THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES *. 0. AR P E R N I N ' S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY . THE SIMPLEST, MOST LEGIBLE AND RAPID SHORTHAND METHOD IN THE WORLD AND THE ONLY STRICTLY PHONETIC, LIGHT-LINE, NON-POSITION, AND CONNECTIVE VOWEL SYSTEM IN USE. FOR SCHOOLS AND SELF-STUDY THIRTY-THIRD EDITION 1917 THE PERNIN PUBLISHING COMPANY DETROIT, MICH COPYRIGHT, 1886, BY H. M. PERNIN. COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY H. M. PERNIN. COPYRIGHT, 1906, BY PERNIN SHORTHAND INSTITUTE CC- All rights reserved. PIRMW5' SrtGRTnflNS INSTITUTt, OETR EXHIBIT TEXT-BOOKS. ""ac-Simile of Diploma awarded the Pernln Universal Phonography at the World's Columbian Exposition. facsimile of Hwarfcefc Ipernin's ^Universal PREFACE. THE complete revision of our Universal Phonography has been a matter long contemplated ; partly for the pur- pose of incorporating certain improvements which have been made from time to time, and partly to enable us to c* rearrange the subject matter to conform to ideas suggested *[ by a long experience in teaching, and prepare new short- >. hand plates throughout the book. Until the present time c such a revision has been made impossible by uncontrollable 29 circumstances, and naturally it is with much satisfaction and pleasure that we are now able to present to the public a completely revised text, in the preparation of which t neither time nor expense has been spared in an endeavor ii to produce the best text- book that modern thought and ^ modern workmanship are capable of producing. In method of presentation this book is completely re- moved from any other shorthand text-book heretofore pub- y lished. It will be found distinctive in every feature; and b we are sanguine that it will be regarded by teachers and students as distinctly modern and much in advance of all other books of this nature. The plan of dividing the prin- ciples into graded lessons, and the admirable simplicity of arrangement which has always been a distinctive feature of (vii) 448629 Vlll PREFACE the Pernin text-book, have been retained. Aside from these general features, however, little resemblance in man- ner of presentation will be found between this and preceding editions. One marked difference which will be noticed is the treatment of each principle individually. This enables the student to grasp each idea, and to learn to apply all rules pertaining to each given principle without a possibil- ity of confusion, which feature will naturally tend to lighten the teacher's work : from this standpoint the value of the text-book is greatly enhanced. Instructions throughout the book are given fully, illustrations are profuse, and the read- ing and writing exercises embrace all departments of short hand work. The changes introduced, while in no respect funda- mental, add much to the speed possibilities of the system, but at the same time detract nothing from its unequaled legibility. These improvements are all so simple and prac- tical that every Pernin writer can readily adopt them with great advantage. Most important among the alphabetic changes made are the reversion of the characters for a and T; the substitution of an elliptical character in place of the circle and dot, for ow; omitting the dot from /, ch , making both double length characters, distinguished from sh, zh, by a difference in length; the shortening of the strokes m, n, do, and ing ; the substitution of kr, gr, for krs, grs ; the use of the slur- ring principle in joining /, r; d, r ; and the introduction of additional combined consonant strokes for sm, sn, and PREFACE IX sw. The reason for most of these changes is obvious. Re- versing the natural position of long a will, it is believed, eliminate all possibility of the confusion which some pupils seem to have experienced in mastering this principle. We think it is not necessary to enumerate the improve- ments to be found in the reporting principles the sig- nificance of the various changes will be appreciated when fully understood. The Publishers take this opportunity to acknowledge their indebtedness, and tender their hearty thanks, to the many Pernin teachers and writers from whom have been received valuable suggestions for the improvement of the system. INTRODUCTION. r)HONOGRAPHY is derived from two Greek words and signifies 1 writing by sound. Though the art has attained its present excellence only in late years, the idea of obviating the incon- venience of cumbrous longhand writing is a very old one. The origin of the Egyptian hieroglyphics, a system of figures and symbols, is lost in the mists of antiquity. The ancient Hebrews used a system of contractions, the Greeks adopted a like method, the Romans followed their example, and a form of shorthand is also said to have been practiced in Ireland 3,000 years ago. The celebrated Tiro, born a slave on the estate of Cicero, 103 B. C., invented a set of characters, which have come down to us, by means of which much of his patron's eloquence has been re- corded. Tiro's system was further developed after his death, and many of these " note-written " manuscripts which were examined in the twelfth and sixteenth centuries, possessed cu- rious and interesting teatures for lovers of shorthand lore. The laborious students of the Middle Ages employed this useful art of shorthand in various ways. Its obvious advantages were al- ways held in high esteem, and at no period of authentic history do we find its existence entirely ignored. MODERN ENGLISH SHORTHAND may be said to date from a treatise of arbitrary signs for words published by Dr. Brighte during the reign of Queen Elizabeth in 1588. He was in turn INTRODUCTION xi followed, during the next two hundred years, by Willis, Ma- son, Rich, Taylor, Gurney, Byron, Mayors, and Lewis. In 1834, phonetic shorthand was invented in England by Thomas Town- drow, who in that year, published a treatise on the subject, and two years later published a revised edition which was sold in the United States as well as in England. In 1837, one year later, Isaac Pitman, who is erroneously claimed to be the inventor of phonetic shorthand, published a work upon the same subject ; and from the last-named system, are adapted the Benn Pitman, Graham, Munson, Longley, Burns, Marsh, and others at pres- ent in use in this country. Pitman Phonography was first introduced into the United States in 1847. The Pitman shorthand, though greatly superior to the ear- lier systems, proved far from satisfactory for general use, and it was not until the publication of Pernin's Universal Phonog- raphy that the general demand for a simple, legible, and rapid shorthand was fully met. The Pernin shorthand alphabet is based on that of the Duployan, or Standard French Phonog- raphy, which is so admirable in its simplicity and legibility. The system was brought to this country by Prof. Pernin in 1877. and two small editions of the English adaptation were subse- quently published, though no effort was made to introduce it at that time. In 1882, a third edition was published, which, while varying widely from the original, retained the leading points of superiority, which made the system so justly famous. The great aim of the author has been SIMPLICITY to keep the mind free from embarrassment by employing the smallest number of characters and contractions consistent with legibility and rapidity, and dividing the work equally between the head and the hand. What are termed shading and change of position in other methods are entirely dispensed with in this. By shading is meant the thickening of cognate signs to distin- guish one from the other, instead of making them of different lengths, as in the Pernin. Leading stenographers admit that Xll INTRODUCTION this alone detncts at least 25 per cent from rapidity; besides, in rapid writing it is impossible to shade accurately, and con- sequently great illegibility is the result. This unsatisfactory expedient is employed in the Pitman system, and its various modifications; these also employ three positions, the signifi cation varying as the word is formed upon the line, above it, or beneath it. Only the consonants of words are combined ; the vowels, when used, which is very rarely, are indicated by dots and dashes placed outside the word, necessitating in both cases a constant shifting of the hand in writing. This naturally hin- ders speed, while the omission of the vowels greatly impairs the legibility of the writing. However phonetic the systems of Pitman and his adapters may appear to be in theory, in practice they deviate widely from the true phonetic principles which should consist not only in writing by sound, but also in writing the vowel after the con- sonant without raising the pen or pencil. As the vowels are omitted in reporting, the consonantal outline alone remains, and as this outline is often the same for many words of widely different meaning, the reading is largely a matter of guess work. One reviewer, a former Pitman writer, gives a list of over 100 words and phrases, all represented by the same outline in the Pitman shorthand. This ambiguous feature, together with the shading of consonants of the same length and appearance to indicate different signs, and many other arbitrary contriv- ances, make the study of such complicated systems not only a perplexing and time-wasting work, but a brain exhausting one as well. The Cross shorthand employs characters to represent let- ters instead of sounds as in phonography, and uses seven po- sitions in writing. It also shades the following letter to indi- cate r, which, as r is the most frequently recurring consonant, causes a general shading of the writing. Lindsley's Tachigraphy is also a shaded system, differing somewhat from the Pitman INTRODUCTION Xlll method, on which it is based. It has a partial connective vowel scale, but the vowels occasion so many angles in combining with the consonants that although there is a gain in legibility over the Pitman, there is a decrease in speed. The PERNIN shorthand possesses none of these disadvan- tages. No shading whatever is employed ; the vowels are repre- sented by small circles and half circles, written in the body of the ivord in the natural order in which they occur, their formation enabling them to be quickly united with the consonants while causing few angles. Nothing can be more simple or more leg- ible than the principal manner of contracting in the reporting style, by which the leading part of the word is written and the first sign of the next word placed in proximity to indicate the balance. A few of the most familiar and frequently recurring words only are formed into word-signs, and these are so full and so suggestive, that they can scarcely be termed arbitrary. The writing is entirely lineal in the simple style, and almost entirely so in the reporting, this alone adding greatly to speed of writing, as the use of position requiring the constant raising or dropping of the pen or pencil is in itself a serious drawback to rapid execution. It must not be understood here that the simple and reporting styles are two distinct forms of writing. What is called the reporting style is only a continuation of the first five lessons, termed, for convenience, The Simple Style. These advantages give to the Pernin Phonography a great superiority over all other methods of shorthand ; and the fact that it can be learned and used practically, in less than ^ne-half the time it usually takes to acquire the principles of other short- hands, explains the remarkable revolution in shorthand writing which has been witnessed during the past two decades, dating especially from the fourth edition of Pernin's Universal Phonog- raphy, published in 1886. From 1886 to the present time, the system has advanced with rapid strides. The intense popularity so quickly won by INTRODUCTION the Pernin when first presented to the pub'ic has constantly in- creased, until to-day, this light-line, connective vowel shorthand is taught and written in every country in the world. The very logical reason for this stupendous success will be found in the statement made by the President of one of our leading Business Colleges who well said : " We teach the Pernin shorthand in our college, because our students learn it in one -fourth of the time they -would be obliged to devote to the study of other shorthands to accomplish a like result. We know this from our experience in teaching- other systems." One particularly strong evidence that the Pernin shorthand is generally regarded as being based on principles fundamen- tally correct, has been the appearance during the past few years of numerous light-line, connective vowel shorthand methods, based on this method. Some of these were suppressed, owing to the flagrant violation of the copyright laws, they being almost literally copied from the Pernin text-book ; others are still being extensively advertised. Such success as these systems have attained has, of course, been due largely to their imitation and application of the principles of the Pernin; but the alteration of the names of vowels and other signs and their different appli- cation, to avoid too close a resemblance to this method, has des- troyed the harmony of the principles existing in the Pernin, and, in consequence, neither the same degree of simplicity] legibility, nor speed is attainable in them as in the original Pernin shorthand. What may also, at this time, be regarded as very signifi- cant, is the growing tolerance among Pitmanic authors and writ- ers on the subject of connective vowels, and the frantic efforts of the former to simplify their cumbrous and complicated methods in an endeavor to meet the modern demand created by the Pernin. One of the best known Pitmanic authors and writers, Isaac S. Dement, has frankly admitted that he is con- vinced that connective vowels are absolutely essential to com- INTRODUCTION XV plete legibility. Such a statement from so prominent a Pit- manic writer, fully supporting a principle which has proved a bone of contention for many years, cannot but have a weighty influence in behalf of Pernin's Universal Phonography. The following graphic expression of opinion from one who had used different Pitmanic shorthands fora quarter of a century so fully covers the subject that we cannot refrain from giving it a place here : The PERNIN shorthand is firmly established. It is not never was a mere experiment. It is here to stay. It has steadily made its way, by its merit alone, against an active, organized and unscrupulous opposition of the Pitman systems and interests, until now the PERNIN is taught in over a thousand schools and colleges, and its writers are employed in all kinds of shorthand work throughout the land from sea to sea. The PERNIN system began its existence in 1886. The Pitman dates back to 1836. Many Pitman writers have abandoned that system and have taken up the PERNIN. I have not heard of any one, abandoning the PERNIN to take up the Pitman, nor have I heard of any one returning to the Pitman after leaving it for the PER- NIN. It is useless to argue against prejudice. There are and always will be some people who resist change and progress, as there are old ladies who prefer tallow candles to the electric light, and there are people who yet cling to the antiquated, three position, heavy dot and light dot, heavy dash and light dash, heavy stroke and light stroke, and ten-thousand-word-sign system of Pitman-Graham-Munsc.i. In the PERNIN there are no shades, no shadows, no positions, no arbitrary word-signs, no " Logographs," no " Logograms," no Greek, and no Geometry, no theory about lines of beauty and lines o{ speed, no halting to insert dots and dashes of varying thick- ness, no "Diphthongal Glides," no " Coalescents," no " fina? Hooks,*' no " Nominals." no "S* an " ioops, no special iron- XVI INTRODUCTION clad rules, no " Phraseographs," no " Reporting Phraseo- grams," and no perplexing nonsense whatever. There are about thirty alphabetic characters, a few combinations of three characters, three forms for contracting long words, a few simple signs for prefixes and suffixes, and the rest is write write-write and read every word you have written, and any person so doing will soon find himself a rapid writer and reader of the PERNIN shorthand. ADVICE TO LEARNERS. ON beginning the study of phonography, the student, after first procuring the necessary text-books, must provide himself with the tools for working, viz., the proper kind of paper and pencil. Reporters' pads, consisting of unglazed paper with wide spaces between lines, and a slender No. 2 ] ead pencil with rubber tip, are the best materials for prac- tice. A list of phonographic requirements for the use of students will be found appended to the present work. Pen and ink should not be used in learning, as they are not so convenient as pencils ; besides, in the Pernin system, where no shading is employed, no necessity exists for their use. Stenographers, as a rule, hold the pencil between the first and second fingers, keeping it in place with the thumb; this need not be considered an arbitrary position however, the convenience of the writer being consulted in that respect (xvii) XV111 ADVICE TO LEARNKRS The hand should be held in a position more nearly upright than when writing longhand, in order that the vertical signs may be correctly formed. The alphabet is divided into five graded lessons, thus rendering the acquisition of the art so easy that the learner finds the work a real pleasure from the beginning. By thoroughly fixing in the mind the signs of one lesson and their combination in words before taking up another, you will find at the end of the fifth lesson that you have thoroughly mastered the fundamental principles with a few hours, or at most a few days' study, according to your mental aptitude. After the alphabet is learned in this way, continue to practice upon it at least thirty minutes each day during the entire term of study. This is one of the best means of gain- ing speed. Instead of going over the entire alphabet at once, write each character contained in it as many times as you can in one minute, and continue this for thirty min- utes. You will find your speed perceptibly increased in a short time by this practice. Trace the signs accurately, slowly, and with the same degree of precision that you would exercise in drawing. Do not try to write rapidly in the first lessons, or until you can make your signs readily and of proper size and form. Rapidity will come by practice and repetition, but if a careless habit of making the characters is formed at the be- ginning, it will hinder your progress all through the study. Accuracy is the first essential, as the correct rendering of ADVICE TO LEARNERS XIX your notes depends entirely upon it. It is worse than use- less to spend time in attempting to write shorthand rapidly, If through carelessness in tracing the signs, you are unable to translate your notes readily. "Make haste slowly" is a good motto for beginners in shorthand. Exercises should be first written, then carefully reviewed, and the errors corrected; after that they should be rewritten several times until each word can be formed without hes- itation. Read over e-ich exercise from your own notes un- til the characters become familiar and are easily deciphered. The writing of each day should be carefully reviewed and read on the following one, and again some days later. The learner will thus acquire a ready familiarity with his notes which can be obtained in no other way, and will be able in subsequent lessons to avoid errors made in preceding ones. Knowing the difficulty that self-taught students usually encounter in learning to write phonetically, the lessons have been arranged with a view of overcoming this ob- stacle as far as possible. The entire principles of the Pernin shorthand are given in ten graded lessons, which are subdivided for easier ac- quisition and to enable the learner to become thoroughly grounded in one principle before passing to the next. It is the desire of the author that Pernin writers should attain a high degree of rapidity, and to do this, it is very impor- tant that a thorough acquirement of the principles of the system be had before speed practice begins. When the mind hesitates to recall a sign, a contraction, or a phrase, XX ADVICE TO LEARNERS the fingers halt, and time is lost that would have been gained fo r speed had each principle been on the finger tips, so to speak. To this end, study, read, write, and review again and again, until shorthand, like longhand writing, becomes largely a mechanical process. Instruction in the best and quickest mode of obtaining speed, when this is accom- plished, will be found in this text-book following the com- pletion of the principles, also in the pages of THE PERNIN STENOGRAPHER. By following the foregoing advice, the aspirant to phonographic honors may justly hope for the highest success. PART I. PERNIN'S PHONOGRAPHIC ALPHABET. CONSONANTS VOWELS AND COMBINATIONS NAME SIGN PRONOUNCED NAME SIGN PRONOUNCED P pu as in pay a O as m lad B bu as in bay a, 8 O as m all, odd K / ku as in key o O as in old / a j as in aid G / gu as in go e ji as in heed F \ \ fu as in few e n as in head V \ vu as in van -j c as in hid T tu as in too 7 / ' as in hide D ..__ du as in dot u L/ as in ftjf R <; fr as in ray 66, u ^-_ as in look, up L ^ el as in lay oo, w r as in ooze, will M/ em \ im ^ ''. / May em asin \ri COMBINATIONS. N /? n > V . - (Nat en as ln \ men an um 1 j as in man /as in Tom S i, , su as in sown om / ^* \ as in hum Z ^ zd as in z^ji un I on / pf I as in gone \ as in fun SH "-> shu as in show These c ombinatic ns are used only ZH ^T-N zhu as in azure when short a, short o, or short u CH ^r^ chu as in r/i ju as in joke H hii as in Aa/ DIPHTHONGS. TH thu as in thin ow & as in pout NG, ING } as in hang, bring oi as in oil Note. All shorthand characters are written downward or forward, except those indicated otherwise by the arrow. 3 INTRODUCTORY INSTRUCTIONS. PROPORTIONS Article I. The distinction between cognate signs, as p, b; t, d; k, g, etc., is one of length. This dis- tinction takes the place of shading # source of con- fusion and a hindrance to speed which is employed in other systems. Fundamentally but two lengths are employed, the single and the double; e. g., p is a short stroke, b its cognate is twice as long; k is short, g is twice as long; etc.; but as an aid to securing the cor- rect lengths of the various alphabetic signs, four defi- nite relative lengths are given, of which the r stroke, about one-eighth of an inch in length, is taken as the unit. The student should make constant reference to the following table until the relative proportions of the signs are well fixed in the memory. 1. f, p, w, t, th, m, n, an, om, on, do, u, kw, ng, ing. The length of r. 2. v, b, g, d, 1, sm, st, sp, sk, kr, sw. Twice the length of r. 3. sn, gr, str, spr, skr, skw. Three times the length of r. 4. The curved strokes s, z; sh, zh; etc., are one and one-half times the length of r, or about three-sixteenths of an inch long; u is also about three-sixteenths of an inch in length, while j, ch, are twice as long, i is one-half the length of r. From the accompanying diagrams, the proper slant of consonant stems and the correct shape of curved characters may be determined. /?, /, are written at a slant of 25 degrees; the slant of /, v, k, g, should be about 40 degrees. An exception is made when k, g, precede or follow r, /, when they are written at a slant of 75 degrees. PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 5 As will be noted, m, n, an, s, sh, ing, etc., are quarter segments of circles, varying in size according to the proportionate lengths of the characters. e tt* ^ PHONETIC SPELLING. Article 2. Write only the sounds of which words are composed. Thus, for tough, write t u f; through, th r do; tffAf, a k; aim, a m; etc. This phonetic spelling will be ascertained by pronouncing a word very slowly and observing the distinct sounds. A dictionary having the phonetic spelling inserted after the printed form, will prove helpful to beginners. Article 3. Do not attempt to memorize the alpha- bet as a whole. A few of the signs are introduced in each of the succeeding lessons, until all are learned. In practicing each lesson, observe the following order of study: 1. Write several lines of each character, pro- nouncing the sound while tracing the sign. 2. Translate the Reading Exercise and then copy accurately on paper. 3. Transcribe the Writing Exercise into short- hand and compare with the printed key. Note all errors and rewrite the corrected forms several times. 6 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. LESSON I. CONSONANTS: PI ; B I ;K/;G /. VOWELS: a o : a or 6 o ; 6 O ; I / ; u ^ . Article 4. P and b are vertical strokes traced downward; k and g are oblique strokes traced downward from right to left. The strokes for p, k, should not exceed one-eighth of an inch in length, while b, g, are made twice as long. G has two sounds, the hard sound, as in go, gap, which / represents, and the sound similar to, and represented by/, as in gem, gentle. The circles for a, a or o, o, increase in size as the vowels increase in broadness of sound; thus a, as in bat, is the shortest in sound and is represented by the smallest circle; a, o, as in fall, pod, is a broader sound and a larger circle; o as in boat, is the broad- est in sound and the largest in size. For correct sizes and proportions of circles refer to alphabet, page 3 u and 7 are written almost like the printed char- acters. The dot is seldom used on /except when this character stands alone. J is one-half the length of r, PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY and is traced downward from right to left; when it precedes or follows k, g, a slight tick is made to separate the two; or, k, g, may be dotted; as in like, I i k ^7* ; tiger, t i g r 7* . MEMORY AIDS. The pupil who desires to master the alphabet quickly should impress the signs on his memory by mnemonic helps, similar to those given below. After the signs are learned, there is, of course, no further need of these aids, but consider- able time will be saved in the beginning by their use. ALPHABETIC PRACTICE. Article 5. Throughout the entire course of study, at least a few minutes each day should be devoted to practicing on the alphabetic characters. As it will not be possible to write a full outline with any degree of facility, until the individual characters can be correctly and rapidly formed, the importance of such daily practice cannot be too strongly emphasized. Write at least five lines of each separate sign, and then five lines of the cognate signs, observing closely the difference in length and size. Practice until each sign can be made readily and accurately, and read without effort. PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. ILLUSTRATIVE OUTLINE OF ALPHABETIC PRACTICE. P, I I 1 I I B, I P, B, I K, ///////// G, ////////////// K,G, //////////// a ooooooooooooooo **> a, o, oooooooooooooo 6, OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO a, a, 6, 6, ooOooOooOooOo I, ///'/// / / / v ' " ' PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. <> POSITION OF VOWELS. Article 6. After practicing separately on the vowels and consonants given in Lesson I. observe that they are joined in words according to the fol- lowing diagrams, | . Circles are always traced outside of angles. The circle for a, o, represents not only these, but all approximate sounds for which no definite sign is provided. It is thus used in the words far, fall, for, although the vowel sounds are slightly different. Whenever any intermediate sound occurs, having no distinct representation of its own, the sign which approximates most closely to it is employed. STUDY OUTLINE. Article 7. Transcribe Reading Exercise I. with- out referring to the Writing Exercise except when absolutely necessary. Study each word carefully, and note its formation so that you will readily recognize it when you see it again. Then cover the Reading Exercise and proceed with the Writing Exercise. When this is completed, compare it with the Reading Exercise and correct where necessary. Write each 10 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. corrected form at least a dozen times. Go over Ex- ercise 2, until you are sure that you can write each word correctly and without hesitation. LINEALITY. Article 8. As an aid to preserving lineality of writing and securing correct proportions of charac- ters, ruled paper should be used by the student in the preparation of lessons. The initial or first up stroke in each word should begin on the line, and the first down stroke should rest on the line. If a circle or a horizontal stroke precedes the first down stroke, the down stroke rests on the line. When a circle pre- cedes the up stroke or follows the down stroke, trace it beneath the line. For illustrations note the fol- lowing: EXERCISE 1. -~)o~- 9. J.. ..^...9 *--- -J- /--" - Constant care must be exercised by the student to keep the shorthand characters as small as they should be written. The short stroke should be made with the "tick" movement used in forming the short stroke of a check mark ( v/ ), rather than with a stroke movement. PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 11 EXERCISE 2. Cap pack cab cob caw paw gap gag back kap pak kab kob kq pa gap vag bSk Balk bog beau eye poke ope cope oak coke bqk bog bo f pok op kop ok kok You pew cue Cuba pie pike buy Ike guy bike u pu ku kubq pi ptk bt Ik gt btk WORD SIGNS. It is found by experience that learners are fre- quently confused by being obliged to write such simple words as the, for, of, all, etc. in full during the first few lessons, only to unlearn these forms when the word signs are reached. For this reason a few of the simplest word signs, most of which are represented by alphabetic characters, are presented in each of the first five lessons. Those introduced here are represented by the signs already learned. a, at o you (/ could, quite / all o we /) go, good owe, own O put I be, but, book REVIEW Name the vertical stems; the oblique. What proportion does p bear to 4? k to g? Which signs are traced down from right to left? Name the vowel circles. How are they distinguished? When should the circles be traced to the left in joining with stems? When to the right? What sounds do the vowels q, 8, represent? Give examples. How long are the strokes t, f, p, k? What is the shortest down stroke? How is i joined to steins traced in the same direction? When must it be dotted? What proportion does i bear to r\ 11 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. LESSON II CONSONANTS: T - D ; F x v \ ;R -~ L- H . TH -- VOWELS: oo, w r ; do, u v_ Article 9. T and d are horizontal strokes traced forward; / and v are oblique strokes traced down- ward from left to right; r and / are always traced up and thus distinguished from the down strokes k and g. The aspirate h is represented by a dot, but when h occurs in the middle of a word, the dot is omitted. It may also be omitted generally by advanced writers, unless its use is demanded for legibility. Th is repre- sented by the t sign with the h dot above it. MEMORY AIDS. These consonant signs can read- ily be fixed in the memory by associating them with the following diagrams: It will be noted that / is represented by the hori- zontal stroke of the letter t. F, v, are represented by the down stroke of the letter V, while the up stroke of the same letter represents r, /. PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 13 ALPHABETIC PRACTICE. (See 'Article 5.) T, D, F, \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\N oo, w; oo, u, r 14 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. Article 10. The combination wh, as in the words what, when, etc., is phonetically hw, and hence these words are written in shorthand, h oo a t, h oo en. Proper names are underscored by a dash - The period is represented by the sign x . (For ad- ditional punctuation marks, see page 113.) When cognates, such as t, d; I, r; etc., follow each other, they are separated by a slight tick; thus, td, ted -, , Ir ~~~ . When ted or ded occur, e may be omitted and a lengthened ^/written. (See Art. 31). Article n. The rule for uniting medial circles is: Trace the circle outside of the angle; thus, bat, J- pack ^ , cat a/L , caff ^ , tack -f , tall ^ T , D , TH -s- Article 12. In joining circles to the horizontals t i d, and th, observe the following diagram: o- Trace the circles below horizontals at the beginning of words; above at the middle; and above at the end of words, except before the up strokes r and /; as in add, & d o ; talk, t a k -f> ; dough, d o Q tall, t a 1 -^ . Article 13. Initial and final circles are traced to the left of/, v, thus: "V . Examples: afar, afar V ; over, o v r ^N/ ; foe, f o > PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. ,,. EXERCISE 3. I -T L "T v- '-.<*- G~ o b ' C/ V JP ~0- o- o_ ^L. <>v_ ^^~ LSL -_CL_ O EXERCISE 4. Top bought dock bad tab fad tack code top hot dok bad tab fad tak kod Got vote fought caught dog pod vat tow got vot fot kat dog pod vat to Taught ought dot boat aft afloat bravo tat ot dot botaft aflot bravo R , L ^^ . Article 14. In joining circles to the up strokes r and /, observe the following diagram: c- "' Trace the circles to the right of up strokes at the beginning, and to the- left in the middle, and at the end of words; as, or, or, tf ; roll, r o 1 S^ /ow, 1 o ^ EXERCISE 5. p ,p -tf. ^ &~ ^'

as \with for, full \ very \ \thing These word signs are frequently phrased to ad- vantage; as, for-the \_ , to-the , of -the >- etc. The is never joined initially to the word fol- lowing, and is thus distinguished from to which is joined to the word following whenever convenisnt. PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 19 EXERCISE 11. j. r - v ? 2. J. /! o _o_ J_ , <, \ ^ .6. / - ? / / ^ L-*' j j' o L-/ .o- , J- o \ / I \ \ o ^ ^_ ,. v_ ^_ J. _ L ^ \ O . 21. /> '\ /- 'See page 4.-. i JL _ f <* O J- - J*. I* / 20 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. EXERCISE 12. IO. II 12 We * are a r to * do * good. * wall. oo a I book. * 6. 7- all taught * / a t A ripe apple grew by the * rip a p I gr ob bi * Who are you? Claude, wrote a r * k I a d rot Go to the hall door for * * * ha/ dor * Why do you laugh at * * Iqf * you follow the * folo * taught Poll the tat po I * the ball right back to us, Paul. * bqlrtt.bak* * pal brought a gold dollar for Ida. brot * gold dolr * Tdq Ruth and Flora go to Cuba? rob th * flora * * kubq dog Fido tried to bite the lad. dogffdotrTd * bit * lad brought a cup quite full of cold brot * kup * * * kold the doctor. * doktr h oo i Could * Dora do r a Throw th ro Hal hal Do * The * Bob b o b water for oo a t r * Clara. k I a r a the . doctor? * doktr orator, Harold? o r a t r h a r o I d parrot to talk par tit * tqk back to us, b a k * * dollar for dolr * Note. The asterisk (*) represents a word-sign. PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 21 13. Carl wore a blue coat and a black hat. karlooor * blu kot * * blak hat 14. Robert go for the flat boat and float to robrt * * * flat bot * fl5t * the dock. * d 6 k REVIEW. Name the consonants at the beginning of Lesson IT. Which are the up strokes? Name the horizontals. Name the vowels given. In what position are circles traced at the beginning of words, when followed by t, d? At the middle and end? Make a diagram. In what position are circles joined to up strokes 1, r, at the beginning of words? How at the middle and at the end? Illustrate by diagram. What conso- nant sign is usually omitted after circles? How are the circles traced to indicate the omission of r? Wheri is r retained? What is a word- sign? Wiite the simple word-signs found in Lesson II. What simple words may be joined? 22 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY LESSON III. CONSONANTS: M -> N ^ . VOWELS: a=>,eu,er>,Tc. Af, M, are small quarter circles traced downward from left to right, the concave of m opening to the left, and that of n to the right. The characters representing the vowels treated in the present lesson are named the SMALL HALF CIR- CLES, in distinction from the circles representing a, a and 0. In joining these signs to others in words, they should be traced so as to avoid angles as far as possible, while retaining the general position of the sign. To this end they can frequently be written so as to form part of the preceding or following sign. Thus: bit J_ , red /- ,feet V ,fate \_ , pepper ^ MEMORY AIDS. To assist in memorizing the signs in the present lesson, the following will be found suggestive: WORD SIGNS Agent 3 ; error n ; he ^ ; his, is c ; yet yes on ; much, more, meant ~\ ; no, know, not. v. . PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 23 ALPHABETIC PRACTICE (See Article 5). M, ^^ N, v v. M, N, ^ a, i, M ^ , N V. Article 17. The circles are traced inside the curve of m, except when followed by the back strokes k, g, oo, t. The circles are traced outside the curve of n when followed by t, d, r, /, sh, j, and inside when followed by all other signs. Initial and final circles are traced inside of the curves m, n. 24 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY EXERCISE 13. Jo r & >3 EXERCISE 14 Loan I $ n Lamp lamp Mud moon m oo n camp ka m p lawn Ian note not pawn pan nap n a p LONG a knoll mood / m oo d pine tune nude />7 /## #W noon foam 00 /* /o w SHORT / c room r oo m comb kom moan won Article 18 Long a is a small half circle which in its natural position opens to the left Short i is a small half circle which in its natural position opens to the right. The positions of these two signs are to an exKTit interchangeable, although each always retains a relatively distinct position, reverse from the other, thus: a p" Initial / "^ RULES. I . As an initial stroke, long a is written above or to the right of the following character, thus: PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 25 2 As an initial stroke short / is written below or to the left of the following character, thus: 3. In the middle of words both long a and short / invariably take their natural positions long a open- ing to the left -f ->- -^ -?. -^ -*- ^-" 7 and short / to the right -^ -*_ -^ -^ -^~. v- ^ -^ When long a occurs medially it may be traced either above or below the preceding sign. Medial short / on the contrary, is always traced downward. Between two characters traced downward long a is traced with a single stroke to the left; as J / /\?p . 4 As a. final stroke long a takes the same relative positions as. do the final circles; as, Exceptions to Rule 4 When final a follows 00, w; on, tin; sk, skr y or sw, the stroke is reversed from the positions of the final circles, as /- r> ^ y^. 5. As a final stroke short / is traced in reversed positions to those of final circles; thus, After down strokes short / (or y) is frequently given the form of long e to avoid an angle (See Art. 20) If legibility requires an accurate distinction, as 26 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY in a proper name, the final short / is written in its natural position opening to the right. Exceptions to Rule 5. When final t follows 00, w; on, un; sk, skr, sw, it is given the position of final circles; as, / /^f> Note that long a and short / both initially and finally, are always traced in reversed positions. When a is traced above the preceding or following sign, T is traced below; if a is traced to the left or right, T is written in the reverse position. EXERCISE is. PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 27 EXERCISE 16. I. Ape able ague eight aid ale a p a b I a gu Pay bay gay fay p a b d g a fa Affray array clay . a f r a a r a k I a Babe cape paper at ad away lay a w d la hay decay h d d k d fate late aim a I dm pray day pr d d d nay may n a ma date tale I. bab kap papr fat lat ddt tal SHORT /'. Ill illude if it fit tip lid middle Tl Ylud Tf Yt fTt t T p lid mTdl 2. Dipper rip milk pit lily Harry folly dfpr rTp mTlkpTt ITli harT foil LONG e u , SHORT e n Article 19. Long e, as in eel, eat, deep, free, is represented by a small half circle opening upward. Short e, as in ebb, wept, wet, pet, is a similar small half circle traced in the reverse position opening downward. These half circles, as well as a and /, are usually written so as to form a part of the pre- ceding or following sign, to avoid angles and increase rapidity of execution, the opening upward and downward, respectively, always being retained. Thus, eel is written ^/ , not i/^; feed \, , not \, ; tear ^ , not ^ ; peck ^ not L. wreck /? , not ^7 28 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. Between two horizontal strokes, or between a hori- zontal and an up stroke, short e is sometimes written as a half stroke, ( K ) to avoid an angle; as in there -K-- , debt -~^~ . When so written, care should be taken not to turn the e stroke backward. EXERCISE 17. EXERCISE 18. 1. Eat eel eagle ear edict eve evil eke et el egl er edkt ev evl ek 2. Lead feed peep feel beat thief leaf led fed pep fel bet thef lef 3. League Peter treat deep teeth bleak leg petr tret dep t e th blek \. Bee kee fee tea tree glee agree levee be ke fe te tre gle agre leve EXERCISE 19. 1 - L. L ^- c. __ f L ^ PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 29 EXERCISE 20. I Echo elk eddy edify elf ebb e k o Z I k e di edifi elf e b 2. Depth terror wept fillet beck met depth terr wept fflet bek met 3. Let pet get fret wet debt tepid let p g t get fret wet det tepid Y as a VOWEL. Article 20. As the sound of y changes with its position in a word, it is always written according to the sound heard, (except after down strokes, when a slight variation is made from short / to long e to avoid an angle). Thus : happy, hape '\ ; heavy, heve' c \ J . Initial y has the sound of long e and is so written; as, yacht, e a t s_ ; yet, e e t v^_ . At the end of words of one syllable, y has the sound of long /; as in pry, p rT l^ ; buy, b I .At the end of words of two or more sylla- bles, y usually has the sound of short / and takes the form of final / thus; folly, foil V""^ 5 ready, redT. ^ > '(See Art. 18). When y is preceded by short o in a word, it forms the diphthong oi, thus; boy, b oi j, ; coy, k oi - 10. ^- 11. o 12. 13. ^- 14. ,- J o 9 -f *Word sign. See p. 42. PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY 31 EXERCISE 23. Why do you weep? Did you hear the h oo 7 * oo e p d d * her * echo at the top of the hill? The editor eko * * fop * * hilt * editr wrote daily for the paper. The thief fled rot dali * * papr * th^f fled for terror at the cry of the girl. Lave the * t e r r * * krT * * grl.lfiv * top of the head with cold water, it top * * tied * kuld oo a t r, ft will allay the fever. He will be very late or w I a I a * fevr * wl * * I a t or away all day. Did the cap fit the little a So a * da dd . * kap fit * lit I fellow ? We have heard of the electric / e 1 0"? * hav herd * * elektrlk eel but are all afraid of it. The lady walked e I * a r * a f r a d * r t. *ladTodqkd a league. Harry feared the boat would ve^r * /eg harT ferd * hot wd ver to the left. You will yet be told to yield. * * left. * wl * * told * Zeld. A dark red oak leaf fell by the rock. * d (j(r}k red Wk le~f fel bl * r o k. The tree grew at the top of the hill. / r c g r oo * * top * h i I. *VVord signs )2 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. MISCELLANEOUS. League, leave, key, ape, adieu, dial, obey, peep, lee, veto, berry, carry, rake, aright, relay, Aurora, break, aisle, duty, grief, wait, tired, appear, later, way, fall, deck, light, fiery, play, plea, live, plight, rear, wife, week, weep, wick, fear, heard, bowl, fewer, plague, rattle, leak, date, halt, wharf, plot, wrought, wild, debt, mottled, goat, port, court, lark, tart. REVIEW. Name the small half circles given in Lesson III. Illustrate them. How should these half circles be joined to consonant stems? When may e and i be omitted? Give examples. With what motion is a always traced? How is initial a distinguished from initial i when followed by/, /, m, sh, etc? What position does final a take? Final i? How are they distinguished? Why is the natural position of a sometimes changed? Does y always ha e the same sound? Give examples of its different sounds? Write y as an initial. What position are initial and final circles given when joined to m, n? Circles are traced outside of n when followed by what signs? When are the circles traced outside the curve of m? When inside? When are they traced inside the curve of n? PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 33 LESSON IV. CONSONANTS: s, z ^ ; SH, ZH ^ ;J, CH^ ^ DIPHTHONGS: ow & ; 01 & NASALS: NG, ING ) S, z; sh, zh; j, ch; are horizontal curves traced from left to right, the concaves of s, z, opening up- ward, and those of jA, zh, j, ch; opening downward. S, z; sh, zh; are three-sixteenths of an inch in length, while/, ch, is twice as long. The vowel circles and ow are always written inside of curved signs at the beginning and end of words. The sounds of s, z; sh, zh; j, ch; are so nearly alike, and the difference is so easily determined by context that but ene sign is used for each pair of cognates, thus eliminating the dot which distinguishes them. Should any case arise, however, where legi- bility might demand a distinction the respective signs given in the alphabet should be employed. ALPHABETIC PRACTICE. At least twenty minutes daily should be devoted to practicing on the alphabetic signs already learned. Follow the outline given in preceding lessons (see Article 5.) 34 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. S, Z, 0, . Article 22. Write the circles inside the curve of s, z, initially and finally; and also medially when followed by all signs except sh, zh; j, ch. Examples: as, a s s-' ; pass, pas ^ ; sat, sat ^9- ; soap s o p ^ ; house, h ow s -g^ ; south, s ow th ^^^ ; sash, sash -^r^ ; satchel, sachl^<5 - -"; sail, sal ^-f^ ; seine , s a n ^^ ; ease, ez ^-^ ; peas, pez ~L^ ; case, kas ^ For the sake of brevity, final s may be indicated by a dot on the end of the preceding sign. EXERCISE 24. L, , b, k, g, n, do, and inside these curves when followed by all other signs. Examples: sham, sh a" m ^ ; ash, a sh c^ ;shot, shot ^5- ;chap, ch ap^~^> ; shabby, sh n b e ^P ; shack, sh a k ^7 ; shown, sh on <--> ; shoal, sh o I -^f ; joke, j o k ^~~/D ; age, a j <-<- > ; teach, t e c h -^. N ; major, majr "> -^ PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY EXERCISE 25. NASAL NG, ING Article 24. TVg", /^, are represented by a curved stroke, one-eighth of an inch in length, traced down- ward, the concave opening to the left. This sign represents the nasal sound of //, as in bank, b a ng k J) ; plank, p I a ng k L -R as well as ng, ing. Other examples are: long, / o ng ^ , hang, hang ') sank, s a ng k ^ ; prong, p r o ng L-R ;rank, r a ng k\ -^ ; bring, bring V^ \ fling, fling ^*^)', anchor, angkr ^ ; sing, sing ^ ; angle, a ng g I EXERCISE 26 36 PERMN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY DIPHTHONGS ow in this sign is always written first EXERCISE 27 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY 37 EXERCISE 28. Oil oily owl hourly boil coil Of I ot I i ow I ow r 1 i b oi I k oi I Loiter royal broil avoid devoid foil / oi t r r oi I b r oi I a v oi d d e v oi d f oi I Pout gout fowl towel doubt lout p ow t g ow t f ow I fowl d ow t I ow J Alloy boy cloy coy decoy Roy toy Troy a I oi b oi k I oi k oi d e k oi R ot t ot T r oi Allow avow bough plough brow row a I ow a v ow b ow p I ow b r ow r ow ADDITIONAL WORD SIGNS so, such v_x soon, some ^_^ out, (h) our, how (ju ge ^^ which, just should, sure ( church EXERCISE 29. ^^~ ^ T - x. n a ^ ^ oC^ - cxl^ *See Word Signs p. 42. v_O ? PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 39 LESSON V. COMBINATIONS. AN J ; EM, IM ^ ; EN, IN v. . (down). OM, UM -> ; ON, UN r . (up). The difference phonetically between the combina- tions em, im; en, in; ot, urn; on, un; is so slight that one sign for each pair is sufficient. These com- binations are employed only when m and n are pre- ceded by the short vowels a, e, T, o, u, not when preceded by the long vowels a, e, F, o, u. For ex- ample, rain is written -^ ,ran -? ;pane -D these -i The word-signs in, on, should be written about one-half the length of/ WORD SIGNS an, and j won, one when k question upon V answer this -o that PERMN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 43 MISCELLANEOUS. Anna, manna, band, banish, banjo, antler, grant, prance, branch, alliance, trance, annex, essence, innocence, attend, urgent, inner, entrance, entrap, entreat, invite, engrave, pensive, infuse, instant, any, penny, many, menace, pin, pinch, standard, banana, pink, onion, ponder, bondage, ebony, deacon, lesson, pension, tension, action, pinion, money, astonish, undone, dunce, unbend, unclasp, enamel, gamble, damper, encamp, scamper, impish, impart, import, impress, impulse, impute, embellish, emanate, empty, empanel, employ, impudent, embrace, tremble, timber, hymn, omnibus, umber, umbrella, umpire, plump, pump, crumble, tumble, number. REVIEW. Name the combination signs. Of what are they composed? In what direction is each traced? The sign for om, urn, is separated by a slight tick when joined to which consonant strokes? Why? The consonant strokes m, n, also represent which combinations? If distinctions between m, em, im; 11, en, in, should be found necessary, how are they made? REFERENCE TABLE Showing the correct joinings of circles with consonant strokes. CONDENSED RULES. 1. Initial circles are traced below horizontals, and up strokes, and to the left of down strokes. Initial circles are traced inside of all curved strokes. 2. Medial circles are traced to the left of both down and up strokes. (See f-f; p-p; k-k; r-r; in following table,) and above horizontals (see t-t). When a medial circle joins two consonant strokes which form an angle, the circle is always traced outside of the angle. 3. Final circles are traced above horizontals and up strokes, and to tha left of down strokes. Final circles are traced inside of curved strokes. Sign p k f t r m n sh rig- w Initial positions. Medial positions. Final positions. 1 / 4 > r x -f -r -f -f T\ 7 Y >- v v v V V- X -e. /* X > -r -f > Ss- ng w f J cC Rules for long a; short i. See page 24. Rules for long e; short e. See page 27. SIMPLE WORD SIGNS. The word signs on this page are, with three or four exceptions, represented by single alphabetic signs, and for this reason, they are termed simple, or alphabetic word si^iis. The following list contains a'l the word signs presented in the preceding five lessons, being grouped and alphabetically arranged for convenient reference: a, at less ^ that agent all 5 \much, I more o [meant these A this an, and j (no, know (not to, the answer \bc, but I book of, us \ on upon very we f could, \qnite do / only (out, (h)our \how when (which, \just, error ozve, own who for, full \ put i with go, good / question / thing, he his, is f should [sure c \onc in so, such you f judge, (church _^ t soon, \ some, (yet, lyes 44 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. LESSON VI. COMBINED CONSONANTS. In using the combined consonants, the short vowels e, t, u, are frequently suppressed; as in supreme, sprem, spirit, sprit, scourge, scrj, etc. But in this, as well as in all other cases, where ambiguity might result from the omission of a vowel, the student should insert it, and write each consonant separately, instead of combining them. Short u fre- quently proves an important vowel sound, especially in contracted outlines, and often makes perfectly legible an outline, which, lacking it, might prove puzzling; but it is found that in rapid writing con- siderable care must in some instances be exercised to form u joinings distinctly, and to obviate this, the writer may suppress the vowel, and indicate the sup- pression by a backward tick, or slight retracing of the end of the preceding sign, without raising the pencil, from which point he will begin the following sign, thus: rub "f ; dull .-^;mud^ ; touch -^ *x The rules given in the preceding lessons which govern the joining of vowels to consonant stems, also apply to combined consonant strokes of correspond- ing form or slant. An exception is made in tracing ow after sk when followed by a horizontal stroke; as in the word scout. Instead of following the usual rule for tracing circles, ow is here traced above. PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. COMBINED CONSONANTS. SM SN J SPR X (down) as in small " as in jwa/7 " as in //'.$/> " as in j/z'r// ST, SD V " as in /a^/ STR, SDR \ " as in stream SW " as in swish KW " as in quick SKW / 11 as in squall KR J (up) as in mz/-m/ THR _^j " as in ///r/// DR j " as in dream RL >^ '' as in pearl 46 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. The sound x (or k s), whether initial, medial or final is represented by the short down stroke x ,' it has the slant of f and is about one-third the length of that character. Examples : extra _? ; tax _q ; sacks 02. . Final s, z and es may be indicated by making a dot on the end of the preceding sign, except when the pre- ceding sign is a circle ; t and d may be omitted at. this stage, either medially or finally after n or en. The plurals sts, sds, sps, sprs, etc., may be indicat- ed by a dot at the ends of the combined consonant signs. EXERCISE 39. EXERCISE 40. Small, smart, smear, smell, smelting, smile, smite, smoke, smolder, smooth, chasm, plasma, sarcasm, prism, euphonism, maxim, smother, smudge, smuggle, plagiarism. PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. EXERCISE 41. 47 EXERCISE 45. Snag, snap, snare, snarl, snatch, snath, sneak, sneer, sneeze sniff, prison, fasten, lesson, person, loosen, snip, snooze, snore, snort, snow, snub, snuff, snug, snuggle, christen, mason, lessen. EXERCISE 43. z_ L 2211) EXERCISE 44. Spice, space, speech, spin, spar, spire, span, spite, speed, spade, spoke, suppose, speak, spake, speck, spike, spider, spout, respite, aspect, inspect, inspire, sparkle, spell, split, spine, sponge, spigot, spectre, sparrow, supple, spire, sparse, spare, spot, species, sped, spill, supply, clasp, wasp, grasp, lisp. 48 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. EXERCISE 45. 1 J L J 1 J~ L I j * EXERCISE 46. Spirit, spray, spread, spry, sprite, sprawl, spurge, aspirate, spree, sprain, spring, sprang, spur, spurn, sprout, sprig, asperse, spruce, sprung, jasper, jaspers, lisper, lispers, vesper, vespers, grasper, whisper, whispers, aspersion, osprey. EXERCISE 47. EXERCISE 48. Swain, swale, swamp, swam, swan, sward, swarm, swarthy, swash, swath, sway, swore, sweep, sweet, swell, swelter, swept, swerve, swift, swim, swing, swallow, switch, swivel, swear, assuage. PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 49 EXERCISE 49. V V W EXERCISE 50. Still, steel, stale, style, stall, store, stow, staid, stew, stack, stalk, stove, statue, step, last, crossed, first, abreast, cast, post, jest, stage, stagger, stem, stop, guest, encased, coast, waste, best, feast, nest, list, mast, repast, burst, thirst, aghast, ad- dressed, stand, staple, star, state, stay, staff, stump, forced, fasts, toast, beast, infest, festal, mustard, amazed, crazed, tryst, sudden, seduce, settler. EXERCISE 51. V V EXERCISE 52. Strap, stray, straight, strain, streak, stream, straw, stratum, Easter, oyster, bluster, cluster, lustre, monster, punster, teamster, teamsters, castors, boaster, jester, master, faster, pastor, stress, strand, strip, stroll, stroke, struck, sturdy, strive, Nestor, imposter, blusters, songster, minister, astride, ostrich, history, sterilize, stirrup. 50 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. EXERCISE 53. EXERCISE 54. Quick, queer, quack, query, quota, quote, equine, inquire, acquire, cuirass, liquid, equity, quit, quire, quarry, qualm, queen, aquatic, equip, quiet, quell, quiz, quaver, quiver, be- queath, quoth, quarrel, quorum, quietus, quaff, quartz, quibbler, quotient, inquiry, equator. EXERCISE 55. EXERCISE 56. Squeeze, squeal, squirm, squire, squeak, squint, squall, squad, squatter, squadron, squalid, squander, squaw, squash, squelch, squirrel, consequent, squib, sequel, squalor, sequester. PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 51 EXERCISE 57. s~ * - \ EXERCISE 58. Curb, curt, crisp, cream, crumb, crimp, crow, craze, creed, baker, fakir, talker, broker, picker, occur, acre, packer, rocker, courtesy, crescent, sacristy, crest, cross, crouch, crowd, critic, credit, maker, lacquer, flicker, joker, cracker, euchre, stalker, walker, knocker, crusade. EXERCISE 59. EXERCISE 60. Grow, grim, great, grapes, grapple, tiger, eager, rigor, beg- gar, meagre, green, grace, grumble, ogre, negro, graft, grain, trigger, pilgrim, grimy, grip, grind, gross, groan, grope, grewsome, growl, gray, grave, dagger, digger, stagger, be- leaguer. 52 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. EXERCISE 61. unless enough X most ^ until equal f never Ss was ever \ over \ what d- The s dot may be used to make any word-sign plural, or to add s, z ; and the d sign to indicate the past tense when formed by adding d or ed. 56 PERNIN~S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. COMBINED CONSONANTS. EXERCISE 75. J. - J - L\^ L- ^ 2. zf, PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY 57 EXERCISE 76. SENTENCES EMPLOYING COMBINED CONSONANTS. Amidst the mists and coldest frosts, with barest wrists and stoutest boasts, he thrusts his fists against the posts, and still insists he sees the ghosts. The trusty taskmaster wielded the sickle with much skill and great strength. The sturdy squire sternly spurned the base impostor. The scrawny scribbler, at direst risk of life and limb, sprang quickly to the rescue of the stately scholar from Alaska. The skillful schemer, being out- witted at last, speedily forsook the town and went in quest of fresher fields, where he would be unknown. The steed sprang over the stream and struck into a shady path. The skipper scanned the lowering sky with anxious glance. The Speaker of the House won the esteem and respect of all by his quiet dignity. By the use of simple means, the doctor quickly cured the puny infant. The stranger quietly quaffed a glass of sparkling water and left the place. The poor man's fingers stiffen as he lingers in the cold air. On his way to the mill with a grist, the teamster suddenly came upon an immense grizzly bear. The spry young sprig of the law, with many a quib, and much bluster, vainly strove to vanquish his op- ponent. The sparkling beauty of a winter landscape, as seen beneath the splendor of the starry sky, inspired the songster to inscribe an ode to the West. REVIEW. What reporting principles are introduced in Lesson VI? Combined strokes are used for which consonants? Name the combined strokes written downward ; those written upward. What is the relative proportion of each sign as compared with r? What signs are frequently suppressed between combined consonants? When should these not be suppressed? How may short u be indicated when suppressed between two strokes? Illustrate. Final s, z and es are indicated how? Is there an exception? How are word-signs made plural? How is the past tense formed? 58 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. GENERAL READING AND WRITING EXERCISES COVERING CORRESPONDING STYLE. EXERCISE 77. Westward the course of empire takes its way. We un- derstand death for the first time when he puts his hand on one that we love. No man can safely speak but he who loves silence ; no man can safely command but he who has learned to obey. Passions are likened best to floods and streams ; the shallow murmur, but the deep are dumb. Kind hearts are more than coronets, and simple faith than Norman blood. We lose the peace of years when we hunt after the rapture of moments. The three highest titles that can be given to man are those of martyr, hero, saint. How far that little candle throws its beam; so shines a good deed in a naughty world. Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the king- dom of Heaven. Blessed are they that mourn, for they shall be comforted. Seest thou a man diligent in his business, he shall stand before kings ; he shall not stand before mean men. It is no honor or profit merely to appear in the arena ; the wreath is for those who contend. There are three kinds of people in this world, the Wills, the Wont's and the Cant's. The first accomplish everything; the second oppose everything; the third fail in everything. NOTE. The shorthand reading exercises which complete the Simple or Elementary Method of writing are composed of a synopsis of "The Vision of Sir Launfal," by James Russell Lowell. PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY, 59 EXERCISE 78. * ..V / -^ \y t- --5 60 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. ^ -. ' - t- u - v> k j / _D ^ "/ k L_ ^\ * Sec page 72. PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 61 EXERCISE 79. 1. The sheriff paid the jury their money. 2. The ship lay right athwart the stream. 3. It was morning before the tidings reached him. 4. He commanded him to be brought before him. 5. Whence do you come, and whither are you going? 6. Worth makes the man, and want of it the fellow. 7. If you would study hard you would soon succeed. 8. The path through the fields is covered with grass. 9. Not a word was spoken save by the young general. 10. Though he fail to-day he will try again to-morrow. 11. The rustling of the trees alarmed the French guard. 12. During the closing hours few members were present. 13. By experiencing evil as well as good we become wise. 14. He hath raised him up, whereof we are all witnesses. 15. He neglected his business, consequently he soon failed. 16. Let us run with patience the race that is set before us. 17. Whatever thy hand findeth to do, do it with all thy might. 18. Being provided with tools, they planted a row of stakes within their palisade, to form a double fence. 19. They scrambled up, holding by rocks and branches of trees, guided only by the stars shining over the cliff. 20. The wind bloweth where it listeth and thou hearest the sound thereof, but canst not tell whence it cometh or whither it goeth. 21. When the sunshine at the end of March melts the snow, or just before the roads break up, the teamsters return in long trains, with empty sleds, to their far-off homes. 62 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. cT _D EXERCISE 80. J c -0- PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 63 O <=T J .- 64 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. EXERCISE 81. i. Jupiter, in order to please mankind, directed Mercury to give notice that he had established a Lottery, in which there were no blanks ; and that among a variety of other valuable chances, Wisdom was the highest prize. It was Jupiter's command that in this lottery some of the gods should also become adventurers. The tickets being sold and the wheels placed, Mercury was employed to preside at the drawing. It happened that the best prize fell to Minerva; upon which a general murmur ran through the assembly and hints were thrown out that Jupiter had used some unfair practices to secure this valuable prize for his daughter. Jupiter, that he might at once both punish and silence these impious clamors of the human race, gave them Folly instead of Wisdom, and they went away perfectly contented. And from that time the greatest fools have always looked upon themselves as the wisest men. 2. Mountains never shake hands. Their roots may touch, they may keep together some way up, but at length they part company and rise into individual, isolated peaks. So it is with great men; at first they grow up together, seeming to be animated by the same spirit to have the same desires and anticipations, the same purposes and ends. But after a while the genius of each begins to show itself and to follow its own vent. They separate and develop more and more ; and those who, when young, worked in concert, stand alone in their old age. But if mountains do not shake hands, neither do they kick each other. 3. It is told that there was once a certain city which in one night was changed to stone. There stood a war-horse, with nostrils distended, caparisoned for battle. There stood [Continued on p. 67.] PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 65 EXERCISE 82. N -~ <_ \ c O Q_ x ^ . - "1_ \ J 'C- O S T~ J i -u -- 66 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. L \ EXERCISE 83. o ^. - c 70 PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. leisure, and cannot be at its best without them. It has sentiment, imagination, wit, and memory at its command, and like an eastern magician, will transport you to any climate, or bring any object to your feet. Never was there so willing a friend, nor one whose resources are so con- stantly ignored. What a man finds in his mind, and gets out of it, depends very much on himself; for the mind fits its entertainment to the taste of its one tyrannical auditor. r -'.<; J c \ PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 71 LESSON VII. OMISSION OF SIGNS. The short vowels e, i, u, are omitted before final r and 1 ; short a and o may also be omitted, before r, 1, in un- accented syllables; e and I are generally omitted after down strokes, or in any case where legibility does not demand their use. K, g are omitted after nasal n, ng, or ing; as in banker, b a ng (k) r, J^ ; finger, f ing (g) r, ^ . Long e, or modified long e, may be omitted in unac- cented syllables after t, d, r, 1. T and d when final are always omitted after n and are generally omitted, medially or finally, after 1, n, k, p, and before m, f, and v. T may be omitted after x, as in next v^ R is omitted medially, when not included in a combined consonant, before f and v; r is generally omitted after vowel circles, the omission being shown by reversing the natural position of the circle. (See Art. 15.) R is fre- quently omitted before t, d, m, as in earthly, term, etc. OMISSION OF SIGNS. 72 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. EXERCISE 87. OMISSION OF SIGNS. 1. Split, bit, fit, sir, pick, satyr, will, wit. 2. Get, pet, weather, patter, father, met, fed, pelt. 3. Burr, fur, purr, myrrh, furl, curt, slur. 4. Depend, amend, dreadful, advise, world, old, fender. 5. Pink, frank, lank, banker, finger, monger. 6. Therefore, nerve, serve, surf, swerve, earth, term. USE OF FAMILIAR WORD-SIGNS. Article 30. When words which are represented by alphabetic and familiar word-signs enter into the compo- sition of longer words, the woid-signs may be used as a part of f.he longer words; as, y^rward, \mequal, etc. Note t 1-> e following illustrations: acknowledge, l^- impossible, cU equalise, j mental, ~^^ forth, mighty, 7 forthwith, \^- mostly, -^ forwarding, ^ purposely, i fullness, sooner, greatly, ^ surely, -^ As an exception to this principle, do not use the word signs in or on as parts of other words; use the combinations. NOTE: In some of the foregoing outlines, suffix signs (see p. 93) have been used to fully illustrate the application in advanced writing, of tb: principle involved. See complete list, p. 131. PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 73 LENGTHENED SIGNS. Article 31. When two similar consonant signs such as bb, gg, dd, vv, ss, are separated by the short vowels, e, i, u, the vowel is omitted, and a single sign of greater length represents both consonants, thus : bibber [^ giggle ^- , did - , vivid X, , system - > * zest ^~^~ ; mm is written ~\ , and nn \ . This principle should not be extended to the shorter signs p, k, f or r, as these, lengthened, would conflict with b, v, g and !. When sus precedes p, k, the lengthened sign i? not. employed, the final S of the syllable forming a part of the combined consonant sp, or sk. The lengthened sign is used, however, before t or d. EXERCISE 88. EXERCISE 89. Giggle, prizes, breezes, grasses, masses, crisis, braces, gazes, deadly, vivacious, deduce, sizzle, access, losses, teases, misses, scissors, bibber, ninny, memory, mimic, memoir, bubble, amazes, bib, biblical, vivify, gig, mummy, mumps, nun, nuncio, vases, seizes. 7 74 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. JOINED WORDS. Article 32. In common speech, when similar or cognate sounds end and begin successive words, such as grab-bag, spend-thrift, the tendency is to slur one or the other of these sounds, and pronounce the com- binations, grabag, spenthrift. This mode of joining words is employed in shorthand with great gain in brevity and legibility. Where the two sounds are identical, as p, p; t, t; etc., but one of them is used, and the two words are written as one ; where cognate sounds occur, as in get-down, scrap-book, have-found, the final of the first word is usually omitted. There is one exception : When d is the final of the first word and t the initial of the second, the d is usually written. The following examples illustrate the application of this rule, which applies to both simple and compound words. EXERCISE 90. / -, .o r . a -a ' ' ti - S> - crN ' PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 75 EXERCISE 91. JOINED WORDS. 1. Apt-to, are-right, are- wrapped, are- wrong, are- wrought, as-sad, as-said, as-shall, as-she, as-should, as- some. 2. Bad-day, bad-deal, bad-time, bed-time, best-time, bright- day, brought-that, brought-their, brought-them, brought-these, brought-this, brought-those. 3. Eat-their, eat-them, first-time, fought-their, fought- them, get-down, grab-bag. 4. Had-done, had-that, had-their, had-this, had-they, had-these, had-those. 5. Has-sat, has-she, her-right, has-shut, has-some. has-still, has-said. 6. Have-found, hold-that, hold-their, hold-this, hold- them, hold-those, her-rosy. 7. Let-that, let-their, let-this, let-them, let-down, lost- time, let-these. 8. Or-rather, ought-that, ought-these, ought-this, ought-those, ought-their, ought-they. 9. Right-time, said-that, said-their, said-they, send- them, short-time. 10. Sit-down, silk-cloak, spend-thrift. n. Their-right, told-that, told-their, told-this. 12. Up-braid, up-bring, up-borne. 13. Were-wrong, were-right, will-let, will-live, will- long, will-lose, with-draw. 14. With-that, with-their, with-these, with-those, with- them, write-down, write-them. 76 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. WORD-SIGNS. above elsewhere afternoon \ favor almost d gentleman always yo gentlemen became inclose-d because I idea become [ legislate-ure begun [r little ) capital / { capitol catalogue ^ near-ly peculiar character -is- - Mis, MES, MYS, - - , are represented by a short dash placed in a reverse position to dis, immediately under the beginning of the following sign ; thus : mistake, Messiah, message. -7 V T-^ ENTER, INTER, INTEL INTRO, INTRU, ^ are re- presented by en written parallel with and in close proximity to the beginning of the sign following; thus: entertaining, interval, intelligent, introspect. HYP, HYPER HYPO, i are represented by a short downward stroke about one-half the length of p written immediately above the first of the following sign ; as in hypnotize, hypercritical, hypodermic. PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 83 HYDRA, HYDRO, i , are represented by a short downward stroke similar to hyper, but written im- mediately below the first of the following sign ; as in hydraulic, hydrogen. MAGNA, MAGNE, MAGNI, > , are represented by the m sign, written in close proximity to the remain- der of the word ; thus : magnate, magnetic, magnify. N- ^v ~^> MULTI, ^ . The next sign is written through the prefix ; thus : multiply, multitude. NOM, NON, NUM, ) . This prefix is represented by a curved stroke (about the size of the ing sign) placed close to the remainder of the word ; thus : nominal, nonsense, numeral. POR, PRO, PRU, ' , are represented by an acute accent written from right to left, in a reverse position to the con prefix, above and to the right of the next sign ; thus : portion, protect, proceed. 84 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. SUB, SUF, sue, v , are represented by a sign similar to con, but placed immediately beloiv the sign following instead of above it; thus: subsist, sufficient, suggest. SEPAR, SUPER, SUPRA, SUPRE, ^ , are represented by the s sign written immediately above the first of the following sign ; thus : separate supersede, supralunar, supreme. *TRAN, TRANS. -- , are represented by the t sign written through the sign following; thus: translate, transitory, transform. ' Article 35. The words enter, encounter, none, come, miss, etc., may be written in the form of pre- fixes in their respective positions before the first sign of the following word, when not separated by a pause ; as, enter upon ^ , come home -^ , miss him .j, , encounter them ^^ . * Should t or d follow this prefix, it is passed over and the prefix Is written through the next convenient sign. PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 85 JOINED PREFIXES. CIRCUM, /" , as in circumstances, / "\ . EXTRE, EXTRI, EXTER, EXTIR, EXTRA ^ (xr,) as in exterminate, ^\^_ extirpate, ~\_ ; extradite -^ z_ . *PER, PRE, PRI, PUR, 1 , as in person, L^^ pris- oner, I , pursuit, L*~ . RETRE, RETRij RETRO, ^~ , as in retreat, , retroact, ^-f . FOR, FORE, PER, FUR, \ , as in fortune ^^- , fertile ^~^ , furnace ^\^ . EXERCISE 94. JK? jf <$^ '^ *r\ n ^ \ x v. N x. ^7 *~ V. I * ^ -^ ^ T* ^ ' ^ ^-, ^ s ^ K " ^ Per is used as a prefix in such phrases as per annum, per diem, per^minute, per day, etc The un sign may be used as a joined prefix for under. When p or b follow the per prefix, a slight separating mark should be made between the signs. 86 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. EXERCISE 95. Antelope extreme numerous anteroom hydrant pertain cereal hydrochloric porch ceremony hyperbole precede circumference hypnotic precise circumspect intellect primitive cohere intercede profane cognate interest prolong condense introduce protect contrast intrude prove control magnetism prudent cumbrance magnitude purple counterpart mesmerist retract decimal mistake retrieve descend misuse retroflex disarm multiple serpent displace mystery servile dusky nonage subject dyspepsia nonpareil substance extraction nominal suffer extradition numbness suffuse Antiquated, circumscribe, cohesion, comfort, common, conceal, concede, consent, concise, condole, confide, con- flict, congeal, contradict, contrary, contrite, contrive, counteract, counterfeit, desert, desire, despair, destine, disable, disaster, disclose, discord, dust, extravagant, ex- PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 87 traordinary, extricate, hydrate, hypocrite, intercept, inter- dict, interfere, interject, interview, introduction, magnani- mous, magnificence, message, Messiah, mischief, miserable, mishap, multifarious, mystic, nominate, nominee, non- payment, perjure, perplex, porch, portend, portico, pre- pare, prepay, privilege, probate, proclaim, profess, prof- fer, profit, progress, project, prospect, pruning, purchase, purport, retribution, retrograde, retrovert, servant, sub- due, sublime, submit, subscribe, subtract, subsequent, suburb, suffice, suffocate, suffrage, surcease, surface, sur- pass, surmise, surmount, transcend, transcribe, transfer, transgress, translate, transmute, transparent. SENTENCE DRILL ON PREFIXES. 1. Prudence protected the porpoise. 2. A nominal fee was desired for the service. 3. We were cognizant of the mistake in the message. 4. They proceeded to disarm all the common soldiers. 5. He displayed great control over the m)'sterious mag- nate. 6. He translated the interesting account of the trans- action. 7. He was progressing, not retrograding, and had no time for retrospection. 8. Counterfeit money was in circulation to the surprise of certain survivors. 9. We consequently proved that the property was con- ceded to be ours before the conflict. 88 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 10. A number of multimillionaires protested against his being permitted to perform the magnanimous service. 11. The supreme court co-operated with the contract- ors in counteracting the subsequent intrusion of their com- petitors. 12. A number of intelligent professional men were superseded by subordinates, who suggested a multitude of extraordinary changes. COMPOUND PREFIXES. These prefixes are formed by joining two or more single prefixes in the order in which they occur, or by adding any of the combinations or vowels to the prefix following. The learner will find the classification of prefixes of very great advantage for ready reference. The list appended is a comprehensive one, and will save the student much trouble in compiling for himself. By writing these over a number of times they will readily fix themselves in the memory. Joining prefixes adds much to brevity, and thus greatly increases speed if the prefixes are quickly written ; but if this brevity be counterbalanced by a hesitancy of the mind or fingers in uniting the prefixes, it is better to write a fuller outline. Seconds fly quickly, and "he who hesi- tates (in writing shorthand) is lost," or left far behind the speaker. The compound prefixes, with the exception of promt's and mispro, are given the position of the bst prefix writ- ten. Mispro is written in the same position as misinter, while promis takes the pro position. PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY ACON N COMPOR > CONCOM N\ CONDES \_ CONSUB \ DISCON -\ DISINTER "X DISMIS = DISPRO -7 DISPROPOR -J/ ENUM ") INC ON ^ INSUB S INSUR V IRRECON ^ MISINTER ~x MISNUM ~) MISPRO -? COMPOUND PREFIXES. , as in aconite , " comport , " concomitant , " condescend , " consnbstantiate , " disconnect , " disinterested , " dismissal , " disprove s " disproportion , " enumerate , " inconsistent , ' insubtiiission , " insurrection , " irreconcilenient , " misinterpret , " misnumber , " ; /.*/ ronoun ce ing iUustra- PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. MISTRANS "" NONCO NONCOM NONDIS , as in mistranslate , " noncoliesion , " noncompliance , " nondiscovery ^ ^ L U NONPRO , " nonproduction - NONSUB , " nonsubmission ^ PROCON < , " proconsul < * PROPOR // , " proportion // RECON x\ , " recondense /^ SUBCOM X , " subcommittee < SUBCONTRA N_ ; " subcontract X UNACCOUN A , " unaccountable A UNCOM i~\ , " uncommon r UNCONTRO ,-\_ , " uncontrollable /^. UNENCUM ^S UNPRO n , " unencumber , " unprovided -7 X As Lessons VIII and IX are devoted exclusively to prefixes and suffixes, review questions will, of course, be confined largely to determining whether the student has these signs thoroughly memorized. How best to determine this point is left to the discretion of the teacher. PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY WORD-SIGNS. acquire > j acquaint o j -ed-ance j known | knowing letter j acknowledg- o-' \ ment meanwhile advantage 7 nobody before neither began [, nothing begin [^ oblige j citizen / situation please cover \ popular differ-ence follow y' ( possibly j positive privilege forenoon > quality general ^ \^ railway indeed v rapid infer -\ prefer-ence ~\s 92 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. SENTENCE DRILL ON COMPOUND PREFIXES. 1. He was irreconcilable to his irretrievable loss. 2. The doctor prescribed aconite and proscribed quinine. 3. The unrecognized insurgents sent a non-committal message. 4. The recompense was disproportionate to the work performed. 5. Let us reconsider the dismissal of the discommoded reprobate. 6. They were disconcerted because their fine work was unrecompensed. 7. The unexcused accomplice encountered an uncon- trolled patrolman incognito. 8. Do not misjudge him who mispronounces a hitherto unencountered substantive. 9. The plea of the subcommittee was encumbered with several concomitant phrases. 10. She was undisturbed by the reproaches which greeted her unaccomplished task. 11. The subcomptroller of the treasury endeavored to compromise on the sub-contract. 12. The school-master used the rod to counteract ac- cumulating, indefinite insubjection. 13. The uninstructed and unintelligent proconsul had a strenuous controversy concerning the unpromoted aux- iliary. 14. With multitudinous, but inexplicit directions, the andisturbed desperado approached his appropriate desti- nation. PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 93 LESSON IX. JOINED SUFFIXES. SUFFIX. SIGN. EXAMPLE. APPLICATION. Able, ble, ible (^)i notable \j-i Ably, bly, ibly L (be). suitably ^-t^~\ Ability, ibility L (/>/), I durability zA Agraph, ograph w, paragraph ^f Ality, elity, ility arity,erity,irity erty,ority, lity, rity -, w, morality "Xr 3 majority ~> ^> Ative, etive, itive otive, tive \ w, . ./$ talkative Cian, cion, chion sion,tion,cious, ceous, tious Dard, dered For, fore, ful (dd\ physician \^*^ conscious st'andard before L 94 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. SUFFIX. SIGN. EXAMPLE. APPLICATION. Geous, gious s~> (/), gorgeous -^ Gion, tune - (<''), region s^~^ Ime, ine 1 (down}, time \ Less, lous M, heedless - ^ f .. /except after \ ^7 ^ vowel circles ) - ('), extremely -% Ment (*), rudiment ^-^ Ness - (<'), goodness / Nding,ning,nging ) (^), binding j Ology 6^ w> theology S One Oun, ound, own (^), ^ (ow], alone crown 1 Self -^ (tf). yourself // As ^~^\ Selves Ward ^(-), themselves forward 7^ 1 /I COMPOUND SUFFIXES. Ableness L (A?), sociableness Atively, itively V (/), relatively PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 95 SUFFIX. SIGN. EXAMPLE. APPLICATION. Ativeness, itive- ness V <*), superlativeness -^^X Fullness V (/<*), cheerfulness / \<^^ Fully V* (/O, J\, gratefully ^/ Geousness ^-(^), gorgeousness ,/ -^ Imely, ) inely j I timely Ineness u fineness Ingly 2 (ift*^)i smilingly Ingncss \ ( in g'f)i willingness Lessly, lously ~ (fr), carelessly Lessness S ('*), carelessness Mental ~\/ (/), experimental ^^^ Mentality ' 5 ( ;////) , instrumentality ^^'^ Ously -^ (^), famously Ousness --- M, seriousness ^_^ x - Sciously, tiously ~v{*!/,) consciously Sciousness, tious- ^(^, consciousness \^~^ ness PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. EXERCISE 96. \ / t O7 a~^~^ o v < \_ PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 97 EXERCISE 97. Abound, fineness, optician. aspiring, fortune, passable, atone, frown, pathology. backward, fullness, peaceably, biting, garment, peacefully, caligraph, garrulously, photograph, cautious, garrulousness, position, cautiousness, gorgeous, positively, celerity, graceful, poverty, charmingness, gracious, sentimentality coldness, greatness, severity, comparatively, handsome, shining, consciously, hilarity, skillful, consciousness, himself, smilingly, courageous, hopefully, spaciousness, cumbrousness, horribly, spine, deceptive, impression, spite fulness, desirableness, itself, stability, disparity, jealous, stanchion, docility, jollity, superlative, downward, lawlessness, supinely, experimental, legality, thanklessness. extremely, legion, themselves, facetiously, lime, time, facility, lonesome, timely, faithlessly, majority, torment, famously, meditative, useless, faultless, mentality, wandered, finding, motive, willingly, fine, needless, worship, finely, notable, yourselves. 98 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. EXERCISE 98. Adjective, agility, alacrity, allurement, apartment, art- lessness, asperity, assign, awkward, barbarity, binding, bothersome, brine, bringing, burning, cautiously, charity, cheerfulness, chime, chronology, clinging, combative- ness, comparative, condone, contagious, credulous, dan- gerously, demonstrative, descriptive, dime, discerning, document, doleful, draining, drowning, durability, earn- ing, enchantment, facetious, faithful, faithless, familiarity, feasible, feigning, fidelity, figuratively, finely, flinging, friendship, frivolity, fully, fundamental, gaining, gor- geousness, graciously, gratefully, grime, hardness, heart- less, heartlessness, hopeful, hopeless, instrumentality, jokingly, kinship, laudable, laughing, lawful, learning, liberty, lime, locomotive, longingly, mercilessly, merri- ment, mining, minority, miserable, mutability, nation, nine, notably, oneself, ourselves, outrageous, painfulness, parchment, passably, peaceable, peacefulness, physician, ponderously, positive, prickly, querulously, querulous- ness, raining, rascality, ration, recitative, refreshment, region, relative, relatively, representative, resound, renown, rhyme, rounding, sanction, scoffing, seamless, seda- tive, seeing, sentimental, shameless, sign, skillfully, so- ciableness, softness, soulful, southward, spacious, spiteful- ness, squandered, staining, statement, sublime, supineness, sustaining, temerity, thoughtlessly, thronging, throwing, tine, tiresome, toning, trustful, trying, turning, unreason- ableness, versatility, vine, vocative, vulgarity, wasteful, wherefore, willingness, winding, wine, worriment, wring- ing, yourself. also *. v. LiWTER DALUS, TF.U3 t>HQNoGRAt>HV. <>n WORD-SIGNS. move \ altogether nowhere ^/ behind number VO besides [^ present ^ business \ principal ( principle U. credit president Uv custom / O prompt IP dollar quantity ^ evening receipt \ hitherto inquest tr- j refer j reference s <> report A -1 inquire rather ^ literature / self ^-A literary several v ~>^ manufacture ^ whom ^ 100 PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. SENTENCE DRILL ON SUFFIXES. 1. An ambitious man should not be sentimental. 2. The physician read a thesis of his own composition 3. The darkness of the apartment alone arouses te merity. 4. She was singing and spinning amidst these sur foundings. 5. As soon as consciousness returned he arose with alacrity. 6. The action of the deceptive fortune-teller was out- rageous. 7. A fugitive from justice, he zealously guarded his identity. 8. In my judgment, the charmingness of the scenery is remarkable. 9. When the session opened he expressed his views with positiveness. 10. The outcome of the arraignment was a welcome decision in the affirmative. n. After an experimental course in mineralogy, the ambitious student left for a mining region. 12. The regiment marched forward bearing the stand- ard, heedless of the losses they were sustaining. 13. The engineer's inability to successfully run the standard locomotive is responsible for his discharge. 14. We pondered while the talkative and heedless or derly took the liberty of accusing us of contemptible coercion. PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 1O1 LESSON X. CONTRACTION BY PROXIMITY. This is one of the most important principles of abbrevi- ation. The student has probably already found that \n reading shorthand notes, words are frequently deciphered before the last sign is read. Take for instance the follow.- ing sentence in longhand: I can deci a senten east from the gen tenor of the conte , though the chara are incomple . This can be read at a glance as signifying, "I can decipher a sentence easily from the general tenor of the context, though the characters are incomplete. ' ' Hence it follows that by applying this principle to short- hand, words may be written with any degree of brevity de- sired, and a great deal of time saved by contracting words which are legible in an incomplete form. On the other Hand, if no plan were formulated to guide the writer m con- tracting, and indicating contracted outlines, a haphazard style of writing would ensue, and the reading of notes would be largely a matter of guess-work. For this reason the fol- lowing method of contraction has been devised: Article 36. (a) Write the first and leading part of a word, or enough of it to insure legibility, (b) then raise the pencil slightly and begin writing trie first sign of the next word immediately above the end of the last sign of the contracted word. This indicates that the word is in- complete. 102 PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. Example: You * must not fail to put our advertisement next to reading matter whenever possible. Do not abbreviate in this manner on more than three consecutive words: the third word is usually written in full. If the writer wishes to contract on a third word, a dot placed in the usual position must be used to indicate such a con- traction. As all shorthand students are not possessed of the same degree of education or mental acumen, no aibitrary rule can be given as to the sign to be contracted upon. One's own judgment and ability to read shorthand must be the guide; but the writer should always contract as briefly as is consist- ent with legibility. In words of one syllable contraction may be made after the first vowel, diphthong, or combina- tion sign. Familiar dissyllables may, as a rule, be contracted upon after the first vowel, etc., or after the second conso- nant stroke, if a vowel precedes. Words of more than two syllables should seldom be contracted on before the third consonant stroke has been written, unless the contraction is made on a vowel, diphthong or combination sign. Tech- nical terms used in commercial, legal, medical or scientific work, as well as all unfamiliar terms and proper names, should be written in full in shorthand, unless they be re- peated so often as to be perfectly legible in a contracted form. * See Article 38. PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 103 RULES. x. Do not indicate a contraction with a irord separated by a pause, and do not use figures or proper names for this purpose; instead place a dot close to the end of the incom- plete word. The dot may also be used for this purpose at the end of a line, or in any other case where the following word cannot be conveniently written. The word outline, however, should be used whenever possible, as it saves a stroke. 2. Compound words should be joined when convenient; but if joining necessitates too long an outline, the first word of the compound may be contracted on. 3. Do not contract joined words. Write them in full according to rule given on page 74. This does not apply to compound words. 4. The prefixes, suffixes, and S dot should never be used in writing proper names. 5. When a period, an interrogation point, or an excla- mation mark, ends a sentence, it may be used to indicate a contraction. 6. Corresponding shorthand characters may be used, phonetically, for all common abbreviations; as, -volume, vol. ^V^ i degree, deg. / ; advertisement, ad. o ; etc. In such cases do not write the following word in prox- imity. 7. The plurals of contracted words are indicated by the addition of the S dot to the part of the word written; thus: 104 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. fling-. \/ > fling*, \^ ' the runner came, fj ; the runners came, _ & . Should a circle be contracted on, the dot to indicate the plural may be placed immedi- ately above the circle, and the contraction is then indicated as usual. 8. Long a and short i when contracted upon are given their final positions. Do not fail to apply all rules governing contraction by proximity. Carelessness in this direction will invariably tend to illegibility of notes. Article 37. Final /V/^-may be omitted and the omission indicated by beginning the first of the sign following about one-quarter of an inch above the end of the preceding sign. Example : Thinking is the talking of the soul with itself. Article 38. At the end of a contracted outline the omission oi oo, w or u may be indicated by placing the beginning of the following sign immediately below the end of the sign last written. Example : His eve shall look upon the ruins of the worlt/^ Article 39. The shorthand outline of a verb in the present tense may be used also for the past tense 3f the verb, where the context furnishes an accurate distinction. PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. WORD-SIGNS. 105 anywhere S- none already o 3 j notwithstand 1 * n another v^. order anxious / ordinary j behave { behavior between I punctual practical circumstance / j correspond- d \ ence C revenue -< reverend (^ reverence difficult-y receive \ . everyone V reply-ed respect-fully govern -ment / return immediate-ly \, statement nevertheless satisfaction newspaper ' x ^ value V' 106 PERNJN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY EXERCISE 99 / h ^ v * _D PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 107 EXERCISE 100. MILWAUKEE, Wis , January 30, 19. W. H. ANDERSON, Esq., ST. PAUL, MINN. DEAR SIR * Replying to your favor of the 2oth inst., we have pleasure in inclosing circulars and price-lists of bells and holts. These quotations will hold good only for ten days. The tendency of the market points to these goods being much higher, and we would advise you to make purchases within the next ten days. Our make of bells must not be confounded with that of makers who use cast iron, which has a bad tone and cracks easily. Our goods are made from the best quality of bell metal, and for tone, durability and finish are unequaled. Trusting to be favored with your esteemed order, we are, Yours truly, JAMES RICH & Co. DETROIT, MICH., January 31, 19 . Messrs. TURNER & BROWN, BOSTON, MASS. GENTLEMEN : We have your favor of the ist inst., with cash check for $2,000, as full payment for privilege of trade dis- count of 17 percent, from your purchases of Association Good? for the year ending June 30, 19 , subject to conditions of agreement. We will mail you certificate as further acknowledg ment in a few days. In the meantime, we remain, Yours very truly, ROBINSON & Co. xo8 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. EXERCISE 101. BE DETERMINED. What the multitude of people who populate the world need most is a strong determination to succeed. There are those who become faint-hearted and give up when the first obstacle presents itself and drag along in de- spair. The person who permits the little things to overcome him today will never surmount the difficulties that will be waiting for him tomorrow those that fall thick and fast when we get into the world of action. We must be fortified by a strong will and determined effort. It is well to select a goal high above us and each day struggle to attain the summit of our ideal. We look about us and see the successful men and women of today and wonder how they attained eminence and renown. Not by sitting idly and letting someone else shoulder their burdens ; on the contrary, they cultivated self-reliance, one of the greatest essentials in the world today, if we would succeed. Few of them were born to luxury. The majority of the names that adorn the pages of the history of a nation were cradled and nourished in the lap of poverty. It was by a strong determination and fixed purpose that they won. We wonder why we are not prominent and iden- tified with the active members of state and society. We need only look within ourselves and behold that faintheart and lack of confidence in our own ability, little or no self-reliance or fixed effort. A will that is swayed by every breeze like a straw upon a turbulent sea, will never bring success; for, while others are struggling nobly, we are idling our time and bemoaning our sad fate. Then we call it luck. But we know better. Luck had nothing to do with it. We are born with the same advantage? as that poor little fellow next door; the oaly difference being PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY EXERCISE 102. 109 6 - L V 110 PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. that he kindled within his breast a fire to succeed and asso- ciated with such people and books as enabled him to keep it burning ever bright until he reached the goal of his am- bition. Not so the others. The fire thus kindled soon burned low and they failed to replenish it with right thoughts and actions, and it smoldered and died, leaving them as much, if not more, weaklings than before, without hope, without ambition. They then grumble and call it "Fate." Don't do it. Fate knew nothing about it. The man or woman who succeeds has to be ever alert and active. No time for loitering. Minutes are precious and to the wise man or woman mean dollars. Some find it easy and a sort of consolation to blame fate, but this old fellow has more burdens than he can carry just because some of us lack the energy to call forth the best that is in us. Awaken ! Come to a realization of yourself. Shake the cobwebs out of your mind and plant the seeds of good thoughts. Let them nourish, and if the soil is good, you will bring forth a harvest of ideas that will mean success in abundance. That is what we are here for. We are not doing the work we are intended for if we do not succeed. We should not allow ourselves to be swept along like a piece of driftwood, but husband all our forces and make a niche for ourselves in the world. We can all do it. It re- quires a little effort and perseverance, but the result is worth the time spent. A strong determination and strength of will should carry us along. There is not a human being possessed of all his faculties who has not in him an idea that will lead him on to a successful goal ; but there are very few who have stamina enough to adhere to it until the dawn. Some give up at the beginning; some because that which they anticipated is not realized in a day; some get disheart- ened at the very last minute with success almost in view, PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. Ill \ t> o I x U ^' o Vo > V A i*4 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. COMMON PHRASES CONTINUED. be, I-could-have, I-ought-to-be, I-did, I-did-so, I-did-not? I-do-not, I-know, I-was-so, I-will, I-can, I-can-say, I do, if-so, if-he-will, if-she-would, if-possible, if-they-did-so. 9. Just-as, just -as-well, just-as-good, join-with, join- with-their, no-good, no- one, no-more, not-any. 10. On-the, on-\vhich, on-it, on-them, on-that, on-that- day, on-this, on-an, on-their, of-their, of-it, of-thera, of- you, of-our, of-his, of- this, of-any. 11. Should-a, should-be, should-have-been, should- they, such-as, such-as-the, such-as-not, so-far, so-will- they, so-will-he, she-will, she-was, she-has, she-has-so, she-has-not, shall-then, some-of, some-of-the, some-of- which, some-of-that, some-of-these, some-of-those, some- day, some-hour, some-time, so-they-may. 12. To-the, to-do-it, to-him, to-her, to-you, to-them, to-this, to-that, to-their, to-it, to-hold, to-go, to-be, to- be-more, to-be-able, to-any, to-own, to-your, to-have- been, to-have-done, to-have-gone, to-do-so, to-do-this, they-shall, they-should, they-would, they-would-be, there- is, there-are, there-will-be, there could-not. 13. We-will, we-can, we-have, we-could, we-should, we-are, we-were, we-will-ba, were-we-to-say, we-do, who- will, who-was, who-is, who-with, who-would, will-have- to-say, where-are, where-will, will-he-be, with-his, with- them, will-then-be, what-is-it, what-it-is, what-was-it, with-whom, with-their, will-that. 14. You-and-they, you-could, you-should, you- would, you-did, you-will-be. vou-will-not. vou-are, you-are-not. PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 125 COMMON PHRASES CONTINUED. 7 t>^> '2O PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. MISCELLANEOUS PHRASES. Dear-Sir, Dear-Madam, My-dear-Sir, Mr. -President, Mr. -Chairman, Mr. -Speaker, Ladies-and-Gentlemen, My- dear-brethren, Beloved-brethren, Dearly-beloved, Fellow- Citizens, Your-favor-of-recent-date-at-hand, Inclosed- please-find, I-here\vith-inclose-you, In-reply-to-yours, In- response to your recent favor, Your favor just-at-hand, We-beg-leave-to-state, Please-state-in-your-reply, Yours- truly, yours-very-truly, Yours-respectfully, Yours-very-re- spectfully, Yours-and-so-forth, Your-obedient-servant, I- remain-very-truly-yours. In-order, In-order-that, out-of- order, out-of the-way, out-and-out, out-of-it, quite-as- \vell, quite-as-much, quite-likely, just-as-well-as-not, as- follows, for example, together-with, some-time -ago, by-all- means, by-no-means, by-this-means, by-some-means, of- course-it-is, on-aecount, on-account-of, on-that-account, Dn-no-account, on-the-contrary, I-do-not-think-so, present- day. What -do -you -say, at-all-events, in-a-word, get-rid- of, get-it-all, get-out-of, keep-it-up, let-us-see, let-us-say, not-long-ago, n^w- and- then, not-a-bit-of-it, ought-to-be- able, so-much-good, set-it-down, seems-to-go, let-it-be, T-have-no-doubt, as-fast-as, few days-ago, as-soon-as-pos- sible, as-long-as. Month-to-month, hand-to-hand, bye- and-bye, little-by-little, from -time-to-time, day-to-day, again-and-again, over-and-over, over- and -over-again, often-and-often day -after-day, many-more, forever-and- ever, on-the-other-hand, any-of-them, in-regard-to that PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 127 MISCELLANEOUS PHRASES. < L k L^. PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. ADDITIONAL WORD-SIGNS. Account Anybody Advertise-ment a Arrive j Among -v Accord-ing ( Amongst Attention Amount ^ Become-ing Anxiety J Belong-ed Agency Hand Ideal *- J Instant V Opinion Otherwise a r Investigate- tion ^\ Particular-ly u Insurance Place ^ Language s^) Pleasure [^ Large Mr. -^ ( Popular \ Populate- tion 4 Madam -^ ( Public ^ Make ~^ Messrs. ^ \ Publish-er Punctuate- tion 1 17 Market ~~^ People-d I Me-in-s ->^ Practice ^ Method -\^ Private u 130 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY Railroad Suggest Railway Telegraph-y Recover Telegram Regular Telephone Remember /x Testimony There, their Republic-an 1 This Request "t Together Require / Under Return /\- Ultra, ultimo ( Satisfy \ Satisfaction Unto Satisfactory-ly ^ 3-5 Universe-al Similar-ity ^_^ Usual-ly Situated Value-d Stenographer V^ Where Said ^ Week Special /-x Young 7 c PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 131 EXAMPLES OF WORD-SIGNS USED IN LONGER WORDS AND PHRASES. Accord-ing accordant accorder account accountant / / / z ^ . ' accountable unaccounted acquire acquirement acquirer 5 ^- s < acquirable advantage advantageous disadvantage ( S \ ^ advertise-ment advertiser after afterward hereafter agent agency *all all-wise all-Saints all-right allspice although another one-another hand handsome o-Q ^ ^ J *~^ handy hand-full hand-glass answer answered unanswered <> < /*- - ^ . ^_ answerable anxious, anxiety anxiously anxiousness r ^ ' ^ ^ appear appearance non-appearance book book-store *NOTE. When "all" is followed by a circle or half-circle the " 1 " is supplied, as in all-hail, ail-along, all-around. "Al" (with broad a) at the beginning of a word may be rep- resented by the word-sign for "all." 132 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. become-ing becomingly becomingness unbecoming ILL! before beforehand before-all begin began business business-like business-house capable capability capitally capitalist catalogue seed -catalogue school-catalogue < ^ - --- -j_ /V4- certain-ly certainty uncertain change changeless changeful exchange unchanged charge chargeable recharge surcharge character characterize characteristic church churchman churchyard church-goer circular ^~ T ~^ ~^ / circumstance circumstantial client clientage clientele close-d enclose inclosure closeness correct correctly correctness correction correspond correspondent cover / A 4 / A-X y ^ \ uncover coverlet discover credit creditor creditable PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 133 discredit custom customer customary customhouse deliver-y deliverer deliverance differ-ence-ent differently indifferent Democrat democratic depart department departure departmental dollar dollarless dollar-mark hundred-dollars down downfall downcast downy economy - economical economic economist economize equal equality \ ^ 1 ^ equalize unequal establish-ment unestablished 1 7 1 <\ i Vo vo re-established ever evermore everlasting evergreen every everyone everywhere everything exercise exercisable exerciser exercitation familiar familiarly ^v^i w^ ' N V V ^/ ' o^ V^ familiarity unfamiliar favor favorable unfavorable V ^ t J. form formation information reformation inform 134 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. misinform conform reform formulate formidable former gave forgave give forgive forgiveness go, good go-cart / J f ? 2 / / goodness goodly govern-ment misgoverned governor governess general, gentlemen generally generality generalize gentleman gentlemanly gentlemanlike great greater greatly greatness how however somehow ^ anyhow idea,ideal idealist idealize infer-ence inferable inferential inquire inquiry inquirer judge judgment judgeship pre-judge just justice justify unjust justly adjust readjust adjustment adjuster knowledge o ^> 6 }-f acknowledge - acknowledgment large larger largeness ' legislate-ure legislator legislative legislation letter PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 135 lettered letter-head letter-press manufacture manufac- x* ) ? turer manufactory mean, means meantime meanwhile meaningless method methodical most mostly v- ^ ^ b V" foremost utmost uppermost near-ly nearness nearer >_ ^T> '%'... N ^ ^ near-sighted never never h. less nevermore number numberless numuerer renumber oblige obligingly object objection objectionable one, won once oneness onesided 1 ] r r r ^_ ordinary ordinarily extraordinary other otherwise our, out ourselves out-go out-put over overdo overdone peculiar peculiarly peculiarity please pleases pleasure pleasant \ k, l^ '^^ l^ i*> popular popularly popularity popularize unpopular 4 4 ^ ^ q possible positive possibility impossibility positiveness <>-^ O ^> 136 PKRNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. prefer-ence preferred preferable preferment practice practical practically practicable impractical malpractice present presently presentation presentable president U L~ i/""" I presidency presidential principle-al principally unprincipled prompt promptly promptness prompter promptitude public, publish publicly publication ^ S S "u I L ^ v publicity Republic-an Republicanism punctual punctually punctuality quality equality inequality qualify disqualify *-> ^ ^> zL, &>^ &^" quart quarter quarterly question questioned questionable rapid rapidity rapidness receive receiver receivable refer-ence referable referee regular regularly regularity 1 ^ / t z, irregular report reporter reported require requirement 1 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. r 37 respect-fully respected respectable respectability reverence irreverence reverential same sameness satisfy, satisfaction dissatisfaction unsatisfied ship shipment ship-mate shipwreck similar-ity similarly dissimilar some, soon Something wholesome sooner soonest state-ment Stately stated statesman stood understood withstood subscribe, substitute subscriber substitution sure surely f T " f " < '-x, \ V U insure insurance telegraph-y telegraphic telegrapher whatever whatsoever when whenever whensoever where 6\ ^\ ^A ^~"\ ^ \ whereas wherever wheresoever which whichever , 7/hichsoever who whoever whosoever yes yes-sir yesterday young younger youngest youngster. i i. x 11 PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. COMMON ABBREVIATIONS. As supplementary to Rule 6, page 103, we append for the benefit of the student, a short list of common abbrevia- tions used in writing. These are to be written phonetically as instructed. The examples given are but a very small percentage of the words which may be abbreviated in this manner. There may be included the ordinary commercial terms, titles, names of months, days of the week, points of the compass, geographical and other proper names, and many other words that are usually abbreviated. Account, April, Attorney, Balance, Capital, Citizen, Colonel, Company, Creditor, Debtor, Degree, Democrat, Democratic, Division, Dozen, Esquire, Friday, Honorable, Instant, acct. Interest, int. Apr. James, Jas. atty. January. Jan. bal. Manufacturer, manf. cap. Michigan, Mich. cit. Ohio, O. Col. Pages, pp. Co. Pennsylvania, Pa. Cr. Professor, Prof. Dr. Public, ) deg. Publish, j- pub. Dem. Quantity, Quart, quan. qt. div. Republic, * K f*Y^ doz. Republican, f -IvCU. Esq. Revenue, rev. Fri. Samuel, Sam. Hon. Sunday, Sun. inst. Ultimo, ult. PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 139 BUSINESS LETTERS. i. NEW YORK CITY, N. Y., Aug. 5, 19 . ROBERT BRENNAN & Co., Albany, N. Y. Gentlemen, Yours of the 3d inst. to hand, requesting us to quote prices on Sheet Silver. We have gone out of this line of goods, and henceforth will not keep any of it in stock. You will probably be able to procure supplies of this description of Messrs. Hunter & Co. , Pittsburg, Pa. Very truly yours, A. B. MANNING. 2. MADISON, Wis., Jan. 10, 19 . Mr. GEO. TOWNSEND, Milwaukee, Wis. Dear Sir, On the i4th of March we made shipment to Dick Feeler, of Chicago, 111., as follows: 2 Cases Hardware. i Box Leather. i Roll Top Leather (12 Hides). Consignee reports Top Leather arriving in very bad condition, and four hides missing. Kindly put tracer out as soon as possible, and oblige, Yours truly, A. B. KILEY. t4o PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. KEY TO BUSINESS LETTERS. V; *s ?* > \ L O / PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 14! 3. ST. PAUL, MINN., May 20, 19 . Mr. A. ANDREWS, New York City, N. Y. Dear Sir, Your favor of i3th inst, in reference to delay of saddle clips and king bolts, to hand. Delay has been caused by breakage of our largest ham- mer, and through no negligence on our part as you supposed. We always give our customers' orders prompt and careful attention, and no one regrets the accident more than ourselves at this time, as we are under a press of orders. We hope to be able to ship the balance of your order by the first of the coming week. Trusting this will be satisfactory, we remain, Yours truly, J. WARREN & Co. 4. DES MOINES, IA., May 6, 19 . J. W. SNYDER, Esq., Springfield, 111. Dear Sir, Replying to your favor of Apr. 25th, would say that I do not think it would be advisable for you to think of going west for some time yet, especially if you wish to locate at Fort Fetterman. As yet there is no town there, and probably will not be until our line is completed to that point, which I understand will be late in the sum- mer or in the early fall. If you will write me later or about the first of July, at that time I may be able to give you more satisfactory information. Yours truly, D. D. HELLER. 142 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 3 ^ PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 143 5. ADRIAN, MICH., Aug. 12, 19 . MESSRS. METCALF BROS. & Co., Detroit, Mich. Dear Sirs, Having recently commenced business for myself with fair prospects of success, I shall be pleased to open an account with your house, and trust it will be to our mutual advantage. Should you think favorably of the matter, you will please fill the accompanying order with the least possible delay and on your best terms. For testimonials, I refer you to Newcomb, Endicott & Co., of your city, by whom I have been until recently em- ployed; but as this is my first transaction with your house, upon forwarding me an invoice of goods and deducting your usual discount for cash, I will remit a sight draft on the First National Bank of your city, for the amount, by return mail. Expecting your usual prompt attention, I am, Yours respectfully, S. C. BROOKS. 6. DETROIT, MICH., Aug. 13, 19 . Mr. S. C. BROOKS, Adrian, Mich. Dear Sir, We take pleasure in sending this day, as per your order, the inclosed invoice of goods, amounting to $1,500, subject to 5 per cent, discount for cash. Your reference being entirely satisfactory, we have no hesitation in opening an account and allowing you our best terms. Trusting that the goods, which are shipped by express, will arrive safely and meet with your favor, we are, Very truly yours, METCALK BROS. & Co. 144 PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 7/2,/7-> / ? JO , * V i ' 7 ' /6~ PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 145 7. KANSAS CITY, Mo., March 29, 19. Mr. T. J. JOHNSON, Blair, Neb. Dear Sir, We inclose check for $14.90, payment for abstracts. Please give us latest assessed value for taxation on the following property: N. W. quarter, section 7, township 7, range n east, of R. M. Burns; also S. W. quarter, section 2, township 17, range n, Sophia Good- m,m, Kennard, Neb. Please prepare abstract on Sophia Goodman's property and forward same at once; also give us assessed value for taxation and amount of taxes on north half, S. E. quarter, section 12, township 12, range 10 east, property of Samuel Brinkerhoff. Yours truly, E. A. DUVAL. 8. SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. , Oct. 2, 19 . Mr. CHAS. GREEN, Grand Rapids, Mich. Dear Sir, Your favor of Sept. 28 at hand and contents noted. We are extremely sorry to be obliged to say that it will be impossible for us to negotiate renewal of your paper maturing Dec. 23, 19 , owing to the fact that it has passed out of our hands, being now held by the Na- tional Bank of this place, and must be paid at maturity or costs of protest will be incurred. Trusting you will be put to no inconvenience to lift the paper, we are, Yours truly, IRVING & Co. 146 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 7 L-*- :.- /7 >* f "V PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 147 9. HAMBURG, N. Y., Sept. 30, 19 . Mr. S. S. McKAY. Attica, N. Y. Dear Sir, I notice that the ties on the hill just east of Keller's have not been piled up and burned, but are thrown down the side of the bank. This makes the road look very untidy. Please see to it that they are burned as soon as possible. Also see that the old fence that stands in front of the new fence, just east of the rock cut beyond Keller's, is torn down and piled up by the section men. Yours truly, W. J. KITCHEN, Supt. N. Y. C. & St. L. Ry. 10. MILWAUKEE, Wis., Jan. 7, 19 . Mr. W. F. JOHNSON, Indianapolis, Ind. Dear Sir, The crossing watchman at Miami street, Indianapolis, Ind., is not giving good satisfaction to the public, and some very serious complaints have been made to me in regard to his inattention to duty. This watch- man is paid five dollars per month more than the others, with the understanding that he is to stay on duty until 9 P. M., or until Train 49 passes. I think it would be policy to make a change there and let the new watchman understand that he is to stay at his post every night until No. 49 passes. Yours truly, I. I. BROWN, Supt, 148 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 1 ; ? I/ ^ 2. M , ^\ ^ \ ^_ /I^4^T V, ^ '^ (^ s- /, //-; \ V__ V // PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 149 ii. OMAHA, NEB., Jan. 30, 19 -. Mr. T. J. BROWN, Bedford, Iowa. Dear Sir, Replying to your favor of the 29th instant, would say that passenger rates are as follows: Council Bluffs to Chadron $16.40; round trip explorer's rate Council Bluffs to Valentine $13.90 none are sold to Chadron. Rate on emigrant movables, Council Bluffs to Chadron, $70 per car. Yours truly, S HASTINGS, Southwestern Pass. Agent. 12. PHILADELPHIA, PA., March 16, 19 . Mr. JAS. JOHNSON, Rochester, N. Y. Dear Sir, As we are informed that a party in your city has been offering for sale to the trade, ready cur. election "stickers," we beg leave to notify you that our client, Mr. Thomas Young, of this place, is the patentee of the same, and that any sale or use thereof is an in- fringement of his patent, except where such sale or use is made by Mr. Young's license or of goods obtained from him or his authorized agents. Mr. Young's patent was obtained and is dated April 23, 19 . His rights of patent have been acquiesced in by the public and trade generally, and he sends this as a friendly caution to you against infringement of the same. Very truly yours, G. H. SHAFER, Atty. 150 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 30, II. PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 151 13. DENVER, COL., July 12, 19 . Mr. P. J. LEWIS, Boston, Mass. Dear Sir, Replying to yours of the loth instant, would say that I have pleasure in sending you by mail a supply of matter descriptive of the Elkhorn Valley. J cannot advise you as to any particular location west of Antelope county, but think, if you can arrange it so, it would be better for you to purchase a land exploring ticket for Valentine, Neb., and visit the country. I think you will find these on sale in Boston; if not, it would be your best plan to purchase a ticket to Chicago and from there you can purchase a land exploring ticket via the Chicago & Northwestern and Fremont, Elkhorn & Missouri Valley Rys. to Valentine, Neb., which will cost you $31. 45. This ticket will allow stop-over privileges at any point west of the Missouri river and will be good forty days from date of issue. The ticket office is at 6 2 Clark street. Should you desire any additional informa- tion, I shall be pleased to furnish it. Yours truly, E. A. HESS, Southwestern Pass. Agent. 14. NEWARK, N. J., Sept. 2, 19 . Mr. ANDREW JENKINS, Bordentown, N. J. Dear Sir, Your esteemed favor of the ythult. to hand, inclosing sum of $40.00, in settlement for Invoices Nos. 7, 8, 9, less 4 per cent. , for which accept thanks. Yours truly, J. G. HARRISON. 152 PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 15. CHICAGO, ILL., July 8, 19. D. F. BRANCH, Esq., St. Louis, Mo. DearSir, The inclosed claim No. 16574, for shortage of a lot of apples in shipment from St. Louis to Chicago, is respectfully referred to you. Please take this case to the conductor handling the freight and inquire from him if the car met with any rough usage en route. Return all papers with result of your investigation at the earliest practicable moment. Yours truly, G. H. LAKEMAN, Supt. Wab., St. L. & P. Ry. 16. DETROIT, MICH., June 4, 19 . Mr. J. F. BARRON, Detroit. Dear Sir, In reply to your advertisement in today's Free Press for a stenographer, I beg to offer you my serv- ices. I have had an experience of two years in this line of work with Robinson & Co. of this city, and would refer you to them for any testimony of character or ability you may require. Should my application meet your approval, I shall endeavor to faithfully and promptly fulfill the duties required of me. By notifying me at above address I shall be happy to call at your office at any time you may designate. In the meantime, I remain, Yours very respectfully, H. W. WORKMAN. PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 153 17. PORT HURON, Mich., Apr. 10, 19 . G. W. SPRAGUE, Esq., Detroit, Mich. Dear Sir, Please send at once by Merchants' Despatch to Thibbets & Co., Port Huron, Mich., 300 Ibs. Brevier type No. 14 with italics; 120 Ibs. Nonpareil No. 14 with italics; 12 Ibs. Small Pica and two fonts Nonpareil fullface No. i. This is only part of order. I will send the balance tomorrow or Wednesday. Some parties have just come from Chicago, and I have had to make very close figures in order to secure the trade. Please send as soon as possible, as the type is needed for next week's paper. Very truly yours, O. M. LAIDLAW. 18. DETROIT, MICH., Dec. 14, 19 . Mr. JAMES DICK, Cleveland, Ohio. Dear Sir, Your esteemed order of the loth instant duly to hand, and shall have our prompt and careful attention. New cords have just arrived, and we take pleasure in inclosing samples. We predict large sales for Nos. 88 1 and 970. They have been in the market but a short time, and are selling rapidly. Our traveler, Mr. Lorden, has requested us to forward samples of plush also, on arrival; we are sorry to say we have not received them as yet, but we will send as soon as they reach us. Trusting to receive further orders, we remain, Yours truly, HARWOOD & Co. I ._ 154 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 19. PHILADELPHIA, PA., Feb. 23, 19 . MESSRS. ROBERTS & CURRIE, Boston, Mass. Gentlemen, Goods went forward yesterday, excepting four bales of cotton, which, we regret to say, we are entirely out of. Owing to floods in the south it is al- most impossible to get a single bale at present here. We will forward as soon as we receive the first ship- ment, unless order is countermanded. Trusting this will be satisfactory, we remain, Yours truly, WRIGHT BROS. & Co. 20. WHEELING, W. Va., July 14, 19 . Mr. J. BROWN, Chicago, 111. Dear Sir, We will waive top of column for Rheumatic Syrup display, but you must not fail to put it next to reading matter, and we will expect you to g'Ve it top of column and next to reading matter whenever you can. We inclose another sheet of locals. We will send cut to- day, and we kindly ask you to insert this week. Please send paper to our office to prove insertion. Very truly yours, HENRY JAMES, 1 1 8 Washington Ave. 21. MINNEAPOLIS, MINN., Sept. 12, 19 . GEO. L. SMITH, Esq., Iowa City, la. Dear Sir, Can you use a car of Hoffman & Sons' flour? We have on hand nearly a full car of "Supreme." PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 155 The same was shipped to us by mistake; we would be willing to dispose of it at a low figure and fill up the car with "H. S." I believe the Jones Grocery Co. has a large trade established on this brand in your territory. Will you be in a position to handle this ? Please answer at once. Yours truly, E. A. HALL. 22. OMAHA, NEB., Dec. 13, 19 . JOHNSON CRACKER FACTORY, Waterloo, Iowa. Gentlemen, We quote you Kansas Winter Wheat, straight patents f. o. b. cars Atchison, at $4.20 per barrel in sacks; straight patents at $3.60 per barrel, f. o. b. Omaha; Colorado patent at $4.10 f. o. b. Omaha. We make a specialty of supplying cracker factories, and are well acquainted with the grades of flour desired for their work. We should be pleased to have a trial order. Very truly, C. F. DALY. 23. NEW YORK CITY, N. Y. , Jan. 19, 19 . Mr. T. J. STEVENS, Blair Neb. Dear Sir, We have notice that parties will accept payment for their loan, and we will prepare your papers at once. Please send us a little description of your land, showing on what portion of the farm the hay and corn are raised; also locate the house. Yours truly, W. A. WHITE. 156 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. EXERCISE 103. OFFICE OF THE CONSOLIDATED STEEL SPRING Co., ! YOUNGSTOWN, OHIO, Oct. ii, 19 . \ JACKSOX LOCOMOTIVE WORKS, Jackson, Mich. Gentlemen, Owing to the growing disposition on the part of consumers to procure material of all kinds at lower prices, manufacturers have been compelled to look for cheaper grades of material. In view of this fact we have decided to manu- facture springs from two qualities of steel. We have always used and advocated crucible cast steel in the manufacture of railway, locomotive and car springs, and experience proves that in the end it is the most durable, and hence the most economical; some railway companies, how- ever, have adopted an analytical as well as a physical standard of their own for the guidance of manufacturers, which permits the use of steel manufactured in bulk, and therefore much cheaper than that quality of steel known as crucible. These railroad companies ask no guaranty, and assume no responsibility for the springs giving good service, insisting only that the springs pass the physical and analytical tests to which they are subjected at the time they are furnished. But, as a comparison of value, it may be stated that crucible cast-steel springs are now in service and in good condition that have been in constant use for over sixteen years, to our knowledge. It is our aim, now as ever, to produce the best and most serviceable springs at a fair and reasonable price. We shall use the highest quality of crucible cast steel as heretofore, and the best grade of special steel, and our patrons can depend upon always obtaining from us just what they order, and the best of its kind, leaving it optional with them as to what quality they desire to use. The difference in the cost of the springs will be only the difference in the cost of the material used, as our method of PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 157 manufacture will be exactly the same in both cases. We shall use nothing but the best quality of crucible cast steel in the manufacture of our locomotive springs. We are, Very truly yours. THE CONSOLIDATED STEEL SPRING Co. EXERCISE 104. THE TAHER ROOFING SLATE COMPANY OFFICE, ) 205 Broadway, NEW YORK, Oct. n, 19 . ) I). I. WAGAR, Esq., Gen. Mgr. Can. Pac. Ry., Montreal, P. Q., , Dear Sir, If your company is erecting, or contemplating the erection of any buildings, we should be pleased to quote you prices of roofing slate delivered at any point. The roofing slate manufactured by us is of dark blue-black color, of superior strength and durability. For depots, round houses, machine shops, or any buildings where a fire-proof material is desired, this slate has no superior, as it is abso- lutely fire-proof. We are now supplying large quantities of our roofing slate to railroad companies, and have received a number of letters from those who have used it, testifying to its merits. We will make you bottom trade prices. By purchasing your slate direct from the manufacturers you not only get it at first cost, but you are insured as to quality, and, as we make only one quality, the best, it never varies. We also manufacture black slate floor tile. We are making a specialty of the best grade of slate nails and roofing felt, which we would supply you with at manufac- turer's prices. Your correspondence is kindly solicited, and, should you favor us with your order, it will receive our best attention. Hoping to hear from you in the near future, we are, Very truly yours, THE TABER ROOFING SLATE Co 158 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. HOW TO GAIN SPEED. After a thorough acquirement of the principles of Phonography, how to gain speed for practical work, in the quickest and best way, is the next subject for consider ation. If you are not attending a shorthand school, engage some one to read to you, for dictation. Do not de- pend upon friends to help you out in this matter; for, except in rare cases, this course will not be found satisfactory. To obtain the best results, the dictation must be regular, systematic, and of sufficient duration to be of value to the writer. Three hours a day is not too much for dictation, but it should be divided by in- tervals. The writer should always cease practice just short of fatigue, for nothing will be gained when brain and hand are alike exhausted. The reader should be possessed of a clear and distinct utterance, and should adapt his dictation to your speed, reading slowly but con- tinuously, at first, and increasing his rate of speaking to keep pace with your increased speed in writing. Reac back what you have written every fifteen minutes while the dictation is in progress, and the next day, on begin- ning work, read the entire matter of the previous day's dictation. Amateur stenographers are frequently in such haste to become rapid writers that they are inclined to neglect what is really of the most importance, viz., the ability to translate accurately every word that has been dictated. PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 159 If you intend to engage in office work, practice on business letters bearing upon the kind of work in which you expect to engage, should your position be already secured; if not, practice upon general business letters. In addition to those given in the Text-book, excellent material of this kind may be found in Pernin's Business Dictation Book. Make each letter or other article a separate study un- til it can be written absolutely correctly as to forma- tion of characters, proper contractions, phrasing, etc.; then rewrite it ten, fifteen or twenty times, as the case may require, until every character, contraction and phrase falls readily from the pen. Always bear in mind that it is repetition of the same article that brings up the speed, not unlimited wandering over a wide range of new matter. Do not overlook the daily practice on the alphabet recommended in "Hints to Learners," and go over each phrase and simple word -sign again and again until you can write them mechanically, and without thought as to their formation. -After this preparatory practice upon speeches, letters, newspaper articles, etc., and when a speed of 75 to 100 words per minute has been gained, you may plume your wings for a higher flight, by attempting to report a speech or sermon. Select a slow, distinct speaker to be- gin with, and put yourself in a position to hear every syllable. Do not start with the expectation of taking a verbatim report, or you will be disappointed and discour- 160 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY, aged over your first attempt. Endeavor to take as much as possible of one complete sentence before attempting an- other. Do not mind if the speaker gets ahead of you. Be calm and deliberate. Remember you are writing for practice only, not for pay. Start again when he begins another sentence and take down as much of it as you can, so that when you come to transcribe your notes the result will be in some degree satisfactory. Repeat this for a month or two, keeping up other practice if you can in the meantime, and you will be surprised at the progress you have made, and the increased facility with which you can then follow the speaker. Embrace every opportunity afforded you for further improvement by attending lec- tures, taking sermons in church, visiting the courts, etc., still keeping up private practice on newspaper articles, court reports, and whatever else is at hand. Keep all your notes, private memoranda and daily ac- counts in shorthand. For this purpose, the literary style, with the addition of the simpler contractions, is preferable. Carry a note-book and pencil constantly in your pocket, jot down conversations, or as much of them as you can, extracts from books you read, and the like. The familiar- ity with the art thus gained w.ll be invaluable to you in future work, for, of course, if you have the ability, you are not going to stop half-way up the ladder that leads to the top of the profession. Too much stress cannot be laid upon the necessity of reading shorthand as quickly as you are able to write it. PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 161 This can be done only by reading and re-reading every- thing that is written, until the shorthand characters become as familiar to you as the printed letters. A stenographer who does not exceed 75 to 100 words per minute, but who can transcribe his notes rapidly and accurately, is much more valuable to his employer than he who takes rap- icly from dictation but is unable to transcribe quickly; for the reason that the former can accomplish much the greater amount of work during the day the object in em- ploying a stenographer. Shorthand students can gain much assistance by meet- ing together for practice whenever possible. Ideas and suggestions are thus interchanged, and mutual benefit is derived. It is also an excellent plan for each stenographer in turn to read back from his notes while the others write; also to exchange books and read from each other's notes. This gives a ready familiarity in reading, obtained in no other way. Whenever you meet a word or phrase that is not easily or quickly written, encircle it for reference, and at the end of the dictation go back and rewrite it until it gives you no further trouble. When ready for any department of shorthand work, do not sit down and wait for a position with a large salary attached, but take advantage of the first opening that pre- sents itself for the sake of the actual experience it will give you. To gain this experience, it ic even advisable to offer your services free for a time, until yo T ! feel sure that your 162 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. work is entirely satisfactory. You will find that experience ' is the golden key that will open many doors otherwise closed to you, and this, with the confidence in your own ability thus acquired, will contribute greatly to your future suc- cess. Remember always, that you cannot expect to re- ceive the wages of skilled labor for unskilled effort, and that in shorthand, as well as in all other departments of work, you must expect to serve your apprenticeship. Want of space forbids the insertion of many practical hints to stenographers. The student, as well as the aman- uensis and reporter, will, however, derive great benefit from PERNIN'S MONTHLY STENOGRAPHER, which is de- signed to supplement the instruction given in the text book. Each number contains several pages of engraved shorthand articles for dictation, and advice by experienced teachers and practical stenographers. Besides these, each volume contains a full course of lessons arranged differently from the text book, thus presenting new illustrations of the principles. The shorthand business letters in the STENOGRAPHER are taken from Pernin's Business Dic- tation Book, and afford valuable matter for reading and writing practice. A series of shorthand pamphlets in the corresponding and reporting styles of the Pernin sys- tem are now for sale at prices which place them within the reach of all. Every live stenographer who wishes to rise in his profession will embrace these opportunities for ad- vancement. JERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 163 EXERCISE 105. DICKENS AS A SHORTHAND WRITER. I did not allow my resolution with respect to Parliamentary Debates to cool. It was one of the irons I began to heat immediately, and one of the irons I kept hot and hammered at with a perseverance I may honestly admire. I bought an approved scheme of the noble art and mystery of Stenography (which cost me ten and sixpence), and plunged into a sea of perplexity that brought me in a few weeks to the confines of distraction. The changes that were rung upon dots, which in such a position meant such a thing, and in such another position meant something else entirely different, the wonder- ful vagaries that were played by circles, the unaccountable consequences that resulted from marks like flies' legs, the tremendous effects of a curve in the wrong place, not only troubled my waking hours but reappeared before me in my sleep. When I groped my way blindly through these difficul- ties and had mastered the alphabet, which was an Egyptian temple in itself, there then appeared a procession of new horrors called arbitrary characters, the most despotic char- acters I have ever known, who insisted, for instance, that a thing like the beginning of a cobweb meant expectation, and that a pen and ink skyrocket stood for disadvantageous. When I had fixed these articles in my mind, I found that they had driven everything else out of it; then, beginning again, I forgot them ; while picking them up I dropped the other fragments of the system ; in short, it was almost heart-break- ing. It might have been quite heart-breaking but for Dora, who was the stay and anchor of my tempest-driven bark. Every scratch in the scheme was a gnarled oak in the forest of 164 PRRNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY EXERCISE 1 06. ^ j -v j 6 ^ v / -f- If V PERN1N S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHV. 165 difficulty, and I went on cutting them down one after the othei with such vigor that in three or four months I was in a condi- tion to make an experiment on one of our crack speakers in the Commons. Shall I ever forget how the crack speaker walked off from me before I began, and left my ;mbecile pencil staggering about the paper as if it were in a fit? This would not do, it was quite clear. I was flying too high and should not get on so. I resorted to Traddles for advice, who suggested that he should dictate speeches to me, at a pace and with occasional stoppages adapted to my weakness. Very grateful for this friendly aid, I accepted the proposal, and night after night, almost every night and for a long time, we had a sort of a private Parliament in Buckingham Street, after I came home from the Doctor's. I should like to see such a Parliament anywhere else. My aunt and Mr. Dick represented the Government or the Op- position (as the case might be), and Traddles, with the assistance of "Enfield's Speaker," or a volume of Parliamentary orations, thundered astonishing invectives against them. Standing by the table, with his finger in the page to keep the place, and his right arm flourishing about his head, Traddles as Mr. Pitt, Mr. Fox, Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Burke, Lord Castlereagh, Viscount Sidmouth, or Mr. Canning, would work himself into the most violent heats, and delivered the most withering denunciations of the profligacy and corruption of my aunt And Mr. Dick, while I used to sit at a little distance with my note-book on my knee, fagging after him with all my might and main. The inconsistency and recklessness of Traddles was not to be exceeded by any real politician. He was for any descrip- tion of policy within the compass of a week, and nailed all sorts of colors to every denomination of mast. My aunt, looking very like an immovable Chancellor of the Exchequer, would occasionally throw in an interruption or two, as i66 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. EXERCISE 1 06 CONTINUED. PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 167 "Hear!" or "No! " or "Oh!" when the text seemed to require it, which was always a signal to Mr. Dick (a per- fect country gentleman), to follow lustily with the same cry. But Mr. Dick got taxed with such things in the course of hi? Parliamentary career, and was made responsible for such awful consequences, that he became uncomfortable in his mind some- times. I believe he actually began to be afraid he really had been doing something tending to the annihilation of the British constitution and the ruin of the country. Often and often, we pursued these debates until the clock pointed to midnight and the candles were burning low. The- result qf so much good practice was that by-and-by I began to keep pace with Traddles pretty well, and should have been quite triumphant if I had the least idea what my notes were about. But as to reading them after I got them, I might as well have copied the Chinese inscriptions on an immense collection of tea-chests or the golden characters on all the great red and green bottles in the chemists' shops. There was nothing for it but to turn back and begin all over again. It was very hard, but I turned back, though with a heavy heart, and began laboriously and methodically to plod over the same tedious ground at a snail's pace; stopping to examine minutely every speck in the way on all sides, and making the most desperate efforts to know these elusive characters by sight wherever I met them. 1 was always punctual at the office ; at the Doctor's too; and I really did work, as the common expression is, like a cart-horse. DAVID COPPERFIELD. i68 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. EXERCISE 107. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. When in the course of human events it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and Nature's God entitle them, a decent re- spect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident : That all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed : that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to insti- tute a new government, laying its foundation on such prin- ciples, and organizing its powers in such form as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes , and ac- cordingly all experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves, by abolishing the forms to which they are accus- tomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, h is their duty, to throw off such government, and to pro- vide new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies, and such is now the ne- cessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 169 EXERCISE 1 08. j \ _^~^^ 5^ V s U tyO PEkNlN's UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. government. The history of the present king of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these States. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world : He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of Immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operations till his assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representa- tion in the legislature a right inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants only. He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the repository of the public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into complying with his measures. He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly for oppos- ing, with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. He has refused, for a long time after such dissolution, to tause others to be elected ; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation have returned to the people at large for their exercise, the state remaining, in the meantime, exposed toall the dangers of invasion from without and convulsions from within. He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the laws of naturalization of foreigners ; refusing to pass others to encourage their mi- gration hither, and raising the conditions of new appropri- ations of lands. He has obstructed the administration of justice by refus- ing his assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 171 EXERCISE Io8 CONTINUED. V XX s * ^ -\_ c o / i V 172 PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their offices and the amount and payment of their salaries. He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of officers to harass our people and eat out their sub- stance. He has kept among us in times of peace, standing armies, without the consent of our legislatures. He has effected to render the military independent of, and superior to, the civil power. He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdic- tion foreign to our Constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws giving his assent to their pretended acts of legislation: For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us: For protecting them by a mock trial from punishment for any murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States . For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world: For imposing taxes on us without our consent: For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury: For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offences : For abolishing the free system of English laws in the neighboring province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies. For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering, fundamentally, the forms of our govern- ment : For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring them- selves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases what- soever. PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 17? He has abdicated government here by declaring us out of nis protection and waging war against us. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mer- cenanes to complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny already begun, with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. He has excited domestic insurrections among us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions. In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in the most humble terms; our repeated petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We have warned them, from time to time, of at- % empts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdic- tion over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in peace friends- 174 PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY; We, therefore, the representatives of the United .States of America, in General Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare, that these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent. States; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved ; and that as free and independent States, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish com- merce, and do all other acts and things, which independent States may of right do. And for the support of this declara- tion, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Prov- idence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our for- tunes, and our sacred honor. EXERCISE 109. DETACHED SELECTIONS. Every man naturally desireth to know; but what doth knowledge avail without the fear of God? Truly, a lowly rustic that serveth God is better than a proud philosophei who pondereth the courses of the stars and neglecteth him- self. If I knew all things that are in the world, and were not in charity, what would it profit one in the sight of God, who will judge according to deeds? Many words do not satisfy the soul; but a good life giveth ease to the mind, and a pure conscience affordeth great confidence toward God. Knowledge is not to be blamed, nor simple acquaintance with things, good in itself and or- dained by God; but a good conscience and a virtuous life are always to be preferred PERN IN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 175 EXERCISE 110. V V ' \ o o 4 \ 176 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. He is truly great who hath great charity. He is truly great who is little in his own eyes and counteth for nothing all the heights of honor. And he is truly most learned who doth the will of God and forsaketh his own will. Without charity the outward work profiteth nothing; hut whatever is done out of charity, be it ever so little and con- temptible, it is all made fruitful; inasmuch as God regardeth more out of how much love a man doth a work than how much he doth. He doth much who loveth much. He doth much who doth well what he hath to do. He doth well who regardeth the common good rather than his own will. No man can safely speak but he who loves silence. No man can safely command but he who has learned to obey. No man can rejoice securely but he who hath the testimony of a good conscience within. Weak minded and inconstant people often say, "See what a happy life that man leadeth ! how rich he is, how great, how powerful and exalted!" But take heed to heavenly riches, and thou wilt see that all these temporal ones are nothing; yea, most uncertain, and rather a heavy burden, since they never are possessed without solicitude and fear. By two wings is man lifted above earthly things, viz : by simplicity and purity. Simplicity must be in the intention, purity in the affection. A pure heart penetrates Heaven and Hell. Have a good conscience and thou shalt always have joy. Never rejoice except when thou hast done well. Great tranquillity of heart hath he who careth neither for praise nor blame. What thou art, that thou art; nor canst thou be said to be greater than God seeth thee to be. All things pass away and thou, too, along with them. See to it how it stands with thee in the next life. Man to-day is, and to-morrow is seen no more. THOMAS A-KEMPIJ?. PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 177 EXERCISE IIO CONTINUED. L I 6 * o - 5 Y -o ^^^ t \ \ L % t- )y r ^ ^-~ u ^ a 1 Xj Xj3 / x '"^v ^\ X 60 1^1 L > x^ ' UN 5 - ^ 1,' /- ^ B /7__ ^P J;.V-JV? - - VJ X^ 2^- Uv-''' ^ ^ \W X ^ o_ cr- " ^ \7 > A. i 7 8 PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. PARTIAL LIST OF LEGAL TERMS AND PHRASES. Administrator j client administratrix advisory > y affidavit agree-ment-gate arbitrate-tion bankrupt-cy benefit-cial bequest-bequeath bondsman K I bounty-ful commission controversy \ decision s~* defendant ^ delinquent-cy / demurrer v Deputy 1 district \^ evidence executor ^ calculate executrix PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 179 guilty ^/ party I illega' ^x~ partnership (^ c immaterial < ~Z patent *- incompetent-cy ^_ patentee ^ plaintiff ^ injure \^, ^ \0 insolvent-cy ~~\ predecessor 1 ^ < schedule ^-~ inspect-ed-tion statute-ory V intoxicate *> Q verdict V landlord /^ ( swear legal < swore ^ (_ sworn maximum "ov technical -? mortgage / K. ( vacate mortgagee 6 I vacant-cy > roortgagor ^ witness $ 180 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. LEGAL, PHRASES. Chief Justice Member of Congress ~"~" 2 Counsel for Complainant Notary Public Couns 1 for Defendant County Clerk 2^ County Commissioner * Court of Claims Cross examination District Attorney ~a> Gentlemen of the Jury House of Representatives ^\ Justice of the Peace Police Court. Police Justice Supreme Court Surrogate Court . I Trial by Jury United States Court United States of America United States Senate Vice President Note. For additional legal terms and phrases see Phrase-book. PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 181 EXERCISE III. PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT. This agreement, made this fifth day of August, 19 , between Thomas H. Smith, of Charleston, S. C., of-the one part, and Charles T. Cullen, of-the-same place, of-the other part, witness- eth The said parties agree to-associate themselves as co-partners, for a period of five years from-this date, in-the business of buy- ing and selling hardware and-such other goods and commodities as belong in-that line of trade; the name and style of-the firm to-be Smith & Cullen. For-the purpose of conducting the business of-the above named partnership, Thomas H. Smith has, at-the-date of-this writing, invested Five Thousand Dollars, as capital stock, and-the said Charles T. Cullen has paid in the like sum of Five Thousand Dollars, both of-which amounts are to-be expended and used in common for-the mutual advantage of-the parties hereto in-the management of-their business. It-is hereby also agreed by both parties hereto, that-they- will-not, while associated as co-partners, follow any avocation or trade to-their-own private advantage, but will, throughout the entire period of co-partnership, put-forth-their utmost and best efforts for-their mutual advantage and-the increase of-the capital stock. That-the details of-the business may-be thoroughly under- stood by each, it-is agreed that, during the aforesaid period, accurate and full book accounts shall-be kept, wherein each partner shall record, or cause to-be entered and recorded, full mention of-all money received and expended, as-well-as every article purchased and sold belonging to, or in anywise ap- pertaining to-such partnership; the gains, profits, expendi- tures and losses being equally divided between-them. It-is further agreed that once every year or oftener, should either 182 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. EXERCISE 112. - > ^ //- 0- Ip 1 U, - 1 2. PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 183 party desire, a-full, just and accurate exhibit shall-be made to-each other, or to-their executors, administrators, or repre* sentatives, of-the losses, receipts, profits and increase made b} reason of, or arising from, such co-partnership. And, aftei such exhibit is made, the surplus profit, if-such there-be, re- sulting from-the business, shall-be divided between the sub- scribing partners, share and share alike. Either party hereto shall be allowed to-draw a sum, the first year, not exceeding six hundred dollars per annv.m, from-the capital stock of-the firm, in monthly installments of fifty dol- lars each, which amount may-be increased by subsequent agreement. And further, should either party desire, or should death of either of-the parties, or other reasons, make it necessary, they, the said co-partners, will each to-the other, or, in-case of death of-either, the surviving party to-the executors or adminis- trators of-the party deceased, make a-full, accurate and final account of-the condition of-the partnership as aforesaid, and- will fairly and accurately adjust the-same. And also, upon taking an inventory of-said capital stock, with increase and profit thereon, which-shall appear or is found-to-be remaining, all-such remainder shall-be equally apportioned and divided between-them, the said co-partners, their executors or admin- istrators, share and share alike. It-is also agreed, that in-case of-a misunderstanding arising with the partners hereto, which-cannot-be settled between- themselves, such difference of opinion shall-be settled by arbitration, upon the following conditions, to-wit: Each party to-choose one arbitrator, which two thus elected shaJl choose a third; the three thus chosen to-determine the-merits of-the case, and arrange the-basis of-a settlement. In witness whereof, the undersigned hereto set-their hands, the day and year first above written. THOMAS H. SMITH. CHARLES T. CULLEN. Signed in presence of D. L. SILLERS. E. A. KENNEDY. 184 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. EXERCISE 112 CONTINUED. f l ._ I ^ PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. EXERCISE 1 1 2 CONTINUED. .7 185 f s-~ y b 9 -^ V - 1 14 r&6 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. EXERCISE 113. FORM OF WILL. The last will ot-me, John Vinton, of-the-town of Oxford, in- the county of Oakland, and State of Michigan, being of sound mind at-the-time of making and publishing this my last will and testament. I-give and devise all-my estate, real and personal, whereof I-may-die seized or possessed, to James Brown, of-the said town of Oxford, and Thomas Wilson, of-the-same place, to- have and to-hold the same to-themselves, their heirs and as- signs forever, upon the uses and trusts following, namely: In-trust, first, to-pay all-my debts and funeral expenses; Second, to-pay to-my wife, Mary, upon her sole and sepa- rate receipts, the interest, income, and revenue of-all my said estate, during the term of-her natural life; And, third, upon the decease of my said wife, to convert all-my said estate into money, if such-a course shall-be thought best by my said trustees, and to-pay to-my daughter, Ellen, the one-third part thereof, it seeming to-me best to-give her so large a-share on-account-of-her inability to provide for herself; and-the remaining two-thirds to-be equally divided between my four sons, Frederick, Stephen, James, and John. If either of-my children shall, before such division, have died, leaving lawful issue, such issue to-receive the parent's share, but, if-there-be no issue, then such share to-fall into-the general fund, to-be divided among the-survivors in-the man- ner before directed. And I-hereby give to-my said trustees full power and authority to-sell any or all-of-my real estate at private or public sale, and invest the proceeds, or lease the same, as- they-may deem best for-the interest of-my family. PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 187 And if my daughter Ellen shall-not-have attained the age of twenty-one upon-the decease of-her mother, I-hereby nomi- nate, constitute, and appoint my said trustees guardians of-the person and estate of-my said daughter, Ellen, during the remainder of-her minority, commending her to-their fatherly care and protection. And I-hereby constitute James Brown and Thomas Wilson my executors of-this my last will and testament. In-witness whereof, I-have hereunto set my hand and seal, this third day of April, in-the year 19 . JOHN VINTON. Signed, sealed, published, and declared by John Vinton, the testator above named, as and-for his last will and testa- ment, in-the presence of us, who, in-his presence, at-his re- quest, and-in-the presence of-each other, have hereunto set- our names as witnesses. Witnesses : N. H. F. S. EXERCISE 114. FORM OP ASSIGNMENT. This assignment made this fifth day of March, 19 , wit- nesseth : That Caleb Johnston, of Adrian, Mich., in consideration of the sum of $1,000 (the receipt of which is hereby 'acknowl- edged), assigns, transfers, and sets over to Eben Fox, of Lan- sing, Mich, (his executors, administrators and assigns), all his titles and interests in and rights under, accounts, debts, demands, goods, merchandise, notes, wares, etc., etc. (according to the iiature of the property scheduled), set forth in the schedules ~rarked A, B, C, etc., attached to and made a part of this assignment. l88 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. That said Caleb Johnston gives Eben Fox (his executors, administrators, and assigns) the full power to ask, demand, collect, receive, receipt for, compound and give acquittance for the same or any part thereof, and in said assignor's name, or otherwise, but at his or their costs, to prosecute any and withdraw any suits at law or in equity thereof. Given under my hand and seal, at Adrian, Mich., the day and year first above mentioned. CALEB JOHNSTON. EXERCISE 115. FORM OF LEASE. This agreement or lease, made this third day of April, be- tween Abner Smith, of Greenfield, Ohio, party of the first part, and Chas. Daniels, of Dearborn, Ohio, party of the sec ond part, witnesseth : That the said party of the first part does by these presents lease to the said party of the second part the following de- scribed property, to-wit: [Describe property.] To have and to hold the same to the said party of the second part, from the fifth day of April, 19 , to the fifth day of Apr^, 19. And the said party of the second part covenants and agrees with the party of the first part to pay the said party of the first part, as rent for the same, the sum of $800, payable as follows, to-wit: [State the times and terms of payment.] The said party of the second part further covenants with the said party of the first part, that, at the expiration cf the time mentioned in this lease, peaceable possession of the said PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 189 premises shall be given to the said party of the first part, in as good condition as they now are, the usual wear, inevitable accidents, loss by fire excepted ; and that upon the non-pay- ment of the whole or any portion of the said rent at the time when the same is promised to be paid, the said party of the first part may, at his election, either distrain for said rent due, or declare this lease at an end, and recover possession of said premises as if the same were held by forcible detainer, the said party of the second part waiving any notice of such elec- tion, or any demand for the possession of said premises. The covenants herein shall extend to and be binding upon the heirs, executors, and administrators of the parties to this lease. Witness said parties' hands and seals. (Signature of Lessor.) (Seal.) (Signature of Lessee.) (Seal.) EXERCISE I 1 6. FORM OK POWER OF ATTORNEY. Know all men by these presents : That I, Thomas Gardiner of Detroit, Mich., have, by these presents, constituted, made, and ordained, and in my place and stead substituted Elmer Allen to be my lawful, sufficient and true attorney, and in my name, place and stead to [Set forth the purpose or purposes for which the power is given]. That I hereby grant unto my said attorney, full authority and power in and about said premises, and to use all due course, means and process of law for the complete, effectual, and full execution of the business above described, and for said premises to appear and me represent before governors, justices, and ministers of law whomsoever, in any court or 190 PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. courts of judicature, and there, on my behalf, defend and prosecute all actions, causes, matters and things whatsoever relating to the premises, and in all premises make and execute all due acquittances, discharges, and releases. That said attorney shall have full authority and power to accomplish, act, determine, do, finish and transact all matters and things whatsoever relating to the premises, and in all said premises make and execute all due acquittances as amply, effectually, and fully to all intents and purposes, as I, his said constituent and principal, if present, might or ought, although said matters and things should require more special authority than is herein comprised and included. That I hereby ratify and hold firm and valid all matters and things whatsoever my said attorney or his substitutes may lawfully do or cause to be done in and about said premises, b r virtue of these presents. In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand on this 2oth day of March, 19 . THOMAS GARDINER. TENANT'S AGREEMENT. This certifies that I have hired and taken from Charles A. Chapman, his house and lot, No. 68 Farrar St., in the city of Detroit, State of Michigan, with appurtenances thereto be- longing, for one year, to commence this day, at a yearly rental of Eight Hundred dollars, to be paid monthly in ad- vance, unless said house becomes untenantable from fire or other causes, in which case rent ceases ; and I further agree to give and yield said premises one year from this first day of January, 19 , in as good condition as now, ordinary wear and damage by the elements excepted. Given under my hand this day. JAMES ASHTON. PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 191 SPECIMEN OF LAW REPORTING. PORTION OF TESTIMONY GIVEN IN A PATENT CASE. Northern District of New York ) County of Seneca j Deposition taken at Seneca Falls, Seneca County, in said district on the gth of August, 19 , at Hoag's Hotel. Present: W. W. Leggett, of counsel for complainants. E. W. Paige, of counsel for defendants. Mr. E. W. Paige, on part of defendants, introduced, by con- sent of counsel for complainants, the testimony of Jacob Bachman, from the printed Ohio records, in the case of John C. Birdsall against Angus McDonald and others, pages 246 to 250 inclusive. Jacob Bachman, being duly sworn, says : Q.. Are you the same Jacob Bachman whose deposition has just been read? A. Yes, sir. Q^ In your answer to Question n in that deposition, you stated that you saw Mr. Feazler operating his combined ma- chine at Mr. Hester's barn, in Fayette, and you thought -it was in 1897. Can you now fix that date exactly? A. To the best of my knowledge, it was in 1896. Q., At what time in the year of 1896? A. I think in De- cember. Q., State how you know it was in 1896? A. I moved from Clifton Springs back to Fayette in the fall of 1896, and Mr. Feazler had built his machine that summer. I was somewhat anxious to see it work. I went there to see it. Q^ Where did you live before you went to live at Clifton Springs? A. I lived in the town of Fayette. Q^ When did you move to Clifton Springs? A. In the spring of 1895. 192 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. EXERCISE 117. PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 193 Q;, Where did you live after you left Clifton Springs? A. I lived in the town of Fayette. Q^ And when you moved from Clifton Springs you saw the machine working as described? A. Yes, sir. Q., What was the machine threshing on that occasion? A. Clover. Q^ How well did it do it? A. Very well. Q^ Have you known anything of the history of this ma- chine since that time? A. I have as a wheat thresher only. Q^ Have you known of its use as a clover thresher since that time? A. By hearsay only. Cross-examined by counsel for complainants: Q^ Since you saw that machine at work in Hosier's barn, have you seen it thresh or hull clover? A. I could not say positively I have, but I think I have: I cannot give the place. Q., Nor the time? A. No, sir; I couldn't say the time. Q^ And at the time you saw it at work in Hosier's barn it was threshing clover seed, was it? A. Yes, sir. Q., Are you sure it was not doing something else? A. Yes, I am sure it was not doing anything else. Qi You swear positively, then, do you, that it was doing nothing but threshing clover seed? A. Yes, sir, and hulling it at the same time. Q^ Then it was doing something more than threshing? A. Threshing and hulling and cleaning. Q^ Please state if you know how clover was gathered at that time preparatory to being threshed or hulled? A. Gen- erally cut by a reaper machine, and drawn in by wagon and put into barn. Q^ When you gave your testimony in the Ohio cases, who asked you to give your testimony ? A. Mr. Corvvin, here in town, came up after me. Q Did Mr. George Westinghouse call upon you for that 194 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. EXERCISE 1 1 7 CONTINUED. PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 195 purpose at that time, or at any time prior to giving jour testi- mony? A. No, sir; I never saw the man to my knowledge in my life until after I was subpenaed. Q^ Did you, after you were subpenaed and before testify- ing, converse with him in relation to the Feazler machine and what you knew about it? A. Very little, sir, if anything; I couldn't say that we had any conversation relative to the case before testifying. Q^ Since testifying in the Ohio cases have you conversed with Mr. George Westinghouse relative to the said date of see- ing the Feazler machine at work? A. No, sir, I think not. Q.. Do I understand you to mean that you have not? A. I have not seen the man since the trial at Rochester before to- day. Q^ What caused you to change your mind as to the time you saw the Feazler machine at work? State fully. A. It was either in December, 1896, I think I said at the other trial, or in January, 1897, I do not think I have changed my mind as to the date. Q^ Then your former testimony was correct? A. I be- lieve so; yes, sir. Q^ I understand you that after you moved to Fayette you saw the Feazler machine at work in Hosier's barn; about how long after you moved to Fayette was it that you went to see the machine? A. I couldn't say positively, sir; probably three months. Q^ Do you recollect the month when you went to Fayette ? A. It was in October, the first part of it. Re-direct by Mr. Paige, counsel for defendants: Q^ Have you now any doubt of the time when you saw that machine work, as you described it? A. No, sir. Q^ When was it? A. It was either in the month of De- cember, 1896, or in the first part of 1897, in January. 196 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. Q., How long is the straw when clover is cut by a reaper machine? A. That depends upon clover, if cut close to ground, pretty much the whole length of the clover. Re-cross-examined : Q^ Did you pay particular attention at the time you saw the Feazler machine working to see how long the straw was? A. I did not measure any of it : It was of the usual length raised on that farm. Q^ Will you say positively that it was two inches long on an average, or will you swear positively that it would aver- age any other length? A. My best judgment would be that it would average from twelve to fifteen inches. FRAGMENT OF A TRIAL. Joseph Cook, cross-examined by Mr. Speed : Q^ When were you appointed Inspector? A. In 1877. Qi When were these rules adopted? A. I don't know exactly. I can tell by looking at our proceedings. Q^ Were you present at their adoption? A. No, sir. Mr. Speed Then I object on the ground that Mr. Cook was not present at their adoption you know personally nothing about their adoption, do you? A. No, sir. Court Do you know who adopted those rules? A. They were adopted by the Board of Supervising Inspectors of steam vessels, at the city of Washington. Q^ Were you a member of that board ? A. Not at that time. Q^ You are now, are you? A. Yes, sir. Q., How did you get possession of those rules? A. They were sent me by the Treasury Department. They are printed trom year to year as amendments may be made to them. PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 197 Q., The}' purport to be printed by authority of the Govern- ment ? Mr. Speed No, sir; they are marked and approved by the Secretary of the Treasury and printed at the Government printing office; that is all. Court Have you any further questions to ask, Mr. Russell? Mr. Russell No, your honor. Court Were these sent to you for your official guidance bv the Treasury Department? A. Yes, sir. Mr Russell Are they in force now and in actual use upon the lakes? A. Yes, sir. Q^ And have been ever since you have been in office? A. They were changed in some parts. Q^ Were they in force on the 22nd of July? A. Yes, sir. Q,., Were they in use on the lakes on the 22nd of last July? A. Yes, sir. Objected to. Q., Were they in actual use and posted up in every steam vessel on the lakes to your knowledge? A. They were sup- posed to be. Q^ You are Supervising Inspector of the District in which the Detroit river is located? A. Yes, sir. Q^ State whether so far as in you lay you enforced the law at that time, that these rules should be set Up in every steamboat? A. We endeavored to. We have generally dis- tributed two copies of the rules of the Board of Supervising Inspectors in regard to lakes and seaboard, to every master of a vessel sailing out of this port. They sometimes neglect to put them up; sometimes they are lost or destroyed. But we endeavor to have two copies aboard of each boat.: Q., State whether they are printed on a large sheet of paper, with a wooden frame covered with a glass front and put in a conspicuous place in each steamboat? A. No, sir; the law does not specify that they must put them under glass. But it has been the custom of smaller boats to put those 198 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. printed rules up, and they sometimes just tack a piece ol wood as a frame all around it and it is set up in the pilot house. Q^ Well, \ve will not stand on the glass, if it is there. A. The law does not specify that it shall be under glass. Court The law specifies that it must be put up in a con- spicuous place? A. Yes, sir. Q^ And those were the rules which it was your duty to distribute last season? A. It is not exactly my duty, but it is my duty to see that they are distributed ; the local In- spectors do that. Q^ Were those rules the rules which governed you officially at the time of the collision between the Garland and the Mamie? A. Yes, sir. Q^ You investigated it afterwards? A. No. sir; the local Inspectors. Q^ You remember the event? A. Yes, sir. Q^ And these rules were then in force? A. Yes, sir. Q^ Governing you as well as the local Inspectors and the steamboat people? Yes, sir. Mr. Speed Are the notes in fine type considered any par* of the rules? A. No, sir; they are simply explanatory o the rules. Q^ They are not part of the rules? A. No, sir; they are explanatory of the rules, however. Q., Are those the rules that are applicable to the lakes those rules for western rivers? A. Western rivers are rivers flowing into the Gulf of Mexico. Q^ And do not apply to Detroit river at all? A. Do not apply to Detroit river. Court Does anyone else desire to object to the rules? Mr. Moore We do not. Mr. Speed I have made an objection. PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 199 Court Rule three will be admitted, giving Mr. Speed an exception. Now, is there anything you wish to put in, in connection with it? You said Mr. Canfield, there might be something that you would wish to put in as bearing upon it. Mr. Canfield No, your honor. Mr. Russell So fa as I am concerned I am entirely willing that all the rules and laws and statutes in the world in reference to navigation of vessels may go in. I use that in a figurative sense ; I mean all that these gentlemen want to see. Court Mr. Canfield, you can look them over, and if there s anything you wish to offer bearing upon the subject, it will be admitted. And thereupon the plaintiff rested his case. Mr. Speed Your honor, I desire to renew the motion I made yesterday. Court Do you mean in regard to the Garland ? Mr. Speed Yes, sir. Court It will be overruled as it was yesterday. Mr. Speed I would suggest this course for the purpose of your honor considering it, that these gentlemen go on with their defense. It would be obviously unjust to them that I should put in part of my defense if your honor should conclude that I should not go on. Mr. Canfield I wish to state, for the purpose of explaining our views in regard to that, and also for the purpose of saving the point upon the record, that we shall object to any evidence offered on the part of the Garland which has any tendency to implicate the Mamie. The Garland has a plea of the general issue. Your honor will see the danger to the defendants. in allowing the defend- ants represented by Mr. Speed to go into the general issue, for the purpose of proving faults which are not alleged, of which we are not apprised in any way, against the other de- 200 PKRNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. fendants. It would be equally unfair, may it please your honor, I suggest, and dangerous to the other defendants, to call upon them to go forward. Their witnesses are in court, I will suppose, that you are about to stand. Now, all that could be acquired would be to make the case made by the plaintiff. If your honor shall hold that Mr. Spaed's objection is not well taken, and that he must stand his trial here, then these witnesses should have already been sworn, and sworn to another point than what we are now legally bound to meet. I say we shall either be compelled to recall those witnesses, or compelled to go on and try an entirely different case from what is made here; and therefore we think it is our duty to object to the proceeding in order that we may save our legal rights in the case. After considerable discussion by counsel Mr. Dickinson moves to strike out all the testimony, as not tending to show any responsibility of the owners of the Mamie; as not showing that she was a common carrier, and bound to exercise the degree of diligence required ; that she is not charged as a common carrier ; that it is not shown that she was guilty of any negligence; and that none of the evidence tends to estab- lish the case made by the declaration. Mr. Dickinson also asks the Court to direct a verdict in favor of the Mamie. In case this request should not be granted, and the motion to strike out the testimony be overruled, Mr. Dickinson claims the right to go to the jury upon the testimony already in and before any further testimony shall have been offered. Pending the consideration of the questions raised by counsel the Court adjourns. PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 2OI USE OF PUNCTUATION MARKS. A knowledge of punctuation is of the utmost importance to the stenographer, and yet few students of the art possess that knowledge. To overcome this difficulty, we have sub- joined a few simple rules, which we would advise learners to thoroughly commit to memory. The best way to fix them in the mind, is to use the article as a shorthand writ- ing exercise, and to practice upon it in that way, until the rules can be remembered and applied without hesitation. The COMMA (,) divides qualifying words and also clauses of sentences. It is used where "and" is omitted; as, "A tall, dark, foreign-looking man." " If e intended going, but changed his mind." "If I were you, however, I would go, as they will expect you.' 1 It divides figures into groups of three, or thousands; as, "pj, 000,000 miles to the sun." It is used before brief quotations; as, "The prisoner shouted, 'JTold up your hands. ' ' The SEMICOLON (;) is used to separate different parts of a sentence not closely connected, or long clauses having commas in them. The COLON (:) signifies that something is to follow generally a quotation; as, "The ancients had this maxim: 'Know thyself. ' ' ' 'An earnest student will act as follows: He will procure a note-book, etc. ' ' ' ' To the Editor of the New York Times:" The PERIOD, or full stop (.), closes complete sentences, no matter of what brevity or length; as, "Fear God. Let all your aims be pure. Dare to do right." It follows ab- 15 202 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. breviations; as, "M. Z>." "Rt. Rev. Dr." "A bit mile of MSS. " It separates dollars and cents and other deci- mals; as, "$20.00, $17.25." "The ratio is .79 to 7.15" Where classes or groups are designated by A, B, C, etc., no period is used, as these are not abbreviations; as, ' 'He enlisted in Co. C, but soon afterwards deserted. ' ' The DASH ( ) follows a broken sentence; as, "Will you not declare but I appeal in vain. ' ' It supplies omitted letters in names; as, ' ' The town of B . " "Susie L 's diary. 1 ' 1 It connects phrases with a common predicate; as, ' ' To live, to die, to be buried this is the common lot. ' ' The INTERROGATION (?) signifies a question asked; as, "How?" "What say you?" "Can one expect progress without application?' 1 ' The EXCLAMATION (!) follows ejaculations; as, "Ah!" ' ''Dear mef ' ' 'A/as, that I was so blinded! ' ' ' 'Hurrah for Cleveland! ' ' The HYPHEN (-) joins compounded words; as, "Deer- stalker." "A rose-colored view." " Pan-Handle Rail- road. " "A what- care- 1 air. ' ' PARENTHESES ( ) inclose words or clauses which might have been omitted without destroying the sense; as, "Poor people (and they are numerous] were objects of pity to him. ' ' "He wore a bright (though ragged} jacket." BRACKETS [ ] are to be distinguished from parentheses. They signify something outside of the author's words is added; as, "The following premises, to-wit \Kere describe the property .~\" His authority \_Cootey] is silent on this point. ' ' PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 2OJ CAPITAL LETTERS. The following should begin with capital letters: Names of persons and places; as, "John, New York.'"' Adjectives from proper names; as, ' ' Christian, Roman, American." The first word of a direct quotation; as, "He exclaimed: 'This man has wounded me. 1 " If the quotation is indirect, a capital is not used; as, "He cried out that the man had wounded him." The first word of every sentence; and of every line of vcr^e, except where one measure is run over to the next line. All addresses; as, "Mr. President," "My dear Sir -," ' 'Dear Sirs, " " Gentlemen. ' ' Official titles before the person's name; as, "Gov. Andrew, President Cleveland, Dictator Lopez, Aid. Smith. ' ' The important words in titles of books; as, "A Sym- posium of Comic Cuttings, from the French of M. Phunni, by a Lover of Laughter." Names of memorial days; as, "Independence Day. ' ' Freed- men' s Day." "Decoration Day. 1 ' The pronoun "I" and the invocation sign "O" are written in capital letters. NOTE. Many writers confound "O" with the interjection "Oh." The former is never properly used except as a sign of invocation, as : "OLord!" ^O King, live forever!" "O gracious Providence." The latter is an exclamation of emotion or passion, as: Oh, do not leave me I" "Oh, could I see you!'' INDEX PAGE PREFACE vn INTRODUCTION . x ADVICE TO LEARNERS xvn ALPHABET 3 INTRODUCTORY INSTRUCTIONS 4 Proportions 4 Phonetic Spelling 5 LESSON 1 6 Consonants, p, b, k, g. Vowels, a, a, 6, I, u. LESSON II 12 Consonants, t, d, f, v, r, 1, h, th. Vowels, 6b, w; do, u. LESSON III 22 Consonants, m, n. Vowels, a, e, e, I. LESSON IV 33 Consonants, s, z; sh, zh; j, ch. Diphthongs, ow, oi. Nasals, ng, ing. LESSON V 39 Combinations, an ; em, im ; en, in ; om, um ; on, un. LESSON VI 44 Combined Consonants; Short u indicated. LESSON VII 71 Omission of Signs; Lengthened Signs ; Joined Words; Numerals. 206 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. PAGE LESSON VIII 81 Prefixes. LESSON IX 93 Suffixes. LESSON X 101 Contraction by Proximity. ALPHABETICALLY. A, long 24 Diagrams 24, 25 Abbreviations, how written, Rule 6 103 " common 138 Advertisements 211-214 Advice to Learners xvi i Alphabet 3 Alphabetic Practice 7 Outlines 8, 13, 23 AN, Combination 39 Be Determined, Exercise 99 108 Business Letters 107, 139-157 " " Shorthand Keys 106, 140-150 Capital Letters, use of 203 Circles, position of 9, 14 Joined to Horizontals . 14 " Horizontal Curves 33 M, N 23 ' ' medially 14 " up Strokes 15 ' ' down Strokes 9 Combined Consonants 45 Compound Words, Contracted on, Rule 2 103 Contraction by Proximity 101 Rules for 103 Contraction, indicated with Punctuation Marks 103 INDEX. 207 PAGE Declaration of Independence, Exercise 105 168 Detached Selections, Exercise 107 174 Dickens as a Shorthand Writer, Exercise 103 163 E, Long 27 E, Long, how joined 27 E, Short 27 EN, IN, Combination 40 Final short i, how distinguished from long a 26 Final y, or short i, how traced 29 Form of Assignment, Exercise 112 187 Form of Will, Exercise in 185 Form of Lease, Exercise 113 188 Form of Power of Attorney, Exercise 114 189 General Reading and Writing Exercises covering simple Principles 58 Half Circles, how joined 22 I, Short 25, 26 IN, Word-sign 42 ING, how indicated 104 Initial short i, how traced 25 Initial long a, how distinguished from short i 26 Introduction x J- CH 34 Joined words 74 " " , not Contracted on, Rule 3 103 Law Reporting, specimen of 191-200 Legal Terms and Phrases 178 Lengthened Signs 73 Lineality 10 M, N 23 Memory Aids 7, 12, 22 NG, ING 35 Numerals 79 Oi 36 K>8 PERNINS UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. PAGE OM, UM 41 Omission of Signs 71 ON, UN 41 On, word-sign 42 Oo, u ; oo, u 17 Oo, u, Contraction, how indicated.. 10.4 Ow 36 Partnership Agreement, Exercise 109 181 Phonetic Spelling 5 Phrases, common 122 " miscellaneous 126 Phrasing 115 Phrasing, Rules for 120 Plurals, how formed 55 Plurals of Contracted Words, how indicated 103 Preface vn Prefixes 81 " , compound 88 4 ' , joined 85 Preterit tense, how formed 55 Proper names, how written 112 Proportionate Length of Signs 4 Punctuation, Shorthand 113 " Print 201 R, L 15 R, L, how joined 15 R Rule, omission of r 16 Repetition, Sign of 80 Reviews n, 21, 32, 38, 43, 70, 80, 114 S, z 34 SH, ZH 34 Short Vowels omitted 28 Short Vowels, suppression of. 44 Slant of Signs 4 INDEX. 209 PAGE Speed, how to gain 158 Study Outlines 5,9 Suffixes, compound 94 " , joined 93 Sus, how written before p, k ; used before t, d 73 T, D, TH 14 T, D, how joined 14 Table of Proportions 4 Tenant's Agreement, Exercise 115 190 u, how indicated 57 WH, how written 14 Word-Signs.. . .11, 18, 22, 37, 42, 55, 76, 91, 99, [05, 128, 178 " " , joined 18 " " , use of Familiar 72 " " , used in the Formation of Longer Words. 131-137 X, how written 46 Y as a vowel 29 PERNIN Shorthand Text Books Pernin's Universal Phonography. Revised Edition. Contains the complete system with extensive drill upon Business Letters, Speeches and Court Work. For schools and self-study. Extra Cloth, $2.00 Simplest, Most Legible and Rapid of all Shorthands. Pernin's Phonographic Instructor. PART I, of UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. Containing Elementary Prin- ciples and Exercises. Linen, 5oc Pernin's Phrase Book. For teachers, reporters, amanuenses, students. It contains 3,000 en- graved phrase outlines, with guide to the formation of more than 50,000 phrases in common use. Also, all authorized Word Signs, and a list of Abbreviations Used in Writing and Printing, with short- hand outlines. Vest pocket size, 75C Peruin's Dictation Book. A compilation of actual dictated letters, covering all departments of Commercial work. Conceded to be the best book of its kind pub- lished. For schools and students. Cloth, 154 pages, 500 Pernin's Dictation Book in Shorthand. A complete shorthand key of all letters contained in the Pernin Dic- tation Book, reporting style. Furnishes splendid shorthand reading matter. Cloth, Si.oo The Pernin Stenographer. O( general interest to all shorthand writers, and of special interest to teachers and students. Si.oo Pernin's Reading and "Writing Bxercises No. 1. Reporting Style, with printed key. Z,inen, 50 C "A Message to Garcia." In Pernin's Universal Phonography, reporting style, 16 pp., isc THE PERNIN PUBLISHING CO., DETROIT, MICH. Special Discount to Schools and Certificated Teachers. PERNIN'S MONTHLY STENOGRAPHER IS INVALUABLE TO Teachers, Writers and Students of Pernin's Universal Phonography. Each number contains several pages of Shorthand in Corresponding and Reporting styles prepared by the author, matter for dictation, advice by the author, teachers and practical stenographers, together with news and miscellaneous matter pertaining to the pro- fession, besides a full course of lessons. You cannot afford to be without it. Subscribe Now. ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR PERNIN'S BUSINESS DICTATION BOOK. A compilation of actual business letters, comprising specimens of correspondence of the leading industries furnishing employment to stenographers. The familiarity with the technical terms used in the several branches of business represented, gained while taking dictation as a student, will give the beginner the proficiency which it usually takes months of office experience to acquire. A Book for Teachers, Stenographers and Students. Price, 5oc. Pernin's Stenographer and Dictation Book, $1.40. Address all orders to THE PERNIN PUBLISHING CO., DETROIT, MICHIGAN. PERNIN PI RASE BOOK CONTAINS 3000 phrases, also all the authorized word signs employed in the method. A Book for students, Stenographers, Teachers. It will assist the student in gaining speed ; the stenographer in increasing efficiency, and the teacher in increasing teaching power. < & t Jt Cloth, v