■ »^ m 
 
 +jj<r\ 
 
 ImI 
 
 ££/ 
 
 $m 
 
 u\ 
 
 ■ 
 
 T r i 
 
 '• vi o 
 
 ■ 
 
 s- 
 
 o 
 
 LO 
 
 ;<t 
 
 * fcl fL a L) t. I P H .. . , 'i, -. ,, r " : - . 
 D M; E. if. 'B'UTLE'it & CO. * 
 
/&? 
 

 I 
 
 
ir 
 
 Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 in 2007 with funding from 
 
 Microsoft Corporation 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/briefexpositionoOOhartrich 
 
BRIEF EXPOSITION 
 
 O? THE 
 
 CONSTITUTION 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNITED STATES 
 
 FOR THF, USE OF 
 
 COMMON SCHOOLS. 
 
 BY JOHN S. HART, LL.D., 
 
 PRINCIPAL OF THE PHILADELPHIA HIGH SCHOOL, AND PROFESSOR OF MORAL, 
 MENTAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCE IN THE SAME. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA: 
 PUBLISHED BY E. H. BUTLER & CO. 
 
 1860. 
 
 
{ Chamber of the Controllers of Public Schools, 
 \ First School District of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Philadelphia, December 12, 1849. 
 At a meeting of the Controllers of Public Schools, First District of Penn 
 sylvania, held at the Controllers' Chamber, on Tuesday, December 11 
 1849, the following Resolution was adopted : — 
 
 Resolved, That Hart's Constitution of the United States be introduced 
 as a Class-Book, into the Grammar Schools of the District. 
 
 R. J. HEMPHILL. Secretary. 
 
 Entered according to act of Congress, in. the year 1845, by 
 
 BUTLER & WILLIAMS, 
 
 in the Office of the Clerk of the District Court of the United Statw 
 
 in and for the Eastern District or Pennsylvania. 
 
 EDUCATION ENEWk 
 
 B . M. DUSENBEWY, STEREOTYPER. 
 C. SHERMAN, PRINTER, 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Every man in this country who holds office, whether Execu* 
 cutive, Judicial or Legislative, whether under the National Go- 
 vernment or any of the State Governments, is bound by oath to 
 support the Constitution of the United States. Every one of the 
 more than two millions who are now entitled to vote, is called 
 upon to decide questions of Constitutional law, as really and 
 truly as is the Supreme Court of the United States. But how 
 many of all that number have ever read the Constitution ] In 
 what proportion of our Colleges, Academies, or Common Schools 
 is it studied 1 In what system of education, whether public or 
 private, in any part of the country, is a knowledge of the Consti- 
 tution of the country made a requisite for graduation, or for 
 admission from a lower school to a higher one 1 Ask a number 
 of boys at school almost any reasonable question in Geography or 
 History, and you will see dozens* ready to reply without a 
 moment's hesitation. But ask thlm what will be necessary, 
 when they grow up, to entitle them to vote, what constitutes 
 citizenship, what rights a citizen of one State has in another 
 State, or any other simple and obvious question in regard to the 
 Constitution of their country, and you will be met with a pro- 
 found silence. And is not a knowledge of his immediate per- 
 sonal rights and duties quite as important to the young American, 
 as to be acquainted with a long catalogue of dead kings or 
 distant cities? 
 
 The main reason why the study of the Constitution has nevei 
 vet been made a branch of Common School education is believed 
 
 (3) 
 
 541190 
 
!V PREFACE. 
 
 to be an entire misapprehension in regard to the nature and 
 difficulty of the study. There are, it is true, not a few passages 
 in the Constitution, the proper construction of which has given 
 rise to much discussion ; and there are many nice points arising 
 out of its more obvious provisions, requiring for their solution 
 great natural abilities and profound legal erudition. But it is 
 still true, that the great majority of its clauses are as intelligible, 
 and as easily remembered as most of the studies which now make 
 an essential part in every system of education. What difficulty 
 is there in a boy's learning that a Representative is chosen for 
 two years, while a Senator is chosen for six, that a Representa- 
 tive must be twenty-five years old, while a Senator must be 
 thirty, to know what body has the power to impeach, and what 
 the power to try impeachments, in short to understand and recol- 
 lect nine out of ten of all the provisions of the Constitution 1 Is 
 it one whit more difficult than to comprehend and recollect the 
 various details of Geography and History, to give off-hand the 
 position of Timbuctoo or the Tagus, or to know in what year 
 Rome was founded or Caesar slain ? 
 
 The plan pursued in this little book is in accordance with the 
 views here suggested. There has been no attempt to discuss 
 knotty political questions, or to speculate upon abstract theories 
 of government, but simply to present the Constitution itself, with 
 such questions and answers, as might direct the attention of the 
 learner to its plain and obvious meaning. The Constitution pro- 
 vides for the duties and rights of every day life, and is written in 
 simple language almost entirely free from technical and profesv 
 sioual expressions. Is there any reason why children capable of 
 learning, and teachers capable of teaching History and Geogra 
 phy, might not intelligently study and teach all its material facts 
 and provisions, as they are here presented 1 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 INTRODUCTION.— Colonial Governments, p. 13. Continental Con. 
 gross, p. 14. Articles of Confederation, p. 15. 
 
 PREAMBLE.— Objects of, p. 15. General Principles, p. 16. 
 
 ARTICLE I. — Legislative Department. 
 
 Section I. Congress in general, p. 17. 
 
 Section II. House of Representatives : Clause 1. Organization of 
 the House, p. 17. Clause 2. Qualifications of Representa- 
 tives, p. 18. Clause 3. Apportionment of Representatives, p. 
 19. Clause 4. Vacancies, p. 23. Clause 5. Officers, and 
 power of Impeachments, p. 23. 
 
 Section III. Senate : Clause 1. Organization of Senate, p. 24. 
 Clause 2. Classification and Vacancies, p. 25, Clause 3. Quali- 
 fications, p. 26. Clause 4. Presiding Officers, p. 27. Clause 
 5. Other Officers, p. 27. Clause 6. Trial of Impeachments, 
 p. 28. Clause 7. Judgment in Impeachments, p. 29. 
 
 Section IV. Both Houses: Clause 1. Election of Members, p. 30 
 Clause 2. Meeting of Congress, p. 31. 
 
 Section V. The Houses separately : Clause 1. Contested Seats, Quo- 
 rum, Powers of a Minority, p. 31. Clause 2. Rules ot 
 Proceeding, &c, p. 32. Clause 3. Journal, Yeas and Nays, p. 
 33. Clause 4. Power of Adjournment, p. 34. 
 
 Section VI. Privileges and Disabilities of Members : Clause 1. 
 Compensation of Members, p. 34. Freedom from Arrest, p 
 35. Freedom of Speech, p. 35. Clause 2. Disqualifications 
 of Members, p. 36. 
 1# (5) 
 
VI CONTENTS. 
 
 Section VII. Mode of Passing Laws: Clause 1. Revenue Bills, 
 
 p. 37. Clause 2. The President's Veto, p. 38. Second Pas- 
 
 sage of a Bill, p. 39. Clause 3. Other Resolutions besides 
 Bills, p. 41. 
 
 Section VIII. Powers Granted to Congress : Clause 1. Laying 
 Taxes, p. 42. Clause 2. Borrowing Money, p. 44. Clause 
 3. Regulating Commerce, p. 44. Clause 4. Naturalization 
 and Bankruptcy, p. 45. Clause 5. Coinage, Weights and 
 Measures, p. 47. Clause 6. Punishment of Counterfeiting, 
 p. 47. Clause 7. Post Office, p. 47. Clause 8. Copyrights and 
 Patent Rights, p. 48. Clause 9. District Courts, p. 48. Clause 
 10. Piracy, p. 49. Clause 11. Declaration of War, p. 49. 
 Clause 12. The Army, p. 50. Clause 13. The Navy, p. 51. 
 Clause 14. Rules for Army and Navy, p. 51. Clause 15. The 
 Militia, p. 51. Clause 16. Organization of do., p. 52. Clause 
 17. Seat of Government, Dockyards, &c, p. 52. Clause 18. 
 General Power, p. 53. 
 
 Section IX. Powers Denied to the United Si ates : Clause 1. Im- 
 portation of Slaves, p. 54. Clause 2. Writs of Habeas 
 Corpus, p. 54. Clause 3. Bills of Attainder, ex post facto 
 laws, p. 55. Clause 4. Direct Taxes, p. 56. Clause 5. Ex- 
 port Duties, &c, p. 56. Clause 6. The Treasury, p. 57. 
 Clause 7. Titles of Nobility, &c, p. 57. 
 
 Section X. Powers Denied to the States: Clause 1. Treaties, 
 Coinage, &c, p. 58. Clause 2. Duties, Army, Navy, &c., 
 p. 59. 
 
 ARTICLE II. Executive Department. 
 
 Section I. President and Vice-President : Clause 1. Term of 
 Service, &c, p. 61. Clause 2. Presidential Electors, p. 62. 
 Clause 3. Mode of choosing President and Vice-President, p. 
 63. Amendment to Article XII., p. 63. Clause 4. Time 
 of Choosing Electors, p. 69. Clause 5. Qualifications for the 
 Presidency, p. 70. Clause 6. Vacancy in do., p. 71. Clause 
 7. Compensation of the President, p. 71. Clause 8 and 9. 
 Oath of Office, p. 72. 
 
 Section II. Powers of the President: Clause 1. Commander-in- 
 in-Chief Pardoning Power, &c, p. 73. Clause 2. Treaties, 
 
CONTENTS. Vll 
 
 Appointment of Officers, &c., p. 74. Clause 3. Power to fill 
 Vacancies, p. 75. 
 Section III. Duties of the President : Messages to Congress, p. 76. 
 Extra Sessions, p. 77. Adjournment, &c, p. 77. 
 
 Section IV. Impeachment of the President, SfC. : The Officers liable 
 to Impeachment, p. 78. Penalty, p. 78. 
 
 ARTICLE III. Judicial Department. 
 
 Section I. United States Courts : Supreme Courts, p. 79. District 
 Courts, do. Tenure of Office, p. 80. 
 
 Section II. Jurisdiction of the United States Courts: Clause 1. Ex- 
 tent of Jurisdiction, p. 80. Amendment, Article XI., p. 83. 
 Clause 2. Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, p. 83. Clause 
 3. Mode and Place of Trial, p. 84. 
 
 Section III. Treason: Clause 1. Definition of Treason, p. 85. Proof 
 of Treason, p. 86. Clause 2. Punishment of Treason, p. 86. 
 
 ARTICLE IV. 
 
 Section I. State Records : Credit of State Records, p. 88. 
 
 Section II. Privileges of Citizens, Sec: Clause 1. Rights of Citizen- 
 ship, p. 88. Clause 2. Restoration of Criminals, p. 88. Clause 
 3. Restoration of Slaves, p. 89. 
 
 Section III. New States and Territories : Clause I. Admission of 
 New States, p. 89. Clause 2. Government of Territories, p. 90. 
 
 Section IV. Guarantee to the States : Guarantee of Republican Go- 
 vernment, p. 91. Protection against Invasion, &c, p. 91. 
 
 ARTICLE V. Power op Amendment. 
 
 Necessity of such a Power, p. 92. Mode of Making Amendments, 
 p. 93. Limitation to the Power of Amendment, p. 94. 
 
 ARTICLE VI. Public Debt, &c. 
 
 Clause 1. Assumption by the United States of the Debts of the Con 
 federation, p. 94. Clause 2. Supremacy of the Constitution 
 Laws and Treaties of the United States, p. 95. Clause 3. Oat! 
 of Office, p. 95. Religious Tests, p. 95. 
 
 ARTICLE VII. Ratification of the Constitution. 
 
 Mod': of Ratifying the Constitution, p. 9G. 
 
Vlll CONTENTS. 
 
 AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 
 
 Nature of the first ten of the Amendments, p. 98. 
 
 Article I. Freedom of Religion, fyc: Freedom of Religion, p. 97 
 Freedom of Speech, and of the Press, p. 97. 
 
 Article II. Right to bear Arms: Right to bear Arms, p. 98. 
 
 Article. III. Quartering Soldiers on Citizens : Origin of this pro- 
 vision, p. 98. 
 
 Article IV. Search Warrants: The right to be free from unreason 
 able searches, p. 98. 
 
 Article V. Trial for Crimes. SfC. : The Grand Jury, p. 98. Mode 
 of Making Indictments, p. 99. Courts-Martial, p, 99. 
 
 Article VI. Rights of Accused Persons: Right of Trial by Jury, &c. 
 
 p. 99. 
 Article VII. Suits at Common Law: Right of Trial by Jury, in 
 
 Civil Suits, p. 100. 
 Article VIII. Excessive Bail: Origin of this provision, p. 100. 
 Articles IX. X. Mode of construing the Constitution, p. 100. 
 Article XI., XII. p. 100. 
 
CONSTITUTION 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 1. What kind of government existed in the American Colomet 
 prior to the Revolution ? 
 
 A Colonial Government. 
 
 2. What three forms of colonial government were there ? 
 
 The Provincial, Proprietary, and Charter Govern- 
 ments. 
 
 3. What were the Provincial Governments ? 
 
 The Provincial Governments were those under the 
 immediate control of the King of Great Britain. 
 
 4. What were the Proprietary Governments ? 
 
 The Proprietary Governments were those undei 
 the immediate control of Proprietaries, who received 
 grants to that effect in letters patent from the King. 
 
 5. What were the Charter Governments ? 
 
 The Charter Governments were those under the 
 immediate control of the King, but having certain im- 
 portant political rights secured to them by charter. 
 
 6. What Colonies, at the time of the Revolution, were under Pro- 
 vincial Governments ? 
 
 New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Virginia, 
 North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. 
 
 7. What Colonies were governed by Proprietaries at the com- 
 mencement of the Revolution? 
 
 2 (") 
 
14; CO>S CITATION ,OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland. 
 
 8. What Colonies were under Charter Governments at the time 
 of the Revolution ? 
 
 Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island. 
 
 9. When was a general convention of delegates from the several 
 Colonies first called ? 
 
 In September, 1774. 
 
 10. What was this Convention called ? 
 
 The Continental Congress. 
 
 11. What important state » paper did the first Continental Con- 
 gress prepare ? 
 
 The Bill of Rights. 
 
 12. When did the next Congress assemble ? 
 In May, 1775. 
 
 13. What decisive step did they take ? 
 
 They declared the united colonies independent. 
 
 14. When was the Declaration of Independence adopted ? 
 
 On the 4th of July, 1776. 
 
 15. What powers were assumed by the Continental Congress ? 
 
 They assumed all the powers of sovereignty neces- 
 sary to maintain the safety and independence of the 
 united colonies. 
 
 1 6. What was the character of these powers ? 
 
 They were revolutionary. 
 
 17. How is the exercise of these powers by the Continental Con- 
 gress justified from the charge of usurpation ? 
 
 The exercise of these powers was required by the 
 necessity of the case, and was acquiesced in by the 
 people. 
 
 18. How long did the Continental Congress continue to be the 
 National Government? 
 
 Until March, 1781, near the close of the Revolution- 
 ary War. 
 
 19. W T hat frame of government was then adopted 7 
 
INTRODUCTION. 15 
 
 The Articles of Confederation. 
 
 20. What was the great defect in the Articles of Confederation ? 
 
 The want of sufficient power in the General Govern 
 ment. 
 
 21. When did the present Constitution go into operation? 
 
 In September, 1788. 
 
 22. What is the introductory paragraph of the Constitution called ? 
 
 The Preamble. *0* 
 
 THE PREAMBLE. 
 
 "We, the People of the United States, in order to form a 
 more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tran- 
 quillity, provide for the common defence, promote the gene- 
 ral welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves 
 and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution 
 for the United States of America" 
 
 23. What is the main object of the Preamble ? 
 
 The main object of the Preamble is to set forth the 
 purposes for which the Constitution was adopted. 
 
 24. What were the purposes for which the Constitution was or- 
 dained and established ? 
 
 1st, To form a more perfect union; 2d, To establish 
 justice ; 3d, To insure domestic tranquillity ; 4th, To 
 provide for the common defence; 5th, To promote the 
 general welfare ; and 6th, To secure the blessings of 
 liberty to ourselves and our posterity. 
 
 25. Why is this part of the Preamble important? 
 
 Because the purposes for which the Constitution was 
 adopted form a valuable aid in interpreting its princi- 
 ples. 
 
 26. What else is contained in the Preamble ? 
 
 It sets forth the parties who established the Consti 
 • lUion. 
 
 27. Who are declared in the Preamble to have established the 
 Const* tution ? 
 
16 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 The people of the United States. 
 
 , 28. How does the Constitution compare in this respect with the 
 articles of Confederation ? 
 
 , The Articles of Confederation emanated from the 
 States; the Constitution of the United States emanated 
 directly from the People. 
 
 29. Why is this part of the Preamble important? 
 
 Because it shows the authority upon which the Con- 
 stitution rests. 
 
 GENERAL PRINCIPLES. 
 
 30. Into how many departments is the government of the United 
 States divided ? 
 
 Into three ; — Legislative, Executive, and Judicial 
 
 31. What is the Legislative power ? 
 
 The power which makes the laws. 
 
 32. What is the Executive power ? 
 
 The power which carries the laws into effect. 
 
 33. What is the Judicial power! 
 
 The power which interprets the laws. 
 
 34. What may be remarked in regard to this separation of the 
 powers of Government ? 
 
 It is indispensable to the existence of good govern- 
 ment. 
 
 35. What kind of government is that in which these powers are 
 all vested in the same hands ? 
 
 It is an absolute government, or despotism. 
 
 36. Why is such a government dangerous ? 
 
 Because it gives no security against the abuse of 
 power. 
 
 37. To what do the three main articles of the Constitution relate? 
 
 To the distribution of the powers of government 
 among the three departments, the Legislative, the 
 Executive, and the Judicial. 
 
LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. 17 
 
 38. To what docs Article I. relate ? 
 
 To the Legislative Department. 
 
 £ m 
 
 ARTICLE I. The Legislative Department. 
 Section I. Congress in general. 
 
 "All legislative poivers herein granted, shall be vested 
 in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of 
 a Senate and House of Representatives." 
 
 39. To what does this section relate ? 
 
 To the establishment of the National Legislature. 
 
 40. In what body are the legislative powers of the United States 
 vested ? 
 
 All Legislative powers granted in this Constitution 
 are vested in a Congress of the United States. 
 
 41. Of what does the Congress of the United States consist? 
 
 Of a Senate and House of Representatives. 
 
 42. "What advantage is there in dividing the legislative body into 
 two branches ? 
 
 The two Houses of Congress act as a check upon 
 each other. 
 
 43. Repeat Section I. 
 
 Section II. House of Representatives. 
 Clause I. " The House of Representatives shall be com- 
 posed of members chosen every second year by the people 
 of the several States, and the electors in each State shall 
 have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most 
 numerous branch of the State legislature" 
 
 44. To what does this clause refer ? 
 
 To the organization of the House of Representa 
 tives. 
 
 45. How often are the members of the House of Representatives 
 chosen ? 
 
 2* 
 
18 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Every second year. 
 
 46 Why is a comparatively short term of service fixed for the 
 House of Representatives ? 
 
 That they may come more frequently and more 
 directly under the supervision of popular opinion. 
 
 47. By whom are they chosen ? 
 
 By the People of the several States. 
 
 48. What qualifications are requisite to enable a citizen in any 
 State to vote for members of the National House of Representatives ? 
 
 The same qualifications which are necessary to 
 enable him to vote for the most numerous branch of 
 the State legislature. 
 
 49. Repeat the words of Clause I. 
 
 Clause II. "No person shall be a Representative, who 
 shall not have attained the age of twenty-jive years, and 
 been seven years a citizen of the United States, and ivho 
 shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in 
 which he shall be chosen." 
 
 50. To what does this clause relate? 
 
 To the qualifications of the Representatives. 
 
 51. How old must a Representative be ? 
 
 No person shall be a Representative, who shall not 
 have attained the age of twenty-five years. 
 
 52. How long must he have been a citizen of the United States ? 
 
 Seven years. 
 
 53. What is necessary in regard to residence ? 
 
 He must, when elected, be an inhabitant of that 
 State in which he is chosen. 
 
 54. Repeat the words of Clause II. 
 
 Clause III. " Representatives and direct taxes shall be 
 apportioned among the several States which may be inclu* 
 
HOUSE CF REPRESENTATIVES. 19 
 
 ded within this Union, according to their respective num- 
 bers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole 
 number of fret persons, including those bound to service 
 for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three- 
 fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration shall 
 be made within three years after the first meeting <f the 
 Congress of the United States, and ivithin every subsequent 
 term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law di- 
 rect. The number of Representatives shall not exceed one 
 for every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least 
 one Representative ; and until such enumeration shall be 
 made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to 
 choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Pro- 
 vidence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six, 
 New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Ma- 
 ryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Ca- 
 rolina five, and Georgia three. 
 
 55. To what does this clause relate ? 
 
 To the Apportionment of Representatives and direct 
 taxes among the States. 
 
 56. In what manner are Representatives and direct taxes appoi 
 tioned among the several States ? 
 
 According to their respective numbers. 
 
 57. In determining the number to be represented in the different 
 States, are any counted besides free persons ? 
 
 Yes. 
 
 •58. Who are meant by "those bound to service for a term of 
 
 y -rs?" 
 
 Apprentices. 
 
 59. What is provided in regard to apprentices ? 
 
 They are included in the number of free persons. 
 
 60. What is provided in regard to Indians ? 
 
 Indians not taxed are to be excluded from the num- 
 ber of free persons. 
 
20 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 61. How then is the whole number of free persons to be obtained ? 
 
 By including in that number apprentices, and ex- 
 cluding Indians not taxed. 
 
 62. When the whole number of f-ee persons is thus ascertained, 
 what must be added in order to determine the number to be repre 
 sen ted ? 
 
 Three-fifths of all other persons. 
 
 63. Who are particularly meant by "other persons ?" 
 
 Slaves. 
 
 64. Repeat that part of the 3d clause which relates to the mode of 
 apportioning the Representatives among the States, after the enume- 
 ration. 
 
 " Representatives and direct taxes shall be appor- 
 tioned among the several States which may be inclu- 
 ded within this Union, according to their respective 
 numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the 
 whole number of free persons, including those bound 
 to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians 
 not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons." 
 
 65. When was the first enumeration to be made ? 
 
 Within three years after the first meeting of Con- 
 gress. 
 
 66. When was it actually made ? 
 In 1790. 
 
 67. How often was the census to be taken afterwards ? 
 
 Once in every ten years. 
 
 68. How was the enumeration to be made ? 
 
 In such a manner as Congress should, by law, direct 
 
 69. Repeat that part of the Apportionment clause which relates to 
 the time and mode of making the enumeration. 
 
 " The actual enumeration shall be made within three 
 years after the first meeting of the Congress of the 
 United States, and within every subsequent term of 
 ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct." 
 
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 21 
 
 70. Repeat that part of the Apportionment clause which limits the 
 number of Representatives. 
 
 " The number of Representatives shall not exceed 
 one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall 
 have at least one Representative." 
 
 71. How many Representatives was each of the States entitled t< 
 choose until the first enumeration should be made ? 
 
 " The State of New Hampshire was entitled to choose 3 
 " " Massachusetts 8 
 
 " " Rhode Island and Providence Plantations 1 
 
 u 
 
 %i 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 : 
 
 5 
 
 14 
 
 u 
 
 New York 
 
 . 
 
 6 
 
 (1 
 
 14 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 - 
 
 4 
 
 u 
 
 44 
 
 Pennsylvania « 
 
 - 
 
 8 
 
 C< 
 
 44 
 
 Delaware 
 
 . 
 
 1 
 
 u 
 
 44 
 
 Maryland 
 
 . 
 
 6 
 
 14 
 
 44 
 
 Virginia 
 
 . 
 
 10 
 
 U 
 
 44 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 - 
 
 5 
 
 u 
 
 (4 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 • 
 
 5 
 
 H 
 
 44 
 
 Georgia 
 
 . 
 
 3 
 
 Total, *65 
 
 72. When was the last apportionment made ? 
 In 1862. 
 
 73. By what census is that apportionment determined ? 
 By the census of 1850. 
 
 74. What is the ratio of representation under that apportionment ? 
 
 One Representative for every 93,702, and an addi- 
 tional member is allowed to each State in which the 
 remaining fraction exceeds one-half of that number. 
 
 75. What is the whole number of Representatives under this ap- 
 portionment ? 
 
 Two hundred and thirty-four. 
 
 *The original apportionment is given for reference merely, because it is 
 included in the body of the Constitution. The present apportionnr.en . 
 p. 22) however, should be learned instead of the original one. 
 
22 
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 6. 
 
 7. 
 
 8. 
 
 9. 
 10. 
 11. 
 12. 
 13. 
 14. 
 15. 
 16. 
 17. 
 18. 
 19. 
 20. 
 21. 
 22. 
 23. 
 24. 
 25. 
 26. 
 27. 
 28. 
 29. 
 30. 
 31 
 
 New York has 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 Ohio . 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Kentucky . 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Illinois 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Missouri . 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Maine 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 Mississippi . 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 Michigan . 
 
 New Hampshire 
 
 Vermont . 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 Texas 
 
 Iowa 
 
 California . 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Florida 
 
 33 
 
 Total, 
 
 234 
 
SENATE. 23 
 
 Clause IV. — " When vacancies happen in the represen- 
 tation from any State, the executive authority thereof shall 
 issue writs of election to fill such vacancies." 
 
 78. To what does this clause relate ? 
 
 To filling vacancies in the House of Representatives. 
 
 79. How are the vacancies in the Representation from any State 
 to be filled ? 
 
 The Executive of that State shall issue writs of 
 election to fill such vacancies. 
 
 80. Repeat the words of Clause IV. 
 
 Clause V. — " The House of Representatives shall 
 choose their Speaker and other officers; and shall have 
 the sole power of impeachment." 
 
 81. How are the Speaker and other officers of the House ap- 
 pointed ? 
 
 By the House itself. 
 
 82. Why is it important that the Speaker and other officers should 
 be chosen by the House ? 
 
 It gives the House a more efficient control ovei 
 its officers. 
 
 83. What is the power of impeachment ? 
 
 It is the right which the Representatives have to 
 bring an accusation against high officers of govern- 
 ment, for maladministration of office. 
 
 84. Are impeachments tried by the House ? 
 
 They are not ; they are tried by the Senate. 
 
 85. Repeat Clause V. 
 
 Section III. Senate. 
 Clause I. " The Senate of the United States shall be 
 composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the 
 Legislature thereof for six years; and each Senator shall 
 have one vote" 
 
24 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 86. To what does this clause relate ? 
 
 To the organization of the Senate. 
 
 87. What advantage is to be derived from dividing the legis- 
 lative body into two branches? 
 
 The two Houses act as a check upon each other. 
 
 88. How is this check most effectually secured ? 
 
 By making the two Houses dissimilar in their organi- 
 zation. 
 
 89. In what respects is the organization of the Senate different 
 from that of the House of Representatives ? 
 
 The Senate differs from the House of Representa- 
 tives in regard to the number of members, the mode 
 of election, and the term of service. 
 
 90. Of how many members is the Senate composed? 
 
 Of two from each State, or sixty in all. ' 
 
 91. How are the Senators chosen ? 
 
 By the Legislatures of the several States. 
 
 92. How do they differ in this respect from the Representatives ? 
 
 The Representatives are chosen by the people of 
 the States. 
 
 93. For what time are the Senators chosen ? 
 
 For six years. 
 
 94. How do they differ in this respect from the Representatives? 
 
 The Representatives are chosen for only two years. 
 
 95. Why is a comparatively long term of service fixed for the 
 Senators ? 
 
 That they may serve as a check upon the sudden 
 fluctuations of popular opinion, to which the other 
 branch of the Legislature is liable. 
 
 96. In what manner do the Senators vote? 
 
 Each Senator has one vote. 
 
 97. How did the Continental Congress vote? 
 
 By States ; the Representatives from each State 
 having but one vote. 
 
 98. Repeat Clause I. 
 
SENATE. 25 
 
 Clause II. " Immediately after they shall he assembled 
 in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided, 
 as equally as may be, into three classes. The seats of the 
 Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expira 
 Hon of the second year ; of the second class, at the expi- 
 ration of the fourth year; and of the third class, at the ex. 
 piration of the sixth year ; so that one-third may be chosen 
 every second year; and if vacancies happen by resignation, 
 or otherwise, during the recess of the legislature of any 
 State, the executive thereof may make temporary appoint- 
 ments until the next meeting of the legislature, which shall 
 then fill such vacancies" 
 
 99. To what does the first part of this clause relate ? 
 
 To the division of the Senators into classes. 
 
 100. Into how many classes were the Senators divided? 
 
 Three. 
 
 101. How long did the Senators of each class hold their seats? 
 
 Those of the first class held their seats for two 
 years, those of the second class for four years, and 
 those of the third class for six years. 
 
 102. What proportion of the Senators, in consequence of this ar- 
 rangement, are chosen every second year ? 
 
 One-third. 
 
 103. What is the object of this arrangement? 
 
 By means of this arrangement, one branch of the 
 Legislature always contains a considerable number 
 of members w r ell versed in the public business. 
 
 104. Repeat that part of the clause which relates to the arrange- 
 ment of the Senators into classes. 
 
 " Immediately after they shall be assembled, in 
 consequence of the first election, they shall be di- 
 vided, as equally as may be, into three classes. The 
 seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated 
 at the expiration of the second year ; of the second 
 3 
 
26 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 class, at the expiration of the fourth year ; and of tna 
 third class, at the expiration of the sixth year ; so that 
 one-third may be chosen every second year." 
 
 105. To what does the latter part of the clause relate? 
 
 To filling vacancies. 
 
 106. How are vacancies in the Senate filled ? 
 
 By the appointment of the Legislature of the State 
 in whose representation the vacancy may exist. 
 
 107. If the vacancies happen during the recess of the legislature 
 of the State, how shall they be filled ? 
 
 The Executive of the State may make temporary 
 appointments until the next meeting of the Legislature. 
 
 108. Repeat that part of the clause which relates to vacancies, 
 
 " If vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, 
 during the recess of the Legislature of any State, the 
 Executive thereof may make temporary appointments 
 until the next meeting of the Legislature, which shall 
 then fill such vacancies." 
 
 Clause III. " No person shall be a Senator who shall 
 not have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine 
 years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not 9 
 when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he 
 shall be chosen" 
 
 109. To what does this clause relate? 
 
 To the qualifications of the Senators. 
 
 110. How old must a Senator be ? 
 
 At least thirty years. 
 
 111. How long must he have been a citizen of the United States? 
 
 At least nine years. 
 
 112. What is required in regard to residence? 
 
 He must, at the time of his election, be an inhabi- 
 tant of that State for which he shall be chosen. 
 
SENATE. 2? 
 
 113. In what respects do the qualifications of a Senator differ 
 tfom those of a Representative ? 
 
 A Senator must be thirty years old, and have been 
 a citizen nine years ; a Representative need be only 
 twenty-five years old, and have been a citizen only 
 seven years, 
 
 114. Repeat Clause III. 
 
 7 
 
 Clause IV. " The Vice-President of the United S'ates 
 shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote* 
 unless they be equally divided" 
 
 115. To what does this clause relate? 
 
 To the Presiding Officer of the Senate. 
 
 116. Who is constituted President of the Senate ? 
 
 The Vice-President of the United States. 
 
 117. When is he entitled to vote ? 
 
 Only when the Senate is equally divided. 
 
 118. Why was not the Senate allowed to choose a presiding officer 
 from its own members ? 
 
 For fear of giving too much influence to that State 
 whose Senator should be selected to preside. 
 
 119. Why is there not the same danger in the House of Repre- 
 sentatives ? 
 
 Because the House of Representatives is so much 
 more numerous. 
 
 120. Repeat Clause IV. 
 
 Clause V. " The Senate shall choose their other offi- 
 cers, and also a President pro tempore, in the absence of 
 the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise the office of 
 President of the United States. 
 
 121. To what does this clause relate? 
 
 To the appointment of the other officers of the 
 Senate. 
 
 122. How are these officers chosen ? 
 
 Bv the Senate itself. 
 
28 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 123. When do they choose a President pro tempore? 
 
 When the President of the Senate is absent, or 
 exercises the office of President of the United States, 
 
 12 1. Repeat Clause V. ^. 
 
 Clause VI. " The Senate shall have the sole power to 
 try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they 
 shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of 
 the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside; 
 and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence 
 of two-thirds of the members present." 
 
 125. To what does Clause VI. relate ? 
 
 The trial of impeachments. 
 
 126. By whom are impeachments to be tried ? 
 
 By the Senate only. 
 
 127. Why could not impeachments be tried by the Supreme 
 Court ? 
 
 Because the questions involved are of a political 
 rather than of a legal character. 
 
 128. In what respect docs the Senate, when sitting for the trial of 
 impeachments, deviate from its usual mode of proceeding- 
 
 When sitting for the trial of impeachments, the 
 Senate shall be on oath or affirmation. 
 
 129. What is the object of this provision ? 
 
 To give greater solemnity to the proceedings. 
 
 130. Who shall preside in the Senate on the trial of the President 
 of the United States ? 
 
 The Chief Justice. 
 
 131. What is necessary in order to convict a person on im. 
 pcachment ? 
 
 The concurrence of two-thirds of the members 
 present. 
 
 132. Why should not the verdict be unanimous, as in a trial by 
 ury? 
 
BOTH HOUSES. 29 
 
 In consequence of the influence of political feelings, 
 few persons could ever be convicted. 
 
 133. Why should not a bare majority be sufficient to convict? 
 
 In consequence of the influence of political feelings, 
 few persons would ever be safe from conviction. 
 
 134. Repeat Clause VI. 
 
 Clause VII. "Judgment in cases of impeachment shall 
 not extend further than to removal from office, and disqua- 
 lification to hold and enjoy any office of honour, trust, or 
 profit, under the United States ; but the party convicted 
 shall, nevertheless, be liable and subject to indictment, trial, 
 judgment, and punishment, according to law." 
 
 135. To what does this Clause relate ? 
 
 To the judgment to be rendered in cases of im- 
 peachment. 
 
 136. How is the judgment, in cases of impeachment, limited? 
 
 It shall not extend further than to removal from 
 office, and disqualification to hold office under the 
 United States. 
 
 137. Are those convicted on impeachment liable to suffer no other 
 punishment ? 
 
 They are afterwards liable to indictment, trial, judg- 
 ment and punishment, according to law, before the 
 ordinary courts of justice. 
 
 138. Repeat Clause VII. 
 
 Section IV. Both Houses, 
 
 Clause I. " The times, places, and manner, of holding 
 elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be pre- 
 scribed in each State by the Legislature thereof: but the 
 Congress may at any time, by laic, make or alter such re- 
 gulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators" 
 3* 
 
80 CONSTITUTION OP THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 139. To what does this clause relate ? 
 
 The election of Members of Congress. 
 
 140. In whom is the power of regulating their election vested ? 
 
 In the Legislature of each State. 
 
 141. In what particulars may the Legislature of each State regu 
 (ate the election of Members of Congress ? 
 
 They may prescribe the times, places, and manner 
 of holding the election. 
 
 142. Why should these particulars be determined in the several 
 States by their own Legislatures ? 
 
 Because the people of the several States can judge 
 best in regard to their own local conveniences. 
 
 143. What power has Congress in the matter? 
 
 Congress may by law, make or alter such regula 
 tions, except as to the place of choosing Senators. 
 
 144. Why is the power of making or altering these regulations 
 given to Congress ? 
 
 Because the State Legislatures might neglect to 
 provide duly for such elections, or might make such 
 provisions as would embarrass the operation of the 
 General Government. 
 
 145. Why is not the place of choosing Senators also left to the 
 discretion of Congress ? 
 
 Because the Senators are elected by the State Le- 
 gislatures, whose place of meeting is left to be decided 
 by their own convenience, with respect to their ordi- 
 nary duties. 
 
 146. Repeat Clause I. 
 
 Clause II. " The Congress shall assemble at least once 
 in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first "Mon- 
 day in December, unless they shall by law appoint a dif- 
 ferent day." 
 
THE HOUSES SEPARATELY. 31 
 
 147. To what does this clause refer ? 
 
 To the assembling of Congress. 
 
 148. How often shall Congress assemble? 
 
 The Congress shall assemble at least once in every 
 year. 
 
 149. What day is fixed for the meeting of Congress? 
 
 The first Monday of December, unless they, by 
 law, appoint a different day. 
 
 150. What would have beenihe consequence of omitting to make 
 in the Constitution any provision in regard to the meeting of Con- 
 gress ? 
 
 The time of assembling would have been left to the 
 determination of Congress itself, or of some other de- 
 partment of the government. 
 
 151. What danger would there have been in this? 
 
 In times of corruption, or usurpation, Government 
 might omit or postpone the meeting of Congress, for 
 the purpose of preventing a redress of grievances. 
 
 152. Repeat Clause II. 
 
 Section V. The Houses separately. 
 
 Clause T. "Each House shall be the judge of the elec- 
 tions, returns, and qualifications, of its own members, and 
 a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do busi- 
 ness ; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, 
 and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent 
 members, in such manner, and under such penalties, as 
 each House may provide" 
 
 153. To what does the first part of this clause relate? 
 
 To the mode of ascertaining the right of any one 
 to a seat in Congress. 
 
 154. Who are to judge of the right of any one to a seat in either 
 Ucmse ? 
 
32 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Each House is the judge of the elections, returns 
 and qualifications of its own members. 
 
 155. "Why should each House have the exclusive right to judge of 
 the qualifications of its members ? 
 
 Because in no other way could it maintain the ne 
 cessary degree of independence. 
 
 156. To what does the next item in this clause relate? 
 
 To a quorum. 
 
 157. What is a quorum ? 
 
 The number of any assembly necessary to transact 
 business. 
 
 153. Why is it necessary to forbid the transaction of business 
 unless there is a certain number of the members present ? 
 
 To prevent laws being passed by stealth, when, by 
 some accident, only a small portion of the legislators 
 are present. **~f / ' 7 
 
 150. What number of each House of Congress is necessary to 
 constitute a quorum ? 
 
 A majority. 
 
 160. What powers have a smaller number than the majority ? 
 
 They may adjourn from day to day, and may be 
 authorized to compel the attendance of absent mem- 
 bers, in such manner and under such penalties as each 
 House may provide. 
 
 161. Why is this power given to the minority of a Legislative As- 
 sembly ? 
 
 Otherwise it would be in the power of a portion of 
 the members, by voluntarily absenting themselves, to 
 suspend legislation. 
 
 162. Repeat Clause I. 
 
 Clause II. " Each House may Heterniine the rules of 
 its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly beha- 
 viour, and, with the concurrence of tico4hirds, expel a 
 member" 
 
THE HOUSES SEPARATELY. S3 
 
 163. To what does this clause relate ? 
 
 To the maintenance of order. 
 
 164. Who determines the rules of proceeding in Congress? 
 
 Each House may determine its own rules of pro- 
 ceeding. 
 
 165. What means has each House for enforcing its rules? 
 
 Each House has the power to punish its own mem- 
 bers for disorderly behaviour; and, with the consent of 
 two-thirds, to expel a member. * 
 
 Clause III. " Each House shall keep a journal of its 
 proceedings, and, from time to time, publish the same, ex* 
 cepting such parts as may, in their judgment, require se- 
 crecy ; and the yeas and nays of the members of either 
 House, on any question, shall, at the desire of one -fifth of 
 those present, be entered on the journal" 
 
 166. What is the object of the first part of this clause ? 
 
 To ensure publicity to all the Acts of Congress. 
 
 167. How is the publicity of the proceedings in Congress se- 
 cured ? 
 
 By compelling each House to keep a journal of its 
 proceedings, and to publish the same from time to 
 time. 
 
 168. How much of its Journal is each House required to publish? 
 
 All except such parts as may, in their judgment, 
 require secrecy. 
 
 169. To what does the latter part of the clause relate ? 
 
 The responsibility of individual members for their 
 votes. 
 
 170. How is responsibility of individual members secured? 
 
 By requiring the yeas and nays to be taken on any 
 question, at the desire of one-fifth of the members 
 present. 
 
 171. What is meant by taking the yeas and nays on any ques- 
 tion ? 
 
34 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Recording on the journal the names of those who 
 vote on each side, and not merely the number of votes. 
 
 172. Repeat Clause III. 
 
 Clause IV. " Neither House, daring the session of Con- 
 gress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for 
 more than three days, nor to any other place than that in 
 which the two Houses shall be sitting" 
 
 173. What does this clause contain? 
 
 Restrictions upon the power of adjournment. 
 
 174. What is the object of these restrictions ? 
 
 To prevent either House from interrupting the re- 
 gular course of legislation. 
 
 175. For how long a time may either House adjourn without the 
 consent of the other ? 
 
 For three days. 
 
 176. How else is each House limited with regard to its own ad- 
 journment ? 
 
 It cannot adjourn to any other place than that in 
 which the two Houses may be sitting. 
 
 177. Repeat Clause IV. 
 
 Section "V I. Privileges and Disabilities of Members. 
 
 Clause I. " The Senators and Representatives shall re- 
 ceive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained 
 by law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. 
 They shall, in all cases, except treason, felony , and breach 
 of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attend- 
 ance at the session of their respective Houses, and in going 
 to. and returning from, the same ; and for any speech or 
 debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any 
 other place.' 
 
 178. To what does the first part of this clause refer ? 
 
 To the compensation of Members of Congress. 
 
PRIVILEGES AND DISABILITIES OF MEMBERS. 85 
 
 179. What provision is made for this ? 
 
 Members of Congress shall receive a compensatior 
 for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid 
 out of the treasury of the United States. 
 
 180. What objection has been made to giving a compensation t* 
 Members of Congress ? 
 
 Some have feared it might lead unworthy persons 
 to seek the office for mercenary motives. 
 
 181. What reason has been assigned for giving a compensation? 
 
 The expenses of the office might deter men of ta- 
 lent and worth from seeking it, and so give an undue 
 advantage to men of wealth. 
 
 182. To what does the next part of this clause relate? 
 
 Freedom from arrest. 
 
 183. How far do Members of Congress enjoy the privilege of 
 freedom from arrest ? 
 
 During their attendance at the session of their re- 
 spective Houses, and in going to and returning from 
 -the same. 
 
 184. What exception is made to this privilege ? 
 
 Members are not privileged in cases of treason, 
 felony, and breach of the peace. 
 
 185. What is the object of exempting a Member of Congress from 
 arrest ? 
 
 To prevent his constituents from being deprived of 
 their right of Representation. 
 
 186. To what does the latter part of this clause refer? 
 To the freedom of debate. 
 
 187. What privilege do Members of Congress enjoy in thin 
 respect? 
 
 For any speech or debate in either House, they 
 
 shall not be questioned in any other place. 
 
 188. What is the object of this privilege ? 
 
36 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 To secure the utmost freedom in discussing the 
 public interests. 
 
 189. What means are there of preventing members from abusing 
 the privilege of freedom in debate ? 
 
 For any abuse of this privilege, the members arc 
 accountable to the House to which they belong. 
 
 190. Repeat Clause I. 
 
 Clause II. " No Senator or Representative shall, dur- 
 ing the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any 
 civil office under the authority of the United States, which 
 shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall 
 have been increased, during such time; and no person, 
 holding any office under the United States, shall be a mem- 
 ber of either House during his continuance in office" 
 
 191. To what does this clause relate ? 
 
 To the disabilities of Members of Congress. 
 
 192. To what offices are the Senators and Representatives ineligi- 
 ble, during the time for which they were elected to Congress ? 
 
 They are ineligible to any civil office, under the au- 
 thority of the United States, which shall have been 
 created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been 
 increased during such time. 
 
 193. May Members of Congress be appointed to offices already ex- 
 V?ting ? 
 
 They may, provided the emoluments of the same are 
 not increased during the time for which said members 
 were elected. 
 
 194. What is the object in excluding Members of Congress from 
 being appointed to new offices, or to those whose emoluments are 
 increased during their term of membership ? 
 
 That they may not be induced to vote for such 
 offices, or such increase of the emoluments of tho 
 same, for the sake of being appointed to them. 
 
MODE OF PASSING LAWS. 57 
 
 195. To what other disability are Members liable 1 
 
 They cannot at the same time be Members of Con- 
 gress, and hold office under the United States. 
 
 196.. If a Member of Congress be appointed to any office under 
 the United States, what must he do before he can accept it? 
 
 He must first resign his seat in Congress. 
 
 197. If any person holding office under the United States, wishes 
 to become a Member of Congress, what must he do ? 
 
 He must first resign his office. 
 
 198. Repeat Clause II. 
 
 Section VII. Mode of Passing Laws, 
 
 Clause I. " All bills for raising revenue shall ori- 
 ginate in the House of Representatives ; but the Senate 
 may propose or concur with amendments, as on other bills" 
 
 199. To what does this clause relate ? 
 
 To Revenue Bills. 
 
 200. Where must all Bills for raising a revenue originate ? 
 
 In the House of Representatives. 
 
 201. Why is the power of originating Bills for revenue confined 
 to the House of Representatives ? 
 
 Because they are the more immediate Representa- 
 tives of the people. 
 
 202. Has the Senate no power over a revenue bill ? 
 
 They may propose amendments to it, as to other 
 bills. 
 
 203. Repeat Clause I. 
 
 Clause II. " Every bill which shall have passed the 
 House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it 
 become a law, be presented to the President of the United 
 States; if he approve, he shall sign it, but if not, he 
 shall return it, with his objections, to that House in which 
 
36 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at 
 large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, 
 after such reconsideration, two-tMrds of that House shall 
 agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the 
 objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise 
 be reconsidered, and, if approved by two-thirds of that 
 House, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the 
 votes of both Houses shall he determined by yeas and nays, 
 and the names of the persons voting for and against the 
 bill shall be entered on the journal of each House, respect- 
 ively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President 
 within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have 
 been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like man- 
 ner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress, by their 
 adjournment, prevent its return, in which case it shall not 
 be a law" 
 
 204. To what does this clause refer ? 
 
 To the power of the President over the passage of 
 a bill. 
 
 205. After a bill has passed both Houses of Congress, what must 
 be done with it ? 
 
 It must be presented to the President. 
 
 206. What is still necessary before it can become a law ? 
 
 The President must approve and sign it. 
 
 207. What must the President do if he does not approve it ? 
 
 He must return it, w T ith his objections. 
 
 208. To which House must it be returned ? 
 
 To the House in which it originated. 
 
 209. W r hat is this power of the President, of objecting to the pas. 
 ■age of a Bill, called ? 
 
 The Veto power. 
 
 210. What is the meaning of the wori veto? 
 
 I forbid. 
 
MODE OF PASSING LA.WS. 39 
 
 211. From whom are both the word and the custom derived? 
 From the Romans, where the Tribunes of the People 
 
 had the power of forbidding the passage of any law. 
 
 212. What is the object of vesting this power in the hands of th* 
 President ? 
 
 It is intended to act as a check upon improper le- 
 gislation. 
 
 213. Why would the President be likely to view a Bill differently 
 from Congress ? 
 
 Because of the difference in the nature of his office, 
 and in the mode of his appointment. 
 
 214. In what important particulars may the Veto power be useful? 
 In resisting encroachments of the Legislature upon 
 
 the other departments of Government, and in prevent- 
 ing immature and hasty legislation. 
 
 215. When the President has returned a Bill, with his objections 
 to the House in which it originated, what must they do ? 
 
 They shall enter the objections of the President at 
 large on their journals, and proceed to reconsider it. 
 
 216. If, on reconsideration by the House in which it originated, 
 the Bill receives a vote of less than two-thirds, what becomes of it? 
 
 It is lost. 
 
 217. If it is repassed by a vote of two-thirds of that House, what 
 is next to be done ? 
 
 They shall send it, together with the President's ob- 
 jections, to the other House. 
 
 218. What shall the other House do? 
 
 They shall likewise proceed to reconsider it. 
 
 219. If they fail to pass it by a vote of two-thirds, what becomes 
 of it? 
 
 It is lost. 
 
 220. If they also, on reconsideration, pass it by a vote of two- 
 thirds, what becomes of it ? 
 
40 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 It becomes a law, without the signature of the Pre 
 sident. 
 
 221. Why might not a Bill, which passed originally by a vote ot 
 two-thirds of both Houses, become a law at once, without the signa 
 ture of the President ? 
 
 Because members might change their opinions after 
 receiving the objections of the President. 
 
 222. How shall the votes of the two Houses on a Bill which has 
 been vetoed, be determined ? 
 
 By yeas and nays ; the names of the persons voting 
 for and against the bill being entered on the journal 
 of each House respectively. 
 
 223. In what other way may a Bill become a law without the sig- 
 nature of the President ? 
 
 If the President neglects or refuses to return it 
 within ten days (Sundays excepted,) after it shall 
 have been presented to him, the same shall be a law 
 in like manner as if he had signed it. 
 
 224. What exception is made to this provision ? 
 
 If Congress, by their adjournment before the expi- 
 ration of the ten days, prevent its return, it shall not 
 become a law. 
 
 225. Repeat that portion of the second-clause which relates to the 
 approval or veto of a Bill. 
 
 "Every bill, which shall have passed the House of 
 Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it be- 
 come a law, be presented to the President of the 
 United States ; if he approve, he shall sign it, but if 
 not, he shall return it, with his objections, to that 
 House in which it shall have originated, who shall 
 enter the objections at large on their journal, and pro- 
 ceed to reconsider it." 
 
 226. Repeat that portion which relates to the second passage ot a 
 Bill, after it has been vetoed. 
 
MODE OF PASSING LAWS. 4> 
 
 " If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds of that 
 House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, to- 
 gether with the objections, to the other House, by 
 which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if ap- 
 proved by two-thirds of that House, it shall become a 
 law." 
 
 227. Repeat the portion which relates to the recording of the vote. 
 " In all such cases the votes of both Houses shall be 
 
 determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the 
 persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered 
 on the journal of each House, respectively." 
 
 228. Repeat that portion of Clause II. which limits the time that 
 the President may retain a Bill. 
 
 " If any bill shall not be returned by the President 
 within ten days (Sundays excepted,) after it shall 
 have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, 
 in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Con- 
 gress, by their adjournment, prevent its return, in 
 which case it shall not be a law." 
 
 229. Repeat the whole of Clause II. 
 
 Clause III. " Every order, resolution, or vote, to which 
 the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representa- 
 tives may be necessary {except on a question of adjourn* 
 ment), shall be presented to the President of the United 
 States ; and before the same shall take effect, shall be ap- 
 proved by him, or, being disapproved by him, shall be re- 
 passed by tivo-thirds of the Senate and House cf Repre- 
 sentatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed 
 in the case of a bill" 
 
 230. What is the object of this clause ? 
 
 It extends the veto of the President to other mat- 
 ters besides bills. 
 
 231. To what other matters does his veto extend ? 
 
 4# 
 
42 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 To all orders, resolutions or votes, (except on ques- 
 tions of adjournment,) to which the concurrence of 
 the two Houses may be necessary. 
 
 232. What is the object of this provision ? 
 
 To prevent Congress from evading the veto power, 
 by passing a law under some other name. 
 
 233. What is the mode of proceeding in such cases ? 
 
 The same as in the case of a bill. 
 
 234. In what case of joint resolutions has the President no veto 
 power ? 
 
 On a question of adjournment. 
 
 235. Repeat Clause III. 
 
 Section VIII. Powers granted to Congress. 
 
 Clause I. Congress shall have power ; 
 
 " To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, 
 to pay the debts and provide for the common defence and 
 general welfare of the United States ; but all duties, im- 
 posts, and excises, shall be uniform throughout the United 
 States." 
 
 236. To what does this clause relate ? 
 
 To the power of taxation. 
 
 237. What is a tax ? 
 
 Money exacted by Government from individuals, 
 for the public service. 
 
 238. How are taxes sometimes divided ? 
 
 Into direct taxes and indirect taxes. 
 
 239. What are direct taxes ? 
 
 Taxes upon individuals. 
 
 240. What two kinds of direct taxes are there ? 
 
 Taxes upon persons, and taxes upon property. 
 
 241. What are these two kinds of taxes called? 
 
 The former is called a personal, poll, or capitation 
 tax ; the latter a property tax. 
 
TOWERS GRANTED TO CONGRESS. 43 
 
 242. What is an indirect tax ? 
 
 A tax upon the consumption of certain ai tides. 
 
 243. What three kinds of indirect taxes are there ? 
 
 Taxes on goods imported into the country, taxes on 
 on goods exported out of the country, and taxes on 
 goods manufactured in the country; in other words, 
 upon imports, exports, and manufactures. 
 
 245. What are " Imposts" ? 
 
 Taxes on goods imported. 
 
 246. What are " Duties" and " Customs" ? 
 
 Taxes on goods either exported or imported. 
 
 247. What are " Excises" ? 
 
 Taxes on goods manufactured. 
 
 248. How are direct taxes apportioned among the several States ? 
 
 In the same manner as the Representatives; that 
 is, according to their respective numbers. 
 
 249. How are indirect taxes apportioned ? 
 
 They must be uniform throughout the States. 
 
 250. What is the object of this provision? 
 
 To prevent Congress from legislating in behalf of 
 local interests. 
 
 251. What doubt exists in regard to the meaning of his whole 
 clause ? 
 
 Whether it means that Congress has power to lay, 
 and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, and 
 also to pay the debts, &c. ; or whether it means that 
 Congress has power to lay and collect taxes, duties 
 imposts and excises, for the purpose of paying the 
 debts, &c. 
 
 252. What is the common interpretation ? 
 
44 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 That Congress has power to lay and collect taxes, 
 duties, imposts and excises, for the purpose of paying 
 the debts and providing for the common defence and 
 general welfare of the United States. 
 
 253. Repeat Clause I. 
 
 Clause II. Congress shall have power ; 
 
 " To borrow money on the credit of the United States" 
 
 254. To what does this clause refer ? 
 
 To borrowing money. 
 
 255. Is the possession of this power by Congress necessary to the 
 existence of the National Government ? 
 
 It is. 
 
 256. What would be the consequence if no such power existed ? 
 
 In times of w 7 ar, or great public calamities, it would 
 be impossible to provide in time the means of meeting 
 the public exigencies. 
 
 257. Whose credit is pledged for the payment of money borrowed 
 by Congress ? 
 
 The credit of the whole United States. 
 
 25S. Repeat Clause II. 
 
 Clause III. Congress shall have power ; 
 " To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among 
 the several States, and with the Indian tribes." 
 
 259. To what does Clause III. relate ? 
 
 To the regulation of commerce. 
 
 260 How was commerce regulated under the Confederation ? 
 
 The Continental Congress, under the Confederation, 
 had no power to regulate commerce, but it was left to 
 Ihe management of each particular State. 
 
 261. What was the consequence of that arrangement? 
 
 The foreign commerce of the States was almost en- 
 
POWERS GRANTED TO CONGRESS. 45 
 
 tirely destroyed, and the conflicting claims of the 
 several States had brought them to the brink of a 
 civil war. 
 
 262. What is to be understood by regulating Commerce ? 
 Prescribing the rules by which Commerce is to be 
 
 governed. 
 
 263. What two things are included in the general idea of Com. 
 merce ? 
 
 Traffic, or the interchange of commodities ; and 
 commercial intercourse, or navigation. 
 
 264. What are some of the ways in which Congress may regulate 
 Commerce ? 
 
 By passing laws for the coasting trade and fisheries, 
 and for the government of seamen on board of Ame- 
 rican ships; by making quarantine and pilotage laws; 
 by constructing lighthouses; by surveying the coast 
 and harbours ; by imposing duties upon articles im- 
 ported or exported ; by prohibiting commerce with 
 particular nations $ by designating particular ports 
 of entry ; and in various other ways. 
 
 265. To whom belonged the power of regulating Commerce 
 with the Indian tribes, before the Revolution ? 
 
 To the King. 
 
 266. To whom does it now belong ? 
 
 To Congress. 
 
 267. Repeat Clause III. 
 
 Clause IV. Congress shall have power ; 
 
 " To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and 
 uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies, throughout 
 the United States." 
 
 268. To what does the first part of this clause relate ? 
 
 To naturalizing foreigners. 
 
46 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 269. What is meant by naturalizing foreigners ? 
 
 Giving them the rights of citizenship. 
 
 270. Why could not this power be left with the States ? 
 
 There would then be no uniformity on the subject. 
 
 271. What would be the objection to that? 
 
 A citizen of one State is, by the Constitution, en 
 titled to all the rights of citizenship in every other 
 State ; consequently, one State might, by its naturali- 
 zation laws, invade the rights and privileges of all the 
 rest. 
 
 272. According to the rule of naturalization adopted by Congress, 
 how long must a foreigner live in the country before he can become 
 a citizen? 
 
 At least five years. 
 
 273. To what does the latter part of this clause relate ? 
 To Bankruptcy. 
 
 274. What should be the object of bankrupt and insolvent laws, 
 in regard to creditors ? 
 
 To secure to creditors the full surrender and equi- 
 table distribution of the insolvent debtor's effects. 
 
 275. What should be their object in regard to unfortunate 
 debtors ? 
 
 To secure to them, after such a surrender, a legal 
 discharge from their creditors. 
 
 276. What is the effect of giving to creditors the power to im- 
 prison a debtor, or to seize upon his future earnings ? 
 
 It either paralyzes all exertion, or leads to fraudulent 
 means to secrete property afterwards acquired. 
 
 277. Does the discharge of a debtor from the power of his cre- 
 ditors release him from all obligation to pay his debts ? 
 
 It does not. He is still bound in honour and con- 
 science to pay his debts, if in subsequent business he 
 shall acquire the means. 
 
 278. Is there any uniform law of bankruptcy now existing in the 
 United States ? 
 
POWERS GRANTED TO CONGRESS. • 47 
 
 There is not. Congress passed such a law in the 
 year 1801, which was repealed in 1803, Another 
 Bankrupt Law was passed in 1842, which also was 
 repealed the next session of Congress. 
 
 279. Repeat Clause IV. 
 
 Clause V. Congress shall have power; 
 
 " To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of 
 foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and 
 measures" 
 
 280. To what does the first part of this clause refer? 
 
 To the power of coinage. 
 
 281. To whom is this power entrusted? 
 
 To Congress exclusively. 
 
 282. What would be the consequence of giving to each State the 
 power to coin money ? 
 
 There would be no uniformity in the weight or 
 value of money, and the circulation of base or coun- 
 terfeit coin would be very much increased. 
 
 283. To what does the latter part of this clause relate ? 
 
 To fixing the standard of weights and measures. 
 
 284. Repeat Clause V. 
 
 Clause VI. Congress shall have power ; 
 " To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the 
 securities and current coin of the United States" 
 
 285. What is the object of this provision ? 
 
 To render more efficient the powers of coinage and 
 of borrowing money. 
 
 286. Repeat Clause VI. 
 
 Clause VII. Congress shall have power ; 
 " To establish post offices and post roads" 
 
48 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 287. What are some of the advantages which result from the ex 
 ercise of this power ? 
 
 It enables both individuals and the government to 
 transmit intelligence, to make remittances of money, 
 and to transact various important branches of busi- 
 ness with a degree of promptitude, regularity and 
 economy, that would be entirely impracticable in any 
 other way. 
 
 Clause VIII. Congress shall have power ; 
 
 " To promote the progress of science and useful arts 
 by securing, for limited times, to authors and inventors 
 the exclusive right to their respective writings and dis- 
 coveries" 
 
 288. What is the object of this clause? 
 
 To secure the rights of authors and inventors. 
 
 289. How long* may a person, under the existing laws of the 
 United States, have the exclusive right to publish any book of which 
 he is the author ? 
 
 Twenty-eight years. 
 
 290. What is this privilege called? 
 
 A copyright. 
 
 291. May a copyright be renewed? 
 
 It may, for an additional period of fourteen years. 
 
 292. How long may a person have the exclusive right to manii' 
 facture and sell any machine of which he is the inventor ? 
 
 Fourteen years. 
 
 293. What is this privilege called? 
 
 A patent right. 
 
 294. Repeat Clause VIII. 
 
 Clause IX. Congress shall have power ; 
 
 " To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court" 
 
 N. R This subject will be considered more fully under the head 
 of the Judicial Department.] 
 
TOWEKS GRANTED TO CONGRESS. 49 
 
 // 
 
 y Clause X. Congress shall have power ; 
 
 •< To define and punish piracies and felonies committed 
 on the high jseas, and offences against the law of nations" 
 
 295. What is Piracy ? 
 
 Robbery at sea. 
 
 296. What is the punishment for Piracy, or felony committed 
 on the high seas? 
 
 Death. 
 
 297. When is an action said to have been done upon the "high 
 seas ?" 
 
 When it is done beyond low water mark. 
 
 298. Why is Congress particularly charged with the punishment 
 of offences against the law of nations ? 
 
 Because the United States are responsible to foreign 
 nations for the conduct of American citizens at sea. 
 
 299. Repeat Clause X. 
 
 Clause XI. Congress shall have power ; 
 " To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, 
 and maize rules concerning captures on land and water" 
 
 300. With whom is the right of declaring war vested in mo- 
 narchical governments ? 
 
 With the Executive. 
 
 301. Why is this inexpedient? 
 
 The people, who have to bear the burden of war, 
 ought to have as direct a voice as possible in deciding 
 whether or not to declare war. 
 
 302. What are Letters of Marque and Reprisal ? 
 Commissions granted to private persons to capture 
 
 the property of citizens of another nation. 
 
 303. What is a person so commissioned called ? 
 
 A Privateer. 
 
 304. When are Letters of Marque and Reprisal generally issued ? 
 
50 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 j In time of war. 
 
 30 5. Are they ever granted at other times ? 
 
 Sometimes an individual, for whom no redress of 
 grievances can be obtained from a foreign nation, is 
 permitted by his own government to make reprisal 
 upon the property of subjects of that nation to the ex- 
 tent of his injury. 
 
 306. Repeat Clause XI. 
 
 Clause XII. Congress shall have power ; 
 
 " To raise and support armies ; but no appropriation 
 of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two 
 years?' 9 
 
 307. Should the power of raising armies always be connected 
 with that of declaring war ? 
 
 It should. 
 
 308. How was it under the Articles of Confederation ? 
 
 Congress had the right to declare war, but the 
 States only could raise troops. 
 
 309. What was the consequence of a similar arrangement during 
 the Revolutionary War ? 
 
 Great expense, delay, and inefficiency. 
 
 310. Why is Congress not allowed to make any appropriation for 
 the support of the army for more than two years ? 
 
 To prevent the maintenance of a standing army in 
 time of peace, without the continued consent of the 
 people. 
 
 311. How often are the appropriations for the army actually 
 made? 
 
 Every year. 
 
 312. WTiat is all the legislation that would be necessary at any 
 time to disband the army? 
 
 All that would be necessary for this purpose would 
 
POWERS GRANTED TO CONGRESS. 51 
 
 be for the Representatives of the people to omit pro- 
 viding for its support in the annual appropriation bill. 
 
 313. Repeat Clause XII. 
 
 Clause XIII. Congress shall have power ; 
 " To provide and maintain a navy" 
 
 314. What may be remarked of the general object of this clause ? 
 
 Its general object is the same as that relating to the 
 Army. 
 
 315. What may be remarked of the danger of maintaining a 
 large naval force ? 
 
 A Navy is always considered less dangerous to the 
 liberties of a country than a standing Army. 
 
 Clause XIV. Congress shall have power ; 
 " To make rules for the government and regulation of 
 the land and naval forces." 
 
 Clause XV. Congress shall have power ; 
 
 " To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the 
 laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel in- 
 vasions." 
 
 316. Why is Congress intrusted with th's power to call out the 
 militia ? 
 
 To enable them to discharge the duty of maintain- 
 ing the public peace. 
 
 317. What would be the alternative if this power was not 
 granted ? 
 
 It would be necessary to maintain a standing army. 
 
 318. What is to be observed of the limitation of this power? 
 
 Congress is not limited either in regard to the time 
 jf service, or the place of operation. 
 
 319. What is inferred from the use of the word "provide?" 
 
 Congress may instruct the President to judge of the 
 
52 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 exigency, and to call out the militia, in certain con 
 tingencies, during the recess of Congress. 
 
 / 320. Repeat Clause XV. 
 
 Clause XVI. Congress shall have power ; 
 
 " To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining 
 the militia, and for governing such part of them as may 
 be employed in the service of the United States ; reserv- 
 ing to the States respectively, the appointment of the 
 officers, and the authority of training the militia, accord- 
 ing to the discipline prescribed by Congress" 
 
 321. Why is it left to the State Governments to train the Militia 
 and appoint the officers 1 
 
 The Militia is considered as intended mainly for the 
 maintenance of the State Governments, to be called 
 out by the General Government only in certain special 
 exigencies. 
 
 322. Why is the organization and mode of discipline left to bo 
 prescribed by Congress ? 
 
 To secure uniformity in these respects, as well as 
 efficiency in case of actual service. 
 
 323. Repeat Clause XVI. 
 
 Clause XVII. Congress shall have power ; 
 
 " To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases what- 
 soever, over such district {not exceeding ten miles square,} 
 as may, by cession of particular States, and the accept- 
 ance of Congress, become the seat of the Government of 
 the United States, and to exercise like authority over all 
 places, purchased by the consent of the legislature of the 
 State in which the same shall be, for the erection efforts 
 magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful build* 
 irrgs" 
 
 324. To what does this clause principally relate ? 
 
 To the seat of the National Government. 
 
 V 
 
POWERS DENIED TO THE UNITED ST.VTES. 53 
 
 325. What limit is prescribed by the Constitution as to the extent 
 of country to be occupied as the Seat of Government? 
 
 It shall not exceed ten miles square. 
 
 326. What other limitation is given ? "* 
 
 The place selected must be ceded for that purpose 
 by the State or States within which it lies. 
 
 327. What provision is made in regard to places occupied by the 
 United States for forts, arsenals, dockyards, &c. ? 
 
 If purchased by the consent of the State Legisla- 
 ture, the General Government acquires exclusive ju- 
 risdiction over them, as in the case of the Seat of 
 Government. 
 
 328. Repeat Clause XVII. 
 
 Clause XVIII. Congress shall have power ; 
 
 " To make all laivs which shall be necessary and proper 
 for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all 
 other powers nested by this Constitution in the Govern- 
 ment of the United States, or in any department or officer 
 thereof" 
 
 329. How is this clause to be considered? 
 
 Merely as declaratory of what is actually implied 
 in the other provisions of the Constitution. 
 
 330. Why was it deemed necessary to make such a declaration ? 
 
 Because in the Articles of Confederation there was 
 an express declaration to the contrary effect, that is, 
 prohibiting Congress from the exercise of any pow r ers 
 not expressly granted. 
 
 331. Repeat Clause XVIII. 
 
 Section IX. Powers denied to the United States. 
 Clause I. " The migration or importation of such 
 persons, as any of the States, now existing, shall think 
 
 5* 
 
54 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress 
 inrior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight ; 
 hut a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation 
 not exceeding ten dollars for each person" 
 
 332. To what does this clause relate ? 
 
 To the abolition of the foreign Slave Trade. 
 
 333. Were any attempts made before the American Revolution tc 
 prevent the importation of slaves into this country ? 
 
 Several of the Colonies, before the Revolution, 
 passed laws prohibiting the importation of slaves ; but 
 these laws were negatived by the British Government. 
 
 334. What was the earliest period fixed upon in the Constitutioc 
 for putting an end to the importation of slaves ? 
 
 The year 1808. 
 
 335. What hindrance to the importation could Congress interpose, 
 without directly prohibiting it ? 
 
 A tax of ten dollars upon every person so imported. 
 
 336. When was the importation actually prohibited ? 
 
 Congress passed a Bill in 1807, prohibiting the im- 
 portation of slaves after January 1, 1808. 
 
 337. When was the importation into the British Colonies pro 
 hibited ? 
 
 The same year, 1808. 
 
 Repeat Clause I. 
 
 Clause II. " The privilege of the writ of habeas 
 corpus shall not be suspended unless when, in cases of 
 rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require it" 
 
 338. What is the object of this clause ? 
 
 To prevent illegal imprisonment. 
 
 339. What remedy has a person who thinks himself illegally coo 
 fined or imprisoned ? 
 
 He petitions the judge to be brought into open 
 
POWERS DENIED TO THE UNITED STATES. 55 
 
 Court, in order that the cause of his imprisonment 
 may be inquired into. 
 
 340. What is the meaning of the words habeas corpus 7 
 " That you have the body" 
 
 341. How are these words used ? \ 
 
 The judge orders the person who holds another 
 under confinement, to this effect : " See that you have 
 the body" (produce the person in open court,) to be 
 submitted to the decision of the judge. 
 
 342. When may Congress suspend this privilege ? 
 
 In cases of rebellion and invasion. 
 
 343. Why were they prohibited from suspending it in all other 
 cases ? 
 
 To preserve the citizens of the United States from 
 the oppressions that had been practised in Great 
 Britain by the frequent suspension of this privilege. 
 
 344. Repeat Clause II. 
 
 % 
 
 clause iii. •■ No bill of attainder, or ex post facto 
 law, shall be passed" 
 
 345. What is a Bill of attainder? 
 
 A Bill passed by the Legislature, convicting a per- 
 son of crimes, and punishing him therefor, without a 
 regular trial. 
 
 346. What is the objection to a bill of attainder ? 
 
 It deprives the citizen of his inalienable right of trial 
 by jury. 
 
 347. What are ex post facto laws? 
 
 Laws made after the act is done. 
 
 348. What is the operation of an ex post facto law ? 
 
 When an act has been done against which there 
 was no law, a law may be afterwards passed, decla- 
 
ftfl CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 ring the act to have been a crime, and punishing it 
 accordingly. 
 
 349. Is Congress allowed to pass such laws ? 
 
 It is not. 
 
 350. Repeat Clause III. 
 
 Clause IV. " No capitation or other direct tax, shall 
 be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration, 
 herein before directed to be taken" 
 
 351. What is the object of this clause ? 
 
 \ To prevent Congress from laying the burdens of 
 Igovernment unequally upon different portions of the 
 '.republic. 
 1 ^ 
 
 Clause V. " No tax or duty shall be laid on articles 
 exported from any State, No preference shall be given 
 by any regulation of commerce or revenue, to the ports of 
 one State over those of another ; nor shall vessels bound 
 to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay 
 duties, in another" 
 
 352. What is the object of the first part of this clause ? 
 
 To prevent Congress from injuring the interests of 
 any one of the States. 
 
 353. How might this be done ? 
 
 By laying a tax upon the export of its staple pro- 
 ductions. 
 
 354 What is the object of the next part of the clause ? 
 
 To prevent any preference of the ports of one State 
 to those of another. 
 
 355. .To what does the last part of the clause refer ? 
 
 To the practice, which existed previous to the Re- m 
 volution, of requiring all vessels from the Colonies, no 
 matter to what part of the world they were bound, to 
 
POWERS DENIED TO THE UNITED STATES. 57 
 
 go by way of Great Britain, and sail to and from 
 some British port. 
 
 356. What was the object of that system ? 
 
 To throw ail the commerce of the Colonies into the 
 hands of the British. 
 
 357. What is the object of this prohibition in the Constitution ? 
 
 To prevent Congress from putting the commerce of 
 the country under the control of any particular sec- 
 tion. 
 
 358. Repeat Clauses IV. and V. 
 
 Clause VI. " No money shall be drawn from the trea- 
 sury, but in consequence of appropriations made by laic; 
 and a regular statement and account of the receipts and 
 expenditures of all public money shall be published, from 
 time to time" 
 
 359. What is forbidden in the first part of this clause? 
 
 Drawing money from the Treasury, except in con- 
 sequence of appropriations made by law. 
 
 360. What is required in the latter part of the clause ? 
 
 Government is required to publish a full account of 
 its receipts and expenditures. 
 
 361. What is the object of these provisions ? 
 
 To make both the Legislature and the Executive 
 duly responsible for the use of the public money. 
 
 362. Repeat Clause VI. 
 
 Clause VII. " No title of nobility shall be granted by 
 the United States : And no person, holding any office of 
 profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the 
 Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, 
 of any Jcind whatever, from any Icing, prince, or foreign 
 state" 
 
 363. Why are titles of nobility prohibited ? 
 
58 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Because in this country all citizens have equa. 
 rights. 
 
 364. Why are officers of Government forbidden to receive any 
 present, emolument, office or title, from foreign States or Princes ? 
 
 To prevent foreign governments from unduly in- 
 fluencing our affairs. 
 
 365. Repeat Clause VII. 
 
 Section X. Powers denied to the States. 
 Clause I. " No State shall enter into any treaty, al- 
 liance, or confederation ; grant letters of marque and re- 
 prisal ; coin money ; emit bills of credit ; make anything 
 but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts ; 
 pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or laic im- 
 pairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of 
 nobility," 
 
 366. Why should no State be allowed to enter into any treaty, 
 alliance, or confederation? 
 
 Such a privilege would conflict with the powers 
 granted to the General Government. 
 
 367. Why should no State be allowed to grant letters of marque 
 and reprisal ? 
 
 Such a privilege would enable one State, at its 
 pleasure, to involve all the others in a general war. 
 
 363. Why should no State be allowed to coin money ? 
 
 Such a privilege would lead to the introduction of a 
 currency exceedingly various and changeable, instead 
 of that simple and uniform currency which we now 
 have. 
 
 369. What is alluded to in the prohibition to issue bills of credit ? 
 
 The currency which existed during the Revolu- 
 tionary War, and which was called " Continental 
 money." 
 
 370. What is here meant by " Bills of Credit"? 
 
POWERS DENIED TO THE STATES, 59 
 
 Paper money; or promises to pay, issued by a 
 State, in such a way, as to be used as a circulating 
 medium, 
 
 371. Is this phrase interpreted to prohibit a State from borrowing 
 
 vioney hy giving its bonds ? 
 
 It is not. 
 
 372. What fact is alluded to in the prohibition to make anything 
 But gold and silver coin a tender for the payment of debts ? 
 
 During the Revolutionary War, laws were passed 
 requiring the people to receive the Continental money 
 at its par value, in payment of debts, 
 
 373. What is a legal tender ? 
 
 Such an offer of payment as the creditor is obliged 
 to accept, or forfeit his claim to interest, 
 
 374. Have bills of attainder, or tx pest facto laws, ever been 
 passed in this country ? 
 
 During the Revolutionary War, the States confis- 
 cated the property of those who espoused the cause 
 of the mother country. 
 
 375. What instances have occurred in our history of " laws im- 
 pairing the obligation of contracts "? 
 
 The laws, making the depreciated Continental mo- 
 ney a legal tender, and various laws of the same kind, 
 passed by the States during the Revolutionary War. 
 
 376. Are the States prohibited from making insolvent laws, dis- 
 charging contracts in certain cases ? • 
 
 The Supreme Court has decided that the States 
 may pass such laws in reference to future contracts, 
 but not to those which are pasL 
 
 377. Repeat the whole of Clause I. 
 
 Clause II, " No State shall, without the consent of 
 the Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or ex- 
 ports, except xchat may he absolutely necessary for exe* 
 
60 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 cuting its inspection laws ; and the net produce of all 
 duties and imposts, laid by any State on imports or ex- 
 ports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the Unitca 
 States; and all such laws shall be subject to the revisior. 
 and control of the Congress. No State shall, without tin 
 consent of Congress, lay any duty on tonnage, keep troops, 
 or ships of war, in time of peace, enter into any agree- 
 ment or compact with another State, or with a foreign 
 power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in 
 such imminent danger, as will not admit of delay" 
 
 378. What is the object of the first part of this clause ? 
 
 To prevent the States from making laws, interfering 
 with the general authority of Congress, to regulate 
 commerce. 
 
 379. What is necessary before any State can lay any imposts or 
 duties on imports or exports ? 
 
 The consent of Congress. 
 
 380. What are inspection laws? 
 
 Laws requiring certain articles, raised in a State, 
 to be examined and approved before exportation. 
 
 381. What is the object of such laws? 
 
 To improve the quality of the articles exported. 
 
 382. What is done with the net produce of all duties laid by the 
 States for this purpose ? 
 
 It goes into the Treasury of the United States. 
 
 383. What still further limitation is put upon this power of the 
 States ? 
 
 The laws passed for this purpose are subject to the 
 revision of Congress. 
 
 384. What would be the consequence of allowing the States to 
 maintain troops and ships of war ? 
 
 It would endanger the public safety. 
 
 385. Why should not the States be allowed to enter into compact 
 with each other or with foreign States ? 
 
PRESIDENT AND VICE-PRESIDENT. 61 
 
 Such compacts would be incompatible with the 
 safety of the Union. 
 
 386. In what case may the States engage in war ? 
 
 When actually invaded, or in such imminent danger 
 as will not admit of delay. 
 
 3S7. Repeat Clause II. 
 
 ARTICLE II. Executive Department. 
 Section I. President and Vice-President. 
 
 Clause I. " The Executive power shall be vested in a 
 President of the United States of America, He shall 
 hold his office during the term of four years, and together 
 with the Vice-President, chosen for the same term, be 
 elected as follows :" 
 
 388. In whom is the Executive power of the United States vested ? 
 In the President. 
 
 389. For'how long a term is the President elected? 
 
 For four years. 
 
 390. What other executive officer is chosen at the same time and 
 for the same period ? 
 
 The Vice-President. 
 
 391. How does the President's term of service compare with that 
 of Senators and Representatives ? 
 
 It is between the two; that of Senators being six 
 years, that of Representatives two. 
 
 392. What advantage results from this arrangement ? 
 
 The different departments of government are never 
 all dissolved at the same time. 
 
 393. What evil might result from a shorter term of service ? 
 
 Sudden fluctuations in the policy of the Genera] 
 Government. 
 6 
 
62 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 394. What danger might be apprehended from too long a term of 
 service ? 
 
 It might tend to make the Executive independent of 
 the will of the people. 
 
 395. Repeat Clause I. 
 
 Clause II. " Each State shall appoint, in such man- 
 ner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a number of 
 Electors, equal to the whole number of Senators and 
 Representatives, to which the State may be entitled in the 
 Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or person 
 holding an office of trust or profit, under the United States, 
 shall be appointed an Elector" 
 
 396. For what docs this clause provide ? 
 
 For the appointment of Electors, to choose the Pre- 
 sident and Vice-President. 
 
 397. How are these Electors appointed ? 
 
 In such manner as the Legislature of each State 
 may direct. 
 
 398. To how many Electors is each State entitled ? 
 
 To as many as the whole number of Senators and 
 Representatives to which the State may be entitled in 
 Congress. 
 
 399. What persons are disqualified from being appointed Electors? 
 
 Senators, Representatives, and all persons holding 
 any office of trust or profit under the United States. 
 
 400. Repeat Clause II. 
 
 [Clause III. " The Electors shall meet in their respective States, 
 and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one, at least, shall not be 
 an inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall 
 make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes 
 for each ; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit, sealed, 
 to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the 
 President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the 
 presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the 
 
PRESIDENT AND VICE-rRESIDENT. 63 
 
 certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having 
 the greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such number 
 be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed ; and if 
 there be more than one, who have such majority, and have an equal 
 number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately 
 choose, by ballot, one of them for President ; and if no person have a 
 majority, then, from the five highest on the list, the said House shall, 
 in like manner, choose the President. But in choosing the President, 
 the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State 
 having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose, shall consist of a member 
 or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the 
 States shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice 
 of the President, the person having the greatest number of votes of 
 the Electors shall be the Vice-President. But if there should remain 
 two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from 
 them, by ballot, the Vice-President."] 
 
 N. B. This clause has since been repealed. It is quoted here 
 merely for reference, and not to be learned by the pupil. Instead of 
 learning it, he should study the following, which is Article XII. of 
 the Amendments, and which contains the present mode of electing 
 the President and Vice-President. This Amendment is treated of 
 here, because of its connexion with the present subject. 
 
 Amendment, Article XII. 
 
 Mode of choosing the President and Vice-President. 
 
 Clause I. " The Electors shall meet in their respective 
 States, and vote by ballot for President and Vice-Presi- 
 dent, one of ivhom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of 
 the same State with themselves ; they shall name in their 
 ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct 
 ballots the person voted for as Vice-President ; and they 
 shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as Presi- 
 dent, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and 
 of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign, 
 and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of the govern- 
 ment of the United States, directed to the President of the 
 Senate ; the President of the Senate shall, in the presence 
 
64 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the 
 certificates, and the votes shall then be counted; the person 
 having the greatest number of votes for President shall be 
 the President, if such number be a majority of the whole 
 number of Electors appointed. ; and if no person have such 
 majority, then, from the persons having the highest num- 
 bers, not exceeding three, on the list of those voted for as 
 President, the House of Representatives shall choose im- 
 mediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the 
 President, the votes shall be taken by States, the represen- 
 tation from each State having one vote ; a quorum for 
 this purpose shall consist of a member or members from 
 tivo-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States 
 shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of 
 Representatives shall not choose a President, whenever 
 the right to choose shall devolve upon them, before the 
 fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-Presi- 
 dent shall act as President, as in case of the death, or 
 other constitutional disability, of the President." 
 
 Clause II. " The person having the greatest number of 
 votes as Vice-President shall be the Vice-President, if 
 such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors 
 appointed ; and if no person have a majority, then, from 
 the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall 
 choose the Vice-President ; a quorum for the purpose shall 
 consist of tivo-thirds of the whole number of Senators ; a 
 majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a 
 choice" 
 
 Clause III. " But no person constitutionally ineligible 
 to the office of President, shall be eligible to that of Vice- 
 President of the United States." 
 
 401. Where do the Electors meet ? 
 
 In their respective States. 
 
 402. What is prescribed in regard to their mode of voting T 
 
PRESIDENT AND VICE-PRESIDENT. 65 
 
 It shall be by ballot. 
 
 403. What is the object of not allowing them to select Doth Pre 
 lident and Vice-President from the same State with themse'ves? 
 
 To prevent local partialities. 
 
 404. How are they required to make their ballots ? 
 
 They shall name in their ballots the person votei* 
 for as President, and in distinct ballots, the person 
 voted for as Vice-President. 
 
 405. How does this differ from the former mode of balloting ? 
 
 Before the amendment of the Constitution, the 
 Electors in each State voted for two persons as can- 
 didates for the Presidency. When the votes of all the 
 States were collected, the one who had the greatest 
 number of votes was President ; the one who had the 
 next greatest number was Vice-President. By the 
 present plan, the votes for President and Vice-Presi- 
 dent are distinct. 
 
 406. What provision is made to prevent mistake in regard to the 
 result of the balloting ? 
 
 The Electors shall make distinct lists of all persons 
 voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as 
 Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each. 
 
 407. What provision is made to prevent fraud ? 
 
 The Electors shall sign, certify, and seal the lists 
 which contain the result of their votes. 
 
 408. Where do they send these lists ? 
 
 To the Seat of Government. 
 
 409. To whom ? 
 
 To the President of the Senate. ^ 
 
 410. Repeat that part of the Clause which relates to what is done 
 by the Electors in each Siate. 
 
 " The Electors shall meet in their respective States, 
 and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, 
 one of whom, at lea«= f , shall not be an inhabitant o 
 6* 
 
66 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 the same State with themselves ; they shall name in 
 their ballots the person voted for as President, and in 
 distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President ; 
 and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted 
 for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice- 
 President, and of the number of votes for each, which 
 lists they shall sign, and certify, and transmit, sealed, 
 to the seat of the Government of the United States, 
 directed to the President of the Senate." 
 
 411. What provision is made to prevent frauds in counting the 
 votes at the Seat of Government ? 
 
 The President of the Senate shall, in the presence 
 of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all 
 the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. 
 
 412. What number of Electoral votes is necessary to an election? 
 
 A majority of the whole number. 
 
 413. Why should not a person be elected who had a plurality of 
 votes ? 
 
 In case there were several candidates, a person 
 might be elected by a small number of votes, against 
 the wishes of a large majority of the people. 
 
 414. Repeat that part of the clause which relates to the counting 
 of the votes, and the number necessary to a choice. 
 
 " The President of the Senate shall, in the presence 
 of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all 
 the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted ; 
 the person having the greatest number of votes for 
 President, shall be the President, if such number be a 
 majority of the whole number of Electors appointed." 
 
 415. What is to be done, in case no candidate has a majority of 
 the whole number of votes ? 
 
 The House of Representatives shall elect a Presi- 
 dent. 
 
 416. By ballot, or viva voce ? 
 
PRESIDENT AND VICE-rRESIDENT. 6? 
 
 By ballot. 
 
 417. When? 
 Immediately. 
 
 418. How arc they limited in their choice ? 
 
 To the three candidates highest on the list. 
 
 419. How was it, in this respect, before the Amendment ? 
 
 The House chose from ihe five highest. 
 
 420. In what manner shall the votes of the House be taken in 
 choosing the President ? 
 
 By States ; the Representation from each State 
 having but one vote. 
 
 421. What States are favoured by this mode of voting? 
 
 The small States. The smallest State has, in such 
 a case, as much weight as the largest. 
 
 422. What States have the preponderance when a choice is made 
 by the Electors ? 
 
 The large States. 
 
 423. In choosing the President by the House, what is necessary 
 to make a quorum of the House ? 
 
 A Member or Members from two-thirds of the 
 States. 
 
 424. What number of States is necessary to a choice by the 
 House ? 
 
 A majority of all the States. 
 
 425. Repeat that part of the clause which relates to the election 
 of President by the House. 
 
 " If no person have such majority, then, from the 
 persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding 
 three, on the list of those voted for as President, the 
 House of Representatives shall choose immediately, 
 by ballot, the President. But in choosing the Presi- 
 dent, the votes shall be taken by States, the Re- 
 presentation from each State having one vote; a 
 quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or 
 
3£ CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority 
 of all the States shall be necessary to a choice." 
 
 426. If the right of choice devolves upon the House, and they faii 
 immediately to choose a President, how long can this duty be 
 deferred ? 
 
 Not longer than the 4th of March next following. 
 
 427. Why is that day particularly named? 
 
 Because the existing President's term of office ex- 
 pires on that day. 
 
 428. In case the House fail to make a choice before the 4th of 
 March, who succeeds to the Presidency ? 
 
 The Vice-President. 
 
 429. Repeat that part of the clause which relates to the failure of 
 the House to choose a President. 
 
 "And if the House of Representatives shall not 
 choose a President, whenever the right of choice shall 
 devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March 
 next following, then the Vice-President shall act as 
 President, as in case of the death, or other constitu- 
 tional disability of the President." 
 
 430. What number of Electoral votes is necessary to elect the 
 Vice-President ? 
 
 A majority of the whole number. 
 
 431. In case no one of the candidates has such a majority, how ia 
 the Vice-President elected ? 
 
 By the Senate. 
 
 432. How is the Senate limited in its choice ? 
 
 To the two candidates highest on the list. 
 
 433. What constitutes a quorum of the Senate for choosing th4 
 Vice-President? 
 
 Two-thirds of the whole number of Senators. 
 
 434. What number of Senators is necessary to a choice ? j 
 
 A majority of the whole number. 
 
PRESIDENT AND VICE-PRESIDENT. 69 
 
 435. Does the Senate, in choosing 1 the Vice-President, vote by 
 States ? 
 
 It does not. 
 
 436. Repeat the clause relating to the election of Vice-President 
 
 " The person having the greatest number of votes 
 as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, if such 
 number be a majority of the whole number of electors 
 appointed ; and if no person have a majority, then, 
 from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate 
 shall choose the Vice-President ; a quorum for the 
 purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number 
 of Senators ; a majority of the whole number shall be 
 necessary to a choice." 
 
 437. Why are the same qualifications required of the Vice-Presi- 
 dent as of the President ? 
 
 Because, in certain cases, the Vice-President suc- 
 ceeds to the office of President. 
 
 438. Repeat the clause referring to this. 
 
 "But no person constitutionally ineligible to the of- 
 fice of President, shall be eligible to that of Vice-Pre- 
 sident of the United States." 
 
 p 439. Repeat the whole of the Amendment relating to the mode of 
 choosing President and Vice-President. 
 
 Clause IV. " The Congress may determine the time of 
 choosing the Electors, and the day on which they shall 
 give their votes ; which day shall be the same throughout 
 the United States." 
 
 440. How is the time of choosing Presidential Electors determined ? 
 
 By Congress. 
 
 441 What is this choice of Electors generally called ? 
 
 The Presidental election. 
 
 442. Is the day for choosing Electors the same throughout th* 
 
 States ? . 
 
70 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 It is. By act of Congress, of January 23d, 1845, 
 the electors are to be chosen in each State on the Tues- 
 day next after the first Monday in November. 
 
 443. How is the day on which the Electors shall vote for Presi- 
 dent and Vice-President determined ? 
 
 That also is determined by Congress. 
 
 444. Under what limitation ? 
 
 That it shall be the same throughout the United 
 States. 
 
 445. What is the object of this provision ? 
 
 To prevent fraudulent combinations. 
 
 446. Repeat Clause IV. 
 
 Clause V. " No person, except a natural-born citizen, 
 or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adop- 
 tion of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of 
 President; neither shall any person be eligible to that 
 office ivho shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five 
 years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United 
 States. 
 
 447. To what does this clause relate ? 
 
 To the qualifications of the President. 
 
 448. Of what age must a person be, before he can be eligible to 
 the office of President ? 
 
 Thirty-five years. 
 
 449. How long must he have been a resident in the United States T 
 
 Fourteen years. 
 
 450. Does this exclude from the office persons who are abroad in 
 the public service ? 
 
 It does not. 
 
 451. What is required in regard to birth ? 
 
 The candidate must be a natural born citizen. 
 
 452. What temporary exception was made to this rule ? 
 
 An exception in favour of those who were citizens 
 at the time of the adoption of the Constitution. 
 
PRESIDENT AND VICE-PRESIDENT. 71 
 
 453. Why was this exception then made ? 
 
 From gratitude to those distinguished foreigners 
 who had taken part with us during the Revolution. 
 
 454. Repeat Clause V. 
 
 Clause VI. " In case of the removal of the President 
 from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to 
 discharge the 'powers and duties of the said office, the 
 same shall devolve on the Vice-President, and the Con- 
 gress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, 
 resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice- 
 President, declaring what officer shall then act as Presi- 
 dent, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the 
 disability be removed, or a President shall be elected." 
 
 455. When does the office of President devolve on the Vice-Pre 
 sident ? 
 
 In case of the removal of the President from office, 
 or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge 
 the powers and duties of said office. 
 
 456. In case of the removal, death, resignation, or inability of 
 both President and Vice-President, what is to be done ? 
 
 Congress may, by law, provide for such a case, 
 declaring what officer shall then act as President. 
 
 457. How long shall such officer act ? 
 
 Until the disability shall be removed, or a President 
 shall be elected. 
 
 458. Repeat Clause VI. 
 
 Clause VII. " The President shall, at stated times, 
 receive for his services, a compensation, which shall neither 
 be increased nor diminished during the period for which 
 he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within 
 that period, any other emolument from the United States, 
 or any of them" 
 
72 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 459. Why should a compensation be granted to the President? 
 
 The expense of the office might otherwise exclude 
 persons in moderate circumstances. 
 
 460. Why should this compensation not be increased during the 
 continuance of a President in office ? 
 
 A corrupt President might abuse the patronage of 
 his office, in order to get such increase of emolument. 
 
 401. Why should the compensation not be diminished during the 
 continuance of a President in office ? 
 
 If Congress had the power of diminishing indefinitely 
 the compensation of the President, it would go far to 
 destroy his independence. 
 
 462. What other restriction is put upon the compensation of the 
 President ? 
 
 He shall not receive, within that period, any other 
 emolument from the United States, or any of them. 
 
 463. Repeat Clause VII. 
 
 Clauses VIII. and IX. " Before he enter on the execu- 
 tion of his office, he shall take the following oath or affirm- 
 ation: ' I do solemnly swear (or affirm), that I will faith- 
 fully execute the office of President of the United States 
 and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and 
 defend the Constitution of the United States? " 
 
 464. What must the President do before entermg upon his office 7 
 
 He must take an oath to perform faithfully the 
 duties of his office. 
 
 465. What are the words of this Oatli ? 
 
 Section II. Powers of the President. 
 
 Clause I. " The President shall be commander-in 
 ehief of the army and navy of the United States, and of 
 
POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT. 73 
 
 the militia of the several States, when called into the actual 
 service of the United States ; he may require the opinion , 
 in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive 
 departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of 
 their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant 
 reprieves and pardons for offences against the United 
 States, except in cases of impeachment" 
 
 466. What military and naval command does the President hold ? 
 
 He is Commander-in-chief of the Army arid Navy 
 of the United States, and of the Militia of the several 
 States, when called into the actual service of the 
 United States. 
 
 467. Why should the command of the Army and Navy be in- 
 trusted to the President, rather than to Congress ? 
 
 Because military and naval operations require a 
 degree of promptitude and unity, which could not be 
 obtained in a numerous body like Congress. 
 
 468. What may the President require of the Heads of Depart- 
 ments ? 
 
 He may require their opinion, in writing, upon any 
 subject relating to the duties of their respective of- 
 fices. 
 
 469. Has the President any pardoning power ? 
 
 He has power to grant reprieves and pardons for 
 offences against the United States, except in cases of 
 impeachment. 
 
 470. In what manner is the pardoning power sometimes useful ? 
 
 It enables the Executive, by a promise of pardon to 
 one criminal, to detect and punish others. 
 
 471. In what case has the President no power of pardon? 
 
 In cases of impeachment. 
 
 472. Repeat Clause I. 
 
 Clause II. "He (the President) shall have power, by and 
 7 
 
74 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, 
 provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur ; and he 
 shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of 
 the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public minis- 
 ters, and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other 
 officers of the United States, whose appointments are not 
 herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be estab- 
 lished by law : but the Congress may by law vest the ap- 
 pointment of such inferior officers, as they think proper, 
 in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads 
 of Departments" 
 
 473. To what does the first part of this clause relate ? 
 
 To the treaty-making power. 
 
 474. By whom are Treaties made ? 
 
 By the President. 
 
 475. How is the President limited in making a Treaty ? 
 
 It must be by and with the advice and consent of 
 the Senate. 
 
 476. How large a vote of the Senate is necessary to confirm a 
 Treaty ? 
 
 Two-thirds of the Senators present. 
 
 477. To what does the next part of this clause relate i 
 
 The power of appointing officers. 
 
 478. What officers are appointed by the President ? 
 
 Ambassadors ; other public Ministers and Consuls ; 
 Judges of the Supreme Court ; and all other officers 
 of the United States, whose appointments are not 
 herein otherwise provided for, and which shall bo es- 
 tablished by law. 
 
 479. What limitation is put upon the appointing power of tha 
 President ? 
 
 The appointments here named must be made by and 
 with the advice and consent of the Senate. 
 
POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT. 75 
 
 480. What provision is made in the Constitution, in regard to the 
 appointment of inferior officers ? 
 
 Congress may, by law, vest the appointment of such 
 inferior officers as they think proper, in the President 
 alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of De- 
 partments. 
 
 481. Is any provision made in the Constitution for the removal of 
 persons from office ? 
 
 There is not. 
 
 482. To whom has the power of removal been given in practice ? 
 To the President. 
 
 483. Repeat Clause II. 
 
 Clause III. " The President shall have power to Jill up 
 all vacancies that may happen, during the recess of the 
 Senate, by granting commissions, which shall expire at 
 the end of their next session" 
 
 484. What provision is made for vacancies that may happen 
 during the recess of the Senate ? 
 
 The President has power to fill such vacancies. 
 
 485. For how long a time do the commissions thus granted con- 
 tinue i 
 
 They expire at the end of the next session of the 
 Senate. 
 
 486. Why was it necessary to make some provison for temporary 
 appointments of this sort to fill vacancies ? 
 
 As these vacancies are continually occurring, by 
 death, resignation, or otherwise, the operations of the 
 Government would be liable to serious embarrassments, 
 unless the Senate was kept in perpetual session. 
 
76 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Section III. Duties of the President. 
 
 " He shall, from time to time, give to the Congress 
 information of the state of the Union, and recommend 
 to their consideration such measures as he shall judge 
 necessary and expedient ; he may, on extraordinary occa- 
 sions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in cate 
 of disagreement between them, with respect to the time 
 of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he 
 shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and 
 other public ministers ; he shall take care that the laics 
 be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers 
 of the United States" 
 
 487. To what does the first part of this section relate ? 
 
 The Messages of the President to Congress. 
 
 488. Is the duty of sending Messages to Congress optional with 
 the President ? 
 
 It is not ; it is obligatory. 
 
 489. If this duty were not required of the President, what ob- 
 jection might possibly be made to the practice ? 
 
 It might be objected to, as an improper interference 
 of the Executive with the Legislative Department. 
 
 490. Why is it important that the President should communicate 
 in this manner with Congress ? 
 
 The Executive Department is necessarily better in- 
 formed than any other Department, of the wants and 
 resources of the nation, and of the other facts which 
 form the appropriate basis for legislation. 
 
 491. What is the President, in his Messages to Congress, required 
 to do? 
 
 He is required to give information of the state of 
 the Union, and to recommend to their consideration 
 such measures, as he Shall judge necessary and ex- 
 pedient. ^ 
 
DUTIES OF THE PRESIDENT. 77 
 
 492. What provision is made in regard to Extra Sessions a>f 
 Congress ? 
 
 The President may, on extraordinary occasions, 
 convene both Houses, or either of them. 
 
 493. What provision is made, in case of disagreement of the 
 Houses, with respect to the time of adjournment ? 
 
 The President may adjourn them to such time as 
 lie shall think proper. 
 
 494. To whom is given the power of receiving Ambassadors, and 
 other public Ministers ? 
 
 To the President. 
 
 495. To what danger is the exercise of this power liable ? 
 
 In cases of revolution in foreign governments, or of 
 a division of a foreign kingdom into two governments, 
 the reception of an Ambassador or Minister from 
 one government, might be construed by the other into 
 an act of hostility. 
 
 496. What general duty is required of the President in regard tu 
 the laws of the United States ? 
 
 He shall take care that the laws be faithfully exe- 
 cuted. 
 
 497. What is the supreme law of the land ? 
 
 The Constitution itself, and all treaties and laws 
 made under it. 
 
 498. What is the last duty required of the President ? 
 
 He is required to commission all the officers of the 
 United States. 
 
 499. Does this include those not appointed by him ? 
 
 It does. f 
 
 500. What is the propriety of this provision ? 
 
 All officers of the United States should possess 
 some proper voucher of their rjght to office. 
 
 501. Repeat Section III. 
 
 7# * 
 
78 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Section IV. Impeachment of the President. 
 
 " The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers 
 of the United States, shall be removed from office, on im- 
 peachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or 
 other high crimes and misdemeanours." 
 
 502. Who are liable to impeachment? 
 
 The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers 
 of the United States. 
 
 503. Who are meant by officers of the United States ? 
 
 Officers deriving their appointments from the Na- 
 tional Government. 
 
 504. Does this include Members of Congress ? 
 
 It does not. 
 
 505. What officers of the United States are there besides civil 
 officers ? 
 
 Military and Naval officers. 
 
 506. Are the officers of the Army and Navy liable to impeach- 
 ment? 
 
 They are not 
 
 507. Who are the persons chiefly meant, besides the President 
 and Vice-President ? 
 
 Heads of Departments ; Judges of the Supreme 
 Court ; Marshals, Collectors, District Attorneys, &c. 
 
 508. For what offences are these officers liable to impeachment ? 
 
 For treason, bribery, or other high crimes and 
 misdemeanours. 
 
 509. What is the extent of the penalty in cases of impeachment 1 
 
 Removal from office, and disqualification to holr 
 office in future. 
 
 510 Repeat Section IV. 
 
 ■* 
 
UNITED STATES COURTS. 79 
 
 NL ARTICLE III. Judicial Department. 
 Section I. United States Courts. 
 
 " The Judicial power of the United States shall be 
 vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts 
 as the Congress may, from time to time, ordain and estab- 
 lish. The judges, both of the Supreme and inferior 
 courts, shall hold their offices during good behaviour, 
 and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a com- 
 pensation, which shall not be diminished during their con- 
 tinuance in office. 
 
 511. Where is the Judicial power of the United States vested? 
 
 In one Supreme Court, and such other courts as 
 Congress may from time to time establish. 
 
 512. Has Government any discretion in regard to the establish, 
 ment of a Supreme Court ? 
 
 It has not. The establishment of one Supreme 
 Court is positively required. 
 
 513. Why is a Supreme Court absolutely essential? 
 
 To insure uniformity in the interpretation of the laws. 
 
 514. What discretion has Congress in the matter? 
 
 Congress has the power of deciding whether any 
 inferior Courts shall be established. 
 
 515. What are the inferior Courts, established by Congress, 
 called ? 
 
 District Courts, and Circuit Courts. 
 
 516. How many of these Courts have been established by Con- 
 gress ? 
 
 Forty-two District Courts, and nine Circuit Courts. 
 
 517. How arc the Judges of all the United States Courts ap. 
 pointed ? 
 
 By the President, by and with the advice and con- 
 sent of the Senate. 
 
80 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 518. What is their tenure of office ? 
 During good behaviour. 
 
 519. Why is this considered better than appointing them for 
 term of years ? 
 
 It makes them more independent in their decisions. 
 
 520. What provision is made in regard to their compensation? 
 
 They shall at stated times receive for their ser- 
 vices, a compensation, which shall not be diminished 
 during their continuance in office. 
 
 521. Why is Congress not allowed to diminish a Judge's salary 
 during his continuance in office? 
 
 Such a power would enable Congress to overawe 
 the Judges. 
 
 522. Are the Judges entirely irresponsible ? 
 
 They maybe impeached for misconduct. 
 
 523. Repeat Section I. 
 
 Section II. Jurisdiction of the United States Courts. 
 
 Clause I. " The Judicial poicer shall extend to all 
 cases, in law and equity, arising under this Constitution, 
 the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which 
 shall be made, under their authority ; to all cases affect- 
 ing ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls ; to 
 all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; to con- 
 troversies to which the United States shall be a party ; to 
 controversies between two or more States, between a State 
 and citizens of another State, between citizens of different 
 States, between citizens of the same State, claiming lands 
 under grants of different States, and between a State, or 
 the citizens thereof, and foreign States, citizens or sub 
 jects" 
 
 524. To what does this clause relate ? 
 
JURISDICTION OF THE UNITED STATES COURTS. 81 
 
 To the extent of the jurisdiction of the United 
 States Courts. 
 
 525. Are the cases over which they exercise jurisdiction nu- 
 merous ? 
 
 They are. 
 
 526. What is the first class of cases which may be brought 
 before them ? 
 
 Cases arising under the Constitution and Laws of 
 the United States, and Treaties made by them. 
 
 527. Why should the United States Courts have the power of 
 judging in all such cases ? 
 
 Because the Judicial power should always be co- 
 extensive with the Legislative and Executive powers. 
 
 528. What is the second class of cases which may be brought 
 before the United States Courts? 
 
 Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers, 
 and Consuls. 
 
 529. -To what laws are foreign ministers amenable ? 
 
 To the law of nations, and the laws of the State 
 from which they are sent. 
 
 530. Why are public ministers not subject to the particular laws 
 of the State or Nation to which they are sent ? 
 
 Because they are the immediate representatives of 
 the national sovereignty, which owes no subjection to 
 foreign States. 
 
 531. Why should the National Courts alone have jurisdiction in 
 cases relating to foreign ministers ? 
 
 Because such cases always involve questions of 
 national interest. 
 
 532. What is the third class of cases which may be brought 
 (jefore the United States Courts ? 
 
 Cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction. 
 
 533. In what two ways may these cases arise ? 
 
82 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 They may arise either out of acts done at sea, or 
 out of rights claimed under the laws of commerce. 
 
 534. Why should acts done at sea be tried solely by the National 
 Courts ? 
 
 Because such acts involve questions of international 
 law. 
 
 535. Why should rights claimed under the laws of commerce be 
 tried solely by the National Courts ? 
 
 Because the regulation of commerce is given ex- 
 clusively to the General Government. 
 
 536. What is the fourth class of cases which may come before the 
 United States Courts ? 
 
 Controversies to which the United States shall be a 
 party. 
 
 537. What would be the consequence of not allowing the General 
 Government to sue in its own courts ? 
 
 The United States would be compelled to sue for 
 their rights through the State tribunals, and conse- 
 quently become subject to State jurisdiction. 
 
 538. What is the fifth class of cases which may come before the 
 United States Courts ? 
 
 All cases in which the parties belong to different 
 States, or claim under laws of different States. 
 
 539. Enumerate in order the controversies which may arise from 
 this cause. 
 
 1. Between two or more States. 2. Between a 
 State, and citizens of another State. 3. Between citi- 
 zens of different States. 4. Between citizens of the 
 same State, claiming lands under grants of different 
 States. 5. Between a State or its citizens, and foreign 
 States, citizens or subjects. 
 
 540. Why should these controversaries be decided by the National 
 Courts, and not by the State Courts ? 
 
JURISDICTION OF THE UNITED STATES COURTS. 83 
 
 Because the several States would naturally be in- 
 clined to favour themselves, and their own citizens. 
 
 541. What would be the consequence of not having some common 
 and impartial umpire to decide such cases ? 
 
 Dissensions among the States, and collisions with 
 foreign States. 
 
 542. When is a State a party in a suit ? 
 
 Only when it is named as such on the record. 
 
 543. Can a suit be brought against a State by a private citizen ? 
 
 It could, as the Constitution was at first. An 
 amendment was afterwards adopted, to prevent this. 
 
 Amendment, Article XI 
 
 " The judicial power of the United States shall not be 
 construed to extend to any suit in laic or equity, com- 
 menced, or prosecuted against one of the United States by 
 citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any 
 foreign State " 
 
 544. Why was this amendment adopted ? 
 
 Because it was thought derogatory to State sove- 
 reignty, to allow a State to be sued by a private 
 citizen. 
 
 Clause II. " In all cases affecting ambassadors, other 
 public ministers, and consuls, and those in which a State 
 shall be a party, the Supreme Court shall have original 
 jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the 
 Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as 
 to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such 
 regulations, as the Congress shall maheP 
 
 545. To what does this clause relate ? 
 
 To the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. 
 
 546. What two kinds of jurisdiction has the Supreme Court? 
 
 Original and Appellate. 
 
84 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 547. What is original jurisdiction? 
 
 The right to decide a case which has been before 
 no lower Court previously. 
 
 548. What is appellate jurisdiction ? 
 
 The right to decide a case which is brought up by 
 appeal from a lower Court. 
 
 549. In what cases only may the Supreme Court have original 
 jurisdiction? 
 
 In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public minis- 
 ters, and consuls, and those in which a State shall be a 
 party. 
 
 550. What is the character of its jurisdiction in all the other 
 cases to which the judicial power of the United States extend ? 
 
 In all the other cases before mentioned, the Su- 
 preme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as 
 to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such 
 regulations as the Congress shall make. 
 
 551. Repeat Clause II. 
 
 Clause III. " The trial of all crimes, except in cases 
 of impeachment, shall be by jury; and such trial shall 
 he held in the State where the said crimes shall have been 
 committed ; but when not committed within any State, the 
 trial shall be at such place, or places, as the Congress 
 may by law have directed" 
 
 552. To what does the first part of this clause relate? 
 
 The mode of trial. 
 
 553. What mode of trying crimes is required ? 
 Trial by jury. 
 
 554. What is the only exception to this rule 1 
 
 The case of impeachment. 
 
 555. How has the right of trial by jury ever been regarded ra 
 this country ? 
 
 As the greatest safeguard for personal liberty. 
 
 556. To what does the latter part of the clause relate ? 
 
TREASON. 85 
 
 The place of trial. 
 
 557. Where shall the trial of crimes be held ? 
 
 In the State where said crimes shall have been 
 committed. 
 
 558. What is the object of this provision ? 
 
 To prevent the accused from being subjected to un- 
 necessary expense and difficulty in procuring testi- 
 mony, and to secure to him all the advantage of being 
 tried where the facts are most likely to be known. 
 
 559. Where are crimes to be tried which are committed at sea, 
 or not within the jurisdiction of any State ? 
 
 At such place, or places, as Congress may by law 
 have directed. 
 
 560. Repeat Clause III. 
 
 Section III. Treason. 
 
 Clause I. " Treason against the United States shall 
 consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering 
 to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No 
 person shall be convicted of treason, unless on the testi- 
 mony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on con- 
 fession in open court." 
 
 561. What does the first part of this clause contain ? 
 A definition of treason. 
 
 562. In what does treason against the United States consist ? 
 
 In levying war against them, or in adhering to their 
 enemies, giving them aid and comfort. 
 
 563. Why was it thought necessary so particularly to define this 
 crime ? 
 
 Because, in times of political excitement, acts of a 
 much less heinous character have often been exag 
 gerated and construed into the crime of treason. 
 8 
 
86 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 564. To what does the latter part of this clause relate ? 
 The proof of treason. 
 
 565. What is necessary to convict a person of treason ? 
 
 The testimony of two witnesses to the same overt 
 act, or confession in open court. 
 
 566. Why is the testimony of two witnesses thought necessary ? 
 
 To protect the accused party against misrepresen- 
 tation. 
 
 567. Why is there more danger of misrepresentation in this, than 
 in other crimes ? 
 
 Because the charge of treason is generally made by 
 interested partisans, and in times of great political 
 excitement. 
 
 568. Why is it required that confession of ♦reason, in order to be 
 valid proof of guilt, should be made in open court ? 
 
 To protect the accused party against being ruined 
 by hasty and unguarded expressions, and against being 
 incorrectly reported. 
 
 569. How is treason to be regarded ? 
 
 As the worst crime against society that can be 
 committed. 
 
 570. Repeat Clause I. 
 
 Clause II. " The Congress shall have power to declare 
 the 'punishment of treason, hut no attainder of treason 
 shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during 
 the life of the person attainted" 
 
 571. To what does this clause relate ? 
 
 The punishment of treason. 
 
 572. What provision is made in regard to the punishment of 
 treason ? 
 
 It is left to Congress to declare what shall be the 
 punishment of treason. 
 
 573. What is the punishment of treason, by the common law of 
 England ? 
 
STA.TE RECORDS. 87 
 
 The traitor is to be taken to the gallows on a 
 hurdle, hung by the neck, cut down alive, his entrails 
 taken out and burned while he is yet alive, his head 
 cut off, and his body quartered ; beside the forfeiture 
 of his estate and the corruption of his blood. 
 
 574. What has Congress declared to be the punishment for treason 
 against the United States? 
 
 Death by hanging. 
 
 575. How are Congress limited in declaring the punishment of 
 treason ? 
 
 No attainder of treason shall work corruption of 
 blood, or forfeiture, except during the life of the 
 person attainted. 
 
 576. What is mea:;t by an attainder of treason? 
 
 Conviction of the crime of treason. 
 
 577. What is meant by corruption of blood? 
 
 One, whose blood is corrupted, cannot inherit pro- 
 perty from others, nor transmit an inheritance to his 
 children ; his blood ceases to have any inheritable 
 qualities. 
 
 578. How far may Congress declare an estate forfeited ? 
 
 Only during the life of the traitor. 
 
 579. Repeat Clause II. 
 
 A 
 
 ARTICLE IV. 
 
 Section I. State Records. 
 
 " Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to 
 the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings, of every 
 other State. And the Congress may, by general laws, 
 prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and 
 proceedings, shall be proved, and the effect thereof." 
 
88 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 580. How shall the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings 
 of one State be regarded ? 
 
 Full faith and credit shall be given to them in every 
 other State. 
 
 581. To whom is it left to prescribe the manner in which such 
 acts, records, and proceedings, shall be proved ? 
 
 To Congress. 
 
 582. What else may Congress prescribe i 
 
 The effect of such acts, records and proceedings. 
 
 583. What would be the consequence of not having some provi- 
 sion of this sort ? 
 
 When a legal investigation and decision had been 
 made in one State, it might be necessary to repeat the 
 same in every State to which the parties should go. 
 
 584. Repeat Section I. 
 
 Section II. Privileges of Citizens, fyc. 
 
 Clause I. " The citizens of each State shall be enti- 
 tled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the 
 several States" 
 
 585. What is the object of this provision ? 
 
 To prevent the States from giving unjust prefer- 
 ences to their own citizens. 
 
 586. What is the effect of such preferences 7 
 
 Alienation and discontents. 
 
 587. Repeat Clause I. 
 
 Clause II. " A person charged in any State with trea- 
 son, felony, or other crime, ivho shall flee from justice, and 
 be found in another State, shall, on demand of the execu- 
 tive authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered 
 up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the 
 crime" 
 
NEW STATES AND TERRITORIES. 89 
 
 588. To what does this clause relate ? 
 
 To the restoration of fugitive criminals. 
 
 589. If a person, charged in any State with treason, felony, or 
 ;ihoi crime, flee fiom justice, and be found in another State, who 
 las the right to claim him ? 
 
 The Executive authority of the State from which 
 ne may have fled. 
 
 590. What shall be done in such a case ? 
 
 He shall be delivered up, to be removed to the 
 State having jurisdiction of the crime. 
 
 591. Repeat Clause II. 
 
 Clause III. " No person held to service or labour in 
 one State, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, 
 shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be 
 discharged from such service or labour, but shall be deli- 
 vered up on claim of the party to whom such service or 
 labour may be due" 
 
 592. To what does this clause relate ? 
 
 To the restoration of fugitive slaves. 
 
 593. If a person held to service or labour in one State, under tho 
 laws thereof, escape into another, can such other State, by any law or 
 regulation, discharge said person from his service or labour ? 
 
 It cannot. 
 
 594. What shall be done in such a care ? 
 
 The person shall be delivered jp, on the claim of 
 the party to whom such service or labour may be due. 
 
 595. Repeat Clause III. 
 
 Section III. New States and Territories. 
 
 Clause I. " New States may be admitted by the Con- 
 gress into this Union ; but no new State shall be formed, 
 or erected, within the jurisdiction of any other State; nor 
 any State be formed, by the junction of two or more States, 
 8* 
 
00 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 or parts of States, without the consent of the legislatures 
 of the States concerned, as well as of the Congress" 
 
 596. To what does this clause relate? 
 
 The admission of new States into the Union. 
 
 597. What Department of Government has the power of admitting 
 new States into the Union ? 
 
 Congress. 
 
 598. In what two cases is this power denied to Congress ? 
 
 When a new State is to be formed within the juris- 
 diction of any other State, or by the junction of two 
 or more States, or parts of States. 
 
 599. What is necessary in such a case ? 
 
 The consent of the States concerned, as well as of 
 Congress. 
 
 600. Repeat Clause I. 
 
 Clause II. " The Congress shall have power to dispose, 
 of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting 
 the territory, or other property, belonging to the United 
 States ; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so con- 
 strued as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or 
 of any particular State" 
 
 601. To what does this clause relate? 
 
 To the government of the Territories of the United 
 States. 
 
 602. What power is given to Congress in this respect ? 
 
 Congress shall have power to dispose of, and make 
 all needful rules and regulations respecting, the terri- 
 tory, or other property, belonging to the United States. 
 
 603. What limitation is put upon this power of Congress over the 
 Territories ? 
 
 Nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed 
 as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of 
 any particular State. 
 
GUARANTEE TO THE STATES. 91 
 
 604. What was the cause of inserting this limitation ? 
 
 At the time of the adoption of the Constitution, 
 ;here were in the Western Territory certain contested 
 dtles, which, however, have since been settled. 
 
 605. Repeat Clause II. 
 
 Section IV. Guarantee to the States. 
 
 " The United States shall guaranty to every State in 
 this Union a republican form of government, and shall 
 protect each of them against invasion ; and, on applica- 
 tion of the legislature, or of the executive (when the legis- 
 lature cannot be convened), against domestic violence" 
 
 606. What shall the United States guaranty to every State in this 
 Union ? 
 
 A republican form of government. 
 
 607. What would be the consequence of one State adopting a 
 monarchical form of government ? 
 
 It might endanger the liberties of the other States. 
 
 608. For whom is this guarantee principally intended ? 
 
 For the people of each State, to secure them against 
 the anti-republican machinations of demagogues. 
 
 609. What do the United States further undertake ? 
 
 To protect each of the States against invasion. 
 
 610. What is the last thing, mentioned in this clause, which thf 
 United States undertake ? 
 
 To protect each of the States against domestic 
 violence. 
 
 611. To what does this relate ? 
 
 To the case of domestic insurrections or riots. 
 
 612. What is necessary, in such a case, to obtain the assistance 
 of the United States ? 
 
92 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 An application of the Legislature of the State, or if 
 they cannot be convened, of the Executive. 
 
 613. Repeat Section IV. 
 
 * * 
 
 ARTICLE V. Power of Amendment. 
 
 " The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses 
 chall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this 
 Constitution, or, on the application of the legislatures of 
 two -thirds of the several States, shall call a convention 
 for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be 
 valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitu- 
 tion, when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of 
 the several States, or by conventions in three-fourths 
 thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may 
 be proposed by the Congress ; Provided, that no amend- 
 ment, which may be made prior to the year one thousand 
 eight hundred and eight, shall, in any manner, affect the 
 first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first 
 article ; and that no State, without its consent, shall be 
 deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate" 
 
 614. For what does this article provide ? 
 
 The mode of making amendments to the Consti- 
 tution. 
 
 615. Why was it thought necessary to provide for amending the 
 Constitution ? 
 
 The Constitution of the United States was an expe- 
 riment in the history of nations, and its practical ope- 
 ration could not with certainty be foreseen. 
 
 61 6. What would be the consequence of having a fixed Constitu 
 tion, without any peaceable means of amendment ? 
 
 In. case any of its provisions worked badly, they 
 would either be silently neglected, or the Constitution 
 itself broken up by a revolution. 
 
POWHR OF AMENDMENT. 93 
 
 617. What should be guarded against in providing for amend- 
 ments ? 
 
 The mode of making an amendment should not be 
 so easy as to lead to changes without serious cause, or 
 proper deliberation. 
 
 618. In what two ways may amendments be proposed ? 
 
 By Congress, or by a Convention called for the 
 purpose. 
 
 619. When may Congress by itself propose amendments ? 
 
 Whenever two-thirds of both Houses deem it ne- 
 cessary. 
 
 620. When shall Congress call a Convention for proposing 
 amendments ? 
 
 On application of the Legislatures of two-thirds of 
 the several States. 
 
 621. When an amendment has been proposed by Congress, or by 
 a Convention, in how many ways may it be ratified ? 
 
 In two ways. 
 
 622. What is the first mode of ratifying a proposed amendment ? 
 
 By the State Legislatures. 
 
 623. What is the other mode ? 
 
 By Conventions in the States, called for the purpose. 
 
 624. What proportion of the States must, in one of these ways 
 ratify an amendment before it can be adopted ? 
 
 Three-fourths. 
 
 625. How is the mode of ratification in any particular case de- 
 termined ? 
 
 By Congress. 
 
 626. What is the effect of an amendment when thus proposed 
 and ratified ? 
 
 It shall be valid, to all intents and purposes, as a 
 part of the Constitution. 
 
 627. What temporary limitation was made to the power of 
 amendment ? 
 
 No amendment, which might be made prior to 
 
94 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 1808, should, in any manner, affect the first and fourth 
 Clauses, in the Ninth Section of Article I. 
 
 628. To what does the first of these clauses relate ? ' 
 
 To the importation of slaves. 
 
 629. To what does the other clause relate ? 
 
 To the apportionment of taxes. 
 
 630. What permanent limitation was made to the power of 
 amendment ? 
 
 No State, without its consent, shall be deprived of 
 its equal suffrage in the Senate. 
 
 631. How many amendments to the Constitution have already 
 been proposed and ratified ? 
 
 Twelve. * 
 
 632. Repeat Article V. 
 
 ARTICLE VI. Public Debt, Supremacy of the 
 Constitution, Oath of Office, Religious Test. 
 
 Clause I. " All debts contracted, and engagements 
 entered into, before the adoption of this Constitution, 
 shall be as valid against the United States, under this 
 Constitution, as under the Confederation" 
 
 633. To what does this clause relate ? 
 
 To the assumption by the United States of the debts 
 contracted under the Confederation. 
 
 634. What is the acknowledged law of nations on this subject ? 
 
 The obligation of a national debt continues, not- 
 withstanding any changes in its form of government. 
 
 635. Why was it deemed advisable, in adopting the Constitution, 
 to make a formal declaration on the subject ? 
 
 To allay any apprehensions of the public creditors* 
 
 636. Repeat Clause I. 
 
PUBLIC DEBT, ETC. 95 
 
 Clause II. " This Constitution, and the laics of the 
 United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof, 
 and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the 
 authority of the United States, shall be the supreme laxo 
 of the land ; and the judges in every State shall be bound 
 thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any State 
 to the contrary notwithstanding" 
 
 637. What is declared in regard to the Constitution, and the Laws 
 and Treaties made under it by the United States ? 
 
 They are declared to be the supreme law of the land. 
 
 638. What provision is made in the latter part of the clause to se- 
 cure this supremacy ? 
 
 The Judges in every State are bound by them, any- 
 thing in the Constitution or laws of any State to the 
 contrary notwithstanding. 
 
 639. Repeat Clause II. 
 
 Clause III. " The Senators and Representatives before 
 mentioned, and the members of the several State legisla- 
 tures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the 
 United States, and of the several States, shall be bound, 
 by oath or affirmation, to support this Constitution ; but 
 no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification 
 to any office or public trust under the United States" 
 
 640. Who are required to bind themselves by oath or affirmation 
 to support the Constitution of the United States ? 
 
 The Senators and Representatives, the members of 
 tne several State Legislatures, and all Executive and 
 Judicial officers, both of the United States, and of the 
 several States. 
 
 641. Why are the legislators and officers of the several States 
 required to bind themselves to support the Constitution of the United 
 States ? 
 
 Because the State Governments have a necessary 
 
96 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 and important agency in carrying the Constitution of 
 the United States into effect. 
 
 642. Give an example in which the action of the State Govcn^ 
 ments is necessary to the operations of the National Government. 
 
 The election of United States Senators depends, in 
 all cases, upon the action of the State Legislatures. 
 
 643. What prohibition is made in regard to religious tests ? 
 
 No religious test shall ever be required as a qualifi- 
 cation to any office or public trust under the United 
 States. 
 
 ARTICLE VII. Ratification of the Constitution. 
 
 " The ratification of the Conventions of nine States 
 shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution 
 between the States so ratifying the same." 
 
 644. What was necessary for the establishment of the Constitu- 
 tion '/• 
 
 Its ratification by nine of the States. 
 
 645. Would its ratification by only nine States have made it 
 obligatory upon the four other States ? 
 
 It would not. 
 
 646. On whom would it have been obligatory in such a case ? 
 
 Only upon the States so ratifying it. 
 
 647. By how many of the States was it at first ratified ? 
 
 By eleven. 
 
 648. Which of the States did not adopt the Constitution till after 
 it had gone into operation ? 
 
 Rhode Island and North Carolina. 
 
 *- 
 
AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 
 
 C49. How are the first ten articles of the Amendments to be regarded ? 
 As a Bill of Rights. 
 
 650. What is a Bill of Rights? 
 
 A formal declaration of certain rights belonging to the people as 
 individuals, and not delegated in forming the National and State 
 Governments; 
 
 651. Is not the whole Constitution in the nature of a Bill of Rights? 
 
 It is. Most of the things, usually specified in a Bill of Rights, are 
 cither expressly provided, or tacitly implied in the Constitution. 
 
 652. Why was it thought expedient to make a more formal declaration on the 
 subject? 
 
 On account of the extreme jealousy of the American people re- 
 specting both personal and political liberty. 
 
 653. What was one of the prominent objections against the adoption of the 
 Constitution? 
 
 The want of a Bill of Rights. 
 
 654. What was done to obviate this defect ? 
 
 Congress, immediately after the ratification of the Constitution, 
 took measures for its amendment, by the adoption of ten Articles, 
 which are almost entirely declaratory in their character. 
 
 ARTICLE I. Freedom of Rljligion, &c. 
 " Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of 
 religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof or abridging 
 the freedom of speech, or of the press ; or the right of the peo- 
 ple peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a 
 redress of grievances." 
 
 655. What is the first prohibition upon Congress in reference to the subject 
 of relfgion ? 
 
 Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of 
 religion. 
 
 656. What other restriction is put upon Congress in regard to religion? 
 It shall make no law prohibiting the free exercise thereof. 
 
 657. How is Congress restricted in regard to the freedom of speech, and of the 
 press ? 
 
 It shall make no law abridging the same. 
 
 658. How is Congress restricted in regard to the right of petition? 
 
 It shall make no law abridging the right of the people peaceably 
 to assemble and petition the Government for a redress of grievances. 
 9 (07) 
 
98 AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 
 
 ARTICLE II. Right to bear Arms. 
 " A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of 
 a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall 
 not be infringed." 
 
 (559. What is here declared of a well regulated militia ? 
 It is declared to be necessary to the security of a free State. 
 6C0. What are some of the obvious advantages of maintaining the militia? 
 A certain amount of military organization among the people, and 
 a large quantity of arms always in their hands. 
 
 661. By what means have usurpers commonly overthrown the liberties of a 
 country? 
 
 By disarming the people, and maintaining an armed soldiery. 
 
 ARTICLE III. Quartering Soldiers on Citizens. 
 " No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any 
 house, without the consent of the owner ; nor, in time of war, 
 but in a manner to be prescribed by law." 
 
 ("62. From what did this provision originate? 
 
 From the custom which has often prevailed in times of violence, 
 of billeting soldiers upon private citizens, without regard to the rights 
 or convenience of the latter. 
 
 ARTICLE IV. Search Warrants. 
 " The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, 
 'papers and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, 
 shall not be violated ; and no warrants shall issue, but upon 
 probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particu- 
 larly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or 
 things to be seized." 
 
 663. What right is it declared in this article shall not be violated? 
 
 The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers 
 and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures. 
 
 664. What is the only condition upon which warrants can issue ? 
 
 No warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by 
 oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be 
 searched, and the person or things to be seized. 
 
 ARTICLE V. Trial for Crime, Sic. 
 " No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or other- 
 wise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of 
 a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval 
 forces, or in the militia, when in actual service, in time of war, 
 or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject, for the 
 same offence, to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor 
 shall be compelled in any criminal case, to be a witness against 
 himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without 
 
RIGHTS OF ACCUSED PERSONS. 99 
 
 due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for 
 public use, without just compensation." 
 
 665. What process is necessary before a person can be held to answer for a 
 capital, or otherwise infamous crime ? 
 
 A presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury. 
 
 660. What class of crimes is exempt from this mode of proceeding? 
 
 Cases arising in the land or naval forces. 
 
 667. How are such cases always tried? 
 By Courts-Martial. 
 
 668. When are offences in the militia tried by a Court-Martial ? 
 
 Only when in actual service, in time of war or public danger. 
 
 669. Can a person who has been convicted or acquitted, be tried a second 
 time for the same offence ? 
 
 No person shall be subject for the same offence to be twice put in 
 jeopardy of life or limb. 
 
 670. Can a person be obliged to testify against himself? 
 
 No person shall be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a witness 
 against himself. 
 
 671. What is the next provision ? 
 
 No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without 
 due process of law. 
 
 672. What is the last provision ? 
 
 Nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just 
 compensation. 
 
 ARTICLE VI. Rights of Accused Persons. 
 " In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the 
 right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the 
 State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, 
 which district shall have been previously ascertained by law ; 
 and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; 
 to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have com- 
 pulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favour ; and to 
 have the assistance of counsel for his defence." 
 
 673. In all criminal prosecutions, what right shall the accused enjoy? 
 The right to a speedy and a public trial. 
 
 674. By whom shall the accused be tried? 
 
 By an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime 
 shall have been committed. 
 
 675. What provision is made in regard to the district in which he shall b« 
 tried? 
 
 It must be in some district previously ascertained by law. 
 
 676. Of what has the accused the right to be informed? 
 Of the nature and cause of the accusation. 
 
 677. What right has he in regard to the witnesses against him? 
 The right to be confronted with them. 
 
 678. What right is secured in regard to testimony and counsel ? 
 
 The right to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in 
 his favour, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence. 
 
100 AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 
 
 ARTICLE VII. Suits at Common Laav. 
 " In suits at common law, where the value in controversy 
 shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be 
 preserved ; and no fact, tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re- 
 examined in any court of the United States, than according to 
 the rules of the common law" 
 
 670. How far is the right of trial by jury preserved in suits at common law? 
 
 Whenever the valu j in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars. 
 
 €80. What provision is made in regard to the re-examination of facts once 
 tried by a jury 1 
 
 No fact, tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any 
 Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the com- 
 mon law. 
 
 ARTICLE VIII. Excessive Bail. 
 
 " Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines 
 imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishment inflicted." 
 
 081. What historical fact is to be noted in regard to this irovision ? 
 
 It is an exact copy of a clause in the Bill of Rights, adopted in 
 England during the Revolution of 1688. 
 
 ARTICLE IX. 
 " The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall 
 not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the 
 people" 
 
 682. What is the object of this provision? 
 
 To prevent the conclusion, that the rights enumerated in the pre- 
 vious articles, were all that belonged to the public. 
 
 ARTICLE X. 
 " The poivers not granted to the United States by the Con* 
 stitution nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the 
 States respectively, or to the people." 
 
 N. B. Article XI. being an amendment limiting in a certain case the jurisdic- 
 tion of the Judiciary, was treated of under that head, page 83. 
 
 Article XII. being an amendment in regard to the mode of electing President 
 and Vice President, was treated of under the head jf the Executive Depart- 
 meat, p. $3. 
 
CATALOGUE 
 
 OF 
 
 Sppro&tJr Stjml anb College ^tiA-tyaofo. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY E. H. BUTLER & CO., 
 13T South Fourth St., Philadelphia. 
 
 Goodrich's Pictorial History of the United 
 
 States. A Pictorial History of the United States, with 
 notices of other portions of America. By S. G. Goodrich, 
 author of "Peter Parley's Tales." For the use of Schools. 
 Revised and improved edition, brought down to the present 
 time (1860). Re-written and newly illustrated. 1 vol. 
 12mo., embossed backs. Upwards of 450 pages. Price $1.13 
 
 Goodrich's American Child's Pictorial His- 
 tory of the United States. An introduction to the author's 
 "Pictorial History of the United States." Will be published 
 in July, 1860. 
 
 Goodrich's Pictorial History of England. 
 
 A Pictorial History of England. By S. G. Goodrich, author 
 of " Pictorial History of the United States," etc. Price $0.94 
 
 Published by E. H. BUTLER & CO., Philadelphia. 
 
CATALOGUE OF STANDARD BOOKS. 
 
 Goodrich's Pictorial History of Eome. A 
 
 Pictorial History of Ancient Rome, with sketches of the 
 History of Modern Italy. By S. G. Goodrich, author of 
 "Pictorial History of the United States." For the use of 
 Schools. Revised and improved edition. . Price $0.94 
 
 Goodrich's Pictorial History of Greece. A 
 
 Pictorial History of Greece ; Ancient and Modern. By S. G. 
 Goodrich, author of "Pictorial History of the United States." 
 For the use of Schools. Revised edition. . Price $0.94 
 
 Goodrich's Pictorial History of Fiance. A 
 
 Pictorial History of France. For the use of Schools. By 
 S. G. Goodrich, author of "Pictorial History of the United 
 States." Revised and improved edition, brought down to 
 the present time. Price $0.94 
 
 Goodrich's Parley's Common School His- 
 tory of the World. A Pictorial History of the World ; 
 Ancient and Modern. For the use of Schools. By S. G. 
 Goodrich, author of "Pictorial History of the United 
 States," etc. Illustrated by engravings. . Price $1.13 
 
 Goodrich's First History. The First His- 
 
 tory. An Introduction to Parley's Common School History. 
 Designed for beginners at Home and School. Illustrated by 
 Maps and Engravings. By S. G. Goodrich, author of the 
 Pictorial Series of Histories, etc Price $0.38 
 
 Published by E. H. BUTLER & CO., Philadelphia. 
 
CATALOGUE OF STANDARD BOOKS. 
 
 Hows' Ladies' Beader. The Ladies' Eeader. 
 
 Designed for the use of Ladies' Schools and Family Reading 
 Circles ; comprising choice selections from standard authors, 
 in Prose and Poetry, with the essential Rules of Elocution, 
 simplified and arranged for strictly practical use. By John 
 W. S. Hows, Professor of Elocution. . . Price $1.13 
 
 Coppee's Elements of Logic. Elements of 
 
 Logic. Designed as a Manual of Instruction. By Henry 
 Coppee, A. M., Professor of English Literature in the Univer- 
 sity of Pennsylvania ; and late Principal Assistant Professor 
 of Ethics and English Studies in the United States Military 
 Academy at West Point Price $0.75 
 
 Coppee's Elements of Khetoric. Elements 
 
 of Rhetoric. Designed as a Manual of Instruction. By 
 Henry Coppee, A.M., author of "Elements of Logic," etc. 
 New edition, revised. ..... Price $1.00 
 
 Tenney's Geology. Geology; for Teachers, 
 
 Classes, and Private Students. By Sanborn Tenney, A.M., 
 Lecturer on Physical Geography and Natural History in the 
 Massachusetts Teachers' Institutes. Illustrated with Two 
 Hundred Wood Engravings. . - Price $1.13 
 
 Stockhardt's Chemistry. The Principles 
 
 of Chemistry, illustrated by Simple Experiments. By Dr. 
 Julius Adolph Stockhardt, Professor in the Royal Academj 
 of Agriculture at Tharand, and Royal Inspector of Medicine 
 in Saxony. Translated by C. H. Peirce, M. D. Fifteenth 
 Thousand Price $1.96 
 
 Published by E. H. BUTLER & CO., Philadelphia. 
 
CATALOGUE OF STANDARD BOOKS. 
 
 KeicPs Essays on the Intellectual Powers of 
 
 Man. Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man. By Thomas 
 Reid, D. D., F.R.S.E. Abridged, with notes and illustrations 
 from Sir William Hamilton and others. Edited by James 
 Walker, D. D., President of Harvard College. Price $1.31 
 
 Stewart's Philosophy of the Active and 
 
 Moral Powers of Man. The Philosophy of the Active and 
 Moral Powers of Man. By Dugald Stewart, F.R.SS. Lond. 
 and Ed. Revised, with omissions and additions, by James 
 Walker, D. D., President of Harvard College. Price $1.31 
 
 Mitchell's First Lessons in Geography. 
 
 First Lessons in Geography ; for young children. Designed 
 as an Introduction to the author's Primary Geography. By S. 
 Augustus Mitchell, author of a Series of Geographical Works. 
 Illustrated with maps and numerous engravings. Price $0.38 
 
 Mitchell's Primary Geography. An Easy 
 
 Introduction to the study of Geography. Designed for the 
 instruction of children in Schools and Families. Illustrated 
 by nearly one hundred engravings and sixteen colored maps. 
 By S. Augustus Mitchell Price $0.42 
 
 Mitchell's New Intermediate Geography. 
 
 An entirely new work. The maps are all engraved on cop- 
 per, in the best manner, and brought down to the present 
 date. It is profusely illustrated with beautiful engravings, 
 and is the most complete quarto Geography ever issued in 
 the world . Price &1.12J 
 
 Published by E. H. BUTLER & CO,, Philadelphia. 
 
CATALOGUE OF STANDARD BOOKS. 
 
 Mitchell's School Geography and Atlas. 
 
 New Revised Edition. A System of Modern Geography, 
 comprising a description of the present state of the World, 
 and its five great divisions, America, Europe, Asia, Africa, 
 and Oceanica, with their several Empires, Kingdoms, States, 
 Territories, etc. Embellished by numerous engravings. 
 Adapted to the capacity of youth. Accompanied by an Atlas 
 containing thirty-two maps, drawn and engraved expressly 
 for this work. By S. Augustus Mitchell. . Price $1.20 
 
 Mitchell's Ancient Geography and Atlas. 
 
 First Edition. Designed for Academies, Schools, and Fami- 
 lies. A System of Classical and Sacred Geography, embel- 
 lished with engravings of remarkable events, views of ancient 
 cities, and various interesting antique remains. Together 
 with an Ancient Atlas, containing maps illustrating the work. 
 By S. Augustus Mitchell. ... Price $1.25 
 
 Mitchell's New Ancient Geography. An 
 
 entirely new work, elegantly illustrated. . Price $1.13 
 
 Mitchell's Intermediate Geography. First 
 
 Edition. Intermediate or Secondary Geography. A System 
 of Modern Geography, comprising a description of the pre- 
 sent state of the World, and its great divisions, illustrated 
 by more than forty colored maps, and numerous wood-cut 
 engravings. By S. Augustus Mitchell. . Price $0.84 
 
 Published by E. E. BUTLER & CO., Philadelphia. 
 
CATALOGUE OF STANDARD BOOKS. 
 
 Mitchell's Geographical Question Book, 
 
 comprising Geographical Definitions, and containing ques- 
 tions on all the maps of Mitchell's School Atlas ; to which is 
 added an Appendix, embracing valuable Tables in Mathe- 
 matical and Physical Geography. . . Price $0.25 
 
 Mitchell's Biblical Geography. Sabbath 
 
 School Geography, designed for instruction in Sabbath 
 School and Bible Classes, illustrated with colored maps and 
 wood-cut engravings. By S. Augustus Mitchell. Price $0.75 
 
 Smith's English Grammar. English Gram- 
 mar on the Productive System : a method of instruction re- 
 cently adopted in Germany and Switzerland. Designed for 
 Schools and Academies. By Roswell C. Smith. Price $0.25 
 
 Comstock's Elocution. A System of Elo- 
 cution, with special reference to Gesture, to the treatment 
 of Stammering and Defective Articulation ; comprising 
 numerous diagrams and engraved figures illustrative of the 
 subject. By Andrew Comstock, M. D., Principal of the 
 Vocal and Polyglott Gymnasium. Twentieth edition, en- 
 larged Price $1.00 
 
 Flanders's Constitution of the United 
 
 States. An Exposition of the Constitution of the United 
 States. Designed as a Manual of Instruction. By Henry 
 Flanders, author of " The Lives and Times of the Chief 
 Justices," etc Price $0.84 
 
 Published by E. H. BUTLER & CO., Philadelphia. 
 
CATALOGUE OF STANDARD BOOKS. 
 
 Hart's Constitution of the United States. 
 
 A Brief Exposition of the Constitution of the United States, 
 for the use of Common Schools. By John S. Hart, LL. D., 
 Principal of the Philadelphia High School, and Professor of 
 Moral, Mental, and Political Science in the same. Price $0.30 
 
 Hart's English Grammar. English Gram- 
 mar, or An Exposition of the Principles and Usages of the 
 English Language. By John S. Hart, A. M., Principal of 
 the Philadelphia High School, and Member of the American 
 Philosophical Society. .... Price $0.34 
 
 Hart's Class Book of Poetry. Class Book 
 
 of Poetry, consisting of Selections from Distinguished 
 English and American Poets, from Chaucer to the present 
 day. The whole arranged in chronological order, with Bio- 
 graphical and Critical Remarks. By John S. Hart, LL. D., 
 Principal of the Philadelphia High School. . Price $0.84 
 
 Hart's Class Book of Prose. Class Book 
 
 of Prose, consisting of Selections from Distinguished English 
 and American Authors, from Chaucer to the present day. 
 The whole arranged in Chronological order, with Bio- 
 graphical and Critical Remarks. By John S. Hart, LL. D., 
 Principal of the Philadelphia High School. . Price $0.84 
 
 Coleman's Historical Geography of the 
 
 Bible. An Historical Geography of t*he Bible. By Rey. 
 Lyman Coleman. Illustrated by maps, from the latest and 
 most authentic sources, of various countries mentioned in the 
 Scriptures. New edition, with additions. . Price $1.25 
 
 Published by E. H. SUTLER & CO., Philadelphia. 
 
8 CATALOGUE OF STANDARD BOOKS. » 
 
 Angell's Reader, No. 1. The Child's First 
 
 Book: containing Easy Lessons in Spelling and Reading. 
 Being the first of a series, complete in six numbers. By 
 Oliver Angell, A.M., Principal of the Franklin High 
 School, Providence. New Edition. . . Price $0.08 
 
 Angell's Reader, No. 2. The Child's Second 
 
 Book: containing Easy Lessons in Spelling and Reading. 
 Being the second of a series, complete in six numbers. By 
 Oliver Angell, A. M., Principal of the Franklin High 
 School, Providence. New Edition. . . Price $0.14 
 
 Angell's Reader, No. 3. The Child's Third 
 
 Book: containing Easy Lessons in Spelling and Reading. 
 Being the third of a series, complete in six numbers. By 
 Oliver Angell, A.M., Principal of the Franklin High 
 School, Providence. New Edition. . . Price $0.17 
 
 Angell's Reader, No. 4. The Child's Fourth 
 
 Book: containing Easy Lessons in Spelling and Reading. 
 Being the fourth of a series, complete in six numbers. By 
 Oliver Angell, A.M., Principal of the Franklin High 
 School, Providence. New Edition. . . Price $0.30 
 
 Angell's Eeader, No. 5. Angell's Fifth 
 
 Reader: containing Lessons in Reading and Spelling. Being 
 the fifth of a series, complete in six numbers. By Oliver 
 Angell, A.M., Principal of the Franklin High School, 
 Providence. New Edition Price $0.50 
 
 Published by E. E. BttTLES & CO., Philadelphia. 
 
CATALOGUE OF STANDARD BOOKS. 9 
 
 Angell's Header, No. 6. The Select Header : 
 
 designed for the higher classes in Academies and Schools. 
 Being the sixth and last of the series. By Oliver 
 Angell, A.M., Principal of the Franklin High School, 
 Providence. New Edition Price $0.75 
 
 Kendall's Uranography. Uranography ; or 
 
 a Description of the Heavens, designed for the use of Schools 
 and Academies ; accompanied by an Atlas of the Heavens, 
 showing the Places of the Principal Stars, Clusters, and 
 Nebulae. By E. Otis Kendall, Professor of Mathematics 
 and Astronomy in the University of Pennsylvania, and Mem- 
 ber of the American Philosophical Society. The Uranogra- 
 phy contains 365 pages, 12mo., with 9 fine engravings. The 
 Atlas is in 4to., and contains 18 large maps. Price $1.5C 
 
 Fleming and Tibbins' Pronouncing French 
 
 and English, and English and French Dictionary, abridged. 
 A New and Complete French and English, and English and 
 French Dictionary, on the basis of the Royal Dictionary, 
 English and French, and French and English. By Professor 
 Fleming, formerly Professor of English in the College Louis 
 le Grand, and Professor Tibbins, Professor, and author of 
 several lexicographical works. With Complete Tables of the 
 Verbs, on an entirely new plan, to which the verbs through- 
 out the work are referred. By P. W. Gengembre, Professor 
 of Foreign Languages in the Girard College. The whole 
 prepared by J. Dobson, Member of the American Philoso- 
 phical Society, of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila- 
 delphia, etc., etc. . . . . . Price $1.13 
 
 Published by E. H. BtlTLEE & CO., PbiladelpMa. 
 
10 CATALOGUE OF STANDARD BOOKS. 
 
 Fleming and Tibbins French and English, 
 
 and English and French Dictionary. 8vo. fine sheep. A 
 New and Complete French and English, and English and 
 French Dictionary, on the basis of the Royal Dictionary, 
 English and French, and French and English. By Professor 
 Fleming, formerly Professor of English in the College of 
 Louis le Grand, and Professor Tibbins, author of several 
 lexicographical works. With Complete Tables of the Verbs, 
 on an entirely new plan, to which the verbs throughout the 
 work are referred. By P. W. Gengembre, Professor of 
 Foreign Languages in Girard College. The whole prepared, 
 with the addition, in their respective places, of a very great 
 number of Terms in the Natural Sciences, Chemistry, Medi- 
 cine, etc., etc., which are not to be found in any other French 
 and English Dictionary, by J. Dobson, Member of the Ame- 
 rican Philosophical Society, of the Academy of Natural 
 Sciences, etc., etc. New edition, revised and corrected. 
 1 vol. 8vo Price $3.00 
 
 Nugent' s French and English Dictionary. 
 
 A New Pocket Dictionary of the French and English Languages, 
 in two parts: 1. French and English ; 2. English and French. 
 Containing all the words in general use, and authorized by 
 the best writers. By Thomas Nugent, LL. D. Price $0.62 
 
 Porney's Syllabaire Francais, or French 
 
 Spelling Book. Revised, corrected, and improved, with the ad- 
 dition of the most necessary verbs, adjectives, and idiomatical 
 phrases alphabetically arranged. By J. Meier, late Professor 
 of French and German in Yale University. . Price $0.34 
 
 Published by E. H. BUTLER & CO., Philadelphia. 
 
CATALOGUE OF STANDARD BOOKS. 11 
 
 Geographie Elementaire a riTsage des 
 
 Ecoles et des Families. IllustrSe par 15 cartes et 30 Grav- 
 ures. Par Peter Parley Price $0.60 
 
 Histoire des Etats Urns d'Amerique, avec 
 
 Notices des autres parties du Nouveau Monde. Par Samuel 
 G. Goodrich Price $0.94 
 
 Petite Histoire Universelle a l'TTsage des 
 
 Ecoles et des Families. Par S. G. Goodrich. Price $0.94 
 
 Philosophie Proverbiale. Par Martin F. 
 
 Tupper, Docteur en Droit, et Membre de la Socidte Royale. 
 Traduite en Francais d'apres la Dixieme Edition, par 
 George Metivier. Revu et corrige par F. A. Bregy, Pro- 
 fesseur de Francais a la Haute Ecole Centrale de Phila- 
 delphie Price $0.75 
 
 Donnegan's Greek and English Lexicon. 
 
 A New Greek and English Lexicon, on the plan of the Greek 
 and German Lexicon of Schneider ; the words alphabetically 
 arranged — distinguishing such as are poetical, of dialectic 
 variety, or peculiar to certain writers and classes of writers ; 
 with Examples, literally translated, selected from the classical 
 writers. By James Donnegan, M. D., of London. Revised 
 and enlarged by Robert B. Patton, Professor of Ancient 
 Languages in the College of New Jersey ; with the assistance 
 of J. Addison Alexander, D. D., of the Theological Seminary 
 at Princeton. 1 vol. 8vo. 1400 pp. . . Price $3.00 
 
 Published by E. H. BUTLER & CO., Philadelphia. 
 
12 CATALOGUE OF STANDARD BOOKS. 
 
 Becker's Book-Keeping. A Treatise on 
 
 the Theory and Practice of Book-keeping by Double Entry. 
 Designed to elucidate the Principles of the Science, and 
 impart a knowledge of the forms observed by Practical 
 Accountants, in the various departments of business. By 
 George J. Becker, Professor of Drawing, Writing, and 
 Book-keeping in the Girard College. . . Price $1.00 
 
 Becker's Book-Keeping. Blanks. Second 
 
 Series . Price $0.94 
 
 Third Series 0.75 
 
 Fourth Series 1.00 
 
 Becker's System of Book-Keeping. A 
 
 Complete and Practical System of Double Entry Book-keep- 
 ing, containing three sets of Books, illustrative of the forms, 
 arrangements, and uses of all the principal and auxiliary 
 books employed in the various kinds of mercantile, mecha- 
 nical, and professional pursuits, designed as a Key to Becker's 
 Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Book-keeping, and as 
 a Guide for Teachers and Accountants ; to which is added a 
 complete set of Practical Business Forms, including the most 
 important in use by Forwarding and Commission Houses, a 
 number of miscellaneous forms adapted to various kinds of 
 business, Abbreviated Journal Forms, Executors' and Admi- 
 nistrators' Accounts, &c. By George J. Becker. Price $1.50 
 
 Booth's Phonographic Instructor. Being 
 
 an Introduction to the Compounding Style of Phonography. 
 By James C. Booth. A new edition. . . Price $0.37 
 
 Publish^ by E. H. BtTTLEB to CO., Philadelphia. 
 
CATALOGUE OP STANDARD BOOKS. 13 
 
 Green's Gradations in Algebra. Grada- 
 tions in Algebra, in which the first Principles of Analysis are 
 inductively explained, illustrated by copious exercises, and 
 made suitable for Primary Schools. By Richard W. 
 Green, A.M., author of "Arithmetical Guide," "Little 
 Reckoner," etc Price $0.62 
 
 The Scholar's Companion. Containing 
 
 Exercises in Orthography, Derivation, and Classification of 
 English Words. Revised Edition, with an Introduction and 
 Copious Index. By Rufus W. Bailey. . Price $0.60 
 
 Walker's Pronouncing Dictionary. A Cri- 
 tical Pronouncing Dictionary and Expositor of the English 
 Language. To which is annexed a Key to the Classical Pro- 
 nunciation of Greek, Latin, and Scripture Proper Names, &c. 
 By John Walker Price $1.12 J 
 
 Mann & Chase's Primary Arithmetic, Part 
 
 1. The Primary School Arithmetic ; designed for Beginners. 
 Containing copious Mental Exercises, together with a large 
 number of Examples for the Slate. By Horace Mann, LL.D., 
 and Pliny E. Chase, A.M., authors of "Arithmetic Practi- 
 cally Applied." Price $0.25 
 
 Mann & Chase's Arithmetic, Part 2. The 
 
 Grammar School Arithmetic ; containing much valuable 
 Commercial Information, together with a system of Integral, 
 Decimal, and Practical Arithmetic, so arranged as to dispense 
 with many of the ordinary rules. By Horace Mann and Pliny 
 E. Chase, authors of " Primary Arithmetic." Price $0.62 J 
 
 Published by E. H. BUTLER & CO., Philadelphia. 
 
14 CATALOGUE OF STANDARD BOOKS. 
 
 « 
 
 Mann & Chase's Arithmetic, Part 3. 
 
 Arithmetic Practically Applied, for Advanced Pupils, and for 
 Private Reference, designed as a Sequel to any of the ordi • 
 nary Text-Books on the subject. By Horace Mann, LL.D., 
 the First Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, 
 and Pliny E. Chase, A.M. . . . . Price $1.00 
 
 Historia Sacra, Epitome Historic Sacrse ; 
 
 with a Dictionary containing all the Words found in the 
 Work Price $0.38 
 
 Viri Bomae. Viri Illustres Urbis Romae ; 
 
 to which is added a Dictionary of all the Words which occur 
 in the Book. ...... Price $0.40 
 
 Coates's School Physiology. First Lines 
 
 of Physiology ; "being an Introduction to the Science of Life, 
 written in popular language, designed for the use of Common 
 Schools, Academies, and General Readers. By Reynell 
 Coates, M.D., author of " First Lines of Natural Philosophy." 
 Sixth edition, revised, with an Appendix. . Price $1.00 
 
 Parke's Arithmetic. Parke's Farmers' and 
 
 Mechanics' Practical Arithmetic. Revised and improved 
 edition. By Uriah Parke. . . . Price $0.34 
 
 Parke's Key to Parke's Farmers', Mer- 
 chants', and Mechanics' Practical Arithmetic. Price $0.45 
 
 Published by E. H. BUTLER & CO., Philadelphia. 
 
CATALOGUE OF STANDARD BOOKS. 15 
 
 Hurd's Grammatical Corrector. A Gram- 
 matical Corrector, or Vocabulary of the Common Errors of 
 Speech : being a collection of nearly two thousand bar- 
 barisms, cant phrases, colloquialisms, quaint expressions, 
 provincialisms, false pronunciations, perversions, misappli- 
 cation of terms, and other kindred errors of the English 
 Language, peculiar to the different States of the Union. 
 The whole explained, corrected, and conveniently arranged, 
 for the use of Schools and Private Individuals. By Seth T. 
 Hurd Price $0.34 
 
 Young's Algebra. An Elementary Treatise 
 
 on Algebra, Theoretical and Practical; with attempts to 
 simplify some of the more difficult parts of the Science, 
 particularly the Demonstration of the Binomial Theorem in 
 its most general form ; the Summation of Infinite Series ; the 
 Solution of Equations of the Higher Order, &c, for the use 
 of Students. By J. R. Young, Professor of Mathematics in 
 the Royal College, Belfast Price $1.25 
 
 Young's Geometry. Elements of Geome- 
 try, with Notes. By J. R. Young, author of " An Elementary 
 Treatise on Algebra." Revised and corrected, with Additions, 
 by M. Floy, Jr., A.B Price $1.25 
 
 Young's Analytical Geometry. The Ele- 
 ments of Analytical Geometry ; comprehending the Doctrine 
 of Conic Sections, and the General Theory of Curves and 
 Surfaces of the second order, intended for the use of Mathe- 
 matical Students in Schools and Universities. By J. R. Young. 
 Revised and corrected by John D. Williams. Price $1.25 
 
 Published by E. H. BUTLER & CO., Philadelphia. 
 
16 CATALOGUE OF STANDARD BOOKS. 
 
 Young s Plane and Spherical Trigonometry. 
 
 Elements of Plane and Spherical Trigonometry, with its 
 application to the Principles of Navigation and Nautical 
 Astronomy ; with the Logarithmic and Trigonometrical 
 Tables. By J. R. Young. To which are added some Origi- 
 nal Researches in Spherical Geometry, by T. S. Davies, 
 F.R.S.E., F.R.A.S., &c. Revised and corrected by John D. 
 Williams Price $1.25 
 
 Youngs Mechanics. The Elements of 
 
 Mechanics ; comprehending Statics and Dynamics, with a 
 Copious Collection of Mechanical Problems, intended for the 
 use of Mathematical Students in Schools and Universities. 
 With Numerous Plates. By J. R. Young. Revised and cor- 
 rected by John D. Williams. . . . Price $1.25 
 
 Rand's Copy-Books. 
 
 By an arrangement with Mr. B. H. Rand, we shall hereafter 
 publish his Series of Copy-books and Penmanship. The 
 following is a list of the same, with the prices. 
 
 Rand's Copy-Books. Nos. 1 to 8, per dozen, . . . $1.50 
 
 Rand's Appendix to Copy-Books. Nos. 1 to 5, per dozen, 1.50 
 
 Rand's American Penman, each, 2.25 
 
 Rand's Penmanship, per dozen, 6.00 
 
 Rand's Penmanship Abridged, per dozen, . . . 3.00 
 
 Rand's Practical Small Hand Copies, per dozen, . . 3.00 
 
 m 
 Rand's Piece Book, per dozen, 3.00 
 
 Rand's Ornamental Copies, per dozen, .... 3.00 
 
 Rand's Small Alphabetical Copies (Xylograph), per dozen, 3.00 
 
 Rand's Small Alphabetical Copies (Steel Plates), per dozen, 3.00 
 
 Published by E. H. BUTLEB & CO., Philadelphia. 
 
-:: \£ 
 
RETURN EDUCATION-PSYCHOLOGY LIBRARY 
 
 TO— »> 2600 Tolman Hall 
 LOAN PERIOD I lv 
 
 ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS 
 
 2- hour books must be renewed in person 
 
 Return to desk from which borrowed 
 
 DUE AS STAMPED BELOW 
 
 APR 11 1983 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Apr 2 4 20 
 
 » 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY 
 FORM NO. DD 10, 10m, 11/78 BERKELEY, CA 94720 
 
rb j i ibO 
 
 
' fis^^B^ ^ ssSms^^ijJ i S^V^ 
 
 PASDAR]) BOOfflfc 
 
 ;'XG£J2H LEXICON 
 
 I 
 
 WALJvi 
 
 J I U iA]. fc R L iN C J i A jN i). 
 abriiigHcl. Duodecimo 
 
 i S r GL13li MOTTOS lP 
 >£*", witii an Atl>.« of IS j»- 
 
 ■ : V- a '.< . 
 
 T