reliquerat, i. e. lohich had been left by the body
(its decay). — exesa, i. e. by rust. — conditis manibus, the ghost
being laid. — caruit, ivas relieved, i. e of the disturbance which is
implied by the whole of the precedin:g.
Selection II. — i . otiandi depends on causa. — quod cum,
and ichen this (§ 45, 6). — Cauio, dative following licere, that
Canius might use them.
2. qui e&set = inasmuch as he teas. — apparatum, sc. est, teas
got ready.
3. tantumne, such a quantity : the ne only continues the ques-
tion. — gravate, i. e. agebat, a kind of idiom. — quid multa, i. e.
dicam : another common idiom which should be noticed as such.
— impetrat, i. e. his request. — instructos, agreeing with hortos.
nomina facit, makes out the bill (so used on account of the name in
the account-book).
4. scalmum nullum, i. e. not so much as a thole-pin. — eos
nullos, none of them, a regular Latin idiom. — nullae, sc. feriae.
— quod, so far as (adverbial accusative.)
Selection III. — i. constat, is made out from (lit. stands toge-
ther). — hoc . . . persuasum est, are persuaded of this. N^otice
i68 Latin Method.
the idiom, which is regular. — quam eandem, etc., the same whom
they call.
Selection IV. — i . ea, antecedent of quae, coming last, as
usual in Latin. — serendi depends on scientia.
5. se refers to terga. — latitudines, plural (as often in Latin)
because he is thinking of many cases or examples. — fissione, etc. ;
. the early time when the ground had to be broken, and of course
cattle were more necessary. — aureo, i. e. the golden age. — fabri-
carier : formerly the infinitive passive ended as here (an extract
from an old poet) in er. — manu, connected with vinctum. — vesci,
subj. of haberetur.
6. longum est: we should say in English it would take too long
(see Gr. § 60, 2. c). — pro sale, instead of salt, i. e. merely to keep
it from spoiling (ne putesceret). — pecude depends on fecundius.
7. Pronoea, Providence, in our modern sense; an idea of the
Stoics, one of whom is here spgaking, hence nostra. — Epiourea
-< (pred.)* an Epicurean: fem. on account of the gender of Pronoea.
Thfe itiea is^that Providence seems to be an Epicurean in providing
so many good things for the appetite.
8. stirpibus, bushes, that have stems. — herbis, plants, grasses
and the like without woody stems.
9. licet, you may, taken with lustrare. — plurimarum, etc.,
very many things of use (lit. the usefulness of many things).
Selection V. — essent, the subject is the implied antecedent
of qui, men who. — quoddam, a. This word is used because the
thing, though only referred to indefinitely, is however definitely
known. — esse deos, that there are gods.
Selection VI. — i. senile, characteristic of old men. — prae-
dicet, from praedico, are. — aetatem, Gr. § 52, i. h. — quam
belongs w^ith suavitatem : the relative is often displaced in this
way by a preposition connected with it. — dux ille, Agamemnon,
the chief of the Trojan expedition.
2. equidem: the force of this word is concessive. The idea is,
' ' though I cannot make the same boast that Cyrus (I wish I
could), still this I can say, &c." The Latin particles have just
this kind of force, and we cannot begin too soon to notice them.
— quidem, again concessiye (see preceding note). Translate,
though I have not, Sfc, still (sed tamen). — ego: notice that it
is emphatic, — / for my part. Do not get the habit, because in
English the personal pronouns are expressed, whether emphatic or
not, of disregarding their emphasis when expressed in Latin.
f
<^
PREPARED BY WILLIAM DEUTSCH,
TEACHER IN THE ST. LOUIS HIGH SCHOOL.
SUGGESTIONS TO THE TEACHER.
1. Have the Grammar part and the Vocabularies well studied before
passing to the translation.
2. Do not neglect blackboard and other written exercises.
3. Have the principal synonymes (found on pages 235 to 242)
memorized.
4. Do not neglect frequent reviewing.
5. Assign short lessons duringvthe first quarter.
EXERCISES.
Lesson i.
First Declension, Page 4.
(Omit Greek Nouns.)
Vocabulary.
ala, ae (f.), wing. porta, ae (f.), gate.
amicitia ae {¥.\ friendship. puella, ae {¥.),girL
aqua, ae (f.), water. pugna, ae (f.), battle.
aquila, ae (f.), eagle. regina, ae (f.), queen.
columba, ae (f.), dove. Roma, ae (f.), Ro7ne.
causa, ae (f.), cause. rbsa, ae (f.), rose.
Europa, ae (f.), Europe. Siciiia, ae (f.), Sicily.
femina, ae (f.), woman. vita, ae (f.), life.
filia, ae (f.), daughter. et or -que, and.
gloria, ae {Y.^^lory. est, he is; sunt, they are.
hora, ae (f.), hour. habet, he has j habeut, they
incola, ae (m.), inhabita7it. have.
inimicitia, ae (f.), enmity. cum (with abl.), with.
nauta, ae (m.), sailor. in (with abl.), in. .
patria, ae (f.), native city. in (with ace), into.
pbeta, ae (m.), poet. e, ex (with abl,), out of
Translate into English.
1. Hora, horarum, hora, horis ; nautas, nautae, nautam.
2. Siciiia est insula Europae.
3. Nautae filia.
4. Filiabus reginarum.
5. Puella est feminae filia.
6. Roma portas habet.
7. Columbae alas habent.
8. Amicitia est vitae gloria.
9. Incolae rosas habent.
10. In aquam ; ex aqua.
11. Cum nautis incolisque.
12. Inimicitia incolarum est causa pugnae.
I/O Latin Method.
Write in Latin. .
1. Of girls ; to the daughter ; the queens (ace).
2. Out of the water; in the water ; into the water.
3. The eagles have wings.
4. The woman has a rose.
5. The inhabitants of Sicily are sailors.
6. The battle is the cause of glory.
7. The enmity of the inhabitants is the cause of battles.
8. With the daughters of the queens.
9. She is the daughter of the queen.
10. O Rome, the native-city of poets.
Lesson 2.
Second Declension, Page 5.
(Omit Greek Nouns.)
Vocabulary.
ager, agri {^.\ field. liber, ri (m.), book.
amicus, i {m.), friend. ' litterae, ?LX\xm {y ), letter.
argentum, i (n.), silver. inimicus, i (m.), enemy.
aurum, i (n.), gold. magister, ri (m.), master,
avus, i (m.), grandfather. teacher.
bellum, i (n.), war. metallum, i (n.), metal.
dat, he gives. murus, i (m.), wall.
dant, they give. oppidum, ii'H.), town.
ddminus, i (m ), lord, master. praemium, i (n.), reward.
donum, i (n ), gift. puer, i (m.), boy.
equus, i (m.), horse. servus, i (m.), slave.
filius, i (m.), son. s6cer, i {m), father-in-law.
gener, i (m ), son-in-law. templum, i (n.), temple.
gladius, i (m.), sword. vir, i (m.), man.
Translate into English.
1. Amici, amicorum, amicos, amice.
2. Agro, agris, agrum, agri.
3. Templum, templa, templorum, templi.
4. Dominus servos equosque habet.
5. Socer agrum genero dat.
6. Templa sunt gloria Romae.
7. Aurum et argentum sunt metalla.
8. Amici avi poetae sunt.
9. Magistri pueris et puellis dona dant.
10. Oppidum muros et portas habet.
Exercises. 171
Write in Latin.
1. The boys have books.
2. The teacher gives doves to the boys.
3. The enemies of the master have swords.
4. The friends of the queen are poets, not sailors.
5. The father-in-law gives gold and silver to the temples.
6. The metals are the cause of war.
7. The friends of the boy have the books of the men.
8. The queen gives rewards to the inhabitants.
9. [There] is the letter of the son-in-law.
10. The son and the friend of the sailor are poets.
Lesson 3.
Second Declension, continued. Questions. Pages 5 and 8.
Vocabulary.
agric51a, ae (m.), farmer. hortus, i (m.), garden.
Athenae, arum (f.), Athens. Italia, ae (f.), Italy.
Cbrinthus, i (f.), Corinth. morbus, i (m.), disease^ sick-
deus, i (m.) God. pomum, i (n.), apple. Sjtess.
disclptilus, i (m.), pupil, Romanus, i (m.), Roman,
scholar. scutum, i (n.), shield.
d6a, ae (f.), Goddess. taurus, i (m.), bull.
6rat, he was. iibi ? where f
grant, they were. vQcat, he calls.
Graecus, i (m.)„ Greek. vbcant, they call.
Translate into English.
1. Vocatne filium ?
2. Num agricola amici filiabus rosas dat ? Non dat.
3. Nonne Roma muros portasque habet? Habet.
4. Erantne filii filiaeque domini ?
5. Discipuli cum magistro Romae et Corinthi erant.
6. Ubi amici libri sunt ?
7. Romani gladios et scuta habent.
8. Bella morborum causa erant.
9. Dii erant amici Graecorum et Romanorum.
10. Avus donum dis dat.
1/2 Latin Method,
Write in liatin.
1. Does the sailor call [his] daughter? No.
2. Is not gold the cause of battles and wars? Yes.
3. Does the teacher give a reward to the girls ?
4. The father-in-law gives fields and bulls to the friends
of the queen. ^
5. The son of the poet was in Sicily, in Rome, and in
Corinth.
6. In the garden of the master [there] are apples and
roses.
7. The Romans give gold and silver to the goddesses.
8. Where were the servants of the grandfather ? In
Athens. In Italy.
Lesson 4.
Adjectives of tlie First and Second Declension, Page 6.
Vocabulary.
aeger, gra, grum, sick, mSlestus, a, um (with dat.),
albus, a, um, white. troublesome.
altus, a, um, high^ deep. multus, a, um, jjtuch, 7nany.
bonus, a, um, good. niger, gra, grum, blacky dark.
densus, a, um, dense ^ thick. niimerus, i (m.), number.
diligentla, ae (f.), diligence. parvus, a, um, sniall^ little.
fluvius, i (m), river^ stream. pulcher, chra, chrum, beau-
Gallia, ae (f.), G^^?^/ (country). tiful.
Graecia, ae (f.), Greece. rapidus, a, um, rapid.
gratus, a, um (with dat), regnum, i (n.), kingdom.
pleasing^ grateful. ^ Rhenus, i {^.^.^ Rhine.
ignavus, a, um, lazy. ripa, ae (f), bank.
insula, ae (f.), island. silva, ae {y.^, forest.
latus, a, um, broad, wide. t6ner, era, erum, tender.
longus, a, um, long. timidus, a, um, timid.
magnus, a, um, great, large. trans (with ace), across.
miser, era, erum, wretched. volat, heftier.
-v61ant, they fly.
Translate into English.
1. Servus ignavus est.
2. Columbae timidae sunt.
V
Exercises.
173
3. Oppidum est parv^um.
4. Graecia multa templa habet.
5. Magister parvas puellas et bonos pueros vocat.
6. Nonne puero donum dat ?
7. Aquila trans magnum fluvium in silvam densam volat.
8. Insula parva incolas multos habet.
9. Morbus tenero filio molestus est.
10. Praemia diligentiae discipulis grata sunt.
"Write in liatin.
1. The swords were long.
2. The towns are large.
3. The kingdom is small.
4. The daughters of the women are good.
5. The queen gives broad swords to the inhabitants.
6. The roses of the high banks are white.
7. The Rhine is a rapid river of Gaul.
8. Great is the number of black slaves.
9. The master gives a beautiful book to the sick boy.
10. The disease is troublesome to the wretched girl.
Lesson $.
Adjectives and Adverbs of the First and Second Declension, Pp. 6 & 41.
Vocabulary.
acutus, a, um, sharp.
bslllcosus, a, um, warlike.
bene (adv.), well.
dbcet, he teaches.
dbcent, they teach.
exemplum, i (n.), example.
hgri {pidiV .^., yesterday .
inter (with ace), among, be-
tween.
Latinus, a, um, Latin.
liberi, orum (m ), children.
Hngua, ae (f.), language,
tongue.
IScus, i (m.) (plur., masc. and
ntvX.'), place.
meus, a, um, my.
natat, he swims.
natant, they swim.
noster, ra, rum, our.
noxius, a, um (with dat.),
hurtful, injurious.
periculum, i (n.), danger.
proelium, i (n.), battle. ^
scribit, he writes.-
scribunt, they write.
semper (adv.), always.
1/4 Latin Method,
Translate into Cnglish.
1. Num puer natat in magno rapidoque fluvio?
2. In multis proeliis in periculo magno erat.
. 3. Magistri mei semper bene decent.
4. Nautae filius pulchre scribit.
5. Puellae litteras parvas aegrae roginae scribunt.
6. In alto loco parvi pueri cum avo erant.
7. Exemplum servi noxium puero est.
8. Templa diis et deabus grata sunt. [magistri.
9. Erant multi pueri heri in horto; et inter pueros filius
10. Morbus tenerae filiae molestus erat.
Write in Latin.
1. The son of the warlike queen has a sharp sword.
2. Were the farmer's sons in the large garden ? No.
3. The sailor is in the garden with [his] sons, not with
[his] daughters.
4. The example of a lazy boy is injurious to the pupils.
5. Our daughter writes a beautiful letter to the teacher.
6. The black horses are troublesome to the man.
7. The children of good [men] are not always good.
8. Our master teaches the Latin language well.
9. Where was the son of the farmer with the black horses ?
10. Many books are injurious to the sick daughter of the
sailor.
Lesson 6.
Present, Imperfect, and Future of sum and compounds. Pp. S4 & 25.
Vocabulary.
a, ab (with abl.), away^ by. gaudium, i (n.), joy.
absum, / am absent. intersum, / a7n among., be-
adsum, / ai7i present. tween.
beatus, a, um, happy. ira, ae (f.), anger.
coutentus, a, um, contented. liber, era, QXMVCL^free.
copla, ae (f.), abundance. mox (adv.), soon.
copiae, arum (f.), forces^ nunc (adv.), /^^^e/.
troops. probus, a, um, upright.
desum, I am away., wanting. sed (conj.), but.
frumentum, i (n.), corn., si (conj.), if.
grain.
> Exercises. 175
Translate into English.
1. Estis, eramus, eris.
2. Abes, aberimus ; adsumus, aderant.
3. Non beatus eras, mi fili.
4. Si contenti eritis, miseri non eritis.
5. Bonis viris non desunt amid.
6. Semper a proelio abero.
7. Magnae copiae Romanorum in proelio aderant.
8. Estne copia frumenti in domini agris ?
9. Alexander Magnus multis proeliis intererat.
10. Incolae magni oppidi sumus.
Write in L<atin.
1. We are, thou wilt be, he was.
2. He is present ; they were among ; she will be absent.
3. The town was small, but beautiful.
4. [There] were many wars among the Romans.
5. We shall soon be in the black forest.
6. You were in the town yesterday, where are now many
boys and many girls.
7. The wicked [men] are not free.
8. To good [men] friends are not wanting.
9. Anger will be injurious to many.
10. Upright pupils are the joy of the teacher.
Lesson 7.
Perfect, Pluperfect, Future Perfect and Imperative of sum, Page 25.
Vocabulary.
attentus, a, um, attentive. legatus, i (m.), legate^ ainbas-
cur ? why ? sador.
doctus, a, um, learned. ludus, i (m.), play^ school.
hddie (adv.), to-day. nullus, a, um, no one, none.
indoctus, a, um, unlearned. officium, i (n.), duty, service.
Justus, a, um, just. praesum, / am at the head.
laetus, a, um, joyful. vester, ra, rum, your.
1^6 Lathi Method.
Translate into English.
1. Fuisti, fueris, este, sunto.
2. Deeras, adfuere, praefueratis, praees !
3. Estis, fuistis, abfuerit, inerant.
4. Cur abfuisti a ludo heri ?
5. Mi bone puer, semper probus es !
6. Legati Romanorum adfuerant.
7. Discipuli sunto attenti.
8. Num abfueritis a jJroelio ? Non aberimus.
9. Contend estote officio vestro.
10. Magister discipulis esto amicus.
"Write in Liatin.
1. He will be, they have been, we were present.
2. Be ye absent, you shall be present, he will have been.
3. The teacher shall be just.
4. The contented are always joyful.
5. My son, be upright and attentive, and you will be the
joy of the teacher.
6. Have you been in the grandfather's garden to-day ?
7. Let [there] be no cause of enmity ; we are good friends.
8. They had been unlearned ; now they are learned.
Lesson 8.
Conjunctions and Preposition, Pages 11 and 41.
Vocabulary.
ad (ace), towards, to. saepe (adv.), often.
ambiilat, he walks. saxum, i (n.), rock.
ambulant, they walk. secat, he cuts.
aula, ae (f.), hall. secant, they cut.
campus, i (m.'), Jield, plain. venit, he comes.
castra orum (n.), camp. veniunt, they come.
currit, he runs. vesper, eri (m.), evening.
currunt, they run. videt, he sees.
liipus, i (m.), wolf. vident, they see.
per (ace), through.
Exercises. i J J
Translate into English.
1. Num puer natat in magno rapidoque fluvio ? Non
natat.
2. Parvi discipuli saepe trans latum fluvium natant.
3. Domini non semper boni fuerunt in {towards) servos.
4. Venit in castra ; veniunt in hortum.
5. Avus nunc ab insula in carapum ambulat.
6. Agricola venit ad oppidum cum magistri filio.
7. Lupus e silva currit et puellam videt.
8. Multae pulchraeque puellae in horto fuere ad vesperum.
Write in L.atin.
1. The boys come across the large river into the town.
2. The boy walks in the garden with the master's son.
3. The farmer runs towards the dense forest.
4. The sailor's sons come out of the large hall into
the garden.
5. We were often on the banks of the deep river.
6. The farmers cut a broad way through the forest.
7. A great and high rock is in the water.
8. God gives many gifts to the upright inhabitants.
Lesson 9.
Third Declension (p, b, m, x). Pages 13 and 14-
Vocabulary .
arx, arcis (f.), citadel. judex, judicis {m.'), judge.
clarus, a, um, bright, re- lex, legis (f.), law.
nowned. pax, pacis (f.), peace.
delectat, he delights. plebs, plebis (f), common
delectant, they delight. people.
dux, cucis (c), leader, general, pbpulus, i (m.), people (in
factum, i (n.), deed. general).
firm us, a, um, firm, durable. princeps, cipis (m.), chief.
Germani, orum (m.), Germans. rex, regis (m.), kiiig.
hiems, hiemis (f.), winter. severus, a, umi, severe.
jucundus, a, um (with dat.), trabs, trabis (f.), beatn.
pleasing. urbs, urbis (f.), city.
178 Latin Method.
Translate into ^English.
1. Trabes, trabium ; urbis, urbibus.
2. Duci, diice, ducum ; regem, regis, reges.
3. Pax regi jucunda fuit.
4. Judices erant justi.
5. Hiems longa agricolis molesta erit.
6. Duces Graecorum incolis insularum pacem dant.
7. Incolae Romae severas leges habent.
8. Multae urbes Graeciae clarae fuerunt.
9. Firma fuerat arx oppidi.
10. Facta principum Romanorum bellicosa erant.
Write in L.atin.
1. Of the city, for the cities, many cities (ace.)
2. By the law, of laws, the law (ace.)
3. Rome is the renowned city of Italy.
4. The Romans give rewards to good leaders.
5. The king gives, a gift to the severe judge.
6. The laws of Athens were pleasing to the Greeks.
7. Bad examples are injurious to the people.
8. A long peace was pleasing to the chief of the Germans.
9. We are now in the city, but we shall soon be in
our gardens.
10. Pleasant winters delight farmers and sailors.
Lesson 10.
Third Declension, continued (t, d), Page 12.
Vocabulary.
aestas, atis (f.), sum7ner. mors, mortis (f.), death.
civitas, atis (f.), state. natiira, ae (f.), nature.
custos, odis (m.), guardian. nox, noctis (f.), night.
dens, dentis (m.), tooth. obses, idis (c), hostage.
equSs, itis (m.), horseman. occidit, he kills.
Galli, orum (m.), Gauls. occidunt, they kill.
hasta, ae (f.), spear. pSdes, itis {m.^, foot-soldier.
lapis, idis (m.), stone. pons, pontis (m,), bridge.
libertas, atis {¥.), freedom. tempestas, atis (f.), tempest.
miles, itis (m.), soldier. voluntas, atis (f.), wish^ will.
mens, mentis (m.), mountain.
Exercises. 1 79
Translate into English.
1. Custodis, custodem ; pediti, pedites ; pontem, pontium.
2. Morti, morte; civitatem, civitatibus; dentes; montibus.
3. Miles gladio obsidem occidit.
^ 4. Milites lapidibus comites occidunt.
5. Nostri equites et pedites in proelio timidi fuerunt.
6. Mors naturae lex semper fuit.
7. Voluntas militum duci grata erit.
8. Pedites auri custodes gladiis occidunt.
9. Principes Germanorum Romanis multos obsides dant.
10. Tempestates aestatis agricolis nautisque noxiae sunt.
11. Trabes in pontibus longae sunt.
TFrite in Latin.
1. Of a companion, to companions ; the nights, by night.
2. The horsemen, with horsemen ; with a stone, of stones.
3. Long nights in winter are pleasant to the teacher
and pupils.
4. The hostages kiH the foot-soldiers with spears.
5. The inhabitants kill many soldiers with large stones.
6. The soldiers kill the timid guardians of the silver.
7. A tempest in summer is troublesome to the foot-
soldiers.
8. The laws of the Roman state were renowned.
9. Freedom of the inhabitants shall be the law of the
state.
10. The forces of the Romans kill the horsemen of the
Gauls with swords.
Lesson ii.
Third Declension, continued (1, n, r), Pages 13 and 14.
Vocabulary.
^admiratlo, onis (f.), adinira- certus, a, um, certain.
tton. consul, iilis (m.), consul.
agggr, eris (m.), mound. dQ16r, oris (m.), pain.
ansgr, 6ris {^.^, goose. flos, floris {u), flower.
auctumnus, i (m.), autufun. fratgr, tris (m.), brother.
cI15r, oris (m.), heat. hdmo, Inis (c), Jtian^ ivoinan.
i8o Latin Method,
invidus, a, um, envious. 5dor, oris (m.), smell.
jucunditas, atis (f.), delight. oratio, onis (f,), oration.
labor, oris (m.), work, hard- orator, oris (m.), orator.
ship. pastor, oris (m.), shepherd.
laudat, he praises. pater, tris {u.), father.
laudant, they praise. sermo, onis (m.), discourse.
leo, leonis (m.), lion. sol, solis (m.), stm.
mater, ris (f.), mother. soror, oris (f.), sister.
monstrat, he shows. validus, a, um, strong.
monstrant, they show. varius, a, um, various.
mos, moris (m.), manner, venator, oris (m.), huntsman.
custom. Virgo, mis (f.), ntaiden.
nemo, inis (c), nobody (no plural).
Translate into Englisb.
r. Consulem, consulum ; patri, patres.
2. Laboris, laboribus ; more, mores.
3. Leonem, leoni ; virgines, virginum.
4. Homines invidi neminem laudant.
5. Magna fuit admiratio leonum.
6. Pueri caram matrem vocant.
7. Pastores venatori lupum monstrant.
8. Puellae fratres et sorores habent.
9. Varii sunt odores florum.
10. Sermo oratoris doctus fuerat.
11. Vita hominibus grata est, mors certa.
12. Aestate solis calor militibus saepe molestus est.
Write in Latin.
1. To the flower, of flowers ; brothers, with brothers.
2. A man (ace), of men ; geese, to geese.
3. The maidens of the city Rome were beautiful.
4. The heat in autumn is injurious to the mother.
5. The sermons of the orators are learned.
6. The sisters were in the garden with [their] father
and mother.
7. The manner of the brother gives pain to the teacher.
8. The mounds of the camp are high and broad.
9. A good oration is the delight of learned men.
10. The strong' hunter kills the lion with the sword.
Exercises. 1 8 r
Lesson 12.
Third Declension, continued (i), Page 14.
Vocabulary.
ater, atra, Strum, black. hostis, is (c), enemy (public),
canis, is (c), dog. jiivenis, is {m.), young man.
civis, is (c), citizen, navis, is (f.), ship.
clades, is (f.), slaughter. notus, a, um, known.
classis, is {^), fleet. niibes, is (f.), cloud.
caelum, i (k.), sky, heaven. * peritus, a, um, skilful.
comploratio, onis (f.), weep- rupes, is (f.), rock.
tug.
turns,
diirus, a, um, hard. vallis, is (f.), valley.
Germania, ae (f.), Germany. vestis, is (f.), garment, dress.
Translate into English-
1. Gives, civium ; cladem, cladibus.
2. Hoste, hostes; nubi, nubium.
3. Clades hostium magna fuit.
4. Multae urbes Italiae altas turres habent.
5. Classis Romana duces peritos habet.
6. Mater pulchram vestem virgini dat.
7. Nubes atrae causa tempestatis sunt.
8. Valles Germaniae hostibus notae fuerunt.
9. Dux Romanorum civibus aurum argentumque dat.
10. Juvenis complorationem sororis videt.
Write in !Latin.
1. Of dogs, by a dog; the rocks, a rock (ace).
2. The ships, of a ship; of citizens, with a citizen.
3. The boys kill the shepherd's dog with stones.
4. The fleet of the Romans have many ships and a
skilful leader.
5. The valleys of Greece are known to the citizens.
6. Many hard rocks are in the mountains.
7. The maidens give beautiful garments to the daughters
of the sailors. [and citizens.
8. The beautiful young man is the friend of the soldiers
9. My friend, be the leader of the inhabitants !
10. Black clouds in the sky are the cause of tempests.
1 82 Latin * Method,
Lesson 13.
Third Declension, continued. (Neuter Nouns in n, 1, r, xis, tajT
Pages 13, 13, and 14.
Vocabulary.
animal, alls (m.), aniinaL ira, ae (f.), anger.
annus, i (M.),^^^r. litus, 6ris (n.), shore.
aureus, a, um, golden. mare, is (n.), sea.
avis, is (f.), bird. nomen, inis (n.), name.
Caesar, aris (m.), Ccesar. bpus, eris (n.), iv?rk.
calcar, aris (n.), spur. 6s, oris (n.), mouth.
capiit, itis (n.), head. 6s, ossis (n.), bone.
corpus, 6ris (n.), body. periciilosus, a, um, dangerous.
dScus, oris (n.), ornament. piscis, is {yx.^^fish.
d6micilium, i (n.), abode. poema, atis {yi.^, poem.
elephantus, i (m.), elephant. scelus, eris (n.), crime.
fulgur, iiris (n.), lightning. stat, he stands.
genus, eris (n.), race^ class. stant, they stand.
Hannibal, alis (m.), Ban- tempos, 6ris (n.), time,
nibal. . vulnus, Sris (n.), wound.
Translate into ^English.
1. Nominis ; fulgura; operi ; corporum.
2. Mari ; animalium ; capitis; calcaria.
3. Multa animalia parva capita habent.
4. Maria piscium domicilia sunt.
5. Romulus nomen Romam novae urbi dat.
6. Tempore hiemis multae aves in litore stant.
7. Opera Graecorum poetarum clara sunt.
8. Calcaria sunt decus equitis.
9. Genera animalium sunt varia.
10. Ira causa multorum scelerum semper fuit.
Write in Latin.
1. The animals ; with a spur; of bodies ; to the wound.
2. Of the poem; the races; of times; with names.
3. The crimes are known to the judge.
4. Elephants have strong bodies and large heads.
5. The time of the year is pleasant.
6. The fish has a small mouth.
Exercises. 183
7. The wounds of the soldier are large and dangerous.
8. The king gives golden spurs to the horsemen.
9. The deep sea is the abode of fishes.
10. The works of Hannibal and Caesar were renowned.
Lesson 14.
Third Declension, continued. (Gen. in utis, uris, and irreg. nouns.)
Page 14.
Vocabulary.
arbor, 6ris (f.), tree. palus, udis (f.), swamp.
benignus, a, um, kind. sacer, era, crum, sacred.
bos, bbvis (c), ox, cotu. salus, utis (f.), safety, health.
caro, carnis {y.), flesh. senectus, utis (f.), old age.
divitiae, arum (f.), riches. senex, is (m.), old man.
Jupitgr, J6vis (m.), Jupiter. siipremus, a, um, supreine.
jus, juris (n.), right, law. ■ tellus, uris (f.), earth.
jiiventus, utis (f.), youth, virtus, tutis (f.), virtue.
young age. vis, vis (¥.), power, strength.
6vis, is (f.), sheep.
Translate into English.
1. Virtutem ; telluris ; paludi; senes.
2. Virium ; bobus ; Jovem ; jura.
3. Salus populi suprema lex esto !
4. Jupiter pater deorum Romanorum erat.
5. Vires leonis magnae sunt.
6. Donum senectutis hominibus jucundum est.
7. Numerus'senum et juvenum magnus est.
8. Multi boves et equi in litore insulae stant.
'Write in L,atin.
1. Virtues ; with force ; of the earth.
2. Jupiter (ace.) ; of oxen ; to young age.
3. Many trees are sacred to Jupiter.
4. Oxen have great strength.
5. Virtues were the ornament of the Greeks and Romans.
6. The old man gives gold and silver to the young man.
7. The flesh of the sheep is pleasing to the wolf.
8. Great riches is the gift of the kind gods.
184 Latin Method,
Lesson 15.
Adjectives with Genitive in ius, Page 7.
Vocabulary.
alius, a, ud, another. 5nus, eris (n.), burden^ load.
alter, era, erum, .the other, pars, partis {¥.),part.
one of two. praeda, ae (f.), booty ^ spoil.
culpa, ae {f.), fault, blame. solus, a, um, alo7te.
cura, ae (f.), care. totus, a, um, whole.
h6nor, oris (m.), honor. uUus, a, um, any.
laus, laudis {¥.), praise. unus, a, um, one.
neuter, tra, trum, neither of liter, tra, trum, which of two.
two. verus, a, um, true.
n6vus, a, um, new. voluptas, atis (f.), pleasure.
nullus, a, um, none.
Translate into English.
1. Uter nomen novae urbi dat?
2. Gives Caesari uni honorem dant.
3. Miles ex altera parte urbis venit.
4. Virtus sola veram voluptatem dat.
5. Utri dat civitas laudem ? Neutri.
6. Alii sunt docti, alii ignavi.
7. Alius vires, alius divitiae sunt magnae.
8. Alteri laudem, alteri culpam dant.
9. Nullius vita libera est curis.
10. Neutra civitas laudem ullam habet.
"Write in L.atin.
1. Romulus gives another name to the new city.
2. The one was pleasing to the king, the other trouble-
some.
3. The soldiers praise each other.
4. The leader gives the whole booty to the soldiers.
5. Neither of the men has any abode.
6. Life is a burden to no good man.
7. To which of the two boys does the teacher give a
reward ?
8. Some praise one thing, some another.
Exercises. 185
Lesson 16.
Adjectives and Adverbs of the Third Declension, Page 15 and 16.
Vocabulary.
arma, orum (n.), arjns. ingens, ntis, iminense.
animus, i (m.), soul, jnind. lacerat, he tears.
acer, acris, acre, sharp. mortalis, e, mortal.
aequalis, e, equal. levis, e, light.
agnus, i (m.), la^nb. omnis, e, all, every.
audax, acis, bold. patiens, litis, patient.
asper, gra, erum, rough. prudens, ntis, prudent.
brevis, e, short. praestans, ntis, excellent.
celer, eris, ere, swift. praesens, ntis, present.
communis, e, co7n7non. rapax, acis, rapacious.
consilium, i (n.), plan, coun- sapiens, ntis, wise.
sel. tolerat, he bears.
felix, icis, fortunate, happy. tblerant, they bear.
ferox, ocis, fierce. stultus, a, um, foolish.
f idelis, e, faithful. utilis, e, useful.
gravis, e, heavy, severe. velox, ocis, swift.
humanus, a, um, hu7nan. vetus, veteris, old.
immortalis, e, iinmortal. vinum, i (n.), wine.
iter, itineris (yi.), journey.
Translate into English.
1. Tempus humanae vitae breve est.
2. Rex ingentem numerum militum habet.
3. Miles vulnus grave patienter tolerat.
4. Vita est breve iter.
5. Consilia ducis audacia sunt.
6. Naves hostium sunt celeres.
7. Ira regis acris erat.
8. Regina cives fideles habet.
9. Animalia rapacia sunt velocia.
10. Agricolae vinum vetus habent.
11. Amicorum omnia sunt communia.
12. Ferox leo lacerat felicem agnum asperis dentibus.
Write in I.atin.
, I. A wise father often has a foolish son.
2. The labors are equal, the rewards are not equal.
1 86 Latin Method,
3. Men have mortal bodies, but immortal souls.
4. Arms are useful to all soldiers.
5. The wounds of the horsemen are light.
6. The plan of the leader was prudent.
7. Solon gives excellent laws to the Greeks.
8. Lions are rapacious animals.
9. The present times are fortunate.
10. The grandfather gives old wine to the sick son of
the teacher.
Lesson 17.
Kegular Comparison, Page 17.
Vocabulary.
adulatio, onis {¥.), flattery. ferrum, i (n.), iron, sword.
aer, aeris (m.), air. fortis, e, brave, strong.
amabilis, e, lovely. lux, liicis (p.), light.
antiquus, a, um, old. nihil (n.), (indecl.), nothing.
Cicero, onis (m.), Cicero. perniciosus, a, um, destructive.
difificilis, e, difficult. pugnat, he fights.
difficile (adv.), difficult. pugnant, they fight.
dulcis, e, sweet. sagax, acis, sagacious.
eloquens, ntis, eloquent. similis, e, similar, like.
facilis, e (adv. facile), easy. tranquillus, a, um, calm.
felis, is (f.), cat. ventus, i (m.), wind.
Translate into English.
1. Miles fortior ; milites fortissimi.
2. Donum gratum ; donum gratius.
3. Aqua est gravior quam aer.
4. Aestate noctes Iprevissimae sunt.
5. In bello agricolae sunt miserrimi.
6. Lux velocior est vento.
7. Ferrum utilissimum est omnium metallorum.
8. Nihil amabilius est virtute.
9. Filiae matri simillimae sunt.
10. Germani cum Romanis fortissime pugnant.
11. Veterrima vina non semper sunt dulcissima.
12. Itinera antiquis temporibus difficillima fuerunt.
' (Note: — The Superlative is often translated by '' veryr)
Exercises. i ^J
"Write in L.atin.
1. The swiftest animals are not always the strongest.
2. The soldiers fight more bravely.
3. The son was very like his father.
4. No one of the Romans was more eloquent than Cicero.
5. Care is swifter than the winds.
6. The Rhine is a very rapid river.
7. The nights are calmer in summer than in winter.
8. Nothing is more destructive to friendship than flattery.
9. A queen is often the most wretched of all women.
10. Dogs are more sagacious than cats.
Lesson 18.
Irregrular Comparison, Page 17.
Vocabulary.
Alpes, ium (f.), Alps. confirmat, he establishes.
aetas, atis (f.), age. propior, ius (prope), nearer.
amat, he loves. saepe (adv.). often.
amant, they love. sSpientia, ae (f.), wisdom.
callidus, a, um, cunning. siiperus, a, um, high.
dissimilis, e, unlike. suus, a, um, his., their.
Europa, ae (f.), Europe. terra, ae {¥.), earth, land.
luna, ae (f.), moo7t. tigris, is or idis (c), tiger.
5dium, i (n.), hatred. vulpes, is [^¥.),fox.
p5tens, ntia, powerful.
Translate into English.
1. Bonus poeta, melior amicus, optimi libri.
2. Majores pueri, pessimum animal.
3. Nihil est melius sapientia.
4. Luna minor est quam terra. ^
5. Plurima et maxima animalia in mari sunt.
6. Homerus est veterrimus omnium Graecorum poetarum.
7. Cicero optimus erat suae aetatis orator.
8. Omnium animalium ferocissimus est tigris, sagacis-
simus elephantiis, callidissima vulpes.
9. Venit ex loco superiore.
10. Proximo regi dissimillimus fuit. '
1 88 Latin Method,
Write in I.atin.
1. The most citizens love their native city.
2. Hatred is better than flattery.
3. The most wicked men kill the most excellent [men].
4. Very many islands are larger than Sicily.
5. The worst men are often very happy.
6. The Greeks were more learned than the Romans.
7. Caesar establishes peace with the nearest states.
8. The Alps are the highest mountains in Europe.
9. The best kings are not always the most powerful.
10. The hunter was very often in the woods.
Lesson 19.
Fourth Declension, Page 18.
Vocabulary.
acus, us (f.), needle. fructus, us {u.^^ fruit.
agmen, inis (n.), ar?ny (on genu, us (n.), knee.
march). hospitium, i (n.), hotel, inn.
aper, apri (m.), boar. instrumentum, i (n.), instru-
auditus, us (m.), hearing. ment.
auris, is (F.),V^r, lacus, us (m.), lake.
casus, us {u.^fall, accident. manus, us (p.), hand.
contra (with ace), against. 6culus, i (m.), eye.
cornu, us (m.), horn. portus, us (m.), harbor.
dens, dentis (m.), tusk. quercus, us (p.), oak.
ddmus, us (p.), house., sensus, us (m.), sense.
equitatus, us (m.), cavalry. splendidus, a, um, bright^
exercitus, us (m.), ar^ny splendid.
(drilled). unguis, is (m.), claw.
ficus, us (y^., Jig-tree. visus, us (m.), seeing.
Translate into ^English.
1. Casui, casum ; exercitus, exercituum.
2. Quercubus, quercu ; domos, domus ; cornua.
3. Visus et auditus hominibus utiles sunt.
4. Cornua tauri acuta sunt.
5. Splendidae domus in oppido nostro sunt.
6. Pater multas altas quercus in silva videt.
7. Mox pueri erunt in portu, ubi multas naves vident.
8. Tauri contra leones cornibus pugnant.
9. In alto lacu plurimi pisces sunt.
10. Non domus nostra corpus est, sed hospitium.
Exercises. 189
"Write in Latin.
1. The hands, with hands ; of a needle, of needles.
2. In houses, at home; the knees; with the senses.
3. The fruit of the fig-tree is sweet.
4. The soldier kills the tiger with [his] hand.
5. Caesar, with all his cavalry, fights against the army of
the Gauls.
6. Bulls fight with .[their] horns, boars with [their] tusks,
lions with [their] claws.
7. Eyes and ears are the instruments of the senses.
8. The king gives a beautiful horn to the soldier.
9. The farmer comes home from the city.
10. Hearing and seeing are useful to all animals.
Lesson 20.
Fifth Declension, Page 18.
Vocabulary.
acies, ei (f.), line of battle. multitudo, inis (f.), inulti-
dies, ei (m. and f.), day. iude. ^downfall.
dQmina, ae (f.), mistress. occasus, us (m.), settings
facies, ei {F.),face, planities, ei (f.), plain.
fides, ei {¥.), faith. res, rei (f.), thing.
gloriosus, a, um, glorious. serenus, a, um, serene, clear.
initium, i (n.), beginning. spes, ei (f.), hope.
jiistitia, ae {¥.), justice. sub (with ace. or abl.), nnder,
meridies, ei (m.), midday. toward.
Translate into English.
1. Diei, dierum ; re, rebus.
2. Spem ; in planitie.
3. Sub terra est magna multitudo rerum utilium.
4. Exercitus in magnam planitiem venit.
5. Soror fidei est justitia.
6. Solis occasu Csesar aciem Gallorum militibus suis
monstrat.
7. Fortuna est domina rerum humanarum.
8. Spes victoriae milites delectat.
9. Numerus dierum serenorum parvus est hieme.
10. In acie multi pedites erant.
190 Latin Method,
TV^rite in liatin.
1. For hope; of things.
2. For the days ; at midday (abl.).
3. Many things are hurtful to man.
4. In summer the days are longer than the nights.
5. The face of the goddess was most beautiful.
6. The reward was the beginning of hope.
7. Of all things the sun is most glorious.
8. The winter is the time of short 'days and long nights.
9. The leaders have very great hope of victory.
10. The next day (abl.) Caesar will be in his camp.
Lesson 21.
■ Personal Pronouns, Pages 18 and 19.
Translate into Snglish.
1. Mihi, te, nos, vobis.
2. Ad vos, vestri, nostrum, sibi.
3. Virtus et vitium semper inter se pugnant.
4. Omnes homines se amant.
5. Nos sumus potentes, sed vos estis potentiores.
6. Tu es tristior quam pater mens.
7. Pueri in horto nobiscum ambulant.
8. Ego et frater in oppido heri fuimus. [mortalis.
9. In me et in te et in nobis omnibus est animus im-
10. Parentes vobis cari sunto.
11. Omnia tua consilia nobis nota sunt..
12. Plurimi nostrum patriam amant.
Write in L-atin.
1. We, you, me, for him.
2. Of you, himself, against thee.
3. I am a shepherd, you are a teacher.
4. Thy mother is dear to thee ; mine to me.
5. He comes in company with you.
6. The teacher gives me a very beautiful book.
7. He has his brother with him at home. [selves.
8. Fools and the impatient are always fighting with them-
9. Wisdom and cou"Fisel are wanting to you, inhabitants !
10. To us the victory is joyful, to you most sad.
Exercises. 191
Lesson 22.
Demonstrative Pronouns, Pages 19 and 20.
Translate into English.
1. Hi pueri ; haec dona; illius libri.
2. In eodem oppido ; mei fratres ipsi.
3. Haec carmina suaviora sunt quam ilia.
4. Liberi agricolarum illorum diligentes fuerunt.
5. Ista poemata nobis sunt grata.
6. Horum omnium fortissimi sunt Belgae.
7. Pastor canisque ejus sunt fessi.
8. Ilia nox erat tristissima ; hie dies est laetissimus.
9. Iste tuus amicus vir est optimus.
10. Vastae solitudines in iis locis erant.
11. Memoria harum rerum vobis jucunda erit.
12. Nomen hujus poetae clarissimum erit.
"Write in Latin.
1. This city (ace.) ; the same words.
2. That letter ; of the parents themselves.
3. These apples are sweet, those sour.
4. The brothers themselves will be in school to-day.
5. These songs are most pleasing to us.
6. That man has always been hurtful to the commonwealth.
7. One of those boys is diligent, the other lazy.
8. In the same places [there] are many new buildings.
9. Why does the teacher give a reward to that tender boy ?
10. The soldiers are in that town, and the enemy in this.
Lesson 23.
Relative and Interrogative Pronouns, Page 30.
Translate into ^English.
1. Is erit fortissimus, qui ipse suarum cupiditatum victor
fuerit.
2. Cujus vox suavior est quam lusciniae ?
3. Quis tibi hunc librum dat ?
4. Animal, quod sanguinem habet, cor habet.
5. Quod animal ferocius est quam tigris ?
6. Galliae sunt partes tres, quarum unam Belgae habitant.
192 Latin Method.
7. Quibus diebus erit luna plena ?
8. lUi pisces, quos frater in fluvio videt, ferociter mordent.
9. Eis estote amici, qui virtutem summam adhibent.
10. Quern Cicero eloquens doctusque oratione non tenet?
TVrite in Liatin.
1. A boy, who studies, will be wise.
2. [He] who gives honors to the bad, is hurtful to the
state.
3. Many men will be great, whose life has been obscure
and full of dangers.
4. 7"hat king is fortunate, whom all the citizens praise.
5. Who of the Romans was more renowned than Cicero?
6. The bowls, which are here, had often been full of sweet
wine.
7. Let the pupils be present, to whom the teacher gives
rewards.
8. Whose life has been altogether ^ free from cares ?
9. To which jeweller does the queen give the greatest
[sum of] money ?
10. What animal has greater strength than the elephant?
1 altogether = omnino.
Lesson 24.
Cardinals and Ordinals, Pages 15 and 16.
Translate into Snglish.
1. Duodecim ; duodetriginta.
2. Quintus ; trigesimus.
3. Illi duodequinquaginta pueri.
4. Mille passus ; duo millia passuum ; ducenta millia
passuum.
5. Hie murus est altus trecentos pedes, et latus novem
pedes.
6. Quota hora est ? Decima.
7. Agricolae filius primus est; amici filia secunda, ille
puer autem undecimus.
8. Homo habet-mi^m os, duas aures, duos oculos.
Exercises. 193
Write in Latin.
1. Fourteen ; forty-nine.
2. The fifteenth ; the nineteenth.
3. The wise [men] of Greece were seven.
4. A journey of three miles.
5. The enemy kill five thousand men in the war.
6. What time is it ? 7 o'clock ; midday.
7. The seventh king of Rome was unjust and very wicked.
8. A Roman legion has five thousand foot-soldiers, three
hundred horsemen.
Lesson 25.
Active Voice. Four Conjugations. Present and Imperfect ; Indicative,
Pages 28, 33, 34, 35, and 36.
Translate into English.
1. Laudatis, laudabas ; cadunt, cadebam.
2. Tenemus, tenebamus ; veniunt, veniebatis.
3. Miles ex altera parte urbis venit.
4. Romani contra hostes pugnant.
5. Helvetii Caesaris adventum exspectabant.
6. Timidae oves in medio campo errabant.
7. Occasu soils dominus cum servis ad oppidum veniebat.
8. Tota spes Romanos deserit.
9. Milites omnes periculum timent.
10. Vita mortalibus nihil dat sine magno labore.
11. Homines amplius oculis quam auribus credunt.
12. Hostes impetum legionum atque equitum non sustine-
bant.
'Write in I.atin.
1. He laughs, they were laughing; they adorn, we did
adorn.
2. You end ;^ he saw; they took, she takes.
3. Virtues adorn the state.
4. The general praised the valor of [his] soldiers.
5. The fierce enemy take the city.
1 to end =finio^
13
194 Latin Method.
6. This day ends the liberty of the commonwealth.
7. The Romans gave the greatest honors to good citizens.
8. The Gauls were fighting with great courage.
9. Many men were building ^ houses, in which they do not
live.
10. The soldiers carry ladders with them, and easily enter
the city.
2 to build = aedifico. ^
Lesson 26.
Future; ndicative. Pages 28, 33, 34, 35, and 36.
Translate into English.
1. Scribam, scribemus; servabit; servabunt.
2. Habebis, habebitis ; custodies; custodient.
3. Ad te semper scribemus.
4. Ego te laudabo, tu me vituperabis.
5. Omnes boni legibus divinis semper parebunt.
6. Discipulos diligentes non puniemus.^
7. Tu exercitum duces, multasque urbes expugnabis.
8. Imperator banc urbem custodiet.
9. Miles corpus paludamento teget.
10. Vos, viri fortissimi, urbem templaque defendetis.
11. Hieme in urbe vivemus, aestate autem ruri vivimus.
12. Ver nobis multos flores praebebit.
1 putiio * = to punish.
"Write in liatin.
1. We shall see, they will see ; he will lead, you will lead.
2. They end, they ended, they- will end.
3. The trees will bloom in spring.
4. We shall laugh, yo.u will weep.
5. Hannibal will lead his army into Rome.
6. The next day Caesar will move his camp.
7. I will cover the bodies of the boys with [my] cloak.
8. You will not easily see a lion in Europe.
9. The soldiers will kill all the prisoners with swords.
10. Death will end all the hopes of life.
Exercises. 195
Lesson 2J.
Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect; Indicative. Pagres 28, 33,
35, and 36.
Translate into English.
1. Habueram, habuerunt; veneritis, venisti.
2. Contrahebat, contraxerat, contraxere, contrahet.
3. Ille rex urbem Romam muris munivit.
4. Graecia omnibus artibus floruit.
5. Si animum virtutibus ornaveris, semper beatus eris.
6. Suevi, Germanorum gens bellicosissima, loca fertilis-
sima Germaniae occupaverant.
7. Multum iis debemus, qui nos virtutem docuere.
S. Cicero conjurationem Catilinae detexerat.^
9. Cicero multas pulcherrimas orationes scripsit..
10. Militum corpora socii sepeliverint.
11. Ad rivum eundem lupus et agnus venerant.
12. Ingens monstrum virgo domuit.
1 detego 3 = to discover.
TV^rite in Latin.
1. We had seized, he will have seized.
2. They have covered, we shall cover, she had covered.
3. Nature has fortified Italy by the Alps.
4. Bad temper has often been hurtful to generals.
5. Caesar arranged the line-of-battle.
6. Base fear of the enemy had seized the whole army.
7. We owe much to those, who have taught us virtue.
8. In spring the flowers will have covered the hills ^ and
fields.
9. The senate decreed rewards to the soldiers, who had
not betrayed the town.
10. This state had flourished [for] a long time, because
it had always obeyed the laws.
1 the hill = collis, w (m.).
196 Latin Method.
Lesson 28.
Subjunctive; Present and Imperfect. Active. Four Conjugations
and sum. Pages 24, S8, 33, 34, 35, and 36.
Translate into English.
1. Audiatis, audires ; curemus, curaret ; essemus.
2. Timeamus, timerem ; dicant, dicerent ; sis.
3. Laudabit puerum, ut litteras amet.
4. Magister curat, ut pueri mentem erudiat.
5. Curo, ut pueri corpus exerceam.
6. Hannibal magnum exercitum in Italiam ducet, ut cum
Romanis pugnet.
7. Sint tibi omnia bona.
8. Sit pauper, sit miser ; at est frater meus.
9. Placuit Caesari, ut ad Ariovistum legatos mitteret.
10. Non dubitabam, quin milites nostri hostes superarent.
Write in I^atin.
1. He may fight, they might fight; you mig-ht send;
I may be. •
2. We may say, thou mightst say; you may sustain;
he might be.
3. They ask [for] aid, that they may sustain the attack
of the enemy.
4. Caesar hastened to Italy, that he might enroll^ there
two legions.
5. The general commanded, that the soldiers should
keep their stations.
6. I will take care to train ^ [that I may train] the boy's
mind.
7. Who does not fight, that he may preserv^e his country ?
8. I do not doubt, that you may always praise the good.
9. My father commanded, that I should come home.
10. We did not doubt, that you might have faith in us.
1 to enroll = conscribo ■*. 2 \_q train = erudio.^
Exercises. 197
Lesson 29.
Perfect and Pluperfect, Pages 35, 28, 33, 34, 35, and 36.
Translate into English.
1. Cognoscamus, cognosceremus, cognoverimus, cognovis-
semus, fuerimus.
2. Studeant j judicarent ; dubitaveris ; convenissent ; fuis-
sent.
3. Saepe majores ^ nostri dimicaverunt, ut patriam libera-
rent.
4. Omnes parentes optant, ut filii litteras diligenter
. studuerint.
5. Nemo dubitat, quin milites fortissime pugnaverint.
6. Convenitis, ut malum oratorem rideatis.
7. Quis dubitat, quin bonos semper laudaverimus, malos
semper vituperaverimus ?
8. Ex captivis cognovit, quo in loco copike hostium con-
sedissent.
9. Non erat dubium, quin terror omnium civium animos
occupavisset.
10. Ita judicat judex Justus, ut in omni re rectam^ con-
scientiam servet.
1 majores, um (c.) = ancestors. ^ rectus, a, um = right.
Write in Liatin. .
1. We might have obeyed; he may have built; it might
have been.
2. I may take care, you might take care, he may have
taken care, vi^e might have taken care.
3. Caesar led an army to Italy, that he might liberate
the city Rome. [customs].
4. There is no doubt, that he has changed his manner
5. The Greeks took care, that the young men had obeyed
all laws.
6. The father wished, that you had come home.
7. We had built houses, [in order] that others might
have lived in them.
8. Nobody doubted, that we had always praised the good
and blamed the bad (plur.).
198 Latin Method.
Lesson 30.
ImperatiTe. Active. Pages 39, 34, 35, and 37.
Translate into £ngligli.
1. A mate litteras, pueri !
2. Vires semper exercete in optimis rebus !
3. Lauda mare; litus ama!
4. Diligenter cura, mi amice, valetudinem tuam !
5. Praeceptor puerorum mentes erudito.
6. Laudatote probos homines, vituperatote improbos.
7. Die, cur veneris !
8. Ne nomen muta ; muta mores !
9. Judex praemia ne dato, neve capito.
10. Narrate nobis, quid parentes scripserint!
Write in I.atin.
1. The children shall obey [their] parents.
2. Set ^ a good example to thy friends !
3. Learn these songs, boys ; they are very beautiful.
4. Carefully train your children ; praise the good ; punish
5. My son, obey thy mother ! [the-bad!
6. Let the master teach the boys the Latin language.
7. Do not destroy the city, soldiers !
8. Tell me, my son, what the friend has written (subj.) !
1 to set = praebeo!^
Lesson 31.
Infinitives : Active. Pages 39, 34, 35, and 37.
Translate into English.
1. Fuisse ; habiturus esse ; debere.
2. Recturus esse ; intellexisse ; studere ; futurus esse.
3. Naturam mutare difficile est.
4. Miserum est habuisse, et nihil habere. ^
5. Hominis est animum praeparare.
6. Milites urbem custodire debent.
7. Difficillimum est regere hominum animos.
8. Emisse facilius est quam solvere.
9. Aliud audire, aliud intelligere est.
10. Hostes urbem nostram expugnare student.
Exercises. 1 99
Write in L.atin.
1. To be ; to have written ; to be about to praise.
2. To have been ; to be about to see ; to please.
3. It is not easy to write well.
4. He prepared to obey the authority of [his] great father.
5. It is great praise to have pleased the good.
6. It is difficult to have learned many things.
7. The general said, [that] he \se\ will come with the
tenth legion.
8. He who knows not to obey, knows not to command.
Lesson 32.
Participles, Gerunds, and Supines. Pages 29, 34, 35, and 37.
Translate into English.
1. Exercitus pugnans urbem intravit.
2. Animus, se non videns, alia cernit.
3. Hostes, urbem expugnaturi, castra muniverunt.
4. Venio auditurus, quid pater scripserit.
5. Ars scribendi utilissima est.
6. Sapientia est ars vivendi.
7. Homines ad intelligendum et ad agendum nati sunt.
8. Legatos ad Caesarem miserant, rogatum auxilium.
9. Sitis difficillima est toleratu.
10. Ingens hominum multitudo in urbem convenit, ludos
publicos spectatum.
Write in L.atin.
1. The soldiers [when] fighting entered the city.
2. We are about-to-remove into the city.
3. We have come to Rome to look-at the games.
4. Philosophy is the art of living uprightly.
5. The senate decreed rewards to the soldiers, not having
[who had not] betrayed the town.
6. Ripe grapes are sweet to taste.
200 Latin Method.
Lesson 33.
Passive Voice ; Four Conjugations. Present : Indicative and Sub-
junctive. Pages 30, 33, 34, 35, and 36.
Translate into English.
1. Terretur, terreantur ; fugantur, fugemur.
2. Trahitur, trahatur; erudimur, erudiamur.
3. Castra e campo moventur, ut hostes terreantur.
4. Senex miser e domo trahitur.
5. Nonne litterae a me scribuntur ?
6. Virtus semper doceatur.
7. Multa videntur, sed intelliguntur pauca.
8. Lupi a canibus fugantur, ut oves serventur.
9. Omnia antecapiantur, ut nostri juventur.
10. Leo, ut interficiatur, a venatore petitur.
Write in Latin.
1. We are caught, he may be caught ; he is charmed,
they may be charmed.
2. You may be bound ; they are taught.
3. The idle guards are caught.
4. The nightingale is charmed by her own song.
5. You are bound by honor.
6. The boy may be defended by his friends.
7. The enemy are hidden in the woods.
8. The power of the Germans is feared by all nations.
9. The soldiers fight very bravely, that the town may
be saved.
10. The father takes care, that I am properly trained.
Lesson 34.
Imperfect : Indicative and Subjunctive. Pages 30, 33, 34, 35, and 36.
Translate into English.
1. Arabatur, araretur ; vincerer, vincebaris.
2. Praeberemur, praebebatis ; custodiretis, custodiremini.
3. Agri lati facile ararentur.
4. Frumentum agricolis praeberetur.
5. Lupus ferox a pastore vincebatur.
6. Fertilissima Germaniae loca colebantur.
Exercises, 20 1
7. Gives tantum laudabantur, ut furore occuparentur.
8. Litterae scribebantur, ut ego admonerer.
9. Portae hostibus aperiebantur, ut in urbem intrarent.
10. Patina pomis implebatur, ut ab hominibus ederentur.
Write in L,atin.
1. We were chosen ; they might be bounded.
2. He was fortified ; you might be left.
3. The lion was chosen king by the animals.
4. The garden was bounded by a wall.
5. The province was left by the Germans.
6. We were fortified by a mind conscious of right.
7. You might be led home.
8. Ladders were furnished, that the walls might be
destroyed.
9. The stag was held by [his] horns, that he might not
escape.
10. We were deceived, that we might not receive the
money.
Lesson 35.
Future. Pages 30, 33, 34, 35, and 36.
Translate into English.
1. Turbaberis ; sustinebuntur ; finiemini.
2. Amittemur ; despiciar ; vincieris.
3. Leges Romanae mox turbabuntur.
4. Animus mens justitia sustinebitur.
5. Plus oculis quam auribus debetur.
6. In via amittar.
7. A legatis agnoscemur.
8. Tigillum a ranis conspicietur et despicietur.
9. Bellum a stulto incipiebatur et a sapiente finietur.
10. Vos, mei inimici, vinciemini.
Write in liatin.
1. He will be blamed ; they will be filled.
2. We will be received ; you will be sent.
3. I shall be praised, but you will be blamed.
4. The ocean will be filled with fishes.
5. Our friends will be warned in vain.
202 Latin Method.
6. The attack will be received by us all.
7. The power of the Romans will be broken.
8. We shall be destroyed, that you may be hidden.
9. The armies will not be sent across the Rhine.
10. The monkey will be punished, because he has seized
the meat.
Lesson 36.
Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect. Indicative and Subjunctive.
Pages 30, 33, 34, 35, and 36.
Translate into English.
1. Distingueretur, distinctus sit; jubebitur, jussus erat.
2. Falsi sumus, fallamur ; conficientur, confecti essent.
3. Pulchra puella delecta est a Public Claudio (proper
name).
4. Vocati eramus Romani, ut a posteris memoraremur.
5. Ager divisus erit in tres partes.
6. Domus colore distincta esset.
7. Verba fallacia dicta sint.
8. Hostium equitatu erepti essetis.
9. Litterae confectae erunt a diligentibus discipulis.
10. Non prius dormiemus, quam negotia finita erunt
\ Write in Latin.
1. We had been heard ; they will have been calmed.^
2. You may have been told ; he might have been rescued.^
3. A great crash has been heard.
4. The voice of anger will have been calmed.
5. The body might have been taken to Athens.
6. The horses have been frightened by the attack of
the enemy.
7. Gaul is bounded (perf.) by the river Rhine and the
ocean.
8. Who doubts that Socrates has been unjustly punished ?
9. When the city will have been fortified, the citizens
will defend it.
10. Tell me, what had been written (subj.) to you by
your sister.
1 to calm = lenioA '^ to rescue = eripio^
Exercises. 203
Lesson 37.
Imperative, Pages 31, 34, 35, and 37.
Translate into English.
1. Pueri, exercemini in artibus !
2. Scriba regis agnoscitor.
3. Vox populi auditor.
4. Alti montes adscenduntor.
5. De rupe puella dejicitor. ^
6. Amici, edite et nutrimini ! [clauduntor.^
7. Portae prima luce aperiuntor, ante solis occasum
8. Mi fili, probe erudire in optimis rebus !
1 daudo^ siy^sum = to shut, close.
"Write in liatin.
1. Be ye conquered, O gates !
2. Be thou sustained, O friend ! [and Gauls.
3. The peace shall be maintained among the Romans
4. Let the arms be carried into the city.
5. Evils shall be prevented at all times.
6. The man shall be blamed on-account-of ^ his guilt.^
7. Be thou always sought, O virtue !
8. Let the meat be grasped-at by the dog.
1 on-3.ccount-oi = />ro/>ter (with ace). ^ guilt = a(//>a, ae (f.).
Lesson 38.
Infinitives, Pages 31, 34, 35, and 37.
Translate into English.
1. Reddi ; conjectus esse.
2. Paratum iri ; erudiri.
3. Ager vastari non debet.
4. Timor leti deleri non potest. *
5. Ciconiae in unum locum congregare solent.
6. Nuntiat se eruditum esse.
7. Leges civem Romanum verberari vetuerunt.
8. Magna pars sermonis responderi potest.
9. Sapientes semper ratione regi student.
10. De monte hastas torqueri imperator jussit.
204 Latin Method.
TVrite in I.atin.
1. To have been accused \ to be about to be taught.
2. To be betrayed \ to have been guarded.
3. To have been warned is not to have been accused.
4. It is not easy to be taught well.
5. For a man (ace.) to be changed in one day is very
difficult.
6. The general commanded, [that] the line of battle
be arranged.
7. It is a great wrong for a friend to be betrayed.
8. Nothing can be accomplished without labor.
9. No one, without a fault, ought to be accused.
10. The captive has been prepared to be cast into chains.
Lesson 39.
Deponent Verbs. Four Conjugations. Page 37.
Translate into English.
1. Testis fidelis non mentitur.
2. Nunquam sapiens irascitur.
3. De multis rebus locuti sumus.
4. Subita tempestas classem morabatur.
5. Improbus plurima pollicetur, pauca perficit.
6. Cur stulta ista rana bovem imitatur ?
7. Frons, oculi, vultus, saepe mentiuntur.
8. Nox atque praeda hostes remorata sunt.
9. Omnia vetustate labuntur, nee quidquam a senectute
tutum est.
10. Omnibus in vita una cum amicis fruere !
11. Tu voluptate frueris, ego utor.
12. Senectutem omnes sperant, eandem accusant adeptam.
^ Write in IL.atin.
1. At the beginning of summer the enemy set out for
Rome.
2. Many of the Greeks, who* had gone forth to Troy,
never returned home.
Exercises. 205
3. Orgetorix persuades Dumnorix, that he may attempt
the same.
4. On every side flowers sprang-up^ in the fields and
meadows.
5. Speak Uttle, promise cautiously, remember always the
benefits of your friends.
6. The lieutenant will measure corn to the soldiers.
7. My son has reached^ the same grades of honor.
8. The soldiers are about to attack the city, which the
enemy occupy.
9. There is no doubt, that the generals have promised
rewards to the brave soldiers.
10. On the same day, on which the most famous battle was
fought, the poet Euripides was born.
1 to spring up = oriorS ^ to reach = adipiscor}
Lesson 40.
Irregrular Verbs. Possum; prosnm. Page 36.
Translate into English.
1. Vulpes autem uvam tangere non potuit.
2. Duos libros tibi dare possimus.
3. Praeterita mutare non possumus.
4. Aut prodesse poetae cupiunt aut delectare.
5. Agros Remorum depopulati sunt,^ quos adire poterant.
6. Vir sapiens luctum calcare potuerit.
7. Vix Caesar milites e castris educere potuerat, cum
^ostes impetum fecerunt.
8. Illi minus facile earn rem in imperio nostro consequi
poterant.
9. Alterum deinde, priusquam tertius posset consequi,
interfecit
10. Non id potuit efficere.
11. Potest ex casa magnus vir exire ; virtus in omni loco
nascitur.
12. Cura, ut possis aequo animo vitam relinquere.
1 depopulor} to lay waste.
2o6 Latin Method.
Write in Latin.
1. Many cannot endure the pain of sickness.
2. He could not seize all places in Italy.
3. They will be able to enter the town to-day with all their
troops.
4. He may be able to give me this letter.
5. The teacher always praises him because he is able to
read better than all [other] pupils.
6. Caesar could not defend the city, which the enemy had
attacked.
7. They could not be taught the Latin language by others.
Lesson 41.
Volo; nolo; malo. Page 88.
Translate into English.
1. Noli esse amicus homini iracundo.
2. Ambo rempublicam, quam tueri potuissent, perturbare
maluerant.
3. Iter Helvetii averterant, a quibus discedere nolebat.
4. Visne scire, quae scripserim ?
5. Ego domi manere nojo, tu ambulare non yi^.
6. Soror saltare mavult, quam studere.
7. Oro te, ut mecum ludere velis. [debemus.
8. Si beati esse volumus, sorte nostra contenti esse
9. Si vis amari, ama !
10. Non dubitabam, quin prodesse mihi malles, quam
obesse.^
1 obsum = to do harm.
Write in r.atin.
1. What we wish, we gladly believe.
2. Love others, if you wish to be loved yourself.
3. While the greedy dog wishes to grasp the shadow, he
lets-fall ^ the meat from his mouth.
4. Do you wish to walk in the fields with me ? No ; I
prefer to remain at home.
1 to let fall = amitto^ \ >, \, • .
Exercises. 207
5. They did not wish the soldiers to remain in the city.
61 Do the boys wish to play on the plain ? No ; they pre-
fer td study. -
7^= If you wish to be happy, imitate the examples of good
men 1 /
X 8i We had if^her be useful to our country than be rich.
g. A goo(ji^an will prefer to be loved rather than feared,
li. Do n(/t follow bad examples, my son !
Lesson 42. /
Fero and compounds, Pag:e 39.
•^ Translate into English.
1. Quid est tam nobile quam opem ferre supplicibus ?
2. Sehectus affert^ prudentiam.
3. Laudo vos, quod misero auxilium fertis.
4. Nihil potest praeferri virtuti.
5. Curabamus, ut auxilium tibi ferretur.
6. Perfer patienter laborem.
'. 7. Milites in itineribus multas aerumnas pertulerunt.^
%. Non omnis ager, qui seritur, fert fruges.
. 9. Agricola paupertatis onus patienter tulit. ■■ ..
10. Domum reditus spes sublata est. "O^^L/^
Write in I.atin. .mo* naj ^ i«^
1. Bad citizens bear arms against [their] country.
2. Socrates bore hardships most patiently.
3. Learn to bear well pleasure and pain.
4. There is no doubt, that old age brings many sorrows
with it.
5. Caesar ordered two legions to bear aid to the cavalry.
6. A good man is able to bear with even mind the hard-
ships of life.
7. Who can endure the discourse of this foolish man?
8. Bring back those books to me, which I gave you yes-
terday !
1 affero = to bring^ 2 perfero == to endure.
208 Latin Method,
Lesson 43.
Fio, Page 39.
Translate into ^English.
1. Nemo fit casu bonus.
2. Ex amico inimicus, ex inimico amicus fieri potest.
3. Senectute prudentior fis.
4. Deus dixit : Fiat, et factus est mundus.
5. Apud veteres Romanos ex agricolis fiebant consules.
6. Themistoclis consilio factum est, ut Athenienses ^ urbem
relinquerent.
7. Onus, quod bene fertur, leve fit.
8. Qui noxium adjuvabit, culpae socius ^ fiet.
9. His rebus fit, ut Helvetii minus facile finitimis bellum
inferre possint.
10. Caesar litteris Labieni certior' factus erat.
i Atheniensis, is (m.) = the Athenian. ^ socius, / (m ) = the ally.
"Write in Latin.
1. No one becomes, by chance, very base.
2. This heavy burden was made light by patience.
3. In time (mox) our soldiers will become bolder.
4. In winter the days become shorter and the nights
longer.
5. The Athenians had become the allies of the Romans.
6. Caesar, having been informed by the legates, set out for
Rome.
7. He wished to become friendly to me.
i^ Lesson 44.
£0 and compounds. Page 39*
Translate into English.
1. Ego abeo, tu ex itinere redis.
2. In pugna atrocissima multi fortissimi milites perierunt.
3. Curare debemus, ne vitam silentio transeamus.
4. Milites e castris redeuntes occisi sunt.
5. Socrates aequo atque hilari animo mortem obiit.
Exercises. 209 /
6. Alexander ad Jovis oraculum ^ adire constituit.
7. Alpes nemo unquam ante Hannibalem cum exercitu
transierat.
8. Cum his quinque legionibus ire contendit.
9. Civitati persuasit, ut de finibus suis cum omnibus
copiis exirent.
1 oraculum, / (n.) = the oracle.
IVrite in Latin.
1. Very many [persons] pass their lives in silence.
2. Let us go to the city ; let us return from the country.
3. A brave man will meet his last day with even mind.
4. After the battle very many perished by hunger and
cold.
5. Italy is fortified by the Alps, [those] very lofty moun-
tains, which an army cannot easily cross.
6. Go to Rome, my son, and wonder [at] the monuments
of the old Romans.
7. At the beginning of winter the general wished to cross
the river with all his forces on a bridge.
t
AP
C^ VOCABULARY.
Id
No. II. — LATIN AND ENGLISH.
The figures in parenthesis refer to the List of Synonymes.
a, ab (abl.), from, away fro7n,'>^SiCcen6iO,^ ere, di, sum, kindle,
by; i n compos . , away, off ( i ) • M infiame
' acoido^ [cado], ere, cidi, befall^
happen (4).
accingo,^ ere, nxT, nctum, gird,
b?'ace up.
accipio^ [capio], ere, cepi, cep-
tum, receive, accept (25).
accurro,^ ere, curri, or cucurrT,
^^ cursum, to run up to.
^ccusator, oris, m., accuser, pub-
lic prosecutor.
accuso [ad, causa],^ are, avi,
atum, to accuse.
acer, acris, acre, sharp, eager.
acerbus, a, um, sharp, sour.
acidulus, a, um, rather sow^.
acidus, a, um, sour.
acies, ei, F., edge, eyesight ; the
battle-array of an army (5).
acriter(acrius, acerrime), sharp-
ly, eagerly J acrius, too eagerly.
acus. lis, F., needle.
acutus, a, um, sharp, keen.
ad (ace), to, at, towards, about
(to the number oi),for, near ;
in comp., /;/, upon, to, with.
adclamo,^ are, avi, atum, to cry
out at.
adcumbo,^ ere, cubuT, cubitum,
recline or sit near (at table).
addo,3 ere, didi, ditum, add.
adduce,^ ere, xT, ctum, bring,
draw to (a thing), induce.
adeo, so (to that degree).
adeo, Ire, ii, itum, go to, ap-
proach.
adeptus, a, um, gained, or hav-
ing gained (part, of adi-
piscor^).
abdo,^ ere, did!, ditum, to put
away, hide (2). .
abeo, Ire, il, itum, go away (3)J
abfero(aufero), ferre, abstulT, ao-
latum, bear away.
abhorreo,'^ ere, ui, shrink away,
hold aloof.
abies, etis, y., fir-tree.
abjicio^ (abicio), ere, jecT, jec-
tum, throw away, cast down.
Aborigines, um, plur. M., the
early inhabitants of Italy.
abripio^ [rapio], ere, ripul, rep-
tum, snatch or drag away.
abscedo,^ ere, cessi, cessum,
move off, withdraw.
absens, tis (part, of absum),
absent.
absentia, ae, f., absence.
absolve,^ ere, solvT, solutum,
acquit, relieve of an obligation
or burden, pay off, complete.
abstinens, tis, abstinent, tem-
perate; part of
abstineo'^ [teneo],ere, tinuT, ten-
tum, to hold off, refraiii.
absum, esse, fui, to be absent ;
non multum abest quin, it is
not far [from being the case]
that.
abundo,^ are, avT, atum, to over-
flow, abound (unda).
abiitor,^ T, iisus, to abuse, take
advantage of.
ac (atque), and, as.
accede,^ ere, cessT, cessum,
7nove up to, approach, be added
(with ut, == and besides^.
AF
i86
Latin Method,
adfero, ferre, tuli, latum, bear to,
bring.
adficio,^ ere, feci, fectum, affect
with ; — supplicio, to punish ;
— honoribus, to reward with
honors.
adflicto,^ are, avT, atum, dash
about violently, afflict.
adfligo,3 ere, flixl, flictum, dash
against.
adhibeo.^ ere, uT, itum, apply,
furnish, eynpioy,
adhuc, hitherto, till now.
adimo,^ ere, emi, emptum, take
away.
adipiscor,^ cl, adeptus, reach,
attain.
aditus, us, m., access, approach,
entrance.
adjumeiitum, i, N., aid, help.
adjuugo,^ ere, nxl, nctum, to
joiit, annex.
adlatus, see adfero.
adloquor,^ loqui, locutus, speak
to, address.
administro,' are, avT, atum,
serve, supply, perform, direct.
adrriiratio, onis, F., adjniration.
admiror,' ari, atus. to admire.
admodum, to a degree, quite.
admoneo,^ ere, ui, itum, ad-
monish.
admoveo,'^ ere, movT, motum,
7nove towards.
adolescens, adolescentia, see
adulescens, &c.
adorior,* irl, adortus, attack,
accost.
adpeto,^ ere, TvT, Itum, aiin at, at-
tack, seek, lo7ig for, approach.
adrepo,^ ere, psi, ptum, creep
towards.
adrideo,^ ere, rlsT, rlsum, smile
at (in token of good humor).
adscendo,^ ere, di, sum, 7?tount,
ascend.
adscensus, iis, M., ascent.
adsentior,'* Tri, sens us, agree
with, assent to.
adsequor,^ qui, secutus, follow
close, come up with, reach (95).
adspectus, iis, M., aspect, view.
adspicio,^ ere, spexl, spectum,
look at, view. \Jiand.
adsum, esse, fuT, be present, at
adulatio, onis, Yg^jjUawniiig,
flattery. ^% ^
adulescens, tis, M., young man
(properly, from 17 to 30^.
adulescentia, ae, f., youth,
early manhood.
advento,! are, avi, atum, ^^w^ /6>,
approach.
adventus, us, M., coming, ap-
proach .
adversus (ace), turned towards,
against.
adversus, a, um, turned to, op-
posite, in fro?it, ad^ierse.
adverto,^ ere, vertT, versum,
turn to; animum adverto, turn
the mitid to, ?iotice.
advesperascit,^ ere, avit, to ap-
proach evening, grow late.
aedes, is, F., tejnplej plur.,
house (39).
aediiicium, 1, n., builditig, edi-
fice.
aedifico,^ are, avT, atum, build,
erect.
aeger, orra, grum, sick, weary ; —
pedibus, lame.
aemulus, T, m., rival.
Aeneas, ae, M., A£neas, son of
Anchises and Venus, a prince
of Troy.
Aeolus, 1, M., ^olus, god of
Winds.
aequalis, e, of the same or equal
age (6).
aequitas, atis, v., equity, justice,
calmness.
aequo,' are, avT, atum, make
equal.
aequor, oris, N., level, sea (6j).
aequus, a, um, level, even, equal,
just (6).
aer, aeris (ace. aera), m., air.
aerumna, ae, 'P.. grief {2,^).
aerumnosus, a, nmfull of grief.
aes, aeris, n., copper, money.
aestas, atis, f., siwimer.
hi
Vocabulary : Latin and English.
187
aestimo.i are, avT, atum, value,
esteem, reckon.
aestivus, a, um, summer (adj.),
of siunmer.
aestuo,^ are, avT, atum, to boil
up, seethe, surge, suffer heat.
aestus, us, M., surge, tide, heat.
aetas, atis, F., age^ period of
life {7)-
aeternitas, atis, F., eternity, tin-
mortality.
Aetna, ae, f.. Mount Etna
aevum, 1, n., age, period, lapse
of time (7).
afiBcio^ [ad facio], see adficio.
affirmoiare, avi, atum, confirm,
strengthen.
afiligo,^ see adfligo.
Africanus, i, m., a title of P.
Scipio, as conqueror of Car-
thage, and of his grandson
by adoption as its destroyer.
Agamemn5n, onis (ace. ona),
Agamemnon, king of the
Greeks at Troy.
ager, agrl, m., field, territory (8).
Agesilaus,!, m'., a king of Sparta,
yaggredior,^ di, gressus, ap-
V proacli, attack, undertake.
agito.i are, avT, atum, drive,
move, stir, agitate, J) ass, hunt.
agmen, inis, N., band, troop (5).
agna, ae, f., ewe- lamb.
agnoscos [ad, gno], noscere,
novT, nitum, to recognize.
agnus, T, m. ; agna, ae, F., lamb.
ago,3 agere, egi, actum, to lead,
do, drive; agere gratias, thank.
agrestis, e, wild, rustic, rude.
agricola, ae, ^., fanner.
agricultura, ae, f., agriculture.
aheneus, a, um, brazen, of brass.
ain, for aisne, do you say so?
aio (defect.), say, say yes (64).
Ajax, acis, M., Ajax, a. Grecian
hero.
ala, ae, f., wing (61).
alacritas, atis, f., activity, eager-
ness, alacrity.
Albanus, a, um, of Alba, a town
near Rome.
albeo,2 ere, to be white.
albus, a, um, white (9).
alea, ae, F., die (of a pair of
dice), hazard.
ales, itis, c, winged creature^
bird (21).
Alexander, dri, m., Alexander,
king of Macedonia, conqueror
of Asia.
algeo,^ ere, alsT, to be or endure
cold.
algor, oris, M., cold (the feeling).
alias, otherwise, elsewhere, at
any other ti?ne.
alienus, a, um, belonging to an-
other, foreign, others' .
aliger, gera, gerum, winged,
aliment um, 1, 'H.,food; pi. kinds
of food.
aliquamdiu,/i7r some time.
aliquando, at some time, some-
times, at length.
aliquis. qua, quod, or quid (p. 21),
sotne, so7ne one.
aliquo, to some place.
aliquot, some, several, a num-
ber of .
aliter, otherwise.
alius, a, ud (p. 7), other, another j
al. . . al., one . . another.
almus, a, um, cherishing, be-
nignant.
alo,^ alere , aluT, 2i\[tara,feed, keep
(of animals).
Alpes, ium, f., the Alps.
altaria, ium, N. plur., altars.
alter, tera, terum (p. 7), other
(of two), second, the other;
alter . . alter, the one, the other.
altercor,^ arl, atus, quarrel, dis-
pute.
alternus, a, um, alternate.
altitude, dinis, F., height, depth.
altus, a, um, high, deep (10).
alumnus, 1, u., foster-child.
alveus, T, M., river-channel.
amabilis, e, /^-z/^/k.
amans, tis, lovins^, foftd {axao).
amarus, a, um, bitter.
ambages, um, f. plur., obscurity
(dark hints) ; also in abl. sing.
AM
i88
Latin Method,
ambitus, us, m., circuity going
around.
ambo, ae, o (p. 7), both.
ambulatio, 5nis, F., a walk.
ambulo,' are, avT, atum, to walk.
amens, tis, distracted^ insane.
amicitia, ae, Y.^ friendship.
amicus, a', urn, friendly^ fond.
amicus, T, m., a fiend.
amitto,^ ere, misi, missum, to
lose (83).
amo/ are, avi, atum, to love{i\).
amoenus, z-yUm, pleasant, charm-
ing (to the eye : 41).
amor, oris, m., love.
amplitude, inis, f., fulness,
grandeur.
amplius, more (§ 54, 5. ^).
amplus, a, um, full, abundant,
grand, large (65).
amputo,^ are, avi, atum, prune
away, cut off.
Amulius, i, m., Amulius, king
of Alba.
an, whether, ^r (sign of interr.).
Anacharsis, is, M., a philoso-
phical Scythian.
anas, anatis, c, duck.
Anchises, ae, m., Anchises,
father of ^neas.
ancilla, ae, F., handmaid (fem.
of servus, slave) .
ancora, ae, f., anchor.
ango,^ ere, nxT, nctum, to choke,
distress.
anguis.is, c, snake, serpent {12).
angulus, T, M., corner.
angustus, a, um, narrow.
auima, ae, f., breath, life (13).
animadverto^[animum adverto],
ere, tl, sum, to perceive.
animal, alls, N., aftimal (14).
animus, T, m., 7nind, soul, cour-
^g^ (13); animum adverto
(ace), perceive.
anniversarius, a, um, yearly.
annona, ae, F., the grain-crop
(year's gxovi\\\), grain (in mar-
ket), price of grain (94).
annus, 1, m., year.
annuus. a, Mva, yearly.
ante (ace), before (prep, and
adv.) ; ante . . quam, before
(rel. adv.) ; non ante . . .
quam, not . . . until j ante
duas horas, two hours ago.
antecapio,^ ere, cepi, captum,
anticipate.
ant^edo,^ ere, cessT, cessum,
precede, walk in front, excel.
antepono,^ ere, posui, positum,
set before, prefer.
Antiochia, ' ae, F., Antioch, a
city of Syria.
antiquitas, atis, F., antiquity.
antiquus, a, um, ancient (100).
Antonius, 1, m., Antony, a Ro-
man family name.
antrum, 1, N., cave, grotto.
anulus, T, M., ri?ig, bracelet.
apage (def.), away ! begone /
aper, apri, m., boar.
aperio,'' ire, ui, apertum, open,
uncover, disclose (80) ; aperl
caput, take off your hat.
apertus, a, um (part, of preced-
ing), opened, open.
apiarium, T, n., bee-house, apiary,
apis, is, F., bee.
Apollo, inis, m., Apollo, god ot
music and art.
appareo,2 ere, uT, itum, appear.
apparo,' are, avi, atum, to make
ready.
appello,' are. avT, atum, call.
appeto,^ (see adpeto).
approbatio, onis. f., approval.
approbo,^ are, avi, atum, ap-
prove.
apto,' are, avT, atum,7f/, adapt.
aptus, a, ViVa, fitted, fit.
apud (ace), at, near, among,
with, in (of authors).
aqua, ae, F., water, spring.
aquations, a, um, of the water;
M. or F. plur., water-fowl.
aquatio, onis, F., watering-place.
aquila, ae, F., eagle (the Roman
standard).
Aquilo, onis, M., Aquilo (the
North Mrind), the North.
Arabs, Arabis, Arabian.
Vocabulary: Latin ajtd English,
189
Arar, aris, M., a river in Gaul
(the Saone).
arator, oris, M., ploughman.
aratrum, T, N., plough.
Aratus, Ardtus, a Greek poet.
arbitror,^ arl, atus, judge, think,
suppose (92).
arbor (os), oris, F., tree (15).
arbustum, T, N., orchard {\^),
Arcadius, 1, a man's name.
arceo,^ ere, arcul, to shut off,
restrain. *
Archelaus, 1, M., a man's name.
Archias, ae, Archias, M., a poet.
arcus, us, M., « bow.
ardens, tis (participle of ardeo),
blazing.
ardeo/^ ere, arsi, arsum, blaze,
burn.
ardor, oris, M., heat, wartnth.
arduus, a, um, steep, diffiadt.
area, ae, F., open space, area,
couj-t-yard.
argentarius, a, um, pertaining to
silver or money ; argentarius,
a money lender; argentaria,
(sc. res), banking business.
argentum, 1, n., silver.
argumentum, T, N., argument.
arguo,^ ere, ui, utum, to assert,
declare., accuse.
arista, ae, F., wheat-ear, harvest.
Aristoteles, is, m., Aristotle, a
Greek philosopher.
arma, orum, N., arms, weapons ;
ad arma, to war; in armis,
under arms (16).
armatus, a, um, armed; pi.,
armed ?nen.
aro,^ are, avi, atum, plough.
ars, artis, F., art, skill (17).
arte (tius, tissime), closely.
articulatim (te), articulately.
artifex, ficis, m., artist, artisan,
workman.
artus, us, M.,joifit, liinb (dat. pi.
7ibus) .
arundo, inis, F., reed, stick.
arvum, T, N. [aro], a field for
tilla<re {^).
arx, arc is, F., tower, citadel.
Ascanius, 1, m., son of yEneas.
ascensus, iis, M. (see ad-
scensus).
asinus, 1, m., ass, donkey.
aspectus, us, M., sight, view,
aspect.
asper, era, erum, rough, harsh,
sharp.
asperuor,^ ari, atus, spurn, scorn.
aspis, idis, F., asp (a poisonous
serpent).
asporto^ [abs, porto], are, avi,
atum, carry off.
astrologia, ae, F., astronotny
(knowledge of the stars).
astrum, 1, n., star, heavenly
body.
asylum, T,*N., asylum, refuge.
at, but, but yet, still.
ater, atra, atrum, black (9).
Athenae, 2itViVcs.,Athens, the most
famous city of Greece.
Atlas, an tis, M., Atlas, a Titan,
changed to a mountain.
atque (ac), and, as, and even.
Atreus, eos or 1 (p. 5), m., Atreus,
father of Agamemnon.
Atrides, ae, m., son of Atreus.
atrox, 6c\s,, fierce, cruel (93).
attendo,^ ere, dl, tum, stretch
towards, attend, listen.
attentus, a, um, attentive.
attingo^ [tango], tingere, tigi,
tactum, to7tch on, touch, reach.
attonitus, a, um, thuftders truck.
auctoritas, atis, F., authority.
auctumnus, T, m., autumn (from
augeo, the increase of har-
vest).
audacia, ae, F., boldness (usually
in a bad sense).
audax, acis, bold, daring.
audeo.^audere, ausus sum, dare,
venture {\Z).
audio,^ Ire, TvT, Ttum. hear.
auditio, onis, f,, hearsay.
aufero [ab, fero], auferre, abs-
tuli, ablatum, bear away, re-
move.
augeo, -^ augere, auxT, auctum,
to increase, enlarise.
190
Latin Method,
augur, uris, M., augur (inter-
preter of omens).
auguror,! ari, atus, to interpret
omens, interpret, predict.
aula, ae, F., hall, palace.
aura, ae, F., breeze, air {ig).
aureus, a, um, golden, of gold.
auriga, ae, c, driver, charioteer.
auris, is, F., ear.
auritus, a, um, 'having ears.
aurum, T, ^., gold.
auster, tri, M., the south wind.
ausus, a, um, part, of audeo.^
aut, or ; aut . . aut, either . . or.
autem, but, however, moreover.
auxilium, T, n., aid, help.
avaritia, ae, f., avarice, greed.
a varus, a, um, greedy, avari-
cious (20).
averto,^ ere, ti, sum, to turn
away, avert.
avis, is, F., bird {21).
avoco,^ are, avi, atum, to call
away.
avolo,^ are, avI, atum, to fly
away.
avus, 1, M., grandfather. •
axis, is, M., axle, axis (of the
earth).
B.
balneum,!, N., bath; plural, ae,
arum, F.
bale,' are, avT, atum, to bleat.
barba, ae, F., beard.
barbarus, a, um, barbarian (93).
beatus, a, um, blessed .^ happy,
wealthy (47).
Belga, ae, M., a Belgian.
Bellerophon, ontis, M., a hero
of Greek fable, slayer of the
Chiincera.
bellicosus, a, um, warlike.
bellicus, a, um, warlike,
bellum, 1, N., war (22).
bellus, a, um, pretty, fine (91).
belua, ae, f., beast, motister,
strange animal (14).
bene, well.
benefacio,^ facere, feci, factum ;
pass.,benefio, do good, benefit.
beneficium, 1, n., a kindness,
benefit; favor, gift (40).
benevolentia, ae, F., good will,
kindness.
bestia, ae, f., animal, beast,
brute (14).
Bias, antis, M., a Greek philo-
sopher.
bibo,^ ere, bibi, itum, to drink.
biennium, 1, n., a period of two
years.
bis, twice.
blandimentum, T, 'ii., flattery.
bonus, a, \im, good, kind {22,).
Boreas, ae, M., the North witid,
north.
bos, bo vis (p. 14), C, ox, cow ;
plur. cattle.
braohium (bracchium), i, n., arm
(properly the fore-arm ; com-
pare lacertus).
brevis, e, short; brevi, in a short
time.
Britannia, ae, F., Britain.
Britannus, a, um, British, a
Briton.
Brundisium, 1, N., a seaport in
the S.E. of Italy.
bubulcus, 1, M., a ploughinan,
herds7?ian.
C.
C, initial for Gains [Cains). The
spelling Gaius is the correct
one, but is not usually pre-
served in Enghsh.
CA.T>,fall (cado, accido).
cado,^ cadere, cecidT, casum,/^//.
caeco.i are, avI, atum, to make
blind.
caecus, a, um, blind.
oaedes, is, f., destruction, muti-
lation, slaughter (24).
caedo,=^ caedere, cecTdi, caesum,
fell, cut down, kill, beat.
caelum, 1, n. ; pi. caeli, drum,
M., sky, heaven, climate.
Vocabulary : Latin and English.
191
Caepio, onis, M., a man's name.
Caesar, aris, M., Ccesar.
caesaries, ei, F., head of hair,
locks.
calamitas, atis, F., a calamity
(originally a hailstorm, which
beats down stalks of grain).
calamus, 1, m., stalk, reed, pen.
calco.i are, avT, atum, to tram-
ple, tread, travel.
caleo,^ ere, uT, be hot or warm.
calesco,^ ere, grow hot or warm.
calidus, a, um, hot.
calix, icis, M., nip.
callidus, a, um, cunning.
calo, onis, m., camp-servant.
campus, 1, u.,Jield, plain (%).
CAx\, sing (caiio^).
candens (part, of candeo), tis,
glowi?ig, hot.
candidus, a, um, white, bright {g).
canis, is, C. ; gen. pL, um, dog.
Canius, T, M., a proper name.
Cannae, arum, F., CanticB, a
town in S. E. Italy, where the
Romans were defeated by Han-
nibal, B.C. 216.
cano,^ ere, cecinT, cantum, sing,
crow, soutid, play (on an in-
strument).
canorus, a, um, clear-voiced,
melodious.
cantillo,' are, sing feebly, chirp.
canto,! are, avi, atum , sing.
cantus, lis, M., song, chant{2']).
canus, a, um, white, hoary (9) ;
pi., cani, gray hair.
CAP, take (capio, accipio).
capax, acis, capacious, roomy.
caper, capri, m., goat.
capesso,^ ere, Tvi, itum, take
hold of , seize, grasp.
capillus, T, M., hair.
capio,^ ere, cepT, captum, take,
catch (25) ; captus oculls, blind.
Capitolium, 1, N., the Capitol, a
hill in Rome.
capra (more commonly capella),
ae, F., she- go at.
capto,! are, avT, atum, to catch
at, seize, reach eagerly for.
Capua, ae, F., a town of South
Italy, near Naples.
caput, capitis, N., head, chief
(town, dish, &c.).
career, eris, yi., prison, dungeon.
careo,^ ere, uT, itum, to be free,
be relieved (of annoyance), do
without, be destitute (26) .
caritas, atis, F., dearness, both
as affection and as high price.
carmen, inis, N., song (27).
caro, carnis, Y., flesh, meat.
Carolus, 1, M., Charles.
Carthago, inis, F., Carthage, a
city of N. Africa. \ian.
Carthaginiensis, e, Carthagin-
casa, ae, f., cottage.
caseus, T, m., cheese.
Cassandra, ae, F., Cassandra.
cassia, ium, m., hunting-net.
Cassius, 1, M., one of the con-
spirators against Caesar.
castanea, ae, f., chesttiut.
castellum, i, ^.,fort.
castra, orum, N. pi., camp.
castrensis, e, of the camp.
casus, us, M., downfall, chance^
accident (cado).
catellus, 1, M., little puppy.
catena, ae, F., chain.
Catilina, ae, M., Catiline.
Cato, onis, M., a Roman name.
catulus, T, M., whelp, puppy.
caula, ae, f., a sheep-fold, stall.
causa, ae, f., cause, motive;
causa, for the sake of
caveo,2 ere, cavi, cautum, to
beware; to be on otie' s guard ;
cave, with pres. subj. (used in
prohibitions), don''t.
cecidi, see cado.
cecidi, see caedo.
cecini, see cano.
cedo,^ ere, cessT, cessum, move,
move awav, yield, retire, re-
sign, be ififerior.
celeber, bris, bre, thronged, cele-
brated, 7iU7nerous.
celebro,! are, avT, atum, to
throng, celebrate.
celer, eris, ere, swift.
192
Latin Method.
celeritas, atis, F., swiftness.
celeriter, swiftly.
celo,i are, avi, atum (with two
ace), hide, cover (2).
celsus, a, um, lofty (10).
cena, ae, f., diiuier (36).
ceno,^ are, avi, atum, ditte, sup.
censeo,'^ ere, suT, sum, estimate^
reckon (92).
censor, oris, m., censor {2. Roman
magistrate).
census, lis, m., census, a register
and valuation of citizens,
centesimus, a, um, hu?idredth.
centum, a hundred.
cera, ae, F., waxj pi., wax tablets
(for writing).
Ceres, eris, f., Ceres, goddess
of grain and harvest.
cereus, a, um, waxen.
cerno,^ ere, crevi, cretum or cer-
tum, distinguish, descry, decide,
certamen, inis, n., contest,
rivalry.
certatim, emulously.
certe, surely, at any rate.
certiorem facere, to i7iform one.
certo, certai?tly.
certo,! are, avi, atum, decide,
vie, strive, contend (90.)
certum est, it is resolved.
certus, a, um (part, of cerno),
decided, certain, sure, resolved.
cervix, icis (f. ; generally plur.),
neck, shoulders.
cervus, 1, m., stag.
cespes, itis, M., turf
cesso,^ are, avi, atum, cease.
[ceterus], a, um (masc. sing, not
used), other, the rest.
Chrysippus, T, m., Chrysippus,
a Stoic philosopher.
cibus, 1, M.,food (36).
cicada, ae, F., tree- locust, katy-
did.
Cicero, onis, M., Cicero.
ciconia, ae, f., stork.
cieo,'^ ere, cIvT, citum, to rouse,
stir.
Cinna, ae, M., a Roman name.
circa, about^ aroufid {diCc).
circiter, (adv. or prep.), about.
circum-aro,i to plough around.
circumcido,^ ere, cidi, cisum,
to cut or tritn around.
circumcisus, a, um, cut off all
around.
circumdo,! dare, dedi, datum,
to put round.
circum-fero, ferre, tulT, latum, to
cast around.
circumplico,! are, avi, atum,
fold or wrap round, surround.
circumsedeo,^ ere, sedi, to sit
round, besiege.
circumspecto,^ are, avi, atum,
to look round upon.
circus, 1, M., circus (for exhi-
bitions, races, &c.).
citatus, a, um, hastening, stirred.
civilis, t, of a citizen, civil.
civis, is, c, citizen; — meus, 7ny
fellow-citizen .
civitas, atis, f., city, state (as
organized commonwealth : 98).
clades, is, f., 7nassacre, loss (24).
clamito,^ are, avi, atum, to shout^
call (freq. of clamoi).
clamor, oris, M., shout, scream,
cry (97). \_loud.
clarus, a, um, bright, fatnous,
classicum, 1, n., trumpet-signal.
classis, is, Y., fleet.
Claudius, I, m., Claudius, a Ro-
man family name.
claudus, a, um, lame.
Clemens, tis, merciful, gentle.
dementia, ae, F., 7nercy. »
cliens, tis , c, clie7it^\lepe7tda7it.
clipeus, 1, M., shield {2%).
cloaca, ae, f., drain, sewer.
Clusinus, a, um, of'*Clusium.
Cn. for Gnaeus or Cneius.^
coactus, a, um (part, of c6go),
coDipelled, gathered.
cochlea, ae, f., snail.
Codes, itis, M., a surname of
Horatius (" one-eyed ").
coctilis, e, baked.
coepi, def. (§ 38, \. a^, I began.
coerceo,"'^ ere, cuT, citum, coifi-
pel, restrain (arceo) .
Vocabulary : Latin and English.
9Z
coetus, us, M., assembly.
cogito,' are, avi, atum, to think ^
reflect.
cognatio, onis, F., relationship
(by blood).
cognomen, inis, N., surname^
family name (74).
cognosco,^ ere, novi, nitum,
learn^ recognize^ know.
cogo,^ ere, coegl, coactum, to
gather^ compel (co, ago).
cohortor,! arl, atus, to encourage^
exhort.
coliega, ae, m., colleague.
collego (or coUigoy ere, leg!,
lectum, gather, collect.
colligo,! are, avI, atum, to bind
together.
coUis, is, M., hill.
collum, 1, N., neck.
colo.^ere, colui, cultum, cherish^
till, worship.
colonus, 1, u., farfner, colonist.
color, oris, M., color.
columba, ae, f., dove.
coma, ae, f., hair ; pi. (poet-
ically ),/(?//^^^.
comes, itis, c, companion (29).
cometes, ae, m., comet.
comis, e, kind, courteous (41).
comitium, 1, N., place of gather-
ing ; plur., election.
commemoro,' are, avi, atum,
call to jnind, relate, recount.
commendo,^ are, avi, atum, to
put in charge, intrust.
commigro,^ are, avi, atum, to
7nigrat^'e7nove.
commil^BT onis, yi., fellow-sol-
dier, cmh-ade.
commo^^, conveniently.
comi^^mtas, atis, F., conven-
ience, advantage, fitness.
commodum, I, n., convenience,
advantage^ profit.
commoveo,-^ ere, m5vi, motum,
move, disturb (violently), stir.
communis, e, common.
communitas, ^atis, F., co?nmu-
nity (con, munus).
compareo,2 ere, ui, to appear.
compare,^ are, avi, atum, to get
together, procure, co7npare.
compenso,' are, avT, atum, to
recompense, repay, compensate.
compes, edis, y., fetter.
complector,^ ti, plexus, embrace.
compleo,^ ere, evi, etum, to fill.
completus, a, um, full, com-
plete.
complures, a or ia, very many,
compono,^ ere, posui, positum,
to arrange, settle, put together.
comprehendo,^ ere, di, sum, to
seize, perceive, comprehend.
comprobo,^ are, avi, atum, make
good, proiie, verify.
compute,! are, avi, atum, reckon,
co7npute.
concede,^ ere, cessT, cessum,
allow, retreat, withdraw.
concerpo^ [con, carpo], ere (no
perf.), cerptum, pluck, gather.
concessus, us, m., concession,
permission.
concilio,' are, avi, atum, win,
acquire, unite, conciliate.
concilium, T, n., coimcil.
concito,' are, avi, atum, rouse,
excite (strongly).
couclamo,! are, avT, atum, ciy
aloud.
conclude^ [con, claudo], ere,
cliisT, clusum, to shut up.
conclusus, a, um (part, of last),
shut up.
Concordia, ae, F., concord, har-
mony.
concors, cordis, harmonious,
friendly (cor),
concursus, iis, m., concourse,
a running together.
concutio^ [con, quatio], ere,-
cussT, cussum, shake, clash.
condemno,! are, avT, atum, con-
defnn.
condicio (conditio), onis, f., con-
dition, ter7ns.
condimentum, 1, N., seasoning,
sauce.
condio,"* Ire, TvT (ii), itum, to
season, etttbcllish.
194
Latin Method,
condo",^ dere, didi, ditum, put
together^ found, build, put to
rest, get in, cure (of crops).
condocefactus, a, um, trained,
tamed. {together, hire.
conduco,^ ere, xi, ctum, bring
coufectus, a, um (part, of con-
ficio), wrought, reduced.
confero, ferre, tuli, latum (col-
la turn), to bring together, com-
pare, betake (one's self), put
upofi, convey.
confertus, a, \i\-n,full, crowded.
conficio,* ere, feci, fectum, make
thoroughly, Jinish, prepare.
coiifirmo,^ are, avi, atum, con-
Jirm, strcfigthen, affirm.
confiteor,"^ eri, fessus [fateor],
confess, acknowledge, admit.
confluo,^ ere, fluxl, flow to-
gether, throng.
confringo,^ ere, fregi, fractum,
break in pieces [frango].
confugio,^ ere, fugi, to Jiee for
refuge.
congrego,^ are, avT, atum [grex],
gather in flocks, congregate.
\ conjicio (conicio),^ ere, jecT, jec-
tum, to cast, to hurl.
conjunctio, 6n\s, ¥., a Joinijtg,
companiotiship.
conjunctus, a, xiva. Joined.
conjungo,^ ere, junxi, junctum,
to join closely.
conjunx (or conjux), jugis, c,
partner, i.e. husbatid or wife.
conjuratio, onis, f., conspiracy.
conjuratus, i, m., conspirator.
cohjuro,^ are, avI, atum, to con-
spire (con; juro,^ swear).
conligo,^ are, avi, atum. to bind,
fasten together (= coUigo^).
conloquor,^ qui, locutus, to con-
verse.
conor,^ ari, atus, try, endeavor,
attempt iyZ).
conquiro [con; quaero],^ ere,
quTsivi, quisltum, to inquire,
search out.
conscientia, ae, F., conscious-
ness, conscience.
conscio,^ ire, to be conscious.
consecro,^ are, avi, atum, con-
secrate (con; sacer).
conscius, a, um, conscious.
consenesco,^ ere, senuT, to grow
old (con ; senex).
consensus, us, m., consent, fel-
low-feeling (con; sentio).
c5nsequor,^ sequi, secutus, to
follow close, overtake (95).
conservatio, onis, F., preserva-
tion (con; servo^).
consessus, us, m., meetings as-
sembly (con; sedeo"^).
considero.i are, avi, atum, to
consider, ponder.
consido,^ ere, sedi, sessum, to
sit down (con ; sido'^).
consilium, 1, n., counsel, plan,
wise counsel, wisdom (31).
consimilis, e, very like, just like.
consisto,^ ere, stitT, stitum, to
stand fast, halt, stay.
consocio,' are, avi, atum, to
associate with, join, connect.
consolatio, onis, f., consolation.
conspectus, u^, m., sight, view.
conspicio,^ ere, spexi, spectum,
to view, behold.
conspicor,^ arl, atus, to get
sight of.
constantia, ae, ¥., firmness.
constituo,^ ere, stituT, utum, to
establish, resolve [statuo].
consto,' stare, stiti, statum, con-
sist, be established ; constat,
it is settled (fact or resolve).
constringo,^ ere, strinxi, stric-
tum, to bind fast.
consuesco,^ ere, suevi, suetum,
become accustomed.
consuetude, inis, F., custom (70).
consul, ulis, M., consul (chief
executive officer of Rome).
consulatus, us, m., consulship.
consulo,^ ere, ui, sultum, to con-
sult (ace), consult for {dL-A.\..).
consult©, on purpose.
consultum, T, n., counsel.
consurgo,^ ere, surrexT, surrec-
tum, to rise up, revolt.
Vocabulary: Latin and English.
19s
contemno,-'' ere, tempsi, temp-
tum, to despise.
contemptus, us, M., contempt^
scorn.
contendo,' ere, di, turn, stretch
towards^ strive., contend; con-
tendo ab, urge upon.
contentio, onis, F., strife., con-
test.
contero,^ ere, trlvi, tritum, to
wear away., bruise., waste.
conterritus, a, urn, terrified.
contexo,^ ere, texul, textum,
weave together.
conticesco,^ ere, ticuT, to grow
silent (incept, of taceo'-^).
continens, tis (part, of con-
tineo), continuous ; as a noun,
the continent.
contineo,'- ere, continuT, tentum
[con ; teneo], hold together^
contain., keep.
contingo,^ ere, tigl, tactum [tan-
go], to touch, befall J contin-
git, it happens (4).
continue, immediately.
continuus, a, um, constant., in
succession.
contra, as prep, (ace.), against,
over against ; as adv., on the
other hand.
contraho,^ ere, xT, ctum, to draw
together, contract, restrain.
contrarius, a, um, contrary.
contremisco,^ ere, tremul, to be
seized with trembling.
contuli, see confero.
convenio,'' Ire, veni, ventum,
to meet, gather.
conventus, us, m., meeting, con-
course.
converto,^ ^ere, tl, sum, turn.
con viva, ae, c, fellow-guest,
companion (at table).
convivium, 1, ti., feast, banquet.
convoco,^ are, avT, atum, call
together.
copia, ae, F., abundance, oppor-
tu7iity (78) ; ^\\xxd\, forces.
copiosus, a, um, abounding in
resources.
coquo.^ere, coxT, coctum, to cook.
cor, cordis, n., heart.
coraxn, openly ; (with abl.), in the
presence of
Corinthius. a, um, Corinthian.
Corinthus, T, f., Corinth, a city
of Greece.
Cornelia, ae, f., a Roman matron,
daughter of Scipio and mother
of Gracchus.
cornicen, cinis, M. [cornu; cano],
horn-blower.
cornii, us {n), N., horn.
corpus, oris, N., body.
corripio,^ ere, ripui, reptum, to
seize (25).
corruptus, a, um (part, of cor-
rumpo), spoiled, corrupt.
cortex, icis, M. or F., bark., hull.
corvus, 1, M., a crow.
eras, to-morrow.
crastinus, a, um, belonging to
the morrow; crastinus (sc.
dies), T, M., the morrow.
creber, bra, brum, thick, close,
frequent.
crebresco,^ ere, bruT or buT,
grow dense, thicken, increase.
credo,^ dere, didi, ditum, to give \
in trust, trust, believe (92), J
creo,^ are, avi, atum, to create,
elect. [din.
crepitus^ iis, m., noise (rattling),
Ores, Cretis, c, Cretan.
cresco,^ ere, crevi, cretum, grow,
increase.
Creta, ae, F., Crete, an island,
creta, ae, F., chalk.
cretaceus, a, um, of chalk.
Cretensis, e, belonging to Crete.
criminor, ari, atus, to accuse.
crinis, is, m., hair.
crocio," ire, to croak (as a raven).
crocodilus, i, m., crocodile.
crucio,' are, avI, atum, torme^^t,
torture.
crudelis, e, bloody, cruel (93).
crudelitas, atis, f., cruelty.
cruentus, a, um, bloody.
cruor, oris, M., blood {yi\\Q.\\ it is
shed).
196
Latin Method,
crus, cruris, n., leg.
crux, crucis, f., cross.
:J:cuB, to lie (-cumbo^).
cubiculum, 1, N., chamber.
cuculo.i are, to call '•'• cuckoo.^''
cuculus, 1, M, ^ cMckoa.
culpa, ae, Y., fault (32).
culpo,^ are, avi, atum, to blame.
cultrix, icis, F. [colo], she that
tills ^ &c.
cultura, ae, f., cultivation.
cultus, us, M., tillage., worship^
7node of living., attention.
cum (prep, abl.), with.
cum (adv.), 'whe7i; cumprimum,
as soon as; cum . . turn, while
. . so also ; both . . and.
cunabula, orum, n., ci'adle.
cunae, arum, f., cradle.
cunctatio, onis, F., delay.
cunctator, oris, M., delayer.
cunctor,! arl, atus, to delay.
cuuctus, a, um, all {J7 : more
often in the plural).
cuniculus, T, M., rabbit.
cupiditas, atis, F., eager desi?e,
cupidity.
cupido, inis, F., desire.
cupidus, a, um, eager, desirous,
greedy (20).
cupio.^ere, ivi, itum, desire (33).
cur, why.
cura, ae, f., care, anxiety (38).
curatio, onis, F., care, treatment.
Cures, ium, M., F., a Sabine town,
curia, ae, f., senate-house.
euro,' are, avi, atum, provide,
take care of.
curro,^ ere, cucurrT, cursum, run.
currus, (is, m., chariot, car.
cursus, lis, M., rujining, course,
race, voyage.
curvus, a, um, crooked, bent. ^ I defendo,^ ere, di, sum, to defend.
|CTStS
todia, ae, f., custody, guard.
itodio,^ ire, TvJ, itum, guard.
tos, odis, M., guard, guard-
ian.
cygnus, T, M., rt; swan.
cymba, ae, F., a boat (73).
Cyrus, T, M., Cyrus, a Persian
kinsf.
D.
damno,^ are, avi, atum, condemn.
de (abl), down from, of about {i).
dea, ae, f., goddess (p. 4, a).
debeo,2 ere, ul, itum, to owe,
ought.
debilis, e, weak, feeble.
decedo,^ ere, cessT, cessum, to
withdraw, retreat (3).
decem, ten.
decemvir, virT, m., decemvir {onQ
of a board of ten).
decerno,^ ere, crevi, cretum, to
decree.
decerpo,^ ere, psT, ptum, to pluck,
gather [carpo].
decerto,^ are, avi, atum, to con-
tend, strive (90).
decet,'^ uit, // is becoining.
decido,^ ere, dl, to fall off, fail
[cado].
decimus, a, um, tenth.
declare,^ are, avT, atum, make
clear, show, declare.
decline,' are, avi, atum, to bend
aside, avoid.
decor, oris, m., beauty, grace.
decorus, a, um, beautiful, becotn-
ing{()i) ; ad decorum, neatly.
decresco,^ ere, creyT, cretum, to
decrease.
decurro,^ ere, curri or cucurri,
cursum, run down, advance.
decus, oris, n., orna^nent, honor,
dignity (46).
dedecet, uit, it is unbecoming.
dedecus. oris, N., dishonor.
dedo,^ didT, ditum, to surrender.
deduce,'' xT, ctum, to lead away.
defectio, onis, f., revolt, eclipse.
I
derinsor, oris, m., defender.
deflecto,^ ere, flexT, flexum, bend,
turn off (down or away),
deinde, the^i.
dejicio (deicio),^ ere, jeci, jec-
tum. to cast down; dejectus,
downcast.
delectatio, onis, F., delight.
Vocabulary: Latin and English,
197
delecto,' are, avi, atum, delight^
please.
delectus, iis, m., « levyoi troops,
deleo,^ ere, evi, etum, blot out,
destroy, annihilate.
delicatus, a, um, delicate, effem-
iftate, dainty.
delictum, 1, -^.^ fault (32).
delitesco,^ ere, litui, to lie hid
(lateo).
Delos, 1, F., an island of the
^gean, sacred to Apollo.
dementia, ae, Y., madness, folly.
demerge,^ ere, si, sum, to plunge,
(trans.) ; pass., to dive, sink.
demetior/ irl, mens us, to meas-
ure out (sparingly).
demeto,^ ere, messui, messum,
to reap, inow, cut off.
demigro,' are, avT, atum, to re-
move.
Demosthenes, is, M., an orator
of Athens.
demum, at length, in short.
denique, at letigth, in short.
dens, dentis, m., tooth, tusk.
densus, a, um, crowded, dense,
close. {down.
dependeo,^ ere (no perf.), hang
dependo,^ ere, dl, sum, to weigh
out, pay.
depone,^ ere, posuT, positum, to
lay down or aside.
deposco,^ ere, poposci, to de-
7nand, claim, request (79).
depreliendo,^ ere, di, sum, to
catch, seize, arrest.
depugno.i are, avT, 2i\.wm, fight
(out a battle).
descendo,^ ere, di, sum, to de-
scend.
describe.^ ere, scrips!, ptum, to
describe, write about, trace,
draw, mark off.
desero,^ ere, deseruT, desertum,
forsake, desert [sero, bind].
desiderium, I, n., ^ longing for.
desidero,' are, avI, atum, want,
desire, feel the want <?/'(33).
desilio* [de ; salio], ire, silui,
sultum, leap down.
desino,3 ere, desTvI (desii), desi-
tum, leave off, cease.
desipio,^ ere, to be foolish.
despero,' are, avI, atum, to
despair of.
despicio,3 ere, spexi, spectum,
to look down on, despise.
destitutus, a, um, left alone.
desum, esse, fuT, to be wanting.
deterreo,=^ ere, uT, itum, to ter-
rify, alari7t.
detrimentum, T, n., loss, dam-
age (de; tero: 35).
detrudo,^ ere, si, sum, to thrust
away, push back.
deus, 1, M., pllir. del, dil or di
(p. S- ^)i ^ god, divinity.
devasto,^ are, atum (no perf.), to
lay waste.
deversor,! arl, atus, turn aside.
deversorium, I, n., a resting-
place^ ijtn.
devineo,^ ere, vIcT, victum, to
conquer.
dexter, tera (tra), terum (trum),
right, right hand.
Jdic, say (dico,^ disco,^ dico^).
dicio, onis, f., sway, subjection.
dico,^ ere, xi, ctum, say, tell {6^) ;
imperat., die.
dictito,! are, avi, diiVLTCi, keep say-
ing, repeat.
didici, see disco.^
Dido, onis (or Didiis), F., Dido^
queen of Carthage.
dies, diei, m. (rarely f.), day.
differo, ferre, distuli, dilatum, to
delay, differ, defer.
difficilis, e, difficult.
diffugio,3 ere, fiigi, scatter, flee
away.
diffundo,^ ere, fudi, fusum, pour
far and wide, pour out, spread.
digitus, T, M., finger, toe.
dignitas, tatis, f., dioftity.
dignor, arl, atus, to deem wo?
dignus, a, um, worthy (abl.).
dilabor,^ 1, lapsus, fall apart,
glide away.
diligens, tis, diligent.
diligenter, diligently.
wead.
198
Latin Method.
diligentia, ae, f., diligence.
diligo,^ ere, lexl, lectum, love
(less strong than amo : 11).
dimico.i are, avi or ui, atum, to
fight, contend {go).
dimidium, 1, N., half.
dimitto,^ere, misi, missMm^ send
away, dismiss.
Dion, 5nis, M., Dion, a patriot of
Sicily.
directus, a, um (part, of dirigo),
straight, perpendicular.
direptio, onts, Y., plutidering.
dirimo,^ ere, emi, emptum, to
div ide. put asunder [^dds,em.o^.
dirus, a, um, dreadful (93).
Dis, DItis, PlutOj god of the
Lower World.
dis (in comp.), apart.
discedo,^ ere, cessi, cessum, de-
part, pass away, cease.
discepto,' are, avi, atum, to dis-
pute, discuss.
discessus, us, M., departure, v
separation.
discidium, 1 [discindo], N., sep-
aration, parting, quarrel.
discindo, ere, cidi, cissum, to
cut apart, separate, divide.
disoiplina, ae, f., system of teach-
ing, discipline, training.
discipulus, 1, M., scholar^ dis-
ciple.
disco,^ ere, didicT, to learn.
discordia, ae, F., discord.
discrimen, inis, N., decision (by
conflict), crisis, peril.
disourro,^ ere, curri (cucurri),
cursum, to run about.
disertus, a, um, eloquent (72).
dispar, paris, unequal, unlike.
disputo,^ are, avT, atum, to dis-
pute (think apart), discuss,
deliver an opinion.
diiiensio, onis, F., disagreement.
dissentio,"* Ire, sens!, sum, to
disagree.
dissimilis, e, unlike.
distincte, disiittctly.
distinctus, a, um [distinguo],
studded, marked, set-off.
distineo [teneo^J, ere, uT, ten-
turn, to hold apart, divide.
distinguo,* ere, nxi, nctum, to
set-off, mark, distinguish.
disto,^ are, to be distant or apart^
to differ.
ditior, ditissimus, richer, richest
(used as compar. and superl.
of dives).
diii, diOtius, diutissime, long (of
time), />/ a long time.
diiiturnitas, atis, F., long dura-
tion.
diuturnus, a, um, long (in time),
lasting, durable^ long con-
tinued.
diversus, a, um, inconsistent.
dives, itis, rich.
divide,* ere, isi, Tsum, to divide.
divinus, a, um, divine^ godlike^
superhuman.
divitiae, arum, F., riches, wealth
(78).
do, dare, dedi, d2ii\im,give {Z7)j'
\n combos., place.
loceo,^ ere, docui, doctum, teach,
tell (followed by two ace),
loctor, oris, m., teacher.
doctus, a, um, learned, skilled.
doleo,*^ ere, doluT, be painful, feel
pain, grief, suffer (with abl. of
that from which one suffers).
dolor, oris, m., pain, grief {->,%).
dolus, T, M., trick, fraud, craft.
domesticus, a, um, of the house
or family.
domi (loc), at home.
domicilium, 1, n., home, resi-
dence.
domina, ae, F., queen, mistress.
dominatus, us, M., dominion,
tyranny.
dominor,^ arl, atus, to rule, be
master or tyrant.
dominus, 1, M., master, lord;
domine (voc), sir.
domo.i are, domul, domitum,
subdue, tame, break in.
domus. us, F. (p. 18. b), house ;
domi, at home (39).
donee, until.
Vocabulary : Latin and English,
199
dono,^ are, avi, atum (§ 51, i . c\
to give^ present (37).
doiium, 1, N., gift (40).
dormio,* Ire, ivi, itum, to sleep.
dos, dotis (g. pi. ium), f., dowry.
Druides, um, IJrmds, the priestly
class of Gaul,
dubitatio, onis, F., doubt.
dubito,' are, avi, atum (with an
or quin), doubt j (with infin.),
hesitate.
dubius, a, um, doubtful.
Jduc, lead (duco,^ dux),
ducenti, ae, a, two hundred.
duco,3 ere, duxi, ductum ; im-
perat., due, to lead, hold, think.
dulcedo, inis, F., charm, sweet-
7iess.
dulcis, e , sweet, fresh (of water).
duni, with indie, while; with
subj. (generally), until.
dumetum, 1, n., brainble-thicket.
dumus, 1, M., brier, bramble.
duo, ae, o (see p. 7), two.
duplico,^ are, avi, atum, double.
diiritia, ae, F., hardness.
duro,i are, avi, atum, endure,
last, hold out.
durus, a, um, hard, hardy (93).
dux, ducis, c, leader, guide (42).
H
e (ex), from, out of (i) ; in
compos., out, completely.
ea, fern, of is; earn, her.
ecquid, what? any, at all?
edax, acis, greedy.
edisco,^ ere, didici, to learti thor-
oughly.
editus, a, um (part, of edo^),
prominent.
edo,3 ere, edidi, editum, exhibit,
put forth, utter, produce.
edo, edere or esse, edi, esum
(Gr. p. 80), eat.
efifemino,' are, avT, atum, debme
by luxury, enfeeble [femina].
effero, ferre, extull, elatum, carry
out, carry away.
efBcentia, ae, f., efficacy, pote7icy.
efficio,3[ex; facio], ere, feci, fec-
tum, make out, effect.
effigies, iel, F., an image, appa-
rition.
effluo,^ ere, fliixl, to flow out, or
away
effodio,^ ere, f5dl, fossum, dig
up or out.
effugio,^ ere, fiigi, to flee away,
escape from.
egens, tis (part, of egeo), desti-
tute (82).
egeo,^ ere, eguT, be destitute,
need (abl. or gen ),
Egeria, ae, F., nymph of a grotto
near Rome.
Egerius, I, m., a proper name.
egestas, atis, F., poverty, desti-
tution .
egi, egeram, see ago.^ *.
ego, mei, mihi, me (p. i8j, /.
egomet, / myself.
,egredior,^di, gressus, logo forth.
egregius, a, um, excellent, dis-
tinguished, unusual, fine, 7'e-
markable [e ; grex].
ejus, ei (gen. and dat. of is),
his, hers, &c.
elatus, a, um (part, of efifero),
carried away, uplifted.
elegans, \S^,fine, elegant.
elegantia, ae, f., elegance.
elementum, 1, N., beginnittg.
elephant us, T, m., elephant.
elevo.i are, atum (no perf.), dis-
parage, make light of [levis].
eligo,^ ere, elegi, electum, pick
out, elect, select, choose.
eloquens, eloqueftt (72).
eloquentia, ae, f., eloquence.
eludo,^ ere, sT, sum, to delude,
mock, i7take game of [ludus].
emergo,"^ ere, si, sum, to emerge.
emineo,^ ere, uT, to project, be
co7ispicuous [e ; maneo].
emo,3 ere, emi, emptum, buy
(originally take).
emptor, oris, m.. purchaser.
erapturio,* Ire, / wa7it to buy.
en (exclam.), behold > ho!
200
Latin Method,
enervo,^ are, avT, atum, enervate^
unman, enfeeble [nervus].
enim.ybr (following one or more
words).
Ennius, i, m., Ennius, an early
poet of Rome.
ensis, is, m., sword (poetic).
enumero/ are, avT, atum, to re-
count, reckon (numerus).
eo, thither.
eo . . quo (with comparatives),
the . . the: see § 22, 2.
eo, Ire, TvT, itum (p. 39)j^^(43)-
Epaminondas, ae, a general
and statesman of Thebes.
epistola (ula), ae, f., a letter.
epulae, arum, F., banquet (36).
eques, itis, m., rider, horseinan,
knight ; pi., cavalry (equus).
equester, tris, tre, belonging to
"^cavalry, equestrian.
equidem, in fact, for my part
(concessive), it is true, to be
sure.
equitatus, us, M., cavalry.
equito,^ are, avT, atum, to ride.
equus, T, M., horse.
erga, towards (ace).
ergo, therefore, then.
Eriphyle, es, F., wife of Amphi-
araus.
eripio,^ ere, ripuT, reptum, snatch
away, reinove, rescue (rapio).
erro,^ are, avi, atum, wander,
err, stray, mistake.
* erudio,* Tre, IvT (il), itum, to in-
struct, train (e ; rudis).
erumpo,^ ere, erupT, eruptum, to
break out, burst forth, begin
io^ow (verb-root rup).
escarae, F.,food^ bait.
esse (see sum), to be.
esurio,* Tre,ivT (il), Itum, to fast,
be himgry (desider. ofedo).
et, and even ; et . . et, both . .
and ; on the one hand . . 07t
the other.
etenim,/i?r (you see, you know).
etiam, also, even, yes.
Etruscus, a, um, Etruscan.
eum, hint [is].
Eurotas, ae, M., a river of Sparta,
evado,^ ere, sT, sum, C07ne out,
escape, pass out.
evenio,^ ire, veni, ventum, to
come forth, happen (4).
eventus, us, m., event, result.
everto,-' ere, tl, sum, overturn.
ex, out offrofji, of, directly after,
on account of, according to{i).
exanimo,^ are, avi, atum, to
render lifeless (ex; anima).
exaudio,'* Tre, TvT (il), Ttum, hear
(at a distance), overhear.
excedo,-' ere, cessT, cessum, to
go forth, withdraw.
excello,^ ere, uT, sum, to excel.
exoipio,^»ere, cepT, ceptum, to
overtake, receive, welcome (25).
excito,^ are, avT, atum,^*? rouse^
excite, stir up (ex ; cieo).
exclamo,^ are, avT, atum, cry
out, exclaim.
exoludo,^ clCidere, clusT, clusum,
shut out, hatch (ex; claudo).
exousatio, 5nis, F., exc7ise.
exedo,=^ ere, edl, esum, eat out,
consume, wear away.
exemplum, T, n., sample, pat-
tern., exa7npie.
exeo, Tre, iT, itum, go forth (3).
exerceo,^ cere, cuT, citum, keep
busy, manage; (in passive),
train one's self (ex ; arceo).
exercitatio, onis, F. , exercise.
exeroitus, iis. m., ar7ny (5).
exesus, see exedo.
exigo,^ ere, egT, actum, to drive
out (ex ; ago),
exiguus, a, um, stnall, mean,
scanty.
exilis, e, slender, feeble (44).
existimatio, onis, F., estimate,
judgmetit.
existimo,^ are, avT, atum, think,
deem, 7'eckon (aestimo : 92).
existo, see exsisto.
exitium, T, N., destruction, ruin
•(ex; eo: lit., a going out^.
exordium, T, N . )he begi7i7ii7ig,
origin (ex, ordior).
exorior," TrT, ortus, arise.
1
Vocabulary : Latin and English.
20I
expeditus, a, um, tmenciunbered^
rapid (ex ; pes ^= foot-free) .
expello,^ ere, expuli, expulsum,
to drive 07it, expel.
expergefacio,"^ ere, feci, factum,
to ro2ise, awaken,
expergiscor,^ cT, experrectus, to
rouse one^s self wake.
experimentum, I, m., trial^ ex-
periment.
experior,'* Tri, expertus, to try,
prove, test.
expers, tis, ivithotit a share,
destitute (ex; pars),
expeto,^ ere, petivi (il), petltum,
to seek, claim (7g).
explico/ are, uT, itum (or avi,
atiim), to 7mfold, explain.
explorator, oris, m., searcher,
scout.
exprimo,^ ere, press!, pressum,
to press out, express (premo).
expromo,^ ere, mpsT, mptum, to
take out, exhibit, declare.
expugno,' are, avT, atum, to take
by siege, stonn, conquer.
expulsor, oris, M., expeller.
expulsus, see expello^.
exsilio,^ Ire, silui, sultum, to leap
forth, start up (salio).
exsilium, T, n., exile, banish-
ment (exsul).
exsisto,^ ere, stitT, stitum, arise,
appear, exist (sis to, sta).
exspecto,* are, avI, atum, look
out for, expect, wait.
exstinguo,^ ere, stinxT, nctum,
to extinguish, destroy, kill.
exsto," stare (no perf. or sup ),
stand forth, ?'ise.
exsul, ulis, c, an exile.
extemplo, instantly.
externus, a, um, foreign; as a
noun, stra7iger.
extra (ace), outside of, beyond.
extraho,^ ere, traxT, tractum,
draw out, drag.
extremus, a, um, last ; extrema
insula, the end of the island.
Jfa, say (for,' fa turn).
fabricarier = fabricari, old inf.
of
fabricor,! arl, ?ii\is, manufacture,
fabricate, forge.
fabula, ae, Y., fable, tale (for).
Jfac, make, do (facio).^
facesso,^ ere, T, Ttum, to do
eagerly ; facesso negotium,
bring trouble upon (dat.).
facetiae, arum, F., wit, fun.
facetus, a, um, elegant, funny.
facile, easily.
facilis, e, easy.
facinus, oris, N., act, crime (of
violence : 32).
facio,^ ere, feci, factum, make,
do J imperat., fac ; pass., fio.
facultas, atis, F., opportunity,
ability (88).
fagus, T, F., beech-tree.
fallax, acis, treacherous, de-
ceitful.
fallo,^ ere, fefellT, falsum, cheats
deceive, disappoint (45).
f also, falsely.
falsus, a, um (part, of fallo), de-
ceived, false.
falx, falcis, F., sickle, pruning-
knife. •>
fama, ae. P., com7non talk, re-
port, fame (46). ^
fames, is, F., hunger, famine.
familia, ae, F., household, fa77tily ,
especially the slaves (famulus).
familiaris, e, belonging to a fa7n-
ily, fa77iiliarj (noun), fr/ie7td.
fasciculus, T, m., bundle, faggot.
fateor,- eri, fassus , to cofifess.
fatigo,' are, avi, atum, to weary,
distress.
fatum, T, 'H.,fate, desti7ty.
fauces, ium, F., jaws, throat,
passage (into any thing).
fautor, oris, m., favorer, sup-
porter.
faveo.'^ere, favi, fautum, to favor
(dat.).
202
Latin Method,
fax, facis, F., torch^ firebrand.
fecundus, a, um, fertile, produc-
tive, prolific.
felis (or feles), is, C, cat.
felix, icis, happy, fortunate, of
good otneti (47).
femina, ae, F., woman, female
(root FE : *' the producer ").
fenestra, ae, F., window.
fenus, oris, N., interest, usury,
profit (root FE, in fetus).
fera, ae, f., wild creature, wild
animal or beast (14).
ferax, 2ic\s, fertile, productive.
fere, abnost, for the most part,
about.
ferens, tis, bearing, bringing.
feriae, arum, f., holidays.
ferio* (no perf. or sup.), to strike.
feritas, atis, F., wildness, fierce-
ness.
ferme, nearly, abnost, about.
fero, ferre, tulT, latum (p. 39) ;
bear^ carry, tell ; prae se ferre,
to show, exhibit.
ferox, bc\?,, fierce, cr7iel (93).
ferreus, a, um, of iron.
ferrum, T, n., iron.
fertilis, t, fertile.
fertilitas, atis, Y., fertility.
ferus, a, um, wild, fierce (93).
ferveo,2 ere, bui, to glow, burn,
be hot.
fessus, a, um, weary.
festino,^ are, avT, atum, to hasten.
festus, a, nvci., festal. [^ prolific.
fetus, a, um, producing, full,
J FID, split (findo,'' fissio).
fidelis, ^, faithful.
Fidenas, atis, of Fiden(^.
fides, is, F., string ; plur., lyre.
fides, ei, Y., faith.
f ido,3 ere, f Tsus, to trust (dat.).
fidus, a, Mvci, faithful.
Jfig, shape (fingo,'' fictilis).
figura, ae, Y., figure, shape.
figure,' are, avi, atum, fashion,
shape.
f ilia, ae, F. (see p. 4, a\ daughter.
f iliola, ae, f., little daughter.
f iliolus, T, M., little son.
filius, T, M., son J voc, fill.
findo,^ ere, fidi, fissum, to split,
divide, separate.
fingo.^ere, finxi, ^Q.\.wm, fashion,
form, imagine (root fig).
finio," Ire, IvI (il), itum, to limit,
bound, fix.
finis, is, m., end; plur., bounds,
lb nits, territory (48).
f initimus, a, um, neighboring.
f io, fieri, factus, become, be made,
be done (used as passive of
facio:^ p. 39).
firmus, a, wm, fi?'m, steady.
fissio, onis, F., cleft, cleaving.
fistula, ae, ¥.,pipe, reed,fiute.
flagrans, tis, blazing.
fiamen, inis, N., blast of wind.
fiamma, ae, F., blaze, fame.
flavesco,^ ere, to grow yellow.
flavus, a, um, yellow.
flecto,^ ere, xi, xum, to bend, turn.
flexuosus, a, um, crooked, bend-
ing.
florins, \\s,fiourishing.
fioreo,^ ere, florui, to flourish^
bloom (flos).
floresco,^ ere, begin to bloo?n.
flos, floris, u.,fiower.
I FLU, flow (fluo,^ flumen).
fluotus, ijs, M., wave.fiood.
flumen, inis, n., fiowing water,
stream, river (49).
|fod, dig (fodio,^ fossa).
fluo,^ ere, fluxi, ^wyMva, flow.
foculus, 1, M.,fii-e-pan, brazier.
focus, I, ^., fire-place, hearth.
fodio,^ ere, fodi, fossum, to dig,
pick.
foedus, eris, ^.,a treaty, league.
foedus, a, um, foul, disgraceful.
folium, 1, N., leaf.
fons, fontis, u., spring, fottntain.
fore, will be (fut. inf. of esse).
forma, ae, f., inward form (or-
ganization),/^;-;/?, shape.
formica, ae, F., ant.
formido, inis, F., dread, terror.
formidolosus, a, VlVC\. formidable.
formosus, a, um, beatctiffd,
shapely (91).
Vocabulary: Lam
203
formula, ae, f., little model, pat-
tent, rtcle, writ (legal).
fortis, e, sturdy, strong, brave,
valiant (23).
fortiter, bravely.
fortitudo, inis, F., bravery, cou-
ra(^e, fortitude,
fortuiia, ae, Y, fortune.
fortunatus, a, Mm^fortunate (47).
forum, T, n., forum (public
square),
fossa, ae, f., ditch, trench (fod).
foveo,^ ere, fovi, fotum, warm,
fondle, cherish, brood over.
Jfrag, break (frango,^ fragor).
fragilis, q, frail, easily broken.
fragor, oris, m., crash, crashing
noise (97).
frango,^ ere, fregl, fractum, break.
frater, tris, m., brother.
fraudo,! are, avT, atum, to cheat,
deprive {\^^.
freno', are, avT, atum, to check,
curb.
fretum, T, N., strait, a narrow
sea (67).
frigidus, a, um, cold.
frigus, oris, N., cold.
frons, dis, f., leaf.
frons, tis, F., brow, forehead.
Jfru, enjoy (fruor,^ fruges).
fructuosus, a, \xv(\, fruitful, pro-
fitable.
fructus, tus. M., frtnt {g/^), fruits
(generally), profit.
fruges, um, F., grain, produce.
frugi (a clat. used as indecl. adj.),
good, honest, thrifty.
frugifer, fera, i^mn^ productive.
frumentum, T, n., grain (94),
fruor,-' T, fructus. enjoy (abl.).
frustra, in vain.
frustror,' arl, atus, to deceive,
disappoi7it, elude (45).
frustum, T, ^., piece, fragment.
Jfud, pour (fundo,^ fusus).
fui, see sum.
fugio,^ ere, fiigl, itum, tofiee. .
fugo,' are, avi, atum, to drive,
put to flight.
fulgeo,^ ere, f ulsT, to shine, glow.
fulgur, uris, n., Iighini7ig^^
fulmen, inis, N., thuiiderboir,
flash of light7iing (75).
fumo,^ are, to smoke.
funditus, utterly, fro7n the bot-
tom.
fundo,^ ere, fudi, fusum, to pour,
pojir forth.
fundus, T, M., ground, estate.
funestus, a, wm, fatal.
fuiigor,^ 1, functus, to fulfil, per-
form (abl.).
fur, furis, M., thief.
furor, oris, m., ?nadness (raving),
rage (mad).
furor,' arl, atus, steal (by craft).
furtim (adv.), by stealth.
fustis, is, M., chib.
fusus, a, um [fundo], poured
forth, routed.
futurus, a, um [sum], about to be.
G.
Gaius, Caius, M., a proper name,
e.g., C. Laelius (§ 15).
galea, ae, f., helmet.
Gallia, ae, f., Gaul, including
France, with part of Belgium
and Switzerland.
Gallicus, a, um, of Gaul, Gallic,
gallina, ae, f., a hen.
Gallus, 1, M., a Gaul,
gallus, T, M., a cock.
gannio,'' ire, to snarl, yelp.
garrulus, a, um, chattering.
gaudeo,^ ere, gavTsus, to rejoice.
gelu, us, ^., frost, cold.
geminus, a, um, twin.
gemma, ae, f., a bud, gem, jewel.
gemitus, us, m., g7'oan, sigh.
gemmatus, a, um, jezvelled.
|gen, produce (gnascor, gigno).
gener, eri, m., so7i-i7i-law.
genero,^ are, avI, atum, to gen-
erate , produce.
genetrix, trlcis, F., 7nother.
genitus, a, um (gigno^), bor7t.
gens, gentis, F., race, 7iationi^id).
genu, us, N., knee.
204
Latin Method,
%
genus, eris, n., race^ family^
• descent^ kind, class (50).
Germanus, a, um, Gerjuan.
gero,^ ere, gessl, gestum, carry ^
carry on, bear, wear, ^<:7[ges].
gestus, us, M., gesture, bearing j
agere gestus, 7nake motions.
gigno,^ ere, genu!, genitum, pro-
duce {y^xh-xGOt GEN : gi-geno).
glacialis, e, icy.
glacies, ei, F., ice.
gladiator, oris, M., swordsman,
gladiator.
gladiolus, T, M., little sword.
gladius, I, M., sword (16).
glaeba, ae, f. , sod, turf (of un-
tilled ground).
gloria, ae, F., glory (46).
glorior,! ari, atus, glory, glory in
(abl.), boast (with accus. of a
neuter pronoun).
Jgno, know (gnosco, gnovi).
Gracchus, T, m., the name of two
brothers, Tiberius and Caius,
leaders of the people's party
in Rome.
gradus, us, m., step, stride.
Graecia, ae, F., Greece.
Graecus, a, um, Greek ; GraecT,
pi., the Greeks.
gramen, inis, n., grass.
grandis, e, large, big, tall (65) ;
— natu, old.
grando, inis, f., hail.
grassor,^ ari, atus, to roam, ad-
vance upon.
gratia, ae, F., favor, influence,
good will (88); gratia (with
gen.), for the sake of; plur.,
thanks.
gratiosua, a, um, favorite, pop-
ular.
gratulatio, 5nis, f., congratu-
lation.
gratus, a, um, pleasing.
gravate, reluctantly.
gravis, e, heavy, weighty, respect-
able, influential, oppressive.
graviter, heavily, severely.
grex, gregis, 1,1., flock, herd (si).
grunuio,* Ire, 1 vT, itum, to grunt.
guberno,* are, avT, atum, steer,
govern.
gusto,! are, avi, atum, to taste.
gymnasium, 1, n., gymnasium.
liabeo,^ ere, uT, itum, hold, have,
keep, imply, have in itself,
consider, have for; bene se
habet, that is right.
habilis, e, handy. fl
habito,' are, avi, atum, inhabit, fl
live.
habitus, us, M., habit, suit, bear-
ing, ^k
haereo,2 ere, si, sum, to cling, H
stick.
haesito,! are, avi, atum, to hesi-
tate (intens. of haereo).
hamus, I, m., Ii7ik, hook.
Hannibal, alis, m., Hannibal, a
Carthaginian general.
hasta, ae, f., spear (16).
haud, not (modifying only one
word) .
haurio,'' Ire, si, stum, to drain,
drink in.
Helvetii, orum, people of Hel-
vetia (Switzerland).
hem (interj.), ah ! indeed!
Henna, ae, f., Enna, a vale in
Sicily.
Hennensis, e, of Eitna.
Heraclides, is, m., a name of a
philosopher.
herba, ae, f., grass, turf
Hercules, is, m., the most fa-
mous hero of Greek fable.
herl, yesterday.
heroicus, a, um, heroic.
heros, ois (ace. sing. 5a, pi. oas),
hero (a Greek word).
herus, I, m., master (less ap-
proved spelling for erus).
heu, alas !
heus (interj.), ho I hallo !
hiberna, orum, n., winter quar-
ters of an army.
Hibernia, ae, f., Ireland.
Vocahtilary : Latin and English.
205
hie, here.
hie, haec, hoc, this (near the
speaker : 52).
hiems (hiemps), hiemis, F., win-
ter^ stonn.
hilaris, e, cheerful.
hilariter, cheerfully .
hine, hejice, next; hinc . . hinc,
on this side . . on the other.
hinnio,^ Ire, to neigh., whinny.
hio.i are, avi, atum , to gape.
hirundo, inis, F., a swallow.
Hispania, ae, F., Spain.
Hispanus, a, um, Spanish^
Spaniard.
historia, ae, F., history.
hodie, to-day.
hodiernus, a, um, to-day^s; ho-
dierno die, to-day.
Homeius, T, m., Homer, the
Greek poet.
homo, hominis, m., man (as a
human being), /^rj-^;/, fellow
(53; seep. 125).
honestus, a, um, becoming, hon-
orable.
honor (6s), oris, m., respect,
honor (46).
honorifice, honorably; — ap-
pello, salute with titles of
honor.
honorifieus, a, um (comp. -cen-
tior ; superl. -centissimus),
honorable, giving honor.
honoro,! are, avT, atum, to honor
(do honor to).
hora, ae, f., hour; omnium ho-
rarum homo, a man for any
thing.
Horatius, T, M., a Roman name.
horreo,"^ ere, horruT, shudder {?Lt).
horridus, a, um, rough, horrid.
hortor, ^ arl, atus, exhort.
hortulus, i, u., little garden.
hortus, 1, M., garden.
hospes, itis, m., host, guest.
hospitium, I, n., office of host, hos-
pitality, an inn.
hostilis, e, of art enemy.
hostis, is, C-, enemy (54).
hue, hither.
humanitas, atis, f., refinement^
■ courtesy, culture.
hiimanus, a, um, of man, human.
humens, tis, moist.
humerus, i, m., shoulder.
htimidus, a, um, moist.
humilis, e, low, lowly.
humo,^ are, avi, atum, bury.
humus, 1, F., ground; humi, on
the ground.
huneine (interrog.), ace. of hie
= huncne.
I, go (eo, ire ; iter).
lason, onis, M., Jason, leader of
the Argonauts.
ibi, there.
ibis, is, F., ibis, a sacred bird of
Egypt.
ieo,^ ere, TcT, ictum, to strike, hit.
idem, eadem, idem, the safne.
identidem, again and again,
now and then.
ideo, so, therefore, for this pur-
pose.
idolon, T, n. (a Greek noun), an
linage, apparition.
idoneus, a, um,yf/, apt, capable
(with ad or rel. clause).
igitur, therefore.
ignarus, a, um, unaware, igno-
rant.
ignavia, ae, f., sloth, cowardice.
ignavus, a, um, cowardly, slug-
gish.
ignis, is, ^.,fre.
ignoro,i are, avi, atum, to be ig-
norant; pass., to be unknown.
ignosco,^ ere, novi, notum, to
pardon (dat. of person : Gxo).
ille, ilia, illud, that (away from
speaker: 52).
illiic, to that place.
illiistro,' are, avi, atum, to shine
upon, brighten, bring to light.
illustris, e, bright, well-lighted,
illustrious. ^ Sjion.
imago, inis, F., image^^ppari-
f
2o6
Latin Method,
imber, bris (ium), m., a rain-
stonn (75).
imitor.i an, atus, imitate.
immanis, e, monstrous (93).
immanitas, atis, F., cruelty^ fe-
rocity.
imraemor, oris, timnindful.
immensus, a, um, measureless,
immense, unbounded.
immitto,^ ere, misT, missum, to
let in, send upo?i.
immo, 7iay, on the contrary, nay
rather.
immortalis, e, immortal.
immortalitas, atis, F., immor-
tality (in- ; mors).
immutabilis, e, unchangeable.
impavidus, a, um, without ter-
ror (in-; paveo).
impedimentum, 1, n., hin-
drance; plur. bags;age.
impedio,'* Ire, TvT, Ttum, to hin-
der, itnpede (in-; pes).
impendeo,2 ere, to overhang,
threaten.
impendo,^ ere, di, sum, to pay,
bestow (weigh out to).
Jmperator, oris, m., commander
(in chief-. 42).
imperitus, a, um, unacquainted,
ujiskilled {gtn.).
imperium, T, N., authority, com-
mand, state (as a power : 88.)
impero,! are, avT, atum, com-
mand, reqiiire (dat. and ut).
impetro,' are, avi, atum, accoiii-
piish, obtain (a request).
impetus, iis, m., attack, violence,
impulse J animi impetus, im-
petuosity of feeling.
impiger, gra, grum, vigorous.
Impius, a, um, i7npious, wicked.
impleo,2 ere, evi, etum, to fill.
implico,! are, cuT, citum (or
avT, atum) , entwine, entangle.
Imploro,' are, avT, atum, to im-
plore, ejttreat.
impono,^ ere, posuT, positum, to
place upon, impose, inflict.
importo,' are, avI, atum, to i?n-
port.
impotens, tis, impotent, tmcon-
trollable.
impotentia, ae, f,, impotence,
ungovernableness.
improbus, a, um, bad, wicked,
7nischievous, obstinate (66).
impiibes, is or eris, youthful,
beardless.
impudens, tis, shameless.
impudentia, ae, F., impudence.
imus, a, um, lowest, foot of.
in (ace), into, for, toivards ; ™
(abl.), /;/, in regard to, upon. ■
inanis, e, empty, unreal. ^
incantamentum, 1, n., enchant-
77ient.
incedo,-^ere, cessi, cessum, i7iove
071, adz/a7ice.
incendium, I, n., fi7'e (confla-
gration).
incendo,^ ere, di, sum, set on
fi7-e, infla77is.
incertus, a, um, uncertain.
inchoo (or incoho),i are, avi,
atum, to begi7t, undertake.
incido,^ ere, cidT, casum, to fall
upo7i, happe7i (in; cado).
incido,^ ere, cTdT, cTsum, to cut
upo7i, inscribe (in; caedo).
incipio,^ ere, cepT, ceptum, to
begin (in; Cdcpio, take hold).
incite,^ are, avi, atum, to incite,
rouse.
includo,^ ere, sT, sum, to shut
i7i, e7iclose (in ; claudo)
incolo,^ ere, coluT, to i7thabit.
incolumis, e, safe, unhurt.
incommodum, 1, -i^.,a0i7toyance,
i7ico7ive7iience, disaster (by a
euphemism : 35).
inconditus, a, um, unfashio7ied,
rude (ill put together).
incredibilis, e, i7tcredible.
increpo,! are, ul, itum, to chide,
shout at.
incultus, a, um, uncultivated,
rude (in; colo).
incumbo,^ ere, cubuT, cubitum,
lie upofi, devote 07ie's self to.
incunabula, orum, N., cradle.
inde, the7ice, then.
Vocabulary : Latin and English.
207
indecorus, a, um, unbecoming^
dishonorable.
index, icis, c, guide.
indico.i are, avi, 2iium, point out,
indicate.
indico,^ ere, xT, ctum, to decla7'e.
indigeo,^ ere, ul [egeo], to need
(with gen : 26).
indignor,! ari, atus, to be in-
dignant^ deein unworthy .
indignus, a, um, u?tworthy (abl.).
inditus, a, um, put on, given.
indo,^ ere, didi, ditum, to put
tcpon, bestow.
indoles, is, F., talent, disposi-
tion (13).
induco,^ ere, xT, ctum, to lead
or bring on.
induro,' are, avi, atum, harden.
indulgentia, ae, F., indulgence.
indulgeo,'2 ere, si, sum, to in-
dulge (dat.)-
induo,^ ere, uT, utum, to put on.
industria, ae, F., industry, dili-
gence j de , on purpose.
indutus, a, um, clad.
inedia, ae» Y., fasting, famine.
inepte, foolishly.
inerro,^ are, to wander in or
over, pass before (dative).
iners, tis, stupid, lazy.
infacetus, a, um, without humor.
infamis, e, illfajned, infamotis.
infandus, a, um, shocking, un-
speakable.
infans, tis, c, infant, [tunate.
infelix, Icis, unfruitful, i^nfor-
infensus, a, um, angry, hostile.
inferior, ius (comp' ot inferus),
lower, inferior. \below.
infernus, a, um, of the world
infero, ferre, tulT, latum (illatum),
bring or throw in or upon;
' bellum infero, make war.
—fttiferus, a, um, lower, below.
infestus, a, um, hostile, danger-
ous, in a dangerous condition.
inf idus, a, um, unfaithful.
infimus, a, um, lowest.
inf initus, a, um, unlimited, in-
finite, immeasurable (finis).
infirmus, a, Mm, feeble, infirm.
inflammo,' are, avi, atum, to set
on fi^'e.
inflatus, a, um, inflated, puffed
tip.
infortiinium, T, n., misfortune.
ingeniosus, a, um, full of genius.
ingenium, i, n., nature, mitid,
genius (13).
ingens, tis, vast, monstrous (65).
ingenuus, a, um, noble, free-
born (62).
inhabito,^ are, avT, atum, inhabit.
inhiimanus, a, um, rude, churl-
ish, ill-bred, barbarous {\). 1 25).
inimicus,a, um, unfriendly, hos-
tile ; personal enemy (54).
iniquus, a, um, unjust (slqcivlvls).
initium, 1, N., begifining ; initio,
at first {in; eo, entering on).
injicio (Tnicio),^ ere, jecl, jec-
tum, to cast upon (in; jacio).
injiicundus, a, um, unpleasant.
injussii (abl.), without orders
injiiria, ae, F., injury,
in j us te, u njustly .
injiistus, a, um, unjust.
inlatus, a, um, brought upon or
against (infero).
innatus, a, um, inborn, innate.
innocens, tis, harmless, ijinocent.
innocentia, ae, F., ifmocence.
innuo,^ ere, uT, utum, nod, hint.
inopia, ae, F., want, need.
inquam (def. Gr. p. 81), say
(always in direct discourse
and following some of the
words said) : said he, &c. (64).
inrideo,^ ere, rlsT, risum, to
mock, laugh at (ace).
inrumpo,^ ere, riipT, ruptum, to
break in or upon, burst in.
insanio/ Ire, IvI, Itum, be insane.
insanus.a, um, unsound, insane.
inseotum, 1, n., insect, fly .
insequor,^ sequi, secutus, to fol-
low closely, pursue (95).
insero,'' ere, serul, . sertum, to
weave in, bind if i.
insero,^ ere, sevi, situm, to im-
plant.
208
Latin Method,
insideo,^ ere, sedT, sessum, to
sit upon^ be established.
insidiae, arum, F., ambush^ plot,
treachery.
insidior,! arl, atus, plot against.,
lie in wait for (as game).
insignis,
marked, distin-
guished.
iiisitus, a, um (part, of insero),
fixed., implanted.
insolens, tis, unused, insolent,
arrogant.
insomnium, T, n., sleeplessness,
insono,' are, sonui, resound
over, rattle (dat.).
instabilis, e, varying, unsteady.
iustituo,^ ere, uT, utum, to estab-
lish, train (statuo).
institutum, T, n., institution (any
thing established).
insto.i are, stitT, to Be at hand,
insist on, threaten.
instructus, a, um, equipped,
armed.
instruo,^ ere, xT, ctum, furnish,
set i7i order, equip.
insula, ae, f., island.
insum, esse, fui, to be in or on.,
belong (dat.).
intactus, a, um, untouched.
integer, gra, grum, sound, whole.
integritas, atis, F.. uprightness,
soutidness.
intelligo (-lego),^ ere, xi, ctum,
to understand (inter ; lego). ^
intendo,^ ere, tend!, tentum, or
sum, strain, devote.
intentus, a, ViVc\, fixed, intent.
inter (ace), between, among;
inter se, with each other.
interdico,^ ere, xT, ctum, inter-
dict, forbid.
interdiii, by day, in the day time.
inter dum (adv.), sometimes.
interea, in the meaft time.
interest, erat, &c., // interests or
is important {to the state, cTv-
itatis ; to me, mea, § 50, 4. «) .
interficio,^ ere, feci, fectum, to
kill.
interim, meanwhile.
interior, ius, inner.
intermisceo,^ ere, miscul, mix-
tum or mistum, mingle amoftg.
interpellator, oris, m., inter-
rupter; sine interpellatore,
without interruption.
interrumpo,3 ere, rupT, ruptum,
to break down, interrupt.
intersum, esse, fuT, to be present
at or engaged in (dat.).
intimus, a, um, ininost.
intra (ace), within. ^
intro.i are, avT, atum, to enter. ■
intuli, see infero. ^
intus (adv.), within.
inundo.i are, avT, atum, to ovej-
fiow, inundate {yind.a.) .
inutilis, e, useless.
invado,^ ere, si, sum^ to advance
upoti, attack, invade.
invenio," Ire, venT, ventum, coine
upoji.find (55).
investigo,^ are, avT, atum, track,
trace, investigate (following a
scent) .
invideo,' ere, vidT, visum, to
envy (dat.).
invidia, ae, f., envy, jealousy^
malice, odiuin (76).
invidiosus, a, um, envious,
odious.
inviolatus, a, um, utiharmed.
invisus, a, um, hated.
invito,! ^re, avi, atum, entertain,
invite (with ad or in).
invitus, a, um, unwilling, reluc-
f^tant.
apse, a, um, i'<?^(emphatic),^m^
\ self, herself, &.C.
»a, ae, F., anger.
iracunde {a.dv.),with irascibility,
with little patience.
iraoundus, a, um, irascible, high-
tempered, passionate.
irascor,3 T, Tratus, to be angry, mm^
ire, see eo (p. 39).
is, ea, id, he, she, it, that (52).
Isocrates, is, M., an orator of
Athens.
iste, ista, istud, that yonder, that
of yours (52).
tic-
im4
VocabuIa7y : Latin and English,
209
ita, so, thus.
Italia, ae, f., Italy.
itaque, therefore, accordingly.
item, likewise, also.
iter, itineris, N., way, journey,
jnarch.
^ itero,^ are, avT, atum, to repeat.
iterum, again, a second tiine.
tjAC, throwJAB.oio,'^ conjicio).
jaceo,2 ere, prcul, jacitum, to lie,
be low, lie low.
-jacio,^ ere,4ecl, jactum, throw,
cast.
jacto,' are, avT, atum, cast, toss,
dooj^Ant^ns. of jacio).
isim,now, already; jam non,
no longe/ {with present) ; jam
vero, then again; (with future),
presently ; jam pridem nonful,
it is long since I have been.
Janiculum, T, N., a hill of Rome.
janua, ae, F., doorway, door (86).
jocor,^ arl, 2i\M^, jest, joke.
jocus, i, M. ; pi., joca, drum, N.,
jest ; per )QQ.Vi\ri, for fun.
Jovis, see Juppiter,
jubeo,'^ ere, jussi, jussum (ace.
and infin.), to order, command.
jucunditas, atis, F., pleasure,
delight. \^ful.
jucundus, a, \xm, pleasant, cheer-
judex, icis, c, judge, juror j
in plural, properly 7/^ r(?rj.
judicium,!, 'S>i.,judi^ment, court.
judico,' are, avT, atum, judge,
decid3.
t JUG, join (jungo,3 conjux).
juglans, andis, F., walnut.
jugum, 1, N.,yoke, r/<i^^of hill.
Jugurtha, ae, m., a king of Nu-
^ midia.
Julius, T, M., Julius, a man's
name ; as adj., of Julius.
jungo,3 ere, nxi, nctum, to join,
connect (jug; 63).
Juno, onis, F., Juno, queen of
the gods. I
Juppiter, Jovis, m., Jupiter, king
of the gods.
jlis, juris, N., right, justice (57).
jiis, juris, N., broth.
jiistitia, ae, Y., justice. ^
jiiitus, a, wvci.just.
jussu (abl.), by command.
juvencus, 1, m., bullock.
juvenis, is, c, young person
(from 20_ to 40) ; gen. pi. um.
juventus, utis, y., youth.
juvo,' are, juvT, jutum, aid, help^
do good, favor, please (ace).
juxta, 7iear (ace).
Kalendae, arum, f., Kalends
(ist of the month),
Karthago, inis, f., Carthage.
L. for Lucius, a Roman name.
labor (6s), oris, m., toil, hard-
ship (58).
labor,^i, lapsus, to fall, fail, de-
cay, ^lide. \Jabor.
labori5se (adv.), with 'great
laboriosus, a, um, toilsome.
laboro,^ are, avT, atum, to(l, labor,
trouble one's self. , •
labrum, T, n., lip. ^ ;
lac, lactis, n., milk. \
Lacedaemon, onis, ona, Lace-
dcEmon or Sparta, a city of
Greece.
Lacedaemonius, a, um, Lace-
dccmonian, Spartan.
laceratus, a, um, mangled.
lacero.i are, avi, atum, to mangle.
lacertus, T, m., the arm (above
the elbow : comp. brachium).
lacrima, ae, f,, tear.
lacus, CLis, M., lake (p. 18).
laedo,^ ere, si, sum, to injure,
hurt (ace).
laetifico,^ are, avT, atum, to make
^/^^(laetus; faoio).
2IO
Latin Method,
laetitia, ae, F., joy. \
laetus, a, um, glad, blooming,
gladdening (by abundance).
laevus, a, um, lejt (left hand) .
lampas, adis (os), ada, adas, f.,
lamp, lof'ch.
lapis, idis, M., a stone (59).
lapsus, a, \xm, fallen (labor),
lapsus, sus, u.,Jlow.
laqueus, 1, m., noose, snare.
largior," Tri, itus, to lavish, give
lavishly (37).
largitas, atis, F., generosity,
abmidance, bounty.
largus, a, wva,, broad.
Lars, tis, M., an Etruscan title.
lateo,2 ere, latul, be hidden (with
ace, front).
laterculus, T, m., brick.
Latinus or Latins, a, um, Latin
(of Latium).
latitudo, inis, F., breadth.
latro,! are, avi, atum, to bark.
latro, 5nis, M., robber.
latrocinium, T, n., robbery.
latus, eris, N., side.
latus, a, um, wide.
laudatio, onis, ¥., praise, eulogy.
laudatus, a, um (part, of follow-
ing), micch praised.
laudo,' are, avI, atum, to praise.
laus, laudis, Y., praise (46).
lautus, a, um, noble, elegant,
dainty ; part, of
lavo, are or ere, lavl or lavavT,
lavat- laut- or lotum, to wash.
lectus, T, M., bed (60).
legatus, T, m., lieutenant, am-
bassador (part, of lego : 42).
legio, onis, F., legion (61).
legitimus, a, um, lawful, estab-
lished by law.
Aego,^ ere, legT, lectum, gather,
read, choose.
legumina, um, N. pi., vegetables.
leiiio,'' Ire, Ivi (ii,) itum, soothe,
calm, soften.
lenis, ^.gentle, smooth, mild{^i).
lentus, a, um, slow.'
leo, onis, M., lion.
lepu^ oris, m., hare.
letum, T, N., death.
levamen, inis, n., relief, alle-
viation.
levis, e, light.
levis, e, smooth.
levitas, atis, F., lightness.
levitudo, inis, F. , s?noothness. ^
levo/ are, avT, atum, to lighten,
lift, relieve.
lex, legis, F., law (written).
liber, brl, m., book.
liber, era, ^ruxn, free (62).
Ubera, ae, F , Pros^ine, daugh-
ter of Ceres. ^^
liberator, ^d^ m., deliverer.
libere, freei^ ^
liberi, orum, M., children.
libero.i are, avT, atum, set free.
libertas, tatis, F., libei^^free-
dom. ^^^
libet (or lubet), uit, itum est, it
pleases (dat.).
libido, inis, Y., passion, desire.
libum, 1, N., cake.
Jlic, leave (linquo^).
licet, licuit, licitum est, // is per-
mitted, one may (dat.).
lictor, oris, m., lictor, attendant
on a Roman magistrate ; ex-
ecutioner.
ligo,' are, avT, atum, to fasten,
bind{6'i,).
ligo, onis, M., hoe, inattock.
ligustrum, T, n., privet (a hedge-
plant).
liraen, inis, N., threshold, e7t-
t ranee (86).
lingua, ae, F., tongue, language.
linquo,^ ere, liquT, to leave.
liquidus, a, um, clear, trans'
parent.
lis, litis, F., lawsuit, quarrel.
litera (littera), ae, F., letter oi
the alphabet : plur., a letter,
epistle, literature.
liter atus, a, um, learned, let-
'tered.
litus (littus), oris, N., shore.
loco,i are, avI, atum, to place,
station, let (for hire).
locuples, etis, wealthy.
Vocabulary : Latin and English,
211
locupleto,' are, avT, 2X\xvt\, enrich.
locus, T, M. : plur., loca, orum,
N., place ^ region. ,
locusta, ae, F., locust., grass-
hopper.
longaevus, a, um, aged.
♦loiige, ius, issime, far., by far.,
. ^ at a distance.
loiigimaiius, a,um, long-handed.
loiiginquus, a, um, distant., long
(of time).
longus, a, um, long ; longum est,
/'/ would tc^e too long.
loquax, 2iQ\^fmlk alive.
loquor,^ T, locutus^)^^:^ (64).
lubet (or li]^t), ir^eases., one is
glad.
lubricus, a, um, slippery.
luci<^ML a, um, bright., trans-
Pat^^, glittering (lux) .
Jucruni, T, n., gain.
luctor,^ arl, to wrestle., struggle.
luctus, us, M., grief 7nourning
(38).
LucuUus, 1, M., a Roman name.
Lucumo, onis, an Etruscan title,
properly, one inspired.
lucus, 1, M., grove (96).
ludibriuni, 1. ^..j'est, fnockery.
■" jludo.^ere, sT, sum, to play, sport.
Tiudovicus, T, m,, Lewis.
ludus, T, VL.,play, school; plur.,
public games.
lugeo,2 ere, xT, ctum, to grieve,
mourn.
lumbricus, T, M., earth-worm.
lumen, inis, N., light.
luna, ae, f., moon.
lupa, ae, f., she-woif.
lupus, I, M., wolf.
luscinia, ae, F., nightingale.
lustro/ are, avi, atum, purify,
siirvey.
lusus, us, 'WL.,piay, sport.
lutulentus, a, um, muddy, dirty.
lutum, T, N., mud.
lux, lucis, F., light.
luxi, see lugeo.
lyra, ae, F., lyre.
Lysias, ae, M., an orator of
Athens.
M.
M., abbrev. of Marcus.
M'., abbrev. of Manius.
Macedo, onis, a Macedonian.
machina, ae, F., machine , engine,
macies, iei, F., emaciation, lean-
ness.
macte (voc), well-done f prosper.
maculo.i are, avT, atum, stain.
maestus, a, um, sad, sorrowful.
magis, tnore.
magister, trl, m., master, teacher.
magistia, ae, f., jnistress.
magis tratus, tus, M., magistrate^
office.
magnitudo, inis, F., greatness,
size; incredibili magnitudine,
of marvellous size.
magiiopere, greatly.
magnus, a, um, great (in all
senses), powerful (65).
major, us (comp. of magnus),
greater, older.
majusoulus, a, um, somewhat
large or larger.
male, ill.
maledico,^ ere, xT, ctum, to speak
ill, curse (dat.).
maleficium, T, n., /// deed, crime.
malo, malle, maluT, wish more\»
choose rather (p. 38). r
malus, a, um, bad, malicious (i. e.
intended evil : 66).
mancipium, 1, n., a chattel^
slave (taken in the hand).
mandatum, 1, n., command.
maneo,2 ere, mansT, mansum, f .
wait, stay, remain, await. \f
manes, ium, m., a departed spirit,
maniplaris, e, belonging to a
company, manipiary.
maniplus, T, M., wisp of straw
(used as a standard for a mili-
tary company, hence later the
company itself: 61).
Mantinea, ae, F., a city of
southern Greece.
manus, lis, f., hand, troop.
Marcellus, T, M , a famous Ro-
man.
212
Latin Method,
Marcus, i, m., a proper name.
mare, is, N., sea.
maritimus, a, um, of the sea, on
the sea.
maritus, i, M., husband.
marmoreus, a, um, of marble,
glistening.
Mars, Martis, M., the god of war.
mater, tris, F., mother.
materia, ae ; ies, iei, f., timber,
mateiHal. \bered.
materiatus, a, um, built, tim-
maternus, a, um, of a mother.
matricida, ae, C, matricide.
matrimonium, T, N. , marriage.
matrona, ae, F., matron, mar-
ried woman.
mature, early, hastily, promptly.
maturus, a, um, ripe, early.
maxime, chiefly, especially.
maximus, a, um, greatest.
Maximus,!, m., Q. Fabius Max-
imus, a Roman commander in
the war against Hannibal.
m^deor,- eri, to heal.
medicabilis, e, curable.
medicamen, inis, N., remedy.
medicamentarius, pertaining
to (dealing in) remedies.
medicamentosus, curative.
medicamentum, T, n., remedy.
medicina, ae, F., medicine.
medicinalis, e, medicinal.
medicor,' arl, atus, heal.
medicosus, a, um, curative.
medious, T, m., physician.
m editor,^ arl, atus (devote one's
self to), practise, meditate.
medius, a, um, mid, middle,
middle ofixn agr. with noun).
mel, mellis, N., honey.
meleagris, idis, ¥., a guinea-hen.
membrana, ae, f., mejubrane.
membrum, i, N., lij/ib.
memento (imperat.), re77iember.
memini (def.), remember (68).
memor, oris, inindful.
memorandus, a,um, memorable.
memoria, ae, F., 7nefnory.
memoro', are, avi, atum, call to
mind, relate.
mendacium, T, ^., falsehood.
mendax, 2.q\s, false, deceitful.
mens, mentis, f., mind, ivits{\'^).
mensa, ae, F., table.
mensis, is, m., Dtonth.
mensura, ae, F., measure.
mentior,* iri, Itus, to lie (speak 1^
falsely). ^
merceuarius, T, m., hireling.
merces, edis, F., wages (40).
meroes, ium, F., plur., commo-
dities, wares.
mercer,! ari, 2X\x^^ade, buy.
Mercurius, 1, M^^mercury, god
of trade, ^c.
mergus, 1, M., divei^ sea-fowl.
meridies, iel, M., mid day, noon,
south.
meritum, 1, n,, merit, sam^ce.
meritus, a, um (part, ofmereor),
deserved; merito, deservedly.
messis, is, F., harvest (94).
-met, intens. (added to pronoun).
metier,'* TrI, mensus, ?neasure,
nieasure out.
metue,^ere, m, fear, dread {6g).
mietus, us, M., fear, apprehen-
sion.
meus, mea, meum, my, 7nine ;
voc. M., mi.
mice,' are, micui, quiver, shine,
glitter.
migratio, 5nis, F., migration.
migre,* are, avI, atum, to re77iove,
e7nigrate.
miles, itis, c, soldier.
mill a, pi, of mille.
militaris, e, 77tilitarv.
militia, ae, F., 7nilitary service
{22) ; militiae, abroad (\n mil-
itary service).
milito,! are, avT, atum,. serve
(as a soldier).
mille, plur. milia, thousand.
Miltiades, is, an Athenian com-
mander.
minaciter, threate7iingly .
minae, arum, F., threats.
minax, acis, ihreateni7tg.
Minerva, ae, F., Minerva, god-
dess of arts and wisdom.
Vocabulary : Latin and English,
213
minime, least- of-all, no^ by no
7neans.
minimus (sup. of parvus), the
least; — natu, youngest.
minister, irT, M., attendant.
ministra, ae, F,, handmaid.
ministro,^ are, avi, atum, serve.,
.. sjipply., afford.
minitabundus, a, um, in a
threateiting manner.
minitor.i ari, atus, to threqjen.
minor, minus, smaller., lesser.
minus, less (adj. or adv.).
mirabiliter, wojidei-fully .
miraculum, 1, N., a miracle,
wonder.
miror,! ari, atus, to wonder.
mirus, a, um, wonderful, mar-
vellous ; quid mirum ? what
wonder ?
misellus, a, um, dim. of
miser, era, erum, wretched.
misere, wretchedly.
miseresco,^ ere, pity (gen.).
miseria, ae, F., ?nisery\^^).
misericordia, ae, F.,pity, mercy.
miserrimus, a, um, nnhappiest.
mitesco,^ grow soft or mellow.
mitigo,^ are, avi, atum, to mel-
low, tame down.
mitis, e, mild, gentle, mellow.
mitto,^ ere, misT, missum, to send
(see p. 134).
mixtura, ae, f., mixture.
mobilis, e, movable, pliatit.
modeste, modestly.
modestia, ae, f., modesty,
modestus, a, um, modest.
modice, moderately.
modicus, a, um, moderate.
modius, T, M., modius, a meas-
ure of grain ; a peck.
modo (in a manner), ojily, just
7towj non modo, not only.
modus, T, M., matiner, measure,
limit (48) ; ejus modi, such, of
that sort.
moenia, ium, ^..fortifications.
mola, ae, F., mill, grain.
molestia, ae. f., vexation, dis-
tress, trouble {^f^).
molestus, a, um, vexatious;
moles te fero, to be vexed at.
molior,'* Trl, Ttus, to atte?npt, do
(with effort : 18).
mollio,'' ire, ivl, itum, to soften.
mollis, e, soft, smooth, mealy (of
fruits, «&€.), 7'ipe (41).
mollitia, ae, F., efjeminacy, soft-
ness.
momordi, see mordeo.
moneo,'-^ ere, ul, itum, warn, ad-
jnonish, advise.
monitus, us, M., admonition.
mons, montis, M., mountain.
monstro,' are, avi, atum, to show,
point out (80). {^ster.
monstrum, T, n., prodigy, mon-
monumentum, T, N., monument,
mora, ae, f., delay.
morbus, I, m., disease.
mordeo,^ ere, momordi, morsum,
to bite.
mores, um, m. (mos), character,
habit (70).
moribundus, a, um, dying.
morior,^ 1, mortuus, to die. ^"^
moror, ari, atus, to delay.
morosus, cross, ill-tempered.
mors, mortis, F., death.
mortalis, e, mortal.
mortuus, a, um, dead.
mos, moris, M., custojn; plur.,
also character (70).
motus, lis, M., disturbance (of
insurrections, and the like : yi).
moveo,^ ere, movl, motum, move
■ (in all senses).
mox, presently. [ ( ^ 6) .
miicro, onis, m., blade, sword
miigio,* Ire. ivl (il), Itum, bellow
(liiie cattle).
mulier, eris, f , woman.
multiplex, plicis, manifold, re-
peated.
multitiido, inis, F., multitude,
great nujttber.
multo (adverbial ablative), by
nuich, much.
xa.\i\t\xvcL,mnch (with part. gen.).
multus, a, um (generally plural),
7nuch, many.
214
Latin Method.
mulus, 1, M., mule.
mundus, i, M., the uniuerse, the
world. \^tion.
munimentum, i, N., foriifica-
iniinio,'* ire, Tvi (il), \\.\xvci, fortify.
muuus, eris, n., office, gift (40).
munusculum, T, N., little gift.
murmuro,^ are, avi, atum, to
7nurmur, ?nitmble.
murus, T, M., wall.
mus, murls, M., jnotise.
mutatio, onis, F., change.
"K muto,^ are, avi, atum, to change.
mutus, a, um, duinb^ mute.
myrica, ae, F., heather.
myrtus, us or I, F., ?nyrtle.
N.
X^AC,fnd, win (nanciscor^).
nam, namque.ybr.
nanciscor,^ ci , nactus or nanctus,
catch, get, find {$s)-
nares, ium, F., nostrils, see fit.
!T9tTO,' are, avi, atum, tell, 7'elate,
talk ^(with ace).
Nasica, ae, m., Nasica, a name
of a family of Scipios.
nascor,^ cl, natus, be born (gen).
natio, onis, F., nation (50).
nato/ are, avT, atum, to sivim.
natu, by birth (abl.).
natura, ae, F., nature.
naturalis, e, natural.
natus (part, of nascor), a, um,
borit ; as noun, son.
nauta, navita, ae, m., sailor.
navigo,^ are, avi, atum, to sail,
navigate.
navis, is, Y.,ship; — \on^3., gal-
ley (a ship of war, driven by
oars : 73).
ne, lest; with imperat., ftot ; with
subj., not to; ne . . quidem,
not .^ . even, not . . either.
-ne (enclitic), mark of interroga-
tion, whether.
Jnec, bind (necto,^ nexus).
nee (neque), and not, neither,
nor.
nee enim, for . . not (you see),
necessarius, a, um, necessary.
neeesse (indecl.), necessary.
necessitas, atis, f., necessity.
neeo,i are, avi, atum, to destroy,
kill.
nefarius, a, um, wicked, abonii-
nable.
nefas, moral wrong, impiety.
negligo (ego),^ ere, neglexT, ctum,
neglect, disregard (nee ; lego),
nego,' are, avi, atum, to refuse,
deny (ne ; aio).
negotior,^ ari, atus, do business.
negotium, 1, n., business, task.
nemo, inis, c, no one, no (in
apposition with noun) ; nemo
non, every one.
nemus, oris, n., wood, gjove (96).
nepos, Otis, yi., giandson.
nequam (indecl.), ior, issimus,
worthless.
nequaquam, by no means.
neque, see nee.
nequeo, ire, ivi (ii), itum, ca^mot
(see p. 40).
nequiquam (nequiequam), in
vain, to no purpose.
nequis, nequa, nequid, 7iot {lest)
any.
nereis, idis, F., nereid, sea-
nymph.
Nereus, I (eos), m., Net'eus, god
of the sea-depths.
n6seius, a, um, ignorant.
Nestor, oris, m., Nestor, a wise
and aged Greek chieftain,
neve, nor.
nex, necis, f., death (by vio-
lence) (neeo^).
nidus, T, M., nest.
niger, gra, grum, black, dark in
color (^).
nihil, indec, nothing; (as adv.),
not at all.
nihilominus, nevertheless.
nihilum, T, N., nothing.
nil = nihU, nothing.
nimius, a, um, excessive.
nimis, too, too much.
nisi, U7iless.
Vocabulary: Latin and English.
215
niteo,2 ere, uT, to shine^ glitter.
nix, nivis, F., snow.
nobilis, e, well-known^ famous^
noble (gno in gnosco).
nobilitas, atis, F,, nobility.
nocens, tis, injurious, guilty (66).
noceo,'-^ ere, nocuT, nocitum, do
harm, hurt, injure (dat.).
nocturnus, a, um, nightly^ of
the night (nox).
nodosus, a, um, knotty.
nodus, 1, M., knot.
nolo, ndlle, noluT, to be unwilling
(p. 38) ; noli, do not (prohib.).
nomen, inis, N., name, bill of
exchange (74). \jnention.
nomino,' are, avi, atum, to name^
non, not.
nonaginta, ninety.
nondum, not yet.
nonne, not ? {does not ? do . .
not? whether . . not).
nonnullus, a, um, some.
nonnunquam, sometimes.
norim for noverim, see nosco.
nos, nostrum, tri, nobis, we.
nosco,'^ ere, novi, notum, learn ;
perf. know (as an acquaint-
ance : GNO).
noster, tra, trum, our^ ours.
notus. a, um, known (nosco).
Notus, T, M., south wind.
novem, nine.
noverca, ae, F., stepmother.
novi, / know (nosco).
novo.i are, avI, atum, to renew.
novus, a, um, 7iew.
nox, noctis, F,, night.
nube3, is, f., cloud (j^.
nubilus, a, um, cloudy.
nubo,^ ere, nupsT, nuptum (dat.),
marry (of the woman).
nudus, a, um, naked, bare, unclad.
nullus, a, um (gen. Tus), 710, none.
num, sign ofquestion expecting
negative answer : translate in
indirect question, whether; in
direct, by denial and question
together, is not^ is it ?
numen, inis, N., nod, will^ di-
vine being, divinity.
numero,^ are, avI, atum, to num-
ber, account.
numerus, I, m., number.
Numida, ae, M., a Nuinidian.
Numitor, oris, M., grandfather
of Romulus.
nummus, 1, M., coin = 5 cts.
numquam (nunquam), never.
nunc, now (emphatic).
nuutio,' are, avI, atum, britig
news, announce, report.
nuntius, 1, m., messenger, ?nes-
sage. {veiled).^
nupta, ae, f., married, bride (lit.
nuptiae, arum, F., marriage.
nusquam, nowhere.
nutrio,* Ire, ivl (il), itum, to ^r*/ -
nourish. %y
nux, nucis, F., nut; ludere or
certare nucibus, play marbles.
nympha, ae, F., nymph.
O (interjection), Oh!
ob (ace), ott account of.
obeo, Ire, il, itum, go to meet
or in the way, to die. -
obfero (oflFero), ferre, tuli, latum,
bring in the way of offer.
obfirmo,' are, avI, atum, to
strengthen against, strengthen.
objicio (obicio),^ ere, jeci, jec-
tum, cast at, throw in the way.
oblecto,' are, avI, atum, delight,
amuse, entertaift. -
oblitus, a, um, forgetful, part, of
obliviscor,^ I, oblitus, to forget.
obnoxius, a, um, exposed, liable.
obscurus, a, um, obscure, s
obsequium, I, N., indulgence (of
whims), deference.
observe,^ are, avI, atum, to keep,
observe, watch.
obses, idis, c, hostage.
obsideo,^ sedi, sessum, besiege.
obsidio, onis, F. ; -ium, I, n.,
siege.
obsisto,^ ere, stiti, stitum, to
N
Ob
Ql
H
at
V
X
Y
2l6
Latin Method,
obstinatus, a, um, obstinate.
obsto,^ are, stiti, statum, to stand
against, oppose.
obstupefacio,^ ere, feci, factum,
to stupefy, amaze.
obtempero/ are, avi, atum, to
give heed, observe (dat.).
ob tester,! ari, atus, appeal^ ad-
jure (79).
obtineo,^ ere, uT, ten turn, to hold,
retain (ob; teneo).
obtingo,^ ere, tigi, fall to the lot
of any one (d2Lt : ob; tango).
obtrecto,' are, avT, atum, to de-
tract, oppose, speak enviously.
obtrunco,^ are, avT, atum, to
kill (with a blow : truncus).
obtuli, see obfero (offero).
occasio, onis, f., opportunity.
occasus, us, M-, setti7ig, west.
occido,^ ere, cidi, casum, to fall,
set (ob ; cado).
occido,^ ere, dl, sum, to kill
Va (ob ; caedo) .
'• occulo,^ ere, culuT, cultum, hide.
Q occultus, a, um, hidden ; in oc-
wmmm' . culto, iiuder cover.
i occupatus, a, um, busy, engaged.
(occupo,^ are, avI, atum, seize,
take possession of.
occurro,^ ere, curri or cucurrT,
cursum, to run up^ run to
meet, oppose.
octavus, a, um, eighth.
Goto, eight.
octogesimus, a, um, eightieth.
o cuius, T, M., eye.
odi, odisse, osus, to hate (p. 40).
odiosus, a, um, odious, hateful.
odium, T, N., hate, hatred (76).
odor, oris, m., S7nell.
ofifero, see obfero.
ofiBcium, T, N., duty, service {^y).
oleum, 1, N . , olive-oil, oil.
olim, o?tce, of old, for77ierly.
oliva, ae, f., the olive-tree.
olivetum, T, olive-orchard.
omen, inis, N., 077te7i.
omitto,^ ere, misi, missum, to
let go, neglect.
omuXrio, altogether^ at all.
omnis, e, all, every {yy) ; omnia,
every thi7ig.
onerarius, a, um, of burdett (as
a ship).
onus, eris, n., burden.
opaoo,' are, avI, atum, to darken.
opera, ae, f., work, help, pains
(58) ; pi., work77te7i.
opes, opum, f., plur., resources,
wealth (78).
opifex, ficis, c, work77tan.
opinio, onis, ¥., notion, idea (31).
opinor,^ ari, atus, to thi7ik,
dee 771.
opiparis, e, sti7nptuous.
oportet, uit, there is 7ieed (p. 40).
oppidanus, i, m., towns7na7i ;
pi., tow7ispeople.
oppidum, I, N., fortified tow7t
(98).
opportunitas, atis, Y., fitness.
opportunus, a, \xm,fit, suitable,
exposed (30).
opprimo,^ ere, press!, pressum,
oppress, crush (ob ; premo).
oppugno,! are, avi, atum, attack^
besiege (in the modern sense).
[ops], opis, F. (only used in the
nominative "as name of a god-
dess ; in the other cases), help.
optime (superl. of bene) , best.
optimus, a, um, best (bonus),
opto,' are, avT, atum, choose^
desire, wish for (with ace),
opulentia, ae, F., wealth.
opus, eris,« N., work (58), need;
as pred., 7ieedful.
ora, ae, F., shore, coast.
oratio, onis, F., speech, oratio7i,
plea, discourse.
orator, oris, m., orator, oivoy.
orbis, is, m., circle, world j or-
bis terrarum, the earth.
orbus, a, um, bereft, deprived.
ordino,' are, avT, atum, to set i7t
order, regulate.
ordo, inis, M., order, ra7ik, class.
Orgetorix, igis, M., an Helvetian
chief.
oriens, tis, m., risi7tg, east.
origo, inis, F., origi7i.
Vocahtilary : Latin and English.
217
e
orior, in, ortus, rise (inflected in
3d conjugation).
ornamentum, T, N., orname7it.
ornatus, us, M., ornament.
oriio,^ are, avi, atum, to furnish,
ado7'n, equip.
oro/ are, avT, atum, pray^ en-
treat, pray for (79) .
ortus, us, M., rising, birth.
ortus, a, um (part, of orior),
risen, rising, descended.
Ortygia, ae, F., the island on
which Syracuse is built.
OS, oris, N., mouth.
OS, ossis, N., bone.
oscen, inis, m., a bird giving
omens by its 7iote (technical
word of augury : os ; cano).
osculor,' ari, atus, kiss.
ostendo,^ ere, di, sum, or turn,
to show (80).
ostento,^ are, avT, atum, display.
ostium, T, N., door (outer : 86),
mouth (of a river).
ost'rum, 1, "i^i., purple, \leistire.
6tior,i ari, atus, be idle, enjoying
otiosus, a, um, at ease, leisurely.
otium, T, N., leisure, ease, peace.
ovile, is, N., sheepfold.
ovis, is, F., sheep.
ovum, T, N., egg.
P. for Publius.
pace tua, by your leave (pax).
pactum, T, N., way, means.
paedagogus, T, m., tutor of boys.
paene, almost.
paenitentia, ae, Y., penitence.
paenitet (poenitet), uit, it re-
pents (p. 40) ; me — , / repent.
VAG.fx (pango ; ^ pax).
paganus, T, M., a villager.
pagus, T, M., village, cantoji,
district.
palam, openly.
palatum, T, N., palate, taste.
pallesco,^ ere, uT, to grow pale.
pallidus, a, um, pale, pallid.
pallidum, T, n., robe (99)-
paliidamentum, 1, N., military
cloak (99).
pal us, udis, F., marsh.
paluster, tris, tre, ?narshy.
pando,^ ere, di, pan sum or pas-
sum, to spread (80).
papilio, onis, m , butterfly.
par, paris, equal, a match for (6).
paratus, a, um, ready, prepared.
parco,^ ere, pepercl, parcitum
or parsum, to spare {di-aX.. : 81).
parens, tis, c, parent.
pareo,^ ere, uT, itum, obey (dat.).
paries, etis, M., wali (of house).
pario,^ ere, peperl, partum (pari-
tum), bring forth, produce.
pariter, equally, alike.
paro,' are, avT, atum, to p?rpare,
get, provide, fiunish.
parricidium, T, n., parricide.
pars, partis, ¥.,part, share.
particula, ae, F . , a particle.
partus, us, M., birth.
partus, a, um (part, of pario),
gained, got, produced.
parum (adv.), a little, not enough.
parumper, a little while.
parvulus, a, um (dim. of par-
vus), very small ; ab parvulis,
from childhood.
parvus, a, um, small, scanty.
pasco,^ ere, pavT, pastum,y^^^.
pascuura, 1, ^ ., pastiire.
passus, a, um, part, of patior,^
suffer; also of pando,^ spread j
crinibus passTs, with dishev-
elled hair.
passus, lis, M,, step, pace; mille
passuum, a inile.
pastor, oris, m., shepherd.
pastus, a, Mm, fed, pastured.
pastus, us, M., pasturage.
patefacio,^ facere, feci, factum,
lay open; pass., patefio(8o).
patens, tis, opett, outspread.
pateo,^ ere, uT, lie open, be open.
pater, tris, ^., father.
patera, ae, f., bowl (sacrificial).
paternus, a, um, of a father, of
one^s father.
2l8
Latin Method,
patiens, tis, patient (patior).
patientia, ae, Y., patience.
patina, ae, f , plate ^ dish.
patior,"' 1, passus, io suffer, per-
mit.
patria, ae, ¥., fatherland, native
city or land.
patricius, a, urn, patrician.
patrius, a, urn, of a father, of
one's native city.
patro.^are, avi, atum, to com7nit,
perpetrate.
pauci, ae, a few, a few (only) ;
paucis, in fe%v words, briefly.
paulatim, little by little.
paulisper, a little while.
paulus, a, um, small ; paulum,
a little, a little while j paulo
post, a little after.
Paulus, 1, M., a man's name,
pauper, ^x\%,poor{Zz).
paupertas, atis, Y., poverty.
pavi, see pasco.
pavor, oris, m., terror.
pax, pacis, F., peace.
peccatum, T, N., sin, wrojtg{2,2).
pecco,! are, avi, atum, do wrottg.
pecto,^ ere, pexT, pexum or pec-
titum, to co7nb.
pectus, oris, n., breast, heart.
peculium, T, n., property (private
savings of a slave).
peciinia, ae, f,, 7noney, a sum of
money.
pecus, udis, f., creature (in a
flock), domestic animal {^\).
pecus, oris, i^., flock (51).
peditatus, us, M., infantry.
pellis, is, f.. skin, hide (34).
pello,'' ere, pepull, pulsum, to
drive., expel.
pendeo,2 ere, pependT, to hang ;
— ex, depend on.
pendo,^ ere, pependl, pensum,
^*** to weigh, pay (weighing out
the coin). \trate.
penetro,' are, avT, atum, to pene-
penna, ae, Y., feather, wing.
pensum, T, n., task (pendo).
per- (in comp.), very; as per-
magnua.
per (ace), through, by means of.
peractus, a, um' (perago^), fn-
ished, complete.
peragro.i are, avi, atum, to travel
over.
perceptio, onis, F., a gathering.
percipio,^ ere, cepi, ceptum,'/^
gather, gain, perceive (capio).
percommodus, a, um, very con-
venient.
percontor.^arT, atus, to inquire.
percrebresco,^ ere, uT, thicken,
become frequent, spread.
perculsus, a, um (percello^),
struck through, amazed.
Perdiccas, ae, M., a king of
Macedon.
perdifficilis, e, very difficult.
perdix, Icis, Q.., partridge.
perdo,^ didi, ditum, to lose, ruin,
destroy (83).
peregriruis, a, um, foreigner,
foreign .
perennis, e, perennial.
pereo, Ire, il, itum, perish (in
perf.), be dead, be destroyed.
perexcelsus, a"; um, very high.
perfectus, a, um, perfect, con-
summate.
perficio,^ ere, feci, fectum, to do ^
thoroughly, finish, perform.
perfruor,^ I, fructus, to enjoy
thoroughly (abl.) .
perfugio,^ ere, fugl, fugitum, to
take refuge.
perfundo,^ ere, fudi, fusum, to
pour upon, dreiich (fud).
pergo,^ ere, perrexi, perrectum,
keep on, proceed (rego).
periclitatio, onis, F., trial.
periculosus, a, um, dangerous.
periculum, I, N., trial, danger.
peiinde, Just so, so much j —
ac s\, just as if.
peritus, a, um, skilled {W\i\\ gen,),
perlucidus, a, um, very clear.
permaueo,'-^ ere, mansi, mansum,
to rejnain.
permotus, a, um (part, of per-
moveo^), moved, disturbed.
permulti, ae, a, v^ry many.
Vocahti,Iary : Latin and English.
219
pernicitas, atis, F , swiftness.
perobscurus, a, um, very ob-
scu?'e.
perpauci, ae, a, very few.
perpetuus, a, um, perpetual,
eternal J perpetu5, constantly.
Persa, ae, M., a Persian j Fersa,
a name (of a dog).
persequor,^ sequi, secutus, pur-
sue, follow out.
Perses, ae, m., Perses, a king of
Macedonia.
Perseus, eos (ei), M., the slayer
of Medusa.
persevere^ are, avT, atum, to
persevere.
Persicus, a, um, Persian.
persona, ae, F., mask, character
(of a play or dialogue).
perspicio,^ ere, spexT, spectum,
to perceive, ascertain.
persuadeo,'^ ere, si, sum, per-
suade (dat.).
pertineo,^ ere, tinuT, tentum,
reach, extend; pertineo ad,
belong to, have to do with.
perturbo,' are, avi, atum, to dis-
turb.
pervenio,'* Tre, venT, ventum, to
come through, arrive at (with
ad or /;/) .
perverto,^ ere, tl, sum, overturn,
- overthrow.
pes, pedis, m., foot.
pestilens, tis, infected, unwhole-
some. ~
peto,^ ere, petTvi (il), petitum,
aim at, seek, ask (79).
Phalaris, idis, M , Phalaris, a
name of a tyrant.
phasianus, 1, M., pheasant.
philosophia, ae, F., philosophy .
philosophus, T, m., philosopher.
Phocion, onis, M.,a statesman
of Athens.
pictura, ae, F., paifiting, picture.
pietas, atis, F. , filial or family
love.
X^iG, paint (pingo,* pictura).
piger, gra, grum, sluggish^ in-
active, stupid.
pignus, oris, li., pledge.
pigritia, ae, F., indolence, stupid-
ity.
piugo,^ ere, pinxi, pictum,^^/;//.
pinus, us or T, F., pine-tree.
piscator, oris, isi., fisherman.
piscis, is, ^l.,fish.
piscor,' ari, 2^M^,fish, catch fish.
plus, a, um, pious, tender, kind-
hearted.
placeo,-^ ere, uT (or -itus sum),
itum, please J mihi placet, /
am willing, I like j placetne,
would you like?
placidus, a, um, mild, gentle.
placo,'- are, avi, atum, to soothe,
appease.
plane, plainly .^ absolutely.
planities, iel, Y., plain, level.
Plato, onis, M., Plato, a Greek ^^ X
philosopher. .--5<y^
plausus, us, M , clapping (df^^^X
hands), applause.
plebeius, a, um, of the people^
plebeian.
plebs, plebis, f., common people,
commons (85).
plenus, a, Mm, full.
plerusque, -aque, -umque, most;
pi., very many ; plerumque,
generally, for the most part.
plurimus, a, um, most, very
inuch ; pi., very ntany ; pluri-
mum, vs7y much, most.
plus, pluris (see page 16), N.,
more ; plur., 7nore, several.
pluvia, ae, f., rain (properly an
adj. with aqua).
poculum, T, N., bovjl (for- drink-
ing ; PO).
poema, atis, n., poem {2j).
Poenus, a, um, Carthaginian.
poeta, ae, u.., poet.
pollioeor,2 eri, itus, profnise
(freely), ofi'er (84). ^
pomum, T, n., apple, fruit.
pono,^ ere, posul, positum, to
put, place.
pons, pontis, m., bridge.
poposci, see posco. \_people.
popularis, e, popular, of the
at
w
220
Latin Method,
populatio, on is, F., devastation.
populeus, a, um, of the poplar.
populus, I, M., people or organ-
ized community (85).
por- (in Q.om^os.\ forward.
porta, ae, ¥.,gate (86).
portentum, 1, n., a portent,
prodigy,
porticus, us, F , gallery, porch,
colonnade.
porto,' are, avT, atum, carry.
portus, ijs, M., harbor (p. 1 8).
Jpos, put (pono).
posco,^ ere, poposci, demand,
clai7n^ call for (79).
possessio, onis, F., possession,
occiipaiion.
possideo.^ere, sedT, sessum,/oi'-
sess, occupy (potis ; sedeo).
\ possum, posse, potuT, caji, be
\ able; past tenses, could (87).
post (ace), behind, after ; (adv.),
==postea, afterwards.
posterus, a, um, later; with dies,
next ; plur., posterity.
posthabeo,2 ere, uT, itum, to
esteem less, ?ieglect.
posthao, hereafter. \as.
postquam, after, when, as soon
postremus, a, um, last ; pos-
tremum, lastly ; ad — , at last.
postridie, the next day, or the
day after.
postulo.i are, avT, atum, to de-
mand (79).
poteiis, tis, powerful.
potentia, ae, y., power iZ?>).
potestas, atis, F., power {over,
with gen. : 88).
potio, onis, F., a drink.
potipr,* Tri, Ttus, to possess, win,
gainf^. 37: abl.).
potior, us, better, preferable ;
-potius, rather; potissimum,
^ first-of-all, chiefly.
prae (abl.), before, in comparison
with, considering; prae se
ferre, to display. [yield.
praebeo,^ ere, uT, itum, /^ afford,
praebibo,^ ere, bibi, bibitum, to
drink one^s health.
praecaveo,^ ere, cavl, cautum,
to take precaution.
praeceps, cipitis, headlong.
praeceptor, oris, M., instructor.
praeceptum, 1, n., instruction,
precept.
praecipio,^ ere, cepT, ceptum,
instruct (dative).
praecipito,^ are, avT, atum, to
hurry, precipitate.
praeclare, jiobly, handsomely.
praeclarus, a, um, glorious. _
praeda, ae, F., spoil, booty. ■
praedico,^ ere, xl, ctum, to p7'e- 9
diet.
praedico,^ are, avi, atum, tell,
boast, speak of with praise.
praedo, onis, M., robber, free-
booter.
praedium, T, n., landed estate.
praeeo, Ire, Tvl (il), itum, to go be-
fore, precede (dat.).
praefatus, a, um, having spoken
beforehaiid \ — veniam, apolo-
gizing.
praefero, ferre, tulT, latum, hold
before, bear before, prefer (dat).
praemitto,^ ere, misl, missum,
to setid fo7'wa7'd, in advance.
praemium, f, n., reward, piHze.
praeparo,^ are, avi, atum, to
prepare in advance.
praeruptus, a, um, broken, steep
(rumpo).
praescribo,^ ere, psT, ptum, to
presc7'ibe.
praesens, tis, prese7it.
praesertim, especially.
praesidium, I, N., defence.
praestabilis, e, excellent, ad-
mirable.
praestans, tis, excellent, co)i-
spicuous.
praesto,' are, stiti, (avT), stitum
(atum), to excel, bestow; prae-
stat, it is better.
praesum, esse, fuT, to be at the
head of ox m com7nand.
praetendo,^ ere, di, tum, hold
before or close (dative), [except.
praeter (ace), beyo7id, besides^
Vocabulary : Latin and English. 221
praeterea, besides.
pxaetereo, ire, ii (TvT), itum, to
pass by J to go (or retiini) be-
yond; praeterita, the past.
praetor, oris, m., praetor^ a Ro-
man officer, who presided in
courts.
prat una, 1, n., meadow (8).
pravus, a, um, bad., evil (66).
preces, um, F., plur. (also dat.,
ace, abl. sing.), prayers.
precor,' ari, atus, to beseech.,
pray (79) ; bene — , wish well.
premo,^ ere, press!, pressum, to
press; pressum lac, ^^^^jr*? or
curd.
pretium, T, yi., price.
Priamides, ae, M., sofi of Priam.
Priamus, 1, M., Pria7n, king of
Troy.
pridem, lo?ig ago, long sijice.
primores, um, chief men. \ first.
primus, a, um, first; prim5, at
princeps, ipis, chief.
principium, T, N., beginning.
prisous, a, um, early., ancient.
pristinus, a, um, former, early.
prius, before, soojier.
privatim, privately.
prius . . . quam, before, sooner
than ; n5n . . — , not . . until.
privatus, T, m., private person.
privo,^ are, avT, atum, to deprive.
pro (abl), before, for, instead, in
behalf of, in proportion to, as.
probabilis, e, probable, approved.
probo.i are, avT, atum, to prove,
approve.
prooella, ae, F., storm, tempest.
proceres, um, chiefs.
proconsul, ulis, M., proconsul.
■groovX, far off.
prodeo, ire, il, itum, to go forth.
prodesse, infin. of prosum.
prodiglosus, a, um, prodigious,
astonishing.
prodigium, T, ^., prodigy.
prodo,^ dere, didT, ditum, give
forth, betray, \bring forward.
produce,^ ere, xT, ctum, lead or
proelidr,' arl, atus, give battle.
proelium, T, n., battle (22).
profectS, as a fact, surely.
profero, ferre, tuli, latum, pub-
lish, give out, put forth,
proficio,^ ere, feci, tectum, to
effect, put forward.
proficiscor,^ cT, profectus, set
forth, go, proceed (43).
profugio,-^ ere, fugl, to escape, flee.
profui, see prosum.
pr6fundo,^ere, fudi, fusum,^<9//r
forth, lavish.
progredior,^ dl, gressus, to ad-
vance (pro; gradior).
prohibeo,'^ ere, ui, itum, to forbid.
proiude, accordingly, so, then.
projicio^ (proicio), ere, jecT,
jectum, cast forth, throw.
proles, is, P., off^spring.
promitto,^ ere, misi, missum
(let go ioxXks), pro7)iise (84).
promissus, a, um (part, of pre-
ceding), lo7ig ; N., a profnise.
promo,^ ere, mpsi, mptum, to
draw forth ; promptus, ready.
Pronoea, ae, f.. Providence.
prope (ace), near, near by; as
adv., nearly, almost.
propemodum, abnost, nearly.
propere, in haste.
propero,' are, avi, atum, hasten,
propinquus, a, um, near, neigh-
boring.
propitius, a, Mm, propitious.
propono,^ ere, posuT, positum,
propose, set forward.
propositum, I, n., purpose. ^
propter (ace), near, on account
of; propterea quod, because.
prorepo,^ ere, psi, ptum, to crawl
forth.
prorsus, altogether, precisely.
proscribo,^ ere, scrips!, scrip-
tum, post up (in writing), ad-
vertise, proscribe.
Proserpina, ae, F., Proserpine,
daughter of Ceres, and queen
of the lower world.
prosilio,'* Ire, ul, spi'ing for th .
prospicio,^ ere, spexl, spectum,
to look forth^ view, see.
222
Latin Method,
piosum (p. 26), to benefit^ help.
protero,'^ ere, trIvT, tritum, to
tread upon (follow closely).
protervus, a, um, saucy ^ bold.
protinus (adv.), farther on, at
once, immediately.
protuli i^xoi^xo)^ put forth.
pro V erbium, T, N., proverb.
providentia, ae, "^.^ providence^
foresight.! Prudence.
provideo,^ ere, vidi, visum, pro-
vide, foresee.
providus, a, um, provident.
proviucia, ae, f., province
(sphere of action).
provoco,' are, avi, atum, to call
forth, challenge.
proximus, a, um, nearest, next;
e proximo,/)'^/^/ near by.
prudens (= providens), tis,
prudent, wise.
prudenter, prudently.
prudentia, ae, f., prudence, dis-
cretion.
prunum, 1, n., a plujn.
prytanium, 1, N., town hall.
publice, publicly, officially, at
the public- expense.
publicus, a, um, public.
Publius, T, M., Roman name.
pudet, uit, it shames (p. 40).
pudicitia, ae., F., modesty.
pudicus, a, um, modest.
pudor, oris, M., sense of shame,
or ho7ior.
puella, ae, ¥.,girl, maiden.
puer, i, M., boy, child.
pueritia, ae, F., childhood (end-
ing at 17).
puerulus, i, M., little boy.
ijIPUG, push, prick (pungo,^
punctus).
pugillares, um, note-book (m.).
pugua, ae, F., battle, fight.
pugnator, oris, yi., fighter, fight-
ing man.
pugnax, acis, pugnacious.
pugno,' are, avT, atum,y?^^/(9o).
pugnus, 1, 'M..,fist.
pulcher (or pulcer), era, crum,
beautiful (91)-
pulcritudo, inis, P., beauty.
pullus, T, M., chicken, young bird.
pulso,' are, avI, atum, to knock,
beat (intens. of pello).
pulsus, a, um, part, of pello,
driven, expelled.
puuctum, 1, ^., point, spot.
Punicus, a, um, Carthaginian.
puppis, is, im, I, F., stern, ship
(poetical: 'j-^^.
purpura, ae, ¥.,ptirple.
purpuratus, a, um, dressed in
red ; a courtier.
pusill animus, a, um, feeble-
hearted.
pusillus, a, um, feeble, slight.
puter, tris, tre, rotten, fetid.
putesco,^ ere, putuT, to grow
offensive (in smell), rot.
puto,^ are, avi, atum, to think,
suppose (92) . .
putrefacio,^ ere, feci, factum, to
corrupt, rot ; pass., fio.
Pyrrhus, T, M., a king of Epirus.
Pythagoras, ae, m., an ancient
G^reek philosopher.
Q. for Quintus.
qua, where, in what way.
quacumque, wherever.
quadriennium, T, n., space of
four years.
quae, see qui, or quis.
quaero,^ ere, quaesIvT, quaesl-
tum, to seek, ask {y<f).
quaeso,^ ere, ivT (ii), to ask.
quaestio, onis, F., investigation^
quaestor, oris, M., qucestor, a
Roman officer, like paymaster.
qualis, e, as, what (correl. to
talis) ; such as.
quam, how, as, than; quam
maximus, the very greatest
(as great as the greatest) ;
quam primum, as soon as
possible.
quamdiu, how long, as long as.
quamobrem, why, wherefore.
Vocabulary
Latin and English,
223
quamquam, although (lit. how-
ever)^ though (corrective).
c^aiavls, however 7mich,tho7igh.
quaudo, when (interrog.), since ;
num — , whether ever.
quaudoquidem, since.
quantopere, how greatly.
quantus, a, um, how great.
quartus, a, \xm, fourth.
quasi, as if, as it were.
<\\xa.tex,four titites.
quatio,^ ere, quassum, to shake.
quattuor, four.
-que (enclitic), and.
quemadmodum, how.
queo (clef. Gr. p. 82), can (87).
quercus, Qs, F., oak.
queror,^ T, questus, to complain^
bewail.
qui, quae, quod, who., which,,
that, as (rel.) ; quod, so far as.
qui, old ablative form of quis;
as quicum, with whom.
quia, because.
quicquam, atty thing, at all.
quicquid, whatever, [whoever.
quicumque, quaecumque, &c.,
quid (adv. ace), what ? why ?
quidam, quaedam, &c., a cer-
tain one (p. 21, a).
quidem, in fact, to be sure, at
least J ne . . quidem, not even.
quidni, why not ?
quies, etis, F., quiet, rest.
quietus, a, um, quiet, still.
qullibet, quaelibet, &c., any
(whatever : p. 21, ^),
quin, why not ? but that.
quinam, quisnam, (emph. inter-
rog.), who (tell me) ?
quintuplex, -^\\c\s,, fve-fold.
Quintus, 1, M., a proper name.
quintus, a, mvcv, fifth.
Quirites, ium, citizens (Roman).
quis, quae, quid, who? what?
(p. 20), quis liomo 1 what man
(the person) t qui homo ?
ivhat sort of man ?
quispiam, any one, some 07te.
quisquam, quaequam, &c., any,
any one (p. 21, a).
quisque, quaeque, quodque,
every, each.
quisquis, whoever (p. 21, c).
quo, whither J with compara-
tives, e5 . . qu5, the . . the.
quoad, as far as, according as.
quocumque, whithersoever,
quod (adv. ace. : see qui or
quis), so far as, the fact that
(see p. 118).
quominus, so that not (after
verbs of hindrance : p. 108, r).
quomodo, how.
quondam, once, formerly .
quoque, also, as well.
quot, how 7nany, as (many) .
quotannis, each or every year,
yearly.
quotidianus, a, um (adj.), daily.
quotidie (adv.), daily.
quoties, how often ? as often as.
quotus, a, um, one of how
many ; quota hora, what
o'clock ? (as prima, &c.).
H.
rado,^ ere, sT, sum, to scrape,
graze, shave.
ramulus, 1, m., a little branch,
twig.
ramus, T, M., a branch, bough.
raua, ae, T.,frog.
J RAP, seize (rapio).
rapidus, a, um, swift, violent.
rapio,^ ere, rapuT, raptum, seize,
carry off {yi'xxSx ioxzQ. '. 25).
rapto,^ are, avi, atum, seize.
raptus, a, um, caught, stolen.
raptus, us, m., a carrying off.
raro, rarely, seldom.
rarus.a, um, rare, few, scattered.
rastrum, T, N., rake j pi, rastrl.
rasus, a, um, sho?'n (rado).
ratio, onis, F., reckoning, reason,
method.
ratus, a, um, confirmed, fixed.
Jre, thing, think (res, reor^).
re- or red- (in compos.), back or
again.
224
Latin Method,
recens, tis, recent, fresh,
recidivus, a, um, restored.
recido,^ere, dT, C2iSMm, fall back.
recipio,^ ere, cepT, ceptum, to
take ba:k, recover (capio).
recito,' are, avi, atum, to recite.
recludo,-^ ere, si, sum, to unlock,
throw open (80 : claudo).
recte, rightly.
rector, oris, M., ruler (rego).
rectus, a, um, straight, right.
recuse,' are, avi, atum, decline,
refuse (causa).
redditus, a, um, restored.
reddo,^ dere, didi, ditum, give
back, restore, give out, produce.
redeo, ire, ii, itum, ?-eturn.
redintegro,' are, avi, atum, to
renew, restore.
reditus, us, M., return.
re doleus, ti s, having the sjjtellof.
redundo,^ are, avi, atum, over-
flow (unda).
refero, ferre, tulT, latum, bri7ig
back, 7'elate, represent, restore.
refervesco,^ ere, vT, to boil up.
reficio,^ ere, feci, fectum, to re-
Pair, refresh.
reflo,' are, avT, atum, to blow
' contrary.
, .|reg, guide, rule (rego,^ rex).
"regia, ae. f. (sc. domus), palace.
regie, royally.
regina, ae, f., queen, princess.
regio, onis, F., region.
regius, a, um, royal, kingly.
regno,' are, avT, atum, reign.
rQgo,^ ere, xT, ctum, to rule (8r).
religio, onis, f., religion, wor-
I ship, reverence.
(A relinquLO,^ ere, liquT, lictum, to
W leave^ abandon.
' reliquus, a, um, remaining.
remedium, 1, n., remedy. [(68).
reminiscor,^ 1, to call to mind
remissus, a, um, slack, remiss j
comparative, less intense.
remitto,^ ere, mlsT, missum, send
back, let go, relax.
reraoror.i arl, atus, to delay.
remotus, a, um, re7note.
remuneror,! ari, atus, to reward.
renovo,' are, avT, atum, to renew.
renuntio,' are, avi, atum, to
carry back tidings.
reor,2 rerl, ratus, think (92).
reparo,* are, avi, atum, to re-
cover, restore, review.
repello,^ ere, pull, pulsum, to
push back, repel.
repente, suddenly.
repentinus, a, um, sudden.
reperio,^ Ire, reperl, repertum,
find, discover (55).
repeto,^ ere, IvI (il), Itum, to
claim back, demand.
repetundae, arum, F., clai?n for
?-estitution, on a charge of ex-
tortion (sc. res).
rep6no,3 ere, posul, positum, to
put by, store.
reporto,^ are, avi, atum, to carry
back.
reprehend©,^ ere, dl, sum, blame,
seize.
reprehenso.i are, hold in check.
reprimo,^ ere, pressi, pressum,
to push back, repress, restrain.
repudio,' are, avi, atum, to re-
ject, repudiate.
repugno,' are, avi, atum, to fight
back, resist.
requies, etis, f., rest, repose.
require^ ere, sivl (sil), situm, to
seek, search, Tfiiss (quaero).
res, rel, f., thing, property,
state, event; plur., circum-
stances; res publica, common-
wealth, ptiblic life.
rescindo,^ ere, scidi, scissum,
to cut away.
reserve,' are, avi, atum, reserve,
keep back, preserve.
resolvo,^ ere, vl, solutum, melt,
dissolve.
resoiio,^ are, avi, to resoutid.
respicio,^ ere, spexl, spectum,
to look back.
espondeo,^ ere, dl, sum, to
reply, answer.
res publica, rel publicae, f.,
republic, public life.
Vocabulary : Latin and English.
225 22b
restat, it rejnains (to be done),
restinguo,^ ere, stinxT, stinctum,
to extinguish, quench.
restituo/' ere, uT, utum, to re-
store (statuo),
rete, is, n., hunting ox fishing-
net.
retineo,^ ere, uT, tentum, to hold
back, retain (teneo).
retraho,^ ere, xl, ctum, to drag
back.
retro, back, backward, behind.
re vera, in truth, really.
reverentia, ae, f., reverence.
reverter,^ tl, sus, to return.
reviso^^ ere, revisit, see again.
revoco/ are, avi, atum, recall.
re vole,' are, to fiy back.
rex, regis, m., king.
Rhea Silvia, ae, F., the mother
of Romulus.
Rhenus, T, m., the Rhine.
Rhodanus, I, M., the Rhone.
Rhodus, T, F., Rhodes.
rictus, us, M., the open mouth.
rideo,*^ ere, sT, sum, to laugh,
laugh at, ridicule.
ripa, ae, f,, river-bank.
risus, us, M., sjnile, laughter.
rite, rightly, duly.
rivulus, T, M., little stream.
rivus, T, M., stream, brook (49).
rixa, ae, f., brawl, quarrel.
robustus, a, um, stout, sturdy.
rogo.^are, avI, atum, demand,
ask, entreat (two ace. : 79).
Roma, ae, F., Rome.
Romanus, a, um, Roinan.
Romulus, T, M., the founder of
Rome.
ros, roris, m., dew
rosa, ae, F., rose.
roscidus, a, um, dewy.
rostrum, 1, n., beak; pi., the
rostrum (the raised platform
from which Roman orators
addressed the people).
rubens, tis, glowing, red.
ruber, bra, brum, red, ruddy.
rubigo, in is, F., rust, blight.
rudo,*'' ere, ivi, itum, to bray.
rudus, eris, N., rubbish.
rugio,* Ire, TvT, Itum, to roar.
rugitus, lis, M., roaring, braying.
ruina, ae, f., downfall, ruin.
ruinosus, a, um, ruinous. [(46).
rumor, oris, m., report, rutnor
rumpo,^ ere, rupT, ruptum, to
break, burst (rup).
rupes, is, f., rock (59).
ruptus, a, um, broken.
rursus, again.
rus, ruris, n., the country (as
opposed to city) ; ^gX., fields (8) ;
ruri, in (rure, from) the coun-
try ; rus (ace), to the country.
rusticus, a, um, of the country,
rustic ; m., a farmer.
Sabinus, a, um, Sabine.
sacer, era, crum, sacred (SAC).
sacerdos, otis, M. or Y., priest.,
priestess.
sacra, 5rum, n., sacred rites.
saepe, ius, issime, often.
saepenumero, oftenti?nes.
saevitia, ae, f., cruelty.
saevus, a, um, c?'uel (93).
sagacitas, atis, f., keenftess of
scent, sagacity, keenness.
sagax, acis, keen, sagacious.
Saguntum, T, N., a city of Spain.
sal, salis, m., salt.
salio,^ Ire, uT, saltum, to leap.
saltatio, onis, F., dancing.
fialtem, at least.
f./s
salto.i are, avi, atum, to dance,
leap (intens. of salio).
saluber, bris, bre, wholeso7ne.
salus, Otis, F., health, safety,
preservation. \some.
salutifer, fera. ferum, whole-
saliito,' are, avT, atum, to salute.
salveo,'^ ere, be well; \mY>.,hailJ
salvus, a, um, safe, sound.
sancio,'' ire, sanxT, sanctum, to
sanction, establish (sac).
sanctus, a, um, sacred.
sane, to be sure, doubtless.
"/
226
Latin Method.
sanguis, inis, m., blood (in*the
veins, or fresh), stock, race.
sanus, a, um, sound, sane.
sapiens, tis, wise.
sapientia, ae, F,, wisdom.
sapio,^ ere, ivi (il), to taste or
savor of, understand, be wise.
Sardes, ium, Sardis, the capital
of Lydia (f.)*
satelles, itis, c, satellite, at-
tendant.
satis, enough ; — est, very well.
satis-facio,^ satisfy (dat.).
satus, a, um (part, of sero),
sown, sprung, descended.
saxum, T, n., a stone, rock (59).
scabo,^ ere, bl, to scratch.
Scaevola, ae, m., a man's name,
meaning left-handed.
Bcalmus, T, m., thole-pin.
sceleratus, a, um ; scelestus, a,
um, wicked, critninal (66).
scelus, eris, n., crime, guilt.
scena, ae, F., scene, theatre-cur-
tain, stage.
scientia, ae, f., knowledge {ly') .
scilicet, that is to say, forsooth.
scindo,^ ere, scidT, scissum, to
cut, rend, divide.
scio,* Ire, Tvi, Ttum, know (as fact).
Scipio, onis, m., Scipio.
sciscitor,' ari, atus, to inquire.
scriba, ae, m., scribe, secretary.
scribo,"' ere, psT, ptum, to write.
scrip turn, T, N., a writing.
sciitum, T, n., a shield i;:^).
Scythes, ae, m., Scythian (of an
Asiatic or Tartar people).
se, suT, sibi, self (p. 19).
se-, sed- (in compos.), apart.
seco,' are, ul, sectum, cut.
sector, oris, m., divider, buyer.
sector,' arl, atus, to chase (95),
hunt (intens. of sequor).
secundum (prep, ace), alottg,
by, according to.
secundus, a, um, second, favor-
able (sequor).
seciiris, is, im, T, F., axe.
securus, a, um, secure, without
care or difficulty.
seciitus, see sequor.
sed, but.
sedecim, sixteen.
sedeo,'^ ere, sedT, sessum, sit.
sedes, is, f., seat, abode (39).
seges, etis, f., standing crop (94).
segnis, Q.,.lazy, sluggish.
semel, once.
semestris, e, of six ?nonths.
■"semet, see -met.
semper, always.
senatus, iis, M., senate.
Seneca, ae, m., a Roman philo-
sopher.
senectiis, utis, F., old age.
senesco,^ ere, senuT, to grow
old, wane, waste away.
senex, senis, m., old man (100).
seni, ae, a, six (each, at a time)„
senilis, e, of an old man.
senior, oris, older ; pi., elders.-
Senones, um, a people of Gaul.
sensus, us, m., feeling, sense.
sententia, ae, f., opinion (31).
sentio,^ Tre, sensT, sensum, feel,
notice, perceive, understand.
sentis, is, m., thorn, brier.
sepelio,* ire, ivl (ii), sepultum,
to bury.
sepio,* Tre, sepsi, septum, to
fejtce, enclose.
septem, seveji.
Septimus, a, um, seventh.
septingenti, ae, a, sevett hun-
dred. — Ser. for Servius.
sepulcrum, T, n., tomb.
sequor,-* qui, cutus, follow (95).
serenus, a, um, calm, clear, fair.
Seriphius, a, um, of Seriphus,
a Greek island.
sermo, onis, m., talk, discourse.
sero,^ ere, seruT, sertum, weave.
sero,^ ere, sevT, satum, to plant/*
serpens, tis, m. or F., serpent {12).
serus, a, um, late, too late.
servilis, e, of slaves, servile.
servitus, ijtis, F., slavery.
servitium, I, N., slavery, troop
of slaves.
servo,' are, avT, atum, to save^
preserve, keep.
Vocabulary : Luttn and English. 227
servus, T, m. , slave.
sessio, onis, f., sittittg.
seasum, (sup. of sedeo), to a
seat.
sestertium, T, m., i 000 sesterces,
= $50 (Gr. § 85).
sestertius, 1, m., sesterce, a coin
of the value of 5 cents.
seu, or ; seu . . seu, whether . .
or, if either . . . or if.
severe, with severity.
severus, a, um, stern, severe.
sex, six.
sextus, a, um, sixth.
si, if ^
sibilo,^ are, to hiss.
sic, so, thus.
aicine, sof (interrog.).
Sicilia, ae, F., Sicily.
Siciliensis, e, or Siculus, a, um,
Siciliaii.
sicut, sicuti, as, just as, as also.
sidus, eris, N., star, constellation.
significo,' are, avT, atum, make a
sign, signify, indicate.
sigiium,!, N., mark, sign, stand-
ard, statue.
silentium, T, N., silence.
sileo,^ ere, ui, to be silent (^hout).
silva, ae, f., wood, forest (96).
Simla, ae, F., a tnonkey ("pug-
nose").
similis, e, like, similar (6).
similitude, inis, F., likeness.
simul, at the same time ; simul
ac, as soon as.
simulacrum, T, n., an image.
simulo,^ are, avi, atum, to feign,
pretend.
sin, but if.
sine (abl), without.
singularis, e, singular, unique.
singuli, ae, a (distributive num-
eral), one by one, single.
sino,^ ere, sivi, situm, to leave,
let, permit.
sisto,^ ere, stitl, statum, to set,
place (sta).
sitio,^ Ire, ivl (il), to thirst.
sitis, is, im, T, F., thirst.
situla, ae, f., water-bucket.
situs, us, M., neglect, dust.
situs, a, um (sino), placed; est
situs, rests, is situated j in eo
— , consisting in this.
sive, whether, or.
socer, cerl, ui., father-in-law.
societas, atis, F., partnership,
alliance.
socius, 1, M., companion, partner,
ally (29).
Socrates, is, M., a philosopher
of Athens.
sodalis, is, c, companion, frie?td,
schoolmate (29).
sol, soils, M., the sun.
soleo,'-^ ere, solitus, be accustomed.
solatium (solacium), 1, n.,
solace, cotnfort.
solitiido, inis, F., solitude.
soUennis, e, custoinary, solemn.
s oilers, tis, skilful.
soUertia, ae, f., skill.
solstitium, T, N., solstice (" sun-
stay "), midsummer.
solum, only.
s61um, T, N., soil, ground.
solus, a, um, alone, only (p. 7).
solvo.^ere, solvT, ?,o\\x\.\xv[\,loo.sen,
relieve J crines solvere, to
throw loose the hair (in sign
of mourning).
somnium, I, n,, dreatn.
somnus, I, m., sleep.
sono,^ are, ui, itum, to resound,
sound.
sonus, T, M., sound {c)'/).
sopor, oris, m., sleep.
sordidus, a, um, dirty, mean (20).
soror, oris, F., sister.
sors, sortis, f., lot, destiny.
sospes, itis, safe (escaped from>
peril).
Sp. abbrev. of Spurius.
spargo,^ ere, sT, sum, to scatter.
Sparta, ae, f., a city of southern
Greece.
spatior,' arl, atus, to walk abotit.
spatiosus, a, um, spacious.
spatium, 1, N., space.
species, iel, f., show, appear-
ance.
228
Latin Method,
specimen, inis, N., show, speci-
7nen.
speciosus, a, um, showy ^ beauti-
ful {91).
spectabilis, e, of noble aspect.
spectaculum, T, n., spectacle.
specto,' are, avT, atum, behold,
view, look, face (-spicio).
spelunca, ae, F., cavern.
spero,^ are, avT, ^tum, to hope.
spes, ei, F., hope.
spiro,' are, avi, atum, to breathe.
splendidus, a, um, splendid.
spolio,' are, avi, atum, to rob,
plunder.
spondeo,^ ere, spopondl, spon-
sum, to projnise, pledge, be-
troth (84). '\ised.
sponsus, a, um, betrothed, projn-
sponte (abl.), accord; sua — ,
of his own accord.
squalens, tis, 7-ude, disfigured.
squaleo,2 ere, uT, to be in mourn-
in a. .-, c.-^t-^<xi.r7
squalor, oris, ^., filth, mowning
apparel, wretched plight (38).
JSTA, stand (sto,* sisto,^ sta-
, tuo, instituo^).
statim, iininediately .
siiaiio, onis, F., post, station.
siatua, ae, F., statue.
statura, ae, F., stature.
Rtatus, us, M.., posture, attitude,
condition.
Stella, ae, f., star.
sterno,^ ere, stravT, stratum,
strew, spread a couch.
stilus, T, M., style (for writing).
stimulus, T, M., goad.
stipendium, T, n., soldier'' s pay.
stipula, ae, F., stubble.
stirps, stirpis, stock, race (50).
sto,^ stare, steti, statum, stand,
stop, cost.
Stoicus, T, M., a Stoic.
stomachor,* arl, atus, be vexed.
strenuus, a, um, bold, vigorous.
strepitus, us, M., 7ioise (97).
struo,^ ere, xi, ctum, to build.
studeo,2 ere, studui, to be earnest
or eager, favor i^-aX.), study.
I
stadium, T, n., earnestness,fond-
ness (for), study, zeal.
stultitia, ae, y., folly.
stultus, a, um, foolish j m., a
fool.
stupor, oris, m., stupor.
suadeo,^ ere, si, sum, to advise.
suapte (abl.), his, her, or their
own (intens. of sua, abl.).
sua vis, e, sweet (41).
sua vitas, atis, F., sweet taste,
sweetness. - / c rv ' '/ - » - --> • y .
suaviter, sweetly.
sub (abl.), under, near.
subduco,^ ere, xT, ctum, to with-
draw.
subigo,3 ere, egl, actum, subdue,
break in (sub-ago).
subitus, a, um, sudden; subito,
suddejily.
sublatus, see tollo.
sublevo,' are, avT, atum, to up-
lift, lighten, relieve (levis).
sublicius, a, um, of ti?nber, on
piles.
subsidium, T, n., help, aid, relief
subveuio,* ire, veni, ventum,
come to the relief help.
succedo,^ ere, cessT, cessum,
come up to, advance^ prosper,
succeed.
succurro,^ ere, currT, cursum,
to ru7t up to, help.
sudo,i are, avT, atum, to sweat,
exude.
sudor, oris, M., sweat.
Suevi, orum, M., Suevi or Swa-
bians, a German tribe.
Sulla, ae, m., Sulla, a Roman
general.
sum, esse, fuT, / am., to be.
summus. a, um, highest, ut77tost,
greatest, highest part ; — cor-
tex, outer hull. [take (25).
sumo,^ ere, sumpsT, sumptum, to
super (ace. or abl.), up07i.
superbia, ae, v., pride.
superbus, ^.,\ivs\. proud, haughty.
superincidens, i\s,,falli7ig upon.
superior, us, upper.
supero,^ 4re, avT, atum, surpass.
Vocabulary : Latin and English, 229
Buperstea, stitis, surviving^ a
survivor.
supplex, icis (adj.), suppliant.
supplicium, 1, N., supplication^
(capital) punishment.
suppono,^ ere, posui, positum,
to put beneath (dative).
smpra (ace), above, beyond.
sur cuius, T, M., saplittg.
SHrgo,^ ere, surrexT, surrectum.
to rise. . .'^^.t-LO c^-ni-i'^-^^'
BUS, suis, c, swine (p. 14, 3).
suscipio,^ ere, cepi, ceptum, to
i^'dertake^ receive (in succes-
sion).
suscito,^ are, avT, atum, to rouse,
tfcite. ^- i-i-"U-<^^:-^ c^^i^^i.c^u,.
suspicio,^ ere, spexT, spectum,
Iq^k up to or at, suspect j sus-
pectus, suspicious.
sustento/ are, avi, atum, sus-
tain ^ keep alive.
sustipieo,- ere, uT, tentum, to sus-
tain, check, bear up against
(sTfb ; teneo) .
sustuli, sustuleram, see tollo.
SUU& " a, urn, his {her or their),
reflexive (89).
Syracusae, arum, F., Syracuse,
a city of Sicily.
Syraousanus, a, um, Syracusan.
tabellae, arum, F., tablets (for
wpitmg ; singu^r rare),
tabej^f^ius, T, m., 7nessenger,
runjter (bearer of messages).
tabe^pna, ae. P., shop, hut.
tabu^ ae, f. , plank, panel (for
5i<U>res), picture.
tacpius, a, um, silent.
tacttfs, a, um (tango), touched.
taeda, ae, ¥., pine-tree, torch.
taedet, uit, it wearies (ace. and
gen. or infin.).
taedium, T, y^., weariness, fatigue.
Jtag, touch (tango^').
talentum, T, n., talent (weight
or money).
talis, e, J2/(://y tale, such a thing.
talus, T, M., ankle, heel.
tameu, yet, nevertheless, how-
ever.
tamquam (tanquam), so as^
Just so, as if.
tandem, at length, pray (with
question).
tango,^ ere, tetigl, tactum, touch.
tanquam, see tamquam.
^tkntopere, so much.
tantum, so much, only ; with
plur. gen., so many j tantum
abest, it is so far [from being
the case]..
tantus, a, um, so great.
Tarentum, T, n., Tarentum^ a
town of South Italy.
taurus, T, m., bull.
tectum, 1, N., roof, dwelling.
tecum = cum and te from tu.
Jteg, cover (tego, tectum).
tegimentum, T, N., covering,
clothing, shelter.
tego,^ ere, xT, ctum, to shelter,
cover.
tellus, uris, f., earth.
telum, T, N., weapon of attack
(16).
temere, rashly, hastily.
temno,^ ere, tempsT, to despise.
temperatus, a, um, teinpered^
temperate.
temperoy^are, avT, atum, to mode-
rate, control, restrain; spare
(dat. : 81).
tempestas, atis, F., weather,
stor?n.
tempestive, seasonably, in sea-
son.
templum, T, n., temple.
tempus, oris, n., time.
Jten, strain (tendo,^ teneo^).
tenax, acis, tenacious (teneo).
tendo,^ ere, tetendi, tentum, or
tensum, to stretch, spread.
tenebrae, arum, F., da?'knesSy
dark recess.
teneo,^ ere, tenuT, tum, hold,
possess J hoc tene, mind this.
tener, era, erum, tender.
230
Latin Method.
tenuis, e, slender (44).
ter, three times.
tergum, T, n , back; a tergo, in
the rear.
ternus, a, um, by threes^ three.
terra, ae, f., earth, land.
terreo,- ere, uT, itum, terrify,
alarm .
terrester, tris, tre, earthly.
terribilis, Q,full of terror.
territorium, T, n , territory.
terror, oris, m., alarm^ terror
(object of alarm)
tertius, a, um, third.
tesca, drum, n., thickets.
testameiitum, 1, n., will, tes-
tament.
testimonium, 1, n., testimony,
proof.
testis, is, c, witness.
testor,' arl, atus, to witness, call
to witness.
teter, tra, trum, foul, rancid.
tetigi, see tango.
theatrum, T, n., theatre.
Thebae, arum, f., Thebes, a city
of Greece.
Themistocles, is, or T. m., a
statesman of Athens.
Thermopylae, arum, f., Ther-
rnopylce.
Theseus, eos (el), king and law-
giver of Athens, slayer oif the
Minotaur.
Ti., abbrev. for Tiberius.
Tiber inus, T, m., god of the
river Tiber.
Tiberis, is, M., the Tiber.
tibia, ae, f., pipe, leg, shin.
Tiburtes, um, people of Tibur.
tigillum, T, N., a small log.
tignum, T, N., beam, log.
tigris, is (idis), c, tiger.
timeo,^ ere, timuL/'^.^r (69).
timescens, tis, taking alarm.
timidus, a, ura, fearful, timid.
timor, oris, ^.,fear.
titulus, 1, ^i., placard.
toga, ae, f. [tego], toga (99).
tolerabilis, e, tolerable, passable.
^tolero,^ are, avi, atum, to endure.
toUo,* ere, sustulT, sublatum,
raise, take tcp, take away.
tormentum, T, n., torment; en-
gine for hurling stones (tor-
queo).
torqueo,'^ ere, torsi, tortum, to
twist, hurl.
torvus, a, um, cruel, cross (in
aspect).
tot, so 7nany.
t5tu3, a, um (p. 7), whole, entire; Jl
with adv. force, wholly {77). m
trado,^ ere, didi, ditum, to de-
liver ui), betray.
tradiioo,^ ere, xi, ctum, to lead
across (with two ace).
tragoedia, ae, f., tragedy.
traho,^ ere, xT, ctum, 7^ draw,
drag, bring ; trahit sua quem-
• que voluptas, every one to his
liking (Eng. drag).
tranquillus, a, um, tranquil,
calm.
trano,' are, avI, atum, to swim
across (trans ; no).
trans (ace), across, beyond.
transeo. Ire, il, ituni, to cross,
s,o over.
transfigo,^ ere, fixl, fixum, to
transfix, pierce through.
transfuga, ae, m., deserter.
transilio," Ire, ul or IvI, to leap
across (trans; salio).
transitus, Os, M., crossing, pas-
sage.
transno, see trano.
trans volo,i are, avI, atum, to fly
across.
trecenti, ae, a, three hundred.
tremo,^ ere, tremul, tremble (69).
tremulus, a, um, trembling.
trepidatio, onis, F., cowardice,
alarm.
trepido,! are, avi, atum, to be in
terror (root tref, turn).
trepidus, a, um, timid, trem-
bling.
tres, tria, three.
tribunal, alis, N., tribunal, seat
of justice.
tribunalis, t, of a tribune.
Vocabulary: Latin and English,
231
tribunus, 1, m., tribune^ a ple-
beian officer.
tricesimus, a, um, thirtieth.
triduum, 1, n., three days.
triennium, I, n., three years.
trigemini, orum, three of one
birth.
triginta (indec), thirty.
triquetrus, a, um, th7'ee- cornered.
tristiculus, a, um, a little sad.
tristis, e , sad, gloomy, ci'uel.
triticum, 1, n., wheat (94: tero).
Troja, ae, F., Troy.
Trojanus, a, um, Trojan.
tropaeum, 1, n., trophy.
trucido,^ are, avT, atum, to mas-
sacre (trux; caedo).
trux, trucis, cruel, grim, stern,
ferocious (93).
tu, tuT, tibi, te, thou (p. 18).
tuba, ae, f., trumpet (straight).
tubicen, inis, m., trunipeter
(tuba ; cano).
{Jtud, beat (tundo^)
tueor,2 tueri, tuitus, to gaze at,
\ preserve, protect.
tuli, perf. of fero (p. 39).
TuUus, T, M., a Roman king.
turn, then ; tum . . tum, now . .
now, not only . . . btit also.
tumeo,'^ ere, uT, to swell.
tumultuosus, a, um, ttunul-
tuous (tumeo).
tumultus, us, M., tumult (22).
tune, you ? — tunc, then,
tunica, ae, f., tunic (99).
turba, ae, F., a crowd (85).
turbo,' are, avT, atum, to disturb.
turpis, e, ugly, disgraceful, evil.
turris, is, f, (p. 14), ^ tower.
tus (thus), turis, n., incense.
tutus, a, um, safe, defended ; in
tutum, to a safe pldie (tueor).
tuus, a, um, thy, thine, your
(almost always).
Tyndaris, idis, F., daughter of
Tyndarus (Helen),
tyrannus, 1, m., tyrant.
Tyrius, a, um, Tyrian, of Tyre,
an ancient city of Syria.
^¥-
uber, eris, rich, fertile.
ubi, where, when; where ? when f
ubinam, where (emphatic) .''
ubique, everywhere.
ubi vis, anywhere (where you
will).
ulciscor,3 ci, ultus, to revenge^
punish.
TJlixes, is or ei, M., Ulysses.
ullus, a, um (gen. lus : p. 7), any.
ultimus, a, um, last.
ultor, oris, M , avenger.
ultus, see ulciscor.
umbilicus, T, m., navel, centre.
umbra, ae, F., shade, shadow.
umbrosus, a, um, shadowy,
shady.
umquam, ever.
una, together ; una cum, along
with.
unda, ae, F., wave.
unde, whence, from which.
undique, from every side, every-
where.
unguentum, T, n., ointment.
unguis, is, m., claw, talon.
iinicus, a, um, single, unique.
iiniyersus, a, um, all together,
whole, entii-e (7']').
unquam, see umquam.
iinus, a, um (gen. Tus : p. 7), one,
unusquisque, unaquaeque, &c.
(gen. unTusciij usque), each otie,
every one.
urbanus, a, um, of the city, polite.
urb5, urbis, F., city (98).
iiro,^ urere, ussT, ustum, to burn.
ursus, T, M., a bear.
urtica, ae, f., nettle (uro).
usquam, anywhere.
usque, eveti, up to ; quo — , how
far? — ad, as far as.
iisus, us, M., use, advantage,
experie7ice (70).
ut (with subj.), that, so that;
(with indie), when, as, how.
uter, utra, utrum, gen. utrius, (see
p. 7), which (of the two) ?
at va
\/B.
232
Latin Method,
uterque, utraque, utrumque (gen.
utriusque), both (making the
verb plural in English).
uti (ut), that\ so that.
utilis, e, useful., advantageous.,
serviceable., expedient (30),
utilitas, atis, f., utility., advan-
tage., usefulfiess.
utor/^ iiti, usus, use, employ (abl.).
utrinaque, on both sides.
utrum, whether (see p. 11).
uva, ae, ¥., grape^ cluster.
vacat, there is leisure.
vaccinium, 1, n., hyacinth., blea-
berry.
vacillo,' are, avi, atum, to shift
about., stagger.
vacuus, a, urn, empty ^ unoccu-
pied., empty-handed.
vado,^ ere, to go., advance (43).
vae, alas !
vagio,* Ire, Tvi (ii), itum, to cry
(as an infant).
vagor,' ari, atus, to wajider.,
roam. U^i?-
Tagus, a, um, wandering, roam-
valde, strongly., very., quite.
valeo,- ere, uT, itum, be strong.,
be well, be worth, prevail {8y) ;
vale (\n\per2Lt), farewell y va-
leat, V2\ea.nt, farewell to, away
with.
valetudo, inis, F., health (state
of health).
validus, a, um, strong (in almost
all senses).
vallis (valles), is, F., valley.
vallum, 1, N., rampart., palisade.
vanus, a, um, empty, idle., vain.
varietas, atis, F., variety, varia-
tion .
vario,' are, avT, atum, to vary.
varius, a, um, various. ^
vastitas, atis, f., devastation,
desolation, vastness.
vasto,^ are, avi, atum, to devas-
tate, lay waste.
vastus, a, um, vast (65), desolate.
-ve (enclitic), or.
vehementer, vigorously, very
mucJi.
Veientes, ium, the people of
Veil, orum, m , a city near Rome.
vel, or, even; vel . . vel, either
velox, ocis, swift. [ . . or.
velut, as, just as.
venabulum, T, n., hunting-spear.
venalis, e, for sale.
venatio, onis, F., himting.
venator, oris, M., huntsjfian.
venatrix, icis, F., huntress.
venatum, see venor.
venditio, onis, F., sale.
venditor, oris, m., the seller.
vendo,'^ dere, didi, di\\.wva,putto
sale, sell (venum ; do).
venerium, 1, ^., poison.
veneo, Ire, ivT (ii), itum, to be
sold (go to sale : venum ; eo).
veneror,' ari, atus, to venerate^
worship.
Veneti, orum, M., a people of
western Gaul.
venia, ae, f., pardon, permis-
sion, favor, indulgence.
venio,* ire, venT, ventum, come.
venor,' ari, atus, hunt ; vena-
tum (sup.), a-hunting.
ventus, 1, M., wi7id {}()).
Venus, eris, F., the goddess of
Love and Beauty, {elegance.
venustas, atis, ¥., grace, polish,
ver, veris, N., spring, {scourge.
verbero,' are, avi, atum, to beat,
verbum, T, n., a word.
vere, truly, with truth, rightly.
verecundus, a, um, bashful,
modest.
vereor,2 erl, itus, to respect, fear
(69), vereor ne veniat, I fear
he will come ; vereor ut — ,
I fear he will not come,
Veritas, atis, F., truth.
vernus. a, um, spring (adj ), of
the spring, vernal.
vero, in truth, in fact, but, and
(with emphasis on the word
which precedes).
VIC
y I s
Vocabulary : Latin and English,
233
Verres, is, m., a tyrannical Ro-
man governor of Sicily.
verro,^ ere, verrl, versum, to
sweeps sweep away.
verso,' are, avT, atum, to turn
(freq. of verto).
versor,^ arl, atus, to be, abide^
turn about, occupy one'' s self in.
versus, us, m., verse (verto).
vertex, icis, m., the head, top,
vertex (sometimes equivalent
to vortex, whirl, eddy).
verto,^ ere, ti, sum, to tur7i.
verum, but, in truth, {earnest.
verus, a, um, true ; re vera, in
vescor,^ cl, to feed on (abl.).
vesper, erl, m., eveniiii^ ; ad ves-
perum or vesperi, at evening.
vespera, ae, f., evening.
Vesta, ae, f., goddess of the
Hearth or Home.
vestibulum, T, n., vestibule.
vestigium, I, i^.,footpri7it, trace.
vestio," Ire, Tvl (il), Ttum, to
clothe., cover (as with gar-
ment, forests, &c.).
vestis, is, f., clothings raiment,
vesture (99).
vestitus, us, M., clothing, garb,
covering (99).
veto,* are, vetui, vetitum, to for-
bid (^zz. and infin.).
vetus, eris, old, ancient (100).
vetustas, atis, f., antiquity.
vexillum, 1, ^., flag, standard.
vexo,i are, avT, atum, to vex,
trouble, distress.
via, ae, F., way, road, co7-irse{^6).
Sacra Via, the principal street
of Rome.
viator, oris, M., a traveller.
Jvic, conquer {-vinco^).
vicesimus, a, um, twentieth.
vicinum, 1 (N.«of the following),
neighborhood.
vicinus, a, um, neighboring ;
M., neighbor.
vicis (gen.), em, e ; plur. es,
ibus, F., share, turn, changing
aspect ; meam vicem, on my
account J in vicem, in turn.
victor, oris, M., co?tqueror ; (as
adj.), victorious.
victoria, ae, F., victory.
victus, lis, u.food, living (vivo).
video,^ ere, vldl, visum, see/
videor, erl, vlsus, to be seen,
seem, appear. --
videsne, don'' t you see ?
vigeo,^ ere, to be vigorous or
fourishing.
vigil, ilis, watchful; M. , a watch-
man (vigeo).
vigilantia, ae, F., watchfulness.
vigilia, ae, f., ivatching, watch
(division of the night).
vigilo,^ are, avT, atuin, to watch,
wake, remain awake.
vigiiiti (indecl.), twenty.
vilis, e, cheap.
vilitas, atis, F., cheapness.
villa, ae, Y.,fa??n-house, villa or
country-hoicse (39).
villus, T, M., shaggy hair (of ani-
mals), wool.
vincio,"* Ire, vinxi, vinctum, to
bind about, fasten (63).
vinclum = vinculum.
vinco,^ ere, vicT, victum, to con-
quer (vie).
vinculum, T, n., bond, tie, chain.
vindico.i are, avT, atum, assert,
claim, punish.
vinea, ae, f., a vine-trellis, shed
(for besiegers).
vinum, 1, n., wifie.
vir,^virT, m., man (53), husband.
virens, tis, green, fourishing.
vires, ium (vis), f., strength.
virga (ula), ae, F., rod, twig.
virginitas, atis, F., virginity, age
or co7idition as a jnaiden.
Virgo, inis, F., maiden, virgin.
virgultum, T, n., shrubbery (15).
virilis, t, of a man, manly.
virtus, utis, F., j?ianli?tess, valor,
excellence, virtue.
vis, vis, vim, vT, F., force, vio-
lence; plur. vires, strength.
viscera, um, n., flesh (plur. of
viscus, a vital organ).
visne or vin (volo), will you ?
234
vo
Latin Method.
y\}
visurus, fut. part., and visus,
perf . part, of video,
visus, us, M., sight, vision
(video),
vita, ae, f., life.
vitiosus, a, um, vicious, ft^ II of
faults.
vitis, is, F., grape-vine.
vitium, 1, N., vice, fault.
vito,' are, avi, atum, to avoid.
vitupero,! are, avI, atum, to
blame, cefisttre (vitium).
vivo,^ ere, vTxi, victum, live.
vivus, a, um, alive, living.
vix, luith difficulty, scarcely.
vocalis, e, loud, vocal, tmteful.
vociferor,^ ari, atus, to call
aloud, shout (vox ; fero) .
voco,^ are, avi, atum, call (in
all senses).
volantia, um, N., flying things,
insects.
volcanus, i, M.,fre (Vulcan).
Volcanus or Vulcanus, i, m.,
Vulcan, the god of Fire,
volens, tis, willing.
volo,^ are, avi, atum, to fly.
volo, velle, volul (irreg. p. 38), to
wish (33).
voluntas, atis, F., will, feeling,
wish.
voluptas, atis, F., pleasure.
vos, vestrum or vostrum (tri).
vobTs, you (p. 18).
vosmet, yourselves (emphatic ;
see -met),
votum, 1, N., vow.
voveo,'^ ere, vovi, votum, vow.
vox, vocis, F., voice (97).
vulcanus, see volcanus.
vulgaris, e, of the crowd, vulgar.
vulgus (volgus), 1, N., the lower
classes, the crowd (85).
vulnus (volnus), eris, n., a
wound.
vulpes, is, F.,fox.
vultus (voltus), iis, M., ex-
pressioti, face, coimtenance.
Xerxes, is, m., a king of Persia.
I
Z.
Zephyrus, I, m., the West wind.
Note. — The final o in verbs, and in such words as leo, natlo, though
almost invariably long, is regarded by most prosodists as common, and
has therefore not been marked. The authority for special exceptions
will be found in Arnold's "Anticleptic Gradus."
Synonymes, 235
'" 5y1^0 N Y M E S :
WITH GROUPS OF VARIOUSLY RELATED WORDS, ILLUSTRATING
ONE another's
Note. — In using the following list of allied br kindred Ivoids,* it
must be borne in mind^that the distinctions drawn are often ^ignt, and
that, especially in poetic use, the boundaries are varying and uncertain.
The accurate meaning and employment of words should always be
sought in a larger lexicon.
1. A, ab (opp. to ad), away from; de, down or aside from; e,
ex (opp. to in), oat of
2. abdo,^ absoondo,^ hide, or put out of sight ; condo,^ re-
condo,^ lay away for safe keeping; occulo,^ ocoulto,^ cover up;
celo,i conceal from one what he has a right to know (compare 80).
3. abeo, go away ; exeo, go out from; discedo,^ depart to
some other place ; decedo,^ give way to some one else ; excedo,*
withdraw wholly ; proficiscor,^ set forth on a journey.
4. accidit,^ it happens (suddenly), with reference to some effect ;
contingit, if befalls (fortunately), coincident with something else ;
evenit, it turns out, as resulting from some event ; obtingit, it falls
to, by lot or otherwise ; obvenit, it results from some chance, &c.
5. acies, army in line of battle — with its " edge " of weapons ;
agmen, in line of march (ago) ; exercitus, the disciplined force
itself (see 61).
6. aequus, level, even; also /air, calm, just; par, equal, in num-
ber, strength, &c.; aequalis, usually of like age ; aequabilis, equable
in one's self, uniform ; similis, like.
7. aetas, age (period of life); tempus, time (of limited dura-
tion) ; aevum, a long period ; saeculum, age or century.
8. ager, field in general, especially wild or open, also public
territory ; campus, an extended plain; arvum, ploughed land;
pratum, meadow, level or grassy ; rus, the country, as opposed to city.
* Prepared with the aid of Ramshorn's " Latin Synonymes," and of the lists in Bul-
lions' s Dictionary.
236 Latin Method,
9. albus, dead white (opp. to ater); candidus, hright wldte (cpp.
to niger) ; canus, gray or lioary.
10. altus, high, deep ; arduus, steep, difficult; celsus (excel-
sus), lofty, stately ; editus, uplifted ; sublimis, on high.
11. anio,i to love with affection ; diligo,^ with esteem ; adamo,^
conceive affection for ; deamo.i of ardent passion.
12. anguis, snake (swift, darting); serpens, the crawling crea-
ture (vipera, coluber, &c., special venomous kinds) ; draco,
dragon, often used poetically for serpens.
13-. anima, life (animal life) ; animus, soul (thought or passion) ;
mens, intelligence ; indoles, disposition, talent ; ingenium, inind or
genius, as innate quality.
14. animal, animal, the living thing ; bestia, beast (wild and
fierce ; plur. brutes in general) ; belua, a bulky and monstrous crea-
ture (as elephant or whal^) ; fera, wild animal as opposed to tame ;
pecus, tame animal as opposed to wild (see 51).
15. arbor, tree ; frutex, shrub ; arbustum, a place planted with
trees; virgultum, bushes, thicket.
16. arma, weapons in general, especially defensive : galea,
helmet; lorica, corselet of leather or metal; ocreae, greaves for the
leg; scutum (or clipeus, 28), shield. It may also, more generally,
include offensive iveapons (for which the proper word is tela):
gladius, sioord, short, straight, and pointed (ensis, mucro, ferrum,
poetic) ; piliun, javelin, a heavy missile with long thin blade and
stout handle ; hasta, spear or pike, for thrusting ; jaculum, dart ;
arcus, bow ; sagittae, arrows, &c.
17. ars, art (the practice ; artes, acquired skill) ; scientia, knowl-
edge (theory) ; artificium, skill df the artifex, or craftsman.
18 audeo,2 dare, in reference to danger; conor,^ undertake, of
importance ; molior,'' attempt, of difficulty.
19. B.\xrsi, breeze ; -ventus, tcijid ; flsLmen, blast ; flatus, flabrum,
of gentle or favorable winds.
20. avarus, covetous ; avidus, greedy ; cupidus, eager ; parous,
frugal ; sordidus, mean, stingy.
21. avis, a bird (feathered creature); ales, winged (especially of
large bir^s, or poetic) ; volucris, as capable of flight ; praepes, of
swift and lofty flight ; oscen [os, cano], of omen by the voice.
22. bellum, tvar ; pugna, fght (in general) ; proelium, battle;
militia, icarfare (the soldier's trade) ; tumultus, a sudden tumult
or insurrection (near home).
23. bonus, good (kind or virtuous) ; probus, upright ; fortis,
bold, manly, valiant; honestus, honorable (see 41).
Synonymes. 237
24. caedes, killing, massacre ; clades, defeat^ disaster ; strages,
carnage ; interiiecio, destruction.
25. capio,^ yi'^^P, contain; accipio,^ to receive; excipio,^ take
what comes in one's way ; recipio,^ to take back ; suscipio,^ under-
take ; rapio,^ seize ; adripio,^ corripio,^ seize with force or eager-
ness ; sumo,^ to take (without force).
26. careo,^ to lack or be in want ; egeo,^ indigeo,^ to he in need ;
vaco,^ to be empty or at leisure.
27. carmen, a song or brief poem (the words) ; cantus, song (as
sung) ; versus, poema, the composition.
28. clipeus, skidd, oval, of brass ; scutum, of wood, with skin
covering and iron rim ; parma, pelta, cetra, buckler (small shields
of peculiar shape) ; ancile, short and oval, borne in processions.
29. comes, companion (fellow traveller) ; socius, partner or ally ;
sodalis, boon companion, or member of a club.
30. commodus, convenient or suitable in itself; opportuuus, ^f
according to circumstance ; utilis, of service to some end.
31. consilium, counsel or advice, the result of reflection ; sen-'
tentia, opinion, considered and fixed, especially in deliberative
bodies, as the Senate or a jury; opinio, notion, conjecture (com-
pare 92).
32. culpa, fault ; crimen, charge of any offence ; delictum,
fault of omission or neglect ; peccatum, a wilful misdeed ; facinus,
act (facio), often implying violence ; maleficium, crime.
33. cupio,^ to desire, long for anything; concupisco,^ to feel
a longing; opto,^ choose or wish; desidero,i to feel the icant of;
volo, ivish or intend.
34. cutis, skin (on the body) ; pellis, the fresh soft hide ; ceri-
um, coarse or tanned hide, leather ; aluta, a soft leather prepared
with alum ; tergus, skin of the back and body.
35. damnum, loss or forfeit ; detrimentum, damage (wearing
away) ; jactura, loss by shipwreck, &c. (a casting away) ; incom-
modum, disaster, loss by misfortune or defeat (a euphemism).
36. daps, any rich food; pl.,/eas^- epulum, a public or religious
banquet ; cena, dinner, the chief meal of the day ; prandium, me-
renda, lunch ; jentaculum, an early breakfast ; cibus, any food.
37. do,^ to give in general ; dono,^ of a formal or valuable gift >,
dedo,^ surrender (compare abdo, jierdo, trado, prodo, condo, vendo) ;
largior,'* of lavish gifts.
38. dolor, pain in general ; maeror, a settled sadness ; luctus,
grief with signs of mourning ; cura, anxiety or distress of mind ;
238 Latin Method,
aerumna, misery, affliction ; aegritudo, distress (of mind, chiefly) ;
aegrimonia, of body ; tristitia, sadness as shown by outward signs ;
miseria, icretchedness, as of destitution, &c. ; molestia, annoyance
or distress from some special cause ; squalor, disjigurement in sign
of mourning. ♦
39. domus, Jiouse, as dwelHng, also a large or fine house ; aedes,
as a building, or group of apartments; tectum, shelter; sedes,
place of permanent abode ; villa, farm-house ; insula, a city-mansion
or block, occupying a whole square ; atrium, hall, the main apart-
ment of the house ; aula, poetic, and used of royal courts, &c.
(see 86).
40. donum, gift ; munus, of bounty or obligation (compare $7) ;
praemium, reward considered as the receiver's due ; beueficium,
as the giver's bounty ; merces, wages.
41. dulcis, sweet ; blandus, gentle, caressing ; comis, kifid, cour-
teous ; lenis, soft ; mollis, smooth (to the touch) ; suavis, agree-
able to the senses in general ; amoenus, to the eye in particular.
42. dux, leader, properly a guide (so duotor) ; imperator, com-
mander, with military authority ; legatus, aid or lieutenant^ who
receives his commission from the Senate instead of popular elec-
tion, and is hence regarded as a delegate.
43. eo, to go, in general ; gradior,^ advance with steps ; grassor,^
(intens.), to walk rapidly; proficiscor,^ set forth ; vadio,^ advance
firmly : spatior,** with long or stately strides.
44. exilis, slight or lean ; tenuis, f Am, delicate ; gracilis, slender ^
little ; macer, lean, lank.
45. fallo,^ to deceive, or betray into error ; decipio,^ to take un-
awares ; fraudo,! deprive of one's due ; frustror,i to frustrate or
disappoint; delude,^ beguile.
46. fama, fame, repute (wide-spread) ; rumor, report ; gloria,
glory, resting on esteem ; laus, praise or good-name; praedicatio,
publishing of deeds or merit ; decus, outward splendor or distinc-
tion ; honor, honor or respect, pi. public honors : munus, offlce, as
implying service or obHgation (compare 57).
47. felix, happy or fortunate; beatus, prosperous ; faustus, of
good omen ; fortunatus, lucky, rich (favored by fortune).
48. finis, end (pi. boundary) ; modus, limit to excess ; terminus,
landmark; limes, a belt of land marking the division of estates.
49. flumen, river or stream in general ; fluvius, the flowing body
of water ; amnis (generally), broad and navigable ; rivus, rivulus,
brook, rivulet ; torrens, a sudden violent flow, from rains, &c.
Synonymes, 239
50. gens, race including nations (nationes), or liouse including
families (familiae) ; genus, origin or kiad ; stirps, stock ; prosapia,
used of ancient and extensive family connection.
51. grex, Jiock, especially of sheep, &c. ; armentum, herd of
cattle, horses, &c. ; jumentum, yoke-beast; pecus, Jiock or herd
(pecora, cattle in general) ; pecus (udis), a creature of the flock (14).
52. hie, this (of the person speaking) ; iste, that (of the person
addressed) ; ille, that (at a distance, well-known, or the following) ;
is, especially as correlative with qui, one who, &c. (see Gr. § 20).
53. homo, man, as a human being in general ; vir, man, a maie"*" 7
person, or as implying force, energy, &c. '"'— -— ^
54. hostis, an enemy (public) ; pL, the enemy ; inimicus, a per-
sonal /oe, or rival ; adversarius, opponent at law, &c.
SS' iMvenio,'* to find or meet; reperio,* discover something hid-
den or unknown ; nanciscor,^ happen upon (as game) ; oflfendo,^
stumble upon.
56. iter, way of travel ; via, a broad street, &c. ; semita, a nar-
row way; trames, by-path; callis, foot-track; angiportus, alley-
way.
Sy. jus, a right, or general law ; lex, statute ; fas, moral right, or
duty; officium, duty as obHgation or service; munus, duty, as
connected with civil or official position (function).
58. labor, toil, hardship ; opus, the work accomplished ; opera,
implying workmanship or active energy (pi. hands).
59. lapis, stone of any sort ; saxum, rock, hard or large ; silex,
flint ; cautes, cliff; rupes, a mass of rock, precipice ; scopulus, a
peak (giving an extensive view).
60. lectus, bed ; cubile, any resting-place ; stratum, anything
strewn, couch or covering : torus, couch, or mattress.
61. legio, legion (of about 5000) ; cohors, cohort or battalion,
one-tenth of a legion (in later use, auxiliary infantry) ; manipulus,
maniple, one-third of the cohort; turma, troop of 30 horsemen;
ala, a division of auxiliary cavalry ; caterva, an^ band of forces ;
phalanx, a close array of 800 men (Greek).
62. liber, free ; libertus, a freedman ; libertinus, one of the class
of freedmen ; ingenuus, /ree&orn, or becoming to a freeman.
63. ligo.i to bind fast (by winding about) ; vincio,^ to bind with
chains ; necto,^ to fasten by knotting or entwining ; jungo,^ to unite
in one.
64. loquor,^ to speak, talk ; dico,^ to say, or speak more formally ;
for,i to use the faculty of speech ; aio, assent, say yes ; inquam,
inquit, said I, said he, only in quotations.
240 Latin Method.
6^' magnus, (jreat in all senses ; ingens, of extraordinary bulk
or force ; grandis, large of its kind ; amplus, broad, grand ; pro-
cerus, tall ; vastus, enormis, of something huge or prodigious.
66. malus, evil by nature ; pravus, vicious, deformed ; improbus,
unprincipled, dishonest ; scelestus, sceleratus, criminal or wicked ;
reus, arraigned as an offender ; sons, noceus, guilty.
67. mare, sea, as opposed to land ; aequor, the extended sur-
face ; pelagus, the flood of waters ; pontus, often of some special
part (a poetic word) ; fretum, strait or narrow sea.
68. memini, remember; reininiscor,^ call to mind; recordor,^
endeavor to recall.
69. metuo,3 to fear, dread more or less remotely ; timeo,^ a more
present danger ; vereor,^ with awe or respect ; formido,' to be in
a state of dread ; paveo,^ in a disordered fright ; tremo,^ tremble.
70. mos, custom which grows to a rule of conduct ; hence pi.
character (as formed by conduct) ; consuetude, a settled custom ;
U3US, experience or advantage of practice.
71. motus, emotion; aJEfectio, of any change or condition of mind
or body ; affectus, chiefly of the mind ; perturbatio, trouble or
irregular passion.
72. eloquens, e/o^wen^ implying the highest qualities of the
orator, both fervor and trained skill ; disertus, implying easy skilful
and natural discourse ; facundus, fluent and tonguey.
y^t- navis, ship, generally of large size (navis longa, a galley pro-
pelled by oars, for swiftness in battle) ; navigium, of smaller craft ;
linter, cymba, skiff, wherry ; ratis, raft or flat-boat, hastily built ;
phaselus, a pleasure-boat ; puppis, stern (poetic for navis).
74. nomen, the family name, as Julius ; praenomen, personal
name, as Caius ; cognomen, surname, as Caesar ; agnomexi (added
name), of adoption, as Octavianus, or of some exploit, as Africanus.
yS' nubes, cloud; nimbus, rain-cloud : nebula, 7nist or fleecy
cloud; imber, rain-storm; fnl^or, lightning ; fnlmen, thunderbolt ;
tonitrus, the noi§e of thunder ; nis:, snow : grando, hail.
76. odium, hate ; simultas, malice or grudgp : inimicitia, enmity,
as from a quarrel between friends ; invidia, odium or unpopularity.
77.- omnis, all, every ; totus, whole, as a unit ; cunctus, aU con-
sidered as parts united (conjunctus) ; universus, all together, the
whole as made up of individuals.
78, opes, wealth, resources in general, as means to an end ;
copia, abundance ; divitiae, riches, great wealth ; facultas, property
as a means of influence, &c. (cf. 88).
Synonymes, l\i
79. oro,^ to heg, pray ; peto,^ seek or request ; quaero,^ seek or
inquire ; rogo,^ to entreat as a favor ; obsecro,i beseech earnestly ;
obtestor,^ conjure, appeal; precor,i pray as to a divine being;
posco,^ demand with urgency ; postulo/ demand as a right ; re-
peto,^ claim as one's own.
80. ostendo,^ show, hold in sight; ostento^ (intens.), display;
monstro,^ point out ; exhibeo,'- hold forth to view ; pando,^ spread
open; aperio,* uncover; patefacio,^ recludo,^ ^/^ro?^ open (as the
gates of a city), or lay bare what was hidden.
81. parco,^ spare ; moderor.^ restrain, control; tempero,^ regu-
late, refrain ; rego,^ guide, direct.
82. pauper, poor (not destitute) ; egenus, distressed by want ;
inops, destitute, helpless ; egens, indigens, needy.
83. perdo,^ to lose (by one's own fault), destroy; amitto,^ to
lose by misfortune.
84. polliceor,2 to promise, voluntarily ; promitto,^ to engage for
the future ; spondeo,^ to pledge.
85- populus, the people making a community ; plebs, the com-
mons, as distinguished from the upper or governing class ; vulgus,
the lower classes as such ; turba, a mob.
86. porta, city-gate ; janua, entrance, outer door; foris, the door
proper ; sralvae, folding-doors y ostium, door-way to an apartment;
limen, threshold ; vestibulum, porch.
87. possum, / can (of simple ability) ; queo, no obstacle pre-
venting ; poUeo,^ to be relatively strong ; valeo,^ to be in good
health and vigor ; potior/ get possession of
88. potestas, power (what we may) ; potentia, (what we can) ;
facultas, power or opportunity of doing (78) ; dicio, jurisdiction ;
imperium, military authority; auctoritas, authority, or influence
of station, &c. ; gratia, personal influence.
89. proprius, one's own as opposed to common property ;
auus, ipsius, as opposed to other persons. v •
90. pugno,^ fght ; certo,' strive, vie; contendo.^ contend for
the attainment of any thing ; decerto,' decerno,'' decide by contest ;
dimico,^ contend as implying two parties.
91. pulcher, beautiful, the most general term ; formosus, of the
face and person ; venustus, graceful ; decorus, dignified or becom-
ing ; speciosus, of fine appearance ; bellus, pretty.
92. puto,^ think, suppose; arbitror,' to form a judgment ; credo,'
believe ; existimo,^ form an estimate ; reor,^ of similar meaning, but
poetic; opinor,' suppose (compare 31); censeo,'^ of formal and
deliberate opinion, especially in the Senate.
242 Latin Method,
93. saevus, crwe/, wrathful; hsuhaiua, rude, barbarous ; atrox,
dreadful ; ferox, fierce in temper ; immanis, monstrous^ wicked ;
durus, harsh, stern ; ferus, wild, savage ; dirus, destructive ; truz,
offeree aspect ; crudelis, inexorable.
94. seges, cornfield (standing corn) ; messis, harvest ; far, spelt,
a coarse grain, the earliest food of the Romans ; frumentum,
grain, or corn ; triticum, ^/le wheat ; hordeum, barley ; avena, oats ;
fruges, crops, fruits of the earth ; fructus, /ruiV (of trees) ; annona
(the year's produce), grain in market ; hence, price of corn.
95. sequor,3 follow; sector* (intens.), chase, pursue; inse-
quor,^ follow close ; adsequor,^ come up with ; consequor,' over-
take, attain.
96. silva, laood, forest ; nemus, grove or park (of tall trees) ;
lucus, a shady or dark grove ; saltus, glade (open space in the
woods), defile, or mountain pass. (Both nemus and lucus are
used of sacred groves, especially the latter.)
97. sonus, sound; clamor, shout, cry ; sonitus, a great noise;
fragor, crash (as of falling trees) ; clangor, noise of arms, blast of
instruments, &c. ; vox, the voice; strepitus, a confused noise.
98. urbs, city, as a collection of buildings, streets, &c. ; civitas,
the political community ; oppidum, a walled or garrison town.
99. vestis, clothing in general ; vestitus, apparel; amictus,
§loak or wrapper ; tunica, tunic, a belted shirt without sleeves ;
toga, toga, a large shawl of unbleached wool, the distinguishing cos-
tume of the Romans ; stola, gown, woman's garment ; peplum,
mantle worn by women ; palla, upper garment of women ; pallium,
a Grecian cloak ; sagum, military cloak ; paludamentum, officer's
cloak ; trabea, a royal robe ; paenula, a travelling cloak.
100. vetus, old; antiquus, very ancient ; prisons, of old time ;
grandaevus, venerable in years ; senex, old man (after the age of
63) ; longaevus, of long duration (as custom, &c.).
SYNOPSIS OF CONSTRUCTIONS.
N.B. The references to pages are to this book ; those to sections are to the
Revised Edition of the Grammar.
I. — The Sentence.
I. A Sentence may be either Simple or Compound : viz.,
1. Simple: containing a single statement (Subject and Predicate).
^ ( a. Containing two or more co-ordinate clauses.
2. COMPOUND : I ^_ Modified by subordinate clauses {complex),
II. The Essential Parts of the Sentence are —
1. The Subject : consist- j a. Noun or its equivalent.
ing of ( b. Pronoun contained in verb-ending.
-,, „ [a. Neuter (intransitive) Verb.
2. The Predicate: con- K Copula with Complement.
s^s'^^g^^ U. Verb with Object.
III. The Subject and Predicate may be Modified as follows :
a. Noun in Apposition.
The Noun {Subject or
Object) by
b. Adjective or Participle.
c. Noun in Oblique Case.
d. Preposition with its Case.
e. Relative Clause.
Adverb or Adverbial Phrase.
2. The VERB(/r^fl?/Va/"^)by \ b. Predicate Adjective.
li
Subordinate Clause.
IV. The Parts of Speech may be described as follows : —
1. The Noun: as proper (name of a Person or Place), common
(name of a Thing), or abstract (name of a Quality).
2. The Adjective : a. by Gender, Number, Case, Degree.
b. as Descriptive, Possessive, Derivative, &c.
c. as Attributive, Predicate, Appositive (G. i86)
3. The Pronoun : as, Personal, Demonstrative, Relative, &c.
4. The Verb : a. by Conjugation {principal parts) ;
b. by Voice, Mood, Tense, Number, and Person.
The Forms of the Verb may be analyzed according to the instructions
given on pages 8, 27, 42 (Gr. pp. 63-67, 71-74).
V. The following are "the Rules of Agreement {the Four Concords) : —
1. Nouns agree in Case (p. 7) :
A J. J. u- i Abl. with Locative (184. c).
a. m Appostlwn ) ^^^ ^.^^ Possessive (W d)
b. in Predicate Agreement (p. 9).
2. The Adjective agrees in Gender, Number, and Case (p. 6) —
a. With nearest Noun (Gr. 187).
b. By Synesis with Noun implied (Gr. 187. d).
3. The Relative agrees in Gender and Number (p. 21) : —
a. With Appositive rather than Antecedent (Gr. 199).
b. Sometimes in Case by attraction (Gr. 199. b).
4. The Verb agrees with Subject-Nominative in Number and Person.
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