BJ 
 
 UC-NRLF 
 
 SB Eb3 751 
 
 \\ V-M UVI 
 
 Im-.m 
 
University of California. 
 
 GIFT OP' 
 
PRESENTED BY 
 
 MRS. ELISABETH THOMPSON, 
 
 OF NEW YORK. 
 
PHELPS' ELEMENTARY READER 
 
 FOR PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 
 
 For seldom yet did living creature see 
 That Curtesie and manhood ever disagree. 
 
 Spencer's Faerie Queene. 
 
 Manners are what vex, or soothe, corrupt or purify, exalt or debase, barbarize or re- 
 fine us, by a constant, steady, uniform, insensible operation like that of the air we 
 breathe in. 
 
 Burke. 
 
 Extreme youth gives hope to a country; coupled with ceremonious manners, hope 
 soon assumes the form of confidence. 
 
 Beaconsfield. 
 
 And if ye salute your brethren only, what do ye more than others. 
 
 St. Matthew. 
 
 \_Sixih Edition.'] 
 
 BRATTLEBORO', VERMONT, 
 CHENEY & CLAPP. 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA, 
 I. N. CHOYNSKI, 
 
 Agent for the Pacific Coast. 
 1881. 
 
COPYRIGHT, 
 CHENEY & CLAPP. 
 
 1876. 
 
PREFACE. ;yERSITY 
 
 The following treatise on Good Behavior has been 
 compiled from the best sources, and is drawn up under 
 a provision of the early educational laws of several New 
 England States. It is designed simply as a READER for 
 the reading classes of Public Schools, and for no other 
 purpose ; though at times the TEACETER may find it neces- 
 sary to call the attention of the pupil to some particular 
 passage, or precept, and require him to read it aloud for 
 his especial observance. The rules of Good Behavior are 
 social laws ; and whoever would be just and true must 
 first prescribe laws for himself before he undertakes to 
 impose them upon others. We read that Lycurgus the 
 lawgiver forbade his subjects to have any written laws, 
 because he thought it more conducive to the virtue and 
 happiness of a state that governing principles should be- 
 come interwoven with the manners and breeding of the 
 people. The habits which education created in the youth 
 of the country, he thought, would have the controlling 
 effect of law. The principles that are instilled in the 
 process of acquiring the art of reading, are the most likely 
 to produce an abiding influence upon the character of men. 
 
 It was said by Franklin, that with all branches of prima- 
 ry education there should be constantly cultivated that be- 
 nignity of mind which shows itself in searching for and 
 seizing every opportunity to serve and to oblige. It is the 
 foundation of good breeding ; highly useful to the posses- 
 sor, and most agreeable to all. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 I. GENERAL PRECEPTS. 
 
 II. DRESS. 
 
 III. CARRIAGE AND BEARING. 
 
 IV. CONVERSATION. 
 V. AT THE TABLE. 
 
 VI. RIDING AND DRIVING THE PROMENADE. 
 
 VII. AT SCHOOL. .... 
 
 VIII. WASHINGTON'S RULES OF BEHAVIOR. 
 
 IX. THE RESOLUTIONS OF EDWARDS. 
 
 X. JEFFERSON'S TEN RULES. . . 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 Hints for the building of School Houses. 
 
 NOTE TO THE TEACHER. 
 
 It is designed that the instruction to be derived from this book on the all 
 important subject of good behavior, or self-discipline, shall be conreyed 
 through its use as a READER, the practical application of the rules and pre- 
 cepts being left chiefly to the reflection of the pupil; and for this purpose it 
 is to be read through at least once, during each term of the public school 
 course of education. 
 
GOOD BEHAVIOR. 
 
 ARTICLE I. 
 
 GENERAL PRECEPTS. 
 
 1 . Man in society requires laws for the control of his 
 actions. But there are many things upon which our hap- 
 piness depends which are of so delicate a nature that the 
 mere laws of the land cannot reach them. To supply 
 this deficiency, well ascertained rules and principles of 
 social intercourse become necessary ; and these rules 
 and principles, which must be determined by good sense 
 and experience, are to govern us in that course of conduct 
 which is variously termed urbanity, civility, politeness, 
 good manners, good breeding, good behavior, etc. 
 
 2. By these principles we are required to govern our 
 natural impulses ; restraining those which might prove of- 
 fensive, and directing others so as to render them the 
 most agreeable. Whatever natural peculiarities of char- 
 acter a person may possess, and however charming some 
 of them raay appear in all their untrained exuberance, 
 yet, it must be remembered that, they would lose nothing 
 of their value, but, on the contrary, would be heightened 
 in effect bv being exhibited in accordance with the rules 
 
6 GOOD BEHAVIOR. 
 
 of good breeding. And no one should indulge the fancy 
 that he is possessed of an originality of genius which 
 places him above the observance of these rules ; for it is 
 remarked that true genius is generally accompanied by 
 benevolence of disposition ; and politeness, as we have 
 elsewhere stated, is benevolence in little things. But 
 of little things life is made up ; and, as their sum total 
 may be productive of either much pain or pleasure, as 
 pleasure is the end that we all in common seek, and as 
 rational pleasure is a just pursuit, we cannot be too atten- 
 tive to the little elements on which it depends. 
 
 3. Let us reflect for a moment what our feelings are 
 on witnessing an enemy tying in death. All our animos- 
 ities are at once forgotten ; na} 7 , we reproach ourselves, 
 perhaps, for the many annoyances which had embittered 
 his life, and which we might have easily spared him. We 
 look upon his past career as that of a frail human be- 
 ing like ourselves, blind and erring amidst the obstacles 
 and difficulties which an inscrutable Providence, alike 
 stern and good to us all, had thrown in his way : we look 
 only upon the hardships and adverse fortune which he had 
 to encounter, and regard him as one who had ever been 
 more deserving of our sympathy and support than of our 
 opposition and dislike. This solemn lesson from the 
 grave should throw its influence around us wherever we 
 go, whether into the peaceful shades of retirement, or 
 amidst the conflict and jostle of the busy scenes of life. 
 It would soften the asperities that serve to irritate and vex, 
 it would strew flowers in the place of thorns, hallow our 
 lives, dignify our character, and lend new charms and 
 amenities even to the beauteous face of Nature herself. 
 Human felicity depends not so much upon the laws enact- 
 
GENERAL PRECEPTS. 7 
 
 ed by legislatures as upon the little attentions that may be 
 paid to each other, day by day, by individual citizens. 
 
 4. The sea too, as well as the grave, is not without 
 those solemn lessons that may calm our spirits and chasten 
 our manners. While out upon its stormy waters, how fool- 
 ish then appear the passions that rage, perhaps, in some 
 small village upon the land ! 
 
 5. Or even when languishing upon the bed of sickness 
 how frivolous seem the thousand conflicts that embitter 
 life ! And how beautiful then does health, freed from its 
 turbulent passions, divested of needless strifes, seem to 
 lie like a promised land in the distance, in all the inviting 
 loveliness of harmony and peace ! And how ardently do 
 we promise ourselves, if it be restored to us, to correct our 
 errors, pluck out useless thorns, and in their place seek to 
 cherish the friendly offices of kindness and regard ! 
 
 6. Such lessons as these, from Nature in her most se- 
 rious aspects, should be heeded while we are yet in the 
 robust state of health and youth. They are voices that, 
 like the creative spirit, move over, the wild chaos of im- 
 pulse in the 3 T outhful breast, and may attune the manners 
 not only to the proprieties of the social world, but to the 
 harmonies of the universe. 
 
 7. And first, it may be laid down as a maxim, that 
 the only basis of good manners is a pure morality. It is 
 true that the manners of a bad man may be polished and 
 easy, but they can never be truty refined. One should live 
 with men as if seen by God, and commune with God as if 
 heard b}~ men. He who lives otherwise will ultimately dis- 
 close an irregular character. 
 
 8. There is nothing which costs less, and at the same 
 time is so valuable as good manners. They serve to guard 
 
8 GOOD BEHAVIOR. 
 
 us against surprises in the multifarious intercourse of life, 
 which might impair the integrity of our moral character. 
 
 9. However rude others may be, we ourselves must 
 always be civil and polite. The rules of good breeding 
 are often the defence of those who infringe them the most. 
 
 10. In our intercourse with the world we should en- 
 deavor to 'be always cheerful, and at times may be gay, 
 but never moody, churlish, nor ill-natured. What can not 
 be said in good nature had better not be said at all. 
 Though nicknames expressive of kindness and endearment 
 may at times be permitted, as for instance in families 
 and among very intimate friends, } r et in general they are 
 too vulgar to be used b}^ genteel persons. Give every one 
 his due name and title. 
 
 11. Some young men have the idea that a practical 
 familiarity with evil is necessary in order to complete their 
 knowledge of the world ; but if man fell by a knowledge 
 of evil, it is evident that the more familiar with it he is, the 
 more he will fall. " Evil communications corrupt good 
 manners. " Be discriminate in favor of good acts. It was 
 well to sacrifice doves in the temple, but it was wrong to 
 sell and traffic in sacrifices there. 
 
 12. It was the opinion of Isaac Walton that a true 
 gentleman should be learned and humble, valiant and in- 
 offensive, and virtuous and communicable. 
 
 13. To laugh in a loud tone is exceedingly offensive 
 to cultivated persons, as is also stamping with the feet, 
 or making a loud noise while walking over floors. And', 
 indeed, anything in one's bearing which is bustling, or 
 designed to attract attention, is generally inconsistent 
 with politeness. . As far as possible all occasion for the 
 remark or observation of others must be carefully avoided. 
 
GENERAL PRECEPTS. ^ 9 
 
 The polite person is quiet, simple in bis manners, and un- 
 obtrusive, and ma}' always be recognized by these traits.,,. 
 
 14. By shunning affectation we shall spare ourselves 
 and others a great deal of unpleasantness. It is a viola- 
 tion done to Nature, which offends every one, and is a 
 species of untruth. 
 
 15. Stud} 7 to frame your expressions in terms of kind- 
 ness and respect ; for a careless word may inflict cruel 
 and unmerited pain. Avoid as far as practicable ex- 
 pressing } r our opinions upon wrong actions, for while you 
 are hardly capable of judging of the whole ground, you 
 know not whom you may thus offend. To speak in sharp 
 tones of censure in ordinary conversation becomes no 
 one ; and it is better to leave our sentiments to be in- 
 ferred and justified by our usual mode of life. We may 
 know the tree by its fruits ; and need not eat of such as we 
 do not like. Leave judgment to Him who knows all 
 hearts. 
 
 16 Passing between persons . who are engaged in con- 
 versation with each other, or between persons and the 
 fire, or unpleasantly near to them, should be avoided. If 
 it were to become necessary, one should sa}~ " With 
 your permission, Sir, or Madame," " Excuse me, Sir," 
 at the same time making the person addressed a respect- 
 ful obeisance. 
 
 17. As raiment is necessary to decency, so charity 
 should cover many of the frailties of humanity. Delicacy 
 of sentiment, as well as respect for humanity, requires us 
 to abstain from unnecessarily exposing the faults of our 
 neighbors. Of all persons there is no one so truly ridicu- 
 lous and pitiable as he who ridicules others. It brought a 
 curse upon Ham. It is often the evidence of great self- 
 
10 GOOD BEHAVIOR. 
 
 conceit and over-weening vanity, or of some more latent 
 and worse defect of character still. They who sought to 
 compass the death of Socrates, began by ridiculing his 
 natural defects of person on the stage ; and they who 
 derisively wagged their heads at a crucified Saviour, were 
 triumphing in their own disgrace. 
 
 18. It is easier for wit to be malicious than magnani- 
 mous. Which would .you prefer to be considered, gener- 
 ous or witty, just or brilliant ? 
 
 19. To rally or joke one upon any subject must be very 
 delicately done to be permissible : and least of all should 
 one make rude allusions to a person's courtship or marriage. 
 
 20. Pretentions that go beyond the bounds of modesty, 
 and great ambition in [little matters, such as a display in 
 dress, manners, and etiquette, though they may excite the 
 admiration of the ignorant, are, with the well bred, only 
 subjects for pity. 
 
 21. In doing your friend a favor, or making him a 
 present, strive to render it agreeable and acceptable to 
 him, and be particularly careful not to lay him under any 
 obligation, and never allude to it afterwards. No one 
 will thank you for imposing upon him a restraint. Stud} 7 
 liberality in your gifts ; they benefit the giver rather than 
 the receiver. To render the practice of liberality easy 
 and graceful, children should be taught to share their 
 things with others from their earliest da} T s. 
 
 22. Never complain of the wrongs or injuries that you 
 may have received ; for the world is prone to impute one's 
 complaints to some defect in himself rather than to the 
 injustice of others. Eeligion teaches to forget injuries. 
 Acts of ingratitude are much oftener suspected than 
 committed. 
 
GENERAL PRECEPTS. 11 
 
 23. The well bred man is always careful never to make 
 direct inquiries of any person concerning his absent friends, 
 lest he might intrude upon some unknown grief. While 
 receivng visits he never exhibits any signs of uneasiness or 
 inconvenience from the presence of his visitors, however 
 much he might wish them absent, and he never shuts the 
 door after them violently, on their taking leave. 
 
 24. One will seldom err by maintaining a firm faith in 
 the dignity of human nature, and in lending a slow 
 credence to whatever is monstrously disgraceful to it. 
 Charity thinketh no evil. A proper avoidance of evil 
 suspicions will save the spirit from much unhealthfulness, 
 as well as the features from certain lines that tend to mar 
 their beauty. 
 
 25. It is a mark of true gentility to treat the lowly 
 with kindness and affability. A sneer as little becomes 
 the countenance as irony does the speech ; the less they 
 are indulged in the better. A coarse, ill bred person will 
 often be rude and insolent to inferiors. 
 
 26. Never treat any one with contempt. 
 
 27. Malice and envy will always be felt by the weak ; 
 but good manners are a training that will aid us to sup- 
 press their exhibition, and even by degrees to overcome 
 their prevalence in society. 
 
 28. Coughing, sneezing, clearing the throat, etc., if 
 done at all, must be done quietly. Sniffing, snuffling, ex- 
 pectorating, must never be performed in society under any 
 consideration. 
 
 29. In all our relations with our fellow men, whether 
 public or private, anything approaching to coarseness, 
 undue familiarity, or levity of conduct, is prolific of evil. 
 As the vestal virgins of Rome were entrusted with the 
 
12 GOOD BEHAVIOR. 
 
 care of that sacred fire which was never to burn low, and 
 never to be allowed to go out, so are our wives, mothers, 
 and daughters, charged with the no less sacred worship of 
 decorum. No amount of wealth, no amount of gener- 
 osity, no amount of good management, can make a house- 
 hold respected where decorum and good breeding are 
 wanting. The tone of vulgarity infects alike the nur- 
 sery, the kitchen and the drawing room, and is carried 
 with us like a contagion wherever we go. A woman ex- 
 ercises so much influence in her home, that the power of 
 banishing an evil element rests chiefly with the wife, 
 the mother, or the daughter of the family. If they are 
 uniform!} 7 refined and modest in word and act ; if they re- 
 prove every approach to lightness of conduct or indelicacy 
 of speech ; if the}' deprecate all possible inroads upon the 
 mutual respect which it is so essential to maintain between 
 the members of a famity, they will assuredly have their 
 reward in the peace, order, and happiness of their home. 
 
 30. If a person of greater age or higher position than 
 your own desires you to step first into a carnage, or 
 through a doorwa} T , it is more polite to bow and obey than 
 to decline. Compliance with, and deference to, the wishes 
 of others, if not carried to the extent of impairing moral 
 integrity, is the finest breeding. 
 
 31. On entering a morning exhibition, or public room, 
 especially where ladies are present, it is good breeding to 
 lift the hat and give the assembl} 7 a bow, by way of a 
 general salute to the compan} 7 . The Frenchman often 
 does this on entering the railway car. It is not pleasant 
 to be gazed at when entering an assembly. 
 
 32. Be careful never to make long calls or visits ; and 
 avoid examining or handling the things, either upon the 
 
GENERAL PRECEPTS. 13 
 
 table or elsewhere, in your friend's house, unless invited 
 so to do. Never touch objects of art with the fingers, 
 cane, nor umbrella, nor even point at them. 
 
 33. A wide latitude must be allowed in Republics for 
 difference of opinion, but every one is responsible that his 
 own opinion shall conform to the truth, as nearly as possi- 
 ble. As two persons often mutually step aside in order to 
 avoid an accidental collision, so it is better to divert dis- 
 cussion from that direct opposition of opinion which leads 
 to heated and useless controversy. 
 
 34. Persons of genteel breeding will never indulge in 
 what the ill-bred call jokes, which are often coarse mis- 
 representations of fact, or perhaps positive falsehoods, 
 delightful only to malicious tempers and perverted tastes. 
 This vulgar trait has been noticed from very early times. 
 The Bible speaks of men who scatter fire brands and 
 death in the community, and claim exemption from the ill 
 opinion which their wickedness merits, by saying that they 
 are only in sport, as if their amusement could mitigate the 
 wrong and suffering which they inflict upon others. A 
 passion for equality may lead people to tear each other 
 down ; but a passion for liberty and fraternity should in- 
 cline us to build each other up. 
 
 35. The occasional pleasantry in which the well-bred 
 indulge never conceals nor misrepresents the truth, but 
 merely throws, as it were, a thin gauze over it, heighten- 
 ing the pleasant effect as the veil sometimes does that of 
 beauty, which it shields from too close a gaze. Plain sin- 
 cerity and truth are always the best breeding. 
 
 36. The essence of politeness consists in so conduct- 
 ing ourselves, in word and manner, that others may be 
 pleased both with us and with themselves. 
 
14 GOOD BEHAVIOR. 
 
 37. True politeness has been defined to be benevolence 
 in little things. We are not to be polite merely because 
 we wish to please, but because we wish to consider the 
 feelings and spare the time of others ; because we enter- 
 tain that charity "that thinketh no evil" ; because we are 
 careful of our neighbor's reputation, property, and person- 
 al comfort, as we would be of our own ; because, in a word, 
 we desire to carry into every act of our daily life the spirit 
 and practice of that religion which commands us to "Do 
 unto others as we would they should do unto us". 
 
 38. Good behavior may well be regarded as a minor 
 sort of morality ; it is an outwork for the defence of the 
 laws, good morals, civilization and private rights. 
 
 39. The very best behavior consists chiefly in the ut- 
 most unobtrusiveness. To be well bred and well behaved 
 is to keep self in the background on every occasion ; 
 to control every expression of strong feeling ; to be of 
 noiseless bearing and gentle speech ; to abstain from all 
 that may hurt the feelings or wound the prejudices of oth- 
 ers ; to make small sacrifices without seeming to make 
 them ; in a word, to remember that in society one lives for 
 ethers and not for one's self. Boisterous demonstrations, or 
 things done "just for fun", are seldom, and perhaps never, 
 in good taste. 
 
 40. Nowhere does good behavior exhibit more grati- 
 fying results than in the home circle. Tempered with love 
 and fostered by all the kindly impulses, it improves the 
 character and is productive of the happiest results. A true 
 gentlewoman will show as much courtesy, and observe all 
 the little duties of politeness as unfailingly, toward her 
 parents, husband and famity as toward the greatest stran- 
 gers. A true gentleman will never forget that if he is 
 
GENERAL PRECEPTS. 15 
 
 bound to exercise courtesy and kindness in his intercourse 
 with the world, he is doubly bound to do so with the in- 
 mates of his own household, and especially toward all those 
 who depend upon him for advice, protection and example. 
 He should be as careful of his manners as he is of his dress. 
 
 41. In order to be truly polite and well behaved we 
 must be good, just and generous, and especially to our own 
 household. Good manners begin there. 
 
 42. Etiquette is not politeness, but only the mere out- 
 ward form of it ; too often the mere counterfeit. Polite- 
 ness springs from those inward, spiritual graces, called 
 modesty, unselfishness, generosity. The manners of a 
 gentleman are the index of his soul. His speech is chaste 
 and innocent because his life is pure ; his thoughts are sin- 
 gle and direct because his actions are upright ; and his 
 bearing is gentle because his impulses and his training are 
 gentle also. A true gentleman is entirely free from every 
 kind of pretence. He avoids homage instead of exacting 
 it. Mere ceremonies have no attraction for him. He 
 seeks not so much to say civil things as to do them. His 
 hospitality, though hearty- and sincere, will be strictly reg- 
 ulated by his means. His friends will be chosen for their 
 good qualities and good manners ; his servants for their 
 truthfulness and honesty ; his occupations for their useful- 
 less, or their gracefulness, or their elevating tendencies, 
 whether moral, or mental, or political. 
 
 43. But if truthfulness, gracefulness, considerateness, 
 unselfishness are essential to the breeding of a true gen- 
 tleman, how much more so must they be to the breeding of 
 a true lady ! Her tact should be readier, her instincts fin- 
 er, and her sympathies tenderer than those of the man. 
 She must be even more upon her guard than a man in all 
 
16 GOOD BEHAVIOR. 
 
 those niceties of speech, look and manner, which are the 
 special and indispensable qualities of good breeding. Ev- 
 eiy little drawing-room ceremonial, forethought and atten- 
 tion in anticipating the wants of her guests, and the whole 
 etiquette of hospitality must be familiar to her. And even 
 in these points, artificial though they be, her best guide, 
 after all, is that practised kindness of heart which gives 
 honor where honor is due, and which is ever anxious to 
 study the convenience and pleasure of others. 
 
 44. Every mistress of a home must take especial care 
 that her servants are capable, well trained, and reliable, 
 and that her domestic arrangements are carried on as 
 noiselessly and easily as if by machinery. In a well or- 
 dered household the machinery is alwa} 7 s in order, and al- 
 ways works out of sight. No well-bred woman will ever 
 make her servants, her dinner arrangements, her nursery, 
 or her domestic affairs a subject of conversation. The 
 amusements and comforts of her guests are provided for 
 without discussion or comment ; and whatever goes wrong 
 is studiously withheld from the conversation of the draw- 
 ing-room. Let no lady, however }^oung, beautiful, wealthy 
 or gifted, for one moment imagine that the management 
 of her house can be neglected with safety to her respecta- 
 bility. Though she may be rich enough to have an effi- 
 cient housekeeper, yet still, the final responsibility must 
 rest upon her, and upon her alone. No tastes, no pleas- 
 ures, must stand in the way of this important duty, and 
 even if this duty should at first seem irksome, the fulfil- 
 ment of it is sure to bring its own reward. 
 
 45. Cleanliness, plenty of fresh air, neatness, and 
 quiet, are indispensable in a well ordered home. A fre- 
 quent inspection from the cellar to the garret, with thor- 
 
GENERAL PKECEPTS. 17 
 
 ough ventilation, especially of sleeping apartments, a 
 careful removal of all decaying substances, with a plentiful 
 use of quick lime or ashes, to suppress the first evidence 
 of foul odors, the source of which cannot be immediately 
 purged, are as essential to health as they are to comfort 
 and decency. It, is believed that not a few cases of 
 typhoid fever, diphtheria and rheumatism, may be traced 
 to the malaria arising from neglected barrels, boxes and 
 corners in cellars and elsewhere. A very little deca}'ing 
 matter, which some persons might overlook, even a neg- 
 lected pantry, may poison the whole atmosphere of a 
 house. Fresh air and sunshine should be admitted to the 
 cellar as well as to the rooms, as often as possible, and no 
 source of bad air should be neglected even for a part of a 
 day. Good manners, no more than good morals or good 
 health, can thrive in an ill-regulated household. 
 
 46. The question of housekeeping involves the question 
 Of accounts. The best possible accounts are ready money, 
 paid down at the purchase ; and if possible all others 
 should be avoided. No lady can give the efforts of her 
 husband 'a proper support, and set a good example to her 
 family, without being rigidly exact and precise in this 
 matter. Where bills are incurred at the shops, a suitable 
 pass book should always be presented to the trader to have 
 the items and their price entered ; and these bills should 
 be regularly paid, as often as once a quarter, if practicable, 
 receipted, and carefully filed away. By this means the 
 household expenses can always be controlled and kept 
 within due limits, and much unpleasantness be avoided. 
 
 47. In fine, good breeding may be ranked with the fine 
 arts in its refining and elevating influence upon the char- 
 acter of men. The labor and expense that are bestowed 
 
18 GOOD BEHAVIOR. 
 
 upon the block of marble, or upon the canvas, to give it 
 the expression of the higher order of life, grace, and 
 beauty, might yield a far more valuable return to the com- 
 munity, if devoted to improving the manners of the poor 
 and the outcast. 
 
 48. The twenty-second and twenty- third verses of the 
 fifth chapter of the Epistle to the Galatians contain an 
 entire code of good behavior in themselves. They teach 
 love, cheerfulness, peace, forbearance, courtesy, goodness, 
 faith, mildness of manners, and self-control. Whoever 
 makes these the rule of his life rnustTbe a well bred person. 
 
 49. A constant fidelity in small things is a great and 
 heroic virtue. 
 
 50. No well-bred man will allow his influence to be 
 used by a combination to oppress his neighbor, or to re- 
 strict the proper exercise of personal liberty ; nor will he 
 find fault with public measures except to mend them. 
 
 51. In some parts of the world men bear the title of 
 princes, and they ma} T have the gentle manners due to their 
 rank ; but the man of a truly princely character is recog- 
 nised not so much by the titles and the consideration that 
 he receives, as by the careful attention which he pays 
 to the interests and feelings of others. More personal re- 
 spect and safety, and more public order and peace are se- 
 cured by such attentions than b}- bearing arms or carry- 
 ing concealed weapons. 
 
 52. If we treat men ill because of their reputed bad 
 character, we assume the office not only of their judge 
 but also of their executioner. 
 
 53. The barbarian boasts of having killed his man ; 
 but the Christian should glory in doing his fellow man 
 
GENERAL PRECEPTS. 19 
 
 some service. Paulus JEmilius, the great Roman general 
 who conquered Macedon, said that it required the same 
 genius for getting up an entertainment to please friends 
 that it did to draw up an army for defeating enemies. 
 For which purpose is it better that genius should be em- 
 ployed ? 
 
 54. The person who squanders his fortune on needless 
 objects is not more unwise than he who makes a too ex- 
 travagant or too familiar use of love and friendship ; for 
 these are treasures of greater price than fame or riches. 
 
 55. A particular observance of conventional forms, es- 
 peciall} T with intimate friends, ma} r seem of trifling impor- 
 tance to some ; but forms may be compared to the vase in 
 which the sweetest essence is preserved ; if the vase be 
 broken the essence is likely to become lost. It is well not 
 to be so familiar with any one as to enter his house or 
 room without knocking. 
 
 56. As nearly as practicable mathematical exactness 
 should be the spirit of our business transactions ; and es- 
 pecially between friends. While generosity is a virtue 
 that graces social intercourse, honesty is what is chiefly 
 looked for in trade. While praying not to be led into 
 temptation ourselves, we ought not to lead others into it, 
 even to the extent of leaving an open till exposed to the 
 most wealthy. 
 
 57. Of the well bred it may be said, in the words of 
 Longfellow's Dante, 
 
 They are so privileged by use and Nature, 
 That though a guilty crowd misguide the world, 
 They sole go right, and scorn the evil way. 
 
20 GOOD BEHAVIOR 
 
 58. If we feel it necessary to disapprove one's acts, 
 we must, for the dignity of human nature, and in consid- 
 eration of our own faults, endeavor to spare his personal 
 pride as much as possible. Let guilt appear in the facts 
 proved, rather than in the charges made ; in the opinions 
 of others rather than in the passionate denunciations of 
 the accuser. The worst thing that we can say of the 
 worst possible of men, can be easily echoed back by them 
 upon ourselves ; but he must be a very abandoned char- 
 acter indeed, who will treat us ill, if we strive to think well 
 of him. 
 
 BY THOMAS RANDOLPH, 1630. 
 
 First worship God ; he that forgets to pray, 
 Bids not himself good morrow nor good day. 
 Let thy first labor be to purge thy sin, 
 And serve Him first whence all things did begin, 
 Honor thy parents to prolong thine end; 
 With them, though for a truth, do not contend, 
 Whoever makes his father's heart to bleed, 
 Shall have a child that shall avenge the deed. 
 
 Think that is just; 'tis not enough to do, 
 Unless thy very thoughts are upright, too. 
 Defend the truth ; for that who will not die, 
 A coward is, and gives himself the lie. 
 Take well whatever shall chance, though bad it be, 
 Take it for good, and 'twill be good to thee. 
 First think; and if thy thoughts approve thy will, 
 Then speak, and after that thou speak'st, fulfil. 
 
 So live with men as if God's curious eye 
 Did everywhere into thine actions pry ; 
 For never yet was sin so void of sense, 
 
GENERAL PRECEPTS. 21 
 
 So fully faced with brazen impudence, 
 As that it durst before men's eyes commit 
 Their brutal lusts, lest they should witness it. 
 How dare they then offend when God shall see, 
 That must alone both judge and jury be? 
 
 Would'st thou live long? the only means are these, 
 
 'Bove Galen's diet or Hippocrates, 
 
 Strive to live well ; tread in the upright ways, 
 
 And rather count thine actions than thy days; 
 
 Then thou hast lived enough amongst us here; 
 
 For every day well spent I count a year. 
 
 Live well, and then, how soon soe'er thou die, 
 
 Thou art of age to claim eternity ; 
 
 But he that outlives Nestor, and appears 
 
 T' have passed the date of gray Methuselah's years, 
 
 If he his life to sloth and sin doth give, 
 
 I say he only was he did not live. 
 
22 GOOD BEHAVIOR. 
 
 ARTICLE II. 
 
 A 
 
 DRESS. 
 
 1. Before alluding to the subject of dress, it is proper 
 to make some reference to personal cleanliness ; for it is 
 evident that the person should require our first care and 
 attention. As courtesy and politeness are practised for our 
 own sakes rather than for others, beginning in its motive 
 where charity begins, viz : at home, it is far better to have 
 a clean person and a coarse dress than a fine, fashionable 
 dress with an unclean person. Ladies especially should 
 remember this. Personal cleanliness is nearty related to 
 gentility and moral puritj^ ; and no one can property respect 
 himself and others who neglects it. It is, moreover, as 
 essential to the health of the body and mind, and to beauty, 
 as it is to comfort and decency. How much sickness and 
 disease, of various kinds, are contracted by a mere neglect 
 of personal cleanliness ! 
 
 2. To insure cleanliness of person frequent bathing is 
 absolutely indispensable. We bathe, it should be remem- 
 bered, not so much to become clean as to remain clean. 
 It has been recommended by able writers on good manners 
 that the bath should be taken by persons in good health 
 once a day in winter, and twice a day in summer. For 
 persons of really robust constitutions the cold shower bath 
 is very refreshing and agreeable ; but, as a general rule, the 
 
DRESS. 23 
 
 sponge bath, or towel bath, is safest and most convenient, 
 being readily within the reach of every one, rich or poor, 
 and under all circumstances. For cleansing purposes soap 
 should be used, and the water should be about the temper- 
 ature of the person, or such that it is not perceived to be 
 either hot or cold. Close with a showering or rinsing of 
 cool, pure water ^ followed by a hard frictional rubbing 
 with a coarse towel. 
 
 3. The teeth must be very carefully brushed, not only 
 night and morning, but after every meal. Hard tooth 
 brushes are not advisable, and a simple tooth powder of 
 common chalk or charcoal is safer and more effectual than 
 any quack prescriptions. 
 
 4. The nails must alwaj's be clean, evenly trimmed, 
 and never allowed to grow inordinately long. 
 
 5. Never attend to your dress, cut your nails, comb 
 your hair, nor pick your teeth or ears in company, nor in 
 the streets. The place to attend to your toilet is in your own 
 apartments ; and when you are once carefully dressed, 
 you will give the matter no farther consideration. Of 
 course you will never insert your fingers in your nose or 
 ears, nor use upon them any but the proper appliances, nor 
 scratch the head nor any part of the person in the streets, 
 nor in the presence of others, nor look in your handkerchief 
 after blowing the nose ; for a well bred person is taught 
 to avoid such gross habits from his earliest youth. If it 
 should become necessary to attend to such matters, one 
 must withdraw by himself, to his own room if possible, or 
 at att events aim not to be offensive. 
 
 6. Dress has been considered, by some, to rank among 
 the fine arts. To dress well requires taste, good sense, 
 and refinement. The fashions must always be followed 
 
24 GOOD BEHAVIOR. 
 
 to some extent ; but a too close adherence to them indi- 
 cates foppishness and vulgarity. As a general rule, one's 
 dress, like his manners, should never attract attention. 
 True elegance and refinement will ever show themselves 
 in simplicity. 
 
 7. As another general principle in dress, care is to be 
 taken that it should not fit so closely as to compress the 
 muscles, or person, or in any way interfere with perfect 
 ease and freedom of movement. Especiall} 7 ought young 
 and growing persons to have their dress loose and easy. 
 The chest ought never to be constrained, but to have the 
 most perfect liberty to expand ; because free and open 
 lungs are essential to health. Perhaps there is no other 
 attention in rearing children of more importance than 
 this ; and there is none which is more neglected by heads 
 of families. The list of diseases attributed to tight- 
 lacing and close-fitting dress is revolting. "We have seen 
 them enumerated as follows : headache, giddiness, ten- 
 denc}* to fainting, pain in the e} T es, pain and ringing in the 
 ears, bleeding at the nose, shortness of breath, spitting of 
 blood, derangement of the circulation, palpitation of the 
 heart, water in the chest, loss of appetite, squeamishness, 
 depraved digestion, colic pains, induration of the liver, 
 dropsy, rupture, consumption, etc. 
 
 8. To compress the frame in which the vital organs 
 are arranged, would be like compressing the case of a 
 watch so as to interfere with its interior machinery. On 
 this account the dress should not only fit easily, but the 
 person should always be borne in a proper position, either 
 in walking or sitting, with the shoulders always thrown 
 back so as to give the chest and lungs free play. It is in 
 such a position that one ought to be measured for his dress. 
 
DRESS. 25 
 
 8. With respect to jeweliy, refinement should proceed 
 from intellectual culture rather than from the use of gold 
 and precious stones. Ladies should never wear jewelry 
 before dinner, and the less it is worn by gentlemen 
 the better. Let such as is worn by them be plain and 
 simple. The golden rule in dress is to avoid extremes. 
 
 10. Lord Chesterfield held it as a maxim, that a per- 
 son who is negligent of his person and dress at twenty, will 
 be slovenly at forty, and intolerable at fifty years of age. 
 
 11. Never cultivate a taste for the false in anything, 
 in dress, furniture, pictures, nor ornaments. As nearly as 
 possible let everything you possess be what it seems to be. 
 To cultivate a false taste is like building one's house upon 
 the sand ; you know not when it may bring upon you dis- 
 concertment and confusion. 
 
 12. False tastes are acquired by inattention to mate- 
 rial differences, by habitually confounding distinctions, 
 and mixing incongruous things. Persons of refined tastes 
 and cultivated manners will seek to avoid incongruities 
 under every circumstance of life. 
 
 13. Those who quit their proper character to assume 
 what does not belong to them, either in dress or any thing 
 else, are, for the greater part, ignorant both of the charac- 
 ter they leave and of the character they assume. 
 
 NOT LOST. 
 
 The look of sympathy, the gentle word 
 Spoken so low that only'angels heard; 
 The; secret act of pure self-sacrifice, 
 Unseen by men, but marked by angels' eyes; 
 These are not lost. 
 
26 GOOD BEHAVIOR. 
 
 The happy dreams that gladden all our youth, 
 When dreams had less of self and more of truth ; 
 The childlike faith so tranquil and so sweet, 
 Which sat like Mary at the Master's feet ; 
 These are not lost. 
 
 The kindly plans devised for others' good, 
 So seldom guessed, so little understood; 
 The quiet, steadfast love that strove to win 
 Some wanderer from the woful way of sin ; 
 These are not lost. 
 
 Not lost, O Lord, for in Thy city bright, 
 Our eyes shall see the past by clearer light; 
 And things long hidden from our gaze below, 
 Thou wilt reveal, and we shall surely know 
 They were not lost. 
 
CARRIAGE AND BEARING. 27 
 
 ARTICLE III. 
 CARRIAGE AND BEARING. 
 
 1. Too great care cannot be taken with children from 
 their earliest days, by parents and teachers, to insure a 
 proper bearing of the person. We have already alluded 
 to this subject under the head of dress. The same fright- 
 ful catalogue of diseases which are incurred from tight- 
 lacing, or too confining garments, may also be produced, 
 to some extent, by neglecting a proper carriage. An 
 erect position of the person, whether walking, standing, 
 or sitting, is essential to the health of body and mind, as 
 well as to personal appearance. The shoulders should 
 always be kept thrown back, and the breast fully expanded ; 
 otherwise the lungs will be compressed and the whole 
 machinery of the s}rstem, of which they are the prime 
 motive power, will become deranged. When an erect, 
 upright position of the body has once been acquired, it 
 becomes easy and graceful, as it is the most natural. 
 
 2. And, in order to acquire the habit of an erect, easy 
 carriage, the training should commence early. A child 
 should be constantly cautioned against allowing itself to 
 fall into a slouching, lolling attitude ; and for this purpose 
 it should never be permitted to sit upon a lounge, sofa, 
 rocking chair, or armed chair ; for upon such seats it is 
 
28 GOOD BEHAVIOR. 
 
 difficult to prevent the shoulders from being thrown for- 
 ward so as to derange the erectness of the person, and 
 more or less oppress the lungs. A plain school bench, or 
 stool, or a straight back chair, is the proper kind of seat 
 for children, and it were well to allow them no other. 
 
 3. As our climate is an excessive one, subject to sud- 
 den and extreme alternations of cold and heat, and of 
 dryness and moisture, it operates powerfully upon the 
 human frame to give it a dejected, delapsed attitude, and 
 the greater care, therefore, is necessary to contend against 
 it. The sinews and muscles must be knit in a proper 
 position while the person is }~oung and growing. Even 
 the position which the child occupies in bed should be 
 carefully attended to ; and it should never bury its head 
 under the clothes, nor double itself up in a heap. 
 
 4. A well-bred person may be recognized by his bear- 
 ing. He never lolls, nor lounges, nor supports his arms or 
 legs upon the furniture, nor puts his feet upon the rounds 
 of chairs ; he never throws his arms over the railing of 
 the pew, nor leans against it slouchingly while at church. 
 He generally sits upright, with his feet upon the floor, is 
 seldom restless in his position, and is always quiet and 
 unobtrusive in changing it. Especially in church will his 
 bearing be quiet and subdued ; never in the house of God 
 will he, on any occasion, indulge in loud talking, nor in 
 laughing, nor in noisy movements. 
 
 5. Awkwardness of attitude does one the same ill ser- 
 vice as awkwardness of speech. Lolling, gesticulating, 
 fidgeting, and the like, evince a want of training, and 
 are not creditable to those who exhibit them. A lady who 
 sits cross legged, or side-wise on her chair, who has the 
 habit of holding her chin, bites her nails, twirls her watch 
 
CARRIAGE AND BEARING. 29 
 
 chain a man who sits across his chair, or inclines his 
 chair back upon two legs, or holds his leg in any posture 
 with his hands, manifests an unmistakable want of good 
 breeding. Both should be quiet, easy, and graceful in 
 their carriage ; the man, of course, being allowed some- 
 what more freedom than the lady. 
 
 6. If an object, or person, is to be indicated, you must 
 do it by words. A wave of the hand, or a slight move- 
 ment of the head may answer in some cases ; but never 
 point with your finger, nor point at persons with anything. 
 How often has the pointing of fire arms in jest proved a 
 source of life-long wretchedness to those who have done it ! 
 
 7. Physical education is almost a necessary qualifica- 
 tion of the well bred man and woman. It is well for a 
 gentleman to know how to fence, to box, to ride, to shoot, 
 to swim, and to play at billiards ; he must also know how 
 to dance, to walk, and to carry himself. Every lady 
 should know how to dance, whether she intends to dance 
 in society or not ; the better her phys ical training the more 
 healthful and graceful she will be. Calisthenic exercises, 
 swimming, skating, archery, riding, and driving, all help 
 to strengthen the muscles and render them supple, and are 
 therefore desirable. In round dances to hold a lady's 
 hand in an unseemly manner, either upon the hip or be- 
 hind the back, is exceedingly coarse, and wholly unpardon- 
 able. Many ladies who are fond of dancing refuse to 
 dance round dances at all. 
 
 8. We must learn to avoid sudden and hast}' move- 
 ments as well as the giving way to quick resentments. 
 Matters that may seem small or insufferable in themselves, 
 often require more careful forethought and attention than 
 those of greater moment. 
 
30 GOOD BEHAVIOR. 
 
 9. Dwell not upon the personal peculiarities of your 
 neighbors, nor allude to them if it can be avoided. 
 
 10. The act of shaking hands is better suited for 
 friendly greetings than for a court ceremony. Men in 
 high position should be spared a frequent repetition of it 
 on occasions of public reception ; a bow, or gentle inclina- 
 tion of the head is a sufficient interchange of civilities on 
 such occasions ; and perhaps it is enough in the ordinary 
 salutation between the sexes. 
 
 1 1 . One should be a cheerful helper as well as a cheer- 
 ful giver, and serve graciously when he serves at all ; 
 not averting the eyes, nor thrusting or throwing things 
 towards a person with haste or rudeness, but handing them 
 with gentleness and care. Service churlishly rendered has 
 nothing noble, generous nor inanty to commend it. 
 
 12. There are two ways of passing strangers or ac- 
 quaintances on the street ; one is to brush by them with 
 a rude, contemptuous swagger, or thoughtless rush, with, 
 perhaps, a piercing whistle, or loud shout directed to some 
 distant quarter ; and the other is to show them some re- 
 spectful recognition of their presence. The latter is by 
 far the best way for our own credit. 
 
 13. None but course natures will withhold kindly re- 
 spect from foreigners. The well-bred child would not 
 even stare at them ; and much less would he ever dream 
 of assailing them with insulting words, or with missiles. 
 
 14. Where manners are put on for the occasion, it will 
 soon be discovered that they do not wear well : they must 
 be thoroughly ingrained to do that. If the child does not ] 
 acquire good manners at school, it will not be likely to 
 exhibit them an}' where else. 
 
CARRIAGE AND BEARING. 31 
 
 15. Some of the ablest writers have claimed that one 
 of the superior excellencies of monarchical and aristocratic 
 governments, consists in their maintaining a high standard 
 of manners. The rising generation, therefore, whose 
 duty it is to become the future supporters of the Republic, 
 must see that there is no degeneracy of manners under 
 that form of government ; for ill, uncultivated manners 
 can never commend themselves to the favorable considera- 
 tion of mankind. It was the opinion of Socrates (as we 
 learn from Xenophon) that they who know how to behave, 
 and yet do not behave well, are no better than the igno- 
 rant and uncouth, who do not know what good manners are. 
 
 SENSIBILITY. 
 
 I would not enter on my list of friends, 
 
 (Though grac'd with polished manners and fine sense* 
 
 Yet wanting sensibility) the man 
 
 Who needlessly sets his foot upon a worm. 
 
 An inadvertent step may crush the snail 
 
 That crawls at evening in the public path; 
 
 But he that has humanity, forewarned, 
 
 Will tread aside, and let the reptile live. 
 
 For they are all the meanest things that are 
 
 As free to live, and to enjoy that life, 
 
 As God was free to form them at the first, 
 
 Who in His sovereign wisdom made them all. 
 
GOOD BEHAVIOR. 
 
 ARTICLE IV. 
 
 CONVERSATION. 
 
 1 . Pronunciation should be carefully acquired from the 
 standard dictionary. All local phrases, affectations of 
 foreign accent, mannerisms, exaggerations and slang are 
 inadmissible in good society. Equally to be shunned are 
 inaccuracies of expression, hesitation, and undue use of 
 French or other foreign words, and anything approach- 
 ing to flippancy, coarseness, triviality, or prevarication. 
 The voice should never be loud, nor accompanied with 
 much gesticulation ; and the features should ever be under 
 strict control. A half opened mouth, a grinning smile, 
 a'loud laugh, a vacant stare, a wandering ej T e, a tone of 
 voice pitched too high, a bickering strain of comment on 
 what one says are all evidences of ill breeding. One may 
 be as awkward with the mouth as with the arms or legs. 
 A reasonable control of visible emotion, whether of laugh- 
 ter, or anger, or mortification, or disappointment, is con- 
 sidered a sure mark of good breeding. 
 
 2. Next to unexceptionable grammar, correct elocu- 
 tion, and a frank, self-controlled bearing, it is necessary 
 to be genial. Do not go into society unless you can make 
 up your mind to be cheerful, sympathetic, animating, as 
 well as animated. Duluess is one of the unforgivable 
 
CONVERSATION. 33 
 
 offences. Society does not require you to be as hilarious as 
 if you had just come into a fortune, but you have no 
 right to look as if you had just lost one. 
 
 3. Testify your respect, your admiration, your grati- 
 tude, by deeds, not words. Words are easy, deeds difficult. 
 Few will give weight to the first, but the last carry con- 
 firmation with them. 
 
 4. All slang and cant phrases are vulgar, and show a 
 want of proper breeding. They lower the tone of society 
 and the standard of thought. It is a great mistake to sup- 
 pose that they are in any way a substitute for wit, or for re- 
 fined sprightliness. 
 
 5. Scandal is the least excusable of all conversational 
 vulgarities. It is a greater offence against society than 
 theft ; for it is more impossible to protect one's self against 
 it. It is not only an offence against good manners, but it 
 is a moral wrong. No well-bred person will ever repeat 
 it, nor even lend it a willing ear. The receiver of scandal- 
 ous tales commits almost as great a fault as he who deals 
 in them. If we prefer each other in honor we shall seldom 
 entertain ill thoughts against our neighbors. 
 
 6. Religious controversy is-a subject which should nev- 
 er be introduced in general societ}'. It is the one sub- 
 ject on which persons are most likety to differ, and least 
 likely to preserve their temper. 
 
 7. Interruption of the speech of others is a great sin 
 against good breeding. It has been aptly said that if you 
 interrupt a speaker in the middle of his sentence, you act 
 almost as rudely as if when walking with a companion 
 you were to thrust yourself before him and trip him, or 
 stop his progress. 
 
 8. To listen well, is almost as great an art as to talk 
 
34 GOOD BEHAVIOR. 
 
 well. It is not enough only to listen ; 3-011 must endeavor 
 to seem interested in the conversation of others. 
 
 9. The young should never be loudly critical. A young 
 person of either sex cannot help appearing ridiculous -when 
 satirizing books, people, or things ; opinion, to be worth 
 the consideration of others, should have the advantage of 
 genius or maturity. Criticisms of sermons heard from 
 the pulpit are seldom in good taste. Indulgence in satire 
 and irony is often but the evidence of our own deficien- 
 cies. Flat contradiction is far from being genteel. 
 
 10. Address all persons by their right names and titles. 
 To give nicknames is general^ vulgar. In speaking to or 
 of 3'oung ladies, always give them their title of Miss, un- 
 less in the family circle or among familiar female friends. 
 
 11. The great secret of politeness in conversation is to 
 adapt ymirself as skilfully as rna3 T be to 3'our company. 
 It should be remembered that people take more interest in 
 their own affairs than in anything else which 3'ou can name. 
 In te'te-a-te'te conversations, therefore, lead a mother to 
 talk of her children, a 3'oung lacty of her last party or stud3', 
 an author on the subject of his forthcoming book, or an 
 artist of his exhibition picture. Having furnished the top- 
 ic, 3*ou must only listen, and you will be thought not only 
 agreeable, but thoroughly sensible, amiable, and well in- 
 formed. 
 
 12. Be careful not to indulge in the selfishness of out- 
 shining persons, if 3'ou wish to avoid unpopularity. 
 
 13. If a foreigner be one of the guests at a small par- 
 ty, and does not understand English sufficiently well to 
 follow what is said, good breeding demands that the con- 
 versation should be carried on in his own language, or that 
 he should be introduced to some person conversant with it. 
 
CONVERSATION. 35 
 
 14. If upon the entrance of a visitor you carry on the 
 thread of a previous conversation, you should briefly re- 
 capitulate to him what has been said before he arrived. 
 
 15. Always look, but never stare, at those with whom 
 you converse. Let not your thoughts nor your eyes wan- 
 der from them. 
 
 16. Conversation is a reflex of character. The preten- 
 tious, the illiterate, the impatient, the envious, will as in- 
 evitably betrajr their idiosj'ncrasies as the modest, the 
 even-tempered and the generous. Strive as we may we 
 cannot always be acting. Let us, therefore, cultivate a 
 tone of mind and a habit of life the betrayal of which need 
 not put us to shame in the company of the pure and the 
 wise ; and the rest will be easy. If we make ourselves 
 worthy of refined and intelligent society, we shall not be 
 excluded from it ; and in such society we shall acquire by 
 example all that we have -failed to learn from precept. 
 
 17. Until a person can avoid giving unpleasant feelings 
 to any one, his manners are far from perfect. To remind 
 one willingly of his faults or misfortunes is an unpardon- 
 able offence in good society. The true gentleman will seek 
 to avoid the very appearance of evil, or of giving offence. 
 
 18. There are certain natural parallels, S3 T mbols, indi- 
 rections, double and reflex meanings in almost all conver- 
 sation ; something more is conveyed than expressed ; but 
 it is generally wrong to convey ideas except by the use of 
 sincere, plain, and direct language. All intentional equiv- 
 ocation, girding, coarse joking, twitting, all whispering, 
 and talking for other ears than those of the person ad- 
 dressed, are exceedingly vulgar and improper. 
 
 19. Some persons have the habit of making fictitious 
 and false statements for the purpose of conveying an idea. 
 
36 GOOD BEHAVIOR. 
 
 Politicians of the lower order are veiy prone to do this ; 
 but it is an evidence of a superficial character, that is lack- 
 ing in the first element of good breeding, which is truth. 
 Let no one imagine that he has an idea so valuable or so 
 delicate that it may excuse falsehood as a means of its 
 conveyance. Nor, on the other hand, can truth and candor 
 be acceptable as an excuse for rudeness and incivility. 
 Honesty is no excuse for coarseness. 
 
 20. It is well to avoid all controverted questions in so- 
 cial circles, or at least so to conduct them as to shun heat 
 and excitement. 
 
 21. "When you are in Rome do as the Romans do." 
 This precept in good manners relates entirely to acts that 
 are good and proper in themselves, and not to those which 
 are vicious. It is not intended as an excuse for crime, nor 
 for improper compliance with the ways of the wicked and 
 frivolous ; nor that we should exchange our Christian man- 
 ners for those that are inculcated under the reign of Moham- 
 medism or Buddhism. A sound conscience is like a stub- 
 born fact ; but though it cannot bend for the sake of pleas- 
 ing an} T body, }^et we must remember that its chief use is 
 for our own government, and not for that of others. We 
 may use it in self-defence, and should never fear to dis- 
 please others, if need be, b} r quietly and civilly declining 
 to do wrong. We need not make others unhappy because 
 we are good. It is the well who must care for the sick and 
 ailing ; and the more unwell a man is, or in other words, 
 the worse his character is, the more kindly considerate 
 should our manner towards him become. 
 
 22. The noble minded man is generous ; he will never 
 permit himself to exult over the faults or misfortunes of 
 others, even in his inmost feelings, and the only use that 
 
CONVERSATION. 37 
 
 he will make of the faults of others is to correct his own. 
 In the words of England's greatest poet, the evil speaker 
 is 
 
 "A slave, whose gall coins slander like a mint." 
 
 23. The gentleman of real refinement will never talk 
 disrespectful!}' of religion, nor of the ladies, nor indulge in 
 pleasantly or sportive talk on subjects of the Bible ; and 
 especially will he abstain from speaking slightingly, or with 
 levity of elderly women or of maiden ladies. 
 
 24. If you would avoid the odious office of scandals' 
 pawn-broker, never accept the charge of a secret from a 
 man who shows by his desire to deposit it with you that 
 he cannot keep it himself. Every secret that you burden 
 yourself with is a hindrance to your liberty. Gold itself 
 is of no value if it may not be freely circulated. 
 
 25. All proper written communications should receive 
 written answers, and as soon as convenient. Good breed- 
 ing is shown as much by the form, style, spelling, neatness 
 and fair handwriting of a letter as in any other way. The 
 temptation to indulge in anonymous communications will 
 never be entertained by those who value purity and frank- , 
 ness of character. 
 
 27. The excellencies necessary to good conversation 
 will naturally be carried into our correspondence ; and it 
 should be remembered that a letter which causes one much 
 trouble to decipher, is seldom worth the reading or writing. 
 An illegible autograph does not give one a favorable idea 
 of the writer. 
 
 27. As one naturally desires to appear in the most be- 
 coming dress, so he should endeavor^ always to clothe his 
 thoughts in the best possible language, generally seeking 
 
GOOD BEHAVIOR. 
 
 to express himself in the kindest and most obliging terms ; 
 for, while soft answers turn awa} r wrath, the rudeness that 
 engenders ill feeling and provokes resentment, can seldom 
 serve any useful purpose. One may render himself as of- 
 fensive by curtness and reticence as by over familiarity 
 and coarseness. Genteel persons are recognized by the 
 kindly sj^mpathetic tone and manner of their speech. The 
 strong and generous man never belittles others in their own 
 estimation ; his presence elevates instead of depressing 
 them. 
 
 28. Impure and inordinate thoughts, and also envy and 
 hate, may at times enter the best regulated minds, as rep- 
 tiles often intrude among choice and cultivated flowers, 
 but refined people will never harbor improper ideas for a 
 single moment. 
 
 29. A distinguished French writer says of the French 
 language, that of all languages it is the one best adapted 
 to express with ease, propriety and delicacy the various 
 shades of thought in conversation, and that, for this reason, 
 it contributes throughout Europe to one of the greatest 
 enjoyments of life. What this writer says of the French 
 language, every one should strive to make his own lan- 
 guage ; viz : a means of easy, neat and refined enjoyment. 
 The youth who accustoms his tongue to coarse expressions, 
 can give no enjoyment to refined society. Frederic the 
 Great of Prussia said that satire is not fit for the mouth 
 of a prince. Ladies do no generally indulge in it, and 
 gentlemen would do well to follow their example. 
 
 30. It both strengthens and refines the mind to learn 
 how to express our opinions without directly contradicting 
 those with whom we converse. 
 
CONVERSATION. 39 
 
 31. There are some things which respectable society 
 requires should never be mentioned. If you believe that 
 the person whom you are dealing with does not speajv the 
 truth, and deem it necessary to check him, it were better 
 to tell him that he makes a mistake, or is under a wrong 
 impression, than to be more emphatic in your qualification, 
 of what, after all, might have some extenuation. It is a 
 very gross, unpardonable offence to tell a man that he lies. 
 Men who accuse others of cowardice, or of a want of gen- 
 tility, are generally not remarkable for courage nor for 
 good breeding themselves. The true lady will secure the 
 respect of men in other ways than by calling them no gen- 
 tlemen. And generally, it is well not to charge persons 
 with acts or intentions that tend to degrade them. 
 
 32. In sending verbal messages- to your &ignds, it is 
 polite to prelude them with you*' compliments^ - 
 
 ^ r 
 
 WORDS . 
 
 'Tis good to speak in kir 
 And soothe where'er we call 
 
 Fair speech shall bind the human mind, 
 And love link man to man. 
 
 But stop not at the gentle words, 
 Let deeds with language dwell ; 
 
 The child that fosters starving birds, 
 Should scatter crumbs as well. 
 
 The mercy that is warm and true, 
 
 Will lend a helping hand ; 
 Who only talks, yet fails to do, 
 
 But builds upon the sand. 
 
40 GOOD BEHAVIOR. 
 
 ARTICLE V. 
 
 AT THE TABLE. 
 
 1. Family re-unions at meals should always be render- 
 ed pleasant and agreeable. The occasion is a proper one 
 for the observance of all the social amenities, and should 
 be marked by the most kindly interchange of thought and 
 feeling. The minor etiquette of the table must always be 
 remembered and observed. Over-haste in eating is as rude 
 and vulgar as it is unhealthful. 
 
 2. No family is too poor to have the table cover- 
 ed with a white, clean cloth, ornamented with flowers in 
 their season, and made inviting with refined manners and 
 cheerful intercourse. 
 
 3. As soon as you are seated, place } T our table napkin 
 across your knees, and put your roll, or bread, by the left 
 side of your plate. As soon as you are helped, begin to 
 eat ; or, if the viands are too hot, take up your knife and 
 fork and prepare to begin. Never wait for others, and 
 never offer to pass on the plate to which you have been 
 helped ; at least unless there should be no servant in 
 attendance. The lady of the house who sends your plate 
 to you is the best judge of precedence at her own table. 
 Soup and fish should never be partaken of a second time. 
 Whenever there is a servant to help 3-011, never help } T our- 
 self nor others unless requested to do so : when the servant 
 
AT THE TABLE. 41 
 
 is near catch his eye and ask for what you want. To 
 make a noise with the mouth or lips while eating or drink- 
 ing, to breathe hard, to cough or sneeze without averting 
 the head and covering the face with the napkin, to drink 
 a whole glassful at once, or to drain a glass to the last 
 drop, is inexpressibly vulgar. 
 
 4. The knife must never be carried to the mouth, nor 
 should the spoon be, unless the nature of the food abso- 
 lutely requires it. 
 
 5. The bread by your plate is to be broken, never cut. 
 Mustard, salt, etc., are put at the side of the plate, and 
 one vegetable should never be heaped on the top of the 
 other. The wine glass, if used, is to be held by the stem, 
 and never by the bowl, and the plate must never be tilted 
 on any occasion. In eating one must not bend the head 
 voraciously over the plate, extend the elbows, rattle the 
 knife and fork, nor soil the table cloth ; but he must be 
 quiet and gentle in all his movements. 
 
 6. Anything like greediness, haste, or indecision is ill-' 
 bred. Never take the choicest piece, nor take up one 
 piece and la} 7 it down in favor of another, nor hesitate 
 as to which piece you will take, nor whether you will take 
 one at all.. To be particular about such trifles shows a 
 degree of heedless selfishness which is inconsistent with 
 good manners. 
 
 7. There are different ways of disposing of the stones 
 and seeds of fruit, such as cherries, plums, raisins, etc. 
 They should be conveyed from the mouth and deposited 
 upon the side of the plate in the least offensive manner. 
 Very dainty feeders press out the stones with the fork, in 
 the first instance, and thus get rid of the difficulty. 
 This is the safest way for ladies. 
 
42 GOOD BEHAVIOR. 
 
 8. Taking wine with people, and giving toasts at din- 
 ners, once considered as traits of refinement, are now 
 going out of use in some parts of Christendom. To 
 remain long in the dining room after the ladies have left, 
 is a poor compliment to both the hostess and her fair vis- 
 itors. Still worse is it to rejoin them with a flushed face 
 and impaired powers of thought. A refined gentleman is 
 always temperate. 
 
 9. Should you be asked to take wine, it is polite to 
 select that which your interlocutor is drinking. If you 
 invite a lady to take wine, } r ou may ask which she will pre- 
 fer, and then take the same yourself. Should you, however, 
 prefer some other vintage, you can take it, by courteously 
 requesting her permission. 
 
 10. It is still thought to be uncivil, in some countries, 
 to decline taking wine if you are invited to do so. In ac- 
 cepting you have only to pour a little fresh wine into 3 r our 
 glass, look at the person who invites you, bow slightly and 
 take a sip. It is particularly ill-bred to empty your glass 
 on such occasions. Of course, if you are a total abstainer, 
 3'ou will make that fact a respectful excuse for declining the 
 proffered compliment. It should ever be borne in mind that 
 the greatest misery and wretchedness which afflict mankind, 
 and which visit children to the third and fourth generation 
 with insanity and disease, ^are attributed to the vice of 
 intemperance, and especially to that form of intemperance 
 which shows itself in the misuse of intoxicating drinks. 
 
 11. If you should unfortunately be so awkward as to 
 overturn or break anything, never apologize for it ; for 
 there is simply no possible excuse for such a blunder. 
 
 12. If you send your plate to be helped a second time, 
 it is well to hold your knife and fork in the left hand. 
 
AT THE TABLE. 43 
 
 13. The lady of the house should never send away her 
 plate, nor appear to have done eating, till all her guests 
 have finished. Nor should she reprove her servants before 
 guests, nor make excuses for anything that may go wrong. 
 
 14. All well ordered dinners begin with soup, whether 
 in summer or winter. The lady of the house should help 
 it, and send it round without asking each individual in turn 
 it is as much an understood thing as the bread beside 
 each plate ; and those who do not choose it are always at 
 liberty to leave it untasted . 
 
 15. Finger-glasses containing water slightly warmed 
 and perfumed are placed before each person at dessert. In 
 these you dip your fingers , wiping them afterwards on your 
 table napkin. If the finger-glass and doil} r are placed 
 on your dessert plate, you should immediately remove 
 the doily to the left hand, and place the finger-glass upon 
 it. Of course you will never use your goblet nor your tum- 
 bler as a finger-glass ; for people would naturally think that 
 such a shocking misuse of things is not an exceptional in- 
 stance with you. 
 
 16. Never address your conversation to a person im- " 
 mediately on his taking a seat at the table, because the par- 
 taking of food is regarded by some as a kind of sacrament-, 
 which they precede by a private grace whenever it is 
 omitted as a ceremony for the company present. By speak- 
 ing to them at this moment you might give them a disa- 
 greeable interruption. 
 
 17. It need hardly be said' that the proper place for 
 eating is at the table, and that fruit and other kinds of food 
 should not be eaten in the streets, nor at public assemblies 
 where it is not provided for all. Well-bred persons will 
 always observe the proprieties of time and place. 
 
44 GOOD BEHAVIOR. 
 
 18. Never play with any of the things upon the table 
 nor handle them idly ; nor make a grating noise with your 
 chair on taking or leaving your place. 
 
 19. Avoid hasty movements, and be sure that the food 
 never falls from your plate upon the table cloth. 
 
 20. However poor and scanty the fare, let it be partak- 
 en of with a cheerful disposition and a proper observance of 
 forms. It is conducive to health, both moral and physi- 
 cal. It were hard to say which is worse at the table, ill- 
 cooked food or angry or unpleasant subjects of conversation. 
 
 21. In the best regulated households meals will be 
 served at regular hours, and every member of the family 
 should be prompt in attendance, remaining in his seat, if 
 possible, until the repast is finished. 
 
 22. It is considered a mark of grossness, by some, to 
 discuss the quality of the food upon the table, whether 
 good or bad ; or to handle or touch with the fingers the 
 food that others are to eat ; or to eat eggs from a tumbler 
 or goblet ; or to churn them therein. 
 
 23. It is not refined to speak, as some do, of " wash- 
 ing down" food by wine or other beverage. 
 
 24. It is better to make use of the proper implements 
 for feeding than to resort to the fingers as people some- 
 times do. 
 
 25. Some refined persons when speaking of eating a 
 meal, never designate it b} T the pronoun my^ as my dinner, 
 my supper, etc. It sounds selfish. 
 
 LIFE'S RECKONING. 
 
 If we sit down at set of sun, 
 
 And count the things that we have done, 
 
 And, counting, find 
 One self denying act, one word 
 
AT THE TABLE. 45 
 
 That eased the heart of him who heard ; 
 
 One glance most kind, 
 That fell like sunshine where it went ; 
 Then we may count that clay well spent. 
 
 But if through all the livelong day, 
 We've eased no heart by yea or nay ; 
 
 If through it all 
 
 We've done no thing that we can trace, 
 That brought the sunshine to a face ; 
 
 No act most small, 
 
 That helped some soul, and nothing cost; 
 Then count that day as worse than lost. 
 
4G GOOD BEHAVIOR. 
 
 ARTICLE VI. 
 
 RIDING AND DRIVING THE PROMENADE. 
 
 1. Riding is an accomplishment in which all ladies 
 and gentlemen desire to be proficient ; but to ride well 
 one must be taught earl} T and practice constantly. Riding, 
 like swimming, cannot be taught by precept. 
 
 2. The art of mounting gracefully must be properly 
 acquired. The lady, having mounted the riding steps, 
 places her left foot in the stirrup, rises into her seat, and 
 lifts the right leg dexterously into its place, taking care to 
 let the habit fall properly and gracefully. If no mounting 
 steps are at hand, it is the place of her escort or groom to 
 assist her to the saddle.' Hence it is necessary to learn to 
 mount in both ways. In the latter case she puts her left 
 foot in the right hand of the gentleman or servant in 
 attendance ; he lifts it vigorously but gently ; and she 
 springs lightly into the saddle. 
 
 3. The great point in riding is to sit straight in your 
 saddle ; never lean forward, nor ride too fast, nor rise in 
 trotting. In passing a person whom you may meet on the 
 road, alwaj's turn to the right. 
 
 4. The chief point in driving is moderation. Never 
 urge your horse in going either up or down hill ; turn 
 corners with a gentle speed, and never assume any airs of 
 exhilaration. Ladies who drive ought to know something 
 about the harness. On alighting from or entering the 
 
RIDING AND DRIVING THE PROMENADE. 47 
 
 carriage the dress should not be allowed to trail on the 
 ground. 
 
 5. A gentleman in riding, as in walking, gives the 
 lady the wall. If he assists a lady to mount, he holds his 
 hand at a convenient distance from the ground that she 
 may place her foot in it. As she springs he aids her by 
 a firm, steady lift. Practice only will enable one to do 
 this properly. A gentleman, while riding with a lady, 
 never permits her to pay the tolls. 
 
 6. In the carriage a gentleman places himself w r ith 
 his back to the horses and leaves the best seat for the 
 ladies. Only very elderly gentlemen are privileged to ac- 
 cept the best seat to the exclusion of young ladies. No 
 gentleman in a double carriage alone with a lad} 7 should 
 sit beside her, unless he is her husband, father, son, or 
 brother. Even an affianced lover should observe this rule 
 of etiquette. 
 
 7. With respect to the promenade a gentleman can- 
 not offer to escort a lady home from a party, unless at the 
 intimation or with the sanction of the lady of the house. 
 If she declines the offer of his arm he should not repeat it. 
 
 8. On meeting friends or acquaintances in the streets, 
 at exhibitions, or any other public places, one must be 
 careful not to pronounce their names so loudly as to at- 
 tract the attention of strangers. Never call across the 
 street, and never attempt to carry on a dialogue with one 
 when other persons are intervening between him and 
 } T ourself. 
 
 9. A lady should not enter into conversation with 
 a gentleman with whom she is unacquainted, though, if 
 addressed in a respectful manner, she must answer 
 politely. 
 
48 GOOD BEHAVIOR. 
 
 10. Some suitable response should always be given to 
 well-meant attention. To cut one is utterly inexcusable, 
 unless men whose acquaintance the lady does not wish 
 to keep up persist in bowing. Disdain or scorn does not 
 become beauty. 
 
 11. If a lady has had any gentleman especially intro- 
 duced to her at a party, has talked much to him, and has 
 been, perhaps, led down by him to dinner or supper, she 
 may bow if she meets him next day in the promenade, or 
 on the street ; but never recognize a gentleman unless 
 3 T ou are perfectly sure of his identity. Though ladies 
 usually bow while giving or returning a salute, yet at 
 times the courtesy possesses infinitely more grace and 
 attractiveness, especially when done in the proper spirit. 
 It exhibits a finer degree of homage and regard than the 
 bow. 
 
 12. If a gentleman meets a lady with whom he is 
 quite intimate, in the streets, and desires to converse 
 with her, he should not stop her, but turn and walk be- 
 side her in whichever direction she is going. When he 
 has said all that he wished to say, he can take his leave. 
 If he meets with a lady with whom he is not particularly 
 well acquainted, he should wait for her recognition be- 
 fore he ventures to bow to her. In bowing to a lad} T he 
 lifts his hat with the hand farthest from her. If he is on 
 horseback and wishes to converse with a lady who is on 
 foot, he must dismount and lead his horse. A gentleman 
 cannot cut a lad} 7 under any possible circumstances : nor 
 are there hardly any conditions where it is permissible 
 even with the men. The true gentleman is seldom ever 
 driven to such a strong means of self-defence. 
 
 13. Never stare at ladies nor at strangers in the street. 
 
RIDING AND DRIVING THE PROMENADE. 49 
 
 14. If you so far forget what is becoming as to smoke 
 in the streets, never omit to throw away your cigar if you 
 speak to a lady. 
 
 15. One will do well to bow respectfully, by way of a 
 general salutation, on entering a room among strangers, 
 and never to fall into the discussion of religious or political 
 subjects while in a public vehicle. Never give particular 
 attention to persons on their entering church or other 
 public assembly ; they should be allowed to enter unob- 
 served. One will less seldom err by taking off his hat 
 in the way of politeness than by keeping it on. 
 
 16. When two persons Jire walking upon the side walk, 
 abreast, and meet a third person, the nearer of the two 
 should fall bapk to allow the third to pass, if the narrow- 
 ness of the walk requires it. 
 
 17. One can never disregard nor come short of the 
 rules of good behavior with credit to his own character. 
 Good breeding is always perceived and appreciated, even 
 by those who are not accustomed to it themselves. 
 
 NEVER RUN IN DEBT. 
 
 The chains that bind debtors are heavy and cold, 
 
 The links all corrosion and rust, 
 Gild them o'er as you will, they are never of gold, 
 
 Then spurn them aside with disgust. 
 
 The man who's in debt is but a mere slave, 
 Though his heart may be honest and true; 
 
 Can you hold up your head, and look honest and brave, 
 When a note you can't pay becomes due? 
 
50 GOOD BEHAVIOR. 
 
 ARTICLE VII. 
 
 AT SCHOOL. 
 
 1. Every school must, in the first place, be carefully 
 organized ; that is, the pupils are to be divided into suita- 
 ble classes, according to age and capacity, designated by 
 numbers, or letters of the alphabet, as first class, second 
 class, third class, or class A, class B, class C, etc. ; regu- 
 lar times are appointed for the exercises of each, for the 
 beginning and ending of the daily sessions, and for inter- 
 missions or recesses ; and a general system of manners, 
 forms, and ceremonies is prescribed for punctual observ- 
 ance ; for without this, pupils can never be well trained, nor 
 put in a proper condition for the observance of the princi- 
 ples of good behavior. 
 
 2. The dress of the pupils should be scrupulously 
 neat ; for neatness is indispensable as the first element of 
 good breeding. Respectable parents, and all who desire 
 to be respectable, will never send their children to school 
 without first seeing that their dress is properly attended to ; 
 well mended if torn ; carefully washed if soiled ; their hair 
 neatly combed ; their shoes tied and blacked, etc. The 
 quality of a dress is not to be so much regarded as its 
 wholeness and neatness. All children whose parents take 
 care to present them at school in a neat dress, and in 
 gentle, quiet manners, are to be kindly commended and 
 encouraged by the teacher, while those of an opposite 
 
AT SCHOOL. 51 
 
 character should have their attention called to their 
 defects. The condition of a family as to respectability 
 can always be told by the appearance of the children 
 which it sends to school. Worthy parents will have neatly 
 clad, well behaved children, however poor they may be. 
 
 3. Good morals and good manners, together with a 
 neat person and tidy dress, will place the poorest on a 
 level with the highest and best of the land. 
 
 4. At recesses the girls are allowed precedence of the 
 boys, going out and coming in first, by themselves, and 
 the boj-s afterwards, according to classes, beginning with 
 the youngest classes first, or those nearest the door, and 
 ending with the oldest, or those farthest from the door. 
 
 5. As the movements of well-bred persons are always 
 quiet and free from noise, the pupil, therefore, on going out 
 or coming into the schoolhouse, or on crossing the floor, is 
 always to avoid haste or loud noise in walking, or in any 
 other way ; and when entering or leaving school should 
 make his manners at the door. The boy, on entering the 
 school while in session, having first taken oif his hat, 
 makes a bow to the teacher, or for the assembly in general ; 
 and on leaving the school he turns at the door and does 
 the same. The girls can make either a bow or a courtesy, 
 though the latter is frequently the most becoming. Not 
 until well out of the house should any play begin. 
 
 6. Where the schools are very large, as in some of our 
 principal towns, the teacher sometimes marches his schol- 
 ars from and to their seats at recess, at the sound of a 
 bell. At the first stroke of the bell they form in one rank, 
 the youngest first, and at the second they march quietly 
 and orderly to or. from their places. In this case the 
 bow may be omitted at the door. 
 
52 GOOD BEHAVIOR. 
 
 7. The beginning and ending of every recitation should 
 be accompanied by an obeisance from the reciting class, 
 at the intimation or word from the teacher, as Your 
 manners ! or Your obeisance ! and, though the class may 
 be seated in the interim, the pupil must always stand 
 while reciting, reading, or spelling. 
 
 8. When a visitor, and especially a distinguished visit- 
 or, like the President, or a Governor, or foreigner of dis- 
 tinction enters the school-room, the pupils should all rise 
 and remain standing until he is seated ; and on his taking 
 leave they do the same until he has left the door. In 
 cases where visits are frequent or numerous, as on ex- 
 amination days, or in our larger centers of population, 
 this ceremony might be omitted, at the discretion of the 
 teacher. It is better to seek occasions for politeness than 
 excuses for the want of it. 
 
 9. On meeting grown persons, upon the street or road, 
 the pupil, if spoken to by them, should always reply with 
 a bow or courtesy, the boy taking off or touching his hat ; 
 and if the meeting be on the road, in unfrequented places, 
 it is well for the pupil to make his manners whether spok- 
 en to or not. Kindness and civilhV^ to strangers is one of 
 the most beautiful traits of civilization. Foreigners of 
 every degree should be received with especial kindness and 
 consideration. 
 
 10. It is never well-bred to whisper in company ; and 
 hence the best behaved children will never be seen whis- 
 pering in school. 
 
 11. When the pupil finds it neccssaiy to ask a ques- 
 tion of his teacher, he first raises his hand to signify his 
 wish ; and if permitted to speak, he is always to preface 
 his request with Please Teacher, or Please Sir, or Please 
 
AT SCHOOL. 53 
 
 Ma'am ; and whenever he replies to his teacher, or any 
 grown person, he should never omit, for his own sake, the 
 politeness of adding sir, or ma'am, as No Sir, or Yes Sir, 
 No Ma'am or Yes Ma'am. A child thus well behaved is sure 
 to win the esteem of all, both for itself and its parents. 
 
 12. No child should ever suffer itself to do discredit 
 to its breeding, to be thrown off its balance, or fail in the 
 observance of good behavior on account of the haste, im- 
 patience, or rudeness of others, or for any other cause. 
 He will never be rude and offensive to his playfellows ; nor 
 call hard names, nor apply nicknames ; and he will always 
 be respectful towards the old and the unfortunate. To 
 imitate or follow the bad manners of others, would be like 
 wearing soiled and ragged clothes because others might be 
 seen in them. 
 
 13. At the beginning of the school term particular at- 
 tention will be naturally paid to establishing a system of 
 rules and observances ; and the well-behaved pupil will 
 adhere to them with perfect fidelity. 
 
 14. As we should put others to as little inconvenience 
 as possible, the pupil should never ask the teacher's assist- 
 ance, nor occup^y his time, when he can effect the same 
 purpose by his own exertions. 
 
 15. It is exceedingly vulgar and ill bred to mark, cut, 
 or deface in any waj^ the walls or furniture of public build- 
 ings. One should ever be more careful of the things of 
 others than of those which belong to himself. In a repub- 
 lic, the preservation and good condition of public edifices 
 should be the care of all. Instead of defacing school- 
 houses, it would be better for the pupils to ornament and 
 beautify them by planting shrubbery and flowers. 
 
 16. u Order is Heaven's first law ;" and it should never 
 
54 GOOD BEHAVIOR. 
 
 be forgotten that good behavior is the first law and order 
 of respectable society. Without it, the school would be an 
 injury instead of a benefit to the community. If the school 
 fails in the inculcation of good manners, together with the 
 other elements of education, it proves defective in one of 
 its most important objects, which is to civilize, refine and 
 elevate the human race. 
 
 17. As the health and comfort of pupils are of great 
 importance, it is to be presumed that School Commitee men 
 and Superintendents will make the most careful provision 
 to that end possible ; will see that school-houses (when 
 newly built) are well located, on dty, elevated and pleasant 
 situations ; that they are well ventilated ; that the stoves, 
 when used, do not heat the head instead of warming the 
 feet; that shelves, pegs, umbrella stands, etc., are pro- 
 vided in the entry, sufficient for the use of every pupil ; and 
 when all necessary conveniences have been provided, the 
 pupil should make a proper use of them, as he would in 
 his own house. Where a place is provided for every- 
 thing, everything should be kept in its place ; and a wrong 
 or improper use should never be made of anything. 
 
 18. No good pupil will ever be a tale-bearer ; but when 
 questioned by the teacher will always tell the truth, simply, 
 
 without prejudice or passion. 
 
 19. A distinguished educator has said that if a child's 
 manners be neglected until the age of ten years, the de- 
 fect can always be detected afterwards. No child, there- 
 fore, should ever surfer itself to fall into the habit of dis- 
 regarding the rules of. good breeding ; for, by so doing, it 
 would inflict an injury upon the credit of its parents, and 
 upon its own future good name and standing in society. 
 None but the vicious could be willing to appear ill-bred. 
 
AT SCHOOL. 55 
 
 20. To " show spirit" is thought by some to be very 
 admirable ; but it is perhaps oftener the manifestation of a 
 selfish and misdirected nature than of a generous and el- 
 evated one. The kingdom of heaven is not given to the 
 over-rich in spirit, but to the poor in spirit. And the 
 least worthy of all spiritedness, in a republican country, is 
 that which makes a merit of arraying itself against the 
 authority of the teacher. 
 
 " Oftentimes it doth present harsh rage, 
 Defect of manners, want of government, 
 Pride, haughtiness, opinion and disdain : 
 The least of which, haunting a nobleman, 
 Loseth men's hearts ; and leaves behind a stain 
 Upon the beauty of all parts besides, 
 Beguiling them of commendation." 
 
 21. The rules of good behavior may be regarded as 
 standing in the same relation to social intercourse that the 
 Constitution does to the government of the country ; their 
 observance is essential to the interests and welfare of all. 
 
 22. Some nations are noted for their manners, and 
 others for their morals ; happy are that people who are 
 distinguished for both. 
 
 23. Remember, the true man never trifles with his own 
 character ; but lives up to his profession in the sight of all 
 men, with sincerity and candor; and never proves treach- 
 erous to them even in appearance. As independence of 
 character is the most valuable worldly endowment that a 
 man can possibly possess, he should seek to preserve and 
 augment it, as he would his own fortune, by every means 
 consistent with the rights of others. While readily yield- 
 ing his opinions in unimportant matters, he should never 
 
56 GOOD BEHAVIOR. 
 
 suffer himself to be driven nor dragged into courses which 
 his own convictions of right condemn. The pupil at school 
 should never hesitate to separate himself, though he should 
 stand entirely alone, from disorderly and mutinous com- 
 panions. He who gives himself up to popular movements 
 without a close examination into their worthiness of his 
 support, is like the thoughtless street bo} r who follows 
 every band of music that comes along. It is character, 
 not spiritedness, that makes the man of merit. 
 
 24. Peevish temper, cross and frowning faces, and un- 
 comely looks have sometimes been cured in France by send- 
 ing the child into an octagonal boudoir lined with looking- 
 glasses, where, whichever wa} T it turned, it would see the 
 reflection of its own unpleasant features, and be constrained, 
 out of self-respect, to assume a more amiable disposition. 
 
 25. If we look for the principal mainsprings of action 
 and power among men, we shall find them to consist of 
 these five qualities, viz. virtue, beaut}', genius, family, 
 and wealth. Of these some are direct gifts from Heaven, 
 while others are attained through industry and effort ; and 
 all of them may be cultivated and heightened in effect ; 
 but, unless they are exercised in a proper manner, they may 
 prove ruinous to the possessors and an injury to society. 
 
 26. It is well to accustom children to a strict attention 
 to truth, even in the most minute particulars. If a thing 
 happened at one window, and they, when relating it, say 
 it happened at another, do not let it pass, but instantly 
 check them ; 3*011 do not know where deviations from truth 
 may end. Truth is to the soul what light is to the e}-es. 
 Anything that obscures the truth is like dimming the light 
 by which we would see to work or read. 
 
AT SCHOOL. 57 
 
 27. As the well trained soldier stands the fire of the 
 enemy like a veteran, so the man well trained in good man- 
 ners will stand the false opinions that may be entertained 
 of him, with forbearance, serenity and composure. 
 
 28. When we have first ascertained our duties towards 
 others, we shall then perceive more clearly their duties to- 
 wards ourselves. 
 
 29. When in company with one or more persons, let not 
 a common feeling with them lead }^ou to disregard the 
 rights and sensibilities of individuals who are alone. 
 
 30. When exhibiting a picture or other work of art of 
 your own composition for public view, it is polite to attach 
 its title, by card or otherwise, together with your own name. 
 
 31. The habit of promptness that is inculcated in our 
 best conducted schools should be observed through life, in 
 all our intercourse with our fellow men. If possible to 
 avoid it we should never enter an assembly after the exer- 
 cises observed there have commenced, nor take our leave 
 before they are over. 
 
 32. The child, when making a visit at the house of 
 friends or strangers, should salute the head of the family 
 present when it arrives, and take formal leave at its de- 
 parture. 
 
 33. As the diamond among gems, so is the human being 
 among all created things ; but as without hardness the di- 
 amond would be little worth, so without moral firmness man 
 is of no value. However much he might shine and glow, 
 he would be held in little repute. Nor is the rough dia- 
 mond held in esteem except that it may be cut and shaped 
 for ornament or use. 
 
 34. In order that chanty may begin at home with us, 
 we must not do ourselves what we condemn in others. 
 
58 GOOD BEHAVIOR. 
 
 35. We need not make a promise that can be properly 
 avoided, but should alwa} T s strictly comply with such as 
 we do make. It is better to be free than bound. 
 
 BE BRAVE AND TRUE. 
 
 Whatever you are, be brave, boys ! 
 Whoe'er fears the truth is a slave, boys ; 
 
 Though clever at ruses, 
 
 And sharp at excuses, 
 He plays but the part of the knave, boys. 
 
 Whatever you are, be frank, boys ! 
 'Tis better than money and rank, boys ; 
 
 Still cleave to the right, 
 
 Be lovers of light, 
 Be open, above board, and frank, boys ! 
 
 Whatever you are, be kind, boys! 
 
 Be gentle in manners and mind, boys; 
 The man gentle in mien, 
 Words and temper, I ween : 
 
 Is the gentleman truly refin'd, boys. 
 
 But whatever you are, be true, boys! 
 
 Be visible through and through, boys ; 
 Leave to others the shamming, 
 The "hazing " and " cramming," 
 
 In fun and in earnest, be true, boys. 
 
RULES OF BEHAVIOR. 59 
 
 ARTICLE VIII. 
 
 RULES OF BEHAVIOR. 
 
 [Taken from the papers of General George Washington, and copied by 
 him from some unknown source, when thirteen years of age.] 
 
 1. Every action in company ought to be with some 
 sign of respect to those present. 
 
 2. In presence of others sing not to yourself with a 
 humming noise, nor drum with your fingers or feet. 
 
 3. Sleep not when others speak, sit not when others 
 stand, speak not when you should hold your peace, walk 
 not when others stop. 
 
 4. Turn not your back to others, especially in speak- 
 ing ; jog not the table or desk on which another reads or 
 writes ; lean not on any one. 
 
 5. Be no flatterer; neither play with any one that 
 delights not to be pla} T ed with. 
 
 6. Read no letters, books, nor papers in company ; but, 
 when there is a necessity for doing it, you must ask leave. 
 Come not near the books or writings of any one so as to 
 read them, unless desired, ^nor give your opinion of them 
 unasked ; also, look not nigh when another is writing a 
 letter. 
 
 7. Let your countenance be pleasant, but in serious 
 matters somewhat grave. 
 
60 GOOD BEHAVIOR. 
 
 8. Show not yourself glad at the misfortune of another, 
 though he were your enemy. 
 
 9. When you meet with one of greater quality than 
 3 r ourself, stop and retire, especially^ if it be at a door or 
 any strait place, to give way to him to pass. 
 
 10. They that are in dignity, or in office, have in all 
 places precedency ; but, whilst they are young, they ought 
 to respect those who are their equals in birth, or other 
 qualities, though the} T have no public charge. 
 
 11. It is good manners to prefer those to whom we 
 are to speak before ourselves, especially if the} 7 be above 
 us with whom in no sort we ought to begin. 
 
 12. Let your discourse with men of business be short 
 and comprehensive. 
 
 13. In visiting the sick do not presently play the 
 physician, if you be not knowing therein. 
 
 14. In writing, or speaking, give to every person his 
 due title, according to his degree and the custom of the 
 place. 
 
 15. Strive not with your superiors in argument, but 
 always submit your judgment to others with modesty . 
 
 16. Undertake not to teach }'our equal in the art him- 
 self professes ; it savors of arrogancy. 
 
 17. When a man does all he can, though it succeeds 
 not well, blame not him that did it. 
 
 18. Being to advise or reprehend anj- one, consider 
 whether it ought to be in public or private, presently or at 
 some other time, in what terms to do it ; and, in reprovings 
 show no signs of choler, but do it with sweetness and 
 mildness. 
 
 19. Take all admonitions thankfully, in what time or 
 place soever given ; but afterwards, not being culpable, 
 
RULES OF BEHAVIOR. 61 
 
 take a time and place convenient to let him know it that 
 gave them. 
 
 20. Mock not nor jest at anything of importance ; 
 break no jests that are sharp-biting, and, if you deliver 
 anything witty and pleasant, abstain from laughing thereat 
 yourself. 
 
 21. Wherein 3-011 reprove another, be unblamable }~our- 
 self ; for example is more prevalent than precept. 
 
 22. Use no reproachful language against any one; 
 neither curse, nor revile. 
 
 23. Be not hasty to believe flying reports to the dis- 
 paragement of any. 
 
 X 24. In your apparel be modest, and endeavor to ac- 
 commodate nature rather than to procure admiration ; 
 keep to the fashion of your equals, such as are civil and 
 orderly with respect to times and places. 
 
 25. Play not the peacock, looking everywhere about 
 you to see if you be well decked, if your shoes fit well, if 
 your stockings set neatly, and your clothes handsomely. 
 
 26. Associate yourself with men of good quality, if 
 you esteem your own reputation ; for it is better to be 
 alone than in bad company. 
 
 27. Let your conversation be without malice or envy, 
 for it is a sign of a tractable and commendable nature ; and , 
 in all causes of passion, admit reason to govern. 
 
 28. Be not immoderate in urging your friend to discov- 
 er a secret. 
 
 29. Utter not base and frivolous things amongst grave 
 and learned men ; nor very difficult questions or subjects 
 among the ignorant ; nor things hard to be believed. 
 
 30. Speak not of doleful things in time of mirth, nor 
 at the table : speak not of melancholy things, as death 
 
62 GOOD BEHAVIOR. 
 
 and wounds ; and if others mention them, change, if 
 can, the discourse. Tell not your dreams but to your in- 
 timate friend. 
 
 31. Break not a jest where none takes pleasure in 
 mirth ; laugh not aloud, nor at all without occasion. 
 Deride no man's misfortune, though there seems to be 
 some cause. 
 
 32. Speak not injurious words, neither in jest nor earn- 
 est ; scoff at none although they give occasion. 
 
 33. Be not forward, but friendly and courteous; the 
 first to salute, hear, and answer ; and be not pensive when 
 it is time to converse. 
 
 . 34. Detract not from others, neither be excessive in 
 commending. 
 
 35. Go not thither where you know not whether you 
 shall be welcome or not. Give not advice without being 
 asked, and, when desired, do it briefly. 
 
 36. If two contend together, take not the part of eith- 
 er unconstrained, and be not obstinate in your own opin- 
 ion ; in things indifferent be of the major side. 
 
 37. Reprehend not the imperfections of others, for 
 that belongs to parents, masters and superiors. 
 
 38. Gaze not on the marks or blemishes of others, 
 and ask not how they came. What you may speak in 
 secret to your friend, deliver not before others. 
 
 39. Speak not in an unknown tongue in company, 'but 
 in your own language, and that as those of quality do, 
 and not as the vulgar ; sublime matters treat seriously. 
 
 , 40. Think before you speak, pronounce not imperfect- 
 ly, nor bring out your words too hastily, but orderly and 
 distinctly. 
 
 41. When another speaks be attentive yourself, and 
 
RULES OF BEHAVIOR. 63 
 
 disturb not the audience. If any hesitate in his words, 
 help him not nor prompt him, without being desired ; in- 
 terrupt him not, nor answer him till his speech be ended. 
 
 42. Treat with men at fit times about business ; and 
 whisper not in the company of others. 
 
 43. Make no comparisons, and, if any of the company 
 be commended for any brave act of virtue, commend not 
 another for the same. 
 
 44. Be not apt to relate news, if you know not the 
 'truth thereof. In discoursing of things you have heard, 
 
 name not your author always. A secret discover not. 
 
 45. Be not curious to know the affairs of others, neith- 
 er approach to those that speak in private. 
 
 46. Undertake not what you cannot perform, but be 
 careful to keep your promise. 
 
 47. When you deliver a matter, do it without passion, 
 and with discretion, however mean the person may be you 
 do it to. 
 
 48. When your superiors talk to anybody, hearken 
 not, neither speak, nor laugh. 
 
 49. In dispute, be not so desirous to overcome, as to 
 give liberty to each one to deliver his opinion ; and sub- 
 mit to the judgment of the major part, especially if they 
 are judges of the dispute. 
 
 50. Be not tedious in discourse ; make not many di- 
 gressions, nor repeat often the same manner of discourse. 
 
 51. Speak not evil of the absent, for it is unjust. 
 
 52. Make no show of taking great delight in your 
 victuals ; feed not with greediness ; lean not on the table ; 
 neither find fault with what you eat. 
 
 53. Be not angrj- at table, whatever happens; and if 
 you have reason to be so, show it not ; put on a cheerful 
 
64 GOOD BEHAVIOR. 
 
 countenance, especially if there be strangers, for good 
 humor makes one dish of meat a feast. 
 
 54. Set not yourself at the upper end of the table ; but, 
 if it be your due, or that the master of the house will have 
 it so, contend not, lest you should trouble the company. 
 
 55. When you speak of God or his attributes, let it 
 be seriousty and in reverence. Honor and obey your 
 natural parents, although they be poor. 
 
 56. Let your recreations be manful not sinful. 
 
 57. Labor to keep alive in your breast that little 
 spark of celestial fire called conscience. 
 
 The historian Sparks, in speaking of these rules, saj's 
 that "they are fitted to soften and polish the manners, to 
 keep alive the best affections of the heart, to impress the 
 obligation of the moral virtues, to teach what is due to 
 others in the social relations, and above all to inculcate 
 the practice of a perfect self-control." 
 
 " In studying the character of Washington," the histori- 
 an adds, "it is obvious that this code of rules had an influ- 
 ence upon his whole life. His temperament was ardent, 
 his passions strong, and, amidst the multiplied scenes of 
 temptation and excitement through which he passed, it 
 was his constant effort and ultimate triumph to check the 
 one and subdue the other. His intercourse with men, pri- 
 vate and public, in every walk and station, was marked 
 with a consistency, a fitness to occasion, a clignit} 7 , de- 
 corum, condescension, and mildness, and respect for the 
 claims of others, and a delicate perception of the nicer 
 shades of civility which were not more the dictates of his 
 natural good sense and incomparable judgment than the 
 fruits of a long and unwearied discipline." 
 
RESOLUTIONS FOR SELF-GOVERNMENT. 65 
 
 ARTICLE IX. 
 RESOLUTIONS FOR SELF-GOVERNMENT. 
 
 BY JONATHAN EDWARDS. 
 
 Perhaps neither Washington, nor Jefferson, nor Frank- 
 lin, was so thorough a representative of American institu- 
 tions, as was Jonathan Edwards. He was born in Con- 
 necticut eighty-three years after the landing of the Pil- 
 grims at Plymouth, and died as President of Princeton 
 College, New Jersey, in 1758. From the seventy resolu- 
 tions framed by him for the special regulation of his own 
 conduct, and which, through his teachings, left an abiding 
 impression upon the character of the early fathers of the 
 republic, we extract the following : 
 
 To be endeavoring to find out fit objects of charity and 
 liberality. 
 
 Never to do anything out of revenge. 
 
 Never to suffer the least motions of anger towards ir- 
 rational beings. 
 
 Never to speak evil of any one, so that it shall tend 
 to his dishonor, more or less, upon any account, except for 
 some real good. 
 
 That I will live so as I shall wish I had done when I 
 come to die. 
 
 To maintain the strictest temperance in eating and 
 drinking. 
 
66 GOOD BEHAVIOR. 
 
 In narrations never to speak any thing but pure and 
 simple verity. 
 
 Never to give over, nor in the least to slacken, nay fight 
 with my corruptions, however unsuccessful I may be. 
 
 Not onty to refrain from an air of dislike, fretfulness, and 
 anger in conversation, but to exhibit an air of love, cheer- 
 fulness and benignity. 
 
 Let there be something of benevolence in all that I 
 speak. 
 
 If we plant hate, then hate will spring; 
 
 For love from hate can never grow ; 
 What we sow to-day, to-morrow may bring 
 The proof, by its bloom, what sort of a thing 
 
 Is the seed the seed that we sow. 
 
 ARTICLE X. 
 
 JEFFERSON'S TEN RULES. 
 
 1 . Take things alwa}'s by the smooth handle. 
 
 2. Never spend your money before you have it. 
 
 3. We seldom repent of having eaten too little. 
 
 4. Pride costs us more than hunger, thirst and cold. 
 
 5. Nothing is troublesome that we do willingly. 
 
 6. Never put off till to-morrow what you can do to-day. 
 
 7. Never trouble another for what }'ou can do yourself. 
 
 8. Never buy what you don't want because it is cheap. 
 
 9. How much pain those evils have cost us that never 
 have happened ! 
 
 10. When angry count ten before you speak ; if very 
 angry, count a hundred. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Hints for the Building of School Houses. 
 
 Yard. To contain thirty two square feet, at least, for each pupil ; 
 fenced in from outer view towards thoroughfares and alleys. 
 
 The site. Elevated and free from dampness ; free access to the 
 sun on three sides of the house ; not over-much shaded with trees, 
 nor near factories, railroads, etc. 
 
 The cellar. To be dry and extend under the entire building ; or 
 a dry air space of at least two feet. 
 
 Basement. The ceiling to be six feet above the ground, and ten 
 feet high ; the rooms to be thoroughly lighted, and to serve for gym- 
 nasiums, clothes closets, etc.; never to be used for school work. 
 
 Entries. Warmed and ventilated, and lighted chiefly from the 
 outside. 
 
 Stairs. Fire-proof; straight; height of steps four and a half to 
 five inches and breadth ample. 
 
 Fire escape. Every school house of three stories or upwards 
 should be provided with fire-escapes. 
 
 Hall. The floor spaces of halls should contain six or seven square 
 feet for every person which they are ever designed to hold, and have 
 a height of fourteen feet. The ventilating arrangements should 
 admit an outflow of a thousand cubic feet of foul air an hour for 
 every person assembled therein. 
 
 Rooms. Should contain a floor space of from fifteen to twenty 
 square feet for every pupil, and a height of fourteen feet; to open 
 into the entries, with windows eighteen inches high over the doors ; 
 never papered ; blackboard never placed on the sides where the 
 windows are ; the columns, if any are required, to be of iron. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 Windows. Never to be in front of the pupils ; to contain at least 
 thirty square inches of glass for every square foot of floor surface in 
 the room ; The lower sill to be three and a half or four feet above 
 the floor, and the upper within a foot, or less, of the ceiling. 
 
 Ventilation. Such as to renew the air of every study room, re- 
 citation room, gymnasium, etc., at the rate of five hundred cubic 
 feet per hour, for each one of the average number of inmates. For 
 water closets, the air should always set into them, not out from 
 them. 
 
 Water Closets. Separate for the two sexes ; divided by screens 
 when out of doors. Those indoors to be lighted, warmed, and ven- 
 tilated by an outward draught of air. Those for girls, in large 
 buildings, to be placed in the upper stories, never under school 
 rooms. 
 
 Drains. To be protected from rats ; and precautions taken against 
 the fouling of drinking water. 
 
 These rules are to apply to the school houses of the rural districts 
 as far as practicable ; and especially with reference to the size of 
 rooms, height of ceiling, supply of fresh air, and agreeableness of 
 situation. 
 
 THE END. 
 
TESTIMONIALS. 
 
 HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 
 
 CAMBRIDGE, MASS., MAECH 3d, 1876. 
 
 GENTLEMEN : I have examined your Reader for District Schools, 
 entitled "Good Behavior," and find it to contain, many rules of good 
 manners which children ought to know, but which are much neglect- 
 ed both in our homes and in our schools. In publishing this little 
 book I think you have done a service to the cause of popular edu- 
 cation. The end of Common Schools is to refine and elevate the 
 popular character ; and since character and manners react upon 
 each other, whatever improves manners will probably improve char- 
 acter too. I trust that this Reader will be brought into general use. 
 Very truly yours, 
 
 CHARLES W. ELIOT. 
 YALE COLLEGE, 
 
 NEW HAVEN, CONN., MAEOH 2, 1876. 
 
 MESSRS. CHENEY & CLAPP : The end proposed in your District 
 School Reader to bring before young persons while at school, some 
 of the most important practical rules for good behavior, is eminent- 
 ly important. I wish your efforts the amplest success. 
 
 N. PORTER. 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Locust 34th & 36th Street. 
 PHILADELPHIA, FEB. 24, 1876, 
 Messrs. Cheney & Clapp, Brattleboro, Vt. f 
 
 GENTS: I have read with great interest and pleasure the little book, 
 "Good Behavior," intended for the use of pupils in the Public Schools. 
 I entirely agree with the gentleman who prepared this manual, 
 that good behavior is a subject concerning which our young people 
 sadly need instruction. It seems to me that all that can be done to 
 teach correct notions on this subject, by precept, has been done in this 
 little book. Whether, however, such a subject can be fully or ade- 
 quately taught, save by example, I feel disposed to doubt. But the 
 effort to inspire young people with correct principles in this matter, 
 deserves all praise, and I sincerely hope that your admirable com- 
 pend may be widely distributed, for it must do*good. 
 
 Very Respectfully, 
 
 C. S. STILLE, Provost. 
 
 From WILLIAM WOOD, 
 
 President of the Board of Education, New York Oity. 
 It is calculated to do a great deal of good to teachers as well as 
 scholars, and individually I would like to see it on our list of "sup- 
 plies" for the schools of this city. 
 
THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE 
 STAMPED BELOW 
 
 AN INITIAL FINE OF 25 CENTS 
 
 WILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN 
 THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY 
 WILL INCREASE TO SO CENTS ON THE FOURTH 
 DAY AND TO $1.OO ON THE SEVENTH DAY 
 OVERDUE. 
 
 SEP 14 1932 
 
 NO V 20 1940 
 
 MAY is 1988 . 
 
 REC'D UP 
 
 NOV 1 5 1975 
 
 AUTO. DISC. 
 
 0V 10 1994 
 
YA 02930 
 
 U.C. BERKELEY LIBRARIES