■ i UC-NRLF *B 3Dt, 7M7 ...«iiiii.*fto«.-..>>«!i4«i^^ IN MEMOmAJA John Swett / ■:' /,' >■ CI y^7j>- A MANUAL:;'.; am -f Si mi Instruction in Latin -t H^ ON THE BASIS OF ALLEN &^ GREENOUGH'S LATIN METHOD SPARED § O^VKx JOSEPH H. ALLEN BOSTON ginn and heath 1878 f n Entered according to Act of Congress, iiMthqnrear 1876, by JOSEPH H. ALLEr in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. Cambridge : Press of John Wilson 5^ Son. l^^^ ^ I' PREFACE. ' ' K This Manual retains from the " Latin Method '* the general ar- rangement of topics, the later reading selections, and a few state- ments in detail, especially the section on reading at sight, with much of what is said on the derivation and meaning of words. In all other respects it is an independent book, and one for which I am solely responsible. The object in ^ view has been to provide a full year's course in Latin, which can be studied without the grammar. The fulness, the general statement, the scientific nomenclature required in a book of reference, ill adapt it to the beginner, bewildering him with theory before his mind is steadied and cleared by knowing the simpler facts. The thirty Lessons of Part First, with the ac- companying Exercises, contain, it is believed, all of the forms and constructions needed as a preparation for easy reading. These may be followed directly by the earlier selections of Part Fourth,* before proceeding to the more difficult constructions of Syntax. The Vocabulary to be used with these selections contains the more useful Roots as a guide to the proper study of words. The sections on the formation and meaning of words, with the illustra- tive lists on pages 126-128, and those given at the end of the book, will be found of advantage at this stage, for constant reference if not for class study. In the elementary lessons, and in the vocabularies^ the practice has been followed of marking as long all vowels known to have * Taken from Kuliner's " Elementargrammatik," Hannover, 1866, 27th ed. 54 ♦ .lOS iv , , Preface, * tfeen so "regarded by.. the Romans. These have been held to ; ;ih[clu{lc not.'ohly'.tKoGe Irtng "by nature " or by " vowel-extension," but also those before the combinations nfzxidi ns* together with a few others indicated by analogy, «s amdnt. If a serious attempt * is made to pronounce according to the " Roman Method," the best help will be to train the learner's ear to it from the start. The systematic study of Syntax is provided for in Part Second by very numerous classified illustrations, both in Latin f and Eng- lish, which may be used for practice in the writing of Latin during a second year's course. The grammar is here referred to, con- stantly and minutely, as the subject seems to require ; but the topics may be treated orally, if preferred, the examples in Latin being taken (at sight) as a guide in the exercises which follow. The composition of this Manual has been studied wholly from the point of view of the elementary class-room ; and, while scien- tific accuracy has been aimed at, the convenience of teacher or learner has in no case been sacrificed to theoretical completeness. Forms have been very fully indicated in the vocabularies ; and occasional references to the grammar in the earlier Lessons will enable the teacher to give such further detail as may here and there be desirable. My grateful acknowledgments are due to several of our best teachers, who have generously aided me by their counsel in the plan and in numerous details of the book. The entire work has received, in addition, the valuable revision and oversight of Dr. Henshaw, former Principal of Wilhston Seminary, Easthampton, Massachusetts. It may be worth while to add that the practice of tasking the beginner with a great mass of grammatical detail — which is fast coming to be considered a serious burden and harm to our scholar- ship — is one of comparatively recent date, and one which is not found (I believe) in any other country. The schoolboys of forty or * See Cicero, Orator, ch. 48. t Many of these are taken from Wright's " First Latin Steps." Macmillan, 1871. \ Preface, v fifty years ago, with less of theoretical accuracy and completeness in their studies, were relatively more familiar with the classic authors, and, there is reason to suppose, enjoyed them more, than those of a later day. A scientific etymology, and a syntax ex- pounded on the principles of comparative philology, are a positive and great gain in the newer school. But the detail of these studies appears to belong to the professional scholar ; while their results are best seen in making more vivid and clear the forms of ancient thought and expression that have /come down to us. They may be of real help to the youngest learner ; but only when they make the way easier and brighter in which he has to travel. To smooth that way a little is the best service I can hope to render. J. H. A. Cambridge, August 21, 1876. NOTE. In the present edition has been inserted a course of Exercises, prepared by Mr. William Deutsch, of the St. Louis High School, which may be substituted, at pleasure, for the " Parallel Exercises" on pages 46-73. For convenience, these are given immediately before the Vocabulary (pages 169-209). In amount, they are calculated to make just one year's work for an average class. For the plan and details of these exercises, their compiler is solely responsible. "Thus, upon examination, we find that all that requires un- j"easoning memory may be reduced to the following heads : — 1. The five declensions, which include all adjectives and parti- ciples ; 2. The rules for gender, and exceptions ; 3. The four conjugations, active and passive, which latter voice includes sum ; 4. The irregular verbs, eo^ volo^ nolo, malo, possuut ; 5. Syntax : two pages. All this might easily be comprehended within twenty-four octavo pages." D'Arcy W. Thompson, " Day-DreatJts of a Schoolmaster.'* CONTENTS. PART I. — ELEMENTARY LESSONS. PAGE Lesson i. Pronunciation and Accent i 2. The Inflection of Nouns 2 3. First Declension of Nouns 4 4. Second Declension of Nouns 5 5. Adjectives of First and Second Declensions . . 6 6. Simple Sentence : Subject and Predicate . . ' . 8 7. „ Object-Accusative .... 9 8. „ Questions ; Conjunctions . . 10 9. Third Declension of Nouns 12 10. Adjectives of the Third Declension 15 11. Comparison of Adjectives 17 12. Fourth and Fifth Declensions of Nouns ... 18 13. Pronouns : Personal and Demonstrative ... 18 14. „ Relative, Interrogative, and Indefinite 20 15. Numerals ■. 21 16. Verbs: I. Mood^ and Tenses 23 17. ,, 2. The Verb esse, /^ 3 106 34. Purpose and Result 108 35. Clause of Characteristic no 3^. Intermediate Dependent Clauses in 37. Indirect Discourse 112 Substantive Clauses 114-119 38. Infinitive Clauses 114 39. Substantive Clauses of Purpose 115 40. Substantive Clauses of Result 117 41. Substantive Clauses with 2?/^^ 118 42. Indirect Questions 118 Contents, ix PAGB Participial Constructions 120-123 43. Participles: Predicate use 120 44. Ablative Absolute _ 121 45. Gerundive Constructions 122 PART III. — ON READING LATIN. 1. The Meaning of Words 124 2. The Latin Sentence 129 3. Reading at Sight 133 PART IV. — READING LESSONS. I. Fables 139 II. Dialogues 142 III. Anecdotes 146 IV. The Kings of Rome 148 , V. The War with Porsena. — Livy 151 1 . Horatius holds the Bridge 151 2. The Deed of Mucins Sccevola 152 3 . The Escape of Cloelia 1 54 VI. Miscellaneous Selections 154 1. A Haunted House. — Pliny 154 2. A Sharper of Syracuse. — Cicero 155 3. The Vale of Enna. — Id 156 4. The Earth is made for Mart. — Id 157 5. The Heavens declare a C7'eator. — Id. . . . 159 6. All Active Old Age. — Id 160 Notes 161 Vocabulary: i. English and Latin 169 2. Latin and English 185 Table of Synonymes, etc 235 Synopsis of Constructions \ . 243 GRAMMATICAL INDEX. A or ab with ablative of Agent, 31. b, 163. R. 27. Ablative with Comparatives, 17. R., 83 ; as Object, 79; of Want, 82 ; of Source, 83 ; of Means, &c., 85, 92; of Difference, 85; of Separation, 91 ; of Cause, 92 ; of Manner, &c., 93 ; of Price, 94 ; of Specification, 95 ; Loca- tive, 96 ; Absolute, 32. 2. 3, 121 ; General Rules, 163. R. 26-35. Accent, Rules of, 2. Accusative, as Case of Object, 9, 75; two accusatives, 76; Ad- verbial, 86 ; of Exclamation, 87 ; General Rules, 162. R. 21-25. Adjectives, Inflection, 4. r, 6, 7, 15, 16 (47, 53); Comparison, 17 (54) ; rule of Agreement, 6, 162. R. 2 ; used as Nouns, 7. 2 j De- rivative Forms, 43. Adverbs in e, 6 ; in ter, 16 ; Deri- vation, 41. Apposition, rule of, 7; 163. R. i. Cases, use of, 3 ; Syntax of, 75-99. Characteristic, Clause of, no. Comparative Particles, 105. Comparison of Adjectives, 17 ; of Adverbs, 17. 2. Compounds, formation of, 45 ; of qui and quis, 21. Conditional Clauses, 103 ; dis- guised, 104; General Rule, 163. R. 46. Conjugations, 10, 26 ; First, 28- 32 ; Second, 33 ; Third, 34 ; Fourth, 36 ; forms of, 27. Conjunctions, 11. 2. Correlatives, 21. 3. cum, use of, 106. Dative, as Indirect Object, 3. c, yy ; of Nearness, 81 ; of Posses- sion, 88; of Service, 89; of Reference, 90 ; General Rules, 162. R. 14-20. Declensions, 3 ; First, 4 (46) ; Second, 5 {46) ; Third, 12-14 (51) ; Fourth and Fifth, 18 (56). Defective Verbs, 40 (72). Deponent Verbs, t,-] (70). [124-128. Derivative Forms, 43, 44 ; Words, Distributive Numerals, 22. c. Forms of, 8 ; Inflection, 24, 25; Compounds, 26; Predicate after, 9. R. Gender, 2 ; Rules of, 4^ 3. ^, 5. a, 14. b, 18. a, c. Genitive, 3. 2. b ; in ius, 7. i ; of Pronouns, 19. d; as Object, 79; with Adjectives, 80 ; of Value, 94 ; as Predicate, 97 ; General Rules, 162. R. 8-13. Gerund and Gerundive, 23. 3. a, 2. d ; Constructions, 122; Gen- eral Rule, 163. R. 41. Impersonal Verbs, 40. 2 ; Use of Passive, 31. c. Indirect Discourse, 112, 113. Indirect Questions, 118, 119. Infinitive, with Subject- Accusa- tive, 32. d, 114; Historical, loi ; Clauses, 114; General Rules, 163. R. 38-40. Grammatical Index. XI Intermediate Clauses, in. Interrogative Particles, lo (50). Intransitive Verbs, impersonal in Passive, 31. c. Irregular Verbs, 38-40 (72). Locative Forms, 4. by 5./, \Z. b ; Uses, 96, 98 ; Rules, 163. 36, 37. Moods, 23. I ; Syntax of, 99-119. Nominative as Subject, 3. a, 8. i ; as Predicate, 9. Nouns, Inflection, 4, 5, 12-14, 18 ; Derivation, 43, 44. Numbers, 3. 2. Numerals, 21, 22. Object, Definition, 9. Object-Cases, 9. a, 75. Participles, 23. 2, 32. 2 ; of Depo- nents, 38 ; Constructions, 120. Particles, 41 ; Interrogative, 10. Passive Voice, Uses of, 31. Perfect, Formation of, 27. c. Personal Endings, 8. Possessives, 19. e, 162. R. 3. possum and prosum, 26. Predicate, Definition, 8 ; Nomina- tive, 9; Genitive, 97. Pronoun, in Verb-ending, 8. 2 ; Personal and Reflexive, 18 (57) ; Possessive, 19, e; Demonstra- tive, 19 (57) ; Relative, 20 (58). Pronunciation, i, 2. Purpose, Subjunctive of, 108 ; Sub- stantive Clauses of, 115. Quantity, Rules of, 2. Questions, 10 (50); Indirect, 118. Reading at Sight, 133-138. Reflexive Pronoun, 19. Relative Pronouns, 20; Rule, 21 ; 162. R. 4. Result, Clauses of, 108, 117. Root, 3. 3. « ; 42 2, 3 ; in Deriva- tives, 126-128. Sentence, the Latin, 129-133. Stem of Nouns, 3. 3. b^ 12. a, 13. ay 14. a; of Perfect, 27. c; of Present in Verbs, 42. 2. Subject, Definition, 8 ; Accusa- tive, 32. d ; 162. R. 22. Subjunctive Mood, 23. b ; Inde- pendent, 99 ; Tenses of, loi ; in Conditions, 103, 104 ; with Com- parative Particles, 105 ; in Tem- poral Clauses, 106 ; of Purpose and Result, 108; of Charac- teristic, no; in Intermediate Clauses, in; in Substantive Clauses, 115, 117; General Rules, 163. R. 43-48. Substantive Clauses, 114-119; In- finitive, 114; of Purpose, 115; of Result, 117; with quod, 1 18 ; Indirect Questions, 118. Supine, 23. 3. b ; 163. R. 42. Synopsis of Verbs, 27. e ; of Con- structions, 243, 244. Temporal Clauses, 106. Tenses, 24 ; Sequence of, lOi ; Rule for, 163. R. 48. Time and Space, 97-99. Transitive Verbs, 9. i ; in Passive, 31.^. Translation, Rules for, 1 29-1 31. Verbs, 8 ; Moods and Tenses, 23 ; Conjugations, 26-37 ; Deponent, 37 ; Irregular, 38 ; Defective, 40. I ; Impersonal, 40. 2 ; Deriva- tion, 42; Derivative Forms, 44; Compounds, 45 ; Syntax, 99-123. Vowel-Stems of Nouns (3d decl.), 14 ; Adjectives, 15 ; Verbs, 42. 2^. Words, Meaning of, as shown by Derivation, 124-128. TO TEACHERS. In the paradigms given in this book, the case-endings, &c., have been marked by bold type. This is intended simply for the convenience of the learner, and has nothing to do with the etymological theory of stems. Thus the noun-stem of pueris is puerd-, and the verb-stem of monuit is mone- ; while these words are printed so as to show the character- istic ending of the case, number, tense, or. person. As the stem-theory is beset, to the beginner, by some special difficulties, it seems best that the forms themselves should be made very familiar before that is taken up J and, to be dealt with intelligently, it requires much more abundant illustration than could be given here. It may be illustrated orally by the teacher ; but should be used, in any case, to explain difficulties, not to multiply them. It will be observed that the lists of words on pp. 46-72 are not intended as complete vocabularies to the Lessons, but to furnish a sufficient number and variety of examples for practice. If well com- mitted to memory, they will, it is believed, greatly help in mastering the earlier difficulties of the tongue. The sentences given for practice are intended, in general, to offer no difficulty too great for the average learner, but with here and there an example to try the ingenuity of the brightest. If any should prove too hard, let them be omitted without hesitation : there are enough left, and to spare. At the same time, it is these very difficulties, much more than the facilities, that test and develop the learner's capacity, and help his real progress in the language. If the practice of reading at sight, with the, teacher's direction and help, is followed from a very early stage, most of them will disappear of themselves. In such practice, the method indicated in pages 133-138 should be followed, subject, how- ever, to the teacher's judgment and experience. INTRODUCTION. I. — Pronunciation. There is at present a strong tendency, among the best scholars, to pronounce Latin (as well as Greek) phonetically, giving to each letter of the alphabet the one sound which by the best authority most nearly represents that given it by Romans of the classic ages. These sounds are given in the first Lesson (p. i). Observing the rules of accent, it is only necessary to give each letter its proper enunciation. This is by far the easiest and simplest way. It may be acquired by any intelligent person, with a good ear, in ten minutes ; though practice will be required to make the reading fluent and agreeable. Many persons, however, prefer to retain the English Method, so called ; that is, the practice which has prevailed, with some variation, in England and among ourselves, for the last two or three centuries. In general, the following direc- tion is sufficient. Read a Latin sentence just as if the words were English, observing the rules of accent (p. 2), and bearing in mind that there are no silent letters. This single precept would probably give a pronunciation as correct and about as uniform as can be had from any number of arbitrary rules. A few special points necessary to be observed are given in the grammar (§ 2, 2). To read Latin easily and well is an accomplishment which must be taught orally, and acquired by practice. The directions which follow, accordingly, are not ifitended to be studied by the pupil, but to serve as a guide in cases of doubt. xiv Latin Method, 1. The chief difference between Latin (pronounced as in EngHsh) and EngHsh is that the former has no silent letters. Every vowel makes a syllable; except in the combinations ae, oe, au, eu, ei, ui, and u before a vowel, and these are separate when marked with the diaeresis. Thus di-es, ma-re, pau-pe-ri-e-i, 2. The vowels always have their English sounds : — a as in mane or man. ae u u J . as e. be or bed oe '1 11 ) i „ fittd or fin. au as aw in awe. o „ 710 te or not. eu as ew in hew. u ,, tune or tun. ei y as i. ui 3. An unaccented i before another vowel is in almost all cases changed into its semivowel y. In the same cases as in English this y blends with the preceding consonant, making the sound of sh, as in Maia (Ma-ya), Pompeius (Pom-pd-yus), Harpy ia (Harpi-ya), socius (so-shus), vitium (vish-yum), Asia (A-shya). Except such words as Fabius (Fa-be-us), where the y is less distinct ; so Sextius, fiectier, where it is hardly distinguishable at all. Practice must be the guide in these cases. 4. Of the two sounds of the vowels above given the long sound (so called) ends a syllable, the short (" stopped ") sound is followed by a consonant: as pa-ter (pay-ter), mag-nus (mag-nus), de-dit (de-dit), reg-num (reg-num). But a at the end of an unaccented syllable has an obscure sound as in the word A7nerica : stella (stellah). 5. The combinations quad and quart are pronounced as in the English quart; arr is pronounced as in Harry ; es at the end of all words, and os at the end of plural words have the long sound : pes (pease), pares (pay-reze), nos (noce) ; post (with its compounds) is pronounced like the same word in English. 6. The consonants are pronounced as in English. Thus, c is soft (j-) before e, i, y, ae, oe, eu. Elsewhere it is hard {k\ and it blends with u in nearly the same cases as in English, as socius, conscius (pronounced shus) ; oh is always k, as in charta, uidchina; g is soft (7) and hard in the same situations respectively as c. 7. S is usually hard (sharp as in saw). It is sonant (soft, z) at the end of a word, after e, ae, au, n, r, as pes, atides, mons, pars, trans (even in composition). A few other words have also sonant 8 {z), as causa, rosa. 8. X has the sound of z at the beginning and of ks at the end of syllables : as, Xerx-es, pax. Introduction . xv Since many of the sounds depend upon the open or close syllables, the following rules for the division of syllables may be observed, which are, however, the regular rules in English. 9. A vowel not accented and a penultimate vowel in any case complete their syllables without a following single consonant or mute with / or r, as socius, ratio. (This rule applies when the number of syllables is reduced by rule 3 above.) 10. A vowel accented, not penultimate, requires the following single consonant, or divides the combination of mute with / or r. 11. But a following i and e attract a consonant rather than an accented a, e, 6, preceding; as 7ne'di-d-tor, hae-re-o pd-tri-us. — u, on the other hand, repels a following consonant, as Iti-ci-dus, du-ri-us. 12. A single consonant after any accented vowel except the penultimate is joined with that vowel. A mute and liquid in this position are separated. In other cases a single consonant or a mute and liquid belong to the following vowel. 13. Two consonants (except a mute and / or r as above) are divided : as, mag-nus, cor-pus. 14. Of three or more consonants, the last (or a mute with I or r as above) is given to the following syllable. 15. A compound word is divided between the parts if the first ends in a consonant, otherwise it follows the rules for single words : ?iSj prod-est, circum-esse, prae-sto^ ego-met^ pro-sum. 2. — Elementary Definitions. 1. Grammar treats of the different forms of words (Ety- mology), and the mode of connecting them in speech (Syntax). 2. Words are either Nouns, Adjectives, Pronouns, Verbs, Participles, Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions, or Interjec- tions. These are called Parts of Speech. 3. Words like Ccesar, consul, temple, virtue, which are names of persons, things, or ideas, are called Nouns. Names of Persons and Places are called Proper Nouns ; other names are Common (as temple^ or Abstract (as virtue). 4. Words like brave, loud, strong, which express qualities, are called Adjectives. XV i Latin Method, 5. Words which indicate any person or thing, without either naming or describing, are called Pronouns. These include Personal, as /, thou^ we, he^ they ; and Adjective, as these^ those (Demonstrative), my^ your (Possessive), who^ which (Relative or Interrogative). 6. Words like build^ fight^ stand; be, suffer, which express actions or conditions, are called Verbs. 7. Words like conquering, going, gone, beaten, which describe by means of actions or conditions, are called Participles. 8. Words like nobly, well, very, here, now, to-day, which define an action or quality in manner, place, time, or the like, are called Adverbs. 9. Words like /or, with, by, against, which show the relation between a noun and other words in the sentence, are called Prepositions. 10. Words like and, or, if, but, then, which connect words or sentences together, are called Conjunctions. 11. Some words as where, while, till, ?ievertheless, both define as adverbs and connect as conjunctions. These are called Adverbial Conjunctions. 12. Words like ah / ho I alas ! are mere exclamations, and are not strictly parts of speech, but are called Interjections. 3. — The Order of Words. The order of words in Latin is comparatively free ; but the following rules may serve as a guide to the beginner. 1. In general, put the Subject first and the Verb last. But — 2. Any very emphatic word may be first or last. 3. An Adjective, except for emphasis, follows the noun; but may precede the preposition with its noun : as, multis in locis. 4. The verb i?tqua7n (in quotations), and the conjunctions autein, enim, quoque, vero, always follow one or more words in their clause. 5 The order is very often determined by Emphasis or Contrast. 6. Observe carefully and imitate the form of the sentences given as examples. (For special rules of arrangement, see Or. § 76 ) PART FIRST. ELEMENTARY LESSONS. Lessofi I. Pronunciation and Accent. Note. — Pronunciation should be taught orally by the teacher. The pronunciation of Latin is different in different countries. Among us, it usually follows one of two ways, which may be called the Roman (or Phonetic) and the English. 1. By the Roman (or Phonetic) method, every letter has ahvays the same sounds as follows : — Vowels : a as in father; a as in fast. e as in reiti; S as in met. < i as in machine; i as \\\ pin or piano. o as in holy; 6 as in obey. u as in rude {oo in boot) ; u as mfull. N.B. — Vowels marked thus, a, e, i, 5, u, are long; marked thus, a, e, i, 6, ii, are short. A long syllable is reckoned equal to two short ones. Diphthongs : ae like ^y^oe like oy ; au like ow in now. ei as in eight ; eu as ew ;^vi\ as we {oo'ee). Consonants : c and g are always hard, as in come, get. s is always sharp, as in sea, lips. 3 is like y; v like "w (or v) ; qu as in English. bs is like ps; ch like k; ph like f. 2. By the English method, the letters have the same sound as in English; but — a. There are no silent letters, each word having as many syllables as there are vowels or diphthongs. b. Final a is pronounced as in Atnei'ica ; but in the mono- syllables a, da, qua, sta, the long sound is sometimes given. 1 Particle of Affirmation. 2 ^s in few. .?, Latin Method, c. The diphthongs ae, oe, are pronounced h'ke ee ; au like aw; eu like ew ; ei and ui like / in kite ; es and (in plural words) os at the end of a word, as in disease^ morose. d. The consonants c and g are made soft (like s and j) before e, i, y, ae, oe, eu ; ch is always hard, as in ckasjn, chemist. 3. The following are general Rules of Quantity : — a. A vowel before another vowel or h is short : as in via, nlhiL b. A diphthong is long : as in aedes, foedus. c. A syflable formed by contraction is long: as, nil (nihil). d. A syllable in which a vowel is followed by two consonants, or a double consonant (x, z), is long : as in rectus, rexit. e. A syllable in which a short vowel is followed by a mute with 1 or r is common ; i. e. it may be long in verse : as in alacris. 4. The following are Rules of Accent : — a. Words of two syllables are always accented on the first syllable. d. Words of more than two syllables are accented on the Penult, if that is long : as, ami'cus ; if it is short or common, then on the Antepenult : as, do'minus, a'lacris. Definition : The Penult is the last syllable but one ; the Ante- penult, the last but two. Lesson 2. The Inflection of Nouns. I. Nouns are of three Genders, masculine (m.), feminine (f.), and neuter (n.). a. Names of male beijigs, rivers, winds, and mountaifis are Masculine. b. Names oi feinale beings, cities, countries, and plants, are Feminine. c. Neuter nouns include indeclinable nouns, terms or phrases used as nouns, and words quoted merely for their form. d. Many names of Things — as lapis (m.), a stone, mensa (f.), a table — are masculine or feminine. e. Nouns which may be of either gender according to sex are said to be of Common gender (c.) : as, dux, leader; bos, ox or cow. Elementary Lessons, 3 2. Nouns are declined in two Numbers, singular and -plural; and in six Cases, nommative^ genitive^ dative^ accusative^ vocative^ ablative, a. The Nominative is the case of the Subject of a sentence (see Lesson 6). b. The Genitive may generally be translated by the English Possessive, or with the preposition of. c. The Dative is the case of the Indirect Object: it may usually be translated with the preposition to or for; but sometimes corresponds to the English Objective. d. The Accusative is the case of the Direct Object (see Lesson 7) : it is used with most of the Latin Prepositions. e. The Vocative is the case of Direct Address. /. The Ablative may usually be translated with the prepositions FROM, BY, WITH, IN, Or AT. g. All the cases, except the nominative and vocative, may be used as object-cases ; and are sometimes called oulique cases. N. B. — The meanings and uses of the Cases, which are very numerous, will be shown in the "Constructions of Syntax" (pages IS to 99). 3. Nouns are inflected in five Declensions, which are thus distinguished : — Decl. I. Gen. sing, ae Characteristic 5 » 2. „ „ 1 „ o „ 3. „ „ is „ i or a Consonant. „ 4. „ „ us (uis) „ u M 5- » » ®i » ® a. A syllable having a signification of its own, from which that of a word is derived, is called a Root: thus from the root sta, stand, is derived the word unstable (that which cannot stand). b. The body of a word, to which the terminations are attached, is called a Stem : thus in milit-is, of a soldier^ the stem is milit-. c. The last letter of the stem is called the stetn-ietter or chai'ac- teristic; when a vowel, it is often blended with the termination : as, currus for curru-is. Note. — In the following Lessons, and in the Vocabularies, only long vowels are, in general, marked. Those not marked, whether or not long by position, are to be considered short or common. L,atm Method, Lesson 3. First Declension of Nouns. I. Learn the inflection of Stella (f.), giving the name and meaning of all the Cases, as follows (§ 9) : Nominative. Genitive. Dative. Accusative. Vocative. Ablative. SINGULAR. Stella, a (or the) star. stellae, of a star. stellae, to a star, stellam, a star. Stella, thou star / Stella, with a star. PLURAL. stellae, stars. stellarum, of stars. stellis, to stars. Stellas, stars. stellae, ye stars ! stellis, with stars. 2. In like manner decline the following : — Athenae (f. plur.), Athens. copiae (f. "^Xwx.)^ forces. dea (f ), goddess (a). f ilia (f.), daughter {a)» insula (f.), island. nauta (m), sailor. patria (f.), native-land. porta (f.), gate. Roma (f.), Rome {b). silva (f.), wood, forest. terra (f.), earth, land. via longa (f.), a long way (c). a. The dative and ablative plural of dea, filia, and a few other words, end in abus (see 2. e).* H b. The singular form Romae is used to mean at Rome; and the plural form Athenis to mean at Athens (2. ^). These forms are called Locative (see Rule 36, p. 163). c. Adjectives (as longa) are decHned like nouns. y^ 3. Decline the following Greek nouns : — co7nct (m.). NOM. cometes (a) Gen. cometae DAT. cometae Acc. cometen (am) Voc. cometa Abl. cometa (e) laurel (f.). ^Eneas (m.). daphne Aeneas daphnes (ae) Aeneae daphne (ae) Aeneae Anchises (m.). Anchises Anchlsae AnchTsae daphnen Aenean (am) Anchisen daphne Aenea (a) Anchise (a) daphne (a) Aenea Anchise (a) a. These nouns are inflected regularly in the plural. b. Most nouns of the first declension are Feminine. See Exercise, page 46. * The References are to Allen and Greenougli's Latin Grammar. Elementary Lessons, Lesson Second Declension of Nouns. Learn the inflection of the following (§ 10) : SINGULAR. slave (m.). boy (m.). book (m.). man (m.). war (n.). NOM. servus puer liber vir bellum Gen. servi pueri libri viri belli DAT. serv5 puero libro viro bello Ace. servum puerum librum virum bellum Voc. serve puer liber vir bellum Abl. servo puero libro viro bello PLURAL. NOM. servi puerS libri viri bella Gen. servorum puerorum L librorum virorum bellorumi DAT. servis pueris libris viris bellis Ace. servos pueros libros viros bella Voc. servi pueri libri viri bella Abl. servis pueris libris viris bellis a. Nouns of this declension ending in us, er, and ir, are masci line ; those in um are neuter. (For excel Dtions, see ' V a, b). b. All Latin nouns in um are declined like bellum (n.). In all neuter nouns, the nom. ace. and voc. plural end in a. c. Notice that nouns in us of this declension are the only Latin nouns which have the vocative different from the nominative. v/ d. Proper names in ius, with filius, son, lose e in the vocative (so mi from meus, 7ny) : as, mi f ili, my son (4. e). •^e. The voc. of deus,^^^, is deus ; the plural nom. and voc. are dei, dii, or di; dat. and abl deis, diis, or dis (4./). sCf- The Locative form is like the genitive in the singular : as, Corinthi, af Corinth ; humi, on the ground; vesperi, at evening. In the plural it is like the ablative : as, Gabiis, at Gabii (4. a), g. A few Greek nouns end in os, on, instead of us, um. Names ending in eus (like Orpheus) are declined thus (7. a) : — Nom. Orpheus Dat. Orphei Voc. Orpheu Gen. Orphei (or eos) Ace. Orphea Abl. Orpheo h. Decline together servus bonus, a good slave j puer miser, unhappy boy. See Exercise, page 46. Latin Method, Lesson 5. A^.),poem. a. In these nouns, the Stem ends in a 7mite consonant. b. The nominative singular of masculine and feminine nouns is formed by adding s to the stem; sometimes (as in miles) with a change of vowel. c. The letter t or d is lost before s ; c or g is joined with s and becomes x. ^. In Neuter nouns, the accusative is always the same as the nojninative. e. In a few Greek nouns (as lampas), the genitive singular ends in 63, and the accusative in a; and the accusative plural in as. Examples {for analysis). * I. Opes^ amplas philosophus habet. 2. Non est vera voluptas sine virtiite. 3. Fata nullae preces commovent. 4. Non hospes ab hospite tutus erat. 1 The singular (meaniiig Aetp) is not used in the Nominative. Elementary Lessons, 13 PART SECOND. I. Decline the following : — Sing. co?tsul {m.). lion (m.). maiden{^).na7ne {^.). N, v., Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl. Plur. N.,V. Gen. DAT. Ace. consul consulis consul! consulem consule leo leonis leoni V leonem leone Virgo virginis virgin! virginer virofine nomen nominis nomini nomen nomine body (n.). corpus corporis corpori corpus corpore consules leones consulum , leonum consulibus leonibus consules leones virgines nomma corpora vjrginum nominum corporum virginibus nominibus corporibus virgines nomina corpora Abl. consulibus leonibus virginibus nominibus corporibus 2. In like manner decline X homo, inis (m.), ^nan. mulier, eris (f.), ivoinan. pulvis, eris (m.), dust. hpnor (os), oris (m.), honor, pater, tris (m.), father. oratib, onis (f,), discourse. fulgur, uris (n.), lightning. fulmen, inis (n.), thimderbolt, genus, eris (n.), race, birth. iter, itineris, (n.), journey. a. In these nouns the Stem ends in a liquid (1, n, r). b. The nominative is the same as the stem (sometimes chang- ing the vowel) ; but n in masculine and feminine nouns is dropped in the nominative, and some apparently r-stems have s (§ 11, ii. d). c. Nouns in o, onis (as leo), are Masculine. Those in io, ionis, are also masculine in many names of visible objects, as scipio, a staff J but when abstract ox collective — as proditio, treason; legio, legion — they are Feminine. d. These four, imber, linter, uter, venter, with glis, mas, mus, ren, have the genitive plural in ium (see page 14). I. 2. 3- 4- nuntiant Examples. Homines vana gloriae imago tenet. Nemo vere aestimat tempus. Genus ex alto sanguine deorum habemus. ^ Mira fulminis opera sunt. Fulmina fatorum ordinem olei et unguenti teter post fulmen odor est. .^-t^'^t^M^ H Latin Method, LiTL^ PART THIRD. •^^^1^50^ I. Decline the following : — Sing, tower i^). cloud (¥.). sea (ti.). animali^^. city (f.). N., V. turris nubes mare animal urbs Gen. turris nubis maris animalis urbis DAT. turri > • nubi mari animali urbi Ace. turrem (im ) nubem mare animal urbem Abl. turre (i) nube mari animali urbe Plur. N., V. turres nubes maria animalia urbes Gen. turrium y- nubium marium animalium urbium DAT. turribus nubibus rnaribus animalibus urbibus Ace. turres (is) nubes (is) maria animalia urbes (is) Abl. turribus V" nubibus maribus animalibus urbibus -^ 2. In like manner decline: — ovis, is (p.), sheep. calcar, aris (n.), sptir. clades, is (f.), disaster. pars, partis {¥.\ part. imber, bris (m.), rain-storm. mus, muris (m.), mouse. a. Nouns of this class are called vowel or i-stems. They are, I. Those in is, es (mostly F.), with neuters in e, al, ar; 2. Mono- syllables with ste77i ending zjt two co7isonants ; 3. Most nouns in ns or rs, some in as, with a few of one syllable. They are thus distinguished: — I. All have the gen, plur. in iimi; 2. Neuters have nom. and ace. plur. in ia ; 3. The ace. plur. (m. or f.) is often written u; 4. A few in the ace. sing, end in * im; 5. The abl. sing, of all neuters, and of many m. or f., ends in i. b. Masculine endings of this declension are o, or, 6s, er, es; feminine are as, es, is, ys, x; do, go, io, us; neuter are a, e, i, y; c, t, 1 ; men, ar, ur, iis. 3. Decline the following, of peculiar inflection : — / Sing. ox, c. old jnan^ M. yiesh, V. bone, N. force, F. swine, C, N., V b«s sgnex caro 6s vis BUS Gkn. bSvis senis carais ossis vis (rare) suis DAT. bovi seni carni OSSl SUl Ace. bovem senem carnem OS vim suem Abl. bove sene came osse vi sue Plur. cattle. strength. N., A., V. boves senes carnes ossa Vires sues Gen. boum senura ossium virium suum Dat., Abl. bobus (bubus) senibus carnibus ossibus viribus siibus (suibus) See Exercise, page 51, Elementary Lessons, IS Lesson lo. Adjectives of the Third Declension. PART FIRST. Learn the following inflections Sing. M., F. light. N. M. keen . F. N. N., V. levis leve acer acris acre Gen. levis levis acris acris acris . \i ^ - €^ DAT. levi levi acri acri acri .U4 < Ace. levem leve acrem acrem acre - V Abl. lev^ levi acri acri acri -tStw . O Plur. -\. N., V. leves levia acres acres acria Gen. levium levium acriuni acrium acrium DAT. levibus levibus acribus acribus acribus Ace. leves (is) levia acres (is) acres (is) acria Abl. levibus levibus acribus acribus acribus Sing. M., F. fierce, n N., V. atrox Gen. atrocis DAT. atroci Ace. atrocem atrox Abl. atroce or atroci Plur. N., V. atroces atr5cia Gen. atrocium DAT. atrocibus Ace. atroces (is) atrocia Abl. atrocibus Adjectives declined like levis are called adjectives of two ter- minations. Twelve adjectives, — dcer^ aldcer, catnpester, celeber^ equester, paiuster^ puter, sahiber, Silvester, terrester, volticer, with celer, ceteris, celere — are declined like levis, except that the masculine nominative and vocative singular end in er. They are called adjectives of three tertninaiiotis . PART SECOND. I. Decline the following : — ■"^-, F. needy. n. egens egentis egenti egentem egens ^fOfttetic?^ egenti egentes egentia egentium egentibus egentes (is) egentia egentibus i6 Latin Method, Sing. M., F. rich. n. M., F. fertile, n. M., F. old. N. N., V. dives Tiber vetus Gen. divitis uberis veteris DAT. diviti Oberi veteri Ace. divitem dives iiberem Ober veterem vetus Abl. divite (5^ ubere (5) vetere ^ Plur. N., V. divites [ditia] uberes ubera veteres vetera Gen. divitum uberum veterum DAT. divitibus iiberibus veteribus Ace. divites [ditia] iiberes libera veteres vetera Abl. divitibus iiberibus veteribus a. These are called adjectives of one iertnination^ having only one form in the nominative singular. b. When used as nouns, they have the ablative singular in e; otherwise more commonly in L V^ c. Adverbs are formed from adjectives of the third declension with the ending ter or iter ; as, leviter, lightly; atrocitex, fercely. 2. Decline the following Comparatives : — M., F. 7nore. N. plus pilaris plus plure plures plura plurium pluribus plures plura pliiribus a. The singular plus is used only as a neuter noun ; the geni- tive (rarely ablative), as an expression of value. d. The neut. sing. ace. of comparatives is used as an adverb : as, levius, 7nore lightly ; atrooius, more fiercely. ^Examples. 1. Viri fortes pericula non timent. 2. Non omnis via brevis est facilis. 3. Gustos es pauperis horti. See Exercise, page 53. Sing. M., F. better. n. N., V. melior melius Gen. m el i oris DAT. meliori Ace. meliorem melius Abl. meliore or"! Plur. N., V. meliores meliora Gen. meliorum DAT. melioribus Ace. meliores meliora Abl. melioribus Elementary Lessons. 17 Lesson 1 1 . Comparison of Adjectives. 1. The Comparative is formed by adding ior, and the Superlative by adding issimus, to the stem of the positive : as, altus, high; altior, higher ; altissimus, highest. levis, light J levior; levissimus. 2i\xo-si, fierce ; atrooior; atrocissimus. egens, 7teedy j egentior; egentissimus. N. B. If the stem ends in a vowel, this vowel is dropped before these terminations. For the inflection of comparatives, see p. 16. a. Adjectives in er form the superlative by adding -rimus : as, miser, miserior, miserrimus ; acer, acrior, acerrimusj b. The following form the superlative by adding -\\vcl\\&'. faciliSy difficilis^ similis, dissi;nilis, gracilis, huinilis : as, similis, like; similior, simillimus. c. The following are compared irregularly : — bonus, melior, optimus, good, better, best. malus, pejor (peior), pessimus, bad, worse, worst. magnus, major (maior), xa.diiLia\\iB, great, greater, greatest. parvus, minor, minimus, smalL smaller, smallest. [ multiyii»(N.), plus, pliirim w mjJ/i 7ich, ?nore, most. ^ multi, plures, pliirimi, many, more, most. For other irregular and defective forms, see grammar, pp. 39,^40. 2. Adverbs formed from adjectives are compared as follows : — altus, high : alte, altius, altissime. miser, wretched: misere, miserius, miserrime. levis, light : leviter, levius, levissime. similis, like : similiter, similius, simiUime. ^^ \:tQn.\x^, good : bene, melius, optime. malus, bad : male, pejus, pessime. Rule. — The comJ)arattve degree may be followed by the ablative : as, eloquentior Cicerone, more eloquent thafi Cicero. See Exercise, page 54. i8 Latin Method. Lesson 1 2. Fourth and Fiftli Declensions. I. Decline the followin ^'•^ Sing. ha7id{^.). lake (M.). house (F.) knee (n.). day (m.). N., V. maiius lacus domus genu dies Gen. manus lacus domus genij^;Hfi) diei DAT. manui lacui domui genu K. diei Acc. manum lacum domum genu diem Abl. manu lacu domo genu die Plur. N., V. manus lacus domus genua dies Gen. manuum lacuum domorum genuum dierum DAT. manibus lacubus domibus genibus diebus Acc. manus lacus domos genua dies Abl. manibus lacubus domibus genibus diebus a. The following nouns of the fourth declension have the dative and ablative plural in -ubus : artiis^ partus^ partus^ tribus, veru ; with dissyllables in -cus (as lacus). Most in us are masculine. b. Domus, house, has all the forms of the fourth declension ; but the most usual are those given above. It has also the locative domi (sometimes domui), at ho?ne. c. Most nouns of the Fifth Declension want the plural. The only ones complete in their inflection are dies, day, and res, thing. All are feminine except dies, (generally masc), and meridies (m.). See Exercise, page s^- Lessoji 13. Pronouns : 1. Personal and Demonstrative, PART FIRST. The Personal Pronouns are thus declined : — FIRST PERSON. NOM. Gen. DAT. Acc. Voc. Abl. ego, / mei, of ?ne mihi, to me me, me nos, we nostrum, tri = nobis, to us nos, 2CS of us SECOND PERSO.N \. tu, thou vos, ye or you tui vestrum, tri tibi v5bis te vos tu vos te vobis me, by me nobis, by us a. These are also used reflexively: as, te laudas, you praise yourself. Elementary Lessons. 19 b. The pronouns of the Third Person — he, she, it, they — are wanting in Latin ; a demonstrative being sometimes used. c. The Reflexive pronoun of the third person is the same in the singular and plural: viz., Gen. sui, of himself, herself, thejnselves. V- D^T. sibi, to Ace. se or sese „ „ „ Abl. „ „ with „ „ N. B. —The Reflexive pronoun should not be confounded with the intensive ipse ; thus, ipse se laudat, he [himself] praises himself. d. The genitives nostrum, vestrum, are n?,td partitive ly : as, iinus nostrum, one of us; while mei, tui, sui, nostri, vestri, are used objectively : as, memor es nostri, be mindfil of us. e. For the genitive of possession, the adjectives meus, tuus, suus, noster, vester, are always used. They may stand in apposi- tion with a genitive in any case : as, nostra omnium patria, the country of us all. s^ - f The preposition cum, with, is joined enclitically with the ablative of the personal pronouns : as, vobiscum loquitur, he speaks with you. g. The personal or demonstrative pronouns are in general used only for the sake of distinction or emphasis : as, te voco, I call you J but — quis me vocat ? ego te voco : who calls me ? it is I. PART SECOND. The Demonstrative Pronouns are thus declined : — this. that. Sing. M. F. n. M. F. N. NOM. hie haec hoc \ is ea id Gen. hiijus hiijus hujus ejus ejus ejus DAT. huic huic huic ei ei ei Ace. hunc hanc hoc eum eam id Abl. hoc hac hoc eo ea eo Plur. these. those. NOM. hi horun hae haec ii (ei) eae ea Gen. 1 harum horum A eorum earum eorum DAT. his his his eis or iis Ace. hos has haec eos eas ea Abl. his his his eis or iis 20 Latin Method, that. self. Sing. M. F. N. M. F. N. NOM. ille ilia illud ipse ipsa ipsum Gen. illius illius illius ipsius ipsius ipsius DAT. illi illi illi ipsi ipsi ipsi Ace. ilium illam illud ipsum ipsam ipsum Voc. ipse ipsa ipsum Abl. iUo ilia illo ipso ipsa ipso Like ille decline iste, ista, istud, that (^yonder). The Plural of these words is regular, like that of bonus : as, illi, illae, ilia, those ^ &^'c. Sing. the same. Plur. N. idem eadem idem iidem eaedem eadem G. ejusdem ejusdem ejusdem eorundem earuudem eorundem D. eidem eidem eidem A. eundem eandem idem A. eodem. eadem eodem eisdem or iisdem eosdem easdem eadem eisdem or iisdem The demonstrative pronouns are often used in the oblique cases as personal pronouns of the third person (see p. 19, ^) : as, eum et fratrem ejus video, I see him atid his brother. See Exercise, page 57. Lesson 14. Pronouns : Relative, Interrogative, &c. I. The Relative Pronoun is thus declined : — SINGULAR quod which. PLURAL . NOM. qui quae > qui quae quae Gen. cujus clijus cujus quorum quarum quorum DAT. cui cui cui quibus quibus quibus Ace. quem quam quod quos quas quae Abl. qu5 qua quo quibus quibus quibus a. The affix -cumque (or -cunque), -soever^ may be added to any relative word : as, quicumque, whoever; ubicumique, wher- ever ; qualiscumque, of whatever sort. b. The preposition cum is affixed to the ablative of qui as the personal pronouns : as, quocum, quibuscum, with who;n. €. The forms of the Relative are also Interrogative, as in £n< lish ; but when used substantively^ quis is used for qui, and qui< for quod.: as, quis vocat ? who calls ? quid vides? what do you see ? but qui (or c^uis) homo vocat? quod templum vides? Eleme7itary Lessons, 2i 2. Compounds of qui or quis are thus declined : — \: u. In the compounds quidam, some one j quicumque, whoever j quivis, quilibet, quispiam, quisquam, any one; the former part is declined like qui or quis. b. The compounds aliquis, sojne; siquis, if any; nequis, lest any; ecquis, numquis, whether any, are declined as follows : — SINGULAR. SO?ne. PLURAL. ^ N. aliquis aliqijailX aliquid aliqui aliquae aliqua G. alicuju^ aliquorum aliquarum aliquorum D. alicui aliquibus A. aliquem aliqii^m aliquid aliquos aliquas aliquaL A. aliquo aliqua aliquo aliquibus * c. Of quisquis, whoever, both parts are declined ; but the feminine and most plural forms are wanting. 3. Correlatives. — Many fairs of words ^ demon- strative and relative, are used in corresponding parts of a sentence (see the lists in § 22) : as, tantus . . . quantus, as great . . . as. \j^ talis . . . qualis, s?4ch . . . as. tot . . . quot, as mafty . . . as. Rule. — A Relative agrees with its Antecedent in gender and number ; but its case defends on the construction of the clause in which it stands* See Exercise, page 59. Lesson 15. Numerals. The following list of Cardinal and Ordinal numbers should be gradually committed to memory : — CARDINAL. ORDINAL. ROMAN NU: MERALS. I. unus, una, unum, one. primus, a, um^frst. L 2. duo, duae, duo, twj!). secundus (alter), second. IL ' 3. tres, tria, three, dr»c. tertius, third, &^c. in. 4- quattuor quartus IV. 5. quinque quintus V. 6. sex sextus VI. 7. septem Septimus VII. 8. octo octavus vm. 9- novem nonus IX. 10. decem decTmus X. 22 Latin Method, / CARDINAL. ORDINAL. ROMAN NUMERALS. II. undecim . undecimus XI. 12. duodecim duodecimus XII. 13- tredecim tertius decimus XIII. 14. quattuordecim quartus decimus XIV. 15- quindecim quintus decimus XV. 16. sedecim sextus decimus XVI. 17- septendecim Septimus decimus XVII. 18. duodevl^intl (octddecim) duodevTcesimus XVIII. 19. undevlginti (noveiidecim) undevTcesimus XIX. 20. vTgintI vicesimus (vigesimus tricesimus f ? / >,, quadragesimus i ;) . XX. 30. triginta .tJUHviixX. 40. quadraginta XL. 50. quinquaginta quinquagesimus L. 60. sexaginta sexagesimus LX. 70. septuaginta septuagesimus LXX. 80. octoginta octogesimus LXXX. 90. nonaginta nonagesimus xc. .' 100. centum centesimus c. 200. ducenti, ae, a ducentesimus cc. 300. trecenti trecentesimus ccc. 400. quadringenti quadringentesimus cccc. 500. quill gen tl quingentesimus ID, or D. 600. sexcehti sexcentesimus DC. 700. septingenti septingentesimus DCC. 800. octingenti octingentesimus DCCC. 900. nongenti nongentesimus DCCCC. 1000. mille millesimus CIO, o\m>. a. The inflection of unus and duo will be found in Lesson 5. That of tres is like the plural of levis. bers, up to 100, are not declined ; the declined like the plural of bonus. b. Mille, a thousand, is not declined ; The other Cardinal num- hundreds, up to 1000, are millia (milia), thousands^ is declined as a noun, like the plural of mare. Thus we say — cum mille hominibus, with a thousand men; but — cum duobus millibus (milibus) hominum ; or, cum bis mille hominibus, with two thousand men. c. The following are called Distributive Numerals, and are inflected like the plural of bonus : — 1. s\ngw\\^ one by one. 5. quini 9. novenl 2. blni, two-and-two. 6. sen! 10. deni 3. term, trim, by threes. 7. septenT 11. undenT 4. quaterm, by /ours, &^c. 8. octonT 12. duodeni For the use of Distributives, see § 18, 2. a, b^ c, d. d. The following are Numeral Adverbs : — 1. semel, once. 3. ter 5. quinquies (ens) 2. bis, twice. 4. quater 6. sexies (ens), etc. Elementary Lessons, 23 Lesson i6. Verbs: 1. Moods and Tenses. 1. There are four Moods of the Latin verb : — a. The Indicative is used for direct assertions or interro- gations : as, veni, vidi, vici, I came ^ saw, conquered. b. The Subjunctive is used chiefly in comtnajids, conditions, and dependent clauses ; as, eamus, let us go; si adesses, if you ivere here ; adsum ut videam, / a7n here that I may see. N. B. — For the special uses of the Subjunctive, see " Construc- tions of Syntax," pages 99-119. c. The Imperative is used for exhortation or command : as, adeste pueri, co?ne, boys ! but its place is often supplied by the Subjunctive ; m prohibitions, the perf. subj. is used with ne. d. The Infinitive is used chiefly as the subject or object of another verb ; as, humanum est errare, to err is human j volo videre, I wish to see j jubeo te venire, I bid you come. 2. There are four Participles : — a. The Present participle ends in ans or ens: as, vocans/ calling ; legens, readittg. b. The Future participle ends in urus, and is used to express purpose : as, venit auditurus, he came to hear. As an adjective, it expresses what is likely or about to happen : as, urbs est casura, the city is about to fall. c. The Perfect participle ends in tus or sus : as, tectus, sheltered. It is chiefly used with esse to form certain tenses in the passive : as, vocatus est, he has been called, or was called. d. The Gerundive ends in dus, and is used in the obhque cases in such phrases as — pads petendae causa, /"^r the sake of seeking peace (§ 73, 3). As an adjective, it expresses that which ought to be or must be done : as, delenda est Karthago, Carthage must be destroyed. 3. The verb has also the following noun-forms : — a. The Gerund is a verbal noun, in di, do, dum, correspond- ing to the Enghsh participial noun in -ing : as, loquendi causa, for the sake of speakiiig. b. The Supines are verbal nouns ending in um and ii, usually translated by the English infinitive : as, venit spectatum, he ca?ne to look J mirabile dictii, wonderful to tell. 24 Latin Method, 4. There are six Tenses ; three of incomplete and three of completed action : viz., a. Present : as, adsum, here I am; diu aegroto, / am [and have long been] sick. b. The Imperfect is used chiefly for deso'iption, or for con- tinued or repeated action; as, dicebat, he said, was say i fig, or used to say ; mons impendebat, a inountain overhung. c. Future : as, veniet, he will come. d. The Perfect is either definite or historical : as, vocavit, he has called (definite) ; or, he ^^//^^ (historical). e. Pluperfect : as, venerat, he had co?ne. f. Future Perfect: as, cum venero scribam, when I come (shall have come), / will write. Note. — The Future and Future Perfect are wanting in the Subjunctive ; but are sometimes supplied by the future participle with the tenses of esse. Lesson 17. Verbs : 2. The verb ESSE, to be. PRESENT. INFIN. PERF. FUT. PART. Principal Parts : sum esse fui futurus indicative. Present. subjunctive. Sing. i. Bum, / am. sim, may I be .^^ {lam^fnay or 2. es, thou art {you are), sis, may you be. {wouldbe^&'c.) 3. est, he {she, it) is. sit, let him be {may he be). Plur. I. sumus, we are. simus, let us be. 2. estis, you are. sitis, may ye be. 3. sunt, they are. sint, let the77t be {may they be). Imperfect. Sing. I. eram, /w^j. eBsevn, I should be.^ 2. eias, you were. esses, you would be. 3. erat, he (she, it) was. esset, he would be. Plur. i. eramus, we were. essemus, we should be. 2. eiatis, you were. essetis, you would be. 3. erant, they were. essent, they would be. 1. si sim, if I should be ; cum sim, since I am. 2. si essem, if I were ; cum essem, wheti (or since) I was. 3. si fuerim, // I should have been; cum fuerim, sitice I was. 4. si fuissem, if I had been; cum fuissem, when {or since) I had been. Ele7nentary Lessons, 25 Sing. Plur. Future. ero, / shall be. eris, thou wilt be {you will be). erit, he will be. erimus, we shall be. [futurus sim] w fuerim, / fueris fuerit fuerimus fueritis t fuerint fuissem, I should have \i V eritis, you will be. erunt^ they will be. Perfect. Sing. i. fui, I was (have been). 2.B fuisti, you were. 3. fuit, he was. Plur. i. fuimus, we were. 2. iVi^hA^ you were. 3. fuerunt, they were. or fuere. Pluperfect. Sing. I. fuexsLm, I had been 2. fneiaa^ygu had been. fuisses 3. fvLerat, he had been. fuisset Plur. i. tMexa.m.\\.^,wehadbeen. fuissemus 2. fueratis, you had been. * fuissetis 3. fueraut, they had been. fuissent Future Perfect. Sing. i. fuero, I shall have been. 2. fvLeria, you will have been, 3. fuerit, he will have been. Plur. i. fuerimus, we shall have been. 2. fueritis, you will have been, 3. fuerint, they will have been. Imperative. Present, es, be thou. este, be ye. Future. esto, thou shall be. estote, ye shall be. esto, he shall be. sunto, they shall be. Infinitive. Present, esse, to be. Perfect, fuisse, to have-been. Future, fbre or futuru^ 'esse, to be about to be. Future Participle, futurui^ a, um, about lobe may have [been.^ [been. 26 Latin Method. The verb esse is joined with the adjective potis, able, vs\2M\ng the compound possum, / can {am able). It is also compounded with pro (prod), for, in prosum, / benefit or help, and with several other prepositions. These compounds are inflected as follows : — Present, indic. subj. indic. subj. possum, / <:rt«. possim prosum, 7/^^/^. prosim potes,j'(9« ca?t. possis prodes prosis potest, he can. possit prodest prosit possumus, ■z£/^^««. possimus prosumus prosimus potestis,j<7« can. possitis prodestis prositis possunt, they can. possiiit prosunt prosiut Imperfect. poter am, / could, possem proderam prodessem Future. potero, / shall be able. prodero, / shall help. Perfect. potui, / could. potuerim profui, / helped, profuerim Pluperfect. potueram potuissem profueram profuissem Future Perfect. potuero, / shall have been able. profuero, / shall have helped. Imperative. prodes, prodesto, &c. Infinitive. Pr. posse Perf. potuisse Pr. prodesse Perf. profuisse Participles. poteos (adj.), powerful. profuturus, about to help. Lesson i8. Verbs : 3. The Four Conjugrations. 1. Verbs are inflected in four regular Conjugations, distinguished by the vowel before -re in the Infinitive : viz., I. are; 2. ere; 3. ere; 4. ire. 2. The Principal Parts of the verb, from which all the others are found, are — ' 1. The Present Indicative; -3. The Perfect Indicative; 2. The Present Infinitive; 4. The Supine. Elementary Lessons, 27 a. The regular forms of conjugation are these : — 1. amo, amare, amavi, amatum, to love. 2. deleo, delere, delevi, deletum, to destroy. 3. carpo, carpere, carpsi, carptum, to pluck. 4. audio, audire, audivi, auditum, to hea?'. b. In the second conjugation, a more common form is the following (omitting e in the perfect and supine) : — moneo, monere, monui, monitum, to warn. c. The Perfect stem is sometimes the same as the present ; but it is usually changed in one of the following ways : — 1. By lengthening the vowel : as, lego, legi ; capio, cepi. 2. By reduplication : as, cado, cecidi ; tondeo, totondi, 3. By adding s : as, carpo, carpsi; duco, duxi; tego, texi. 4. By adding u: as, dome, domui; aperio, aperui. 5. By adding v (u) preceded by the vowel of conjugation (see page 10) : as, amo, amavi; audio, audivi. This is found in almost all verbs of the first and fourth conjugations ; but the v is often dropped and the syllable contracted : as, amarat, audierat, for amaverat, audiverat; amasse, audisse (or audiisse), for amavisse, audivisse. d. The Supine stem is generally formed by adding t or s : as, dice, dictum; cado, casum; flecto, flexum (see p. 12, c). e. The Synopsis of a verb consists of \\\^ first person singular of each tense, with infinitive and participles, given in regular order : as of amo, / love — {Present Stejn.) active voice. {Perfect Stem?) Indic. amo, amabam, amabo amavi, amaveram, amavero SuBj. amem, amarem amaverim, amavissem Imper. ama, amato In fin. amare amavisse PASSIVE VOICE. {Supine Stem) Indic. amor, amabar, amabor amatus sum, — eram, — ero SuBj. amer, amarer amatus sim, — essem Imper. amare, amator Infin. amari amatus esse, amatum iri Participles. Act. amans amaturus Pass. amandus amatus 28 Latin Method. Lesson 19. Kegular Verb ; First Conjugration. I. ACTIVE VOICE. PRESENT. INFIN. PERFECT. SUPINE. iNCiPAL Parts : amo amare amavi amatnin INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. Present, / love^ or a7it loving. . May I love (see p. 24), Sing. I. ^mo, I love. amem 2. 3.ma.3, you love. ames 3. amat, he {she, it) loves. amet Plur. I. amamus, lue love. amemus 2. amatis, you love. ametis 3. amant, they love. ament \ Imperfect, / loved {used to love) / should love. Sing. i. amabam,//^?/^^. amarem 2. amabas, j^7^ loved. amares 3. amabat, he loved. amaret Plur. i. amabamus, we loved. amaremus 2. amabatis, j^?/ loved. amaretis 3. amabant, they loved. amarent Future, / shall love. Sing. I. 2ima\yo, I shall love, 2. amabis, jj/^z^ will love. 3. amabit, he will love. Plur. i. amabimus, we shall love. 2. amabitis, you will love. 3. amabunt, they will love. Perfect, / loved {have loved.) / may have loved. Sing. i. amavi, I loved. amaverim 2. amavisti, j^« loved. amaveris 3. amavit, he loved. amaverit Plur. i. amavimus, we loved. amaverimus 2. amavistis, j^^^ loved. amaveritis 3. amaverunt (ere), they loved. amaverint Pluperfect, / had loved. / should have loved. Sing. i. amaveram, I had loved. amavissem 2. amaveras, you had loved. amavisses 3. amaverat, he had loved. amavisset Plur. i. amaveramus, we had loved. amavissemua 2 . ama veratis, you had loved. amavissetis 3. amaverant, they had loved. amavissent Elementary Lessons. 29 Future Perfect, / shall have loved. Sing. I. amavero, I shall have loved. 2. amaveris, you will have loved. 3. amaverit, he will have loved. Plur. I. amaverimus, we shall have loved. 2. 2im2iveT:itis, you will have loved. 3. amaverint, they will have loved. SINGULAR. Imperative. PLURAL. PRES. FUT. ama, love thou. amato, thou shall love. amato, he shall love. amate, love ye. amatote, ye shall love. amanto, they shall love. Present. Perfect. Future. Present. Future. Noun and Adjective Forms. Infinitive. am are, to love. amavisse, or amasse, to have loved. amaturus esse, to be about to love. Participles. amans, antis, loving. amaturus, a, um, about to love. Gerund.^ G. amandi, of [the act or' state of] loving. D. amando,/br loving (with adjectives). Ac. amandum, loving (with ad and inter). Ab. amando, by loving. Supine. Ace. am|Ltum, to love (with verbs of motion). First Periphrastic Conjugation, indicative. subjunctive. Pres. amaturus sum . . Sim, / am about to love. Imperf. amaturus eram . , . essem, / was about to love. FUT. amaturus ero Perf. amaturus fui . , , . fuerim Plup. amaturus fueram . , . . fuissem Second Periphrastic Conjugation. Pres. amandus sum . . . Sim, / am to be loved. Imperf. amandus eram . . . essem, / was to be loved. FUT. amandus ero Perf. amandus fui . . . fuerim Plup. amandus fueram . . . fuissem See Exercise, page 60. 30 ^"t^i^ t'V^<:::=^£<^^^«^vC^ ^^ Latin Method, Lesson 20. Regular Verb : First ConJug:ation. 2. PASSIVE VOICE. PRESENT. INFINITIVE. PERFECT. Principal Parts : ' amor amari amatus sum INDICATIVE. Present, / am loved. Sing. i. amor, I am loved. 2. amaris (le), jyoii are loved. 3. amatur, he is loved. Plur. \. \ amamur, we are loved. 2. 2iVC\Bxaix)l, y oil are loved. %hy ajii^autur, l/iey a?'e le^^d^. , , » Imperfect, / was loved. \ Sing. i. 2Lrv3i}a2ix, I was loved. 2. amabaris (re) , you were loved. 3. amabatur, he was loved. PLtiR. I. amabamur, we were loved. 2. amabamini, you were loved. 3. amabantur, they were loved. Future, I shall be loved. amabor. / shall be loved. amaberis (re), thou wiltli'ouj amabitur, he will be lovea? amabimur, we shall be loved. amabimini, you will be loved. amabuntur, they will be loved. Perfect, / was {have beeft) loved. amatus sum, / was loved. amatus es,you were loved. amatus est, he was loved. amati sumus, we were loved. 2. amati estis, you were loved. 3. amati sunt, they were loved. Pluperfect, I had been loved. Sing. i. amatus eram, I had bee?i loved. 2i--?amatus eras, y^?/ had been loved. amatus erat, he had been loved. Plur. iv-.^amati eramus, we had been loved. imatT eratis, you had been loved. imatl erant, they had been loved. Sing. i. 2. Plur. i. 2. 3- Sing. i. 2. Plur. i. subjunctive. May I be loved. amer ameris (re) ametur amemur ▼ amemini amentur yV- 'V -i^ / should be loved. amarer amareris (re) amaretur amaremur amaremini amarentur ,be loved. amatus sim amatus sis amatus sit amati simus amati sitis amati sint amatus essem amatus esses amatus esset amati essemus amati essetis amau essent Elementary L^essons, 31 Future Perfect, I shall have beeji loved. Sing. i. amatus ero, I shall have been loved. ,21 amatus ^x\s, yoti will have been loved. 31 amatus erit, he will have beeti loved. Plur. I. amati erimus, we shall have been loved. 2. amati exiX.v&.you will have been loved. 3. amati erunt, they will have bee?i loved. PASSIVE VOICE. SINGULAR. Imperative. plural. Pres. 2. , amare, be thou loved. amamini, be ye loved^ FuT. 2. amator, thou shall be loved. 3. 2imB.tor, he shall be loved, zmantox, they shall be loved. Noun and Adjective Forms. Infinitive. Present.' amari, to be loved. Perfect. amatuA esse, to have been loved. Future. amatum iri (amatus fore), to be about to be loved. Participles. Perfect. amatus, loved {beloved., or having been loved). <-^^^ -'participles. Pr. monens ^Tut. moniturus ^ Pf. monitus Ger. monendus G. monendi, do, dum Sup. monitum monitu See Exercise, page 65. monentor Pf. monitus esse Lesson 23. Regular Verb : Third Conjugation. Principal Parts : Act. teg^o tegere texi tectum Pass, tegor tegi tectus sum INDIC. ACTiy^. SUBJ. Pres., I cover. tego, / cover. tejam tegis,j/t77/ cover. tegas tegit, he covers. tegat tegimus, we cover, tegamus tegitis, jv Elementary Lessons, 35 iNDic. Active. subj. Plup., I had covered. texerarri texissem texerad j texisses texeratj j texisset texeramus texissemus texeratis f texissetis texerant texissent INDIC. Passive. subj. / had been covered. tectus erani tectus eras tectus erat tecti eramus tecti eratis tectI erant tectus essem tectus esses tectus esset tecti essemus tecti essetis tecti essent FuT. Perf., / shall have covered. I shall have been covered. texero texeris texerit texerimus texeritis texerint Imperat. Pr. 2. Fui. 2. 3- Sing. tege, c^ver tegito teefito Plur. tectus ero tectus eris tectus erit tecti erimus tecti eritis tecti erunt Sine. Plur. tegunto teffitor Infin. Pr. tegere ^^^^Per/. texisse Put. tectiini* esse teguntor Pres. %i^,^/y. tectusi, esse Fut. tectunj iri (tectus fore) Part. Pr. tegens* Fut. tectums Perf. tectus Ger. tegendus S af-.^^^"^^' Ger. tegendi, -dS, -dum Sup. toetwm , tectii Verbs in io, capio, capere, cepi, captum ; capior, capi, caytus smm Pr. capio, / take, capiam capis capias capit capiat capior caperis (re) capitur- capiar capiaris (re) capiatur capimns capiamus capitis capiatis capiunt capiant capimur capimini capiuntur capiamur capiamini capiantur /////. capiebam caper em capiebar caperer FuL capiam, ies, iet, &c. capiar, ieris (re), &c. Per/, cepi ceperim captus sum captus Sim Phip. ceperam cepissem captus eram captus essem F. P. cepero captus ero Imperat. cape capib« capito capitote capito capiunto capere capitor capitor capimini capiuntor Imp. /v. capere ^ cepisse Pr Fut. capturuie esse . capi captum iri captu^^'esse Part. capiens capturus i:;*' :.^^*«aptus ^v ^ ^ . -^ capiendus ^^V Ger. capiendi, do, dum Sup. . captum captQ i.iA^'1/^- See Exercise, page 66. tZii(^ 36 Latin Method, Lesson 24. Regular Verb: Fourth Coiijugation. Principal Parts : Act. audio audire audivi auditum Pass, audior audiri auditus sum iNpic. Active. subj. iNDic. Passive, subj. Pi^ES., / hear. I atn heard. audio, / hear. audiam audior ai^iar audiaris (re) audis, yo7i hear. audits audiris (re) audit, he heah. audiet auditur audiatur audimus, we hear . audiamus audimur audiamur auditis, you hear. audiatis audimini audiamini audiunt, they hear, audiaut audiuntur audiantur Imperf., / heard {was hearing). I was heard. audiebam audirem audiebar audirer audiebas audires audiebaris (re) audireris (re) audiebat audiret audiebatur audiretur audiebamus audiremus audiebamur audiremur audiebatis audiretis audiebamini audiremini audiebant audirent audiebantur audireutur F'UT., / shatt hear. / shall be heard. audiam audiar audies audieris (re) audiet audietur audiemus audiemur audietis audiemini audient audientur Perf., I heard {have heaj'd) . / was {h ave been) heard. audivi audlverim auditus sum auditus Sim audlvisti audlveris auditus es auditus sis audivit audiverit auditus est auditus sit audlvimus audiverimus audltl sumus audltl simus audlvistis audiveritis auditl estis audltl sitis audiverunt (re) audiverint audltl sunt audit! sint Plup., I had heard. / had been heard. audiveram audlvissem auditus eram auditus essem audiveras audivisses auditus eras auditus esses audlverat audivisset auditus erat auditus esset audiveramus audivissemus auditl eramus audltl essemus audiveratis audlvissetis audltl eratis audltl essetis audlverant audlvissent audltl erant audltl essent I FuT. Perf., / shall have heard. I shall have been heard. audlvero auditus ero audlveris auditus eris audiverit auditus erit audiverimus audltl erimus audiveritis audltl eritis audiverint audltl erunt Elementary Lessons. 37 Active. IMPERATIVE. Passive. Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. Pr. 2. audi, hear. audite audire audimini F. 2. audito auditote auditor 3. audito audiunto auditor audiuntor Pr. audire Pf. INFINITIVE. audlvisse Pr. audiri Pf. auditu\esse F. auditiiruii esse ^^ F. auditum iri (auditus fore). PARTICIPLES. Pr. audiens"' FuT. auditiirus^i Pf. auditus^jGER. audiendu^J? Ger. audiendi, do, dum Sup. auditum, auditu See Exercise, page 68. t) Lesson 25. . . Deponent Verbs. V I. Deponent Verbs have the form of the Pi Voice, with an active or reflexive signification : as, I. miror, mirari, miratus, admire; vereor, vereri, veritus, fear; sequor, sequi, secutus,/'^//d?'Z£/y potior, potiri, potitus, possess. Indicative. vereor sequor verebar sequebar verebor sequar Perf. miratus sum veritus sum secutus sum Plup. miratus eram veritus eram seciitus eram potitus eram F. P. miratus ero veritus ero seciitus ero potitus ero Subjunctive. Pres. mirer verear sequar potiar Imp't. mirarer vererer sequerer potirer Perf. miratus sim veritus sim secutus sim potitus sim Plup. miratus essem veritus essem seciitus essem potitus essem Imp. mirare, ator verere, etor sequere, itor potire, itor vereri sequi potiri Participles. 2. 3- 4- Pres. miror Imp't. mirabar FUT. mirabor potior potiebar potiar potitus sum ^ ^fin. mirari T-P v.s. mirans FuT. miraturus Perf. miratus Ger. mirandus verens veriturus veritus verendus sequens secuturus seciitus sequendus potiens potitiirus potitus potiendus 38 Latin Method, a. Deponents have the participles of both voices ; as, sequens, following j secuturus, about to follow j secutus, having followed; sequendus, to-be-followed. b. The future infinitive is always to be given in the active form : thus of sequor it is secuturus esse, not secutum iri. c. The gerundive, being passive in meaning, is found only in transitive verbs, or neuter verbs used impersonally : as, potienda est telliis, the land 7>iust be won; moriendum est omnibus, all tnust die. d. The perfect participle is sometimes also passive : as, mer- catus, bought; a.deptna, gained (or, having gained). e. The following verbs have no perfect active, but form the per- fect, &c., like deponents, and are called seini-ciepone7its : audeo,^ ausus, dare; gaudeo,^ gavisus, rejoica; fido,^ fisus, trust; soleo,^ solitu3, be accustomed. See Exercise, page 70. Lesson 26. Irregular and Defective Verbs. PART FIRST. Several verbs are irregular in the tenses of the present stem. The most common of these are — 1. volo, Vi^j^le, volui, to wish. 2. nolo (rrorrvolo), nolle, nolui, to be unwillittg. 3. malo (magis volo), malle, malui, to wish rather. These three are i nflected as -follows : — SUBI. INDIC. SUBJ [. INDIC. SUBJ. velim velis velit ^^«^,BRES|^.^^^, nonvis nolis ' nonvult nolit w.^-^-^^S. volo vis vult inalo mavis mavult malim malis malit volumus vultis volunt velimus velitis velint nolumus nolimus nonvultis nolitis nolunt nolint /^ IMPERFECT. malumus mavultis malunt malimus malitis malint volebam veUem nolebam nsllem malebam mallem volam FUTURE, nolam PERFECT. malam volui -erim n51ui -erim ,^i^ PLUPERFECT. malui -erim '^^ volueram -issem ndlueram -issem FUTURE PERFECT malueram -issem ^- voluero noluero maluero ct#. miseret, // g?'ieves; paenitet, it repents ; piget, // disgusts; pudet, // shames ; taedft, // wearies. These take an accusative of the^^r&pn with a genitivfe or infinitive : as, miseret me tui, I pity you; paenitet me hoc fecisse, I repent of having done this. c. libet, it pleases ; licet, // is allowed, used with the dative of the person : as, licet mihi loqui, / am permitted to speak; also oportet, there is need : as, oportet me scribere, / must wfite. These have the regular synopsis in the third person : as, licet, licebat, licebit, licuit, &c. ; also libitum and licitum est, &c. d. The third person passive of intransitive verbs (see Lesson 20): as, pugnatur, ihej'e is Jightijtg ; mihi invidetur, I am envied. e. Several verbs are used impersonally in special meanino:s : as, certum est, /'/ is resolved; constat, it is clear; placet, videtur, // seeins good ; decet, it is becoming; praestat, it is better; interest, refert, // concerns (with genitive) ; vacat, there is leisure; with verbs of happening and the like. See Exercise, page 72. Elementary Lessons, 41 Lesson 27. Particles. 1. The regular Adverbs of manner are formed from Adjectives, as follows : — a. Adjectives of the first and second declensions (ending in us or er) form the adverb in e : as, callidus {cunning), callide; dexter {skilful), dextre. b. Those of the third declension form the adverb in -ter : as, fortis {brave), fortiter ; prudens {prudent), prudenter. c. Many case forms of adjectives are used as adverbs : as, multum, much; idlso, falsely ; recta, straightway. For the comparison of adverbs, see Lesson 11; for their classi- fication, see Gr. § 41, 2. 2. The more common prepositions in the following lists should be committed to memory : — a. The following Prepositions require the accusative : — ad, to. adversusX adversum, towards. ante, before. apud, at, near. circa, or circum, around. circiter, about. cis, citra, this side. contra, aiiainst. erga, tawards. extra, outside. infra, below. inter, amo7tg. intra, inside. juxta, near. ob, on account of penes, in the power. per, through. pone, behind. ^--^'^ ablative : — e, ex, out of prae, ii>i Mmpllrtsan wilfht le, without. tenvLB/up to, or as far as. post, after. praeter, beyond. prope, near. propter, on accoimt of secundum, next to. supra, above. trans, across. ultra, on the farther side, versus, towards. b. The following require t a, ab, ^\>Q,from, by. absque, but for, without. coram, /;/ presence of. cum, with. C^^ Od^^^^ 77;;?. / c. The following may take eitner c^e in, into, in; sub, under ; subter, beneath ; super, above. In and sub, when followed by the Accusative, signify motion to^ when by the Ablative, rest in, a place. 1 42 Latin Method, Lesson 28. Formation of Woi-ds : 1. "Verb Stems. 1. The parts of a word which most commonly determine its meaning are: i. the Root; 2. the significant ending found in the Stem ; 3. the Inflec- tion ; 4. (in compounds) the Prefix. For example, the noun flumen, river^ is formed from the root ¥i.v,Jlow, and the termination men, denoting act, means, or result. In the verb conjecerat, he had hurled, we find: i. the root JAC, throw (lengthened in the perfect to jec) ; 2. the inflectional end- ing erat of the pluperfect third person (being the imperfect of esse added to the perfect stem) ; 3. the prefix con, signifying here the force or vigor of an action. Note. — Many words (as most Particles) are primitive ; and many others, though derivative, are simple, and do not apparently come under the rules of derivation. 2. The Root gives a word its radical meaning. Roots consist of a single syllable, and have a short vowel. Verb-stems are formed from roots in one of the following ways : — 1. By lengthening the vowel : as, dig. dico. 2. By reduplication : as, gen, gigno ; sta, sisto. 3. By inserting m or n : as, cub, -cumbo ; Fm, findo. 4. By adding d or n : as, ten, tendo ; tem, temno. 5. By doubling final 1 or r: as, fal, fallo ; ver, verro. 6. By adding sc (inceptive) : as. Die, disco (:= dicsco). 7. By adding t: as, mit, mitto; pec, pecto. 8. By adding a vowel: as, jac, jacio ; cap, capio. N. B —The added vowel, a, e, i, becomes the vowel of conju- gation (characteristic or connecting vowel) in amo (= amao), moneo, audio. For the formation of the Perfect and Supine stems, see Lesson 18. 3. Give the principal parts of the verbs which fol- low (consulting the Vocabulary), tracing the formation of the different stems from the root, and comparing the appended derivatives ; — Ele^neniary Lessons, 43 N. B. — The small figures i, 2, 3, 4, represent the conjugations. 1. voco' (voc), call ; vox, voice. 2. seco' (sec), cut; segmentum, slice. 3. do' (da), give; Aoiwivq., gift. 4. 2iVi^eo'^ {a\]G), increase ; au^uatus, august. 5. suadeo'^ (svad), make pleasant ; suavis, sweet. 6. oa.6.6^ {cad\ fall ; casus, accident. 7. sisto^ (sta), stand (compare sto, stare). 8. nosco^ (gno), know ; nomen, naine. 9. cre-do'' (dha), trust {^place confidence'). 10. finio"* (from fini-, stem of finis), end. 11. salio* (sal), leap ; sal to, dance. 12. eo (i), go (compare ven-eo, to be sold) ; iter, way. Lesson 29. Formation of Words : 3. Nouns and Adjectives. I. The following are some of the more important significant endings : — 1. tor (m.), trix (f.), doer or agent : as, arator, ploughman; victrix, she that conquers. This form is often used as an adjective : as, victor exercitus, a victorious army ; victricia arma, conquering ar?Jts. 2. men, mentum, bulum, culum (n.), means : as, tegmen, covering; frumentum, corn (fruor, enjoy). 3. ulus (olus, ellus), a, um, diminutive : as, rivulus, a brook; filiolus, a little son ; capella, a she-goat; munusculum, a trifling gift; catellus, a young puppy (catulus). 4. ax, idus, bundus, active verbal : as, pugnax, apt to fight; liioidus, shining ; vagabundus, wandering. 5. ilis, bilis, ivu3, mnus, passive verbal : as, fragilis, frail (frango) ; nobilis, well-known (nosco) ; captivus, prisoner (of war) ; alumnus {dXo) , foster-child. 6. ia, io, tas, tudo (f), quality: as, prudentia, prudence; caritas, dearness ; latitude, breadth. 7. alis, aris, arius, acius, ilis (adj.), belonging to : militaris, of a soldier ; hostilis, of the enemy ; o-vlle, sheep-fold ; bubile (n.), a stall for cattle ; argentarius, sihiers7nith or money-lender. 8. eus, aceus, osus, ilus, denoting material or abundance : as, awxQXiS, golden ; aeinvunosvis, full of grief. 44 Latin Method, 9. ium, etum, office or group : as, servitium, slavery^ or the servile class j quercetum, oak-forest. 10. atus, itus, utus, participial: as, galeatus, hebneted; auritus, long-eared ; cornutus, having hor?ts. 11. ides, ades, (m.), as, is, eis (f.), patronymic : as, Priamides, son of Priam; Tyndaris, daughter of Tyfidarus. 12. anus, ensis, patrial: as, Romanus, Roman; Atheiiiensis, Athenian. 2. Give the meaning of the following derivatives, as shown by the termination : — 1. venatrix: venor,'^ hunt. 15. facilis : facio,^ /^ ^/. 10. calidus : caleo,^ to be hot. 24. nodosus : nodus, knot. 11. fortitudo: ioxths, brave. 25. absentia: 2i}o%Gn.s, absetit. 1 2. levitas : levis, light. 26. Cretensis : Creta {an island). 13. levamen: levo,' lift. I'j . Atrides: Atreus. 14. mercator: mercor,' trade. 28. Nereis: T^qxqws {a sea-god). Lesson 30. Formation of "Words : 3. Derivatives and Compounds. I. The following are the forms of the derivative verbs : — 1. sco^ {inceptive or inchoative)^ beginning: as, fl5resco, to put forth flowers ; cslesco, to grow warm. 2. esso,^ isso^ {intensive), attemp-j: : as, capesso, lay hold on; facesso, to do (with energy) ; petisso, seek (eagerly). 3. to,' ito^ {intensive^ frequentative), force or repetition: as, jacto,' to hurl ; dictito,i to keep on saying. 4. illo^ {diminutive)^ feebleness : as, cantillo^ to chirp or warble. 5. urio^ (^/fi-zV/^fr^Z/V^), desire : as, esurio,* / ^/// ^z/«^rj/ (from edo,^ eat). [The last three are added to the Supine stem.] Ele7nentary Lessons, 45 6. Many verbs of the first conjugation are formed from nouns or adjectives : as, milito,' to serve as a soldier; caeco/ to 7nake blind J vigilo,' to keep watch ; dominor/ to be inaster, or tyrant. 2. Compounds are formed in two ways : — a. By joining two or more words in one, each retaining its own meaning : as, armiger, armor-bearer; maledico,^ to speak ill; magnanimus, great-hearted; tubiceu {tuba, cano), trumpeter ; multiformis, of many shapes; suovetaurilia {sTis, ovis, taurus), a ceremony including the sacrifice of a hog, a sheep, and a bull, b. By prefixing a Particle : most frequently a Preposition to a Verb. The meaning of the most common prefixes is seen in the following : — 1. a, ab, AWAY : as, aufero (abfero), take away. 2. ad, TO, TOWARDS : as, affero (adfero), brittg. 3. ante, BEFORE : as, antefero, /r,^^ry antecello,^ ^,tr^/. 4. circum, around: as, cixcvLYO.mvLnio,'^ fortify completely. 5. con, together or forcibly : as, confero, bring together; coUoco,' to set firm. 6. de, DOWN, UTTERLY : as, despicio,^ despise {look down on) ; destruo,^ destroy. 7. di or dis, asunder : as, diduco,^ draw apai't ; disjungo,^ uvbind. 8 e, ex, OUT : as, effero (ecfero), carry forth., uplift. 9. in (with nouns or adjectives), not : as, inf initus, boundless. 10. in (with verbs), in, on, against: as, infero, bear against. 11. inter, between, to pieces : as, interrumpo,^ intentipt. 12. ne, neo, not : as, nequeo, cannot ; necopinatus, unlooked for. 13. ob, towards, to meet : as, offero, offer ; obvenio,'' ineet. 14. per, prae, very : as, permagnus, very great ; praeclarus, glorious. 15. per, FORWARD : 2.S, -poxrectvL^, oictstretched. 16. re, red, back, again : as, refero, report ; redeo, return. 17. se, APART : 2^^, ^'QY>2iXO^ separate ; secexno,^ p7it aside. 18. sub, UNDER, in LOW degree: as, subdolus, crafty; sub- struo,^ build beneath. 19. super, UPON, OVER and above: as, superfluo,^ overfloxb ; superstes, a survivor. See Examples, pp. 126-1^8. 46 Latin Method. PARALLEL EXERCISES ON THE FCTREGOING LESSONS. Lesson 3. First Declension of Nouns. Vvcabtilary. a or 2ih,from (with abl.). in, in (with abl.). ad, to (with ace)- i°» ^^^^ (with ace), cum, wiih (with abl). inter, between, among (ace.)' e or ex, out of (with abl.). per, through (with ace), ala, ae (f.), wing. nympha, ae (f.), nymph. aquila, ae (f.), eagle. umbra, ae (f.), shadow. et or -que, and; sed, but; non, not. Translate into English. I I. Nautae filia. 8. In insula. 2. Nympha aquarum. 9- Ad portas. 3. Via per silvas. ID. Cometes inter Stellas. 4- Agricola cum filiabus. II. Inter lunam et Stellas. 5- Amicitia puellarum. 12. In umbra silvae. 6. Ex aqua. 13- Ad reginae filias. 7- In aquam. 14. Aquilae alis. Write in L,atin. 1. The queen's^ daughter. 4. Between Rome and Athens. 2. The wings of eagles. 5. To the gates of Rome. 3. A way through the wood. 6. From the island to the land. 1 Genitive •* observe that " queen's " is the same as " of the queen." L E S S O N • 4. Second Declension of Nouns. Vocabulary. argentum, i (n.), silver, murus, i (m,), wall. ager, gri {u^feld. oculus, i (m.), eye. folium, i (n.), leaf. somnus, i (m ), sleep. hortus, i (M.), garden. taurus, i (m.), bull. multum, i (n.), much. templum, i (x.), temple. Parallel Exercises, 47 Translate into English. 1. Servi filius. 10. Umbrae foliorum. 2. Magistrorunr libri. 11. Bella Romanorum. 3. Tauri oculus. 12. Magister cum pueris. 4. Cum Marco puero. 13. Nauta cum filiis. 5. Marce lili. 14. Multum argenti.^ 6. Corinthi murus. 15. Belli pericula. 7. In somno. 16. Via ad oppidum. 8. In agris magistri. 17. Ager inter silvam et oppi- 9. In agros viri. dum. Write in iLatin. 1. In the gardens. 7. Into the town. 2. Into the master's fields. 8. To the walls of the town. 3. The queen's slaves. 9. Among the leaves of the 4. The walls of Rome. forest. 5. In the wars of the Romans.^ 10. In the temples of the 6. Between land and water. gods. 1 Words of Quantity, as much, more, less, are in" Latin used with the genitive : thus, muck silver is much (a great deal) 0/ silver, — ^ Rbmdnus. Lesson 5. Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions. Vocabulary. collum, i (n.), neck. angustus, a, um, narrow. pomum, i (n.), apple., fruit. funestus, a, Mva, fatal. socius, i (m.), companion. maturus, a, um, ripe. tenebrae, arum (f.), gloom. sanctus, a, um, holy, noster, tra, trum, our. pulcer," era, crum, beautiful. Translate into ^English. 1. Regina cum parvis filiabus. 6. In via angusta. 2. In magno funestoque bello. 7. Niger equus in agro. 3. Templa sanctarum dearum. 8. Multa folia in silvis. 4. Cum sociis et filio et magnis 9. Sancte deus ! dis.^ 10. Roma patria nostra. 5. Via angusta inter silvam et 11. Tenebrae sub foliis sil- oppidum. varum. 1 Later and commoner form, pulcher, 2 See page 5, e. 4S Latin Method. 1. My friend (voc). 2. The long neck of the swan. 3. Many gifts in the temples of the gods. 4. Ripe apples in the master's garden. Write in Latin. 5. Shadows of the dense forests. 6. A long way through fields and forests. 7. Italy our native-land. 8. Seven^black bulls (ace). 1 septem. Lesson 6. Simple Sentence: 1. Subject and Predicate. Vocabulaiy. anc5ra, ae (f.), anchor. constantia, ae {¥.), firmness. dominus, i (m.), master^ lord. solatium, i (n,), comfort. acutus, a, um, keen. apertus, a, um, open. arduus, a, um, difficult. curvus, a, um, crooked. fidus, a, ura., faithful. serenus, a, um, clear, still. Translate into English. 1. Filia reginae est pulcra. ii. Magna sunt pericula belli. 2. Ancorae curvae sunt. 12. Nihil viris bonis arduum 3. Portae sunt apertae. est. 4. In silvis multae erant ferae. 13. Miseri semper sumus sine 5. Oculi nautarum sunt acuti. 6. Agricola erat in agro. 14. 7. Lucida est luna in caelo sereno. 15. 8. Corinthi portae altae ^2i- tent {are open) . 16. 9. Pueri sumus non viri. 10. Seneca philosophus erat 17. clarus inter Romanos. beneficiis deorum. Maximis curis remedium est patientia. NuUius omnino vita est libera curis. In medio templo sedet regina. Mucins vir erat Romanae constantiae. lYrite in Latin. 1. The son of Aeneas was Ascanius. 2. Anger is a great fault. 3. Athens was the native-city of many great men. 4. Few slaves were faithful to [their] masters (dat.). 5. Great men [are] the gift of the gods. 6. The moon and stars were bright in the clear sky. 7. You are men, not boys. 8. The forces of the Ro- Parallel Exercises, 49 Lesson 7. Simple Sentence : 3. Object- Accusative. Vocabulary, fugo,' drive. mico/ glitter. fulgeo,2 shine. minus, less. garrulus, a, um, chattering. moveo,^ move. impleo.^y?//. placidus, a, um, calm. intro,^ enter. tener, era, erum., tender, libum, i (n.), cake. turbo,i disturb. liquidus, a, um, transparent. uiida, ae (f.), wave. magis, more^ (adv.). ventus, i (m.), wind. Translate into English. 1. J^unam et Stellas videmus in caelo sereno. 2. Magnam perieuli procellam Horatius sustinet. 3. Silvam magnam, atram tenebris, prope oppidum in- tramus. 4. Ignavus nauta ventos et undas culpat. ^^ 5. Bona consilia das fili©. 6. Locum vera gloria habet inter astra. ^ 7. Bonos laudamus, improbos vituperamus. 8. Aquam liquidam agnus non turbat. 9. Atra cura placidum somnum membris non dat. 10. Tua fata docet aliorum fortuna. ^■ , II. Romani castra movent e campo. 12. Saevus lupus agnam teneram lacerat. 13. Servi pocula magna vino implent. 14. Fessi nautae fretum angustum intrant. 15. Puellae garrulae multa inter se^ narrant. 16. Poetae antiqui sapientiam docent. 17. Agricola lupos ex agris suis fugat. "Write in Latin. 1. Slaves fear a cruel master. ; 2. The black^ darkness of the forest terrifies'' small boys. 3. We give cakes to children.^ 4. The queen is walking in [the] garden with* [her] two daughters. 1 a7noug Ihenisclvcs [to one (inot/ier). ^ ater. 3 puer. * cum. 5 Plural. 4 50 Latin Method, 5. We owe a great [sum of] money to the jeweller. 6. Few [men] love glory more than life.^ - 7., We often see wolves' in the forest. 8. We praise the good less than we blame the bad. 9. The Tyrians^ praise the beautiful queen. 10. We have riches [as] a gift of the bountiful gods. 11. The son of Anchises enters the shades of Avernus.* 8 Avernus, i. ^ Accusative. 2 Xyrii, Lesson 8. Simple Sentence : 3. Special Forms* Vocabulary . caecus, a, um, blind. impiger, gra, um, vigorous. canorus, a, um, melodious. . invideo,'^ envy (with dat.). cygnus, i (m.), swan. noceo,^ do harm (dat.). erga (with ace), towards. potius, rather. frigidus, a, um, cold. stultus, a, \im, foolish. ignavus, a, um, lazy. V2Xqo,^ prevail^ be strong. Translate into Englisli. 1. Num tu laudas stultum ? nonne potius rides? 2. Ubinam in terris cygnum canorum videmus? 3. Cur pericula belli timetis t 4. O quam frigida est aqua ! 5. Et oculis^ et animo videmus. 6. Quomodo vita tyrannorum veram amicitiam habet ? 7. Quanta sunt tua erga me beneficia ! 8. Virum bonum inimici non terrent. 9. Inter stultos maxime valet'prudentia. 10. Quando eras tu RomaQ. aut Corinthi ? ;':f^' 11. Et stultos et caecos saepe videmus multos. 12. Nee nocet inimicis vir bonus nee invidet. 13. Alter puerorum impiger est, alter ignavus. 1 Translate with (ablative of means). Write in Latin. I. Do you see a narrow road in the forest ? Yes (" I see "). '2. How-great are the gifts of the gods ! 3. We were both^ weary and frightened. 1 et. Parallel Exercises, 5X 4. We do not sea wholly either with the eyes or with the mind (use neque . . nee). 5. The queen has two slaves, the one^ tall, the other^stout;: yd. We have neither riches nor glary. 7. Does a good man ever envy the bad ? 8. The perils of war frighten cowards, but not strong men. 9. How-many fingerj have-you on' the right-hand ? how many on the left ? 10. Pompey was an honest man, no-doubt,* and a good general ; but proud, jealous, sullen, and-not^ a true friend. Y 2 alter (ace). 3 i^. 4 quidem. ^ neque. Lesson 9. Third Declension of Xoung. Vocabulary. coram (abl.), m presence of. quies, etis (f.), rest. hirundo, inis (f.), swallow. sol, solis (m.), the sun. iter, itineris (n.), journey^ inarch. s61um, i (n.), soil^ land. jucunditas, atis (f.), delight. tempus, oris (n.), time. latro, onis (m.), robber. venator, oris (m.), huntsman. me (ace. or abl.), 7ne. ver, veris (n.), spring. mutatio, onis (f.), change. vulnus, eris (n.), wound Translate into English. 1. Cantat vacuus coram latrone viator. 2. Milites Romani in hostium finibus pugnant. 3. Mare vastum sub oculis militum patet. 4. Hirundines veris tempore videmus. 5. Virtus in astra spectat ; in mortem timor. x^6. Nobilitas sola est atque unica virtus. 7. Inter heroas^ veteres Herculem, Thesea,^ Persea,^ lasona,^ Bellerophonta^ memoramus. V 8. Somnus est mortis imago. sr 9- Immensas arbor habet opes. 10. Subita formido occupat corda Romanorum. 11. Rectores civitatis boni strenuique erant multi. 12. Hostes vim legionum atque equitum non sustinent. 1 page 12. e. ^ page 5.^. ^ § 11, iii. 6. c^ d. 52 Latin Methdd, , 13. Homo sum : humani* nihil a me alienum puto. ^ 14. Fontem liquidum agnus non turbat. x 15. L. Junius Brutus et L. Tarquinius Collatinus primi erant consules Romae. 16. Lampadas facesque dextris tenemus. 17. Fortuna spondet multa multis \ praestat nemini. 18. Senex bubulcus libertatem frustra orat. 19. Post equitem sedet atra Cura. 20. Pallida Mors aequo pulsat pede pauperum tabernas regumque turres. 21. In solis defectionibus, soli luna obstat. 22. ^abet multum jucunditatis soli caelique mutatio. 23. Ver praebet flores, formosa est messibus aestas. 24. Navita de ventis, de tauris narrat arator ; Enumerat miles vulnera, pastor oves. 25. Venator fera? canibus agitat. 26. Labor et requies sunt pariter necessaria.® .27. Itinere et frigore et vulneribus fessus erat miles. 28. Senum multorum consilia sunt sana, corpora infirma. 29. Agricola laudat nemora sua amoena, et rura plena jucunditatis. 30. Neque est trepidatio diligentia, neque irapudentia fortitudo. * That is, "of what belongs to man." 5 Neuter plural (§ 47, 2. b). "Write in I^atin. 1. The ramparts^ of the city are high and long. 2. The boy is in the garden with [his] father and mother. 3. The hunter's dogs are-hastening to the woods. 4. Riches, honor, [and] beauty are uncertain. 5. The enemy (plur.) puts-to-flight^ the Roman legions. 6. A fox and a lion were once partners^ in the chase."* 7. The virtue of [one's] parents is a great dovver.^ 8. A constant dropping wears-away® a stone. 9. The mind of man (plur.) is ignorant of future destiny. ^ moenia. ^ fi*goy ^ saeius. ^ venatio. 5 dos (f.). ^ cavoy Parallel Exercises, 53 10. The broad tree of Jove furnishes acorns for swine/ .11. The nymphs are guards of the fountains. 12. Vulcan furnishes thunderbolts to-Jove. 13. A thousand shining fishes are-swimming* in the stream. "^ page 14, 3. 8 natoy Lesson 10. Adjectives of the Third Declension. Vocabulary, adhibeo,2 apply. ingens, tis, vast^ mighty, aequor, bris (n.), lev el ^ sea. iners, tis, idle^ inefficient. civitas, atis (f.), state. mergus, i (m.), sea-gull. fallax, acis, treacherous. pauper, eris, poor (not destitute), fidelis, Q.faithpil. paupertas, atis (f.), poverty, ferens, tis, bringing. recens, tia, fresh. ferox, OCXS, fierce. xervoio^ fly back. fortis, e, brave, sceleratus, a, um, wicked. impleo,2yf//. torqueo,^ hurl. Translate into £ngrlish. 1. Silvam veterem in montibus videmus. 2. Inertes semper maxime laborant.^ 3. Medio celeres revolant ex aequore mergi. ^,4. Impia sub dulci melle venena latent. 5. Amicorum omnia^ sunt communia. 6. Semper gravis est ira regum. 7. Filius sapiens laetificat patrem. 8. Fortuna fortes^ juvat. . 9. Ignis aurum probat, miseria fortes viros. 10. Paupertas omnes artes docet. 11. Alteri* divitiae, alteri ingentes opes sunt. .12. Senex est debilis et annis et morbo. 13. Timeo hostes et^ dona ferentes. . 14. Servi fideles pocula vino recenti implent. 15. Ferox leo agnum asperis lacerat dentibus, 16. Voluptas fallax est, et inimica virtuti. ^ i.e. take most trouble. 2 all things [every thing). ' " the brave,^'' i.e. brave men. ^ 'Uo the one are,'' i.e. the one has. ^ even. 54 Latin Method, * 17. Salus civitatis est civium virtus. 18. Vires^ virorum sunt inter se' dispares. 19. Terribilia sunt fulmina Jovis, et sceleratis inimica. 20. Gravibus morbis^ curationes adhibemus periculosas. 21. Tu frigus amabile fessis tauris et pecori vago praebes. 22. Navi fragili omnes venti sunt contrarii. 6 See page 14, 3. '^ from one another (see § 19, 3. d). ^ Dative. "Write in Liatin. 1. The lion's strength (plur.) is vast. 2. In the tomb the poor [man] is equal to the rich. 3. With mighty force^ the soldier hurls [his] spear. 4. The wicked fear the dreadful thunderbolts of Jove. 5. The valor^ of general and soldiers is the safety of the state. 6. All good citizens call-on^ the gods with humble prayers. 7. A wise father often has a foolish son. 8. Why do-you-fear the tiger ?* Because he has mighty teeth and dreadful claws. 9. The horseman pricks-up^ [his] horse with sharp spurs. 10. We fill the bowls daily with fresh milk. 11. In a short time the enemy (plur.) move [their] camp from the plain. ^ 1 vis. 2 virtus. 3 invocoy * tigris (§ H, iii. d. b). ^ stinmlo.^ Lesson II. Comparison of Adjectives. Vocabulary. aequalis, e, of one's own age. jucundus, a, ura., pleasa?it aequitas, atis (y.^^ justice. plerique, aeque, aque, most. egens, tis, needy. posteri, 9rvira., posterity. facetus, a, um, cheerful, funny, sagax, acis, sagacious. felix, Ids, fortunate. validus, a, um, strong. gravis, e, heavy. velox, ocis, swift. Translate into English. 1. Quid est in oti© jucundius quam sermo facetus t 2. Quis animi maximi aequitatem summam non laudat ? -. 3. Labor voluptasque, dissimillima natura, societate na- turali sunt conjuncta. « Parallel Exercises. 55 4. Argentum villus est auro/ virtutibiis aurum. 5. Nihil est praestantius sapientia. 6. Romam, urbem Italiae clarissimam, laudant poetae. 7. Liberi saepe parentibus sunt simillimi. 8. O matre pulcra filia pulcrior ! 9. Caesarem, et virum fortissimum et imperatorem sum- mum, nos poster! laudamus. 10. P. Clodius erat nequissimus" omnium aequalium. 11. Hostes maximum oppidum Hispanorum oppugnant. 12. Hieme pauperes sunt egentissimi. 13. Senem sapientissimum omnes Catonem vocant. 14. Magister noster omnium est doctissimus. 15. Lupi ferociores sunt quam canes, 16. Feliciores erant filii quam patres. 17. Filia pulchra pulcherrimae matri est simillima. 18. Permulti' seraes validiores sunt quam pleriq^ue pueri. 19. Omnium animalium ferocissimus est tigris, sagacissimus elephantus, callidissinia vulpes. 1 thajigold (abl.). 2 See § 17, 2. 3 See § 17, 5. d. "Write in Latin. 1. No one of the Romans was more eloquent than Cicero, no one more wise than Cato. 2. It was a very-heavy^ load. 3. Care is swifter than the winds. 4. The glory of the Roman people was greatest in war. 5. The deeds of brave men are often very obscure. 6. Dogs are more sagacious than cats. 7. A queen is often the most wretched of all women. 8. 'Cornelia was the elder of the [two] sisters. 9. Men often dread even the smallest evils. 10. In the forest are very-many fierce animals, among others boars, wolves, and bears. 11. The children were more fortunate than [their] parents. 12. The farmer's servant is-giving very poor fodder"^ to his cattle.^ ^ ^ Superlative. , 2 malum pabuhitn. 3 ^(^^.^j (see page 14,3). 56 Latin Method, Lesson 12. Fourth and Fifth Declensions. Vocabulary. acies, ei (f.), edj^e, line-of-battle. orno/ adorn. adventus, us (m.), coming. partus, a, Mm., gotten. caesaries, ei (f.), hair, locks. pendeo,^ hang^ depend. contra, against. posterus, a, um, the next. fluctus, us (m.), billow. praeclarus, a, um, glorious, glacies, ei (f.), ice. roscidus, a, um, dewy. male, ill, badly. sudo,i sweaty distil, minax, acis, threatening. unguis, is (m.), claw. Translate into English. At 1. Ex parvis rebus saepe magnae, pendent. 2. Durae quercus sudant roscida mella. \r 3. Est mihi domi pater, est optima mater. 4. Altas quercus in silvis videmus. 5. In alto lacu plurimi sunt pisces. v6. Puerum minapja tauri cornua terrent. 7. Domus suitfsplendidae in oppido. 8. Plurimas naves in portu videmus. 9. In magnis fluctibus maris natant pueri. 10. Validis arcubus Persae pugnant, longissimis hastis Macedones. 11. Circiter meridiem milites ad magistratus festinant. 12. Postero die Caesar cum omni equitatu confertissima acie pugnat. 13. Pecunia male parta materies est plurimorum malorum. 14. Soror fidei est justitia. 15. Solis occasu Caesar aciem Gallorum militibus suis monstrat. 16. Filio suo Aeneae alma Venus caesariem dat decoram. 17. Spes victoriae milites delectat. 18. Tauri contra leones cornibus pugnant. 19. Fortuna est domina rerum humanarum. 20. Cantibus avium parvarum magnopere gaudemus. V 21. Non domus nostra corpus est, sed hospitium, et quidem breve. Parallel Exercises, 57 Write in L.atin. 1. The father's coming delights the children. 2. The face of the goddess was most beautiful. 3. Caesar, with all his cavalry, fights against the line-of- battle of the Gauls. 4. We see very-hard ice upon^ the lake. 5. A good man always keeps his promise.^ 6. Bulls fight with [their] horns, boars with their tusks, lions with their claws. 7. In the most wretched case,^ hope sustains^ [our] minds. 8. About sunset the enemy (plur.) hasten towards^ the city. 9. Of all things the sun is most glorious. 1 m (with abl.). 2 status A ^ sustento^ * ^^. s Jides. Lesson 13. Pronouns : Personal and Demonstrative. Vocabulary. artifex, icis (m.), craftsman. ortus, us (m), rising. collega, ae (m.), colleague, par, paris, equal {^ 16, 3. a), formica, ae (f.), ant. poema, atis (x.), poem. frugi (indecl. § 17, 2), thrifty. respondeo,^ answer. mandatum, i (x.), commajid. rideo,"^ laugh, laugh at. nonnuUus, a, um, so77te (§ 41, 2 e, R.). seges, etis (f.), standing corn. occasus, us (m.), settitig. vehementer, exceedingly. Translate into Englisli. 1. Horum omnium fortissimi sunt Belgae. 2. Saepe eadem mandata servis suis dat artifex. 3. Cur stulta ista rana bovi magnitudinem^ invidet ? 4. Nemo hanc animi maximi aequitatem in ipsa morte^ non laudat. 1^5. Pastor canisque ejus sunt fessi. 6. Ego et tu et frater tuus una ambulamus. 7. Et tu et nonnulli collegae tui vehementer erratis. 8. Formica cibum sibi aestate parat. ' enzy to the ox his size, i.e. envy the ox for his size. - at the very point of death. 58 Latin Method, 9. Labor voluptasque, dissimillima natura, societate inter se natural! sunt conjuncta. 10. Ranae stultae regem a Jove orant. Pater deorum ridet, atque eis dat parvum tigillum. 11. Ilia seges votis respondet frugi agricolae. 12. Sol nobis signa dat, sive ortu sive occasu. 13. Nemo hostis nobiscum^ paribus armis pugnat. 14. Ille dies erat tristissimus \ haec nox est laetissima. -^15. Omnia mea^ mecum porto. 16. Vos vobiscum^ pugnatis. 17. Stultus sibi est inimicus. 18. Virtus et vitium semper inter se® pugnant. 19. Ista poemata nobis sunt grata. 20. Non omnes eadem laudamus. 3 See p. \%f. ^ my possessions. 8 Less. 13, a. 6 See § 19, 3. d. Write in Latin. 1. Fools and the impatient are always fighting with them- selves.^ 2. These apples are sweet, those [are] sour. 3. We are wretched, you are happy. 4. Covetous [men] are hostile to themselves. 5. You^ praise yourself too-much. 6. These songs are most pleasing to us. 7. I am a shepherd, you are a robber. 8. He has his brother with him at-home. 9. One of these boys is diligent, the other lazy. 1 seaim, or inter se. 2 jj,se. Lesson 14. Pronouns: Relative, Interrogative, and Indefinite. Vocabulary. aestus, us (m.), tide. obtineo.^ hold^ keep. aliquamdiu,/'^r some time. ora, ae (f.), shore. auctoritas, atis (f.), authority. postulo.^ claim, demand. cruor, oris (m.), blood {when shed), quivis (§ 21, 2. c), any, every. f initimus, a, um, neighboring. sanguis, inis (m.), blood. iiisto,' to be at hajid. tolero,^ endnre. maritimus, a, um, of the sea. tumultus, us (m.), confusion. I Parallel Exercises. 59 Translate into English. 1. Cuivis dolori remedium est patientia. 2. Num quod^ eloquentiae vestigium in Numa Pompilio apparet ? 3. Miles quern laudas fidem non servat. 4. Quern deorum non invocamus ? 5. Omnia animalia quae sanguinem habent, habent etiam cor. 6. Dies instat, quo die populus Romanus magistratus quotannis creat. 7. Bestiae in quo loco natae sunt, se ex eo'^ non com- movent. 8. Erat luna plena, quo die maximi sunt aestus maritimi. H^ 9. Sunt nonnulli, quorum auctoritas apud^ plebem pluri- mum valet. . 10. Milites, quibus rex gratissimus erat, maestum aliquam- diu silentium obtinent. V II. Hie quoque sunt matres miserorum et parvuli liberi, quorum utrorumque"* aetas laborem meum postulat. 12. Thebae ipsae, quod Boeotiae^^ caput est, in magno tumultu erant.^ 13. Ibi vides quicquid^ habeo copiarum. 14. Res Romana cuilibet finitimarum civitatum par erat. / 15. Quo^ major exercitus, eo'^ gravior clades est. J 16. Ut quisque est exercitus maximus,^ ita gravissima dlades. V 17. Quibus precibus virgines sfhctae Vestam fatigant ! 18.- Quae caret^ ora cruore nostro ? 19. Quem virum aut heroa^*^ lyra celebramus ? 20. Tu, quae^^ tua est fortitude, adversam fortunam facillime toleras. ^ any (§ 21, i. a). - Supply loco, and translate before in quo. 3 with. 4 of both of tvhom (§ 21, 2. ^). ^ Translate was, as to us the name Thebes is singular. « See § 21, 2. b. 7 See § 22, c. ^ i.e. the greater a7iy army is (See § 17, 5. c). 9 is tuithotity i.e. is clear from the stain. '^^ See § 11, iii. (>.f. *l such is, &c. ^2 Boeotia, a district of Greece. 6o Latin Method, 21. Estne quisquam^^ {or, num quis est) omnium morta- lium justior ac fortior quam hie, quem merito laudas ? 22. Quemcumque^^ videmus amicum, eum gratum habemus. 12 § 21, 2. h. 13 See p. 20, a. TTrite in L.atin. 1. The boys whom you praise are very idle. 2. What was the cause^ of the war.? Who is-tending the wounded'-^ soldiers ? 3. Those are good citizens who adorn the state by their warlike^ glory, and their own homes by their virtues. 4. Whatever I have of riches, I give all to you. 5. We honor Rome, which* is the head of all Italy. 6. There was war between the Romans and Samnites, both of whom^ were brave and warlike people.® 7. Anybody^ enters the town in-the-day-time.® 8. Which do you consider the greatest general, Csesar, Scipio, or Hannibal ? Which the better^ orator, Cicero or Demosthenes .•* 1 causa, 2 vulneratus ^ bellicus. * Neuter. 5 Nominative. ^ Plural. ^ quivis. ^ interdiu. ^ § 17, 5. a. Lesson 19. Regular Verb: First Conjugation (Active), Vocabulary. avoco,^ call away, litus, oris (n.), shore, caiius, a, um, gray^ hoary. luctus, us (m.), grief. coloniis, i (m.), farmer (colonist). lustre,' purify. egregius, a, um, remarkable. nex, necis (f.), death. foedus, a, um, disgraceful. occupo,^ seize. gens, gentis (f.), race^ nafion. quondam, once., formerly, illustro,' 7nake famous. vehementer, exceedingly. Translate into English. 1. In medio campo errabant timidae oves. 2. Ferox lupus agnum nece injusta laceravit, nam fontem liquidum agnus miser non turbaverat. I Parallel Exercises, 6i 3. Lauda mare : litus ama. 4. Humida solstiti^ atqu^ hiemes orate serenas, Agricolae. 5. Me ne commendaveris^ Caesari tuo. 6. Et tu et nonnuUi collegae tui vehementer erravistis. ^7. Nihil sine magno labore vita dedit mortalibus. 8. Magna fuit quondam capitfe reverentia cani. 9. Foedus hostium timor omnem exercitum occupaverat. 10. Sulpiciorum^ familiam egregia juris scientia illustravit. 11. Filium meum a conjunctione Caesaris"^ avocavi. ^^2. Luctus filii'' mortui animum patris agitabat. 13. Me Vexant luctus et longae taedia vitae. 14. Suevi,^ Germanorum gens bellicosissima, fertilissima Germaniae loca occupaverant. 15. Cum hostes agros devastaverint, urbem ipsam oppug- nabuht. 1 Prohibition (see p. 23, i. f). 2 77^^ Sidpicii, a Roman family. * Translate with Ccvsar. * Translate yi?r, &c. 5 T/ie Stievi, or Swabians. Write in Latin. 1. The enemy had seized^ the camp by night. 2. You had asked, I refused. 3. If the enemy are-holding^ the woods, they will easily drive our cavalry. 4. The soldiers carry ladders with them,^ and easily enter the town. 5. Let"* the soldiers carry* corn with them into the camp. 6. A stag praised his branching horns, but blamed the extreme thinness^ of his legs. 7. Citizen (plur.) strove with citizen in valor.^ 8. Do not carry all the corn with you. 9. Let us take-a-walk"' in the garden. 10. The farmer sailed-over^ the fields which he lately ploughed. ' occupo. 2 teneo. 3 secuni. * Present subj. •^ jtimia tenuitas. ^ virtus. 1 deamlmlo. ^ navigo. 62 Latm Method, ' Lesson 20. Regular Verb : First Conjugation (Passive), Vocabulary. appello,^ call^ address. oppugno,^ attack. domo,' ui, itum, subdue. perturbo,' alarm, eSJemino} enfeeble. repudio,' reject. extra, outside of. * trepido,i tremble. fautor, oris (m.), partisan. voluntas, atis (f.), will. honorificus, a, um, honorable. vulnero,' wound. Translate into English. 1. Agnus miser nece injusta laceratus est a lupo. 2. Monstrum ingens a virgine domitum est. 3. Nos omnium miserrimae virginum appellatae sumus. 4. Vos a Senatu honorificentissime^ appellati estis. 5. Totis^ trepidatum est^ castris.^ 6. Diu a Gallis acerrime^ pugnabatur. 7. Illis locis^ extra moenia non habitatur. 8. Haec urbs nostra a Gallis oppugnata est. 9. Regio imperio^ duo sunto, iique consules appellantor. 10. Illius viri voluntati semper obtemperatur.* 11. Cur tantum perturbamini, cives ? 12. Maria magna, a Carthaginiensibus navigabantur. 13. "A fautbribus utriusque poetae'' diu disputatum est. 14. De agro cum regis legatis disceptatum est. 15. .Kaquae animos effeminant non importantur. 16. Vera gloria nunquam a bonis viris repudiatur. 17. Ab omnibus promissa p^rpetuo servantor. V 18. A dis quoque habitabuntur silvae. 19. Templis^ deorum a Romanis temperatum est. • See § 17, \. c ; \. 2 Translate, throtighout the camp (see § 55, 3,/). 3 there %vas terror. ^ tjt, &c. ^ of royal power. ^ Translate is heeded, taking the will as subject. "^ of both poets. 8 See Note 6. Write in X 16. Caesar Catonem inridere visus est. 17. Conscia mens recti famae mc»dacia riilet. ^ See p. 23, \. c. - wise, i.e. the act of a wise man. 3 tio4-short. * let not, ^c. (see § 35, 2). •'"> £»lley», « [ships] »/ burden. 5 66 Jl^tm Method. W^e in Latin. ^ I. You seem to me to be of a very cheerful mind. 2. The enemy kept themselves hidden in the woods. 3. The consul forbade the army to move from virinter- quarters.^ 4. We shall always obey the laws of the country. 5. Here the soldiers stood, and stoutly^ sustained the attack joi the enemy. y 6. Carthage .was destroyed by the younger^ Scipio Afri- canus. 7. It is difficult for a coward"* to appear brave.* 8. No one should^ envy anybody.^ 9. Gaul is bounded by the river Rhine and the ocean. "^ 10. The power of the Romans was feared by all nations., 11. Our friends were warned in vain. 7 v^ 12. The frogs were frightened by the sound of the log. 13. A monkey sat [as] judge between a wolf and' a fox.- . 1 Ablative. '^ for titer. 3 minor. * Accusative. ^ debett^ Lesson 23. Regular Verb: Third Conjugation. .^rcr \ -Vocabulary. > ago,3 egi, actum, pass^ act. peto,^ petivi (ii), itum, seek. - cespes, itis (m.), turf. irector, oris (m.), ruler. cinis, eris (m.), ashes. rumpo,^ rupi, ruptum, break. exsisto,^^ stiti, stitum, arise. tango,^ tetigi, tactum, touch. mitto,^ misi, missum, send. tolerabilis, e, passable. natus. a, um, boin. traho,-^ xi, ctum, drag, bring. Translate into English. 1. Rectores civitatis boni sapientesque exstitere multi ; oratores autem diu nulli boni, vix singulis^ aetatibus singuli^ tolerabiles inveniuntur. 2. Incipe, parve puer, risu cognoscere matrem. 3. Ex ducentis viginti navibus triginta fugerunt, non- aginta cum pugnatoribus captae sunt, demersae ceterae. ^ See Grammar, § 18, 2. a. Parallel Exercises, 67 <■ 4. ^anae ab Jove regem petiere.^ Pater deorum risit, atque illis dedit parvum tigillum. 5. Homines amplius oculis quam auribus credunt. 6. Vita om.;iis Germanorum in venationibus atque in rebus militaribus agi^^; ab parvulis labori ac duritiae student. 7. ArajtuSji^no ignarus astrologiae, optimis versibus de caelo stellisque dixit. 8. Hominis^ est animum praeparare, Dei autem est regere eventus. 9. Cur times ^[^vum Tiberim tangere ? ID. Non vivere bonum est, sed bene vivere. II. Philosophia ars.et ratio est bene vivendi. ^ 12. Ne necesse habueris^ epistolam reddere. 13. Homines ad intelligendum et ad agendum nati sumus. 14. Hoc ne^ nunc quidem^ difficile factu est. 15. Ne sapiens quidem semper sapit j stultus non semper desipit. 16. Haedui^ legatos ad Caesarem miserant rogatum^ auxilium. 17. Pontem in Arari Caesar faciendum curat. 18. Non est injussu^ imperatoris, id est Dei, de statione vitae decedendum. y 19. Veritas et justitia veP amicitiae sunt anteponenda. 20. Theramenes^° conjectus in carcerem venenum hilariter ac fortiter bibisse dicitur. 21. Alba ligustra cadunt, vaccinia nigra leguntur. 2 See p. 27, c*. •* i7ian''s pmrt. * do not consider, &'c. 5 not rjen. ^ The Aidui, a people of Gaul. "^ Supine. 8 See § 12, 4. b. ^ even. ^^ Thera7neneSy a politician of Athens, one of the Thirty Tyrants, put to death by his colleagues. Write in Liatin. 1. Cicero wrote many letters to his friend Atticus. 2. Unrelenting^ labor conquers all [things]. 3. Caesar with all [his] cavalry made an attack^ upon^ the Germans, who presently* sent ambassadors to him to-ask peace. 1 improhns. 2 impetus.^ 3 {ji (with ace). * mox. 68 • ^ Latin Method^ , 4. Antony married^ Octavia, the sister of Octavianus. 5. Octavia, th^ sister of Octavianus,^rnarrle'd*'Ahtoh){>'^v 6. The mischievous^ boys 'were^funning through, my garden. M >^ ^\ ^ ,^ 7. The forces of the Romans were led by Crassus. 8. The [commander's] tent^ had been set-on-fire by the barbarians. 9. Two stags of vast size^° were caught by the hunters. 10. The women weeping threw" themselves at^"^ Caesar's^f. feet. , 11. After the log, Jupiter sent a water-snake^^ to the wretched frogs, which devoured them daily. 12. The senate de(?reed rewards to the soldiers who had not betrayed the t5wn. 5 djico. ^ niibo. '^ Dative. ^ improbtis. ^ praetorium. ^^ corpus (abl.). ^^ projicio. ^2 ^d. i"* Dative. ^^ hydrus. Lesson 24. Kegvilar Verb: Fourth Conjugation. Vocabulary. aheneus, a, mvh, f -brass. rmtxio,'^ feed, nourish. aperio/ ui, apertum, open. palus, udis (f ), marsh. catena, ae (f.), chain. salio,-* ui, saltum, leap. coerceo.2 ui, itum, check. sentio,^ si, sum., feel, Jiidire. conscio,'* be-conscious. voco^ ussi, ustura, bu7-7t. invenio," veni, ventum, find, urtica, ae (f.), nettle. disconer. vincio,'* vinxi, vinctum, bind. maestus, a, um, sorroiiniig. vmea, ae (f.), trellis (f&r vines). Translate into English. 1. Ubinam in terHg eygnum nigrum inveni^mus ? 2. Ad rivum em^^clem lupus et agnus venerant. 3. Nutritur vento, vento restinguitur ignis. 4. Saepius^ ventis agitatur ingens Pinus, et celsae graviore casu Decidunt turres, feriuntque summos Fulgura montes. 1 See§ 17, 5. a. Parallel Exercises. 6^ 5. Aliud^ est audire, aliud intelligere. 6. Hie mums aheneus esto : Nil conscire sibi, nulla pallescere culpa. 7. Alius alio^ plura in venire potest, nem© omnia. 8. Athenis summa dicendi vis et inventa est et perfecta. 9. Fame coacta^ vulpes uvam alta in vinea pendentem appetebat, summis saliens viribus. 10. Minime sibi quisque notus est, et difficillime de se quisque sentit. 11. Terra salutiferas herbas, eademque nocentes Nutrit ; et \irticae proximo saepe rosa est. la- Cn.^ Julius Agricola prima'in juventute studium philo- sophiae acrius hausit : prudentia matris incensum animum coercuit. 13. Divitis audita estcui'non opulentia Ctoesi ? 14. Ludibrio fratris Remus novos transiliit muros. Inde ab irato Rom-ulo interfectus est. 15. Impium lenite clamorem, sodales. 16. Jugurtha, Numidarum rex, regie vestitus et vinctus catenis, tum cjuobus filiis,"currum victoris antecessit. 17. Hominem mortuum in urbene sepelito neve urito. 18. In montibus castellum erat ingens, natura munitum. ^ t 19. Oppidani portas patefaciunt Romanis. 20. Summo labore urbs erat munita. 21. Corneliae filii maxima cura a matre eruditi erant. 22. Militum corpora a sociis sepulta sunt. 23. Vere colles arvaque floribus vestiuntur. 24. Asinus rudit, bos mugit, canis latrat, catulus gannit, equus hinnit, gallus canit, corvus crocit, leo rugit, ovis balat, serpens sibilat, sus grunnit, infans vagit. 2 one thing. 3 See § 47, 9. 4 cogo.^ 5 See § 15, 4. 6 by whom ? "Write in Latin. 1. The body of Caesar was buried by his sorrowing friends. 2. The Roman camp had been fortified by Labienus with great labor. 7o Latin Method. 3. The Helvetii had now^ arrived-at^ the territory^ of the Sequani. ^^^ 4. A great crash is heard in the woods, from falling trees."* 5. The Britons^ were clothed with skins, and lived^ in the woods and marshes. 6. Those scoundrelly'^ robbers were severely punished. N^ 7. Let the gates of the city be opened to the conquering army. 8. In spring the trees are clad with blossoms, in summer are laden^ with fruits. 9. The soldiers bound the prisoner with chains. 10. In punishing,^ anger is by-no-means^° to-be-admitted.-^^ ^11. Let the voice^^ justice be-heard.-^^ 1 jafii. ^ pervejiio in. ^ fines. •* Genitive. ^ Britannus. ^ habiio} ' sceleshis. 8 onero?- ^ Gerund. ^'^ iTiinime. ^.^ \ il a^hibendii^ ^^ Pres. subjuncdve. Lesson 25. Deponent Verbs. Vocabulary. , ^ . • adipiscor,' adep^tjig, ^aiii, gef} loquor,^ lo^ufcus, 'speak: adsequor,^ seciitus, ^^/;z, real^Jr. maternus, a,;mm, of a tjwther. aggredior,^ aggressus,.<^/Az^/^. V^ mentior,^ speak falsehood. arx, arcis (f.), towen. . • _• nascor,^ natus, be born. classis, is (y.), fleet. polliceor,^ itxus, promise. egredior,-^ egressus, ^^ out. populeus, a, um, of the poplar. frons, tis (f.), brow. queror,^ questus, bewail. fruor,'' fructus, enjoy. sequor,^ secutus, /^//^7£/. irascor,-^ iratus, be angry. utor,^ usus, use., employ. Translate into ^English. 1. Testis fidelis non mentitur." 2. Nunquam sapiens irascitur. 3. De multis rebus locuti sumus. 4. Subita tempestas morabatur classem. 5. Saepe suas Liber^ miratus-est uvas. 6. Vocalem Orphea"^ insecutae-sunt silvae. 1 A name of Bacchus. 2 gee p. 5, g. Parallel Exercises. 71 7. Improbus plurima ^ollice.tur, pauca perficit. 1/-8. Populea Philomela^ sub umbra Amissos queritur pullos. ■ /"^ 9. Nemo potentes aggreditur tutus.^ 10. Sine studio et ardore quodam amoris nihil egregium quisquam adsequetur.y^**'^^ 11. Cur stulta ista rana bovem imitatur? 12. Erojis, oculi, vuljus, saepe mentiuntur. 13. Nox atque praeda hostes remorata sunt. 14. Deos deasque omnes ne eveniat^ precamur. 15. Omnia' vetustate labuntur, nee quicquam tutum i. senectute est. 16. Aliquando oculi suo munere non funguntur. 17. Omnibus in vita commodis^ una cum amicis fruere.*^ ^-18. Puppibus egressus Latia stetit exsul in herba. 19. Deos solos venerabantur Germani Solem et Volcanum et Lunam. In fluminibus saepe lavabantur, et pellibus aut parvis tegimentis utebantur. 20. Sine ullo vulnere victoria Caesar potitur. 21. Tu voluptate frueris, ego utor. 22. Senectutem omnes sperant, eandem accusant adeptam.® 23. Orpheus arte materna® rapidos fluminum lapsus mora- batur. 24. Non rastros patietur humus, non vinea falcem ; Robustus quoque jam tauris juga solvet arator. 25. Nocens omnis^° de se U^uentes audire videtur. 3 nightingale. * See § 47, 6. ^ that it may not happen. 6 advantages (seep. 163, 31). "^ Imperative. ^ gge p. 38, d. 9 with his mother's skill: Orpheus was the son of Apollo and the Muse Calliope. ^^ Ace. plur. (see § 16, 3. <:-). Write in tatin. 1. The Rauraci go-forth^ along with the Helvetii into Gaul. 2. Many of- the Greeks, who had gone forth [to] Troy never returned^ home. 3. Orgetorix persuades Dumnorix to-attempt"* the same. ^ proficiscor.^ 2 ^x. ^ revertor^ sus. * conor (use iit with pres. subj.). 72 Latin Meth9}d, 4. Gato the elder died in the eighty-fifth year of his age. 5. On-every-side^ flowers sprang-up^ in the fields and meadows. "^^ 6. A violent storm delayed Caesar [when] about-to-sail for^ Greece. 7. Speak little,^ promise with-cau4ion,® and remember always to keep [your] word.^*^ ^ 8. The lieutenant will measure-out" corn to the soldiery^ y^. I entirely forgot myself. ^^ ^^'-i'.iUi^- ' W^ IP. Pity me/'^ pity our hardships. II. My son has reached^^ the same grades^* of honor. ^j^ndique. 6 nascor. 7 in. ^ pauca {•i^.'^Xwx.). ^ caute. Hservarejidem. i^ metior. ^'-^ Genitive. ^^ consequor. "^ I* gradus. Lessc^n 26. • Irregular, I>efecti.v(i| and Impersonal Verbs. ^'•'^■ ^Vompklary . * • # " conspicio,^ spexi, ctum, kfjwld.^^ffoi^xo, display. t' demum, m short. \* • x* repentinus, a, um, sudcun.^ X f inio,^ put an end to. ' retro, backward. iracundus, a, um, passio?iate. \ supplex, icis, stippliant. nemus, oris (^.), grove. * veuor,' hunt. Translate into English. 1. Acriores fiebant dux militesque. . 2. Quid est tam regium quam opem ferre supplicibus ? 3. Idem^ velle atque idem nolle, ea demum vera est amicitia. 4. Noli esse amicus homini iracundo. 5. Virtuti retro ire non licet, i^&i^' 6. Potest ex casa magnus vir exire ; virtus omni loco nascitur. 7. Aut prodesse volunt aut delectare poetae. 8. Non cuivis homini contingit adire Gorinthum. 9. Venatm© Aeneas unaque miserrima Dido In nemus ire parant. 4 ^ 1 alike. Parallel Exercises, 73 s333^ 10. Fame coacta vulpes uvam alta in vinea pendentem adpetebat, summis saliens viribus. Tangere autem non po- tuit. Tunc disceden^, " Nondum " inquit " est matura ; nolo acerbam sumere.,% -^ 11. Ipse animi discessus a corpore fit sine dplore, et fit plerumque sine senstv-nonnunc^am etiam cum voluptate. 12. Romani Sabini^ue in medik'yalle redinteg^arunt^ proe- lium/ ' Tum Sabinae mulieres, criniBus passis^ scissaque veste,f ausae sunt se inter tela . volantia inf erre, hinc patres hinc viros orantes. Movet res cum^ multitudinem tum^ duces. Silentium et repentina fit quies. ],nde duces prodeunt, nee pacerh modo sed civitatem unam ex duabus faciunt, regnum consociant, imperium omne conferunt Romam. 2 See p. 27, c^. ^ Participle oi pando. 4 with dishevelled locks and torn garments. ^ See § 22, d. "Write in tatfn. 1. Many cannot bear the pain of sickness. 2. Bad citizens bore arms against [their] country. 3. The river Rhine flows^ a long distance through the territory of the Germans. 4. The Helvetii wonder that Caesar^ has S9-long borne^ the wrongs brought on by them. _ - v^S- The sapling at length becomes a treerj^^'i^-^'^^^' 6. Do-not^ tell-a-lie. V. 7. What we wish we gladly believe. -/ ' *-' 8. Love others, if you wish to be loved yourself. * , ^ ^' 9. Many will hate you, if you love yourself alone. '^' 10. We^ are-allowed"* to be free.^ 11. Remember that you are mortal. 12. Then the god said : " Because you would-not^ bear your good, endure"^ the evil." 13. At length Caesar (ace.) was weary of the business. 14. While the greedy dog wishes to grasp the shadow, he lets-falP the meat from his mouth. 1 Lit. "is borne." ^ Accus. and infin. ^ jiqH |§ 57^ 7. a), * licet. ^ Dative. ^ nolo. '^ per^ro. 8 omitto 74 Latin Method. Examples in Poetry. 1. Jam glacialis hiemps squalentia protulit ora, Terraque marmoreo Candida facta gelu est; Nix jacet, etglaciem nee sol pluviaeve resolvunt, Indurat Boreas, perpetuamque facit. — Ovid. 2. Jam satis terris nivis atque dirae Grandinis misit .Pater, et rubente Dextera sacras jaculatus arces Terruit urbem. — Horace. 3. Diffugere nives, redeunt jam gramina campis, Arboribusque comae ; Mutat terra vices, et decrescentia ripas Flumina praetereunt \ Frigora mitescunt Zephyris ; Ver preterit Aestas. — Id, 4. Molli paulatim flavescet campus arista, Incultis rubens pendebit sentibus uva, Et durae quercus sudabunt roscida mella. — Virgil, 5. Cespes Tyrio mollior ostro Solet impavidos ducere somnos : Aurea rumpunt tecta quietem, Vigilesque trahit purpura noctes j Pectora pauper secura gerit. 6. Beatus ille qui procul negotiis, Ut prisca gens mortalium, Paterna rura bubus exercet suis, Solutus omni fenore ; Neque excitatur classico miles truci, Neque horret iratum mare ; Forumque vitat, et superba civium * Potentiorum limina. — Horace, J . Justum ac tenacem propositi* virum Non civium ardor prava jubentium, Non vultus instantis tyranni, Mente quatit solida. — Id. Constructions of Syntax. 75 PART SECOND. CONSTRUCTIONS OF SYNTAX. Note. — It may be best to proceed at once from the foregoing lessons to the course of reading provided in Part Fourth, reserving the following section to be studied as the constructions occur in reading, and for systematic practice in writing Latin, once a week or oftener, at the convenience of the teacher.' It should be com- pared with the "Synopsis of Constructions" given at the end of this volume. The letter R. refers to the short rules on pages 162, 163 (Grammar, § 75). A. — Uses of Cases : 1. As Objects of Verbs, Notice that all of the four Oblique cases may be used in Latin with different classes of verbs, being represented alike in English by the Objective case. Thus, — 1. hominem video, / j^^ ///^ //z^;z (Accusative). 2. homini servio, I serve the man (Dative). 3. hominis misereor, I pity the 7nan (Genitive). 4. homine amic5 utor, I treat the man as a friend (Ayh^atiyy). I. Accusative as Direct Object. Learn § 52, i. (Object- Accusative), with a^ b^ d (verbs of feelings cognate accusative, and com- pounds). a. The accusatives in a are usually rendered with a preposition in English, though sometimes a transitive verb may be supplied : as, ridere, to laugh at or ridicttle j dolere, to grieve at or lament, &c. d. With the" compounds in d compare those of § 51, 2. d; noticing that there is usually no difference in the translation of the two classes of verbs, which are generally transitive in English : as, adire aliquem, to approach one; obstare alicui, to withstand one. 76 Latin Method, Sxamples. 1. African o^ industria virtutem, virtus gloriam, gloria aemulos comparavit. 2. Tres jam copiarum partes Helvetii flumen traduxerant. 3. Saepe suas Liber^ miratus est uvas. 4. Rastros non patietur humus. U" 5. Paulatim Germani Rhenum transire consueverant. 6. Posthac vitam^ tutiorem vivemus. 7. Joca tua plena facetiarum risimus satis. 8. Iram demetitur Deus suam ; clementiam profundit. 9. Suas quisque miserias dolet. y ^ 10. Nee te, juvenis memorande, silebo. 'f^^ ^/ ^ Dative. ^ A name of Bacchus. ^ Cognate accus. (§ 52, i. b). Write in r.atin. 1. A sudden tempest had delayed the ships. 2. A soft answer subdues^ wrath. 3. Appius Claudius, the censor, brought^ the Appian water into the city, and laid^ the Appian Way. 4. Hannibal had already crossed the Alps. 5. Caesar led his forces across the Rhine. 6. They afterwards lived a safer life. 7. Poverty teaches all the arts. 8. My son complains'* [of] his fortune. 9. We shall go once [on] the last journey. 10. All men laugh-at folly : all men grieve-at misery. 1 frango. 2 indiico. 3 sterno. * qtieror. ' 2. Two Accusatives, § 52, 2. with a and c (appositive and secondary object: R. 25) ; also b and d (compounds, and verbs of hiding), Examples. 1. Te tua fata docebo. 2. Deos deasque omnes pacem oramus. 3. Quid me ista rogas ? Stoicos roga. 4. Iter omnes celabo. Constructions of Syntax, 77 5. NonnuUi utilia solum pueros docent, honesta negligunt. 6. Tu modo posce deos veniam. 7. Juvenes avum Numitorem regem salutabant. 8. Consul primus rogatus est sententiam. 9. Illud puer saepe admonitus erat. 10. Nos hoc diu celamur. ii.'-Melvetii pacem a Cassare petierunt. Write in L.atiii. 1. I will teach you your destiny. 2. We beseech^peace [of] all the gods and goddesses. 3. I did not hide from you [my] friend's ©pkHon. 4. Why do you ask me that ? Ask your father. 5. The consul Nero^ skilfully concealed his march [from] Hannibal. 6. The senate saluted Cicero [as] father of [his] country. 7. Lucius Junius Brutus was called the liberator of Rome. 8. The people elected Lucius Junius Brutus and Lucius Tarquinius CoUatinus [as] first consuls. 9. An old herdsman in vain begged^ [his] liberty [of] Vespasian. 1 Put the name before the title. 2 org. 3. Dative of Indirect Object, § 51, I. and 2. with a and f Write in Latin. 1. This man is eager^ for glory and greedy^ of praise. 2. Most boys are careless^ about antiquities. 3. Catiline was able-to-endure'* fasting, watching, cold. 4. Gaul is full of Roman citizens. ' 5. Night alone was conscious of this deed.^ 6. This boy is very like his father. ^-'T^ 7. The consul was full of plans, sparin^rVin words. 8. The river Rhine is common to Gaul and Germany. 9. Achilles, bravest of the Greeks, was ungovernable^ in wrath. 1 cicpidtis. '^ avidtis. ^ negUgens. * patiens. ^ faciims. *' farms. 7 impotens. 7. Dative of Nearness., &c. § 51, 6. (words of likeness., nearness ., fitness .^ service or help: R. 15), with «, h (use of prepositions), and d {propior, &c.). , i \ Examples. / ' y \ T. Amara sunt vitiosis, ac male viventibus, praecepti i\ justitiae. ^v'^ 2. Auctumnus gravis est urbi agrisque. ^ 3. Tyrannis aliena virtus semper form idolosa est. ^ /\ ] 4. Rex infidis consiliis semper est obnoxius. 5. Ista oratio dignitati tuae alienissima est. 82 Latin Method. 6. Mantua, vae, miserae nimium vicina Cremonae. 7. Unicuique virtutum finitimum vitium est. 8. Ceteri filii superstites patri erant. 9. Is dolor communis erat tribus fratribus. 10. Haec virtus fructuosa vobis, mihi periculosa est. 11. Patres filiis suis nonnunquam sunt iniqui. 12. Rara avis in terris, nigroque simillima cygno. Write in Liatin. 1. Death is like a sleep. 2. To a frail ship all winds are contrary. 3. The death of Socrates was harmonious^ with his life. 4. I have noticed a harbor fit^ for our ships. 5. Livius was of-the-same-age^ with Ennius. 6. Not even the gods — so they boast — are a-match-for* the Swabians.^ 7. Radishes^ are bad^ for the teeth, says Pliny.^ 8. This thing is easy for me, [but] hard for you. 9. Simple food is good^ for children. 10. The speech of Marius was very pleasing t® the people. ^ ccnseiitaneiis. 2 idonetis. '^ aeqiialis. ^ par. ^ Suetn. ^ raphamis, i, m. "^ inhnhus. 8 jitilis. 9 ait Plinius. 8. Ablative of Want, § 54, I. ^, its and usus: R. 28). Examples. 1. Urbs nuda praesidio poscit opem. 2. Animus per somnum sensibus et curis vacuus est. 3. Nos plerique patriae, sed omnes fama atque fortunis expertes sumus. 4. Auctoritate tua mihi opus est. 5. Etiam sapienti amicis opus est. 6. Priusquam incipias consulto, et ubi consulueris mature facto opus est. 7. Exempla nobis opus sunt. Constructions of Syntax, 83 "Write in Latin. 1. What Roman is free from this dishonor^ ? 2. The army was in lack^ of all necessaries. 3. The common-people were-in-terror [when] deprived of tribunes. 4. Cato, said his friends, was clear^ of every human fault. 5. This counsel is foreign to* the dignity of the empire. 6. The senate was bereft^ of counsel and authority. 7. I have need^ of your help. * dedecus. 2 egens. ^ vacuus. ^ alienus a. ^ orbus. 6 opus. 9. Ablative of Source. § 54, 2. « (participles of birth and origin : R. 29). Examples. 1. Ti. Gracchus, matre nobilissima genitus. 2. Nate dea, quae nunc animo sententia surgit.^ 3. Natus erat pulcra origine Caesar. 4. Consul loco obscuro tenuique fortuna ortus. 5. Non sanguine humano sed stirpe divina satus es. Write in Latin. 1. ^neas was son^ of Anchises and Venus. 2. Thou art sprung^ not from human blood, but from divine stock. 3. The youth was born of a most noble mother. 4. The consul Marius was sprung from an obscure place and slender fortune. 1 nattcs. '- ortus. 10. Ablative of Comparison, §54,5 (iablative after comparatives: R. 32), with «, c (use o( qua7nj construction o{ plus, etc.), Examples. 1. Honesta mors turpi vita potior est. 2. Quaedam remedia ipsis periculis sunt graviora. 3. Nihil inter homines rarius perfecto oratore inventum est. 84 Latin Method, 4. Humana omnia inferiora virtute ducimus. 5. Non ego hac nocte longiorem vidi. 6. Punico bello secundo nullum neque majus neque peri- "culosius Romani gessere. 7. Saepe dixi Graecam linguam locupletiorem esse quam Latinam. 8. Hujus orationes exiliores sunt et redolentes magis anti- quitatem quam aut Laelii aut Scipionis. 9. Hispanorum non plus quam quattuor milium effugerunt. 10. Plus septingenti aut in proelio aut in castris capti sunt. 11. Spatium est non amplius pedum DC. 12. Apes nunquam plus unum regem patiuntur. 13. Amplius sunt sex menses {it is more than, &>c^, 14. Bella fortius quam felicius gerebat. 15. Consilium magis honestum quam utile. Write in I^atiii. 1. The earth is larger than the moon, the sun than the earth. 2. Ignorance of future evils is better than knowledge. 3. From^ the tongue of the old Nestor, says^ Homer, flowed speech sweeter than honey. 4. A base escape from death^ is worse than any'* death. 5. All riches we hold inferior to wisdom. 6. These thinjjs are harder than-one-would-think.* 7. In this march the Romans suffered more than usual® from hunger and cold. 8. You have rendered^ no man more kindnesses than to me. 9. This thing has in it more joy'^ than grief.^ 10. In the battle at- Cannae the Rom^s lost more than 40,000 men. 11. The speech of the consul was more true than pleasing* to the people. 12. A pestilence more threatening than destructive^ felP'' upon the city. 13. There is nothing stupider" than a stupid laugh. 1 ex. 2 (iH^ i Genitive. * oinnis. ^ opinio. ^ solitum. '^ tribiio. ^ Comparative (§ 47,7). ^ pernio iosus. ^^ incido. 1^ ineptus. Constructions of Syntax, 85 II. Ablative of Means and Suffly, § 54, 6. (accompaniment, means, and instrument : R. 30), with c (words oi fillings &c.). a. All the words under § 54, d.c are either participles, like abun- dans, completus ; or were originally participles, as plenus. When used as pure adjectives^ they take the genitive under § 50, 3. b. b. The ablatives under Rule 30 (§ 75) are of various origin, and must be translated according to the English idiom: as, dignus, worthy of; -pxaeditna, gifted wit/i, &c. (compare § 54, 3. ay 10. a). Examples. 1. Verris domus plena erat raptis ornamentis. 2. Exercitum Ti. Sempronius domum reportavit plenissi- mum praeda. 3. Erant plena laetitia et gratulatione omnia. 4. Alveus Tiberis completus erat ruderibus. 5. Pater ille tuus florebat omni genere virtutis. 6. Sum pecore et multa dives tellure. 7. Macte virtute diligentiaque esto. 8. Boni homines metuunt vitam plenam et confertam voluptatibus. W^rite in I.atin. 1. Twelve ships were laden^ with the spoil. 2. The house of Croesus was full of treasures.^ ^. The city was full of grief and lamentation.^ 4. Sulla advanced with his army into a region abounding^ in all good things. 5. Corinth was the richest city of Greece in pictures,^ statues,^ and gold. . 1 o}tustus. 2 divitiae. 3 luctus. * abtmdans. 5 tabula. ^ signum. 12. Ablative of Difference, § 54, 6. e^ with Remark (degree of difference). Notice that § 54, 5 (ablative of comparison) and 6. e (ablative of difference), expressing different relations, may be used together with the same adjective : as, multo divitior Crasso, uiuch richer than Crassus. 86 Latin Method, Examples. 1. Quo occultius est periculum, hoc difficilius vitatur. 2. Recte uon credis de numero militum : ipso dimidio^ plus scripsit Clodia. 3. Hibernia dimidio minor est, ut aestimatur, quam Bri- tannia. 4. Iter alterum per provinciam nostram, multo facilius atque expeditius. 5. Quanto diutius abest, magis cupio tanto. 6. Galli segnius sequebantur, quanto longius ab domo trahebantur. 7. Romani duobus milibus plures erant quam Sabini. 8. Decem post diebus pugnatum est. 9. Catilina paucis ante diebus eruperat ex urbe. 10. Sol multis partibus major atque amplior est, quam terra universa. 1 full half. Write in Latin. 1. Cicero was six years older than Caesar. 2. The empire of Rome was much more powerful and lasting than [that] of Athens. 3. The more cautiously you go, the sooner'^you will arrive. 4. The greater severity he showed,^ the more numerous^ were the mobs. 5. Veii was^ about twenty miles distant^ from Rome. 6. The battle of Cannae'' was fought seventeen years before^ [that] of Zama.^ ^ utor. ^ creber. 3 abesse a. * Cannensis. ^ Insert quam. 6 Zamejisis. ^ citius, C. — Uses of Cases : Miscellaneous. 13. Adverbial Accusative. § 52, 3. with a^ b, c (use with intransitive verbs, adverbial phrases, Greek accusative: R. 24). Note. — The accusatives under a are usually, translated as adverbs (see examples). Those under <; are mostly poetical, and should be avoided in writing Latin prose. Constructions of -Syntax, 87 Examples. 1. Suevi maximam partem lacte atque pecore vivunt. 2. Tuam vicem magnopere gaudeo. 3. Nostram vicem indignaris. 4. Vir erat cetera egregius. 5. Id temporis eos ventures esse dixeram. 6. Cum esset illud aetatis, imperator factus est. 7. Dexterum genu lapide ictus est. 8. Os humerosque deo similis. 9. Eeminae Germanorum nudae erant brachia et lacertos. Write in Latin. 1. The Suevi live for-the-greatest-part^ on milk and nueat. 2. I am often sorry on your account.^ 3. At that time Romulus was king. 4. A man at that age ought to be more discreet^ than daring.'^ 5. Hannibal was severely wounded right in the thigh^ with a dart.« 6. They bind their [own] heads with wreaths of-myrtle. 7. The commander exhorted his [ii>€n] at-length.' 8. The maidens put on a long robe. ^ plurimum. ^ ma's. ^ prudens. ■* atidax (comparative). ^ adversicm femur. ^ tragula. "^ multa. 14. Accusative of Exclamation, § 52, 4. a. Examples. 1. Heu dementiam hominum ! • 2. Beatos quondam duces Romanos ! 3. In balneis delituerunt : testes egregios ! 4. Huncine^ hominem ! hancine impudentiam, judices ! hanc audaciam ! 5. O fallacem hominum spem, fragilemque fortunam, et inanes nostras contentiones ! IVrite in I^atin. I. O the folly^ of man, and [his] uncertain fortune, and our idle^ hopes ! * See § 20, i. Note. 2 dementia. 3 inanis. 88 Latin Method, 2. A famous^ [set of] doctors ! 3. Ah !^ the faith of gods and men ! 4. What a man ! what impudence ! what audacity ! 5. Happy the Roman chiefs of-old.^ 6. Ah !^ unhappy me ! * nobilis. * pro. ^ quondam. ^ ^^^. 15. Dative of Possession, &c, § 51, 3. with a, b (compounds of esse; nomen est: R. 17). Examples. 1. Est et fideli tuta silentio merces. 2. En Priamus ! sunt hie etiam sua praemia laudi. 3. Addam cerea pruna : et honos erit huic quoque porno. 4. Di, quibus imperium est animorum ! 5. Est mihi namque domi pater, est injusta noverca. 6. Sunt nobis mitia poma, Castaneae molles, et pressi copia lactis. 7. Homini cum deo similitudo est. 8. Puero ab inopia Egerio inditum nomen. 9. Hoc mihi volenti est. 10. Sp. Tarpeius Romanae praeerat arci. 11. Nihil tibi meae litterae proderunt. 12. Multis proeliis miles ille interfuit. 13. Druides rebus divinis intersunt. 14. Huic homini virile ingenium inerat. 15. Origin! Romanae et dii adfuere et non defuit virtus. Tl^rite in I.atin. 1. We have and shall have the same laws. 2. A sick man always has hope. 3. I had a dispute with your friend. 4. The surname of Lucius Scipio was Asiaticus ; of Pub- lius his brother, Africanus. 5. A brave soldier will-be-at-hand^ in all dangers. 1 ad sum. Constructions of Syntax, 89 6. The name of this disease is avarice. 7. In this man was a manly soul.^ 8. My letter will do^ you no good.^ 9. We used to give him the nickname* of sluggard. ID. Caesar had been-present-at^ many battles. •* pro sum, ^ cognomen, ^ inter sum. 16. Dative of Service, § 51, 5 (purpose or end : R. 20). The Dative (of service) under § 51, 5. may sometimes be trans- lated as predicate ii07ninative j but more commonly with the pre- position OF. It is sometimes called the Predicate Dative- Examples. 1. Mihi ea res curae erit. 2. Magno malo est hominibus avaritia. 3. Is fuit et mihi et liberis meis magno usui. 4. Sic et vobis honori, et amicis utilitati eritis. 5. Ea res magno tibi erit impedimento. 6. Ea gens mihi semper odio erit. 7. Tua amicitia maximo mihi erat detrimento. 8. Testimonio hujus rei sunt clarissimi poetae. 9. Nos diis immortalibus curae sumus. 10. Consul Hannibali ludibrio erat. 11. Plerumque Gallis brevitas nostra contemptui est. 12. Veteribus Romanis divitiae oneri miseriaeque fuere. <• Write in liatin. 1. This book was of great service^ to me. 2. Caesar left two legions as a guard^ to the camp. 3. That thing will be a great hindrance^ to you. 4. We are the care of the immortal gods. 5. We regard this as a fault in Cicero. 6. For whose advantage'* is this ? 7. The Germans came to our relief.^ 1 usus, 2 praesidium. 3 impeditnentum. ^ bo7ium. ^ auxilium. 90 Latin Method, 17. Dative of Reference, § 51, 7 {datizms cominodi et incomfnodi). The Dative (of reference) in § 51, 7. merely expresses a more re?note 7'elation than those under 2 (indirect object) : compare the first examples under each. Kxamples. 1. Quis huic rei testis est ? 2. Domus pulcra dominis aedificatur, non muribus. 3. E bestiarum corporibus multa remedia morbis et vul- neribus eligimus. 4. Non mihi ex cujusquam amplitudine aut praesidia periculis aut adjumenta honoribus quaero. 5. Duo milites nequaquam visu ac specie aestimantibus pares. 6. Sita Ortygia est in dextra parte portum magnum Syra- cusarum intrantibus. 7. Hie mihi quisquam misericordiam nominat ? 8. Quid sibi vult haec oratio ? 9. Ova alia sunt Candida, ut columbis, perdicibus ; alia pallida, ut aquaticis ; alia punctis distincta, ut meleagridum ; alia rubri colons, ut phasianis. Write in Latin. T. I seek for myself no defence against danger^ or helps to honors.^ 2. The Germans chose them^ a place for an abode. 3. A good man seeks wealth not for himself only, but for his children and friends. 4.^The calamity of the Sicilians came-before^ my eyes. 5. [Is it] for Hannibal [that] you have saved this city .^ 6. SuchMamentation^ stirs the temper of the fiery^ youth. 7. The wood strews' you wild*^ leaves® and acorns. 8. We culP'^ many remedies for sickness and wounds. 9. Anticyra is situated^^ on the left as you enter the Corinthian gulf. ^ Dative. - sihi. 3 oh'ersor.^ * tantiis. ^ co7iipI oratio. ^ ferox. "^ spar go. ^ agrestis. ^ frons. '^ eligo. •* situs. Constructions of Syntax, 91 18. Ablative of Separation. § 54, I. (verbs meaning remove^ deprive^ &c.), with a (compounds), and e {egeo^ indigeo, with genitive). For the translation, see examples. ^Examples. 1. L. Brutus civitatem dominatu regio liberavit. 2. Usu urbis prohibere peregrinos sane inhumanum est. 3. Apud veteres Germanos quemcumque mortalium arcere tecto^ nefas habebatur. 4. Cedo vobis possessione hortorum. 5. Ea philosophia spoliat nos judicio, privat approba- tione. 6. Ne ab obsidibus quidem iram belli hostis abstinuit. 7. Ego te culpa absolve, supplicio non libero. 8. Ciceroni aqua atque igni interdicitur. 9. Caesaris oratio Helvetios ea spe dejecit. 10. Ilia lex tyrannos reditu semper arcebit. 11. Adventus peditatus equites metu levaverat. 12. Desine, quaeso, istis laudationibus. 1 i.e. to turn any stranger from the door. "Write in I.atin. 1. The Helvetii, cast down from that hope, desisted from their attempt. 2. I am quite free from fever, and feel finely.^ * 3. The engines^ presently stripped^ the wall of its de- fenders. 4. Caecilius had cheated'' Varius of a large sum-of-money. 5. The barbarians, having caught-sight-of^ the standards afar-off,® desist from the attack. 6. Caesar departed from"^ Italy, and led his army into Gaul. 7. Sulla laid-down^ the dictatorship.® 8. The engines drove the enemy from the walls. ^^ 1 belle se habere. '^ nudoA 3 tormenta (plur.). ^ frando} 5 coiispicory 6 procul. "^ ex. 8 j-^ abdicare. ^ dictatura. 92 Latin Method, 19. Ablative of Cause, § 54, 3. with a^ 3, c (certain verbs and adjectives; obov propter; causa, gratia), Examples. 1. Ser. Tullius regnare coepit non jussu sed voluntate atque concessu civium. 2. Quidam morbo aliquo et sensus stupore suavitatem cibi non sentiunt. 3. Quod benevolentia fit, id odio factum-^ criminaris. 4. Multi homines officia deserunt molHtia animi. 5. Quam multi luce indigni sunt, et tamen dies oritur ! 6. Amplissimis honoribus dignus erat adulescens Scipio. 7. Ignavia ac stultitia saepe fit^ ut res maximae dilaban- tur. 8. Haud equidem tali me dignor honore. 9. Non te Romanus populus illo magistratu dignatus est. 1 as being done. 2 happetts Write in Ijatin. 1. Tarquin, relying^ on [his] victories, was-wanton in insolence. 2. For the sake of the republic, I accuse Lucius Catiline. 3. He wept at the grief ^ of his friends. 4. The Roman people held^ the young Scipio worth/ of the highest honors. 5. I judge** him most unworthy of every honor. 6. Do this for my sake. 7. Ducks delight^ chiefly in marshy^ places. 1 subnixus. '^ dolor. ^ dignor.^ * aestimo\ ^ detector \ '° paluster. 20. Ablative of Means, § 54, 6. (accompaniment, means, instrument), with a, 3, (use of cmn). Constructions of Syntax, 93 Examples. 1. Venatio et^ cibi genere et quotidiana exercitatione et libertate vitae vires alit. 2. Non viribus aut celeritate corporum res maximae ge- runtur. 3. Dei providentia mundus administratur. 4. Summis suppliciis fures afficiuntor. 5. Caelum hominibus virtute recluditur. 6. Pax ornata venit ramo felicis olivae. 7. Galli huic terrae igni ferroque minitantur. 8. Luctantes ventos vasto rex Aeolus antro Imperio premit, ac vinclis et carcere frenat. 9. Frondibus et stipula tauri pascuntur, et herba. 10. Armis munimenta, non munimentis arma, tuta esse debent. 11. Nutritur vento, vento restinguitur ignis ; Lenis alit flammas, grandior aura necat. 1 both. "Write in Latin. 1. We accomplish more by wisdom than by force. 2. Rome fell by her own strength. 3. Bulls defend themselves with [their] horns, boars with [their] tusks. 4. The priest's head was covered with a long mantle. 5. Great things are-done^ not by strength or speed of body, but by counsel and valor. 6. Links of-steeP are worn-out^ by constant use. I gero? ^ f err ens. ^ contero? 21. Ablative of Manner and Quality, § 54, 7. with ^, b (description ; manner with cum^ ; compare § 50, i. g (genitive of quality). ^Examples. 1. Vir acerrimo ingenio civitatem tum regebat. 2. Campi suapte natura humentes inutiles sunt. 94 Latin Method. 3. Regina ad templum forma pulcherrima Dido incessit. 4. Sabini brachio laevo gemmatos magna specie anulos gerebant. 5. Erat inter Labienum atque hostem difficili transitu flumen ripisque praeruptis. 6. Duo viri egregia virtute consulatum eo anno petebant. 7. Haec res immani corporum magnitudine homines efficit. 8. Galli eadem celeritate ad nostra castra contenderunt. 9. Horridiores sunt Britanni in pugna adspectu ; capillo- que sunt promisso, atque omni parte corporis rasa praeter caput et labrum superius. 10. Agesilaus et statura fuit humili, et corpore exiguo, et claudus altero pede. Write in Latin. 1. The barbarians were of vast size^ of body (plur.). 2. Three Graces, of exquisite^ beauty, wait-on^ Venus. 3. A mountain of great height overhangs'* the town. 4. Caesar was a man of extraordinary force^ of intellect,® and of remarkable skilF in-war.^ 5. A giant of monstrous stature, whose^ name was Poly- phemus, devoured^^ the companions of Ulysses. 1 magnitudo. ^ eximius. 3 comitor) * impetideo? ^ vis. 6 ingeniiwi. • scientia. ^ rei bellicae. ^ Dative. ^^ devSro)- 22. Ablative of Price, § 54, 8. with a (genitive of indefinite value : R. ii ; compare § 50, i. ^*). Examples. 1. Viginti talentis unam orationem Isocrates vendidit. 2. Eriphyle auro viri sui vitam vendidit. 3. Hunc fundum maxima pecunia mercatus sum. 4. Duobus milibus nummum hunc equum emi. 5. Ea Poenis victoria multo sanguine stetit. 6. Tritici modius duobus sestertiis veniit. 7. Domum meam ternis sestertiis locavi. 8. Mea mihi conscientia pluris est quam omnium sermo. Constructions of Syntax » 95 Write in liatin. 1. I have sold my house for fifteen talents. 2. Virtue is not salable^ for gold or gems.^ 3. That oration cost^ him a-great-deal-of labor. 4. Mean men are bribed^ with money ; the ambitious* with honors and vain glory. 1 venalis. -^ sto\ ^ corrumpo^ * ambitiosus. ^ gemma. 23. Ablative of Specification, § 54, 9. (that in respect to which ; in accordance with which). Examples. 1. Specie urbs libera est, non re vera. 2. Ex omnibus filiis natu minimus Marcus erat. 3. Scelere par es Marco, industria inferior. 4. Iste servus aeger est pedibus. 5. Altero oculo captus erat Hannibal. 6. Tota mente et omnibus artubus contremuit. 7. Omnes Galli lingua institutis legibus inter se differunt. 8. Belgae omnibus Gallis virtute praestant. 9. Latini Trojanis studio ac fide erga regem cessere. 10. Non tu quidem tota re sed temporibus erras. "Write in Liatin. 1. In glory Cicero was far inferior to Caesar,^ but superior in eloquence and wisdom. 2. In laws and language the Greeks widely^ differ from the Romans, but in warlike^ gloi'y they are nearly equal. 3. My brother is lame of the left^ foot. 4. The Spartans excelled^ all the other Greeks^ in fidelity and reverence to the laws.' 5. The Germans were a race of tall^ stature, fair complex- ion, blue^° eyes, courage in war,"^ and great bodily'*^ strength. 1 Ablative. '^ multum. ' rei bellicae (gen.). * laevus. 5 antecello.^ ® Dative. "^ Genitive. ^ grandis. 9 corporis (gen.). l** caeruleus. 96 Latin Method, 24. Locative Ablative, § 54, 10. (idiomatic expressions), with a (list of verbs and verbals under this use). Examples. 1. Castra opportunis locis posita erant. 2. Terra marique res maximae gestae sunt. 3. Meliore loco res nostrae sunt. 4. Parentis loco habebatur patris amicus. 5. Reliquis oppidi partibus acriter pugnatum est. 6. De amicitia alio libro dictum est. 7. Vehementer animo angebar. 8. Silvisque agrisque viisque corpora foeda jacent. 9. Urbe tota gemitus fit. 10. Caesar nuntios tota civitate Aeduorum dimittit. 11. Menippus tota Asia illis temporibus disertissimus erat. 12. Adventu Caesaris in Galliam, Helvetii bellum para- bant. 13. Bello Punico secundo, tota Italia Hannibal paene potiebatur. 14. Extrema pueritia, Caesar Cinnae filiam in matrimo- nium duxit. Write in Latin. 1. At the death of Caesar grief and terror prevailed^ throughout the city. 2. The Romans carried-on^ war by land and sea. 3. At this news I was glad at heart. 4. I regard^ my father's brother in the light* of a parent. 5. Caesar pitched^ his camp on favorable ground.* 6. Your affairs are in excellent case.* 7. This subject® is discussed^ in the third book. 1 exsisto? ^ gero? 3 habeo!^ * locus. ^ pono? <> de hac re. "^ disserd^ (impers.). Constructions of Syntax, 97 25. Predicate Genitive, § 50, I. ^, d (for predicate appositive ; use of phrase or clause), with Remark {sa^ientis^ &c,), Examples. 1. Omnia quae mulieris fuerant matrimonio viri fiebant. 2. Ego totus Pompeii sum. 3. Hie versus Plauti non est. 4. Tiiebae populi Romani beUi jure factae sunt. 5. Non gloriam meam laborem illorum faciam. 6. Albani dicionis alienae facti sunt. 7. Hoc non est judicii mei. 8. Marcellus id nee juris nee potestatis suae esse dixit. 9. Boni imperatoris est hostium consilia antecapere. 10. Ut Athenae et Lacedaemon Atheniensium Lacedae- moniorumque causa conditae sunt, omniaque quae sunt in his urbibus eorum populorum recte esse dicuntur, sic quae- cumque sunt in omni mundo deorum atque hominum putanda sunt. TTrite in liatin. 1. All the property^ of the father became the son's by inheritance.^ 2. That oration is not Cicero's. 3. After the battle of Cannae, Capua became [the pos- session] of the Carthaginians. 4. The kingdom was [the share] of Numitor ; the wealth,^ of Amulius. 5. That is not [an affair] for your decision."* 6. Desire^ belongs more to the young^ than to the old. ^ bona {y^\^xx.). "^ hereditas. ^ pecunia. ^judicium. ^ libido. 6 adulesceiis. 26. Relations of Time and Space, § 55, I. with b (relations of time); 3. with «, 3, c, d (relations of place, witli locative forms) and/ (locative use of ablative). 7 p8 "*- Latin Method, Compare the Note, § 55, 3. (relations of Place) with § 42, i. (on prepositions) and the note on p 1 13 (on the use of Cases). £xauiples. 1. Proxima nocte Caesar castra movit, 2. Tota aestate vos exspectamus. 3. Quadraginta annis Alba stetit. 4. Frater meus decimo aetatis anno Roma abiit. 5. Vere diffugiunt nives. 6. Primo silentio noctis Tiburtes Romam venerunt. 7. Tertia vigilia Caesar castris excessit. 8. Heroicis aetatibus non multi florebant philosophi. 9. Per decern dies Latini ludos fecerunt. 10. Sum totos dies cum Marco, noctisque saepenumero partem. 11. Hanc urbem decern aestates continuas circumsedimus. 12. Triduo servus.miserrime peribit. 13. Paucis diebus ad te veniam. 14. Altero et tricesimo anno aetatis suae Galba mortuus est. 15. Gaia testamentum fecit, atque his paucis diebus obiit. 16. Ab Africa ad Siciliam Aeneas navigavit. 17. Consul legiones per Italiam in Galliam duxit. 18. Ex Hispania per Galliam in Italiam exercitum duxit Hannibal. 19. Servos Romae, Tarenti, Athenis, Veils, Karthagini, Sardibus alui. 20. Numa Curibus habitabat ; sed postea Romae quadra- ginta annos regnavit. 21. Delo Rhodum pater meus navigavit. 22. Milites Albae constitere, in oppido munito. 23 Archias Antiochiae vixit, celeberrima quondam urbe. 24. Nunc domi sum : eras rus ibo. 25. Frater meus mox rure domum redibit. 26. M. Regulus Karthagine Romam de pace missus est. 27. Multa corpora fessorum vulneratorumque humi jacebant. 28. Maximam domi militiaeque gloriam Cn. Pompeius adu- lescens erat adsecutus. 29. Is dies erat ante diem sextum (a. d. vi.) Kalendas Martias (see § 56, i. /). Constructions of Syntax, 99 Write in Latin. 1. In winter and summer the Arabs roam-over^ the plains. 2. At the beginning of summer the consul passed^ into Spain. 3. Agamemnon scarcely in ten years took one city. 4. Within three days I will finish^ the work. 5. Caesar moves [his] camp, and in about fifteen days arrives at the bounds* of the Belgse. 6. I was yesterday at Caesar's house {apud Caesarem). 7. That most illustrious^ commander had strengthened^ the republic at home and abroad by his victories. 8. Brutus learned philosophy at Athens, eloquence in Rhodes. 9. My sisters are passing"^ their life in the country.^ 10. I have lived in Rome, Carthage, Athens, Sardis, and Corinth; and have now been^^ three years at home in Gaul. 11. Amynander sent ambassadors both to Rome to the Senate, and to the Scipios in Asia.^ 12. Cicero after [his] exile sailed^^ from Greece to Italy, and remained a few days at Brundisium ; then, through friendly cities, returned to Rome. * peragro.^ 2 transeo. 3 perficio? ^ fines. 5 dartcs. ^ augeo?- "7 ago? 8 § 55, 3. d. 9 Accusative. ii Present. 10 navigo^ 1>. — JJse of Moods and Tenses, 27. Independent Uses of the Subjunctive, § 57, 2. with a (classification: R. 43); 3, 4, 6 (hortatory, optative, dubitative) ; compare § 60, 2. a, h (potential, hypothetical) ; and § 57, 7. a (prohibitions). ^Examples. 1. Haec sint falsa sane : invidiosa certe non sunt. 2. Malim te esse bonum quam videri. 3. Hoc vero sine uUa dubitatione confirmaverim, eloquen- tiam esse rem unam omnium difficillimam. 4. Me quidem eo proficiscentem baud sane quis facile retraxerit. lOO Latin Method, 5. Jam vero quis audeat dicere vera omnia esse somnia ? 6. Quid hoc homine facialis ? 7. Felix vivas, moriare felix ! 8. Valeant cives mei, valeant ! Sint incolumes, sint flo- rentes, sint beati. Stet haec urbs praeclara. Tranquilla republica cives mei perfruantur. 9. Si certum est facere, facias ; verum ne post conferas culpam in me. 10. Nihil ignoveris, nihil gratiae causa feceris, misericordia commotus ne sis. 11. Isto bono utare dum adsit; cum absit, ne requiras. 12. Vendat^ aedes vir bonus propter aliqua vitia, quae ipse norit ceteri ignorent : pestilentes sint^ et habeantur salubres ; ignoretur^ in omnibus cubiculis apparere serpentes;^ male materiatae, ruinosae — sed hoc, praeter dominum, nemo sciat.^ Quaero, si hoc emptoribus venditor non dixerit, num id injuste fecerit ? I Render these subjunctives by "suppose," &c. * vermin. Write in Latin. i. Let the advantage^ of the commonwealth prevail.^ 2. Let us accordingly^ bring up"* [our] child with every indulgence. 3. Plant^ no tree. Varus, sooner^ than the sacred vine. 4. This thou shalt do -J this thou shalt not do.® 5. Let him write to me what he has done.® 6. I could not easily say® that this is better. 7. I wish^ [that] Athens may conquer.^ 8. This thing may [perhaps] seem absurd^'' to you. 9. Some-one^^ may [perhaps] think that I am-wrong.^^ 10. No one can easily restrain Caesar from victory .^^ 11. I would rather^^ be at home than abroad.-^^ 12. Suppose your friend should fall sick^^ or die, what will you do? 13. Let justice be done [though] heaven fall. 1 titilitas. 2 valeo? 3 proinde. * nutrio.^ ^ sero? ^ prius, 7 Fut. imperat. ^ Perf. subj. ^ Pres. subj. ^" absurdus. II quispiam. ^^ errd^ (infin.). '>* Compare Latin example 4 (above). ^4 inalim. ^^ foris. ^^ in morbum cadere. Constructions of Syntax' loi 28. Historical Infinitive, § 57, 8. h: R. 40. (For other uses of the Infinitive, see page 114-) Examples. 1. Brevi spatio hostes ex omnibus partibus decurrere, lapides in vallum conjicere ; nostri primo integris viribus for- titer repugnare, neque ullum frustra telum mittere : ut quae- que pars castrorum premi videbatur, eo occurrere et auxilium ferre. 2. Circumspectare tum patriciorum vultus plebeii, et inde libertatis captare auram, unde servitutem timuerant. Pri- mores patrum odisse decemviros, odisse plebem. 3. Interea Catilina Romae multa simul moliri : consuli insidias tendere, parare incendia, opportuna loca armatis ho- minibus obsidere, ipse cum telo esse, item alios jubere ; dies noctisque festinare, vigilare, neque insomniis neque labore fatigari. Write in Liatin. 1. Every single^ article-of-plate^ that^ [man would] take into [his] hands, praise, admire. 2. And now not even the back* was spared •} some^ were beaten'^ with rods,^ others brought to the block.^ 3. Under the dominion^^ of Lucius Sulla, everybody [would] rob, carry-off, covet^^ — one man a house, another lands ;^^ the victors kept^^ no limit^* or restraint, ^^ [but] did shocking^® and cruel [things] among the citizens. 1 unumquodque. ^ vas. 3 iste. * Ablative. 5 abstineo (impers.). 6 alius. ^ verbero.^ 8 z^irga. 9 securi subjicere. 10 dominatttsA 11 ra/>io, tra/iOf cupio.'^ 12 ager. ^^ habeo. 14 modus. 15 modestia. ^^ foedus. 29. Sequence of Tenses, § 58, 9, 10. (tenses of the Subjunctive, and rule for Sequence of Tenses), with the classification as given in the Remark (p. 162), which is to be carefully studied, as well as the examples above. I02 Latin Method. Observe that the general rule for the sequence of tenses is the same as in English ; but in Latin a dependent verb is put in a past tense by this rule, when either the principal or a subordinate verb, on which it depends, is in the past, even though the construction may be otherwise in English (see example 7, below). Note. — The imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive under this rule may express a relatively future action (see § 59, 4 f\ as rep- resenting in indirect discourse the future and future perfect indica- tive : as, si discessisset = //" y^^ shall depart {shall have departed) (C^SAR, B. G. i. 45). Examples. 1. Non possunt multi rem amittere, ut non plures secum in eandem calamitatem trahant. 2. Rex adeo saevus erat, ut filio suo non temperaret. 3. Mos est hominum, ut nolint eundem pluribus rebus excellere. 4. Quorum haec est condicio, uti omnibus in vita com- modis una cum iis fruantur, quorum se amicitiae dederint. 5. Singulas naves nostri expugnaverunt, ut perpaucae ex omni numero ad terram pervenerint. 6. Cicero se ex patria excessisse dicit, ut bellum civile averteret. 7. Tantum profecisse videmur, ut a Graecis ne verborum quidem copia vinceremur.^ 8. Omnem coetum hominum vitat, quasi omnibus invisus sit.2 i Translate by the present tense. 2 Translate by the past tense (see § 61, i. R.). Write in Latin. 1. I write that I may admonish you. 2. I wrote yesterday that I might inform you. 3. He runs-away-^ as if he were^ frightened. 4. He undertook this task as if he were 'a good workman.* 5. I will come to-morrow to-see^ you. 6. We went out yesterday to see'* the battle. 7. I have toiled^ so-long^ that I am completely tired-out."^ 1 effugio.^ 2 Present subj. ^ faber. ^ ?^/, with subj. 5 labor oy ^ tarn diu. ^ defessus. Constructio7is of Syntax. 103 8. Caesar was so merciful^ that not even [his] beaten^ ene- mies^ feared him. 9. This man is so® just that no one ever feared^^ to con- fide in him. 6 cleifiens. "^ victus. 8 inimicus. 9 adeo. 10 Perfect subj. ^, — Huhordinate Constructions. 30. 'Conditional Clauses. § 59: general definition, with i. a, b (Protasis and Apodosis), and the Classification on page 167 (com- mitting to memory the models, with their meaning) ; also 3. a, b, and 4. a, b^ c (present, past, and future conditions). N. B. — Notice the exceptional use of the Indicative in the apodosis contrary to fact, as given in 3. d^ e; comparing these with § 60, 2. c^ and the Remark. ^Examples. 1. Nisi me animus fallit, hand multum a me aberit infor- tunium. 2. Hoc si tecum patria loquatur, nonne impetrare debeat, etiam si vim adhibere non possit ? 3. Si scripserim ad fratrem meum, Romam statim properet. 4. Si calamus mihi adesset, scriberem ad Marcum. 5. Sapientia non expeteretur si nihil efficeret. 6. Servi mei si me isto pacto metuerent, ut te metuunt omnes cives tui, domum meam relinquendam putarem. 7. Si te parentes timerent atque odissent tui, neque eos ulla ratione placare posses, ab eorum oculis aliquo concederes. 8. Si meum consilium auctoritasque valuisset, tu hodie egeres, nos liberi essemus, respublica non tot duces et exer- citus amisisset. 9. Mens prope uti ferrum est : si exerceas, conteritur ; nisi exerceas, rubiginem contrahit. 10. Nulla est igitur excusatio peccati, si amici causa pec- caveris. I04 Latin Method, Write in Latin. 1. If you should see your father to-morrow, what should you say ? 2. If I had not known that you would come, I should have written. 3. I should not have gone*yesterday, if I had known. 4. I should go to-day if you wished. 5. I should go to-morrow if you should be ill.^ 6. Hannibal would not have fought at^ Zama if he could have helped^ [it]. 7. I would not have gone* unless Caesar had ordered. 8. You can always do that if you try.^ 9. If it is allowed,^ I shall be-glad-to'^ speak. 10. If it would be allowed, I should be-glad-to^ speak. * aegrotoy 2 ^^, 8 defugio.^ < proficiscor.^ ^ conor.^ « licet (fut.). 7 libenter (adv.). 31. Disguised Conditions. § 60, general remark, also i. with a (usual forms of disguised conditions). Examples. 1. Nemo unquam, sine magna spe immortalitatis, se pro patria offeret ad mortem. 2. Manent ingenia senibus, modo permaneat studium et industria. 3. Tum ego: " Etiamne, si te in Capitolium faces ferre vellet ? " " Nunquam " inquit " voluisset." 4. Omnes labores contemnendo fiunt tolerabiles. . 5. Nee ego Seriphius nee tu Atheniensis clarus unquam fuisses. 6. Illo tempore aliter sensisses. 7. Neque agricultura neque frugum perceptio et conser- vatio sine hominum opera esse potuisset. 8. Magnitudo animi, remota a communitate conjuncti- oneque hominum, feritas sit quaedam et immanitas. 9. Pons sublicius iter paene hostibus dedit, ni unus vir fuisset. Cunst7'tictio7is of Syntax. 105 Write in L Present subj. " agrestis. 8 tristis. 9 stipero.^ ^^ suinnia inopia. 32. Comparative Particles, § 61, I. (particles of comparison introducing con- ditional clauses) ; also the Remark, comparing § 59, 3. b (condition contrary to fact). ^Examples. 1. Sed quid his testibus utor, quasi res dubia aut ob- scura sit ? 2. Me juvat, velut si ipse in parte laboris ac periculi fuerim, ad finem belli Punici pervenisse. 3. Parvi primo ortu jacent, tanquam omnino sine animo sint. 4. Quasi vero haec similia sint ! 5. Perinde ac si in banc formulam omnia judicia legitima comprehensa sint ! 6. Quasi vero ego ad ilium venire debuerim ! Write in Latin. 1. He walks as if he were lame.^ 2. You speak to me as if you thought I were deceiving^ you. ^ daudus. - dedpio}^ io6 Latin Alcthod, 3. You spoke^ to me yesterday as if you thought I was deceiving you. 4. He spends^ [his] money as if he reckoned^ himself a rich [man]. 5. He looks as if he had lived a year in-the-country. 6. He spoke of the monuments and antiquities as if he had lived a year at Rome. 3 loquor? * largiorA ^ existimoS 33. Temporal Clauses, § 62, 2. w^ith Note (absolute and relative time) ; also «, b (construction of iibi^ -postqiiam^ etc., and of cum temporal), and e {ctwi causal and concessive). a. Cum followed by the present or perfect subjunctive is almost always causal or concessive, and is to be translated since, while, or although. b. Cum followed by the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive is more commonly temporal. In this case, it is sometimes to be translated when j but is often best rendered hy 2^ participle, present ox perfect, in English. Examples. 1. Cum ad villam veni, hoc ipsum nihil agere me delectat. 2. Cum fortuna reflavit, affligimur. 3. Ubi id Verres audivit, Diodorum ad se vocavit. 4. Pompeius ut equitatum suum pulsum vidit, acie excessit. 5. Simul ac primum Verri occasio visa est, consulem deseruit. 6. Postquam id difficilius visum est, neque facultas-' "per- ficiendi dabatur, ad Pompeium transierunt. 7. Ita mulier, dum pauca mancipia retinere vult, fortunas omnes perdidit. 8. Dixerat hoc ille, cum puer rediit. 9. Cum ego ilium vidi, jam consilium mutaverat. 10.' Cum ver esse coeperat, Verres dabat se labori atque itineribus. 1 and 110 opportunity. Constructions of Syntax, 107 11. Jam ver adpetebat, cum Hannibal ex hibernis movet. 12. Argumentum tempestatis nautae putant, cum multae transvolant stellae. 13. Epaminondas cum vicisset Lacedaemonios apud Man- tineam, atque ipse gravi vulnere exanimari se videret, quae- sivit salvusne esset clipeus. 14. Res cum haec scribebaim^ erat in extremum adducta discrimen. 15. Cum vita sine amicis insidiarum et metus plena sit, ratio ipsa monet amicitias parare. 16. Homines, cum^ multis rebus infirmiores sint, hac re maxime bestiis praestant, quod loqui possunt. 17. Phocion fuit perpetuo pauper, cum ditissimus esse posset. 18. Cum multae res in philosophia nequaquam satis adhuc explicatae sint, tum perdifficilis et perobscura^ quaestio est de natura deorum. 19. Cum sit in nobis consilium, ratio, prudentia, necesse est deum haec ipsa habere majora. 2 See § 58, 8. 3 .^/^//^. 4 See § 17, 5. d, "Write in liatin. 1. When you come (fut. perf.), I shall go away.^ 2. I was asleep^ when the doctor came. 3. I had scarcely^ read your letter, when Lentulus ap- proached.* 4. When he had said this, he went away. 5. This he had said, when news-was-brought® that the enemy were in sight.^ 6. When summer had begun,'^ he used-to-make his quarters® at Syracuse. 7. When I reached home, my father had already gone.® 8. While he was speaking thus, his father arrived. ^^ 9. When I come home at night,^^ I take-comfort^^ in- doing^^ nothing. 1 abeo. 2 (formioA '^ vix. * appropinqtioy ^ nuntio^ {impers. ). •* conspectus. '^Add"tobe." 8 stativa. ^ projiciscor. ^" venio.^ H vesperi. ^2 ,,^^ delector. ^^ Gerund. io8 Latin Method, 10. As soon as he saw his father coming, he ran-away.^* 11. Since the time is-near/^ it becomes us all to be ready. 12. While I do not believe him to be a robber, yet I dis- trust him. 13. Will you not believe, when the thing is so plain ?^® 14. I congratulate^' you that^^ you have recovered^^ your property^^ at-last.^ ^* ^ff^'^'(>'^ ^^ adsum. ^<» manifestus. i*^ gratulor^ (dat.). i** quod (followed by indie). ^^ recipio!^ 20 tandem (before the verb). 34. Purpose and Result, § 64, I. with a (Final Clauses, with ut^ ne, quo) ; § 65, I. with a^ b (Consecutive Clauses, with «/, quo- nimus^ qimi), a. The clause of Purpose is often to be translated by that, or m order that, with jnay or might (English Potential) ; but oftener by the Infinitive with to : as, veni ut viderem, / came to see {that 1 7night see) . b. The clause of Result is expressed in English sometimes by the Infinitive with to, so-as-to, or an equivalent : as, tarn longe abfui ut non viderem, / was so far away that I did ?tot see {too far away to see). c. After verbs of hinderittg, quominus is most commonly rendered by from with the verbal noun in -ing : as, turba impe- divit quominus videremi, the crowd hindered jne from seeing. d. But If the verb of hindering is 7iegatived by not, or some equivalent, quin is used instead of qnominus : as, turba non im- pedivit quin viderem, the crowd did not hinder 7ne fro7n $eei7ig. e. Purpose is never to be expressed in Latin by the simple infinitive, as it often is in English. For the ways in which it may be expressed, see § 64, 2. Note. — Observe that in Latin these two constructions are precisely alike in the affirmative, but that in the negative one takes ne, and the other ut non. Thus, custoditus est ne effugeret, he was gitarded so that he WIGHT 7iot escape ; but custoditus est ut non effugeret, he was guarded so that he did not escape. Constructions of Syntax, lOp Examp^les. 1. Capuam proficiscar, quo facilius de Pompeii rebus cognoscam. 2. Ager non semel aratur, sed novatur et iteratur, quo meliores fetus possit et grandiores edere. 3. Haec ideo ad te scribebam/ ne me oblitum esse man- datorum tuorum piitares. 4. Quamobrem discede, atque hunc mihi^ timorem eripe : si est verus, ne opprimar ; sin falsus, ut tandem aliquando timere desinam. 5. Helvetii legatos ad Caesarem miserunt qui pacem peterent, 6. Sunt multi qui eripiunt aliis^ quod aliis largiantur, 7. Verba reperta sunt quae ^/z^/V^r^/^/voluntatem. 8. Arria gladium dedit marito quo se interficeret. 9. Helvetii diem dicunt/ qua^ die ad ripam Rhodani omnes conveniant, 10. Natura oculos membranis tenuissimis vestivit et sepsit, quas primum perlucidas^ fecit, ut per eas cerni posset^ firmas autem, ut coiiti7ierentur ; sed lubricos oculos fecit et mobiles, ut et dediiiarent si quid noceret, et aspectum quo vellent facile cojiverterent. 11. Non dubito quin hoc xi\xx\\Xo gaiideas. 12. In virtute multi sunt adscensus ; ut is gloria maxima excellat^ qui virtute plurimum praestet. 13. Exspectari diutius non oportuit, quin ad castra iretiir. 14. Caesar cognovit, per Afranium stare^ quominus dimi- carctur. 15. Non recusabo quominus omnes mea scripta lega7tt. » See § 58, 8. 2 See § 51, 2. e. .3 See § 66, 2. 4 appoint. 5 See § 13, 2. n. 6 See § 17, 5. d. '^ that it was ozuing to Afranitis. Write in Latin. 1. Aeneas, that he might win^ the hearts of the Aborigines, called both the nations Latins. 2. Romulus, lest the greatness of the city should be void,^ opened a certain place [as] an asylum. 1 sibi conciliare. 2 -nanus. i. 9. Miserior erat quam cui invideri posset. 10. Voluptas est sola quae nos vocet ad se. Cofistructions of Syntax, iii 11. Nemo est tarn senex, qui se annum non putef posse vivere. 12. Nemo est quin ubivis, quam ibi ubi est, esse malit. Write ill Latin. 1. Innocence is a quality^ of the mind which harms^ no one. 2. Who is there that does not laugh sometimes ? * 3. There is no one who has not heard this. 4. He is an honest man, so far as I know.^ 5. This man is' not fit^ for you to imitate.^ 6. The load is too heavy for' a boy to carry. i affectio. - noceo.'^ ^ aliquaiido. * quod sciam. 5 idoneus. ^ imitor.^ '^ quam quod, &c. 36. Intermediate Dependent Clauses, § 66 (the general statement, comparing R. 47) ; i. with c, d, and 2. (implied indirect discourse, and de- pendent subjunctive) : compare § 67, i. (general rule of Indirect Discourse). Elxainiiles. 1. Caesar dat negotium Senonibus, uti ea quae apud Belgas gerantur cognoscant, seque de his rebus certiorem faciant. 2. Caesar graviter eos accusat quod ab iis non subievetur, praesertim cum eorum precibus adductus bellum susceperit. 3. Laudat Africanum Panaetius quod fuerit abstinens. 4. Quinto die Volusenus ad Caesarem revertitur, quaeque \h\ perspexisset nuntiat. 5. Ariovistus respondit : " Si quid ipsi a Caesare opus esset, sese ad eum venturum fuisse."^ 6. Helvetii, auctoritate Orgetorigis permoti, constituerunt ea quae ad proficiscendum /^r//;/' opera deorum esse arbitrarentur.' — id. ii. 37. 6. An Active Old Age. 1. Nihil necesse est mihi de me ipso dicere,^^ quamquam est id quidem senile, aetatique nostrae conceditur. Videtisne ut apud Homerum saepissime Nestor de virtutibus suis prae- dicet?^^ Tertiam enim jam aetatem hominum vivebat, nee erat ei verendum ne vera praedicans de se nimis videretur aut insolens aut loquax. Etenim, ut ait Homerus, ex ejus lingua melle dulcior fluebat oratio, quam ad suavitatem nullis egebat corporis viribus.^^ Et tamen dux ille Graeciae nus- quam optat ut Ajacis similis habeat decem, sed ut Nestoris ; quod si sibi acciderit,*' non dubitat quin brevi sif^ Troja peritura. 2. Sed redeo ad me. Quartum ago annum et octogesi- mum. Vellem *^ equidem idem posse gloriari quod Cyrus ; sed tamen hoc queo dicere : non me quidem iis esse viribus^® quibus aut miles bello Punico, aut quaestor eodem bello, aut consul in Hispania fuerim, aut quadriennio post, cum tribunus militaris depugnavi apud Thermopylas M'. Glabri- one consule ;^^ sed tamen, ut vos videtis, non plane me ener- vavit, non adflixit senectus ; non curia viris meas desiderat, non rostra, non amici, non clientes, non hospites. Nee enim umquam sum adsensus veteri illi laudatoque proverbio,^® quod monet mature fieri senem^ si diu velis *' senex esse : ego vero me minus diu senem esse mallem, quam esse senem ante quam essem.^^ Itaque nemo adhuc convenire me voluit, cui fuerim^® pccupatus. — De Senect. 10. Notes, 165 2. obtineret, lield against the enemy. 3. impetu conabantur, were just trying by a rush (imperfect). 4. perfect! operis, of the finished task == at having finished the task. The genitive is very often used, where w^e might expect a different case, when two nouns are closely connected, as here. 5. sustinuit, held in check. 7. sic armatus, armed as he ivas. 10. comitio : the comitium was the place of patrician gatherings. It was an elevated part of the Forum. — quantum, as much as. 12. pro, in proportion to. 2. The Deed of Mucius Sccevola. 1. 14. obsidio erat, the siege continued. — frumenti limits inopia. 2. expugnaturum [esse] se, that he should cotiquer, depending on spem habebat. In the future of indirect discourse, with the participle in urus, the infinitive esse is more commonly omitted. 5. ne deprehensus retraheretur, lest he should be seized and dragged back (" lest being seized," &c.). 7. senatum, governed by adiit as a transitive verb, as often with compounds of ad, trans, and circum (§ 52, i. d). 8. si possim, if I should be able : the present subjunctive with si is generally to be rendered with should. 9. populationum . . . ultor = to avenge in turn the plunder. 10. ferro, steel, poetic for gladio, sivord. 2. 2. daretur, was [in the act of] being given. (P- 1 53-) I- adirent: observe that this subjunctive depends on cum, two lines before. 3. vadentem, as he went, agreeing with eum (understood), object following cum . . . retraxissent : when the king^s attendants had seized (comprehensum), and dragged him back ("him having been seized "). 6. destitutus = alone. 3. I . vocant, understand me. — hostis is in apposition with ego, subject of volui. . 2. est, understand mihi : / have ("there is to me") no less courage for death than I had for killing. 3. fortia, translate by an adverb, bravely. — Romanum, a Roman virtue. 4. petentium, of those seeking (or aiming at). The genitive petentium limits ordo, to be translated series or succession. i66 Latin Method. 5. accingere (pass, imperat.), hrace yourself up for this conflict if it pleases you. — in singulas horas =from hour to hour. 6. capite tuo, for your life : the stake or prize of the conflict being taken is the abl. of price. — dimices, habeas, pres. subj., following ut, so that you may^ Sfc. 7. juventus, in appos. with nos (understood), subject of indi- cimus. 8. nuUam timueris (the perf, subj., used for the imperative in prohibitions : see Lesson 16, i. c.) : fear no arjny, Sfc. 4. 2. nisi . . . jaceret, unless he should instantly declare plainly the threats of plots against him, which he threw out by dark hints (am- bages). The noun (minas) is here, as commonly in Latin, in the relative clause. 3. en tibi, look you ! — vile, worthless. 8. in te . . . ausus, you who have dared hostile deeds against yourself §'c. 9. macte virtute, a common phrase of encouragement, like persevere in valor or merit. — macte is a vocative ( =magis aucte), though here used in indirect discourse. 5. 2. apud te, icith you. — ut . . . tuleris, so that you have tvon from me by kindness what you could not by threats. 5. ceciderit, fut. perfect, to be translated by the simple future, as it shall fall to each first [in his turn]. 6. Mucium, object of secuti sunt. 7. Scaevolae, dative (seep. 88). — clade, loss. 9. agro, ablative following ex in excessit. 3. The Escape of Cloelia. 1.2. una ex obsidibus, for una obsidum : this form is more common than the genitive after numerals (§ 50, 2. e. r.^). 6. quod ubi, when this. ^c. (see Note, p. 131)- 8. alias . . . facere, made the others of no great account. 10. prse se ferre. asserted or declared. — pro rupto, as broken. 11. sic . . . remissurum, so (on the other hand), 7/ 5wrrenf/emi, he icould restore her unharmed to her friends (suos). 2. I. constitit, remained firm. — ex foedere, according to the treaty. 6. probabile, etc., it teas approved by the general feeling (con- sensu) of the hostages themselves, that [the persons of] that age should be released, &fc. Notes, 167 Miscellaneous Selections. Selection I. — i. sonus is limited by ferri, and subject of reddebatur. — longius . . . e proximo, at a distance^ close by. 2. inhabitantibus (dative), translate by (strictly on the part of). vigiliam, object of sequebatur. In English, the passive con- struction would be more natural: watching was followed by, Sfc — causis, than the cause of it (the fear). — soUtudine, to solitude. The Latin often uses the ablative to denote the penalty. — tota, i. e. entirely. — proscribebatur : the imperfect means not it was advertised, but the advertisement was kept up. — seu . . . vellet, in case any one should wish. 3. quia gives the reason of peroontatus. — audita is taken with simulacra. 4. ubique, i. e. everyivhere else, —stahsit : the imperfect de- scribes the appearance of the phantom. 5. capiti, over the head. — catenis : translate as accusative,- rattled the chains, noticing the difference of idiom. — idem, governed by innuentem. — quod prius, i. e. innuerat. — nee, and not ; as it is very often, much oftener than nor. — desertus, i. e. after he was thus abandoned. — signum, in apposition with herbas, etc., as a mark 6. quae corpus reliquerat, i. e. lohich had been left by the body (its decay). — exesa, i. e. by rust. — conditis manibus, the ghost being laid. — caruit, ivas relieved, i. e of the disturbance which is implied by the whole of the precedin:g. Selection II. — i . otiandi depends on causa. — quod cum, and ichen this (§ 45, 6). — Cauio, dative following licere, that Canius might use them. 2. qui e&set = inasmuch as he teas. — apparatum, sc. est, teas got ready. 3. tantumne, such a quantity : the ne only continues the ques- tion. — gravate, i. e. agebat, a kind of idiom. — quid multa, i. e. dicam : another common idiom which should be noticed as such. — impetrat, i. e. his request. — instructos, agreeing with hortos. nomina facit, makes out the bill (so used on account of the name in the account-book). 4. scalmum nullum, i. e. not so much as a thole-pin. — eos nullos, none of them, a regular Latin idiom. — nullae, sc. feriae. — quod, so far as (adverbial accusative.) Selection III. — i. constat, is made out from (lit. stands toge- ther). — hoc . . . persuasum est, are persuaded of this. N^otice i68 Latin Method. the idiom, which is regular. — quam eandem, etc., the same whom they call. Selection IV. — i . ea, antecedent of quae, coming last, as usual in Latin. — serendi depends on scientia. 5. se refers to terga. — latitudines, plural (as often in Latin) because he is thinking of many cases or examples. — fissione, etc. ; . the early time when the ground had to be broken, and of course cattle were more necessary. — aureo, i. e. the golden age. — fabri- carier : formerly the infinitive passive ended as here (an extract from an old poet) in er. — manu, connected with vinctum. — vesci, subj. of haberetur. 6. longum est: we should say in English it would take too long (see Gr. § 60, 2. c). — pro sale, instead of salt, i. e. merely to keep it from spoiling (ne putesceret). — pecude depends on fecundius. 7. Pronoea, Providence, in our modern sense; an idea of the Stoics, one of whom is here spgaking, hence nostra. — Epiourea -< (pred.)* an Epicurean: fem. on account of the gender of Pronoea. Thfe itiea is^that Providence seems to be an Epicurean in providing so many good things for the appetite. 8. stirpibus, bushes, that have stems. — herbis, plants, grasses and the like without woody stems. 9. licet, you may, taken with lustrare. — plurimarum, etc., very many things of use (lit. the usefulness of many things). Selection V. — essent, the subject is the implied antecedent of qui, men who. — quoddam, a. This word is used because the thing, though only referred to indefinitely, is however definitely known. — esse deos, that there are gods. Selection VI. — i. senile, characteristic of old men. — prae- dicet, from praedico, are. — aetatem, Gr. § 52, i. h. — quam belongs w^ith suavitatem : the relative is often displaced in this way by a preposition connected with it. — dux ille, Agamemnon, the chief of the Trojan expedition. 2. equidem: the force of this word is concessive. The idea is, ' ' though I cannot make the same boast that Cyrus (I wish I could), still this I can say, &c." The Latin particles have just this kind of force, and we cannot begin too soon to notice them. — quidem, again concessiye (see preceding note). Translate, though I have not, Sfc, still (sed tamen). — ego: notice that it is emphatic, — / for my part. Do not get the habit, because in English the personal pronouns are expressed, whether emphatic or not, of disregarding their emphasis when expressed in Latin. f <^ PREPARED BY WILLIAM DEUTSCH, TEACHER IN THE ST. LOUIS HIGH SCHOOL. SUGGESTIONS TO THE TEACHER. 1. Have the Grammar part and the Vocabularies well studied before passing to the translation. 2. Do not neglect blackboard and other written exercises. 3. Have the principal synonymes (found on pages 235 to 242) memorized. 4. Do not neglect frequent reviewing. 5. Assign short lessons duringvthe first quarter. EXERCISES. Lesson i. First Declension, Page 4. (Omit Greek Nouns.) Vocabulary. ala, ae (f.), wing. porta, ae (f.), gate. amicitia ae {¥.\ friendship. puella, ae {¥.),girL aqua, ae (f.), water. pugna, ae (f.), battle. aquila, ae (f.), eagle. regina, ae (f.), queen. columba, ae (f.), dove. Roma, ae (f.), Ro7ne. causa, ae (f.), cause. rbsa, ae (f.), rose. Europa, ae (f.), Europe. Siciiia, ae (f.), Sicily. femina, ae (f.), woman. vita, ae (f.), life. filia, ae (f.), daughter. et or -que, and. gloria, ae {Y.^^lory. est, he is; sunt, they are. hora, ae (f.), hour. habet, he has j habeut, they incola, ae (m.), inhabita7it. have. inimicitia, ae (f.), enmity. cum (with abl.), with. nauta, ae (m.), sailor. in (with abl.), in. . patria, ae (f.), native city. in (with ace), into. pbeta, ae (m.), poet. e, ex (with abl,), out of Translate into English. 1. Hora, horarum, hora, horis ; nautas, nautae, nautam. 2. Siciiia est insula Europae. 3. Nautae filia. 4. Filiabus reginarum. 5. Puella est feminae filia. 6. Roma portas habet. 7. Columbae alas habent. 8. Amicitia est vitae gloria. 9. Incolae rosas habent. 10. In aquam ; ex aqua. 11. Cum nautis incolisque. 12. Inimicitia incolarum est causa pugnae. I/O Latin Method. Write in Latin. . 1. Of girls ; to the daughter ; the queens (ace). 2. Out of the water; in the water ; into the water. 3. The eagles have wings. 4. The woman has a rose. 5. The inhabitants of Sicily are sailors. 6. The battle is the cause of glory. 7. The enmity of the inhabitants is the cause of battles. 8. With the daughters of the queens. 9. She is the daughter of the queen. 10. O Rome, the native-city of poets. Lesson 2. Second Declension, Page 5. (Omit Greek Nouns.) Vocabulary. ager, agri {^.\ field. liber, ri (m.), book. amicus, i {m.), friend. ' litterae, ?LX\xm {y ), letter. argentum, i (n.), silver. inimicus, i (m.), enemy. aurum, i (n.), gold. magister, ri (m.), master, avus, i (m.), grandfather. teacher. bellum, i (n.), war. metallum, i (n.), metal. dat, he gives. murus, i (m.), wall. dant, they give. oppidum, ii'H.), town. ddminus, i (m ), lord, master. praemium, i (n.), reward. donum, i (n ), gift. puer, i (m.), boy. equus, i (m.), horse. servus, i (m.), slave. filius, i (m.), son. s6cer, i {m), father-in-law. gener, i (m ), son-in-law. templum, i (n.), temple. gladius, i (m.), sword. vir, i (m.), man. Translate into English. 1. Amici, amicorum, amicos, amice. 2. Agro, agris, agrum, agri. 3. Templum, templa, templorum, templi. 4. Dominus servos equosque habet. 5. Socer agrum genero dat. 6. Templa sunt gloria Romae. 7. Aurum et argentum sunt metalla. 8. Amici avi poetae sunt. 9. Magistri pueris et puellis dona dant. 10. Oppidum muros et portas habet. Exercises. 171 Write in Latin. 1. The boys have books. 2. The teacher gives doves to the boys. 3. The enemies of the master have swords. 4. The friends of the queen are poets, not sailors. 5. The father-in-law gives gold and silver to the temples. 6. The metals are the cause of war. 7. The friends of the boy have the books of the men. 8. The queen gives rewards to the inhabitants. 9. [There] is the letter of the son-in-law. 10. The son and the friend of the sailor are poets. Lesson 3. Second Declension, continued. Questions. Pages 5 and 8. Vocabulary. agric51a, ae (m.), farmer. hortus, i (m.), garden. Athenae, arum (f.), Athens. Italia, ae (f.), Italy. Cbrinthus, i (f.), Corinth. morbus, i (m.), disease^ sick- deus, i (m.) God. pomum, i (n.), apple. Sjtess. disclptilus, i (m.), pupil, Romanus, i (m.), Roman, scholar. scutum, i (n.), shield. d6a, ae (f.), Goddess. taurus, i (m.), bull. 6rat, he was. iibi ? where f grant, they were. vQcat, he calls. Graecus, i (m.)„ Greek. vbcant, they call. Translate into English. 1. Vocatne filium ? 2. Num agricola amici filiabus rosas dat ? Non dat. 3. Nonne Roma muros portasque habet? Habet. 4. Erantne filii filiaeque domini ? 5. Discipuli cum magistro Romae et Corinthi erant. 6. Ubi amici libri sunt ? 7. Romani gladios et scuta habent. 8. Bella morborum causa erant. 9. Dii erant amici Graecorum et Romanorum. 10. Avus donum dis dat. 1/2 Latin Method, Write in liatin. 1. Does the sailor call [his] daughter? No. 2. Is not gold the cause of battles and wars? Yes. 3. Does the teacher give a reward to the girls ? 4. The father-in-law gives fields and bulls to the friends of the queen. ^ 5. The son of the poet was in Sicily, in Rome, and in Corinth. 6. In the garden of the master [there] are apples and roses. 7. The Romans give gold and silver to the goddesses. 8. Where were the servants of the grandfather ? In Athens. In Italy. Lesson 4. Adjectives of tlie First and Second Declension, Page 6. Vocabulary. aeger, gra, grum, sick, mSlestus, a, um (with dat.), albus, a, um, white. troublesome. altus, a, um, high^ deep. multus, a, um, jjtuch, 7nany. bonus, a, um, good. niger, gra, grum, blacky dark. densus, a, um, dense ^ thick. niimerus, i (m.), number. diligentla, ae (f.), diligence. parvus, a, um, sniall^ little. fluvius, i (m), river^ stream. pulcher, chra, chrum, beau- Gallia, ae (f.), G^^?^/ (country). tiful. Graecia, ae (f.), Greece. rapidus, a, um, rapid. gratus, a, um (with dat), regnum, i (n.), kingdom. pleasing^ grateful. ^ Rhenus, i {^.^.^ Rhine. ignavus, a, um, lazy. ripa, ae (f), bank. insula, ae (f.), island. silva, ae {y.^, forest. latus, a, um, broad, wide. t6ner, era, erum, tender. longus, a, um, long. timidus, a, um, timid. magnus, a, um, great, large. trans (with ace), across. miser, era, erum, wretched. volat, heftier. -v61ant, they fly. Translate into English. 1. Servus ignavus est. 2. Columbae timidae sunt. V Exercises. 173 3. Oppidum est parv^um. 4. Graecia multa templa habet. 5. Magister parvas puellas et bonos pueros vocat. 6. Nonne puero donum dat ? 7. Aquila trans magnum fluvium in silvam densam volat. 8. Insula parva incolas multos habet. 9. Morbus tenero filio molestus est. 10. Praemia diligentiae discipulis grata sunt. "Write in liatin. 1. The swords were long. 2. The towns are large. 3. The kingdom is small. 4. The daughters of the women are good. 5. The queen gives broad swords to the inhabitants. 6. The roses of the high banks are white. 7. The Rhine is a rapid river of Gaul. 8. Great is the number of black slaves. 9. The master gives a beautiful book to the sick boy. 10. The disease is troublesome to the wretched girl. Lesson $. Adjectives and Adverbs of the First and Second Declension, Pp. 6 & 41. Vocabulary. acutus, a, um, sharp. bslllcosus, a, um, warlike. bene (adv.), well. dbcet, he teaches. dbcent, they teach. exemplum, i (n.), example. hgri {pidiV .^., yesterday . inter (with ace), among, be- tween. Latinus, a, um, Latin. liberi, orum (m ), children. Hngua, ae (f.), language, tongue. IScus, i (m.) (plur., masc. and ntvX.'), place. meus, a, um, my. natat, he swims. natant, they swim. noster, ra, rum, our. noxius, a, um (with dat.), hurtful, injurious. periculum, i (n.), danger. proelium, i (n.), battle. ^ scribit, he writes.- scribunt, they write. semper (adv.), always. 1/4 Latin Method, Translate into Cnglish. 1. Num puer natat in magno rapidoque fluvio? 2. In multis proeliis in periculo magno erat. . 3. Magistri mei semper bene decent. 4. Nautae filius pulchre scribit. 5. Puellae litteras parvas aegrae roginae scribunt. 6. In alto loco parvi pueri cum avo erant. 7. Exemplum servi noxium puero est. 8. Templa diis et deabus grata sunt. [magistri. 9. Erant multi pueri heri in horto; et inter pueros filius 10. Morbus tenerae filiae molestus erat. Write in Latin. 1. The son of the warlike queen has a sharp sword. 2. Were the farmer's sons in the large garden ? No. 3. The sailor is in the garden with [his] sons, not with [his] daughters. 4. The example of a lazy boy is injurious to the pupils. 5. Our daughter writes a beautiful letter to the teacher. 6. The black horses are troublesome to the man. 7. The children of good [men] are not always good. 8. Our master teaches the Latin language well. 9. Where was the son of the farmer with the black horses ? 10. Many books are injurious to the sick daughter of the sailor. Lesson 6. Present, Imperfect, and Future of sum and compounds. Pp. S4 & 25. Vocabulary. a, ab (with abl.), away^ by. gaudium, i (n.), joy. absum, / am absent. intersum, / a7n among., be- adsum, / ai7i present. tween. beatus, a, um, happy. ira, ae (f.), anger. coutentus, a, um, contented. liber, era, QXMVCL^free. copla, ae (f.), abundance. mox (adv.), soon. copiae, arum (f.), forces^ nunc (adv.), /^^^e/. troops. probus, a, um, upright. desum, I am away., wanting. sed (conj.), but. frumentum, i (n.), corn., si (conj.), if. grain. > Exercises. 175 Translate into English. 1. Estis, eramus, eris. 2. Abes, aberimus ; adsumus, aderant. 3. Non beatus eras, mi fili. 4. Si contenti eritis, miseri non eritis. 5. Bonis viris non desunt amid. 6. Semper a proelio abero. 7. Magnae copiae Romanorum in proelio aderant. 8. Estne copia frumenti in domini agris ? 9. Alexander Magnus multis proeliis intererat. 10. Incolae magni oppidi sumus. Write in L