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THE LIBRARY

THE UNIVERSITY

OF CALIFORNIA

LOS ANGELES

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THE RIGHT HONOURABLE

THE LORDS COMMISSIONERS

FOR EXECUTING THE OFFICE OF

LORD HIGH ADMIRAL

O F

GREAT BRITAIN^ &c.

THIS WORK

I s,

BY THEIR LORDSHIPS PERMISSION,
WITH THE UTMOST RESPECT,

INSCRIBED
B Y

THE AUTHOR.

>T »-^' - ? .• ■ •:

Lately puhlijhed, by the Author of this DiHionary,

The Fifth Edition, correSled, Price 3 s, fewed, of

THE SHIPWRECK, A POEM.

Printed for T. Cadell, in tlie Strand.

PREFACE.

TH E following work has engaged my utmoft appli-
cation for fome years. Several performances on
the fame fubjeét have already appeared ; as Sir H. Man-
vvaring's Seaman^ s DîEîionary\ Bottler's Sea Dialogues \
Guillet's Gentleman s DiBionary^ and Blanckley's Naval
Rxpofitoj-^ &c. Far from exhibiting an enlarged and
comprchenfive view of naval affairs, thefe produ6lions
are extremely imperfeél, according to the very circum-
fcribed plan which their authors have adopted. There
are bejQdes, the DiSlionnaire de Marine of M. Aubin,
publillied in Holland ; and that of M. Saverien, pub-
lished in France. Thefe are indeed voluminous, but
very deficient in the mofl neceffary articles. Bcfides a
circumftantial detail of the local oeconomy of different
marine departments, they are fwelled out with aftro-
nomy, navigation, hydrography, natural hiftorv, Sec.
all of which are abundantly better treated in ether
compofitions. Of the machinery of a fhip ; the difpo-
fition of the rigging on her mafts and yards ; and the
comparative force of her different mechanical powers,
their accounts however are often vague, perplexed,
and unintellio;ible. With reiiard to her internal so-

5 vernmcnt

PREFACE.

vcrnmcnt in adion ; to the general regulations of the
line of battle; and to the principal movements in
failinor, they are almoft totally filent. Had any of
thcfe works been executed with tolerable fuccefs, it
might have rendered mine unneceflary ; or probably
have introduced it in the form of a tranflation.

I acknowledge with great pleafure the advantages I
have derived, in the profccution ol this work, from fe-
veral authors of diftinguifhed reputation : in reality
however none of thofc above-mentioned are ot the num-
ber. In that part which is dedicated to the theory
and art of lliip-building, I owe confiderablc obligations
to the ingenious M. Du Hamel. The principal pieces
ufed in the conflrudlion of a fliip, together with their
combination and difpofition, are copioufly and ac-
curately defcribed in his RUmoiti of Naval Architec-
ture : and his general account of the art itfelf is per-
fpicuous and comprehenfive. Many of his explana-
tions I have therefore implicitly adopted.

In treating of the artillery, I have occalionally con-
fulted he Blondy Midler and Robins-, bcfides fcleding
fomc valuable materials from the manufcripts of offi-
cers of long experience and cflablillied reputation in
that fervice. Whatever relates to the rigging, fails,
machinery, and movements of a fhip ; or to the prac-
tice of naval war, is generally drawn from my own ob-
fervations ; unlcfs where the author is quoted.

As there are abundance of books profefledly written
on aftronomy, and the theory of navigation, I have

totally

PREFACE.

totally omitted the terms of the former, as foreign to
my plan ; and flightly paffed over the latter ; becaufe
no reader could acquire a fufficient idea of thofe
fcicnccs from fo partial a defcription. Many of the
leaft important parts of a fliip, as well as oi her rigging,
arc very generally dehned. To explain the track of
every particular rope, through it's different channels,
would be equally ufclefs and unintelligible to a land
reader : to mariners it were fuperfluous : and even the
youths who are trained to the fea would reap little advan-
tage from it ; becaufe their fituation affords them much
better opportunities of making thefe minute difcoveries.

I have in general endeavoured to give the etymology
of the moft material exprefiions, unlefs when their
evident analogy to common words rendered this unne-
ceffary. Many reafons may be alledgcd lor introducing
the French fea-terms and phrafes ; particularly that
obvious one, of undcrftanding their pilots, when we
may have occafion for their ailiftance. Wherever it
was found neceffary to explain one technical term by
another, the latter is ufually printed in italics the iirll
time it is mentioned ; fo that the reader may refer to
it for a further explanation.

As the plates of this publication were intended to il-
luftrate the various objeds to which they refer, they are
little ornamented ; but have in general the recommen-
dation of fimplicity and geometrical truth. In this part
I have been particularly favoured with many orin;inal
drawings, which are ufually confidcrcd aniongft the inac-

ceffible

PREFACE.

ccflible arcana of flnp-building. They arc much more
numerous, ufeful, and corred:, than what has hitherto
appeared in any work of the kind. In fine, I have
endeavoured, to the beft of my judgment, to retrench
the fiiperfluities, and fupply the deficiencies of former
writers on the lame fubjed, as well as to digeft and
methodife whatever appeared loofe or inaccurate
therein.

This undertaking was firft fuggeftcd to me by my
worthy and ingenious friend George Lewis Scott, Efq;
who confidered it as a work of extenfive utility. In-
deed, in a country whofe principal fources of ftrength
are derived from the fuperiority of her marine, it is
evidently wanted. I have the pleafure alfo. to know
that Sir Edward Hawke, and feveral ojfficers of refpedl-
able abilities in our navy, are of the fame opinion. To
this may be added, what the celebrated M. Du Hamel
lately obferved, in a letter to me, Ce livre manquait
abfolumeîit ; celui qui a été imprimé e?i Holla7îde^ et qui
a eu un debit conjiderabky eji très imparfait ; celui de
M. Saverien ejî e?icore plus mauvais. I mention this
cxprefsly, becaufe fome fea-officers have confidered the
work unneceffary. It is however fubmitted, with all
pofilble deference, to fuperior judges ; to men of
fcience and letters, who know the difficulty of explain-
ing the parts of a mechanical fyftem, when the readers
are unacquainted with the fubjedt.

A N

UNIVERSAL DICTIONARY

OF THE

MARINE.

ABA ABA

ABACK, {cocffé, Fr.) the fituation of the fails when their furfaces
arc flated againft the malls by the force of the wind.
The fails are faid to be tsken aback, when they are brought into
this fituation, either by a fuddcn change of the wind, or by an alteration
in the fliip's courfe. They are laid aback, to effeA an immciate retreat,
without turning to the right or left ; or, in the fea-phrafe, to give the fhip
ftcrn-ii:ay, in order to avoid fome danger difcovered before her in a narrow
channel ; or when flie has advanced beyond her ftation in the line of battle,
or otherwifc.

The fails arc placed in this pofition by flackcning their lee-braces, and
hauling in the weather ones; fo that the wiiolc eflxjrt of the wind is ex-
erted on the fore-part of their furface, which readily pufhes the fhip aftern,
unlefs {he is rcftrained by fome counterafting force. See Backing, and
Bracing.

It is alfo ufiial to fpread fome fail aback near the ftern, as the mizcn-
top-fail, when a (hip rides with a fingle anchor in a road, in order to pre-
vent her from approaching it fo as to entangle the flukes of it with her
flackened cable, and thereby loofen it from the ground. See Anchor,

Fig. 14. plate III. difcovcrs the plan of a fhip, a b, with her main-top-
fail, c d, aback; in which the curved doted line expjjefles the cavity of it,
as blown back by the wind on each fide of the mallT^ The fore-top-fail,
which is full, is exhibited by the line e f. Fig. 13. reprefcnts a perfpec-
tivc view of the fhip in the fame fituation ; and the dart Ihews the tiiredioii
of the wind upon both.

Lay all fiat Aback, the order to arrange all the lails in this fituation.

ABAFT, (arrière, Fr. abafian. Sax. behind) the hinder part of a fhip,
or all thofe parts both within and without, which lie towards tlie ftern, in
oppofition to afore -, which fee.

AnAFj-, (arrière de, Vr.) is alfo ufed as a prepofition, and fignifies //«•-
/her aft, or nearer the ftern ; as, the barricade ftands abaft the main-mart,
i. e. behind it, or nearer the ftern.

B ABOARD

ABO ADM

ABOARD (à lord, Fr, d'crdo, Ital.) the infule of a fliip : hence any
ptrlbn wlij enters a Ihip is laid to go abocrd : but when an enemy enters
in the time of battle, he is faid to board. A plirafc which always implies
hodility. See the article Boarding.

To fall Aboard of, {aborder, Fr.) to ftrikeor encounter another fhip, when
one or both are in motion ; to be driven upon a fliip by the force of iho
wind or current.

ABOARV-!Hûin-tack ! (amure la grande voik ! Fr.) the order to draw the
main-tack, i. e. the lower corner of the main-fail, down to the chefs-tree.
See Chbss-tree.

ABOUT, {reviré, Fr. abutan. Sax.) the fituation of a fliip immediately
^fter ihe has tscked or changed her courfe by going about, and {landing on
the other tack. See Tacking.

Ai;out-Sh)P ! (adieu-va! Fr.) the order to the fhip's crew to prepare
for tacking.

ABRF.AST, (par le trai-crs, Fr. oï Irecft, Sax.) fide by fide, or oppcfite
to ; a fituation in which two or more fhips lie, with then- fides p;\rallcL to
each otlier, and their heads equally advanced.

This term more particularly regards the line of battle at fea, where, on
the different occafions of attack, retreat, or purluit, the feveral divifions
of a ficet are obliged to vary their difpofitions, and yet maintain a proper
regularity by failing in right or curved lines. When the line is tormcd
abreaji, the whole fquadron advances uniformly, tlie fliips being equally
diftant from, and parallel to each other, fo that the length of each fliip
forms a right angle with the extent of the fquadron or line ahreajl. Ihe
commander in chief is always ftationed in the centre, and tlie fécond and
third in command in the centres of their rcfpeftive divifions. See this
further illullrated in the article Line.

Abreast, within the fhip, implies on a line with the beam, or by the
fide of any object aboard-, as, the frigate fprung a leak abreaft of the maia
hatch-way, i. e. on the fame line with the main hatch-way, crofllng the
Ihip's length at right angles, in oppofition to afore or abaft the hatch- way.
See Abaft.

We difcovered a feet Abre.^st cf Bcachy Head, i. e. off, or diredlly op-
pofite to it.

ACORN, (pomme de giroiiette,Fr.) a little ornamental piece of wood, fa-
fhioned like a cone, and fixed on the upermoft point of the fpindle, above
the vane, on the mafl-head. It is ufed to keep the vane from being blown
off from the fpindle in a whirlwind, or when the fliip leans much to one
fide under fail. See plate L fig. i. where a reprefents the acorn, b the vane
and rtcKk, c the fpindle, and d the maft-hcad.

ADMIRAL, (amiral, Fr.) an officer of the firfl: rank and command in the
fleet, and who is difcinguiflied by a flag difplayed at his main-top-matt-head.
Alio an officer who fuperintends tlie naval forces of a nation, and who is
authorifed to determine in all maritime caufes.

The origin and denomination of this important office, which feems

to have been eftabliflied in moft countries that border on the fea, have

5 givea

ADM ADM

given rife to a great variety of opinions. Su;ne have borrowed tlicm from
the Greek, o'.hirs from the Arabic, while a third fort, with greater proba-
bility, derive both the title and dignity from the Saracens'. But fince
no certain conclufions have been deduced from thel'e elaborate refearches,
and as it rather appears the province of this work to give the reader an
idea of the office and duty of an admiral at fea, than to furniHi an hiflori-
cal or chronological detail of the rank and power with which admirals have
been invcfted in diBerent nations, we fhall contentedly refign this tafk to
the ingenious lexicographers, who have fo repeatedly entertained us with
fuch critical inveftigations.

The Admiral, or commander in chief of a fquadron, being frequently
inverted with a great charge, on which the fate of a kingdom may depend,
ought certainly to be poffcfTed of abilities equal to fo important a dation
and fo extenfive a command. His fquadron is unavoidably expofed to a
variety of perplexing fituations in a precarious element. A train of dange-
rous incidents neceflarily arife from thofe fituations. The health, order, and
difcipline of his people are not lefs the objects of his confideration, than
the condition and qualities of his fliips. A fudden change of climate, a
rank and infeflious air, a fcarcity, or unwholcfomnefs of provifions may
be as pernicious to the former, as tempeftuous weather or dangerous navi-
gation to the latter. A lee-fluore, an injudicious engagement with an
enemy grcatlv fuperior, may be equally fatal to both. He ought to have
fufficient experience to anticipate ail the probable events that may happen
to his fquadron during an expedition or cruife, and, by confequence, to
provide againft them. His ikill fhould be able to counteraél the various
difaflers v.'hich his fquadron may fuffer from difierent caufes. His vigi-
lance and prcfence of mind are necedliry to feize every favorable opportu-
nity that his fiuKuion may ofrlr to profccute his principal defign -, to extri-
cate himfelf from any difHcuhy or diftrefs -, to check unfortunate events in
the beginning, and retard the progrefs of any great calamity. He fliould
be endued with refolution ahd tortitude to animate liis officers by the force
of example, and promote a fcnfc of emulation in thofe who are under his
command, ss well to improve any advantage, as to fruftrate or defeat the
efforts of his ill fortune.

The moft eRential part of his duty, however, appears to be military
conduct. As foon as the fquadron under his command fliall put to fea, he
is to form it into the proper order of battle, called the Line. In this ar-
rangement he is to make a judicious diftribution of flrength from the van
to the re.'.r, tlu-owing the principal force into the centre, to refill the im-
prtliion of the enemy's fleet -, which might otherwife, at fome favorable op-
portunity, break through his line, and throw the van and rear into confufion.

A competent knowledge cf the fean, weather, and reigning winds, of
the coaft or region where he is ftationed, is alfo requifite, as it will greatly
facilitate his plans on the enemy. It will enable him to avoid being im-
properly embayed, wlieic he might be furprifed in a difadvantageous

* III regno S,\raccnoruni qu.ituor prxtores llatuit, nui admiralli vocabjntur. Sigeblrt.

H 2 fituation ;

ADM ADM

fitiiation-, and to judge whether it will be moft expedient to attack liis
adverfiry, or lie prepared to receive his alVaiilt. When his fquadron is
forced by flrefs of weather, or otherwife, to take fhelter in a road or bay,
it will likewife fuggeft the neceflary conduft of keeping a fofficient num-
ber of crnifers at fca, to bring him early intelligence, that they may be
ready to cut or flip the cables when they fliall be too much hurried to
weigh their anchors.

As the forming a complete, ftrong, and uniform line is a very mate-
rial article in naval war, the admiral ought frequently to arrange the
fquadron under his command into this order, that the inferior officers may
obferve to bring their fhips, with greater, dexterity and alertnefs, into their
feveral ftations, and maintain the regularity of the line when they tack,
veer, or fail abreail. See Line.

When she admiral intends a deiccnt on an enemy's coaft, or other at-
tack which may be attended with complicated and unforefeen incidents,
his orders fhould be delivered or drawn up with the greateft accuracy
and precifion : they fliould be fimple, perfpicuous, direCl:, and compre-
hcnfive-, they fhould colledl a number of objedts into one point of view,
and, forefeeing the effcds of fuccefs or defeat, appoint the proper mea-
fures to be adopted in either event. Hiflory and experience confirm the
necefTity of this obfervation, and prefent us with a variety of difatters that
have happened on fuch occafions, merely by a deficiency in this material
article. In the commanding officer, inattention, barrennefs of expedient,
or a circumfcribed view of the necelTary effedls of his enterprize, may
be equally pernicious. And general orders ought to be utterly free
from pedantry and perplexity, which always betray a falfe taflc and
confuled imagination, befides the probability of prochicing many fatal
confequences.

When an admiral fliall conquer in battle, he fhould endeavor to improve
his viftory, by pufning the acquired advantages as far as prudence direfts ;
a conduâ: that merits his attention as much as any in the adion ! When
he fhall be defeated, he ought to embrace every opportunity of faving .is
many of his fhips as pofîible, and endeavor principally to afTift thofe
which have been difabled. In fliort, it is his duty to avail himfelf of
every praticable expedient rather than fink under his misfortune, and
fufFer himl'elf to become an eafy prey to an enemy.

He fhould be fufficiently acquainted with civil law, to judge with pro-
priety of the procedings of courts-martial, and to corredt the errors, and
reflrain the abufes which may happen therein by miflake, ignorance, or
inattention.

As fecret treaties, propofitions, or fchemes of the enemy, may occa-
fionally be iubmited to his infpeftion, or fall into his pofTefCon by cap-
ture ; and which it might be improper to difcover to any perfon near
him, he ought to have a competent knowledge of the modern languages,
or at leaft, thofe of the countries againil whom his military operations are
direfted, to be able to comprehend with facility the full fcope and purport
of fuch papers»

ADM ADM

He oiiglit to be well verfcd in geometry, fo as to be capable of ordering
proper and correal fiirveys of unknown coafts, roads, or harbors to be
made, and to judge of their accuracy, and detedl their errors. To afcer-
tain the fitnation and longitude of different places, he fliould be alfu
fufficiently fl<iiled in aftronomy and tlie method of taking obfervations,
which indeed is eflcntially necefiary to the profeffion of a fea-ofRcer, al-
though too much ncglefted.

By his inftrudions the admiral is likewife to affift at all councils of war
that relate to naval affairs : to vifit, as often as convenient, the other fhips
of his fquadron : to enquire particularly into their condition, and obferve
the men muftered, taking care that no fupernumeraries are born on the
books. He is direfted to acquaint the fecretary of the admiralty with all
his procedings relative to the fervice, for the information of the lord-high-
admiral, or lords conimiflloners of the admiralty -, and to attend him, or
them, on his return home, with an account of his voyage or expedition,
and to deliver a copy of his journal to their fecretary.

Much more might be obferved on this occafion. It appears however by
the general outline which we have fketched, that the office and duty of an
admiral requires greater flcill and more comprehenfive abilities than is ge-
nerally fuppofed neceffary to the command of a naval armament. And
that he ought to be duly qualified, at lead in this kingdom, to afTift at the
councils of his fovereign, and enter into the enlarged fyftem of protecting
his country from an invafion by lea, or of meditating a defcent on an
enemy's coaft -, as well as to improve navigation, and open new channels
of commerce. For further particulars of his charge lee the articles E.v-

GACEMENT, I,INE, SqUADRON.

Admirai, of the fleet, the higheft officer under the admiralty of Great-
Britain : when he embarks on any expedition, he is diftmguillied by the
union flag at the main-top-maft-head.

/'7tv-ADMiRAL, (vice-amiral, Fr.) the officer next in rank and command
to the adniiral ; his flag is difplayed at the fore-top-maft-head.

Rear- Ad Ml 9. Ah, (contre-amiral, lieutenant-general des armées navales, Fr.) the
officer next in rank and command to the vice-admiral, and who carries his
flag at the mizen-top-mall-head.

There are at prefent " in England, befides the admiral of the fleet, three
admirals of the white fquadron, and four of the blue. Three vice-admi-
rals of tlie red, three of the white, and four of the blue. Four rear ad-
mirals of the red, four of the white, and five of the blue fquadron : befides
twenty-two rear admirals that have carried no flag, who are fuperannuated
upon half-pay.

AVf<^- Admiral is alfo a civil officer appointed by the lords-commiffioners
of the admiralty. There are feveral of thefc officers eft:ablifhed in diffeicnc
parts of Great-IJritain, with judges and marflials under them, for executing
jurifdidtion within their refpcdive dillrifts. Their decifions, however, are
not final, an appeal lying to the court of admiralty in London.

b 1769.

ADMIRALTY,

ADM A G R

ADMIRALTY, (Atmmé, Fr.) the office of lord-high-admiral, v/1k--
thcr dilcharged by one fingle perfon, or by joint-commiffioncrs, called
Lords of the Admiralty \

ADVICE-BOAT, (j>ûqttel d'avis, Fr.) a finall velTel employed to carry
exprcfles or orders with all polFible difpatch.

ADRIFT, (from a and drifi, Saxj the ftate of a fhip or vefiel broke
loofe from her nioorings, and driven without control at the mercy of the
wind, feas, or current, or all of them together.

AFLOAT, (d Jlot, Fr.) floating on the furl'ace of the water: a fliip is
faid to be afloat when there is a volume of water under her bottom of fuf-
ficient depth to buoy her up from the ground.

AFORE, (avani, Fr. for, Sv.x.) all tliat part of a fliip which lies for-
ward, or near the ftcm.

Afore, as a prcpofuion, likcwifc implies further forv:ard, or nearer the
prow-, as, the manger ftands ofcre the fore-rnall, i. e. further forward, or
nearer the ftem. In both thele Icnfes afore is ufed in contradiftindlion to
abaft. See the article Abaft.

AFT, (arrière, Fr. from ^efter. Sax. or abaft) behind, or near the ftern
of the fhip ; being oppofcd to fore -, as, run out the guns/«v and aft ! i. e.
from one end of the fhip to the other ; and whence,

AFTER, (de l'arriére, Fr. after. Sax.) a phrafe applied to any obje<5l
fituated in the hinder, part of the flaip -, as, the after-haichway, the after-
capftern, the ^fter-{a\\s, ècc.

The Aftj;.r-S..\ils ufualiy comprehend all thofe which are extended on
the mizen-maft, and on the ftays between the mizen and main-mafts.
They are oppofed to the head-fails, v;hich include all thofe that are fpread
on the fore-maft and bowfprit -, and both, by their mutual operation on the
oppofitc ends of the fliip, duly balance lier when under fail. See the ar-
ticle Trim.

AGENT-VicTUALLER, (avitalleur, Fr.) an officer ftationed at a royal
port, to regulate the vi<ftualing of the king's fnips, under the direftion of
the commiffioners for victualing the navy. Tie receives all the provifions
from the vi(!^ualing-office in London, and dillributes them to the fliips in
the harbor. Fie alfo receives into his ftore-houfes fuch as may be returned
by fhips after the expiration of their cruife or voyage, and renders an
account thereof to the faid commiffioners.

AGROUND, (eckct'.é, Fr. from a and ground. Sax.) the fituation of a
fliip v.'hofe bottom, or any part of it, hangs or refts upon the ground, fo
as to render her immoveable till a greater quantity of v/ater fhall float her
ofl^; or till (he fhall be drawn out into the fbrcam, by the application of
mechanical powers.

'^ This iiiip?rt.-i:it and high oflicc has fcldom been entruftecl to any fmgl'- priTnn, except
princes of the blood ; or to ibmc nobleman meriting fuch di.linftion for his eminent fer-
vices. In general the crown appoints five or feven cominifiioncrs, under the title ot " Lon/i
" Cominijfioneri for cxfcutifig the Office of Lord-Higk-A.imiral of Grfat- Britain,'" &c. All
maritime alFairs are entruiU-d to their juriididion. They trovern and direél the whole
royal navy, with power decifivc in all marine cafes, civil, military, ard criminal, tranf-
afted upon or beyond fea, in harbors, on coafts, and upon all rivers below the firll bridge
iba-v.-ard,

AHEAD,

A H E A L O

AHEAD, (cvant, au devant^ Fr. from a and bead^ Sax.) further onward
than the fhip, or at any dilUnce before her, lying immediately on that
point of the compjfs to which her ftem is dircdled. It is iifcd in oppofi-
lion to (tjlern, which cxprcfics the fituation of any objeél behind the lliip.
See Astern.

To run Ahead of one's reckoning, (depajfer^ Fr.) to fail beyond the place
flicwn crroncoufly in the de.id-reckoning as the fliip's Nation.
Line Ahead. See the article Lixii.

A-HULL, (à fee, à nuits, iâ à cordes, Fr. from a and JmU) the firuation of
a fhip when all lier fails are furled on account of the violence of the ftorm,
and, when having laflitd her helm on the lee-fide, fhe lies nearly with her
fide to the wind and fea, her head being for.iewhat inclined to the direction
of the wind. See this further explained in the article Trying.

AIM, the diredtion of a cannon, or other fire-arm, to its objedt, or the
point to which it is diredted ; v^hcnce.

To take Aim, (prendre fa -mire, from cfmer, Fr.) is to point a gun to it's
objcft according to the point-blank range. See Caxnon and Range.

ALFE, (envoie, Fr. from a and Ice) tlie fituation of tlic helm when it
is puflied down to the lee fide of the Ihip, in order to put the fliip about,
or to lay iier head to the v/indward.

ALL in the ivind, the ftate of a fhip's fails when they are parallel to the
direftion of the wind, fo as to (hake and fhiver, by turning the Ihip's head
to windward, either by defign, or negleft of the helm's man.

All's ^ve/i! an acclamation of fafcty or fecurity pronounced by a centinel,
and repeated by all the others who are llationed in different places of a fhip
of war, at the time of ftriking the bell each half-hour during the period of
the night v.'atch.

All hands high, or All hands bcay ! (tout le monde haut! Fr.) the call
or order by wliich all the fliip's company are funimoned upon deck by the
boatl'wain.

ALOFT, (en haut, Fr. loffter, to lift up, Dan.) up in the tops, at the
mail-heads, or any where about the higher yards or riging.

ALONG-//Jt% (bord à bord, flanc i^ flanc, Fr.) fide by fide, or joined to
a (hip, wharf, &c. and lying parallel thereto.

'To lay ALOSG-flde, (allonger, Fr.) to arrange a fliip by the fide of another.
AtOKC-fljcre, along the coail ; this phrafe is commonly applied to coafl-
ing navigation, or to a courfe which is in fight of, and nearly parallel to,
the fliorc.

I.ying Along, (à la bande, ati long, Fr.) the ftate of being prefFed dowa
fidew.nys by a weight of iail in a trclh wind that crofTcs the Ihip's courfe
either directly or obliquely.

ALOOF, (lof, Fr.) this has frequently been mentioned as a fea-term,
but whether iulHy or net we Ihall not preiume to determine -, it is known
in common difcourfe to imply a/ adiflance-, and the rel'emblance of the
phrafes, keep aloof, and keep a lufl\ or keep the luff, in all probability gave
rife to this conjecture. If it w.is really a fea-phrafe originally, it feems to
luve refercd to the dangers of a Icc-lliore, in which fituation tiie pilot

might

A M A ANC

might naturally apply it in the fenfe commonly underflood, viz. keep Vr//
o(f, or quite off: it is, however, never exprcficd in that manner by feamen
now. See Luff. It may not be improper to obfcrve, that, befides ufmg
this phrafe in the fame fenie with us, ilie French alio call the weather fuie
of a lliip, and the weather clue of a courle, /e lof.

AM.AIN, (cale-lcut, Fr. froin viû:ij, or maigiie, old French) at once, fud-
denly ; as, let go (jw.im ! i. e. let it run at once. This phrafe is gener.illy
applied to any thing that is hoifted or lowered by a tackle, or complication
of pullies.

Amain, yield, from a fliip of war to an enemy.

S/rike Amain, lower vour topfails.

AMIDSHIPS, the middle of the fliip, either with regard to her length
or breadth. Example in the firft fenfe ; The enemy boarded us amidjhips.,
i. e. in the middle, between the fteni and ftern. Example in the fécond
fenfe ; Put the helm amidjlnps, i. e. in the middle, between tlie two fides.

ANCMOR, (ancre, Fr. anchor a, Lat. from ayy.usa, Greek) a Jieavy,
flrong, crooked inftrumcnt of iron, droped from a fhip into the bottom of
the water, to retain her in a convenient flation in a harbor, road, or river.

The moll ancient anchors are faid to have been of ftone, and fonietimes
of wood, to which a great quantity of lead was ufually fixed. In fome
places bafkets full of lirones, and lacks filled with land, were employed
for the fame ufe. All thcfe v/ere let down by cords into the fea, and by
their weight Hayed the courfe of the fliip. Afterwards they were com-
pofed of iron, and furniflicd with teeth, wliich, being faltened to the bot-
tom of the fea, greferved the veffcl immoveable ; whence o-'o-fii; and dentés
are frequently taken for anchors in the Greek and Latin poets. At firft
there was only one tooth, whence anchors were called sTsjÎTr.aci -, but in a
fhort time the fécond was added by Eupalamus, or Anacharfis, the Scy-
thian phJlofopher. The anchors with two teeth were called d!J.(f'Xc\ci, or
ùix^kcixot, and from ancient monuments appear to have been much the
fame with thole ufed in our days, only the ti-anlverfe piece of wood upon
their handles (the ftocks) is wanting in all of them. Every fliip had lève-
rai anchors, one of which, furpaffing all the reft in bignefs and ilrength,
was peculiarly termed In^d, or facra, and was never ufed but in extreme
danger ; whence facram anchoram folvere is proverbially applied to fuch as
are forced to their laft refuge. Potter's antiquities of Greece.

The anchors now made are contrived fo as to fink into the ground as
foon as they reach it, and to hold a great ftrain before they can be loofened
or diflodged from their ftation. They are compofed of a ftiank, a ftock, a
ring, and two arms with their flukes. The ftock, which is a long piece of
timber fixed acrofs the fliank, ferves to guide the flukes in a direction per-
pendicular to the furface of the ground ; fo that one of them finks into it
by its own weight as foon as it falls, and is ftill preferved fteadily in that
pofition by the ftock, which, together with the ftiank, lies flat on the bottom.
In this fituation it muft neceflarily fuftain a great effort before it can be
draged through the earth horizontally. Indeed this can only be effeded by
the violence of the wind or tide, or of both of them, fometimes increafed
5 by

ANC ANC

by the turbulence of the Tea, and ading upon the fliip fo as to ftretch th?
cable to it's utmoft tenfion, which accordingly may diflodge the anchor
from it's bed, efpecially if the ground be foft and oozy or rocky. When
the anchor is thus dilplaced, it is faid, in the fca phraie, to come home.

That the figure of this ufeful inftrumcnt may be more clearly under-
ftood, let us fuppofe a long maffy beam of iron erc6ted perpendicularly,
Plate I. fig. 2. b c; at the lower end of which are two arms, d e, of equal
thicknefs with the beam (ufually called the fhank) only that they taper
towards the points, which are elevated above the horizontal plane at an
angle of thirty degrees -, or inclined to the fliank at an angle of fixty
degrees: on the upper part of each arm (in this poficion) is a fluke, or
thick plate of iron, g b, commonly fliaped like an ilofccles triangle, whofe
bafe reaches inwards to the middle of the arm. On the upper end of the
fhank is fixed the ilock tranlVerlcly with the flukes : the Itock is a long
beam of oak, /, in two parts, ftrongly bolted, and hooped together with
iron rings. See alfo fig. 3. Clofe above the fl:ock is the ring, ^, to whicli
the cable is faltened, or bent : the ring is curiouOy covered with a number
of pieces of (hort rope, which are twilled about it fo as to form a very-
thick texture or covering, called the puddening, and ufed to preferve the
cable from being fretted or chafed by the iron.

Every fliip has, or ought to have, three principal anchors, with a cable
to each, viz. the flieet, tnaitreffe-ancre, (which is the anchora facra of the
ancients) the bell bower, fécond ancre^ and fmall bower, ancre d'affotircbc^
fo called from their ufual fituation on the fliip's bows. There are befides
fmaller anchors, for removing a fliip from place to place in a harbour or
river, where there may not be room or wind for failing; thefe are the ftream-
anchor, ancre de tone; the kedge and grappling, grapin : this lad, however,
is chiefly defigncd for boats.

To drag ibe Anchors, (chaffer fur fes ancres, Fr.) implies the effort of
making the anchor come home, when the violence of the wind. Sec. drains
the cable fo as to tear it up from the bed into which it had funk, and draw
it along the ground -, as already explained.

Foul Anchor : it is fo called when it either hooks fome other anchor,
v/reck, or cable, under the furface of the water ; or when, by the wind
fuddenly abating, the fliip flackens her (train, and ftraying round the bed
of her anchor entangles her flack cable about the upper fluke of it, and
eafily draws it out of it's place, as foon as flie begins to ride with a llrain.
To prevent this, it is ufual, as flie approaches the anchor, in light winds,
to draw the flack cable into the fliip as fall as poffible.

To Anchor, [ancrer, mouiller, iâc. Fr.) is to let go the anchor, and to
let the fliip ride thereby.

'J be A.N'CHOR is a cock-bill, (ancre efi à la irih'e, Fr.) implies that the fhank-
painter, or rope by which the flukes were hung to the fliip's bow, being
call off, the flukes drop down perpendicularly; whilll the anchor is fuf-
pended at the cat-head by its Hopper, ready to be funk from the bow at a

Eioment s warning.

ANC APR

At Anchor, (àFancrt, Fr.) the filiation of a fliip which rides by her
anchor in a road or haven, &c. Plate 1. fig. 6. reprel'cnts the fore-part of
a Ihip, as riding in this fnuation.

The Anchor is a-j>cck. Sec the article Apeek.

The Anchor is a-trip, or n-wcigb. See thofe articles.

To back ibj Anchor. Sec Iîac k.

To cat the Anchor, {caponncr I'ann'e, Fr.) is to hook a tackle called the
cat to it's ring, and thereby pull it up dole to the cat-head ; which fee.

Tojip the Anchor, to draw up the llukcs upon the fliip's fide alter it is
catccd. See t'le articles Davit and Fish.

To peer the pip to her Anchor, {gouverner fur T ancre, Fr.) is to fteer the
fliip's head towards the place where the anclior lies when they are heavinq
the cable into the Ihip ; that the cable may thereby enter the hawi'e with lels
refinance, and the fliip advance towards che anchor with greater facility.

Topoe the Anchor, See the article Shoe.

To iveigb the Anchor, (lei-cr l'ancre, Fr.) to heave the anchor out of the.
ground by it's cable. See Catstern and Windlass.

To zieigh the Anchor ic'ith the Iciig-boât, (lever l'encre avec la chaloupe, Fr.)
is to draw it up by applying mechanical powers to the buoy-rope, and
thereby pidling it up to the boat's Item or ftern.

To u-eigh .'he Anchor ly the hair, is to weigh it by the cable in a boat»,
when the iliip cannot approach it, or when the buoy-rope is broke. See
the French term Ancre, and the plirafes which i'ucceed in order.

A^CHoa-grcund, (fond de bonne teniie, Fr.) is a bottom which is neither too
deep, too fliallow, nor rocky -, as in the firft the cable bears too nearly per-
pendicular, and is thereby apt to jerk the anchor out of the ground : in the
fécond, the fliip's bottom is apt to ftrike at low water, or when the fea runs
high, by which fiie is expofed to the danger of finking : and in the third,
the anchor is liable to hook the broken and pointed ends of rocks, and tear
away it's flukes-, whiUl the cable, from the fame çaufc, is conltantly in
danger of being cut through as it rubs on their edges.

AN-END, {debout, Fr.) the fituation of any maft or boom, when erefted
perpendicularly on the plane of the deck, tops, &c. The top-marts are alfo
faid to be an-end when they arc hoifted up to their ufual ftation, at the
head of the lower mails, as in fig. 3, Plate VI.

APEEK, (à pique, Fr.) perpendicular to the anchor; a Ihip is faid to be
in this fituation, when the cable is drawn fo tight into the bow as to brincr.
her diredtly over the anchor, fo that the cable bears right down fro.m the
Ihip's ftejii.

APRON, (from a and foran. Sax.) a platform, or flooring of plank,,
faiftd at the entrance of a dock, a little higher than the bottom, againft
which the dock gates, are fliut. See the article Dock.

Apron, (contre étrave, Fr.) in Ihip-building, a piece of. curved timber-
fixed behind the lower part of the ftem, immediately above the foremoft
end of the keel. See plate I. fig. H. in the Pieces of the FIull.

The Apron conforms exactly to the fhape of the ftem, fo that when the

convexity of the former is applied to the concavity of the latter, it forms

4 one

APR ARC

one folic! piece, which ferves to fortify the ftem, and give it a firmer con»
nexion with the keel.

As the apron is compofed of tv/o pieces fcaifed together, and ufed to
fiipport the fcarf of the ftem, it is ncceflary that the fcarf thereof fliould be
at Ibme ditlance from that of the ftem. It is formed of the ûmc thicknefs
with the heel of the ftem; but it's thicknefs is equal throughout. Some-
times the piece immediately under the apron forms a curve, of which the
horizontal part covers the dead-wood, whilft the vertical part corrcfponds
with the infideof tlie ftem, to which it is fayed, making the commencement
of the apron.

Apron, (platiue de lumière, Fr.) is alfo a fquare piece of lead faftened
over the touch-hole of the cannon, to keep tlie charge dry at fea, or in
rainy weather.

Naval ARCHITECTURE, or the fcience of ftiip-building, compre-
hends the theory of delineating marine veflels upon a plane ; and the art of
framing them upon the ftocks, according to the proportions exhibited in
a regular defign.

All edifices, whether civil or military, are known to be erefted in confe-
qiienceof certain eftabliftied plans, which have been previoufty altered or
improved till they have arrived at the defired point of perfection. The
conftruélion of fliips appears alfo to require at leaft as much correiftnefs and
precifion as the buildings which are founded upon terra firma : it is there-
fore abfolutely neceftary that the mechanical Ikill of the fhipwright ftiould
be aiTifted by plans and fe<ftions, which have been drawn with all pofilble
exaftnefs, examined by proper calculations, and fubmitted to the mofl:
accurate fcrutiny.

iS'lti'û/ Architecture, or fhip-building, may be diftinguiftied into three
principal parts.

'^ Firft, To give the ftiip fuch an exterior form as may be moft fuitable to
the fcrvice for which ftie is defigncd.

Secondly, To give the various pieces of a (hip their proper figures ; to
aftcmble and unite them into a firm, compaft frame, io that by their com-
bination and difpofition they may form a folid fabric, fufficient to anfwer
all the purpofcs for which it is intended. And,

Thirdly, To provide convenient accommodations for the ofiicers and
crew, as well as fuitable apartments for the cargo, furniture, provifions,
artillery and ammunition.

The exterior figure of a fliip may be divided into the bottom and upper-
works.

7 he bottom, or quick-worlc, contains what is termed the iaU, and
■which is under water when the fliip is laden. The upper- works, called alfo
the dead-work, comprehend all that part which is ufually above the water
when the fhip is laden

The figure of the bottom is therefore determined by the qualities which
arc ncceflary for the veflel, and conformable to the fcrvice for which Ihe is
propofcd.

C 2 The

ARC ARC

The limits of our d(.Tign will aot admit of a minute defcription and cnu»
meration of all the pieces of timber wliieh enter into the conllriidion of a
fhip, nor of a particular defcription of their aflcmblage and union -, or the
manner in which they reciprocally contribute to the folidity ot thofe floating
citadels. It ncverthelels appears neceflary to give a general idea of the ufe,
figure, and llation of the principal pieces, to thofe who are entirely unac-
quainted with the fubject. As our definitions will be greatly illullrated alfo
by the proper figures, we have annexed to tliis article a plate v;hich com-
prehencls fome of the mod material draughts, as well as a reprefen Cation of
the principal pieces employed in naval architefture.

It is ufual among fhipwrights to ilelineate three lèverai draughts.

Firft, The whole length of the ihip is reprefented according to a fidè-
vicw, perpendicular to the keel, and is termed the plane of elevation, or
fheer-draught. Plate I.

Second, The fhip is exhibited according to an end view, and flripped of
lier planks, lb as to prefent the outlines of the principal timbers ; and this is
properly termed the plane of projedtion, or the vertical plane of the timbers,
plate I. becaufe it Ihews the projedion of their frames relatively to each other. .

Third, It is not fufficient to have the vertical curves of the bottom ia
different places, for a diftinft idea of the horizontal curves is alfo equally
necelTary and uleful : this is obtained by means of water-lines, traced upon
what is called the horizontal plane. In this draught, the curves of the
tranfoms called the round-aft^ is alfo marked, and Ibmetimes the breadtli
and thicknefs of the timbers.

The plane of elevation, plate I. determines the length and depth of the
keel ; the diflcrcnce of the draughts of water -, the length and projeftion,
or rake, of the ftem and ftern-poft ; the pofition of the mid-fcip frame
upon the keel, together with that of the principal frames afore and abaft;
the load-water line ; the wales, the dimenfions and fituations of the gun-
ports, the projedbion of the rails of the head and ftern-gallery, with the
nations of the mafts and channels.

This draught, however, conveys no idea of the vertical curve of the
ribs or timbers ; for as their projedion will be only reprefented in a plane
elevated upon the length of the keel, they will appear in this diredion no
otherwife than as ftraight lines. To perceive thefe curves accurately, they
muft be regarded in another point of view, which will reprefent their pro-
jedion upon a vertical plane, fuppofed to cut the keel at right angles in the
place where the fliip is broadeft. For as all fliips are broader near the
middle of their length than towards the extremities, it is evident that the
timbers are more extended in proportion. The moft capacious of thefe
reprefents what is called x.h.^midjhip-frame; and upon the area of this frame
is delineated the projedion of all the others.

Thus the plane of projedion limits the different breadths of a fhip in
various points of her length, and exhibits the outline of the timbers re-
fpedively to each other, as they are ereded upon the keel. Accordingly,
this draught ought to prefent a variety of fedions of the fhip in différent
places of her length, and always perpendicular to the furface of the water;

ARC ARC

fo that the eye of the obferver, when placed in what may be properly termed
the axis of the fhip, may perceive the feveral fections at one glance ; that is
to fay, when looking full on the llcm, from before the fliip, (fee plate IV.
- fig. II.) he fhall difcover the fore-timbers ; and when looking from behind,
direftly on the ftern, he fliall perceive the form of the after-timbers, (fee
plate X. fig. 2. and ■:;.) in both of which figures the fcdlions of the inferior
timbers are exprefled by curved black lines drawn upon the area of the
midfh p-frame, which is already delcribcd to be a plane elevated perpen-
dicularly upon the keel at the extreme breadth of the vefTel.

To form a juft idea of this plane, therefore, we ought to fuppofe a fliip
refting upon the (locks, in the fame poficion as when afloat upon the water.
Thus a variety of black vertical Imes may be drawn at equal diftances upon
the bottom, which is white, to form different outlines of the Ihip corre-
fponding to the timbers within. It is to be obferved, thr.t the fafhion of
the inferior timbers muft conform to the figure of the midlhip-frame, which
is placed in the fulled part of the fhip ; and as the planes of all the other
timbers diminifh in a certain progrefTion as they approach the ftem and ftern,
they are properly delineated on the plane of the middiip-frame, which alfo
reprefents the depth of the keel and length of the midfhip-beam..

As the two fides of a fhip ought to be exadlly alike, it is judged fuf-
ficient to reprefent the fedions of the fore-part of the fhip on the left fido,
and thofe in the after-part on the right fide, fo as to perceive all the ferions,
as well afore as abaft, upon one plane. See plate I. Projection.

However necefl^ary it may be to underftand precifely the vertical curves
of tlie bottom, it is no lefs requifite to have a juft idea of thofe which arc
horizontal.

The horizontal, or floor plane, is that upon which the whole frame is
erefted, and will be more clearly underftood by previoufly defcribing t!ie
water-lines and ribbands, of which it is compofed.

When a fliip floats upon the ftream, it is evident that her upper-work^
will be feparated from the bottom by the furface of the water, which will
accordingly defcribe an imaginary horizontal line upon the bottom from the
ftem to the ftcrn-poft.

The moft elevated of thofe lines is termed the load-water line, which
is fuppofed to be drawn 'by the furface of the water on the upper part of
the bottom, when fhe is fufRciently laden for a fea-voyage. For if we
fuppofe this furface a rule, and thereby defcribe a correfponding black
line along the veflTel's bottom, that line will be diftinguiflied upon the bot-
tom, which is white, and reprefent what is called the load-water line.

If tile fhip is lightened of any part of her lading, and prefcrves the fame
diflference in her draught of water at the two ends, or, what is the fame
thing, if fhe is lightened fo as to prcferve the fame equilibrivim of the keel
with regard to the furface of the water, it is evident that flic will rife higher
out of the water, fo that the black line already defcribed will be elevated
above it, and another bl ick line may be delineated upon the bottom, dofe
to the furface of the water, wh.ch will exhibit a fécond water-line parallel

ARC ARC

to the firft, but nearer the keel in proportion to the number of feet which
ilie lliip has rileii.

Thus by lightening a fliip gradually, and at the fame time prefcrving the
dirciftion ot lier kt-el, or tlic .infi;lc which the keel makes with chc furfacc of
tiic water, a variet ;,' of watcr-linc'; may be drawn parallel to each other, and
to the load-water line. See a further illultration of thefc lines in the article
Water-L,ine. See alio their figure on a fliip's bottom, plate I. fig. 5.

I'he ribbands arc likewife of great utility in fhip-building ; they are nar-
row and fle.xible planks placed on the bottom at different heighths, fo as
to form a lortof mould for llationing the inferior timbers between the prin-
cipal ones. They differ from the water-lines, inafmuch as the latter have
only one curve, which is liorizont;)l, whereas the ribbands, befides their
horizontal one, have a vertical curve. To convey a juft idea of thefc
curves, which cannot be repreicnted on one draught at their full length,
without an oblique fedlion of the fliip's length, it will be neceffary to have
recourle to two planes-, that of tlie elevation, which exhibits their vertical
curve ; and to the floor-plane, upon which the horizontal curve is cxprefled.
See Ribbands.

Thefe different lines are extremely ufeful in exhibiting the various curves
of a fhip's bottom, that as they are gradually diminiflied, their uniformity
<jr irregularity may be difcovered by the fkilful artift.

We have already obferved, that the qualities required in a Ihip ought to
determine the figure of the bottom : a fhip of v.ar therefore fhould be able
to fail fvviftly, and carry her lower tier of guns fufficiently out of the water.
A merchant-fliip ought to contain a large cargo of merchant-goods, and
be navigated with few hands ; and both fliould be able to carry fail firmly,
fteer well ; drive little to leeward ; and fuftain the fliocks of the fea with-
out being violently Ilrained.

T!ie firrt thing to be eftabliflied in the draught of a Ihip is her length;
and as a fhip of war, according to her rate, is furniflied with a certain
number of cannon, which are placed in battery on her decks, it is neceffary
that a fufficient diftance fliould be left between the ports to work the
guns with facility, and particularly to leave fpace enough between the fore-
moft gun and the ftem, and between the attmoil gun and the ftern-pofton
each fide, on account of the arching, or inward curve of the Ihip towards
her extremities.

When the length of a Ihip is determined, it is ufual to fix her breadth
by the dimenfions of the raidniip-beam. On this occafisn the fliip-
wrights, for the moil: part, are conducted by rules founded on their
own obfervation -, for having ren^.arked, that fome veffels, which by re-
peated experience have been found to anfsver all the purpofcs of navi-
gation, have a certain breadth in propccion to their length, they have in-
ferred that it would be improper to depart from this proportion : but as
other fhips have been conftruiStcd v/ith different breadths, which were
equally perfeCf, a variety of different general rules have been adopted by
thefe artifts, who are accordingly divided in their opinions about the breadth
which ought to be afiigned to a fliip relatively with her length, wliilft each

one

ARC ARC

one produces reafons anJ experience in fiipport of his own ftandard. Tiiofc
who would di;ninifh the breadth allege, that a narrow veflcl meets with \ck
rcfilt.ince in palling througii the water -, 2dly, That by increafing the lengtli
fhe will drive \c\s to lee\Vurd ; 3dly, That according to this principle, the
water-lines will be mure conveniciuly forriicd to divide tiie fluid-, 4thly,
That a long and narrow unp vyill require lefs fail to advanc? uviitly ; thar
her mafls will be lower, and her rigging lighter-, and, by iiv-^nlequence, the
fcamen lefs fatigued with managing the fails, Sec.

Thoi'e, on the contrary, who would enlarge the breadth, pretend, ill.
That this form is better fitted to receive a good battery of guns -, 2dly,
Th It there will be more room to work the guns conveniently ; jdly, That
by carrying more fail, the fhip will be enabled to run hiiler ; or, that tliis
quality will at lead overbalance the advantage whicli the others have of
more ealiiy dividing the fluid -, 4.thly, That, being broader at the load-
water line, or place where the furface of the water defcribcs a line round
the bottom, they will admit of being very narrow on the floor, particularly
towards the extremities -, and, fthly, 'i iiat a broad vcflel will more readily
rife upon the waves than a narrow one.

From fuch oppofite principles has refulted that variety of flrandards
adopted by different fliipwrights -, and a fervile imitation of thefe me-
chanical methods has, to the great reproach of the art, produced all
thefe pretended rules of proportion : for the various models they have
hitherto adopted indilputably prove their doubt and uncertainty with re-
gard to their proper ftandard. Hence thefe pretended myftcries which are
only to be revealed to fuch as are initiated into the craft ! Hence this di-
vifion ot the art into claflcs, or, according to the technical term, intO'
families, eath ot which affects, with becoming folemnity, to be poflefled of
the true fecret, in preference to all the others ! And hence violence of op-
pufition, and mutual contempt amongft the artills ! Indeed nothing ap-
pears more effectually to have retarded the progrcfs of naval architecture,
than the involving it in myfteries which the profelfors would gravely infi-
nuate are only intelligible to themfclvcs. This ridiculous alil-ctation is
neverthelefs tenaciouQy retained, notwithftanding the example to the con-
trary of fome of the moit able ihipwrights in Europe, who are real mafters
of the theory of their art, and do honour to their profeflion, and whoarejuftly
exempted from the cenkirc to which the others arc often expofed.

It is not to be expccied that an art fo complicated and various, com-
prehending fuch a diverfity of ftruclures, can be treated at large in a
work of this fort. To enter into a particular detail of the tluory and
pradlice; to explain the diflcrent parts with fufficient accuracy and pcr-
fpicuity, would of itfelf require a large volume, and, by conlcqucnce,
greatly exceed the limits of our defign. Being thus necclVicatcd to con-
trat: our defcription into a narrow compafs, it will be fuflicient to give a
general idea of the fubjedt \ to defcribe the principal pieces of which a fiiip-
is compofcd, and to explain the principal draughts ulcd in the conftrudLioii
tliereof.

ARC ARC

As the feveral lines exhibited in the planes of elevation, projeétion, Sec.
iwili be rendered more intelligible by a previous account of thofe pieces,
it may not be improper to begin with recitiiVg their names, and giving a
fummary defcription of their ufes and ftations. They are for the moft part
reprefented according to tlie order of their difpofition in that part of plate I.
■which is termed Pieces of the Hull.

A. The pieces which compofe the keel, to be fecurely bolted together,
and clinched.

B. The ftern-pofl:, which is tenented into the keel, and connefted to it
by a knee, G. It fupports the rudder, and unites the fides of the fliip
abaft.

C. The ftem, which is compoled of two pieces fcarfed together : it is
an arching piece of timber, into v/hich the fhip's fides are united for-
wards

D. The beams, which are nfed to fupport the decks, and confine the
fides to their proper diftance.

E. The faife poll, which ferves to augment the breadth of the ftern-
poft, being alio tenented into the keel.

F. The knees, which connect the beams to the fides.

G. The knee of the ftern-poll, which unites it to the keel.

H. The apron, in two pieces : it is fayed on the infide of the ftem, to
fupport the fcarf thereof; for which rcafon, the fcarf of the former muft
be at fome diftance from that of the latter.

I. The ftcmfon, in two pieces, to reinforce the fcarf of the apron.

K. The wing tranfom : it is fayed acrofs the ftern-poft, and bolted to
the head of it, having it's two ends let into the faftiion-pieces.

L. The deck-tranfom, parallel to the wing-tranfom, and fecured in the
fame manner.

M. N. The lower tranfoms.

O. The fafliion-piece on one fide-, the heel of it is connedted with the
dead-wood, and the head is lecurtd to the wing-tranfom.

P. The top-timbers, or upper parts of the faftiion-pieces.

Q^ The knees, which fafiiion the tranloms to the Ihip's fide.

R. The breaft-hooks, in the hold ; they are f.:yed acrofs the ftem, to
itrengthen the fore-part of the ftiip.

S. The breaft-hooks of the deck : tliey are placed immediately above
tlie former, and ufed for the fame purpofes.

T. The rudder, which is joined to the ftcrn-poft by hinges, and ferves
to direft the ftiip's courfe.

U. The floor timbers ; they are laid acrofs the keel, to which they are
firmly bolted.

V. The lower futtocs, and

W. The top-timbers, which are.all united to the floor-timbers, forming
a frame that reaches from the keel to the top of the fide.

X. The pieces which compofe the kcllbn : they are fcarfed together

like the keel pieces, and placed over the middle of the floor-timbers,

4 upon

ARC ARC

upon each of which they are fcored about an inch and a half, as exhibited
by the notches.

Y. The feveral pieces of the knee of the head -, the lower part of which
is fayed to the ftem ; the heel being fcarfed to the fore-foot.

Z. The cheeks of the head or knees, which conneft the head to the
bows on each fide.

&. The ftandard of the head which faftens it to the ftem.

a. The catheads, one of which lies on each bow, projedting outwards
like the arm of a crane. They are uied to draw the anchors up to the top
of the fide without injuring the bow.

b. The bits, to which the cable is faftened when the Ihip rides at
anchor.

c. The falfe poft, in two pieces, fayed to the fore part of the ftern-poft,

d. The fide-counter-timbers, which terminate the Ihip abaft within the
quarter-gallery.

e e. Two pieces of dead wood, one afore, and another abaft, fayed on
the keel.

In vefTels of war, the general dimtnfions are eftablifhed by authority of
officers appointed by the government to fuperintend the building of (hips.
In the merchants fervice, the extreme breadth, length of the keel, depth
in the hold, heighth between-decks and in the waift, are agreed on by con-
trat ; and from thcfe dimcnfions the fhipwright is to form a draught fuit-
able to the trade for which the fliip is defigned.

In projedting the draught of a vefiel of war, the firft article to be con-
fidercd is her length. As all Ihips are much longer above than below,
it is alfo neccfiary to diftinguiili the prccile part of her heighth, from
which her length is taken : this is ulually the lower gun-deck, or the
load w.iter-linc. It has been already obferved, that water-lines are
dclcrJbed longitudinally on a fliip's bottom by the iurface of the water
in which flie floats, and that the line which determines her depth un-
der the water is ulually termed tlie load-water-line. In this draught it
will be particularly nccefl^ary to leave lutBcient diftance between the
ports.

The next objedl is to eftablifli the breadth by the midfliip-beam. Al-
though tliere is great difference of opinion about pro[;orticning the
breadth to the length, yet it is moft ufu.il to conform to the dimenfions
of ihips of the lame rate. After the dimenfi:)ns of the breadth and
length are determined, the depth of the hold muft be fixed, which is
generally half the breadth : but tlie form of the body fliould be con-
iidercd on this occafion -, for a flat floor will require lefs depth in the
hold than a Iharp one. The diftance between the decks muft alfo be
fettled.

We may then proceed to fix the length of the keel, by which we lliall
be enabled to judge of the rake of ehe ftem and ftern-pcft. 'I'he rake is
known to be the projection of the fliip at the heighth of the ftem and
ftern-poft, beyond the ends of the keel afore and ab.ift -, or the anale by

I) \\\v.d\

ARC ARC

•which the length is iicreafed as the fabric rifcs. To thefe we may allb
add the hcighih of the Item and wiiig-tranfoni.

After theie dimcn fions are fettled, may be confidcred the timbers which
form the fides of the fhip. A frame of timbers, which appears to be one
continued piece, is compofed of one floor-timber, U, whole arms branch
outward to both fides of the fliip : (Sec plate I. Pieces of the Hull) two
or three futcocks, V V, and a top-timber, W. The futtocks are con-
ncfted to the upper arms of the floor-timbers on each fide of the fhip, and
ferve to prolong the timber in a verrical dire<5tion : and the top-timbers are
placed at the upper part of the futtocks for the fame purpofe. All thefe
being united, and fecured by crofs-bars, form a circular inclofure, which
is called a frame of timbers, (couple d'un icijfeati, Fr.) And as a fliip is much
broader at the middle than at the extremities, the arms of the floor-timber
will form a very obtufe angle at the extreme breadth -, but this angle de-
creafes in proportion to the di dance of the timbers from the midfhip-frame,
fo that the foremoft and aftmoft ones will form a very acute angle. Floor-
timbers of the latter fort are ufually called crutches.

Shipwrights differ extremely in determining the dation of the midfliip-
frame ; fome placing it at the middle of the fliip's length, and others fur-
ther forward. They wlio place it before the middle allcdge, that if a
ftiip is full forward, fhe will meet with no refiftance after flie has opened
a column of water -, and that the water fo difplaced will eafily unite abaft,
and by that means force the fliip forward -, befides having more power or»
the rudder, in proportion to it's diftance from the centre ot gravity : this
alio comes nearer the form of fiflies, which Ihould feem the moft advan-
tageous for dividing the fluid.

When the rifing of the midfliip-floor-timber is decided, we may then
proceed to delcribc the rifing-line of the floor, on the fl:ern-poft abaft, and
on the ftem afore.

The heighth of the lov;er-deck is the next thing to be confidered. It is
determined in the middle by the depth of the hold ; and fome builders
make it no higher than the Item -, but they raife it abaft as much above it's
heio-hth in the middle as the load-water-mark, or draught of water abaft,
exceeds that afore. With regard to the heighth between decks, it is alto-
gether arbitrary, and muft be determined by the rate of the fhip, and the
fervice fhe is defigned for.

It is alfo neceflfary to remember the Iheer of the wales, and to give them
a proper hanging ; becaufe the beauty and (latelinefs of a fhip greatly c;e-
pend upoa their figure and curve, which, if properly drawn, will make her
appear airy and graceful on the water.

We come now to confider the upper-works, and all that is above water,
called the dead-work : and here the fliip muft be narrower, fo that all
the weight lying above the load-water-line may thereby be brought nearer
the middle of the breadth, when of courfe the fhip will be lefs ftrained
by the v,forking of her guns, &c. But although fome advantages are
acquired by diminifhing the breadth above water, we muft be careful
not to narrow her too much ; as there muft be fuflicient room left on the

upper-

ARC AUG

upper-deck for the guns to recoil. The fecurity of the mafts fhould like-
wiie be remembered, which requires fufficient breadth to Ipread the
fhrouds. A deficiency of this fort may indeed be in fome meafure fupplied
by enlarging the breadth of the channels.

With regard to the qualities required in the conftruflion of a fliip, to
fit her out for the various purpoies of navigation, the reader is referred to
the article Bottom.

We fliall now proceed to explain the flieer draught, or plane of eleva-
tion^ of a fixty-gun fhip -, wherein we have been attentive to make the
fame letters refer to the iame objeds, as in the explanation of the
Pieces, as above -, at ienft when the fame objefts are in both figures. This
condudl we fhall invariably purfue throughout this work, although it
feems to have been forgot by our predeceflbrs. Thus in all the plates of
fhip-building, the keel, whether feparate or joined, is reprefented by A,
the ftern-poll by B, the ftem by C, the beams by D ; uniefs where thofe
objecSts do not all appear, and then fomething elfe is placed inftead thereof.
Thus in plate III. of the deck, where the !:eel cannot be feen, the main
hatchway is reprefented by A, as not being inferted in any figure wherein
the keel appears.

A A. The keel, whofe upper edge is prolonged by the dotted line p q,
upon the extremities of which are ereded perpendiculars which determine
the heighth of the wing-tranfom, K, the length of the gun-deck, K C.

A B. The flern-poft.

A C. The flem.

D D. The quarter-gallery, with it's windows.

E F. The quarter-pieces, which limit the ftern on each fide.

F. The taffarel, or upper piece of the ftern.

F G. Profile of the ftern, with it's galleries.

H. The gun ports.

I. The channels, with their dead-eyes and chain-plates.

K. The wing-tranfom.

K G. The counter.

L B. The deck-tranfom.

M N O. The firft, fécond, and third tranfoms, of which O /t is the third
or loweft.

w; O L P. The diredlion of the fafhion-piece, having it's breadth canted
aft towards the ftern.

Q^R. The main flacds, for hoifting in the boats clear of the fliip's fide.

L Q^Z. The main wale, with it's ftieer afore and abaft.

D R X. The ciiannel wales, parallel to the main wale.

SUS. The fheer rail, parallel to the wales.

T /. The rudder.

A t F. The rake of the ftern.

V W V. The wairt-rail.

P / /. The drift-rails abaft j and / a, the drift-rails forward,

T U C. The water-line.

D 2 XX. The

ARC ARC

X X. The rails of the head.

Y. 1 he knee of the head, or cutwater.

Z Z. The cheeks of the head.

a a. The cat-head.

M © C. The rifing line of the floor.

k uC. The cutting-down line, which limits the thicknefsof all the floor-
timbers, and likjwife the heighth of the dead-wood afore and abaft.

® « U W. The midlhip-frame.

a, b, c, d, e,f, g, h. The frames or timbers in the fore-body of the (hip,
i. e. before the midlhip-frame.

I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. The timbers in the after-body, or which arc
ereded abaft the midfhip-frame.

As the eye of a fpcftator is fuppofed in this projedion to view the
ihip's fide in a line perpendicular to the plane of elevation, it is evident
that the convexity will vanifh, like that of a cylinder or globe, when viewed
at a cor.fiderable diftance ; and that the frames will conlequently be repre-
fented by Itraight lines, except the fafhion-piece abaft and the knuckle-
timber forward.

It has been already obferved, that the plane of projeftion may be defined
a vertical delineation of the curves of the timbers upon the plane of the
midfliip-frame, which is perpendicular to tliat of the elevation. It is ne-
ceflary to obferve here, that the various methods, by which tiiefe curves
are defcribed, are equally mechanical and arbitrary. In the latter fenfe,
they are calculated to make a lliip fuller or narrower according to the fer-
vice for which Ihe is defigncd, and in the former they are drawn according
to thole rules which the artift has been implicitly taught to follow, or
which his fancy or judgment has efteemed the moft accurate and conve-
nient. They are generally compoled of feveral arches of a circle, recon-
ciled together by moulds framed for that purpofe. The radii of thole arches
therefore arc of different lengths, according to the breadth of the fliip in
the place where fuch arches are fwept -, and they are exprefTedon the plane
of projeftion either by horizontal or perpendicular lines -, the radii of the
breadth-fweeps being always in the former, and the radii of the fioor-fweeps
in the latter direction. Thefe two arches are joined by a third, which coin-
cides with both, without interfering cither. The curve of the top-timber
is eiiher formed by a mould which corrcfponds to the arch of the breadth-
fweep, or by another fweep, whole center and radius are without the plane
of projeftion. The breadth of the fhip at every top-timber is limited by an
horizontal line drawn on the floor-plane, called the half-breadth of the top-
timbers. The extreme breadth is alio determined by another horizontal
line on the floor-plane-, and the lines of half-breadth are thus mutually
transferable, from the projeftion and floor-planes, to each other.

The neceffary data by which the curves of the timbers are delineated
then are, the perpendicular heighth from the keel, the main or princi-
pal breadth, and the top-timber-breadth : for as a Ihip is much broader
near the middle of her length than towards the ends, fo fhe is broader

ARC ARC

in the middle of her heighth than above and below -, and this hitter differ-
ence of breadth is continued throughout every point of her length. The
main breadth of each frame of timbers is therefore the fhip's breadth nearly
in the middle of her heighth in that part : and the top-timber breadth is the
line of her breadth near the upper ends of each timber. It has been already
obferved, that as both fides of a fliip are alike, the artificers only draw one
fide, from which both fides of the fliip are built : therefore the timbers
abaft the midfhip-frame are exhibited on one fide of the plane of projec-
tion, and the timbers before it on the other.

Plane of PROJECTION, Plate I.

A. The Iceel.

B C. The line which expreffes the upper-edge of the keel, from which
the heighth of each timber and heighth of it's different breadths are mea-
fured.

B D and C E. Perpendiculars raifed on the line B C, to limit the fliip's
extreme breadth and heighth amid-fliips ; or, in other words, to limit the
breadth and heighth of the midfliip-frame.

A F. A perpendicular ereded from the middle of the keel to bifedl the
line of the (hip's breadth in two equal parts.

F # 9. The half-breadth Tme of the aftmoft top-timber ; being the
uppcrmoft horizontal line in this figure.

Note. The feven lines parallel to, and immediately under this, on the
right fide of the line A F, are all top-timber half-breadths, abaft the
midfhip-frame -, the lowed of which coincides with the horizontal line
DE.

The parallel horizontal lines nearly oppofite to thefe, on the left fide of
the line A F, reprelent the top-timber half-breadths in the fore-body, or
the half-breadths of the top-timbers before the midfliip-frame.

G, H, I, Q, R, S, T. The radii of the breadth-fweeps abaft the mid-
fhip-frame ; thofe of the breadth-fweeps in the fore- body, or before the
midfiiip-frame, are direftly oppofite on the right fide.

® A ®. The midfliip-frame, from the extreme breadth downwards.

I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. The outlines of the timbers abaft the midfliip-
frame, in difiercnt parts of their heighth.

a, b, c, ^, ^, /, ,if, h- The outlines of the timbers before the midlhip-
frame, in different parts of their heighth, /.- being the foremolt, or knuckle
timber.

K /'. The wing-tranfom, whofe ends refl: upon the fafliion-plece.

L. The deck-tranlbm, parallel to, and untler the wing-tranlbm.

M N O. 'Ihe lower-tranioms, of which O k is the third and loweft.

m k P. The dotted line, which exprefles the figure of the fafliion piece,
without being canted alt.

P. The upper-part, or top-timber of the fafhion-pRce.

», Û, p, q, r,f. The radTi of tlie floor-fwcci^s, abalt the midfliip-frame :
thofe before the midfliip-frame arc on the oppofite fide of the line A F, to
which they are all parallel.

iftR'

ARC ARC

ift R''. 2d R**. 3ci R"*. 4th Rj. The diagonal ribbands abaft the midfhips.

/, K, >.\y. l he fame ribbands exprefled in the fore-body.

It has been remarked above, that the horizontal plane is compofed of
■water-lines and ribbands -, it alio contains the main and top-timber
breadth-lines, or the longitudinal lines by which the main-breadth and top-
timber-breadth arc limited in every point of the fhip's length. The hori-
zont.il curve of the tranfoms and harpins are alfo reprefcnted therein, to-
gether with the planes of the principal timbers ; the cant of the fafhion-
piece, the length of the rake afore and abaft, the projection of the cat-
heads, and the curve of the upper-rail of the head, to which the curves of
the lower ones are ufually parallel.

HORIZONTAL PLANE. Plate I.

B A C. The line of the Ihip's length, paffing through the middle of the
ftem and ftern-poft.

B. The upper-end of the ftern-poft.

C. The upper-end of the ftem.

B F. The length of the rake abaft.

D W X. The top-timber-breadth line, or the line which limits the breadth
of each top-timber.

D F. The breadth of the aftmoft timber at the taftarel.

B K. The wing-tranfom.

B L P. The horizontal curve of the dcck-tranfom.

M M. The horizontal curve, or round-aft, of the firft tranfom.

M N. The horizontal curve of the fécond tranfom : it is prolonged into
a water-line, N 8 7.

k O. The horizontal curve of the third tranfom, which is alfo prolonged
into another water-line, O, «, U, />, Q.

;« O P. The plane of the fafliion-piece, as canted aft.

® VV LT. The plane of the midfhip-frame.

c, b, c, d, e,/, h. The planes of the timbers before the midfhip-frame.

I5 2, --, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. The planes of the timbers abaft the midfhip-
frame.

X X. The figure of the upper-rail of the head.

C Y. The projection of the knee of the head.

The third horizontal ribband is marked on the plate.

a a. The projeftion of the cat-head.

Thus we have endeavoured briefly to explain the nature and ufes of the
principal draughts uled in the conftruclion of a fliip, which reciprocally
correfpond with each other in the dimenfions of length, breadth, and
depth. Thus the plune of elevation is exadly of the fame length with the
horizontal or floor-plane. The lèverai breadths of the timbers in the floor-
plane and that of the projcftion are mutually transferable ; and the real
heighth of the timbers in the projeélion exactly conforms to their heighth
in the elevation. Thus let it be required to transfer the heighth of the
wing-tranfom from the elevation to the projection :

2 Extend

ARC ARC

Extend the conipaffcs from the point K, in the elevation, down to the
dotted line prolonged trotn the upper-edge of the keel, and Jetting the
other foot in the point/», then (hall the line Kp be the perpendicular heighth
of the wing-tranfom : transfer this from the middh of the line B A C, in
the projeétion, to the point K in the perpendicular A F, then will A K be
the heighth of the wing-tranfom in the plane of projedtion : and thus the
heighth of all the tranfoms may be laid from the former upon the latter.

Again, let it be required to transfer the main-breadth of the midihip-
frame from the projeftion to the horizontal plane : Set one foot of the
compafTes in the point © on the perpendicular C E, and extend the other
along the main-breadth- fweep ® G, till it touches the perpendicular A F
parallel to C E : lay this diftance upon the horizontal plane from the point
« in the line of the Ihip's length, BAC, along the plane of the midtliip-
frame to the point © -, fo fhali the line © W U be the breadth of the mid-
fliip-frame on the horizontal plane.

Thus alfo the top-timber-breadth, or the diftance of each top-timber
from the middle of the iTiip's breadth, may be in the lame manner tranf-
fered, by extending the compaflcs from the line B A C, in the horizontal
plane, to the top-timber-breadth line, upon any particular timber, as i,
2, 3, &c. which will give it's proper dimenfions thereon.

In the fame manner the breadths of all the timbers may be laid from
the projeélion to the horizontal plane, and vice verfû, from that to the pro-
jedtion. Thus the heighth of each timber may alio be transfered from the
clev..tion to the projettion, &c.

The principal utility of thefe draughts therefore is to exhibit the va-
rious curves of the (hip's body, and of the pieces of which it is framed,
in different points of view, which are either tranfverfe or longitudinal,
and will accordingly prefent them in very different direftions. Thus the
horizontal curves of the tranfoms and water-lines are reprefented on the
floor-plane, all of which are nearly ftraight lines in the elevation and pro-
jccftion 9 and thus the vertical curves of the timbers are all exhibited on
the projeftion, although they appear as (traight lines in tlte elevation and
floor-plane.

Before this article is clofed, it may be neceflary to remark, that tiie va-
rious pieces reprefented in plate I. as well as the lines in the draughts
which have not been already defined, are copiouily explained in their pro-
per places ; as it would have been contrary to the plan of this work to
have given a more enlarged delcription of them here.

That the reader, however, might be better enabled to comprehend the
fcope of this article, it was judged necelfary to give a general (ketch of
naval architedurc itlelf -, to colled into one point of view the moft mate-
rial draughts by which a fliip is conftrudcd, and to delcribe, as concilcly
as pofTible, the lèverai parts of which they are compoled.

1 he principal parts of a (hip alio, which are here reduced into a narrow
compals, will be reprefented at large in different places of this work, to
Ulultrate thofe cxpl mations to which it may be ncccllary to refer, in order
to underlland the lubjeft more clearly. Thus the (tern, the quarter, the* ^

midlhip-

ARM AVE

midfhip-frame, the bow and head, of a fhip of 74 guns, are exhibited on
A leak of ^ of an inch to a foot -, by which all the fubordinatc parts may
be diftindtly viewed, and their combination and arrangement fufficiently
underftood.

ARMED-SHIP, (vaijfeau armé en guerre capr-i, Fr.) a vefTcl occafionally
taken into the fervice of the government in time of war, and employed to
guard Ibme particular coaft, or attend on a fleet. She is therefore armed
and equipped in all refpefts like a fliip of war, and commanded by an officer
of the navy, who has the rank of mafter and commander. All fliips of
this fort are upon the eftablilhrnent of the King's (loops, having a lieute-
nant, mafter, purfer, furgeon, &c.

7'<j/>-Armol'r. See the article Top.

ASHORE, (from a and Jhore) on the fhore, or land, as oppofed to
aboard.

A fliip is faid to be Ashore, (échoué, Fr.) when fhe has run upon tlie
ground, or on the fea-coaft, either by defign or accident.

ASTERN, (au derrière, Fr. Irom a and Jlecrn, Sax.) any diftance be-
hind a fliip, as oppofed to a-head, which is before her. Thus, when fouth
is a-bead, or on the line to which the ftem is dire£led, north will be ajlern.

ATHWART, (par le travers, Fr. from a and tiuert, Dan. tranfvcrfe)
when ufcd in navigation, implies acrofs the line of the courfe ; as, we dif-
covered a fleet at day-break Handing athtvart us, i. e. fleering acrofs our
way.

Ati.'wakt-Hawse, the fituation of a fliip when flie is driven by the
wind, tide, or other accident, acrofs the fore-part of another. This phrafe
is equally applied when the fliips bear againfl: each other, or when they are
at a fmall ch'ftancc -, the tranfverfe pofition of the former to the latter be-
ing principally underftood.

Athwart the fcre-fcot, a phrafe employed to denote the flight of a
cannon ball, as fired from one fliip acrofs the line of anotlier's courfe,
to intercept the latter, and compel her to fliorten fail till the former
approaches near enough to examine her. The fcre-fcot is the lower part
of the ftem ; fo that the fliot flying acrofs it is faid to be fired athtvart the
fore-foot.

Athwart-Ships, reaching acrofs the fliip, from one fide to the
other.

ATRIP, (trepcr, Fr. trippen, Dutch) is applied differently to the anchor
and the i'ails. The anchor is ctrip, dcra)igce, when it is drawn out of the
ground in a perpendicular direction, either by the cable or buoy-rope. The
top-fails are faid to be atrip, when they are hoifted up to the maft-head, or
to their utmoft extent.

AVAST, the order to ftop, or paufe, in any exercife.

AVERAGE, in commerce, (avarie. Ft. averagitim, hut.) the accidents
and misfortunes which happen to fliips and their cargoes, from the time
of their loading and failing, till their return and unlading. It is divided
into three kinds, i. The Ample or particular «wraj'e, which confifts in
the extraordinary expences incurred for the fliip alone, or for the mer-
3 chandife

AVE A Z I

chandize alone; fuch as the lofs of anchors, mafts, and rigging, occafioned
by the common accidents at fca -, the damages which happen to mcrclian-
difes by ftorms, capture, fhipwreck, wet, or rotting -, all which mufl: be
borne and paid by the thing that fuffered the damage. 2. The large and
common average, being thole expcnces incured, and damages fullained, for
the common good and fecurity, both of the merchandifc and veflcl, con-
fequently to be borne by the Ihip and cargo, and to be regulated upon the
whole. Of this number are the goods or money given for the ranlom of
the fliip and cargo ; things thrown overboard for the fafety of the fliip -,
the expcnces of unlading, or entering into a river or harbour, and the pro-
vifions and hire of the failors when the fhip is put under embargo. 3. The
fmall averages, which are cxpences for towing and piloting the Ihip out of,
or into harbours, creeks, or rivers -, one third of which mud be charged to
the fliip, and two thirds to the cargo.

Average is more particularly uied for a certain contribution that mer-
chants make proportionably towards their lofl*es. It alfo fignifies a fmall
duty which the merchants, who fend goods in another man's fliip, pay to
the mader, for his care of them, over and above the freight. Hence it is
exprefied in the bills of lading, paying fo much freight for the faid goods,
■with damage and average accuftomed.

AUGER, (augure, tarriére, Fr.) a wimble, carpenter's tool for boreing.

AWEIGH, (a quitte, Fr. of a and weigh) the ftate of the anchor when
it is drawn out of the ground in a perpendicular direilion, as in fig. 6. plate I.
by the application of mechanical powers, as a capftern or windlais, to the
cable within the fli p -, fo that aweigh is fynonimous to atrip.

AWNING, (tendelet, from auhie, Fr.) a canopy of canvafs extending
over the decks of a fliip in hot weather, for the convenience of the officers
and crew, and to prcferve the decks from being cracked or fplit, ebaroui^
by the heat of the lun. The awning is fupported by a range of light polls,
called flanchions, which are ereded along the fliip's fide on the right and
left ; it is alfo fufpendcd in the middle by a complication of fmall cords,
called a crowtoot. See the article Crowfoot.

AZIIVlUTH-CoMPASs, an inflrument employed to difcover the mag-
netical azimuth or amplitude of any heavenly objeft. This operation ia
performed at fea, to find the exadi variation of the magnetical needle.
The compafs will be defcribed in it's proper place : it is, however, necef-
fary here to explain the additional contrivance by whicli it is fited to take
the magnetical azimuth, or amplitude, of the fun or ftars, or the bearings
of head-lands, fliips, and other objeds at a diflance.

The brafs edge, originally defigncd to fupport the card, and throw the
weight thereof as near the circumference as pofhble, is itfelf divided into
degrees and halves -, which may be eafily eftimated into fmallcr parts,
if neccflary. The divifions are determined by means of a cat-gut line
ftrctched perpendicularly with the box, as near the brafs edge as may be,
that the parallax arifing from a different pofition of the oblerver may be as
little as poinblc.

E There

A Z I A Z I

: Tliere is alio added an index at the top of the inner box, which may be
fixed on or taken oiY at plcafure, and ferves tor all altitudes of the objeft.
It confifts of a bur, equal in length to the diameter of the inner- box, each
end being fiirnillied with a perpendicular Itile, with a flit parallel to the
fides thereof; one of the flits is narrow, to which the eye is applied, and
the other is wider, with a finall cat-gut ftrecchcd up the middle of it, and
from thence conligucd horizontally from the top of one llile to the top of
the other. There is alfo a line drawn along the upper furface of the bar.
Thefe four, viz. the narrow flit, the horizontal cat-gut thread, the perpen-
dicular one, and the line on the bar, are in the fame plane, which difpofes
itfelf perpendicularly to the horizon when the inner-box is at reft and hangs
free. This index does not move round, but is always placed on, fo as to
anfwer the fame fide of the box.

The fun's azimuth is known to be an angle contained between the meri-
dian and the center of the fun. When this is required, and his rays are
flrong enough to caft a fhadow, the box is turned about till the fhadow of
the horizontal thread, or, if the fun be too low, till that of the perpendicular
thread, in one ftilc, or the flit through the other, falls upon the line in the
index bar, or vibrates to an equal diftancc on each fide of it, the box
being gently touched if it vibrates too far: at the fame time they obfcrve
the degree marked upon the brafs edge of the cat-gut line. In counting
the degree for the azimuth, or any otiier angle that is reckoned from the
meridian, tiie outward circle of figures upon the brafs edge is ufed ; and
the fituation of the index, with refpedt to the card and needle, will always
direft upon what quarter of the compafs the obje<5t is placed.

But if the fun does not fiiine out fufficiently ftrong, the eye is placed
behind the narrow flit in one of the fliles, and the wooden box turned
about till fome part of the horizontal or perpendicular thread appears to
interfeft the center of the fun, or vibrate to an equal diftance on each fide
of it ; fmoked glafs being ufed next the eye, if the fun's light is too flrong.
In this method another obferver is necefTary, to note the degree cut by the
nonius, at the fame time the firft gives notice that the thread appears to
fplit the objeft.

Plate II. fig. 20. is a perfpedlive view of the compafs, when in order for
obfervation -, the point of view being the center of the card, and the diftance
of the eye two feet.

A B. is the wooden box in which it is ufually contained,
K. is a cat-gut line drawn from tlie inude of the box for determinino; the
degree upon tlie brafs edge.

L, M, N, O. is the index bar with it's two ftiles, and cat-gut threads,
■which being taken off" from the top of the box, is placed in two pieces
V Q, notched properly to receive it.

The other parts of the figure, with their references, are explained in the
article Compass.

BAC BAC

BA C K c/ the poft. See the article Stern-post.
To Back, an anchor, (empenneller, Fr.) to carry out a fmall anchor,
as the llrcam or kedgc, ahead of the large one by which tlie fliip ufiially
rides, in order to fupport it, and prevent it from loofening, or coming bome^
in bad ground. In this fitiiation the latter is confined by the former, in
the fame manner that the fhip is reftrained by the latter.

To Back ajiern, in rowing, (fcier à culer, Fr.) is to manage the oars in a
diredlion contrary to the ufual method, fo as that the boat, or velTd, im-
prelTed by their force, fliall retreat, or move with her ftcrn foreinoft, in-
ftead of advancing.

To Back the fails, (mettre à fcier, Fr.) is to arrange them in a fituation that
will occafion the fliip to retreat or move aftern. This operation is parti-
cularly neceflary in narrow channels, when a Ihip is carried along fidewife
by the ftrength of the tide or current, and it becomes requifite to avoid
any objeft tiiat may intercept her courfe, as fhoals, or vcflels under fail
or at anchor : it is alfo necclfary in a naval engagement, to bring a Ihip
back, fo as to lie oppofite to her adverfary, when Ihe is too far advanced
in tlie line. See Aback.

BACK-BOARD, (le àoffier d'un lateau, Fr.) a piece of board of a femi-
circular figure placed tranfvcrfely in the after-part of a boat, like the back
of a chair, and fcrving the paflcngers to recline againft whilft fitting in the
ftern-fheets. See Boat.

BACK-STAYS, (cale-haubans, Fr.) from back and fiay, long ropes
reaching from the topmaft- heads to tlie (larboard and larboard fides of the
fhip, where they are extended to the channels : they are ufed to fupport
the top-mads, and fécond the efforts of the flirouds, when the malt is
drained by a weight of fail in a frefli wind.

They are ufually diftinguiflied into breaft-back-ftays and after-back-
ftays -, the intent of the former being to fuftain the top-maft when the force
of the wind ads upon the Ihip fidewife, or, according to the fea-phrafe,
■when tlie fhip fails upon a wind -, and the purpofe of the latter is to enable
it to carry fail when the wind is further aft.

There are alfo back-Ilays for the top-galhint-mafts, in large fhips, which
arc fixed in the lame manner with thole of the top-mafts.

A pair of back-ltays is ufually formed of one rope, which is doubled in
the middle, and fatlcncd there fo as to form an eye, which pafies over the
malt-head, from whence the two ends hang down, and are llretched to the
channels by dead-eyes and laniards. See Dr. ad-Eyes, &c.

Tlie figure of the back-days, and their pofitiori, is exhibited in the article
Rigging, to which the reader is further refcred.

E 2 BADGE,

BAD BAL

BADGE, (bouteille^ faujfe galerie^ Fr.) in fliip-building, a fort of orna-
ment, placed on the outfide of fmall {hips, very near the llern, containing
either a window, for the convenience of the cabin, or the reprefentation of
it : it \i commonly decorated with marine ligures, martial inftruments, or
fuch like emblems. See Quarter.

To Bagpipe the wizen, is to lay it aback, by bringing the flieet to the
mizen fhrouds.

To BALANCE, (balancer, Fr.) to contradl a fail into a narrower com-
pafs, in a ftorm, by retrenching or folding up a part of it at one corner:
this method is ufcd in contradiltin<5tion to reefing, which is common to all
the principal fails -, whereas balancing is peculiar to few, fuch as the mizen
of a fliip, and the main-fail of thofe velfels, wherein it is extended by a
boom. See Boom and Reef.

The Balance of the mizen, (fancn, Fr.) is thus performed : the mizen-
yard is lowered a little, then a fmall portion of the fail is rolled up at \.\\<tpeek,
or upper corner, and fattened to the yard about one fifth inward from the
outer end, or yard-arm, toward the maft. See Mizen.

A boom m.ain-fail is balanced, after all it's reefs are taken in, by rolling
up a fimilar portion of the hindmoft or aftmoft lower corner, called the
clue, and fattening it ttrongly to the boom, having previoufly wraped a
piece of old canvas round the part (which is done in both cafes) to prevent
the fail from being freted by the cord which fattens it.

BALL.AST, {leji, Fr. ballajle. Dut. hallaftro. Span.) a certain portion
of ftone, iron, gravel, or fuch like m.atcrials, depofited in a fhip's hold,
when ^ç. has either no cargo, or too little to bring her fufficiently low in
the water. It is ufed to counter-balance the effort of the wind upon the
mafts, and give the ttiip a proper ftability, that fhe may be enabled to carry
fail without danger of overfeting.

There is often great difference in the proportion of ballatt required to
prepare fliips of equal burthen for a voyage; the quantity being always
more or lefs, according to the fliarpnefs or flatnefs of the ttiip's bottom,
which feamen call the floor.

The knowledge of ballafting a ttiip with propriety is certainly an article
that deferves the attention of the ficilf ul mariner ; for although it is known
that ttiips in general will not carry a fufficient quantity of fail, till they are
laden fo deep that the furfaceof the water will nearly glance on the extreme
breadih amidfhips, yet there is more than this general knowledge required ;
fince, if fhe has a great weight of heavy ballatt, as lead, iron, &c. in the
bottom, it will place the center of gravity too low in the hold ; and al-
though this will enable her to carry a great fail, ttie will neverthelcfs fail
very heavily, and run the riik of being difmatted by her violent rolling.

To ballatt a fliip, therefore, is the art of difpofmg thofe materials lo that
fhe may be duly poifed, and maintain a proper equilibrium on the water^
fo as neither to be too Jiiff, nor too crank, qualities equally pernicious : as
in the firtt, although the fhip may be fited to carry a great fail, yet her
velocity will not be proportionably increafed ; whiltt her matts are more

endangerett

BAN BAN

endangered by her fudden jerks and exceffive labouring : and in the faft,
fhe will be incapable of carrying fail without the rifle of overfeting.

StifFncfs in ballafting is occafioned by difpofing a great quantity of heavy
ballaft, as lead, iron, &c. in the bottom, which naturally places the center
of gravity very near the keel -, and that being the center about which the
vibrations are made, the lower it is placed, the more violent will be the
motion of rolling.

Cranknefs, on the other hand, is occafioned by having too little ballad:,,
or by difpofing the fhip's lading fo as to raile the center of gravity too high,
which alio endangers the maft in carrying fail when it blows hard : for when
the mads lole their perpendicular heighth, they Itrain on the flirouds in the
nature of a lever, which increafes as the fine of their obliquity ; and a Ihip
that lofes her mafts is in great danger of being loft.

The whole art of ballafting, therefore, confifts in placing the center of
gravity to correfpond with the trim and fhape of the veflcl, fo as neither
to be too higli nor too low -, neither too far forward, nor too far aft -, and
to lade the Ihip lo deep, that the furface of the water may nearly rife to the
extreme breadth amidftiips -, and thvis ftie will be enabled to carry a good fail,
incline but little, and ply well to the windward. Seethe article Trim.

BANIAN-D.AYs, a cant term among common failors, denoting thofe
days on which they have no flefli-meat : it feems to be derived from the
pradlice of a nation amongft the eaftern Indians, who never eat flefli.

BANK, (hue, atterrijfement, Fr. banc. Sax.) an elevation of the ground,.
or bottom of the fea, which is often fo high as to appear above the furface
of the water, or at leaft fo little beneath it, as to prevent a ftiip from float-
ing over it: in this fcnfe, bank amounts nearly to the fame as ftiallows,
flats, &c. The fhclves that abound with rocks under water are diftin-
guiflied by other names, as reefs, ridges, keys, &c.

An cx.-id knowledge of the banks, their extent, and the different depths
of water in which they lie, conftitutes a very eflrntial portion of the
fcience of a pilot, or matter of a fliip. If the vefl"el be large, and draws
much water, great attention will be necefl!ary to avoid them. If, on the
contrary, ftie is fmall, the fame banks afford a fure afylum, where ftie may
brave the largcft ihips, which dare not follow her to fo dangerous a retreat.
Many fmall vcflels have eluded the purfuit of a fuperior enemy by means
of this hofpitable barrier.

Banks on the fea-coaft are ufually marked by beacons or buoys. In^
charts they are diftinguillicd by little dots, as ridges of rocks are cha-
rafterifed by croflcs. The principal banks in the Wcftern Ocean, are thofe
of Newfoundland, and the Bahama-Bank : t!ie moft remarkable one in
Newfoundland is called the Grand Bank, which is of a vail extent, being
nearly two hundred miles in length, and ftrctching north and foiith: it's
\ifual depth is from twenty to eighty fathoms : and this is the great icene c£
the cod-Hfliery, which is fo material an article in European commerce.

Bank of cars, a feat or bench of rowers in a galley.

BANKER, a vclfcl employed in tlic cod-fiJhery on the Baaiks of New-
foundbnd.

B.\R

BAN BAR

TiX^ of a port or haven, a ilioal or bank of fand, gravel, &c. throwa
up by the knge ot" the iea, to the mouth of a river or harbour, fo as to
endanger, and fometimcs totally prevent, the navigation.

BARCA-LONGA, a large Spanilh fifliing-boar, navigated with lug-
fails, and having two or three malls : thele are very common in the Medi-
terranean. See Vessel.

BARGE, (hargic. Dut.) a vefiel or boat of ftate, furniflied with elegant
apartn;ents, canopies, and cufliions ; equiped with a band of rowers, and
decorated with flags and Ilreamers : they are generally ufed for procefllons
on the water, by noblemen, officers of itate, or magillrates of great cities.
Of this fort we may naturally fuppofe tlie famous barge or galley of Cleo-
patra, which, according to Shakefpeare,

i ' Like a burnifli'd throne

Burnt on the water -, the poop was beaten gold ;

Purple her fails, and fo perfumed, that

The winds were love-fick with them : tlie oars were filver.

Which to the tune of flutes kept ftroke, and made

The water which they beat to follow fafter.

As amorous of their ilrokes

-At the helm

A feeming mermaid fl:eer'd : the filken tackles
Swell'd with the touches of thofe flower-foft hands
That yarely form'd their office.'

There are likewife other barges of a fmaller kind, for the vife of ad-
mirals and captains of fhips of war. Thefe are of a lighter frame, and
may be eafily hoifted into, and out of the fliips to which they occafionally
belong. See Boat.

Barge, (caboticre, Fr.) is alio the name of a flat-bottomed veflcl of bur-
then, for lading and difcharging fliips, and removing their cargoes from
place to place in a harbour.

BARK, (barca, low Lat.) a general name given to fmall fliips : it is
however peculiarly appropriated by feamen to thofe which carry three marts
without a mizen top-fail. Our northern mariners, who are trained in the
coal-trade, apply this diftinftion to a broad-lterned fliip, which carries no
oanamental figure on the ftem or prow.

BARNACLE, (cravan, Fr.) a fpecies of fliell-fifli, often found fliicking
to the bottoms of fhips, rocks, &c.

BARRICADOE, (barricade, Fr. barricada. Span.) a fl:rong wooden fail,
fupported by lèverai little pillars or flianchions, and extending, as a fence,
acrofs the foremofl: part of the quarter-deck. In a vefl"el of war, the in-
tervals between the pillars are commonly filled with cork, junks of old
cable, or matts of plaited cordage. In the upper part, there is a double
rope-netting, fupported by double cranes of iron, extending about a foot
above the rail -, and between the two parts of the netting are fl:uffed a
number of iiammocks, filled with the feamens bedding, to intercept aad

prevent

BAR BEA

prevent the execution of fmall-fliot fired by fwivel guns, carabines, or
mufkcts, in the time of battle.

BARS of the Capjlern and Windlafs. See thofe articles.
BASIN of a dock, {bajfin, Fr.) a place where the water is confined by-
double flood-gates, and thereby prevented from running out at the tide of
ebb. The ufe of it is to contain fliips whiift repairing, either before they
enter, or after they come out of the dock.

Basin, (paradis, Fr.) alfo implies fome part of a haven, which opens
from a narrow channel into a wide and fpacious refervoir for fliipino-.

BATTENS of the hatches, a fort of long narrow laths, fcantlings of
wooden (luff, or ftreight hoops of caflcs. They are nailed along the edges
of tarpaulings, which are pieces of tarred canvas, of fufHcient breadth and
length to cover the hatches at ft- a ; the battens ferve to confine the edges
of the tarpaulings clofe down to the fides of the hatches, to prevent the
water, which may rufh over the decks in a ftorm, from penetrating into the
lower apartments of the fnip.

BAY, (haye, Fr.) a gulf or inlet of the fea-coaft, comprehended between
two promontories, or capes of land, where fhiping frequently ride at
anchor, flieltcred from the wind and fea.

, BEACON, (balife, Fr. beacon-, Sax.) a port or ftake eredled over a flioal
or fiind-b;mk, as a warning to feamcn to keep their fliips at a diftance.

BEACONAGE, (branche de ciprès, Fr.) a fmall duty paid by Hiiping in
France, for keeping beacons in repair.

BEAK-HEAD, {coltis, Fr.) a name given to a fhip's head whofe fdre-
Caftle is fquare or oblong, a circumftance common to all vcfTels of war which
have two or more decks of guns. In fmallcr iTiips, the forecaftle is nearly
fliaped like a parabola, whole vertex, or angular point, lies immediately
over the ftem.

The ftrong, projefting, pointed beaks ufed by the ancients in time of
battle, have been intircly rejefted fince the ufe of gun-powder.

BEAMS, (bau:<, Fr. beam. Sax. a tree) ftrong thick pieces of timber,
flrctching acrofs the (bip from fide to fide, to lupport the decks, and retain
the fides at their proper diftance.

The Beams of Ihips' of war are ufually formed of three pieces fcarfed
together -, as appears in plate III. They are fuftained at each end by thick
planks in tlic fhip's fide, called clamps, upon which they reft. Tiiey are
alfo firmly connc<ftcd to the timbers of the Ibip by means of ftrong knees,
and fometimcs by ftandards. See Midshit-Frame.

It is neccfiary that the beams, as reprefcnted in the midfhip-frame, fhould
have a greater hcighth in the middle than at the two ends, to carry the
water more readily ofl" from the decks, and to diminifh the recoil of the
guns, which will thereby more eafily return into their i)lace3.

The longeft of ihcfe is called the midfhip-benm ; it is lodged in the mid-
fliiptrame, or between tlie wideft frame of timbers. At about two-thirds
Vt the hcighth from the keel to the lower-deck, are laid a range of bean-.?,
to fortify the hold, and lii[)port a platform called the orlop, which contains
tlwr cables and ftorcs of the fliip.

5 T lie re

BEA BEA

There are ufiially twenty-four beams on the lower deck of a fiiip of
feventy-four guns, and to the other decks additional ones in proportion, as
the fhip lengthens above.

On ibe Beam, implies any diftance from the fiiip on a line with the
beams, or at right angles with the keel : thus, if the lliip liters or points
northward, any objeft lying eaft or weft, is laid to be on her ftarboard or
larboard ^raw;. Thus alfo,

Before the Beam, is an arch of the horizon comprehended between the
line that crofTes her length at right angles, and fome objeél at a diftance
before it, or between the line of the beam and that point of the compafs
which file ftems. Thus if a fliip, fteering weft, difcovcrs an ifland on tlic
right, three points before the beam, the ifland muft bear N W by N from the
fhip. See the article Bearing.

BEAN-COD, a fmall fidaing-vefTel, or pilot-boat, common on the fea-
coafts and in the rivers of Portugal. It is extremely (harp forward, having
it's ftem bent inward above into a great curve : the ftem is alfo plated on
the fore-fide with iron, into which a number of bolts are driven, to fortify
it, and refift the ftroke of another veftel, which may fall athwart-hawfe.
It is commonly navigated with a large lateen fail, which extends over
the whole length of the deck, and is accordingly well fited to ply to
windward.

BEAR-a-hand! a phrafe of the fame import with make hafte, difpatch,
quick, &c.

BEARING, in navigation, (gifement, Fr.) an arch of the horizon inter-
cepted between the neareft meridian and any diftincSt objeft, either dif-
covered by the eye, or refulting from the finical proportion -, as in the
firft cafe, at 4 P. M. Cape Spado, in the ifle of Candia, bore S by W, by
the compafs.

In the fécond, the longitudes and latitudes of any two places being
given, and confequently the difference of latitude and longitude between
them, the bearing from one to the other is dilcovered by the following
analogy ;

As the meridianal difference of latitude
Is to the difference of longitude :
So is radius

To the tangent bearing.
Bearing is alfo the fituation of any diftant object, eftimated from fome
part of the ffiip according to her pofition. In this fenfe an objeft, lb dif-
covered, muft be either ahead, aftern, abreaft, on the bow, or on the
quarter.

Thefe Bearings, therefore, which may be called mechanical, are on
the beam, before the beam, abaft the beam, on the bow, on the quarter,
^head, or aftern. It the ftiip fails with a fide-wind, it alters the names of
fuch bearings in fome meafure, fince a diftant objedl on the beam is then
faid to be to leeward, or to windward ; on the lee quarter, or bow ; and on
the weather quarter or bow.

5 Bearing-up,

E ' E A BED

. Bearing-up. or BEARiNC-away, (arriver^ Fr.) in navigation, the act of
changing the courfe of a fhip, in order to make her run before the wind,
after fhc had failed fome time with a fide-wind, or clofc-Iiaiiled : it is ge-
nerally performed to arrive at fome port under the lee, or to avoid fome im-
minent danger occafioned by a violent ftorm, leak, or an enemy in fight.

Thisphrafe, which is abfurd enough, feems to have been derived from
the motion of the helm, by which this efFc<5l is partly produced -, as thé
helm is then borne up to the windward, or weather fide of the fhip.
Otherwife, it is a direél contradicftion in terms, to fay that a fhip bears
up, when Ihe goes before the wind ; fince the current of the wind, as well
as that of a river, is always underftood to determine the fituation of objects
or places within it's limits. In the firft fenfe we fay, up to windward and
down to leeward -, as in the latter we fay, up or down the river. This
exprefiion, however, although extremely improper, is commonly adopted
in the general inftrudions of our navy, printed by authority, inftead of
bearing down, or bearing away.

BEATING, in navigation, the operation of making a progrefs at fea
againlt the diicftion of the wind, in a zig-zag line, or traverfe, like that
in which we afcend a ftcep hill. As this method of failing will be parti-
cularly explained under the term Tacking, the reader is referred to that
article.

To BECALM, (dérober, nhrié, Fr. from calme. Dut.) to intercept the
current of the wind, in it's paflage to a fhip, with any contiguous objeft,
as a fliore above her fails, a high lea behind, or fome other fhip. At this
time the fails remain in a ftate of reft, and are confequently deprived of
their power to govern the motion of the (hip.

BECKEl'S, (bille, Fr.) imply in general any thing ufed to confine loofe
ropes, tackles, oars, or fpars, in a convenient place, where they may be
difpofed out of the way till they are wanted. Hence, bcckets are either
large hooks, or lliort pieces of rope, with a knot on one end and an eye
in the other, or formed like a circular wreath ; or they are wooden
brackets-, and, probably, from a corruption and mifapplication of this
laft term, aroie the word becket, which feems often to be confounded witli
bracket.

Put the tacks andjheets in the Beckets ! the order to hang up the weather
main and fore-flieet, and the lee main and fore-tack, to a little knot and
eye-becket on the foremoft main and fore-fhrouds, when the Ihip is clofe-
hauled, to prevent tliem from hanging in the water.

BED, a Hat thick piece of timber, ufually formed of tl\e rough ftaves
of calks, or fuch like materials, to be lodged under the quarters of calks
containing any liquid and (cowed in a fliip's hold, 'i'he ufe of the beds
is to fupport the calk, and keep the bilge, or middle-part of it, from
bearing againfl the Ihip's floor, or againlt the body upon which it relts, left
the ftaves Ihould give way and break in the place where they are wcakeft :
or lie in a wet place, fo as to rot in the courfe of tlic voyage. See the
article Stowing.

F Bed

BED BIG

Bed of a river, (lit, Fr.) the bottom ot the cliannel in which the Hream
or current uùuiUy flows.

Bed of a cannon. See Carriage.

To BKLAY, (cmarrer, Fr. from kleygen, Bclg.) to taften a rope by
winding it feveral times round a cleat, belaying-pin, or kcvcl : this term
is peculiar to Imall ropes, and cliiefly the running-rigging, there being
feveral other expreirions ufed lor large ropes, as bitting, bending, making'
fall, itoppering, 6«:c. See thole articles.

BEND, (aviijle, Fr. probablv from bindan. Sax. to bind) the knot by
which one rope is faftened to another -, hence

To Bend, is to fallen one rope to another, of which there are feveral
methods.

BENDING the cabk, the operation of clinching, or tying the cable to
tlie ring of it's anchor.

Bending a fail, fattening it to it's yard or flay. See the articles Sail,
Stay, and Yard.

BENDS, the thickeft and ftrongeft planks in a ihip's fide. See Wales,
by which name they are more properly called.

BETWEEN-DECKS, (entre-pont, Fr.) the fpace contained between
any two decks of a Ihip.

BEVELLING, (enfoncé, Fr.) in fliip-building, the art of hewing a tim-
ber with a proper and regular curve, according to a mould which is laid
on one fide of it's furface.

' In order to hew any piece of timber to it's proper bevel, it will be
neceflary, firfl, to make one fide fair and out of winding -, a term uled to
fignify that the fide of a timber fliould be a plane. If this fide be uppermoft,
and placed horizontally, or upon a level, it is plain, if the timber is to be
hewed fquare, it may be done by a plummet and line ; but if the timber
is not hewed fquare, the line will not touch both the upper and lower edge
of the piece-, or if a fquare be applied to it, there will be wood wanting
cither at the upper or lower fide. This is called within or without a fquare.
When the v/ood is deficient at the under-fide, it is called under-bevelling ;
and when it is deficient in the upper-fide, it is called Handing-bevelling :
and this deficiency will be more or lefs according to the depth of the piece ^
fo that before the proper bevellirigs of the timbers are found, it will be
fometimes very convenient to affign the breadth of the timbers ; nay, in
mofl cafes it will be abfolutely neceiTary, efpecially afore and abaft : though
the breadth of two timbers, or the timber and room, which includes the
two timbers and the fpace between them, may be taken without any fen-
fible error, .as far as the fquare body goes. For as one line reprefents the-
moulding-fide of two timbers, the fore-fide of the one being fuppofed to
unite with the aft-fide of the other ; the two may be confidercd as one in-
tire piece of timber.' Murray's Ship-building.

BIGHT, (balant, Fr. bygan. Sax. to bend) the double part of a rope when

it is folded, in contradiftindion to the end : as, her anchor hooked the bight

of our cable, i. e. caught any part of it between the ends. The bight of his.

cable has fwept our anchor -, that is, the double part of the cable of another

3 fl^'P,

B I L BIN

.fliip, as file ranged about, has entangled itfelf under the ftock or fluke of
pur anchor.

BiGHT, (aiife^ Fr.) is alfo a fmall bay between two points of land.

BILANDER, (bilc.ndre, Fr.) a fmall merchant-fhip with two malts.

Tlie Bii,.'\ND£R is particularly diftinguifhed from other velTels of two
marts by the for.m of her main-iail, which is a fort of trapezia, the yard
thereof being hung obliquely on the maft in the plane of the fhip's length,
and the aftmoll or hinder end peeked or raifed up to an angle of about
45 degrees, and hanging immediately over the ftern -, while the fore end
flopes downward, and comes as far forward as the middle of the fliip. To
this the fail is bent or faftened -, and the two lower corners, the foremofk
of which is called the tack and the aftmoft the flieet, are afterwards fccured,
the former to a ring-bolt in the middle of the (hip's length, and the latter
to another in the tafFarel. The main-fails of larger fhips are hung acrofs
the deck inftead of along it ; being faltened to a yard which hangs at right
angles with the maft and the keel.

Few vefll'ls, however, are now rigged in this method, which has pro-
bably been found more inconvenient than feveral others. See Shit. It may
not be improper to remark, that this name, as well as brigantine, has been
yarioufly applied in different parts of E,urope to velTels of different forts.

BILGE, (fuppofed from bilik. Sax. a ftorm) that part of the floor of a
ftiip, on either fide of the keel, which approaches nearer to an horizontal
than to a perpendicular diredion, and on which the fhip would reft if laid on
the ground : or more particularly, thofe parts of the bottom which are op-
pofite to the heads of the floor-timbers amidfhips on each flde of the keel.
Hence when a Ihip receives a frafture in this place, flie is faid to be bilged.

BILL, the point or extremity of the fluke of an anchor.

Bill of lading, ( connoiffement , Fr.) an acknowledgment figned by the
mafter of a fliip, and given to a merchant, containing an account of the
goods which the former has received from the latter, &c. with a promife to
deliver them at the intended place for a certain fum of money. Each bill
of lading muft be treble i one tor the merchant who Ifiips the goods, another
to be lent to the perfon to whom they are con figned, and the third to re-
main in the hands of the mafter of tiie faid fliip. It muft, however, be
obferved, that a bill of lading is only ufed when the goods lent on board
a Ihip are but part of the cargo; for wlien a merchant loads a veflel entirely
on his own account, the deed paflTed between him and the mafter of the Ihip
is calkil charter-party. See Charter-party.

BINACLE, a wooden cafe or box, which contains the compafTcs, log-
glaflls, watch-glaflcs, and lights to fliew the compals at night.

As this is called bitlack in all the old lea-books, even by mariners, it
appears evidently to be derived from the French term habitacle, (a fm.ail
habitation) which is now ufed for the fame purpofe by the feamcn of that
nation.

The BiNACLE (plite I. fig. 4.) is furniflud with three apartments, with
Aiding Ihuucrs : tlie two flde ones, a b, li.ive always a compafs in each, d,
to direct the^fliip's way, while the middle divifion, c, has a lamp or candle,

F 2 with

B I R B L A

■with a pane of glafs on cither fide to throw a light upon the compafs in the
night, whereby the man who (leers may obferve it in the darkcft weather,
as it (lands immediately before the helm on the quarter-deck.

There are always two binacles on tlie deck of a (hip of war, one being
dcfigncd for the man who (leers, and the other for the pcrfon wiio fuper-
intcdds the (leerage, whofe office is called conning, or cunning.

BIRTH, or Berth, (e-vitce, Fr.) the llation in which a (hip rides at
anchor, either alone or in a fleet ; or the dillance between the (hip and any
adjacent objecft; comprehending the extent of the fpace in which (he ranges
at tlic length of her cables -, as, Jhe lies in a good birth, i. c. in a convenient
fituation, or at a proper dillance from the Ihore and other veflels ; and
where there is good anchoring-ground, and (helter from the violence of the
wind and fea.

Birth, (appartement, Fr.) alfo fignifies the room or apartment where any
particular number of the officers or (hip's company ufually mefs and refide.
In a (hip of war there is commonly one of thefe between every two guns.

'To BITE, (mordre, Fr.) to hold faft in the ground ; exprcffed of the
anchor.

BITS, (bittes^ Fr. hitol. Sax.) a frame compofed of two flrong pieces of
timber, lîxed perpendicularly in the fore-part of a (hip, whereon to fallen
her cables as (he rides at anchor. See b b, Pieces of the Hull.

Thefe pieces, being let down through (quare mortifes cut in the decks
above and below, are bolted and fore-locked to the Ihip's beams. There
are feveral bits in i. (hip, the principal of which are thofe for the cables :
their upper ends commonly reach about four or five feet above the lower
deck, over which the cable palTes. They are fupported on the fore part
by ftrong ftandards ; one arm of which is bolted to the deck, and the
other to the bits : and on the after part is fixed a ftrong beam of tim-
ber, g, (plate I. Pieces of the Hull) parallel to the deck, and at right
angles with the bits, to which it is bolted and fore-locked. The ends of
this beam, which is called the crofs-piece, reach about two or three feet
beyond the bits, whofe upper-ends are nearly two feet above the crofs-piece.
The cable being pafled once round about thefe bits, may be gradually
flackened at pleaûire-, without which it would be impolTible to prevent it
from running out with the utmoft rapidity, when the (liip rides a great
ftrain, which is always the cafe in a llorm, or an impetuous tide. In
fhips of war there are ufually two pair of cable bits, and when they are
both ufed at once the cable is faid to be double-bitted. The plan of the
bits, with their crols-pieces and ftandards, are reprcfented in plate IIL
where b b are the bits, e their ftandards, and g the crofs-piece.

To Bit the cable, is to put it round the bits, in order to faften it, or flacken
it gradually, which laft is called veering away.

The other bits are of a fmaller kind, but conftruded nearly in the fame
manner. They are ufed to faften the top-fail-fliects, or the ropes by which
the lower corners of the top-fails are extended.

BLACK-STRAKES, a range of planks immediately above the wales
in a (hip's fide : they are always covered with a mixture of tar and lamp-
black, forming an agreeable variety with the white bottom beneath, and
3 the

B L A B L O

the fcraped planks of the fidè, covered with melted turpentine, or varnifh
of pine, above. All the yards are likcwife daubed with this mixture, which
not only prcfcrves them from the heat of the fun and the weather, but gives
them a fine glofs, which makes a good appearance concrafled with the
white varnifh on the mafts.

BLADE. See the article Oar.

BLOCK, (poulie, Fr.) a machine known in mechanics by the name of
puUy, and uR-d for various purpofcs in a fliip, particularly to increafe the
mechanical power of the ropes employed in contracfling, dilating, or traverf-
ing the laiis. The ends of thcfe ropes, being arranged in certain places upon
the deck, rray thus be readily found whenever they are wanted. The
blocks, which are for thele purpofes difpofed in various places upon the
mafts, yards, and fails, and amongft the rigging, are alio of various fizes,
fhapes, nnd powers, according to the effeft they are calculated to produce.
They are fingle, double, or treble, being fo denominated from the number of
wheels chty contain. There are even fome of them five, fix, and feven fold,
but tl'.cfe are only employed to raife or move fome very weighty bodies, and
are not ufed .ibout the yards or fails. We fhall begin by defcribing the moft
fimple, and afterwards proceed to thofe which are more complicated.

A common fingle block is compofed of three parts ; the fliell, the flieave,
and the pins. The fhell, arcajfe, approaches nearcft to the figure of a long
fpheroid, fomewhat flatted in the middle. Between the two flat fides it is
hollowed fo as to receive a narrow cylindrical wheel called the Iheave, rouet,
formed of ligniim-vitje, or other hard wood ; and through the center of
this Ihcave is bored a round hole to admit of a pin, which is driven through
two correfponding holes in the middle of the fiiell, perpendicular to the
hollow fpace within. The pin thus becomes the axis of the wheel or
fheave, which completes the wooden work of the machine. Thus formed,
it is bound with a fort of rope-ring, which is clofcly fitted to a notch paf-
fing round the furtacc of the fhell, and over both ends of the pin : and
by this ring, or wr» ath, which is called a block-ftrop, they are fufpended
upon the m.afts, fhrouds, &c.

The complicated blocks, or thofe which contain a number of wheels,
either have all the wheels to run upon one axis, (fee plate I.) or have their
fhells fo formed th;.t the wheels are one ab we another. In the former
fliape they approach nearcft the figure of a cylinder, an^l in '.he luLttr ap-
pe:.r like two or more fingle blocks joined togetiicr end v: vs.

In plate I. fig. 7. a, reprcfcnts a fingle block, and b, c, two double ones,
of différent kinds, without Ifrops. Fig. e, f, two douljle tackle blocks
iron-bound, the low r one, f, being fitted with a iwivel ; g, a double
iron-bound block with a large hook ; h, a fnatch-block ; i, a top-block;
k, a voyal-blotk, and 1, acluc-garnti-block. See Snatch-Block, Tackle,
and VovAL.

The Cat-bîork (plate II. fig. 15.) is employed to draw the anchor up
to the cat-head. See the article Cat.

The fwivel in the imn-bourd block is to turn it, that the fcveral parts
of the rope, of which the tackle s cuin ,jote(., n" ly not be twilttd round each
other, which would grcatl.y dimuufli the mechanical power.

The

BOA BOA

The top-block is ufcd to hoift up or lower -down the top-mafts, and is for
this purpofe hooked in an eye-bolt driven into the cap. See Cap.

The ciiie-garnct blocks are tiled to draw the clues, or lower-corners of
the ccurfcs, up to the yard, and are confcquently faftened to the clues of
thofe fails. See Clue-garnet. The ufe of the fhoulder on the lower-
end, is to prevent the (hop from being fretted or chafed by the motion of
tlie fail, as the fliip rolls or pitches.

Block and Block, the fituation of a tackle when the two oppofite blocli^
are drawu clofe together, fo that the mechanical power becomes deftroyed,
till the tackle is again over-hatiUd by drawing the blocks afunder.

BOARD, in navigation, (bordée, Fr.) the fpace comprehended between
any tv/o places where the fliip changes her courfe by tacking-, or the linp
over which fhe runs between tack and tack, when flie is turning to wind-
ward, or failing againft the direflion of the wind. See the articles Beating
and Tacking.

She makes a good Board, i. e. fails nearly upon a flraight line, without
deviating to leeward when fhe is clofe-hauled. See Close-hauled.

BOARDING (abordage, Fr.) an affauk made by one fliip upon another,
by entering her in battle with a detachment of armed men -, either becaufe
the eflorts of the artillery, and mufqvietry have proved ineffeftual, or be-
caufe fhe may have a greater number of men, and be better equipped for
this attack than the enemy who defends herfelf againft it.

This ftratagem, however, is chiefly pra6tifed by privateers upon mer-
chant-Ihips, who are not fo w-ell provided with men, and rarely attempted
in the royal navy -, the battle being generally tiecided in fliips of war by
the vigorous execution of a clofe cannonade.

An officer fliould maturely confider the danger of boarding a fliip of war
before he attempts it ; and be well aflured that his adverl'ary is weakly
manned ; for perhaps he wifhes to be boarded, and if fo, a great flaughter
will neceffarily follow.

The fwell of the fea ought alfo to be conficiered, becaufe it may run fo
high as to expofe both the fliips to the danger of flnking.

There is perhaps very little prudence in boarding a fliip of equal force-,
and when it is attempted, it may be either to windward or to leeward, ac-
cording to the comparative force or fituation of the fliips. If there be any
fwell, or fea, it may be more advifeable to lay the enemy aboard on the
lee-fide, as the water is there the fmootheft ; befides, if the boarder is re-
pulfed in that fituation, he may more eafily withdraw his men, and fland
off from his .ndveifary. But as the weatlier-fliip can generally fall to leeward
at any time, it is perhaps more eligible to keep to windward, by which flie
will be enabled to rake her antagonift, or fire the broadfide into her Hern
as flie croffes it, in paiîing to leeward, which will do great execution
amongft her men, by fcouring the whole length of the deck.

Boarding may be performed in different places of the fliip, according to
the circumftances, preparation and pofition of both : the afliiilant having
previoufly felecfted a number of men armed with piltols and cutlafTes. A
number of powder- flaflis, or flafks charged with gun-powder and fitted
with a fufe, are alfo provided, to be thrown upon the enemy's deck

immediately

BOA BOA

immediately before the affiiult. Befides this, the boarder is generally fur-
nifhed with an earthen (hell, called a ftink-pot, which on that occafion is
lulpendcd from his yard-arms or howfprit-end. This machine is alfo
charged with powder, mixed with other inflammable and fuffbcating mate-
rials, with a lighted fiife at the aperture. Thus prepared for the action,
and having grappled his adverfary, the boarder difplays his fignal to begin
the rdfault. Tiie lufes of the ftink-pot and powder-flan<s being lighted,
they are immediately thrown upon the deck of the enemy, where they
burft and catch fire, producing an intolerable ftench and fmoke, and fill-
ing the deck with tumult and diftraftion. Amidft the confufion occafioned
by this infernal apparatus, the detachment provided rufli aboard iword in
hand, under cover of the fmoke, on their antagonift, who is in the fame
predicament with a citadel ftormed by the befiegers, and generally over-
powered, unlefs he is furnifhed with extraordinary means of defence, or
cq lippci with clofe-quarters, to which he can retreat with lome probability
ot fatcty. See the article Close-Quarters.

BOAT, (biet^ Sax. hoot^ Belg.) a fmall open velTel, conduced on the water
by rowing or failing. The conftrucftion, machinery, and even the names
of boats, arc very different, according to the various purpofes for which
they are calculated, and the fervices on which they are to be employed.

Thus they are occalionally (light or ftrong; fharp or flat-bottomed-, open
or decked ; plain or ornamented \ as they may be defigned for fwiftnefs or
burthen ; for deep or fliallow water ; for failing in a harbour or at fea j and
for convenience, or pleafure.

The largeft boat that ufually accompanies a (liip is the long-boat, cha-
loupe, which is generally furnilhed with a maft and fails : thofe which are
(itted for Ihips of war, may be occafionally decked, armed, and equipped,
for cruifing lliort dift;inces againrt merchant-fliips of the enemy, or (mug-
glcrs, or for imprelling feamen, &c.

The barges are next in order, which are longer, (lighter, and narrower :
they are employed to carry the principal lea-o(ficers, as admirals, and
captains of fhips of war, and are very unfit for fea. See the article

B.VRGE.

Pinnaces exactly refemble barges, only that they arc fomewhat fmaller,
and never row more than eight oars; whereas a barge properly never rows
Icl's than ten. Thefe are for the accommodation of the lieutenants, &c.

Cutters of a fhip, (bateaux, Fr.) are broader, tieeper, and (horter than
thj barges and pinnaces-, they are fitter for failing, and are commonly em-
ployed in carrying (tores, provifions, pa(rengers, hcz. to and from the fhip.
In the (Irudture of this fort of boats, the lower edge of every plank in
the fide over-lays the upper-edge of the plank below, which is called by
fhip-wrights clinch-work.

Yawls, (canots, Fr.~ arc fomething Icfs than cutters, nearly of the fiime
form, and uleci for limilar fervices ; tlwy are generally rowed with fix
oars.

The above boats more particularly belong to (hips of war-, as mer-
chaot-lhips Icldom have more than two, viz. a long-boat and yawl : wher»

they-

BOA BOA

tliey have a third, it is generally calculated for the countries to whicli
they trade, and varies in it's conftruilion accordingly.

Merchant-ihips employed in the Mediterranean find it more convenient
to ufe a lanch, which is longer, more flat-bottomed, and better adapted
every way to the harbours of tliat Tea than a long-boat. See Lanch.

A wherry, (diligence, Fr.) is a light fliarp boat, uled in a river or harbour
for carrying palVengers from place to place.

Punts, (flette, Pr.) are a fort of oblong flat-bottomed boats, nearly re-
fembling floating Itagcs ; they are ufcd by fhipwrights and caulkers, for
breaming, caulking, or repairing a fhip's bottom.

A moles is a very flat broad boat, uled by merchant-fhips amongfl; the
Carribbee-iflands, to bring hogfheads of iugar off from the lea-beach to
the fhipping wiiich are anchored in the roads.

A felucca is a ftrong paflagc-boat ufcd in the Mediterranean, from ten
to fixteen banks of oars. The natives of Barbary often employ boats of
this fort as cruilcrs.

For the larger fort of boats, fee the articles Craft, Ci'tter, Periacua,
and Shallop.

Of all the fmall boats, a Norway yawl fceins to be the beft calculated
for a high fea, as it will often venture out to a great diftance from the
coaft of that country, when a ilout fhip can hardly carry any fail.

Trim the Boat ! ( knrque-droit ! Fr.) the order to fit in the boat in fuch
a manner as that fhe Ihall float upright in the water, without leaning to
either fide.

To bale the Boat, is to throw out the water which remains in her bottom
or the well-room.

Moor the Boat ! the order to fafl:en a boat with two ropes, fo as that the
one fhall counter-aft the other.

For a reprefentation of feme of the principal boats of a Ihip of war, fee
plate III. where fig. i. exhibits the elevation, or fide view, of a tcn-oared
barge ; a a, it's keel ; b, the ftern-poft -, c, the ftem ; b c, the water-line, which
feparates what is under the furface of the water from what is above it-, e, the
row-locks, which contain the oars between them; f, the top of the ftern; g,
the back-board; f g, the place where the cockfwain Hands or fits while fleer-
ing the boat; 1, the rudder, and m, the tiller, which is framed of iron.

Fig. 2. rcprefents the plan of the fame barge, where d is the 'thwarts,
or feats where the rowers fit to manage their oars ; f, i, h, the flern-fliccts ;
i k, the benches whereon the pafTengers fit in the ftern-fheets : the rell is
explained in fig. i.

Fig. 3. is a Itern view of the fame barge, with the projeftion of all the
timbers in the after-body; and fig. 4. a head view, with the curves of all
the timbers in the îore-body.

Having thus explained the different views of the barge, the reader
will eafily comprehend the lèverai correfponding parts in the other boats ;
where fig. 5 is the plan, and fig. 6 the elevation of a tv/elve-oared cutter
that rows double banked : which, although feldom employed unlels in
capital fhips, becaufe requiring twelve rowers, is neverthelcfs a very

excellent

BOA BOL

excellent boat, both for rowing and failing. Fig. 7 and 8 are the head
and Item of this boat.

Fig. 9 is the plan of a long-boat, of which fig. 10 is the elevation, n
the ftern-view, and 12 the head-view.

Boat-hook, an iron hook, with a fharp point on the hinder part thereof,
to fticlc into a piece of wood, a Ihip's fide, &c. It is ftuck upon a long
pole or fliaft, (pi. III. fig. i. n.) by the help of which a perfon in tlie boat
may either hook any thing to confine the boat in a particular place, orpufh
her off" by the fliarp point attached to the back of the hook.

Bo.-vTsv/AiN, (contre-iualtie, Fr.) tlie officer who has the boats, fails, rig-
ging, colours, anchors, and cables, committed to his charge.

It is the duty of the boatfwain particularly to dircft whatever relates to
the rigging of a (hip, after flie is equipped from a royal dock-yard. Thus
he is to obfervc that the mafts are properly fupported by their (hrouds,
flays, and back-days, fo that each of thofc ropes may fuftain a proportional
effort when the malt is Itrained by the violence of tiie wind, or the agita-
tion of the fliip. He ought alfo to take care that the blocks and running-
ropes are regularly placed, fo as to anfwer the purpofes for which they are
intended ; and that the fails are properly fitted to their yards and ftays,
and well furled or reefed when occafion requires.

It is likewifc his office to fummon the crew to their duty -, to affifl: with
his mates in the necefiary bufinefs of the fliip; and to relieve the watch
when it expires. He ought frequently to examine the condition of the
malls, fails, and rigging, and remove whatever may be judged unfit for
fervice, or fuppiy what is deficient : and he is ordered by his in{lrucl:ions
to perform tlus duty with as iutle uoife as pojjllle.

BOB-STAY, (fous-barbe, Fr.) a rope uled to confine the bowfprit of a
ffiip downward to the Item, or cut-water. It is fixed by thrulling one of it's
ends through a hole bored in the fore-part of the cut-water for this purpofe,
and then fplicing both ends together fo as to make it two-fold, or like the
link of a chain : a dead-eye is then feized into it, and a laniard paffing through
this, and communicating with another dead-eye upon the bowfprit, is drawn
extremely tigiu by the help of mechanical powers. See Bowsprit.

The life of the bob-ftay, is to draw down the bowfprit, and keep it
(leady -, and to counteract the force of the ftays of the fore-mall, which
draw it upwards. 1 he bowfprit is alfo fortified by flirowds from tlie bows
on each fide; which are all very necefiary, as the fore-mafl: and the upper-
part of the muin-maft are ftaycd and greatly fupported by tlie bowfprit.
For this real'on, the bob-ftay is the firft part of a fliip's rigging which is
drawn tight to fupport the mafts. To perform this tafk more efix-ftually,
it is ufual to fufpend a boat, anchor, or otiicr weighty body, at the bowfprit-
tnti, to prefs it downwards during tiiis operation.

BOLD, an epithet applied to the fea-coaft, fignifying ftecp, or abrupt,
fo as to admit the approach of fliipping without expofing them to the danger
of beint' run aiiround, or ftrandcil.

BOLSTERS, (chevet^ Fr.) a fort of fmall cufliions or bags, filled with
tarred canvas, laid between the collars of the ftays and the edge of fome

G piece

BOL BON

piece of wood on wliich they lie : they are ufed to prcferve the ftays from
being chafed or galled by the motion of the mails, as the fhip rolls or
pitches at fca.

BOLT, is generally a cylindrical pin of iron, of which there are various
forts, (fee plate II.) ufed for fundry occafions in fliip-building.

The bolts are principally employed cither to imite fcvtral members of a
fhip's frame into one folid piece, or to faften any moveable body on a par-
ticular occafion. Thofe which are calculated for the former purpofe have
commonly fmall round heads, fomewhat flatted-, on the contrary, the bolts
which are intended for the latter ule, have either a large round head, as
thofe of the cliains, fig. i. plate II. or an eye, with or without a ring in
the fame place, fig. 3. and 39, as thofe which are defigned to fecure the
great guns, the jcars of the main-fail and fore-fail, the Hoppers of the
cables, &c.

The bolts are fhort or long, according to the thicknefs of the timber
wlicrein they arc to be lodged: they penetrate cither quite through the pieces
into which they are driven, or to a certain determinate depth. The laft
of thefe, called a rag-bolt, is retained in it's fituation by means of fcveral
barbs, fig. 2. which, faftening into the timbers, prevent the bolt from loofen-
ing from it's ftation by the working of the Ihip. The firlt, after being driven
through the pieces it is intended to unite, is confined by a flat iron wedge,
called the forelock, which is thrufl: througii a narrow hole in the fmall end
of the bolt, where it is hardened home by a hammer ; and to prevent the
forelock from cutting the wood-work in this pofition, a little iron ring is
fixed over the end of the bolt, between the forelock and the timber.

Thofe bolts, which have the largell of the round-heads, are called fender-
bolts, being driven into the wales, fl:em, or fides of fome fmall veflels of
burthen, as lighters, beancods, prames, &c. to defend their timber-work,
from the fliock of any other veflels which may tall aboard by accident.

BOLT-ROPE, (rcJingue, Fr.) a rope to which the edges or fkirts of
the fails are fewed, to ftrengthen and prevent them from rending. Thofe
parts of the bolt-rope, which are on the perpendicular or floping edges,
are called leech-ropes -, that at the bottom, the foot-rope-, and that on the
top or upper-edge, the head-rope. Stay-fails, whofe heads are formed like
an acute angle, have no head-rope. To difl^erent parts of the bolt-rope
are faftcned all the ropes employed to contract or dilate the fails. The
figure and pofition of the bolt-rope is exhibited in the plate referred to
from the article S.iil.

BOMB. See the articles Mortar and Smell.

BOMB- VESSEL, (bombarde, Fr.) a fmall fliip particularly calculated
to throw fhells into a fortrefs. They are faid to be invented by M. Rcy-
neau, and to have been firfl: put in aftion at the bombardment of Algiers.
Till then it had been judged impraticable to bombard a place from the
fea. See a particular defcription of thefe fiiips in the article Ketch.

BONNET, an additional part laced to the bottom of the main-fail and
fore-fail of fome fmall vcfiils, in moderate winds,

BOOM,

BOO BOT

BOOM, (ejlacade, barre, Fr. from loom, a tree, Dutch) in marine fur-
tification, a Itrong chain or cable, on which are faftened a number of
poles, bars, &c. extending athwart the mouth of a harbour or river, to
prevent the enemies fliips of war from entering. It may be occalionally
funk, or drawn up to the furface of the water, by capftcrns, and other
mechanical powers.

BooM-iRON, is compofed of two iron rings, formed into one piece, fo as
nearly to refemble the figure of 8. It is employed to connect two cylindrical
pieces of wood together, when the one is ufed as a continuation of the other;
îlich is the jib-boom to the bowfprit ; and fuch are xht: Jludding-fail hoomi
to the rel'pedlive yards from whole extremities tiicy are prolonged. The
rims, or circles of the boom-irons, are broad and flat; and one of them,
which is firmly driven upon the main, or fore-yard-ar.m, is fomewhat larger
than the other, as exhibited in fig. 5. plate II. The ftudding-fail-boom
ufually refts in the fmall ring, through which it is occafionally thrull out-
wards from the yard-arm, when the ftudding-fail is to be let. Every boom
of this kind has, or ought to have, two boom-irons, one ot which is fixed
on the extremity of the yard, and tjie other further inward. The former of
thefe is frequently framed of one ring only, which projects from the end of
the yard, where it is fattened by a itrong iron bar, opening into a fort of
fork or crotch that Aides upon the yard lengthways, where it is faflened by
nails driven from above and below.

Booms, (boute dehors, Fr.) certain long poles run out from different places
in the fiiip to extend the bottoms of particular fails. Of tliefe there are
feveral fortS; as the jib-boom, Itudding-fail-booms, ring-tail-boom, driver-
boom, main-boom, and fquare-fail-boom ; the two laft, however, are only
appropriated to fmall fliips of one or two malls. See Jib, &c.

BOOT-TOFPING, the ad of cleaning the upper-part of a lliip's bot-
tom, or that part which lies immediately under the furface of the water,
and daubing it over with tallow, or with a coat or mixture of tallow, ful-
phur, refin, ike.

Boot-topping is chiefly performed where there is no dock, or other
commodious fituation for breaming or careening; or when the hurry of a
voyage renders it inconvenient to have the whole bottom properly trimmed
and cleanfed from the filth which gathers to it in the courle of a fea-voyage.
It is executed by making the Ihip lean to one fide, as much as they can
with fafety, and then fcraping off the grafs, flime, fliells, or other materials
that adhere to the bottom, on the other fide, which is elevated above the
furface of the water for this purpofe, and accordingly daubed with the coat
of tallow and fulphur. Having thus finiflied one fide, they make the fliip
lean to the other fide, and perform the fame operation, whicii not only
prefervcs the bottom from the worm, but makes the fliip Aide fmoothly
through the water. See Careen and Dock.

BORE. See the article Cannon.

BOTH SHEETS AFT, (entre deux éccutes, ¥r.) the fituation of a
fliip that tails right afore the wind, or with the wind right aftern.

G 2 BOTTOM,

B O 1^ BOT

BOTTOM, (carene, Fr. l^olm. Sax. hcdan, Belg.) as a lea-tenn, is either
iifed to denote the bottom of a fhip, or that of the water: thus in the former
fenfe we fay, a clean or a foul bottom ; a Biiiifh, French, or Dutch bot-
tom : and in the latter fenfe, a rocky, fandy, or oozy bottom.

The bottom of a Hiip, as we have defcribed it in the article Nû.val A rchi-
TECTURE, comprehends all that part which is under water when the fhip is
laden -, the figure of it muft therefore be determined by the qualities re-
quired in the fliip, and the purpofes for which flie is dcfigned.

It has been remarked, that a fliip of w;ir fhould carry her lowed tier of
cannon fufiiciently above the furface of the water to be ufed when neceffary.
If this quality is neglefted, a fniall fhip will have the advantage of a large
one, inaimuch as the latter cannot open her lower battery in a frelh fide- -
wind, without being cxpoled to extreme danger, by receiving a great
quantity of water in at her ports bctween-decks.

A fliip ihould be duly poifed, fo as not to dive or pitch heavily, but go
fmoothly and eafily through the water, rifing to the waves when they run
high, or when the velTel has reduced her fail to the ftorm. If fhe is defi-
cient in this article, the feas will frequently burlt aboard, and ftrain the
decks or carry away the boats. The mails are alio greatly endangered from
the fame caufe.

A fhip fliould fail well when large, or before the wind -, but particularly
when clofe-hauled, or fiiling with a fide-v/ind. Slie Ihould alfo be enabled
in the latter fuuation to keep her wind, without deviating much to leeward -,
to work and tack eafily, and lie in a turbulent fea without flraining
violently.

iVIany of our fhipwrights have confidered it extremely difficult, if not
impracticable, to make a fliip carry her cannon well, bear a competent fail,
and advance fwiftly through the water; becaufe a very full bottom is ne-
ceffary to acquire the two firll qualities ; whereas a fharp floor is better fitted
to procure the latter. But when it is remembered, that a full fhip will
carry a much greater force of fail than n fliarp one, a good artift may form
the body fo as to unite all theie three qualities with the additional one of
Itcering eafily, by paying a proper attention to the following general rules.

To make a fhip carry a good fail. A flat floor-timber fomewhat long,
or the lower-futtocks pretty round, a ftraight upper-futtock, the top-
timber to throw out the breadth aloft -, at any rate to carry the main-
breadth as high as the lower-deck. Now if the rigging be well adapted to
fuch a body, and the upper-works lightened as much as polfible, fo that
the whole contributes to lower the center of gravity, there will be no reafoii
to doubt of the fliip's carrying a good fail.

To make a fliip lleer well, and anlwcr the helm readily. If the fafliiorv
pieces be well formed, the tuck, or fpreading-parts under the ftern,
tarried pretty high ; the mipfliip-frame well forward ; a confiderablc
additional depth in the draught of water abaft more than forward ; a
great rake forward and none abaft -, a fnug quarter-deck and forecaftle :
aH thcfe will greatly facilitate the fteerage-, and a fliip that fails well will
ahvays fteer eafily,

6 To

BOT BOW

To make a fhip carry her guns well out of the water. A long floor-
timber, and not of great rifing -, a very full midfhip-frame, and low tuck,
with light upper-works.

To make a fliip go fmoothly through the water, and prevent her from
pitching heavily. A long keel ; a long floor -, not to rife too high afore
and abaft -, but the area, or fpace contained in the fore-body, according to
the refpcflive v.eight it is deliincd to carry : all thcfc are neceflary to make
a fliip pafs e;irily through the fea.

To make a fliip keep a good wind and drive little to leeward. A good
length by the keel ; not too broad, but pretty deep in the hold, which
will occafîon her to have a mort floor-timber and a very great rifing. As
iuch a (hip will meet with great refiftance in driving fideways, and feel very
little in advancing or going ahead, fo will fall very little to leeward.

Being thus furnifhed with the methods to qualify a fhip for the dif-
ferent purpofes of navigation, the only difficulty remains to applv them
properly in the confliruftion, which muft, in a great meafure, be left to
the judgment of the artift. The whole art then is evidently to form the
body in fuch a manner, as that none of thcfe qualities fhall be entirely
deflroyed -, and in giving the preference to that v/hich is principally re-
quired in the fervice for which the fliip is deitined. As it therefore appears
poflîble to unite them all in one veficl, fo that each of them may be eafily
difcerned, a neglcft of this circumftance ought to be attributed to the
incapacity of the fliipwright, who has not (ludied the principles of his art
with proper application. See Naval Architecture, Building, and
Ship.

BOTTOMRY, (bcmcrie, Fr. from bottom) a contract for borrowing
money on the keel or bottom of a fliip -, fo that the commander binds the
(hip herfelf, that if the money be not paid at the time appointed, the cre-
ditors fliall have the fliip.

Bottomry is alfo where a perfon lends money to a merchant or ad-
venturer who wants it in traffic, and the lender is to be paid a much
greater fum at the return of the fliip, fl:anding to the hazard of the
voyage. Although the interell on this account be greater than the law
commonly allows, it is yet not efteemed ufury ; becaufe the money being
fupplied at the lender's rifl<, if the fliip periflic?, he fliares in the lofs
thereof.

BOW, (épaule, Tr.) in fliip-building, the rounding part of a fliip's fide
forward, beginning at the place where the planks arch inv;ards, and ter-
minating where they clofe at the flcm or prow. Sec the article Head,
where the bow of a fliip is reprefented at large. It is provetl by a variety
cf experiments, that a fiiip with a narrov/ bow is much better calculated
for fiiiling fwifily, than one with a broad bow -, but is not fo well fitted
for a high fea, into which flie always pitches, or plunges, her fore-part
very deep, for want of fiifllcient breadth to repel the volume of water,
which flie lo eafily divides in her fall. The former of tlicie is called by
feamen à lean, and the latter a Lluff bow.

" The

BOW BOX

" The bow which meets with the Icafl: rcfiftance, in a direét courfc,
not only meets with the Icall rcfillance in oblique couries, but alio has the
additional property of driving the leall; to leeward ; which is a double ad-
vantage pained by forming the bow fo as to give it that figure which will
be the kail oppofed in moving tlirough any medium." Bougucr's Trmté du
Navire.

On the Bow, in navigation, an arch of the horizon, comprehended
between fome diftant objeft and that point of the compafs which is right
ahead, or to which the fliip's llem is dircifted. This phrafe is equally
applicable, when the ()bje(!:t is beheld from the fiiip, or difcovercd by
trigonometrical calculation : as, we faw a fleet at day-break bearing three
points on the Jlarboard bow ; that is, three points from that part of the ho-
rizon which is right ahead, towards the right hand. See alio the article
Bearing.

BOWER. See the article Anchor.

BOWLINE, (boulhie, Er.) a rope fallened near the middle of the leech,
or perpendicular edge of the fquare fails, by three or four fubordinatc
parts, called bridles. It is only ufcd when the wind is fo unfavourable that
the fails mull i)e all braced fidevvays, or dofe-bauled to tlie wind : in this
fituation the bowlines are employed to keep the weather, or windward,
edges of the principal Hiils tigiit forward and ileady, without which they
would be always lliivering, and rendered incapable ot fervice. See the
articles Bridle, Close-hauling, and Sail.

To check the Bowline, is to flacken it, when the wind becomes large.

To BOWSE, (palûnquer, Er.) to draw on any body with a tackle, or
complication of pullies, in order to remove it, or otherwife alter it's ftate
or fituation : this is chiefly praftifed when fuch alteration or removal can-
not be conveniently efteded without the application of mechanical powers.
This term is pronounced boivce.

BOWSPRIT, (beaiiprc, Fr. from boiu znà. fprit) a large boom or maft,
which projeds over the ftem, to carry fail forward, in order to govern tlie
fore-part of a fliip, and counteradl the force of the fails extended behind,
or, in the after part. It is otherwife of great ufe, as being the principal
iupport of the iore-mafl, by confining the Jlays whereby it is fecured and
«nabled to carry fail : thefe are great ropes llretching from the maft-head
to the middle of the bowfprit, where they are drawn tight. See the articles
Stay and Dead-eye.

BOXES of the pump. See the article Pump.

BOX-HAULING, in navigation, a particular method of veering a
Ihip, when the fwell of the fea renders tacking impraticable. It is per-
formed by putting the helm a-lee^ to throw the head up to windward,
where meeting with great refiftance from the repeated fliocks of the
waves on the weather bow, it falls off., or turns to leeward, with a quicker
effort, and without advancing. The aftermoft: fails are at this time di-
miniflied, or perhaps altogether deprived of their force of adion, for a
Ihort time, becaufe they would otherwife counterad the fails forward, and
prevent the Ihip from turning. They are, however, extended as foon as
6 ' the

B> O X B R E

the (hip, in veering, brings the wind on the oppofite quarter, as their effort
then contributes to affiil her motion of wheeling.

Box-HAULiNG is generally performed when the fhip is too near the Ihore
to have room fur veering in the ufual way. See Veering.

BOXING, an operation in failing fomewhat fimilar to box-hauling.
It is performed by laying the head-fails, or the fails in the fore-part of the
fhip, aback, to receive the greateft force of the wind in a line perpendicular
to their furfaces, in order to throw the fhip's head back into the line of her
courie, after fhe had inclined to windward of it by neglccl of the helmf-
man, or otherwife.

BRACE, (bras^ Fr.) a rope employed to wheel, or traverfe the fails upon
the mail, in a direftion parallel to the horizon, v/hen it is necefiary to fhift
the fails, that they may correipond with the direcîtion of the wind and tlîe
courfe of the fhip. Braces are, for this purpofc, fattened to the extemities
of the yards, which are called the yard-arms.

All the braces of tlie yards are double, except thole of the top-gallant
and fpritfail-topfail yards. The mizen-yard is furniflicd with fangs, or
vangs, in tiie room of braces. See the article Mizhn.

BRACKETS, (confcles, Fr.) fhort crooked timbers refembling knees.
They are fixed under the galleries and frame of a fhip's head, to fupport
the gratings.

BRAILS, (cargnes, hreuils, Fr.) certain ropes pafTing through pullies
on the mizen-maft, and afterwards fattened, in different places, on the
hinder, or aftmoft ridge of the fail, in order to trufs it up to the matt, as
occafion requires. See Mizen.

Brails, is likewifc a general name given to all the ropes which are
employed to haul up, or colleft to their yards, the bottoms, lower corners,
and ikirts of the other great fails, for the more ready furling them when-
ever it fliall be necelTary. l"he operation of thus drawing them together,
is called brailing them up, or hauling them up in the brails. See the
article Sail.

BRAKE, (brimbale, Fr.) the handle, or lever, by which a common
fVi'p-pump is ufually managed. It operates by means of two iron bolts
thrult through the inner end of it -, one ot which retting acrofs two cheeks
or cars, in the upper end cf the pump, fcrvcs as a fulcrum for the brake,
fupporting it between the cheeks. The other bolt connefts the extremity
of the brake to the pump-fpear, which draws up the hex, or pitton, charged
with the water in the tube. Ste the article Pump.

BREADTH, (largeur, Fr.) the meafure of a fhip from fide to fide in
any particular pL-^ce : it is ufually dittinguilhed into extreme-breadth, ligne
du fort, main-breadth, and top-timber-bK;;dth. See the explanation of
the plane of projedion, in the article Nai\:l Architecture,

As the fides of the fhip are formed by a variety of ribs, called timbers,
and the areas of thole timbers being of dift'erent breadths above and below,
it is necefTary to diftinguilh them in the conftruftion, in order to form
their fevcral curves, and fix the coriefponding pieces with more accu-
racy and prccifion. The part of every timber which cndoles the grcatett

fpace

B R E B R E

fpace from the middle-line of the Ihip's length, is therefore called the
w;ûr«-breadth ; and the diftance between the upper-part of the fame timber
and the middle-line of the fhip's length, is called tiie top-timber-
breadth.

As the iliip is alfo broader at the midfhip-frame than in any other point
of her length, the diftance between her fides in the main-breadth of that
timber, is called the extreme-breadth ot the fhip.

Breadth-sv/eep, the radius of the arch which forms part of the
curve of a fhip's timber ; as explained in the horizontal plane. See Naval
Architecture.

BREAKERS, (Irifins, Fr.) a name given by failors to thofe billows
that break violently over rocks lying under the lurfacc of the fea. They
are diftinguifhed both by their appearance and found, as they cover that
part of the fea with a perpetual fuam, and produce a hoarfe and terrible
roaring, very diflx-rent from what the waves ufually have in a deeper
bottom.

When a fliip is unhappily driven amongfl: breakers, it is hardly pof-
fible to fave her, as every billow that heaves her upwards ferves to dalh
her down with additional force, when it breaks over the rocks or fands
beneath it.

BREAKING-BULK, the ad of beginning to unlade a fliip ; or of dif-
charging the firft part of the cargo.

To BREAK-UP, (déchirai-, Fr.) to rip off the planks of a fhip, and
take her to pieces, when flie becomes old and unferviccable.

BREAK-WATER, the hulk, or hull, of fome old lliip or vcfTd, funk
at the entrance of a fmall harbour, to break off, and diminifh the force of
the waves, as they advance towards the veficls moored within.

Break-water is alfo a fort of imall buoy, fattened to a large one in
the water, when the buoy-rope of the latter is not long enough to reach
from the anchor, lying at the bottom, to the furface of the water. The
ufe of this break-water is therefore to fliew where tlie buoy fwims. See
Buoy.

To BREAM, chauffer, Fr. from hocrn) to burn off the filth, fuch as
grafs, ooze, fliells, or fca-weed, from a lliip's bottom, that has gathered to
it in a voyage, or by lying long in a harbour. This operation is per-
formed by holding kindled furze, faggots, or fuch materials, to the bottom,
fo that the flame incorporating with the pitch, fulphur, &c. that had for-
merly covered it, immediately loolens and throws off wiiatever fHtli may
have adhered to the planks. After this, the bottom is covered anew with
acompofition of fulphur, tallow, &c. which not only makes it fmooth and
flippery, lb as to divide the fluid more readily, but alio poifons and de-
flroys thofe worms which eat through the planks in the courfe of a
voyage. Breaming may be performed either when the fhip lies aground
after the tide has ebbed from her, or hy docking, or hy careoiing, which
fee ; as alfo Coat and Stuff.

BREAST-FAST, a fort of hawfer, or large rope, employed to confine
a fhip fidewife to a wharf or quay, or to fome ot.hcr fliip; as the head-tafl
confines her forward, and the ftern-fafl, abaft.

BREAST-

B R E B R E

BREAST- HOOKS, (guhlc.ndeSy Fr. from hreojl and hock) are tiiick
pieces of timber, incurvated into the form of knees, and ufed to ftrengtiien
the fore-part of the (hip, where they are placed at different heightlis di-
re£lly acrofs the ftem, fo as to unite it with the bows on each fide.

The bread hooks are rtrongly connected to the llcm and hawfe-pieces
by tree-nails, and by bolts, driven from without, through the planks and
hawfe-pieces, and the whole thickncfs of the brcali-hooks, upon whole in-
fide thofe bolts are forelocked, or clinched, upon rings. They are ulually
about one-third thicker, and twice as long, as the knees of the decks
which they fupport.

There are generally four or five of thefe pieces in the hold between
the kelibn and the lower-deck, in the form of R, (plate I. Pieces of the
Hull), upon the uppermoft of which the planks of that deck are ra-
bitted. There are two placed between the lower and the fécond decks,
in the form of S, (plate 1.), one of which is immediately beneath the
liavvfe-holes, and the other under the fécond deck, whofe planks are
inlaid thereon, and upon which the inner-end of the bowfprit frequently
relts.

The fore-fide of the breaft-hook, whicli is convex, is formed fo as to
correfpond with the place in which it is ftationed, that is to fay, it con-
forms exadly to the interior figure of tliat part of the bow where it
ouglit to be fayed : accordingly the branches, or arms, of the breaft^
hooks, make a greater angle as tliey are more elevated above the keel,
whilfl the lower ones are more incurvated, and are almoft figured like the
crotches.

As it is not necefl'ary that the inner, or concave, fide of thefe pieces,
fliould retain a regular form, the artificers frequently let them remain as
thick as poiTible, to give additional fupport to the Ihip's-fore part, where
flie fufiains the whole Ihock of refillancc in dividing the fluid, or in plunge-
ing down into it.

It is evident that the connexion and folidity of the (hip in this place will
be reinforced in proportion to the ftrength and extent of the breait-hooks,
fo that they may cover a greater number of the head-timbers.

BRli AST-WORK, (frotiteau, Fr.) a fort of baludrade or fence, com-
poied of rails or mouldings, and frequently decorated with fculpturc. It
is ufed to terminate the quarter-deck and poop at the fore-ends, and to in-
clofe the forecaftle both before and behind.

BREECHING, (brague^ Fr. from breech) a rope ufed to fecurc the
cannon of a fliip of war, and prevent them from recoiling too much in the
time of battle.

It is fixed by fafiening the middle of it to the hindmofl: knob or cafcabcl
of the gun, which tailors call the pomiglion, or pummelion ; the two ends
of it are afterwards inferted through two llrong rings on the fides of the
carriage, and fallened to other bolts in the fhip's lidcs.

The breeching is of fufficient length to let the muzzle of the cannon
come within the Ihip's fide to be charged.

II Ihc

B R E BRI

The ufc ot' the breeching, as it checks the recoil of the cannon, is
fliewn in plate III. Deck., where it is exprefled by e c, pafTing through
tlie ring-bolts, f, on the fide of the carriage, g, being failencd to the caf-
cabel, h. It is alio exhibited in the Mirshiî'-frame, where it is em-
ployed to lafli the cannon when it is houfed during the courfe ot" a voyage.
See the article Cannon.

BREEZE, (-^?7/^, Er.) a frelli gale.

BREWING, the appearance of a colleftion of black and tempefluous
clouds arifing gradually from a particular part of the hcmifphcre, as the
fore-runner of a ftorm.

BRIDLES, the upper-part of the moorings laid in the king's harbours
to ride fhips or veflels of war. See the article Moorings.

ViKWiLzs of the boivline, (pattes, Fr.) the legs by which the bowline is
faftencd to different places on the edge or fkirt of a large fail.

We have already explained the ufe of the bowline \ that it is employed
to confine or keep lleady the windward or weather edges of the principal
fails when they are braced for a fide-wind. For as the current of air
enters the cavity of the fail in a direftion nearly parallel to it's furface, it
follows that the ridge of the fail muft neceflarily be fliaken by the wind,
unlefs it is kept tight forward -, but as a fingle rope has not been found
fufficient to confine the whole flcirt of the fail, inafmuch as it only draws
upon one part thereof, it became nccefi"ary to apply bridles or legs fpread-
ing out from the bowline. They are reprefented in the figures annexed to
the article Sail.

BRIG, or Brigantine, a merchant-fiiip with two mafts. This term
is not univerfally confined to veflels of a particular conftruftion, or which
are mailed and rigged in a method difi^erent from all others. It is va-
riouQy applied, by the mariners of difi^erent European nations, to a peculiar
fort of veflel of their own marine.

Amongft Englifh feamen, this vefl"el is diflinguiflied by having her main-
fail fet nearly in the plane of her keel ; whereas the main-fails of larger
fliips are hung athwart, or at right angles with the fliip's length, and faft-
ened to a yard which hangs parallel to the deck : but in a brig, the fore-
moft edge of the main-fail is faftened in different places to hoops which
encircle the main-maft, and Aide up and down it as the fail is hoifted or
lowered : it is extended by a ^^t^' above, and by a boom below.

To BRING by the lee. See To Broach-to.

To BRING-TO, (cafofer, Fr.) in navigation, to check the courfe of a
fliip when (he is advancing, by arranging the fails in fuch a manner as
that they fhall counter-aft each other, and prevent her either from re-
treating or moving forward. In this fituation the fhip is faid to lie-by, or
lie-to, having, according to the fea-phrafe, fome of lier fails aback, to op-
pofe the force of thofe which are full; or having them otherwife fhortened
by being furled, or hauled up in the brails.

Bringing-to, is generally ufed to detain a fhip in any particular ftation,

in order to wait the approach of fome other that may be advancing towards

6 her ;

BRI B R O

her : or to retard her courfe occafionally near a:iy port in the courfc of a
voyage.

To Brinc-up, a provincial phrafe peculiar to the fcamen in the coal-
trade, fignifying to anchor, &c.

To BROACH-TO, in navigation, to incline fuddcnly to windward of
the fhip's courfe when flie fails with a large wind; or, when Ihe fails direcflly
before the wind, to deviate from the line of her courfe, either to the right
or left, with fuch rapidity as to bring the fliip's fide unexpectedly to wind-
ward, and expofe her to the danger of overfetting.

It is eafy to conceive that a fhip will carry much more fail before the
wind than when fhe makes a progrcfs with her fide to it's direftion \
bccaufe when the current of wind acts nearly endways on her hull, the
prefliire of it on the malls mud be confiderably diminifhed as flie yields to
it's impulfe and flies before it; and that if fhe carries a great fail at this
time, it can only prefs her fore-part lower down in the water. But it,
when Ihe carries a great extenfion of fail, her fide is fuddenly brouglit to
the wind, it may be attended with the mod fatal confequences, as the
whole force of it then pours like a torrent into the cavities of the fails.
The mafts therefore unavoidably yield to this ftrong impreflion, ading
like levers on the fhip fideways, lb as nearly to overturn her, unlefs flie is
relieved by fome other event, which may be alfo extremely pernicious, fuch
as the fails rending to pieces, or the mafts being carried away.

It is generally occasioned by the difficulty of fteering the fliip; by the
negligence or incapacity of the helmfman ; or by fome difafler iiappcning
to the helm or it's machinery, which renders it incapable of governing the
fliip's courfe.

The difference between broaching-to and bringing by the ke^ may be
thus defined. Suppofe a fhip with a great fail fet is fleering fbuth, having
the wind N. N. W. then is weft the •x'eaiber, anJ eaft the lee-ftde.

If by fome deficiency in the fteerage her head turns round to the weft-
ward, fo as that her fails are all taken aback on the weather-fide before ftie
can be made to return to the courfe from which fhe has deviated, fhe is
faitl to hroach-to.

If otherwile her head, from the lame caufe, has declined fo far eaftward
as to lay her fails aback on that fide which was the lee-fide, it is called
bringing her by the lee.

BROADSIDE, (bordée, Fr.) in a naval engagement, the whole difchargc
of the artillery on one fide of a fhip of war above and below ; as.

We poured a broadfide into the enemy's fliip, i. e. difcharged all the
fliip's cannon on one fide upon her.

i)he brought her broadfide to bear on the caftle ; that is, difpofed the
fhip fo as to point all her cannon to it within point-blank range.

A fquall of wind laid the fhip on her broadfide ; that is, prcfïèd her
down in the water, fo as nearly to overlet her.

BROKEN-BACKl'.D, {arqué, Fr.) the ftatc or quality of afliip, which
is fo loofcned in her frame, cither by age, wcakncfs, or fome great flrain,
as to droop at each end.

H 2 This

BUG BUI

This circumftance is more common amongft French than the Englilli
or Dutch fhips, owing partly to their great length, and to the fliarpneis
of the floor, whole breadth is not iufficiently carried from the middle
towards each end -, and partly from being frequently obliged to have
a great weight in both ends, when they are empty in the middle, at
the time of difcharging one cargo and taking in another. See Cam-
bering.

BUCCANEER, a name given to certain piratical rovers of various
European nations, who formerly infefted the Spanifh coafts in America,
and, under pretence of traffic with the inhabitants, frequently feized
their treafure, plundered their hoiifes, and committed many other depre-
dations.

S hip -B\]IL,D]N G may be defined the manner of conftruéling fhips,
or the work itfelf, as dillinguifhed from naval architecture, which we
have rather confidered as the theory or art of delineating fhips on a
plane, and to which this article may properly be underftood as a fup-
plement.

The pieces, by which this complicated machine is framed, arc joined to-
gether in various places, by fcarfing, rabicting, tenenting, and fcoring.
See thofe articles.

During the conflruftion of a fhip, fhe is fupported in the dock, or
upon a wharf, by a number of folid blocks of timber placed at equal dif-
tances from, and parallel to, each other, as may be feen in the article
Lanching -, file is then laid to be on the (locks.

The firlt piece of timber laid upon the blocks is generally the keel. I
hy generally, bccaufe, of late, a different method has been adopted in fome
of the royal dock-yards, by beginning with the floor-timbers ; the artifts
having found that the keel is often apt to rot during the long period
of building a large fhip of war. The pieces of the keel, as exhibited in
plate I. are fcarfed together, and bolted, forming one entire piece, A A.
which conftitutes the length of the vefTcl below. At one extremity of
the keel is ereiStcd the Jiem. It is a flrong piece of timber incurvated
nearly into a circular arch, or, according to the technical term, com-
fûj/îtig, fo as to projeâ: outwards at the upper end, forming what is called
the rûke forward. In fmall velTels this is framed of one piece, but in
large fhips it is compofed of feveral pieces fcarfed and bolted together,
as cxprelfed in the explanation of plate I. Pieces of the EIull, and in
thole terms ieparately. At the other extremity of the keel, is elevated
the Itern-poft, which is always of one entire lirait piece. The heel of it
is let into a mortife in the keel, and it's upper-end hangs outwards,
making an obtufe angle with the keel, like that of the Hem : this pro-
jedlion is called the nike abaft. The flcrn-pofl, which ought to fupport
the flern, contains the iron-work or hinges of the rudder, which are called
googings, and unites the lower-part of the Ihip's fides abaft. See the con-
nexion of thofe pieces in the Elevation, plate I.

Towards the upper-end of the ftern-poft, and at right angles with it's
length, is fixed the middle of the wing-tranfom, where it is firmly bolted.

Under

BUI BUI

Under this is placed another piece parallel thereto, and called the deck-
tranlbm, upon which the after-end of the lower-deck is fiipported. Paral-
lel to the deck-tranfom, and at a proper diftance under it, another piece iî
fixed to the flern-poft, called the firft tranfom, all of which ferve to con-
ned; the llcrn-pott to tlie fajljion-pieces. Two more tranfoms, called the
fécond and tliird, are alfo placed under thefe, being likewife attached to the
faflîion-pieces, into which the extremities of all the tranfoms are let, as
exhibited in plate X. fig. i. The fafliion-pieces are formed like the other
timbers of the fliip, and have their heels rcfting on the upper-part of the
kclfon, at the after extremity of the floor-ribbands.

All thefe pieces, viz. the tranfom?;, the fafliion-pieces, and their top-
timbers, being ilrongly united into one frame, are elevated upon the ftern-
poft, and the whole forms the ftrufture of the ftern, upon which the galle-
ries and windows, with their ornaments, are afterwards built.

The fl:em and ftern-pod being thus elevated upon the keel, to which.
they are fecurely connected by knees and arched pieces of timber bolted
to both ; and the keel being raifed at it's two extremities by pieces of
dead-wood, the midfhip floor-timber is placed acrols the keel, whereto ic
is bolted through the middle. The floor-timbers before and abaft the
midlbip-iramc are then flationed in their proper places upon the keel ;
after which the /td'^«, whicli, like the keel, is compofed ot lèverai pieces
fcarfed together, is fixed acrofs the middle of the floor-timbers, to
which it is attached by bolts driven through the keel, and clinched on
the upper-part of the kelfon. The futtocks are then raifed upon the
floor-timbers, and the hazt-fe-pcces erefted upon the cant-timbers in the
fore-part of tiie fhip. The top-timbers on each fide are next attached to
the head of the futtocks, as already explained in the article Naval Arcui-
TtcTuRE. The frames of the principal timbers being thus completed, are
fupported by ribbands, as exhibited in the plate referred to from the article
Ribbands.

The ribs of the fliip being now ftationed, they proceed to fix on the
planks, of which the wales are the principal, being much thicker and
itronger than the refl: ; as is reprefented in the Midship-fr.'vme. The
hatpins, which may be confidered as a continuation of the wales at their
fore-ends, are fixed acrofs the hawfe-picces, and furround the fore-part
of the Ihip. The planks that inclofe the ("hip's fides are then brought
about the timbers, and the clamps, which are of equal tiiickncfs wirli tlie
wales, fixed oppofite to the wales within the fliip ; thefe are uled to fup-
port the ends of the beams, and accordingly ftretch from one end of the
fliip to the other. The thick fluff, or fl;rong planks of the bottom within-
board, are then placed oppolite to the fevcral fcarfs of the timbers, to re-
inforce them throughout the Ihip's length. The planks employed to line
the fliip, called the ceiling, or fcc!-ix;aliiig, is next fixed in the intervals
between the thick-flutf of the liold. The beams are afterwards laid acrofs
the Jhip to fupport the decks, and are connetted to the fide by lodging and
hanging knees -, the former of which are exhibited in tlicir proper ftation-;
in plate 111. !•'. and tlic hanging ones, together witli the btcadtli, thickncfs,

6 and

BUI BUI

And pofition of tlie keel, floor-timbers, fottocks, top-timbers, wales, clamps,
thick-ftuff, planks within and without, beams, decks, &c. arc feen in the
Midship-frame.

The cable-bits being next erc61:ed, the carlings and ledges, which are
reprefentcd in plate III. and described in their proper places, are difpofcd
between the beams to ftrengthen tlie deck. The tvater-ways are then laid
on the ends of the beams throughout the fliip's length, and the fpirkctting
fixed dole above them. The upper-deck is then planked, and the Jlring
placed under iht gmviel or planj}:eer in the waill. The diipofition of thole
latter pieces on the timbers, viz. the water-ways, fpirkctting, upper-deck,
firing, and gunnel, arc alfo reprefentcd in the Midshit-frame.

They proceed next to plank the quarter-deck and forecaftle, and to fix
the partners of the mafls and capfterns with the coamings of the hatches. The
breajt-hooks are then bolted acrofs the llem and bow within-board, the Jlep
of the fore-mail placed on the kelfon -, and the riders, exhibited in the
MiDSHiP-FRAME, fayed on the infide of the timbers to reinft ice the fides
in different places of the Chip's length. The pointers, if any, art afterwards
fixed acrofs the hold diagonally to fupport the beams ; and the crotches
llationed in the after-hold to unite the half-timbers. The Jlcps of the main-
maft and capfterns are next placed ; the planks of the lower-decks and orlop
laid -, the navel-hoods fayed on the hawle-lioles ; and tlic knci' of the bead^
or cutwater connecSled to the ftem. The figure of the head is then erefted,
and the trail-board and cheeks fixed on the fides of the knee.

The taffar el and quarte-r-pieces, which terminate the fliip abaft, the former
above and the latter on each fide, are then difpofed ; and the ftern and
quarter galleries framed and fupported by their brackets. The pumps,
with their well, are next fixed in the hold -, the limber-boards laid on each
lide of the kelfon, and the garboard-Jtrake fixed on the fliip's bottom next
to the keel without.

The hull being thus fabricated, they proceed to feparate the apartments
by bulk-heads, or partitions ; to frame tlie port-lids -, to fix the cat-heads and
(hefi-trees ; to form the hatchways and fciittles, and fit them with proper
covers or gratings. They next fix the ladders whereby to mount or defcend
the different hatchways, and build the manger on the lov/er deck, to carry
off the water that runs in at the hawfe-holes when the fliip rides at anchor
in a fea. The bread-room and magazines are then lined, and the gminel,
rails, znd gangzi; ays, fixed on the upper-part of the fliip. The cleats, kevels,
and ranges, by which the ropes are faftened, are afterwards bolted or nailed
to the fides in different places.

The rudder, being fitted with it's irons, is next hung to the ftern-poft ;
and the tiller, or bar, by which it is managed, let into a mortife at it's upper-
end. The fiuppers, or leaden tubes, that carry the water off" from the
decks, are then placed in holes cut through the Ihip's fides j and the
Jlandards, reprefentcd in the Midsiiip-frame, bolted to the beams and
fides above the decks to which they belong. The poop-lanthorns are laft
fixed upon their cranes over the ftern, and the bilge-ways, or cradles,

placed

BUI BUN

placed under the bottom, to condiift the lliip Ileadily into the water whilft
lanching.

As the various pieces, which have been mentioned above, are explained
at large in their proper places, with references to their figures according
to the plan of this wori<, it would have been luperfluous to have entered
into a more particular defcription of them here. It may, however, be ne-
ceflary to obferve, that as the theory ought always to precede the prac-
tice, this aiticle would probably be much better underltood by previoufly
reading that ot Na'val Architecture, which may be confidercd as a
proper introduftion to it.

BUILT, (fabrique, Fr.) the particular form or ftruclure of a fhip, by
which file is diftinguifhed from others of a different clafs or nation. Thus
a fliip is faid to be frigate-built, galley-built, a hag-boat, a pink, a cat, ècc.
or to be Englifh-built, French-built, American-built, &c.

/k-Bui.k. See Ladf.n.

BULK-HEADS, certain partitions, or walls, built up in feveral places
of a fliip between two decks, either lengthwife or acrofs, to form and feparate
the various apartments. Some of thole which are built acrofs the Ihip are
remarkably ftrong. See the article CLOSE-(iUARTERs.

BULL'S-EYE, (cojfe, Fr.) a fort of fmall pulley in the form of a ring,
having a rope fpliced round the outer edge of it, (which is hollowed to
admit of the rope) and a large hole in the middle for another rope to Hide
in. It is feldom ufed but for the main and fore bowline- bridles of fome
fhips, particularly by the colliers of Northumberland, &c. It is fpliced
in the outer-end of the bowline, and fliding along the bridle, to reft in the
moft appofite place, draws it tight above and below. This implement is
more frequently ufed by Dutch than Englifh feamen.

BUIM-BOAT, a fmall boat ufed to fell vegetables, &c. to fhips lying at
a diftance from the fhore.

BUMKIN, or Boomkin, (boute-lof^ Fr.) a fliort boom or bar of timber,
projed^ing from each Icvj of a ihip, to extend the lower-edge of the forefail
to windward ; for which purpofe there is a large block fixed on it's outer
end, through which the rope is palTed that is faftened to the lower-corner
of the fail to windward, called the tack; and this being drawn tight clown
brings the corner of the fail clofc to the block, which being performed,
the tack is faid to be aboard.

The bumkin is fecured by a ftrong rope which confines it downward
to the (hip's bow, to counter-aft the ftrain it bears from the fore-fail
above, dragging it upwards.

BUNT, the middle-part, or cavity of the principal Cquare fails, as the
main-fail, fore-fail, top-fails, and top-gallant-fails. If one of thoie fails
is fuppoled to be divided into four equal parts, from one fide to tlie
other, then may tlie two middle divifions, which comprehend half of the
fail, be properly called the limits of the bunt.

BUNTINE, (etamine, Fr.) a thin woollen ftuff, of which the colours
and fignals of a flii]) arc ufually formed.

BUNTLINES,

BUN BUR

BUNTLINES, (cargues fond, Fr.) are ropes faftened to thp bottoms of
the fquare fails, to draw them up to the yards : they are inferted through
certain blocks above, or on the upper-part of the yard, whence pafling
dovv awards on the fore-part of die fail, they are faitencd below to the lower-
edge in feveral places of the bolt rope.

BUOY, (louée, Fr.) a fort of clofecafls, or block of wood, fattened by
a rope to the anchor, to determine the place where the anchor is fituated,
that the fhip may not come too near .it, to entangle her cable about the
llock, or the flukes of it.

Buovs arc of various kinds -, as,
• Ca«-Buovs ; thele are in the form of a cone, (fee plate II. fig. 6.) and
of this conllruftion are all the buoys which are floated over dangerous
banks and fliallows, as a warning to pafTing Ihips, that they may avoid
them. They are extremely large, that they may be feen at a diftance, and
are faftened by ftrong chains to the anchors which are funk for this pur-
pofe at fuch places.

A'i^i-Buovs, are fliapedlike the middle fruftum of two cones, abutting
upon one common bale, (plate II. fig. 7.) being caflcs, which are large in
the middle, and tapering, nearly to a point, at each end.

fVocden-BvoYs, are iblid pieces of timber, fometimts in the (liape of a
cylinder, and fometimes of a nun-buoy ; they are furniflied with one or
two holes, in which to fix a Ihort piece of rope, whofe two ends being
Ipliced together make a fort of circle or ring called the ftrop.

Cable-Bvo\s, common calks employed to buoy up the cables in different
places from any rocky ground. In the harbour of Alexandria, in Egypt,
every Ihip is moored with at lead three cables, and has three or four of
thefe buoys on each cable for this purpofe.

BUOY-ROPE, the rope which fattens the buoy to the anchor : it
fliould be little more than equal in length to the depth of the water where
the anchor lies, as it is intended to float near, or immediately above the
,bed of it, that the pilot may at all times know the fituation thereof. See
plate I. fig. 6. b is the anchor, c the buoy-rope, and d the buoy floating
on the furface of the water.

The Buov-RoPE is often extremely ufeful otherwife, in drawing up
the anchor when the cable is broke. It ttiould therefore be always of
fufficicnt ttrength for this purpofe, or elfe the anchor may be loft through
negligence.

Slings of the Buoy, the ropes which are faftened about it, and by which
it is hung : they are curioufly fpliced round it, fomething refcmbling the
braces of a drum.

To Jlrefi.m the Buoy, is to let it fall from the fliip's fide into the water,
which is always done before they let go the anchor, that it may not be
retarded by the buoy-rope as it finks to the bottom.

BURTHEN, or Burden, (port, Fr. byrtben. Sax.) the weight or
jreafure of any fpecies of merchandife that a fliip will carry when fit
for fca.

BUR BUT

To determine the burthen, or, in other words, the tonnage, of a lliip, it
ÎS ui'ual to multiply the length of the keel into the extreme breadth of the
fhip within-board, taken along the midfhip-beam, and multiply the pro-
duel by the depth in the hold from the plank joining to the kelfon upwards,.
to the main-deck, and divide the laft product by 94, then will the quotient
be the burden required, in tons.

BURTON, (bredindin, Fr.) a fort of fmall tackle, formed by two blocks
or pullics, till the rope becomes three or four fold, and acquires an addi-
tional power in proportion.

It is generally employed to tighten the flirouds of the top-mafts, but
may be otherwife uled to move or draw along any weighty body in the
hold, or on the deck, as anchors, bales of goods, large cafl-cs, &c.

BUSS, (buche, Fr. huffe. Germ.) a (hip of two mafts, ufed by the Englilh
and Dutch in their herring fifhcries. It is generally from fifty to feventy
tons burthen ; bc^ng furnilhed v/ith two fmall fheds or cabins, one at the
prow and the other at the ftern ; the former of which is employed as a
kitchen.

BUTT, (about, Fr.) the end of any plank in a fhip's fide which unites
with the end of another, continuing it's length : when a plank is loofened
at the end by the fhip's weaknefs or labouring, Hie is faid to have ftartcd
or fprung a butt.

BUTTOCK, the convexity of a Ihip behind, under the ftern % it ij
terminated by the counter above, and by the after part of the bilge below,.
by the rudder in the middle, and by the quarter on the (ide.

BUTTONS. See the article Bonnet.

CAB CAB

CABIN, (cahane, Fr.) a room, or the apartment in a Ihip where any of
the officers urually relide.

There are many of thcfe in a large fliip ; the principal of which is de-
figned for the captain, or commander. In fliips of the line, this chamber
is fiirniflied with an open gallery in tiic fliip's ftern, as aifo a little gallery
on each quarter. The apartments where the inferior officers or common
failors fleep and mcfs, are ufiially called births ; which fee.

The bed-places built up for the lailors at the Ihip's fide in merchantmen,
are alio called cabins.

CABLE, {câble, Fr.) a large, ftrong rope, of a confiderable length, ufcd
to retain a Ihip at anchor in a road, bay, or haven.

Cables are of various forts and fizes. In Europe they are ufually.manu-
faftured of hemp -, in Africa they are more frequently compofed of bafs,
which is a fort of long llraw or rulhes ; and in Afia of a peculiar fort of
Indian grafs.

Cables, of what thicknefs Ibever, are generally formed of three ropes
twifted together, which are then czWnà Jirands : each of thcfe is compofed
of three linallcr ftrands ; and thofe laft of a certain number of rope yarns.
This number is therefore greater or fmaller in proportion to the fize of the
cable required.

There are fome cables, however, manufactured of four ftrands -, which
are chiefly the produAion of Italy and Provence.

All fliips ought to be furniflied with at Icail three good cables -, laçjheet
cable, and the two bowers ; bell and fmall.

All cables ought to be one hundred and twenty fathoms in lengtii ; for
which piirpofe the threads or yarns mult be one hundred and eighty fa-
thoms ; inafmuch as they are diminiflied one-third in length by twifhing.
Befides this length, it is nt'cclTary to fplice at leaft two cables together, in
order to double tlie length when a Ihip is obliged to anchor in deep water.
For although it is not common to anchor in a greater depth than forty
fathoms, yet if there is only one cable, and the fliip rides in a ftorm and
tempelluous fea, the anchor will of nccefiity fultain the whole weight and
violent jerking of the fliip, in a direfcion too nearly perpendicular. By
this elTort it will unavoidably be loofened from it's hold, and dragged by
the fliip, which, thus driven from her fl;ation, is in immediate danger of
being wrecked on the nearell rocks or fliallows ; whereas it is evident, that
if the cable, by it's great length, were to draw more horizontally on the
anchor, it would bear a much greater force. See Anchor.

The long cable is not fo apt to break as the Ihort one -, becaufe it will

bear a great deal more ftretching before it conies to tlie greateft ftrain :

6 it

CAB CAB

it therefore refembles a fort of fpring, vvliich may be very eafily extended,
and afterwards recovers it's firft ftate, as foon as the force which extended
it is removed. Befides all this, a (hip will ride much fmoother with a
Jong cable, and be lefs apt to fitch, or plunge deep in the water with her
fore-part.

On the contrary, the fhort cable, being too nearly vertical to the anchor,
cannot bear fuch a ftrain, becaufe it is charged with a greater effort ; and,
as it will not bear ftretching, may break, at the firll violent tug. The fliip
alio rides with much greater difficulty, labours extremely, and often plunges
all her fore-pare under water.

By what has been faid on this fubjeft, we may fee how very neceflary
it is to furnilh a fhip with fufficiency of cables, or what is called ground-
tackle ; and what an inconfiderate policy it is in merchants to expofe
their vefTcls to fuch evident dangers from the want of them. For we
may venture to aflcrt, without violation of truth, that many good fhips
have been loft only on account of a deficiency in this important article.

A cable ought neither to be twifted too much nor too little ; as in the
former ftate it will be extremely ftiff, and difficult to manage; and in the
latter, it will be confiderably diminiflied in it's ftrength.

All cables are to each other as the cubes of their diameters.

The number of threads alfo, of which each cable is compofed, being
always proportioned to it's length and thicknefs, the weight and value of
it are determined by this number. Thus a cable of ten inches in cir-
cumference ought to confift of four hundred and eighty-five threads ;
and weigh one thoufand nine hundred and forty pounds : and on this
foundation is calculated the following table, very ufeful for all perlons
engaged in marine commerce, who equip merchant-fliips on their own
account, or freight them for the account of others.

A table of the number of threads and weight of cables of different

circumference.

Circumference in inches. Thr«

lO — —

13 — —

14 — —

15 ■ — —

16 — —

17 — —

18 — —

19 — —

20 — —

I 2 Stream^

or rope-

yarns.

Weight in pounds,

393

—

1572

485

—

1940

59«

—

2392

699

2796

821

—

3284

95^

3808

1093

—

4372

1244

—

4976

1404

—

5616

1574

—

6296

1754

— ^

7016

'943

—"•

7772

CAB CAL

67>V(7W-CABLr, a Inuvkr, or rope, fomething fmaller than the bowers^
and ufcd to moor the ftiip in a river or haven, Iheltered from the wind
and fea, &:c.

'To bit the Cable. See the articles Bits.

To fa-ve the Cablz, is to biaid it round with ropes, leather, or other
materials, to prevent it iroin being galled, or fretted in the havvfe by
fritftion.

Heave in the Cable ! the order to draw it into the fliip by winding about
the capftern or wiiidlafs.

Pay aivay the Cable ! flatken it, that it may run out of the fhip. This
phrafe is the lame witli veer away the cable. See the French term cable,
and the phrales following it.

CableV length, a meal'ure of 120 fathoms, or of the ufual length of the
cable.

To CALK, or Caulk, (calfater, probably from calage, Fr. hemp) to
drive a quantity of oakum, or old ropes untwifted and drawn akmder,
jnto the leams of the planks, or into the intervals where the planks arc
joined to each other in the fliip's decks or lides, in order to prevent the
entrance of water. After the oakum is driven very hard into thefe feams,
it is covered with hot melted pitch or refin, to keep the water from rotting
it,

Amongft the ancients, the firft who made ufe of pitch in calking,
were the inhabitants of Pha^acia, afterwards called Corfica. Wax and icfm
appear to have been commonly ufed previous to that period ; and the
Poles at this time ufe a fort of unduous clay for the fame purpofe, on their
navigable rivers.

CALL, (jljfiet,t'r.) a fort of whiftle, or pipe, of filver or brafs, ufed
by the boatfwain and his mates to fummon the failors to their duty, and
diretl them in the different employments of the fliip.

As the call can be founded to various ftrains, each of them is appro-
priated to Ibme particular exercife ; fuch as hoifting, heaving, lowering,
veering away, belaying, lecting-go a tackle, &c. The ai5t of winding
this inrtrument is c^Wçà piping, which is as attentively oblerved by failors,
as the beat of the drum to march, retreat, rally, charge, &c. is obeyed by
foldiers.

CALM, (calme, Fr.) the ftate of reft which appears in the air and fea
when there is no wind ftirring.

That tradt of the Atlantic ocean, fituatcd between the tropic of Cancer
and the latitude of 29° north -, or the fpace that lies between the trade
and the variable winds, is frequently fubjecl: to calms of very long dura-
tion : and hence it has acquired, amongft feamen, the name of the Calm
Latitudes.

A long cahn is often more fatal to a ftiip than the fevercft tempeft, be-
caufe if the fliip is tight and in good condition, flie may fuftain the latter
without much injury -, -whereas in a long calm, the provifion and water
may be entirely confumed, without any opportunity of obtaining a frefh

fupply.

CAM CAN

fupply. The furface of the fea in a continued calm is fmooth and bright
as a looking-glafs.

Dead-CAhM, (calme tout plat, Fr.) a flat cahn.

CAJVIBERED-DECK, the deck or flooring of a fhip is faid to be cam-
bered, or to lie cambering, when it is higher in the middle of the fhip's
length, and droops towards the ftem and (lern, or the two ends. Anb
when it lies irregular ; a circiimllancc which renders the ihip very unfit for
war. See the article Broken-backed.

CAN-BUOY. See Buor.

CAN-HOOKS, an inllrument uled to fling a caflc by the ends of the
ftaves : it is formed by fixing a broad and flat hook at each end of a fhort
rope, and the tackle, by which tlie call: lb flung may be hoilted or lowered,
is hooked to the niiddle of the rope. See plate II. fig. 8. The can-hooks,
commonly ufed afliore by brewers, iirc. are all iron, the middle part being
fitted with a chain in the place ot a rope.

CANNON, a well known piece of artillery, mounted in battery on the
decks of a fliip, and uied in all naval engagements.

This engine has already been lb accurately defcribed by a variety of
authors, that it may feeni unneceflary to give a particular defcription of it
here. As it forms, however, lb important an article in all the military
operations of the marine, it cannot, confiltently with our plan, be oniitted
in this place.

Cannon then may be defined a long, conical fire-arm of brafs or iron,
concave within, and fmaller at the muzzle, or face, than at the oppofite
end.

The principal parts of a fea-cannon, as reprefented in plate VII. fig. 3,
arc, I ft. The breech, A C, and it's button, or calcabel, A h, called bv
feamen the pomiglion. The breech is generally underllood to be thç folid
metal from the bottom of the concave cylinder to the calcabel, which is the
extremity of the cannon oppofite to it's muzzle.

2d. The trunnions, T, which projeft on each fide like arms, and lerve
to fupport the cannon near the middle of it's length : on thele it may be
polled, and held almoll in equilibria. As the metal is thicker at the breech
than towards the mouth, the trunnions are placed nearer to that end than
the other.

3d. The bore, or caliber, which is comprehended between the dotted
lines, and particularly expreflrd in the longitudinal leftion of a thirty-two-
pounder, fig. 15. This reprelents the interior or concave cylinder, wherein
the powder and lliot are lodged with which the cannon is charged: the en-
trance of the bore is called the mouth.

Names of tiie other parts, including the above plate VII. fig. 3.

A B, the length of the cannon.
A t', the firlt reinf irce.
E E, I he fécond reiiiforce.
E B, the rluice.

n B, the m.uzzlc.

A o, the calcabel, or pomiglion.

A C, tlie breech.

C ]), tlie vent-iield.

F I, the

CAN

C .-A N

F I, the chace-girdle.
r s, the bak-ring and ogee,
t, the vent-aftragal and fillets.
p q, the firft rcinforce-ring and

ogee.
V w, the fécond reinforce-ring and

X, the chace-aftragal and fillets,
z, the muzzle-aftragal and fillets,
n, the mozzle-moiildings.
m, the Iwelling of the muzzle.
A i, the breech-mouldings.

The ufe of thefe machines is to difcharge upon the enemy globes or
balls of iron, caWed Jho(, which are therefore of various fizes, in propor-
tion to the caliber of the cannon. The diameter of the ball is always
fomewhat lefs than the bore of the piece, that it may be difchargcd with
the orreater eale, and not damage the piece by rubbing it too forcibly in
it's paflage -, and the difference between thefe diameters is called the wind-
age of the cannon.

The length of any cannon is always reckoned from the hind part of the
bafe ring, or beginning of the cafcabel, to the extremity of the muzzle.
The fécond reinforce begins at the fame circle where the firft terminates -,
and the chace at the fame circle where the fccond reinforce ends.

The firft reinforce therefore includes the bafe ring -, the ogee neareft
thereto ; the vent-field -, the vent-aftragal, and firft reinforce-ring. The
fécond reinforce contains the ogee next to the firft reinforce-ring and the
fécond reinforce-ring. The chace compreiiends the ogee neareft to the
fécond reinforce-ring ; the chace-girdle and aftragal ; and the muzzle and
aftragal. The trunnions are always placed on the fécond reinforce, fo as
that the breech-part of the cannon may weigh Ibmething more than the
muzzle-part, to prevent the piece from ftarting up behind when it is fired.

A variety of experiments, made with great care and accuracy, prove that
powder when on fire poflefles at leaft 4000 * times more fpace than when
in grains. Therefore if we fuppofe that the quantity of powder with
which a cannon is charged pofllfles one-fourth of a cubical foot in grains,
it will, when on fire, occupy the fpace of about 1000 cubical feet. The
fame experiments evince alfo that the powder, when inflamed, is dilated
equally round it's center. One grain of powder fired in the center of dif-
ferent concentric circles, round which grains of powder are placed, fhall
therefore fet fire to all thofe grains at once.

From this principle it neceflarily follows, that powder, when fired in
a cannon, makes at the fame inftant an equal effort on every part of the
infide of the piece, in order to expand itfelf about it's center every way.
But as the refiftance from the fides of the piece turns the aftion of the
powder, fo as to follow the direflion of the bore of the cannon, when it
prefles upon the ball, fo as to force it outwards, it prefies alfo on the
breech of the cannon ; and this gives the piece a motion backwards, that
is called it's recoil, which, as we have already obferved, is reftrained by the
treecbing and the convexity of the decks. The recoil in fome degree

* Mr. Bigot de Morogues fays from 4000 to 4500, and Mr. HaukJbee 5000.

diminifhes

CAN CAN

diminifhes the adlion of the powder upon the fliot. But this caftnot be
avoided -, for, if the carriages were fixed fo as not to give way to this mo-
tion, the adion of the powder, or tlie effort that caufes the recoil, would
tear them to pieces in a very fliort time.

All pieces of artillery were formerly diftinguifhcd into the names of
fakers, culverins, cannon, and dcmi-cannon -, but at prelcnt their names
are derived from the weight of the ball which they difcharge : thus a piece
that difcharges a ball of twenty-four pounds, is called a twenty-four-
pounder-, and one that carries a fliot of thirty-two-pounds, a thirty-two-
pounder -, and fo of the reft.

The metal of cannon is not equally thick in all parts, but is in fome
meafure proportioned to the force of the powder which it is to refift. At
tlie breech, where the effort is ftrongeft, the thickncfs of the metal is equal
to the diameter of the correfponding fhot. At the firft reinforce, where
this begins to flacken, the thicknefs is fomewhat lefs than at the breech :
at the fccond, where the force is ftill further diminiflied, the thicknefs is
more reduced tiian at the firlt : and, by the fame rule, the chace has lefs
thicknefs than the fécond reinforce. The thicknefs of the chace gradually
diminifhes from the trunnions to the mouth of the piece -, fo that if a can-
non was without cafcabel, trunnion, and mouldings, it would exaftly re-
femble thefruftum of a cone, or a cone deprived of the fmall end.

In a vel]el of war, cannon are placed on a fort of wheeled fledge,
called the carriage, of which fig. i6. plate VII. is the plan, and fig. 17.
the elevation. This carriage is compofed of two large pieces of plank,
called fides or cheeks, conneded together by means of crofs-pieces, which
are either bolts, axle-trees, or tranfoms. The two axle-trees are fixed
acrofs under the fore and hinder parts of the carriage, being fupported at
their extremities by folid wooden wheels called trucks. The traniom is
placed direiftly over the fore axle-tree, and exaétly in the middle of the
heighth of tlie cheeks or fide-picces. The heigiith of the tranlbm is equal
to two diameters of the fhot, and the breadth to one diameter.

Explanation of the iron-work, and different parts of a fea-carriage, as ex-
hibited in the plan and elevation of a thirty-two-pounder, plate VII.
fig, 16. and 17.

a. The cap-fquares, commonly called clamps in the fea-fervice.

b. Kye-bolts, by which one end of the clamp is fixed to the carriage.

c. Joint-bolts, ujion wliicli the other end of the clamp is fixed over the
trunnions j after which it is fore-locked, to prevent the cannon from dart-
ing out of it's carriage when fired.

b g. The cheeks or fides of the carriage.

d. The tranlom-bolt.

c. The bed-bolt, upon which the bt'd refis to fupport the breech of
the cannon. The bed is (.xpieflld by fig 4.
f. Hind axle-tree bolls.

g. Breeching-

•CAN CAN

g. Breeching-bolts, with rings, through which the breechings pafs.
h. Loops, or eye-bolts, to which the gun-tackles are hooked,
i. The fore axle-tree, with it's trucks, k.
1. The hind axle-tree, with it's trucks, k.

The wheels are firmly retained upon their axle-trees by means of iron
bolts pafling through the latter without the wheels : thefe bolts are called
linch-pins.

The breadth of the wheels is always equal to that of the cheeks ; but
the heighth of the cheeks and diameter of the trucks muft conform to the
heighth of the gun-ports above the deck. The carriages of the lower tiers
Ihould therefore be lb formed, that when the breecli of the cannon lies
upon the hind axle-tree, the muzzle of the piece Jhould touch above the
port, as exprefled in fig. 19. which reprcfcnts a cannon fecured by it's
tackles and breechings, to prevent it from draining tlie fnip as flie rolls in
a flormy fca.

Cannon are charged by putting down into the bottom firft a quantity
of powder, one-third or one-lialf the weight of the ball. This is done
with an inftrumenr, fig. 7. termed a ladle, which is a kind of cylindrical
fpoon, generally made of copper, and fixed to the end of a ftafi^, called
it's handle. Upon the powder is put in a wad of rope-yarn, formed like a
ball, which is preflTcddovvn upon the powder with the inllrument exprefled
by fig. 10. called a rammer. Upon this wad is put the ball or ihot ; and
to fecure it in it's place another wad is firmly prcfitrd down upon it, which
operation is called rarriniiiig-kcme tiie wad and fliot. The touch-hole of the
piece is then filled with powder, from the upper-part of which a little train
is laid that communicates with it. The ufe of this train is to prevent the
explofion of the powder from operating directly upon the inftrument em-
ployed to fire the piece, which in that cafe might be forced out of the hand
of the gunner.

In the modern pieces, a little gutter or channel is framed on the upper-
part of the breech, to prevent the train from being difperied by the wind.
This channel reaches from the the touch-hole to the bafe-ring.

The cannon being pointed to it's ohje£i, or the place which it is intended
to ftrike, the train is fired, and the flame immediately conveyed to the
powder in the touch-hole, by which it is further communicated to that in
the piece. The powder being kindled immediately expands fo as to oc-
cupy a much greater fpace than when in grains, and thus dilated it makes
an eflrbrt on every fide to force itlclf out. The ball making lefs refiftance
than the fides of the piece, upon which the powder prefies at the fame
time, is driven, out by it's whole effort, and acquires that violent motion:
which is well known to the world.

In plate VIL all the inftruments neccfl^ary for charging cannon are
exhibited. Befides thefe already defcribed, there is the fpunge, fig. 10.
which is ufed to clean the piece after firing, and to extinguifli any fparks
that may remain behind. In. the land-fervice, the handle of the fpunge

6 i&

CAN CAN

is nothing elfe tiian a long wooden ftafF; but in fliips of war this handle,
that ufually contains the rammer at it's other end, is a piece of rope well
ftiffened by fpun-yarn, which is for this purpofe firmly wound about it. By
this convenience the rammer becomes flexible, fo that the piece is charged
within the fhip, as the perfon who loads it may bend and accommodate
the length of the rammer to the diftance between the muzzle and the
fhip's fide; being at the fame time fheltered from the enemy's mufquetry,
to which he would be expofed when ufing a wooden rammer without the
fhip. To fpunge a piece therefore is to introduce this inftrument into the
bore, and thrufting it home to the furtheft end tliereof, to clean the whole
cavity. The figures 8 and 9 reprefent fpunges of a different kind ; one
of which is formed of fheep-fkin, and the other of the ftrongeft briftles of
a hog. See the article E.xercise.

Tlie tJi'orm, of which tliere are alfo different kinds, fig. 6. and 9. is ufed
to draw the charge when ncceflliry.

The bit, or priming-iron, is a kind of large needle, whofe lower end is
formed into a gimblet, ferving to clear the infide of the touch-hole, and
render it fit to receive the prime.

The lint-ftock is a kind of ftatï" about three feet long, to the end of
which a match is occafionally faftcned to fire the piece.

The fludtuating motion of the fea renders it neceflary to fecure and
confine tlie artillery in veflels of war, by feveral ropes and puHies, whicli
are called the gun-tackles and breechings^ without which they could never
be managed in a naval engagement. The breeching has been already ex-
plained, as employed to rellrain the recoil. The tackles, fig.. 18. are
hooked to ring-bolts in the fides of the carriage, and to other ring-bolts
in the fide of the fhip, near the edges of the gun-ports, and are ufed to
draw the piece out into it's place after it is loaded. Befides thefe, there is
another tackle hooked to the rear or train of the carriage, to prevent the
cannon from rolling into it's place till it is charged : this is called the
train-tackle, and is exhibited in fig. 17.

In ihips of war, the cannon of the lower-decks are ufually drawn into
the fliip during the courfc of an expedition at fea, unlefs when they are
ufed in battle. They are fecured by lowering the breech fo as that the
muzzle fliall bear againfl tiie upper-edge of the port, after which the two
parts of the breeching are firmly braced together by a rope which crofTcs
them between tiie front of the carriage and the port -, which operation is
czWfià frappiug the breeching. The tackles are then fecurcly faftened about
it wilii feveral turns of the rope extended from the tackle and breeching,
over the chace of the cannon, as reprcfented in fig. 19.

The fervice of the artillery, or the method of employing it in a naval
adion, is explained in the articles Engagement and Exercise. The
manner of pointing, or direding them to difiercnt objeds -, the effc6ts of
different quantities of powder upon the cannon ball -, and the diflVrent
lines defcribed by it's flight, are alfo treated at large in the article
Range.

K We

CAN

We fhall here lubjoin a table of the length and weight of different can-
non, for the information of thole who may be entirely unacquainted tlicrc-
wich ; and particularly of our fca-gunners.

nd weight

of brafs cannon accorc

ing to

the

menfi

iration in

753-

Pounders.

Length.

Weight.

Feet.

Inches

loolb.

Quarter

lb.

»9

Length and weight of iron guns ufed in the fea-fervice, according to the

menfuration in 1753.

Weight.

iinders.

Length.
Feet. Inches

6
4
3

7
6

looIb.

Quarters.

lb.

For an account of the particular number of men appointed to manage
the different degrees of cannon, and tke arrangement or diftribution of
the cannon according to the feveral clafles of Ihips, fee Quarters and
Rate.

The following judicious remarks for increafing the ftrength of the Britifli
navy, by changing the cannon ufed in fhips of war into others ef equal
weight but of greater bore, have been feleded from the propofal of the
late ingenious Mr. Robins.

The advantage of large cannon over thofe of a fmaller bore is fo ge-
nerally acknowledged, that a particular difcuffion of it might perhaps be
fparcd. * * *

" The moft important advantage of heavy bullets is this, that with
the fame velocity they break holes out in all folid bodies in a greater
proportion than their weight ; that is, for inftance, a twenty-four pound
fhot will, with the fame velocity, break out a hole in any wall, rampart,

CAN CAN

or folid beam, in which ic lodges, above eight times larger than v/ill be
made by a tliree pound fliot ; for it's diameter being double, it will make
a fuperlicial fracture above four times as great as the three-pounder,
(more of a fmaller hole being clofed up by the ipringing of the folid body
than of a great one) and it will penetrate to more than twice the depth ;
by this means tlie firmed walls of mafonry are eafily cut through their
whole fubftance by heavy fliot, which could never be affeded by thofc of
a fmaller caliber; and in Ihips the ftrongeft beams and mafts are hereby
fraftured, which a very great number of fmall bullets would fcarcely
injure.

" To this \A\ advantage of large cannon, which is indeed a capital one,
there muft be that of carrying the weight of their bullet in grape or lead
(hot, and thereby annoying the enemy more effe£tually than could be done
by ten times the number of fmall pieces.

" Thefe are the principal advantages of large cannon, and hence it is
no wonder that thole entrullcd with the care of the Britifh navy have
always endeavoured to arm all fhips with the largeft cannon they could
with fafety bear ; and indeed, within thefe laft hundred years, great im-
provements have been made on this head, by reducing the weight of many
of the fpecies of cannon, and thereby enabling the lame fliips to carry guns
of a larger bore : and, very lately, the fix-pounders in fome of the fmaller
fliips iiave been changed for nine-pounders ol a larger fabric than ufual,
which hath been juftly efteemed a very great addition to the ftrength of
tiiofe (hips.

" The importance then of allotting to all (hips the largeft cannon they
can with fafety bear being granted, it remains to ihew on what foundation
a change is propofed to be made in the fabric of all pieces from the prefent
eighteen pounders downwards, fo that they may be changed for others of
the lame, or lels weight, but of a larger bore. This propofition turns on'
the following confiderations. — The fpecies of cannon proper for each Ihip
is limited by the weight of the pieces -, and when the charge and effort of
the bullet are affigned, this weight in each Ipecies is, or ought to be, de-
termined by the following circumftances ;

That they fliall not be in danger of burfting }

That they fhall not recoil too boilleroudy -,

And that they fhall not heat too much in frequent firing.

" All this is to be done by a proper quantity of metal properly difpofed j
and when the pieces are fecured from thefe accidents, all additional weight
of metal is not only ulelels but prejudicial.

" Now what dimcnfions and weight of metal are more than fufficient for
thele purpofes, we m.iy learn from the prefent practice of the navy, in tiie
fabric of the thirty-two pounders, the heaviell guns in common ufe ; thele
are made to weigh (if the autiior's information be right) from fifty-two to
fifty-three hundred weight ; that is fomewhat Ids than an hundred and
two-chirds for each pound of bullet.

K 2 " From

CAM CAN

" From this then the author concludes, that any fmaller piece, ma(k*
upon the model of thefe thirty-two pounders, and having their weight
proportioned in the fame manner to the weight of their bullet, will
lully aniwer all the purpofes recited above, and will be of unexceptionable
fervice.

" And he founds his opinions on thefe two principles : firft, that the
ftrength of iron, or of any other metal, is in proportion to it's fubllance -,
fo that, for inftance, where it has one-half the fubllance, it has one-half
the ftrength; and this fuppofition, he prekimes, will be fcarcely contcfted.
Secondly, that the force of different quantities of powder fired in fpaces
which they refpedtivcly fill, is not exactly in tiie proportion of thole quan-
tities ; bur the lefler quantity has in proportion the leait force : that is, for
inftance, the force of one pound of powder, in like circumftances, is lefs
than one-half the force of two pounds. And this principle the auilior has
deduced from many repeated and diverfified trials of his own ; and he be-
lieves it will be found agreeable to all the obfervations which have been
made, or ftiall be made, on this lubjedt.

" From thefe two confiderations, he hopes, it will be granted him, that,
if two pieces, a large one and a fmall one, are made with all their dimen-
fions in proportion to the diameter of their refpective bullets, and confe-
quently their weights in the fame proportion with the weights of their bul-
lets, then the larger piece, with the fame proportion of powder, will be
more ftrained, will heat more, and recoil more than the fmaller.

" Hence then, as we are aiTured, that the prefent thirty-two pounders
are of a fuificient ftrength and weight for all marine purpofes, we have
the greateft reafon to fuppofe, that, if all the pieces of an inferior caliber
were formed upon the fame model, meafuring by the diameter of the bullet,
thefe fmaller pieces would not be defeftive, either in ftrength or weight,
but would be to the full as ferviceable on fliip-board, as the prefent pieces,
which are fo much overloaded with metal.

" The author's fcheme then, for augmenting the force of the prefent fea-
batteries, is no more than this plain principle, that all fliip-guns fhould be
caft upon the model of the thirty-two pounders, meafuring by the dia-
meter of the refpedlive bullet; fo that for each pound of bullet, there fhould
be allowed one hundred and two-thirds of metal only.

" The advantages of this fcheme will appear, by the following com-
parifon of the weight of the prefent pieces with their weight propofed by
this new fabric.

Pieces. Weight now in hundreds. Ditto by new fabric.

24 — — — 48 to 46 — — — 40

18 ___ 41 to 39 — — — 30

12 34 to 31 20

9 — — -^ 29 to 26 — — — 15
6 — — — 24 to 18 — — — 10

« Hence

CAN CAN

'* Hence then it appears, that the twenty-four pounders will be eafed of
fix or eight hundred of ufciefs metal; and inftead of an inferior caliber
now ufed, much larger ones of the fame weight may be borne, efpecially
when it is remembered, that this computation exceeds even the prefent
proportion of the thirty-two pounders ; fo that from the above projefted
cightcen-pounders, for inrtance, two or three hundred weight may be fafcly
taken.

Tlie changes then propofed by the author are thefe :

Pounders. Hundreds.

6 of 24 and 18 — new —

9 — 29 and 26 — — —

12 — 34 and 31 — — —

18 — 41 and 39 — — —

For

inders,

undreds

" The nine-pounders lately caft, being, as the author is informed, dill
lighter tlian what is here reprefented, they may perhaps be only trans-
formed into twelve-pnundcrs ; but this will be a very great addition of
ftrength, and the twelve-pounders thus borne will be confiderably lighter
than tlie fmallclt n:ne-pounders now in ufe. The weight of the prefent
three-pounders are not remembered exadtly by the author ; but he doubts
not, but they are heavier tiian the propofed fix-pounders, and may there-
fore be changed for them.

" That many obje<5lions will be made to the prefent propofal is not to
be queilioncd -, but, as they will equally hold againft the ufe of the prefent
thirty-two pounders, which are known to be guns of unexceptionable fer-
vice, that alone, it is conceived, wiïl be an anfwer.

" If it be fuppofed (as ancient practice is always favourably heard)
that the excefles in the proportionate weight of the fmall pieces muft
have been originally founded on fome approved principle, or otherwife
they could not have been brouglit into ufe ; it may be anfwered, that a
hundred years fince there were four-pounders made ufe of, wiiich were
heavier than fome of the prefent nine-pounders, and had the fame pre-

fcription to plead in their behalf. Perhaps the origin of this excels in

the fmaller pieces may be accounted for by fuppofing, that when guns
arc ufed in batteries on fhore, their length cannot be in proportion to
the diameter of their bore-, becaufe the parapet being of a confiderable
thickncfs, a fhort piece would, by it's blafl;, ruin the embraiiires -, and
the fmaller pieces, being for this reafon made nearly of the fame length
with the larger, did hence receive their additional weioht of metal. Hut
this reafon holds not at fea, wiiere there is no other exception to the
fliortnefs of a piece, but the lofs of force, which, in the inftances here
propofed, is altogether inconfidcrable ; for the old twelve-pounders, for
example, being in I>ngth from nine feet to nine feet and a half, the new
ones here propuled will be from kven feet to feven and a half long. The
difference ia the force of the bullet, Hrtd from thefe different pieces, is but

little ;

CAN CAN

little ; and it will hereafter appear, that in the prefent fiibjedt much greater
dilTciences than thclc are of no confeqiicnce.

*' If it fhovild be faid, that the new fabric here propofcd muft have the
prefent allowance of powder (which in the fmaller pieces is half the weight
of the ball) diminifhed, and that it nuift be reduced to the rate of the
thirty-two pounders, which is only feven-fixteenths of the weight of the
ball ; it is anfwered, that if the powder, in all Ihip-cannon whatever, was
11:11 further reduced to one-third of the weight of the ball, or even lefs,
it would be a confiderable advantage, not only by the faving of ammuni-
tion, but by keeping the guns cooler and more quiet, and at the fame
time more effeélually injuring the fliips of the enemy * ; for with the
prefent allowance of powder the guns are heated, and their tackles and
furniture flrained, and this only to render the bullet lefs efficacious than it
would prove if impelled by a fmaller charge. Indeed in battering of walls,
which arc not to be penetrated by a fingle fliot from any piece whatever,
the velocity of the bullet, how much loever augmented, Itill produces a
proportionate effccl, by augmenting the depth to which it penetrates : but
the fides of the ftrongeft fliips, and the greater part of her timbers, are
of a limited thicknefs, infufficient to flop the generality of cannon bullets,
tired at a reaibnable diftance, even with a lefs charge than is here propofed.
And it is a matter of experiment, that a bullet, which can but jull pals
tlirough a piece of timber, and lofes almoft all it's motion thereby, has a
much better chance of rending and fradluring it, than if it pafied through
it with a much greater velocity.

" That a much better judgment may be made of the reafonablenefs of
this fpeculation, the author thinks proper to adci (and he believes future
experience will not contradiél him) that a twelve-pounder, as here pro-
poled, which is one of the fmalletl pieces at prefent under confideration,
when charged with one-third of the weight of the bullet in powder, will
penetrate a beam of the beft fealbned toughefl: oak, to m^re than
twenty inches depth -, and if, inltead of one folid beam, there are a

• " The change propofed here, of reducing the quantity of powder in all fliip guns to
one-third of the weight of the bullet, has for fomc time pall been praftifed bv the French in
a much feverer fei vice, where the encrcafing the velocity of the bullet could not at any time
diminilh it's effeil ; the fervice I mean is battering in breach. For I learn, that of late
years all their breaches, in the difterent fieges they have undertaken, have been made with
this very charge, that is, their twenty-four-pouuders have been loaded with eight pounds
of powtier, and they have found, that though the penetration of the bullet is lefs with
this charge than with a larger one, yet the other con\ cniencies attending this fmaller charge,
are more than fufficient to balance that particular.

" And here I mull obferve, that there have not been wanting perfons of confiderable
name, who have affcrted that the velocity of a twenty-four pound bullet was really greater
with eight pounds of powder than with any larger quantity, founding their opinion on
the ridiculous pcrfuafion, that whatever quantity was put in, no more than eight pounds
of it took fire ; but this fuppofition is deilroyed by their own experiments, and their own
rcafonings ; and later experiments, made with greater attention, put it beyond all doubt,
that to the larger charge (at leail as far as twenty pounds of powder) there correfponds a
greater velocity.

number

CAN CAN

number of fmall ones, or of planks laid together ; then allowing for rend-
ing and tearing, frequent in fuch cafes, he doubts not, but it will often
go through near double that thicknefs, and this any where within a hun-
dred yards diftance : that is, any where within that dillance, which tlie
moft experienced officers have recommended for naval engagements. In
the fame dillance, a bullet from the twelve-pounders now in ufe, charged
with half the weight of powder, will penetrate about one-third part deeper:
but if the efforts of each piece are compared together at five hundred
yards diftance, the differences of their forces will not be confiderable. If
this be fo, it will not be afferted, I imagine, that the twelve-pounder here
propofed is lefs ufeful, or lefs efficacious, for all naval purpofes, than the
weightier twelve-pounder hitherto made ufe of.

" The author has in this propofal fixed on the tliirty-two pounders,
as tlie llandard for the reft -, becaufe experience has long authorifcd
them. But from the trials he has made, he is well fatisficd, a mucli
greater redudlion of weight, than is here propofed, might fafely take
place ; and that one-fourth, or even one-fifth of the weight of the bullet
in powder, if properly difpofed, is abundantly fufficient for every fpe-
cies of ftiip-guns *. However, the author is far from defiring, that his
fpeculations fliould be relied on in an affair of this nature, where he
pretends not to have tried the very matter he propofes, but founds his
opinion on certain general principles and collateral experiments, which
he conceives, he may apply to the prefent cafe without error. He
would himfelf recommend an experimental examination of this pro-
polal, as tlie only one to which credit ought to be given. What he in-
tends by the prefent paper, is to reprefent it as a matter worthy of con-
fideration, and really fuch as it appeared to him : if thof.", to vvhofe cen-
fure he fubmits it, are of the fame opinion, there is an obvious method
of determining how far his allegations are conclufivc ; and that is by
diredting one of thel'e pieces to be caft, a twelve-pounder for inftance,
and letting it be proved with the fame proportion of powder allotted for
the proof of the thirty-two pounders : <hen if this piece be fired a number
of times fucceffively on a carriage, and it's recoil and degree of heat be
attended to, and if the penetration of it's bullet into a thick butt of oak-
beams or plank be likewife examined, a judgment may thence be formed,
of what may be expcfted from the piece in real fervice -, and the refult of
thefe trials will be the moft incontcftable confutation or confirmation or
this propofal."

CANNONADE, as a term of the marine, may be defined the applica-
tion of artillery to the purpofes of naval war, or the direction of it's efforts
againft fome diftant objeét intended to be feizcd or dcftroyed, as a fliip,
battery, or fortri^fs.

• It is necc/Tary to obferv-j in this pl.nce, that Mr. Muller, whofe opinion herein has
been CO'.. firmed by various expenint-nts, has, with little \..riatton, adopted the fcntimcnts
of the above propofal, und llrongly rccomjnc.Ki.d tlum m a fchcmc ot public utility.

Cannon iding

CAN CAN

Cannonading is therefore iifed in a veflcl of war to take, fink, or burn
the fliips of an enemy, or to drive them from their defences alliore, and to
batter and ruin their fortifications.

Since a large fhip of war may be confidered as a combination of floating
batteries, it is evident that the efi"orts of her artillery niuft in general be
g eatly fuperior to thofe of a fortrefs on the fea-coall: : I fay in general,
becaule on fome particular occafions her fituation may be extremely dan-
gerous, and her cannonading ineffedual. Her fuperiority confills in fe-
veral circumfl:ances, as, the power of bringing her different batteries to
converge to one point ; of fhifting the line of her attaci: fo as to do the
greatell poflible execution againll the enemy ; or to lie v.here Ihe will be
the leaft expofed to his fliot -, and chiefly becaufe, by employing a much
greater number of cannon againft a fort than it can poffibly return, the
impreffion of her artillery againfl; fl:one-walls foon becomes dccifivc and
irrefiftible, Befidcs thefe advantages in the attack, fhe is alfo greatly fu-
perior in point of defence: becaufe the cannon fliot, palfing with rapidity
through her fides, feldom do any execution out of the line of their flio-ht,
or occafion much mifchief by their fplinters: whereas they very foon fliatter
and deftroy the faces of a parapet, and produce incredible havoc amonglt
the men, by the fragments of the ftones, &c. A fliip may alfo retreat
when ihe finds it too dangerous to remain longer expofed to the enemy's
fire, or when her own fire cannot produce the defired efleft. Finally, the
fluctuating fituation of a fhip, and of the element on which flie reflis,
renders the efforts of fliells very uncertain, and altogether deftroys the
cfieft of the ricochet, or rolling and bounding fliot, whofe execution is lb
pernicious and deflrruftivc in a fortrefs or land-engagement ; both of which,
however, a fliip may apply with great fuccefs. See Range.

The chief inconvenicncy to which a fliip is expofed, on the contrary, is,
that the low-laid cannon in a fort near the brink of the lea, may itrike
her repeatedly, on or under the furface of the water, fo as to fink her
before her cannonade can have any confiderable efiicacy.

CANOE, a fort of Indian boat or vcflel, formed of tlie trunk of a
tree hollowed, and fometimcs of feveral pieces of the bark fafl:ened to-
gether.

Canoes are of various fizcs, according to the ufes for which they may
be defigned, or the countries wherein they are formed. The largeil are
made of the cotton tree, fome of which will carry between twenty and
thirty hogflieads of lugar or molaffes. Some are made to carry fail,
and for this purpofe are fl:eeped in water till they become pliant, after
which their fides are extended, and fl:rong beams placed betvvccn them,
on which a deck is afterwards laid that ferves to fupport their fides.
The other forts very rarely carry fail, unlefs when going before the
wind : their fails are made of a fort of filk grafs or rullies. They are
commonly rowed with paddlts, which are pieces of light wood fome
what rel'cmbling a corn-lhovcl ; and inftcad of rowing with it horizon-
tally, like an oar, they manage it perpendicularly. The fmall canoes'

are

CAN CAN

are very narrow, having only room for one pcrfon in breadth, and
fevcn or eight lengthways. The rowers, who are generally negrcx-s or
American lavages, are very expert in managing their paddles uniformly,
and in balancing the canoes properly with their bodies, which would be
difficult for a ftranger to do, how well accuftomed Ibever to the conducting
of European boats, becaufe the canoes are extremely light, and liable to be
overturned.

The American Indians, when they are under the necefîity of landing
to avoid a water-fall, or of croffing the land from one river to another,
carry their canoes on their heads ; till they arrive at a place where they can
lanch them again.

The following curious account of the canoes of the Efquimaux Indians,
in Labrador, has been lately tranl'mitted to the author, which he appre-
hends will not be difplcafing to his readers.

The Efquimaux canoe has a light wooden frame, and the fliell, inftead
of plank, is made with leal-fkins fewed together, which are not only
extended round tlie bottom and fides, but likewife over the top -, form-
ing a complete deck, and having only one opening, conveniently
framed and fituatcd to admit the Indian into his feat. A flat hoop
is fitted to this hole, rifing about four inches, to wliich the fur-
rounding fkin is fewed. The Indian's feal-ll<in jacket, beinfT of a
proper length, he can occafionally bind the fkirt of it round the out-
fide of this hoop ; by which means he keeps the canoe free froin water,
and is enabled to purfue his game far from land or in ftormy feas.
His paddle is about ten feet long, light, and flat at each end, with
which he both rows and (leers with great velocity and exaAnefs. Mr.
Crantz, in his Hillory of Greenland, informs us, that the young men
In their exercife are taught to overfet their canoes, and when the bot-
tom is upward, to recover, by the dexterous management of their pad-
dle, their former upright pofition, the men rifing again either on the
fide by which they went down, or on the contrary, as they pleafe.
The conftruftion of this extraordinary little vefl'cl, fo admirably well
adapted to the purpofes of it's owner, does the greateft credit to the in-
genuity of this lavage people. Though natives of the extenfive country
of Labrador, they inhabit only the fea-coafts, particularly the iflands,
the interior parts being no lefs barren, and pofleflcd by other wander-
ing tribes, their perpetual enemies and fuperiors at land ; fo that they
are reduced to almolt an entire dependence upon the fea for the com-
mon necefl"aries of life. Seals-flefli and oil are amongfl: the chief articles
of their food; and with tlie fl<ins they make tents, canoes, and apparel.
Thofe iflands on which the fea-fowl breed, they vifit for their eggs and
young i and kill birds in the water with their darts. We are furprifed,
that provided thus, they fliould do fo much execution amongll thefe
creatures ; but when we behold a party of lavages, each in his canoe,
with only his harpoon and his lance, purfue, attack, and kill the largefl;
\vhale, how juftly arc we filled with admiration. The whales flelh and

L oil

CAN CAP

oil they cat; and the tough fubftanceof the gills, commonly called whale-
bone, they apply very ingenioully to a great variety of ules -, trafficking
with the overplus for fuch European goods as they want. In their lan-
guage, the canoe is called kûidk, or man's-boat, to dirtinguilh it from
umink, the woman's-boat. The latter is a large boat, managed by the wo-
men for tranfporting their families and poirefTions, when they fhift their
encampment from place to place, as molt convenient for the particular
hunting of the feafon. A kind of wolf-dog, natural to that country, is
the only animal they breed for food. The fame canoes, language, cuftoms,
and way of life, being common to the Grecnlanders with tiie Efquimaux,
it is evident they have been originally one people.

I'here is a Greenland canoe in the Repofitory of the Royal Society,
covered with feal-flvins, and exactly conformable to the above dcfcrip-
tion.

CANTING, as a fea-phrafe, denotes the aft of turning any thing
about.

CANT-TIMBERS, in fliip-building, thofe timbers which arc fituated
at the two ends of a fhip. They derive their name froni being csiUed,
or raifed obliquely from the keel ; in contradiftindtion to thofe whofc
planes are perpendicular to it. The upper-ends of thofe on the bow^ or
fore-part of the fliip, are inclined to the ftem ; as thofe in the after, or
hind-parr, incline to the ftern-pofl above. See the articles Timber and
Naval Architecture.

The principal of thefe lafl is the fafliion-piece, wfiich forms the out-
line of the counter, terminating it on the fides.

CAP, (chouquet^ Fr.) a ftrong, thick block of wood, ufcd to confine two
mafts together, when the one is erected at the head of the other, in order to
lengthen it. It is for this purpofe furniflied with two holes perpendicular
to it's length and breadth, and parallel to it's thicknefs ; one of thcfe is
fquare, and the other round ; the former being folidly fixed upon the up-
per-end of the lower-mall, whilll tlie latter receives the maft employed to
lengthen it, and fecures it in this pofition.

The principal caps of a fliip are thofe of the lower-mafts, which are
fitted with a fbrong eye-bolt on each fide, wherein to hook the block by
which the top-mall is drawn up through the cap ; the proccfs of which is
explained in the article Mast.

The breadth of all caps is equal to twice the diameter of the top-maft,
and the length to twice the breadth. The thicknefs of the main and fore-
caps is half the diameter of their breadths -, the mizen-cap three-levcnths,
and the top-maft-caps two-fifths of their refpeftive breadths.

In the fame manner as the top-maft flides up through the cap of the
lower-inaft, the top-gallant-maft flides up through the cap of the top-maft.
The cap is reprefcntcd by fig. 9. plate II.

CAPE, a promontory, or head-land, which projedls into the fea further
than the reft of the coall.

CAPPANUS, a name given by Ibme authors to the worm which ad,-
teres to, and gnaws the bottom of a fhip.

Tha-

^ZAT£ II.

CAP CAP

The cappanus is extremely pernicious to (hips, particularly in the Eafl:
and Weft Indies : to prevent this, leverul fliips have lately been fheathed
with copper : the firft trial of which was made on his Majefty's frigate
Alarm.

CAP-SQUARE. See the article Cannon.

CAPSTERN, or Capstan, (cabejlan, Fr.) a ftrong mafTy column of
timber, formed like a truncated cone, and having it's upper extremity
pierced with a number of holes to receive the bars or levers. It is let
down perpendicularly through the decks of a Ihip, and is fixed in fuch man-
ner, that the men, by turning it horizontally with their bars, may perform
any work which requires an extraordinary effort.

A capftern is compofed of feveral parts, (fee plate II. fig. 1 1.) where A
is the barrel, b the whelps, c the drum-head, and d the fpindle.

The whelps rife out trom the m.ain body of the capftern like buttreftes,
to enlarge the fweep ; fo that a greater portion of the cable, or whatever
rope encircles the barrel, may be wound about it at one turn, without
adding much to the weight of the capftern. The whelps reach downwards
from the lower part of the drum-head to the deck.

Plate II. fig. 1 1 and 12. The drum-head is a broad cylindrical piece of
wood, refembling a mill-ftone, and fixed immediately above the barrel and
whelps. On the outfide of this piece are cut a number of fquare holes pa-
rallel to the deck, to receive the bars.

The pivot, or fpindle, d, which is ftiod with iron, is the axis or foot
upon which tiie capftern refts, and turns round in the faucer, which is a
fort of iron focket let into a wooden ftock orftandard, called the ftep,
refting upon, and bolted to the beams.

Befides the difterent parts of the capftern above explained, it is furniftied
with feveral appurtenances, as ûm: bars^ th<: pi/is, the pavjls^ the fuj if ier, and
the faucer, already dcfcribed.

The bars are long pieces of wood, or arms, thruft into a number of
fquare holes in the drum-licad all round, in wliich they are as the rudii of
a circle, or the fpokes to the nave of a wheel. They are ufed to heave
the capftern round, whicii is done by the men fctting their breafts againft
them and walking about, like the machinery of a horfe-mill, till the ope-
ration is finift»cd.

The pins, e, are little bolts of iron thruft perpendicularly through the
holes of the drum-head, and through a correlpondcnt hole in the end of
the bar, made to receive the pins when the bars are fixed. They are ufed
to confine the bars, and prevent them from working out as the men heave,
or when the Ihip labours. Every pin is faftencd to the drum-head with i
fmad iron chain ; and, that the bars may exactly fit their refpectivc holes,
they are all numbered.

'i"!w? pawls, f, fig. 10. are fituated on each fide of the capftern, being
two Ihort bars of iron, bolted at one end through the deck to the beams
clofe to the lower part of the whelps-, the other end, which occafionally
turns round on the deck, being placed in the intervals of the whelps, as
the capftern turns, prevents it from recoiling or, turning back by any

L 2 fuddcn

CAP CAP

fiidden jerk of the cable as the fliip rifcs on the fea, ^hich might greatly
endanger the men who heave. There are alio hanj;_;ng pawls g, g, fig. 12.
ufcd tor the lame piirpolcs, reaching from the deck above to the drum-head
immediately beneath it

'ïhe fivifier is a rope pafTcd horizontally through holes in the outer ends
of the bars, and drawn very tight : the intent of this is to keep the men
ilcady as they walk round, when the fliip rolls, and to give room for a
greater number to afTill by pulling upon the fwifter itfelf.

The moll frequent ufe ot the capftern is to heave in the cable, and
thereby remove the Ihip, or draw up the anchor! It is alio ufcd to wind
up any weighty body, as the mafts, artillery, &c. In merchant-fhips it is
likevvife frequently employed to dilcharge or take in the cargo, particularly
when confiliing of wciglity materials that require a great exertion of me-
chanical powers to be removetl.

There are commonly two capRerns in a fliip of war, the main and the
gear capftern ; the former of wliich has two drum-heads, and may be called
;i double one. 'I'his is rcprefented by fig. 12. of plate II. the latter is ex-
hibited in fig. 1 1.

Formerly the bars of the capftern went intirely through the head of it,
and confequently were more than twice the length of the prefent ones ; the
holes were therefore formed at difterent heighths, as reprclented in fig. 10.
plate II. But this machine had feveral inconveniences, fuch as the perfons
who heaved at the higher bars incommoding thole at the lower ones -, the
bars being lifted or lowered by the perfons who heaved at their oppofite
ends ; fome of the bars being too high, and others too low, &c. It has
therefore been long intirely difufcd in the navy. Some of thefe fort of
capfterns, however, are ftill retained in merchant-fhips, and are ufually
denominated crabs. The fituation of the bars in a crab, as ready for heav»
ing, is reprefented in fig. 13. plate II.

To rig (he Capstern, (garnir, Fr.) is to fix the bars in their refpedtive
holes, and thruft in the pms in order to confine them.

Surge the Capstern, (choquer, Fr.) is the order to flacken the rope
heaved round upon it, of which there are generally two turns and a half
about the barrel at once, and fometimes three turns.

To heave the Capstern, (lirer au cabejlan, Fr.) is to go round with it
heaving on the bars, and drawing in any rope of which the purchale is
created.

To come up the Capstern, is to let go the rope upon which they had
been heaving. See the French term Cabestan, and the phrafes annexed
thereto.

To pawl the Capstern, is to fix the pawls to prevent it from recoiling
during any paufe of heaving.

CAPTAIN of aJJ.np of 'U-ar, (capitaine du haut bord, Fr.) the officer who
commands a fliip of the line of battle, or a frigate carrying twenty or more
cannon. The charge of a captain in his Majefty's navy is very compre-
henfive, inalmuch as he is not only anfwerable for any bad conduft in

the

CAP CAP

the military government, navigation, and equipment of the fliip he com-
mands ; but alfo for any negleél of duty, or ill management in his infe-
rior officers, whofe lèverai charges he is appointed to luperintend and re-
gulate.

On his firll receiving information of the condition and quality of the
fhip he is appointed to command, he muft attend her conftantly, and haften
the necefliiry preparations to fit her for fea. So ftrift indeed are the in-
jundions laid on him by the lord high admir.i!, or coiiimifTioners of the
admiralty, that he is forbid to lie out of h:s ihip, from his arrival on board,
till the day of his di;charge, unlefs by particular leave from the admiralty,
or his commander in chief.

He is enjoined to fhcw a laudable example of honour and virtue to the
officers and men, and to difcountenance all diflblute, immoral, and difor-
derly practices, and fuch as are contrary to the rules of difcipline and fu-
bordination, as well as to correct thofe who are guilty of fuch offences, as
are puniiliable according to the ufage of the fea.

He is ordered particularly to lurvey all the military (lores which are
fent on board, and to return whatlbevcr is deemed unfit for fervice. His
diligence and application are required to procure his complement of men •,
obferving carefully to enter only fuch as are fit for the ncceffary duty, that
the government may not be put to improper expence. When his ffiip is
fully manned, he is expefted to keep the ellabliflied number of men com-
plete, and luperintend the muiler hinifelf, if there is no clerk of the check
at the port.

When his fhip is employed on a cruifing dation, he is expefled to keep
the fea the whole length of time previoully appointed -, but if he is com-
pelled by fome unexpected accident to return to port fooner than the li-
mited time, he ouglu to be very cautious in the choice of a good fituation
for anchoring, ordering the mailer, or other careful officers, to found, and
difcover the depths of water, and dangers of the coaft.

Previous to any poffibility of engagement with an enemy, he is to
quarter the officers and men to the neceffary ftations according to their
office or abilities, and to ex«rcife them in the management of the artil-
lery, that they may be more expert in the time of battle. See the articles
Exercise and Quarters.

His dation in an engagement is on the quarter-deck -, at which time he
is expected to take all opportunities of annoying his enemy, and improving
every advantage over him -, to exhibit an example of courage and fortitude
10 his officers and crew-, and to place his fliip oppofite to his adverfary
in fuch a pofition as that every cannon fliall do effectual execution. See
Kncacement.

At the time of his arrival in port after his return from abroad, he is
to alfemble his officers, and draw up a detail of the obfervations that
have been made during the voyage ; of the qualities of the fliip, as to
her trim, ballaft, Itowage, and manner of failing, for the information
and diredion ot thofe who may fuccced in command : and this account

CAR CAS

h to be figncd by himfelf and officers, and to be returned to the refident
Commiffioner of the navy at the port where the fliip is dilVharged.

CAREENING, (faire abattre, caririer^rr.) the operation of heaving the
fhip down on one fide, by the application of a ftrong piirchak to her inafts,
which are properly fupported for the occafion, to prevent them from break-
ing with fo great a ftrain.

Careening is iifed to heave one of the fliip's fides fo low in the water,
as that her bottom, being elevated above it's fnrface on the other fide,
(See pLue I. fig. 5.) may be cleanfed from any filth, which adheres to it,
by Breaming ; which fee.

When a fliip is laid on a careen, every thing is taken out of her : fhe
is alfo laid to careen when inclining to one fide at fea, as prefil-d with a
weight of fail.

CARGO, (chargement, Fr.) the whole lading, or quantity of whatever
fpecies of merchandife a fhip is freighted with, in order to proceed from
port to port.

CARLINGS, (entremifeSy Fr.) fliort pieces of timber ranging fore and
aft, from one of the deck beams to another, into which their ends are
fcored : they are ufed to fuftain and fortify the fmaller beams of the fliip,
and are exhibited in the Deck, plate III.

CARPENTER cf c. fiip, (charpentier, Fr.) an officer appointed to ex-
amine and keep in order the frame of the fhip, together with her mafts,
yards, boats, and all other wooden machinery, and flores committed to him
by indenture from the furveyor of the dock-yard.

It is his duty in particular to keep the fhip tight ; for which purpofe he
ought frequently to review the decks and fides, and to caulk them when
it is found necelTary. In the time of battle he is to examine up and down,
with all pofTible attention, in the lower apartments of the fhip, to flop any
holes that may have been made in the fides by fhot, with wooden plugs
provided, of feveral fizes, for that purpofe.

CARTEL, (cartel, Fr.) a fnip commiffioned in time of war to exchange
the prifoners of any two hoftile powers -, alfo to carry any particular requefl
or propofal from one to another : for this reafon the officer who commands
her is particularly ordered to carry no cargo, ammunition, or implements
of war, except a fingle gun for the purpole of firing fignals.

CARTRIDGE, (cariouch, Fr.) a cartridge for a great gun, or other
fire-arm.

Cartridge-box, (bandoulière, Fr.) for mufquetry.

CAST AWAY, the ttate of a fhip which is loft or wrecked on a lee-
fhore, bank, or fhallow.

CASTING, (abattre, Fr.) in navigation, the motion of falling off, fo
as to bring the direétion of the wind on either fide of the fliip after it had
blown for ibme time right a-head.

This term is particularly applied to a fhip when her anchor firfl loofens
from the ground, when fhe is about to depart from any place where fhe
had anchored -, and as fhe had probably reiled at anchor with her head to
windward, it is plain fhe muft turn it off, fo as to fill the fails before fhe
can advance in her courle, which operation is called cafling.

Hence

CAT C E N

Hence flie is faid to cafl the right way, or the wrong way. Sec
Trim.

CAT, (chatte, Fr.) a (hip employed in thç coal trade, formed from thé
Norwegian model. It is diltinguilhed by a narrow Hern, projetSling quar-
ters, a deep --ji-aift, and by having no ornamental figure on the prow.

Theie veflcls are generally built remarkably ftrong, and carry from four
to fix hundred tons -, or, in the language of their own mariners, from twenty
to tliirty keds of coals.

Cat, (capon, Fr.) is alfo a fort of ftrong tackle, or complication of pul-
lies, to hook and draw the anchor perpendicularly up to the cat-bead. The
ule of this machine is reprefented in plate II. fig. 14.

CATAMARAN, (catimaron, Fr.) a fort of raft or float, formed by the
faftening a number of poles to each other fideways, and laying boards,
planks, &c. on the top, fo as to convey goods or paflcngers to fome diftant
place by water when no boat can be procured. This, however, can only
be peformed wlien the furface of the water is not much agitated.

CAT-HARPINS, a purchafe of ropes employed to brace in the fljroitdi
of the lower mafts behind tlieir yards, for the double purpofe of making
the fhrouds more tight, and of affording room to draw the yards in more
obliquely, to /;//;; the fails for a fidc-wind, when they are faid to be clofe-
hauled.

CAT-HEADS, (Icffoirs, Fr.) two ftrong fliort beams of timber, which
projed almoft horizontally over the ftiip's bows, on each fide of the bow-
fprit, being like two radii which extend from a center taken in the direc-
tion of the bow-fprit.

That part of the cat-head which refts upon the fore-caftle is fecurely
bolted to the beams : the other part projefls like a crane, as above dcfcribcd,
and carries in it's extremity two or three fmall wheels, or JJjcaves, of brafs,
or ftrong wood, about which a rope called the cat-fall paflcs, and communi-
cates with the cat-block, which alfo contains three flicaves. The machine
formed by this combination of pullies is called the cat, which ferves to pull
the anchor up to the cat-head without tearing the ftiip's fide with it's flukes.

The cat-head alfo ferves to fuipend the anchor clear of the bow, when it
is neceflary to let it go : it is kipported by a fort of knee, which is gene-
rally ornamented with fculpture.

The cat-block is fitted with a large and ftrong hook, which catches the
ring of the anchor when it is to be drawn up. See a reprefentation of this
article, plate II. fig. 14.

CATS-PAW, (echars, Fr.) a light air of wind perceived at a diftance
in a calm, by the impreffion made on the furface of the lea, which it fwecps
very lightly, and then decays.

CAULKING. See the article Calking.

CEILING, the infide planks of a fliip. See Foot-waleing,

CENTER of a Fleet, or Squadron, (corps de bataille, Fr.) the middle
of the line, which is always the itation of the admiral or commander in
chief, and ought to be the ftrongeft proportionably, as it reaches from tlie
van and rear. See Lin£ of Battle.

5 ^^

C H A C H A

To CHAFE, (racquer, Fr.) is to rub orfrtt the furface of a cable, maft,
or y«^rd, whilrt the fliip is agitated by the motion of the fea, or othcrwife.

CHAIN-PUMP. See the article Pump.

CHAINS, (cûdenes, Fr.) ftrong links or plates of iron, the lower ends
of which are bolted through the fliip's fide to the timbers.

They are placed at fhort diftances from each other on thefhip's out-fide,
as being ufed to contain the blocks called decd-eycs, by which the Jhycifds
of the mafts are extended. The difpofition of the chains, and that of their
channels, is reprefented by the letters I, I, in the plane of Elevation,
plate I. as alfo by fig. i6. plate II.

CHAIN-SHOT, a particular kind of (hot formed by faftening two
cannon-balls together with a fliort chain, and defigned to mangle and ruin
a Ihip's fails and rigging, or to dcllroy her mafts and yards. See Shot.

Top CHAIN, a chain to fling the fail-yards in the time of battle, in order
to prevent them from falling down when the ropes, by which they are hung,
happen to be fliot away, or rendered incapable of fervice.

CHAIN-WALE. See Channel.

CHANNEL, (?!iû?iche, Fr.) in hydrography, the deepeft part of a river,
harbour, or ftreight, which is moft convenient for the track of (hipping.

CHANNELS, or Chain-Wales of a Jhip, (forte-boffoirs, Fr.) broad
aiid thick planks projefting horizontally from the fhip's out-fide, a-breaft
of, and fomewhat behind, tlie mafts. See plate II. fig. i6.

They are formed to extend the flirouds from each other, and from the
axis or middle line of the fliip, fo as to give a greater fecurity and fup-
port to the mafts, as well as to prevent the flirouds from damaging the
gun-wale, or being hurt by rubbing againft it. See alfo Shroud.

Every maft has it's chain-wales, which are either built above or below
the fécond deck-ports in a fliip of the line : they are ftrongly connefted to
the fide by knees, bolts, and ftandards, befides being confined thereto by
the chains, whofe upper ends pafs through notches on the outer edge of
the chain-wales, fo as to unite with the flirouds above.

CHAPELING a Jhip, (faire chapelle, Fr.) the aft of turning her round
in a light breeze of wind when flic is clofe-hauled, lo as that (he will lie
the fame way (he did before. This is commonly occafioned by the negli-
gence of the fteerfman, or by a fudden change of the wind.

CHARGE of a caiinoii. See the article Cannon.

CHART, (charta, Lat.) a marine map or draught, upon which are repre-
lented the coafts, ifles, banks, rocks, and dangers of the lea, together with
the rhombs of the wind, and the entrance of bays and rivers, whereby to
ftiape and regulate the various courles of a (hip in her voyage.

CHARTER-PARTY, (chartc-partie, Fr.) a deed or writing made be-
tween merchants and lea-faring men, concerning their merchandife and
maritime aflfairs.

A charter-party of affreightment fettles the agreement in relation to the
freight and cargo of a (hip between the merchant and mafl:er, or coin-
mander of the vefllel. It binds the mafter to deliver the cargo in good
condition at the place where his fhip is to be difcharged, &:c.

5 I"

C H A C L A

In thofe charter-parties, if the dangers of the fea arc excepted, it has
been adjudged that fiich exception extends as well to any danger upon
fea from iliips of war or pirates, as to common hazards by fliipwreck,
Xempefts, &c.

CHyYCE, a vefTcl purfued by foine other, wliich flie apprehends or
'knows to be an enemy.

Bow Chace, a cannon fituated in the fore-part of a fliip to fire upon any
object a-head of her.

Stern Chace, the cannons which are placed in the after-part of a fliip's
gun-room, pointing a-ftern, and intended to ftrike any fhip which chafes
lier, or other objeift in her rear.

CHASING, the aft of purfuing a fliip or fleet, fuppofed or known to
be hoftile. The admiral difplayed the fignal for a general chace, i. e. oravc
the alarm to the whole fleet or fquadron to purfue fome other fleet in
fight.

CHEARLY, a phrafe which ufually implies heartily, chearfully, or
quickly, as row chearly in the boats ! lower away chearly ! i. e. row heartily,
lower fpcedily, &c.

CHEEKS of the maft^ (jottereaux. Fr.) the faces or projecting parts on
each fide of the mafl:s, ufed to fuflrain the frame of the top, together with
•the top-maft, which refts immediately upon them.

CHES-TREES, (taquets d'amure, Fr.) two pieces of wood bolted per-
pendicularly, one on the {larboard, and the other on the larboard fide of
the fliip. They are ufed to confine tiie clue, or lower corners of the main-
fail ; for which purpofe there is a hole in the upper part through which the
rope pafles that ufually extends the clue of the fail to windward. See the
article Tack.

The ches-trees are commonly placed as far before the main-maft as the
length of the main-beam.

Clerk of the CHECK, an officer in the royal dock-yards, who keeps a
inufi:er or rcgifi:er of all the men employed aboard his Majefly's fliips and
veflels, and alfo of all the artificers and others in the fervice of the navy at
the port where he is fettled.

^0 CHINSE, is to thruit oakum into a feam or chink with the point of
a knife or chiilel. Zhis is chiefly ufed as a temporary expedient when
caulking cannot be fufely or conveniently performed.

CHOCK, a fort of wedge ufed to confine a cp.lk or otiier weighty body,
in a certain place, and to prevent it from fetching way when the fliip is
in motion, &c.

CLAMPS, (I/(iuqtiicrcs, Fr.) thick planks in a fliip's fide, ufed to fuf-
tain the ends of the beams. See the article Midship-frame.

The clamps extend from the flrem to the fafliion-pieces of the ftern, in-
cluding the whole interior range of the fide. They are placed clofe under
each deck fo as to be fecurely fayed to all the timbers, to which they are
fattened by nails driven through the clamp, and penetrating two-thirds of
the thicknefs of the timbers.

M The

C L A C L O

The clamps of tlie lower and fécond decks ought to be equal in thicknefs
to half the correfpondiiig timbers in that part, and as broad as can be pro-
cured. In their difpofition it is eflentially neceflTary to avoid their being
wounded by tiie ports, as the ftrcngth and firmnefs of a ûi'ip greatly de-
pend on the fubllance and folidity of thofe pieces whicli lie horizontally in
her frame.

Clamps are alfo fmall crooked plates of iron, fore-locked upon the
trunnions of the cannon, to keep them fteady in their carriages at fea.
Thefe, however, are more properly termed cap-fquares. See Cannon.

Clamps of the latter fort arc likcwife frequently ufed to fallen the mafts
or bowfprits of fmall veflcls or boats.

CLAWING, or CL.'VWING-OFF, f^Mv.wr, Fr.) in navigation, the
ad: of beating, or turning, to windward from a lee-lliorc, fo as to acquire a
lufficicnt diltance from it, to efcape the dangers of fliipwrcck, which often
attend fo hazardous a Htuation.

CLEAR, as a naval term, is varioully applied to the weather, the fea-
coafts, cordage, navigation, &c. The weather is faid to be clear (fn, Fr.)
when it is fair and open, as oppofed to cloudy or foggy.

The fca-coad is called clear (faine, Fr.) when the navigation is not in-
terrupted, or rendered dangerous by rocks, fands, or breakers, Sec.

It is exprtdcd of cordage, cables, &c. when they are uncmbarrafled op
difentangled fo as to be ready for immediate fervice. It is ulually oppofed
to foul, in all thofe fenfes.

CLEATS, (taquets, Fr.) pieces of wood of different fhapes, ufed oc-
cafionaily to faften ropes upon in a fliip : fome of them have one, and
fome two arms, fig. 17. a, plate II. others are hollowed in the middle, and
have no arms at all, fig. 17. b : thefe are nailed to the deck or frdes to
laiten any thing to.

CLINCH, that part of a cable, or other rope, which is faftened to the
ring of the anchor.

CLINCHER-WORK, (bordée à quoin, Fr.) the difpofition of the planks
in the fide of any boat or vefilil, wlien the lower edge of every plank over-
lays the next under it, like the flates on the top of a houfe.

CLOSE-HAULED, (au plus près, Fr.) in navigation, the general ar-
rangement, or trim, of a fhip's fails, when fhe endeavours to make a pro-
grefs in the neareft dircftion poffiblc towards that point of the compafs from
which the wind bloweth.

In this manner of failing the keel commonly makes an angle of fix points
with the line of the wind -, but floops, and ibme other fmall veflels, are
faid to fail almoft a point nearer. All vefil'ls, however, are fuppofed to
make nearly a point oi lee-''j^ay, when clofe-hauled, even when they have the
advantage of a gocd failing-breeze and fmooth water. The angle of lee-way,
however, enlarges in proportion to the increafe of the wind and fea.

In this difpofition of the fails, they are all extended fideways on the iliip,

fo that the wind, as it crofies the fiiip obliquely towards the ftern from

forwards, may fill their cavities. But as the current of wind alfo enters

the cavities of the fails, in an oblique direûion, the efix)rt of it, to make

5 the

C L O C O A

the fliip advance, is conlidcrably diminilhed : flie will, therefore, make the
Icall progrefs when failing in this manner.

The fiiip is faid to be clofe-haiiled, becaufe at this time her tacks, or
lower corners of the principal fails, are drawn dole down to her fide to
windward ; tiic Ilieets hauled dole aft ; and all the bow-lines drawn to
their greateft extenfion, in order to keep the fails fteady.

CLOSE-QUARTERS, certain ftrong barriers of wood ilretching acrofs
a merchaiit-fiiip in fcveral places. They are ufed as a place of retreat
when a fhip is boarded by her adverfary, and arc therefore fitted with
feveral fmall loop-holes, through which to fire the fmall arms, whereby the
fhip's crew may defend themfelves and annoy the enemy. They are like-
wife furniflied with feveral fmall caiflbns, called powder-chefts, which are
fixed upon the deck, and filled with powder, old nails, &c. and may be
fired at any time from the clofe-quarters, upon the boarders.

We have known an Englifh merchant-lhip, ot fixteen guns, and pro-
perly fitted with clofe-quarters, defeat the united efforts of three French
privateers who boarded her in the late war, after having engaged at ibme
diitance nearly a day and a half with very few intervals of rdV. Two of
the cruifcrs were equipped with twelve guns each, and the other with eight.
The French failors were, after boardmg, fo mucl\ expoled to the con-
tinued fire of mufquetry, and coehorns charged with granadoes, that a
dreadful fcene of carnage enfued, in which the decks were foon covered with
the dead bodies of the enemy, lèverai of which the boarders, in their hurry
toefcape, had left behind.

ChVE.cfaJail, (point, Fr.) the lower corner ; and hence
Clue-G.\rnets, (cargues peint, Fr.) are a fort of tackles faftened to the
clues, or lower corners of the mainfail and forefail, to truls them up to the
yard as occafion requires, which is ulually termed clucing-up the fails.

Clue-Lines are for the fame purpofe as clue-garnets, only that the lat-
ter are confined to the courfes, whereas the cUie-lines are common to all the
fquare-fails. See thefe ropes, as reprefented in the article Sail.

COACH, or COUCH, a fort of chamber or apartment in a large fliip
of war near ihcjiern. The fioor of it is form.ed by the aftmoft part of the
quarter-deck, antl the roof of it by the poop : it is generally the habitation
of the caotain.

COAMINGS of the latches, certain raifed borders about the edge of
the hatches of a fliip, to prevent the water which may flow in upon the
deck at fea, from running down into the lower apartments. They are
reprefented in the Deck, plate III. as enclofing their relpedtive hatch-
ways.

COASTING, (aller terre à terre, Fr.) in navigation, the aft of making
a progrels along the fca-coaft of any country. The principal articles
relating to this part of navigation are, the obferving the time and direction
of the tide ; knowledge of the reigning winds -, of the roads and havens j
of the dilfercnt de{)ths of tlie water, and qualities of the ground.

M 2 COASTING-

C O A C O I

COASTING-PILOT, (cotier, Fr.) a pilot, who by long experience Ras
become fufficiently acquainted with the nature of any particular coafl-, and
of the requifites mentioned in the preceding article, to conduifl a fliip or
fleet from one part of it to another.

COAT, (braye, Fr.) a piece of tarred canvas nailed round that part of
the mafts and bowfprit which joins to the deck, or lies over the Item of
a fhip. It is ufed to prevent the water from running down into the hold, or
between the decks.

Bcfidcs thole above mentioned, there is a coat for the rudder nailed
round the hole where the rudder traverl'es in the fliip's counter. This
hole is reprefented at the upper part of the ftern-poft, exliibited in.
plate X.

Coat, (fuage^ Fr.) alto implies the materials or_/??/jf with which the fliip's
fides or marts are varnifined, to prelerve them from the fun and weather,
as turpentine, tar, &c. In this fenie we fay, " Give her a good coat of
lar."

COBBING, a punifhment ibmetimes inflided at Tea. It is performed by
ftriking the offender a certain number of times on the breech with a flat
piece of wood called the cobbing-board. It is chiefly ufed as a punifh-
ment to thofe who quit their ftation during the period of the night-
watch.

CoBBiN'G-BoARD, {haton dejujljce, Fr.)

COBOOSE, (fogone, Fr. kanibiiis, Dutch) a fort of box or houfe to
cover the chimney of fome merchant-fhips. It fomewhat refembles a
centry-box, and generally ftands againft the barricade on the fore pare oî
the quarter-deck.

COCK-PIT of a Jhip of ivm; the apartments of the furgeon and his.
mates, being the place where the wounded men are drefîèd in the time of
battle, or otherwife. It is fituated under the lower-deck.

COCKSWAIN, or COXEN, the officer who manages and fteers a
boat, and has the command of the boat's crew. It is evidently com-
pounded of the words cork and fwain, tlie former of which was anciently
ufed for a yawl or fmall boat, as appears by lèverai authors * ; but it has
now become obfolete, and is never ufed by our mariners.

COD-PISHER, (caplaiiier, Fr.) name of a veflel employed to cure cod;,
alfo the men appointed for that fervice.

COIL, (cueillir, Fr.) the manner in wliich all ropes are difpofcd aboard
fhips for the conveniency of ftowage -, bccaufe

COILING, (rouer, Fr.) implies a fort of ferpentine winding of a cable
or other rope, that it may occupy a fmall fpace in the fliip. Eath of the
windino^s of this fort is called a fake, and one range of fakes upon the
fame line is called a tier ; there are generally from five to feven fakes in.
i tier ; and three or four tiers in the whole length of the cable. This,

■• Yon tall anchoring bark

Diminifli'd to her cock ; her cock a buoy, Src.

Shakespeare,

b-owever.

COL COM

however, depends on the extent of the fakes. The fmaller ropes employed
about the fails are coiled upon cleats at fea, to prevent their being en-
tangled amongft one another in traverfing, contradting, or extending the
fails.

COLLAR (collier d'ctai, Fr.) a name given to the lower part of any of
the principal ftays of the malts, or the part by wliich the ftay is confined at
it's lower end. Thus the collar of the main-ftay connects the lower end of
the ftay to the fliip's ftem. See the article Stav.

COLLIF.RS, certain veflels employed to carry coals from one port to
another, chiefly from tiie northern parts of England to the capital, and
more foutherly parts, as well as to foreign markets. This trade is known
to be an excellent nurfery for feamen, although they are often found, from
the conftitution of their climate, to be not fo well calculated for fouthern
navigation.

COLOURS, the flags or banners which diftinguifh the fliips of different
nations. See the articles Ensign, Jack., and Pendent.

COMING-TO. See the article Trying.

COMMAND, in the royal navy, implies the rank and power of an-
officer who has the management of a fliip of war, of whatever kind,
under twenty guns, as floops of war, armed lliips, or bomb-vefllls. He is
intitled majler and commander, (cnpitaiiie du petit état, Fr.) and ranks with a
major in the King's army.

Commander is alfo exprefl'ed of a large wooden mallet ufcd on fundry
cccafions in a fliip.

COMMISSIONERS of the navy, certain officers appointed to fuperin-
tend the affairs of the marine, under the diredion of the lord-high-admiral,
or lords commiffioners of the admiralty.

The duty of thefe officers does not extend to the internal government of
fhips inverted with a military command, either at fea or in the port. It
is more immediately concerned in the building,, docking, repairing, and
cleaning of fliips in the dock-yards. In confideration of this, all fliips of
war are commiflloned from a report of their qualities preiented to the Ad-
miralty by the Navy-board.

They have alfo the appointment of fomc of the inferior fea-officers, as
furgeons and mafters of ihips.

I'he principal officers and commiffioncrs rcfiding at the board, are,
I. The comptroler. 2. Two lurvcyors, who are fliipwrights. 3. Clerk
of the ads. 4. Comptroler ot the treal'urer's accounts. 5. Comptroler
of the viftualing accounts. 6. Comptroler of the ftore-keepcr's accounts.
7. An extraordinary commiffioner. Befides thefe, there are three refident
commillioners, who manage the affairs of the dock -yards at Chatham,
Fortfmouth, and Plymouth, under the diredtion of the board at the NaVy-
office.

COMMODORE, (chef d'efcadre, Fr.) a general officer in the Brit'fli

marine, inveflied with the command of a detachment of (bips of war deffi-

ned on any particular cnterprife -, during which time he bears the rank of

brigadier-general in the army, and is diltinguiffied from the inferior

5 f^ips

COM COM

Hiips of his fquiKli-on by a broad red pendent tapering towards tl.c outcr-
t,iu, ;;iid roinctiiucs I'orkcd. The word is corrupted tVoai the Spanilh
cowendûdor.

Co^!.MODORr; is alfo a name given to fome fcleft fnip in a fleet of mer-
chantmen, who leads the van in time of war, and carries a light in liis
top, to ccnduft tlie reft and keep them together.

COMPANION, a fort of wooden porch placed over the entrance or
ftair-cafe of tlie mailer's cabin in a merchant-lhip.

COMPANY, the whole crew of any fliip, including her officers.

COMPASS, an inllrument employed to determine the Hiip's coiirfe at
fea, and confilling of a card and two boxes. The card, which is calculated
to reprcfent the horizon, is a circle divided into thirty-two equal parts, by
lines drawn from the center to the circumference, called points or rhumbs.
The intervals between the points are alfo fubdivided into equal parts called
degrees, :56o of which complete the circle ; and confequently the diftance
or angle comprehended between any two rhumbs is equal to 1 1 °, 15'. The
four principal rhumbs are called the cardinal points, deriving their names
from the places to which thev tend -, viz. tlie tv/o which extend thcmfelves
under the meridian, oppolite to each other, pointing to the north and
fouth, are called the norlh and foiuh points. That which is towards the
right hand as we look north is termed eajl, and it's oppofite the ivcji point.
The names of all the inferior ones are compounded of thefe, according
to their fituation. Along the north and fouth line is fixed a fteel needle,
which being touched by the load-ftone acquires a certain virtue that makes
it hang nearly in the plane of the meridian, and confequently determine the
dire(5tion of the other points toward the horizon.

7"he compafs being of the utmoft importance to the purpofes of na-
vigation, it is realonable to expeét that the greateft attention fhoiild
be ufed in it's conftruclion, and every attempt to improve it carefully
examined, and adopted, if proper. Great errors and irregularities,
however, have been found incident to the conftruftion of common com-
pafics, arifing from the fliape of their needles, by which they liave
not only turned from the true direction, but from that of each other*.

* The wires, of which tlie needle has hitherto been generally compofcd, were only
hardened at their ends ; now if thofe ends .ire not eqi:ally h.ird, or if one end be hardened
up higher than the other, when they come to be put together, in fixing thcni to the card,
that end which ii hardell will dellrov much of t!ie virtue of the other ; by which means the
hardell end will have the greatell power in dirctling the card, and confequently make it
vary towards it's own direction ; and, as the wires are difpofed in the form of a lozenge,
thcie cards can have but little force ; fo that they will often, wh.cn drawn afide. Hand at
the diftance of feveral degrees on either fide the point from whence they are dr.iwn ; for all
magnetical bodies receive an additional rtrength by being placed in the direftion of the
earth's niagnetifm, and aft proportionably lefs vigoroufly when turned out of it. i'herefore
when thefe kind of needles arc drawn aiide from their true point, two of the parallel fides
of the lozenge will confpire more direftly than before with the earth's magnetii'm, and the
other two will be lefs in that direftion : by this means the two former fides will very much
impede it's return, and the two latter will have that impediment to overcome, as well as
the friclion, by their own force alone.

COM COM

To remedy thefe inconviencies, the learned Dr. Knight was induced to
-contrive a new fca-compafs, wiiich is now ufed aboard all our vcfTcls of war*.
The needles of the other inllruments were generally compofed of two
pieces of ftecl wire, bent in the middle, and approaching each other to-
wards the ends, where they meet. Others were made of one piece of fteel
of a fpring temper, and broad towards the ends, but tapering towards the
m.iddle; but the needle in Dr. Knight's compais is quite ftrait, and fquare
at the ends, and confequently has only two poles, although the curves are
a little confuled about the hole in the middle. Needles of this conftruc-
tion, after vibrating a long time, will always point exaétly in the fame di-
rcd'on ; and if drawn ever fo little on one fide will return to it again,
without any fenfible difterencc.

In order to illuftrate the above defcription, we have exhibited a view of
the lèverai parrs of the compais, plate II. where fig. 19. is the card, with
the needle N S, and it's cap fixed upon it.

Fig. 21, is the pedeftal that fupports the card, containing a fewing
needle fixed in two fmall grooves to receive it, by means of a collet C, in
the manner of a port-crayon. D, the ftem, is filed into an o6togon, that'
it may the more cafily be unfcrev/etl.

A B, fig. 20. is the box in which tlie compafs hangs in tlie binacle.

C D, is the ring that fupports the inner box.

E F, is the inner box, whicii contains the card and needle.

G H, one of it's axes, by which it is fufpended on the ring C D.

I. is a place cut out in the wood, ferving as an handle.

The magnet or needle appears palling through the center, together with
a fmall brace of ivory that confines the cap to it's place.

The card is a fingle varnifhed paper, reaching as far as the outer circle
of figures, whicii is a circle of thin brafs -, the edge whereof is turned down
at right angles to the plane of the card, in order to ftifFen it.

The compafs is retained in the binacle at fcà, as exhibited in plate I.
fig. 6. For the other parts of the compafs reprefented in the figure, fee
tlie article Azimuth.

COIVIPASSING, (devers, ¥r.) a name given by fliipwrights to fuch.
pieces of timber as are incurvated into the figure ot an arch, whether cin^ular,
elliptical, or otherwife.

COMPLEIVIENT, the limited number of men employed in any (hip,
either for navigation or battle.

COMPrUOLl'.R of the lîûiy, one of the principal officers of the Navy-
boaril, at which he prcfides, to diree'l: the interior and civil department of

* It is neceflary to obfcrvc here, that the principal, and intlecd the only circumflancc in-
which Knight's con^pafll-s arc fuperior to thofc which have hitherto obtaiiu-J, is, that theic
needles being tempered much liighcr than iifual, are thereby enabled to contain a much
greater quantity of tlie mngnctical llrcam, which is certainly a real advaniagc. lint, on
the other hand, experience fuflicicntly proves, and truth obliges us to remark, that the
method.', he has taken to balance the card with more .accuracy than had been formerly
attempted, have rendered it by far too delicate to encounter the Ihocks of a tenipelluuus ler..

the

CON COU

the mnrine, as tlie admiralty fupcrimends the fuperior and military opera-
tions of it.

CONVOY, (confcwe, corjcyn; Fr.) a fleet of mcrchant-fliips bound on
a voyage to I'oine particular part or general rendezvous.

Convoy alfo implies the fhip or lliips appointed to conduct and defend
them on their pafl'age thither.

CORDAGE, (ccrdoge, Fr.) a general term for the vvtnn'-.ng rigging of
a fhip, or all that part of her rigging which is employed to extend, con-
trad, or rravcrfc the fails -, or which lies in rcferve to ùipply the place of
fuch as may be rendered unferviceable. See the article Rigging.

CORPORAL of a pip of zvar^ an officer under the mailer at arms,
employed to teach the failors the cxercife of fmall arms, or mufketry -,
to attend at the gangway, or entering-ports, and obferve that no fpi-
rituous liquors are brought into the lliip, unlefs by particular leave
from the officers. Fie is alio to extin^-uilh the fire and candles at ei^ht
o'clock in winter, and nine in fummer, when tiie evening gun is fired ;
and to walk frequently down in the lower decks in his watch, to fee
that tl ere are no lights but fuch as are under the charge of proper
centinels.

CORPOSANT, (fc-u S(. Eiwe, Fr. corpo fanlo, Ital.) a fort of volatile
meteor, or ignis fitttus, often beheld in a dark and tempeftuous niglit about
the decks or rigging of a fliip, but particularly at the extremities, as the
maft-lieads, and yard-arms : it is molt frequent in heavy rain, accompanied
with lightening. " They ufually wander with uncertain motion from place
to place, fometimes appearing to cleave clofe to the fails and mafts ; but
they frequently leap up and down with incermifTion, affording an obfcure
fiame, like that of a candle burning faintly. They are produced by fome
fulphureous and bituminous matter, which being beat down by the motion
of the air above, and gathering together, \s, kindled by the agitation of the
air, as butter is gathered together by the agitation of the cream. And
from this appearance we infer that ftorms come from fulphureous fpirits
that rarify the air, and put it into a motion." Varenius.

CORSAIR, (ccffair, Fr.) a name commonly given to the piratical
cruifers of Barbary, who frequently plunder the merchant-fhips of Euro-
pean nations with whom they are at peace.

COTT, a particular fort of bed-frame, fufpended from the beams of a
fhip, for the officers to fleep in between the decks. This contrivance is
much more convenient at fea than either the hammocks or fixed cabins,
being a large piece of canvas fewed into the form of a cheft, about fix feec
long, one foot deep, and from two to three feet wide : it is extended by a
iquare wooden frame with a canvas bottom, equal to it's length and breadth,
to retain it in an horizontal pofition.

COVE, (abrianfe, Fr.) a fmall creek or bay, where boats or little veflels
may ride at anchor Iheltered from the wind and fea under a weather fhore.

COUNTER, (contre arcaffe, Fr.) an arch or vault whofe upper-part is
•terminated by the bottom of the Jla-n, and the lower-part by the wing-

tranfom

cou C R A

tranfom and buttock, being exprefled by the letters K G, in the elevation,
plate I. as likewile by the fame letters in fig. i. plate X. and the fio-ure
referred to from the article Quarter.

There is alfo another counter above, parallel to this, but not vaulted ;
it extends from the upper-part of the lower, or vaulted, counter, to the
moulding which terminates the windows of the cabin or ward-room below.
This latter is ufually called the upper or fécond counter.

COUNTER-BRACING. See this operation fully explained in the
article Tacking.

COURSE, (route, Fr.) in navigation, the angle contained between the
neareft meridian and that point of the compafs upon which a fliip fails in
any particular direction.

Oblique Course, {Loxodromie, Fr.) a courfe which crofles the meridian at
equal and oblique angles.

COURSES, (pacfis, baffes voiles, Fr.) a name by which the principal
fails of a fhip are ufually diftinguilhed, viz. the main-fail, fore-fail, and
mizen : the mizen-ftay-fail and fore-fail are alfo fometimes comprehended
in this denomination, as are the main-ftay-fails of all brigs and fchooners.
See the article Sail.

CRAB, a fort of wooden pillar, whofe lower end, being let down
through a fhip's decks, refts upon a focket like the capllcrn ; and
having in it's upper-end three or four holes, at different hci^-hths -, thro*
the middle of it, above one another, into which long bars arc thrull,
whofe length is nearly equal to the breadth of the deck. It is em-
ployed to wind in the cable, or to purchafe any other weighty matter
which requires a great mechanical power. This differs from a capftern
as not being furnifhed with a drum-bead, and by having the bars to go in-
tirely through it, reaching from one fide of the deck to the other ; whereas
thofe of the capltern, which are fuperior in number, reach only about eio-ht
inches or a foot into the drum-head, according to the fize thereof This
machine is reprefented in plate II. by fig. lo. and 13. See alfo Capstern.

CRADLE, (Jlee, Fr.) a frame placed under the bottom of a fliip, in
order to conducTt her fmoothly and fteadily into the water when flic is to be
lanched ; at which time it fupports her weight whilft ffie Aides down the
defcent, or floping paflage called the ways, which are for this purpofe daubed
with foap and tallow. This frame is exhibited by fig. 23. plate II.

CRAFT, a general name for all forts of veflcls employed to load or
difcharge merchant-ffiips, or to carry along-fide, or return the flores of
men of war : fuch are lighters, hoys, barges, prames, &c. See thofe ar-
ticles.

CRANK, {cote-foible, Fr.) the quality of a fliip, which for want of a
fufficient quantity of ballajt or cargo, is rendered incapable of carrying fail
without being expofed to the danger of overfetting. See the articles Bal-
last and T^iM.

Crank, is alfo an iron brace which fupports the lanthorns on the poop-
quarters, &c.

N CRAWL,

C R A C R O

CRAWL, [hiiiboty Fr.) a fort of pen, or place of confinement, formed
by a barrier of ftakes and hurdles on the fea-coaft, to contain any fort of
fijli within it.

CRKEPFR, an inftruincnt of iron refembling a grappling, having a
punk and four hooks or claws, fig. 24. plate II. It is ulcd to throw into
the bottom of any river or harbour, with a rope fallened to it, to hook and
draw up any thing from the bottom Avhich may have been loft.

CREW of a fivp, {equipage, Fr.) comprehends the officers, fiilors, fea-
men, marines, ordinary men, fervants and boys ; but exclufive of the
captain and lieutenants, in the French fei-vice.

CRINGLE, {ancet, Fr.) a fmall hole made in the bull-rope of a fail,
by intertwifting one of the divifions of a rope, called Sijlrand, alternately
round itfelf and through xhtjlrmids of the bolt-rope, till it becomes three-
fold, and alTumcs the lliape of a wreath or ring. See plate 11. fig. 25.
-where a, b, reprefents part of the bolt-rope of a fail -, and c, the cringle.

The ufe of the cringle is generally to contain the end of fome rope,
■which is faftened thereto, for the purpofe of drawing up the fail to it's
yard, or of extending the fkirts by the means of bridles to ftand upon a
lide-wind. The word feems to be derived from krinckehi, (Belg.) to run
hitotwifts.

CROSS-JACK, pronounced crojeck, a fail extended on the lower yard
of the w/zw-maft, -which is hence called the crofs-jackyard, (vergue fiche, Fr.)
This fail, however, has generally been found of little fervice, and is
therefore very feldom ufed.

CROSS-PIECE, (rajleau, Fr.) a rail of timber extended over the izind-
lafs of a merchaiit-fhip from the knight-heads to the belfry. It is ftuck
full of wooden pins, which are ufed to faften the running-rigging as oc-
cafion requires. See the article Windlass.

CROSS-TREES, (barres de hune, Fr.) certain pieces of timber fup-
ported by the cheeks and treftle-trees, at the upper-ends of the lower-mafls,
athwart which they are laid, to fuftain the frame of the top.

CROTCHES, (fourcats, Fr. croccia, Ital.) a name given to thofe crooked
timbers that are placed upon the keel in the fore and hind-parts of a fhip,
upon which tho franie of her hull grows narrower below, as it approaches
the rtem afore, and the ftern-poft abaft.

Crotches, (comes, Fr.) are alfo certain pieces of wood or iron, whofe
upper-part opens into two horns, or arms, like a half-moon. They ara
fixed in different places of the fhip, according to the ufes for which they
may be defigrred, which is ufually to fupport the fpare-nialls, yards, &:c.
The iron crotches are exhibited in plate 11. fig. 26.

CROW, an iron lever well known in mechanics, and furniflied with 3
iharp point at one end, and two claws at the other, as appears in fig. 27.
plate II.

This inftrument is ufed for various purpofes, by fliipwrights and ma-
riners ; as to remove pieces of timber, and other weighty bodies ; and to
draw ipike-nails, &c. as well as to manage the great guns, by moving them
into their port?, levelling or pointing them to a particular objed:.

C R O CUR

"to CROWD, (forcer de "voiles, Fr. cruth. Sax.) to carry an extraordinary
force of fail upon a fhip, in order to accelerate her courl'e on fome impor-
tant occafion, as in purfuit of, or flight from, an enemy ; to efcape any
immediate danger, &c.

CROW-FOOT, {trelingage, Fr.) a complication of fmall cords fpreading
out from a long block, like the fmaller parts which extend from the back-
bone of a herring. See plate II. fig. 28. It is iifed to fufpend ihc atvnings ;
or to keep the top-fails from ftriking violently and fretting a^ainft tlie edges
of the tops.

CROWNING, the finilhing part of a knot made on the end of a rope.
It is performed by interweaving the ends of the different ftrands archilly
amongft each other, fo as that they may not become loofencd or un-
twifted. The defign of thefe knots is to keep the end of the rope fall in
fome place afTigned for it: they are more particularly ufcful in all kinds
of floppers.

CRUISE, {campaigne crcifr, Fr.) a voyage or expedition in queft of
vefTels or fleets of the enemy, which may be expected to fail through
any particular tra6t of the fea at a certain feafon of the year. The region
in which thefe cruifes are performed is ufually termed the rendezvous, or
cruifing-latitude. When the fliips employed for this purpofe, which are
accordingly called cruifers, have arrived at their deftined fl:ation, they
traverfe the fea backward and forward, under an eafy fail, and within a
limited fpace, conjedured to be nearly in the track of their expedcd ad-
verfaries.

CUDDY, (ccqueron, Fr.) afort of cabin, or cook-room, in the fore-part,
or near the ftern, of a lighter or barge of burden.

CUNNING, (faire gouverner, Fr.) the art of direâ:ing the fleerfman to
guide the (hip in her proper courfe : tlie officer who performs this duty Is
either the pilot or quarter-mafter.

CURRENT, (courans, Fr. ciorcns, Lat.) in navigation, a certain pro-
greflive movement of the water of the fea, by which all bodies floating
therein are compelled to alter their courfe, or velocity, or both, and lubmit
to the laws impofed on them by the current.

In the fea, currents are either natural and general, as arifing from the
diurnal rotation of the earth about it's axis ; or accidental and particular,
caufed by the waters being driven againft promontories, or into gulfs and
ftreights -, where, wanting room to fpread, they are driven back, and thus
didurb the ordinary flux of the fea.

" Currents are various, and directed towards difl^creiu p.irts of thi.'
ocean, of which fome are confiant, and others periodic.il. The moll
extraordinary current of the fea is that by which part of the Atlantic
or African ocean moves about Guinea from Cape \'crd towards tiic
curvature or bay of Africa, which they call Fernando Foo, viz. from
weft to eaft, contrary to the general motion. And hich is the force of
this current, that when fhips approach too near the fliore, ic carries
them violently towards that bay, and deceives the mariners in their
reckoning. «

N 3 " Therr

CUR CUR

" There is a great variety of fliit'tiiig currents, wliicji do not lafl, but
return at certain periods": and thcfe do, moft of them, depend upon, and
follow the annivcrfary winds or tnonlbons, which by blowing in one place
may caufe a current in another*." Vareniiis.

In tlic freights of Gibraltar the currents almoft conftantly drive to tlie
eaftward, and carry fliips into the Mediterranean : they are alio found to
drive the fame way into St. George's-channcl.

The fettlng, or progrelTive motion of the current, may be either quite
down to the bottom, or to a cert.'.iji deterniinate depth.

As the knowledge of the direétion and velocity ot currents is a very
material article in navigation, it is highly neceflary to difcover both, in
order to afcertain the fhip's fituation and courfe with as much accuracy
as poffible. The moft fuccelsful method which has been hitherto at-
tempted by mariners for this purpofe, is as follows. A common iron
pot, which may contain four or five gallons, is fufpended by a fmall rope
fattened to it's ears or handles, fo as to hang direftly upright, as when
placed upon the fire. This rope, which may be from 70 to 100 fathoms
in length, being prepared for the experiment, is coiled in the boat, which
is hoifted out of the fhip at a proper opportunity, when there is little or
.no wind to ruffle the furfaceof the fea. The pot being then thrown over-
board into the water, and immediately finking, the line is fiackened till

* " At Jav.i, in the freights of Sunda, when the monfoons blow from the weft, viz, in
the month of May, the currents fet to the eaftward, contrary to the general motion.

•' Alfo between the ifland of Celebes and Madura, when the weftern monfoons fet in, viz.
in December, January, and February, or when the winds blow from the N. W. or between
the north and weft, the currents fet to the S. E. or between the fouth and eaft.

" At Ceylon, from the middle of March to Odlober, the currents fet to the fouthward,
and in the other parts of the year to the northward ; becaufe at this time the fouthern mon-
foons blow, and at the other, the northern.

" Between Cochin-China and Malacca, when the weftern monfoons blow, viz. from
April to Augurt, the currents fet eaftward againft the general motion, but the reft of the
year fet weftward ; the monfoon confpiring with the general motion. They run fo ftrongly
in thefe feas, that unexperienced failors miftake them for waves that beat upon the rocks
known by the name of breakers.

" So for fome months after the fifteenth of February the currents fet from the Maldivies
towards India on the eaft, againft the general motion of the fea.

" On the fhore of China and Cambodia, in the months of Oftober, November, and
December, the currents fet to the N. W. and from January to the S. W. when they run
with fuch a rapidity of motion about the ftioals of Parcel, that it fccms fwifter than that of
an arrow.

" At I'ulo Condore, upon the coaft of Cambodia, though the monfoons are fhifting, yet
the currents fet ftrongly towards the eaft, even when they blow to a contrary point.

" .Along the coaits of the bay of Bengal, as far as the cape Romania, at the extreme
point of Malacc.n, the current runs fouthward in November and December.

" When tlie monfoons blow from China to Malacca, the fea runs fwiftly from Pulo
Cambi to Pulo Condore, on the coaft of Cambodia.

" In the bav of Sans Bras, not far from the Cape of Good Hope, there is a current
particularly remarkable, where the fea runs from eaft to weft to the landward ; and this more
\chcmcntlv as it becomes oppofed by the winds from a contrary direftion. The caufe is
undoubtedly owing to fome adjacent fhore, which is higher than this." Varenius.

Thefe currents conftantly follow the winds, and' fet to the fame point with the monfoon,
or trade-wind, at fea. See Monsoon.

about

CUT

about fcventy or eighty fathoms run out, after which the line is faftcned
to the boat's ftem, by which fhe is accordingly reftrained, and rides as
at anchor. The velocity of the current is then cafily tried by the log and
half-.ninute glafs, the ufual method of difcovering the rate of a fliip's
failing at fea. The courfe of the ftrcam is next obtained by means of the
compafs provided for this operation.

Having thus found the fctting and drift of the current, it remains to ap-
ply this experiment to the purpofes of navigation. \'i the fhip fails along
the direftion of the current, then the motion of the fliip is increafed by as
much as is the drift or velocity of the current.

If a current fcts direftly againft the fhip's courfe, then her motion rs re-
tarded in proportion to the ftrength of the current. Hence it is plain,
I. If the velocity of the current be lefs than that of the fliip, then the fhip
\]\\\ advance fo much as is the difference of thefe velocities. 2. If the
velocity of the current be more than that of the fhip, then will the fhip
fall as much aftern as is the difference of thefe velocities. 3. If the velo-
city of the current be equal to that of the ITiip, then will the fhip ftand
ftill, the one velocity dcitroying the other.

If the current thwarts the courfe of a fhip, it not only diminiflies or
increafes her velocity, but gives her a new direftion, compounded of the
courfe llie fteers, and the letting of the current, as appears by the fol-
lowing

LEMMA.

If a body at A be impelled by
two forces at the fame time, the
one in the direftion A B, carry-
ing it from A to B in a certain
fpace of time, and the other in the
direftion A D, pufhing it from A
to D in the fame time -, complete
the parallelogram A B C D, and

draw the diagonal A C : then the body at A, (which let us fuppofe a
fhip agitated by the wind and current ; A B being the line along which
fhe advances as impreflcd by the wind, and A D the line upon which
fhe is driven by the current) will move along the diagonal A C, and
will be in the point C, at the end of the time in which it would have
moved along A D or A B, as impelled by either of thofe forces, (the wind
or current) feparately.

CUTTER, {bateau^ Er.) a fmall vefTel commonly navigated in the
channel of England -, it is furnifhed with one maft, and rigged as a. Jloop.
Many of thefe velîcls are ufed on an illicit trade, and others employed by
the government to feize them -, the latter of which are either under the
diredion of the Admiralty or Cul^om-houfe. See a reprefentation of a
cutter of this fort in the pjatc referred to from the article Vessel.

Cutter is alfo a Imall boat ufed by fliips of war. Sec Boat.

6 CUTTING-

CUT CUT

CUTTING-DOWN Line, a curved line iifed by fliipwrights in tlie
delineation of fhips : it determines the thicknefs of all the floor-timbers,
and likewife the heighth of the dead-zvcod, afore and abaft. It is limited in
the middle of the Ihip by the thicknefs of the floor-timber, and abaft by
the breadth of the keffon -, and mufl: be carried up To high upon the ftem,
as to leave fiifficient fubftance for the breeches of the rifing timbers.
Murray's Ship-building.

CUT-WATER, the foremoft part of a (hip's prow, formed of an
aflemblage of feveral pieces of timber, to render it broad at the upper-
part, where it projets forward from the ftem to open the column of
water as the ftiip fails along, and alfo to make her keep to windward
better, when fhe is clofe-hauled. It is otherwife called the knee of the
head. See the article Stem ; fee alfo the feveral parts of it reprelcntcd in
plate I. PiECF.s of the Hull.

DAM D E A

DAM, (batardeau, Fr.) a piece orwater confined within banks.
DAVIT, (minot, Fr.) a long beam of timber, rcprelented by a, .1,
plate II. fig. 29. and ufed as a crane, whereby to hoill the flukes of the an-
chor to the top of the iow, without injuring the planks of the fliip's fide
as it afcends -, an operation which by mariners is called fifhing the anchor.
The anchors being fituated on both the bows, the davit may beoccafionally
fliifted fo as to projedt over either fide of the lliip, according to the poficioa
of that anchor on which it is to be employed. The inner-end of the davit
is fccured by being thruft into a fquare ring of iron b, which is bolted to
the deck, and fore-locked under the beams. This ring, which is called the
.fpan-fhackle, exhibited at large by fig. 7,^. is fixed exadily in the middle of
the deck, and clofe behind the fore-malt. Upon the outer-end of the davit
is hung a large block c, through which a ftrong rope traverfes, called the
fifli-pendent d, to whole foremoft end is fitted a large iron hook e, and to
it's after end a tackle or complication of puUies f, the former of which is
called the fifli-hook, and the latter the fifli-tackle.

The davit therefore, according to the lea-phrafe, is employed to fjh
the anchor^ which being previoufly catted^ the fifh-hook is faftcned upon
it's flukes ; and the effort of tlie tackle, being tranfmitted to the hook by
means of the fifli-pendent, draws up that part of the anchor fufficiently
high upon the bow to faften it, which is done by the Shank-fainter. See
that article.

There is alfo a davit of a fmaller kind, occafionally fixed in the longboat,
and employed to weigh the anchor therein.

DAY'S- WORK, (cinglage, Fr.) the reckoning or account of the fliip's
courfe, during twenty-tour hours, or between noon and noon, according
to the rules of trigonometry. See Dead-Reckoning.

DF.AD-EYE, (cap de mouton^ Fr.) a fort of round, flattifh, wooden block,
fee fig. 30. plate II. It is ufually encircled witli the end of a rope, or with
an iron baml, fig. 31. />, and pierced with three holes through the flat, in
order to receive the rope called a laniard c, which, correlponding with
thrte holes in another dead-eye a, creates a purchafc employed for various
ufcs, but chiefly to extend \.\\c Jhrouds anajiays, othcrwile called the Hand-
ing rigging.

In order to form this purchafc, one of the dead-eyes is fafliened in the
lower-end ot each fluoucl, and the up.ofite one in the upper-link of
each chain on the fliip's fide, which is made round to receive and en-
compafs the hollowed outer-edge of the dead-eye. After this the laniard

D E A D E A

is pafled alternately through the holes in the upper and lower dead-eyes till
it becomes fix-fold ; and is then drawn tight by the application of mecha-
nical powers. The general difpofition of the dead-eyes in their channels
is reprefented in the Elevation, plate I. In merchant-fliips they are gene-
rally fitted with iron plates in the room of chains. Thefe laft are exhibited
in fig. 1 6. plate II.

The dead-eyes ufed for the ftays, (moques, Fr.) have only one hole, which,
however, is large enough to receive ten or twelve turns of the laniard :
thefe are generally termed hearts, and are exprefied by fig. 32.

There are alfo dead-eyes of another form, employed for the crow-feet,
(ynoques de trelingage, Fr.) Thefe are long cylindrical blocks, fig, 33. with
a number of fmall holes in them, to receive the legs or lines of which the
crow-foot, fig. 28. is compofed.

DEAD-LIGHTS, certain wooden ports which are made to fatten into
the cabin-windows, to prevent the waves from gufhing into a fliip in a
high fea. As they are made exaftly to fit the windows, and are flrong
enough to refill the waves, they are always fixed in, on the approach of
a ftorm, and the glafs frames taken out, which might otherwife be Ihat-
tercd to pieces by the furges, and fuffer great quantities of water to enter
the veffel.

DEAD-RECKONING, (eftime, Fr.) in navigation, the judgment or
eftimation which is made of the place where a fliip is fituated, without any
obfervation of the heavenly bodies. It is difcovered by keeping an ac-
count of the diftancc fhe has run by the log, and of her coufe fteercd by tht
compafs; and by redifying thefe data by the ufual allowances for drifiy
lee-ivay, &c. according to the fliip's known trim. This reckoning, how-
ever, is always to be correfted, as often as any good obfervation of the
fun can be obtained.

DEAD-RISING, or RISING-LINE of the floor, (fleurs, Fr.) thefe
parts of a fbip's floor, or bottom, throughout her whole length, where the
floor-timber is terminated upon the lower futtock. See the article Navai.
Architecture.

DEAD-WATER, (remoux, Fr.) the eddy of water which appears like
little whirl-pools, clofing in with the fhip's ftern as Ihe fails through it.

DEAD-WOOD, (contre-quille, Fr.) a name given by fhipwrights to
certain blocks of timber laid upon the keel, particularly at the extremities
afore and abaft, where thefe pieces are placed one upon another to a confi-
derable hcighth, becaufe the fhip is there fo narrow as not to admit of the
two half-timbers, which are therefore fcored into this dead-wood, where
the angle of the floor-timbers gradually diminilhes, as approaching the ftera
and llern-poft. See the article Naval Architecture.

In the fore-part of the fliip, the dead-wood generally extends from the
ftemfon, upon which it is fcarfed to the loof-frame ; and in the after-end
from the flern-pofl:, where it is confined by the knee, to the after-balance-
frame. It is connefted to the keel by flrong fpike-nails. Thofe pieces are
reprefented by e e, Pieces of the Hull, plate I.

The

D E A DEC

The dead-wood afore and abaft is eqnal in depth to two thirds of the
depth of the keel, and as broad as can be- procured, fo as not to exceed the
breadth of the keel.

Dt AD- WORK, all that part of a fhip which is above water when flic
is laden. See the article Upper-Work.

DECKS, ponts, Fr. decken, Dan. to cover) the planked floors of a fliip,
which conncft the fides together, and fcrve as difll-rcnt platforms to fup-
port the artillery, and lodge the men, as alfo to prclerve the cargo from
the fea in merchant-velTels.

As all fliips are broader at the lower-deck than on the next above it,
and as the cannon thereof are always heavicll, it is ncceflary that the frame
of it fliould be much fl:ronger than that of the others -, and, for the fame
reafon, the fécond or middle-deck ought to be ftronger than the upper-
deck, or forecaftle.

Ships of the firft and fécond rates arc furniflied with three whole decks,
reaching from the ftem to the ftern, belides a forecaftle apd a quarter-deck,
which extends from the ftem to the main-maft, between which and the
forecaftle, a vacancy is left in the middle, opening to the upper-deck, and
forming what is called the v.'aiji. There is yet another deck above the
hinder or aftmoft part of the quarter deck, called the poop, which alfo
ferves as a roof for tlie captain's cabin or couch.

The inferior fliips of the line of battle are equipped with two decks and
a half, and frigates, floops, &:c. with one gun-deck and a half, with a fpar
deck below to lodge the crew.

The decks are formed and fuftaincd by the beams, the clamps, the
water-ways, the catlings, the Iciigcs, the knees, and two rows of fmall
pillars, called ftanciiions, &c. Sec thofe articles.

That the figure of a deck, together with it's correfponding parts, may
be more clearly underftood, we have exhibited a plan of the lower-deck
of a 74 gun-fliip in plate III. And as both fides of the deck are exactly
fimilar, the pieces by which it is lupportcd appear on one fide, and on the
other fide the planks or floor of which it is compofcd, as laid upon thofe
pieces.

Explanation of the figures reprcfentcd in the Deck, plate III.

A, the principal, or main hatch-way.

B, the ftern -poft.

C, the ftem.

D, the beams, compofed of three pieces, as exhibited by D, in one of
which the dotted lines fliew the arrangement of one of the beams under
the other fide of the deck.

E, part of the vertical or hanging knee. See alfo £, fig. i6. in the fame
plate.

F, the horizontal or lodging knees, which faften the beams to the fides.

G, the catlings, ranging fore and aft, from one beam to another.
1 1, the gun-ports.

O I, the

DEC DEC

I, the pump-dales, being large wooden tubes which return the water
from the pumps into the lea,

K, the Ipurs of tlie beams -, being curved pieces of timber ferving as
halt-beams to fupporc ilic decks, where a whole beam cannot be placed
on account of the hatch-ways.

L, the wing-tranibm, whicii is bolted by the middle to the ftern-poft,
and whofe ends rell upon the fafliion-pieccs.

M, the bulk-liead or partition, which enclofes the manger, and prevents
the water which enters at the hawfe-holes from running aft between decks.

N N. the fore hatch-way.

O O, the after hatch- way.

P, the drum-head of the gear capftcrn.

P p, the drum-head of the main capflern.

Q, the wing-tranfom-knee.

R, one of the breaft-hooks under the gun-deck.

S, the brcaft-hook of the gun-deck.

T T, the ftation of the chain-pumps.

V, the breadth and thicknefs of the timbers at the heighth of the gun-
deck.

U U, fcuttles leading to the gunner's ftore-room, and bread-room.

W, the ftation of the fore-maft.

X. the ftation of the main-maft.

Y, the ftation of the mizen-maft.

Z, the ring-bolts of the decks, ufed to retain the cannon whilft charging,

a, a, the ring-bolts of the fides, whereon the tackles are hooked that
fecure the cannon at fea.

c a a d, the water-ways, through which the fcupper-holes are pierced, to
carry the water off from the deck into the fea.

b, b, plan of the forcmoft and aftmoft cable-bits, with their crofs-
p/ieces g, g, and their ftandards e, e.

Thus we have reprefented, oa one fide, all the pieces which fuftain the
deck with it's cannon ; and, on the other fide, the deck itfclf, with a tier
of -^2 pounders planted in battery thereon. In order alfo to fhew the ule
of the breeching and train-tackle, one of the guns is drawn in as ready for
charging. See the articles Breeching and Cannon.

The number of beams, by whicli the decks of Ihips are fupported, is
often very different, according to the pradice of different countries -, the
ftrenc;th of the timber of which the beams are framed v and the fervices
for which the ftiip is calculated.

As the deck wiiich contains the train of a fire-fliip is furnifhed with an
equipage peculiar to itfelf, the whole apparatus is particularly defcribed ia
the article Fire-ship.

Flu/h-DE-CK, or Deck- Ihjh fere arJ ^fi, miplies a continued floor laid
from ftem to ftern, upon one line, without any ftops or intervals.

Half-DECK, (corps Je garde, Fr.) a fpace under the quarter-deck of a fhip
of war, contained between the forcmoft bulk-head of the jleerage-, and the.
fore-part of the quarter-deck.

DEC DIS

In the colliers of Northumberland the fleerage itfelf is called the half-
deck, and is uiually the habitation of the fliip's crew.

DECOY, a ftratagem employed by a fmall fliip of war to betray a vclTcl
of inferior force into an incautious purffiit, rill llie has drawn her within
the range of her cannon, or what is called witliin gun-fliot.

It is ufually performed by painting the ftern and fides in fuch a manner
as to difguife the fliip, and reprefent her either much fmaller, and of infe-
rior force, or as a friend to the hotlile veflel, which flie endeavours to en-
fnare, by alTuming the emblems and ornaments of the nation to which the
ftranger is fuppofed to belong. \\'hen flic has thus provoked the adverfary
to chafe, in hopes of acquiring a prize, Ihc continues the decoy by fpreading
a great fail, as endeavouring to efcape, at the fame time tliat her courlc
is confiderably retarded by an artful alteration of her trim till the enemy-
approaches.

Decoying is alfo performed to elude the chace of a fliip of fuperior force
in a dark night, by throwing out a lighted cafk of pitch into the fca, which
will burn for a confiderable time, and mifguide the enemy. Immediately
after the cafk is thrown out the Ihip changes her courfc, and may eafily
efcape if at any tolerable diftance from the foe.

DEEP-WAISTKD, (emaJîiUé, Vv.) the diftinguilliing fabric of a fliip's
decks, when the quarter-deck and fore-caflle are elevated from four to
fix feet above the level of the uj^per-deck, fo as to leave a vacant fpace,
called the waill, on the middle of the upper-deck. See the article Waist.

DEMURRAGE, an allowance given to the commander of a trading
fliip by the merchants, for having detained Iiim longer in port than the
time previouflv appointed tor his departure.

DEPARTURE, in navigation, the dillance between any two places
lying on the fame parallel, counted in miles of the equator ; or the diftance
of one place from the meridian of another, counted on the parallel paiïing
over that place. See N.avig.'Mion.

DEPTH cf a fail, (chute, Er.) the extent of any fquare or oblong fail
from the head-rope to the foot-rope-, or the length of the after-leech of
any boom-fail or ftay-fail. See the article Sail.

DETACHMENT of a fleet or jqur.dron, a certain number of fliips
chofen by an admiral or commodore from the reft of the fleet, charged to
execute Ibme particular fervice.

DIFEERENCE of latitude, in navigation, the difference between any
two places lying on the fame meridian ; or the diftance between the paral-
lels of latitude of any two places, exprefled in miles of the equator.

DINNAGE. See the article Dunnage.

DISABLED, (defemparé, Er.) the ftate of a fhip when, by the lofs of
her mafts, fails, yarcis, or rigging ; by fpringing a leak, or receiving fomc
fra(5lure in her hull, or other dilafter ; Ihe is rendered incapable of profe-
tuting her voyage without great difficulty and danger.

To DISCHARGE, (décharger, Er.) when applied to a fliip, fignifies
to unlade her, or take out her flores, ammunition, artillery, &:c. When

O 2 exprcfl"eil

DIS DOC

cxpreflcd of the officers, or crew, it implies to difband them from immc-
diatc fervice.

DISMASTED, (dcmaté, Fr.) t]ie ftate of a fliip which has loft hermafts
by hniltcrous weathtT, engagement, or other misfortune.

DI\'ISION, a fcledt number of fliips in a fleet or fquadron of men of
war, diftinguillied by a particular flag or pendent, and ufually commanded
by a o-t-neral officer. A fquadron is commonly ranged into three divifions,
the commanding officer of which is always Rationed in the center.

"When a fleet confifts of fixty lail of the line, that is, of fhips having at
leaft fixty cannon each, tiie admiial divides it into three iquadrons, each
ofwhich'has it's divifions and commanding officers. Each fquadron has
it's proper colours, according to the rank of the admiral who commands
it, and every divifion it's proper mafl:. Thus, the white flag denotes the
firft fquadron of France -, the white and blue the fécond, and the third is
charaderifed by the blue. In England, the firfl: admiral, or the admiral
of the fleet, difplays the union flag at the main-top-maft-head ; next fol-
lows the white flag with St. George's-crofs ; and afterwards the blue. The
private ffiips carry pendents of the fame colour with their refpeftive fqua-
dron, at the mafts of their particular divifions -, fo that the lafl: fliip in the
divifion of the blue fquadron carries a blue pendent at her mizen-top-maft-
head.

DOCK, (forivc, Fr. imagined of fJ'oxiîov) a fort of broad and deep
trench, formed on the fide of a harbour, or on the banks of a river ; and
commodioudy fitted either to build fiiips, or receive them to be repaired
and breamed therein. Thefe forts of docks have generally flirong flood-
gates, to prevent the flux of the tide from entering the dock while the
fliip is under repair.

There are likevvife docks of another kind, called wet-docks, where afhip
can only be cleaned during the recefs of the tide, or in the interval between
tlie time when the tide left her dry a-ground, and the period when it again
reaches lier by the return of the flood. Docks of the latter kind are not
furniflied with the ufual flood-gates.

DOCKING c pip, the a£t of drawing her into the dock, in order to
"ive her a proper repair, and cleanfe the bottom, and cover it anew with
a preparation of fiulf, as explained in the article Breaming.

DOCK-YARDS, (ûnaieaux, Fr.) certain magazines containing all forts
of naval ft:ores, and timber for fhip-building. In England, the royal dock-
yards are at Chatham, Portfmouth, Plymouth, Dtptford, Woolwich, and
Sheernefs. His Majeily's Ihips and vcffels of war are generally moored at
thefe ports, during "the time of peace-, and fuch as want repairing are
taken into the docks, examined, and refitted for fervice. See the article
Repair.

The principal dock-yards are governed by a commiffioner, refident at
the port, who fuperintends all the mullers of the officers, artificers, and
labourers, employed in tlie dock-yard, and ordinary. . He alfo controls
their payment "therein ; examines the accounts -, contrats, and draws bills
on the Navy-office to fupply the deficiency of Itores ; and, finally, regu-

j lates

DOG DOW

lates whatever belongs to the dock-yard, maintaining due order in the
refpeftive offices.

Thefc yards are generally fupplied from the northern crowns with hemp,
pitch, tar, rofin, canvas, oak. plank, and feveral other fpecies of (lores.
With regard to the marts, particularly thofe of the largeft fize, they^re
iiki:illy imported from Ncvv-h'.ngland.

DOG, a fort of iron hook, or bar, with a (harp fang at one end, fo
formed as to be eafdy driven into a plank : it is ufed to drag along tlie
planks ot oak when they are let into a hole under the ftern of a Ihip,
to be (lowed in the hold. For this purpofe there is a rope fadened to the
end of the dog, upon which feveral men pull, to draw the plank towards
the place where it is to be (lowed. It is alio uled for the lame purpo(e in
unlading the (hip.

DOGGER, (dogre-boat. Dut.) a Dutch fifhing-velTel navigated in the
German ocean. It is generally employed in the hcrring-filhery, being
equipped with two malls, viz. a main-mall and a mizen-ma(l, and fome-
what refc.mbling a ketch.

DOLPHIN of the maji, a peculiar kind of wreath, formed of plaited
cordage, to be fadened occafionally round tiie mads, as a fupport to the
puddening, whofe ule is to fuilain the weight of the fore and main-yards,
in cafe the rigging, or chains, by which thofe yards are fufpended, (hould
be (hot away in the time of battle ; a circumdance which might render
their fails ufelefs at a fealbn when their alfidance is extremely necelTary.
See the article Puddening.

DOUBLE-BANKED, the fituation of the oars of a boat when two
oppodte ones are managed by ro-Ji-ers feated on the (ame bench, or lhv:art.
The oars are al(b faid to be double-banked when two men row upon every
fino-le one.

DOUBLING, (doubler, Fr.) in navigation, the aft of failing round, or
paffing beyond a cape or promontory, fo as that the cape or point of land
feparates the fhip from her former fituation, or lies between her and any
didant obferver.

DOUBLING-NAILS, amongd fhipwrights, the nails commonly ufed
to fuden the lining of the gun-ports, &c.

DOUBLING-UPON, in a naval engagement, the aft of enclofing any
part of a hollile fleet between two fires, or of cannonading it on both
fides.

It is ufualiy performed by the van or rear of that fleet which is iuperior
in number, taking the advantage of the wind, or of it's fituation and
circumdances, and tacking or veering round the van or rear of the enemy,
who will thereby be expoted to great danger, and can fcarccly avoid being
thrown into a general confufion.

DOWN, (duyte, Fr.) heighths on the fea-coad.

DOWN-H.AUL, (cakbai, Fr.) a rope palfrng up along a day through,
the rings of tiic ilay-lail, and tied to the upper-corner of the fail, to pull
it down, when they arc fiwrtening Ikil.

Down-

DOW D R O

Down-haui.-Tacki.e, a complication of pullies employed to pvill down
the iiîain or fore-yard in a trmpcll, in order to reef tiie fail. It is tiled
at this time, becaiife the violence of the wind prevents the weight of the
yard from having it's natural eiVefl:, of defcending, when t)ie ropes by
which it is fiitpended are flackened.

To DOWSE, (moltr, Fr.) to lower fuddenly or flacken : exprefled of a
fail in a fquall of wind, an extended hawfcr, &c.

DK ABLER, an additional part of a fail, fometimcs laced to the bottom
of the bounet of a fquare-fail, in iloops and fchooners.

DRAG, (drague, Fr.) a machine confilting or a fharp fqiiare iron ring
encircled with a net, and commonly ufed to rake the mud off from the plat-
form or bottom of the docks, or to clean rivers. See plate II. fig. 35.

DRAGGING the anchor, the ad of trailing it along the bottom, after it
is loofened from the ground, by the effort of the wind or current upon the
fhip, communicated to the cable. See the .article Anchor.

DRAUGHT, the depth of a body of water neceluiry to float a fliip -,
hence a fliip is faid to draw fo many feet of water, when flie is borne up
by a column of water of that particular depth. Thus, if it requires a
body of water, whofe depth is equal to twelve fiet, to float or buoy up a
Ihip on it's furface, flie is faid to draw twelve feet water -, and that this
draught may be more readily known, the feet are marked on the Item and
ftern-pofl:, regularly from the keel upwards.

DRAV/ING, the fl:ate of a fail when it is inflated by the wind, fo as
to advance the vcffel in her courfe.

DRESSING, (faire laforade, Fr.) the aft of ornamenting a fhip with a
variety of colours-, as enfigns, flags, pendents, 6cc. dilplayed trom different
parts of her malls and rigging on a day of fellivity.

DRIFT, {derive, Fr. from drive) in navigation, the angle which the line
of a fliip's motion makes with the nearefl: meridian, when fhe drives with
her fide to the wind and waves, and is not governed by the power of
the helm : it alfo implies the diftance which the fliip drives on that line.

A fliip's way is only called drift in a fl:orm -, and then, wlien it blov/s fo
vehemently, as to prevent her from carrying any fail, or at leall refl:rains
her to fuch a portion of fail as may be neceffary to keep htr fufficiently
inclined to one fide, that flie may not be difmafl:ed by her violent labouring,
produced by the turbulence oi the fea.

DRIVER, an oblong fail, occafionally hoiflied to the mizen-peak, when
the wind is very fair. The lower corners of it are extended by a boûm
or pole, which is thruft out acrofs the fliip, and projeds over the lee-
quarter.

DRIVING, (abattre, Fr. drifan. Sax.) the fl:ate of being carried at ran-
dom along the furface of the water, as impelled by a ftorm, or impetuous
current : it is generally expreffed of a fhip when, accidentally, broke loofe
from her anchors or moorings.

DROP, (etarcure, Fr.) a name fbmetimes given to the depth of the
principal fails ; as, her main-top-fail drops feventeen yards.

DUCKING,

DUC DUN

DUCKING, (baptême, Fr.) a fort of marine punifhment inflided by tRe
French on thofe who have been convifted of defertion, blafphemy, or ex-
citing fedition. It is performed as toUows : the criminal is placed aftride of
a fhort thick batten, faftened to the end of a rope, which pafles through a
block hanging at one of the yard-arms. Thus fixed, he is hoifted fuddenly
up to the yard, and the rope being flackened at once, he is plunged into
the fca. This chailifement is repeated feveral times, conformable to the
purport of the fentence pronounced againft the culprit, who has at that
time feveral cannon-fhot faftened to his feet during the punifhment, which
is rendered public by the firing of a gun, to advertile the other fhips of the
fleet thereof, that their crews may become fpeftators. Àubvi.

Ducking, is alio a penalty which veteran failurs pretend to inflifb on
thofe, who, for the firft time, pafs the tropic of Cancer, the Equator, or
the (ireights of Gibraltar, in conlequence of their refulal or incapacity to
pay the ufual fine levied on this occafion, which would redeem them from
the laid penalty.

DUNNAGE, (fardage, Fr.) a quantity of faggots, boughs of trees,
or other loofe wood, laid in the bottom of a fliip, either to raife the heavy
goods which might make her too fliff, or to keep the cargo fufficiently above
the bottom, that it may fuftain no damage from the water, if the fhip
Ihould prove leaky.

EAR E L B

EARINGS, (rabans, Fr.) certain fmall cords employed to faften the
upper corners of a fail to it's refpeftive yard -, for which purpofc one
end of the earing is fpliced to the cringle^ fixed in that part of the lail ; and
the other end of it is pafled fix or fcven times round the yard-arm and
through the cringle, thereby fattening the latter to the former. Two of the
turns are intended to ftretch the upper-edge of the fail tight along the yard ;
and the rell to draw it clofe up to it. The former are therefore called ciitery
and the latter inner turns, as being pafled without, or within the rigging,
on the yard-arms.

EASF^ the Jhip ! the command given ,by the pilot to the fteerfman, to
put the helm clofe to the lee-fide, or, in the fea-phrafe, hard-a-lee, when
the fhip is expeâied to pitch or plunge her fore-part deep in the water,
while clofe-hauled. The reafon ukially given for this praclice is, that
the fiidden movement of the helm prevents the fliip's head from falling
with fo much weight and rapidity into the hollow of the lea, as ic would
do otherwife : which is prcluming that the flow and uncertain effed of
the helm is fufiicient to retard the certain and violent aftion of gravity : a
pofition that neceflarily infers a very fingular theory of mechanics. We
Ihall not endeavour to advance any argument in favour of this practice;
only to remark, that it is mofl: religioully oblerved, both in merchant-fliips
and his Majelly's navy.

To Ease off, or Ease awff^, (molir, filer, Fr.) to flacken gradually any
Angle rope, or complication of ropes, formed into a tackle.

EBB, (juffcnt, Fr.) the reflux of the tide, or tlae return of it into the fea
after the higheft of the flood, ufually termed full fea, or high-water.

EDDY, (remoux, Fr. ed, backw.ird, again, and ea, water. Sax.) the
water that, by fome interruption in it's courfe, runs contrary to the direc-
tion of anv river, or current, and appears like the motion of a whirl-
pool.

To EDGE aw^y, {abbattrc, Fr.) in navigation, to decline gradually
from the fliore, or from the line of the courfe which the fliip formerly
fl:eered : it is jiarticularly applied when a fliip changes her courfe, by
failing nearer the direction of the wind ; or, in the fea-language, by fail-
ing /^jj-^r, or more afore the wind, than flie had done betore that ope-
ration.

ELBOW in the hawfe, a particular twift: in the cables by which a fliip
rides at anchor. In this fituation each of the cables, after crofling the
other before the fl;em, is direclcd outwards on the fame bciv from which

E AI B E N G

it iiïued : that is to fay, the flarboard cable grows out on the ftarboard bow,
and the larboard cable on the larboard bow, as exhibited in fig. :>,G. plate II.
where a exprefles the ibre-caftlc, b the Hem, c c tlie larboard cable, and d d
the ftarboard one. See the article Hawse.

PIMBARGO, (c.rrety Fr. embar^cir^ Sj^an.) in commerce, an arrcfl: laid on
fliips or mcrchandife by public authority, or a prohibition of ftate, com-
monly iiïiied on foreign iTiips, to prevent their putting to Tea in time of war;
and fometimes to prevent their coming in, and otherwife botli to prevent
their entrance and departure.

EMBA-YED, from bay, (encapê, Fr.) tlie fituation of a (hip when (he
is incloled between two capes or promontories. It is particularly applied
when the wind, by blowing Ilrongly into any bay or gulf, makes it
extremely difficult, and perhaps impracticable for the vcflel, thus encloied,
to claiv ofl" from the ihore, fo as to weatlier the capes and gain tlie offing.

ENGAGEMENT, in a naval feni'e, implies a particular or general
battle at fea ; or an aélion of hoftility between fingle fhips, or dctacbnentSy
or fquûdrons of fhips of war.

In order to have a clearer idea of this article, it will, therefore, be ne-
ceflary that the reader who is little acquainted with the fubjecl, Ihould pre-
vioufly refer to the explanation of thofe terms, as alio to the articles Can-
non, Division, Exercise, Fleet, and Line of Battle.

The fea-fights of the ancients were ufually carried on in two different
manners. Advanced by the force of their oars, the gallies ran violently
aboard of each other, and by the mutual encounter of their beaks and
prows, and fometimes of their fterns, endeavoured to dafli in pieces, or
link their enemies.

The prow, for this purpofe, was commonly armed with a brazen point
or trident, nearly as low as the furface of the feu, in order to pierce the
enemy's lliips under the water. Some of the gallies were furnifhed
with large turrets, and other acceffions of building, either for attack
or defence. The foldiers alfo annoyed their enemies with darts and
flings, and, on their nearer a[)proacli, with fwords and javelins; and,
in order that their miffive weapons might be diredted with greater force
and certainty, the Ihips were equipped with lèverai platforms, or elevations
above the level of the deck*. The fides. of the Ihip were fortified with a
thick fence of hides, which fervcd to repel the darci of their advcrfarics,
and to cover their own foldiers, wiio thereby annoyed the enemy with
greater fecurity.

As the invention of gun-powder has rendered ufelefs many of the ma-
chines employed in the naval wars of the ancients, the greai dift.mce of
time h.as alio configned many of them to oblivion : fome few are, never-
thelefs, recorded in ancient authors, of which we fliall endeavour to pre-
fcnt a fhort defcription. And firfl:.

The AtXipiv was a large and mally piece of lead, or iron, cad in the form
of a dolphin. This machine being iulpendcd by blocks ut their mart heads

' Liican.

P or

E N G E N G

or yard-arms, ready for a proper occafion, was let down violently from
thence into the advcrfc fhips, and either penetrated through their bottom,
and opened a palî^ige for the entering waters, or by its weight immediately
funk tlie velTel.

The ii^nVavav was an engine of iron crooked like a fickle, and fixed on
the top of a long pole. It was employed to cut afunder the Jlhigs of the
fail-yards, and, thereby letting the i'ails fall down, to difable the veflei from
efcaping, and incommode her greatly during the aftion. Similar to this
was another inftrument, armed at the head with a broad two-edged blade
of iron, wherewith they ufually cut away the ropes that faftened the rudder
to the vefiel *.

Arabia vaj,aa;^^a, a fort of fpears or maces of an extraordinary length,^
fomet'imes exceeding twenty cubits, as appears by the fifteenth Iliad of
Homer -|-, by whom they are alio called jua/ja.

KijaTai were certain machines ufcd to throw large ftones into the enemies
fliips.

Vegetius mentions another engine, which was fufpended to the main-
maft, and refembled a battering-ram ; for it confided of a long beam, and^
an head of iron, and was, with great violence, puflied againft the fides of
the enemies galleys.

They had alfo a grappling-iron, which was ufually thrown into the ad-
verfe (hip by means of an engine -, this inftrument facilitated the entrance
of the foldiers appointed to board, which was done by means of wooden
bridges, that were generally kept ready for this purpofe in the fore-part of
the veflcl j;.

The arms ufed by the ancients rendered the difpofition of their fleets very
different, according to the time, place and circumftances. They generally
confidered it an advantage to be to windward, and to have the fun fiiining
direftly on the front of their enemy. The order of battle chiefly depended
on their power of managing the fliips, or of drawing them readily into
form v and on the fchemes which their officers had concerted. The fleet
being compofcd of rowing veflTels, they lowered their fails previous to the
aftion -, they prefented their prows to the enemy, and advanced againft each
other by thé force of their oars II. Before they joined battle, the admirals
went from fliip to fliip, and exhorted their foldiers to behave gallantly. All
things being in readinefs, the fignal was difplayed by hanging out of the
admiral's galley a gilded ftiield, or a red garment or banner. Durmg the
elevation of this the aftion continued, and by it's depreflîon, or inclination
towards the right or left, the reft of the fliips were dircfted how to attack, or
retreat from their enemies. To this was added tlie found of trumpets, whicb
began in the admiral's galley, and continued round the whole navy. The
fight was alfo begun by the admiral's galley, by grappling, boarding, and

* Vegetius.
+ A ponderous mace, with lluds of iron crown'd.

Full twenty cubits long he fwings around. Popr.

J See the note on the following page.
U Potter's Archaeologia Graeca. De Morogucs Taftique Navale.

r endeavotmng

E N G E N G

endeavouring to overfet, fink, or deftroy the adverfary, as we have above
delcribed*. Sometimes, for want of grappling-irons, they fixed their oars
in fiich a manner as to hinder the enemy from retreating f. If they could
not manage their oars asd exteroufly as their antagonifts, or fall along-fide

♦ Vt primum roftris crepuerunt obvia rojira.
In ptippim rediere rates, emiffaque tela

Acra texcrunt, 'vacuumjue cadentia pontum. LvCan.

Which we may thus tranflate :

The beaks encounter with a thundering found.
Then reeling, from the mutual fhock rebound.
The javelins fly 1 an iron tempeft fvveeps
The darken'd air, and covers all the deeps 1

•J- Seque tenent remis, toto Jîetit a-quore helium.
Jam non excujjls torquentur tela lacerlis,
Kec longinqua cadunt jaculalo 'vulnera ferro ;
Mifcentiirquc matins, na-vali plurima bcllo
Enjts agit ; Jlat qui/qui fuo de robore puppis
Promts in ad'verfos iilus. Luc AN.

Thus tranflated by R o w e :

^Others by the tangling oars are held.

The feas are hid beneath the clofing war,

Nor need they caft their javelins now from far;

With hardy ftrokes the combatants engige.

And with keen faulchions deal their deadly rage :

Man againll man, and board by board, they lie.

" The famous machine called the Corvus, v/as framed after the following manner: They
erefted on the prow of their veflels a round piece of timber, of abouc a toot ard a half
diameter, and about twelve feet long ; on the top whereof they had a block or pulley.
Round this piece of timber, they laid a ftage or platform of boards, four feet broad, and
about eighteen feet long, which was well framed, and faitcned with iron. The entrance
was longways, and it moved about the aforefaid upright piece of timber, as on a fpindle,
and could be hoilled up within fi; Icct of the top: about this was a fort of a parapet, knee
high, which was defended with upright bars of iron, (harpen'd at the- end ; touards :he top
whereof there was a ring : thr> Jgh this ring, fallening a rope, by the help of the pulley,
they hoirtcd or lowered the engine at ple.ilure ; and To with it attacked tlie enemy's veflels,
fometimes on their bow, and fometimes on their biond-fide, as occafio i beft ferved. When
they had grappled the enemy with thole iron fpikes, if they happen'd to fwing broad-f:de to
broad-fiJe, then they entered from nil parts ; but in cafe they attacked them on the bow,
they entered two and two by the help of this machine, the foreniofl defending the fore-
part, and thofe that followed the flanks, keeping the bofs of their bucklers level with th»
top of the parapet.

" To this purpofe Polybius gives us an account of the firll warlike preparations which
the Romans made by fea. \Ve may add, in Ihort, the order, which they obfervcd in
drawing up their fieet for battle, taken from the fame author. The two Confuls were in
the tvvo admiral gallies, in the front of their two diftiiift fquaJrnns, each of them jull a-hcad
of their own divifions, and abreall of each other; the firll divifiun being polled on the
right, the fécond on the left, making t^o long liles or lines of battle. And, whereas it was
necefl'ary to give a due fpace between each galley, to ply their oars, and keep clear one of
another, ancT to have their heads or prows looking fomewhat outwards; this manner of
drawing up did therefore naturally form an angle, the point whereof was at the two admiral
gallies, which were near together; and as their two lines were prolonged, fo the dillancc
grew confequently wider and wider towards the rear. But, becaufc the naval as well as the
land army confillcd of four legions, and accordingly the Ihips made four divifions, two of
tksfe were yet behind ; Of which the tliird fleet, or the third legion, was drawn up front-

P 2 fo

E N G E N G

fo as to board him, they penetrated his veflVl with the brazen prow. The
velTels approached each other as well as their circumdances would permit,
and the Ibldiers were obliged to fight hand to hand^ till the battle was de-
cided : nor indeed could they fight otherwife with any certainty, fince the
ftiortcfl: diftance rendered their flings and arrows, and almoft all their
ofFenfive weapons, incfi^eftiial, if not ulelefs. The fquadrons were fome-
times ranged in two or three right lines, parallel to each other ; being
feldom drawn up in one line, unlefs when formed into an half moon.
This order indeed appears to be the mofl: convenient for rowing veflcls,
that engage by advancing with their prows towards the enemy. At
the battle of Ecnomus, between the Romans and the Carthaginians, the
fleet of the former was ranged into a triangle, or a fort of wedge in
front, and towards the middle of it's depth, of two right parallel lines.
That of the latter was formed into a redtangle, or two fides of a fquare,
of which one branch extended behind, and, as the opening of the other
profecuted the attack, was ready to fall upon the flank of fuch of the Ro-
man gallies as fliould attempt to break their line. Ancient hifliory has
prelerved many of thefe orders, of which feme have been followed in later
times. Thus in a battle in A. D. 1340, the Englifli fleet was formed in
two lines, the firfl: of which contained the larger fliips, the fécond confifl;ed
of all the fmaller vefl"els, uled as a referve to fupport the former whenever
neceflary. In 1545 the French fleet under the command of the Marelchal
d'Annebault, in an engagement with the Englifli in the Channel, was arrang-
ed in tlie form of a crefcent. The whole of it was divided into three bodies,
the center being compofed of thirty-fix fhips, and each of the wings of
thirty. He had alfo many gallies -, but thefe fell not into the line, being
defigned to attack the enemy occafionally. This laft difpofition was con-
tinued down to the reigns of James I. and Louis XIII *.

Meanwhile the invention of gunpowder, in 1330, gradually introduced
the ufe of fire-arms into naval war, without finally fuperfeding the ancient
method of engagement. The Spaniards were armed with cannon in a fea-
fight againfl: the Englifli and the people of Poitou abreafl: of Rochelle in
1372 -, and this battle is the firfl: v/hercin mention is made of artillery in our
navies. Many years elapfed before the marine armaments were fufficiently
provided with fire arms +. So great a revolution in the manner of fighting,

uavs in the renrof the firft and fecoud, and foftretching along from point to point compofed
a triangle, whereof the third line was the bafe. Their velTels of burden, that carried their
horfcs and baggage, were in the rear of thefe ; and were, by the help of fmall boats pro-
vided for that purpofe, towed or drawn after them. In the rear of all was the fourth fleet,
called the Triarians, drawn up likewife in rank or front-ways, parallel to the third : but
thefe made a longer line, by which means the extremities ftretchcd out, and extended beyond
the mo angles at the bafe. The feveral divifions of the army, being thus difpofed, formed,
as is faid, a triangle ; the area within was void, but the bale was thick ar.d folid, and the-
whole body quick, adtive, and very difficult to be broken." Kennctt Aniiq. Rome.

* De Morogues Tift. Navale,

•}■ " The ufe of powder in battle was not edablifhcd till the long wars of Francis I. and
Charles V. From it's invention to this period, both the machines in ufe before that dif-
covery, and thofc which that difcovcry introduced, were ufed in war at the fame time ;
and even fome time after this period, both forts of machines wese continued in ufe." Le
Blond's Eltmcnts ofif'ar,

and.

E N G E N G

and which neceiïarily introduced a total change in the conftriiftion of
fhjps, could not be fuddenly efFcfted. In fhort, the fquadrons of men of
war are no longer formed of rowing-veffcls, or compofed of gallies and
fhips of the line, but intirely of the latter, which engage under fail, and
dikharge the whole force of their artillery from their fides. Accordingly
they are now difpofed in no other form than that of a right line parallel to
the enemy -, every fliip keeping clofe-hauled upon a wind on the fame tack.
Indeed the difference between the force and manner of fighting of fhips
and gallies rendered their fervice in the fame line incompatible. Wlicn
we confider therefore the change introduced, both in the conftruftion arid
working of fhips, occafioned by the ufe of cannon, it neccflarily follows,
that fquadrons ot men of war mull; appear in the order that is now gene-
rally adopted. Finally, the fhips ought to prefent their broad fides to the
enemy ; and to fail cloic upon a wind in the wake of each other -, as well
to retain their own uniformity, as to preferve or acquire the advantage
which the wcather-gi^ge gives them over tiieir adverfary *.

The machines which owe their rife to the invention of gun-powder have
now totally fupphinted the others -, fo that there is icarce any but the fword
ri'maining, of all the weapons uled by the ancients. Our naval battles are
tlierefore almoft always decided by fire-arms, of which tiiere are lèverai
kinds, known by the general name of artillery.

In a fiiip of war fire-arms are diftinguiflied into cannon mounted on
carriages, fwivel-cannon, grcnadocs, and mufquetry. The firll has been
already defcribcd at large in it's proper place. The fécond is a Imall piece
of artillery, carrying a fliot of half a pound, and fixed in a locket on
the top of the fiiip's fide, llern, or bow, and alfo in her tops. The trun-
nions of this piece are contained in a fort of iron crotch, whole lower-end
terminates in a cylindrical pivot refting in the locket, fo as to hipport
the weight of the cannon. I'he focket is bored in a Itrong piece of oak,
reinforced with iron hoops, in order to enable it to fultain the recoil. By
me.ms of this frame, which is called the fwivcl, and an iron handle on it's
cafcabel, the gun may be direfted by hand to any objecft. It is thcrei'orc
very neceflûiry m the tops, particularly when loaded with mufliet-balls, to
fire down on the upper-decks of the adverfary in a(flion. — TheGrenadce
is a kind of little fhell of the fame diameter as a four-pound bullet; it
weighs about two pounds, being charged v/ith four or five ounces of pow-
der. — Grenadoes are thrown from the tops by the bands of the fean-en.
They have a touch-hole in ihc fame manner as a fliel!, and a fulee of the
fame compofition. See Mortar. The failor fires the fufc with a match,
and throws the grenadoe as he is diredled : the pov/der being inflamed, the
flicll iiillantly burfts into fplinters, that kill or n^aim whomfcever they
reach on the decks of the enemy. As this machine cannot be thrown by
hand above fificen or fixtccn fathoms, the Ihip mult be pretty near, to
render it uîeful in battle. — The mulket or firelock is fo well known, that
it appears unnecefTary to delcribe it in this place. — Befidcs thefe maciiines,.

• Dc Morogues Tadl. Na/alc.

there

E N G E N G

there are feveral others iifed in mercliant-diips and privateers, as coehorns,
carabines, fire-arrows, organs, powder-flafks, Itink-pots, &c. *

Since a general engagement of fleets or fquadrons of fhips of war is
nothing clfc than a variety of particular aftions of finglc fhips with each
other, in a line of battle -, it appears neceflary, according to the plan of
this work, to begin by defcribing the latter, and then proceed to reprefent
the iifiial manner of conducing the former.

The whole oeconomy of a naval engn2:ement may be arranged under the
following heads, viz. the preparation ; the adtion ; and the repair, or re-
fitting for the purpofes of navigation.

The preparation is begun by iiTuing an order to clear the fhip for aftion,
which is repeated by the boatfwain and his mates at all the hatdr^ays-, or
ftair-cafes, leading to the different batteries. As the management of the
artillery in a vcflll of war requires a confiderable number of men, it is
.evident that the officers and failors mull be reftrained to a narrow fpace in
their ufual habitations in order to preferve the internal regularity of the
fhip. Hence the hammocs, or hanging-beds, of the latter are crowded to-
gether as dole as poffible between the decks, each of them being limited
to the breadth of fourteen inches. They are hung parallel to each other,
in rows ftretching from one fide of the fiiip to the other, nearly throughout
her whole length, fo as to admit of no paflage but by (looping under them.
As the cannon therefore cannot be worked while the hammocs are fuipended
in this fituation, it becomes neceflary to remove them as quick as p ofllbl.
By tliis circumibnce a double advantage is obtained : the batteries of can-
non are immediately cleared of an incumbrance, and the hammocs are
-converted into a Ibrt of parapet, to prevent the execution of fmall fliot on
.the quarter-deck, tops, and fcre-coftle. At the fummons ot the boatfwain.
Up all hammocs ! every failor repairs to his own, and, having flowed his
bedding properly, he cords if firmly with a laflnng, or line, provided for

• " The carabine is a fort ofmufquetoon, the barrel of which is rifled fpirally from the
Lreech, fo chat when the ball, which is forced into it, is again driven out by ilie (Irength of
the pouder, it is Lngthcntd about the breadth of a finger, and marked with the rifle of the
tore. Thiî piec; has an iron r:-.Timer.

" The barrel cf the carabine is ihrce feet long, including the (lock. It has a much greater
range than the fuf ! or miiflcet, bccaufe the rifle of the barrel impedes the ball, which thereby
makes ihe greater rcfiftancc at the firft inflammation of the powder, arc giving time for the
whole charge to take fire before it goes out of the bore, it is at length thrown out with greater
force than from tiic common mufket." l.c BhiuVs Elements cfJl'ar.

The coehorn is a fort cf fmall mortar, fixed on a fwivcl, and particularly ufcd to dif-
chargc grenadoes, or call bullets from clofe quarters in merchant vcflels when boarded.

The fire arrow, dard ii feu, is a fmall iron dart furnilhcd with fprings and bars, together
with a match, impregnatcil with powder and fulphur, which is wound about it's fhafi. It is
intended to fire the fails of the enemy, and is for this purpofe difcharged from a mufquetion
or fwivcl gun. The match being kindled by the explofion, communicates the flansc to the
fail againll which it is diredled, where the arrow i; failened by means of it's bars and fprings.
As this is peculiar to hot climates, particularly the Weft Indies, the fails, being ext.emcly
dry, are inflant'y inflamed, and of courfe convey the fire to the marts and rigging, ani
fin.illy to the veflel itfclf

'i"he Powder-fiaflc and ftink-pot are defcribed in the article Boarding : and the organ is
no other than a machine confifting of fix .or feven mufket barrels fixed upon one flock, fo as
to be fired all at once.

that

E N G E N G

that purpofe. He then carries it to the quarter deck, poop, or forecaftle,-
or wherever it may be neceflary. As each fide of the quarter-deck and
poop is furnifhed with a double net-work, fupported by iron cranes fixed
immediately above the gunnel, or top of the fhip's fide, the hammocs thus
corded are firmly (lowed by the quarter-mafter between the two parts of
the netting, fo as to form an excellent barrier. The tops, waift, and
forecaftle are then fenced in the fame manner.

Wiiillt tliefe offices are performed below, the boatfwain and his mates
are employed in fccuring the fail-yards, to prevent them from tumbling
down when the fhip is canonaded, as fhe might thereby be difablcd, and
rendered incapable of attack, retreat, or purfuit. The yards are now
likewife fecured by ftrong chains, or ropes, additional to thofe by which
they are ufually fufpended. The boatfwain alfo provide: the necefiary ma-
terials to repair the rigging, wherever it may be damaged by the fiiot of
the enemy-, and to liipply whatever parts of it may be entirely deftroyed.
The carpenter and his cie'v in the mean-while prepare his fliot-plugs and
mauls, to clofe up any dangerous breaches that may be made near the
furface cf the v^zicr ; and provide the iron-work neceflary to refit the
chain-pumps, in cafe their machinery fliould be wounded in the engage-
ment. The gunner with his mates and quarter-gunners is bufied in exa-
mining the cannon of the different batteries, to fee that their charges are
thoroM^hly dry and fit for execution: to have every thing ready for fur-
nifhing the great guns and fmall arms with powder, as foon as the attioa
begins : and to keep a fufficient number of cartridges continually filled,
to fupply the place of thofe expended in battle. The mafter and his njates
are attentive to have the fails prooerly trimmed, according to the fituation
of the fliip -, and to reduce or muUiply them, as occafion requires, with,
all pofilble expedition. The lieutenants vifit the different decks, to fee
that they are effectually cleared of all incunibrance, fo that nothing may
retard the execution of the artillery : and to enjoin the other officers ta
diligence and alcrtncfs, in making the neccfl"ary difpofitions for the expect-
ed engagement, fo that every thing may be in readinefs at a moment's
warning.

When the hoftilc lliips have approached each other to a competent dif-
tance, the drums beat to arms, I'he boatfwain and his mates pipe, all hûmîs
to quarters ! at every hatchway. All the puions appointed to manage the
great guns immediately repair to their refpedtive itations. The crows, hand-
fpecs, rammers, fpunges, powder-horns, matches and train tackles, are placed
in order by the fide of every cannon. The hatches are imn.ediatcly laid,
to prevent any one from deferting his poil by elcaping into the lower apart-
ments. The marines are drawn up in rank and file, on the quarter-deck,
poop and fore-callle. The lalhings of the great guns are call loofe, and
the tompiuns withdrawn. The whole artillery, above and below, is rua
out at the ports, and levelled to the point-blank range ready for firing.

I'hc necefTary preparations being completed, and the officers and crew
ready at their relpedlive llations, to obey the order, the commencement of
the action is determined by the mutual dittance and ficuation of the adverfe

fliips.

E N G E N G

fhips, or by the fignal froir the commander in chief of the fleet or fquadron.
The cannon being levelled in paiallel rows, projeâiing from the Ihip's lide,
the moll natural order of battle is evidently to range the fliips abrcaft of
each other, elpecially if the engagement is general. The molt convenient
diftance is properly within the po:nt-blank range of a mulkct, fo that all
the artillery may do effectual execution.

The combat iifually begins by a vigorovis cannonade, accompanied with
tlie whole efforts of the fwivcl-guns and the fmall-arms. The method of
tiring in platoons, or voUics of cannon at once, appears inconvenient in
the Ica-fervice, and perhaps ilioiild never be attempted, unlefs in the bat-
tering of a fortification. The fides and decks of the lliip, although I'uf-
ficiently ftrong for all the purpofes of war, would be too much ihakcn by
fo violent an explofion and recoil. The general rule obferved on this oc-
cafion throughout the fliip, is to load, fire, and fpungc, the guns with all
pofllble expedition, yet without confufion or precipitation. The captain
of each gun is particularly enjoined to fire when the piece is properly di-
rected to it's objcft, that the lliot may not be fruitleisly expended. The
lieutenants, wiio command the different batteries, traverfe the deck to fee
that the battle is profccuted with vivacity -, and to exhort and animate the
men to their duty. The midfhipmen fécond thefe injundions, and give
the necelTary afTiitance wherever it may be required, at the guns committed
to their charge. The gunner fliould be particularly attentive that all the
artillery is iufHciently fupplicd with powder, and that the cartridges are
<:arefully conveyed along the decks in covered boxes. The havock produced
by a continuation of this mutual affault may be readily conjcdtured by the
reader's imagination : battering, penetrating, and fplintering the fides and
decks ; fliattering or dilmounting the cannon ; mangling and dellroying the
rigging ; cutting afunder, or carrying away the malts and yards -, piercing
and tearing the fails fo as to render them ufelels ; and wounding, diiabling,
or killing the Ihip's company ! The comparative vigour and rcfolution of
the aJTailants to etfecft thefe pernicious confequences in each other, generally
determine their luccefs or deteat : I fay generally, becaufe the fate of the
combat may fometimes be decided by an unforeiccn incident, equally for-
tunate for the one and fatal to the other. The defeated fliip having ac-
knowledged the viftory, by ftriking her colours, is immediately taken pof-
ielTion of by the conqueror, who lecures her officers and crew as prilbners
in his own iliip -, and invefts his principal officer with the command of the
prize until a captain is appointed by the commander in chief.

The engagement being concluded, they begin the repair : the cannon
are fecured by their breechings and tackles, with all convenient expedition.
Whatever fails have been rendered unferviceable are unbent ; and the woun-
ded mafts and yards ftruck upon the deck, znàffied, or replaced by others.
The Handing rigging is knotted, and the running rigging Ipliced wherever
neceffary. Proper fails are bent in the room of thoi'e which have been dif-
placed as ufelefs. The carpenter and his crew are employed in repairing
the breaches made in the fhip's hull, by fliot-plugs, pieces of plank, and
fhcet leacL The gunner and his affiftants are bufied in repknilliing the

5 allotted

E N G E N G

allotted number of charged cartridges, to fiipply tlie place of tliofe which
have been expended, and in refitting whatever furniture of the cannon may
have been damaged by the late action.

Such is the ufual procefs and confequences of an engagement between
two fl:ips ot war, which may be confidered as an epitonie of a general
battle between fleets or fquadrons. The latter, however, involves a greater
variety of incidents, and neceflarily requires more comprehenfive fl<ill and
judgment in the commanduig officer.

When the admiral, or commander in chief, of a naval armament has
difcovered an enemy's fleet, his principal concern is ufually to approach
it, and endeavour to come to adion as foon as pofllble. Every inferior
confidcration muft be facrificed to this important objecb ; and every rule
of adlion fliould tend to haflen and prepare for fo material an event. The
ftate of the wind, aod the fituacion of liis adverfary, will, in lome meafure,
diftate the conduct necefi'ary to be purfucd with regard to the dilpofition
of his fliips on this occafion. To facilitate the execution of the admiral's
orders, the whole fleet is ranged into three fquadrons, each of which is
clafl!ed into three divifions, under the command of difl^erent officers. Be-
fore the action begins, the adverfe fleets are commonly drawn up in two
lines, parallel to each other, and clofehauled. We have endeavoured to
explain the propriety and neceflity of this difpofuion in the article Line.
As foon as the admiral difplays the figiial for the line of battle, the feve-
ral divifions feparate from the column.s, in which they were difpofed in
the ufual order of failing, and every fiiip crowds into it's dation in the
Kiike of the next a-head : and a proper diftance from each other, which
is generally about fifty fathom, is regularly obferved from the van to the
rear. The admiral, however, will, occafionally, contradl or extend his
line, fo as to conform to the length of that of his adverfary, whole neg-
Icft, or inferior fkill, on this occafion, he will naturally convert to his
own advantage; as well as to prevent his own line from being doubled upon,
a circumllance wiiich might thr',w his van and rear into confufion.

When the adverl'e fleets approach each other, the courfes are commonly
hauled up in the brails, and tht top-gallant fails and (lay Jails furled. The
movement of each fhip is chiefly rcgularcf! by the main and fore-top fails,
and the jib; the mizcn-top fail being relcrved to haften or retard the courfe
of the fhip, and, in fine, by Jiuitig or baiknig^ bcijling or kzverhig it, to
determine her velocity.

The frigates, tenders, and fire-fhips, being alfo hauled upon a wind, lie
at fomc diftance, ready to cxecutue the admiral's orders, or thofc ot his
féconds, leaving tiie line of battle between them and the enemy. If there
are any tranfports and llore-thips attcnd-mt on the fleet, thefe are difpofed
at a flill further diftance from the fcene of adion. If the fleet is f'upcrior
in number to that of the enemy, the admiral ufually lelefts a body of re-
fcrve from the diflx-rcnt fquadrons, which will always be of ufe to cover
the fire-fhips, bomb-vefllls, &c. and may fall into the line in any cafe of
necefTity : thefe alio arc flationed at a convenient diftance from the line,
and fhould evidently be oppofice to the wcakert parts thereof.

Q^ And

E N G E N G

And here it may not be improper to oblervc, witlï an ingenious French
author *, that order and dilcipline give additional Ilrength and activity to
a fleet. If thus a double advantage is acquired by every fleet, it is certainly
more favourable to the inferior, which may thereby change it's difpofition
with greater facility and difpatch than one more numerous, yet without
being°feparatcd. When courage is equal to both, good order is then the
only refource of the fmaller number. Hence we may infer that a fmaller
fquadron of Ihips of war, whole officers are perfectly difciplincd in working
their fhips, may, by it's fuperior dexterity, vanquilh a more powerful one,
even at the commencement of the fight-, becaufe the latter being leis ex-
pert in the order of battle, will, by it's feparation, fuff'er many of the fliips
to remain ufelcfs or not fufiicicntly near to proted each other f.

The fignal for a general engagement is ufually difplayed when the op-
pofite fleets are fufficiently within the range of point-blank fliot, fo that
they may level the artillery with certainty of execution, which is near
enough for a line of battle. The aélion is begun and carried on through-
out the fleet, in the manner we have already dcfcribed between fingle fhips,
at which time the admiral carries little fail, obferving, however, to regu-
late his own motions by thofe of the enemy. The fliips of the line mean
while keep clofe in their flations, none of which fhould hefitate to advance
in their order, although interrupted by the fituation of fome fliips a-head,
which has negligently fallen altern of her dation.

Such is now the practice of naval war, that the nerefl"ary order of battle,
and the fabric of our Ihips, very feldom permit the aflault of boardings
wnlefs in fmgle actions. No captain ought therefore to abandon his fta-
tion in the line, under any pretence whatfoever, unlefs his fhip is too
much difabled to continue the combat. The fmall quantity of fail carried
on this occafion will permit the bulk of the fleer, although fomewhat im-
paired, to continue their cannonade a long time without quitting the line.

An ambition to diftinguifli himfelf lîiould never feduce any captain to
break the line, in order to atchieve any diflrant enterprize, however the
profpedt may flatter him with fuccefs. He ought to wait the fignal of the
admiral, or his commanding officer ; becaufe it is more eflcntial to preferve
the regularity of a clofe line, which conllitutes the principal force of the
fleet, than to profecute a particular aétion, which, although brilliant in
itfelf, has feldom any material confequences, unlefs it's objeét is to feize a
flao--ihip, and even this can only be juftified by fuccefs J.

The various exigencies of the combat call forth the fkill and refources.
of the admiral, to keep his line as complete as poffible, when it has been
unequally attacked -, by ordering fhips from thofe in referve, to fupply the
place of others which have futfered greatly by the aftion ; by direding his

• M. De Morogues.

f The Gauls, fays Vegetius, had the advantage of the Romans, in their numbers: the
Germans have tlieir ftature ; the Spaniards their firength and numbers united ; the Africans
their art' lice and opulence ; the Greeks their policy and prudence; but the Romans have
triumphed over all by their difcipline.

X M. De Morogues-

fire-

E N G E N G

fire-fhips at a convenient time to fall aboard the enemy -, by detaching fhips
from one part of the line or wing which is ftronger, to another which is
greatly prcfled by fiiperior force, and requires alTillance. His vigilance is
ever neceffhry to review the fituaticn of the enemy from van to rear, every
motion of whom he flioiild, if pofTible, anticipate nnd frufrrat;. He
Ihould feize the tavoiirable moments of occafion, vhicu are rap'J in their
progrefs, and never return. Far from being difconcerted by r.ny unfore-
feen incident, he flioiild endeavour, if pofilblc, to make it f.ibfcrviait to his
defign. His experience and reflcdtion will naturally furn-fli him with every
method of intelligence to difcover the flate of his diffcixnt fquadrons end
divifions. Signals of enquiry and anfwers ; of requeft and affent -, of com-
mand and obedience ; will be difpjayed and repeated on this occafion.
Tenders and boats will alfo continually be detached between the admiral
and the commanders of the feveral fqundrons or divifions.

As the danger prefies on liim, he ought to be fortified by refolution and
prefence of mind, bccaufe the whole fleet is committed to h;s charge, and
the conducl of his officers may, in a great degree, be influenced by his in-
trepidity and perfeverance. In fliort, his renown or infamy may depend on
the fate of the day.

If he conquers in battle, he ought to profecute his vidlory as much as
pofiible, by feizing, burning, or otherwife deilroying the enemies fliips. If
he is defeated, he fhould endeavour, by every refource his experience can
fuggcll, to fave as many of his fleet as poffible ; by employing his ten-
ders, &c. to take out the wounded and put frelh men in tiieir places ; by
towing tlie dilabled Ihips to a competent difl:ancc, and by preventing the
execution of the enemies fire-fliips. In order to retreat with more fccurity,
he may judge it expedient to range his fleet into the form of an half-moon,
placing himfelf in the centre. By this difpofition the enemy's Hiips which
attempt to fall upon his rear, will at once expofe thcmlelves to the fire of
the admiral, and his féconds, in a difadvantageous fituation ; a circum-
fl:ance which v.ill ferve to facilitate the cfcape of his own fliips, and retard
the purt'uit of ihofe of his adversary.

If his fleet is too much extended by this arrangement, the wings or quar«
ters are eafily clofcd, and the half-moon rendered more complete-, in tlic
inidfl: of which may be placed his flore-fliips, tenders, 4?cc. ]n flying, or
retreating, the uncertainty of the weather is to be confidcred : it may become
calm, or the wind may inift in his favour. His fchcmes may be afllftcd
by the approach of night, or the proximity of the land ; and he ought rather
to run the fliips afliore, if pradticnblc, than luftcr them to be taken afloat,
and thereby transfer additional ftrength to the enemy. In fliort, nothing
ihould be neglefted that may contribute to the prefervation of his fleet, or
prevent any part of it from falling into the hands of the conqueror.

By what we have obferved, the real force, or lupcriority, of a fleet con-
fifls lefs in the number of vefllls, and the vivacity of the aiition, than in
good order, dexterity in working the fliips, prefence of mind, and Ikilful
fonduft in the commanders.

0^2 ENSIGN,

ENS

EXE

ENSIGN, (pavillofj de pouppe, enfeignc, Fr.) a large ft.mdard, or banner,
hoifted on a long pole creeled over the poop, and called the cnfign-ftaff".

The enfign is iiied to diilinguifli the (hips of different nations from each
other, as alTo to charafterife tlu- different fqiiadrons of the navy.

The Britifh tnfign in fhips of war is known by a double crois, viz. that
of St. George and St. Andrew, formed into an union, upon a field which
is either red, white, or blue.

ENTERING Ropes, (lire-veilks, Fr.) two ropes hanging from the
upper-part of a fhip's fide, on the right and left oFthe accommodation-
ladder, or fteps of the gangway. See Gangway.

ENTRANCE, a name frequently given to the forcmoft part of a (hip
under the furface of the fea.

To EQUIP, (equippcr, Fr.) a term borrowed from the French marine,
and frequently applied to the bufincfs of fitting a fliip for fea, or arming
her for war. See the article Fitting.

ESCUTCHEON, (ecujjcn, Fr.) a name foinetimes given to the com-
partment for the name, or arms, of the owner, or of the perfon whofe title
the velTel aflumes : it is ufually fixed on the middle of the fliip's ffern, and
is more peculiar to the French and other foreigners, than to Englifh built
veflels. See fig. 3, plate X.

EXCHANGE, (bourfe,Fr.) a place of refort for merchants, mariners,
&c. in a commercial fea port.

EXERCISE is the preparatory praftice of managing the artillery and
fmall-arms, in order to make the (hip's crew perfeftly fkilled therein, fo as
to direft it's execution fuccelsfully in the time of battle.

The exercife of the great guns has, till the late wai, been very compli-
cated, and abounding with fuperfluicies, in our navy, as well as all others.
The following method was then fuccefsfully introduced by an officer of
diftinguilhed abilities.

"Exz KCÏSE of the great guns.

iff. Silence.

2d. Caff loofe your guns.

3d. Level your guns.
4th. Take out vour tompions.
5th. Run out your guns.
6th. Prime.
7th. Point your guns.

8th. Fire.

9th. Spunge your giins.
loth. Load with cartridge,
nth. Shot your guns.
1 2th. Put in your tompions.
13th. Houfe your guns.
14th. Secure your guns.

" Upon beating to arms * (every perfon having immediately repaired
to his quarters) the midlhipinan, commanding a number of guns, is to
fee that they are not without every neceflfary article, as (at every gun) a
fpunge, powder-horn, with it's priming wires, and a fufficient quantity of

* As a number of technical terms are introduced in thefe inftruftions, the land-reader
who wilhcs to underftand the fubjeft, lliould refer to the feveral articles, all of which are
jnferted in this work.

powder,

EXE EXE

powder, fhot, crow, handfpec, bed, quoin, train-tackle, &c. fending,
without delay, for a fupply of any thing that may be miffing -, and, for the
greater certainty of not overlooking any deficiency, he is to give itridl:
orders to each captain under him, to make the like examination at his re-
fpedlive gun, and to take care that every rcquifite is in a ferviceable condi-
tion, which he is to report accordingly. And (befides the other advan-
tages of this regulation, for the Hill more certain and fpeedy account be-
ing taken upon thefe occafions, the midfhipman is to give each man his
charge at quarters, as expreffed in the form of the monthly report) who is
to fearch for his particular implements, and, not finding them, is imme-
diately to acquaint his captain, that, upon iiis report to the midfhipman,
they may be replaced.

" The man who takes care of the powder is to place himfelf on the
oppolke fide of tiie deck from that wliere we engage, except wJien fight-
ing both fides at once, when he is to be amid-fiiips. He is not to futfer
any other man to take a cartridge from him, but he who is appointed to
ferve the gun with that article, either in time of a real engagement, or at
exercife.

" Lanthorns are not to be brought to quarters in the night, until the
midfliipman gives liis orders for lo doing to t!ie perlon he charges v/ith that
article. Every thing being in it's place, and not the ieaft lumber in the way
of the guns, the exercife hegins with,

I ft. Silence.
At this word every one is to oblerve a filent attention to the officers-.

2d. Caft loofe your guns.

" The muzzle lafliing is to be taken off from the guns, and (being
coiled up in a fmall compals) is to be made fafl to the eye-bolt above the
port. "The lafliing-tackles at the fame time to be caft loofe, and the mid-
dle of the breeching feizcd to the thimble of the pomillion. The fpungc
to be taken down, and, with the crow, handfpec, &c. laid upon the deck
by the gun.

" N. B, When prepared for engaging an enemy, the feizing within the
clinch of the breeching is to be cut, that the gun may come f'ulRciently
within-board for loading, and that the force of the recoil may be more
fpcnt before it adts upon the breeching.

3d. Level your guns.

" The breech of your metal is to be raifcd fo as to admit the foot of the
bed's being placed upon the axle-tree of the carriage, with the quoin upon
the bed, both their ends being even one with the other.

" N. B. When levelled for firing, the bed is to be lafhed to the bolt
which lupports the inner end of it, that it may not be thrown out of it's

place

EXE EXE

place by the violence of the gun's motion, when hot with frequent dif-
charges. 5ec fig. 17, plate VII.

4th. Take out your tompions.

" The tompion is to be taken out of the gun's mouth, and left hanging
by it's laniard.

5th. Run out your guns.

" With the tackles hooked to the upper-bolts of the carriage, the gun
is to be bowfed out as clofe as pofTible, witliout the alTiftance of crows or
handfpecs -, taking care at the lame time to keep the breeching clear of
the trucks, by bawling it through the rings ; it is then to be bent fo as to
run clear when the gun is fired. When the gun is out, the tackle-falls
are to be laid along-fide the carriages in neat fakes, that when the gun, by
recoiling, overhauls them, they may not be fubjed: to get foul, as they
would if in z common coil.

6th. Prime,

" If the cartridge is to be pierced with the priming wire, and the vent
filled with powder, the pan alfo is to be filled ; and the flat fpace, having
a fcore through it at the end of the pan, is to be covered, and this part of
the priming is to be bruifed with tlie round part of the horn. The apron
is to be laid over, and the horn hung up out of danger from the fialh of the
priming.

7th. Point your guns.

" At this command the gun is, in the firfl: place, to be elevated to the
heio-hth of the objedl, by means of the fide-fights ; and then the perfon
pointing is to direft his fire by the upper-fight, having a crow on one fide
and a handfpec on the other, to heave the gun by his diredlion till he
catches the objeft.

" N. B. The men who heave the gun for pointing are to ftand between
the Ihip's fide and their crows or handfpecs, to efcape the injury they
might otherwife receive from their being fliruck againft them, or fplintered
by a fiiot -, and the man who attends the captain with a match is to bring
it at the word, " Point your guns," and kneeling upon one kneeoppofite
the train-truck of the carriage, and at fuch a diftance as to be able to touch
the priming, is to turn his head from the gun, and keep blowing gently
upon the lighted match to keep it clear from afhes. And as the miffing of
an enemy in adlion, by negleft or want of coolnefs, is moft inexcufable, it
is particularly recommended to have the people thoroughly inftrufted in
pointing well, and taught to know the ill confequences of not taking
proper means to hit their mark -, wherefore they fliould be made to elevate

their

EXE EXE

their guns to the utmoft nicety, and then to point with the fame exactnefs j
and having caught the objefl through the upper-fight, at the word,

8th. Fire.

" The match is inftantly to be put to the bruifed part of the priming ;
and when the gun is difcharged the vent is to be clofed, in order to fmother
any fpark of fire that may remain in the chamber of the gun ; and the
man who fpunges is immediately to place himfelf by the muzzle of the
gun in readinefs, when, at the next word,

9th. Spunge your gun.

" The fpunge i-s to be rammed down to the bottom of the chamber, and
then twifted round, to extinguifli eftcctuaily any remains of fire ; and when
drawn our, to be ftruck againlt the oiu-fide of the muzzle, to fliake off
any fparks or fcraps of the cartridge that may have come out with it ; and
next it's end is to be fliifred ready for loading ; and while this is doing,
the man appointed to provide a cartridge is to go to the box, and by the
time the fpunge is out of the gun, he is to have it ready ; and at the
word,

lOih. Load with cartridge.

" The cartridge (with the bottom end firft, feam-downwards, and a
■wad after it) is to be put into the gun, and thruft: a little way within the
mouth, when the rammer is to be entered ; the cartridge is then to be
forcibly rammed down, and the captain at the fame time is to keep his
priming-wire in the vent, and, feeling the cartridge, is to give the word
home, when the rammer is to be drawn, and not before. While this is
doing, the man appointed to provide a fhot is to provide one (or two, ac-
cording to the order at that time) ready at the muzzle, with a wad like-
wife, and when the rammer is drawn, at the word,

nth. Shot your guns.

" The fhot and wad upon it are to be put into the gun, and thruft a
little way down, when the rammer is to be entered as before. The fliot
and wad are to be rammed down to the cartridge, and there have a couple
of forcible ilrokes, when the rammer is to be drawn, and laid out of the
way of the guns and tackles, if the excrcife or aiflion is continued -, but if
it is over, the fpunge is to be fecured in the place it is at all times
kept in.

i2th. Put in your tompions.

" The tompions to be put into the muzzle of the cannon.

5 13th Iloufe

EXE EXE

13th. Houfe yovir guns.

" The feizing is to be put on again upon the clinched end of t!ic
breeching, leaving it no flacker than to admit of the guns being lunifcd
with eafe. The quoin is to be taken from under the breech of the gun,
and the bed, ftill refting upon the bolt, within the carriage, thruft under,
till the foot of it falls off the axle-tree, leaving it to rell upon the end
which projecls out from the foot. The metal is to be let down upon this.
The gun is to be placed exaclly fquarc, and the muzzle is to be clofe to
the wood, in it's proper place for pufung the muzzle lafliings. See Can-
non, and fig. 19, plate VII.

14th. Secure your guns.

" The muzzle lafhings mud lirfl: be made fecure, and then with one tackle
(having all it's parts equally taught with the breeching) the gun is to be
laihcd. The other tackle is to be bowfed taught, and by itfelf made fall,
that it may be ready to caft off for lafliing a fécond breeching.

" N. B. Care muft be taken to hook the firft tackle to the upper bolt of
the carriage, that it may not otherwife obllruft the reeving of the fécond
breeching, and to give the greater length to the end part of the fall.

" No pains muft be fpared in bowling the lalhing very taught, that the
gun may have the leaft play that is poffible, as their being loofe may be
produ(5bive of very dangerous confequences.

" The quoin, crow, and handfpec, are to be put under tlie gun, the
powder-horn hung up in it's place, &c.

" Being engaged at any time when there is a large fwell, a rough fe.i,
or in fqually weather, &c. as the fhip may be liable to be luddeiily much
heeled, the port-tackle fall is to be kept clear, and (whenever the working
of the gun will admit of it) the man charged with that office is to keep it
in his hand -, at the fame time the muzzle lafliing is to be kept faft to the
ring of the port, and being hauled taught, is to be faftened to the eye-bolt
over the port-hole, fo as to be out of the gun's way in firing, in order to
haul it in at any time of danger.

" This precaution is not to be omitted, when engaging to the wind-
ward, any more than when to the leeward, thofe fituations being very fub-
jefh to alter at too fhort a warning.

" A train-tackle is always to be niade ufe of with the lee-guns, and the
man llationed to attend it is to be very careful in preventing the gun's run-
ning out at an improper time."

Exercise may alfo be applied with propriety to the forming our fleets
into orders of failing, lines of battle, &:c. an art which the French have
termed evolutions^ or tacîiques. In this fenfe exercife may be defined, the
execution of the movements which the different orders and difpofitions of
fleets occafionally require, and which the feveral fliips are directed to per-
form by means of fignals.

5 EYE

EYE EYE

EYE of a block-Jlrop. In the article BloCk it has been mentioned, that
a block is commonly bound with a ring, or wreath, formed of a piece
of rope, called the Jlrop ; the eye of the ftrop, therefore, is that part by
■which it is fattened, or fufpended, to any particular place upon the fails,
yards or rigging, the eye whereof is reprefented by fig. 37, plate II. The
eye is fomctimes formed by faftening tlic two ends of the drop together
with a fhort line, fo as to bind round a mail, yard, or boom, as occafion
requires. See fig. 38, of the fame plate.

Eve of aftay, (oeillet, Fr.) that part of a ftay which is formed into a fort
of collar to go round a maft-head.

EYE-BOLT, a long bar of iron with an eye in one end of it, repre-
fented by fig. 39, plate II. It is formed to be driven into the decks or
fides of a Ihip for divers purpofes, as to hook tackles^ or fallen ropes to,
as occafion requires.

EYE-LET HOLE. See the article Sails.

EYES of a Jhip, foeils, Fr.) a name frequently given to thofe parts
which lie near the hawfe-holes, particularly in the lower apartments within
the veffcl.

K F.

F A C F A L

FACTOR, in commerce, an agent, or correfpontlent, rcfiding beyond
the leas, or in Tome remote part, and commifTioned by merchants to
buy or fell goods on their account, or aflîft them to carry on their trade.
Hence any place where a confiderable number of factors refide, to ncgo-
ciate for their mafters, or employers, is called a faftory -, as the faftories
of Lilbon, of Leghorn, of Calcutta, &c.

FAG-END, the end of any rope, or cord, which is become untwifted
and loofened by frequent ufe. To prevent this effcft, tlie ends of ropes
are generally wcH faitened by winding a piece of fmall line, or packthread,
around them, which operation is called vjbipping.

FAIR, a general term for the difpofition of the wind, when it is fa-
vourable to a ihip's courfc, in oppofition to that which is contrary, or
foul.

This term, when applied to the wind, is much more comprehenfivc
than large, fince the former feems to include about eighteen points of
the compafs, or at leaft fixteen -, whereas large is confined to the beam or
quarter, that is, to a wind which crofles the keel at right angles, or ob-
liquely from the ftern, but never to one right a-Ilcrn. See the articles
Large and Scant.

FAIR-CURVE, a winding line, ufed in delineating fhips, whofc fliipe
is varied according to the part of the fhip it is intended to defcribe : this
curve is not anfwerable to any of the figures of conic fettions, although
it occafionally partakes of them all.

FAIR-WAY, the path or channel of a narrow bay, river, or haven, in
which fhips ufually advance in their pafl'ige up and down -, fo that if any
veffcls are anchored therein, they are faid to lie in the fair way.

FAKE, one of the circles, or windings, of a cable, or hawfcr, as it lies
difpofed in the coil. See the article Coiling. The fakes are greater or
fmaller in proportion to the extent of fpace which a cable is allowed to
occupy where it lies.

FALCONETS, (barces, Fr.) fliort cannon, formerly ufed at fea.
FALL, (garant, Fr.) the looie end of a tackle ; or that part upon which
the people pull, or hoift, to produce the required effect. See the article
Tackle.

To Fall aboard. See the article Aboard.

To Fall a-Jlem, (tomber en arrière, Fr.) to be driven backwards ; to re-
treat with the ftern foremoft : expreffed of the motion of a fhip either under
Jiiil or at anchor.

F A L F I D

îToFall calm, (pacifier, Fr.) a phrafe cxpreflcd of the weather, imply-
ing to fall into a ftate of reft by a total cefTation of the wind.

CaZ-Fall. See the article Cat.

To P'ali. dovj}'., (laijfer, Fr.) in navigation, to fail, or be conduced from
any part of a river, towards Ibme other nearer to it's mouih or opening.

FALLING-OFF, (abatée,lcr.) the movement or diredlion of the fhip's
head to leeward of the point whither it was lately direded, particularly
wiien flic fails near the wind, or lies by.

Falling-off, is alfo the angle contained between her neareft approach
towards the fource of the wind, and her furthell declination from ir, when
Trying. See that article.

FASHION-ITKCES, (eftains, Fr.) the afr-moft- or !i;r.d-mcft timbers
of a ftiip, which terminate the breadth, and form the fliape of ihe ftern.
They are united to the ftern-pcft, and to the extremity of the wing-tr..n-
fom, by a rabbet, and a nuii.ber of ttrong nails, or fpikes, driven from
without. See their connexion with, the ftern-poft and tranlom, in pla:e X.
fig. I. as explained in the article Stern.

FATHOM, (bras, Fr.) a meafure of fix feet, ufed for a variety of
purpofes at fea -, as to regulate the length of the rigging, cables, &c. ar.d
to divide the log-lines, and founding-lines.

To Fav, to fit any two pieces of v/ood fo ns to join clofe together. The
plank is faid to fay to tlie timbers, when it bears, or lies, dole to all the
timbers. Murray's Ship-luilding.

FENDERS, ffrom fiud,) certain pieces of old cable, timber, faggots,
or other materials, hung over the fide of a fliip or vellel, to prevent it
from ftriking or rubbing againft a wharf, or key : as alfo to prefcrve the
fmaller velTel from being damaged by the larger ones.

To FETCFI Way, to be lliakea or agitated from one fide to another.
It is ufually applied to a mart, bowfprit, &c. when it is not fufïiciently
wedged, being loofc in the partners ; it is alfo faid of a cafk, box, or fiich
body which moves by the rolling of the Ihip at lea, as not being well fecu-
red and enclofed.

FETCHING the pimp, the ad of pouring a can of water into the up-
per-part of it, to expel the air which is contained betv/een the lower box,
or pifton, and the lower-end of the pump that relis upon the fliip's floor -,
and accordingly to make the water, jioured into tiie chamber, communicate
witli that in the bottom of the pump-well, fo as to be thrown out above
by J} ri king with the brake, or handle. See Pump.

FID, (clef de ton, Fr.) a fquare bar of wood, or iron, with a ilunilder at
one end, as repreftnted in plate IV. rig. i. It is ufeil to fupport the weight
of the top-maft, when ereded at the head of the lower-malt, by palling
through a mortife in the lower-end of the former, and rtfting it's ends
on the treftle-trees, which are fuftained by the head of the latter. 1 he
fid, therefore, muft be withdrawn every time the top-maft is lowered.
The top-gallant-mall is retained at tiie head of tiie top-mall in the fame
manner. See the article Mast.

R 2 Fid,

FID FIR

Fid, (fitta, Ital.) is alfo a large pin of hard wood, tapering to « point,
and ufed for fplicing of cables or large cordage.
.S^rt-FIGHT. See the article Engagement.

To FILL, in navigation, (faire fervir, Fr.) to brace the fails in fuch a
manner, as that the wind, entering their cavities from behind, dilates them
fo as to advance the fhip in her courfe, after the fails had for Ibme time
been fhivering, or braced aback. See thofe articles.

FIRE-ARROW, (dard de feu, Fr.) a fteel dart ufed by privateers and
pirates to fire the fails of the enemy in battle : thefe machines are particu-
larly defcribed in the article Engagement.

FIRE-SHIP, (brûlot, Fr.) an oJd veflcl filled with combuftible mate-
rials, and fitted with grappling-irons to hook, and fet fire to, the enemies
fliips in battle, &c.

As there is nothing particular in the conftrudlion of this fliip, except
the apparatus by which the fire is inftantly conveyed from one part to
another, and from thence to the enemy, it will be fufficient to defcribe the
fire-room, where thefe combuftibles are inclofed, together with the inftru-
xuents necelTary to grapple the fhip intended to be dcrtroycd.

The fire-room is built between decks, and limited on the after-part by
û hulk-head, L, behind the main-maft, from which it extends quite for-
wards, as reprefented in fig. 2, plate IV. The train inclofed in this
apartment is contained in a variety of wooden troughs, D, G, which
interfe<5t each other in different parts of the fhip's length ; being fup-
ported at proper diftances by crofs-pieces and ftanchions. On each fide
of the fhip are fix or feven ports, H, about eighteen inches broad, and
fifteen inches high, and having their lids to open downward, contrary to
the ufual method.

Againft every port is placed an iron chamber *, which, at the time
of firing the fhip, blows out the port-lid, and opens a paffage for the
flame. Immediately under the main and fore fhrouds is fixed a wooden
furmel, M ; whofe lower-end communicates with a fire-barrel -f-, by which

♦ The iron chambers are ten inches long, and 3 • Ç in diameter. They are breeched
againft a piece of wood fixed acrofs the ports, and let into another a little higher. When
loaded, they are almoft filled with corn-powder, and have a wcoden tornpion well driven
into their muzzles. They are primed with a fmall piece of quuk match thruft through their
vents into the powder, with a part of it hanging out. When the ports are blown open 1^
means of the iron chambers, the port-lids either fall downward, or are carried away by
the explofion.

t The fire-barrels ought to be of a cylindrical form, as moft fuitable to contain the reedt
with whivh they are filled, and more convenient for flowing them between the troughs in the
fire-room. Their infide diameters ihould not be lefs than twenty-one inches, and thirty
inches is fufficient for their length. The bottom parts are firft well ftored with (hort double-
dipped reeds placed upright ; and the remaining vacancy is filled with fire-barrel compofition,
well mixed and melted, and then poured over them. The compofition ufed for this pur-
pofe is a mafs of fulphur, pitch, tar, and tallow.

There are five holes of 4 inch in diameter and three inches deep, formed in the top of the
compofition while it is yet warm ; one being in the center, and the other four at equal di-
ftances round the fides of the barrel. When the compofition is cold and hard, the barrel is
primed by filling thofe holes with fufe-compofition, which is firmly driven into them, fo as to

the

FIR FIR

the flame pafTing through the funnel îs conducted to the fhrouds. Between
the funnels, which are likevvife called fire-trunks, are ivto /cutties^ or fmall
holes in the upper deck, ferving alio to let out the flames. Both funnels
mufl: be flopped with plugs, and have fail-cloth, or canvas, nailed clofe
over them, to prevent any accident happening from above to the com-
bullibles laid below.

The ports, funnels, and fcuttles, not only communicate the flames to
the out-lide and upper-works of the fhip, and her rigging, but likewife
open a paflage for the inward air, confined in the fire-room, which is
thereby expanded fo as to force impctuoufly through thofe out-lets,
and prevent the blowing up of the decks, which muft of neceflity hap-
pen, from fuch a fudden and violent rarefadlion of the air as will then be
produced.

On each fide of the bulk-head behind is cut a hole L, of fufficient fizc
to admit a trough of the fame dimenfions as the others. A leading trough,
L I, whofe foremoft-end communicates with another trough within the
iirewroom, is laid clofe to this opening, from whence it extends obliquely
to a fally-port, I, cut through the fliip's fide. The decks and troughs are
well covered with melted rofin. At the time of firing either of the lead-
ing troughs, the flame is immediately conveyed to the oppofite fide of the
fliip, whereby both fides burn together.

The fpaces N, O, behind the fire-room, reprefent the cabins of the^
lieutenant nnd mafter, one of which is on the Jiarhard, and the other on
the larboard (\àe. The captain's cabin, which is feparated from thefe by a
bulk-head, is exhibited alfo by P.

leave a little vacancy at the top to admit a ftrand of quick-match twice doubled. The center
hole contains two llrands at their whole length, and every ftrand muft be driven home wi;li
mealed powder. The loofe ends of the quick-match being then laid within the barrel, th«
whole is covered with a dipped curtain, faftened on with a hoop that flips over the head of
the barrel, to which it is nailed.

The barrels (hould be made very ftrong, not only to fupport the weight of the compofition
before firing, when they are moved or carried from place to place, but to keep them together
whilft burning : for if (he ftaves are too light and thin, fo as to burn very foon, the remain-
ing compofition will tumble out and be dilTipated, and the intention of the barrels, to carry
the flame aloft, will accordingly be fruftrated.

The curtain is a piece of coarfe canvas, nearly a yard in breadth and lengthy thicLejied
with melted compofition, and covered with {kw-duft on both fidcs>

rropojt;on

F 1 R

F I R

c
o

O
CO

c
o

CL,

Mealed
powder.

Sulphur

RoflM.

g_^ Sait petre.

S
3

;->

Corn powder

1
1

Tallow.

1
1

Swedifti pucli.

Diameter, or the
breadth of one.

Length of one.

Feet.
Inches.
FeetT~
Inches.

c?\

f*^

uo -^ -^

Weight empty.

Greateft
heighth.

Feet.
Inches.

Heighth oi the com- Feet,
pofuion. Inches.

iitiTior diametei at
the buig?.

F'.ct.
Inches.

Interior diameter ot
each end.

Number of ftores of
each nature.

Feet.
Inches.

00 © O + O ir> l^

- O

o
coo_ug .'hi .2

" o i- c t -'^.^

^ EJ<j:.--ûci5

5 o =) 1 c

Four

FIR FIR

Four of the eight fire-barrels are placed under the four fire-trunks -, and
the other four between them, two on each fide the fire-ikuttles, where
they are fecurely cleated to the deck. The longefl: reeds * are put into the
fore and aft troughs, and tied down : the fliortell reeds are laid in the
troughs athwart, and tied down alfo. The bavins f , dipped at one end,
are tied fall to the troughs over tiie reeds, and the curtains are nailed up to
the beams, in equal quantities, on each fide of the fire-room.

The remainder of the reeds are placed in a pofition nearly upri^^ht, at
all the angles of every fquare in the fire- room, and there tied down. If
any reeds are left, they are to be put round the fire-barrels, and other
vacant places, and there tied fafl:.

Inftru(5\:ions to prime.

Take up all your reeds, one after another, and ftrow a little compofition
at the bottom of all the troughs under the reeds, and then tie them
gently down again : next fl:row compofition upon the upper-part of the
reeds throughout the fire-room, and upon the faid compofition lay double
quick-match ^ upon all the reeds, in all the troughs : the remainder of
the compofition llrovv over all the fire-room, and then lay your bavins
loofe.

Call oft' all the covers of the fire-barrels, and hang the quick-match
loofe over their fides, and place leaders of quick-match from the reeds
into the barrels, and from thence into the vent of the chambers, in
fuch a manner as to be certain of their blowing open the ports, and fet-
ting fire to the barrels. Two troughs of communication from each door
of the fire -room to the fally- ports, muft be laid with a flirong leader
of quick-match, four or fis'e times double : alfo a crols-piece to go from
the fally -port, when the fliip is fired, to the communication trough,

• The reeds are ir.ade up in fmal! bundles of about a foot in circumference, cut even at
both eiidi, and tied tcgcthcr in two pl.iccs. Thty are dillingulflicd into two kinds, viz. ihs
long and Ihort ; the forn-.er of which arc four feet, and the latter two feet five inches in
length. One part of them are finely dipped, i. e. at ono end ; the nfl are dipped at both
ends in a kettle of melted compoiition. After being iinmcrled ;ibout fevcn or eight inches
in this prepar.itiop, and then drained, they are fprinkled over with piilvcrifed fulphur upon
a tanned hide.

t The bivins are made of birch, heath, or other brufh-wood, which is tough and readily
kindled. They are ufually two or three feet in length, and have all their bulh ends lying
one way, the other end', being tied together with fm.iil cords. They arc dipped in compo*
fition at the bulli-ends, whole branches are afterwards toniined bv the hand, to prevent
them from brciking oft' by moving about ; and alfj to make them burn nsore fiorcely. A tef
being dipped, ia the lame manr.er as the reeds, they ..Ifo are fpriiiklod with fulphur.

X Quick-match is formed of three cotton ftrand» drawn into length, and dipped in a boil,
ing compofition of white-wine vinegar, falt-petre, aid mealed pnwdcr. After thi^ inimcrlion
it IS taken out hot, and laid in a trough whtre feme mealed powder, moiftcncd with fpi'itt
of wine, is thorouglily inco'poraied into the twills of the cotton, by rolling it about therein.
Thus prepared, ihey are taken out fej-aratcly, and dr.iwn through mealed powder, then hiin»
upon a line till dried, by which they are fit for immediate fervicc.

'X laid

FIR FIR

laid with leaders of quick-match, that the fire may be communicated to
both fides at once.

What quick-match is left, place fo that the fire may be communicated to
all parts of the room at once, cfpecially about the ports and fire-barrels,
and fee that the chambers are well and iVcili primed.

N. B. 71ie port-fires * ulcd for firing the ihip, burn about twelve mi-
nutes. Great care mud be taken to have no powder on board when the
(hip is fired.

The fheer-hooks reprefented by fig. 3. plate IV. are fitted fo as to
faften on the yard-arms of the fire-fhip, where they hook the enemies
rigging. The fire-grapplings, fig. 4, are either fixed on the yard-arms,
or thrown by hand, having a chain to confine the fliips together, or faften
thofe inftruments wherever neceflary.

When the commanding officer of a fleet difplays the fignal to prepare
for adion, the fire-fhips fix their (heer-hooks, and difpofe their grapplingj
in readinefs. The battle being begun, they proceed immediately to prime,
and prepare their fire- works. When they are ready for grappling, they
inform the admiral thereof by a particular fignal.

To avoid being difabled by the enemy's cannon during a general en-
gagement, the fire-fhips continue fufficiently diftant from their line of
battle either to windward or to leeward.

They cautioufly fhun the openings, or intervals, of the line, where they
would be diredly expofed to the enemy's fire, from which they are covered
by lying on the oppofite fide of their own fliips. They are attentively to
obferve the fignals of the admiral, or his féconds, in order to put their de-
figns immediately in execution.

Although no fhip of the line ftiould be previoufly appointed to proteft
any fire-Jhip, except a few of the fmalleft particularly delfined to this fer-
vice, yet the fhip before whom fhe pafTes in order to approach the enemy,
fhould efcort her thither, and afTift her with an armed boat, or whatever
fuccour may be neccfTary in her fituationf.

The captain of the fire-fhip fhould himfelf be particularly attentive
that the above inftrudlions are punftually executed, and that the yards
may be fo braced, when he falls along-fide of the fiiip intended to be
deftroyed, that the fheer-hooks and grapplings fattened to the yard-
arms, &c. may effedlually hook the enemy. He is expeded to be the
laft perfon who quits the vefiTel, and being furnilhed with every ne-

• Port-fires are frequently ufed by the artillery people in preference to matches, to fet fire
to the powder or compofitions. They are dillinguilhed into wet and dry port-fires. The
compofition of the former is falt-petre four, fulphur one, and inealed powder four. Whea
thefe materials are thoroughly mixed and fified, the whole is to be moiftened with a little
linfeed oil, and rubbed between the hands till all the oil is imbibed by the compofition.
The preparation for dry port-fires is falt-petre four, fulphur one, mealed powder two, and
antimony one. Thele compofitions are driven into fmail paper cafes, to be ufed whenever
neceflarv-

-f De Morogues Taft^ Navale.

» oefTary

FIS FLA

cefTary alTiftance and fupporr, his reputation will greatly depend on the
fuccefs of his enterprife.

FISH, a machine employed to hoill or draw up the flukes of the fhip's
anchor towards the top of the bow in order to ftow it, after having been
heaved up by the cable. It is compofed of four parts, viz. the pendent,
the block, the hook, and the tackle -, which, together with their feveral
ufes, are defcribed in the article Davit.

Fish, (jumelle^ Fr.) is alfo a long piece of oak, convex on one fide,
and concave on the other. It is iifed to faften upon the oucfide of the
lower mafts, either as an additional fecurity, to ftrcngthen them when it
becomes neceflary to carry an extraordinary preflure of fail, in purfuit of,
or flight from, an enemy \ or to reinforce them after tiicy have received
Ibme damage in battle, tempertuous weather, &c.

The fiflies are alfo employed for the fame purpofe on any yard, which
happens to be fprung or fractured. Thus their form, application, and uti-
lity are exadlly like thofe of the fplinters applied to a broken limb in furgery.

FISH-GIG, (foefne, Fr.) an inllrument uied to fl:rike fifli at fca, parti-
cularly dolphins. It confifl:s of a itafi\, three or four barbed prongs, and a line
fafl:ened to the end, on which the prongs are fixed: to the other end is fitted
a piece of lead, which ferves to give additional force to the ft:roke when the
weapon flies, and to turn the points upward after the fifli is penetrated.

FITTING-OUT, (équiper, Fr.) the adt of providing a fliip with a I'uffi-
cient number of men, to navigate and arm her for attack or defence ; alfo
to furnifli her with proper mafts, fails, yards, ammunition, artillery, cor-
dage, anchors, and other naval furniture j together with fufficient pro-
vifions for the fliip's company.

FLAG, (pavilion, Fr. flag, Dutch) a certain banner or ftandard, by
which an admiral is diftinguifhed at fea from the inferior fliips of his fqua-
dron ; alfo the colours by which one nation is diftinguiflied from another.

In the Britifli navy flags are either red, white, or blue, and are difplay-
ed from the top of the main-maft, fore-maft, or mizen-maft, according
to the rank of the admiral.

The firft flag in Great Britain is the royal ftandard, which is only to be
hoifted when tlie king or queen are aboard the veflel : the fécond is that of
the anchor of hope, which characterifes the lord high admiral, or lords
commiiïioners of the admiralty : and the third is the union flag, in which
the croflTcs of St. George and St. Andrew are blended. This iaft is appro-
priated to the admiral of the fleet, who is the firft military officer under
the lord higli admiral. . •

When a flag is difplayed from tlie flag-ftafi^on tiie main-maft, the officer
diftinguillied thereby is known ro be an atimiral -, when from the fore-maft,
a vice-admiral ; and when from the inizcn-mait, a rear admiral.

The next flag after the union is that of the wliite fquadron, at the main-
maft-head-, and the Iaft, which characferi/xs an admiral, is the blue, at
the fame maft-heail.

For a vice-admiral, the firft flag is the red ; the fccond, the white ;
the third, the blue, at the flag-ft.ifl" on the forc-niaft.

S The

FLA F L E

The fame order proceeds with regard to the i-ear-adtnirals, whofe flag»
are hoifted on the top of the iiiizen-maft : the loweil flag in our navy is
accordingly the blue on the mizen-maft.

FLAG-OFFICER, a term fynonymous to adniral.

FLAG-SHIP, the fhip on which any flag is difplayed.

FLAG-STAFF, (batou, Fr.) a pole creeled at the head of a top-gallant-
maft, or top-mafl, whereon to hoift and difplay the flag or pendent.

FLAKE, (ecbû.faud, Fr.) a fort of fcaffold or platform, formed of hur-
dies and fupported by flanchions, and ufed for drying cod-fifli in New-
foundland. Thefe flakes are ufually placed near the fliores of fifliing-
harbours. Alfo a fmall ftage hung over a ftiip's fide, to caulk, or
repair any breach.

FLAT, (plain, Fr.) a level ground lying at a fmall depth under the fur-
face of the fea, and otherwife called a flioal or fliallow.

To Flat-iv, the aétion of drawing in the aftmoft lower-corner, or clue,
of a fail towards tlie middle of the fliip, to give the fail the greater power
of turning the veflel. Thus if the mizen, or after-fails are flatted-in, it is
evident that the intention is to carry the fliern to leeward, and turn the head
nearer to the diredion of the wind : and if the head-fails are flatted-in, the
rntention is accordingly to make the fliip fall off, when by dcfign or acci-
dent Ihe has come fo near the wind as to make the fails lliiver. Flence

Flat-in forward, (traverfe mifaine, Fr.) is the order to draw in the
fore-flicet, jib-flieet, and fore-fl:ay-fail-flieet, towards the middle of the
fliip. This operation is feldom performed, except in light breezes of
wind, when the helm has not fufficient government of the fhip.

FLAW, a fuddtn breeze, or gufl: of wind.

FLEET, (vaiffeaux du roi, Fr. flota. Sax.) a general name given to
his majeft:y's navy, or to any part thereof deftined on a particular entet-
prife or expedition : alfo a convoy or company of merchant Ihips, /<?//?,.
lonfcrve, with or without fliips of war to détend them.

The admirals of his majefty's fleet are clafled into three fquadrons, viz.
the red, the white, and the blue. "When any of thefe officers are inverted
with the command of a fquadron or detachment of fliips of war, the par-
ficular lliips are difliinguiûied by the colours of their rcfpeftive fquadron :
tliat is to fay, the fliips of the red fquadron wear an enfign, whofe unio»
is difplayed on a red field-, the enfigns of the white fquadron have a
white field ; and thofe of the blue fquadron, a blue field ; the union be-
ing common to all three. The fliips of war therefore are occafionally
annexed to any of the three fquadrons, or fhifted from one to another.

Of whatfoever number a fleet of fliips of war is compofed, it is ufually
divided into three fquadrons -, and thefe, if numerous, are again feparated
mto divifions. The admiral, or principal officer, commands the center ;
the vice-admiral, or fécond in command, fuperintends the van-guard ;
and the operations of the rear are direClcd by the rear admiral, or the
otHcer next in rank. See the article Division..

F L E FLY

The difpofition of a fleet, while proceeding on a voyage, will in fome
meafure depend on particular circumftunces -, as the difficulty ot" the naviga-
tion -, the necefnty of difpatch, according to tlie urgency or importance
of the expedition : or the cxpeélation of an enemy in the paflage. The
mofl: convenient order is probably to range it into three lines or columns,
each of which is parallel to a line clofe-hauled, according to tl^e tack on
which the line of battle is defigned to be formed. This arrangement is
more ufed than any, becaufe it contains the advantages of every other
form, without their inconvenicncies. The fleet being thus more inclofed
will more readily obferve the fignals, and with greater facility form itfelf
into the line of battle -, a circumflance which fliould be kept in view in
every order of failing.

FLEETING, the acl of changing the Htuation of a tackle, when the
blocks are drawn together ; or what is called block and block by failors.
The ufe of fleeting is accordingly to replace the mechanical powers into
a fl;ate of adtion -, tlie force by wiiich they operated before being deilroy-
ed by the meeting of the blocks or puUics.

Fleeting tliercfore is nearly fimilar to the winding up of a watcii or
clock. See the article Tackle.

FLOA'l', a raft, or quantity of timber faftencd together acrofs, to be
wafted along a river with the tide or current.

FLOATING, (flutter, Fr.) the fl;ate of being borne up, or wafted
along with the tide on the furface of the water, the theory of which is
explained in the article Trim.

FLOOR, the bottom of a fliip -, or all that part on each fide of the keel,
which approaches nearer to an horizontal than to a perpendicular fitua-
tion, and whereon flie relis when aground. Thus it is common to fay,
a fliarp floor, a flat floor, a long floor, &c. Whence

Floor-timbers, (varangues, Fr.) are thofe parts of the fliip's timbers
which are placed immediately acrofs the keel, and upon which the bottom
of the fliip is framed ; to thefe the upper parts of the timbers are united,
being only a continuation of floor-timbers upwards. See Naval Archi-
tecture.

FLOWING, the pofition oi û\ç. floeets, or lower corners of the principal
fails, when they are loofened to the wind, fo as to receive it into their
cavities in a direction more nearly perpendicular than when they are clofe-
hauled, although more obliquely than when the velTcl is failing before the
wind,

A fliip is therefore faid to have a flowing flieet when the wind crofles the
line of her courfe nearly at right angles : that is to lay, a Ihip llecring due
north, with the wind at eail, or directly on her fide, will have a flowing
Iheet ; w!ierta.s if tlio flieets were extended dole aft, llie would f..il tv.o
points nearer the wind, viz. N. N. E. See the articles Close-haulld,
Largr, and Trim.

FLUSH, Seetlie article Deck.

FLY of an enflgn, 'battant, Fr,) the breadth or extent from ihc fta'J to
the extremitv or cdc-e that flutters loofc in the wind.

S 2 i-i.y-

FLY

FOR

FLY-BOAT, or FLIGHT, a large flat-bottomed Dutch veflel, whofc
burthen is generally from four to fix hundred tons. It is diltinguiflacd
by a Hern remarkably high, refembling a Gothic turret, and by a very
broad buttock below.

FOG, (brume, Fr.) a mift at fea.

FOOT of a fail, {fond de voile, Fr.) lower edge or bottom.

FooT-Rop£, the rope to which the foot of a fail is fewed. See Bolt-Rope.

FooT-ROPES are alio the fame with horfes of the yards. See that article.

FOOT- WALKING, the whole infide planks or lining of a (hip, ufed
to prevent any part of the ballaft or cargo from falling between the floor-
timbers. See Midship-Frame.

FORE, the diftinguifliing charafter of all that part of a fhip's frame
and machinery which lies near the ftem.

Fore and Aft, throughout the fliip's whole length, or from end to end,

FoRE-BowLiNE, the bowline of the fore-fail. See Bowline.

Fore-castle, (gaillard d'avant, Fr.) a fliort deck placed in the fore-
part of the fhip, above the upper deck. It is ufuaLly terminated, both
before and behind, by a breaft-work in veflels of war ; the foremofl: end
forming the top of the beak-head, and the hind part reaching to the after^
part ot the fore-chains.

FoRE-cAT-HARPiNS, a Complication of ropes ufed to brace-in the up-
per part of the fore-fhrouds. See Cat-harpins.

Fore-Foot, (brion, Fr.) a piece of timber which terminates the keel
at the fore-end. It is connefted by a fcarf to the extremity of the keel,
of which it makes a part : and the other end of it, which is incurvated
upwards into a fort of knee or crotch, is attached to the lower end of the
ftem : of which it alfo makes a part, being alfo called the gripe.

As the lower arm of the fore-foot lies on tlie fame level with the keel, fo
the upper one coincides with the middle line of the ftem : it's breadth and
thickntfs therefore correfpond to the dimenfions of thofe pieces, and the
heel of the cut-water is fcarfed to it's upper end.

The form of this piece, and it's difpofnion and connexion with the ad-
jacent pieces, appears by the letter /, in plate I. Pieces of the Hull.

Fore-Hooks, the fame with breaft-hooks, which fee.

Foreland, a cape or promontory, projedting into the fea; as the
North or South Forelands.

Fore-Lock, (clnveite, Fr.) a little flat-pointed wedge of iron, ufed to
drive through a.hole in the end of a bolt, to retain it firmly in it's place.

Fore- J EARS.

Fore-Mast.

Fore-Sail.

Fore-Shrouds,

Fore-Stay.

Fore-Top.

Fore- Top-mast.

For e-Tob-oallant-mast.

Fore-Tye.

Fore- Yard, &c,.

Jears.

Mast..

Sail.

Shrouds..

, i Stay.

J>See ^ Xop_

Top-Mast.
Top-gallant-mast.
Tye.
^Yard, &c.

N.B..

FOR F R A

N. B. By referring to the articles top-maji znà. Top-gallant -maji, we mean
to comprehend all the apparatus thereto belonging, as their yards, fails, &:c.

FoRE-REACHiNC UPON, the aft of advancing before, or gaining ground
of, fome other (hip or fhips in company.

FORGING OVER, the aft of forcing a (hip violently over a flioal,
by the effort of a great quantity of fail.

FORMING the Line. See the article Line.

P'ORWARD, [avant, Fr.) towards the fore-part of the fhip. See Aforf.

FOTHERING, a peculiar method of endeavouring to flop a leak in the
bottom of a fliip while Ihe is afloat, either under fail or at anchor. It is
ufually performed in the following manner : a bafket is filled with allies,
cinders, and chopped rope-yarns, bonettc lardce, Fr. and loofcly covered
with a piece of canvas-, to this is faftened a long pole, by which it is
plunged repeatedly in the water, as clofe as pofi'ible to the place where
the leak is conjeftured to lie. The oakum, or chopped rope-yarns, beins;
thus gradually fliaken through the twigs, or over the top of the bafket,
are frequently fucked into the hole along with the water, fo that the leak
becomes immediately choaked, and the future entrance of the water is
tliereby prevented.

FOUL, {empêchée, Fr.) as a fea term, is generally ufed in oppofition
to clear, and implies entangled, embarrafTed, or contrary, in the follow-
ing fenfes :

A fhip ran foul of us in the river, /. e. entangled herfelf amongfb cur

rigging-

Foul, when exprelTed of a fhip's bottom, denotes that it is very dirty-, as
being covered with grafs, fea-wecds, fhells, or other filth which gathers to
it during the courfe of a long voyage. When underftood of the ground
or bottom of a road, bay, fca coaft, or harbour, mal fain, Fr. it fignifies
rocky, or abounding with fhallows, or otherwife dangerous.

When fpbken of the hawfe, it means that the cables are turned round
each other, by the winding or turning about of tlie fliip while flie rides
at anchor. See Elbow and Hawse-
Foul, when applied to the wind, is ufed to exprefs that it is unfavour-
able, or contrary to the fhip's courfe, as oppofcd to large or fair.

To FOUNDER, (fandr, Fr.) to fink at fea, as being rendered, by the
violence and continuation of a florm and the excefs of the leaks, unable
to keep the fhip afloat above the water.

FOX, a fort oi fir and, formed by twifling feveral rope-yarns together,
and ufed as afeizing, or to weave z 7nat or paunch, &c.

FRAME. See Timber.

FRAPING, the aft of crofling and dr.iwing together the feveral parts
of a tackle, or other complication of ropes, wiiicli had already been
flraightened to their utmort extent : in this fcnfe it cxaftly refcmblcs the
operation of bracing up a drum, &c. The (raping always increaies the
tenfion, and of courfe adds to the fccurity acquirea by the purthaie.
Hence the Cat-harpins are no other than frapings to the fiirouds.

Frap<ng

F R E F II I

l-RAPiNG a Jhip^ ( ceint) er^ Fr.) the avft of paflmg three, four, or five
turns of a cable round the hull, or frame of a Iliip, in the middle, to
fupport her in a great ftorm, when it is apprehended th.it flie is not ftron[;
fcnuuQ;h to refill the violent eflbrts of the fea. This expedient however is
rarely put in pradice, unlcfs in very old fliips, which their owners are
willing to venture to lea as long as poffible, by enfurlug them deeply.

FR1ŒING, [affranchir, Fr.) the ad of pumping, orotherwile throwing
out the water which has leaked into a Ihip's bottom at fea, &c.

FllFF.ZING, a fort of ornamentnl painting on the upper part of a
Hiip's quarter, Jicrii, or kvj. It conflits generally of armour, inllrumtnts
of war, marine emblems, &c.

FRF.IGHT, or fi-aight of a pip, [nf.etenrvt, Fr.y the hire, or a part
thereof, ufually paid for the carriage and coi. - eyance of gooiis -, or the
fum agreed upon between the owner and the merchant for the hire and
ufe of a veflel.

Freight alio implies the lading or cargo which Ihe has abroad.
FRF.SFI, when applied to the wind, generally fignifies ftrong, but not
violent or dangerous ; hence when tlie gale increafes, it is faid to ficlhen.

•To FRESH FN the hawfe, (refraicl.ir, Fr.) to relieve that part of the
cable which for fome time has been expofed to the triétion in one of the
hawfe-holes, produced by the rolling and pitching of a Ihip as fhe ridts at
anchor in a high fea.

When a lliip remains in fuch a fiiuation, it is always neceffary to wrap
fome old canvas, mat, leather, or fuch like material, round that part of the
cable which rubs againft the [ftem, Sec. The matter ufed for this purpofe
is cA\tà feri'ice : but as the violent agitation of the fliip, produced by the
tempeft, or fea, as llie rides in an open road, muft communicate a great
fridion to the cable, the fervice will confequently be loon worn through: it
is neceflary therefore to have it frequently renewed by a frefh application of
the like materials, behind the former, for the preiervation of the cable, on
which every thing depends ; and this renewal of fervice is called frepening
the ha-ivfe, a circumftance which cannot be too vigilantly obferved.

FRESHES, (foukrme, Fr.) imply the impetuolity of an ebb-tide, in-
creafed by heavy rains and flowing out into the fea, which it often dif-
colours to a confiderable diftance from the fliore ; inafmuch as the line,
which divides the two colours, may be perceived diltinctly for a great
length along the coaft.

FRIGATE, {frégate, Fr.) in the navy, a light nimble fliip, built for
the purpofes of failing fwiftly. Thefe vcfiels mount from twenty to thir-
ty-eight guns, and are cfteemed excellent cruizcrs.

Frigate-built, {Jrcgaté, Fr.) implies the difpofition of the decks of
fuch merchant-lhips as have a defcent of four or f.ve fteps from the jz/^r-
ter-deck iinf\ fcre-ccy1!e\n\.o the ii-a/Jl, in contra-diftindion to thofe whole
decks are on a continued line for the whole length of the fliip, which are
CdWed galley-kiilt. See the article Flush.

Formerly the narr.e of frigate was only known in the Mediterranean, and
applied to a kind of long vcfiel, navigated in tliat fea with fails and oars.

The

F U L FUT

The Englilh were the fird who appeared on the ocean with thofe fhips,
and equipped them for war as well as commerce.

PULL AND BY, (J>res à? plein, Fr.) the fitiiation of a fliip with re-
gard to die wind, when Ihe is dole- hauled, and failing in fuch a manner
as neither to fleer too nigh the direftion "f tiie wind, nor to deviate to
leeward ; both of which movements are unfavourable to her courfe, as in
the former her fails will fliiver, and render the effort of the wind preca-
rious and ineffectual ; and in the latter flie will advance in a direction
widely diftant from her real courfe. Hence, keep her full ! {dejie du
vent ! Fr.) is the order from the pilot or other officer to the helmfman,
not to incline too much to windward, and thereby fhake the fails fo as to
retard the courfe.

FURLING, (ferler, Fr.) the operation of wrapping or rolling a fail
clofe up to the yard, ftay, or inaft to which it belongs, and winding a
gafket or cord about it to faften it thereto. And hence

FURLING-LINE denotes a cord employed in this office : thofe which
are ufed for the larger fails are generally Hat, and are known by the name
of gajkets.

FUTTOCKS, the middle divifion of a fhip's timbers -, or thofe parts
which are fituated between the floor and the top-timbers. See this fully
explained in the article Timber.

As the epithet hooked is frequently applied in common language to any
thing bent or incurvated, and particularly to feveral crooked timbers in a
iliip, as the breaft-hooks^ fore-hooks, after-books, &c. this term is evidently
derived from the loweft part or foot of the timber, and from the fhape of
the piece. Hence

Futtock-Shrouds, or rather Foot-mook Shrouds. See the. article
Shrouds.

G A F GAL

GAFF, a fort of" boom or pole, frequently iifcd in Iniall fhips, to
extend the upper edge of the mizen ; and always employed tor the
lame purpofc on thofe fails whofe foremoft edges are joined to the maft by
hoops or laceings, and which are ufually extended by a iooDi below. Such
arc the main-fails of all Hoops, brigs, and fchooners.

The foremoil, or inner extremity of the gaff, is furnithed with two cheeks
forming a femicirclc, which incloie the after part of the maft fo as to con-
fine the gaff clofe to it's refpedlive maft whilft the fail is hoifling or low-
ering. It is further fecured In this fituation by a rope paffing from one
of the checks to the other on the fore-fide of the mall ; and to prevent
the friftion of this rope upon the mall, by hoifting or lowering, lèverai
little wooden balls, called trucks, are hung upon it, in the fame manner
as the holy beads are hung upon a catholic's rofary.

GAGE. See Weather-Gage.

To GAIN theivind, in navigation, (gtigner au vent, Fr.) to arrive on the
weather-fide, or to windward of, fome other vefTel iji fight, when both
are plying to windward, or failing as near the wind as polTible.

GALE of wind, a phrafe ufed by failors to exprefs a llorm or tempeft.
It is more particularly termed a hard gale, or flrong gale.

GALEON, a name formerly given to fliips of war, furnifhed with three
or four batteries of cannon. It is now retained only by the Spaniards, and
applied to the largeft fize of their merchant (hips, employed on Weft-Indian
voyages, and ulually furnifhed with tour decks. Theylikewife beftowthefame
name on thofe vefTels, whether great or fmall, which proceed annually to La
Vera Cruz. The Portugueze alio have feveral fhips which they fend to India
and the Brazils, nearly refembling the galeons, and by them called caragtics.

GALLED, (raqué, Fr.) the flate of a maft, yard, cable, or other rope,
when it is deprived of the furfacc, and chafed by friftion. To preferve
thofe articles from being damaged by this efïefl, it is therefore ufual to
cover them with fkins, mats, canvas, or fuch materials, in the places
where they are the moft expofed to it by the rolling of the vefTel. Sec
the article Service.

GALLERY, a balcony projeéling from û\ç fient or quarter of a ihip of
v/ar, or large merchantmen. In the former, the ftern-gallery is ufually de-
corated with a baluilrade, extending from onç fide of the fliip to the other ;
the fore-part is limited by a partition called the fkreen-bulk head, in which
are framed the cabin windows -, and the roof of it is formed by a fort of

vault.

GAL G A N

vaulr, termed the cove, which is frequtncly ornamented with Iciilptiirt-.
See St£rn'.

The quarter gallery of a fliip of 74 guns is reprefented at large, in the
plate referred to from the article Quarter.

GALLEY, (galère, Fr.) a kind or low flat-built veiTel, furniflied with one
deck, and navigated with fails and oars, particularly in the Mediterranean.
Tlie largcll fort of thefe venils, (ga!cc?ffe, Fr.) is employed only by the Ve-
netians. They are commonly 162 feet long above, and 133 feet by the keel;
52 feet wide, with 23 feet length of flern-pofl. They are furniflied with
three mads, and thirty-two banks of oars -, every bank containing two
oars, and every oar being managed by fix or feven flaves, who are ufually.
chained thereto. In the fore-part they have three little batteries of cannon,
of which the lowed: is of two 36 pounders, the fécond of two 24 pounders, an-l
the uppermoft of two 2 pounders : three 18 pounders are alfo planted on
each quarter. The complement of men for one of thefe gallics is generally
1C03 or 1200. They are cfteemed extremely convenient for bombarding
or making a defcent upon an enemy's coafl:, as drawing but little water ^
and having by their oars frequently the advantage of a fliip of war, in light
winds or calms, by cannonading the latter near thcfurfaceof the water; by
fcouring her whole length with their fliot, and at the lame time keeping- otl
her quarter or bow, io as to be out of the direflion of her cannon.

1 he gallies next in fize to thefe, which are alio called half-gallies, are
from 120 to 130 feet long, ]8 feet broad, and 9 or 10 feet deep. They
have two mafl:s, which may be fl:ruck at plcafure, and are furniflied with
two large lateen fïils, dnd five pieces of cannon. They have commonly 25
banks of oars, as deicribcd above. A fize ftill lefs than thefe are called
quarter-gallies, carrying from twelve to fixtcen banks of oars. There are
very few gallies now befides thofe in the Mediterranean, v,hich are tound by
experience to be of little utility, except in fine weather; a circumftance
which renders their fervice extremely precarious. They generally keep clofe
under the lliore, but ibmctimes venture out to fea to perform a fummcr
cruife. See the articles Qjjarter and Vessel.

GAMMONING, (Heme, Fr.) a rope ufed to bind the inner quarter of
the bowfprit clofe down to the Ihip's Hem, in order to enable it the better
to fupport the ftays of the fore-mafl, and carry fail in the fore part of the
veficl. Seven or eight turns of this rope, fig. 6, 8, and 9. plate IV. are
paflcd over the bowlprit A, and througli a large hole in the item or knee
of the head Y alternately : after all the turns are drawn as firm as pofli-
ble, the oppofite ones are braced together under the bowfprit by a /rap-
ing, as exhibited in the iame fio;ure.

GANG, a leleft number ot a fhip's crew appointed on any particular
fervice, and commanded by an officer fuitable to the occafion.

GANG-BOARD, (planche, Fr.) a board or plank wiih feveral cleats
or iteps nailed upon it for the convenience of walking into, or out of, a
l)oat upon the fliore, where the water is not deep enough to float the
boat clofe to the landing-place.

T GANG-

G A N G A U

GANGWAY, (p(ijfe-tti-nnt^ Fr.) a narrow platform, or range of plank^,
laid l:orizontally along the upper part of a fliip's fide, from the quarter-deck
to the forccaftlc, for the convenience of walking more expeditioufly fort
ami (ift, than by dcfcending into the waift". This platform is therefore pe-
culiar to fhips which are decp-'Ji'aiJled. It is fenced on the outfide by lèverai
I'mall iron pillars, and a rope extended from one to the other -, and fometimes
bv a netting, to prevent any one from falling off into the fea when the fhip
is in motion. This is frequently called the gang-board in merchant vcffels.

Gangway, (échelle, Fr.) is alfo that part of a fliip's fide, both within
and v«ithout, by whicli the palVengers enter and depart. It is for this pur-
pofe provided v.'ith a kifficient number of fteps, or cleats, nailed upon the
mip's fide, nearly as low as the furface of the water -, and fometimes fur-
niihed with a railed accommodation-ladder, whofe lower end projedls from
the fhip's fide, being fecured in this pofition by iron braces, fo as to
render the afccnt and dcfcent extremely convenient.

Gangway, {acccurfie, Fr.) is likewiie ufed to fignify a pafl"age left in the
hold, when a fliip is laden, in order to arrive at any particular place therein,
occafionally -, as to examine the fituation of the provifions or cargo ; to
difcover and (lop a leak; or to bring out any article required tor fervice; &:c.
Finally, a gangway implies a thoroughfare, or narrow paflTage of any kind.

GARLAND, a fort of net, whofe opening is extended by a wooden
hoop of fufficient fi/.e to admit a bowl or platter within it. It is accord-
ingly ufed by the failors as a locker or cupboard to contain their provi-
fions, being hung up to the deck within the birth, where they commonly
inefs between decks.

^'y6(5/-GARLAND, (cpitié, Fr.) 3 piece of timber nailed horizontally along
the fliip's fide from one gun-port to another, and ufed to contain the
round- fliot ready for charging the great guns in battle. For this purpofe
it is furniflied with fevcral femi-globular cavities, correfponding to the
fize of the cannon-balls which it is employed to contain.

GA.RNET, (gcirant, Fr.) a fort of tackle fixed to the main-ftay of a
merchant fliip, and ufed to hoifi: in and out the goods of which the cargo
is compofed.

Garnet is alfo a fmall tackle faftened to the clues or lower corners of
the main-fail or fore-fail, for the purpofe of trufilng up thofe fails, as oc-
cafion requires ; and hence it is called Clue-Garnet, which fee.

GARBOARD-STREAK, (gabord, Fr.) in fliip-building, the firft range
ox Jlreak of planks laid upon a fhip's bottom next to the keel, throughout
the whole length of the Hoor. The edge of this plank is let into a groove
or channel in the fide of the keel, which is called tiie rabbet of the gar-
board-flreak.

GASKET, {7arcet, Fr.) a fort of platted cord faftened to the fail-yards
of a fliip, and ufed to furl or tie up the fail firmly to the yard. This is
performed by wrapping the gaflcet round the yard and fail fix or fcven
times, the turns being at a competent difl:ance from each other.

GAUNTLOPE, pronounced gauntlet, a race which a criminal is kn~
tenced to run in a velfel of war, as a puniflimtnt for felony, or fome other
teinous ofrcnce.

5 It

G I M GOO

It is executed in the following manner : the whole fhip's crew is difpofed
in two rows, Handing face to face on both fides of thi- deck, fj as to form a
lane, whereby to go fc>;-z::nrd on one fide, and return af( on the other ; eacii
perfon being furnifhed with a fmali twilled cord, called a knittle, having
two or thrte knots upon it. The delinquent is then fcripped naked above
the waill, and ordered to pafs forward between the two rows of men, and
aft on the other fide, a certain number of times, rarely exceeding three;
during wiiich every pcrlon gives him a flripe as lie runs along. In his paf-
fage through this painful ordeal he is fometimes tripped up, and very fc
verely handled while incapable of proceeding. This puniflimenr, which is
called running the gauntlet, (courir la bouline^ Fr.) is feldom infliâ:ed except
for fuch crimes as will naturally excite a general antipathy amongft the
feam.en -, as on fome cccafions the culprit would pafs without receiving a
fiogle blow, particuhirly in cafes of mutiny or fedition, to the punifliment
of which our common failors feem to have a conltitutional avcrfion.

GliARS. See Jears.

GIMBALS, [balancier s,¥v.) the brafs rings by wjiich a fea-compafs is fuf-
pentled in it's box that ufually Hands in the binacle. Sec the article Binacle.

GIMBLETING, a term particularly applied to the anchor, to denote
the aétion of turning jt round by the flock, lb that the motion of the ftock
appears fimilar to that of the handle of a gimblet, when it is employed to
turn the wire.

GIRT, the fituation of a fliip which is moored fo flrait by her cables,
extending from the haivfe to two diilant anchors, as to be prevented from
Twinging or turning about, according to any change of the wind or tide,
to the current of which her head would otherwife be directed.

The cables are extended in this manner, by a ilrong application of me-
chanical powers within the fliip ; fo tliat as fhe veers, or endeavours to
fwing about, her fide bears upon one of the cables, which catches on her
heel, and interrupts her in the adl of traverfing. In this pofition fhe mull
ride with her broadfide or ftern to the wind or current, till one or both of
the cables are tlackened lb as to fink under the keel ; after which the lliip
will readily yield to the effort of the wind or current, and turn her head
thither. See the article Riding.

GIRT-LINE, {caric.hu, Fr.) a rope palTing tlirough a fingle block, on
the head of the lower mails, to hoill up the rigging thereof; as alfo the
jjerfons employed to place the rigging and crofs-trees u()Gn the mall-heads.
The girt-line is therefore the firlt rope enîployed to rig a fliip, and by
means of this all the lell arc drawn up and fixed ; after which ic is re-
moved till the fhip is to be unrigged.

GONDOLA, a fort of barge, curioufly ornamented, and navigated
on the canals of Venice ; alfo a paflage-boat of fix or eight oars, in other
parts of the coall of Italy.

CjOOGINGS, (Jmdks, Fr.) certain clamps of iron bolted on the Hern-
poll of a Ihip, whereon to hang the rudder, and keep it Heady; for which

urpofe there is a hole in each of them, to receive a correfpondent fpindle

ulted on the back of the rudder, which turns thereby us upon hingci.

T 2 ' Theic

GOO G R I

1 here ave generally four, five, or fix googings on a ftiip's flern-pofi and
riiddtr, according to her fize, and upon thcfe the rudder is lupportcd,
and traveiil'S tVcm fide to fide as upon an axis. See Helm.

GOOSE-NECK, a fort of iron hook fitted on the inner end of a boom,
and introduced into a clamp of iron, or eye-bolt, which encircles the maft^
<jr is fitted to fome other place in the fhip, fo that it may be unhooked at
plcafure. See Boom.

GOOSE- WINGS of a /nil, the clues or lower corners of a fliip's main-
fa:], or fore-fail, when the middle part is furled or tied up to the yard.

The goofe-wings are only ufcd in a great ftorm to feud before the wind,
•when the fail at large, or even diminilhed by a reef, would be too great
a prcflure on the fliip, in that fituation.

GORING, ('atigue, Fr.) that part of the flcirts of a fail, where it gra-
dually widens from the upper p.trt or head, towards the bottom : the gor-
ing-cloths are therefore thofc, which are cut obliquely, and added to the
breadth. See Sail.

GRAPPLING, {grû.pin criffon, Fr.) a fort of fmall anchor, fitted with
four or five flukes or claws, plate IV. fig. 5. and commonly ufcd to ride
a boat or otiicr fmall vefiel.

T^V^-Grapplinc, (grapin d' abordage, Fr.) an inftrument nearly refemb-
ling the former, but dilfering in the conllrudion of it's flukes, which are
furniihcd with ftrong barbs on their points, fig. 4. plate IV. Thefe
machines are ufually fixed on the yard-arms of a lliip, in order to grapple
any adverfary whom Ihe intends to board. They are however more par-
ticularly ufeful \n fire-fJjips, for the purpofes dtfcribed in that article.

GRATINGS, (caillebotis, Fr.) a fort of open covers for the hatches,
formed by feveral fmall laths or battens of wood, which crofs each ether
at right angles, leaving a fquare interval between. They are formed to
admit the air and light from above into the lower apartments of the fhip»
particularly when the turbulence of the fea or weather renders it neceflary
to fhut the ports between decks ; and alio to let the fmoke efcape from,
the lower decks in the time of battle.

Ledges of the Gratings, (barrotins de caillebotis, Fr.) ledges of the grat-
ings.

Grating, (egouttcir,) a drain whereon to lay new tarred cordage.
GRAVING, {oeuvres de mp.rée,YT.) the aft of cleaning a fliip's bottom
when fhe is laid aground during the recefs of the tide. See the article
Breaming, where this operation is particularly explained.
GRIPE, the fame with Fore-foot. See that article.
GRIPES, (haul ans de chaloupe, Fr.) a machine formed by an aflemblage
of ropes, hooks, and deed-eyes, and ufed to fecure the boats upon the deck
of a Ihip at fea, and prevent them from being fliaken by the labouring of
the vcfi'el. The hooks, v^hich are faftened at their ends, are fixed in ring-
bolts in the deck on each fide of the boat -, whence, paffing over her mid-
dle and extremities, they are extended by means of the dead-eyes, fo as
to render the boats as firm and fecure as poffible.

Griping,

G R I G U L

Griping, (ardent^ Fr, the inclination of a fhip to run to windward of
her courfe, particularly when flie fails with the wind on her beam or quarter.
This efteft is partly occafioned by the fliock of the waves that ftrike the fhip
perpetually on the weather-quarter, and fore; the ftern to leeward -, but
chielly by the arrangement of the fails, which difpofes the fhip continually
to edge to windward, while in this fituation of failing.

GROMMKT, {bague, daillol^ Fr.) a fort of fmall wreath, formed oi njlrand
of rope, and ufed to fatten the upper edge of a ftay-fail to it's refpeftive
flay, in different places. By means of the grommets, the fail is according-
ly hoilled or lowered, /. e. drawn up or down upon it's flay, in the fiime
manner as a curtain is extended or drawn along upon it's rod, by the af-
fiftance of rings. See alfo the article Hank.

GROUNDING, the act of laying a fhip afnore, in order to bream or
repair her. It is alfo applied to running aground accidentally when under
fail, or driving in a tcmpeft.

GROUND- TACKLE, {amarrages, Fr.) a general name given to all'
forts of ropes and furniture which belong to the anchors, or vvhich are
employed in mooring, or otherwife lecuring a fhip in a road or harbour j
as cables, hawfers, tow-lines, warps, and buoy-ropes.

GROWING, implies the direftion of the cable from the fhip towards
the anchors ; as, the cable grows on the itarboard-bow, /. c. llretches
out forwards on the ftarboard, or right fide.

GUARD-BOAT, a boat appointed to row the rounds amongfl the fhips
of war which are laid up in any harbour, &c. to obferve that their officers
keep a good look-out, calling to the guard-boat as fhe pafTes, and not
Jull'ering her crew to come aboard, without having previouQy communi-
cated the watch-word of the night.

GUARD-IRONS, certain curved or arched bars of iron placed over
the ornamental figures, on a fliip's head or quarter, to defend them from
the imprefTiLH of fbme other fliip when tiiey lie dole to, or rub againft
eacii other.

GUARD-SHIP, a vefTcl of war appointed to fuperintend the marine
affairs in a harbour or river, and to fee that the fliips which are not com-
millioned have their proper watch kept duly, by fending her guard-boats
around them every night : flie is alfo to receive feamen who are impreffed
in the time of war.

GULF, ^^olfe, Fr. golfo, Ital.) a broad and capacious bay, comprehended
between two promontories, and fometimes taking the name of a fea, when
it is very extcnfive, but particularly when it only communicates witli the
fea by means of a Itreight : luch are the liuxine, or Black Sea, otherwife
called the gulf of Conftantinoplc ; the Adriatic Sea, called alfo the gulf
of Venice ; tlie gulf of Sitlra near Barbary, and the gulf of Lions near
France: all thcle gulfs are in the Mediterranean: there arc befides the
gulf of Mexico, the gulf of St. Lawrence, and the gulf of Calliphor-
nia, which are in North America, There are alio the gulf of I'crfia,
otherwife called the Red Sea, between Perfia and Arabia; the gulf of

Bengal

GUN G Y B

Bengal in India, and the gulfs of Cochinchina and Kamtfthatca, near tiic
coLintries of the lame name.

GUNNEL, or GUN-WALE, (J>lai-krd, Fr.) the upper edge of a
fhip's fide.

GUNNEK of a Jhip cf v)(ir, {caunonier de l'aiffeau, Fr.) an officer ap-
jwinted to take charge of the artillery and ammunition aboard , to ob-
fcrve that the former are always kept in order, and pro[)crly fr.tcd with
tackles and other furniture, and to teach the lailors the exercife of the
cannon. See Exercise.

GUN-ROOM, an appartment on the after end of the lower, or gun-
deck, o{ a (bip of war ; generally deflined for the ufe of the gunner in
large fhips, but in fnall ones, it is ufed by the lieutenants as a dining-
room, &c.

GUST, (dragon de vent, Fr.) a fudden and violent fquall of wind,
buriling from the hills upon the fea, fo as to endanger the fliipping near
the fliore. Thefe are peculiar to fome coafts, as thofe of South-Barbary
and Guinea.

GUTTER-LEDGE, {traverfter d'ecoutille, Fr.) a crofs bar laid along
the middle of a large hatchway in fome vefiels, to fupport the covers, and
enable them the better to fuftain any weighty body which may be moved
or laid thereon.

GUY, a rope ufed to keep fleady any weighty body whilfl: it is hoifting
or lowering, particularly when tiie Ihip is fliaken by a tcmpeituous fea.

Guv is likewife a large flack rope, extending from the head of the main-
mall to the head of the fore-maft, and having two or three large blocks
fattened to the middle of it. This is chiefly employed to fullain the tackle
uied to hoift in and out the cargo of a merchant fliip, and is accordingly
removed from the mall-heads as foon as the veflTel is laden or delivered.

GYBING, the a<5l of fliifting any boom-fail from one fide of the mafl;
to the other.

In order to underftand this operation more clearly, it is neceflary to re-
mark, that by a boom-fail is meant any fail whofe bottom is extended by
a boom, the fore-end of which is hooked to it's refpedlive mafl:, fo as ro
fwing occafionally on either fide of the vefiel, defcribing an arch, of
•which the mail will be the center. As the wind or the courle changes, it
alfo becomes frequently necefl^ary to change the pofition of the boom, to-
. gcther with it's fail, which is accordingly fiiifted to the other fide of the
vefiel as a dcor turns upon it's hinges. The boom is puflicd out by the
effort of the wind upon the fail, and is refl:rained in a proper fituation by
a ftrong tackle communicating with the vefll4's fterii, and called ih(;JbeeL
It is alfo confined on the fore-part by another tackle, called the guy. See
the preceding article.

HAG HAN

HAGS TEETH, or Hak.es Treth, thofe parts of a matting, fohit-
ing, &c. which are interwoven with the reft, in an erroneous and
irregular manner, fo as to appear aukwarcl in the general uniformity of
the work. See Pointing, &c.

HAILING, the faUitation or accofting of a fliip at a diftancc, either
at fea or in a harbour. The ufual expreffion is, Hoa, the fhip ahoay !
To which fhe anfwers. Holloa ! Whence came ye? Where are ye bound }
Good voyage ! Wliat cheer ? All well ! How fare ye ? &c.

HALIARDS, (drijfe, Fr.) the ropes or tackles ufually employed to
hoift or lower any fail upon it's rcfpeftive mafts or ftay. See alfo Jears.

HAMMOC, (branle, Fr.) a piece of canvas, fix feet long and three feet
wide, gaciicrcd or drawn together at the two ends, and hung horizontally
under the deck, lengthways, for the failors to fleep therein. There are
ulually from fourteen to twenty inches in breadth allowed between decks
for every hammoc in a fliip of war : this fpace however muft in fome
mcafure depend on tlie number of the crew, &c. in proportion to the room
of the vefTel.

In the time of battle the hammocs, together with their bedding, are all
firmly corded, and fixed in tlie nettings on the quarter-deck, or where-
ever the men are too much expofcd to the view or fire of the enemy. See
the article Engagement.

HANDING the fails, the fame operation with furling them, which fee.

HAND-OVER-HAND ! {mmn avant! Fr.) the order to the men, who
pull upon any rope, topafs their hands alternately one before the other, or
one above the other, if they arc hoifting, in order to haften the fervice.

A failor is laid to go aloft, liand-over-hand, when he alcends into the
tops, &c. by a fingle rope, as a fhroud or back-ftay, without the help of
the raltlings, by tlie dexterity of throwing one hand above the other, and
lifting his weight along with it.

HANDSPEC, (an/pec, Fr.) a wooden bar ufcd as a lever to heave about
the windlafs, in order to draw up the anchor from the bottom, particularly
in mercliant fliips: lor this purpoie the handle or fmall end is round and ta-
pering; and the other end is (quare, in order to conform to the fliapeof the
Iiuks in the w indlafs. It is alio employed as a lever on many other occafions,
as (lowing tlic anchors, or provifions, or cargo, in the flfip's hold.

Gunner's Handspeck, (renard, Fr.) an handl'pec ihortcr and flatter tlian
the above, and armed with two claws, for the purpofe of managing the
artillery in battle, &.c,

HANK

HAN H A R

HANK FOR HANK, a phrafe exprcfTcd of two (hips vjhkli tack and
make a progrefs to windward togctlicr. 'I'hc Dolphin and Cerberus turn-
ed up the river /.r.iik Jor honk, witliout being able to [^ct to v;indward ut'
■each other.

HANKS, {dailkts, Fr.) certain wooden rings fixed upon the fbays of a
fliip, whereby to confine the Itay-fnils thereto at dificrent heighths. They
are ufed in the place of gromntets, being a later invention and much more
convenient; becaufe, be ing framed by the bending of a tough piece of wood
into the form of a wreath, and fallencd at the two ends by nicans ut
notches, they retain their circular Hgurc and elafticity -, whereas the grom-
rr.ets, which are formed of rope, are apt to relax in warm weather and
adhere to t!ie ftays, fo as to prevent the fails from being readily hoilled
or lowered.

Harbour, {havre, Fr.) a general name given to any fea-port or haven ;
as alfo to any place convenient for mooring fhipping, although at a great
diflance from the Tea. The qualities requifite in a gocd harbour are, that
the bottom be entirely free from rocks or fliallows ; tliat tlie opening be of
fufficient extent to admit the entrance or departure of large fliips, without
difficulty ; that it fhould have good anchoring ground, and be cafy of ac-
cefs ; that it fliould be well defended from the violence of the wind and
fea ; that it fhould have room and convenience to receive the fliipping of
different nations, and thofe which are laden with different mcrchandifes ;
that it be furnifhed with a good light-iioufe, and have variety of proper
rings, pofls, moorings, &c. in order to remove or fccure the veflels con-
tained therein : and finally, that it have plenty of wood, and other mate-
rials for firing, bcfides hemp, iron, mariners, &c.

HARD-A-LEE, {barre à bord, Jom le vent, Fr.) the fituation of the
helm when it is pufhed clofe to the lee fide of the fhip, either to lack or
keep her head to the wind, when lying by or trying: alio the order to put
the helm in this pofition.

HARD-A-\VEATHKR, (arrive tout, Fr.) the order to put the helm
clofe to the weather or windward fide of the Ihip, in order to bear away.
It is likewife the pofition of the helm, in confequcnce of that order; be-
ing in both fenfes oppofed to hard-a-lee.

HARPINS, the fore-parts of the wales which encompafs the bow of a
fhip, and are faftened to the ftem, being thicker than the after part of the
wales, in order to reinforce the fhip in this place, where fhe iuftains the
greateft Ihock of refiftance in plunging into the fea, or dividing it, under
a great prelTure of fail.

C/?/-FlARriNS. See Cat-Harpins.

HARPOON, {harpon, Fr.) a fpear or javelin ufed to ftrike the whales
in the Greenland fiHiery.

The harpoon, which is fometimes called the harpin-iron, is furnifhed
•with a long llafF, having at one end a broad and flat triangular head fharpened
at both edges, fo as to penetrate the whale with facility : to the head of
this weapon is faftened a long cord, called the whale-line, which lies care-
fully coiled in the boat, in fuch a manner, as to run out without being

interrupted

HAT H A U

interrupted or intangled. As foon as the boat lias rowed within a competent
dillanceof the whale, the harpooner laiinclies his inftrumentv and the fifli,
being wounded, immediately delcends under the ice witii amazing rapidity,
carrying the harpoon along with him, and a con fiderable length of the line.
Reing foon exhaufted with the fatigue ;.nd Icfs of blood, he re-afcends in
order to breath.e, where he prefently expires, and floats upon the furfsceof
the water, when they approach the carcafe by drawing in the whale-line.

II ATCI I, or HATCHWAY, {ecûuliUe, Fr.) a fquare or oblong openirg
in the deck of a lliip, of which there are feveral, forming the pafTagcs from
one deck to another, and into the hold^ or lower apartments. See the Deck,
plate III. where A reprefents the main-hatchway of the lower deck; is N,
the fore-hatchway ; and O O, tlie after-hatchway.

There are likewife hatches of a fmaller kind, called fcuttles. See U U
in the fame figure, as alio the article Scuttle.

Hatches is alfo, although improperly, a name applied by failors to the
covers or lids of the hatchways.

To HAUL, (haler, Fr.) an exprefiion peculiar to feamen, implying to
pull a fingie rope, without the aflUiance of blocks, or other mechanical
powers : when a rope is otherwife pulled, as by th.e application of tackk-s,
or the connexion with blocks, &c. the term is changed into hcvsf.ng. See
alfo the articles Bowse, Hoist, and Rowsing.

To Haul the wind, {venir mi vent, Fr.) to direct the flTip's courfe nearer
to that point of the compafs from which the wind arifes. Thus fuppohnga
fliip failing fouth-weft, with the wind northerly, and fome particular occafion
renders it neceflary to haul the wind further to the weitward ; to perform
this operation it is neceffiiry to arrange the fails more oblie]uely with her
keel ; to brace the yards more forward, by flackening the Itarboard and
pulling in the larboard braces, and to haul the Xv.wtr fieets further sft: and
finally, to put the helm a-port, /. e. over to the larboard fide of the veficl.
As foon as her head is turned dirtâily to the wtftward, and her fails are
trimmed accordingly, fhe is faid to have hauled the wind four points, that
is to fay, from S. \V. to W. She may Hill go two points nearer to the
direftion of the wind, by difpofing her fails according to their greatcll ob-
liquity ; or, in tlic fea-phraife, by trinmiing all f.^^rp: and in this fituation
Ihe is faid to be clofe-hauled, as failing W. N. W. Sec the articles Close-
hauled and Sailing.

HAWSE, is generally under flood to imply tlie fituation of the cables
before the fhip's Rem, when fhe is moored with two anchors out from for-
ward, viz. one on the ilarboard, and the other on the larboard bow.
Hence it is ufual to fay. She has a clear hawfe, or a foul ha-.vfc. It alio
denotes any fmall diflance a-bepJ of a fliip, or between her head and the
anchors employed to ride her ; as, " He has anchored in our hawfe -, the
" brig fell athwart our hawfe," ice.

A Ihip is faid to ride with a clear hawfe, when the cables are dire<5ted to
jheir anchors, without lying athwart the flcm -, or eroding, or being twilled
round each other, by the ihip's winding about, according to the change of
the wind, tide, or current.

U - Afoul

MAW H E A

A foul hawfe, on the contrary, iir.plies that the cables lie acrofs the
ilem, or bear upon each other, fo as to be rubbed and chafed by tlic nio-
lion of the vefTcl.

Tlic hawfc accordingly is foul, by having either a crofs, an elbow, or
a round turn. If the larboard cable, lying acrofs the (lem, points out on
the (larboard fide, -while the ftarboard cable at the fiune time grows out
on the larboard fide, there is a crofs in tlie hawfe. If, after this, the fliip,
without returning to her former pofition, continues to wind about the fame
v/ay, fo as to perform an entire revolution, each of the cables will be twifVed
round the other, and then dircfted out from the oppofite bow, forming
what is called a round turn. An elbow is produced when the fliip flops in
the middle of that revolution, after liavinghad a crofs: or, in other words,
if llie rides with her head northward with a clear hawfe, and afterwards
turns quite round fo as to direCl: her head northward again, (lie will have
an elbow. See the articles Elbow andRiDi.MC.

Hawse-holes, (ecubiers, Fr.) certain cylindrical holes cut through the
bows of a fhip on each fide of the ftcm, through wh'ch the cables pafs in
order to be drawn into, or let out of the vefTcl, as occafion requires. They
are reprefented by dd in fig. lO. plate IV. being fortified on each fide by the

Hawse-pieces, a name given to the foremoft timbers of a fliip, whofc
lower ends reft upon the knuckle-timber, or the foremoft of the cant-tim-
bers. They are generally parallel to the ftem, having their upper ends
fometimes terminated by the lower part of the beak-head ; and othcrwife,
by the top of the bow, particularly in fmall fliips and merchantmen.

HAWSER, a large rope which holds the middle degree between the
cable and t&w-line, in any Ihip whereto it belongs, being a fize fmaller than
the former, and as much larger than the latter.

HEAD, an ornamental figure erefted on the continuation of a fliip's
ftem, as being expreffive of her name, and emblematical of war, naviga-
tion, commerce, &c.

The heads which have any affinity to war or navigation, are in general
cither hiftorical, as referring to fome of the deities or heroes of antiquity ;
or allegorical, as alluding to fome of the natural confequences of battle,
or the virtues moft efiential to a life expofed to perpetual danger. Thus,
in the former fenfe, they reprefent a Neptune, an Alcides ; a Mars, an
Achilles -, a Minerva, or a Jafon -, and in the latter they produce a Alag-
7ianme, an Intrepid, a Revenge, oraViftor)'.

The head of a fliip however has not always an immediate relation to her
name, at leaft in the Britifli navy. Various inftances might be produced to
fliew, that our artifts, as it fuits their convcniency or judgment, can difpenfe
•with this fuppofed idea of propriety. Hence we fometimes obfcrve the
place of a Jafon fupplied by a Medea-, or a beaft of prey made the repre-
ientative of an illuftrious lady. The fame liberty of defign may therefore,
with equal propriety, be allowed to fymbolize the fuccelTes of our arms,
by a groupe of heterogeneous figures, of iundry fliapes and fizes, according
to the artift's opinion of their fuperiority or fubordination. Their attitude
and fituation, as well as their fize, mull accordingly depend, in a great
5 ^ meafure^

H E A H E A

mcafure, on the fpace into which they are to be crowded -, for although
the figures may be of equal importance in tlicmfelves, yet as there is not
room for them all, as large as the life, on a fliip's head, it becomes expedient
to diminifli a few, in order to give place to others. The emblems by which
allegorical figures are ufiially charaderized in painting, poetry, and fculp-
tiire, are not always thought neceOary in a work of this kind, nor even
the pollutes in which theie figures are exhibited. And indeed, if we rcfleft
with how much labour and application the workman has endeavoured to fill
up every vacancy with fome little figure of a convenient form and fize, we
ought rather to admire his ingenuity than ceniure him for a violation of
thofe general rules of art, by which it is fuppofed necefl"ary, on fuch occa-
fions, to relieve the eye from a icene of perplexity and confufion.

The heads of many of our Ihips of war have undoubtedly great beauty
and propriety; and candour mufb acknowledge that fome of the mod elegant
and judicious have been borrowed from the French dcfigns, whicli are never
left to the invention of illiterate mechanics. A multitude of ornaments
appears ratlier unnecefiTary in any building calculated f )r the purpofes of
war. If there be any general rule to determine the fubjcfts, and the quan-
tity of fculpture employed in fliipbuilding, it feems to be connefted with
the ideas of dignity and fimplicity. Thefe too are the genuine charafterif-
tics of the Grecian and Roman orders of architefture, as oppofed to that
perplexity, and rage for embellifhment, which peculiarly diftinguilTi the
Gothic. It is hardly pofTible for us to recoUeél the various dilafters to
which a fingle hero, or goddefs, on the head of a Hiip, is expoicd by tem-
peftuous weather, battle, and the unexpected encounter of fhips, without
trembling for the havoc and indecency that may happen in an aHTemblage
of gods and conc-fliells, princefies and faryrs-, heroes, blunder- bufies, fea-
monilers, little children, globes and thunder-bolts, and all the apparatus
neceffary to conllitute the head of a fhip of the firft clafs in our iiivy.

In plate IV. we have fl-cetched four heads, which are calculated for vefT^ls
of difterent fizes and conllructions. Fig. 6. exhibits an im.igeof Hercules
brandifliing his club over the heads of Cerberus, calculated for a ihip of
the line. Fig. 7. reprefents Jupiter riding on his eagle, and armed with his
thunders, being a fuitable head for a capital ihip. The eagle difplavcd bv
fig. 8. may ferve for a frigate j and fig. 9. which exprefies an incumbent
dragon, is very proper for any fmall veflel with a projecting beak.orprow.
Thefe figures have been iek-Lted from many others, becaule, being verv rarely
ufed to decorate the head of a fhip, it is poiïible that feveral of our readers
may never before haveobferved them. The two firil, which are ufually call-
ed image-heads, are bold, warlike, and clafilcal. The eagle in the third
ÎS certainly a proper emblem of dignity, force, and velocity : and it is
apprehended neither the reprefentation of the latter, nor any other figure
in that pofition, are to be met with amonglt our fliipping.

Head, (avaut, Fr.) is alfo ufed, in a more enlarged fenfe, to fignify the
whole front or fore-part of the fhip, including the bows on each fide : the

U 2 head

H E A H E A

head iheretore opens the column of wjter tiarough which the Ihip pafils
wlitn advancing. Hence we iay, head-fails, htad-ll-a, head-way, &c.

Thus fig. lo. plate IV. reprcfencs one fide of the fore-part, or head of
a revcnty-rour gun fbip, tor;eth«r with part of the bow, keel, and gun-
nel. The nanics of the fevtral pieces, exhibited therein, are as follow :

A A Fore part of the keel, with a a the tv/o falfe keels beneath it.

A C the ftcm.

u a Tlie cat-head.

b h The fupporcer of the cat-head, (fcus-harhe^ Fr.)

c c The knighr-head, or bollard-iimbcr, of which there is one on each
fide, to fccure the inner-end of the bowfprit.

d d The hawfe-holes.

ee The navel-hoods, ;'. e. thick pieces of plank laid upon the bow to
ftrengthen the edges of the hawfe-holes.

/ The davit-chock, by which the davit is firmly wedgpd while employ-
ed to fifa the anchor.

g The bulk-head, which terminates the forecaltle on the fore-fide, being
called the beak-head bulk-head by fhip-wrights.

H The gun-ports or the lower deck.

h The gun-ports of the upper deck and forecaftle.

I, I, The channels, with their dead-eyes and chain-plates.

i The giipe, or fore-foot, which unices the keel with the Hem, form-
ing a part of either.

k k Thefe dotted lines rcprcfent the thicknefs and defcent of the difTercnt
decks from the fore-part of the fliip towards the middle. The loweft of
the three dotted lines / exprefles the convexity of the beams, or the differ-
ence between the hcighih of the deck in tlie middle of it's breadth, and
at the fhip's fide. This is alfo exhibited more clearly in the midihip-
frame, where the real curve of the beam is delineated.

N. B. Thefe lines muft be always parallel to the lines which terminate
the gun-ports above and below,

mm 1 he timbers of the head, and part of the bowfprit. .

X The rails of the head which lie acrofs the timbers.

Q Z Fore-part of the main-wale.

R X Fore-part of the channel-wale.

U C Tlie load water-line.

See alfo the continuation of a fliip throughout îier whole length, upon
a fmaller fcale, plate I. Elevation.

Fig. II. rcprefents a head-view of a P.iip, with the projedion of her
principal timbers, and all her planks laid on one fide, I'his figure corref-
poiids to that of the elevation, plate I. .ind tlie ftern-view, fig. 2. plate X.

It is evident that the fore-part of a fliip is called it's head, trom the affi-
nity of motion and pofition it bears to a fifli, and in general to the hori-
zontal fituaiion of all animals whilll fwimming.

By the He.ad, the ftate of a fhip, which is ladeu deeper at the fore-end.
than the after-end.

HeAD-FASTj

H E A H E A

Head-fast, {atnarre d'avant, Fr.) a rope employed to faflen a fliip to a
wharf, chain, or buoy, or to fonie other vtfici along-fide.

Head-land, (c.crotere, Fr.) a name frequently given to a cape, or pro-
ir.ontory.

Headmost, the fituation of any fliip or fliips whicli are the mod ad-
vanced in a fleet, or line of battle.

Head-rope, that part of the bolt-rope which terminates any of the
principal fails on the upper-edge, which is accordingly fewed thereto.
See the article Bolt-roi'e.

Head-sails, {voiles de l'avant, Fr.) a general name for all thofe fails
which are extended on the fore-mafb and bowtprit, and employed to com-
mand the fore-part of the fhip : fuch are the fore-fail, fore-top-fail,
fore-top-gallant-fail, jib, fore-ftay-fail, and the fprit-fail with it's top-fail.
This term is tifed in oppofition to nftey-Jails, which fee.

Heau-to-wind, (debout au vent, Fr.) the fituation of a fhip or boa-",
when her head is turned to windward.

FIe ad-way, (fttlage, Fr.) the motion of advancing at fca. It is generally
vilcd when a Pnip firlt begins to advance ; or in calm weather, when it is
doubtful whether flie is in a ftate of refc or motion. It is in both fenfes
oppofed to retreating, or moving with the ftcrn foremoft. See the article
Stern-way.

HEART, Cfwj»^, Fr.) a peculiar fort of dead-eye, fomewhat rcfemb-
ling the fhape oi a heart, but differing from the common dead-eyes, iii-
afmuch as it is onlv furnillied with one large hole in the middle, fig. ^i.
plate II. whereas the common dead-eyes have always three holes. The
hearts are principally ufed to contain the lanicrds, by wliich the flays are
extended. See Dead-Eye.

HEAVER, a name given by feamen to a wooden flalt, employed by
them as a lever on many occafionsi particularly in fetting up the top-mail-
Ihrouds, fraping the top-mafts, ftroping the larger blocks, feizing the
Itanding rigging, &c. See thofe articles.

IIEAX'ING, (virer, Fr. hecfiivi. Sax.) the ad of turning about a cap-
ftern, ivimilafs, or other machine of the like kind, by means of bars or
haiulfpecs.

I-Ii-AViNc the lead. See tlie article Sounding.

Heaving a-bead, is advancing the fliip by heaving-in the cable, or other
rope, which is faflened to an anchor at fomc dirtance before her. To heave
.a-llern is tiiercfore to draw the Oiip backwards by the lame operation.

HEAViNO-^otf/r. See the article Careening,

Heaving-w//, the act of unfurling and throwing loofe a fail from the
place where it havl been rolled and failencd. I'his phraie is more particu-
larly applied to the ftay-fails : thus we fay, " Loofe the top-fails, and heave
" out the llay-fails !" which is accordingly done, cither lo fct or dry thtm.

HEAvmG-/Z^c>r^ is the drawing lb much of the cable into the fliip, by
means of the capltcrn or windlafs, as that by advancing, fhe will bealinolt
perpendicularly above the anclior, and in a proper fituation to fct fail,

HEAViNG-/rt«^/^/, the aft of heaving about the capfbern, till the rope
applied thereto becomes ftraight and ready for uftion.

HEEL,

H E E H E L

HEEL, (tûlc/i, Fr.) a name ufually given to the aftcr-cnd of a fliip't keel-,
as nllb to the lower end of the ftcrn-poil-, to which it is firmly conne6ted.

Heel cf a uicjl, the lower end, which is diminiflud into the trr.ftum of
a pyramid, fo as to fink immoveably into a hole of ilie l.ime Ihapc, cut in
the ftcp, which is attached to tlie Ihip's keel.

Heel of a top-maft, the lower end, which is fuftained upon the tiejlie-
trees by n.eans of an iron bar, called the fide. Sec the article Mast.

To Heel, (carguer, Fr.) to ftoop or incline to either fide. It is ufually
aj'plied to a fhip wlicn (lie is forced into this pofition by the wind acting
upon luT iails, while braced obliquely acrols her -, or by being ballafied
fo as to lean more to one fide than the other. See the articles Crank,
Stiff, arid Trim.

Hl'.LM, (gotiva-nail, Fr. helma^ Sax.) a long and flat piece of timber, or
an affemblage of feveral pieces, fufpended along the hind part of a (hip's
flcrn-poft, where Tt turns upon hinges to the right or left, ferving to diredt
the courfe cf the veffel, as the tail of a filh guides the body.

The helm is ufually compofed of tiiree parts, viz. the rudder, the tiller,
and the wheel, except in fmall veflcls, where the v«'heel is unnecefiiary.

The length and breadtli of the rudfler are reprefentcd in plate VIII. where
it is evident that it becomes gradually broader in proportion to it's diilance
from the top, or to it's depth under the water. The back^ or inner part
of it, which joins to tlie ftern-polt, is diminifhed into the form of a wedge
throughout it's whole length, fo as that the rudder may be more eafily turned
from one fide to the other, where ic makes an obtufe angle with the keel.
The hinges upon which it is fupported are alfo expreflTed in this figure.
Thofe which are bolted round the ftern-poft to the after extremity of the
fhip, ai'e called googings, and are furniflaed with a large hole on the after-
part of the ftern-poft. The other parts of the hinges, which are bolted to
the back of the rudder, are called pintles, being ftrong cylindrical pins,
which enter into the googings, and reft upon them. The length and ihick-
nefs of the rudder is nearly equal to that of the ftern-poft, as reprefentcd
in fig. I. plate X.

The rudder is turned upon it's hinges by means of a long bar of timber,
called the tiller, which is fixed horizontally in it's upper end within the
veflcl. The movements of the tiller to the right and left, accordingly,
diredt the efforts of the rudder to the government of the fiiip's courfe as
{he advances, which, in the fea-language, is called fteering. The opera-
tions of the tiller ar-e guided and aflifted by a fort of tackle, communicat-
ing with the fliip's fide, called the tiller-rope, which is ufually compofed
of untarred rope-yarns, for thepurpofe of traverfing more readily through
the blocks or pullies.

In order to facilitate the management of the heliTi, the tiller-rope, in all
lai-ge vefiels, is wound about a wheel, which afts upon it with the powers
ot a crane or windlafs. The rope employed in this fervice being conveyed
from the fore-end of the tiller X-, to a fingle block ;, on each fide of the flaip,
(plate III. D£ck) is further communicated to the wheel, by means of two

blocks.

H E L H E L

blocks, fufpended near the mizen-maft, and two holes immediately above,
leading up to the wheel, which is fixed upon an axis, on the quarter-deck,
almoft perpendicularly over the fore end of the tiller. Five turns of the til-
ler-rope are ufually wound about the barrel of the wheel, and, when the helm
is amidfliip, the middle turn is nailed to the top of the barrel, with a mark
by which the helmfman readily difcovers the fituation of the helm, as
the wheel turns it from the itarboard to the larboard fide. The fpokes of
the wheel generally reach about eight inches beyond the rim or circumfe-
rence, ferving as handles to the perfon who fleers the veflel. As the effect
of a lever increafes in proportion to the lengtli of it's arm, it is evident that
the power of the helmhnan, to turn the wheel, will be increafcd according
to the length of the fpokes, beyond the circumference or the barrel.

When the helm, inftead of lying in a right line with the keel, is turned
to one fide or the other, as in B D, fig. i. plate V. it receives an immediate
fliock from the water, which glides along the fhip's bottom in running aft
from A to B : and this fluid puflies it towards the oppofite fide, wiiilft it is
retained in this pofition : ^o that the ftern, to which the rudder is confined,
receives the fame impreffion, and accordingly turns from B to ^ about fome
point r, whilft the head of the fhip pafiTes from A to a. It muft be ob-
ferved, that tiie current of water falls upon the rudder obliquely, and only
ftrikcs it with that part of it's motion which afts according to the fine of
incidence, pufhing it in the direftion N P, with a force which not only
depends on the velocity of the fliip's courfe, by which this current of water
is produced, but alio upon the extent of the fine of incidence. This force
is by confequence compofed of the fquare of the velocity with which the
fhip advances, and the fquaK" of the fine of incidence, which will necefiarily
be greater or fnialler according to circumftances ; fo that if the vefiTel run's
three or four times more fwiftly, the abfolute fliock of the water upon tlie
rudder will be nine or fixtecn times fl:ronger under the fame incidence : and,
if the incidence is increafed, it will yet be augmented in a greater propor-
tion, becaufe the fquare of the fine of incidence is more enlarged. This
impreffion, or, what is the fame thing, the power of the helm, is always
very feeble, when compared with the weight of the vefiel-, but as it operates
with the force of a long lever, it's efforts to turn the fliip are extremely
advantageous. For the helm being applied to a great diftance from the
center of gravity, G, or from the point about wliich the veffel turns hori-
zontally, if the direftion F N of the imprellion of the water upon the rudder
be prolonged, it is evident that it will pafs perpendicularly to R, widely
difl:ant from the center of gravity G : thus the abfolute effort of the water is
very powerful. It is not therefore furprizing that this machine impreffes
the fhip with a confiderable circular movement, by pufliing the ilern from
B to />, and the head from A to d -, and even much further, whiKl flie fails
with rapidity : becaufe the effect of the helni always keeps pace with the
velocity with which tlie veffel advances *.

Boufdc, M.tnœuvricr.

Amongft

H E L H K L

Amongfl: the lèverai angles that the rudder makes with the keel, there
is always one pofuion more favourable thun anv of the others, as it
rnorc readily produces the defircd effect of turning the fliip, in order U)
change her courfe. To afcertain this, ir mud be confidered, that if the ob-
liquity of the rudder with the keel is greater than the obtufe angle A B D,
lo as to diminilh that angle, the aftion of the water upon the rudder will
increafe, and at the fame timeoppofc thecourfe of the fhip in a greater degree-,
becaufe the angle of incidence will be more open, fo as to prefenta greater
iurface to the iliock of the water, by oppofing it's pa(ïiige more perpendi-
cularly. But at that time the dircdlion N P of theelîbrt of the helm upon
the Ihip will pafs, v/ith a fmaller dillance from the center of gravity G
towards R, and lefs approach the perpendicular N L, according to which
it is abfolutely neceffiiry that the power apj->lied lliould act with a greater
effeét to turn the veflel. Thus it is evident that if the obtufe angle A B D is
too much inclofed, the greateil iinpulfc of the water will not counterbalance
the lofs fultained by the diPcance of tiie direfcion N P from N L -, or
by the great obliquity, which is given to the fame direction N P of theab-
folute effort of the helm with the keel A B. If, on the contrary, tlie
angle A B D is too mvich opened, tlie direction N P of the force of aftion of
tiie helm will become more advantageous to turn the veffcl, becaufe it
will approach nearer the perpendicular N L -, fo that the line prolonged from
N P v/ill increafe tlie line G R, by removing R to a greater diilance from
the center of gravity G : but tiien the helm will receive the iinpreffion of the
water too obliquely, for the angle of incidence will be more acute-, fo that
it will only prefent a fmall portion of it's breadth to the Iliock of the water,
and by conlequence will only receive a feeble effort. By this principle it is
ealy to conceive, that the greatefl; diftance G R from the center of gravity
G is not fufficient to repair the diminution of force occafioned by the too
great obliquity of tl.e fliock of the water. Hence we inay conclude, that
when the water either ftrikes the helm too directly, or too obliquely, it
lofes a great deal of the effect it ought to produce. Between the two ex-
tremes there is therefore a mean pofuion, which is the moft favourable
to it's operations.

The diagonal N P of the rectangle I L reprefents the abfokite direétion
oi the effort of the water upon the helm. N I expreffes the portion of this
cff'ort which is oppofed to the fliip's head-way, or v/hich puHies her aitern,
in a direction parallel to the keel. It is eafily perceived that this part N 1 of
the whole power of the helm contributes but little to turn the veffcl ; for if
I N is prolonged, it appears that it's dire6tion approaches to a very fmall
diftance G V from the center of gravity G, and that the arm of the lever
B N— G V, to which the force is applied, is not in the whole more than
equal to half the breadth of the rudder : but the relative force N L, which
acts perpendicular to the keel, is extremely different. If the firft N I is
almort ufclefs, and even pernicious", by retarding the velocity -, the fécond
N L is capable of a very great effe6t, becaufe it operates at a confiderable
diilance trom the center of gravity G of the Ihip, and adts upon the arm of
5 a lever

H E L H E L

a lever G E, which is very long. Thus it appears, that between tiie efteds
N L and N I, which reluit from the abfolute effort N P there is one which
always oppofes the Ihip's courlc, and contributes little to her motion of
turning -, whilll the other produces only this movement of rotation, without
operating to retard her velocity *,

Geometricians have determined the mod advantageous angle made by the
helm with the line prolonged from the keel, and lixed it ac 549 44 pre-
fuming that the fhip is as narrow at her floating-line, or at the line defcribed
by the lurface of the water round her bottoin, as at the keel. But as this
fuppofition is ablblutely falfe, inafmuch as all vcflcls augment their breadth
from the keel upward to the extreme breadth, where the floating-line or the
higheft water-line is terminated ; it follows that this angle is too large by a
certain number of degrees. For the rudder is imprelled by the water, at
the heighth of the floating-line, more diredtly than at the keel, becaufe the
fluid exadlly follows the horizontal outlines of the bottom -, fo that a parti-
cular pofition of the helm might be luppofed neceflary for each different
incidence which it encounters from the keel upwards. But as a middle
pofition may be taken between all thefe points, it will be fufficient to con-
fider the angle formed by the fuies of the fliip, and her axis, or the middle-
line of her length, at the furface of the water, in order to determine after-
wards the mean point, and the mean angle of incidence.

It is evident that the angle 54° 44' is too open, and very unfavourable
to the fliip's head-way, becaule the water ads upon the rudder there v/ith
too great a fine of incidence, as being equal to that of the angle which it
makes with the line prolonged from the keel below : but above, the fliock
of the water is almolt perpendicular to the rudder, becaufe of the breadth
of the bottom, as we have already remarked. If then the rudder is only
oppofed to the fluid, by making an angle of 45*^ with the line prolonged
from the keel, the impreffion, by becoming weaker, will be lei's oppofed to
the iTiip's head-way, and the diredion N P. fig. i. plate V. of the ab-
folute effort of the water upon the helm drawing nearer to the lateral per-
pendicular, will be placed moi'e advantageoufly, for the reafons above-
mentioned l". On the other hand, experience daily tellifies, that a fliip
fleers well when the rudder makes the angle D BE equal to :?5° only.

It has been already remarked, that the effed of moving the wheel to
govern the helm iiicreafes in proportion to the length of the i'pokes ; and fo
great is the power of the wheel, that if the helmfman employs a force upon
it's fpokes equivalent to thirty pounds, it will produce an effed of 90 or 120
pounds upon the tiller. On the contrary, the adion of the water is
coUeded into the middle of the breadth of the rudder, which is very narrow
in comparifon with the length of the tiller ; fo the effort of the water is
very little removed from tiie fulcrum B upon which it turns; whereas the
tiller forms the arm of a lever ten or fifteen times longer, which alfo increalcs

* Bourdc, Manœuvrier.

t Bougucr, Tr.iuc de la Manœuvre de Vaiir.Mux. Bcurdt-, Manœuvrier.

X the

H E L H E L

the power of the helmfman in ilie fame proportion that the tiller bears to
the lever upon which the impiiife of the water is ciireiflcd. This force
then h by confcqiience ten or fifteen times Itronger, and the ellbrt of qo
pounds, which at firft gave the helmfman a power equal to 90 or 120
pounds, becomes accumulated to one of 900 or iSoo pounds upon the rud-
der. This advantage then arifes from the fiiortncfs of the lever upon v;hich
the adtion of the water is imprefled, and the great comparative length of
the tiller, or lever, by which the rudder is governed; together with the
additional power of the wheel that i^refts the movem.cnts of the tiller, and
ftill further accumulates the power of the helmfman over it. Such a de-
monftration ought to remove the furprize with which the prodigious effeft of
the helm is fometimes confidcred, from an inattention to it's mechanifm : for
we need only to obferve the prefTure of the water, which afts at a great di-
ftance from the center of gravityG, about which the Ihipis fuppofed to turn,
and we fhall eafily perceive the difference there is between the effort of the
water againit the helmfman, and the effed: of the fame impulfe againll the
veffcl. With regard to the perfon who ileers, the water adts only with tiie
arm of a very fhort lever N B, of which B is the fulcrutn : on the contrary,
v/ith regard to the fhip, the force of the water is imprefled in the direftioii
N P, which pafTes to a great diftance from G, and r.éls upon a very long
lever EG, which renders the aftion of the rudder extremely powerful in
turning the veflel ; fo that, in a large fliip, the rudder receives a fliock from
the water of 2700 or 2^00 pounds, which is frequently the cafe, when llie
fails at the rate of three or four leagues by the hour ; and this force being
applied in E, perhaps lOO or no feet didant from the center of gravity G,
will operate upon the fhip, to turn her about, with 2700CX) or 308000
pounds ; whilll, in the latter cafe, the helmfman a£l:s with an effort which
exceeds not-^o pounds upon the fpokes of the wheel.

After what has been faid of the helm it is eafy to judge, that the more
à (hip increafes her velocity with regard to the fea, the more powerful will-
be the effeft of the rudder, becaufe it afVs againfl: the water with a force
which increafes as the fquare of the fwiftncfs of the fluid, whether the fliip
advances or retreats ; or, in other words, whether fhe has head-way or ftern-
wav -, with this diftindlion, that in thefc two ci>rcunifl:ances the effeds will
be contrary. For if the veflel retreats, or moves altern, the helm will be
impreffcd from I to N, fig. : . plate V. and inllead of being puflied, accord-
ing to N P, it will receive the effort of the water from N towards R -, fo
that the ftern will be tranfported according to the fame movement, and the
head turned in a contrary direftion.

When the helm operates by itfelf, the center of rotation of the fliip and
her movement are determined by efl:imating the force of this machine ;
that is to fay, by multiplying the furface of the rudder by the fquare of
the (hip's velocity *. See the articles Rudder, Sailing, Steering, Trim»
and Working.

• Saverien, Did. Maiine.

HIGH

H I G H O L

HIGH AND DRY, a phrafe which implies the fituation of a fli p, when
Ilie has run aground, lb as to be feen dry upon the ftrand.

HIGH WATER, (haute marce, Fr.) the greateft heighth of the flood-
tide. See Flood and Tioii.

HITCH, (clef, Fr.) a fort of knot or noofe, by which one rope is
faflened to another, or to fonie other objedl, as a poit, ring, timber-head,
n ail, &c. Hence we fay an half-hitch, deini-clef, a clove-hitch, a rolling-
hitch, &c. See Bend and Knot.

HOASE, or HOSE, (manche pour l'eau, Fr.) a long flexible tube, formed
of leather or tarred canvas, but chiefly of the hitter, and employed to con-
dud the frcfli water, which is hoifted aboard a fliip, into the cafl<s that arc
ranged in the hold -, and to pafs the water, or other liquors, out of one cafk
into another. For the latter ufe, one of the ends or openings of the hoaf>;
is fixed in the empty can<, whilft the other is applied to the pump that ex-
tracts the water out of the full one. This exercife is, on fome occafion":,
neceflary to alter or prefervc the trim of the veflcl, without difturbing her
ftowage.

HOG, (goret, Fr.) a fort of flat fcrubbing-broom, ferving to fcrape off
the filth from a fliip's bottom, under water, particularly in the a6t oi Icot-
topping, which fee.

This inftrument is formed by inclofing a mukitudeof fliort twigs of birch,
or fuch wood, between two pieces ol plank, which are firmly attached to
each other, after wliich the ends of the twigs or branches are cut oft' even,
fo as to form afort of brufliof confii-'erableftrength. To this machine is fitted
a long ftafl^, together with two ropes, the former of which is ufcd to thrult
the hog under the fliip's bottom, and the latter to guide, and puil it up
again clofe to the planks thereof, fo as to rub oft" all the filth efteclually.
This exercife is ufually performed in the fliip's boat, which is accordiiiajy
confined as clofe as pofllble to the veflel's fide during the operation, and
fliifted from one part of tiie fide to ajiother, till the whole is completed.

HOIST, (guidant, Fr.) the perpendicular heighth of a flng or cnfign,
as oppofed to the fly, which implies it's breadth trom the ftafl" to the outer
edge.

i-IOlSTING, (hi£h\ Fr.) the operation of drawing up any body by the
afllftance of one or rriore tackles, according to the v/eight intended to be
raifcd. See the article Tackle.

The aft of pulling up any body, by the help of a fingle block onlv,
is never exprtfied by the term bcijting, if we except the exercile of ex-
tending tiic fails, by drawing them upwards along the mafls or (lays, to
wiiich it is invariably applied. See alfo Traci.n'g-vp and WHirriNo.

HOLD, (cale, Fr.) the whole interior cavity or belly of a fliip, or ail
that part of her infide, which is comprehended between the floor and the
lower-deck, throughout her whole length.

This capacious apartment ufually contains tiie bnilafl, provifions, and
itores of a iliip of v/ar, and the principal part of tlie cargo in a merchantman.
Tlie difjiofition of thofe articles, with regard to each other. Sec. necefllirily
tUlls under our confideration in the article Srow.Aot-, it fuffices in tliis place

X 2 tu

MOL H O L

to fay, that the places where the ballaft, water, provifions, and liquors are
ftowed, arc known by the general name of the hold. The feveral (lore-
rooms are Icpnrated from each other by bulk-heads, and are denominated
according to the articles which they contain, the fail-room, the bread-room,
the fifli-room, the fpirit-room, &c.

To trim the Hold. See the article Trim.

y^/«--HoLD, a general name given to all that part of the hold which lies
abaft the main-mall.

F(?r(f-HoLD, that part of the hold which is fituated in the fore-part of the
ihip, or before the main hatch-wav.

Hold, in navigation, is generally undcrftood to fignify a particular
fituation of afliip with regard to the fhore, by which flie is enabled to keep
within a fufficient diflance, to facilitate her courfe, or anfwer fome other
important objeft. Hence we fay, Keep a good hold of the land ! or, Keep
the fhore well aboard ! which are fynonymoiis phrafcs, implying to keep near,
or in fight of the land,

HoLDiNG-<?«, the a(ft of pulling back the hind part of any cable, or other
rope, which is heaved round, by the capflern or windlafs, or drawn in by
the purchafe of a tackle. SeeCAPsxERN, &c.

To have a clearer idea of this exercife, it is necefTary to premife, that
there are feldom or never more than three turns of any rope pafTed about the
barrel of the capflern, when it is employed in heaving -, becaufe a great
number of turns of a large rope would foon cover the whole barrel, and
utterly dcflroy the effefl of this motion, till thofe turns could be removed;
a circumitance which might be attended with very bad confequences. On
the contrary, when there are only a few turns, the capllern or windlafs is
always kept fufHciently clear for aftion ; for it is evident, that every revo-
lution of cither will heave-in a quantity of the rope, upon which it is
employed, equal to the circumference of it's barrel. Now as there are only
a tew turns upan the barrel at once, an equal quantity of the rope wilt
necelTarily come off from the capflern at the fame time ; and this is accord-
ingly pulled back as flrongly as pofTible, to prevent it ivom /urging or jerk-
ing ruund the barrel, by being held too loofely. This is called hoUing-oH,
which therefore may be defined, the acl of retaining any quantity of rope,
acquired by the effort of a capllern, windlafs, or tackle-, as being employed
in hoiiling as well as heaving.

tioLDiNC-waier, the operation of flopping a boat in her courfe, by hold-
ing the oars in the water, and bearing the blade, or flat part, flrongly againlt
the current made along-fide, by her pafTing fwiftly through the water. See
Back-astern, Oar, and Rowing.

HOLLOA ! (commande 1 Fr.) an exclamation of anfwer, to any perfon,
who calls to another to afk fome queftion, or to give a particular order.
Thus, if the maflcr intends to give any order to the people in the main-
top, he previoufly calls. Main-top, hoay ! To which they anfwer, Holloa!-
to fhew that they hear him, and are ready. It is alfo the firfl anfwer ia
hailing a Ihip at a diflance. See Hailing.

5 HOME,

H O M H O R

HOME, in a naval fenfe, either implies the fituation of fome objecfV,
where it retains it's full force of aftion -, or where it is properly lodged for
convenience or feciirity. In the former fenfc it is applied to the fails ; and
in the latter, it ufually refers to the ftowagc of the hold, or the anchors.

When it is expreflcd of the fails, it denotes that their clues, or lower corners,
are clofe to the blocks upon the yard-arm, immediately beneath them ; it is
therefore underflood only of the loftier fails, as the top-laiis, top-gallant-
fails, and the ftudding-fails thereto belonging. Hence to haul home the
top-fail fhcets, is to extend the bottom of the top-fail to the lower-yard, by
means of the fhcets. See Clue and Sheet.

In the ftowage of the hold, &cc. a caflc, bale, or cafe, is faid to be hane,
when it bears againft, or lies clofe to fome other objed:, without leaving any
interval between -, and indeed the fecurity, or firmnefs of the ftowage, greatly
depends on this circumftance.

Home, when fpoken of the anchor, feems to imply the ftation of the
fhip, with regard to her anchor-, which is accordingly faid to come home
when it loofcns from the ground, by the effort of the cable, and approaches
the place where the fliip floated, at the length of her moorings. See the
article Anchor.

HOMMOC, (tertre, Fr.) a name given by mariners to^ hilloc, or fmall
eminence of land refembling the figure of a cone, and appearing on the
fca-coaft of any country.

HOOD, (iriviue, Fr.) a fort of low wooden porch, refembling the cot»-
panion, and placed over the ftair-cafe or ladder, which leads into the fteerage
or apartments, where the crew generally refide in a mcrchant-fliip. The
ufe of the hood is to admit the air and light, and at the fame time prevent
the rain from falling into the fteerage.

HOOK, a crooked piece of iron, of which there arc feveral of different
fhapes and fizes ufed at lea, as boat-hooks, can-hooks, cat-hooks, lilh-houksy
foot-hooks, &c. See the articles Boat-hook., Can-hook, &c.

HORSE, (marcbe-pied, Fr.) a rope reaching from the middle of a yard to
it's extremity, or what is called the yard-arm, and depending about two or
three feet under the yard, for the failors to tread upon, v.lulft they are
loofing, reefing or furling the iails, rigging out the ftudding-lail booms, &c.
In order therefore to keep the horfe more parallel ro the yard, it is ufually
fufpended thereto, at proper diftances, by certain ropes Cii.\\c(.\Jlirrups, which
hang about two tcet under the yard, iiaving an eye in their lower ends
through which the horfe palfes. See the article Rigging.

Horse is alfo a thick rope, extended in a perpendicular dircdion near the
fore or rt//«--ride of a maft, for the purpofc of hoilf ing or extending fome fail
thereon. When it is fixed before a maft, it is calculated for the ufe of a,
fail called the fqtuire-fail, whole yard being attached to the horfe, by means,
of a traveller, or bulPs-cye, w hich Aides up and down occafionally, is re-
tained in a fteatiy pofition, either when the fail is fct, or whilft it is hoilliug,
or lowering. When the horfe is placed abaft or behind a maft, it is in-
tended for the try-fail of u fnow, and is accordingly very rarely fixed \n.<

HOU H U I,

this pofition, except in thofc (loops of war which occaficnally airiime the
form of fnows, in order to deceive the enemy.
Horse, (baudet, Fr.) a fawyer's frame or treftle.

HOUNDS, a name given to thofc parts of a mail-head, wliich gradually
projett on the right and left fide, beyond the cylindrical or conical furface,
which it prcferves from Kh<t partners upwards. The hounds, whofe upper
parts are alio called cheeks, are ufed as ilioulders to fupport the frame of the
top, together wi{h the top-maft and the rigging of the lower-maft. See the
article Mast.

HOUSED, (d la ferre, Fr.) the fituation of the great guns of a lliip,

when they are fecured at fea by their tackles and breechings. See Cannon.

HOWKER, a veflel in the Dutch marine, commonly navigated with two

marts, viz. a main-maft and a mizen-maft, and being from Hxty to upv.'ards

of two hundred tons in burthen.

HOUSING,orHOUSE-LINE, afmall]ine,formedofthreefineftrands,
or twilVs of hemp, fmallcr than rope-yarn. It is chielly ufed to fcize blocks
into their ftrops, to bind the corners of the fails, or to fatten the bottom of a
iail to it's bolt-rope, &c. See Bolt-rope.

HOY, a fmall vcfTcl, chiefly ufed in toafling, or carrying goods to or
from a fliip, in a road or bay, where the ordinary lighters cannot be managed
with fafety or convenience.

It v.'ould be very difficult to defcribe, precifely, the marks of diftindtion
between this velTel and fome others of the fame fize, which are alfo rigged
in the fame manner ; becaufe what is called a hoy in one place, would an"ume
the name of a.Jloop ot fniack in another : and even the people, who navigate
thefe veflels, have, upon examination, very vague ideas of the marks by
which tliey are diftinguifhed from thole above mentioned. In Holland, the
hoy has two mails ; in F.ngland it has but one, where the main-fail is
fomctimes extended by a boom, and fometimes witliout it. Upon the whole,
it may be defined a finall vefTcl, ufually rigged as a floop, and employed for
carrying paflengers and luggage from one place to another, particularly on
the fea-coall.

HULK, an old iliip of war, fitted with an apparatus, to fix or take out
the mads of his majefiy's fliips, as occafion requires.

The mad of this veflel a a fig. 2. plate V. is extremely high, and withal
properly fl:rengthcned by protids and Jlays, in order to fecure the fheers,
(machine à mater, Vr.) which ferve, as the arm of a crane, to hoifl: out or in
the malls of any fhip lying alongfide. The flicers, b b, are compofed of fe-
veral long malls, whofe heels rell upon the fide of the hulk, and having
their heads declining outward from the perpendicular, fo as to hang over
the veflJel whofe malls are to be fixed or difplaccd. The tackles, c c,
which extend from the head of the mafl: to the fiieer-heads, are intended to
pull in the latter towards the malt-head, particularly when they are charged
with the weight of a mall after it is raifed out of any fliip, which is per-
formed by fl:rong tackles depending from the Iheer-heads. The cfibrt of
thefc tackles is produced by two capfterns, fixed on the deck for this
purpofe.

S HutK

H U L H U R

Hulk is alfo a name bellowed on any old vefTtl laid by, as unfit for
further lervicc : it is probably derived from the e>.xac";r, or v^flels of burthen
of the ancient Grecians.

HULL, {corps d'un vaijfecti, Fr.) the frame, or body of a fh-p, cxclufivc
of her marts, yards, fails, and rigging : it is ulualiy exprefled of a (hip
either before Ihe is ftirnifhed with niafts, &c. or after flic is difmalled and
flripped of the aforefaid machinery.

T'a Hull a/Jiip, is to fire cannon-balls into her huU within the point-blank
range.

HuLL-/o, the fituation of a fiiip when flte is trying a-hull, or with all her
fails furled ; as in trying. See the article Trying.

HURRICANE, (ourngan, Fr. kuracan. Span.) a violent and prodigious
tempeft, occafioned by the colleftion and oppofition of feveral winds, that
lomctimes blow from one quarter and fometimes from another, producing
a dangerous agitation in the fca, where the waves break, and dafli againlt
each other with aftonifliing fury. On the approach of a hurricane, the fea
and air become perfciflly calm and motionlels, without a breath of wind
flirring either. Soon after this the fky is darkened, the clouds accumulate,
and the light of the day is replaced by terrible flaflies of lightening. The
hurricanes often laft abundantly long, and are ufually accompanied witli
many fatal accidents*. During the continuance of this general calamity, the
vefltls which v.'crc anchored in the roads frequently cut their cables and pur
to fca, where they drive at the mercy of the winds and waves, after having
llruck their yards and top-mafts.

The hurricanes are more ufual between the tropics, particularly in the
Atlantic ocean, than to the northward or fouthward of the torrid zone.

* Aubin. Savericn.

J A C J E A

JACK, a fort of flag or colours, difplayed from a mad ereded on the
outer end of a fliip's bowfpric. In the Britifli navy the jack is nothing
more than a fmall union flag, compofed of the interfeftion of the red and
white croflTes ; but in mcrchant-fliips this union is bordered with a red field.
See the article Union.

JACOB'S STAFF, (balon agronomique, Fr.) an inftrument formerly
ufed to take altitudes at fea.

JAMMING, the a<5l of inclofing any objc(5t between two bodies, fo as
to render it immoveable, vvhilfl: they continue in ilie fame pofition. This
exprelTion is ufually applied to the fituation of fome running-rope, when it
happens to be fqueezed by the comprefTion of the fl;anding-rigging, &c. and
by confequence incapable of performing it's ofiîce, by traverfing in the
blocks, till it is releafed from this confinement. In this fenfe jamming is
oppofed to rendering, which fee.

A cafli, box, &c. is alfo faid to be jammed, when it is in the fame manner
wedged in between weighty bodies, lb as not to be diflodged without great
difficulty.

JEARS, or GEERS, ((frijfe, Fr.) an aflemblagc of tackles, by which the
lower yards of a fliip are hoiftcd up along the maft to their ullial fl:ation, or
lowered from thence as occafion requires ; the former of which operations
is CâWcd fzvû\i>7g, and the latter, Jlriking. See thofe articles.

In a fliip ot war, the jears are ufually compofed of two firong tackles,
each of which has two blocks, viz. one fartened to the lower maft head, and
the other to the middle of the yard. The two blocks which are lajhed to
the middle, ox flings of the yard, are retained in this fituation by means of
two cleats, nailed on each fide, v/hofe arms enclofe the ropes by which the
blocks are fafl:ened to the yard. The two ropes, which communicate with
thefe tackles, lead down to the deck on the oppofite fide of the maft, ac-
cording to the fituation of the upper jear-blocks.

The jears, in merchant-fliips, have ufually two large fingle blocks on the
oppofite fide of the maft-head, and another of the iame fize in the middle
of the yard. The rope which communicates with thefe palTes through
one of the blocks hanging at the maft-head, then through the block on the
yard, and afterwards through the other hanging-block upon the maft. To
the two lower ends of this rope, on the oppofite fides of the maft, are fixed
two tackles, each of which is formed of two double blocks, the lov.'er one
being hooked to a ring-bolt in the deck, and the upper one fpliced, or feized,
into the lower end of the great rope above, which is called the tye. By

this

JET JIG

this contrivance the mechanical power of the tackle below is tranfmitted to
the tye, which, communicating with blocks on the yard, readWy jzvûy s -up,
or lowers it, either by the effort of both jears at once, on the oppofite fides
of the maft, or by each of them feparately, one after the other.

JETTY-HEAD, a njme ufually given, in the royal dock-yards, to that
part of a wharf which projects beyond the rçft ; but more particularly the
front of a wharf, >vhofe fide forms one of the checks of a dry or wet dock.

JEWEL-BLOCKS, a name given to two fmall blocks, which are fuf-
pended at the extremity of the main and fore-top-fail-yards, by means of
an eye-bolt, driven from without into the middle of the yard-arm, parallel
to it's axis. The ufe of thefc blocks is to retain the upper-part of the top-
mall ftudding-fails beyond thefkirts of the top-fails, fo that each of thole
fails may have it's full force of aftion, which would be diminifhed by the
incroachmcnt of the other over its I'urfacc. The haliards, by which thole
ftudding-fails are hoifted, are accordingly pafied through the jewel-blocks ;
whence, communicating with a block on the top-maft-head, they lead down-
wards to the top or decks, where they may be conveniently hoilled. See the
article Sail.

JIB, [foe, Fr. ) the foremoft fail of a fhip, being a large ftay-fuil ex-
tended from the outer end of the bowfprit, prolonged by the jib-boom,,
towards the fore-top-maft-head. See Sail.

The jib is a fail of great command with any fide- wind, but efpeciaiiy
when the fliip is clofc-hauled, or has the wind upon her beam ; and it's effort
in lûjîing the Ihip, or turning her head to leeward is very powerful, and of
great utility, particularly when the iliip is ivorking througii a narrow chan-
nel. See Sailing.

JiB-BooM, a boom run out from the extremity of the bowfprit, parallel
to it's length, and fcrving to extend the bottom of the jib, and the ftay of
the fore-top-gallant-maft. This boom, which is nothing more than a conti-
nuation of the bowfprit forward, to which it may be confidered as a top-maft',
is ufually attached to the bowfprit by means of two large boom-irons, (fee
the article Iron'-Work) or by one boom-iron, and a frt/> on the outer-end
of the bowfprit ; or, finally, by the cap without, and a ftrong lafhino-
within, inflead of a boom-iron -, which is generally the method of fecuring
it in fmall mcrchant-fliips. It may therefore be drawn in upon the bowfprit
as occafion requires, which is ufually praftiled when the fhip enters a har-
bour, where it might very foon be broke, or carried away, by the vefTcls
which are moored therein, or paffing by under fail.

JIBING. SeeGvniNG.

JIGGE^R, a machine, confiding of a piece of rope about five feet long,
■with a block at one end and a Ihcave at tlic other -, and ufed to bold-on the
cable, when it is heaved into the fhip by the revolution of the winJlûfs. See

HoLDING-ON.

The jigger is particularly ufeful when the cable is either fiippery with
mud or ooze, or when it is llifï' and unweidly ; in botli of which cafes it is
very difficult to ftretch it back from the windlafs by iiand, wliich however is

Y donc

JIG J O U

done with facility and expedition, by means of the jigger, as follows : the
end of the rope, to which the (heave is fallcned by a knor, is pafTcd round
the cable clofctothc windlafs, and the hind part of the rope, coming over
the flieave, is ftrctchcd aft by means of another ro]-,e palling throvigh the
jigger-block. As foon as the laft rope is extended, the turn of the former
about the cable is firmly retained in its pofuicn, by the comprcflion of it's
hind part under the fiieave, ading upon what may be call(d the neck of the
jigger. But as the cable continues to be heaved into the fbip, it is evident
that the jigger, which is faftened on a particular part thereof, flretching it
back, will be removed further aft, by every turn of the windlafs, and the
effort of the jigger will be leffened in proportion to it's difiance from the
windlafs : this circumftance renders it neceflary to fleet or replace it, in
a proper (late of uction, as occafion requires. 7 he man who performs this
office accordingly calls out, flat p^gir I one of the nun, nt the windlais,
indantly fixes his handfpcc between the deck and the cable, fo as to jam the
latter to the windlafs, and prevent it from running out till the jigger is re-
fixed.

Tirger-Tackle, a light fmall tackle, cor.fiHing of a double and fingle
block, and ufed on fundry occafions by feam.en. See Tackle.

IN {dedans, Fr.) the (late of any of a fliip's lails, when they are fuiled
or (lowed. It is ufed in this (Infe alio in oppofition to cut, which implies
that they 2.tc fet, or extended to aflifl the (liip's courfe.

INSURANCE, (tifuremce, Fr.) a certain contrat, by which an individual,
or company, agrees to indemnity whatever lofies or damages may happen to
a (hip or cargo, during a voyage, provided they are not occafioned by default
of the perlbn infufed. For this agreement the latter pays a certain fum in
advance, called the /•?-<«;//«?«, which accordingly falls to the infurer, in cafe
the fliip arrives in a fafe harbour ; but if the (hip is loll, tlie iniurer renders
the ftipulatcd fum to the merchant.

JOURNAL, in navigation, a fort of diary, or daily regifter of the (hip's
courle, winds, and weather -, together with a general account of whatever is
material to be remarked in the period of a lea voyage.

In all fea-journals, the day, or what is called the 24 hours, term.inates
at noon, becaule the errors of the dead-reckoning are at that period gene-
rally corredted by a Iblar oblervation. The daily compaft ufually contains
the (late of the weather, the variation, increafc, or diminution of the wind -,
and the fuitable fhifting, reducing, or enlarging the quantity of fail ex-
tended -, as alfo the mofl material incidents of the voyage, and the condi-
tion of the (hip and her crew ; together with the difcovery of other fhips or
fleets, land, flioals, breakers, Ibundings, &c.

The form of keeping journals is very difierent in merchant fliips ; but
one method appears to be invariably purfued in the navy, which neverthe-
ie("s is certainly capable of improvement, becaufe no form can be properly-
called perfei^t, that leaves as great a ("pace for one day's work, the matter of
which may be contained in very few lines, as for another that abounds with
important incidents, (b as to occupy ten times the fpace. If therefore there be

anv

I R O J U N

any fuch thing as propriety of method on thisoccafion, it fecms to imply,
that the fpace containing Ihoiild conform to the matter contained, which
will necefïlirily be greater or lefs, according to circumftances.

IRON-GARTERS, (bas de foie ^ t'r.) a cant word for bilboes, or
fetters.

IRON-WORK, (ferrtire, Fr. ) a general name for all the p'eces of iron,
of whatloever figure or fize, which are ufcd in the conftriiftion of a fliip :
as bolts, boom-irons, nails, fpikes, chains and chain-plates, block-ftrops,
cranks, pintles, and googings.

The mod material of thcfe articles are explained in their proper places.

ISLAND OF ICE, a name given by failors to a great quantity of ice col-
Jefled into one huge folid mais, and floating about upon the feas near or
within the arctic circle.

Many of thefe fluctuating iflands are met with onthecoaftsof Spitzbergen,
to the great danger of the fliipping employed in the Greenland tilhery.

JUNK, //-w/j de cable, Fr.) a name given to any remnants or pieces of
old cable, which is ufually cut into fmall portions for the purpofeof making
points, mats, gaflcets, fennit, &c. See Points, &c.

JURY-MAST, a temporary oroccafional maft, erefted in a fliipto fup-
ply the place of one which has been carried away by tempeft, battle, or th^
labouring of a fhip in a turbulent fca.

Y 2 K.

K A I K E E

KAICLING, or KECLING, a name given to any old ropes, wliich
are wound about a cable, with a Iniall interval between the turns, and
uletl to prclerve the furface ot' the cable from being fretted, when it rubs
againll the Ihip's bow, ox fore-foot. See alfo Rounuing and Service.

KEDGE, {ancre de touei, Fr.) a Imall anchor ul'ed to keep a fliip Iteady
■whilft flie rides in a harbour or river, particularly at the turn of the tide,
•when flie might otherwife drive over her principal anchor, and entangle the
ftock or flukes with her flack cable, fo as to loofen it from the ground. This
is accordingly prevented by a kedge-rope that reitrains her from approach-

ing It.

The kcdges are alfo particularly ufeful in iratfporting a fliip, i. e. re-
moving her from one part of the harbour to another, by means of ropes,
which are faftened to thefe anchors. They are generally furniflied with an
iron fl:ock, which is eafily difplaced, for the convenience of flowing them.
See the articles Amchor and Wari».

KEEIv, the principal piece of timber in a fliip, which is ufually firfl: laid
on the blocks in building.

If we compare the carcafe of a fliip to the fl-celeton of the human body,
the keel may be confidered as the back-bone, and the timbers as the ribs.
It therefore fupports and unites the whole fabric, fince the 0:em and fl:ern-
pofl:, which are elevated on its ends, are, in foir.e meafure, a continuation
of the keel, and ferve to conncift and enclofe the extremities of the fides by
tranfoms -, as the keel forms and unites the bottom by timbers.

The keel is generally compofed of feveral thick pieces, f A, plate I.
Pieces of the Hull) placed lengthways, which, after being fcarfed toge-
ther, are bolted, and clinched upon the upper fide. When thefe pieces can-
not be procured large enough to afford a fufficient depth to the keel, there
is a ftrong thick piece of timber bolted to the bottom thereof, called the
falfe keel, which is alfo very ufeful in preferving the lower-fide ot the main
keel. In our largeft fliips of war, the falfe keel is generally compofed of
two pieces, which are called the upper and the lower falfe keels. See Mid-
ship-Frame.

The loweft plank in a fliip's bottom, called the garboard ftrcak, has it's
inner edge let into a groove, or channel, cut longitudinally on the fide of
the keel : the depth of this channel is therefore regulated by the thicknefs
of the garboard-ftreak.

5 Kecu

K E E K E L

Keel is alfo a name given to a low flat-bottomed velTel, ufed in the river
Tyne to bring the coals down from Newcaftle, and the adjacent parts, in
order to load the colliers for traplportation.

Upon un even Keel, the pofition of a fhip when her keel is parallel to the
plane of the horizon, fo that flie is equally deep in the water at both ends.

Keel-hauling, a punilhmcnt inflicted for various offences in the Dutch
navy. It is performed by plunging the delinquent repeatedly under the
fhip's bottom on one fide, and hoifting him up on the other, after having
paffed under the keel. The blocks, or pullies, by which he is fufpended,
are faftened to the oppofite extremities of the main-yard, and a weight of
lead or iron is hung upon his legs to fink him to a competent deptii. By
this apparatus he is drawn clofe up to the yard-arm, and thence let fall
fuddcnly into the fea, where, pafTing under tlie fhip's bottom, he is hoifted
up on the oppofite fide of the venTcl. As this extraordinary lent^rnce isexe^
cured with a ferenity of temper peculiar to the Dutch, the culprit is allowed
fufficient intervals to recover the fenfe of pain, of which indeed he is fre-
quently deprived during the operation. In truth, a temporary infcnfibility
to his fufferings ought by no means to be conftrued into a difrefpecl of his
judges, when we confider that this punifiiment is liippoled to have peculiar
propriety in the depth of winter, whilft the flakes of ice are floating on the
ftream ; and that it is continued till the culprit is almoft fufix)cated for want
of air, benumbed with the cold of the water, or ftunned with the blows
his head receives by flriking the fliip's bottom.

'To Keep, a term ufed on feveral occafions in navigation : as.

To Keep the land aboard, is to keep within fight of land as much as pof-
fible. See alfo Hold.

To Keep the luff, to continue clofe to the wind, ;. c. failing with a courfe
inclined to the direction of the wind, as much as poffible, without deviating
to leeward. This is alfo called, keeping the wind. See Close-hauled,

To Keep off, (alarguer, tenir k largue, Fr.) to fail off, or keep at a diftancc
from the fliore. See alfo Offing.

JS(;«/-Keeper, one of the rowers, who remains as a centinel, in his turn, to
take care of any boat and her contents, either when fiie lies by the Ihorc, or
along-fide of the fliip -, or when flic is towed .illern of lier.

KELSON, (contre qui'k, Fr.) a piece of timber, which may be properly
defined the inierior, or counter-part of the keel, as it is laid upoii the mid-
dle of the floor-timbers, immediately over the keel, ajid, like it, compoled
of feveral pieces, fcarfcd together, reprefented by X, place I. Pieces of
the IIi'i.L. In order to fit with more fecurity upon the floor-timbers and
crotclies, it is notched about an inch and a half deep, oppofite to each of
thofe pieces, and thereby firmly fcorcd down upon them to tliat depth,
where it is fecured by fpike-nails. The pieces ot which it is formed arc
only half the breadth and t luck nefs of thofe of the keel.

Thekelfon fervcs to bind and unite tlic floor-timbers to the keel. It is
contiaeJ to the keel by long bolts, wliich, being driven from withoutthrough

K E T K N E

lèverai of the timbers, are fore-iockei.1 or clinched upon rings on the uppet
fide of the kelfon.

KETCH, {bombarde, Vv.) a vcfiel equipped with two mafls, viz. tiic
main-maft and mizen-m;ift, and iifiially from lOO to 250 tons burthen.

Ketches are principally uled as yachts, or as bomb-veflcls, the tonner
of which are employed to convey princes of the blood, ambairadors,or other
great perfonagcs from one part to another -, and the latter are ukd to bom-
bard citadels, or towns, or other fortrefils.

The bomb- ketches are therefore furnifhed with all the apparatus necef-
farv fora vigorous bombardment. They are built remarkably Itrong, as
being fitted with a greater number of riders than any other vefTel of war ;
fee fig. 5. plate VJI. and indeed this reinforcement is abfolutely necefiary to
fuftam the violent fhock produced by thr dilcharge of their mortars, which
would otherwife, in a very fliort time, iliatter them to pieces. See Mortar
and Shell.

KEVELS, {taquets, Fr.) a frame compofed of two pieces of timber,
whofe lower ends reft in a fort of ftep or foot, nailed to the fhip's fide, from
whence the upper ends branch outward into arms or horns, fcrving to belay
the great ropes by which the bottoms of the main-fail and forclail are ex-
tended. Thefe are reprefented by fig. 3. plate V.

KEY, (quai, Fr.) a long wharf, ufually built of ftone, by the fide of a
harbour or river, and having feveral ftore-houfes for the convenience of
lading and difcharging merchant-fhips. It is accordingly furniflied with
pofts and rings, whereby they arcfecured -, together with cranes, capfterns,
and other engines, to lift the goods into, or out of, the veflels which lie
along-fide.

Keys, (attalcns, Fr.) are alfo certain funken rocks, lying near the fur-
face of the water, particularly in the Well-Indies.

KINK, a fort of twift or turn in any cable or other rope, occafioned by
it's being very fl;ifFor clofe-laid -, or by bcin,; drawn too haftily out of the
roll or tier, wherein it lay coiled. See the article Coiling.

KNEE, (courbe, Fr.) a crooked piece of timber, having two branches,
or arms, and generally ufed to connedt the beams of a fliip with her fides or
timbers.

The branches of the knees form an angle of greater or fmaller extent,
according to the mutual fituation of the pieces which they are defigned to
unite. One branch is fecurely bolted to one of the deck-beams, whilft the
other is in the fame manner attached to a correfpOnding timber in the
fhip's fide, as reprefented by E in the MmsHip-FR.'VMn, plate VII.

Befides the great utility of knees in connedling the beams and timbers into
one compaft frame, they contribute greatly to the ftrcngtli and folidity of
the fhip, in the different parts of her frame to which they are bolted, and
thereby enable her, with greater firmnefs, to refill the efitfts of a turbulent
fea.

In fixing of thefe pieces, it is occafionally necefiary to give an oblique

diredion to the vertical, or fide-branch, in order to avoid the range of ar»

5 adjacent

K N E K N E

adjacent gun-port, or, becaufe the knee may be fo fliaped as to require this
difpofition -, it being fomctimes difficult to procure fo great a variety of
knees as may be neccfl'.iry in the conllru(ftion of a number of Ihipsof war.

In France, the fcarcity of thefc pieces has obliged their fhipwrights fre-
quently to form their knees of iron.

Knees are either laid to be lodging or hanging. The former are fixed
horizontally in the ihip's frame, having one arm bolted to the beam, and
the other acrofs two or three timbers, as reprefented by F in the Deck,
plate III. The latter are fixed vertically, as we have defcribed above. See
alio Building, Deck., and Midship-Frame.

Knee of the bead, (pottlaine, Fr.) a large flat piece of timber, fixed cdgways
upon the fore-part of a lliip's ilem, and fupporting the ornamental figure or
image, placed under the bowfprit. See the article Head.

The knee of the head, which may properly be defined a continuation of
the item, as being prolonged from the item forwards, is extremely broad at
the upper-part, and accordingly compolcd of kver;d pieces united into one,
YY, plate I. Pieces of the Hull. It is let into the head, and fecured to
the fliip's bozus by ftrong knees fixed horizontally upon both, and called the
cheeks of the head, Z Z, plate IV. fig. jo. The heel of it is fcarfed to the
upper end of the fore-foot, ant! it is fallened to the ftem above by à knee,
called zjlandardy exprcfled by &, in plate I. Pieces of the Hull.

Befides fupporting the figure of the head, this piece is otherwife ufeful, as
ferving to fccure the boom, or bumkin, by which the fore-tack is extended
to windward ; and, by it's great breadth, preventing the lliip from falling
to leeward, wlien clojc-haulcd, fo much as flie would otherwife do. It alfo
a.fiords a greater fecurity to the bowfprit, by incrcafing the angle of the bob-
Itay, fo as to make it act more perpendicularly on the bowfprir.

'I'he knee of the head is aphrafc peculiar to-fliipwrighus -, as this piece is
always called the cut-nvater by f;.-amen, if we except a few, who affciiting to
be wiferthan their brethren, have adopted this expreffion probably on the
prefumption that the other is a cant phrafe, or vulgarifm. It appears a ma-
terial part of tiie province of this work to call the feveral articles contained
therein by their proper names, and to rcj.iSt thofe whicli are fpuryaus, how-
ever fanctified bv the authority of official dulnefs, orfeconded h\ the adop-
tion of dignified ignorance. Accordingly we cannot help obferving, tiiat
v.hcn a term of art h.is been eflabiifhed from time immemorial, and, befides
being highly cxprcflive, produces the tefl:imony of foreign nations * to it's
propriety, nothing more certainly betrays a fuperficial underftanding, than
the attempt to change it, without being able to aflîgn the fliadow of a reafon
for this alteration. Vqt i\ûiO\\o\\ knee cf the head, being invariably uled by
the artificers, is of courfe explained in this work as a term of naval archi-
tecture, wherein pradice has indeed rendered it natural and intelligible ; it
is neverthelefs very rarely ufed by feamen, elpecially in common difcouric,
unlefs when it is intended to imprefs the hearer with an idea of the fpeaker's
fiiperior judgment.

• The cutw.itfr is called lailh-mer bv (he Fiench.

KNIGHT-

K .N I K N O

KNIGHT-HEAD, or Bollard-Timber. See the article Head.

Knight-Heads, two ilrong pieces of timber, fixed on the oppofite
fides of the main-deck, a little behind the fore-maft, in a mcrchant-fhip.
They are 11 fed to fiipport and inclofe tlie ends of the vvindlals, which ac-
cordingly is turned therein as upon an axis. As each of the knight-heads
is formed of two pieces, they may be occafionally feparated in order to take
off the turns of the cable from the windlafs, or replace them upon it. They
are lometimes called thé bits, and in this fenfe their upper parts only are
denominated knight-heads, which being formerly cmbellilhed with a figure
dcfigned to rcfemble a human head, gave rife to the name they have ever
fince retained. See the article Windlass.

Knight-heads, (fcp de driffe, Fr.) was alfo a name formerly given to the
lower jear-blocks, which were then no other than bits, containing lèverai
fheavcs, and nearly refeiribling ourprefeni: top-fail-fheet bits.

KNITTLE, (eguiUette, Fr. from knit) a Imall line, which is either
plaited or twilled, and ufed for various purpofes at lea ; as to fallen the
fervice on the cable, to reef the fails by the bottom, and to hang the ham-
mocks between decks ; this name is alfo given to the loops or buttons of a
bonnet.

KNOT, a large knob formed on the extremity of a rope, by untwifting
the ends thereof, and interweaving them regularly amongft each other.
There are lèverai forts of knots, which differ in their form and fize, accord-
incr to the ufes for which they are defigned : the principal of thefe are the
diamond-knot, the role-knot, the wall-knot, or walnut ; fome of which are
fmgle, and others double.

The knots are generally ufed to faften one rope to another, by means of
a fmall cord attached to the neck of the knot, called the laninyd, which is
firmly tied about both ropes. They are alfo defigned to prevent the end
of a rope from Aiding through an eye, which the knot is intended to confine
ia a particular fituation. See Becket».

LAB LAD

«T"0 LABOUR, (travûilkr, Fr.) as a fea-term, implies to roll or pitch
heavily in a turbulent lea ; an effeft, by which the malls and hull ot"
the fhip are greatly endangered, becaiife by the rolling motion the malls
ftrain upon their flirouds with an effort, which increafcs as the fine of their
obliquity : and the continual agitation of the velicl gradually loolens her
joints, and often makes her extremely leaky.

l^ADDKR, (échelle, ¥r.) a well-known convenience, of which there are
a great number in a fliip, formed of two pieces of plank joined together by
crofs-pieces, which ferve as fteps, whereby to mount or dcfcend from one
deck to another.

The ladders derive their names from the feveral hatchways, or other parts
of a fliip, wherein they arc fituated. Befides thcfe, there are, of a particular
conftrudtion, the accommodation-ladder and the quarter-ladders.

ylcccmtneddticn-hAVDZR, is a fort of light ftair-cafe, occafionally fixed on
the gangway of the admiral, or commander in chief, of a fleet. It is furniflied
with rails and entering-ropes, covered with red bays, and the lower-end of
it is retained at a competent dillance from the fiiip's fide by iron bars, or
braces, to render the pafiage more convenient to thofe who enter or depart
from the fliip. See the article Gangway.

^^r/fr-LADDERS, two ladders of rope, depending from the right and left
fide of a fliip's flern, wliercby to defcend into the boats which are moored
allern, in order to bring them up along-fide of ihefiiip ; or to ufe them for
any other occafion.

LADEN, (chargée, Fr.) the fliate of a fliip when flie is charged with a
weight or quantity of any fort of merchandizes, or other materials, equal to
her tonage or burthen. If the cargo with which fiie is laden is extremely
heavy, her burthen is determined by the weight of the goods ; and if it is
light, file carries as much as flie cany/eic, to be fit for the purpofes of na-
vigation. As a ton in meafure is generally eilimated at aooolb. in weight,
a veflel of 200 tons ought accordingly to carry a weight equal to 400,000 lb.
when the matter of which the cargo is compofcd is fpecificallv heavier than
the water in which flie floats j or, in other words, when the cargo is fo
heavy rhat flie cannot float high enough, with fo great a quantity of it, as
lur hold will contain.

Laden /« balk, the Hate of being freighted with a cargo which is neither
in calks, boxes, bales, or cafes, but lies loofe in the hold j being defended
from themoilhire, or wet of the hold, by a number of mats and a quantity
OÏ tiiin(i:^e. Such are ufually the cargoes of corn, fait, or fuch materials.

Z LAID-

LAI LAN

LAID-UP, the fitiiation of a fhip when fhe is either moored in a harbour
(Jiiring the wiiucr-feafon, or laid by, for want of employment: or when by
age and crazinefs flie is rendered incapable of further fcrvice.

LANCH, a peculiar fort of long-boat, ufed by the French, Spanifli, and
Italian fliipping; and in general by thofe of other European nations, when
employed in voyaging in the Mediterranean fea.

À lanch is proportionably longer, lower, and more flat-bottomed than the
long-boat -, it is by confequence lefs fit for failing, but better calculated for
rowing and approaching a flat fliore. It's principal fuperiority to the long-
boat, however, confiflis in being, by it's conftruftion, much fitter to under-
run the cable, which is a very neceiïary employment in the harbours of the
Levant fea, where the cables of difl^^rent fliips are faftened acrofs each other,
and frequently render this exercife extremely neceiïary.

I-ANCH is ah'o the movement by which a fhip or boat defcends from the
ftiore, cither v>'hcn file is at firft built, or at any time afterv.'ards.

To facilitate the operation of lanching, and prevent any interruption
therein, the fliip is fupported by two ftrong platforms, laid with a gradual
inclination to the water, on the oppofite fides of her keel, to which they are
parallel. Upon the furface of this declivity are placed two correfponding
ranges of planks, which compofe the bafe of a frame called the cradle, whofe
upper-part envelopes the fliip's bottom, whereto it is fecurely attached.
Thus the lower furface of the cradle, conforming exacftly to that of the
frame below, lies flat upon it, lengthways, under the oppofite fides of the
iliip's bottom ; and as the former is intended to fiide downwards upon the
latter, carrying the fliip along with it, the planes or faces of both are well
daubed with foap and tallow.

The necefl^ary preparations for the lanch being made, all the blocks and
wedges, by which the (hip was formerly fupported, are driven out from
under her keel, till her whole weight gradually fgbfides upon the platforms
above defcribed, which are accordingly called the ways. The pjcres and
Itanchions, by which flie is retained upon the flocks till the period ap-
proaches for lanching, are at length cut away, and the fcrews applied to
move her, if necefTary. The motion ufually begins on the inftant when the
Ihores are cut, and the fliip Hides downward along the ways, which are ge-
nerally prolonged under the furface of the water, to a fufficient depth, to
float her as foon as fhe arrives at the furtheft end thereof.

When a fhip is to be lanched, the enfign, jack, and pendent, are always
hoifted, the laft being difplayed from a flafFereded in the middle of the
fhip. Plate V. fig. 4. reprefcnts a fhip of war ready to be lanched from the
flocks.

The largefl fhip that ever was lanched in England, is the Britannia, of 100
guns, built atPortiinouth. Ships of the firll rate are commonly conflrudted
in dry docks, and afterwards floated out, by throwing open the flood-gates,
and fufi^ering the tide to enter, as foon as they are finiflied.

Lanch, the order to let go the top-7-ûpe, after any top-mafl is fuicd.
LAND-FALL,, (atterrage, Fr.) the firfl land difcovered after a fea-
Yoyage : hence it is common for fhips, who accoft each other at fea, to
wifh

LAN L A R

wifli a good land-fall at parting, by which they imply a ^ifcovery of land,
at or near the place whither their courfe is dirc(5led, and which they expeét
to make by their journals.

Land-locked, (bouclé, Fr.) the fituation of a fliip which is environed
by the land on all fides in a road, bay, or haven -, fo as to exclude the pro-
fpeft of the fea, unlefs over fome intervening land. See the French word
terre, and the phraies following it.

LANGREL, or LANGRAGE, (mUrailks, Fr.) a particular kind of
fiiot, formed of bolts, nails, bars, or other pieces of iron tied together, and
forming a fort of cylinder, which correfponds with the bore of the cannon,
from which it is intended to be difcharged. This contrivance is particularly
defigned to wound or carry away the mafts, or tear the fails and rigging of
the adverfary, fo as to difabie him from flight or purfuit. It is never ufed
in royal fhips, but very often by privateers and merchantmen.

LANIARD, {lanier, Fr.) a fliort piece of cord or line, faftened to feveral
machines in a fliip, and ferving to lecure them in a particular place, or to
manage them more conveniently. Such are the laniards of the gun-ports,
the laniard of the buoy, the laniard of the cat-hook, &c.

The principal laniards ufed in a fliip, however, are thofe employed to
extend the flirouds and ftays of the maft:s, by their communication with the
dead-eyes, fo as to form a fort of mechanical power, refembling that of a
tackle. See Dead-eyes.

Thefe laniards, (rides, Fr.) are fixed in the dead-eyes as follows : One end
of the laniard is thrufl: through one of the holes in the upper dead-eye, and
then knotted, to prevent it from drawing out; the other end is then pafled
through one of the holes in the lower der.d-eye, whence, returning upward,
it is inferted through the fécond hole in the upper dead-eye, and next through
the fécond in the lower dead-eye, and finally through the third holes in both
dead-eyes. The end of the laniard, being then dircdled upwards from the
lowed dead-eye, is fl:.-etched as flift" as poflTible by the application of tackles ;
and that the feveral parts of it may Aide with more facility through the
holes in the doad-eyes, it is well fmeared with hog's lard or tallow, fo that
the fbrain is immediately communicated to all the turns at opce.

LANTHORN, a well-known machine, of which there Are many ufed
in a fliip, particularly for the purpofe of dircdling the courfe of other fliips
in a fleet or convoy : fuch are the poop and top-lanthorns, &c.

LAP-SIDED, (lordier, Fr.) the ftate of a fliip, which is built in fuch a
manner as to have one fide heavier than the other ; and, by confequence, to
retain a confiant heel, or inclination towards the heavieft fide ; unlefs when
fhe is brought upright, by placing a greater quantity of the cargo, or bal-
lafl:, on the other fitle. Sec Ballast.

LARBOARD, (hajhord, Fr.) a name given by feamen to the left fide of
a fliip, wherein the right and left are apparently determined by the analogy
of a ihip's pofition, on the water, to that of a fifli.

Larboard-watch, (bajlordes, or bajhcrdtiis, Fr.) a divifion of a Ihip's
company on duty, while the other is relieved from it.

LARGE, a phrafe applied to the wind, when it crofl'es tlie line of a fliip's
courfe in a favourable dircélion, particularly on the beam or quarter. To

Z -Q. under-

LAS LEE

undcrftand this more clearly, let us fiippofe n fliip fteering weft-, then the
wind, in any point of the compafs to the eaftward of the fouth or north,
may be called Icrge^ unlefs indeed when it is direfbly caft, and then it is
faid to be right aft.

Sailing Large, (aller vent largue, Fr.) is therefore at'vancing with a large
wind, fo r.r that û\c Jheets are fluckencd and_/fffu7/.^, and the bcivlines entirely
difiiicd. This phrafe is generally oppofed to i'^iVmg clofc-hraili-d, or with a
/cant wind, in which fituatioa the flitcts and bowlines are extended as much
as pofTible.

LASHING, {ligne d'amarrage, Fr.) a piece of rope employed to faften
or feciire any moveable body in a fliip, or about her mafts, fails, and rig-
ging : alfo the aft of fallening or fecuring any thing by means of the rope
ufed for this piirpofc.

LATIiEN-SAIL, a long triangular fail extended by a lateen-yard, and
frequently ufed by xebecs, polacres, fettces, and other vefiels navigated in
the Mediterranean fea.

LAYING THE Land, in navigation, the ftate of motion which incrcafes
the diftance from the coaft, fo as to make it appear lower and fmaller-, "a
circumftance which evidently arifes from the intervening convexity of the
furface of the fea. It is ufed in contradiftindtion to raiji^ig the land, which
is produced by the oppofite motion of approach towards it.

LEAK, a chink or breach in the decks, fides, or bottom of a fhip,
through which the water pafles into her hull. When a leak firft commences,
the vefll-l is faid to have fprung a leak.

LEAKY, the ftate of a Ihip when abounding with leaks.
LEDGES, (harotins, Fr.) certain fmall pieces of timber placed athwart-
JhipSy under the decks of a fliip, in the intervals between the beams, as ex-
hibited in the reprefentation of the deck, plate III.

Ledge is alfo a long ridge of rocks, near the furface of the fea.
LEE, an epithet ufed by feamen to diftinguifli that part of the hemifphere
to which the wind is direfted, from the other part whence it arifes -, which
latter is accordingly called to windward. This expreffion is chiefly ufed when
the wind crofies the line of a fhip's courfe, fo that all on one fide of her is
called to-windward, and all on the oppofite fide, to-leeward : and hence,

Under the Lee, implies further to the leeward, or further from that part
of the horizon from whence the wind blows -, as.

Under the Lee of the foore ; i. e. at a fhort diftance from the fiiore which
lies to windward. This phrafe is commonly underftood to exprefs the fitua-
tion of a vefl*el, anchored, or failing under the weather-fliore, where there
is always fmoother water, and Ids danger of heavy feas, than at a great
diftance from it*.

Lee-larches, the fudden and violent rolls which a ftiip often takes to
the leeward in a high fea, particularly when a large wave ftrikes her on the
weather- fide.

• Milton alludes to this Ctuation, in his fécond book of ParaJi/e Lo/f : where,

" The pilot of fome fmall night-founder'd Ikiff,

" With fixed anchor

" Mcors by his fide, under the lee.".

LîE-

LEE LEE

Lee-side, all that part of a fiiip or boat which lies between the maH:,
and the fiJe furtheit from the direction of the wind -, or othcrwifc, the half
ofafhip, which is preffcd down towards the water iw the effort of the
fiils, as fcparated from the other half, by a line drawn through the middle
of her length. That part of the (hip, which lies to windward of this line,
is accordingly called the weather-fide.

I'hus admit a fliip to be failing foiithward, with the wind at eaft, then
is her (larboard, or right-fide, the lee-fide ; and the larboard, or left, tlie
v;ettther-fide.

Leeward-ship, a vcflel thr.t falls much to leeward of her courfe, when
failing clofe-hauled, and confcquently lofes much ground.

^0 Leeward, towards that part of the horizon which lies under tlie
ke, or whither the wind blowcth. Thus, " We fxw a fleet under the lee,"
and, " We faw a fleet to leeward," are fynonymous cxprcfnons.

Lee-way, is the lateral movement of a fhip to-leeward of her courfe, or
the angle which the line of her way makes with the keel when (he is dofe-
haukd. Sec that article.

This movement is produced by the mutual effort of the wind and fea
upon her fide, forcing her to leeward of the line upon which fne appears to
iail; and in this fituation her courfe is necefii"ar!!y a compound of the two
motions by which (he is impelled, of which the one preffes forward, ac-
cording to the line of her keel, from H to K, fig. 5. plate V. whilft the
other, acting in the line B A, pufhes her to leeward of the courfe from B
towards A, with a motion which is ufually in proportion to the force of
the wind, and the rate of her velocity, as appears by the following theory.
When a fiiip is clofe-hauled, and tiie head-fails are in perfcft equilibrio
■with thofe abaft, the refillance of the water from A to 15. fig. 5. plate V.
is equal to the impulfe of the fiils, whether it is imprefTcd upon the center
of gravity H of the fhip, or any other point of her length before or abaft
it. In this fituation, the fhip will as readily bear away as come nearer to
the wind, with regard to the refifl:ance of the water upon her bottom on one
fide, and the impulfion of the wind upon the fails on the other. But it muft
be obfervcd, that the united effort of the iails adls upon the fiiip according
to a direction B A, perpendicular to their furfaces, and commencing it's
adion in fome point 11, being the mean d between the différent effefts CG,
of the fails crfore and abaft, which (hould cxadlly correfpond with the re-
fiftance of the water from A towards B -, fo that the velTel is pulhed to lee-
ward of the courfe I K, which flie ftccrs in the direâiion B A of the effort
of the fails. But the refinance of the water, aéling upon the lee-fide of
her bottom, counterbalances this effort, and becomes flronger, in propor-
tion to the greater facility with which (he divides the fluid with her ftem;
fo that fhe will really advance in the courfe N R, which lies nearer the line
of her keel than B A. Thus the angle K H R of the lee-way is propor-
tional to the greater or lefs refifliance the fhip meets with from the fluid
upon her Ice-fide, refpeftively with her greater or lefs facility of dividing it
with her fore-part ; fo that the lee-way is very inconfiderablc, except when

the

LEE LEE

the {hip is clofe-hauled, and is accordingly dilVegarded whenever the wind
is large.

This dcmonftration might be piiflicd farther by a fa6l founded on daily
experience, which proves that not only the lee-way depends on the form of
the veflel, but alio the degree of velocity with wliich flie advances -, and per-
haps never, intircly, upon tlie greater or Icfs obliquity of the fails with the
keel, as fome authors have pretended. For when a fwift-fiiling fliip is
clofe-hauled, with all her fails out, in a very light wind, and fcarcely having
Jieerage--iuay, the lee-way is confidcrable even in fmooth water. Tliis is
occafioned by the tardy motion of the veffcl, which being feebly pufhed
forward cannot imprels the water with a forcible efted:, and by confcquence
feels no refiftance from it, but is accordingly carried with facility by her
fails, in the direction of their effort B A : and if we confider the fituatioii
of the iliip's fide, which prefents a great furface of fail above the water, it ap-
pears that the lec-way will become yet more perpendicular to the keel. But
when the wind makes a forcible imprefiion, the velocity of moving forward
is confiderably augmented -, the Ihip ftrikes the fluid with a force, expreflld
by the fquare of two or three leagues of fwiftncfs, from B towards A. in the
fpace of an hour, whilft the water repels her effort in a contrary direâiion.
The refiftance of the water is then in the ratio of this fquare to the fquare
of her firft velocity, or head-way -, and in this Hate will not re^idily yield to
it's effort. The lee-way immediately decreafes, and will be ftill further dimi-
nifhed, if the {hip's courfe is accelerated. If then at the moment when the fhip
advances with great rapidity, {he bears away 12 or 15 degrees, or even two
points, without altering the general arrangement of her fails, their obliquity
remains the fame ; the Ihip therefore ought to have the fame lee-way, ac-
cording to the opinion of thoie who have written on the theory of I'ailing.
The velocity is augmented, becaufe the fails then receive the wind by a
greater fine of incidence, and thereby acquire a more powerful effort, whilfl
the ihip's head is always {Iruck by the water in the lame parts, and by the
fame fine of incidence ; fo that the lee-way is alfo diminifhed, becaule the
•water refifts more, in confequence of the accelerated fwiftnels -, and becaufe
the refiftance is more exerted on the {hip's fide than on her head, which is
lefs oppofed to it's impulfion. Hence we may conclude, that the lee-way
of a {hip does not entirely depend on the difpofition of her fails ; that it is
different in different veffcls, becaufe they are neither formed alike, nor are
their lails equally trimmed in the fame oblique courfes : and finally, becaufe
they have always a different velocity, at the fame time, and under the fame
fail. Thus it is evident, that the lee-way is always compofed of the fhip's
comparative velocity ; of her form, which gives more or lels proportional
refiftance upon the fide than on the fore-part \ and of the difpofition of her
lails, as forming a greater or fmaller obliquity with the .keel. See alfo
Close-hauled, Drift, and Sailing.

LEECHES, {bords, Fr.) the borders or edges of a fail, which are either
floping or perpendicular. Sec Goring.

The

LEE LIE

The leeches of all fails, whofe tops and bottoms are parallel to the deck.
Or at right angles with the maft, are denominated from the (hip's fide, and
the fail to which they belong -, as the JlnrliOnyJ letch of the main-fail, the lee
leech of the fore-top-fail, &c. but the fails which are fixed obliquely upon
the mafts, have their leeches named from their fituation with rcfpcdi to the
fhip's length ; as the fore-leech of the mizcn, the after-leech of the jib, or
fore-ftay-fiiil, &c.

Leech-Lines, {cargnes-bottline, Fr.) certain ropes fafi:ened to the middle of
the leeches of the main-fail and fore-fail, and communicating with blocks un-
der the oppofite fides of the top, whence they pafs downwards to the deck,
ferving to trufs up thofe fails to the yard, as occafion requires. See Brails.
Leech-rope, {rclingue, Fr.) a name given to that part of the bolt-rope,
to which the border, or fl<irt of a fail is fewed. In all fails, whofe oppo-
fite leeches are of the fiune length, it is terminated above by the earing,
and below by the clue. See Bolt-rope, Clue, and Earing.

LENGTHENING, the operation of cutting a fiiip down acrofs the mid-
dle, and adding a certain portion to her length. It is performed by fawing
her planks afunder, in different places of her length, on each fide of the mid-
fhip frame, to prevent her from being weakened too much in one place.
The two ends are then drawn apart, to a limited diftance, which mult be
equal to the propofcd addition of length. An intermediate piece of timber
is next added to the keel, upon which a fufficient number of timbers are
ereifled, to fill up the vacancy produced by the feparation. The two parts
of the kelfon are afterwards united, by an additional piece wliich is fcored
down upon the floor-timbers ; and as many beams as may be necefTary are
fixed acrofs the fliip in the new interval. Finally, the planks of the fide
are prolonged, fo as to unite with each other, and thofe of the ceiling re-
fitted in the fame manner ; by which the whole procefs is completed.

To Let /«, {enclaver^ Fr.) amongft fhiprights, is to fix a dim.inifhed
part of one plank, or piece of timber into a vacancy, formed in another
for this purpofe. See Rabbit.

LETTER OF MART, a commifilon granted by the lords of the ad-
miralty, or by the vice-admiral of any diftant province, to the commander
of a inerchant-fhip, or privateer, to cruize againft, and make prizes of,
rhe enemy's fhips and vtlfcls, either at fea, or in their harbours.
To LIE along, or LIE ortr. See the article Along.
To Lie to. See Lying-to, &c.

LIEUTENANT of a Jh:p of war, the officer next in rank and power
to the captain, in wliofe abfcnce he is accordingly charged with tlie com-
mand of the fliip-, as alfo the execution of v, hattver orders he may have re-
ceived from the com.mander relating to the king's fervice.

The lieutenant, who commands the watch at fea, keeps a lift of all the
officers and men thereto belonging, in order to muftcr them, when he judges
it expedient, and report to the captain the names of thofe who are abfenc
from their duty. During the night-watch, he occafionally vifits the lower
decks, or fends thiihcr a careful officer, to lee that the proper centincls arc ac

their

L 1 F L I G

tJicir duly, and that there is no dilbrdcr air.ongft the men ; no tobacco
Inioked bL-tween decks, nor any Hrc ur candk's burning there, except the,
lights wliich are in lanthorns, under the care of a proper watch, for par-
ticukir purpofes. He isexpcfled to be always upon deck in his watch, as
well to give the necefTary orders, with regard to ttimiiiiiig the fails and fu-
perintending the navigation, as to prevent any noiic or confuHon -, but he
is never to change the fliip';} coiirle without the captain's direflions, unlefs
to avoid an imniediate danger.

The lieutenant, in time of battle, is particularly to fee that all the men
are prefent at their quarters, where they have been previoufly ftationed ac-
cording to the regulations made by the captain. He orders and exhorts
them every where to perform their duty, and acquaints the captain at all
other times of the mifbehaviour of any perfons in tiie iliip, and of whatever
elfe concerns the fervice or difcipline.

The youngefl: lieutenant of the fliip, who is alfo ftilcd lieutenant at arms,
betides his common duty, is particularly ordered, by his inftruftions, to
train the feamen to the ufe of fmall arms, and frequently to excrcife and
difcipline them therein, ^accordingly his office, in time of battle, is chiefly
to tlireâ: and attend them, and at all other times to have a due regard to the
prefervation of the fmall arms, that they be not loft or eml^ezzled, and that
they are kept clean and in good condition for fervice.

LIFTS, (balanciers, Fr.) certain ropes, defcen'ding from the cap and
maft-head, to the oppofite extremities of the yard immediately under-, where,
pafllng through a block or pulley, they become double. They are ufed
to keep the yard in equilibrio ; or to pull one of its extremities higher than
the other as occafion requires ; but particularly to lupport t!ie weight of it,
when a number of leamen are employed thereon, to lurl or reef \.\\c fail.

Tlie lii'ts of the top-fail-yards, called the top-fail-lifts, are alfo ufed as
fljeets to extend the bottom of the top-gallant-fail above.
. The vards are faid to be fquared by the lifts, when they hang at right
angles with the mall ; that is to fay, parallel to the horizon, when the veflel
is upright upon the water.

Topping-l^iVT. See Topping-Lift.

LIGHT, (lege, Fr.) in the fea-language is ufed in contradiftinftion to
laden. A fhip is accordingly called light, either when fhe has no cargo,
or when flie is not fufficiently ballafted.

LIGHTER, (allege, Fr.) a large, open, flat-bottomed veflel, generally
managed with oars, and employed to carry goods to or from a flup when
ihe is to be laden or delivered. See the article Vessel.

There are alfo fome lighters furnifhed with a deck throughout their whole
length, in order to contain thofe merchandizes, which would be damaged
by rainy weather : thefe are ufually called clofe-lighters.

LIGHl'-HOUSE, (phare, .tour à feu, Fr.) a (ort of tower erefted upon
a cape or promontory on the fea-coaft, or upon fome rock in the fea, and
having a great fire, or light formed by candles, upon its top, in the night
time, which isconftantly attended by fome careful perfon, lb as to be feen

6 at

L I G LIN

at a great dlftance from the land. It is iifcd to direft the fliippijig on the
coafl:, as tht-y might otherwile run afliore, or lleer an improper coiufc, when
the darknefs of the night, and the uncertainty of currents, &c. might ren-
der their fituation, with regard to the fliorc, extremely doubtful.

LIGMT-ROOM, (fanal de faute, Fr.) a fmall apartment, inclofed with
glafs windows, near the magazine of a fliip of war. It is ufed to contain
the lights by which the gunner, and his affiliants, are enabled to fill the
cartridges with powder, to be ready for aftion.

LIMBERS, or LIMBER-HOLES, (parclojfes, Fr.) certain fquare
holes cut through the lower parts of a fliip's floor-timbers, very near the
keel. Being difpoftd in a line, parallel to tlie keel, they form a channel,
which communicates witii the pumps throughout the whole length of the
floor, fo that the water which enters by a leak, and would otherwife be in-
tercepted by the timbers, is eafily conveyed to the well-room, where the
pumps are fixed. Every floor-timber has two limber-holes cut through it,
viz. one on each fide of the kelfon.

Limber-Boards, fhort pieces of plank, v;hich form a part of the ceil-
ing, or lining of a fliip's floor, clofe to the kelfon, and immediately above
the limbers. I'hey are occafionally removed, when it becomes neccflfary,
to examine, or clear the limber-holes of any filth, fand, chips, or gravel',
by which they may be clogged, fo as to interrupt tiie paflTage of the water,
in the fliip's floor, to the pump-well.

LiMBER-RopE, a long rope, frequently retained in the limber-holes of a
jhip, and communicating from one to another, in order to clear them by
pulling the rope backwards and forwards, fo as to loofen the fand or dirt
by which they may occafionally be choaked.

LINE, (ligne, Fr.) a general name given to the arrangement or order in
which a fleet of fliips of war arc difpofed to engage an enemy.

'I'his difpofition, which is tiie bell calculated for the operations of naval
war, is formed by drawing up the Iliips in a long file, or right line, pro-
longed from the keel of the hindmoft to that of the foremoft, and paffing
longitudinally thrc/ugh the keels of all the others, from the van to the rear;
fo that they are, according to the fea-phrafe, in the 'ivake of each other.

In the line, or order of battle, all the fliips of which it is compofed are
clofe hauled, upon the fliarboard or larboard-tack, about 50 fatlioms diflant
from each other. See plate V. fig. 6, where a h reprefents the elevation, and
A B the plan of this order, upon the fl:arboard-tack -, the direftion of the
wind in both being exprefled by tiie arrow in the latter.

A fleet is more particularly drawn up in the line when in prefence of an
enemy. It ought to be formed in fuch a manner as that the fliips fliould
mutually fufl:ain and reinforce each other, and vet preferve a fufRcient fpaçe
in their ft:acions, to -^ork or direct their movements witli facility during
the adion. Thus they will be enabled efFedually to cannonade the enemy,
without incommoding the fliips of their own fquadron.

The lineclofe-hauled is peculiarly chofen as the order of battle, becaufe
if the fleet, which is to windward, were arranged in any other line, the enemy

A a mijidit

LIN LIN

inigiit foon gain the iveather-gage of it ; and even if he thinks it expedient
to decline that advantage, it will yet be in his power to determine the
diftance between the adverfe fleets, in an engagement, and to compel the
other to aiflion. The fleet to leeward, being in aline clofe-hauled, parallel
to the enemy, can more readily avail itfelf of a change of the wind, or of the
negle(5t of it's adverfary, by which it may, by a dextrous management, get to
windward of him : or;, fliould it fail in this attempt, it will neverthelefs be
enabk-d, by the favourable (late of the wind, to avoid coming to adion, if
the enemy is greatly fuperior ; or to prevent him from efcaping, if he fhould
attempt it.

Bdides thefe advantages, this order of battle is fingularly convenient and
proper in other refpefts. The fails of each ihip are difpofed in fuch a man-
ner as to counter-a(5i: each other, fo that the fliips in general neither advance
nor retreat during the aftion. By this circumftance tî.ey are enabled to retain
their ftations with greater liability, and to profecuce the battle with vigour
and relblution, yet without perplexity and difordcr. The uniformity of the
line will be prcferved, fo that the admiral's orders may be readily com-
municated by fignals from the van to the rear. Tiiediftrefs of any parti-
cular fhip, that is dilabled and rendered incapable to continue the aélion,
will be prefcntly difcovered, and her place accordingly fupplicd by one of
the fhips in referve. The circumllances and fituarion of the enemy's line
will be ever open to the view of tiie commander in chief, fo tiiat he may be
enabled to convert any difafter that may happen therein to his own advantage.

It may be allcdged indeed, that the fame real'ons hold good wicii regard to
the enemy, to whom this arrangement will be equally beneficial. It may
alfo be obfcrved, that particular occafions have rendered it necefl"ary to
break the order of the line -, and that fometimes this expedient has been
praclifed with equal judgment and fuccefs. To tlie firftof thefe allegations
it may be anfwered, that in war as well as politics, there are certain general
rules abfolutely ncceflîary to be obferved by the hoftile powers: rules which
are founded on mutual convenience, and authorifcd by the invariable
example of all ages ! Whatever tends to facilitate the defigns of the adverfe
parties on each other, or whatever operates to fliorten the period of war,
and render it leis dcilruftive and fatal, are objeds which ought never to be
difregarded. Diforder has not only a tendency to protraft the war, but to
make it more bloody and ruinous, and to aggravate all the calamities with
which it is infeparably attended. Perhaps this obfervation is particularly
applicable to our prefent purpofe, unlefs the confequenccs of diforder in a
fea-fight, as related below, Ihould rather be confidered as the creation of
fancy, than a recital of facfts, naturally refulting from known caufes. Al-
though peculiar circumllances have fometimes, by their fuccels, juftified the
meafure of engaging an enemy's fleet, without forming the line ; or after the
line has been feparated ; there is neverthelefs very few operations in war that
require greater delicacy and vigilance, if the hoftile fleets are very near to each
other. Perhaps no military enterprize can be attended with greater hazard,
or with fewer hopes of fuccefs. The incelfant fire of fo large an afl'embly
of (hips in a very fhort time covers the fcene of adion with a cloud of
6 fmokcj

LIN LIN

fmoke, which is conftantly accumulating. The winds that enabled the two
fleets to approach each other are ibon become extremely fcvble, or perhaps
perfeftly lulled, by the explofions of a vigorous cannonade: theyareofcourfe
incapable any longer to diiïipatc the fmoke, which then darkens the air, and is
almoft impenetrable to the eye. If in this fituation the hoftile fhips are
promifcuouily fcattered amongfl: each other, it is eafy to foretel the mif-
chief, perplexity, and dillraftion, to which the whole will be inevitably ex-
pofed. Not only is the moll comprehenfive fl<.ill of the commander in chief
rendered ufelcfs; the fmallcr fiiips, abandoned to their ill fortune, may be
torn to pieces by fupcrior force, without relief or fuccour : and, what is in-
finitely worfe than all, thefliips of the fame fleet may cannonade each other,
with all the refolution and fpirit which they exert againfl: their enemies !
If the defign of war is conqucR", and not mafllicre, it is thus totally per-
verted ! The battle, inftead of being brought to a fpcedy iflue, and decided
by a viftory and defeat, is unhappily protrafted into a fcene of ûaughter
and ruin, equally fatal and undecifive to both parties.

If then difordcr antl confufion are fraught with fuch dangerous confe-
quences in a naval armament, it is no lefs certain thjt the principal finews of
it's ftrength are difcipline, regularity, vigilance, and activity. It has been
already remarked, that the lliips of the line fliould be fufficiently clofe, to
fufl:ain each other; for if they are further apart than thofe of the enemy's line,
many fmgle fhips will fufter the fire of two at once. Hence the fleet is
rendered inferior to that of the enemy, at the onfet of battle -, a circum-
ftance which evinces the fuperiority of larger fiiips, accompanied with
weightier metal! the enemy is defeated by the efforts of a more numerous
and more powerful artillery.

Befides thefe advantages, the larger fiiips are in other refpefts highly pre-
ferable in a line of battle. They overlook thofe of an inferior rate, which
are accordingly laid open to the fire of their mufquetry. In a high lea
they can more fafely employ the artillery of their lower deck than a fmallcr
fliip; and if both are obliged to fiiut their lower deck ports, the advantage
of the three-decked fliips, with regard to their cannon, will yet be confi-
derablc: they have three tier againlt two, and two againfl: one. The fame
fuperiority fubfifis, in cafe they are difmafi:cd, when the upper-deck is en-
cumbered with the ruins.

The large fiiips, being higher helwecn-decks, are lefs incommoded witli
the fmoke; and their cannon is managed with greater facility.

The large fiiips, having greater folidity of frame, are better calculated to
refifl: the effeéls of battle and tcmpefi'. In general alfo, they fail better than
the fmall ones, except in fine weather ; for in a frefli wind, when the fea
becomes agitated, they have always the fuperiority.

The fire-fiiips do not fucceed fo well againfi large fiiips as the fmaller ones :
the artillery will fink them, or oblige them fooner to relinquifii their de-
fign ; and they are eafily tcu-'ed away by the great long-boats.

I'he line of a fleet, which has abundance of capital fiiips, need not be**
fo much indofcd as that of an enemy wlio has fewer. The former may be
alfo lefs numerous, without being weaker.

A a 2 An

LIN LIN

An open line will, on many occafions, work more eafily than one which
is more inclofed > and if it is lefs numerous, the movements thereof are more
expeditious -, the fignals better attended to-, the general order morecxaftly
preferved -, and the fhips lefs liable to be feparated. Hence it will be lefs
cmbarrafTed by a change of wind, and the order will be fooner re-eftabliflicd,
A lefs numerous line will more readily approach or efcape from an ene-
my, or a hoftile Ihore -, and, finally, when cruizing in a fmallcr Ipace, it
will not be fo much contrafted.

From the preceding reflcftions it refults, that the line, which contains
more capital fliips, will be ftronger than one more numerous, if compofed of
fmaller fliips. This reflection however does not exclude a certain number
of the third and fourth raWs, which are ncceffary in all naval armaments*.
As the hoftile fleets are drawn up in two oppofite lines, with their fides
to the wind, it is evident that one muft be to the leeward of the other, as
appears in fig. 8. plate V. Both ficuations however have their defctSls as
well as advantages.

The advantages of a weather-line are generally, that it may approach the
enemy fo as ro determine the time and diftance of action. It it is more
numerous than the lee-line, it may eafily appoint a detachment to fall upon
the van and rear of the latter, and inclofe it between two fires. It is little
incommoded by the fire or fmo'ce of the cannon, and may difpatch the fire-
Ihips, under cover of the fmoke, upon the difabled fliips of the lee-line;
or wherefoevcr they may occafion perplexity and difordcr, by obliging the
enemy to break tlie line and k^r azvay.

The weather-line has neverthelefs it's defefts, which fometimes counter-
balance the advantages above recited. If the fea is rough, and the wind
boifterous, it cannot readily fight with the lower-deck battery. It cannot
decline the adtion, without the dangerous expedient of forcing through the
enemy's line : and if it keeps the ivifid, the lee-line may inclofe, and totally
dcftroy it, efpecially if it is inferior in number to the latter ; or if the fhips
thereof are in bad condition ; for it then can find no other refource but in
the dexterity of it's manoeuvres, unlefs it is favoured by the wind, or any
overfight of the enemy. The difabled fhips of the weather- line muft tack,
to avoid falling into the enemy's fleet -, and if they are much fhattered, they
may be altogether feparated from their own fleet, particularly if they are
in the rear of the line. *-

The line to leeward has alfo it's advantages, which have occafionally been
preferred to thofe of the weather-line. The fliips of the former may ule
the guns of their lower decks, without the hazard of taking in much v/ater
at the ports in ftormy weather ; whereas the line to windward dare not open
them, without the greateft danger. If the lee-line, although more numerous,
cannot fo eafily douMe upon the van and rear of the enemy, and inclofe them
between two fires, it may neverthelefs have opportunities of tacking, and
cvttipg oflf a part of the enemy's rear, by obliging them to bear away, or

' De Morogues, Ta£\iqiic Navale.

feparate

LIN LIN

feparate from the rcil. The difablcd niip<> to leeward are much more rea-
dily removed from the line than thofe to windward, witliout being obliged
to tack and continue cxpofed to the enemy's fire : they bear away, and
remain at a competent dilhince from the fleet in a ftate of fafety. Finally,
the lee-line can with more facility avoid the aftion than it's adverfary ; a
circumftance which is extremely favourable to an inferior fquadron.

The defects of the lee-line, on the contrary, are, that it cannot decide
the time and diftance of the battle, which may comm.ence before it is fuffi-
ciently formed ; and it v/ill perhaps be attacked by an enemy, who bears
away upon it in regular order. The fire and fmokcof the weather-line are
a great inconvenience to it -, and it cannot eafily break the enemy's line
with it's fire-fliips, which are very (lowly and with great difficulty con-
veyed to windward.

It muft be remarked, that the admiral's fliip attentively preferves her
rt;ation in the center of the line -, for if the commander in chief fliould give
way to the caprice or inattention of any of thofe under his direction, it
would introduce an endleis diforder into the fc]undron.

To illuilrate this article, and enable the reader to form a clearer idea of
the line, we have, iji plate V. reprefented feveral diftinift views, according
to the different fituations which it occafionally alTumes.

Fig. 7. exhibits a peifpeftive view of the line of battle on the ftarboard-
tack, A B being the plan thereof.

Fig. 8. rt, reprefents the profile of the fame line on the ftarboard-tack, as
brought to aftion by the oppofite line b. The plan of thefe fquadrons,
A B, appears immediately below.

It is ncceflary to remark here, that a fleet frequently retains the order
of the fame tack, occafionally, when the whole fleet goes about at once, as
expreflcd by a, fig. 9. of which A is the plan. Or it goes about gra-
dually, the headmoll (nip having tacked firll, and the next tacked as loon
as (he arrived in her wake : the reil following the fame example. See c,
fig. 7. and C in the plan of the fame figure.

It alfo frequently preferves the order of the line clofe-hauled, although
(leering with a large wind, either in purfuit of a flying enemy, or proceeding
in a particular courfe. Thus the fleet b, fig. 10. although ranged lb as to
be in a line upon the larboard-tack, if clofe to the wind, is chafing the
fleet a to leeward, which is either parallel to the former and preferving the
fame order, or fails on a line abrealt, as exprelletl by the plan C. See alio
the article Abreast.

Fig. 1 1 exhibits a fleet formed into a line, on the ilarboard-tack, bearing
away upon the continuation of the fame line aftcrn. 1 hus fuppofingtheni
to be formed on the ftarboard-tack, and failing due north, in a line ahead ; it
is evident that every Hiip, at one and the lame time, bears away and fteers
fouth, the whole fleet will again be upon a line ah.cad, with the wind upoa
the larboard-quarter, as exprefled in this figure, and in the plan under it.

Fig. 1 2 reprefents a fleet bearing away, and having half of it's Hiips ranged
on the ll.irboard-tack, and the other half on the larbourd-tack, fo as to form

the

LIN LOG

the two fides of the angle b c a, of which the commander in chief a makes
the central point. This dil'polition is fomctimes ufcd to force through a
pafiage wliich is guarded by an enemy. See alio the plan thereof, A B C
below, where it is evident that the admiral is the foremoll fliip, whilll bear-
ing away, althovigh Ihe would be the laft in both lines, if they were clofe-
hauled.

Fig. 13 exprcfles the order of retreat, which is frequently praftifcd by the
French, and is direftly the reverfe of this ; becaufe the angular point is
iurtheft to leeward in the tormer, whereas it is to windward of both lines in
the latter; being alfo the headmofl: of both, when clofe-haulcd, although
the ftcrnmoll fliip while tliey are bearing away.

In an engagement, the fliips are generally brought to, with the main top-
fails laid aback, and their fore-top-fails full, for the purpofe of bearing
away more readily, when occafion requires. This difpofition of the fails
is reprefented in fig. 13. plate III. See alfo Lying-to.

The line is faid to be formed abreaft, when the ftiips fides are all parallel
to each other, on a line which crolTes their keels at right angles. This is
more frequently ufed in purfuing or retreating, with the wind right aft, fo
that the line forms a perpendicular with the diredtion of the wind, as ex-
hibited by the lliips C, in the plan annexed to fig. 10.

Line is alfo a name given to feveral fmall cords, of different fizes, and
ufed for various purpofes at fea ; as houfe-line, marline, rattling-line,
&c. See thofe articles.

LINTSTOCK, {baton à meche, or bouteffu, Fr.) a ftaff" about three feet
long, having a fliarp point at one end, and a fort of fork or crotch on the
other -, the latter of which ferves to contain a lighted match, and by the
former the lintftock is occafionally ihick in the deck, in an upright po-
lition. It is frequently uied in fmall vefTels, in an engagement, where
there is commonly one fixed between every two guns, by which the match
is always kept dry and ready for firing.

LOADING. See the articles Cargo and Lading.

.^/&(?/-LOCKER. See Garland.

LOG, a machine ufed to meafure the (hip's head-way, or the rate of her
velocity as flie advances through the lea. It is compofed of a reel and line,
to which is fixed a fmall piece of wood, forming the quadrant of a circle.
The term log however is more particularly applied to the latter.

The log, fig. 14, plate V. is generally about a quarter of an inch thick, and
five or fix inches from the angular point a to the circumference b. It is balan-
ced by a thin plate of lead, nailed upon the arch, fo as to fwim perpendicular-
ly in the water, with about 4 imprefl"ed under the furfacc. The line is faften-
ed to the log by means of two legs a and b, fig. 15, one of which pafll;s thro'
a hole a at the corner, and is knotted on the oppofite fide -, whilft the other leg
is attached to the arch by a pin b, fixed in another hole, fo as to draw out
occafionally. By thele legs the log is hung in equilibrio, and the line, which
is united to it, is divided into certain fpaces, which are in proportion to an

equal

LOG LOG

equal number of geographical miles, as a half minute or quarter minute is
to an hour of time.

This inftrument is employed to meafure the fl-sip's coorfc in the following
manner: The reel, fig. i6, about \vhicli the log-line is wound, being held
by one man, and the half-minute glafs by another, the mate of the warch
at the fame time fixes the pin, and throws the log over tlie ftern, whicii,
fwimming perpendicularly in the fca, feels an immediate refinance as the
fhip advances. I'o prevent the pin trom being drawn by the effort of this
refiitance, the perfon who lieaves the log continually flackens the line over
the ftern, or quarter, fo that it becomes almoft ftreigiit on the water, and
the log continues nearly in the fame place where it hill alighted, and is con-
fidered as fixed therein. The knots are meafured from a mark faftened at
the diftance of 12 or 15 fathoms from the log ; the glafs is therefore turned
at the inftant when this mark pafies over the ftern, and as foon as the glafs
runs out, the line is accordingly Hopped ; when the water, acting forcibly
on the furface of the log, immediately diflodges the pin, fo that the log,
no longer refitting the effort of the water, is eafily drawn aboard. The
degree of the fhip's velocity is then readily determined, by examining the
number of knots neareft to that part of the line, where it was flopped at the
expiration of tlie glafs, as the knots increafe in their natural order from the
mark above-mentioned. The fpace comprehended between that mark and
the log is ufed to let the latter be far enough aftern, to be out of the eddy
of the (hip's zvuke when the glafs is turned.

If the glafs runs thirty féconds, the diilance between the knots fliouki
be fifty feet. "When it runs more or lefs, it fliould therefore be correded
by the following analogy : As 30 is to 50, fo is the luniiber of féconds of
the glafs to the diilance between the knots upon the line. As the heat or
moilture of the weather has often a confiderable effeft on the glafs, fo as
to make it run flov^er or fafter, it iliould be frequently tried by the vibra-
tions of a pendulum. The line, being alfo liable to relax or fhrink from
the fame caufe, ought likewife to be meafured, as occafion requires.

It is ufual to heave the log once every hour in fliips of war and Eaft-
Indiamen; and in all other vefiels, once in two hours; and if at any time
of the watch, the wind has increafed or abated in the intervals, fo as to affedt
the fh'p's velocity, the officer generally makes a fuitable allowance for it,
at the clofe of the watch.

LOG-BOARD, a fort of table, divided into fevcral columns, containing
the hours of the day and night, the diret'iion of tiie winds, thecourfeof tiie
fhip, and all the material occurrences that happen during the twenty-four
hours, or from noon to noon ; together wich the latitude b) obfervation.
From this table the different officers of the Ihip arc furnilhed with mate-
rials to compile their jciirnals, wherein they likewife infe\t whatever may
have been omitted -, or rejeét what may appear fuperfluous in the log-
board. See the article Journal.

Log-book, a book into which the contents of the log-board is daily
copied at noon, together with every circumftancc defcrving notice, that may

h.ippen

L O N L U F

happen to the fliip, or within her cognizance, cither at fea or in a harbour,
Sec. The intermediate divifions or watches of the log-book, containing
four hours each, are ufually figned by the commanding ofRcer thereof, in
(hips of war or Eaft-Indiamen.

LONG-BOAT, {double-chahupc, or barque longue, Fr.) the largeft and
ftrongeft boat belonging to any fliip. It is principally employed to carry
great burthens, as anchors, cables, ballad, &c. Sec the article Boat.

L,OOF, the after-part of a Ihip's bow -, or that part of her fide forward
where the planks begin to be incurvated into an arch, as they appioach the
Jiem.

LOOK-OUT, découverte, Fr.) a watchful attention to fome important
objeft, or event, which is expefted to arife from the prefcnt fituation of a
fliip, &c. It is principally ufed in navigation, when there is a probability
of danger from the real or fuppofed proximity of land, rocks, enemies,
and, in fliort, whatever peril flie may encounter, through inattention, which
might otherwife have been avoided by a priuknt and neceflary vigilance.

There is always a look-out kept on a lliip's forecaftle at fea, to watch for
any dangerous objeds lying near her track, and to which flie makes a gra-
dual approach as Ihe advances : the mate of the watch accordingly calls
often from the quarter-deck, " Look out afore there !" to the perlons ap-
pointed to this fcrvice.

LOOMING, an indiftinft appearance of any diftant object, as the
fea-coaft, fliips, mountains, &c. as, " flie looms large afore the wind ;
the looming of the land is high above the water," &c.

LOOP-HOLES, {meurtrières, Fr.) certain fmall apertures, formed in
the bulk-heads and other parts of a merchant-Ihip, through v/hich the fmall
arms are fired on an enemy who boards her.

To LOOSE, {déferler, Fr.) to unfurl or caft loofe any fail, in order to
hcfet, or dried, after rainy weather.

LOST, {pafsé, Fr.) the Hate of being foundered or caft av/ay ; exprefied
of a fliip when flie has either funk at fea, or ftriick upon a rock, fhelf,
or lee-Hiore, where ilie has beat to pieces by the violence of the fea.

LOW-WATER, that ftate of the tide, in which the reflux has fallen
to it's greatefl; deprefllon from the fea-coalts, or rivers of any country.
See the article Tide.

fTi? LOWER, {amener, Fr.) to eafe down gradually, exprefled of fome
weighty body, which is fufpended by tackles, ©r other ropes, which, being
ilackened, fuffer the faid body to defcend as flowly or expeditioufly as the
occafion requires. Hence

Lower handfomely! and lower cheerly I are oppofed to each other, the
former being the order to lower gradually, and the latter to lower expedi-
tioufly.

LUFF, {lof, Fr.) the order from the pilot to the fl:eerfman to put the
helm towards the fe-fide of the fliip, in order to make the fliip fail nearer
the direftion of the wind. Hence, luff round, or luff alee, {^envoie lof

6 tOUty

L U F L Y I

tout, Fr.) the excefs of this movement, by which it is intended to throw
the fhip's head up in the wind, in order to tack her, &c.

A fliip is accordingly faid to fpring her lufF, (faire tine olofée, Fr.) when
fhe yields to the effort of the helm, by failing nearer to the line of the wind
than fhe had done before. See aUo Hauling the zvind, and Stkering.

Luff-Tackle, a name given by failors to any large tackle that is not
deftined for a particular place, but may be varioufly employed as occafion
requires. It is generally fomewhat larger than the jrgger-iackle, although
fmaller than thole which ferve to hoift the heavier materials into and out
of the veflel : which latter are tlie main and fore-tackles, the ftay and
quarter-tackles, &c.

LUG-SAIL, treou, Fr.) a fquare fail, hoifted occafionally on the maft
of a boat, or fmall veffel, upon a yard which hangs nearly at right angles
with the maft. Thefe are more particularly ufed in the barca longas, na-
vigated by the Spaniards in the Mediterranean.

LYING-TO, or Lving-bv, {enpanne, Fr.) the fituation of a ftiip when
fhe is retarded in her courfe, by arranging the fails in fuch a manner as to
counteraift each other with nearly an equal effort, and render the fliip al-
moft immoveable, with refpect to her progreffive motion, or head-v-ay. A
Ihip is ufually byought-to by the main and fore-top-fails, one of which is
laid ciback^ whilft the other is full ; fo that the latter pufhes the fliip for-
ward, whilft the former refifts this impulfe, by forcing her aftcrn. This
is particularly praftifed in a general engagement, when the hoftile fleets
are drawn up in two lines of battle oppofite each other. It is alfo ufed to
wait for fome other fliip, either approaching or expefted -, or to avoid pur-
fuing a dangerous courfe, efpccially in dark or foggy weather, &c.

LyiNG-TO in ajlorm. See the ar:icle Trying.

r. b M.

MAG MAL

MAGAZINE, 'Joute au poudres, Fr.) a clofe room or ftore-hoiifc,
built in the fore, or after-part of a fliip's hold, to contain the gun-
powder ufcd in battle, &c. This apartment is ftrongly fecured againft
fire, and no pcrfon is fufFered to enter it with a lamp or candle : it is
therefore lighted, as occafion requires, by means of the candles or lamps
■which are fixed in the light-room contiguous to it. See that article.
MAGNET. See the article Compass.

MAIN, an epithet ufually applied by failors to whatever is principal,
as oppofed to what is inferior or fecondary. Thus the main land is ufed
in contradiftindlion to an ifland or peninfula; and the main-maft, the
main-wale, the main-keel, and the main-hatchway, are in like manner
diftinguilhed from the fore and mizen-mafts, the channel-wales, the falfe-.
keel, and the fore and after-hatchways, &c.

As the fails, yards, and rigging of the main-maft, are all defcribed in

their proper places, namely, under thofe particular articles, to which the

reader is referred, it will be unneceffary to fay any thing further of them here.

To MAKE, is varioufly applied, in the fea-language, to the land, to the

fails, to the fhip's courfe, &c.

To Make a good board. See the article Board.

To Make the land, {découvrir, Fr.) is to difcover it from a diftant fitua-
tion, in confequence of approaching it after a fea-voyage : as, " In your
*' pafiage to cape Tiburon, it will be necefiary to make Turk's Ifland."

To Makz fail, (faire plus dévoiles, Fr.) is to increafe the quantity of fail
already extended, either by letting out the reefs, and by hoilling an addi-
tional number of fmall fails, or by performing either of thofe exercifes fe-
parately.

To Make Jlermvay, {aller en arrière, Fr.) is to retreat or move with the
Hern foremoft.

To Make water, (faire eau, Fr.) ufually fignifies to leak, unlefs when
the epithet foul is added thereto. A fliip is laid to make foul water, when
running in iliallow water, her keel difturbs and loofens the mud or ooze,
lying at the bottom thereof,

MALLET, a fort of wooden hammer, of which there arc feveral forts,
ufed for different purpofes on fhip-board, as the

Caulking-M. ALLV.T, an implement chiefly employed to drive the oakum
into the fcaî^fis of a ihip, where the edges of the planks are joined to each,
other in the fides, decks, or bottonq.

5 TJie

MAN MAR

The head of this mallet is long and cylindrical, being hooped with iron
to ])revent it from fplitting in the exercifc of caulking.

Serving-M A LLET, a mallet uitd m fcrving the rigging, by binding the
fpvin-yarn more firmly about it, than could poiïibly be done by handj
which is performed in the following manner: two or three turns of the
fpun-yarn, which has been previouOy roiled up in a large bill, or clue,
are pafTed about the rope and about the body of the mallet, which for this
purpofe is furnifhed with around ch.mnel in it's furfacc, that conforms to
the convexity of the rope intended to be ferved. TliC turns of the Ipun-
yarn being ftrained round the mallet fo as to confine it firmly to the rope,
which is extended above the deck, one man pafles the ball continually
about the rope, whilft the othc-r, at the fame time, winds on the Ipun-yarn
by means of tiie mallet, w hole handle, afting as a lever, (trains every turn
about the rope as firm as polTible.

MANGER, (g^tte, Fr.) a fmall apartment, extending athwart the lower-
deck of a fhip of war, immediately within the hawfe-h jles, and fenced on
the after-part by a partition, which feparates it from the other part ot the
deck behind it.

This partition ferves as a fence to interrupt the pafTage of the water,
which occafionally guflies in at the hawle-holes, or falls from the wet ca-
ble whilft it is heaved in by the capltern. The water, thus preve-nted from
running aft, is immediately returned into the lia, by f.veral fmall channels,
called fcuppers, cut through the (liip's fide within the manger.

The manger is therefore particularly uftful in giving a contrary direction
to the water that enters at the hawle-holes, which would othcrwife run aft
in great ftreams upon the lower deck, and render it extremely wet and un-
comfortable, particularly in tempeftuous weather, to the men who mcfs and
fleep in different parts thereof.

MARINE, a general name for the navy of a kingdom or ftate -, as alfo
the whole œconomy of naval afl^airs ; or whatever refpefts the building,
rigging, arming, equipping, navigating, and fighting fliips. It compre-
hends alfo the government of naval armaments, and the Itate of all the per-
fons employed therein, whether civil or military.

Marine, or Marine-Forcus, a body of troops employed in thefea-fer-
vice, under the dircflion of the lords of the admiralty.

MARLINE, {merlin, Fr.) a fmall line, fomewhat lefs than houfe-line,
and ufed for the fame purpofes. See House-Line.

MARLING, the act of winding any fmall-line, as marline, fpun-yarn,
ackthread, &c. about a rope, fo that every turn is fecured by a fort of
cnot, fo as to remain fixed in cafe all the reft fhould be cut through by
fridtion, &c. This exj)etlient is much preferable to the winding a linefpi-
rally about a rope for the fame purpofe, bccaufc as the turns are at fome
dillance from each other, the fame quantity of line will ferve for the one
method as the other ; with this diflerence, that if one of the fpiral turns
are cut through, the whole will be rendered ufelefs, whereas by marling,
this is entirely prevented.

B b 2 Marling

MAR MAS

Marling is commonly ufed to faften flips of canvas, called parfiing, upon
the fvirfacc of a rope, to prevent it from being j^alled by another rope that-
rubs againft it, to attach the foot of a fail to it's bolt-rope, &c.

Marling-Spike, {epijfoir, Fr.) an iron pin, tapering to a point, and
furnifhed with a large round head. It is principally ulcd to penetrate the
twills, or ftrands of a rope, in order to introduce the ends ot fome other
through the intervals, in the aft of knotting or fplicing.

It is alio ufed as a lever, on many otiier occafions, about the rigging,
particularly in fixing the feizings upon the Jl/youdSy b'ock-Jlrops, clues of the
lails, &c.

to MAROON, {déferler, Fr.) to put one or more fxilors afhore upon a
defoLite ifland, under pretence of their having committed fome great crime.
This detellable expedient has been repeatedly pradifcd by fome inhuman
commanders of merchant-fliips, particularly in the Weft-Indies.

MAST, {mât, Fr.) a long round piece of timber, elevated perpendicu-
larly upon the keel of a fliip, to which are attached the yards, the fails,
and the rigging.

A maft, with regard to it's length, is either formed of one fingle piece,
which is called a pole-viajl, or compofed of fcveral pieces joined together,
each of whicli retains the name of maft feparately. The loweft of thele is
accordingly named the lower-maft, rt, fig. i. plate VI. the next in heighth
is the top-maft, b, which is creeled at the head of the former -, and the
higheft is the top-gallant-maft, c, which is prolonged from the upper end
of the top-maft. Thus the two laft are no other than a continuation of
the firft upwards.

The lower maft is fixed in the fhip by an apparatus, defcribed in the
articles hulk and peers : the foot, or heel of it, rcfts in a block of timber
called the ftep, which is fixed upon the kelfc?! ; and the top-maft is attached
to the head of it by the cap and the trejlle-trees. The latter of thefe are
two ftrong bars of timber, fupported by two prominencies, which are as
fhoulders on the oppofite fides of.the maft, a little under it's upper end :
athwart thele bars are fixed the crofs-trees, upon which the frame ot the top is
fupported. Between the lower maft-head, and the foremoft of the crofs-trees,
a fquare fpace remains vacant, the fides of w'hich are bounded by the two
trellle-trees. Perpendicularly above this is the foremoft hole in the cap,
whole after-hole is folidly fixed on the head of the lower-maft. The top-
maft is erected by a tackle, whofe effort is communicated from the head of
the lowermaft to the foot of the top-maft -, and the upper end of the latter
is accordingly guided into, and conveyed up through, the holes between the
treftle-trees and the cap, as above mentioned. The machinery by which it is
elevated, or, according to the fea-phrafe,yi:'rt_Vfii«^, is fixed in the following
manner : the top-rope d, fig. 2. pafîîng through a block e, which is hooked on
one fide of the cap, and afterwards through a hole, furniflied with a ftieave or
pully/, on the lower end of the top-maft, is again brought upwards on the
other fide of the maft, where it is at length faftencd to an eye-bolt in the cap_g-,
whicli is always on the fide oppofite to the top-blocks To the lower end

of.

MAS MAS

of the top-rope is fixed the top-tackled, the efFort of which being tranfmitted
to the top-rope d, and thence to the heel of the top-maft/, neceflarily lifts
the latter upwards, parallel to the lower-maft. When the top-maft is raifed
to it's proper JKighth, fig. 3. the lower end oi it becomes firmly wedged in the
fqu are hole, above defcribed, between the treftle-trees. A bar of wood, or
iron, called the/id, is then thriift through a hole i in the heel of it, acrofs
the treftle-trees, by which the whole weight of the top-maft is fiipported.

In the fame manner as the top-mart is retained at the head of the lower-
maft, the top-gallant-maft is erefted, and fixed at the head of the top-maft.

Befides the parts already mentioned in the conftrucftion of mafts, with
refpeft to their length, the lower-mafts of the largeft ftiips are compofed of
lèverai pieces united into one body. As thcfe are generally the moft fub-
ftantial parts of various trees, a maft, formed by this aflemblage, isjuftly
efteemed much ftronger than one confifting of any fingle trunk, whofe in-
ternal folidity may be very uncertain. The fcveral pieces are formed and
joined together, as reprefented in the feftion of a lower-maft of this fort,
fig. 4. plate VI. whcic a is the fliaft, or principal piece into which the reft
are fixed, with their fides or taces clofe to each other. The whole is fecured
by feveralrtrong hoops of iron, driven on the outfulc of the maft, a, fig. i.
where they remain at proper diftanccs.

The principal articles to be confidered in equipping a ftiip with mafts are,
ift, the number; 2d, their fituation in theveflel; and 3d, their heighth'
above the water.

The mafts being ufed to extend the fails by means of tlieir yards, it is
evident that if their number were multiplied beyond what is necefl^ary, the
yards muft be extremely iTiort, that they may not entangle each other in
working the fliip, and by confequence their fails will be very narrow, and re-
ceive a fmall portion of wind. If, on the contrary, there is not a fufficient
number of marts in the veflel, the yards will be too large and heavy, fo as
not to be managed without difficulty. There is a mean between thefe ex-
tremes, which experience and the general practice of the fea have determined-,
by which it appears, that in large Ihips, every advantage of failing is
retained by three mafts and a bowfprit.

The moft advantageous pofition of the mafts is undoubtedly that from
whence there refults an equilibrium between the refiftance of the water, on the
body of the ftiip, on one part, and of the direction of their eftort on the other.
By every other pofition this equilibrium is dcftroycd, and the greateft effort
of the mafts will operate to turn the fiiip horizontally about it's direction ; a
circumftance which retards her velocity. It is counterbalanced indeed by the
helm-, but the fame inconvenience ftill continues; for the force of the wind,
having the refiftance of the helm to overcome, is not intirely employed to
pulh the vellel forward. Tlie axis of the refiftance of the water ftiould
then be pre vioufly determined, to difcover the place of the inainmtijl, in order
to lulpend the efforts of the water equally, and place the other mafts fo as
that their particular diredion will coincide with that of the main-maft. The
whole of this would be capable of a folution if the figure of the veffel were.

regular, :

MAS MAS

regular, bccaufe the point, abnut which the refiflance of the water would
b in iqiiilibrium, niight be dlfrovcrcd by calculation.

Hut v/hcn the real figure of the fh'p is confidcred, thefe flattering ideas
will indantly vanilli. This obfcrvatian induced M. Savericn to employ a
mcclianical method to dilcover the axis of refiftancc of the water, which he
apprehended niight be ul'ed with fuccefs in the manner following.
' When the veflci is ianchcd, before the places of the mafts arc determined,
extend a rcpe A R, fig. 5. plate VI. from the head to the Itern. To the
extremities A and IJ attach two uther ropes AD, BC, and apply to the other
ends of th;"fe ropes two mechimical powers, to draw the fliip according to
the dire6"bion BC, parallel to itlelf. The whole being thus difpofed, let
a ino\enble tube Z, fixed upon the rope A B, have another rope Z R at-
tached to it, whofe other end commiuiicates with a mechanical power R,
equal to the two powers D and C. This laft being applied to the fame
veflil, in luch manner as to take off the effedts of the two others by Hiding
upon the rope A B, fo as to difeover fome point Z, by the parallelifm of the
ropes A D BC feebly extended with the rope Z R ; the line Z R will be
the axis of the equilibrium of the water's refiliance, and by confequencc
the main-maft (liould be planted in the point Z.

The figures E, E, E, are three windhlTes on the fhore, by which this
experiment is applied.

With regard to the fituation of the other mafts, it is ncceffary, in the
fam.e manner, to difeover two points ; fo that the direAion of the two me-
chanical powers operating, will be parallel to the axis of refiftance R Z al-
ready found.

Theexaft heighth of the mafts, in proportion to the form and fizc of the
fhip, remains yet a problem to be decermined. The more the mafts are
elevated above the center of gravity, the greater will be the furface of fail,
which they are enabled toprelent to the wind -, lb far an additional heighth
feems to be advantageous. But this advantage is diminiftied by the circular
movement of the maft, which operates to make the velTel ftoop to it's eflbrt ;
and this inclination is mcrcafed, in proportion to the additional iieighth of
the maft -, an inconvenience which it is neceffary to guard againlt. Thus
what is gained upon one hand is loft upon the other. To reconcile thefe
differences, it is certain, that the heighth of the maft ought to be deter-
mined by the inclination of the veffel, and that the point of her greateft in-
clination Tlioukl be the term of this heighth, above the center of gravity.
See the article Trim.

With regard to the general practice of determining the heighth of the
mafts, according to the different rates of the ftiips in the royal navy, the
reader is referred to the article Sail.

In order to fecure the mafts, and counterbalance the ftrain they receive
from the effort of the fails impreffed by the wind, and the ag'tation of the
fhip > t fea, they are fuftained by feveral ftrong ropes, extended from their
upper-ends to the outfide of the veffel, called _/?)?■ Wj, fee fig. 5. plate VI.
They are further fupported by other ropes, ftretched from their heads to-
wards the fore- part of the veffel. See Rigging.

The

MAS MAS

- The maft, which is placed at the middle of the fhip's length, is called
the main-mail, (grand-mat, Fr.) that which is placed in the fore-part, tlie
fore-malV, (mât de tni faine, Fr.) and that which is towards the Hern is
termed the mizen-maft, {mât d'artimon, Fr.)

N. B. Mizen is applied to this laft maft by all the nations of Europe,
except the French, who alone call the fore-maft mifaine.

M ASTER of a J?}ip cf war, (maître, Fr.) an officer appointed by the
commilHoners of the navy to affift in fitting, and to take charge of the
navigating and condu(5ling a fliip from port to port, under the dircftion of
the captain, or other his fuperior officer. The management and dirpofitjon
of the fails, the working of the fhip into htr ftation in the order of battle,
and the direftion of her movements in the time ot a6tion, and in the other
circumllances of danger, are alio more particularly under his inl'pcction.
He is to be cnrcful that the rigging, iails, and ftores, be duly prelerved :
to iee that the log and log-book be regularly and corredlly kept: accurately
to obferve the appearances of coails, rocks, and ffioals, with their depths
of water and bearings, noting them in his journal. He is to keep the
hawfer clear when the (hip is at anchor, and to provide himfelf with pro-
per inltruments, maps, and books of navigation. It is likewife his duty
to examine the proviiions, and accordingly to admit none into tl^e fhip but
fuch as are ibund, fweet, and wh^leibme. He is moreover charged with
ihc Jloiaage, or diipofition ef thefe materials in the ffiip's hold. And when
Ihe Ihall be laid-up, he is to depoilte a copy of the log-book and journal
with the commiffioners of the navy. And to enable him the better to
perform thefe iervices, he is allowed feveral affiliants, who are properly
termed mates and quarter-mailers. See thole articles.

M ASTEti of a mcrchani-JIjip, the commanding officer, who is appointed
by the merchants to manage the navigation and every thing relating to her
cargo, voyage, iailors, &c.

Master at arms, an officer appointed by warrant from the board of ad-
miralty, to teach the officers and crew of a fliip of war the exercileof imall
arms; to contine and plant centinels over the priioners, and luperintcnd
whatever relates to them during their confinement. He is alio, as foon as
the evenin<r «un ffiall be fired, to iee all the fires and liiihts extinguilhed,
except luch as ihall be pcrimtted by proper authority, or under the infpec-
tion of centinels. It is likewiie his duty to attend ihi: gangiuay, when any
boats arrive aboard, and iearch them carefully, together with their rowers,
that no i'pirituous liquors may be conveyed into the lliip, unlcl's by per-
milTion of the commanding officer. He is to lee that the fmall arms be
kept in proper order. He is to vifit all velfels coming to or going from
the ffiip, and prevent the crew from going, from the ihip without leave.
He is alio to acqu.iirit the officer of the watch with all irregularities in the
fliip which (hall come to his knowledge. In thele feveral duties he is
affilled with proper attendants, called his corporals, who alio relieve the
centinels, and one another, at certain periods.

MAsiER-atfc-ndanl, an officer in the royal dock-yards, appointed to haflen,
and affill at, the fitcing-out or difmanâing, removing or fecuring veffels of

war,

MAT MID

war, Szc. at the port where he rcfules. He is particularly to obfcrve, that
his m;iiclly's fliips are t'ecurcly moored ; and tor this purpofc he is expe(^'ced
frequently to review the moorings which are funk in the harbour, and obl'erve
that they are kept in proper repair to be always ready when occafion requires.
It is alio his duty to vifit all the fliips in ordinary, and fee that they zxc fre-
quently cleaned and kept in order -, and to attend at the general mufters in
the dock-yards, taking care that all the officers, artificers, and labourers,
rcgillcred in the navy-books, are prefent at their duty.

MAT, (couffin, Fr.) a fort of thick web or texture, formed of fpun-
yarn, or of a variety o( Jlrands, or feparate parts of a fmall rope -, or of a
number of rope-yarns twiited \r\\.o foxes. The foxes are therefore larger
or Imaller, as containing a greater or lefll-r number of rope-yarns, in pro-
portion to the thicknefs of the mat intended to be woven.

Mats are commonly ufed to faften upon the outfide of fuch parts of the
{landing rigging as are expofed to the friction of other ropes, in extending,
Ihitting, or truffing up the fails, particularly the lower ones. The largell
and ftrongeft fort of thefe mats are ca.\\çà fauches.

MATE of a pip of ivar, an officer under the direction of the mafter, by
whofe choice he is generally appointed, to affill him in the feveral branches
of his duty. Accordingly he is to be particularly attentive to the navigation
in his watch, &c. to keep the log regularly, and examine the line and glafles
by which the fliip's courle is meafured, and to adjuft the fails to the wind
in the fore-part of the fhip. Pie is alio to have a diligent attention to the
cables, feeing that they are well coiled and kept clean when laid in the tier,
and fufficiently yÎTwJ when employed to ride the Ihip. Finally, he is to
fuperintend and affift at the ftowage of the hold, uking efpecial care that
all the ballad and provifions are properly llowed therein.

Mate of a merchant-flnp, the officer who commands in the abfence of the
niafter thereof, and fliares the duty with him at fea ; being charged with
every thing that regards tiie internal management of the fliip, the diredling
her courfe, and the government ot her crew.

The number of mates allowed tolliips of war and merchantmen is always
in proportion to the fize of the vefiel. Thus a firfl;-rate man of war has
fix mates, and an Eaft-Indiaman the fame number; a frigate of 20 guns,
and a fmall merchant-fliip, have only one mate in each : and the interme-
diate llîips have a greater or fmaller number, according to their feveral
fizes, or to the fervices on which they are employed.

METEOR. See Corposant, and Water-spout.

MESS, a particular company of the officers or crew of a fliip, who eat,
drink, and aflbciate together.

MESS-MATE, a companion or aflTociate of the above divifion. Seethe
article Birth.

MIDSHIP, (maître, Fr.) a term of difliinftion, applied by fhipwrights
to feveral pieces of timber which lie in the broadeft part of a vefiTel ; as,

MiDSHip-BEAM, (maitrc-bau, Fr.) the beam upon which the extreme
breadth of a fhip is formed, and which is fituated in the mi dfhif -frame, nearly

5 '"

MID MID

in the middle of her length, ferving as a ftandard from whence the dimen-
fions and proportions of the mails and yards are to be taken.

MinsHip-FRAME, {maitre-couple, Fr.) a name given to that timber, or
combination of pieces, formed into one timber, which determines the ex-
treme breadth of the fhip, as well as the figure and dimenfion of all the
inferior timbers.

In the 8ch page, from the beginning of the article Naval Architecture,
the reader will find a full explanation of what is meant bv a frame of tim-
bers. He will alio perceive the out-lines of all the principal frames, with
their gradual dimenfions, from the midfhip-frame delineated in the plane of
projedtion annexed to that article. As the parts, of which the feveral
frames are compofcd, have the lame relation to each other throughout the
veflel ; and as all the correfponding pieces, without and within thofe
frames, are alfo nearly alike, and fixed in the fame manner, it will be fuf-
ficient for our purpol'e to reprefent the principal, or midfliip-frame, toge-
ther with it's correfponding parts, which are as follow :

Explanation of theMiDSH IP-FRAME, plate VII. whichexhibits a tranfverfe
feJtion of a 74 gun Ihip, at the broadeft part, anfwering to the fame fcale
by which are delineated the head, quarter, and ftern of a fliip, of the fame
fize, in plates IV. VIII. and X. to which the reader is referred.
A the keel, with a the falfe keel beneath it.

B the chocks fixed upon the kclfon, to retain the oppofite pieces of the
riders firmly together.

C one of the beams of the orlop.

D one of the lower-deck beams-, with^thebeamsof the upper-deck.
E the hanging-knees, by which the beams are attached to the timbers.
F the ftandards, which arc fixed above the decks to which they belong.
G the clamps, which fuftain the extremities of the beams.
H the gun-ports of the lower-deck ; with h the ports of the upper-deck.
I, K,L difi-erent pieces oi t hick- fi tiff, placed oppofite to the feveral fcarfs,
or joinings, in the frame of timbers.
M the planks of the deck.
N the water-ways.

O the planks of the cieling, between the feveral ranges of thick-ftufi".
P the Ipirketing.

Q_the main-wale, to fortify the fliip's fide oppofite to the lower-deck.
R the channel-wale, oppofite to the upper-deck.
S the waill-rail.

T the ftring, with the moulding under the gun-wale.
U the floor-timbers, which are laid acrois the keel, and bolted to it.
V the feveral futcocks ; and W the top-timbers, which are all united
into one frame.
X the kcll'on.

MIDSHIPMAN, a fort of naval cadet, appointed by the captain of a
ihip of war, to fécond the orders of the fuperior officers, and alfift in the
neccflary bufincfs of the vellVl, either aboard or afliore.

Cc The

MID MID

The number of midfhipmen, like that offeveral other officers, is always
in proportion to the fize of the (hip to which they belong. Thus a firft-rate
man of war has twenty-four, and the inferior rates a fuitable number in
proportion. No perfon can be appointed lieutenant, without having pre-
vioudy ferved two years in the royal navy in this capacity, or in that of
mate, befides having been at Icaft four years in adtual fervice at fea, either
in merchant-fliips, or in the royal navy.

Midfhipman is accordingly the ftation in which a young volunteer is
trained in the feveral exercifes, necelTary to attain a lufficient knowledge of
the machinery, difcipline, movements, and military operations ot a lliip,
to qualify him for a fea- officer.

As the chief objeft of our attention has been to facilitate the acquifition
of this intelligence, we have endeavoured to treat thofe fubjeds at large, in
the different parts of this work, according to their importance. We have
alfo flcetched the general outlines of the refpeftive charges of all the fuperior
officers, which, in conformity to the plan of this work, become previous
to this article. Thus the duties of the ad.miral, the captain, the lieutenant,
and the mailer, are already explained in their proper places ; and whatever
intelligence appears necefiary to dil'charge thofe offices, is alfo, in a high
degree, eifential to the midihipman. Thofe officers indeed, as well as
many others, are furnifned with fuitable inllruflions to regulate their con-
dud:; but the midffiipman, being invelted v/ith no particular charge from the
government, is by confequence omitted in thofe official regulations. In a
work of this kind, however, the importance of the fubjeàl is not always
determined by the fuperiority of rank or ftation. If our province is to
communicate inftrudion, thofe who are tiie leaft informed arc certainly the
principal objeéts tliereof, and to them our attention is more peculiarly di-
reded. Hence the extent of our defign comprehends many circumilances
which would be immaterial in general orders and regulations -, and hence
abundance of particular ditedions to refpedive officers, inierted in thofe
general regulations, are rejeded here as foreign to our purpoie. Averfe as
we are, on other occafions, to offend the rigid nicety of a critic, by intro-
ducing moral rellcdions, in a performance dedicated to Icientifical defcrip-
tion, we muft for once be indulged widi a fhort deviation from the plan
hitherto invariably followed. Happy ! if our efforts may in any degree
operate to produce the effcds for which they were calculated.

On his firft entrance in a fhip of war, every midfhipman has feveral
difadvantageoiis circumftances to encounter. Thefe are partly occafioned by
the nature of the lea-fervice, and partly by the miftaken prejudices of people
in general, refpeding naval dil'cipline, and the genius of failors and their
officers. Nocharader, in their opinion, is more excellent than that ot the
common fiilor, whom they generally fuppoie to be treated with great fe-
verity by his officer^, drawing a comparilbn between them not very advan-
tageous to the latter. The midihipman ufually comes aboard tindured
with tiu'fe prejudices, efpecially if his education has been amonglt the
higher rank of people; and if the officers h.T.ppe;i to anfwer his opinion, he
cyiiceivci an early difgult to tlie rcivic<\ from a very partial and incom-
petent

MID MID

petent view of it's operations. Blinded by thcle prepofllfilons, he is thrown
off his guard, and very foon llirprized to find, amongft thofe honefl Tailors,
a crew of abandoned milcreants, ripe for any mifchief or villainy. Perhaps,
after a little obfervation, many of them will appear to him equally dellitute
of gratitude, fhame, or juftice, and only deterred from the commifiîon of
any crimes by the terror of fevere punifhment. lie will difcover, that the
pernicious example of a few of the vileft in a fhip of war is too often apt to
poilbn the principles of the greateft number, elpecially if the reins of difci-
pline are too much relaxed, fo as to fofter that idlcnefs and difllpation, which
engender floth, difeafes, and an utter profligacy of manners. If the niidfliip-
man, on many occafions, is obliged to mix with thefe, particularly in the
exercifes of extending or reducing the fails in the tops, he ought reiblutely
to guard againft liiis contagion, with whicli the morals of his inferiors may
be infcded. lie fliould however avail himfclf of their knowledge, and ac-
quire their expertnefs in managing and fixing the fails and rigging, and ne-
ver fuffcr himfelf to be excelled by an inferior. He will probably find a
virtue in almoll: every private failor, which is entirely unknown to many ot
his officers : that virtue is emulation, which lis not indeed mentioned
amonglt their qualities by the gentlemen of terra firm a, by whom their cha-
racters are often copioully defcribed with very little judgment. There is
hardly a common tar who is not envious of fuperior fkill in his fellows, and
jealous on all occafions to be out-done in what he confiders as a branch of
his duty! Nor is he more afraid of the dreadful confequences of whiftling
in a florm, than of being ftigmatized with the opprobrious epithet of lubber.
Fortified againft tlais Icandal, by a thorough knowledge of his bufincfs, the
failor will fometimcs fneer in private, at. the execution of orders, which to
him appear aukward, improper, or unlike a feaman. Nay, he will per-
haps be malicious enough to fupprefs his own judgment, ami by a punctual
obedience to command, execute whatever is to be performed, in a manner
whicli he knows to be improper, in order to expofe the perfon commanding
to difgrace and ridicule. Little fkilled in the method of the fchools, he
confiders the officer who cons his lefibn by rote as very ill qualified for his
ilation, becaufe particular fituations might render it neceflary for the faid
officer to affift at putting his own orders in praftice. An ignorance in this,
practical knowledge will therefore nccefiarily be thought an unpardonable
deficiency by thofc who are to follow his dircélions. Hence the midfliip-
man, who afibciates with-thele iailors in the tops, till he has acquired a
competent fkill in the fervicc of extending or reducing the fails, &c. will
be otten entertained with a number of fcurrilous jells, at the expence of
his fuperiors. Hence alio he will learn, that a timely application to thole
exercifes can only prevent him from appearing in the fame defpicable point
ot view, whicli mull certainly be a cruel mortification to a man of the
iQiallelt feniibility.

It the midfliipman is not employed in thefe fervices, which are un-
doubtedly neceffary to give him a clearer idea of the different parts of his
occupation, a variety of other objei^s prelent themfelvcs to his attention.
Without prefuming to diftate the ftudies which are molt cffcntial to his im-

C c 2 provement.

M I Z M I Z

provement, we could wifh to recommend fuch as are moft fiiitable to the
bent of his inclination. Aftronomy, geometry, and mechanics, which are
in the firft rank of fcience, are the materials which form the fkilful pilot,
and the iiiperior mariner. The theory of navigation is entirely derived from
the two former, and all the machinery and movements of a (hip are founded
upon the latter. The aftion of the wind upon the fails, and the refiftance
of the water at the ftem, naturally diftate an enquiry into the property of
iolids and fluids : and the ftate of the fliip, floating on the water, feems to
direél his application to the fl:udy of hydroftatics and the cfll-fts of gra-
vity, A proficiency in thele branches of fcience will equally enlarge his
views, with regard to the operations of naval war, as direfted by the efforts
of powder, and the knowledge of projeftiles. The moft effcdUial method to
excite his application to thofe ftudics is, perhaps, by looking round the
navy, to obferve the characters of individuals. By this enquiry he will pro-
bably difcover, that the officer, who is eminently fkilled in the fcieiices,
will command univerfal refpeft and approbation ; and that whoever is fa-
tisfied with the defpicable ambition of fliining the hero of an aflembly,
will be the objcci: of univerfal contempt. The attention of the former
will be engaged in thole ftudies, which are highly ufeful to hirnfelf in par-
ticular, and to the fervice in general. The employment of the latter is
to acquire thofe fuperficial accomplifliments, that unbend the mind from
every ufeful fcience, emafculate the judgment, and render the hero infi-
nitely more dextrous at falling into his ftation in the dance, than in the
line of battle.

Unlefs the midlhipman has an unconquerable averfion to the acquifition
of thofe qualifications, which are fo eflcntial to his improvement, he will
very rarely want opportunities of making a progrefs therein. Every ftep
he advances in thofe meritorious employments will facilitate his acceflion
to the next in order. If the dunces, who are his officers or mefs-mates,
are rattling the dice, roaring bad verfes, hiiïing on the flute, or fcraping
difcord from the fiddle, his attention to more noble ftudies will fweeten
the hours of relaxation. He fhould recolleft that no example from fools
ought to influence his conduit, or feduce him from that laudable ambition
which his honour and advantage are equally concerned to purfue.

MIZEN, {artimon, Er. mifana, Ital.) the aftcrmoft or hindmoft of the
fixed fails of a fliip, extended fometimcs by a gaff, and Ibmctimes by a
yivrd which erodes the maft obliquely -, the fore-»nd reaching almoft down
to the deck, and the after-end being peeked up as high above the middle
of the yard, wiiere it is attached to the maft. The figure of the mizen is
accordingly a trapezia, or a parallelogram, one of whole corners is cut off
by a diagonal, extended from one of it's fides to the oppofite corner,
which becomes the peek of the mizen. See the article Sail.

MiZEN-MAST, the mad upon which the mi'/en and it's top-fail and
llay fails are fupported, befides other fails, which are let occafionally, as
Uie driver^ ring tail, &c. See the article Mast.

The

MON MOO

The fhrouds, ftays, and back-llays of this maft, as well as all the run-
ning rigging, together with it's lèverai yards and fails, being defcribed under
the articles Shroud, Stay, Yard, &c. the reader is referred thither fur
the explanations thereof, which are in general applicable alfo to the fame
furniture of both the other mafts.

MOLE, a name given in the Mediterranean to a long pier, or artificial
bulwark of mafonry, extending obliquely acrofs the entrance of a harbour,
in order to break the force of the fea from tlie vefTels which are anchored
within.

Mole is alfo, although improperly, applied to the harbour or liaven,
which is formed by the bulwark above defcribed, which is then denominate!
the mole-head.

MONSOON, a name given to the periodical or trade-winds, which
blow regularly in certain latitudes of the Indian ocean. They continue
five or fix months invariably in one direâiion, and then alter their courfe,
and blow, during an equal fpace of time, from a different point of the
compafs with the fame uniformity,

MOORING, {amarrage, Fr.) the aft of confining and fecuring a fliip
in a particular ftation, by chains or cables, which are either faftcncd to
the adjacent fliore, or to anchors in the bottom.

A (hip may be either moored by the head, {affourcho\ Fr.) or by the
head and jicrn ; that is to fay, (he may be fccured by anchors before her,
without any behind : or ihe may have anchors out, both before and be-
hind her ; or her cables may be attached to pofts, rings, or moorings, which
anfwer the fame purpofe.

When a fhip is moored by the head with her own ancliors, they are dif-
pofed according to the circumftances of the place where flie lies, and the
timefhe is to continue therein. Thus wherever a tide ebbs and flows, it is
ulual to carry one anchor out towards the flood, and another towards the
ebb, particularly where there is little room to range about ; and the anchors
are laid in the fame manner, if the veficl is moored head and-llern in the
fame place. The fituation of the anchors, in a road or bay, is ufually op-
pofed to tile reigning winds, or thofe which arc molt dangerous -, fo tliar
the fhip rides therein with tlie effort of both her cables. Tluis if (lie rides
in a bay, or road, which is cxpofed to a northerly wind and heavy lea from
the fame quarter, the anchors paffing from the oppofite bows ought to lie
call and welt from each other : hence both the cables will retain the Ihip in
her ifation with equal effort againft the a6tion of the wind and fea.

Moorings are ufually an allemblagc of anchors^ cliains, and liidks^
laid athwart tlie bottom of the river, or haven, to ride the Ihipping con-
tained tlierein.

The anchors, employed on this occafion, have r.irely more than one fluke,
which is funk in the river near low-water mark. Two anchors, being,
fixed in this manner, on the oppofite fides of the river, are furniflicd with
a chain, extending acrofs from on;; to the other. In th." middle of the
chain is a large fquare link, whofc lower end terminates in a fwivel, which

lurna.

M O R M O R

turns round in the chain as about an axis, whenever the (hip veers about
with the change of the tide. To this fwivcl-link are attached the bridles,
which are fhort pieces of cable, well ferved, whofe upper ends are drawn
into the (hip, at the mooring-ports, and afterwards faftened to the mails,
or cable-bits.

A great number of moorings, of this fort, are fixed in the royal ports,
or the harbours adjacent to the king's dock-yards, as Deptford, Chat-
ham, Portlmouth, Plymouth, &c.

MORTAR, a piece of artillery, fliorter and wider than the cannon,
and having a chamber different from the fize of it's bore.

Mortars are ufed in the attack of a fortified place, by fea, to difcharge
fhclls or carcafcs amongfl the buildings. The Ihell is a great hollow ball,
filled with powder, which, falling into the works of a fortification. Sec.
deftroys the moft fubftantial buildings by it's weight -, and, burfting afun-
der, creates the greateft dilbrder and mifchicf by it's I'plinters.

The chambers of mortars are extremely difi^erent in their figures, and
each of thofc figures is defended by better or worfe arguments. Thus they
are fpherical, cylindrical, conical, bottled, or concave. In reality, nothing
appears to be lels determined upon true principles or experiments than the
proportions of the lèverai parts of a mortar *.

As the fea- mortars, or thofe which are fixed in the bomb-vefîèls, are
generally fixed at a much greater diftance from the objeft than is ever re-
quired afiiore, they are made fomewhat longer, and much heavier, than
the laud-mortars.

Plate \T. fig. 7. reprefents a fea mortar, the principal parts of which are,
A, the chace; B, the reinforce-, C, the breech-, and D, the trunnions.
The interior part, comprehended between the dotted lines, is called the
bore, wherein the bomb is lodged-, and the inner part of the bore, which
is diminiflied towards the breech, and contains the powder, is termed ti:e
chamber.

Mr. Muller, in his Treatife of Artillery, very juftly obferves, that the
breech of our 13 inch fca-mortars is loaded with an unneccflary weight of
metal. The chamber thereof contains 32 pounds of powder, and at the fame
time they are never charged with more than 12 or 15 pounds, by the moft
expert officers, becaufe the bomb-veflel is unable to bear the violent fliock
of their full charge. Thus the adlion of the powder is diminifhed by the va-
cancy left in the chamber, which is never above half filled. As a charge
of 12 or 15 pounds of powder at moll is therefore fufficient, it is evident-
ly proved, by the theory of powder, tiiat this will produce the greateft
eftedl when difcharged from a mortar with a cylindrical chamber, repreient-
ed by fig. 8. He alfo proves, by a variety of experiments made by Captain
Delaguliers and himfelf, that the conical chamber, now uied, is confider-
ably inferior to the cylindrical one with the laft charge of powder.

To facilitate the ul'e of the mortar, it is placed in a fol id carriage of tim-

• Mullej-'s Artillery.

ber.

. M O R M O R

ber, called the bed, Vvhofe different parts are ftrongly bolted together. By
means of this it is firmly fecured in it's fitiiation, lb that the explofion of
the powder may not alter it's direftion. In the middle of the upper fide
of this carriage, plate VI. fig. 9. are two femi-circular notches, to receive
the trunnions -, over thefe are fixed two very ftrong bands of iron, called
the cap-fquares, a, the middle of which is bent into a fcmi-circlc, to em-
brace the trunnions, and keep them faft in the mortar-bed. The cap-
fquarcs are confined to the timber-work by ftrong pins of iron, called the
eye-bolts, b, into whofe upper ends are driven the keys, chained beneath
them. On the fore-part of the bed a piece of timber is placed tranfverfely,
upon which refts the belly of the mortar, or that part which contains the
chamber. The elevation of this piece, which is called the bed-bolfter,
is reprefented by fig. 13. and the plan by fig. 12. it is ufed to elevate and
fupport the mortar whilft firing.

Thefe beds are placed upon very ftrong frames of timber, which are
fixed in the bomb-ketch, and reprefented in fig. 5 and 10. plate VII. the
former of which exhibits the tranlVerfe fcftion of a bomb-vefltl, with the
mortar fixed in it's pla e, at an elevation ot forty-five degrees. See Range.
They are fecurely attached to the frames, by means of a llrong bolt of iron,
fig. 15. plate VI. called the pintle, paiïing perpendicularlv through both,
and afterwards through one of the beams of the veflcl. Thus thr jiintle,
which pafles through the hole in the center of the plan, fig. 10. ferves as
an axis to the bed ; fo that the mortar may be turned about horizontally
as occafion requires.

Plate VI. fig. 9. reprefcnts the elevation of the bed of a io inch fea-
mortar-, fig. 10. is the plan, and 11. the front view thereof -, fig. 12. ex-
hibits the plan, and fig. 13. the elevation of the bed-bol!ler.

We have already oblerved, that the lliell is a great hollow ball, charged
with powder. Fig. 16. is a perfpedive view of it, and fig. 17. a feftion
of it, whereby the thicknefs is exhibited. The parts a and Z» of the fliell
are it's handles, by which it is lifted up or removed ; and c is the fufe-
hole, or aperture, through which the powder is poured in to charge it.

It appears, by fig. 17. that the lov^cr part of the fliell is thickeft, by-
wliich it becomes heavier on that fide, and accordingly falls thereon, and
never on the fufe. It is alfo tlie better enabled thereby to refill the im-
prefîîon of the powder, by which it is difciiarged from the mortnr. Both
of thefe rcafons, however, Mr. Mullet conceives to be immaterial, be-
caufc nothing but an abfolute (toppagc of the air can exhaull the fufes, as
their compofition enables them to burn in water, as well as air or earth ;
and the explofion of the mortar would not, in his opinion, be able to
break them, if they are equally thick every where. Tlie inoft proper
quantity of powder to charge a Ihell is probably two thirds of the weight
which would fill the cavity.

The fufe of it is reprefented by c d, fig. 17. Tiiis is generally a coni-
cal tube, formed of beech, willow, or fome dry wood, and filkd with a
«ouipofition of fulphur, fak-pctre, and mealed-powder.. The fliell being,

6 chargeu,,

M O R M O R

charged, this fiife is infcrted in the cavity through the fufe-hole -, and,
when fired, communicates the fire to the powder in the iliell.

The fuies are charged with great care, that nothing may prevent them
from communicating the fire to the powder in the center of the bomb.
They are driven into it fo as that only about an inch and a half comes out
beyond the fufe hole ; and then the ihell is laid to be fixed.

Thcl'e fufcs are alfo ciiarged long before there is occafion to ufe them ;
and that the compofition with which they are filled may not fall out, or be
damaged by growing damp, the two ends are covered with a compofition
of tallow, mixed either with pitch or bees wax. When tiie fufe is to be
put into the (hell, the little end is opened or cut off; but the great end is
never opened till the mortar is to be fired*.

When the proper quantity of powder, neceflary to charge the mortar, is
put into the chamber, it is covered with a wad, well beat down witli the
rammer. After this the fixed fliell is placed upon the wad, as near the
middle of the mortar as polîible, with the fufe-hole uppermofl, and ano-
ther wad prefled down clofe upon it, fo as to keep the fhell firm in it's po-
fition. The officer than points the mortar, or gives it the inclination ne-
ceflary to throw the fhell to the place defigned. When the mortar is thus
fixed, the fufe is opened-, the priming-iron is alfo thruft into the touch-
hole of the mortar to clear it, after which it is primed with the finefl: pow-
der. This done, two of the matrofles, or failors, taking each one of the
matches, the firli lights the fufe, and the other fires the mortar. The
fhell thrown out by the explofion of the powder, is thrown to the place
intended -, and the fufe, which ought to be exhaufted at the inftant of the
fhell's falling, inflames the powder contained therein, and burfts it into
fplinters ; which, flying off" circularly, occafion incredible mifchief where-
loever they reach.

Necejfary orders before a bombardment by fea.
When any fixed fliells are iflued from the tenders, the artillery people on
board are immediately to fix others in their room, and are always to keep -
in their tenders the fame number they had at firft.

* Lc Blond's Elements of War.

Extras of a Utter from the commanding-officer of the artillery at Gibraltar, May 10, I 756.

" Happening to mention, before the governor and commodore Edgecumbe, that, in cafe
" of Gibraltar being attacked by fea, howitzers would be of great fervice, as I did not
" imagine any fhip's lidc proof againft a 10 inch iliell, fired point-blank, or at a fmall ele-
" vation, with a full charge of powder ; which being thought impoflible by moll prefent,
" it was agreed to try the experiment: accordingly a target, of about 6 feet fquare, of an
" equal ihength and reuflance with the ftrongell part of our largefl men of w.ar's fides,
" was made, and wasjull 3 feet thick of folid fir timber : we fired at it out of a fea-fervice
" 10 inch howitzer, at 1 30 yards diflance, and with 10 lb. of powder.

" The firft Ihell juft touched the top of the objei5l, and lodged in the bank of fand be-
" hind it; the fécond grazed fhort three yards, and went through the lower corner of the
" object; but the third (hell gave full fatisfaftion, going through the very center oï the
•" objett, and entering 5 feet into a folid bank of fand behind it."

The
6

M O R M O R

The fhells are to be fixed in the boat appointed to carry them, provided
the weather permits ; otherwife, in the lat'eft place on deck, and to be kiudy
or lowered down into a ipare rack, which mufl: be in each boat for that
purpofe. While the fhells are fixing, the powder-room is to be fhut, the
hatches laid and well fecured againlt fire, and the place where they are
fixed is to be well watered.

The fliells being carefully examined in order that nofpike is left therein,
by which the fiife may be fplit, the fiifes are to be cut the full length, and
to be fct home into thefliell very ftrongly.

No fliells, fixed during the fervice, are to be kited -, but if any lliould
be left, when the fervice is over, they are immediately to be kited.

The powder in the bomb-veffels is to be ufed firft; and none to be opened
or meaiured out, except in the captain's cabin, the door of which is to be
kept fhut during the whole time, and covered with tanned hides, to make
it as fecure as polfible.

The fixed Ihclls in the boats are to be likewife covered from fire or wee
with hair-cloth and tanned hides with the utmofl care.

If the fervice is carried on at night, all tlie powder is to be ready meafured
out in cartridges, which may be kept in the powder-magazine and captain's
cabin, in the empty powder-barrels and powder-bags ; and all the fliells
requifite are to be ready. The tin tubes, one powder-horn, and the port-
fires, alfo the punches and bits for the vents, are to be kept in the captain's
cabin.

No fire or light, except match and port-fires, to be on board either bomb-
vefiel or tender during the fervice.

The captain's cabin and the pafTage toit, alfo the way to the magazine
and decks, are to be conllantly watered.

The fpunges for the mortars are to be all examined and tried, and if too
large, they are to be cut I'o as to enter eafdy.

Tlie vents of the mortars are to be examined, and the punches and tubes
tried in them.

_ A laboratory-( hefl is to be on board each bomb-velTel, in the captain's
cabin, in which all the fmall (tores are to be kept.

Two tubs of water are to be on deck, for the lightefl: port- fires and match,
which mull be conflantly held in them till ordered to fire.

Two careful men are alfo to be appointed for this fervice, who are to do
nothing elfe on any account.

Two careful men of the artill(;ry are to be left on board each tender, for
the filling and fixing of ilie Ihtlls.

Application muR" be made to the admiral for two men of war's boats to
attend on each bomb-ketch and tender, for carrying fliells and fliores. One
of thefe is to be loaded with fixed fhells, which, when fent to the bomb-vclleJ,
mufi: remain with her until they are all taken out, which fhould be only as
they are wanted for loading the mortars -, it is then to return to the tender.
The other boat, inean while, will be receiving more fixed OkIIs, and on the
fignal given from the bomb-ketch for more fhells, muft immediately repair
to her with them.

D d A gang

M O R

MOU

A gang of warrant-officers, and eight feamen, are to be at each mortar,
to give whatever affiftance may be required.

A gang from the navy, with a careful warrant-officer, and a non-com-
miffioned officer of the artillery, are to have the charge between decks on
board each bomb-vefTel and tender, to get up the fixed (hells that are in the
rack ; and a careful perfon is to remain conilantly at the powder-room
door, which mull be kept ffiut as much as pofliblc.

When any powder is wanted from the tender for loading the mortar, it
fhould be meafured out in the tender, and the proper charge put into paper
cartridges, upon which fhould be written the quantity, and the mortar for
which it is allotted.

If the fervice of mortars fliould render it neceflary to ufe pound-fliots,
200 of them, with a wooden bottom, are to be put into the 13 inch mortar,
and a quantity of powder, not exceeding five pounds-, and 100 of the
above fliot, with 2ilb. of powder, for the 10 inch mortar, or 3 lb. at moft.

One inch of fufe burns 4 féconds and 48 parts.

Weight of the fea-mortars and fliells, as alfo of their full charges.

I Powder contained
Natureofthe mortar. in the chamber
when full.

Weight of the

Weight of the
lhe:l when
fixed.

Wcign. cf ^Ov'.djr
contained in the
ftiell.

10 inch howitzer
13 inch mortar
10 inch mortar

lb.

30
12

oz.
o
o
o

?!•

Cwt.

qu. lb.

2 26

2 I

2 1 1

lb.

198
93

lb.

oz.

The howitzer, fig. 18. is a fort of mortar, which is to be fixed horizontally
like a cannon ; and has, like the cannon, a wheel-carriage. Thefe pieces,
however, are very rarely ufed in the fea-fervice.

For an account of ti\e elevation of the mortar, and flight of fhells ac-
cording to the different charges of powder, the reader is referred to the arti-
cle Range.

MOULD, (devers^ Fr.) a thin flexible piece of timber, ufed by fhip-
wrights, as a pattern whereby to form the different curves of the timbers,
and other compâjjing pieces, in a fliip's frame. There are two forts of thefe,
namely, the bend-mould and hollow-mould : the former of thefe deter-
mines the convexity of the timbers, and the latter, their concavity on the
outfide, where they approach the keel, particularly towards the extremities
of the veflel. The figure, given to the timbers by this pattern, is called
their /revelling. See that article.

MOUNTED, (monté, Fr.) the ftate of being armed or equipped with
a certain number of cannon ; exprelled of a vefTel of war.

MOUSE, (ftifée, Fr.) a fort of knob, ufually in the fliape of a pear,
wrought on the outfide of a rope, by means of fpun-yarn, parceling, &c.
as defcribed in the article puddening. It is ufed to confine Ibme other fe-
curely to the former, and prevent it from Aiding along it's furface.

6 Thefe

'MOU MUS

Thefe moufes are particularly ufed on the ftays of the lower-maft, to
prevent the eye fro'm flipping up to the maft ; a circumftance which would
render it extremely difficult to remove the ftay from the maft-head, when
necefTary.

MOUSING a hook, the operation of faftening a fmall cord or line, acrofs
the upper-part, from the point to the back thereof, in order to prevent it
from unhooking by the motion of the vefTel, or otherwife.

MUSTERING, (moujlereti, Dutch) the aft of calling over a lift of the
whole fhip's company, or any particular detachment thereof, who are ac-
cordingly fummoned to anfwer by their names on the occafion.

Pd 2 K.

N A r N A V

NAVAL, of or belonging to a fliip, or to the royal navy. Hence we
fay, naval-ftores, naval-ofiicers, &c.

NAVFl-LINE, a fore of fmall tackle, depending from the head of the
niain-maft and fore-mail, and fattened to the middle ot Û\<i panel immediately
behind the maft, and communicating with the jears, It is ufcd to keep the
parrel direftly oppofjte to the yard, and particularly whilft hoifting or lower-
ing, as it would otherwife hang under the yard, and prevent it from being
fufficiently braced.

NAVIGATION, (navigation, Fr.) the art of direfting the movements
of a fhip by tlie action of the wind upon the fails. See the article Sailing,

Navigation is then applied, with equal propriety, to the arrangement of
the fails, according to the ftaleof the wind ; and to the directing and mea-
furing a fhip's courfe by the laws of geometry ; or it may comprehend both,
being then confidcred as the theory and pradice thereof.

Since every lca~oftîcer is prefumed to be furniflied with books of naviga-
tion, in which that fcience is copioufly defcribed, it would be fuperfluous to
enter into a particular detail of it in this place. As it would alfo be a fruit-
Ids tafk to thofe who are entirely ignorant of the rules of trigonometry,
and thofe who are verfed in that fcience generally undcrftand the princi-
ples of navigation already, it appears not to come within the limits of our
defign. It iuffices to fay, that the courfe of a fhiip, and the diftance flie
has run thereon, are meafured by the angles and fides of a right-angled
plain triangle, in which the hypotnenufe is converted into the diftance ; the
perpendicular, into the difference of latitude \ the bafe, into the departure
irom the meridian j the angle, formed by the perpendicular and hypotnenufe,
into the courfe-, and the oppofite angle, contained between the hypothenufe
and bafe, into it's complement of the courfe.

The courfe of the fhip is determined by the cempafs \ and the log-line., or
a folar obfervation, afcertains the diftance. Hence the hypothenufe and
angles are given, to find the bafe and perpendicular: a problem well known

in trigonometry.

That part of navigation, which regards the piloting or condufting a fliip
along the fea-coaft, can only be acc]uired by a thorough knowledge of that
particular coaft, after repeated voyages. The moft neceffary articles thereof
are already defcribed in the article Coasting : it is fufiicient to obferve, that
iht bearings and diftances from various parts of the flîore are ge.aerally afcer-

tained

N A., V • NIP

tained in the night, cither by light-houfes, or by the different depths of the
water, and the various forts of ground at the bottom ; as fliclls of different
fizes and colours, fand, gravel, clay, ftones, ooze, or ffiingle. In the day
the fliip's place is known by the appearance of the land, which is fct by the
compafs, whilR" the diftance is eftimated by the maffer or pilot.

NAVY (from navis, Lat.) implies, in general, any fleet or affembly of
fliips. It is, however, more particularly underllooa of the fleet of veffels
of war, that belong to a kingdom or ftate, to be em])loycd either in aflault-
ing and deff:roying it's enemies, or protecting it's commerce, and defending
it's coafts againft hollilicies or invafion.

The navy of Great-Britain, together with it's civil and military depart-
ments, is governed by the lord high-admiral, or the lords commiffioners
for executing this office. It is divideci into fcveral clafles, or orders, in
proportion to the fize of the lliips, &c. See the article Rate.

If the only objeiSts to be confidcred in the didribution of the navy, into
different rates, were to improve fliip-building, and facilitate the operations
of the marine, it might apj^ear expedient to multiply the rates, much be-
yond their prefcnt number, which would oblige the Oiipwrights to Itudy
the principles of their art with more diligence and application. But
the fimplicity of the fervice in our dock-yards, and the views of oecono-
<iiy, which ought never to be negleded when they regard important ob-
jcfts, has rendered it convenient to arrange tlie malls, the yards, the fails,
the rigging, and artillery, into fix rates ; which, befides that of floops of .
war, anfwcrs all the purpofes of the navy. See Dock-Yards,

Nayv is alfo the colleéiive body of officers employed in his majefly's feu- ^
fervice.

NEAPED, (from nepflod. Sax.) the fituation of a fliip which is left
aground on the heighth of a fpring-tide, lb that flic cannot be floated off"
till the return of the next fpring. See Tide.
NEEDLE. See the article CoMi'ASs.

NETTING, a fort of fence, formed of an afl'eiTiblage of ropes, faftened
acrofs each other, fo as to leave uniform intervals between. Thefe are ufual-
ly llretchcd along the upper-part of a fliip's quarter, and fecured in this
pofition by mils and JianihioHS. See Q^'akter.

NIPPl'.RS, (giircettes de tournevire, Fr.) certain pieces of flat braided
cordage, ufed to faften the cable to the voyal in a ffiip of war, when the
former is drawn into the fliip by mechanical powers applied to the latter.

Thefe nippers are ufually fix or eight feet in length, according to the fize
of the cable-, and five or fix of them are commonly fallened about the
cable and voyal at once, in order to be heaved in by the capffern. Thofe
which are furtheff: afc are always taken off", as the cable approaches the main
hatchv;ayi and others are at the fame time faltened on, in the fore-part
of the Ihip, to fupply their places. The perlons einployed to bind the
nippers about the cable and voyal, are called nipper-men : tliey are aliiflred
in this office by the boys of the Oiip, wlio always I'upply them with nippers,
<j and

NIT NUT

and receive the ends of thofe which are faftencd, to walk, ^û with them, and
take them off at the proper place, in order to return them to the nipper-men.

KITTLES. See Knittles.

NO NEARER ! (arrive! Fr.) the command given by the pilot or quar- •
ter-mafter, to the helmfman, to Iteer the fhip no higher to the diredtion of
the wind than tiic fails will operate to advance the Ihip in her coiirfe. It
is often abbreviated into no near, and fometimes into }iear ; and is ge-
nerally applied when the fails fhake in the wind. See Shivering.

NO MAN'S LAND, (St.Auhinet, Fr.) a fpace between the after-part
of the belfrey and the fore-part of a fhip's boat, when the laid boat is
itowed upon the booms, as in a deep-waijled veflel. Thefe booms are laid
trom the forecaftle nearly to the quarter-deck, where their after-ends are
ufiially fuftained by a frame called the gallows, which confifts of two ftrong
pofts, about fix feet high, with a croîs piece, reaching from one to the
other, athivnrt-fiips^ and ferving to fupport the ends of thole booms, mafts,
and yards, which lie in referve to fupply the place of others carried away,
&c. The fpace called No man's /and is ufed to contain any blocks, ropes,
tackles, &c. which may be neceflary on the forecaftle. It probably de-
rives this name from it's fituation, as being neither on the ftarboard nor
larboard fide of the fhip, nor on the waiji or forecajile ; but, being fituated
in the middle, partakes equally of all thofe places.

NORMAN, a name given to a (hort wooden bar, thruft into one of the
holes of the windlafs in a merchant-fliip, whereon to faften the cable. It
is only ufed when there is very little ftrain on the cable, as in a commo-
dious harbour, when the fhip is well Iheltered from the wind and tide.

NUTS of the anchor, two little prominencies, appearing like fhort fquare
bars of iron, fixed acrofs the upper part of the anchor-fliank, to fecure the
ftock thereof in it's place -, for which purpofe there is a corrrefponding
notch, or channel, cut in the oppofite parts of the ftock, of the fame di-
menfions with the nuts. See the article Anchor.

OAK OFF

OAKHAM, or OAKUM, the fubftance into which old ropes are re-
duced, when they are untwilled, loolened, and drawn afunder. It is
principally ufed to drive into the feams, or intervals, between the planks
of a fhip, to prevent the water from entering. See the article Caulking.

IFhite Oakum, is that which is formed of untarred ropes.

OAR, (mmey Fr. are. Sax.) a long piece of timber, flat at one end,
and round or fquare at the other, and which being applied to the fide of a
floating-veflTcl, lerves to make it advance upon the water.

That part of the oar which is out of the veflel, and which enters into
the water, is called the blade, or wafh, plat; and that which is within-
board, is termed the loom, whofe extremity, manche, being fmall enough to
be grafped by the rowers, or perfons managing the oars, is called the handle.

'I'o pufh the boat or veflel forwards, by means of this inflrumcnt, the
rowers turn their backs fcrtvard, and, dipping the blade of the oar in the
water, pull the handle forward lo that the blade at the fame time may move
aft in the water: But fmce the blade cannot be fo inoved, without llriking the
water, this impulfion is the fame, as if the water were to ftrike the blade
from the ftern towards the head : the veflel is therefore neccflarily moved
according to this direftion. Hence it follows, that Oie will advance with the
greater rapidity, by as much as the oar flrikes the water more forcibly.
Thus it is evident, that an oar adts upon the fide of a boat or veflel like a
lever of the fécond clafs, whofe fulcrum is the fl:ation, upon which the oar
refts on the boat's gunnel. In large veflTcls, this ftation is ukially called the
rcw-port ; but in lighters and boats it is always termed the row-lock.

lopip the Oars, (armer les avirons^ Fr.) is to fix them in the row-locks
ready for rowing.

OBSERVATION, the art of meafuring the altitude of the fun or a ftar,
in order to determine the latitude, or the fun's azimuth, &c.

OFF, an expreflion applied to the movement of a fliip, when fhe fails
out from the fliore towards the diitant fea. When a fliip is beating to
windward, fo that by one board file approaches towards the fliore, and by
the other i'ails out to fea-ward, flie is faid to lland of}" and on fhore, alter-
nately. Hence,

Offing, (largue, dehors, Fr.) implies out at fea-, or at a competent
diftance from the lliore, and generally out of anchor-ground.

Offward, the fituation of a fliip which lies aground, and leans off
from the Ihorc.

OKER,

O K E O V E

OKF.R, a fort of rrd chalk iifcd by fhipwrights to mark timber, in
Iiewino; and foriTiiniJ it.

OLliRON, a name given to a code of general rules relating to naval
affairs, and formed by Richard I. wlien he was at the ifland of Oleron.
Ihefe have been frequently eileemed the moft excellent fea laws in the
uorld ; and are ftill preferved in the black book of the admiralty.

OPEN, (debcudc, Fr.) the lituation of a place which is cxpoled to the
wind and fea, with little or no flielter for Hiipping to anchor therein.

Open, (ouvert, Fr.) is alfo expreffed of any diftant objeél, to which the
fight or paffage is not intercepted by fomething lying, or coming between.
Thus, to be open with any place, is to be oppofite to it ; as the entry of
a port, road, or haven.

OPENING, a paffage, or ftreight, between two adjacent coafts or iflands.
ORDINARY, (gardiens, Fr.) the eftablifhment of the perlons employed
by the government to take charge of the (hips of war, which are h.id-up in
the feveral harbours adjacent to the royal dock-yards. Thefe are princi-
pally compofed of the warrant-officers of the faid fhips, as the gunner,
boatfwain, carpenter, deputy-purfer and cook, and their fervants. 'Inhere
is befides a crew of labourers enrolled in the lift of the ordinary, who pafs
from fhip to fhip occafionally to pump, moor, remove, or clean them,
whenever it is neceffary.

The term crdinary is alfo applied, fometimes, to the fhips themfelves -, it
is likewife ufcd to diftinguifh the inferior failors from the moft expert and di-
ligent. Thus the latter are rated able on the navy-books, and have i /. 4.?.
per month ; whereas thofe who are rated ordinary, liave only ic)j. per month.
ORLOP, (over-loop, Dutch, fauxpont, Fr.) a platform of planks laid
over the beams, in the hold of a fhip of war, whereon the cables are ufual-
\y coiled, and the feveral officers ftore-rooms contained.

OVEK-BOARD, the ftate of being thrown out of a ftiip or boat, into
the water whereon fhe fwims : alfo the aft of falling from fuch a veftel into
the fea, &c. as, the fhip fprung a leak, and obliged us to throw the guns
over-board -, a heavy fea broke over the deck, and carried two of our men
over-board.

OVER-CAST-STAFF, (trchiichet, Fr.) a Icalc, or mcafure, employed
by fhipwrights to determine the difference between the curves of thofe //>«-
^tfrj which are placed near thcgreateft breadth, and thofe which are fituated
near the extremities of the keel, where the floor rifes and grows narrower.

OVER-HAULING, (parcourir, Fr.) the adt of opening and extending
the feveral parts of a tackle, or other afleniblage of ropes, communicating
with blocks or dead-eyes. It is ufed to remove thofe blocks to a fufficient
diftance from each other, that they may be again placed in a ftate of aftion,
fo as to produce the effcft required. See the article Tackle.

Over-hauling, is alfo vulgarly exprefled of an examination or infpec-
tion into the condition of a perfon or thing.

OVER-MASTED, the ftate of a Ihip, whofe mafts are too high, or
too heavy^ for the weight of her hull to counter-balance.

OVER.

O V E OWN

OVER-SETTING, (chavirer, Fr.) the aft of turning any thing iipfide-
down ; alfo the movement of a fliip when flic over-turns, faire-capot, (o
that the keel becomes above the water, and the mafts under the furface.

OUT, (dehors, FrJ an exprefTion frequently ufed at fea, implying the
ficuation of the fails wlien they are fet, or extended, to alTift the fhip's
courfc ; as oppofed to in ; which is alfo applied, in the contrary fcnfe, to
fignify that fuch fails are furled.

OUT-FIT, is generally ufed to fignify the cxpcnces of equipping a fliip
for a fea-voyage -, or of arming her for war, or both together. See Fitting-
out.

OUT OF TR.IM, (ctidormi, Fr.) the (late of a Ihip when flie is not pro-
perly balanced for the purpofcs of navigation -, which is either occafioned
by the fize, or pofition of her mafls and fails j or by the comparative
quantity, or arrangement of her cargo and ballafl: in the hold.

OUT-RIGGER, a ftrong beam of timber, of which there are fevcral
fixed on the fide of a fliip, and proie6ling from it, in order to fecure the
mafls in the adt of careening. See that article.

The outer ends of tb.efe beams arc firmly lafhed to a bolt in the fliip's
fide beneath, by which they are enabled to fupport the mad, by counter-
afting the drain it fuffers from the effort of the careening tackles ; which
being applied in the maft-head draws it downwards, fo as to aft upon the
vefTel with the power of a lever, whofe fulcrum is in her center of gra-
vity.

OuT-RicGER is alfo a Imall boom, occafionally ufed in the tops to thrufl
out the breafl-back-flays to windward, in order to increafe their tenfion,
and thereby give additional fecurity to the top-maft.

This boom is ufually furnifhed with a tackle at it's inner-end, commu-
nicating with one of tlie top-maft-flirouds ; and has a notch on the outer
end to contain the back-flay, and keep it fleady therein. As foon as the
back-flay is drawn tight, by means or it's tackle in the chains, the out-
rigger is applied aloft, which forces it out to windward, beyond the circle
of the top, lb as to increafe the angle which the maft makes with the back-
flay, and accordingly enable the latter the better to fupport the former.

This machine is fometimes applied without any tackle -, it is then thrufl
out to it's ufual diflance beyond the top-rim, where it is fecurely faften-
ed ; after which the back-ftay is placed in the notch, and extended below.

OWNER, the proprietor of a fhip, by whom Ihe is freighted to the
merchant for a fea-voyage.

Ee P.

PAC PAR

PACKET, or PACKET-BOAT, Cpaquet, Fr.) a vc^el appointed by
the government to carry the mail of letters, packets, and exprefies
from one kingdom to another by fea, in the moft expeditious manner.
Thus the packet-boats, under the diredlion of the poft-mafter-general of
Great Britain, carry the mails from Dover to Calais, from Falmouth to
Lifbon, from Harwich to Helvoctfluys, and from Parkgate to Dublin.

PADDLE, (pagaie, Fr. pattal, Welili) a fort of oar ufed by the favages
of Africa and America to navigate their canoes. It is much fhortcr and
broader in the blade than the oars of a boat, and is equally employed in
rowing and fteering. See the article Canoe.

PAINTER, cableau, Fr. (probably from bindar. Sax. to bind) a rope
employed to fallen a boat either along-fide of the fhip to which fhe belongs,
or to fome wharf, key, &c. as occaiion requires.

PALM, (paume!, Fr.) an implement uled inftead of a thimble in the
exercife of making and mending fails. It is formed ot a piece of leather
or canvas, on the middle of which is fixed a round plate of iron, of an
inch in diameter, whofe furface is pierced with a number of fmall holes,
to catch the head of the fail-needle. The leather is formed fo as to encir-
cle the hand, and button on the back thereof, while the iron remains in
the palm -, fo that the whole ftrength of the hand may be exerted to thruft
the needle through the canvas, when it is ftiff and difficult to be penetrated
in fewing.

PANCH, a fort of thick and ftrong mat, or texture, formed by inter-
weaving twifts of rope-yarn as clofc as pofl'iblc. It is chiefly ufed to faftcn
on the outfide of the yards, or rigging, to prevent their furfaces from being
rubbed by the fridion of fome other contiguous objeft. particularly when
the veflel is rocked by a tempeftuous fea. See alfo Mat.

PARBUCKLE, a contrivance ufed by fa'lors to lower a cafk or bale
from any heighth, as the top of a wharf or key, into a boat or lighter, which
lies along-fide, being chiefly employed where there is no crane or tackle.

It is fortned by fartcning the bight oi a rope to a poll', or ring, upon the
wharf, and thence palling the two parts ot the rope under the two quarters
of thecallc,and bringing them back again over it; fo that when the two lower
parts remain firmly attaclied to the poll, the two upper parts are gradually
flackcned together, and the barrel, or bale, fufi'ered to roll eafily downward
to that place where it is received below. This method is alio frequently

ufed

PAR PAR

nfed by mafons, in lifting up or letting down large ftone?, when they arc
employed in building ; and from tliem it has probably been adopted by
Teamen.

PARCELING, certain long narrow flips of canvas, daubed with tar,
and frequently bound about a rope, in the lame manner as bandages are
applied to a broken limb in furgery.

This is chiefly praflifed when the faid rope is intended to be ferved,
at which time the parceling is laid in fpiral turns, as fmoothly upon the
furface as pofllble, that the rope may not become uneven and full of
ridges. It is alfo employed to raifc the monfes^ which are formed on the
Jlays and on the voyal^ being firmly fallened by rnarHng it from one end to
the other.

Parcelinc a femi, is laying a flared of canvas upon it, and daubing it
over with melted pitcli, both above and below the canvas.

PARLIAMENT-HEEL, the fituation of a fhip, when flie is made to
ftoop a little to one fide, fo as to clean the upper part of her bottom on
the other fide, and cover it with a new compofition ; and afterwards to per-
form the fame office on that part of the bottom which was firft immerfed.
The application of a new compofition, or coat of fi:uff, on this occafion, is
called boot-topping. See that article.

PARREL, {racage, Fr. probably from parallel) a macliine ufed to
fallen the fail-yards of a fliip to the mafts, in fuch a manner as that they
may be eafily hoirted and lowered thereon, as occafion requires.

There are four different forts of parrels, one of which is formed of a
fingle rope-, another, of a rope communicating with an afl"emblage oi ribs
and trucks -, a third, of a rope pafTing through lèverai trucks, without
any ribs ; and the fourth, of a /;/(/}, by whicli the yard may be at any time
llackened from the mail:, or confined thereto as clofe as poffible.

The firfl: of thefe, which is alfo the fimpleft, is formed of a piece of rope,
well covered with leather, or fpun-yarn, and furniflied with an eye at each
end. The middle of it being pafl^ed round the middle of the yard, both
parts of it are faftened together on the after-fide of the yard, and the two
ends, which are equally long, are paflTcd round the after-part of the mad ;
and one of them being brouglit under, and the other over the yard, the
two eyes arc lafhed together with a piece of fpun-yarn on the fore-fide
thereof, whilft another lafliing is employed to bind them together, behind
the mall, according to the inanner defcribed in the article Marling.

The fécond and moft complicated is compoled of ribs and trucks, the
former of which are long Hat pieces of wood, having two holes near their
ends, bigots, as reprelented by fig. rt. plate VIII. the latter, pommes, are
fmall globular pieces, />, with a hole through the middle, of the fame fize
with tnofe of the ribs. Between every two ribs are placed two trucks, of
which one is oppofite to the upper hole, and tiie other to the losver holes of
both ribs -, lb that the parrel-rope, bâtard, which pafll'S through the whole,
unices them together like a ftring of beads.

Le 2 In

PAR PAS

In order to iaflen this machine i: more conveniently about the maft and
yard, fo as to attach the latter to the former, the parrel-rope is formed of
two pieces, each of which are furnifli'.'d with an eye at one end, and both
eyes lie on one fide of the maft -, tiuit is to fay, one piece of the rope paflcs
through the lower part of the parrel, and thence under ihe yard, whilft the
other comes through the upper part of the parrel and over the yard, till
both eyes meet on the fore-fide of the yard, where they àxe joined together.
The other two ends of the parrel-rope are paflcd about the yard, and the
hind part of the parrel alternately, till the latter is fufficiently fecured to the
former. The whole proccfs is completed by marling the turns of the parrel-
rope together, fo as to confine them clofe in the cavity, formed on the
back of the ribs, as exprefled in the figure.

The third is nothing more than a fingle rope, with any number of trucks
thereon, fufficient to embrace the maft. Thele are calculated for the cheeks
of a guff. See that article.

The laft, Vv'hich are known by the name of trufs-parrels, are fomewhat
refembling the firft, only that inftead of being faftened by lafhings, the
ropes, of which they are compofed, communicate with tackles reaching to
the deck, fo that the parrel may be occafionally flackened or ftraitened, in
order to let tlie yard move off from the maft, or confine it thereto as ftriift-
ly as pollible. Tiie laft of thefe are peculiar to the lower-yards, whereon
they are extremely convenient. The fécond are always ufed for the top-
fail-yards, and frequently for the lower-yards, in merchant-lhips -, and the
firft are feldom employed but for the top-gallant-yards.

PARSLING. See Parceling.

PARTING, (demurrer, Fr.) the ftate of being driven from the anchors ;
exprefied of a fliip, when flie has broke her cable by the violence of the
wind, waves, or current, or all of them together.

PARTNERS, (ctambraics, Fr.) certain pieces of plank nailed round the
feveral yc7.'//A'j, or holes, in a fiiip's deck, wherein are contained the mafts
and capfterns. They are ufed to ftrengthen the deck where it is weakened
by thofe breaches, but particularly to fupport it when the maft leans
againft ic ; as impreffed by a weight of fail, or when the capftern bears
forcibly upon it whilft charged with a great efibrt.

Partners is alfo a name given occafionally to the fcuttles themfelves,
wherein the mafts and capftern are fixed.

PASS, or PASSPORT, a permifTion granted by any ftate to navigate
5n fomc particular fea, without hindrance or moleftation from it. It con-
tains the name of the vcfiel, and that of the mafter, together with her ton-
nage, and the number of her crew, certifying that fiie belongs to the fub-
iefts of a particular ftate, and requiring all perfons, at peace with that
ilate, to fuffer her to proceed on her voyage without interruption.

PASSAGE, (traversée, Fr.) a voyage from one place to another by
fea-, an outward or homeward-bound voyage.

Passage -BOAT, (barquette, barquerole, Fr.) a ferry-boat, or one to carry
paffengers or kigo-age by water, from one port to another.

^ ' ^ PASSAREE,

PAU PEN

PASSAREE, a rope uied to faften the main-tack down to the fliip's
fide, a little behind the ches-tree. This contrivance however is very rare-
ly ufed, and never but in light breezes of wind.

PAUL, (elinguet, épaule, Fr.) a certain fhort bar of wood, or iron, fixed

dole to the capjleni, or icindUifs of a fhip, to prevent thofe engines from

rolling back, or giving way, when they are employed to heave- in the cable,

or otherwife charged with any great effort. See Capstern and Windlass.

PAUNCH. See Panch.

To PAY, (cfpûhncr, Fr.) as a naval term, implies to daub or anoint the
furface of any body, in order to preferve it from the injuries of the water,
weather, &c.

Thus tiie bottom of a fhip is paid with a compofition of tallow, fulphur,
refin, &c. as defcribed in the article Breaming.

The fides of a fliip are uliially p.iid wiih tar, turpentine, or refin -, or by a
compofition of tar and oil, to wliicii is fometimes added red oker, ike. to
protcifl the planks thereof from being fplit by the fun or wind. The lower-
inafts are, for the fame realbns, paid with materials of the fame fort, if we
except thofe, along which their refpeftive fails are frequently hoilled and
lowered -, fuch are the mafts oîjloops and fcbocners, which are always paid with
tallow for this purpofe : for the fame reafon all top-mafts and top-gallant-
marts are alfo paid with hog's lard, butter, or tallow. See Coat and Stuff.
PAYING-OFF, (aiatlue, Fr.) the movement by which a fliip's head
falls to leeward of the point whither it was previoufiy dirciSted : particu-
larly when, by negleft of the helmfman, fiie had inclined to windward of
her courfe, fo as to make the head- fails fhiver in the wind, and retard her
velocity. See alfo Falling-off.

Paving-off is likewife ufed to fignify the payment of the (hip's ofRccrs
and crew, and the difcharge of the Ihip from fervice, in order to be laid-
up at the moorings.

Paying-oi't, or Paving- away, the afl of fiackening a cable, or other
rope, fo as to let it run out of the vcfl"cl for fome particular purpofe.

PEAK, or PEEK, a name given to the upper-corner of all thofe fails
which are extended by a gaff, or by a yard which crofles the maft oblique-
ly, as the mizen-yard of a (hip, the main-yard of a hilandcr, &c. The upper
extremity of thofe yards and gaffs arc alfo denominated the peak. Hence

Peek-haliards, are the ropes, or tackles, by which the outer end of
a gaff is hoifted, as oppofed to the //.^jcrtZ-haliards, which are applied to
tlie inner end. See Haliards.

PEN, (buchot., Fr.) a place enclofed by hurdles, for fiihing on the
lea-coafV.

PENDENT, (flamme, Fr.) a fort of long narrow banner, difplayed from
the maft-head of a fhip of war, and iifually terminating in two ends or
points, as expreffed by a, fig. 4. plate V. There arc, befides others,
])endents, cornets, of a larger kind, ufed to diftiinguiili the (Jiicf of a fqua-
dron of fiiips. See the article Commodore.

Pendent, (panloire, Fr.) is alfo a (hort piece of rope, fixed under the
fluouds, upon the head of the main-malt and fore-malt, from which it dé-
fi peads

PER P I L

pends as low as the cat-harpm, having an eye in tlic lower end, which is
armed with an iron thimble, to prevent the eye from being fretted by the
hooks of the main and fore-tackles, &c.

There are, bcfidcs, many other pendents of the latter kind, which arc
generally fingle or double ropes, to whofe lower extremities is attached a
block, or tackle : fuch are the fifli-pendcnt, the yard-tackle-pendents, the
reef-tacklc-pendcnts, &c. all of which are employed to tranlmit the effort
of their refpeftive tackles to ibme diftant objeét.

PERIAGUA, a fort of large canoe, iifcd in the Leeward iflands, Soutli
America, and the gulf of Mexico. It differs from the common vcffcls
of that name, as being compoled of the trunks of two trees, hollowed and
united into one fabric ; whereas thofe which are properly called canoes,
are formed of tiie body of one tree. See Canoe.

PIER, a ftrong mound, or fence, projeding into the fea, to break off
the violence of the waves from the entrance of a harbour.

PILLAGE, {hutin, Fr.) the plunder of a prize taken from an enemy.

PILLOW, (couffin, Fr.) a block of timber, whereon the inner-end of
the bowfprit is fupported. See Bowsprit.

PILOT, the officer who fuperintends the navigation, either upon the
fea-coaft or on the main ocean. It is, however, more particularly applied
by our mariners to the perlbn charged with the direftion of a fhip's courfe,
on, or near the fea-coaft, and into the roads, bays, rivers, havens, &c.
within his refpedive diftrift*.

• The regulations, with regard to pilots in the royal navy, are as follow : The command-
ers of the king's fhips, in order to give all reafonable encouragement to io ufeful a body of
men as pilots, and to remove all their objedlions to his majefty's fervice, are ftriftly charged
to treat them with good ufage, and an equal refpeft with warrant-officers.

" The purfer of the (hip is always to have a fet of bedding provided on board for the pi.
lots, and the captain is to order the boatfwain to fupply them with hammocs, and a conve-
nient place to lie in, near their duty, and apart from the common men ; which bedding and
hammocs are to be returned when the pilots leave the fhip.

" A pilot, when conducing one of his majefty's fhips in pilot-water, fliall have the fole
charge and command of the ftiip, and may give orders for fleering; fetting, trimming, or
furling the fails ; tacking the (hip ; or whatever concerns the navigation : and the captain is
to take care that all the officers and crew obey his orders. But the captain is diligently to ob-
ferve the conduft of the pilot, and if he judges him to behave foill as to bring the fhip into
danger, he may remove him from the command and charge of the fliip, and take fuch me-
thods for her prefervation as fhall be judged neceffary; remarking upon the log-book the ex-
ail hour and time when the pilot was removed from his office, and the reafons afligned for it.

" Captains of the king's fhips, employing pilots in foreign parts of his majefty's domi-
nions, fhall, after performance of the fervice, give a certificate thereof to the pilot, which
being produced to the proper naval-officer, he fhall caufe the fame to be immediately paid ;
but if there be no naval-olîicer there, the captain of his majefty's fhip fhall pay him, and fend
the proper vouchers, with his bill, to the navy-board, in order to be paid as bills of ex-
change.

" Captains of his majefty's fhips, employing foreign pilots, lo carry the fhips they com-
mand into, or out of foreign ports, fhall pay them the rates Que by the eftablifhment or
cuflom of the country, before they difcharge them ; whofe receipts being duly vouched,
and fent with a certificate of the fervice performed, to the navy-board, they iliall caufe
them to be paid with the fame exaiStnefs as they do bills of exchange." Regulations and In-
J}ru3iens of tht Sea fervice, Uc.

6 PIN ■

PIN PIT

PIN of a block. See Block,

PINK, (pinque, Fr.) a name given to a fliip with a very narrow ft^rn -,
whence all veficls, however fmall, whofe Items are fafliioneJ in this man-
ner, are called pink-Jlerned.

PINNACE, a I'mall vefTel, navigated with oars and fails, and having
generally two malls, which are rigged like thofe of a Ichooner.

Pinnace is alfo a boat, ufually rowed with eight oars. See the article
Boat.

PINTLES, certain pins or hooks, faftened upon the back part of tl^e
rudder, with their points downwards, in order to enter into, and reft upon
the googings^ fixed on the ftern-poft to hang the rudder. See Helm.

PIRATE, (pirate, Fr. sTusoCn: ■, Gr.) a lea-robber, or an armed fhip thac
roams the feas without any legal commiffion, and fcizes or plunders every
vefFel flie meets indifcriminately, whether friends or enemies.

The colours ufually difplayed by pirates are faid to be a black field, with
a death's head, a battle-cixc and hour-glafs. The laft inftrument is gene-
rally fuppofed to determine the tiine allowed to the prifoners, whom they
take, to confider whether they will join the pirates in their felonious combina-
tion, or be put to death, which is often perpetrated in the moft cruel manner.

Amongft the moft celebrated pirates of the north is recorded Alvilda,
daughter of a king of the Goths, named Sypardus. She embraced this oc-
cupation to deliver herfelf from the violence impofcd on her inclination, by
3 marriage with A'f, Ion of Signrus, king of Denmark. She dreft herfelf
as a man, and compofed her band of rowers, and the reft of her crew, of a
number of young women, attired in the fame manner. Amongft the firft of
her cruizes fhe touched at a place where a company of pirates bewailed the
death of their captain. The ftrangers were captivated with the agreeable
manners of Alvilda, and chofe her for their chief. By this reinforcement
fhe became fo formidable upon the fea, that prince Alf came to engage
her. She iuftained his attacks for a confiderable time ; but, in a vigorous
a6lion, Alf boarded her vellel, and having killed the greateft part of her
crew, feized tlie captain, namely herfelf; whom nevertheleis he knew not,
becaufe the princefs had a cafque which covered her vifage. Being mafter
of her perfon, he removed the cafque, and in fpite of her difguife, in-
ftantly recognized her, and offered her hi? hand in wedlock -{-.

PITCH, (br/jt, Fr. pix, Lat.) a compofition, black, dry, brittle, and
fliining, which remains at the bottom of an alembic after the oil of turpen-
tine is drawn off by dillillatiun. It is ufed in caulking a Ihip, to fill the
chinks, or intervals between the planks of her fides, or decks, or bottom.
It is fometimcs mixed with rclin, or other glutinous material. See Tar.
To Pitch ibe fenms. See the article Pay.

PnXTHlNG, (tangage^ Fr. appicciare, Ital.) may be defined, the verti-
cal vibration which the length of a fliip makes about her center of gravity v
or the movement, by which ftie plunges her head and ajur-part alternately
into the hollow of the fea.

I Hift. Denmark, hy Saxo Grammaticus.

This

P L A PLU

This motion may proceed from two caufcs : the waves, which agitate
the vefll-l -, and the wind upon the fails, which makes her (loop to every
blaft thereof. The firft abfolutely depends upon the agitation of the fea,
and is not fufceptiblc of inquiry -, and the fécond is occafioned by the in-
clination of the niafts, and may be fiibmittcd to certain eftabliflied
maxims*.

When the wind acSts upon the fails the mad yields to it's effort, with an
inclination which incrcafcs in proportion to the length of the mafl to the
augmentation of the wind, and to tHe comparative weight and diftribution
of the fliip's lading.

The repulfioii of the water, to the effort of gravity, oppofes itfclf to this
inclination, or at leaft fuftains it, by as much as the repulfion cx.eeds the
momentum, or abfolutc eftbrt of the maft, upon which the wind operates.
At the end of each blaft, when the wind fufpends it's action, this repul-
fion lifts the vefiel -, and thefc fucceffive inclinations and repulfions pro-
duce the movement of pitching^ which is very inconvenient -, and when it
is confiderable will greatly retard the courfe, as well as endanger the maft,
and ftrain the veffel.

PLANE, a term ufed by fliipwrights, implying the area, or imaginary
furface, contained within any particular outlines. Thus the plane of ele-
vation, plate I. exhibits a furface limited by the head before, by the
ftern abaft, by the keel below, and by the upper part of the vellel's fide
above. Thus the horizontal plane, in the fame plate, is comprehended
within the lines which defcribe the fiiip's grcateft breadth and length -, and
thus alfo the plane of projeftion, reprefented likewife in plate I. circum-
fcribes tlie greateft heighth and breadth of the fame vefiel.

PLANKING, (border, Fr.) the aft of covering and lining the fides of
a fliip with an afiTemblage of oak planks, which completes the procefs of
Ihip-building, and is fometimes called laying on the Jkin, by the artificers.
See the article Building.

The breadth and thicknefs of all the planks of a 74 gun fiiip, as alfo of
her wales and thick-Jltiff, are exhibited in the midfiiip feftion, plate VII.

PLAT, (garcetie de cable, Fr.) a fort of braided cordage, formed of fe-
vtVdX Jl rands of old rope-yarn, twifted \nio foxes. It is ufed to wind about
that part of the cable whicli lies in the hawfe-hoh, or againft the fore-part
of the fiiip, where it would otherwife be greatly injured by the continual
friftion, produced by the agitation of the fhip in ftormy weather. See the
articles Freshen and Service.

PLUG, (palardeux, Fr. plug, Swed J certain pieces of timber, formed
like the fruftum of a cone, and ufed to ftop the hawfe-holes, and the
breaches made in tlie body of a fliip by cannon-balls ; the former of which
are called hawfe-plugs, and the latter, fiiot-plugs, which are formed of va-
rious fizes in proportion to the holes made by the different fizes of fliot,
which may penetrate the fiiip's fides or bottom in battle -, accordingly they
are ahvays ready for this purpofe. See Engagement.

* Savericn, Diet, Marine.

PLUNDER,

PLU POM

PLUNDER, (butin, Fr.) a name given to the effeiSts of the officers or
crew of a prize, which are pillaged bv the captors.

PLYING, the atl of making, or endeavouring to make, a progrefs
againft the dircftion of the wind. Hence a fhip, that advances well in her
courfe in this manner of failing, is faid to be a good plyer, boulinier. See
tile articles Beating and Tackintc

Point, a low angk% or arm of the (hore, which projects into the fea,
or 'into a river, beyond the reft of the beech.

POINTING, the operation of tapering tiie end of a rope, and weaving
a fort of mat, or clofe texture, about the diminiflicd part of it, fo as to
thruit it more eafily through any hole, and prevent it from being readily
iintwifted. Thus the end of a ;vi?/"-/?w is pointed fo, that, being It iffer, it
may more readily penetrate the eye-let holes of the reef; and the ends of
the Itrands of a cable are occafionally pointed, for the greater conveniency
of fplicing it to another cable, elpecially when this tafk is frequently per-
formed. The extremities of the fplice of a cable are alfo pointed, that
Jt may pafs with more facility through the hawfe-holcs.

POINTS, (garcettes de ris, Fr.) fhort flat pieces of braided cordage,
tapering from tiie middle towards each end, and ufcd to reef the courfcs
and top-fails of a fliip. See the article Rf.ef.

POLACRE, a fliip with three mafts, ufually navigated in the Levant,
and other parts of ilu- Mediterranean. Thcfe velftls are generally furnifhej
with Iquare fails upon ihe main-maft, and lateen fails upon the tore-mall
and mizen-maft. Some of them however carry fquare fiils upon all the
■three mafts, particularly thofe of Provence in France. Each of their mails
is commonly formed of one piece, fo that they have neither top-maft nor
top-gallant-mart -, neither have they any hcrfes to their yards, bccaufe the
men ftand upon the top- fail-yard to loofe or furl the rop-gjllant-fail, and
on the lower-yard to reef , loofe, or furl the top- fail, whole yard is lowered
fufficii-ntly down for that purpofe. See alfo Xebec.

POLE-AXE, a forf of hatchet nearly rcfembling a battle-axe, having an
handle about 15 inches in length, and being furniflied with a fliarp point,
x>r claw, bending downwards from the back of it's head ; the blade whereof
is formed like that of any other hatchet. It is principally employed to cut
away and deftroy the rigging of any advcrfary who endeavours to board.

Pole-axes are alfo faicl to have been fuccefsfully ufcd on fome occafions
in boarding an enemy, whofe fides were above thofe of the boarder. This
is executed by detaching lèverai gangs to enter at diffcrentv parts of tlie
fhip's length, at which time the pole-axes are forcibly driven into her fide,
one above another, fo as to form a fort of fcaling-ladders.
POLE-MAST. See the article M.^st.

Umier bare Poles, (e/re à fee, Fr.) the fituation of a fliip at fea when all
her fails are furled, particularly in a tempeft. See the articles Scl-dding
and Trvinc^

POMIGLION, a name given by feamen to the cafcabcl, or hindmoft
I: nob oF a cannon. Sec that article.

F f PONTOON

PON FOR

PONTOON, (pc7Ucu, FrJ a low flat vcflcl, nearly rcfcmbling a lighter,
or barge of burthen, and fiirnifhed with cranes, capjlerns, tackles, anil
other machinery necelTary for careening fhips of all fizes. Thefe are very
common in the principal parts of the Mediterranean, but are rarely ufed
in the northern parts of Europe.

POOP, (dumtte, Fr. pitppis^ Lat.) the higheft and aftmoft deck of a
fliip. See the article Deck.

Poop-RovAL, (dunette fur dunette, Fr.) a lliort deck, or platform, placed
over the aftmoft part of the poop in the largeft of the French and Spanilh
men of war, and ferving as a cabin for their mafters and pilots. This is
ufiially called the top-gallant-poop by our fliipwrights.

I'OOPING, the Ihock of a high and heavy fea, upon the ftern or quarter
of a Hiip, when ^c feuds before the wind in a tempeft. This circumllance
is extremely ihingerous to the vcflcl, which is thereby expofed to the rifl<. of
having her whole ftern beat inwards, by which flie would be immediately laid
open ro the entrance of t!ic fea, and of courfe founder or be torn to pieces.

PORT, a harbour or haven on the fea-coaft. See the article H.arbour.

Port is alfo a name given, on fome occafions, to the larboard, or left-fide
of the ftiip, as in the following inftances :

The fh'ip heels to Port, /'. e. ftoops or inclines to the larboard fide.

Top the yard to Port ! the order to make the larboard extremity of a yard
higher than the other. See Topping.

Port the helm! the order to put the helm over to the larboard-fide of
the vefl"el.

In all thefe fenfes this phrafe appears intended to prevent any miftakcs
happening from the fimilarity of founds in the words ftarboard and lar-
board, particularly when they relate to the helm, where a mifapprehenfion
might be attended with very dangerous confequences.

PORTS, (fabords, Fr.) the enibrafures or openings in the fide of a ftiip of
war, wherein the artillery is ranged in battery upon the decks above and below.

The ports are formed of a fufficient extent to point and fire the cannon,
without injuring the Hiip's fide by the recoil ; and as it ferves no end to en-
large them beyond what is neceflary for that purpofe, the fhipwrights have
eftabliflied certain dimenfions, by which they are cut in proportion to the
fize of the cannon.

The ports are fhut in at fea by a fort of hanging-doors, called the port-lids,
mantelets; which are faftened by hinges to their upper-edges, fo as to lee
down when the cannon are drawn into the fhip. By this means the water is
prevented from entering the lower-decks in a turbulent fea. The lower and
upper edges of the ports are always parallel to the deck, fo that the guns,
when levelled in their carriages, are all equally high above the lower extre-
mity of the ports which is called the port-cells. The ports are exhibited,
throughout the fliip's whole length, by H. in the Elevatiom, plate I.
They are alfo reprefented uporra larger fcale in plate IV. fig. lo. and plate
VIII. fig. 3. The gun-room-ports, in the ftiip's counter, are exprefled by
H. fig. I. plate X. See alfo the articles Deck and Cannon.

POWDER,

P O \V P R I

POWDER-CriESTS, certain fmall boxes, charged with powder an:l
a quantity of old nails, or Iplinters of iron, and fallened occafionally on
the decks and fides of a fliip, in order to be difchargcd on an enemy who
attempts to feize her by boarding. Sec tiiat article.

Thcfe cafes are ufually from 12 to i8 inches in length, and about S or
ID in breadth, liaving tiicir outer or upper-part terminating in an edge.
They are nailed to lèverai places of tiie quarter, the quarter-deck and bulk-
lieud ol the waiiV, having a train of powder which communicate^ with tlie
inner apartments of the Ihip, fo as to be fired at pleafure to annoy the ene-
iny. They are particularly ufed in merchant-fliips, which are furniflied
with clofe-quartcrs to oppofe the boarders. See Close-Quarters.

PRAM, or FRAME, a fort of lighter, ufed in Holland and the ports
of the Baltic fea, to carry the cargo of a merchant-fliip dong-fide, in order
to lade her : or to bring it alhorc to be lodged in the ftore-houfes after be-
ing difchargcd out of the veflel.

PRATIC, (piatique, Fr.) a term ufed in the European ports of the
Mediterranean lea, implying free intercourfe or communication with the
natives of the country, after a limited quarantine has been performed, in
confequence of a voyage to Barbary or Turky.

PREVENTER, an additional rope, employed at times to fupport any
other, when the latter fuffers an unufual ilrain, particularly in a ftrong
gale of wind ; as the

Prevent£R-brace, a temporary brace, fixed occafionally to fuccour
the main or fore-yard of a Oiip, but particularly the latter, when it is
charged v/ith a greater effort than ufual, and which, it is apprehended, the
common (landing braces would not be able to fupport. See Brace,

Pkeventlr-shrouds, and Preventer-stays, are applied, in the fame
manner, to fervc the fame purpoies ; and may be eafily underllood by re-
ferring to the articles Shroud and Stav.

PRICKING the chart, {pointer, Fr.) the ad of tracing a fliip's courfe
upon a marine chart, by the help of a fcale and compalVes, fo as to difco-
ver her prefcnt fituation.

Pricking the fails, the a6t of ftitching two cloths of a fa"l together
along the fpace comprehended between the two edges, or fclvages, that
overlay each other. Or, it is the fowing a middle-leam between the two
fcams which are employed to unite every cloth of a fail to the next ad-
joining. This operation is rarely perfornx'd till the_ fails have bccen worn
lor a confiderable time, fo that the twine, witli which they were originally
fcwed, is become very feeble and incap.ible of refilling the efi'orts of a
Itrong gale of wind.

PRIMING, the train of powder which is laid from the opening of the
touch-hole along the cavity of the pan, in order to fire the piece : alfo the
operation ot laying this train. See the articles Cannon and Exlrcise.

PRIMING-WIRE, or PRIMING-IRON, a fort of iron-needic, em-
jiloyed to penetrate tiie touch-hole of a cannon, when it is loaded, in o'r-

F f 2 der

r R I PUD

dcr to difcovcr whether the powder contained therein is thoroughly dry^
and fit tor imnu-diatc I'crvice.

PKlVATliEU, a vcflll of war, armed and eqviipped by pariiriilar
merchants, and hirninit:d with a niilirary coinminion by the admiralty, or
the officers who fiiperintend the marine department of a country, to cruife
againft the enen'.y, and take, fink, or burn their (hipping, or otherwifc
aiinoy iliem as opportunity olTers. Thcfe vefTcls are generally governed on
the fame plan with his majelly's fliips, although they are guilty of many
fcandalous depredations, which are very rarely pradlifed by the latter.

PRIZL", a veflel taken from the enemy by a fhip of war, privateer, or
atir.ed mere hantman *.

PRIZING, the application of a Icvci" to move any weighty body, as a
calk, anclior, cannon, &c.

PROP, {^uocl, Fr.) See Shore.

PRO'I'LST, an inftrument, drawn up in writing, and attcftcd before
a juftice of peace, by the mailer and a part of the fliip's crew after tiie
expiration or a voyage, defcribing the feverity of the faid voyage, occa-
fiuiied by tcmpeftuous weatiier, heavy fcas, an iniufficient crew, or any
oth.-r circuniftances by which the fliip has fuflered, or may kifîlr, either
in her hull, mads, rigging, or cargo. It is chiefly intended to Ihew, that
J'uch damages or misfortunes did not happen through any negleft or ill
condutfi: of the mailer or his officers.

PROW, (proue, Fr. pfos. Lat.) a name given by feamen to the beak,
or pointed cut-water of a polacre, xebeck, or galley. The upper-part of
the prow, in thole vcflels, is ulually furnifhed with a grating-platform for
the convenience of the feamen who walk out to perform whatever is nc-
ceiTary about the fails or rigging in the bowfprit.

PIJDENING, {bourrelet, Fr.) a thick wreath, or circle of cordage, taper-
ing from the middle towards the ends, and faflened about the main-mail
and fore- maft of a fliip, to prevent their yards from falling down, when,
the ropes by which they are ufually lufpended are ffiot away in battle.

The pudening, which is reprefented by fig. i. plate VIII. is generally
formed in the following manner : A fmall piece of rope, whofe length is
twice the diameter of the maft, is fpliced together at the two ends, and
being thus doubled and extended, a thimble is feized into each of the ex-

* The regulations with regard to prizes in the royal navy are as follow :

" I. When any (hip or veilelis taken from the enemy, the hatches are to be immediately
fpiked up, and her lading and furniture fecured from embezzlement, till fenteiice is pafied
upon her in fome court of admiralty, empowered to take cognizance of caufes of that nature.

" II. The captain is to caufe the officers of the prize to be examined ; three or more of
the company, who can give bed evidence, to be brought to the faid court of admiralty, toge-
ther with the charter-parties, bills of lading, and other fliip's papers found on board.

" V. When a privateer is taken, great care is to be had to fecure all the fliip's papers,
efpecially the ccmmiffion ; but if there be no legal commiffion found on board, then all
the prifoners are to be carried before fome magiftrate, in order to their being examined and
ccmmitted aspirates."

N. B. The third and fourth articles relate to the finding any of the king's fubjefls in the
priies i and appear unneceflary in this place,

tremities.

P U L P U M

treniitics. After tliis a large quantity of parceling is firmly worrd about
it's iiuface in fuch a manner as to make it gradually larger from the two
ends towards the middle. It is aftcrsvards, once or twice, ferved with'
fpun-yarn throughout it's whole length, to bind the parceling more clofe-
ly, and render it firmer and more compaâ: -, and the whole is completed
by pointing it on the furface. Being then fitted with a laniard at one of the
eye«, it is fixed about the maft by pafung the laniard alternately through
both eyes or thimbles on the fore-fide of the maft. See alfo Dolphin.
PULLING, a name given by failors to the atSt of rowing with the oars.
PUMP, a well-known machine, ufed to difcharge the water from the
fliip's bottom into the fca.

The common pump is fo generally underftood, that it hardly requires
any delcription. It is a long wooden tube, whofe lower end rcfts upon the
ftip's bottom, between the timbers, in an apartment called the -ncll, in-
cloled for this purpofe near tlie middle of the fliip's length.

Tiiis pump is managed by means of the brake, and the two boxes, or
pillons. Near the middle of the tube, in the chamber of the pump, is
fixed the lower-box, which is furnifhed with a ftaple, by which it may at
any time be hooked and drawn up, in order to examine it. To the upper-
box is fixed a long bar of iron, called the fpear, whofe upper-end is faftened
to the end of the brake, by means of an iron bolt paffing through botli.
At a fmall diilance from this bolt the brake is confined by another bolt
between two cheeks, or ears, fixed perpendicularly on the top of the jnmip.
Ihus the brake a61:s upon the fpear as a lever, whofe fulcrum is the bolt
between the two cheeks, and difcharges the water by means of the valves,
or clappers, fixed on the upper and lower boxes.

Thele forts of pumps, however, are very rarely ufed in fhipsof war, un-
lefs of the fmallefl: fize. The moft ufeful machine of this kind, in large
Ihips, is the chain-pump, which is univcrfally ufed in the navy. This is
no other than a long chain, equipped with a fufficient number of valves, at
proper dillances, which pafils downward through a wooden tube, and re-
turns upward in the fame manner on the other fide. It is managed by a
roller o\- liinch, whereon feveral men may be employed at once-, and thus it
difcharges, in a limited time, a much greater quantity of water than the com-
mon pump, and that with lefs fatigue and inconvenience to the labourers.

This machine is neverthelefs expofed to feveral difagreeable accidents
by the nature of it's conftrudion. The chain is of too complicated a fa-
bric, and the fproket-whccls, employed to wind it up from the fliip's
bottom, are deficient in a very material circumfl;ance, viz. fome contrivance
to prevent tiie chain from Aiding or jerking back upon the lurtace ot the
wheel, which frequently happens when tlie valves are charged with a con-
fidcrable weight of water, or when the pump is violently worked. The
links are evidently too fliort, and the immeciianical manner, in which they
are conncdcd, cxpofes tiicm to a great friiftion in pafling round the wheels.
Hence they arc fometimes apt to break or burfl; afunder in very dangerous
fituations, when it is extremely diflicult or impratfticuble to repair the chain.

The

P U M P U M

T!ie conficicration of the known inconveniences of the above machine
has given rile to the invention of fevcral others v/hich Ihoukl better anfwer
the piirpofe. They have been offered to the public one after another with
pompous recommendations by their refpeclive projcftors, who have never
tailed to report tlieir eltliSts as confiderably luperior to that of the thain-
pvimp witii which they have been tried. It is however much to be la-
mented, that in thefe fort of tr'als there is not always a fcrupulous attention
to what may be called mechanical jultice. The artid, who wiflic.^ to intro-
duce a new piece of mechanifm, has generally fufficicnt addrcfs to compare
it's effects with one of the former machines which is crazy or out of repair.
A report of this kind indeed favours flrongly of the evidence of a falfe
witnefs, but this finelîe is not always difcovered. The perfons appointed to
fuperintend the comparative efîects of the different pumps, have not always
a competent knowledge of hydraulics to deteifb thefe artifices, or to re-
mark with precifion the dcfeds and advantages of thole machines as op-
poled to each other. Thus the lèverai inventions propofed to fupplant
tlie chain-pump have hitherto proved inelredual, and are now no longer
lemembered.

Of late, however, fome confiderable improvements have been made on the
naval ch.iin-pump, by Mr. Cole, under the direftion of Capt. Bentinck.
The chain ot this machine is more fimplc and meciianical, and much lefs
cxpofed to damage. It is exactly iimilar to that of tJie fire engine, and ap-
pears to have been firft applied to the pump by Mr. Mylne, to exhauil the
water from the cailTons at Black-friars bridge. It has thence been transferred
to the marine by Capt. Bentinck, after having received fome material addi-
tions to anfwer that fervlce. The principal fuperiority of this pump to the
former is, i. That the chain is more fimple and more eafdy worked, and
of courfe lefs expofed to injuries by friftion. 2. That the chain is fe-
cured upon the wheel, and thereby prevented from jerking back when
charged with a column of water. 3. That it may be eafily taken up and
repaired when broken, or choaked with ballafi:, &c. 4. That it dilcharges
a much greater quantity of water with an inferior number of men.

As we wifli to pay all pofTible attention in this work to every improve-
ment in the marine, we have exhibited in plate VIII. a feclion of this ma-
chine at large, as fixed in a frigate of war, fig. 2. wherein A is the keel,
and V the floor-timbers, and X the kelfon, aaa the lèverai links of the
chain, b b the valves, C the upper wheels, D the lower wheels, c c the
cavities upon the furface of the wheels to receive the valves as they pafs
round thereon, d d the bolts fixed acrofs the furface of the wheels, to fall in
tiie interval between every two links, to prevent tlie chain from Aiding
back.

The links of the chain, which are no other than two long plates of iron
with a hole at each end, and fixed together by two bolts lerving as axles,
are reprefented on a larger fcale as a a. The valves are two circular plates
of iron with a piece of leather between them : thefe are alio exhibited at
large by b b.

5 Upon

P U M

PUR

Upon a trial of this machine with the old chain-pump aboard the Sea-
ford frigate, it appears, in a report figned by rear-admiral Sir John Moore,
12 captains, and ii lieutenants of his majefty's navy, that it's effects,
when compared with tiic latter, were as follow.

New Pump. Old Pumj

NurabtT
of Men.

Tuns of
Water.

Seconds.
of Timi:.

Number
of Men.

Tur.s of
Waicr.

Seconds
of Time.

I
I

43^

5 5

The fubfcribers further certify, that the chain of the new pump was
dropped into the well, and afterwards taken up and repaired and fet at work,
again in two minutes and a half; and that they have fcen the lo\ver wheel
of the faid pump taken up to Ihow how readily it might be cleared and re-
fitted for adtion, after being choaked with land or gravel; which they are of
opinion may be performed in four or five minutes.

FvMP-fpear, (barre dc pompe, Fr.)

PUNT, a fort of flat-bottomed boat, whofe floor refembles the platform
of a floating-ftage. It is uled by the naval artificers, eitlier in caulking^
bretiming, or repairing the bottom of a fhip.

PURCHASE, a name given by failors to any fort of mechanical power
employed in raifmg or removing heavy bodies, or in fixing or extendino-
the fiiip's rigging. Such are tlie tackles, windlafles, caplterns, fcrcws, and
hancifpikes.

PURSl'Ti, an officer appointed by the lords of the admiralty, to take
charge of tlic provifions of a fliip of war, and to fee that they are carefully
dilbibutcd to the officers and crew, according to the inftruc^ions wiiich he
has received from the commiffioners of the navy for that purpofe.

Q^ U A Q^ U A

QUADRANT, an infkrument ufed to take the altitude of the fun or
ftars at fea, in order to determine the latitude of the pLce ; or the
fun's azimuth, fo as to afcertain the magnetical variation.

Thcfc inltruments are varioully conllruded, and by confequence the ap-
paratus of each kind is fomewhat different from thofc ot the others, ac-
cording to the improvements they have at different times received from fe-
vcral ingenious artifts.

As all the different kinds of quadrants are circumftantially dcfcribed,
either in printed directions to ule them, or in other books, a particular
account of them here might reafonably be cfleemed fuperfluous. It fuffices
to fay that tht moft ufeful, as well as the moft general, for taking obferva-
lions at fea is the oilant, originally invented by Sir Ifaac Newton, and fince
that time improved and brought into pradice by Meff. Godfrey and Hadley,
It may not however be unneceflary to remark, that the back-obfervation,
which, in many fituations, is certainly more accurate and ufctul than that
which is taken in front, is almoit totally negleded by our obfervers, under
pretence of it's being more uncertain, or more liable to error : but rcally
becaufc it is fomewhat more difficult to learn. We may venture to afHrni
however, that no artill, who thoroughly underftands the operation, will
ever advance fo abfurd an objeèlion, unlefs we ffiould doubt the tcftimony
of a multitude of experiments.

.QLIAKANTINE, theftate of the pcrfons who are reftrained within the
limits of a fliip, or lazaretto-, or otherwife prevented from having a free
communication with the inhabitants of any country, till the expiration of
an appointed time, during which they are repeatedly examined with regard
to their health. It is chiefly intended to prevent the importation of the
plague, from the countries under the dominion of the Turks.

QUARTER cf apip, (hanche, Fr.) that part of a Ihip's fide which
lies towards the ftern -, or which is comprehended between the aftmoft end
of the main chains and the fides of the Jlern, where it is terminated by the
quarter-pieces.

Although the lines by which the quarter and bow of a fliip, with refpedl
to her length, are only imaginary, yet experience appears fufficiently to
have afcertained their limits : fo that if we were to divide the fliip's fides
into five equal portions, the names of each fpace would be readily enough
€xprc0ed. Thus the firft, from the ftern, would be the quarter ; the fécond,
a abaft

Q^ U A Q_ U A

abaft the midfhips ; the third, the midfhips -, the fourth, before the mid-
fhips ; and the fifth, the bow. Whether thcfe divifions, which m reality
are fomewhat arbitrary, are altogether improper, may be readily dil'covcred
by referring to the mutual fituation or approach of two adjacent veflTels.
The enemy boarded us on the larboard-fide ! Whereabouts ? Abaft the
midfhips, before the midfhips, &c.

Plate VIII. fig. 3. reprefents a geometrical elevation of the quarter of a
74 gun fhip, as correfponding with the other figures of a lliip of the fame
race, delineated upon the fame plate. See the articles Head, Midship-
Frame, and Stern.

In this figure, all the parts are diftinguiflied by the fame letters as thofe
in the plane of elevation, plate I. wherein the quarter is continual into
the fide, upon a fmaller fcale.

Explanation of fig. 3. plate VIII.

A the keel, with n the falfe keel beneath it.

B the ftern-poft.

D D the quarter-gallery, with it's balluftrades and windows.

E F the quarter-pieces, which limit and form the outlines of the ftcrn,

F the tafFarel, or upper pieces of the ftern.

F G the profile of the ftern, with it's galleries.

H the gun-ports of the lower-deck.

/> the gun-ports of the upper and quarter-deck.

I the after-part of the mizen-channel.

K the wing-tranfom.

K G the lower counter.

L B the ftation of the deck-tranfom.

L Q^the after-part of the main-wale,

D R the after-part of the channel-wale, parallel to the msin-walc.

S U the flieer-rail, parallel to both wales.

T / the rudder.

A/ F the rake of the ftern.

P / / the drift- rails.

T u the after-part of the load •water-line.

kkl the curve of the feveral decks correfponding to thofe reprcfentcd
in the head.

As the marks, by which veflels of different conftrudions are diftinguifh-
ed from each other, are generally more confpicuous on the ftcrn, or quar-
ter, tlian any other part, we have reprefented, in plate VIII. fome or the
quarters, which alTume the moll different fhapes, and form die greatcft
contraft with each otiier.

Fig. 4. Hiews the ftern and quarter of a Dutch flight.

Fig. 5. the ftcrn and quarter of a cat.

Fig. 8. is the ftcrn and quarter of a common galley.

Fig. 9. exhibits the quarter of a firft-rate galley, otherwife called a gal-
leafte.

G g Fig.

Q^ U A Q^ U A

Fig. 6. the quarter of a Dutch dogger, or galliot.

Fig. 7. reprefcnts the ftern and quarter of a floop of war.

1 he quarters of all other fhips have a near affinity to thofe above exhi-
bited. Thus all fhips of the line, and Eaft-Indiainen, are formed with a
quarter little differing from the principal figure in this plate. Xebecs have
quarters nearly refembling thofe of galeafies, only fomewhat higher. Hag-
boats and pinks approach the figure oï cats, the former being alittle broader
in the ftern, and the latter a little narrower-, and the fterns and quarters of
cats feem to be derived from thofe of fly-boats. The fterns of Dutch
doggers and galliots are indeed fingular, and like thofe of no other modem
veflel : they have neverthelefs a great refemblance to the fhips of the an-
cient Grecians, as reprefcnted in medals and other monuments of antiquity.

On the Quarter, may be defined an arch of the horizon, contained be-
tween the line prolonged from the ftiip's ftern and any diftant objedt, as
land, ftiips, &c. Thus if the ftiip's keel lies on an eaft and weft line, the
ftern being wcftward, any diftant objefl perceived in the north-weft or
fouth-weft, is faid to be on the larboard or ftarboard quarter. See the ar-
ticle Bearing.

Quarter-bill, a roll, or lift, containing the different ftations, to
■which all the officers and crew of the fliip are quartered, in the time of bat-
tle, and the names of all the perfons appointed to thofe ftations.

Quarter-cloths, (bajlitigage, Fr.) long pieces of painted canvas, ex-
tended on the outfide of the quarter-netting from the upper part of the gal-
lery to the gayigv:c.y. They are generally decorated with martial inftru-
jnents, or allegorical figures.

Quarter-gallerv, a fort of fmall balcony, with or without ballu-
ftrades, on the quarter of a ftiip, as reprefented by fig. 1. plate VIII. The
gallery on the quarter generally communicates with that on the ftern, by
means of a door pafTing from one to the other.

Quarter-Gunner, an inferior officer under the direftion of the gunner
of a ftiip of war, whom he is to affift in every branch of his duty ; as keep-
ing the guns and their carriages in proper order, and duly furnifhed witit
whatever is neccffiiry -, filling the powder into cartridges ; fcaling the
guns, and keeping them always in a condition for fervice. The number
of quarter-gunners in any fhip is always in proportion to the number of
her artillery, one quarter-gunner being allowed to every four cannon.

Quarter-master, an inferior officer appointed by the mafter of a fhip
of war to affift the mo.tes in their feveral duties ; as ftowing the ballaft and
provifions in the hold, coiling the cables on their platforms, overlooking
the fteerage of the fhip, and keeping the time by the watch-glafTcs.

Quarter-netting, a fort of net-work, extended along the rails on the
upper-part of a fhip's quarter. In a fliip of war thefe are always double,
being iupported by iron cranes, placed at proper diftances. The interval
is fometimes filled with cork, or old fails, but chiefly with the hammocs of
the lailors, fo as to form a parapet to prevent the execution of the enemy's.
fiiiall arms ia battle. See the article Engagement..

Ql'ARTER-

Q^ U A Q^ U A

Quarter-rails, are narrow-moulded planks, generally of fir, reachin'»
from the top of the ftern to the gangway. They are fupportcd by flanchions,
and fcrve as a fence to the quarter-deck, to prevent the men from tum-
bling into the fea by the rolling of the fhip, particularly in fmall veflels.

QuARTERiNG-wiND. See the article Sailing.

QUARTERS, a name given, at fea, to the fcveral dations where the
officers and crew of a fhip of war are polled in action. See the article
Engagement.

The number of men appointed to manage the artillery is always in pro-
portion to the nature of the guns, and the number and condition of the
ffiip's crew. They arc, in general, as follow, when the fhip is well manned,
fo as to fight both fides at once occafionally :

Nature of the gun. . Nature of the gun.

Pounder, No. of men. Pounder. No. of men.

To a 42 - - - 15 To a 9 ... 6

32 - - - 13 6 - - - s

24 - - - II 4 - - - 4

18 - - - 9 3 ... 3

12 - - - 7

This number, to which is often added a boy to bring powder to evcry
gun, may be occafionally reduced, and the guns neverthelels well manag-
ed. The number of men appointed to the fmall arms, on board his ma-
jefty's fhips and floops of war, by order of the admiralty, are.

Rate of the (hip. No. of men to the fmall arms.

ift 150

2d --------. 120

3d of 80 guns .----. 100

— of 70 guns ------ 80

4th of 60 guns ------ 70

4th of 50 guns ------ 60

5th 50

6th -- -- 40

Sloops of war ------ 30

The lieutenants are ufually Rationed to command the different batteries,
and dirc(fl; their efi'orts againft the enemy. The mailer liiperintcnds the
movements of the fhip, and whatever relates to the fails. The boatl'wain,
and a fufficient number of men, is ftationed to repair the damaged rigging ;
and the gunner and carpenter, wherever neceflary, according to their re-
fpedive offices. See alio the articles Cannon and Exercise.

The marines are generally quartered on the poop and forecaflle, or gang-
way, under the direction of their officers ; although, on fome occafions, they
alhil at the great truns, particularly in diflant connonading.

G g 2 Quarters !

CL U A (^ u o

Quarters ! is alfo an exclamation to implore mercy from a vidlorious
enemy.

QUICK-SAND, a loofe quaking fand, into which a (hip finks by her
own weight, as foon as the water retreats from her bottom.

Quick-work, (xuvres-vives, Fr.) a general name given to all that pare
of a (hip which is under the furface of the water when (he is laden fit for a
fca-voyage. It is alfo applied, occafionally, to that part of the iîde which
is above the (heer-rail, and which is ul'uaily painted with trophies, &c.
on the outfide.

QUILTING, (kulcht, Dutch) the operation of weaving a fort of coat,
or texture, formed of th.tftrauds of rope, about the outfide of any vc(rel,
to contain water, &c. as ajar, ca{k, bottle, &c.

QUOIN, a fort of wedge, employed to raife the cannon to a proper
level, that it may be more truly dircdted to the objeft.

Quoins are alio employed to wedge olf the cafks of wine, oil, fpirituous
liquors, &c. from each other, that their bilges may not rub againft each
other fo as to occafion a leak, by the agitation of the fliip, at fca.

R A B R A I

RABBET, (ral/lure, rahattre, Fr.) a deep groove, or channel, cut In a
piece of timber longitudinally, to receive the edge of a plank, or the
ends of a number of planks, which arc to be fecurely faftened therein.
The depth of this channel is equal to tlie thicknefs of the plank, fo that
when the end of the latter is let into the rabbet, it will be level with the
outfide of the piece. Thus the ends of the lower planks of a fhip's bot-
tom terminate upon the ftcm afore, and the ftern-pofl abaft, witii whole
fides their furfaces are even. The furface of the garboard ftreak, whofe
edge is let into the keel, is, in the fame manner, level with the fide of the
keel at the extremities of the veflTel.

RACK, (rafteauy Fr.) a frame of timber, containing feveralyZîc^cw, and
iifually fixed on theoppofite fides of a fhip's bowfprit, to direft the lailors
to the refpedive ropes pafllng through it ; all of which are attached to the
fails on the bowfprit.

RACKING, the f;tftening two oppofite parts of a tackle together, fo as
that any weighty body fufpended thereby fhall not fall down, although the
rope, which forms the tackle, fhould be loofcncd by accident or negleél.

This expedient is chiefly pradtifed when the boats are hung up to the
fhip's fide, during the night time, in an open road or bay, left the rope of
the tackle fliould be untied by the inattention of fome of the crew ; by
which accident the boat might be confiderably damaged, and probably
loft, or dalhed in pieces.

RAFT, (radeau^ F"r.) a fort of float, formed by an aflemblagc of va-
rious planks, or pieces of timber, faftened together fide by fide, fo as to-
be conveyed more commodioufly, to any ftiort diftancc in a harbour or
road, than if they were feparate. The timber and plank, with which mer-
chant-fliips are laden, in the different parts of the Baltic lea, are attached
together in this manner, in order to float them oft" to the Ihipping.

R.'^KT-PORT, a fquare hole, cut through the buttocks of fome fliips, im-
mediately under the counter, to receive the planks or pieces of timber
which are brought to lade her for traniportation j and which, on account
of their great length, could not be received aboard otherwifc.

RAG-BOLT, an iron pin, having lèverai barbs, as explained in the
article Iron-work, and reprefented in fig. 2. plate II.

RAILS, are narrow planks, generally of fir, upon which there is a
moulding ftuck. They are for ornament, and are nailed acrofs the ftern,
above the wing tranfom and counters, tec. They are likewile nailed upon
fevcral planks along the fide; one in particular is called the Iheer-rail,
which limits the height of the fide from the forecaftle to the quarter-deck,
and runs aft to the ftcrn, and forward to the cat-head ^ the walci arc nearly
parallel to this. Murrey's Shiji-Biiildiii^.

6 ^ The

RAI RAN

The render wiil undcrftand this article better by relVrring to the figures
of the rails, as rcprefented in plates I, IV, VII, and VIII. and their ex-
planation"!, in Navai, Architecture, &c.

Rails f//iv head, certain curved pieces of timber, extending from the
bows on each fide to the continuation of the fhip's ftem, to fupport the knee
of the hciiJ, and the ornamental figure fixed thereon. The former of thcfc
rails is reprefented at large in the figure referred to from the article Hlad,
plate IV.

T'a RAISE, to elevate any diftant objccft at fea, by a gradual approach
towards it from the place whence it was formerly obfcrved. This efi'ecl is
known to be occafioned by the convexity of the furface of the fea, which
previoufly intercepted the view, when direfted towards tjie lower parts of the
faid objeft. This term is oppofed to Laving, which i'ee.

RAISING a pi/rchafe, the aft of difpofing certain inflruments, or ma-
chines, in fuch a manner, as that, by their mutual efl:"cds, they may pro-
duce a mechanical force fufficient to overcome the weig'ht or refiltance of
tiie objecTt to which this machinery is applied.

RAKE, the projeftionof the upper parts of a (hip at the heighth of the
ftem, (daiicement, Fr.) and ftern, (quette, Fr.) beyond the extremities of
the keel. Thus if a plummet be hung from the top of a (hip's ftern, lb
as to be level with the continuation of the keel, the dittance between the
after end of the keel and the plummet will be the length of the rake abaft,
or the rake of the ftern.

RAKING a /hip, the aft of cannonading a ftiip on the ftern, or head, fo
as that the balls (hall fcour the whole length of her decks ; which is one of
the moil dangerous incidents that can happen in a naval aftion. This is
frequently called raking fore and aft, being the fame with what is called
e ijilû.diiig by engineers.

RANGE, a fufficient length of the cable, drawn up on the deck, before
the anchor is caft loofefrom the bow, to let it fink to the bottom, without
being interrupted, that the flukes may be forced the deeper into the ground,
by the additional weight which the anchor acquires in finking. For this
reafon the range, which is drawn up out of the tier, ought to be equal in
length, to the depth of the water where the (hip anchors. See Anchor
and Cable-Tier.

Range, is alfo the diftance to which a (hell or cannon-ball is thrown
from apiece of artillery, by the explofion of gun- powder. See the arti-
cles Cannon and Mortar.

The flight of a fliot is diftinguiflied, by artillery people, into two differ-
ent ranges, of which the firft is called the point-blank-, and the fécond,
the random-(hot. To thefe alfo may be added the ricochet^ or rolling and
bounding-(hot.

Whatever has been obferved, in other parts of this work, with regard to
the flight of a (hot from, a piece of artillery, is on the prelumption that it
dcfcribes a right line in it's pafl!age to the objeâ:. This, however, is not
ftr;clly true -, becaufe by it's weight it inclines to the earth every inftant of
it's motion : but as it's velocity is very great when firft dilcharged from the
cannon, the weight does not fenfibly affedl the direftion in the firft inftant
6 of

RAN RAN

of it's motion. Thus the line it defcribes, as reprefented in plate III. ex-
tending from fig. 16. to the fhip under fail, is apparently ftraight, and the
extent of this line is called the point-bbnk range of the piece ; which ac-
cordingly may be defined the extent ot the apparent right line, defcribcd
by a ball difcharged from a cannon.

This range is much lefs than the greateft range, or -raitdo-in-JIjot ; but the
piece cannot be levelled, or, as it is generally expreffcd, pointed at an ob-
jedt intended to be battered, if that objeft is not within the diltance of the
point-blank range -, for beyond that, the ftroke is very uncertain.

A piece is faid to fire at random-fliot, when the breech reds upon the
bed of the carriage, lb that the ball is carried to the greateft poflible
diftance. But as, in this method of firing, the ball cannot be diretted to
any determinate objedt, it is rarely ufed in the fea-fervice, and only when
the (hot cannot fail of doing great execution in the place whereon it falls.

Befides the two ranges above defcribed, there is the j-icechel*', invented
by the Marflial de Vauban-.

To fire a piece by way of the ricochet, the cannon is only charged with
a quantity of powder fufficient to carry the fliot along the face of the works
attacked. The (hot, thus difcharged, goes rolling and bounding, killing,
maiming, or deftroying all it meets in it's courfe, and creates much more
diforder by going thus (lowly, than if thrown from the piece with greater
violence.

When ricochet-firing is ufed, the pieces are elevated from 3 to 6 de-
grees, and no more; becaufe if the elevation is greater, the fliot will only
drop into the work, without bounding from one place to another. They
are to be loaded with a fmall charge, and dirciSted in fuch a manner as
juft to go over the parapet-f.

It was the opinion of engineers formerly, that by charging the pieces
high, the ball was thrown to a greater diftance. Hence the pieces were
charged with two-thirds, or even the whole weight of the (hot, in order to im-
pel it with greater velocity ; but it has been dil'covered fince, that the half,
or one third of the weight of the ball, is the fitteft charge for the piece J.

If the whole quantity of powder, employed to charge the cannon, could,
take fire at the fame inltant, it is apparent that the velocity, communicated
to the fliot, would increafe in proportion to the additional quantity of pow-
der. But though the time ot it's imflammation is very (liort, it may yet
be conceived as divided into many inftants. In the fir("t inftant, the pow-
der begins to dilate and impel the (liot forward ; and if it has force
enough to expel it from the piece before the whole charge is inflamed, that
part which is left to take fire afterwards will produce no cfFert at all on the
Ihot. A charge of extraordinary force does not therefore accelerate the
velocity of the bullet: and hence it follows that the piece ought to be

• Riccibii fignifics Jueh and drake, a name given to the bounding of a flat ftone thrown al-
Biûft horizontally inio the water,
t Muilcr's Artillery,
j Lc Blond's Elements of War,

charged:

U A N

RAN

charged v.ith no more powder, tiuii will take fire whilft the ball is palTing
through the ehace of the cannon.

It may not be amifs to obferve here, liiat the range of cannon is greater
in the morning and at night, than at noon-, and in cold, than in hot weather.
The realbn is, that at thefe times ilie air being lefs heated, gives Icl's way to
the dilatation of the powder, which being by this means confined, as it were,
to a fmalkr fphere of adVion, mufl; have a llronger effcâ: in proportion*.

■■' Wlien the lengths of cannon arc proportional to tlie heigluh of the
charge, the (hot will be difcharged with the fame velocity, whatever the ca-
libre may be-, and fince the ratios of the velocities of ihots, ilViiing from
pieces of different lengths, loaded with different charges of powder, will be
of great iifc in the conftruflion of cannon, we have coUcdcd tliem in the
following table, where the numbers at the top exprefs the length of the
pieces by the diameter of their Ihots. That is, the tirft is 12 diameters ;
the fécond 15, and fo on. The firft perpendicular column expreffes the
charges, in refpeft to the weight of the fhots : thus, i, ti4,t» imply that
the weight of the charge is -J, r, 4, r of the weight of the fliot. The other
numbers, in the fame horizontal lines, exprefs the diilance in feet moved
over by the velocities of the fliot, uniformly continued in a fécond of time.

J Table of

Velocities

1043

1052

1058

1063

1066

106S

1071

1074

1
7

1186

1200

1210

1217

1222

1224

1229

1234

1406
1568

1434
1613

1452
1C41

1465
1662

1475
1677

1482
1688

1488
1698

1497
1711

" We made ufe of the diameter of a 9 pound fhot, which being 4 inches,
is more convenient in the calculation ; and this diameter expreffes the
heighth of the charge when it is a quarter of the weight of the fliot, and
■the reft in proportion.

" Several remarks may be made upon this table, which are of great im-
portance in the conftrudlion of cannon, Firft, wheji the charge is but a
quarter of the fhot's weight, the difference between the velocities, when the
length is 12 and 15 diameters, is but 9 feet in a fécond -, and the differ-
ences between the other velocities decreafe as the length increafes.

" Hence, as the difference between the velocities when the piece is 15
and 36 diameters long, is but 22 feet in a fécond, it is eafily perceived, that
when the pieces are charged with one quarter of the ftiot's weight, the
length from lî to 15 diameters is the beft.

" Secondly, When the charge is one-third of the ftiot's weight, the dif-
ference of the velocities, when the piece is 12, 15, and 18 diameters long,
are 14, 10 féconds -, and from thence decreafe more and more, as the length
of the piece increafes : fo the length, from 15 to 18 diameters, feems to be
the beft, every thing being conlidercd.

* Belidor. Bigot de Morogues.

" Thirdly,

RAN RAN

" Thirdly, and laftly, it appears, from the fame manner of reafcning,
that when the char e is one-halt f-t'tiie fhot's \\ei;Th^ the length oii<4ht to be
from 18 to 2 I diameters; and when the charge is two-thirds of tlie fliot's
weiorht, the length oti^/ht to be from 21 to 24 diameters." Midler's Artillery.

As one of the effects of the ihell refuits trom it's vc'ght, the range ot
mm'tars is extremely différent from that ai cannon, becaufe the former is not
pointed at a certain objeft, like the latter, but inclined to the Iiorizon at a
certain angle ; lb that the ihell, being thrown up obliquely, much in the
fame direftion as a tennis-ball ftriuk by the racket, may fall upon the
place intended. Hence it appears that the mortar has no point-blank
range, or at leafl; that no ufe is made of it.

The mortar, being fixed in a fituation obliquely with the horizon, fo as
that the line a f, which paffcs through the middle of it longitudinally, being
continued, would make an angle bad with the horizon a b -, a. fliell, dil-
charged in the direction of this continued line, would deviate from it every
inftanr of it's motion by it's weight, which inclines it downwards, and by
this means it would delcribe a curve-line, as aeb, called z parabola'^ .

The line a b, fig. 19. plate VI. is called the extent of the range, or the
amplitude of the parabola ; and the line a d, the elevation of the mortar.

i'o make a fliell fall on a given place, two things are to be coafulered ;
viz. the elevation of the mortar ; and the quantity of powder ufed to charge
it -, both 01 which may be afcertained as follows : A fliell difcharged from
a mortar, pointed vertically, will defcribe a line nearly perpendicular to the
horizon : I lay nearly, becaufe the mortar will always have fome little mo-
tion, which will deltroy the exaft perpendicularity of the fliell's flight ;
but abfliraded from this, a fliell, difcharged vertically, would fall again
into the mortar f.

If the mortar be afterwards inclined more and more towards the horizon,
the fliell will fall fliill further and further. difl;ant from the mortar, till the
elevation refl:s at 4.5° ; and tlie more the mortar is pointed under this an-
gle, tiie more will the range of the fliell be diminilhed : all of which is
ftriftly demonfl:rated by geometry. But die following is a very fimple
manner of conceiving it, without having recourfe to that Icicnce.

A fliell, difchargecl in the direttion of a line, nearly perpendicular to the
horizon, will fall at" a little diltance from the bomb-veflcl. This requires no
proof A AkII, thrown according to a line that makes a very acute angle
with the horizon, will prefently come to the ground by it's weight, and by

■" Weight, or gravity, always operates equally on a falling body ; for .is it always fubfills
in an equal degree, it muft perpetually ail with equal force, or produce alivays the lame
effeil in the fame time. So if, in the firll inftant of filling, it communicates to a body a
certain force fufficient to move a certain fpaco, it mull, in every following inllant, commu-
nicate a force capable of moving it the like fpacc, and by this means the velocity of a fall-
ing body is every moment accelerated ; for if it has one degree the hrll inll.uit, it will have
two the fécond, three the third, and fo on. Hence it mull move different fpuces every in-
llant, and by that means defcribe the curve-line above luciitioncd.

t LeJJoiid's Lleracnts of War.

H h confequcnce

RAN RAN

confcquence will not, any more than the other, fall at a confiderable diftance
from the mortar.

Hence it is cafy to conceive, that in order to fall at the greatefl: diftance
from the mortar, the fhcll muft be fired according to an elevation at the
grcateft poflible diftance, as well from a vertical, as from an horizontal
line. This elevation divides in two equal parts the angle formed by the
vertical and horizontal lines, which being ot 90 degrees, or what is called
a right angle, a ftiell will be thrown to the greateft diftance, in the direc-
tion of a line making an angle of 45 degrees. For above this angle the
range will diminifti, becaiife the ihell approaches the vertical line j and
under the fame elevation it -will alfo decreafe, becaufe the flight of the
flicll approaches the horizontal line.

Hence alio it appears that there are two angles, according to which a
mortar may be inclined to make the (hell fall on the fame place -, thefe are
the angles, equally diftant from the line, which cuts the quadrant into twa
equal parts : fo that if, for example, a mortar is elevated at 30°, the ftiell
will tall at the fame diftance as if it had been elevated at 60°, each of thefe
angles being i^° diftant on this, and that fide of the quadrant -, ilut is, from
the angle of 45 degrees.

The fécond thing to be confidcred, is, to know the exa£t charge of pow-
der neceflary to throw a ftic' to a given diftance.

If the fhcll, being fired at an elevation of 45°, falls ftiort of the place
intended, the charge of powder muft be increafed. If it reaches the place,
or goes beyond it, it is evident that the charge is fufficient. If the ftiell,
at an elevation under 45", falls ftiort of the place intended, with a given
charge, the mortar muft be more elevated : if, on the contrary, it falls too
far off", it muft be more inclined to the horizon : and by thefe effuys the
proper degree of inclination may be eafily and fpeedily difcovered.

If the mortar ther» is raifed above 45", it muft be more inclined, fo as
to make a more acute angle with the horizon, to increafe the range of the
Ihell ; and, on the contrary, raifed nearer a perpendicular, to diminifti it:
all of which are confequences drawn from what has been faid on this fub-
]cct.

It muft be obferved, firft, that the greateft diftance to which a fliell can
be thrown, with the ftrongcft charge, is little more than about 1800 or 20«0!
fathoms.

Secondly, that though a mortar may be elevated indifferently,, either fo.
much above or below 45" as to carry a fliell to a given diftance, yet when
any budding is to be deftroyed, it fliould be raifed above 45'', becaufe the
ftiell, riling to a greater height when fired according to a greater angle,
falls with greater force, and by confequence will do more damage to the
place on which it is thrown. But when the bufinefs is to fire on a body of
men, the niorcar muft be pointed below 45°, that the ftiell may not have
force enough to enter far into the ground, and that the fplinters in the
«xplofion may do more execution.

Practice

RAN RAT

Practice for Sea-Mortars.

Nature of the Mortar.
13 Inch. ID Inch. Flight in Ranges t^"^%°l^

Powder Powder Seconds. in Yards. irpuiti.

lb. OZ. lb. OZ. Inches Pait»

2 O ■ ^ .. 12 612 — 2 — 64

4 — o I — 12 14 ^ — ^.3-i 3 — 8

2— 4 , 15 958 3-30

/; O ■ 2 — 6 . — 16 1088 3-52

5— 8 2—8 17 1299 3-'74

I 3_ 2 i8 1377 1—96

7 — o • 3 — 8 19 1534 4—18

4 — o 20 17 -O 4 — 40

8 — 12 4 — 8 21 1874 4 — 62

9 — o 5 — 8 22 2057 4-84

18 ■ 8— 2 26 2873 5—72

20 — o 8 — ID -~ 27 3098 5 — 94

22 — o • 9—8 28 3332 6 — .6

24— 8 • 11—4 29 3574 p— -.8

28—0 12 — o 30 3821 6 — 00

31—8 31 40S5 — 82

The ranges of mortars, at the feveral elevations below, are in proportion
to one another, viz.

45—40—35—30—25—20—15—10— 5
ICO — 98 — 94 — 86 — 76—64 — 50 — 34 — 17

Fxamplc. Knowing the range f a flifll at 45 to be 890 yards, required
the range at 30 with the fame powder ; fay, as 100 : 86 : : 890 : 765. 4;
and if you have a fhell's range at 30, and would know how far it will go at
45 with the lame quantity ot powder, rule as 86 : lOo : : 765. 4 : 890.

N. B. Thete propofitions only hold good when the powder is equal.

RATES, the orders or claflTes into which the fliips of war are divided,
accoiding to their force and magnitude.

It has already been obferved, in the article Navy, that this regulation,
which limits the rates of men of war to the fmalleft number pofllble, fcems
to have been didated by confiderations of political œcononiy, or of that of
the finiplicity of the lervice in the royal deck-yards. The Britilh fiect is ac-
cordingly dillributcd into fix rates, exclufive of the inferior vcflels that
uùially attend on naval armaments ; as floops of war, armed fhips, bomb-
ketciies, fire-lhips and cutters, or fchooners commanded by lieutenants.

Ships of the firft rate mount 100 cannon, having 42 pounders on the
lower deck, 24 pounders on the middle deck, 1; pounders on the upper

H h 2 deck.

RAT RAT

tleck, and 6 pounders on the quarter-deck and forecaftle. They are manned
witli 850 men, including tlieir officers, I'canien, marines and fcrvants.

In general, the fliips of every rate, befides the captain, have the mafter,
t1ie boatfwain, the gunner, the chaplain, the purler, the furgeon, and the
cirpenter -, all of whom, except the chaplain, have their mates or afTiftants,
in which are comprehended the fail-maker, the mail:cr at arms, the armorer»
the captain's clerk, the gunfmich, &c.

The number of other officers are always in proportion to the rale of the
Ihip. Thus a firll rate has fix lieutenants, fix matter's mates, twenty-foiH*
inidfliipmcn, and five furgeon's mates, who are confidercd as gentlemen -,
befides the following petty officers : quartcr-mafters, and their mates, four-
teen ; boatfwains mates and yeomen, eighty gunners mates and afiiftants,
fix-, quarter-gunners, twenty-five ; carpenters mates, two, befides fourteen
affiliants -, with one fteward, and fteward's mate to the purfcr.

If the dimenfions of all fliips of the fame rate were equal, it would be
the fimplell and mod perfpicuous method to colleft them into one point of
view in a table ; but as there is no invariable rule for the general dimen-
fions, it muft fuffice to remark thole of fwne particular fliips in each rate >
for which purpofe we have felcc^led fome of the lateft conftrudion.

The Vidory, which is the lalt built of our firft rates, is 222 feet 6 inclies
in length, from the head to the ftern -, the length of her keel, 1 5 1 feet 3
inches-, that of her gun-deck, or lower deck, 186 feet-, her extreme breadth
is 51 feet 10 inches -, her depth in the hold, 21 feet 6 inches ; her burthen
2162 tons ; and her poop reaches 6 feet before tlie mizcn-maft.

Ships of the fécond rate carry 90 guns upon three decks, of which thofe
on the lower battery are 32 pounders-, thofe on the middle 18 pounders;
on the upper-deck, 1 2 pounders -, and thofe on the quarter-deck, 6 pounders,
which ufually amount to four or fix. Their complement of men is 750^
in which there are fix lieutenants, four mailer's mates, twenty-four mid-
ffiipmen, and four furgeon's mates, fourteen quarter-mafters and their
mates, eight boatfwain's mates and yeomen, fix gunner's mates and yeomen,
with twenty-two c^uarter-gunners, two carpenter's mates, with ten affiftants,
and one fteward and fteward's mate.

Ships of the third rate carry from 64 to 80 cannon, which are 32, 18,
and 9 pounders. The 80-gun ffiips however begin to grow out of repute,
and to give way to thofe of 74, 70, &c. which have only two whole bat-
teries -, whereas the former have three, with 28 guns planted on each, the
cannon of their upper-deck being the fame as thofe on the quarter-deck
and fore-caftle of the latter, which are 9 pounders. The complement in a
74 is 650, and in a 64, 500 men -, having, in peace, 4 lieutenants, but in
war, 5 ; and when an admiral is aboard, 6. They have 3 mailer's mates,
16 midlhipmen, 3 furgeon's mates, 10 quarter-mafters and their mates,
6 boatfwain's mates and yeomen, 4 gunner's mates and yeomen, with 18
quarter-gunners, 1 carpenter's mate, with 8 affiftants, and i fteward and-
fteward's mate under the purfer.

Ships of the fourth rate mount from 60 to 50 gufts, upon two decks, andi
she quarter-deck. The lower tier is compoied of 24 pounders, the upper

tier

RAT

R A r

tier of 12 pounders, and the cannon on the quarter-deck and forc-caflle arc
6 pounders. The complement of a 50 gun Ihip is 350 men, in which there
are three lieutenants, 2 matter's mates, 10 midfhipmen, 2 furgeon's mates,
8 quarter-mafters and their mates, 4boatrwain's mates and yeomen, 1 gun-
ner's mare and i yeoman, with 12 quarter-gunners, 1 carpenter's mate
and '■ affiliants, and a fteward and fteward's mate.

All veflcls of war, under the fourth rate, are ukially comprehended under
the general name of frigates, and never appear in the line of battle. They
arc divided into the 5th and 6th rates, the former mounting from 40 to 32
guns, and the latter from 28 to 20. The largeft of tjie filth rate have two
decks oi cannon, the lower battery being of 18 pounders, and tliat of the
upper-deck of 9 pounders; but thofe of 36 and 32 guns have only one
complete deck of guns, mounting 12 pounders, belides the quarter-deck
and fore-caftle, which carry 6 pounders. The complement of a fliip of
44 guns, is 280 men -, and that of a frigate of 36 guns, 240 men. The
firft has 3, and the fécond 2 lieutenants ; and both have 2 mailer's mates,
6 midfhmen, 2 furgeon's mates, 6 quarter-mafters and their mates, 2 boat-
fvvain's mates, and 1 yeoman, 1 gunner's mate and 1 yeoman, with id or
1 1 quarter-gunners, and i purler's fteward.

Frigates of the 6th rate carry 9 pounders, thofe of 28 guns having 3
pounders on their quarter-deck, with 200 men for their complement -, and
tiiofeof24, 1 60 nun-, the former has 2 lieutenants, the latter, i; and both
have 2 matter's mates, 4 midflTipmen, i furgeon's mate, 4 quarter-mafters
and their mates, 1 boatiwain's mate and i yeoman, 1 gunner's mate and 1
yeoman, with 6 or 7 quarter-gunners, anil i purler's fteward.

The (loops of war carry from 1 8 to 8 cannon, the largeft of which have
6 pounders-, and the fmalleil, viz. thofe of 8 and 10 guns, 4 pounders.
Their officers are generally the fame as in the 6th rates, with little variation-,
and their complements of men are from 120 to 60, in proportion to their
force or magnitude.

N. B. Bomb-vefiels arc on the fame eftablilhment as floops ; but fire-
fliips and hofpital-fliips are on that of fifth rates.

Having already exhibited the dimenfions of the largeft firft rate in our
navy, we have, in the following table, collected thole of the inferior rates;

Rates.

2d rate, Barfleur,

, ( Arrogant,

^drate, <,. "= '
^ ' ( r.uropa,

4th rate, Salilbury,

, ( Phoenix,

5^'^ "^^•' ] Venus,

6th rate, jF,7f"'
' ( Dolphin,

Sloop, Nautilus,

Guns.
90

74
64

36
28

24
16

Length of

Lfngth of

Extrtmc

Depth in

Burthen in

the k«l.

the luwcr
deck.

bre

idth.

the hold.

tons.

Feei. Inch.

Feet. Inch.

Fett.

Inch.

Feet. Inch.

144 f

177 6

1934

13a

168 3

19 9

i6j4

139

159

19 4

ij66

120 8

146

17 4

1044

J 16 II

140 9

:^7

856

106 3

12S 41-

12 4

722

97 3i

118 4

10 6

586

9i 4

113

1 1

5«i

So 7;-

12 8

316

Nothing

RAT RAT

Nothing more evidently manifefts the great improvement of the marine
art, and the degree of perfection to which it has arrived in England, than
the facility of managing our firlt rates ; which were formerly efteemed in-
capable of government, unlcis in the molt favourable weather of the fum-
mer. In teitimony of this obfervalion we may, with great propriety, pro-
duce the example of the Royal George, which, during the whole courfeof
the late war, was known to be as eafily navigated, and as capable of lervice,
as any of the inferior fhips of the line, and that frequently in the moft tem-
pefluoits feafons of the year. The ingenious M. Du Hamel, who is emi-
nently diftmguiflicd for his knowledge of marine affairs, has indeed judi-
dioufly objcded to the defe<5ts and bad qualities of fuch large fhips *. It is
ncverthclcfs hardly pofTible for any Kngiifliman, who was witnefs to the de-
feat of M. Conflans, by the vidorious Sir Kdward llawkc, on the ever-
memorable 20th of November 1759, to avoid diflenting a while from that
gentleman's opinion. In reality, a fact, confirmed by repeated experience,
muft unavoidably triumph over all theoretical conclufions.

Ships of the iccond rate, and thofe of the third, which have three decks,
carry their fails remarkably well, and lah)our very little at fea. They are
excellent in a general action, or in cannonading a fortrefs. Thofe of the
third rate, which have two tiers, are fit for the line of battle, to lead the
convoys and fquadrons of fhips of war in aftion, and in general, to fuit
the different exigencies of the naval fervice.

The fourth rates may be employed on the fame occafions as the third
rates, and may be alfo deflmed amon^ft the foreign colonies, or on expe-
ditions of great diftance -, fince thefe vefTels are ufually excellent for keep-
ing and fuftaining the fea.

VefTels of the fifth rate are too weak to fufFer the fhock of a line of battle;
but they may be deflined to lead the convoys of merchant-fhips, to protedt
the commerce in the colonies, to cruize in different itations, to accompany
fquadrons, or be fent exprcfs with ncceffary intelligence and orders. 1 he
fame may be obferved of the fixth rates.

The frigates, which mount from 28 to 38 guns upon one deck, v/iththe
quarter-deck, are extrem.ely proper for cruizing againit privateers, or lor
fhort expeditions, being light, long, and ufually excellent failers,

RATLINGS, (enflechures, ¥r.) certain fmall lines which traverfe the
fljrouds of a Ihip horizontally, at regular diltances from the deck upwards,
and forming a variety of ladders, whereby to climb to any of the mafl-
heads, or defcend from them. Hence the term is apparently derived from
rath, an obfolete word, fignifying a hill.

In order to prevent the ratling from flipping down by the weight of the
failors, they are firmly attached by a knot, called a cloie-bitcb, to all the

• The fame gentleman obfervcs, that a fliip of two decks, fuch as are genenlly all thofe
of the third and fourth rates, cannot be fo ilrongly connected as one that is fuinifhed with
three : a vefTel pierced for 15 guns on one fide of her deck muft neceflarily he very long,
and is fometimes apt to droop at the two ends ; or, in the fca-phrafe, to 6reai her back un-
4er the enormous weight of her artillery.

Ihrouds,

R E A REE

fliroiids, except the foremoft or afcmofl: ; where one of the ends, being
fitted with an eye-fplice, is previoiifly fattened with twine or packthread.

REACH, (r^cau. Sax.) the line, or diftance, comprehended between
any two points or Ilations on the banks of a river, wherein the current flows
in a flrait uninterrupted courfc.

REAR, (arrière^ Fr.) a name given to the laft divifion of a fquadron, or
the laft fquadron of a fleet, and which is accordingly commanded by the
third officer of the faid fleet or fquadron. See the article Division.

REEF, (ris^ Fr. reef, Dutch) a certain portion of a fail, comprehended
between the top or bottom, and a row of eyelet-holes parallel thereto.

The intention of the reef is to reduce the furface of the fail in propor-
tion to the increafe of the wind ; for which reafon there are feveral reefs
parallel to each other in the fuperior fails, whereby they may beftill further
diminiflicd, in order to corrcfpond with the feveral degrees of the gale.
Thus the top-fails of fliips arc ufually furniflied with three reefs, Imn, fig. i..
plate IX. parallel to the yard; and there are always three or four reefs,
parallel to the bottom on thole main-fails and fore-fails, which are extend-
ed upon booms : a circumftance common to many of the fmall veficls.

Reef alfo implies a chain of rocks, lying near the furface of the water.

REEF-BAND, a piece of canvas, icwcd acrofs the fail, to llren^then
it in the place where the eyelet-holes of the reefs are formed.

REEFING, the operation of reducing a ful, by taking in one or more
of the reefs, which is either performed by lines, points, or buttles.

Thus the top-fails are always, and the courfcs generally, reefed with
points, which are flat braided pieces of cordage, whofe lengtlis are nearly
double the circumference of the yard. Thefe being inferred in the eyelet-
holes, are fixed in the fail by means of two knots in the middle, one of
which is betore, and the other behind the reef-band.

In order to reef the top-fails with more facility and expedition, they are
lowered down and made to flnver in the wind, which confiderably relaxes
their tcnfion. The extremities of the reef are then drawn up to the yard-arms
by an aflcmblage of pullies communicating with the deck, termed the reef-
tackle ; and they are fccurely faftened to the yard-arms by fmall cords, called
eariftgs. Tlie fpace of iail, comprehended in the reef, is then laid fmoothly
over the yard, in lèverai folds or doubles : and the whole is completed by
tying the points about the yard, fo as to bind the reef clofe up to it.

ihe courfes of large fliips are either reefed with points or fmall cords,
which are thence called reef-lmes. In the latter cafe, the line is pafled fpi-
rally tlirough the eyelet-holes of the reef, and over the head of the fail al-
ternately, and afterwards Rr„ined as tight as poflible. It mull be obferved,
however, that the reef-line is fometimes palTed round tlie yard, and Ibme-
times only round the head of the fail ; and each of thefe methods have their
advocates, with arguments more or lefs convincing. But if it fliould appear
tflential to prevent the fridtion by which a fail is galled between the line and
the yard i and as the rope-bands arc fuificicnt to fuftain the effort of the

5 l^il.

REE R E L

fail, it is certainly much better to pafs the line only rovind the fail, pro-
viiied that the turns are inlerted through tlie rcband-lc'gs ; a circiimllancc
which is carefully praftiled by every fkilt'ul lailor.

The faine reaibn may be alkxlged, with equal propriety, in favour of ty-
ing tlie points of the courfes in the fame manner j that is to fay, the after-
end of the point fliould be thrull forward between the head of the fail
and the yard -, and the fore-leg of the faid point fliould come aft over the
head of the fail, aiKl alio under the yard : and thus croflcd over the head
of the fail, the point (hould be extended, and the two ends brought over
the yard, and tied on the upper fide of it as (Irait as pofiTible.

When a fail is reefed at the bottom, it is done by hiitlles, which being
thruft through the eyelet-holes thereof, are tied firmly about the fpace oV
canvas of which the reef is com.pofed, and knotted on the lower fide of the
bolt-rope. Thefe knittles are accordmgly removed as foon as the reef is let
out.

Befides the manner above-defcribed, there are other methods of reducing
a fail to the Itorm, as expla'ncd in the .irticles Goose-Wing and Balance.

REEF-TACKLE, a rope which pafl"cs from the deck to a block nt the
topmaft-head, and thence to another block at the topf.iil-yard-arm, where
it communicates with another rope, called it's pendent, that runs down-
wards through a hole in the yard, and is arterwards attached to a cringle^
a. little below ihe loweft reef, as exhijbired by fig. i. plate IX. where h is
the reef-tackle, and i the pendent thereof. It is uled, as we have already
obfervcd, to pull the fkirts of the reets clofe up to the extremities of the
topfail-yards, in order to lighten the iail, the weight of which would
otherwifc render it very d'fficulc to perform tliis operation.
REEL cf the log. See the article Log.

To REEVE, is to pafs the end of a rope through any hole, as the chan-
nel of a block, the cavity of a thimble, cleat, ring-bolt, &c.
RECKONING. See Dead-Rfckoning.

REFITTING, is generally undcrllood to imply the repairing any da-
mages, which a fliip may have fuftained in her fails or rigging, by bat-
tle or tempeftuous weather ; but more particularly by the former. See
Engagement and Repair..

REIGNING-WINDS, a name given to the winds which ufually prevail
on any particular coaft or region, the knowledge of which is cfTentially ne-
cefTary to every pilot who is charged with the navigation in thoit; leas.

RÉLIEVING-TACKLES, two ftrong tackles uled to prevent a fhip
from overturning on the careen, and to affift in bringing her upright after
that operation is completed.

The relieving-tackips are furniflied with two ftrong ^ayj, (attrapes, Fr.) or
pendents, by which their etForts are communicated, under the fliip's bottom,
to the oppofite fide, where the ends ol the guys are attached to the lower
gun-ports. The other ends of the tackles are hooked to the wharf, or pon-
toon, by which the veflTel is careened. Thus if the fhip is firfl to be laid

5 down

. î

R E L RHO

down on the larboard- fide, which is ocai-ell the wharf, the rclioving-tacklcs
arc pailcd under her bottom from the i'aid wharf, raid attached to thï llar-
board-lide, by which they will rcRrain her from falling lower than is neccf-
lury. See Righting. '.',-.

■•■liELiEViNC-'i'ACRi.E, i S alio a name fometln-.cs given to the train-tackies
of a gun-carriage. See Cannon and I^xeucisiî.

Rfc"NDERI?'I^G, as alL-a-term, is generally undcrfcood to be tlie efFcA of^
. yielding, or giving way, without refiitance, to the efforts of foine mechani-
cal power. It is ufually expreiïcd of a complicated tackle, lûniard, or
lûj/jin^, when the effeft of the power applied is communicated with facility'
to all the parts, without being interrupted in it's pafluge. It is therefore,
ufed in contra-difti!i(!^ion to [licking or jamming. ,^ i ■

RENDtZ\'Ol.lS, ih.e port, or [ilace of dellination, where the feveral
Uiips of a fleet or lquad:on are appointed to rejoin the whole, in cale of a
feparation, oecafioned by tempcftuous weather, or other unforcleen accif,
dent. .

REPAIR, (radoub, Fr.) the operation of amending any injuries, or
fupplying any deiiciencics, which a fliip may have received by age, battle,
tempeltuous weather, &c.

. J'he repair is nt-ceilarily greater or fmaller, in proportion to the lofs which
the velTel has fuftained. Accordingly a fuitable number of the timbers,
hc-ams, or planks^ or a fufficient part of eitlier, are removed, and nev/ pieces
fixedin their places. The whole is completed hy breaming, caulking, and
paying the body with a new cor.-ipolition of ftuif. Sec Docking.

REPRISE, a lliip which is retaken from the enemy, foon after tlic firit
capture; or at leall betorelhe has arrived in any neutral or hoftile port.

If a veiVel, thus retaken, h.is been twenty-four hours in tiie poflcfllonof
the enemy, it is deemed a lawful prize ; but if it be retaken within that
time, it is to be reftored to the proprietor, with every thing therein, upon
Jiis allowing one third to the vcifel who made the reprife. Alfo if the re-
prife has been abandoned by the enemy, either in a tempeft, or from any
other cauie, before it has been led into any port, it is to be reftored to the
proprietor.

. RETREAT, the order or difpofition in which a fleet of French men of
war decline engagement, or fly from a purfuing enemy*.

RHOMB-LINE, a line prolonged from any point of the compafs on
a nautical chart, except the four cardinal points.

• The reaiier, who wiftics to be expert in this manœuvre, will rind it copioully dcfcribed
liy.fsycral ingenious I'rench writers, particularly L'lloie, S.ivericn, Morogucî, Bourde, and
O/ane ; who have given accurate in(truàlion>, deduced from experience, for putting it in
praftice when occnfion requires. As it is not properly a term of the Britiih marine, a more
circumAantial account of it might be conlidercd (orei^jn to our plan. It has been oblerved
in another part of this work (a), that the French h:ive generally exhibited greater proofs
of talle and judgment in the fculpture, with which their Ihips are decorated, than the Euglifh ;
the fame candour and impartiality obliges us to coiifcls their fupetior dexterity in this move-
ment.

(«) Sec the article IltAi).

I i RIBBANDS,

RIB RIB

RIBBANDS, lijja, Fr. (from rib and bend) in naval archite<fture, long
narrow tkxiblc pieces of timber, nailed upon the oiitfide of the ribs, from
thç Jiem to the Jlern-pcji, fo as to envelop the (hip lengthways, and appear
on her fide and bottom like tl;c meridians on the kirface of the globe.

The ribbands, being judicioufly arranged with regard to their heighth
and diftance from each other, and forming regular fweeps about the fliip's
bod)', will compofe a kind of frame, whole interior kirface will determine
the curve of all the intermediate, or filling-timbers, which are ftationcd be-
tween the principal ones. As the figure of the fhip's bottom approaches
to that of a conoid, and the ribbands having a limited breadth, it is appa-
rent, that they cannot be applied to this convex furface without forming
a double curve, which will be partly vertical and partly horizontal-, fo
that the vertical curve will increale by approaching the Hem, and ftill more
by drawing near the ftern-poif. It is alfo evident, that by deviating from
the middle line of the fliip's length, as they approach the extreme breadth
at the miclJJjip-frame, the ribbands will alio form an horizontal curve. The
loweft of thcfc, which is terminated upon the ftem and ftern-poft, at the
heighth of the rifing-line of the floor, and anfwers to the upper part of the
floor-timber upon the midfliip-frame, is called the /«^w-ribband. That
which coincides with the v:ing-tranfom, at the height of the lower-deck
upon the midfliip-frame, is termed the irraJZ/f'-ribband : all the reft, which
are placed between thefe two, are called intermediate ribbands.

From this double curve it refults, that the ribbands will appear in dif-
ferent points of view, when delineated upon different planes of the fame
fhip. To conceive this, let us fuppofe the fkeleton of a fliip upon the
ftocks, as in plate IV. fig. ii. and plate X. fig. 2. with the ribbands re-
prefented by dotted lines upon her bottom. If a fpeftator is placed oppo-
fite to the ftem or ftern-poft, on a line prolonged from the keel, he will
only view the projedion of the ribbands on the plane of the midlhip-
frame, in which the horizontal curve is very little perceived -, he will dif-
covcr part of the vertical curve, which rifes continually from the extreme
breadth towards the ftem and ftern, fo that they muft be drawn upon the
plane of projeftion as oblique lines, which terminate upon the midfhip-
Irame at the point where the ribband touches it, and upon the ftem and
ftern-poft at the point where their ends are lodged.

If the fpeftator were to change his pofition, and perceive the projeftion
of the ribbands upon a plane, luppofed to be elevated upon the length of
the keel, he would alfo difcover their vertical curve, as i: is fometimes ex-
preffed in the flieer-draughc, without diftinguiftiing the horizontal one.

But if we imagine the eye of the fpeftator placed confiderably above the
(hip, on a line perpendicular to the middle of the keel, lie will then difcover
the projedlion of the ribbands upon the plane of the ground beneath the
ftiip, and view the horizontal curve, (fee the borizontcl -plane, plate I.) with-
out perceiving the perpendicular one.

In order to give the reader as diftindl an idea as poflîble of the ribbands,

we have, befides the above reprefentations, exhibited a perfpedtive view of

I them

RIB RID

them in the frame or fkeleton of a fmall vcfll-1, referred to, from the ar-
ticle Timber.

RIBS of ajhip, a figurative exprefTion for the timbers. See that article.

Ribs of a parrel. See Parr£l.

RIDERS, a fort of interior ribs, fixed occafionally in a fliip's hold op-
pofite to fome of the principal timbers, and reaching from the kelfon to
the beams of the lower-deck, and fometimcs higher, in order to flrengthen
her frame. They are bolted to the other timbers, to lupport them when
it is apprehended the fhip is not fufficiently ftrong in the part where they
are fixed ; which is generally amidfliips.

The riders have alfo their floor-pieces and futtocks, and fometi mes their
top-pieces, all of which are fcarfed to each other in the fame manner as in
the timbers.

The riders ought to be ftationed fo as to lie between two ports of the
lower deck, and to correfpond with the timbers to which they are attached,
in fuch a manner, as that the fcarfs of the riders may be clear of thofe of
the timbers. They arc fcorcd upon the kcHon, clamps, and thick-fluff of
the bottom. They are fecured by bolts, which are driven from without, fo
as to penetrate the outfide planks, the timbers, the clamps, and the riders ;
on the infide of which lalt they are fore-locked. See thofe articles.

Thefe pieces are rarely ufed in merchant- fliips, becaufe they would be ex-
tremely inconvenient in the hold, bcfides occupying too large a Ipace there-
of; neither are they always ufed in veflels of war, at leall till after the fhip
is enfeebled by fcverul cruizes at fea.

RIDGE, a long alfemblage of rocks, lying near the furface of the fea, fo
as to intercept the paflagc of a Ihip under fail. See alfo Reef and Shal-
low.

RIDING, when exprefled of a fliip, is the fl:ate of being retained in a
particular llation, by means of one or more cables with their anchors, which
are for this purpofe funk into the bottom of the fea, &c. in order to pre-
vent the veflel from being driven at the mercy of the wind or current.
See Mooring. A rope is faid to ride, when one of the turns by which it
is wound about the capflern or windlafs lies over another, fo as to interrupt
the operation of heaving.

Riding athzvart, the pofition of a fhip which lies acrofs the direfbion of
the wind and tide, when the former is fo ftrong as to prevent her from
falling into the current of the latter.

Riding between the wind and tide., the fituation of a veflel at anchor, when
the wind and tide aft upon her in direft oppofition ; in fuch a manner as
to deftroy the effort of each other upon her iuill ; lb that (he is in a man-
ner balanced between their reciprocal force, and rides without the leall
ftrain on her cables.

When a fhip does not labour heavily, or feel a great ftrain when anchored
in an open road or bay, ftie is faid to ride cafy. On the contrary, when
flie pitches violently into the fea, fo as to ftrain her cables, mafts, or hull,
it is called riding hard, and the veffel is termed a bad roader.

I i 2 A Ihip

RIG RIG

A fliip is rarrly laid to ride when flie is faftcned at both the ends, cis in a
harbour or river, that fiiiiation being comprelicndcd in the article McpR-

ING. '

RIGGING, a general name given to all the ropes employed to fiipport
the malls ; and to extend or reduce the fiiils, or arrange them to the dil'po-
iicion ofthe wind.

The former, v/hich are ufcd to Tulhiin tlie marts, remain uiually in a fixed
pofitiyni, and are c;;lled _y?rt/;^/;/^ rigging -, fuch are û\c JJrroudSy Jlays, and
back-ftays. The latter, whofe office is to manage the fails, by communi-
cating with various blocks, or puUies, fituated in different places of the
mafis^ yards, prends^ Sec. are comprehended in the general term oi running-
rigging. Such are the braces, fieets, haliards, clue-lines, braih, &c.

In rigging a mall, the firft thing ufually fixed upon it's head, is a circu-
lar wreath or rope, called û\v: grommct, or collar, which is firmly beat down
upon the top of the hoimds. The intent of this is to prevent the flirouds
from beiiig fretted or v/orn by the trejlle- trees, or fhoulders of the lîiaft ;
after this arc laid on the two pendents, from whole lower ends the main, or
fore-tiitkles are fufpended ; and next, xhe fircuds of t!ie ftarboard and lar-
board fide, in pairs, alternately. The whole is covered by xhejlrys, which
are the largeft ropes of the rigging. ■'^.i. ji..i /uirw/

When a yard ii to be riggid, a grommet is'alfo driven firft on each of it's
extremities : next to this are fitted-on the bcrfes, the braces; and, laftly, the
lifts, or top-failjhect-hlocks : all of which are explained in their proper places.
The principal objects to bcconfidered in rigging a fliipappiartobeftrength,
convenience, and fimplicity ; or the properties of affording fufficient fecurity
to the mafts, yards, and fails-, of arranging the whole machinery in the m.oft
advantageous manner, to fuftain the mafts, and facilitate the management
of the fails ; and of avoiding perjjiexity, and rcjcfting whatever is'fuper-
fluous or unnecefTary. The perfeftion of this art then confifts in retaining
all thofe qualities, and in preferving a judicious medium between them.

RiGGiNG-ouT a boom, the operation of running out a pole upon the end
■ofa yapdi, .or bowfprit, to extend the foot of a fail. Thefe booms are
confined in thofe places by double rings, formed like a figure of 8, one
part of which is fultcned to the relpcétive yard-arm, or bowfprit-end, and
tlie other receives tlie boom, which is occalîonally rigged out, or drawn
in through it. The rings uieci in this fervice, are termed boom-irons.
r RIGHTING, (relever, Fr.) the acl of reftoring a fliip to her uprigiic
pofition, after flie has been laid on a careen, by the mechanical powers
ufually applied in that operation.

This is generally the natural effèft of carting Itiole the careening pullies
by which flie had been drawn down. It is however neceflary fometimes to
, apply mechanical powers to right the rtiip in fuch a fituation. The prin-
.cipal of thefe are the relieving-tackles. See that article;

A Ihip is alio faid to right at fea when flic rites, with her mafts ereded,
after having been preft down on one fide by the effort of her fails, or a
frJnca\jy fquall of wind.

Righting»,

RIG R O A

Righting, v/hen cxprefTed of the helm, implies the replacing it in the
middle of the (hip, aft^r having produced the required effett, of wheeling
her to the right or left, as much as appeared ncceflary.

P. IJVT, or BRIM, a name given to the circular edge of any of the tops.
See that article.

RING-BOLT, (cheville à boucle, Fr.) an iron bolt, with an eye at one
end, wherein is fitted a circular ring, as expreifcd in fig. 3. and 4. plate II.
The ring-bolts are for feveral ufes, but particularly to hook, the tackles, by
which the cannon of a fhip are managed and fecured : accordingly there is
one fixed in the deck oppofite to every cannon, reprefcnted by Z, plate III.
Deck : and they are, for the fame purpofe, fixed in the edges of tiie guh-
porcs, as expreifctl in the Midship-frame, plate VII. They are driven
through the plank and the correfponding beam, or timber, and retained in
this pofition by a fmall pin thrulc through a hole in tiie fmall end, as ap-
pears in fig. 39. plate II.

RING-ROPKS, fhort pieces of rope, tied occafionally to the ring-bolts
of the deck, to fallen the cable more li;cuiely when the fliip rides in a tem-
peR, or turbulent fea, or rapid current. They are, however, more parti-
cularly neceiTary in veering av/ay the cable gradually in thofe circumftances,
in order to frcJJjen the ha-ivfe ; ai, without this precaution, it would be ex-
trem.cly difficult to check the cable, v/hich, being then charged with a great
effort, might be drawn violently out of the fhip at random.

RING-TAIL, a fmall trianguL.r fail, extended on a little maft, which
is occafion:!l!y credled for that purpofe on the top of a fliip's ftern. The
lower part of this fail is ftretched out by a boom, which projeéls from the
ftcrn horizontally. This fail is only uled in light and favourable winds,
particularly in the Atlantic ocean.

RiNG-TAii- is alfo a name given to a fort oi Jiudding-fail, hoifted beyond
the after-edge or fkirt of thofe main-fails which are extended by a boom
and gafF; as in a\\ Jlocps, brigs, s.nà. fchocners : this ring-tail is accordingly
of the fame depth with that part ot the main-lail upon which it borders.
See Sail.

RIPPLING, a broken and interrupted noife, produced by a current on
or near the fea-coall.

RISING-LINL, a name given byfliipwrights to an incurvated line, which
is drawn on the plane of elevation, to determine the height of the ends of
all the JJoor-li/iibcrs througiiout the fhip's length, and which accordingly af-
certains the figure of the bottom, with regard to fharpnefs and flatneis.

ROAD, (>û(ù, Fr.) a bay, or place of anchorage, at I'ome diltancc
from the Ihore, on the fea-coall, whither Ihips or vclfcls occafionally re-
pair to receive intelligence, orders, or neccfiary fupplies , or to wait for
a fair wind, &cc.

The excellence of a road confifts chiefly in it's being protefled from die
reigning winds, and the fwcU of the fea ; in having a good atichoring-grotind,
and being at a competent diftance from the fhore. Thole which are not
Uifilcieiitly incloled are termed open roads.

ROADFR,

R O A R O L

ROADER, a veflel riding at anchor in a road, bay, or river. Ifu
vefTel under fail ftrikes againlt any reader, and damages her in pafiing, the
former is obliged by law to make good tlie damages fuftained by the latter.

The readers attentively obferve to anchor, or moor, at a competent
diltance from each other; and that thofe which arrive laft (hall not moor
in the track of the fhipping which anchored before, fo as to intercept their
pafTage when they are ready to depart.

ROBANDS, or ROPE-BANDS. See Rope-band.

ROGUES-YARN, a name given to a rope-yarn, of a particular con-
ftrudlion, which is placed in the middle of every Jlrand, in all cables and
cordage in the king's fervice. It differs from all the reft, as being untar-
red, and twifted in a contrary manner, by which it is eafily difcovered.
The ufe of this contrivance is to examine whether any cordage, fuppofed
to be ftolen or embezzled, has been formed for the king's fervice.

ROLLER, a cylindrical piece of timber, fixed either horizontally or
perpendicularly above a fhip's deck, fo as to revolve about an axis. It is
ufed to prevent the cables, hmvfers, &c. from being chafed by the friftion
■which their furfaces would otherwife encounter, from bearing againft that
part of the ffiip, where the roller is placed, whilft they are drawn into the
Ihip, &c. by mechanical powers.

Rollers, are alfo moveable pieces of wood, of the fame figure, which
are occafionally placed under planks, or long pieces of timber, in order to
move them with greater facility either in the dock-Y3.ràs, or in lading and
delivering merchant-lhips.

ROLLING, the motion by which a fliip rocks from fide to fide like a
cradle, occafioned by the agitation of the waves.

Rolling, therefore, is a fort of revolution about an imaginary axis, paflîng
through the center of gravity of a fhip: fo that the nearer the center of gra-
vity is to the keel, the more violent will be the rolling-motion; becaufe the
center about which the vibrations are made, is placed fo low in the bottom,
that the refiftance made by the keel to the volume of water which it difplaces
in rolling, bears very little proportion to the force of the vibration above the
center of gravity, the radius of which extends as high as the maft-heads.

But if the center of gravity is placed higher above the keel, the radius of
vibration will not only be diminifiied, but an additional force to oppofe
the motion of rolling will be communicated to that part of the lliip's bot-
tom, which is below the center of gravity.

So far as relates to the efFeft of rolling, when produced by the quality or
ftowage of the ballaft, and to the manner by which it may be prevented,
viz. a change of the quantity or difpofition of the ballaft, we fliall endea-
vour to explain under the article Trim. It may, however, be neceflary
to remark, that the conftruftion of the Ihip's bottom may alfo contribute
to diminifh this movement confiderably.

To illuftrate this by an example, let us fuppofe the feftion of a Ihip per-
pendicular to the keel to be exactly circular, plate VIII. fig. 8. it is evident,

that

R O L R O U

that if this be agitated in the water, it will have nothing to fuftain it, be-
caiife the rolling or rotation about it's center dilpluces no more water than
when it remains upright : conkqviently the rolling motion muft be very
great in a high i'ea. But it" a plank is fixed below it edgeways, or perpen-
dicular to the furtace, as low as e, throughout the whole length of the Ihip,
it is plain that the planks will dilplace a volume of water to the right,
when the fhip is inclined to the left, which will retard her motion ; and
this obilruclion will always aft contrary to her heeling or inclination to one
fide, and greatly diminifh the vibration or rollings although it will add
very little to her ftiffiiefs : For, admitting the fhip to incline to one fide, as
in fig. 8. the plank de would produce a very weak effort to bring her up-
right. But the depth of the keel, the rifing of the floors, and the dead wood
fore and aft, as in fig. 9. plate Vlll. will anfwer the fame purpofe as the
plank d e.

Many fatal difafters have happened to fliips, arifing from a violent roll-
ing ; as the lofs of the mails, loofening of the cannon, and draining vio-
lently on the decks and fides, fo as to weaken the fliip to a great degree.
See Ballast, Labouring, and Pitching.

RoLLiNTG-TACKLE, a puUcy or purchafe faftened to that part of a fail-yard
which is to the windward of the maft, in order to confine the yard clofe
down to the leeward when the fail is furled.

It is ufed to prevent the yard from having a great fridlion againfl the
maft in a high fea, which would be equally pernicious to both.

ROPES, (cordes, Fr. r^p. Sax. reep, Dutch) a general name given to
all forts of cordage, above one inch in circumference, ufed in the rigging
a fliip. See Cable, Hawser, "I'owline, and Warp.

Ropes are either cable-laid or hawfer-laid : the former are compofed of
nmt ftrands, viz. three great ftrands, each of which is compofed of three
fmaller ftrands ; and the latter is made with three ftrands, each of which
contains a certain number of rope yarns, in proportion to the fize of the
rope required.

RopE-BANDs, (rabans^Vr.) pronounced roebins, certain pieces of fmall
rope, or braided cordage, ufed to tie the upper edges of the great fails to
their refpeftive yards. They are inferted through the eyelet-holes in the
head of the fail, being generally of a fufficient length to pal's two or three
times about the faid yard.

Rope-yarn, (fil de carret, Fr.) the finalleft and fimpleft part of any rope,
being one of the threads of wliich zjhand is compofed ; fo that the fize of
the latter, and of the rope into which it is twifted,. is determined by the
number of rope-yarns.

ROVER, a pirate or free-booter. See Pirate.

ROUGH-TREE, a name given in merchant-ftiips to any maft, yard,
or boom, placed as a rail or fence above the fhip's fide, from the quarter-
deck to the fore-caftle. It is, however, with more propriety, applied to
any maft, &c. which remains rough and unfiniflied.

ROUND-

R O U RUN

ROUND-HOUSE, a name r^ivcn, in Faft-Indiainen, and other l:*.r^;e
nicrcli.mt-fhips, to a cabin or ap.ircment bu'.k in the atter part ot tlic quar-
ter-deck, and having the poop tor it's roof. The apartment is iiiually
calied the coach in our fliips oi'war.

ROUNDING, certain old ropes wound firmly and clofcly about that
jiart of a cable which lies in the hmvfe, or under the fliip's bc^v, or ailiwarc
the flem. It is uil-il to prevent the furface of the cable from being chafed
or fretted in thofc places. See the article Kaicling and Service.

RouNDiNG-iN generally implies the ad of pulling upon any rope which
pafles through one or more blocks, in a direélion nearly horizontal ; as,
round-in the weather-braces ! &c. It is apparently derived from the circu-
lar motion of the rope about the fieai: or pulley through which it pafics.

Roi'NDiNO-up is ufed nearly in the fame fenfe, only that it is exprefild
of a tackle which hangs in a perpendicular pofition, without fulhiining or
hoiding any weighty body : it is then the operation of pulling the blocks
ciofcr to each other, by means of the rope which pallcs through them,
to compofe the tackle -, and is thcrei'ore oppofcd to over-hauling, by which
the blocks arc drawn further afunder.

To ROW, (ramer, Fr. rcvjan. Sax.) to impel a boat or veflll along the
furface of the water by oars, which arc managed in a direction nearly hori-
zontal. SceO.AR.

Row-CALLEY. See the article Galley.

Row-locks, thofe parts oï the- gunzcale, or upper edge of a boat's fide,
whereon the oar relis in the exercile of rowing. In the fides of the fmalleft
veflels of war, a number of little fquare holes, called row-ports, are cut
for this purpofe, parallel to the furface of the water.

ROWERS, (rameurs, Fr.) a name given to the perfons by whom the
oars are managed.

ROWING-GUARD. See Guard-boat.
'• ROWSING, the act of pulling together upon a cable, hawfer, &c.
without the aîTiftance of tackles, capfterns, or other m.echanical powers. It
is particularly ufed in the exercife of removing a fhip from one place to
another, by means of ropes and anchors. See the article Warping.

ROYAL, (houlingue, Fr.) a name given to the higheit fail which is ex-
tended in any fhip. It is fpread immediately above the top- gall ant -fail, to
•whofe yard-arms the lower corners of it arc aitaciied. This fail is never
ufed butin light and favourable breezes. ' "^

RUDDER. See the article Helm.

RUN, the aftmoft or hindmoft part of alhip's bottom, where it grows
extremely narrow, as the floor approaches the ftern-poft.
. RUNG-HEADS, (f.eurs, Fr.) a name fometimes given by fhipwrights
to the upper ends of the floor-timbers, which are otherwife more properly
called floor-heads. See Naval Architecture.

RUNNER, (itague, Fr.) a thick rope ufed to increafc the mechanical
powers of a tackle. See that article.

I The

RUN RUN

The runner rt, fig. lo. plate VIII. pafles through a large hook-block,
as c, and has ufually a hook b attached to one of it's ends, and one of the
tackle blocks to the other \ and in applying it, the hook, as well as the
lower block of the correfponding tackle, is fixed to the object intended to
be removed.

RUNNING-OUT a warp, the aft of carrying the end of a rope out from
the fhip, in a boat, and faftening it to fome dillant place, to remove the
fhip towards the faid place, or keep her fteady whilft her anchors are lift-
ed, &c.

RuNNiG-RiOGiNO, all that part of a Ihip's rigging which pafles through
the blocks, to dilate, contrad, or traverfe the fails. See the article Ric-

OINO.

SAD S A I

■OADDLE, a fmall cleat, or wooden block, hollowed on the upper and
1^ lower fide, and nailed on x.\\t\u\vçx yr.rd-anns, to retain the Itudding-
i3.\\-boc}>u in a lirm and fteady pofition. For this pvirpole the cavity on the
lower part of the laddie conforms to the cylindrical furface of the yard to
which it is attached : and in like manner the hollow, on the upper fide, an-
fwers to the figure of the boom, and ferves as a channel whereby it may be
run out or in, along the yard, as occafion requires.

SAGGING to leeward, the movement by which a (hip makes a confider-
ib\t lee-vjay, or is driven far to leeward of the courfe whereon file apparent-
ly iails. It is generally exprefled of heavy-failing vefi!els, as oppofed to
keeping well to windward, or, in the fea-phrafe, holding a good wind.

SAIC, a fort of Grecian ketch, which has no top-gallant-fail or mizen-
top-fail. See Ketch.

SAIL, (voile, Fr. fegl. Sax. /e)éel, feyl, Dutch) an aflcmblage of feve-
ral breadths of canvas, or other texture, fewed together, and extended on,
or between the niajïs, to receive the wind, and carry the vefiel along the
water.

The edges of the cloths, or pieces, of which a fail is compofed, are ge-
nerally fewed together with a double feam : and the whole is fkirted round
at the edges with a cord, called the bolt-rope.

Although the form of fails is extremely different, they are all neverthe-
lels triangular or quadrilateral figures -, or, in other words, their lurfaces
are contained either between three or four fides.

The former of thefe are fometimes fpread by a yard, as lateen-L\\h ; and
otherwife by a Jlay, as Jlay-iz\\s ; or by a maft, as fiiouldcr-of-mutton-
fails : in all which cafes the foremoft leech or edge is attached to the faid
yard, mall, or Hay, throughout it's whole length. The latter, or thofe
which are four-fided, arc either extended by yards, as the principal fails of
a fiiip ; or by yards and booms, as û\t JluddingAalAs, drivers, ring-tails, and
all thofe fails which are fet occafionally ; or by gaffs and booms, as the
main-fails of Jlocps and brigantines.

The principal fiiils of a fliip (fig. i. plate IX.) are the courfes or lower
fails a, the top-j}:ils b, which are next in order above the courfes ; and the
top-gallant-fails f, which are expanded above the top-fails.

The courfes are the main-fail, fore-fail, and mizen, main-ftay-fail, fore-
ftay-fail and mizcn-ftay-lail -, but more particularly the three firft.
A''. B. The main-llay-fail is rarely ufed except in fmall veflels.
In all quadrangular fails the upper edge is called the head ; the fides or
fkirts are called leeches -, and the bottom or lower edge is termed the toot.
If the head is parallel to the foot, the two lower corners are denominated
clues, and the upper corners earings.

6 In

s A I S A I

In all triangular fails, and in thofe foiir-fided fails wherein the head is
not parallel to the foot, the foremoft corner at the foot is called the tack;
and the after lower-corner the clue -, tiie foremoft perpendicular or Hoping
edge is called the fere leech, and the hindmoft the after leech.

The heads of all four-fided fails, and the fore-leeches of lateen fails, are
attached to their rcfpeiSlive yard or gafi' by a number of fmall cords called
robands ; and the extremities are tied to the yard-arms, or to the peek of
the gaff, by earings.

The liay-fails are extended upon ftays between the mafts, whereon they
are drawn up or down occafionally, as a curtain flides uj^on it's rod, and
their lower parts are llretched out by a tack and llieet. The clues of a topfail
are drawn out to the extremities of the lower yard, by two large ropes called
the top-fail fheets ; and the clues of the top-gallant-fails are in like manner
extended upon the top-fail yard-arms, as exhibited bv plate IX. fig. i.

The ftudding-fails are fet beyond the leeches or fkirts of the main-fail and
fore-fail, or of the top-fails or top-gallant-fails of a fhip. Their upper and
lower edges are accordingly extended by poles run out beyond the extremi-
ties of the yards for this purpofe. Tiiofe fails however are only fet in fa-
vourable winds and moderate weather.

All fails derive their name from the maft, yard, or ftay upon which
they are extended. Thus the principal fail extended upon the main-maft
is called the main-fail, grande voile, d, fig. 2. plate IX. the next above,
which ftands upon the main-top-malt, is termed the main-top-fail, grand
hunier, e; and the highell, which is fpread acrofs the main-top-gallant-
maft, is named the main-top-gallant-fail, grand prrrcquei , f.

In the laiTiC manner there is the fore-fail, niifaine, g ; the fore-top-fail,
petit hunier, h; and the fore-top-gallant-fail, petit perroquet, i -, the mizen,
artimon, k ; the mizen top-fail, perroquet d'artimon, /; and mizen top-^al-
lant-fail, >n. Thus alfo there is the main ftay-fail ; main-top-malt ll.iy
fail/»; and main-top-gallant ftay-fail 9; with a middle ftay-fail which
ftands between the two laft. N. B. All thefe ftays-fails arc between the
main and fore-mafts.

The ftay-fails (voiles d'eiai, Fr.) between the main-maft and mizen-maft
are the mizen ftay-fail r; and the mizen top-mall ftav-lail.f; and fome-
times a mizen top-gallant ftay-fail above the latter.

I'he ftay-fiiils between the fore-maft and the bov. fprit are the fore ftay-
fail /; the fore-top-maft ftay-fail u ; and the jib, for, x. There is befidcs
two fquare fails extended by yards under the bowlprit, one of which is
called tlie fprit-fail, eivadiere, y, and the other the Iprit-fail top-fail :;,
perroquet de beaupré. For the French names of all the ftay-lails, Ice the
French term Etai, and the phrafes following it.

The ftudding-lails, (bonnettes en étui, Fr.; being extended upon the difter-
cnt yartls of the main-maft and fore-maft, are likcwife named according to
their ftations, the lower, top-maft, or top-gallant ftudding fails.

The ropes by which the lower yardi. of a fliip are hoifted up to tin ir pro-
per heigluh on the mafts, are called the j cars. In all other fails the ropes
employed for this purpofe are called haliards.

K k 2 The

s A I S A I

The principal faih are then expanded by haliards, (beets, and bowlines,
except the courfes, which are always ftretched out below by a tack and flieer.
See Bowline, Close-hauled, (s^c. They are drawn up together, or trulTed
up, by bunt-lines^ due-lines^ d d, fig. i. leech-lines, e e; reef -tackles, f f ;
Jiab-lim, g ; znà fpilltng-lines. As the bunt-lines and leech-lines pals on the
other fide of the fail, they are exprefled by dotted lines in the figure. See
thofe articles.

The courfes, top-fails, and top-gallant fails, are wheeled about the maft,
fo as to fuit the various direftionsof the wind by braces. The higher ftud-
ding-fails, and in general all the ftay-fails, are drawn down, fo as to be furl-
ed, or taken in, by down-hauls. See Brace, Tpim, and Down-haul.
Sail is alfo a name applied to any vefiel beheld at a diftance under fail.
To fel Sail, (faire voile, Fr.) is to unfurl and expand the fails, upon
their refpeftive yards and (lays, in order to begin the aftion of failing.

To make Sail, is to fpread an additional quantity of fail, fo as to increafc
the (hip's velocity.

To fhorten Sail, is to reduce or take in part of the fails, with an intention
to diminifli the fhip's velocity.

TofirikeSwh, is to lower it (iiddenly. This is particularly ufed in fa-
luting or doing homage to a fuperior force, or to one whom the law of na-
tions acknowledges as fuperior in certain regions; Thus all foreign vefTcls
ftrike to an Englifli man of war in the Briti(h feas. See Salute.

SAILING, the movement by which a vefiel is wafted along the furface
of the water, by the a£tion of the wind upon her fails.

When a fliip changes her Itate of reft into that of motion, as in advanc-
ing out of a harbour, or from her ftation at anchor, fhe acquires her mo-
tion very gradually, as a body which arrives not at a certain velocity till
after an infinite repetition of the atlion of it's weight.

The firft imprefilon of the wuid greatly affcfts the velocity, becaufe the re-
fiftance of the water might deftroy it, fince the velocity being but fmall at
firft, the refiltance of the water which depends on it will be very feeble : but
as the fhip increafes her motion, the force of the wind on the fails will be di-
minifhed ; whereas on the contrary the refiftance of the water on the bow
will accumulate, in proportion to the velocity with wh'ch the vefiel advances.
Thus the repetition of the degrees of force, which the adlion of the fails adds
to the motion of the (hip, is perpetually decreafing ; whihl on the contrary
the new degrees added to the eflTort of refiftance on the bow are always aug-
menting. I'he velocity is then accelerated in proportion as thequantity added
is greater than that which is fubtradted: but whon the tv/o powers becoiric
equal, when the imprelTion of the wind on the fails has loft f > much of it's
force, as only to adt in proportion to the oppofite impulfe or it Tiftance on the
bow, the (hip will then acquire no additional velocity, but continue to (ail
with a conftant uniform motion. The great weight of the fh'p may indeed
prevent her from acquiring her greateft velocity ; but when (he has attained
It, (he wdl advance by her own intrinfic motion, without gaining any new
degree of velocity, or le(rening what fhe has acquired. She moves then by
6 her

s A I S A I

her own proper force invacttOy without being afterwards fubjefl either to the
effort of the wind on the fails, or to the refiftance of the water on the bow.
If at any time the impulfion of the water on the bow flioiild deftroy any part
of the velocity, the effort of the wind on the fails will revive it, fo that the
motion will continue the fame. It miift however be obferved, that this
ftate will only fubfift wiien thefe two powers aft upon eacii other in diredt
oppofition ; otherwife they will mutually deftroy one another. The whole
theory of working fliips depends on this counter-adtion, and the perfeél
equality which fhould fubfift between the effort of the wind and the im-
pulfion of the water. Bouguer, Traité du navire.

The efîect of failing is produced by a judicious arrangement of the fails
to the direction of the wind. Accordingly the various modes of failing
are derived from the different degrees and fituations of the wind with re-
gard to the courfe of the vefTel.

To illuftrate this obfervation by examples, the plan of a number of fhips
proceeding on various courfes are reprefented by fig. 3. plate IX. which ex-
hibits the thirty-two points of the compafs, of which C is the center : the
direftion of the wind, which is northerly, toeing expreffcd by the arrow.

It has been obferved in the article Close-hauled, that a Ihip in that fi-
liation will fail nearly within fix points of the wind. Thus the fhips B
and J are clofe-hauled, the former being on the larboard tackj fleering E.
N. E. and the latter on the ftarboard tack failing W. N. W. with their
yards a b braced obliquely, as fuitable to that manner of failing. The line
of battle on the larboard tack would accordingly be exprelTed by C B^
and on the ftarboard by C y.

When a fhip is neither clofe-hauled, nor fteering afore the wind, (he is
in general faid to be failing large. The relation of the wind to her courfe
is precifely determined by the number of points between the latter and the
courfe clofe-hauled. Thus the fliips c and x have the wind one point large,
the former fleering E. b N. and the latter W. ^N. The yards remain al-
mofl in the fame pofition as in B and^; the bowlines and Jheets of the fails
being only a little flackened.

The fliips d and « have the wind two points large, the one flieering eafl:
and the other weft. In this manner of failing, however, the wind is more
particularly faid to be upon the beam, (perpendiculaire du vent, Fr.) as being
at right angles with the keel, and coinciding with the pofition of the fliip's
beams. The yards arc now more acrofs the fliip, the bowlines are call off,
and the fheets more relaxed -, lb that the effort of the wind being applied
nearer to the line of the fliip's courfe, her velocity is greatly augmented.

In e and / the fhips have the wind three points large, or one point abaft
the beam, the courl'e of the former being E. b S. and that of the latter
\V. b S. The flieets are flill more flowing -, the angle which the yards make
with the keel further diminiflicd ; and the courfe accelerated in proportion.

The fliips/and/, the firft of which fteers E.S.E. and the fécond W.S. W,
have the wind four points large, or two points abaft the beam. In g and r
the wind is five points large, or three points abaft the b.am, the former
failing S. E. bE. and the latter S. W. b W. In both thefc fituations the

flieets

s A I S A I

fhcets are ftill fmilicr flackened, and tlie yards laid yet more athwart the
fhip's length, in proportion as the wind approaches the quarter.

'J"he fliips b and q, ftccring S. 1',. and S. VV. liave the wind fix points
large, or more properly on the quarter; which is confidered as the moll fa-
vourable manner of failing, becaufe all the fails co-operate to increafe the
/hip's velocity : whereas, when the wind is right aft, as in the fliip ?«, it is
evident, that the wind, in it's padage to the foremoll fails, will be inter-
cepted by tholiî which are further aft. When the wind is on the quarter,
the fore-tack is brought to the cat-head -, and the main-tack being call off,
the weather-clue of the main-fail is hoilled up to tiie yard, in order to let
the wind pafs freely to the fore-lail -, and tlie yards are difpofed fo as to
make an angle of about two points, or nearly 220, with the keel.

The fliips /' nnd p. of which the former fails S. E. b S. and the latter
S. W. b S. are laid to have the wind three points on the larboard or (larboard
quarter : and thofe exprefled by k and 0, two points ; as fleering S. S. E.
and S. S. W. in both which pofitions the yards make nearly an angle of 16",
or about a point and an half, with the fliip's length.

When the wind is one point on the quarter, as in the fliips / and w, whofe
courfes are S. b E. and S. b W. the fituation of the yards and fails is very
little different from thelaft: mentioned ; tlie angle which they make with the
keel being fomewhat lefs than a point, and the ftay-lails being rendered of
very little fcrvice. The fliip m fails right afore the wind, or w ith the wind
right aft. In this pofition the yards are laid at right angles with the fliip's
length : the (lay-fails, being entirely ufelcls, are hauled down : and the
main-fail is drawn up in the brails, that the fore-fail may operate-, a mea-
fure which confiderably facilitates the (leerage, or effort of the helm. As
the wind is then intercepted, by the main top-fail and main-top-gallant-
fail, in it's pafTage to the fore top-fail and fore top-gallant-fail, ihele latter
are by conlequence entirely becalmed, and miglit therefore be furled, to
prevent their being fretted by flapping againft the maft, but that their effort
contributes greatly to prevent the fliip from bioaching-to, when flie de-
viates from her courfe to the right or left thereof.

Thus all the different methods of failing may be divided into four, viz.
clole-hauled, large, quartering, and afore the wind ; all which relate to
the direiStion of the wind with regard to the (hip's courfe, and the arrange-
ment of the fails. See alio Drift and Leeway.

Order of Sailing, the general difpofition of a fleet of fliips when pro-
ceeding on a voyage or expedition.

It has already been obferved in the article Fleet, that the moft convenient
order of failing, for a fquadron of fliips, is in three parallel columns, fo as to
form the line of battle with greater facility and expedition. In this difpofi-
tion, the ftation of each fliip is previoufly appointed by the commander in
chief; and tlie ranks or columns are as near to each other as regularity, and
a regard for their common fecurity, will admit. This diflance, v/hich ought
to be carefully obferved in tacking, may be regulated by the movements of
fome of the fliips in the column furtheft to windward, which fliould accord-
ingly govern the operations of the whole fquadron. See Tacking.

Sailing

s A I SAL

Sailing alio implies a particular mode of navigation, formed on the
principles, and regulated by tlie laws of trigonometry'. Hence we fay,
plain failing, mercator's, middle-latitude, parallel and great circle failing.
See the artitle Navigation.

SAILOR, (matelot, Fr.) a feafaring man : a perfon trained in the exer-
cife of fixing the machinery of a fhip, and managing her, either at fea, or
in a road, or harbour.

SAIL-YARD. See the article Yard.

SALLY-PORT. See the article Fire-ship.

SALVAGE, a third part of the value of any thing recovered from the
enemy, after having remained in his pofleffion twenty-four hours -, or of
any thing dragged up from the bottom of the fea. It is paid by the firft
proprietors to the perfons who have fo recovered it, or elle detained legally
by the latter.

SALUTE, (falut, Fr. from faluto, Lat.) a teftimony of deference or
homage rendered by the fliips of one nation to another -, or by fliips of the
fame nation to a fuperior or equal.

This ceremony is variouQy performed, according to the circumftances,
rank, or fituation of the parties. It confifts in firing a certain number of
cannon, or vollies of fmall arms ; in ftriking the colours or top-fails ; or in
one or more general fliouts of the whole (hip's crew, mounted on the marts
or rigging for that purpofe.

The principal regulations with regard to falutes in the royal navy are as
follow :

' When a flag-officer falutes the .idmiral and commander in chief of the
fleet, he is to give him fifteen guns -, but when captains falute Iiim, they
are to give him leventecn guns. The admiral or commander in chief of
the fleet is to return two guns lefs to flag-officers, and four lefs to cap-
tains. Flag-officers faluting their fuperior or fenior officer, are to give him
thirteen guns. Flag-officers are to return an equal number of guns to
flag-officers bearing their flags on tiie fame malt, and two guns lei's to the
relt, as alfo to captains.

' When a captain falutes an admiral of the white or blue, he is to give
him fifteen guns ; but to vice and rear admirals, thirteen guns. When a
flag-officer is faluted by two or more of his Majefliy's Hiips, he is not to re-
turn the falute till all have finiflied, and then to do it with fuch a reafon-
ablc number of guns as he fliall judge proper.

' In cafe of the meeting of two fquadrons, tlie two chiefs only are to ex-
change falutes. And if fingle fliips meet a fquadron confining of more than
one flag, the principal flag only is to be lalutcd. No falutes Ihall be repeat-
ed by the fame fliips, unlets there has been a feparation of fix months at lealV.

' None of his Majelly's Ihips of war, commanded only by captains, fliall
give or receive falutes from one another, in whatfocver part of tlie world
they meet.

' A flag-officer rommaniling in chief fliall be faluted, upon his firft hoift-
ing his flag, by all the fliips preleiu, with fuch a number of guns as is al-
lowed by the firft, third, or fifth articles.

' When

SAL SAL

* When any of his Majefty's (hips Hiall meet with any fliip or (hips be-
longing to any foreign prince or ftate, within his Majefty's feas, (which ex-
tençl to Cape Finifterrej it is expefted, that the faid foreign fhips do ftrikc
their top-fail, and take in their flag, in acknowledgment ot his Majefty's fo-
vereignty in thofe feas : and if any ftiall refufe, or offer to refift, it is enjoin-
ed to all flag-officers and commanders to ufe their utmoft endeavours to
compel them thereto, and not fuffer any diflionour to be done to his Majefty.
And if any of his Majffty's fubjefts fhall lb much forget their duty, as to
omit ftriking their top-fail in palling by his Majefty's ftiips, the name of the
fhip and mafter, and from whence, and whither bound, together with affi-
davits of the faft, are to be fent up to the fecretary of the admiralty, in
order to their being proceeded againft in the admiralty-court. And it is
to be obferved, that in his Majefty's feas, his Majefty's ftiips are in no ways
toftrike to any; and that in no other parts, no fhip of his Majefty's is toftrike
her flag or top-fail to any foreigner, unlefs fuch foreign ihip (hall have firft
ftruck, or at the fame time ftrike her flag or top-fail to his Majefty's ftiip.

' The flag-officers and commanders of his Majefty's fliips are to be care-
ful to maintain his Majefty's honour upon all occafions, giving protection
to his fubjetfls, and endeavouring, what in them lies, to fecurc and en-
courage them in their lawful commerce -, and they are not to injure, in any
manner, the fubjeds of his Majefty's friends and allies.

' If a foreign admiral meets with any of his Majefty's ftiips, and falutes
them, he fhall receive gun for gun. If he be a vice-admiral, the admiral
ftiall anfwer with two guns lefs. If a rear-admiral, the admiral and vice-
admiral ftiall return two lefs. But if the Ihip be commanded by a captain
only, the flag officers fliall give two guns lefs, and captains an equal number.
' When any of his Majefty's ih'ips come to an anchor in a foreign port or
road, within cannon-fliot of it's forts, the captain may falute the place with
fuch a number of guns as hjve been cuftomary, upon good aft^urance of hav-
ing the like number returned, but not orherwife. But if the fhip bears a flag,
the flag-officer ftiall firft carefully inform himfelf how flags of like rank,
belonging to other crowned heads, have given or returned falutes, and to
infift upon the lame eerips of refpeft.

* It is allowed to the commanders of his Majefty's ftiips in foreign parts, to
falute the perlons of any admirals, commanders in chief, or captains of fhips
of war of foreign natioas, and foreign noblemen or ftrangers of quality, as
alio the faftories of the king's fubjeds, coming on board to vifit the ftiip •
and the number of guns is left to the commander, as fliall be fuitable to the
occafion, and the quality of the perfons vifiting; but he is neverthelefs to
remain accountable for any excelles in the abufe of this liberty. If the fliip
vifited be in company with other fliips of war, the captain is not to make ufe
of the civilities allowed in the preceding article, but with Içave and con-
fent of the commander in chief, or the fenior captain.

' Merchant- ftiips, whether foreigners, or belonging to his Majefty's fub-
jefts^ laluting the admiral of the fleet, fliall be anfwered by fix guns lefs ;
when they falute any other flag-ftiips, they fliall be anfwered by four guns
lefs ; and if they falute men of war commanded by captains, they fliall be

anfwered

SAL SCO

anfwered by two guns Ids. If feveral merchant- fhips lalute in company,
no return is to be made, till all have finifhed, and then by fuch a number
of guns as fhall be thought proper ; but though the merchant-fhips fhould

anfwer, there fhall be no fécond return.

' None of his Majefty's fliips of war fhall falute any of his Majefty's
forts or caftles in Great Britain or Ireland, on any pretence whatfoever.'
Regulations and InJlru£}ions for the Sea-fervice.

SALT-PITS, (maj-ais falant, Fr.) refervoirs on a coaft, to contain fea-
water for the purpofes of making fait.

SAMSONS-POST, (piédroit, Fr.) a fort of pillar ereded in a Hiip's
hold, between the lower deck and the kelfcn, under the edge of a hatchway,
and furnifhed with ievcral notches that ferve as Heps to mount or defcend,
as occafion requires.

This port, being firmly driven into it's place, not only ferves to fupport
the beam, and fortify the veflTel in that place, but alio to prevent the cargo
or materials contained in the hold from fliifting to the oppofite fide, by the
rolling of the fhip in a turbulent and heavy fea.
SAUCER. See the article Capstern.

SCALE cf equal parts, (échelle, Fr.) alfo the name of a fea-port in Pro-
vence.

SCALING the guns, (foufler, Fr.) the adt of cleaning the infide of a fliip's
cannon, by the explofion of a fmall quantity of powder ; which effectually
blows out any dirt or fcales of iron which may adhere to the interior furface.

SCANTING, (addoner, Fr.) the variation of the wind by which it be-
comes unfavourable to a fhip's courfe, after having been fair or large. It
is diftinguifhed from a foul wind, as in the former a fliip is ftill enabled
to fail on her courle, although her progrefs is confiderably retarded ; but
in the latter fhe is obliged to deviate from the line of her courfe, as ex-
plained in the article Tacking.

SCANTLING, (échantillons, Fr.) the dimenfions of any piece of timber
with regard to it's breadth and thicknefs in fliip-building.

SCARF, (empature, Fr. fcherven, Dutcii) a particular method of unit-
ing two pieces of timber together by the extremities.

When two pieces of timber are joined together, fo that the end of one
goes over the end of the otiier, being tapered fo that the one may be let
into the other, and become even, they are laid to be fcarfed : fuch are the
keel-pieces. But when the ends of the two pieces are cut fquare, and put
together, they are faid to butt to one another : and when anotiier piece is
laid upon, and faftcned to both, as is the cafe in all the frame-timbers, this
is called I'carHng the timbers; and half the piece which fallens liie two tim-
bers together is reckoned the length of the fcarf. Murray's Jljipbutlding.

SCHOONER, a fmall veflel with two malts, whole main-lail and fore-
fail are fufpendcd from guffs reaching from the mall towards the llern-, and
llretched out below by booms, whole foremoll ends arc hooked to an iron,
which cl.ifps the mart fo as to turn therein as upon an axis, when the after-
ends are fwung from one fide of tiie veflel to the other.

SCOOP, (ccoupe, Fr.) a little hollowed piece of wood, employed to throw
water out of a boat into the fea, which is ufually called bailing the boat.

LI SCRAPING,

SCR S C U

SCRAPING, the aft of (having ofF the dirty fiirface of the plank, in a
fhip's fide or decks, particularly after a voyage, or when the fcajns have
been covered with a new compofition of melted pitch or rofin. The in-
itrument with which this is performed is accordingly called a fcraper, and is
reprefcnted in fig. 4. plate IX.

After the fides of a fliip are fufficicntly fcraped, they are varniflied over
with turpentine, or a mixture of tar and oil, or fuch materials; which
preferves the planks from being rent or fplit by the fun and wind, and
gives the fhip a more gay and fplendid appearance on the water.

SCUD, a name given by fcamen to the loweil and lighted clouds, which
are moll fwiftly wafted along tiie atmolphere by the winds.

SCUDDING, (Skiitia, Swedifh) the movement by which a fliip is car-
ried precipitately before a tcmpcft.

As a lliip flies with amazing rapidity through the water, whenever this
expedient is put in pracftice, it is never attempted in a contrary wind, unlefs
when her condition renders her incapable of fuftaining the mutual effort of
the wind and waves any longer on her fide, without being expofed to the
moft imminent danger. See the article Trying.

A fhip either feuds with a fail extended on her fore-maft, or, if the ftorm
is exceffive, without any fail, which in the fea phrafe is called fcudding un-
der hare poles, (aller à fee. Fr.) In (loops and fchooners, and other fmall vef-
fels, the fail employed for this purpofe is called the fquare-fuil, (voile de
fortune, Fr.) In large fhips, it is either the forefail, at large, reefed, or with
it's goofe-iinngs extended, according to the degree of the tempelt ; or it is
the fore-top-fail clofe reefed, and lowered on the cap: which laft is parti-
cularly ufed when the fea runs fo high as to becalm the forefail occafionally-,
a circumftance which expofes the (liip to the danger oi broaching-to.

The principal hazards incident to (budding are generally, il pooping feu ;
the difficulty of (leering, which expofes the velTel perpetually to the rifk of
broaching-to; and the want of fufhcient fea-room. A lea ftriking tl;e (hip
violently on the (lern may dafh it inwards, by which (he mud inevitably
founder. In broaching-to (uddenly, (he is threatened with being immediately
overlet; and, for want of fea-room, ihe is endangered by diipwreck on a
lee-fliore ; a circumdance too dreadful to require explanation !

SCUPPERS, (dalols. Fr. fchoepen, Dutch, to draw off) certain channels
cut through the water-ways and fides of a (hip, at proper diftances, and lined
with placd lead, in order to carry the water off from the deck into the fea.

The fcuppers of the lower deck of a (hip of war are uûially furnidied
with a leathern pipe, called the feupper-hoalc, which Iiangs downward
from the mouth or opening of the fcupper. The intent of this is to prevent
the water from entering when the fliip inclines under a weight of fail.

SCUTTLE, (ccctUille, Fr.) a fmall hatchway cut for feme particular
purpofe through a fhip's deck, or through the coverings of her hatchways,
and furnllhed with a lid which firmly inclofes it whenever necefiary. See
Deck, and Hatchway.

SCUT FLING, the aft of cutting large holts through the bottom or

fides of a fhip, either when die is firc.nded or ovcrllt, and' continues to (îoat

on the (urface. The defign of this expedient is ufually to take out the whole

or a part of the cargo, provifions, flores, &c, with all poflible expedition,

' SEA,

SEA SEL

SEA, (tner, Fr. fee. Sax. zee, Dutch) is known to be a great congrega-
tion of waters, which is either univerfal or local; as lurrounding the whole
earth, or flowing on the coaft of fome particular country.

This term, however, is variouHy applied by failors, to a fingle wave -, to
the agitation produced by a multitude of waves in a tempeft ;- or to their
particular progrefs or direflion. Thus they fay, a heavy fca broke over
our quarter, or we Jfjipped a heavy lea ; there is a great fea in the offing \
the fea fets to the fouthward. Hence a fliip is faid to head the fea, when
her courfe is oppofed to x.\\t fetting or direftion of the furges.

A long fea implies an uniform and fteady motion of long and extenfive
waves; on the contrary, a Ihort fea is when they run irregularly, broken,
and interrupted ; fo as frequently to burft over a vefiel's fide or quarter.

Sea-Boat, (vaiffeaii beau de mer, Fr.) a veflel that bears the fea firmly,
without labouring heavily, or {training her mafl:s and rigging,

Sea-Coast, the fliore of any country ; or that part which is wafhed by
the fea.

Sea-Cloths, {habits de bord, Fr.) jackets, trowfers, &c.
Sea-Faring, the occupation of a mariner or failor.
Seaman, (homme de mer, Fr.) a mariner or perfon trained in the exer-
cife of fixing the machinery of a fliip, and applying it to the purpofes of
navigation.

The principal articles required in a common failor to intitle him to the
full wages, are, that he can fteer, found, and manage the fails, by ex-
tending, reefing, and furling them, as occafion requires. When he is ex-
pert at thefe exercifes, his Ikill in all other matters relative to his employ-
ment is taken for granted.

Sea-Mark, a point or confpicuous place diftinguiflied at fea.
Sea-marks are of various kinds, as fteeples, promontories, piles of ruins,
groupes of trees, &c. and are very neccfiary to dircft vcflels on the coaft of
their fituation. See alfo Beacon and Buov.

Sea-Room, (belle derive, Fr.) implies a fufficient diftance from the coaft,
as well as from any rocks or fliallows, whereby a fliip may drive or Icud
without danger of lliipwreck.

Sea-Weeds, (farts, Fr.) a fort of herbs or tangles floating on the fur-
face of the fea, or wallied upon the fea-coaft. See the French term Mer,
and the phrafes which follow in order.

SEAMS, (coutures, ¥v.) the intervals between the edges of the planks
in the decks and fides of a ftiip ; or the places where the planks join toge-
ther. Tliefe are always filled with a quantity oi oakum, and covered with hot
pitch, to prevent the entrance of the water. See the article Caulking.

SEIZING, (amarrer, Fr.) the operation of fattening any two ropes, or
different parts of one rope together, with a fmull line or cord : alfo the
cord (amarrage) wliich faftens tliein.

SEL\'AGE, a fort of hank or fkein of rope-yarn tied together at fcve-
ral diflances. It is ulid to fallen round any rope, as a Ihroud or ftay, fo
that a tackle may be hooked in it, to extend the faid fliroud or ftay, which
is called fetting it up.

LI 1 SENDING,

SEN S H A

SENDING, the aft of pitching precipitately into the hollow, or inter-
val, between two waves.

SENNIT, (garceues, Fr. from feven and knit) a fort of flat braided
cordage, formed by plaiting five or feven rope-yarns together.

SERVING, {fournr, Fr.) winding any thing round a rope, to prevent
it from being rubbed. The materials ufed for this purpofc, and which
are accordingly called fervice, fourrure, arc generally fmall lines, leatiier,
plat canvas, &c.

SETTEE, (fcitie, Fr.) a (hip of two mafts, equipped with triangular
fails, commonly called lateen fails. Thele veffels ire peculiar to the Meviiter-
ranean fea, and are generally navigated by Italians, GrLTks,or Mahometans.

SETTING, the aft of obferving the ficuation of any diftant objeft by
the compafs, in order to difcover the angle which >z m.ikes with the neareft
meridian -, as, at feven in the evening, we fet the Tower of Arabia near
the port of Alexandria, and it bore S.S.E. diftant four leagues by efti-
mation. See Bearing.

Setting alfo denotes the direftion of the wind, current, or fea, but par-
ticularly the two latter : as, the tide which lets to the fouth, is oppofed
to a fwelling fea fetting to the north- weft.

Setting, when applied to the fails, is the loofening and expanding them,
fo as to move a fhip along the water, after fhe had been for fome time at reft;
or to accelerate her velocity when flie is already moving, and perhaps give a
new direftion to her motion. It is ufed in contradiftiiiftion to taking-in the
fails, as loofing or heaving-out is oppofed to furling or ftowing them.

Setting-up, the aO: of extending the Jhrouds, Jfays, Sind back-Jiays, to fe-
cure the mafts, by the application of mechanical powers, as tackles, &c.
See Dead-eye, Laniard, &c.

SETTLED, lowered in the water-, «s, we have fettled the land, or Hink
it lower, by failing further out to feaward. This phrafe is ufually oppofed to
raifing-, the former being occafioned by departing from the objeft under-
ftood, and the latter by approaching it : however, the fenle is more com-
monly expreifed laying.

SEWED, the fuuation of a ftiip which refts upon the ground till the
depth of water futlkient to float her is diminifhed by the reflux of the tide.
Thus if a fliip runs aground on the tide of ebb, and it be required to know
if fhe has fewcd, the water line or mark on her fide, ftem, or ttern-poft,
where the furface of the water reaches when flie is a float, is examined,
and this mark being found above the water, (he is fîid to be fewed by as
much as is the diflerencc.

SHAKES, (ébc.rcui, Fr.) a name given by fhipwrights to the cracks or
rents in a plank, occafioned by the lun or weather.

SHALLOP, a fort of large boat with two mafts, and ufually rigged
like zfchooner.

SHANK, the beam or fliaft of an anchor. See that article.

Shank-Painter, a ftiort rcpe and chain which hangs the ftiank and
flukes of the anchor up to the fiiip's fide, as iheftop^er fattens the ring and
itock to the cat- head.

s H A SHE

To SHAPE the conife, (commander à la rattle^ Fr.) to direcft or appoint
the track of a fiiip, in order to profccute a voyage.
SHARP. See Bottom.

SHEATHING, (doublage, Fr. j a fort of cafing or covering ]aid on the
oiitfide of a fliip's bottom, to protedt the planks from the pernicious ef-
fects of the worms : particularly in hot climates, as between the tropics.

Sheathing either confifts of a number of bo.irds ordeals of fir, orof iheers
of lead or copper; which laft is a very Lue invention, having been only
experienced on a few of his Majcity's frigates : it feems, however, to an-
fwer the purpofe much better than the fir-planks. When the flie;uhing is
pirtormeJ with boards, tiicre is a quantity of hair and tar ink-rced between
the outfide of the bottom, and the inner furfr.ce of the board?.

SHEAVE, (rouet, Fr. fchiif, Dutch) a folid cylindrical wheel, fixed in
a channel, and moveable about an axis, as being ufcd to raifc or increafe
the mechanical powers applied to r>.'move any body.

The fheaves are either fixed in blocks, or in channels cut through the
mafts, caps, cat-heads, or fides of a fhip. See thofc articles.

SHEEP-SHANK : a fort of knot or hitch caft on a rope, to (horten it
as occafion requires : particularly to increafe the fweep or length of a tackle
by contrafting it's runner. By this contrivance the body to which the tackle
is applied may be hoifted much higher, or removed much further, in a
lliorter time.

Thus if any weighty body is to be hoifted into a fhip, and it be found
that the blocks of die tackle meet before the objedl: can reach the top of
the fide, it will be neceflary to lower it again, or hang it by fome other
method, till the runner of the tackle is fheep-lhanked, by which the blocks
will again be feparated to a competent dillance.

SHEER, (relèvement, Fr.) the longitudinal curve of a fliip's deck or
fides.

SHEERING, in navigation, the aft of deviating or ftnyir.g from the
line of the courfe, either to the right or left, fo as to form a crooked and
irregular path through the water. It is commonly occafioncd by the lliip's
being difficult to fteer, but very often from the negligence or incapacity of
the helmfman. Hence, tojheer off\s to remove at a greater diftance.

SHEERS, (machine à mater, Fr.) an engine ufed to hoift-in or difplace
the lower mafts of a fhip. See the article Mast.

The flieers employed for this purpofe in the royal navy are defcribed
under the article hulk. In merchant-fhipy this machine is compolcd of two
mafts or props, ercdted in the fame vclfcl wherein the maft is to be planted,
or from whence it is be removed. The lower ends of thefe propb reft on
the oppofite fides of the deck, and their upper parts are faftened acrofs, I'o
as that a tackle, which depends from the intcrfcttion, m.iv be almoft per-
pendicularly above the ftation of the m.iii:, to which the mechanical pow-
ers aie applied. Ihele fort of fheers are feturcd by itavi, which extend
forward and aft to the oppofite extremities of the veifel.

SHEET, (ccoutt, Fr.) a rope fallentd to one or both the lower corners
of a lull, to extend and retain it in aparticular ftation. See Clue and S.ml.

When

SHE SHI

When a fliip fails with a lateral wind, the lower corner of the main and
fore fail arc faltcned by a tack and a ihect ; the former being to windward
and the latter to leeward : the tack, however, is entirely difufed with a
ftern-wind -, whereas the fail is never fpread without the ailîftance of one or
both of the (heets.

The ftay-fails and ftudding-fails have only one tack and one fheet each :
the llay-fail tacks are always fartentd forward, and the fheet drawn aft ;
but the ftudding-fail-tack draws the outer clue of the fail to the extremity
of the bottom ; whereas the flieet is employed to extend the inmoft.

lo haul home the Sheet. See Home.

Sheet- Anchor. See the article Anchor.

SHELL, in artillery. See Mortar and Range.

Shell of a block, the outer frame or cafe, wherein xht fheave or wheel is
contained, and traverfes about it's axis. See Block.

SHELVES, (éctteils, Fr. fchylf. Sax. J a general name given to any dan-
gerous fliallows, fand-banks, or rocks lying immediately under the furface
of the water, fo as to intercept any fliip in her paflage, and expofe her to
deftru(5i:ion.

SHIFTED, (defan-im'e, Fr.) the ftate of a fliip's ballad or cargo when
it is fhaken from one fide to the other, either by the violence of her rolling
in a turbulent fea, or by an extraordinary inclination to one fide when un-
der a great preflÂire of fail. This circumftance, however, rarely happens,
unlefs to thofe cargoes which are ftowed in bulk, as corn, fait, or fuch ma-
terials. See Laden and Trim.

Shifted, (/cute, Fr.) when expreffed of the wind, implies altered.

SHIFTER, (detrempeur, Fr.) a perlbn appointed to afiîft the fliip's
cook, particularly in wafliing, ftceping, and fliifting the fait provifions.

SHIFTING a tackle, the aft of removing the blocks of a tackle to a
greater diflrance from each other, on the objeél to which they are applied, in
order to give a greater fcope or extent to their purchafe. This oj^eration
is otherwife called fleeting. See that article.

Shifting the helm, {rencontrer, Fr.) is the alteration of it's pofition, by
pufliing it towards the oppofire fide of the fliip. See Helm.

Shifting thevoyal, (depaffer, ¥v.) changing it's pofition on the capftern
from the right to the left, and vice verfa.

SFIIP, (vaiffccu, Fr. fcip. Sax.) a general name given by feamen to the
firfl: rank of vefl"els which are navigated on the ocean.

Amongfl: people who are unacquainted with marine difl:inclions, this
term is of very vague and indifcriminate acceptation : and indeed failors
themfelvcs, fubmitting occafionally to the influence of cufl:om, receive it
according to this general idea. In the fea-language, however, it is more
particularly applied to a veflel furniflied with three mails, each of which
is compoftd of a lower mafl:, top-mail, and top-gallant-maft, with the
ufual machinery thereto belonging.

The defign of this work being proftflTcdly to treat of the conilrudion,
mechanifm, furniture, movements, and military operations of a fliip, we
may properly confider the prefent article as a general recapitulation of the
whole fubjedl.

3 The

SHI SHI

The plans, elevations, and ferions ufed in the conftruélion of a fhip ;
the principal pieces of which fhe is compoied -, and tlie qualities rcquifire
to anfwer the fcvcral piirpolcs of navigation, are dcfcribed, or referred
to, in Naval Architecture : and the application of tiiis theory to prac-
tice is treated in the article 67';/)-cuilding.

The machinery and furniture with which fhe is equipped are varioufly
diffufed throughout this work, and naturally fpring from one another, like
a ir.ultitude of branches from one general trunk. See Mast, Sail,
Yard, Rigging, Anchor, &c.

The qualities by which fhe is enabled to encounter a tempeftuous fea are
treated in the article Ballast and Trim ; and' her feveral movements
therein are explained under Navigation, Drift, Sailing, Tacking,
Leeway, Pitching, and Rolling.

Confidered as a moveable fortrefs or citadel, her military operations are
copioufly defcribed in Cannon, Cannonade, Engagement, Line, and
Range ; and as her efforts are occafionally like thofe of a mine, or bombard-
ment, the reader is alfo referred to the articles Fire-ship and Mortar.

The vclfels wliich are ufually comprehended under the general name of
fhip, befides thofe of the line of battle, are galleons, frigates, hag-boats,
cats, barks, pinks, and fly-boats-, all of which are defined in their pro-
per places, except the hag-boat, that only differs from a frigate-built Ihip
in the figure of the ftern, which has a great refemblance to that of the f^/,
as being in a middle degree between the former and the latter. See alfo
the article Quarter.

Ships of war are properly equipped with artillery, ammunition, and all the
necelTary martial Vv'eapons and inltruments for attack or defence. They are
diftinguifhed from each other by tiieir feveral ranks or clalVes. See Rate.

Ship of the line is ufually applied to all men of v/ar mounting fixty guns
and upwards. Of late, however, our fifty-gun fliips have been formed
lufHciently ftrong to carry the fame metal as thole of fixty, and accordingly
may fall into the line in cales of necefTity. See Line.

The fliips of fcventy-four cannon, and thereabouts, are generally efteeni-
cd the molt ufeful in the line of battle, and indeed in alnioft every other pur-
pofe of war. It has therefore been judged conformable to ourdelign, to re-
prefent difl'erent views and fedtions of a Ihip of this clals. 'I'hus pl.itelV.
exhibits the head, together with the bow or fore-part. Plate VU. Ihews a
tranfverfe feiftion through the broadefl part, with the profile of her upper and
lower deck batteries. Plate III. contains an horiiiontal llcVion at the lower
deck, together with the plan of the battery planted on one fide thereof, and
all the pieces by which the deck is lupportcd on the other. The quarter,
and all the at"ter-part of the flii[), is exhibited in plate VIII. and the elevation
of the ftern in plate X. all of which arc on the fame fcale, z-'rz. one fourth ot
an inch to a foot, except the deck, which is one eighth of an inch to a foot.

We have alio, on .i imaller fc^lc, exprefied an elevation or fide- view of a
fixty-gun fhip, in plate I. with the head thereof in j)late IV. fig. ii. and
the lUrn in plate X. fig. 2. both of which are viewed upon a hne on the
concinuaiion of the keel.

s II I SHI

Jrmed-SH}?. See Armed Ship.

Ho/pitûl-Siup, a veflcl fitted up to attend on a fleet of men of war, and
receive their fickor wounded; for which purpofe her decks fhould be high,
and her ports fufhciently large. The gun-deck is entirely appropriated
for the reception of the fick, and is flufh without cabins or bulk-heads ;
except one of deal, or canvas, for feparating thole in malignant diltcmpers.
Two pair of checqucred linen flieets are allowed to each bed, and fcuttles
cut in the fides for inlets of air. The fick are vifited by a phyfician, and
conftantly attended by a iurgeon, a proportionable number of mates, af-
filiants, fervant to him, a baker and waflierwomen. Her cables ought alfo
to run upon the upper deck, to the end tiiat the beds or cradles may be
more commodioufly placed between decks, and admit a free pafl"age of the
air, to difperfe that which is offenfive or corrupted.

LeewardSHiP. Sec Leeward.

Merchant-Snw, a veflel employed in commerce, to carry commodities of
various forts from one port to another.

The largeft merchant fhips are thofe employed by the different European
companies of merchants who trade to the Eaflr-Indies. They are in general
fomewhat larger than our forty-gun fliips : they are mounted with twenty
cannon on their upper-deck, which are nine pounders, and fix on their quar-
ter-deck, which are fix pounders. Plate IX. fig. 5. reprefents a view of one
of thefe veflels on the larboard bow, where a is the enfign-ftafi-', A the
mizen-maft, B the main-maft, C the fore-maft, K xhc pocp, LL an awn-
ing of wood extending acrofs the after part of the quarter-deck, M poop-
ladder, N O fteps of the gangway, P head of the capftern on the quarter-
deck, QJi the fkeeds on the gangway, ;■ the belfry on the forecaftle,/ the
timber-heaas, y the cut-water, with a lion-head fixed upon it. The other
parts of tliis fhip reprefented in the figure are referred to from the expla-
nations of the head, plate IV. and the quarter in plate VIII.

Fig. 6. plate IX. exhibits a quarter view of a foreign-built Eaft-Indin-
man, with z fquare tuck, or perpendicular counter, and having three poop-
lanchorns fixed on her taffarel.

Private Ship of ivar. See Privateer.

tStoreSHw, a veflel employed to carry artillery or naval ft;ores for the
ufeofafleet, fortrefs, or garrifon.

Tranfport-^HW is generally ufed to conduâ; troops from one place to
another.

In the different kinds of fliips, referred to above, and diftinguiflied from
each other by their fize or figure, we have only confidered thofe which are
mofl- coniir.on in European nations, wiiere the marine art has received the
greateft improvements. So far is apparently confifl:ent with the views of
utility. To give a circumftantial account of the various fpecies of fliips
employed in different nations, befideS being an almofl: endlefs tafl<, v/ould
be of little fervice, except to gratify an ufelcls curiofity. See Vessel.

To Ship, is either ufed aftively, as to embark any perfon, or put any
thing aboard-fliip ; or paflively, to receive any thing into a fiiip ; as, we
Hiipped a heavy fea at three o'clock in the morning.

3 'ro

SHI S H O

'To Ship, alfo implies to fix any thing in it's place ; as, to fhip the oars,
/. e. to fix them in their row-locks. To fliip the fwivcl-guns, is to fix
tliom in their fockets, &c.

Ship-Shape, according to the fafhion of a fliip, or in the manner of an ex-
pert Tailor-, as, themaft is not rigged fhip-fhipc; trim your fails fhip-fhape.

SHIPPING, a multitude of vclfels. The harbour is crowded with (hip-
ping.

SHIVERING, the ftate of a lail when it fhakcs or flutters in the wind,
as being neither///// nor aback, but in a middle degree between both, as well
with regard to it's abfohue pofition, as to it's relative efi^eft on the vcflel.

SHOAL, (bas-fcnd, Fr.) a term fynonymous \n\.\\fialloio. See that ar-
ticle.

SF'IOE of the anchor, (foulicr, Fr.j a fmall block of wood, convex on the
back, and having a fmall hole, fufficient to contain the point of the an-
chor-fluke, on the fore-fide. It is ufed to prevent the anchor from tearing
or wounding the planks on the fliip's bozv, when afcending or defcending \
for wliich purpofe the flioe flides up and down along the bow, between the
fluke of the anchor and the planks, as being prefs'd clofe to the latter by
the weight of the former.

To Shoe an anchor, (brider, Fr.) is to cover the flukes with a broad trian-
gular piece of plank, whofe area, or fuperficies, is much larger than that
of the flukes. It is intended to give the anchor a flrronger and furer hold
of the bottom in very foft and oozy a,round.

SHORE, (bord de la mer, Fr.) a general name for the fea-coaft of any
country.

Bold-Shore, (berge, Fr.) on which is depth of water fufficient for a
fhip's draught, and free from flioals, or funken rocks.

Shore, (accords, Fr.) is alfo a prop or hrge Jianchicn fixed under a fliip's
fides or bottom, to fupport her when laid aground or on the ftocks, &c.

Bold Shore, a coaft which is lleep and abrupt, fo as to admit the clofeil
approach of Hiipping without expofing them to thedangerof beingftranded.

To SHORTEN, exprefl'edof a fhip's fails, is ufed in oppofition to make.
See that article, as alfo Sail.

SHOT, a mifiîve weapon, difcharged by the force of enflamed powder
from a fire-arm in battle.

The fliot ufed in the lea-fervice is of various kinds, as bullets, bar-fliot,
chain-fliot, cale-lhot, and grape-fliot; all of which are ufed in the royal navy.
There is befides other fliot, of a more pernicious kind, ufed by privateers,
and other piratical rovers -, fuch are /ancrage, ftar-fliot, fire-arrows, &:c.

The firft and mofl; fimple is the round-lliot, which is a ball or globe of
iron, wliofe we'ght is in proportion to the fize of the cannon, or to the dia-
meter of it's bore.

The double-headed, or bar-lhor, fig. 1 1. plate VII. arc balls cut into two
equal parts, and joined together by a kind of iron bar. In the French fer-
vice the niiddlc is fometimes filled with a compofition, and the whole co-
vered with linen dipped in brimllone -, the cannon in firing alio inflames
the combuftibles or compofition of this ball, which fcts fire to the fails of

M m the

s II o

s H o

the vefll-1. One of the heads of this ball has an hole to receive afufe, which,
communicating with the charge of the cannon, fets fire to the bullet*.

The chain-fhot, fig. 12. confifts of two balls chained together, being
principally defigneil to delliroy the mafts and rigging, which they are better
fitted to perform than the fingic bullets.

Grape-fliot is a combination of balls, fig. 13. put into a thick canvas-
bag, and corded flrongly together, fo as to form a fort of cylinder, whofc
diameter is equal to that of the ball which is adapted to the cannon. This
fhot is rftprcfcnted by fig. 13. on a larger fcale, at the bottom of the plate.

Cafe-fhot, fig. 14. is formed by putting a great quantity of mufket-bul-
lets into a cylindrical tin-box called a caniller. They are principally ufed
by the French to fcour the decks of the enemy.

Diameter of I-

RON Shot u-
fed in theSea-
fervice, accor-
ding to their
weight.

Wt.

lb.

3
4
6

9
12

18
24
32
42

Diamet.

Inch. Parts.

2 ZO

^ 77

3
3

5
6^

49
00

50
60

6 68

Conftrudion of Grape-fliot ufed in the Sea-fervice.

Pound-
ers.

42
32
24
iS
12

ol-

Pound-
ers.

42
32
24
18
12

9
6

4
3
1:

I I

I'r I

Thicknefs

of Bottoms.

Inch.

Parts. 1

3»

Length.

Inch. Parts.

9 16

Spindles.

Diamet.

7
6

5
4

'y
3

27
61

3«

58
16

63
88
62

Inch. Parts.
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O

o
o
o

55
70

55
41
44
27
35
27

17
12

Weight.

Shot.

o
o
o
8
o

38
8

4
2

o:-

Lead.

Bottom

lb.

7
5-

:>
2

O
O

o
o
o

07.

4
o
o
o
8
o

10^

3
2

Can\

^as f

orB

ags.

Cord. 1

Length.

B eadth

Width

Ler

gth.

CircBtn.

Inches.

Inc

hcs.

nn.ide.

Feet

Inch.

Inches.

9 8

8 3

7 8

1 I

6 8

lOi-

1 I

5 3

7 75

4 6

4 3

3 4

4 5

251

2 3

PacktU/eai

Weight

finifhed.
lb. 01,

32
22

I I

5
4
2
I
I
o

Le Blond's Eléments of War.

4
S
8
o

13
8

Fire^

s H R S PI R

Fire-arroivs are dcfcribcd in the notes uadcr the article Engagement,
and Laugrage under that word.

Star-lliot confifts of four pieces of iron, whofe bafes, when fcparate, form
tlie quadrant of a circle-, fo that the whole, being joined, forms a cylinder
equal to the fliot of the cannon. Each of tlufe pieces is furnilhed with an
iron bar, the extremity of which is attaclied to a fort of link, as keys are
llrung upon a ring. Being difcharged froin the gun, the four branches or
arms extend every way from the link in the center. Thefe alfo are chiefly
intended to deftroy the fails or rigging, but their flight and execution is
very precarious at any tolerable diftance.

SHROU-DS, (haiibans^ Fr. fcnuU Sax.) a range of large ropes extended
from the mad-heads to the right and left fide of the fliip, to fupport tiic
marts, and enable them to carry fail, &c.

The fhrouds are always divided into pairs or couples: that is to fay, one
piece of rope is doubled. Eg. 7. plate IX. and tiie two parts faflrened toge-
ther at a fmall dillance from the middle <7, fo as to leave a fort of noofc or
collar rt^ to fix upon the malt-head. This collar being fixed in it's place,
viz. clofe down upon the treftU-trees k, fig. 2. plate VI. a pair of flirDuds
depend fron it, whofe lov/er ends ought to reach down to the deck. The
lower ends of thefe fhrouds iK fet up or extended to the channel I. fig. 2.
plate VI. on the outfide or the fliip, by the application of mechanical powers,
as explained in the articles dead-eye and laniard.

The ilirouds as well as the fails are denominated from the mafl:s to which
they belong. Thus they are the main, lore, and mizen flirouds, the maia
top-malt, fore-top-niafl:, or mizen top-malt flirouds, and the main top-
gallant, fore top-gallant, or mizen top-gallant flirouds.

The number of flirouds by which a malt is lufl:ained, as well as the fize
of rope of which they are formed, is always in proportion to the fize of the
maft, and the weight of fail it is intended to carry.

. The two foremoil flirouds on the fliarboard and larboard fide of the fliip
are always fitted firit upon the niafl:-head ; and then the fécond on the ftar-
board and the fécond on the larboard, and fo on till the whole number is
fixed. The intention of this arrangement is to brace û\t yards with greater
facility when the fails are clofe-hauled, which could not be performed with-
out great diftkulty if the foremolt flirouds were lafl: fitted on the mafl:-head,
becaufe the angle -which they would make with the mafl: would then be
greatly increalcd. See alfo Swifter.

The topmaft:-fhrouds are extended from the topmafl: heads to the edges
of the tops, as exprefled by fig. 3. pi. VI. and fig. i. pi. IX. The lower
dead-eye ^, employed for this purpoil-, is fitted with an iron band, called
the foot-hook-plate, which palf-'s thru' a hole in the edge of the top, and
communicates with a rope called the foot-liook fliroud, whofe lower end is
attached to the flirouds of the lower malt, in the Itation /. The upper ends
of the foot-hook flirouds are furniflied with an iron hook w, which enters a
hole in the lower end of the foot-hook plate, fo that when the top malt
flirouds are extended to fecure the malt, the foot- hook flirouds necefl"arily

M m 2 acquire

SID S I G

acquire an equal tenfion by means of the foot-hook plate, which, pafTing
through the top, tranfmits the effort of tlie mechanical powers to the foot-
hook fhrouds below.

The fhrouds of tlie top-gallant mafts are extended to the crofs-trees, as
rcprefentcd by «/, fi^. i. plate IX. Sue alio fig. 5. plate VI.

SIDE, (cole, Fr.y a name given to the flanks of a fhip, or in general to
all that part which is prefented to the view between xht Jtem anâijlern, in a
direftion nearly perpendicular to the horizon.

The figure of the fide is formed by that of the timbers upon which it
is conrtrurted. It is covered with planks, extending from one end of the
fliip to the other; it is alfo reinforced in different places by beams, clamps,
knees, riders, andjiandards. See thofe articles.

The fide is terminated above by the gunnel, and below by the lower
edge of the main wale, which fcparates it from the bottom : it is inclofed
by the Hern abaft, and by the bow forward.

SIGNALS, (fignal, Fr.) certain alarms or notices ufed to communicate
intelligence to a diftant objefl at fea.

Signals are made by firing artilk-ry, and difplaying colours, lanthorns,
or fire-works : and thefc are combined by multiplication and repetition.
Thus, like the words of a language, they become arbitrary expreffions, to
which we have previoufly annexed particular ideas : and hence they are the
general fourcçs of intelligence througliout a naval armament, &c. See
Admiral and Engagement.

Signals ought to be diftinft, with fimplicity. They are fimplc, when
every inftruftion is exprefled by a particular token, in order to avoid any
miflakes ariCng from the double purport of one fignal. They are diftinfl,
when iffiied without precipitation -, when fufficient time is allowed to ob-
ierve and obey ihcm ; and when they are expofed in a conlpicuous place,
lb as to be readily perceived at a diftance.

All fignals may be reduced into three different kinds, vi'z. Thofe which
are made by the found of particular inftruments, as the trumpet, horn, or
fite ; to which may be added, llriking the bell, or beating the drum. Thofe
which are made by difplaying pendents, enfigns, and flags of different co-
lours ; or by lowering or altering the pofition of the fails : And, finallv,
thofe which are executed by rockets of different kinds -, by firing cannon,
or finall arms -, by artificial fire-works -, and by lanthorns.

Firing of great guns will ferve equally in the day or night, or in a fog;
to make or confirm fignals ; or to raife the attention of the hearers to a fu-
ture order. This method, however, is attended with fome inconveniencies,
and fliould not be ufed indifcriminately. Too great a repetition of the can-
non is apt to introduce miftakcs and confufion, as well as to difcover the
track of the fquadron. The report and flight of the rockets is liable to the
lame obje6tion, when at a fliort diftance from, the enemy.

It is then, by the combination of fignals, previoufly known, that the ad-
miral conveys orders to his fleet; t\'<:ry fquadrcu, every dhiftcn, and every
Ihip of which has it's particular fignal. The inftrudion may therefore occa-

fionally

s I G S K E

fionally be given to the whole fleet, or to any of it's fquadrons -, to any di-
vifion of thofe fquadrons, or to any fliip of thofe divifions.

Hence the fignal of command may at the fame time be difplayed for three
divifions, and for three lliips of each divifion -, or for three fliips in each
fqiiadron, and for only nine fliips in the whole fleet. For, the general fig-
nal of the fleet being (hewn, if a particular pendent be alfo thrown out from
fome remarkable place on the fame mafi: with the general flgnal, it will
communicate intelligence to nine fliips that wear the fame pendent.

The preparatory fignal given by the admiral to the whole, or any part
of his fleet, is immediately anfwered by thofe to whom it is diredlcd -, by
fliewing the fame fignal, to tellify that they are ready to put his orders in
execution. Having oblêrved their anfwer, he will fhew the fignal which
is to direcft their operations : as.

To chafe, to form the Une, to begin the engagement, to board, to double
upon the enemy, to rally or return to aflion, to difcontinue the fight, to
retreat and fave themfclves. The dexterity of ii-orking the fliips in a fleet
depends on the precife moment of executing chele orders ; and on the gene-
ral harmony of their movements : a circuniftance which evinces the utility
of a fignal of preparation.

As the extent of the line of battle, and the fire and fmoke of the adion,
or other circumftances in navigation, will frequently prevent the admiral's
fignals from being feen throughout the fleet, they are always repeated by
the officers next in comnvn^i by fliips appointed to repeat fignals ; and,
finally, by the fhip or fliips for which they are intended.

The fliips that repeat the fignals, befides the chiefs of fquadrons or di-
vifions, are ufually frigates lying to windward or to leeicard of the line.
They ihould be extremely vigilant to obferve and repeat the fignals, whe-
ther they are to tranfmit the orders of the commander in chict, or his fé-
conds, to any part of the fleet ; or to report the fortunate or diftrefsful fi-
tuation of any part thereof. By this means all the fliips from the van to
the rear will, unkfs difabled, be ready at a moment's warning to put the
admiral's defigns in execution.

To preferve order in the repetition of fignals, and to favour their com-
munication, without embaraflTment, from the commander in chiet, to the fliip
for which tiiey are calculated, the commanders of the fquadrons repeat after
the admiral ; tlie chiefs of the divifions, according to their order in the line,
after the commanders of the fquadrons -, and the particular fliips after tlie
chiefs of the divifions ; and thofe in return, after the particular Ihips^zicever/ay
when the objedl is lo convey any intelligence Irom the latter to the admiral.

Befides the fignals above mentioned, there are others for diflerent ranks
ofofllcers; as for captains, lieutenants, maflers, ^c. or for any ot thofe
ofiicers of a peculiar fliij). See Division and Sc^'ADRON.

SKl'LT, a fort of long Icoop commonly ufed to wet the decks and fides
of a fhip in hot weatiier, in order to keep them cool, and to prevent tlieni
from fpiitting by tlie htai o\ the fun. This pradice is accordingly peiform-
cdin general every luuiningand evening before fun-rife and alter lun-lct.

rhis

SKI S M A

This inftrument, fig. 8. plate IX. is alio employed in fmall veflels to
wet the fails, to render them more Heady and efficacious in light breezes.

SKIDS, orSKEEDS, arc long comp.ifnnf^ pieces of timber, formed fo
as to anfwer the vertical curve of a flup's fide. See Q, R, fig. 5. plate
IX. They are notched below fo as to fit clofcly upon the wales ; and as
they are intended to prefervc the planks of the fide, when any weighcy body
is hoifled or lowered, they extend from the main wale to the top of the
fide i and they are retained in this pofition by bolts or fpike-nails.

SKIFF, (efqttife, nr.ccHc, Fr. fcaffa, Lat.) a imall boat refembling a yawl,
alfo a wherry without malls or fails, ukially employed to pal's a river.
See the article Boat,

SLAB-LINE, (cc.rguec^iz-ue, Fr.) a fmall cord pafTmg up behind a fliip's
main-fail or fore- fail, and huxn^reevcd through a block, fig. i. plate IX. at-
tached to the lower part of the yard, is thence tranfmitted in two branches to
the foot of the fail, to which it is fidtened. It is ufed to trufs up the fail
asoccafion requires ; but more particvdarly for the conveniency of the pilot
or ftcerfman, that they may look forward beneath it, as thelliip advances.

SLACK-WATER, the interval between the flux and reflux of the tide;
or between the laft of the ebb and the firft of the flood, during which the
current is interrupted -, and the water apparently remains in aftateofrefl:.

SLATCH, is generally applied to the period of a tranfitory breeze of
wind, or the length of it's duration.

SLEEPERS, a name formerly given by fliipwrights to the thick-Jluff
placed longitudinally in a fliip's hold, oppofite to the feveral fcarfs of the
timbers. It is now properly applied to the knees, which conned the iran-
foms to the after-timbers on the fliip's quarter.

SLINGS, (elingue,¥x. Jlingan, Sax.) a rope whofe ends are fixed in fuch
a manner to it's other part, as to encircle a cafk, bale, or cafe, and fufpend
it whilfl: hoifting or lowering. Of thefe there are various forts, accord-
ing to the weight or figure of the objcdt to which they are applied. Thofe
■which are moft frequently ufed in lading and delivering fhips are repre-
fented in fig. 9. plate IX. being nearly in the form of a pair of fpedlacles,
the tackle being hooked to the middle part a, whilft b and c are fixed on the
oppofite quarters of the cafk, &c.

SLIP, a place lying with a gradual defcent on the banks of a river con-
venient for fhip-building.

SLOOP, a fmall vefltl furniflied with one mafl:, the main-fail of which is
attached to a j-^jfabove, to the mafl: on it's forcmoll edge, and to a long boom
below-, by which it is occafionally fhifted to either quarter. See Vessel.

Sloop of War, a name given to the fmallefl: veflels of war, except
cutters. They are either rigged as fliips or as fnovvs. See Command,
Horse, and Rate.

To SLUE, is to turn any cylindrical or conical piece of timber about it's
axis, without removing it. This term is generally exprefTed of the move-
ment by which a maft or boom is turned about, in it's cap or boom-iron.

SMACK, a fmall veflfel commonly rigged as zjloop or hoy., ufed in the
coafl:ing or filhing trade; or as a tender in the King's fervice.

SNATCH-

SNA SOU

SNATCH-BLOCK, (galoche, Fr.) a block having an opening in one
of it's fides, wherei'i to fix the bight of rope occafionally. See Block.
SNOTTER. See tiie article Sprit.

SNOW, (femu, Fr.) is generally the largefl: of all two-inafted veflcls
employed by Europeans, and the moft convenient for navigation.

The fails and rigging on the main-maft and lorc-muft of a fnow, are ex-
aftly fimilar to thofe on the fame mafts in a Ihipi only that there is a fmall
mad. behind the main-maft of the former, which carries a fail nearly re-
fembling tlie mizcn of a fliip. The-foot of this mall is fixed in a block of
wood on the quarter-deck abaft the main-niùft -, and the head of it is at-
tached to tlie after-pjrt of the m^in-top. The lail, which is called the try-
fail, is extended from it's mall towards the ftern of the veflcl.

When the Jlooj-s of war are rigged as fnows, they are fiirniilied with a hcr/t',
which anfwers the piirpofe of the try-i'ail-maii, the fore-part of the iail
being attached by rings to the laid horfe, in different parts of it's heighth.

SOLE, a name fometime» given to the lower fide of a gun-port, which
however is more properly called the port-fell.

SOUNDING, (fonder, Fr.) the operation of trying the depth of the
water, and the quality of the ground, by means of a plummet, (plomb de
fonde, Fr.) funk from a fiiip to the bottom.

There are two plummets ufed for this purpofe in navigation; one of
which is called the hand-lead, weighing about S' or 9 pounds-, and the oilier
the deep-lea-lead, which weighs tVoni 25 to 30 pounds, and both are fliap-
ed like the fruilum of a cone or pyramid. The former is ufed in Ihallow
waters, and the latter at a great diilancc from the fliore-, particularly on ap-
proaching the land, after a fea-voyage. Accordingly the lines employed
for this purpol'e are called the decp-fea-lead-line, and the hand-lead-line.

The hand-lead-line, which is ufually 20 fathoms in length, is marked at
every 2 or 3 fathoms ; lb that the depth ot the water may be afcertained
•either in the day or night. At the depth of 2 and 3 fathoms, there are
Biarks of black leather-, at 5 fathom, there is a white rag-, at 7, a red
ag; at 10, black leather; at J3, black leather; at 15, a white rag; and
at 17, a red ditto.

Sounding with the hand-lead, which is called heaving the lea»! by feamcir,
is generally performed by a man whoftands in the main-r/.ww to windward.
Having the line all r'^ady to runout, without interruption, he holds it nearly
at the dillance of a fathom from the plummet, and having fwung the lat-
ter backwards and forwards three or four times, in order to acquire the great-
er velocity, he Iwings it round his head, and thence, as far forward as is nc-
ceflary ; lo that, by the lead's finking whilll the ihip advances, the line may
be almort perpendicular when it reaches the bottom. The pcrfon founding
then proclaims the depth of the water in a kind of fong relembling thecnes
of hawkers in a city. Thus, if the mark of 5 fathoms is clofe to the furface
of the water, he calls ' By the mark five!' and as there is no mark at 4, 6,
H, &c. he eltimaies thofe numbers, and calls, ' By the dip four,' ^'c. If
he judges it to be a quarter, or an half more than any particular number,

I he

SPA S P I

lie calls, ' And a quarrer five ! and a linlf tbvir,' Sec. W he conceives the
depth to be 3 quarters more than a particular number, he calls it a quarter
Icfs than the next : thus, at four fathom and 4» he calls ' A quarter lefs
five !' and i'o on.

The dccp-fca-lead is marked with two knots at 20 fathom, 3 at 30, 4 at
40, and fo on to the end. It is alio marked with a fingle knot in the mid-
dle of cjch interval, as at 25, 35, 45 fathoms, &c. 'J o ufc this lead more
efFcftually at lea, or in deep water on the fca-coaft, it is ufual previoufly to
Mug to the fhip, in order to retard her courfe : the lead is then thrown as far
as pofl'ible from the fliip nn the line of lu-r drift, lb that, as it finks, the fliip
drives more perpendicularly over it. The pilot, feelin;;^ the lead ftrike the
bottom, readily difcovcrs the depth of the v/ater by the mark on the line
neardl it's furface. The bottom of the lead being alfo well rubbed over
with tallov/, retains the diflinçruifhing marks of the bottom, as Ihells,
ooze, gravel, &c. which naturally adhere to it.

The depth of the water, and the narure of the ground, which is called
the foundings, are carefully marked in the log-book, as well to determine
the diftance of the place from the fliorc, as to correct the obfervations of
former pilots. See Coasting and Navigation.

SPAN, (peiidcur, Fr. fpanna^ Ital.) a fmall line or cord, the middle of
which is ufiially attached to a ftay, from whence the two ends branch out-
wards to the right and left, and having either ^ block or thimble attached to
their extremities. The intention of the fpan is accordingly to confine fome
rope' which pafTcs through the correlponding block or thimble, as well to
increale the effort of the faid rope, as to prevent it from fwinging at too
great a diftance from the center of it's aftion in ftormy weather. Such are
the fpans occafionally ufed for the top-gallant braces, or the fore-top-gal-
lant boi^Iines^ &c.

Span-shackle. See the article Davit.

SPARE, (reckangCi Fr.) an epithet applied to any part of a fliip's equi-
page, or furniture, that lies in referve, to fupply the place of fuch as may
be loft, or.rendered incapable of fervice. Hence we fay, fpare top-mafts,
fpare fails, fpare rigging, &c.

PUMP-SPEAR. See the article Pump.

SPELL, the period wherein a failor, or gang of failors, is employed in
a particular cxercife, from which they are relieved as foon as the limited
time expires. Such are the fpells, to the hand-lead in founding ; to the
pump ; to look out on the maft-head, &c. and to fteer the Ihip -, which
laft, however, is generally called the trick. See Steering.

Spell alio implies the relief, or the return of duty to thofe fcrvices: Thus
we fay, fpell the pump, fpell the lead, Sfc.

To SPILL, to difcharge the wind out of the cavity or belly of a fall when
it is drawn up in the brails in order to furl or reef'xt. This is either per-
formed by collefting the fail together, or by bracing it's edge to the wind,
fo as to (hiver or be laid aback.

SPILLING-LINES, certain ropes fixed occafionally to the main-fail
and fore-fail of a (hip, in tempefttious weather, for reefing or furling them

I more

s P I s P L

more conveniently. They are paficd through blocks above the yard, and
thence leading down before the i'ail, come under it's bottom, and return
upwards behind it to the yard, where they are faftened, fo that the fail,
by their effort, is clofely and immoveably confined to the yard.

SPINDLE, {baton de girciktte^ Fr.) a lort of iron-pin tapering at the
upper end to the point. It is ufed to flick into the upper end of the top-
gallant-maft, fo as to carry a vane, which, turning thereon horizontally,
will fhow the direftion of tiie wind. It is ufually crowned with a globular
or conical piece of wood called the acorn, which prevents the vane from
being blown off. See Acorn.

Spindle is alfo the lower end or foot of the capfliern, which is fhod with
iron, and bee )n,>.s the pivot or axis upon which it turns in the faucer. See
the article Capstlrn.

SPIRKETTNG, that range of pl:'.nks which lies between the water-
ways and the lower edge of the gun-ports within the fide of a flilp of war.

To SPj^ICE, {ej'ijfer, Fr. J^litfcr, Duuh, /1//V0 Lat.) to join the two ends
of a rope together, or to unite the end of a rope to any other part thereof.

There are fcveral difi'erent methods of pertorming this operation, accord-
ing to the krvices on which it is to be employed. Thus, there is the fhort-
fplice, ihe long-fplice, the eye-fplice, and the cunt-fplice ; all of which,
are calcvdated foi d fferent purpofes.

The (Tiort-iplicc is nade by untwifting the ends of two ropes, or the two
ends of one rope, and, having placed each ot ihi: Jïrands of one oppofite to
and in the interval between iv^t. Jlrands of the other, to draw them clofe toge-
ther-, and then interweave the itran. s of one into the alternate ftrands ot the
other, by penetrating the latter with afd oc marline-ipike, parallel to the
axis or length of the rope. 1 his fplice is ufed on the cables, flings, block-
ftrops, and in general all ropes which are not intended to run through blocks,
or where the fplice is not m danger of being loolened or feparated.

The long fplice, being fixed in three places, occupies a greater extent of
the rope -, but, by the divifion of the joinings, the bulk is alfo divided into
different parts of it's length. Flcnce it is much neater and fmoother than
the fliort-iplice, and better adapted to run through the channel of a block,
&C. for which ufe it is generally calculated.

The eye-fplice being intended to make a fort of eye or circle at the end
of a rope, the Itrands are untwilled, and their extremities thruft through
the three ilrands in that part of the faid rope, whereon the fplice is to be
formed, and thence puffing over the furface of the fécond llrand, they are
again thrull; through tiie third, which completes the operation.

The cunt-fplicc is conftructcd in the fame manner as the eye-fplice, being
no other tlian the ends of two lines faftened together at a fliort diltance trom
each other, the extremities of either being interwoven into the liighi ot the
other, fo that the line becomes double in the extent of the iplice. This is
chiefly ufed in lead-lines, log-lines, and fifliing-lines, where the Ihort-i'plice
would be liable to feparation, as being frequently loofcned by the water.

SPL.rr, the ftateof a fail which is rentafunder bythe violence of a tempeft,
or by fultaining a greater effort on one part of it's furface than the rcll.

N n Split

s P L S P R

Si'Li r, whtn applied ro a fhip, ib ;ilfo the fcatc of being (Irandcd and
bilged on a rock or lliore.

SPOON-DRIFT, a i'ort of fhowery fprinkling of the fea-water, fw.-pt
from the fiirJace of the waves in a tempell, and flying according to the di-
rection of the wind like a vapour.

SPOONING. By the explanation of this term in our diftionaries, ic
feems formerly to have fignilud th..t movement in navigation, v-hich is now
called fcudding. Be that as it may, there is at prefcnt nofuch phrafein our
fea-langiiage.

SPRAY, the fprinkling of the fea, which is driven from the top of a
wave in ftormy weather. It differs from ipoon-dritt, as being only blown
occafionally from the broken furface of a high wave, whereas the latter
continues to fly horizontally along the fea, without intermilfion, during
the excels of a tempell or iuirricane.

SPRING, a crack or breach running tranfverfely or obliquely through
any part of a mart or y.trd, fo as to render it unfafe to carry the ulual
quantity of fail thereon.

Spring is alfo a rope paflld out of one extremity of a fhip and attached to
a cable proceeding from the other, when fhe lies at anchor. It is ufually
performed to bring the fnip's broad-fide, or battery of cannon, to bear upon
fomediftani objeft-, as another fhip, or a fortrefs on the coaft, &c. When
a fhip rides by anchors which are only carried out of one end, flic will fwing
upon the furface of the water like a wearhcr-cock, according to the direc-
tion of the wind -, unlels when the wind is oppofed by a current. Now, if
inftcad of being fartened at one end, flie is attached by ropes, which, pro-
ceeding from her head and ftern towards the fame fource, futtain an equal
effort of the wind, it is evident that her fide will be prcfented to the wind;
and that, by flackcning one of thofe ropts, and keeping fait the other, her
fide will lie more or lefs obl-quely to the wind, fo as to be oppofed to any
diftant objeft to the right or left.

Thus, if a fhip rides with her head northerly, and it is required to can-
nonade a fortrefs lying on the fouth, or fouth-eaft, a hawfer is run out of
the ftern, and being carried forward, wi:hout her fide, is attached tc the
cable, at a competent diftance ahead of the fhip-, the hawfer is then tighien-
ed by the capftern or tackles, and the cable being (lackencd, the fhip im-
mediately turns her fide towards the objeft intended to be battered.

Spring is likewife a rope reaching diagonally from the ftern of a fhip to
the head of another which lies tilong-Jide or abreaft of her, at a fhort diftance.
This is generally performed to make one of the fbipsy^itYr off, to a greater
diftance from the other-, or to make merchant-fhips lie uniformly ;n the
fame tier. Springs of this fort are therefore occafionally applied from a
fhip, to a wharf or key, for the fame purpofes.
To Spring a leak. See tlie article Leak.
Springing the Luff. See Luff.

Spring-tide, the periodical excefs of the elevation and deprefTion of
the TiDD. See that article,

SPRIT,

s P R S Q^ V

SPRIT, (fpryttan. Sax. to branch out) a (mall boom or pole wh-rh
crofTcs the fail ot a boat diagonally, from the mail, to the upper hindmolt
corner of the fail, which it is ufcd to extend and elevate: the lower end of
the fprit refts in a fort of wreath or collar called the fno/tcr, which encircles
the maft in that place. Tiicfe i irt of fails are accordingly called fprit-fails.

SPRITSAIL, (civadiere, Fr.) a iail attached to a yard which hangs
under the bowfprit, as rt prel'ented in fig. 2. jy, plate IX. It is fiirnifhed
with a large hole in each of it's lower corners, to evacuate the water with
which the cavity or belly of it is frequently filled, by the furgc of the fca,
when the fliip pitches.

SpRiTSAiL-TopsAiL, (penoquct de beaupré, Fr.) a fail extended above the
former, by a yard which hangs acrofs \.he jib-boom. The lower corners of
this iail are hauled home to the fpritfail-yard-arms -, after which the fail is
drawn out toward, the extremity ot the boom, in light winds, as any other
topfail-yard is hoillcd upon it's iTiaft.

Formerly the fpritfal-cc^p-fails were let on a maft, which was crefted per-
pendicularly on the end or the bowfprit : but this method has of late been
juftly rejected as inconvenient and dangerous to the bowfprit, although fer-
Viccable 'n light breezes.

SPUNGE. See the article Cannon.

SPUN-YARN, {bittord, Fr.) a fmall line or cord formed of two or
three rope-yarns twiltod together by a winch. The yarns, of which it is
ufua'ly made at fea, are drawn out of the ftrands of old cables or other
ropes, and are knotted together and tarred. It is employed for lèverai pur-
poles -, particularly to fatten one rope to another, to feize block-ftrops to
the Ihroiids, and to ferve ropes which are liable to be chafed by rubbing
one againft another, tec.

SPURS of the beams, {barrotins d' écoutilles, Fr.) See the article Deck,
and the explanation of the figure annexed thereto.

SQU/\.Û;<ON, ((-/cadre, ¥t. fqnadrone, Ital.) either implies a detachment
of fliips employed on any particular expedition, or the third part of a naval
armament. See the articles Flag, Center, Fleet, and Division.

SQUALL, {rûffale,yr.) a hidden and violent blaft of wind, idually oc-
cafioned by the interruption and reverberation of the wind from high moun-
tains. Thefe are very frequent in the Mediterranean -, particularly that
part of it which is known by the name of the Levant, as produced by the
repulfion, and new direiftion which the wind meets with in it's paifage be-
tween the various iflands of the Archipelago.

SQUARE, a term peculiarly appropriated to the yards and their fails,
implying that they hang at right angles with the mall or keel; or that they
are of greater extent than ulual.

Thus, when the yards are io balanced by their /;//j, as to hang at right
angles with the maft, they are faid to be fquare by the lifts : when they hang
perpendicular to the ihip's length, they are called fquare by the braces : but
when tiiey lie in a elirection perpendicular to the plane of the keel, they are
fquare by the lifts arRl braces ; or, in other words, they hang direttly acrofs
the Ihip, and parallel to the horizon.

Xn 2 The

s Q^ U S T A

Tlie yards are laid to be very fquarc, wlien tlu-y are of extraordinary
length ; arid the fume epithet is then applied to their fails, which by confe-
qiicnce acquire an additional breadth.

Square-rigoed, an epithet applied to a fhip whofe yards are very long.
It is alfo iifed in coniradillinftion to all vefTels whofe fails are extended by
Jlays or kiteen-yards -, or by booms and gaffs ; the iifual fituation of which is
nearly in the plane of the keel ; and hence,

Sijj,' ARE-SAIL, (treou, ¥r.) is a lail extended to a yard, which hangs pa-
rallel to the horizon, as diitinguifhcd from the other fails which arc ex-
tended by horns and (lays placed obliquely. This fail is only ufed in fair
winds, or to feud under in a teinpeft. In the former cafe, it is furniflied
with a large additional part called the bonnet, wliich is then attached to it's
bottom, and removed when it is neceflary to fciid. See that article.

STAFF, (baton, Fr.) a light pole ercfted in different parts of a fhip,
whereon to hoilt and difphiy the colours.

The principal of thefe is reared iinmediately over the ftern, todifplay rhe
enjign ; another is fixed on the bowfprit, to extend ihcj^ick; three more are
erccled at the three maft-heads, or formed by their upper ends, to flio>v tlie
flag or pendent of the refpeélive fquadron or divifion to which the (hip is
appropriated. See Ensign, Mast, Jack., and Pendent.

STANCHION, {batay alette, or batayoUes, epcntilles, Pr ) a fort of fmall
pillar of wood or iron ufed lor various purpolcs in a fh'p ; as to fupport
the decks, the quarte -rails, the nettings, the axvnings, &c

The firit of thefe are two ranges of fmall columns, fixed under the
beams, throughout the fhip's length between-deiks ; one range bemg on the
ftarboard, and the other on the larboard fide of the hatchways. They are
chiefly intended to fupport the weight of the artillery.

Stanchions of the nettings, are either flcndcT bars of iron, whofe lower
ends are fixed in iron fockets at proper diitances ; or fquare wooden pillars
let into the upper part of the fliip's fide. See QtrARTER-NETTiNC.

STANDARD, {courbe, Fr.) in flaip-buil'J'ng, is no other than an in-
verted knee, which is placed above the deck infcead of beneath it, and hav-
ing it's vertical branch pointed upwards from that which lies horizontally.
The figure and pofition of one of iliefe ftandards is exprefled by the curve
line/, which is dotted through the gun-carri.ige in the JVliDSHiP-FRAiME,
plate VII. Such alio are the fl:andards of the bits and channels.

i2(?)fl/ Standard, [étendard royale, Fr.) a flag in which the imperial en-
figns of Great Britain, and the arms f F'rance and Ireland, together with
the armorial bearings of Hanover, are united and quartered. It is never
hoifted unlefs when the fovereign is perfonally aboard ; at which time it
is difplayed at the main-top-maft-head.

STANDING, in navigation, the movement by which a fhip advances
towards a certain objefb, or departs from it : as the enemy flands in-fhore :
the Englifh fleet are ftanding off: at day-break we difcovered three fail
ftanding to the northward, &c.

Standing-water, (Teau dormant, Fr.) water where there is no current
©r tide.

STARBOARD,

s T A S T E

STARBOARD, {tribord, Fr.) the right fide of the (hip when the eye of
the fpectator is direfted forward. See Larboard.

STAY, {etai, Fr.) a large ftrong rope employed to fiipport the maft on
the fore part, by extending from it's upper end towards the fore part of the
fhip, as the fhrouds are extended to the right and left, and behind it. See
Mast, Rigging, and Shroud.

The ftay of the fore-maftrt, fig. lO. plate IX. which is called the fore-
ftay, reaches from the maft-head towards the bowfpric-end: the main-ftay b,
extends over the fore-caftle to the fliip's ftem -, and the mizen-ftay, c, is
ftretched down to that part of the main-mart which lies immediately above
the quarter-deck: the fore-top-maft-ltay, <^, comes alio to the end of the
bowfprit, a little beyond the fore-flay : the main-top-mafl-ftay, e, is at-
tached to the head or hounds of the fore-maft -, and the mizen top-maft-ftay
comes alfo to the hounds of the main-maft : the fore-top-gallant-ftay comes
to the outer end of the jib-boom -, and the main-top-gallant-ftay is extend'
ed to the head of the fore-top maft.

Stav-saii,, a fort of triangular fail extended upon a ftay. See Sail.

STEDDY, the command given by the pilot, &c. to the helmfman, in a
fair wind, to rteer the ftiip according to the line on which ftie advances at
that inftant, without deviating to the right or left. The helmfman accord-
ingly anl'wers fteddy ; to fliew his attention andobedience to the pilot's order.

SIEFRAGE, an apartment without the great cabin of a ftiip, from
which it is leparated by a thin partition. In large fliips of war it is ufed as
a hall through which it is necelfary to pais, to arrive at, or depart from
the great cabin. In merchant-lliips it is generally the habitation of the
inferior officers and fliip's crew. See alfo Birth.

Steerage is alfo uled to exprefs the effort of the helm; and hence

Steerage-way, is that degree of progrefTive motion communicated to a
fhip, by which fhe becomes fufccptible of the effedls of the helm to go-
vern her courfe. See Hi:lm and Sailing.

STEERING, {gouverner, Fr. ficoran. Sax.) may be defined the art of
directing the ftiip's way by the movements of the helm^ or of applying it's
efforts to regulate her courfe when ftie advances.

The perfe(5tion of ftcering confifts in a vigilant attention to the motion
of the ftiip's head, fo as to check every deviation from the line of her courfe
in the firft inftant of it's motion ; and in applying as little of the power
of the helm as poffible. By this ftie will run more uniformly in a ftraight
path, as declining lefs to the right and left ; whereas, if a greater eftbrt of
the helm is employed, it will produce a greater declination from the courfe,
and not only increafe the difficulty of fteering, but alfo make a crookctl
and irregular track through the water. See Hel.m.

The helmfman Ihould diligently watch the movements of the head by the
land, clouds, moon, or rtars -, becaufe although the courfe is in general regu-
lated by the conipafs, yet the vibrations of the needle are not fo quickly per-
ceived, as the fallies of the fhip's head to the right or left, which, if not im-
mediately reftraincd, will acquire additional velocity in every inftant of their
motion, and demand a more powerful inipulfe of the helm to reduce them.i

1 the

8 T E S T E

tlie application of which will operate to turn her head as far on the contrary
fide of her coiirfc.

The phrafcs ufed in fteering a fliip vary according to the relation of the
wind to her courfe. Thus, if the wind \i fair, or large, the phrafcs ufed by
the pilot, or officer who fuperintcnds the fteerage, arc port, Jlarboard, and
Jieddy. The firll is intended to dircft the fliip's courfe further to the right-,
the fccond is to guide her further to the left ; and the laft, as explained un-
der that word, is dcfigncd to keep her exactly in tiie line, whereon fhe ad-
vances, according to the courfe prefcribed. The excefs of the firft and fé-
cond movement is called hard-a-port, and liard-a-ftarboard -, the former of
which gives her the greatelt poITible inclination to the right, and the latter
an equal tendency to the left.

If, on the contrary, the wind is foul or f cant, the phrafes are luff, thus,
and no nearer •. the firll of which is the order to keep her clofe to the wind ;
the fccond, to retain her in her prefent fituation -, and the third, to keep her
fails full. The efteds of thefe movements are further explained under the
fevcral terms-, but more particularly under the article Full and By.

In a fhip of war, the exercife of fteering the fhip is ufually divided amongft
a number of the moft expert failors, who attend the helm in their turns -, and
are accordingly called tiwoneers, from the French term timonier, \w\\\c\\ figni-
fies helmfman. The fteerage is conftantly fupervifed by the quarter-mafters,
who alio attend the helm by rotation. In merchant-fhips every feaman takes
his turn in this fervice, being direded therein by the mate of the watch, or
fome ether officer.

As the fafety of a fliip, and all contained therein, depend, in a great mea-
fure, on the fteerage or effeds of the helm, the apparatus by which it is ma-
naged fliould often be diligently examined by the proper officers. Indeed,
a negligence in this important duty appears almoft unpardonable, when
the fatal effi;(fl:s which may reluit from it are duly confidered.

STEEVING, the elevation of a fliip's bowfprit above the ftem, or the
angle which it makes with the horizon.

STEM, (etrave, Fr. flatnmen, Swed.) a circular piece of timber, into
which the two fides of a fhip are united at the fore end: the lower end of
it is fcarfed to the keel, and the hoivfprit refts upon it's upper end.

The ftem is formed of one or two pieces, according to the fize of the vef-
fel ; and as it terminates the fliip forward, the ends of the wales and planks
of the fides and bottom are let into a groove or channel, in the middle of
it's furface, from the top to the bottom : which operation is called rabbeting.
See that article.

The out fide of the ftem is ufually marked with a fcale, or divifion of
feet, according to it's perpendicular heighth from the keel. The inten-
tion of this, is to afcertain the draught of water at the fore part, when the
fhip is in preparation for a fea- voyage, &c.

The ftem at it's lower end is of equal breadth and thicknefs with the
keel, but it grows proportionally broader and thicker towards it's upper
extremity. See Naval Architecture and 6'/.';/)-Building.

I STEMSON,

s T E S T E

STEMSON, (narfouin, Fr.) an arching piece of timber fixed vvicliin the
apron to reinforce the fcarf thereof, in the fame manner as t!ie apron fup-
porrs the fcarf of the ftein. In large fhips it is iifually formed of two
pieces, as reprefentcd by I. in plate I. Pieces of the Hlll.

STEP, {carlingue, Fr.) a block of wood fixed on the deckr or bottom
of a fhip, and having a hole in it's upper fide fitted to receive the heel of a
maft or aipjlern.

The Heps of the main and fore-mafts of every fhip reft upon the kelfon,
as appears in fig. 2. and 3. plate VI. to which they are firmly fecured by
kr.ees, bolts, or fpike-nails. The (lep of the mizen-maft ufually refts upon
the lower deck. See alio the article Capstern.

STERN, {arcajfe, Fr. fteor. Sax.) the pofterior face of a fhip -, or that
part which is prcfcnted to the view of a fpeftator, placed on the continua-
tion of the keel behind, as exhibited in plate X. fig. i, 2, and 3 ; and in
plate XI. fig. I.

The ftern, as rcprefented in plate X. is terminated above by the taffarel,
and below by the coutiters : It is limited on the fides by the quarter-pieces;
and the intermediate fpace comprehends the galleries and windows of the
different cabins.

EXPLANATION of fig. 5. plate X. which exhibits the Stern of

a feventy-four gun-fhip.

A, the keel, with a the falfe keel beneath it.

A B, the ftern-poft.

C, the rail which determines the heighth of the counters,

D D, the upper and lower quarter-galleries, with their balluftrades and
windows.

E, the quarter-pieces : andPFP, the tafl^arel.

K G K, the lower counter, with H H, it's gun-ports.

G, the rail which feparates the lower counter from the fécond or uppsr
counter ; which laft is included between G and C.

K K, the wing-tranfom.

L L, the deck-tranfom.

M, N, O, firft, fécond, and third tranfoms ; the 4th, 5th, and 6th, tran-
foms are placed immediately under thefe: and that which lies between the
wing and deck-tranfoms, is called the filling-tranfom.

O M L K P, the direction of the fafliion-piece, whofe upper part is ex-
prefil-d by the dotted lines K P.

Q^, the cove, a Ibrt of arched canopy, ferving as a roof to the ftern-
gallery.

R Q^R, the fcreen bulk-head, or partition, containing the cabin win-
dows.

RSSR, the balluflrade of the ftern-gallery, with S S, the foot-pace-
rail, which determines the heighth of it's floor, or platform.

ses, the ward-room windows.

T, the lower finifhing of the quarter-gallery.

Fig.

s T E S T E

Fi^. 2. exhibits a ftern view of a 60 gun-fhip, -with the curve of the
frame-timbers on one fide, and the difpofition of all the planks of the bot-
tom on the other fide.

Fig. T,. reprefents a ftern view of a French man of war of 70 guns,

Plate XI. fig. I. is a ftern for a firft or fécond rate: accordingly it is fur-
niftied with a middle apartment between the ward-room and the captain's ca-
bin. This apartment is alio furninicd with galleries on the ftern and quar-
ter. The other parts of it are dcfcribcd in the explanation of fig. i. in
plate X. See alfo the article Quarter.

Stern-fast, a rope iifed to confine the ftern of a fliip or boat to any
wharf or jetty-head, &c.

Sternmost, iikudly implies that part of a fleet of ftiips which is in the
rear, or furtlielt aftern, as oppofed to heaA-moft.

Stern-post, {etaiiibot, Fr.) a long ftraight pieceof timber erefted on the
extremity of the keel, to fuftain the rudder, and tenr.inate the ftiip behind.

This piece, which is exprefled by B in the Pieces of the Hum,, plate I.
ought to be v.'cU fecured and fupported; becaufe the ends of all the lower
planks of tlie fliip's bottom are fixed in a channel, cut on it's furface-, and
the whole weight of the rudder is fuftained by it.

The dimenfions of the ftern-poft, or the proportional breadth and thick-
nefs, in the different parts of it's height, are geometrically uelineated in the
quarter and ftern of a 74 gun-fliip, plate VIII. and X. being exprclfcd in
both by A Ë. It is u^yally marked like the Jiem, with a fcale of feet from
the keel upwards, in order to afcertain the draught of water, at that part
of the vefl'cl.

The difficulty of procuring a ftern-poft of fufficient breadth in one piece,
has introduced the pra6tice of fixing an additional piece beh.nd it, which is
ftrongly bolted to the former. The hinges, which lupport the rudder, are
accordingly fixed to this latter, which is alfo tenanted into the keel, and de-
nominated the back of the poji, being expreifed by E in the pieces of the hid/,
referred to above. It is half the breadth of the ftern poft at the heel, but
diminiflies gradually towards the upper end, where it is one third narrower.

The ftern-poft is ftrongly attached to the keel by a knee, G, Pieces of
the Hui^L^ of which one branch extends along the keel, hang fcarfed and
bolted to x.\\Q dead-isood, and fore-locked under the keel-, whilft the other
branch inclmes upwards, and correlponds with the infide, or tore part of
the ftern-poft -, to which it is alfo bolted in the fame manner.

Stern-sheets, that part of a boat which is contained between the
ftern and the afcmoft, or hindmoft, feat of the rowers. It is generally fur-
niftied with benches to accommodate the paffengers. See the article Boat.

Stern-way, the movement by which a ftiip retreats, or tails backward,
with her ftern foremoft.

STEWARD, {maitre-valet,Fr.) an officer in a ftiip of war, appointed by
the purfcr, to diftribute the different fpecies of provifions to the officers and
crew; for which purpofe he is furnifhed with a mate and proper alTiftants.

STIFF,

s T I S T O

STIFF, the quality by which a fliip is enabled to carry ahifRcicnt quan-
tity of fail, without hazard of overfetting. See the articles Ballast and
Trim.

STINK-POT, (pot à feu, Fr.) an earthen jar, or iliell, charged with
powder, grenadoes, and other materials ot an offenfive and fuiïbcating
fmell. It is frequently ufed by privateers, in the weftern ocean, in the attack
of an enemy, wiioin he defign.s to board -, tor which purpofe it is furniflied
with a lighted fufe, at tlie opening or touch-hole. See Boarding.

STIRRUPS. See the article Horse.

STOCKS, (chauticrs, Fr.) a frame ere(5lcd on the fliore of a river, or
harbour, whereon to build lliipping. It generally confifts of a number of
wooden blocks, ranged parallel to each other, at convenient diftances, and
with a gradual declivity towards the water. See Lanchino.

STOPPERS, {bojfes, Fr.) certain fliort pieces of rope, which are ufually
knotted at one, or both ends, according to the purpofe for which they are
calculated. They are either ufed to fufpend any weighty body, or to retain
a cable, firoud, &c. in a fixed pofition.

Thus, the anchors, when firll hoifted up from the ground, are hung to
the cat-head, by a Hopper attached to the latter, which, pafTing through the
anchor-ring, is afterwards faftened to the timber head, «, fig. lO. plate IV.
and the fame rope ferves to fatten it on the boiu at fea ; or to ilifpend it by
the ring, when it is to be funk from the fhip to the bottom.

The ftoppers of the cables have a large knot, and a laniard at one end, and
are fattened to a ring-bolt in the deck, by the other. They are attached to
the cable, by the laniard, which is fattened fecurely round both by fcveral
turns patted behind the knot, or about the neck of the ttopper ; by which
means the cable is reftrained from running out of the Ihip, when flie rides
at anchor. See alio Bits and Ring-rope.

The ftoppers of the flirouds have a knot and a laniard at each end. They
are ufed only when the flirouds are cut afunder in battle, or difabled by tern-
peftuous weather; at which time they are lafhed^ in the fame manner as thofe
of the cables, to the feparated parts of the fliroud, which are thereby re-
united, fo as to be fit for immediate fervice. This, however, is only a
temporary expedient, applied when there is not time or opportunity to refit
them, by a more complete operation.

STORF.-KEEPFR. (jarde-ma^q/i>!, Fr. an officer in the royal dock-
yards, inverted with the charge of the principal naval ttorcs ; as the lails,
anchors, cordage, &c.

Store-room, (foutc, Vv.) an apartment, or place of referve, of which
there are feveral in a fliip, to contain tlie provifions, or rtores of a ttiip,
together with thofe of her officers, during a fea-voyage.

STOWAGl-", (arrimage, Fr.) the general difpofition of the feveral ma-
terials contained in a fliip's hold, witii regard to their figure, magnitude,

or foliditv.

In the itowage of difiVrent articles, as ballaft, cafks, cafes, bales, and boxes,
there are fcveral general rules to beubfcrved, according to the circumftances
or qualities of thofe materials. The cattss, which contain any liquid, are, ac-

O o cording

s T I S T R

cording to the fea plirafc, to be btn:g up and lil^refree, i. e. clofely wedged
up, in an horizontal pofition, and n.lting on ilicir quarters : fo that the
bilges, where they are thickeft, being entirely free all round, cannot rub
againli each other, by the motion ot" the veird. Dry goods, or fuch as
may be damaged by the water, are to be carefully inclolcd in caflvs, bales,
cafes, or wrappers -, and wedged off from the bottom and fides of the fhip,
as well as from the bows, malts, and pump-wcU. Due attention mult like-
wik- be had to their difpofition, with regard to each other, and to the trim
and center of gravity of the (hip ; fo that the heavicit may always be near-
eft the keel, and the lighted gradually above them. See Ballast, Trim,
and Rolling.

STRAIT, {étroite, Fr.) a narrow channel, or arm of the fea, contained
between two oppofite fliores -, as the it raits of Gibraltar-, the ftraits of
Sunda ; the ftraits of Dover, &c.

STRAKF.S, or STREAKS, the uniform ranges of planks on the bot-
tom and fides of a Ihip; or the continuation of planks joined to the end of
each other, and reaching from the ftew, which liniits the velTel forward,
io the J}er)t-poJî, and faftiion/);Vt'«, which terminate her length abaft. The
lowelt of thcfe, which is called the garhard-Jireak, is let into the keel. be-
low, and into the ftem and ftcrn-poft. See thofe articles.

STRAND, {tcuron, Fr.) one of the twifts, or divifions, of wliich a rope
is compofed. See the articles Rope and Cable.

Strand alfo implies the fea-beach : lience a fliip is faid to be ftranded
when ftie has run aground on the fea-fhore.

SI RETCHFR, {banquet^ Fr.) a fort of ftaff fixed athwart the bottom
of a boat, for the rower to place his feet againft, in order to communicate
a greater effort to his oar.

STRETCHING, in navigation^ is generally underftood to imply the
progreftion of a fhip under a great furface of fail, when clofe-hauled. The
difference between this phrafe znAJlanding, is apparently in the quantity of
fail, which, in the latter, may be very moderate, but in Itretching, general-
ly fignifics excefs : as, we faw the enemy at day-break ftrctching to the
fouthward, under a crowd of fail, &c.

To STRIKE, in navigation, to ru» afhore, or to beat upon the ground
in pafilng over a bank or ihallow.

To Strike alfo implies to lower or let down any thing ; as an enfign, or
topfail, in faluting-, or, as the yards and tcpmafts in tempeftuous weather.
It is, however, more particularly ufed to exprefs the lowering of the co-
lours, in token of furrender, to a victorious enemy.

S 1 RING, in Jhip-building, the higheft range of planks in a ftiip's
ceiling; or that which lies between ù\e gunnel, and the upper edge of the
upper deck-ports, as expreffed by F in the Midship-Frame, plate VII.

To STRIP /^^ mafts, {defuner,¥v.) is to unrig a fhip, or deprive the
mafts of their machinery and furniture; an exercife which is otherwife
called difmantling.

STROKE, a fingle fweep of the oars in rowing. Fierce they fay. Row a
l<iDg ftroke ! {longue rime! Fr.) which is intended to pufti tjie veffel forward

s T R S T U

more fteadily. See the article Oar; as alio the French term Nacer, anii
the phrafcs following it.

Strokesmav, the perfon who rows the hindinofl: oar in a boat, and gives
the ftroke, which the reil arc to follow ; lb that all the oars may operate to-
gether.

STROP, (eiitrope, Fr.) a piece of royie fpliced into a circular wreath, and
ufed to furround the body of a block -, fo that the latter may be hung to
any particular flation about the w/ijh, yards, or rigging. Thus, fig. 37.
and 38. in plate II. reprdent two block-ftrops of different forts. See
Block, and Eye.

Strops are alio ufed occafionally to faften upon any large rope, for the
purpofe of hooking a tackle to the eye, or double part of the ftrop; in order
to extend, o.- pull with redoubled effort, upon the fame rope; as in fetting-up
the rigging, where one hook of the tackle is fixed in a ffrop applied to the
particularyZ.r(?«i^, anti the other to it's laniard. See the article Laniard.

STUDDING-SAILS, (bonettes en etui, Fr.) certain light fails extend-
ed, in moderate and fteady breezes, beyond the fkirts of the principal
fails, where they appear as wings upon the yard-arms.

The word may be traced from feveral derivations-, as ixovn faid,fiead, or
fteady. The fmali fails ufed by /loops, fchooners, and tartanes, when fcudding,
are nearly of the fame fize or figure with the lower ff;udding-lails -, and the
accidental application of the former, to the ufual defign of the latter, throws
a probability on the derivation from y?«^-, efpecially as being ufed in the
fmall vefflls of our anccftors, who were unacquainted with topmalts ; and,
of courfe, had no conception of topmaft-tludding-fails. An ingenious
friend of the author, feems, with great propriety, to derive it from Iteady'-,
becaufe, when the wind is extremely feeble, the fluctuation of the fea, al-
though almoft imperceptible, is communicated to the fliip, and thence to
the principal iails -, which, being fliaken and Happed againft the m;ilts,
will, by their weight, prevent, or at leall confiderably dmiinifli, the ope-
ration of the wind. The ftiidding-lails, on the contrary, being of a much
lighter and thinner texture, m.ore readily feel the effort of the breeze, and
continue inflated, fo as to puffi the fhip forward, and give her head-way.
By this circumftance, llie becomes fufceptibie of the power of the iielm,
and is accordingly retained in a Heady courfe ; and hence thofe fails may
originally have been called JlcadyingAiuh, afterwards corrupted into Ilud-
ding-fails. The lalt conjefture, which feems equally favourable, is drawn
from tiic Saxon wordy?ri/, to help or aiïill -, in which fenfo, rhoie fails may
be confidered as auxiliar, being let occafionally to help the others, cr Jirdt
the fliip's courfe-, and thence called itcading, or lieding-fails. lîut the
exprclhon oïjlcaing-fails, liowever iidopted by many ollicers, is a moll con-
temptible conceit, v^ithout eitiier authority or rcalon to fu.iport it. ihe
others are implieiily fubmittetl to the reaiier's decifion.

'J'hc tojimatt Ihidding-lails, or thofe which arc let on the out fide of the
top-fails, are fpread belo^v by a boom, which, llitiing cat from the cxtre-
tniiies of the main and foie-yards, as cxpl::!ned in the article Saddi.k,
piiflies out ciieir lower corners : and thtir U|per edgej, which are actail.td

V) I lO

s T U S W E

to a light pole, are hoifted up to the topfail-yard-arms. See alio Boom-
iron, in the article Iron-work.

The lower lUidding -fails, which are fpread beyond the flcirts or leech of
the main-fail and fore-fail, are fixed nearly in the fame manner j only that
the boom, which extends their bottoms, is generally hooked to the chains
by means o{ :\ gccfe-neck \ or elfc fwings off along with the lail, to which
it is fufpended ; being kept fteady behind by a rope called the guy.

STUFF, (ccurée, Fr.) any compofition, or melted mafs, iifed to fmear
or daub the matts, fides, or bottom of a fliip. That which is chiefly ufed
for the lower mafts is fimply turpentine, refin, or varnifh of pine : for the
topmaflis, tallow or butter : for the fides, turpentine, varnifli of pine, tar
and oil, or tar mixed with oil and red oker : and for the bottom, a mixture
of tallow, fulphur, and refin, or tar : whale-oil and broken j^lafs ; or any
part of thefe ingredients : and this application is called giving a new coat
of ftuffto the mafts, fides, &c.

SUPERCARGO, an officer charged with the accounts of the cargo,
and all other com.mercial affairs in a merchant-fhip.

SUPPLY, a frefti recruit of provifions or ftores fent to a fiiip or fleet.

SURF, the fwell of the fea which breaks upon the Ihore, or any rock
lying near the furface of the fea.

SURGE, the fame as a wave-, which fee,

SURVEY, an examination made by feveral naval officers into the ftate
or condition of the provifions, or ftores, belonging to a fliip, or fleet of
men of war.

SURVEYORS cf the ?iavy, two officers, who fit at the navy-board, being
invefted with the charge of building and repairing his Majefty's ftiips, at
the different dock-yards of the kingdom : for which purpofe they are train-
ed to the theory and praftice of ffiip-building. It is alfo their office to know
the ftate of the navy -, to audit the accounts of all boatfwains and carpen-
ters ferving therein -, and to enquire into the condition of all naval ftores,
at home or abroad, in order to fupply whatfoever may be deficient.

SWAB, (faubcr, Fr. fwabb, Swed.) a fort of mop formed of a large
bunch of old rope-yarns, and ufed to clean the decks and cabins of a fliip :
hence the perfon who ufes it is called the fwabber.

SWABBF.R, (balayeur d'une navire, F r.) ftiip's fweeper, ufually called
captain's fwabber.

SWEEPER of ibcJ7:y, (balai du ciel, Fr.) a name given by failors to the
N. W. winds of America.

SWEEPING, (draguer, Fr.) the afl of dragging the bight, or loofe
part of a fmall rope, along the furface of the ground, in a harbour, or road,
in order to hook and recover fome anchor, wreck, or other material, funk,
at the bottom. It is performed by taftcning the two ends of this rope to
the fides of two boats which are abreait of each other, at fome diftance. To
the middle of the rope are fufpended two carmon-fliot, or fomething which,
weighs heavy, in order to fink it to the ground : fo that, as the boats ad-
vance by rowing ahead, the rope drags along the bottom, to hook any an-
chor, &c. for which they are fearching.

SWELL,

s W E S W I

SWELL, (enflement^Vr.) generally denotes an heavy and continued agi-
tation of the waves, according to a particular dircdlion : as there is a «reat
fwell fetting into the bay. It is, however, more particularly applied to
the fludluating motion of the fea, which remains after the expiration of a
ftorm : as alfo, to that which breaks on the fea-fliore -, or upon rocks, or
fallows.

SWIFTER, a rope ufed to confine the bars of the capftern in their
fockets, whilft the men are heaving it about ; for which purpofe it is palfcd
through holes in the extremities of the bars, fo as to llrain them firmly to-
gether like the fpokes of a wheel j which is accordingly called fwiftin"-.
See the article Capstern.

Swifter is alfo a ftrong rope, fom.etimes ufed to encircle a boat longitu-
dinally, as well to ftrengthen and defend her fides, as to enable her the
better to refill the imprefllon of other boats which may run againfl: her oc-
cafionally. It is ufually fixed about a foot under the boat's upper edge, or
gunnel.

SwiFTERS are likewife tv/o Jbrcuds fixed on the ftarboard and larboard
fide of the lower marts, above all the other Ihrouds, as an additional fecu-
rity to the marts. The hoifters are never confined, like the other Ihrouds,
by Catharpings. See that article.

To SWING, to turn round the anchors, or moorings, at the change of the
wind, or tide : it is ufually exprefled of a ftiip, either when flie is moored by
the head, or riding at a fingle anchor.

TAB TAC

TABLING, (banda\ Fr.) a fort of broad hem fonned on the fkirts and
bottoms of a fhip's fails, to ftrengthen them in that part which is at-
tached to the bolt-rope.

TACK, (couet, Fr.) a rope ufed to confine the foremoft lower-corners of
the courfes and J}a)'-fails in a fixed pofition, when the wind crolTes the fhip's
ciHirfe obliquely. The fame name is alfo given to the rope employed to pull
out the lower corner of a. Jludding- fail or driver to the extremity of it's boom.

The main-fail and fore-fail of a fhip are furniflied with a tack on each fide,
wliich is formed of a thick rope tapering to the end, and having a knot
wrought upon the largeftend, by which it is firmly retained in the clue of
the fail. By this means one tack is always faftened to windward, at the fame
time that the JJjeet extends the fail to leeward. See Chestree.

Tack is alfo applied, by analogy, to that part of any fail to which the
tack is ufually faftened.

A fhip is faid to be on the ftarboard or larboard tack, when fhe is clofe-
hatded, with the wind upon the ftarboard or larboard fide -, and in this fenfe
the diftance which ftie fails in that pofition is confidered as the length of the
tack; although this is more frequently called a Board. See that arti. le.

îTo Tack (virer van devant, Fr.j to change the coiirfc from one board
to another, or turn the ftiip about from the ftarboard to the larboard tack,
in a contrary wind. Thus the ftiip A, fig. 2. plate XI. being clofe-hauled
on the larboard tack, and turning her prow fiiddenly to windv/ard, receives
the imprclTion of the wind on her head-fails <?, by which ftie fidis off upon
the line of the ftarboard tack a. Tacking is alfo uliid, in a more enlarged
lenfe, to imply that mianceuvre, in navigation, by which a Hiip makes an
oblique progreffion to the windward, in a zigzag direction. I'his, how-
ever, is more ufually called beating or turning to windward. See Beat-
ing and Turning.

Thus, fuppofe a fliip A, fig. 2. plate XI. bound to a port B lying to
windward, with the wind northerly, as exprelfed by the arrow. The fails «,
h, c, being braced obliquely with the keel, the wind i.lfo fidls upon th.cir fur-
laccs ;n an oblique direction, by which the fliip is pufiied to leeward, as ex-
plained in (.he article Lee-way. Hence, although flie apparently lails W.N.
VV. upon the larboard tack, as expreflTed in the dotted line A^, aiid E.N. E.
upon the other df yet if the lee-way is only one point, (and indeed it i.-. fel-

doni

TAC TAC

dom lefs in the fmootheft water), the coiirfe will accordingly be W. ^-N.
upon one tack, and E. by N. upon the other, as reprelented by the lines
A f, and eg.

If the port A were dircflly to windward of the fliip, it is evident that
botli tacks ought to be of equal length; or, in other words, that flie ought
to run the fame dillance upon each tack: but as the place of her deilina-
tion lies obliquely to windward, (he muft run a greater diftance upon one
tack than the otlier; bccaufe the extremities of both boards fliould be equal-
ly dillant from the line of her true courfe BA; fo the larboard tack Ac,
crolfing the courfe more obliquely than the other eg, will necefiarily be
much longer.

As the true courfe, or the direft diftance from B to A, is only 1 2 lecgues,
it is evident, that with a favourable wind flie could reach it in a few hours.
On the contrary, her diftance is confiderably increaled by the length of her
boards, in acontrary wind-, which, by it's obliquity with her fails, operates
alfoto retard her velocity. Thus her firft board A f, onaW. ^)- N. courfe,
is equal to 5. 7 leagues. The fécond tack eg, is 9. 2 leagues E by N. : the
third tack, parallel to Af, is 11. 5: the fourth, parallel to eg, is 9. 2 :
and the fifth, parallel to the firft, 11. 7 leagues. Fmally, the fixth board
is 4. 8 leagues parallel to the fécond, which brings her to tlie port B. By
this fcheme it appears that fhe has run more than four times the extent
of the line A B, her primitive diftance; and this in the moft ravour:.ble
circumftances of a contrary wind, viz. when the lea is fmooth, and when
fhe may carry her full topfails. Eor if the wind blows ftronger, to render
it necefiary to reef the topfails, flie will foon make two points of lecivoy, and
accordingly run eaft on one board and weft on the other. In this fituation
ftie will neither approach nor recede from the place of her deftination :
but if the wind increafes, the fea will alio be enlarged ; a circumftance
that ftill further augments the lee-way. Hence the veflel will grailually
fall off" from the port, in proportion to the augmentation of the wind and
fea, Vv'jiich occafions a proportional incrcafe of lee-way.

In order to explain the theory of tacking a ftiip, it may be necefiary to
premile a known axiom in natural philofophy, ' That every body will per-
fevere in a ftate of reft, or of moving uniformly in a right line, unlets ir
be compelled to change it's ftate by forces inipreifed ; and that the change
of motion is proportional to the moving torce imprefleil, and is made ac-
cording to the right line in which that force is exerted.'

By this principle it is cafy to conceive how a fliip is compelled to turn into
any dircL'tion, by the force of the wind adding upon her fails, in horizontal
lines. For the fails may be fo arranged as to receive the current of air, cither
dircftly, or more or iefs obliquely : hence the motion communicated to the
fails mull of necelficy confpire with that of the wind upon their furfices. l"o
make the Ihip tack, or turn round with her head to the windward, it is there-
fore neceflTary, after (lie has received the firft impreftion from the^i'.';;/, that the-
head-fails Ihould be fodilpofed as todiminilh the effort of the wind, in th':firlt
inftant of her motion, and that the whole force of the wind Ihoukl be exerted
on the d/ZtT-fails, which, operating on the Ihip's ftern, carries it round like a.
J weather-

TAC TAC

weather-cock. But fince the aélion of the after-fails, to turn the fhip, will
unavoidably ccafe when her head points to the windward, it tiien becomes
neceflary to ufe the head-fails, to prevent her from fallinc^-cff, and returning
to her former fituation. Thefe are accortlingly laid al^uck on the lee-fide, to
pufh the veffel's fore-part towards the oppufitc fide, till flie has fallen into the
line of her courfe thereon, and fixed her fails to conform with that fituation.

It has been obferved above, that the firft effort to turn the fliip in tacking
is communicated by the helm, which is then put to the Ice-fide. This cir-
cumrtance being announced by the pilot, or commanding-ofHcer, who then
calls out. Helm's a-lee ! the head-fails are immediately made to (hiver in the
wind, by cafting loofe theiryZw/.f or bo'-^'lines. The pilot then calls, i7/)/rtfjti
iindjheets ! which is executed by loofening all the ropes which confine the
corners of the lower fails, in order that they may be more readily fliifted to
the other fide. When the fliip has turned her head direftly to windward,
as in J, fig. 2. plate XI. the pilot gives tlie order to turn about the fails
on tile main and mizcn-mafts, by the exclamation, Haul main-fail, haul!
the bowlines and braces are then inftantly caft ofl^on one fide, and as expe-
ditioully drawn in on the other fide, fo as to wheel the yards about their
mafts : the lower corner of the main-fail is, by means of it's tack, pulled
down to it's dation at the cheftree ; and all the after-fails are, at the fame
time, adjufiied to ftand upon the other board. Finally, when the fhip has
fallen off five or fix points, as h, fig. 2. plate XI. the pilot cries. Haul of
all! or. Let go, and haul! then the fails on the fore-maft are wheeled about
by their braces : and as the fhip has then a tendency to fall-off, fhe is
checked by the effort of the helm, which for tliat purpofe is put bard a-lee.
The fore-tack, or the lower corner of the fore-fail, being fixed in it's place,
the bowlines are hauled -, and the other fails, which have been ncglefted in
the hurry of tacking, are properly arranged to the wind ; which exercife is
called trimming the fails. See Lee-way and Sailing.

TACKLE, (palan, Fr.) pronounced taicle, a machine formed by the
communication of a rope with an affemblage of blocks, and known in me-
chanics by the name of pulley.

Tackles are ui'cd in a fliip to raife, remove, or fecure weighty bodies ; to
fupport the mafts-, or to extend the fails and rigging. They are eith.rr move-
able, as communicating with a runner; or fixed, as being hooked in an im-
moveable ilation ; and they are more or lefs complicated, in proportion to
the effedts which they are intended to produce.

l{ abde, fig. ^. plate XI. be a fingle block, upon which are fufpended
the weights/^, then fince the nearell dillance of the ropes /^, from the
center of motion c, and a c equal to d c, the block will be reduced to the le-
ver or balance a d with relpeâ: to it's power : Since ^ c is then equal to dc, it
is apparent that/^ will always be in equilibrium. As no advantage therefore
can be acquired, in raifing a weight by an immoveable fingle block, it is only
rendered uk-ful by changing the direftion of the moving power. This cir-
cumftance is extremely convenient to the labourers, and often abfolutely ne-
ceiTary-, particularly in raifing bodies to a higher ftation; as from the hold
to the upper decks, or from the deck to the mafts or yards, &c. which
3 would

TAC TAC

would otherwife be difficult or impraclicable to perform. Sec alfo the ar-
ticles Block and Whip.

When a fingle block is moveable along with the body to which it is at-
tached, fig. 4. plate XI. as the blocks of the brace-pendtniSy reef-tackle,
pendents^ jigets, &r. the momentum of the power is doubled ; bccaufe it
moves twice as faft as the weight, or body to whicli it is attached. For
in the fame time that any part of the rope/, moves upward from/ to |^,
equal in length to the two equal ropes d and f, the block, and confequent-
ly the weight annexed, will be drawn through the fpace ch, whole length
is equal to one of the ropes only.

When a tackle confifts of two or more fixed and moveable blocks, where-
in one rope communicates with the whole; if one end cf the rope be fixed,
as in fig. 5. 6. and 7. in order to proportion the weight to the refinance, the
power applied muft be to the weight, as one, to twice the number oi Jljeaves
in the moveable blocks : becaufe, in the efforts of a tackle, the velocity of
the moving power is, to the velocity of the rifing or moving body, as twice
the number of moveable flieaves to unity, as appears in fig. 5. which con-
fills of one fixed blocks, and another moveable as e. For fince one rope
operates on all the flu-aves from g to/, the part at/, lying beyond the fixed
block, and called the fall, cannot be drawn down and k-ngthened, unlcls
the two parts d and c, on each fide of the moveable block, be at the fame
time equally drawn up and fliortened. Hence it is evident, that the part
af will be lengthened twice as much as either dor c is fliortened, becaufe
whatever is taken from each of thofe parts is added to the length ox af; but
the point/, to which the power is applied, defcends as faft as a f\% length-
ened ; and the point f, to which the weight is fattened, afcends as fait as d
or c is fhorteneci. If therefore, a weight fufpended at/, be to a weight
lufpended at f, as one to two, they will balance each other, as being in t|ie
reciprocal ratio of their velocities.

Whatever has been obferved with regard to the tackles above nientioned^
is equally applicable to all others, and is in the fame manner demonltrablc,
viz. that the velocity with which the mechanical force moves, in raifing
a weight, is to the velocity wherewith the weight rifes, as twice the number
of moveable flieaves to unity.

A tackle wherein both the blocks are moveable, and communicate with
a runner, is reprefentcd by fig. 10. plate VIII. That part of the tackle
which is fixed to one of the blocks, &:c. is called tjie ftanding part ; all the
reft are called running parts; and that whereon the men pull wiien em-
ploying the tackle, is called the fall. The application of the tackle to
mechanical purpofes is termed hoijiing or hoic/nig. See thofe articles.

Cictiiui TACKi.ii. Sec Groi'Nd Tackle.

Tack.-t.ack.le, a finail tackle ufed occafionally to pull down the tack
of the principal fails of a fliip to their refpecttive llations. Tliere is alfo a
r.ickle of this kind conftantly fixed to the tacks of the main-fail in Mgs,
/loops, and fihooners, for the fame porpole. Sec the French term Palan,
and the phrHlc"; annexed thereto.

r j> y finding'

T A F TEN"

f finding Tackve, (calio-nie^ Fr.; a tackle formed by a rope pafliîng
through two three-fold blocks.

TAFFARKI.., (ccuronnmca:, Fr.' the upper part of a fliip's ftcrfl, being
a curved piece of wood, exprefled by F F", in fig. i. plate X. and ufually.
ornamented with I'culpture.

TAIL, a name given by failors to the extremities of a hurricane, where-
in the violence is confiderably exhaxiftcd.

T.Aii.-Bi.ocK, a fmail fingic block, having a fhort piece of rope attached
to it, by which it mav be faileiu-d to any objedl at pleafurc; either for con-
venience, or to increafe tlte force applied to the faid objecl:, as explained
in the firfl parr of the article tackle.

TAKING-IN, the att of brailing-up and furling the fails at fca, parti-
cularly •when the wind increafcs. It is generally uled in oppoluion to fef-
ting. See alfo Furl and Shorten.

TALLYING, {border, Fr.) a phrafe ufed by the common failors, im-
plying the aifl of pulling aft the Jheets, or lower corners of the main-fail and-
fore- fail.

TAR, a fort of liquid gum of a blackifli hue, which diftils from pines
or fir-trees, either naturally or by incifion ; and being prepared by boiling,
is ufed to pay the fides of Ihips and boats, and their rigging, in order to
preferve them from the eifedts of the weather, by which they would other-
wife foon become cracked, fplit, or rotten.

Tar is alfo a figurative exprefTion tor a lallor of any kind.
TAR-PAWtiNG, (prélart, Fr.) a broad piece of canvas well daubed with
tar, and ufed to cover the hatchways of a fliip at fea, to prevent the pene-
tration of the rain, or fea-watcr, v.'hich may occafionally rulh over the decks.
See Battens.

TARTAN, (tartana, Ital.) a fmall coafting vcflcl navigated in the Medi-
terranean fea, and having only one maft and a bowfprit, the principal fail,
which is extremely large, being extended by a lateen yard. See Vessel.

TAUGHT, (rcide, Fr, dicht, Dutch) the ftate of being extended or
flretciied out. It is ufually applied to a rope or fail, in oppofition to (lack.

TAUNT, (foil-, Fr.) an epithet ufed in the fea-language, to fignify high
or tall. It is peculiarly exprefTed of the malts when they are of an extra-
ordinary length, asfquare is applied to the yards on the fame occafion.

TENDER, (patache,Fr.) a fmall vefiei employed in the King's fervice,
on various occaîîons -, as, to receive volunteers and imprefled men, and
convey them to a diftant place ; to attend on fliips of war or fquadrons ;
and to carry intelligence or orders from one place to another, &c.

TENDING, the movement by which a (hip turns or iwings round her
anchor in a tide-way, at the beginning of the flood or ebb. Thus, if the
flood lets northerly, it is evident that th: fliip, unlefs when moored head
and fliern, will fall into the line of the current, turning her head to the
fouchward. But as the reflux will for the fame reafon kt to the fouthward,
the flaip will of nccefiîty turn about at the change of the tide, and carry
her head to the northward : and the tranfition from one fituation to the

other is calkd tending or fwinging.

TENON,

TEN T I D

TENON, the end of a pieceof timber cut fmaller to enter into a mortife.

THICK-S TUFF. See the articles Ship-suiLDiNG and Midship-frame.

Tl IliMBLE, (ccjfe, Fr.) a fort of iron ring, wliofc outer lurface is hol-
lowed throughout it's whole circumference, in order to contain, in the
channel or cavity, a rope which is fpliccd about it, and by which it may
be hung in any particular ftation. See plate XI [. fig. i. It is ufcd to guide
the direction of fome running rope, v/hich paflls throu^zh it, from one
place to another. See Span.

TI lOLliS, (tholet-, Fr.) certain fmall pins driven perpendicularly into
the upper edge of a boat, as exprefled bye, fig. i. plate 111. In theex-
ercilc of rowing, the oar is contained between the two tholes, in the fpace
which is called the roiv lock. Sometimes there is only one pin to each oar,
as in the boats navigated on the Mediterranean fca. In that cafe the oar is
hung upon the pin by means of a flrop; and indeed this method is mucli
more ancient than the former. See the article Rowinc;.

'I'HROAT, a name given to the inner end of a gaff., or to \.\\?x part which
is next to the maft. It is oppofed to peek, which implies the outer extremity
of the fjid gaff, or that part of it which extends the fail behind. Hence the
ropes employed to hoift up, and lower a gaff, being applied to thofe parts
of it, are called the throat and peek haliards. See Haliakds.

THUNDFRING-BAKRELS, (banques à feu, or foudroyantes, Fr.) cafl<s
whicii contain the fire-pots in a iire-lhip.

THUS ! the order by which the pilot dircfts the helmfman to keep tlie
fliip in her prefent fituation when failing with afca}it wind; fo that flie may
not approach too near the dircftion of the wind, and tiiereby îliiver her fails,
nor fall to leeward, and run further out of her courfe. See Steering.

THWART, (/'^«f, Fr.) the feat or bench of a boat whereon the rowers
fit to manage the oars.

'Jmwart-ships, acrofs the (hip. See the article Athwart.

TIDE, (maree, Fr. tyd. Sax.) a regular periodical current of the water, fet-
ting alternately in a flux and reflux, produced by the influence of the moon.

If the ocean vvere equally deep in every place, the ebbing and flowing of
the tide would be univerfally regular and equal; but the fliallownefs of the
water in many places, and tlie (treightnefs of the channels, by which the
tides m.iy be coniiJerably interrupted in fome parts, and propagated in others,
occafion a great divcrfity in their force and quantity. Hence, without an
exact knowledge of all the circumltances of the lèverai places where they
happen to rim, as of the pofition of the land, the breadth and depth of
channels, it is impofllble to account for this diverfity.

The theory of the tides is concilely defcribed by a great author, in thcfc
■ words: '•That motion of tlie water called tides is a rifing and tailing of
the fea : the ciufe of this is the attradlion of the moon, whereby the part
of water in the great ocean which is nearcft the moon, being molt ftrongly
attracted, is railed higher than the reft; and the part oppoiite to it being
lead attracted, is alio higher than the reft ; and thel'e two oppofite eleva-
tions of the lurface of the water in the great ocean, following the motion of
the moon from talt to welt, and (trlking againft tlic lart^e coalts of the con-

1' J) 2 tincnts.

T I E T I M

t'ments, from thence rebounJs back again, and lb makes floods and ebbs
in narrows, l'eus, and rivers." Locke,

liregidar T i o i , ( Debiuiche. )

With regard to tlie relative force of the tide on a fliip floating therein,
it is ah-eady explained in the article Current.

'I'IKR, (b^.tterie, Fr.; a name given to the r^nge of cannon mounted on
one fide of a fliip's deck. See the articles Deck and Cawon.

TiLR of the ttj/'k, is a range of the fakes or windings of the cable, which
are laid within one another in an horizontal pofition, lb as that tlie lal^ be-
comes the innermoft. See Cou,i\g.

Cdble-TwLR is the hollow fpace in the middle of a cable, when it is ceiled.

TIGHT, {d'ukt, Dutch; the quality whereby a velTcl refills the penetra-
tion of any fluid, whether comprclfing it's kirface, or contained within it.
Hence a Ihip is faid to be tight, when her planks are fo compati and folid
as to prevent tiie entrance of the water in which flie is immerfed : and a
caflc is called tight, when the ftaves are fo dole that none of the liquid con-
tained tlierein can ifliie through or between them. In both fenles it is op-
pofed to leaky, which fee.

TILLER, (tiiiion^ox barre de gcuvernùil, Fr.J the bar or lever emploj-ed to
turn the rudder in fleering. See the article Helm.

TILT, (tendelet, Fr. tyld. Sax.) a fmall canopy or awning of canvas, or
other cloth, extended over the llern-fheets of a boat, and fupported by
fmall pillars, or broad laths of flexible wood incurvated into arches. It is
uled to cover the paiTengers from the rain or funlliine. See Boat.

TIMBERS, (couples, Fr.) the ribs of a fhip, or the incurvated pieces of
wooil, branching outward from the keel in a vertical dircdion, lo as to give
ilrength, figure, and folidity to the whole fabric.

It has been obferved in the article AVtVi/ Architecture, that one timber
is compolcd ot feveral pieces united into one frame, which is acci)rdingly
called a frame ol timbers by the artificers. Thcfe different pieces are exhi-
bited in plate I. Pif.ces cf the Hull, by U, V, and \V. I'he head of the
fower piece, called the floor-timher, being cut I'quare, to join the heel of
the next above it. To fupport the connexion of the timber in that place,
another aflcmblage of pieces are formed, and joined in the fame manner %
(o that when botli the lets arc faftened together, the joinings in one let will
be nearly oppofite to the middle of the pieces in the other. Hence it is
evident, that the mould which ferves for the loweft piece will conform to
the under part of the correfponding piece above it : and thus the mould,
a^ipropriaced to every divifion of a timber, will determine, or anfwer to
the figure of the next adjoining thereto.

The timbers, whofe areas or pla)us are perpendicular to the keel, are
called fquare timbers-, aad thofe which are placed obliquely on the keel, '
as at the extremities of a fhip, are called cant-timbers. The foremoft of
tliofe pieces on the fiiip's iow, are called the knuckle-timbers -, and the
bindmo'.l on the quarter are called the fafliion-pieces.

The outlines, or bends of the principal limbers of the ihip, are geom.etri-

çally delineated in the plane of projedion, plate I. as allb in plate IV..

i fig.

TIM TOP

fipr. II. and plate X. fig. 2. : and their particular flations in the fliip's
length are reprefented in the horizontal plane, and that of the elevation,
plate I. In order to give a more comprehenfive idea of their figures and
diinenfions, we have exhibited a perfpeetive view of the carcafe of a fmall
vcflcl, in plate XII. fig. 2. confifting only of the keel A, the Jiern-pcji B,
Ûït^ Jlein C, tlic iranfoms KLM, and the ribbands F F.

Ti.MEER ANO ROOM, Or roo7n and /pace, is the diftance betwixt the
moulding edges of two adjoining timbers, which muft always contain the
breadth of two timbers -, ami fomctimes two or three inches between them.
It muft be obferved, that one mould fcrves for two timbers ; the fore fide
of the one being fuppofed to unite with the after fide of the other, and fo
make only one line-, which is acflually the cafe in all the frames, which in
fome Ihips arc every third, and in others every fourth timber. The trames
are firft put up, and faftened to the ribbands, and afterwards the others
are put up, which are called fitting timbers. Miirraf s jhip-bmUhng.

TIMONEER, (timonier, Fr.) the helinfman, or pcrfon who manages the
helm to direâ; the fliip's courfe. See the article Steering.

In a fliip of war the quartcr-mafters and timoneers are ulually chofen by
the maftcr, to cwi and ftcer the fliip ; as alfo, to ftow the provifions in the
hold, coil the cables, regulate the watch, &c. See Quarter-master.

TOGETFIER ! [accord, Fr.) the order given to the men in the exercil'es
OÎ heaving, rowing, lioilting, &c. to aft all in concert, or at the fame infcant.

TOGGEL, (cabillot, Fr.) a fmall wooden pin, about five or fix inches in
length, and ufually tapering from the middle towards the extremities. It
is lUed to fix tranlVerfely in the lower part of a tackle, in which it fcrves as
an hook whereby to attach the tackle to a ftrop, flings, or any body where-
on the efibrt of the tackle is to be employed.

There are alfo toggcls of another kind, employed to faften the top-gallant
fhects to xhc /pan, which is knotted round the cap at the top-maft-head. For
as the lifts of the topfad-yard are out of ufc when the topfail is hoifted, they
are alwavs converted into top-gallant-fheets, to render the rigging at the
maft-heads as light and fimple as poffible. Before the topfail-yards can be
lowered fo as to be fuftained by their lifts, it therefore becomes ncceffary to
transfer that part of the lift to the top-maft-head, that lb the whole weight
of the yard may be fuftained by it's maft-head, and no part thereof by the
top-gallant-yard, which would otherwife be the cafe. This is performed
by fixing the double part, or bight of the lift, within the eye cf the fpan
above mentioned, and inkrting the toggel througli the former, fo as to
confine it to the latter, which operation is am.ongft failors called putting
the fheets in the bcckets.

TOMPION, (tampon, Fr.) a fort of bung or cork ufed to ftop the mouth
of a cannon. At fea this is carefully encircled with tallow or putty, to pre-
vent the penetration of the water into the bore, whereby the powder con-
tained in the chamber might be damaged or rendered incapable ot fcrvice.

TONNAGE. See the article Blrtiien.

TOP, (hiine, Fr.) a fort of platform, furrounding the lower maft-head,
from which it projects on all fides like a fcaftbld.

Lhe

TOT TOP

Yhe principal intention of the top is to extend the top-maft-flirouds, fo as
to form a greater ;!ngle with th; mart, and thereby give additional fuppori to
the latter. It is fultained by certain timbers fixed acrofs the hounds or flioul-
dcrs of the maft, and called tlie treflle-trces and cvofs-trees, the former of
which are expreflc-d by ;è, fig. i. plate VI. and the latter by /,/, fig. 2. The
pl.in of tlie top is reprefented in fig. 6. where g g reprefents the holes
through which the top-maft fliroiids communicate with thofc of the lower-
mafl, as explained in the article SiiRcuD.

Befides the ufe above mentioned, the top is otherwife extremely conve-
nient to contain ihe:materials neceflary for extending the fmall fails, and for
fixing or repairing the rigging and machinery, witii more facility and expe-
tiition. In fhips of war it is ufed as a kind of redoubt, and is accordingly
fortified for attack or defence, being furniflied with fwivels, mufl<etry, and
other fire-arms -, and guarded by a thick fence of corded Jmmmocs. Final-
ly, it is employed as a place for looking out, either in the day or night.

The frame ot the top is either clofe-planked like aplatfonij, or open like
a grating. The former kind, which is exhibited in fig. 6. plate VI. is gene-
rally Ibonger and more convenient; but the latter is much better in tem-
peftuous weather, as prefenting a fmaller furface to the wind when the fliip
leans over to one fide, and by confequence being Ids expofed to it's efix)rts.

In all fliips of war, and in tiie largeft merchantmen, ilic top is fenced on
the aft-fide by a rail of about three feet high, flretching acrofs, and fup-
ported by flanchions, bet-ween which a netting is ufually conilrufted, as
appears by fig. i. plate IX. Tlie outfide of this netting is generally co-
.vered with red bayze or red painted canvas, which is extended from the rail
down to the edge of the top, and called the top-armour. By this name it
feems to have been confidered as a fort of blind, behind which the men
may conceal themfelves from the aims of the enemy's fire-arms in time of
aiflion, whilft they are charging their own muflcets, carabines, or fwivels.

The dimenfions of tops in the royal navy are as follow. The breadth of
the top athivart-flnps, q y, fig. b. is one third of the length of it's correfpond-
ing top-maft. The length of all tops, from the foremoft to the after edge
pp, is equal to three fourths of their breadth athwart; and the fquare hole in
the middle is five inches to a foot of thole dimenfions. The treftle- trees
and crofs-trees extend nearly to the edge of the tops. Sec thofe articles.

Top-block. See Block and Masx.

Top-cH.'iiN. See the article Chain.

Top-lanthorn, (fand dehune^ Fr.) a large lanfhorn placed in the after
part of the top, in any fliip where an admiral or commodore is perfonally
aboard. It is lupported on each fide by iron braces r, as expreffcd in
fig. 3. plate VI.

Top-MAST, (mai de hum, Fr.) the fécond divifion of a maft; or that part
which ftands between the upper and lower pieces. See the article Mast.

Top-rope, (guinderejfe, Fr.) a rope employed to fivay-up a top-maft or

top-gallant-maft in order to fix it in it's place; or to lower it in tempeftuous

weather, or when it is no longer necelTary. The rope ufed on this occa-

,fion tor the top-mafts is, on account of their great weight, furnillied with

2 an

T O P TOW

?.n afTcmblage of puliics, at it's lower end, called the top-tackh\ to hoifl: or
lower the mail with greater facility. The whole of this is particularly ex-
plained in the article Mast, and the plate therein referred to.

Top-sails, certain large fails extended acrofs the top-mafts, by the top-
fail-yard above, and by the yard attached to the lower mail beneath ; being
faftened to the former by rcbands, and to the latter by means of two great
blocks fixed on ■':'5 extremities, througli which the topfail-fhcets are infcrted,
pafTing from thence to two other blocks fixed on the inner part of the yard
clofe by tlic mad: and from thefe latter the fheets lead downwards to the
deck, where they may be (lackened or extended at pleafure. See the article
Sail. A^. B. ï\\" top-gaHant fails are expanded above the topfail-yard,
in the fame manner as the latter are extended above the lower yard.

Tlie feveral parts cî the machinery by which the top-fails are managed,
z& x.\\c hoiviines, braces, hnliards, Hfls, and/'aVj, being copiouQy defined in
their proper places, it would be fiiperfluous to repeat their explanations.

TOPPING, {dpi Mrr^Vx') the ad of pulling one of the extremities of a
yard higher x.\\^\\ the orher, by flackening one of the lifts^ and pulling upon
the oppofite one, fo as to place the yard at a greater or kfier obliquity with
the m.aft.

Topping-lift, (balandnedegui, Fr.) a large and ftrong tackle, employed
to fufpend or top the outer end of 2i gaff, or of the boom of a main-fail and
fore-fail -, fucli as are ufed in brigs, floops, or fchootier s . See Square.

TORNADO, (travrJe,¥r.) a violent fquall or guft of v/ind rifing fud-
denly from the fliorc, and afterwards veering round the compafs like a hur-
ricane. Thefe are very frequent on the coafts ot Guinea and South Bar-
bary. See Wind.

TOUCHING, the ftate of a fliip's fails when they firft begin to fliiver, ,
with their edges in the dircftion of the wind. It is eitJier occafioned by a
fudden alteration of the fliip's courfe, or by a change of the wind, in which
it blows more obliquely along the furface of the fails, infteadof falling into
their cavities from behind, according to it's ufual direction. See Full and

BY.

Touching-at, implies the circumftance of flopping, or anchoring occa-
fionally, at fome intermediate port, in the courfe ot a voyage.

To TOW, (remorquer, Vt. teon, tecf.>an,Szx.) to draw a Ihip forward in.
the water, by means of a rope atta( hcd to another vcflll or boat, which
advances by the effort of rowing or failing.

Towing is either pradtifed when a fliip is difabled, and rendered incapable
of carrying fail at fea -, or when her fails arc not fixed upon the niafts, as
in a harbour : or when they arc deprived of their force of aiflion by a cefla-
tion,of the wind.

When a fliip of war is difmafted, or otlierwife difabled from carrying,
fail at fea, flie is ufually towxd by a cable reaching from her bow to ano-
ther fhip. a-head. In a harbour towing is pradtifed by one or more boats,
wherein all the force of rh.-; oars are exerted to make her advance.

Tow-line, a fmuli hawfer generally ufcd to remove a fliip trom one part
of an harbour or road to another, by means of anchors, capAcrns, &c. as

explained

r R A r R A

cxpLiiiH-d in the artule Warimnc. It is alio employed occafionally to moor
a Imall vcfkl in a harbour, convcnic-ntly (hcltcrcd from the wind and lia.

Tow-Rorii, a name given to any cable or other rope ufed in the exercile
of rowing.

TR.\CING-LINE, (martinet, Fr.) a fmall cord generally palTing
through a block or th'mble^ and ufed to hoilb up any objcâ: to a higher lla-
ton, in order to render ic lefs inconvenient. Such are the tracing-lines ot
the avcnhigs, and thofe of the yard-tr.ckles, v/hicli, by hanging down in a
cavity or biglit, would be aukward and incommodious.

TRACK of a Jhip. See the article Wake.

TRACT-SCOUT, a velîcl employed to carry goods or paflengers up
and down the rivers or canals in Holland, and the countries bordering on
the Baltic Tea. It is ufually traded by a horfe, who trots along the margin
to a limited diftance, after which he is relieved by another.

TRACTING, the acl of pulling any velRl or floating body along the
llream of a canal or river, by means of a rope extending from the veficl,
&c. to the adjacent fliore, and drawn along the banks of the river, by men
or horfes.

TRADE-WINDS, certain regular winds blowing within or near the
tropics, and being either periodical or perpetual. Tims, in the Indian
ocean, they blow alternately from different points of the compafs, during a
limited feafon-, and, in the Atlantic ocean, continue almofi: without intcr-
minion in the lame diredion. They are accordingly called trade-winds, froni
their great utility in navigation and commerce. See Monsoon and Wind.

TRAIN. See the articles Cannon and Fire-ship.

TRANSOMS, (barres d'arca£e, Fr. tranfenna, Lat.) certain beams or
timbers extended acrofs the flern-pcjl of a fhip, to fortify her after-part, and
give it the figure moft fuitable to the fervicc for which Hie is calculated.

Tranfoms are here defined beams or timbers, becaufe they partake equally
of the form and purpofe of thofe pieces. Thus the deck-tranlom is the aft-
mofl: or hindmolt beam of the lower deck, whereon all the deck-planks are
rabbeted : and all the tranfoms are fixed athwart the ftern-poll, in the fame
manner as the floor-timbers are laid upon the keel. As the floor-timbers alio,
with regard to their general form and arrangement, have a ri^ng, by wliich
the bottom becomes narrower as it alcends tov/ards the extremities -, fo the
arms of the tranfoms, being gradually clofcr in proportion to their diftance
from the wing-tranfom downwards, give a limilar figure to that part of the
fhip, which accordingly becomes extremely narrow, from the counter towards
the keel ; and this general figure or curve is called thefighl of the tranfoms.

Although thefe pieces are therefore extremely dilferent in their figures,
according to the extent of the angles formed by their branches or horns,
each of them has nevertliclefs a double curve, which is partly vertical, and
partly horizontal, with regard to it's fituation in the fhip. The former of
thefe is called, by the artificers, the round- tip, and the latter the rou7id-aft.

As the tranfoms fill up the whole fpace comprehended between the head
of the flern-pofk above, and the aftmoil floor-timbers below, it is neceflliry
10 diftinguifh them by particular names. Thus the higheft is called the wing-
tranfom ;

T R A T R A

tranfom : tlie next, the dcck-tranfom ; antl afterwards follow the fird, fé-
cond, and third tranfoms -, tcgcti^.cr with the internicdiatc ones, as rcpre-
Icnted in fig. i. plate X. and dcfcribed in the explanation thereof.

The vertical direction of the arms or angles of the tranfoms, with regard
tothefliip's length, aicexprefied in the plane of Klevation-, and their ho-
rizontal curves are alio delineated on the plane of Projection-, both of
which are reprefented under thofe terms in plate I. and defcribed in the ge-
neral explanation of the planes in the article Nnvnl Architectuke.

The highed tranfoms arc conne6led to the (hip's quarter by knees, which
are bolted to thofc pieces, and to the after-timbers. See the articleSttEi'ERS.
TRANSPORT. See the article Shu'.

TR ANSFOlvTlNG, the aft of removing a fliip from one place to ano-
ther, by the help of anchors and ropes. See Warping.

TRAVELER, (mcawbeau, Er.) a fort of thimble, whofe diameter is
much longer, in proportion to the breadth of it's furface, than the common
ones, fig. 3. plate XII. It isfurniflied with a tail formed of a piece of rojie,
about three feet in length, one end of which encircles the ring, to which it is
fpliced. Thele machines are principally intended to facilitate the bcijliiig or
iKvering of the top-gallant-yards at fea: for which purpofe two of them are
fixed on each back Jtay, whereon they flide upwards and downwards, like the
ring ot a curtain upon it's rod: being thus attached to the extremities of the
top-gallant-yard, they prevent it Irom fwinging backwards and torwards,
by the agitation of the fiiip, whilil the yard is hoifting or lowering at fea.

TRAVERSE, in navigation, implies a compound courfe, or an afiem-
blage of various courfes, lying at different angles with the meridian. Thus
fig. 2. plate XI. exhibits t^e traverfes forn-ked by a fliip, when making an,
oblique progreiïion againft the direiflion of the wind, as explained in the
article Tacking. ,

The true courfe and difliance refulting from this diverfity of courfes is
difcovered by collefting the difix-rence of latitude and departure of each
courfe, and reducing the whole into one departure and one dilRience ot la-
titude, according to the known rules of trigonometry. This réduction will
immediately afcertain the bafe and perpendicular; or, in other wortis,
will give the difierencc of latitude and departure to difcover the courfe and
dillance. See Navigation.

Tkaverse-boaro, a thin circular piece of board, marked with all tlie
points of the compafs, and having eight holes bored in each, and eight fniall
pegs hanging from the center of the board. It is uled to determine the diffe-
rent courfes run by a fliip during the j)eriod of the watch; and to afcertain
the didance of each courfe. I'his implement is particularly ufeful in liglit
and variable winds, at which time the helmfman marks the courfe every half
hour, by fixing a peg in that point of the compafs whereon the fliip had ad-
vanced. Thus, if the wind is northerly at the beginning of the watch, the
fliip, being clofe-bault-d on the larboard tack, will fleer \V. N. W. If, after
the Rrfl: half hour, the wind ch;inges to N. by W. the fliip will fall ofi^to W.
by N. both of diefe courfes arc marked by the helmfman upon the travcrfe-

Q q board.

T R E TRI

board, by putring in one peg for every half" hour on which (he fleers the
fame courfe ; as, one peg into W. N. W. and two pegs into W. by N. if flic
fails an hour on the latter courfe; and fo on. The lee-way and variation of
the compafs are afterwards allowed by the pilot, on fumming up the whole.

TREE-NAILS, (gotirnables^Yr.) certain long cylindrical wooden pins,
employed to conneél the planks of a Ihip's fide and bottom to the corre-
fponding timbers.

rhe tree-nails are juflly efleemed fuperior to fpike-nails or bolts, which are
liable to ruft, and loofen, as well as to rot tl>e timber -, but it is necelfary
that the oak of which they are formed Ihould be folid, clofe, and replete
with gum, to prevent them from breaking and rotting in the fhip's trame.
They ought alfo to be well dried, fo as to fill their holes wl^en they are
fwelled with moifhire. They have ufually one inch in thickncfs to loo feet
in the vefTel's length -, fo that the tree-nails of a fliip of ico feet long, are
one inch in diameter ; and one inch and a half for a fhip of 150 feet.

TRESTLE-TREES, (tejfeaux, Fr.) two fl:rong bars of timber fixed
horizontally on the oppofite fides of the lower mafl-head, to fupport the
frame of the top, and the weight of the top-maft. See Mast and Top.

TRIM, (manege du navire^ Fr. trimman. Sax. to build) implies, in gene-
ral, the ftate or difpofition by which a lliip is beft calculated for the feve-
ral purpofes of navigation.

I'hus the trim of the hold denotes the mofl convenient and proper ar-
rangement of the various materials contained therein, relatively to the fhip's
motion, or liability at fea. The trim of the mafts and fails is alfo their
mofl appofite fituation, with regard to the conllruiftion of the fhip, and
the effort of the wind upon her fails.

As ihtftowage^ of the hold, or the difpofition of the feveral articles of the
cargo, confiderably affefts the fhip's motion and flability, it will be necef-
fary to give a gei^eral idea of the acftion of a heavy body upon the fluid that
fupports it, and the re-aftion of the fluid on the floating body.

The whole weight of any body, then, may be confidered as united in it's
center of gravity -, fo that, if it were fufpended by a line failened to this cen-
ter, the line would hang in a perpendicular pofition, as diredted through the
center of gravity to the center of the earth. A body which floats in a fluid
is not, however, fupported by it's center of gravity, but by the com-
preffion of the furrounding filaments of water : and each of thefe, being
confidered as infinitely fmall, will aft upon a very minute portion of the
furface of the floncing body, with regard to the Ipecific gravity, and con-
form to a principle applicable to all fluids, in proportion to the hcighth-
of thefe filaments, viz. That the weight of a column of any fluid will be
in proportion to a fpecific gravity of the fluid and the heighth of the co-
lumn multiplied by it's bafe.

But as heavy bodies endeavour, by their gravity, to approach the center of
the earth, in a vertical iir.L paffing dirough their centers ; fo the prefTure of
fluids endeavours to cany bodies in a vertical, tending from tlie center of
the earth towards their furface, and palfing through the center of gravity of
the fubmerged part, which forces them towards the furface. So, in any fub-

merged

TRI "TRI

merged body at reft, thefe two oppofite forces coincide in the fame vertical,
adting in a diredion quite contrary to each other. Botfgtiers Traité du navire.

P"rom this theory it refults, that the ftability or trim of a (hip chiefly de-
pends upon her conftrucStion, as confidering the bottom to be homogeneous.
This, however, can only happen when her cargo confifts of the fame ma-
terials throughout, as with corn, fait, or any fpecies ftowed in bulk, and
when her hold is entirely filled. For if the fliip has not fufficient breadth
to refill the effort of the wind upon her fails; or if (he is built too high, or
too fliarp in the floor, her center of gravity will be too high, and flie will
be very crank, i. e. apt to overturn.

But as the ftiffnefs of a Ihip, or quality to carry fail without danger of
overturning, depends very much on the /towage of the hold, the center of
gravity may thereby be confiderably lowered, by which her ftability will
be increafed in proportion. It is a general maxim amongft mariners, that
a fliip will not carry fuflîcient fail till ftie is laden fo deep that the furface
of the water may glance on her extreme breadth amidjhips. She muft
therefore have a great deal of weight, as ballaft, &c. to bring her to this
fituation, which is called a good failing trim.

Several circumftances are alfo to be particularly confidered with regard to
the quality, weight, and ftowage of the ballaft. The center of gravity be-
ing placed too high, will render the lliip incapable of carrying a fufficient
quantity of fail ; and by having it too low, fhe will be in danger of rolling
away her mafts. When it is placed too far forward, the ftiip vi\\\ pitch, and
labour heavily ; and when too far aft, flic will occafionally be expofed to the
dangerous circumftance of a/)5(5/)rwg- lea. Thefe extremes being carefully
avoided, it remains to proportion the contents of every part of the hold to
it's capacity, and to place the lighteft materials uppermoft. See Stowage.

Trim, when applied to the fails, denotes the general arrangement which
is beft calculated to accelerate the fhip's courfe, according to the direiflioa
of the wind. See the article Sailing.

If the fhip were always to fail before the wind, it would be a very fimple
operation to trim the fails-, becaufe nothing elfe could be required than t*
difpofe them fo as to receive the greateft pofTible effort of the wind, which is
evidently performed by arranging them at right angles with it's direftion.
But when the current of wind ads more diredly upon the fhip's fide, it
neccflTarily falls more obliquely on the furface of the fails, lb as to diminifh
their effort to pufli the fhip forward; and to augment their tendency to
make her incline to one fide. Hence we may conclude, that an increafe
uf tiie wind, when accompanied with a variation unfavourable to the fliip's
courfe, will by no means augment her velocity ; becaufe the force, pre-
vioufly employed to pufli her forward, will afterwards operate to overturn
her ; and becaufe this imprelTion renders it neccffary to reduce the quaa-
tity of fail ; the eflbrt of which is furtlier diminiflied by the obliquity of
the acftion of the wind upon it's furface.

By this theory it appears, that the efted of the wind to advance the ftiip
decrcat'es in proportion to it's obliquity with any fail upon whicli it operates.

Q^q ; The

TRI T R U

The mechanical difpofition of the fails, according to every direction of the
wind upon their furfaces, is copioiifly defcribcd in the article Close-iiauleu,
Large, Sailing, and Tacking.

Trim, when exprelfed of the maRs, denotes their pofition with regard
to the fliip and to each other. Thus, in the latter fenfe, they Ihouid neither
be too near nor too far apart -, and, in the former, they Ihouki not be too
far forward or aft; and, according to the fuuation or quality which com-
municates a greater velocity to the veffel, they fliould cither be upright, or
inclining aft, or forward.

Trim of afiip's buhl, (ejiive, Fr.) the difpofition of her cargo.

Tf.\\\ the l/uût, (barqiie droite, Vr.) Sec Boat, and tiie phrafes fucceed-
ing it.

Sûi/ing-TRiM, {ene, Fr.) ftate of a fhip by which flie is beft calculated
for the puipofes of iailing.

Shûrp-TR\MMT.n, the fituation of afliip's fails in a fcant wind.

TRIMONKF.R, a barbarous corruption of Timoneer. See that article.

TRIP, a cant phrafe, implying an outward-bound voyage, particularly
in the coafting navigation. It alio denotes a fingle Iwcrd in plyvig to wind*-
ward.

TRIPPING, the movement by whicli an anchor is loofened from the
bottom by it's cable or buoy-ropes. See Atrip,

TROUGH, a name given to the hollow, or interval between two high
waves, which relc-mblcs a broad and deep trench perpetually fluduating-.
As û\t fetting of the fea is always produced by the wind, it is evident that
the waves, and confequently the trough or hollow fpace between them,
will be at right angles with the direction of the wind. Hence a fliip rolls
heavieft when ihe lies in the trough of the lea.

TROWSERS, a fort of loole breeches of canvas worn by common
failors.

TRUCK, a piece of wood, which is either conical, cylindrical, fpherical^
or fpheroidical.

Thus the trucks fixed on the fpindle of a mafl-head, and which are other-
wife called acor)is, are in the form of a cone: and thole which are employed
as wheels to the gun-carriages are cylinders. The trucks of the parrels
aflume the figure of a globe-, and, lallly, thofe of the fl^-ftaffs refemble
an oblate fphcroid. See the articles Acorn, Cannon, Parrel, and Flag-

STAF.

Trucks of the fhrouds are nearly fimilar to thofe of the parrels : they are
faftened to the fhrouds about twelve or fourteen feet above the deck, the
hole in the middle being placed perpendicularly to contain fome rope which
palTes through it. The intention of thcfe is to guide the failors to the par-
ticular rope, which might otherwife be eafily miltaken for fome other of
the fame fize, efpecially in the night.

•Speaking-TK\JM.¥'Û.1.\ (trcKpetJe viarine^Fr.) a trumpet of brafs or tin
ufed at fea, to propagate the voice to a great diftancc, or to convey the or-
ders from one part of the Ihip to another, in tempclluoiis weather, &c.

3 when

T R U TRY

when they cannot otherwife be diftinftly heard by the perfons to whom
they are diredted.

Fire-TRVNK. See the article Ftre-ship.

TRUNNIONS, (tomilloiis, Fr.) the two knobs or arms which projc(ft
from the oppofite fides of a piece of artillery, and fervc to fupport it in the
carriage. See Cannon and Mortar.

TRUSS, (troujfe, Fr.) a maciiine employed to pull a yard home to it's
refpeftivc niaft, and retain it firmly in that pofition.

As the triifs is generally uled inltcad of a parrel, it is rarely employed, ex-
cept in flying top-gallant-fails, which are never furniflied with parrels. It
is no other tlian a ring or traveller, wh'.ch encircles the maft, and has a rop.;
fafi:ened to it's after-part, leading downward to the top or decks ; by means
of which the trufs may be llraitened or flackened at pleafurc. Tlie hcljanls
of the top-gallant-fifil being pafll-d through this ring -, and the fail being
hoifted up to it's utmoLl extent; it is evident, that the yard will be drawn
clofe to the mall, by pulling down the trufs clofe to the upper part of the
fail. For, without tlie trufs, the fail and it's yard would be blown from the
maft, fo as to fwing about, by the adtion of the wind, and the rolling of
the velfel; unlels the yard were hoilted clofe up to the pulley wherein the
haliards run ; which feldom is the cafe in flying top-gallant fails, becaufc
they are ufually much fliallower than thoie which are fixed ov JlanJ.hig.

Truss-parrel. See Parrel. \

TRYING, (à la cape, Fr.) the fituation in which a fliip lie^ nearly in
the trcugh or hollow of the fea in a tempeft, particularly when it blows
contrary to her courfe.

In trying, as well as \n fctidding, the fails are always reduced in proportion
to the increafe of the ftorm. Thus, in the former ftate, a ihip may lie by
the wind under a whole main-fail, a whole fore-fail, or a whole mizen ; or
under any of thofe fails, when diminiflied by the ncf or balance. As the
leaft pofiîble quantity of fail ufed in fcudding are the goofe-ivings of the
fore-fail ; fo in trying, the fmalleft portion is generally the mizen-ftay-fail
or .main-ftay-fail : and in either ftate, if the ftorm is excelîîve, Ihe may lie
with all the fails furled, or, according to the fea-phrafe, under here poles.

The intent of fpreading a fail at this time is to keep the tliip more fteady,
and, by prelfmg her fide down in the water, to prevent her from rolling vio-
lently-, and alfo to turn her bow towards the diredlion of the wind, fo that
the fiiock of the waves may fall more obliquely on her flank, than when ftie
lies along the trough of the fea. While flie remains in tiiis fituation, the
helm is faftened clofe to the lec-fide, or, in the fea-language, barda-lce, to
prevetft her as much as poffible from falling-oft". But as the fliip is not then
kept in equilibrium by the efibrt of lier fails, which at other times counter-
balance each other at the head and /tern, flie is moved by a flow but conti-
nual vibration, which turns her head alternately to windward and to leeward,
fornfinir an angle of three or four points in the interval. That part where
fhe Hops, in approaching the direction of the wind, is called her ccniing-tc,
and the contrary excels of the angle to Iccicard is termed \kv faliing-of.

Thus,

T U C T Y E

TIuis, fiippofethe wind northerly, and a fliip tiying with her ftarboard
fide to windward : if, in turning her head toward, the fourceof the wind,
Ihe arrives at N. W. 4- N. or N. 39" W. and then declines to the leeward
as far W. 4 S. or S. 84** W. the former will be called her coming-to, and
the latter her falling-off. In this pofition (he advances very little according
to the line of her length, but is driven confiderably to leeward, as defcrib-
ed in the articles Drift and Lee-way.

'I'UCK, a name given to that part of the fhip where the ends of the bot-
tom-planks are collefted together immediately under the Itcrn or counter.

Wlien this part, inftead of being incurvated, and forming a convex fur-
tace, alfumcs the fliape of a vertical or oblique plane, it is faid to be fquare,
as rtprcfcnted in fig. 8. plate IX. A fquare tuck is accordingly terminated
above bv the y>''mg-trr.i?Jom, and below and on each fide by the fujhion-pieces.

TUMBLIKG-HOME, (encabananefif, Fr.) that part of a fhip's fide
which falls inward above the extreme breadth, fo as to make the fliip gra-
dually narrower from the lower deck upwards. This angle is reprelcnted
in general throughout all the timbers in the plane of projeliion, plate I. It
is alio more particularly exprefled by Q_T in the Midship-frame, plate
VII. where it is evident, that the fliip grows narrower from (^towards T.
N. B. In all our old fea-books, this narrowing of a fliip from the extreme
breadth upwards is called houfing-in. See Upper-work.

TURNING-/e-w/Wîf^ri, (chicaner le vent, ¥r.) that operation in failing
wherein a fliip endeavours to make a progrefs againft the direftion of the
wind, by a compound courfe, inclined to the place of her defl:ination.
This method of navigation is otherwife called flying. Sec alfo Beating
and Tacking.

TYE, (itagu-e, Fr.) a fort of runner or thick rope, ufed to tranfinit the
.eifortof a tackle to any yard or gajf, which extends the upper part of a fail.

The tye is cither pafled through a block fixed to the mafl:-head, and af-
terwards through another block moveable upon the yard or gaft intended
to be hoifted ; or the end of it is fimply faftened to the fiid yard or gafl^,
after communicating with the block at the mafl:-head. See alio the article
Jears.

VAN V A R

VAN, (avanie garde, F r.) the foremoft divifion of any naval armament,
or that part which ufiially leads »he way to battle-, or advances firlt
in the order of lailing. See Center, Fleet, and Rear.

VANE, a thin flip of bunting hung to the mad- head, or fome other
confpicuous place in the fhip, to fliow the direfbion of the wind. See ^,
fig. 1. plate I. It is commonly fcwed upon a wooden frame called the
ftock, which contains two holes whereby to flip over the fpindle, upon
which it turns about as the wind changes.

Dog-VANE, (panon, Fr.) a fmall light vane, formed of a piece of pack-
thread about two feet in length, upon which are fixed five or fix thin flices
of cork ftuck full of light feathers. It is ufuaiiy faftened to the top of a
ftaff two yards high, which is placed on the top of the fliip's fide on.
the quarter-deck, in order to ftiew the diredion of the wind to the helmi-
man, particularly in a dark night, or when the wind is extremely feeble.

VANGS, a lore oi braces to lupport the mizen ^^jf, and keep it fteady.
They are fixed on the outer-end or peek, and reach downwards to the aft-
moft part of the fliip's fide, where they are hooked and drawn tight, lb as
to be ilackened when the wind is fair -, and drawn in to windward when it-
becomes unfavourable to the fliip's courfe.

VARIATION, the angle contained between the true meridian and the
magnetic meridian.

' After the difcovery of that mofl; ufeful property of the magnet, or
load-fl:one, namely, the giving hardened iron and fleel a polarity, the com-
pafs was fbr many years ufed without knowing that it's dircélion in any ways
deviated from the poles of the world : and about the middle of the 1 6th
century, fo certain were fome of it's inflexibly pointing to the north, that
they treated with contempt the notion of the variation, which about that
time began to be fufpedled *. However, careful oblcrvations foon difco-
vered, that in England, and it's neighbourhood, the needle pointed to the
eafliward of the true north : but the quantity of this deviation being known,,
mariners became as well fatisfied as if the compafs had none; bccaufethey
imagined that the true courfe could be obtained by making allowance for
the true variation.

' From fuccefllive obfervations made afterwards, it was found, that the
deviation of the needle from the north was not a conlbint quantity-,, but that

• Mr. Robertfon, librarian of the Royal Society, favoured the author with an infpeflion
of fevcral curious remarks concerning the hillory of modern navigation ; in which it appears,
that the mod early difcoverics with regard to the magnctical variation were made about the
year 1570. Mr. Robert Norman, from a variety of obfer>ationi made by him nearly at that
time, afccrtains it 10 have been n* 15'cultcrlv, or one point of the coinpals.

3 ' ''

V A R V A R

it gradually diminifhed, and at laft, and about the year 1660, it was found
at London that the needle pointed due north, and has ever fincc been get-
ting to the weftward, and now the variation is more than 20 dcj/rces to the
welhvard ot the north : fo that in any one place it may be i'ulpcfted the
variation has a kind of libratory motion, traverfing through the north to
unknown limits eaftward and wcllward. But the fettling of this point mull
be left to time.

' During the time of the faid obfervations it was alfo difcnvered, that the
variation of the needle was different in different parts of the world, it being
well: in ibme places when it was eaft in others-, and in places wiiere the va-
riation was of the fame name, yet the quantity of it greatly differed. It was
tiierefore found neceffary, that mariners fliould every day, or as often as
they had opportunity, make, during their voyage, proper obfervations for
an amplitude or azimuth -, whereby they might be enabled to find the va-
riation of the compals in their prefent place, and thence correct their
courtes. ' Robertfon's Elements of Navigation.

Dr. Halley publiffied, in the lall century, a theory of the variations of
the compais. In this work he luppoles there are four magnetic poles in the
earth, two of which are fixed and two moveable, by which he explams the
different variation of the compafs, at different times, in the fame place. But
it is impoffible to apply exaft calculations to fo complicated an hypothelis.
M. Euler, fon of the celebrated geometrician of that name, has however
Ihewn, that two magnetic poles placed on the furface of the earth will fuffi-
ciently account for the fingular figure affumed by the lines which pals
through all the points of equal variation in the chart of Dr. Halley.

M. Euler firlt examines the cafe, wherein the two magnetic poles are dia-
metrically oppofite -, 2d. he places them in the two oppofite meridians,
but at unequal diftances from the poles of the world-, 3d. he places them
in the fame meridian. Finally, he confiders them fituated in two different
meridians. Thefe four cafes may become equally important ; bccaufe, if
it is deterianined that there are only two magnetic poles, and th.it tlufe poles
change their fituations, it may fome time hereafter be difcovered that they
pals through all the different pofitions.

Since the needle of the compafs ought always to be in the plane which
paffes through the place of oblervation and the two magnetic poles, the pro-
blem is reduced to the difcovery of the angle contained between this plane
and the plane of the meridian. M. Euler, after having examined the dif-
ferent cafes, finds, that they alfo exprei's the earth's magnetifm, reprejented
in the chart publilhed by Meff. Mountaine and Dodlbn in 1744, particu-
larly throughout Europe and North America, if the following principles
are eftlablifl\ed.

Between the Ar6tic pole and the magnetic pole 14° 53'.

Between the Antarftic pole and the other magnetic pole 29" 23'.

53" 18' the angle at the north pole» formed by the meridians palTing
through the .two magnetic poles.

250".

V A R V A R

250" the longitude of the meridian, which paflcsover the northern mag-
netic pole.

As the obfervations which have been colleded with regard to the varia-
tion are, for the mofl part, loofe and inaccurate, it is impoflible to rcpre-
fcnt them all witli precifion ; and t!ic great variations obfervcd in the In-
dian ocean fecm to require, fays M. Euler, that the three firft quantities
fliould be 14, 35, and 65 degrees. In the mean time, the general agree-
ment is fufficiently fatisfaftory.

The high reputation of Dr. Flalley's magnetical chart renders it more
particularly necelTary to point out tlie errors contained therein *. There is
evidently too little diftance betwecen the lines of no variation, of which one
crofles the equator 17" wclhvard of London, and the other .119? to the
eaftward. This makes i 36 degr«rs only-, whereas it fhould neceffarily ex-
ceed 180 and even 200, inafmuch as the pole of the world is fuppofed fur-
ther diftant from the magnetic pole towards the fouth than in the north, as is
required by the other pha^nomena. Again, upon the coafts difcovered by
Difnien, there was no variation in 1642 -, and Dr. Halley alfo fuppofes there
was none in 1700. Meanwhile, by the alteration obferved at Paris, the line
of no variation fliould be advanced 60" towards the fouth, which will agree
better with tlie calculations, and prove that the diftance of the two interfcc-
tions was really greater than Dr. Halley had cftablifhed.

The table of variation of MelT. Mountaine and Dodfon is accompanied
with feveral intercfting particulars, which equally delerve to be infcrtcd
here.

At Barbadocs, ("lavs Capt. Snow) the variation fcems very nearly at a
ftand ; for in the road I obferved 5^' eaft ; and by Dr. Halley's draught, in
the year 1701, 5^ degrees. In 1747, at Port Royal keys, Jamaica, I ob-
ferved the variation 7° 20' E. ; and on the coaft of Carthagena, the fame
week, off the high land of Santa Martha, y° 45' nearly fouth of Port Royal.
Therefore thefe curves are not much altered : the curve at Jamaica is nearly
at a ftand, as though tied, and the fouth part of them with the reft drop-
ping to the weftward.

Under the equator, in longitude 40" E. from London, the higheft varia-
tion during the whole fifty-fix years appears to be 17** -' \V. and the Icalt
16" I W. : and in latitude 15" N. longitude 6o' \V. from London, the
variation has been conftantly 5''E. : but in oth'jr places the cafe has been
widely different. For in the latitude of 10^ S. longitude 60 < E. from Lon-
don, the variation has decreafed from 17° W. to y 4 W. -, and in latitude
JO" S. longitude 5° W. from London, from 2" 1 W. to iz" -^ W. -, and
in latitude 13' N. longitude 20", it has increafcd from i" \V. to 0° W.

But tijcre is ftill a more extraordinary appcamnce in the Indian feas. Eof
inftgnce, under the equator:

• Eulcr. De Ja Lande^

R r L O N G r-

A R

V E E

LONGITUDE

Kaft from London.

40.

100 ■

NETI CAL

VARIATION

in 1700.

in 1756.

Decrees.

16', Weft.—

—

i6i- Weft.

17 1 W. —

—

14I- w.

i7t W. —

—

Hi W.

16,^ W. —

—

n w.

15; W. -

6 W.

I3r W. -

—

41- W.

11; W. —

—

3:- ^v.

9I w. -

—

I AN'.

7i W. . -

—

oV Eaft.

Si w. -

—

i-l E.

4l W. -

—

I E.

Ù w. -

1 —

0,^ Wert.

24: W. —

—

I w.

Where the weft variation, in the longitiule 40^ E. is the fame In both the
above years; and in 1700 the weft variation fcemed to be regularly decreaf-
ing from longitude 500 E. to the longitude 100° E. but in 1756, we find
tlie weft variation decreafing fo faft, that we have eaft variation in the longi-
tude 80.,, 85 , and 90'' E. and yet in the longitude 95° and 100° E. we have
weft variation again. PhilofophicalTrûtifa^tions for the year i']S7-

To thefe remarks may be fubjoined the following extraéls from the Expo-
fition du calcul ajtroiwmique, by M. de la Lande.

.\t the royal obfervatory in Paris, a magnetical needle of four inches de-
viated from the N. 18° 10' towards the weft, on the 15th of February
J 759 : and on the 22d of April 1760, the fame needle varied i S'' 20'. It
is indeed natural to conceive, that nothing can be precifely afcertained by
ten minutes upon a circle whofe diameter is only four inches. It is never-
thelefs fufficiently evident, that this variation continues to increafeat Paris.
In 1610 the needle declined 8" towards the eaft, fo that the variation has
changed 26° 20' in the fpace of 150 years; and this appears particularly
fince 1740: for the fame needle, which has always been ufed by M. Ma-
raldi, is more than 3" advanced towards tlie weft, beyond what it was at
that period ; and this makes 9' in one year.

To VEER and haul, to pull a rope tiglit, by drawing it in and flacken-
jng it alternately, till the body towliich it is applied acquires an additional
motion, like the increafed vibrations of a pendulum, fo that the rope is
ftraitened to a greater tenfion with more facility and difpatch. This me-
thod is particularly ufed in hauling the lo-ivlines.

The v/ind is faid to veer and haul when it alters it's diredlion, and be-
comes more or lefs/a/V. Thus it is faid to veer aft and to haul forward.

To Veer dii'ay the cable. See Caei.e.

VEERING, (virer vent arrière, Fr.) the operation by which a ftiip, in

changing her courfe from one board to the other, turns her ftern to wind-

5 ward.

V E E V E E

ward. Hence it is ufed in oppofition to tacking^ wherein the head is turned
to the wind, and the ilern to leeward.

Thus the fliip A, fig. 8. phueXI. having made the necefiary difpofitions
to veer, hears aivay gradually before the wind, till it blows obliquely upon
the oppofite fide, which was formerly to leeward, as at a ; and as the Hern
necelTarily yields to this impreflîon of tiie wind, affiltcd by the force of the
helm, and the aftion of the waves upon the fame quarter, the fide which
was forme'rly to leeward foon becomes to windward, as in the point a.

Since, by this movement, a fliip lofcs ground confiderably more than by
tacking, it is rarely pradtifcd except in cafes of necefllty or delay: as, when
the violence of the wind and fea renders tacking impraticable; or when her
courfe is fiackened to wait for a pilot, or fome other fliip in company, &:c.

It has been obferved in the article Tacking, that the change of motion in
any body, will be in proportion to the moving force iuiprejfcd, and made according
to the right line in which that force operates. Hence it is evident, tiiat veering
as well as tacking is a necefiary confequcncc of the fame invariable princi-
ple-, for as, in the latter, almofl: the whole force of the wind and of the helm
are exerted on the hind part of the fliip, to turn the prow to windward -, fo
in the former, the fame impreffion, afiiiled by theefibrts of the helm, falls
upon the prow, to pufli it to leeward ; and the motion communicated to the
fliip mufl: in both cafes necefl"arilv confpirc with the action of the wind.

Thus, when it becomes necefiary to veer the fliip, the fails towards the
fl:ern are either furled, or braikd up, and made to Jljivn- in the wind; wiiillt
thoff near the head are fpread abroad, fo as to colled the whole current of
air which their furfaces can contain. Hence, while the whole force of the
wind is ex'.Tted on the fore part of the fliip to turn her about, it's effcdl is
confiderably diminiflicd, or altogether dcPaoyed, on the furfaces of the
after-lails. The fore part accordingly yields to the above impulfe, and is
put in motion ; and tliis movement, confpiring with that of the wind,
puflies the fliip about as much as is necefiary to produce the eficct required.
Wlien flie is tunieil fo that the wind will aft upon th.it quarter which was
formerly to leeward, as at the point a, fig. S. lier circular motion will be
accelerated by extending fome of the fails near the fi:ern, as-:he mizert, and
by placing thofe at the prow more obliquely, which will wheel the v<rfill
rjund with her bow to the windward-, in the lame ficuacion, wiih regard
to the wind, as when clofe-hauhd, or tacking.

Wlicn the tempefl: is fo violent as to prevent the y.\k of fails, tlie cfrbrt of
the wind operates almolt equally on tlic oppofite ends of the fliip, io that the
mafts and yards fituatcd at tlie head and ftern counterbalance each other.
The eftert o{ the helm is alfo confiderably diiriniflied, becaufe tl'.e head-way,
which gives life and vigour to all it's operations, is at this time feeble and in-
effectual. Hence it is necefiary to deftroy this equilibrium which fubfills be-
tween the maft^ and yards rt/wv and abaft, and to throw the balance forward,
in order lo prejiarc for veering. This is accordingly p>.rlonr.ed by bracing
the foremolt yards acrofs the diredion of the wind, and arranging thole on the
inain-niaft and mizen-niaftdireftly in the line of thowiiul. If lliis expedient
proves unfucctfsfulj and it is abfolutely necefiary ro veer, in order to fave

Rr 2 the

V E N U N D

the fliip from dcdriiftion, by overfctting or running afliorc, the mizcn-
inail mult inftantly be cut away, and even the main-mad, it" flie yet remains
încapabk of anfwcring the hehn by bearing away before the wind.
VF.N'J". See the articles Cannon and Win'Dace.
VKSSFL, (batimtit, Fr.) a general name given to the different forts of
fhips which are navigated on the ocean, or in canals and rivers. It is,
however, more particularly applied to thofe of the fmaller kind, furnithed
with one or two mafts.

It has already been remarked in the article Ship, that the views of utili-
ty, which ought always to be confidered in a work of this kind, feemed to
limit our general account of fhipping to thoff which are moil frequently
employed in European navigation. We have therefore collecfted into one
point of view the principal of thefe in plate XII. lb that the reader, who
is unacquainted with marine affairs, may the more eafily perceive their
diftinguilhing characters, which are alio miure particularly defcribed un-
der the refpecftive articles.

Thus fig. 4. plate XII. exhibits a fnow under fail -, fig. 5. reprefents a
ketch at anchor; fig. 6. a brig or brigantine; fig. 7. a bilander; fig. S, 4
xebec ; fig. 9. a fchooner; fig. 10. a galliot-, fig. 11. a dogger j all of
which are under fail ; fig. 12. & 13. two gallies, one of which is under fail,
and the other rowing-, and fig. 14. a floop.

The ketch, whofe fails are furled, is furnilhed with a try-fail, like the
fnow -, and it has a fore-fail, fore-ftay-fail, and jib, nearly fimilar to thofe of
a (loop -, but the fails on the main-malt and mizen-maft are like thofe of a
iTiip. The main-fail and main-top-fail of the brig are like thofe of the
Ichooner ; and the fore-maft is rigged and equipped with fails in the fame
manner as the fliip and fnow. The fails, mafts, and yards of the xebec,
being extremely difl^erent from thefe, are defcribed at large under the arti-
cle. In the fchooner both the mainfail and forefail are extended by a boom
and gaff^ as likewife is the (loop's mainlail -, the fails of the dogger and
galliot ape lutîiciently exprefTed in the plate-, and, finally, the gallics are
navigated with lateen-fails, which are extremely different from thole of the
vcfl'cls above delcribed.

Jgent VICTUALER. See Agent Victualer.
lo UNBALAST, (dekjler, Fr.) to difcharge the ballad of a ffiip.
UNBENDING, (déjJin/nrer, Fr.) generally implies the act of taking o(F
the fails from their yards and ftavs; of cading loole the anchors from their
cables, or of untying one rope from another. See aUo Bend.

UNBITTING, (dcbitter, Fr.) the operation of removing the turns of a
cab. e from off the hits. See Bits and Cable.

To UNDER-RUN, (parcourir, Fr.) to pafs under or examine any part of
a cable or other rope, in order to difcover whether it is damaged or intangled.

It is ufual to under-run the cables in particular harbours, as well to cleanfe
them with brooms and bruflies from any filth, ooze, fliells, &c. coUeded
in the ftream -, as to examine whether they have fullained any injury under
the furface of the water ; as, from rocky ground, or by the friaion againft
other Ci.bles or anchors.

Tg.

U N D USE

T'oUnber-run a tackle, is to fcparate the feveral parts of which it is
compolVd, and range them in order, from one block ro t!ie other-, fo that
the general effort may not be interrupted, when it is put in n;otion.

IJnder sail, the Aate of a (hip when flie is loofened froir, her moorings,
and under the government of her fails and rudder. See Helm tmô Sail.

UNLACING, (déboutonner, I'>.) the aft of loofening and taking off the
bcneet of a fail from it's principal part.

To UNMOOR, (defafcucher, Fr.) is to reduce a fhip to the ftare of rid-
ing by a fingle anchor and cable, after fhe has been nioored or faftcned b)r
two or more cables. See the articles Anchor and Mooring. . •

UNREEVING, the aft of withdrawing or taking out a rope from any
channel throngli which it had formerly paffed ; as in a block, thimble, decid-
eye, &rc. See Reeve.

"To UNRIG a Jbip, (défuner, Fr.) is to deprive her of the Handing and
running rigging.

VOYAGE, (campagne fur mer, Fr.) at fea for a limited feafon.

VOYOL, (tournevire, Fr. ) a large rope ufed to unmoor, or heave up the
anchors of a fhip, by tranfmitting the effort ot the capfiern to the cables.

This is performed by fafteningone part of the voyol to the cable in fcve-
ral places, and by winding another part thereof three or four times about
the capftcrn, which anfwcrs the fame purpofe as if the cable itfelf were in
that manner wound about the capftern -, and the voyol being much lighter
and more pliant, is infinitely more convenient in this exercile. See the ar-
ticles Capstern andNu'i'ER.

If the cable is drawn into the fliip by the main capftern, the voyol is ufed
without any block : but if the capftern in the fore part ot the ftiip be em-
ployed for this purpofe, the voyol ufually paffcs through a large block at-
tached to the main-maft ; and thence communicates with the jear-capftern.

UPPER-DECK, the highcft of thofe decks which are continued through-
out the whole of a fhip of war, or merchantman, without any interrup-
tion, of fteps or irregular afcents. See Deck, and Waist.

UPPF.R-WORK, {oeuvres mortes, Fr.) a general name given to alî that
jjart of a fliip which is above the furface of the water when flie is properly
balanced for a fea- voyage : hence it may be confidered as feparaied from
the bottom by tiic main v:ale, as explained particularly in the article No.vr.l
Architecture,

UPRIGHT, tiic fituation wherein the oppofitc fides of a fliip arc equal-
ly elevated above the lurface of tlie water, as in fig. 2. plate \'I. or wlun
(he neitbeir inclines to the right nor left, with regard to the vertical pofi-
tion of her fteni and ftern-poft.

USES AND CUSTOMS of the fea, certain general principles which
rompoie the bafis of marine iurifpriidence, and regulate the affairs of com-
merce and navigation.

WAD W A K

WAD, 'hoiareUty Fr.) a quantity of old rope-yarns, liay, 3cc. rolled
firmly together into the form of a ball, and ufcd to confine the Ihot
or fliell, together with it's charge of powder, in the breech of a piece of ar-
tillery.

M. Le Blond obferves, in his Elements of war, that the wad is neceflary
to retain tlie charge clofely in the chamber of the cannon, fo that it may
not, when fired, be dilated around the fides of the ball, by it's "-jjindage as
it pafil-s through the chace-, a circumftance which would confidcrably di-
minifli the effort of the powder. But as the wad cannot be faftened to the
fides of the bore, it is carried away in the fame inftant when tlic charge is in-
flamed, and that with fo little refiftance, that it cannot, in any degree, re-
tard the explofion, or give time for the entire inflammation of the powder.

This reafoning may with equal propriety be applied to the wad that co-
vers the bullet-, which, ncverthelcfs, is abfolutcly rcquifite, to prevent it
trom rolling out when the piece is fired horizontally or pointed downwards.
Both are therefore peculiarly neceflary in naval engagements, becaufe,
without being thus retained in it's chamber, the fliot would inftantly roll
out of the chace by the agitation of the veflel.

WAFT, (berne, Fr.) a fignal difplaycd from the flrern of a fliip for fome
particular purpofe, by hoifl:ing the enfign, furled up together into a long
roll, to the head of it's ftaff. It is particularly ufed to fummon the boats
off from the fliore to the fliip whereto they belong ; or as a fignal for a pi-
lot to repair aboard. See Signal.

WAIST, (belle or embelle, Fr.) that part of a fiiip which is contained be-
tween the quarter-deck and fore-cafl:le, being ufually a hollow fpace, with
an afcent of fevcral fl:eps to either of thofc places.

When the waifl: of a merchant-fliip is only one or two fl:eps of defcent
froni the quarter-deck, and fore-cafl:le, flie is faid to be galky-built ; but
when it is conflderably deeper, as with fix or feven ftieps, flie is called fri-
gate-built. See the articles Deck, Deep-w.^isted, and Frigate-

WAKE, (houaiche^ftllage, Fr.) the print or track tmpreffed by the courfe
of a fliip on the furface of the water. It is formed by the re-union of the
body of water, which was feparated by the fliip's bottom whilfl: moving
through it ; and may be ieen to aconfiderable dillance behind the Itern, as
Imoother than the refl:of the fea. Hence it is ufually obferved by the com-
pafs, to difcover the angle of Lee-wav.

A fliip is faid to be in the wake, (dans I'eiiu, Fr.) of another, when flie
follows her on the fame track, or on a line fuppofcd to be formed on tlic

continua.

W A L WAR

continuation of her keel. Thus iheihipsab, fig. ii. and a i>, fig. 7. plate
.V. aie all in the wake of the foremoll: I/. See the article Line.

Two (iiftant objeiSs obferved at fca are called in the "ix;ake of each other,
when the view of the furtheft is intercepted by the nearcft; fo that the ob-
ferver's eye and the two objcfts are all placed upon the fame right line.

WALE-KNOT, or WALL-KNOT, a particular fort of large knot
raifed upon the end of a rope, by untwiiling the Jirands, and interweaving
them ainongft eacli other. See the article Knot.

WALE-REARED, an obfeleie phrafe, implying OT<7//-;/?J^i, which fee.

WALES, (preceintes, Fr.) an aflemblage of ftrong planks extending
along a fhip's fide, throughout her whole length, at difterent hcighths,
and ferving to reinforce the decks, and form the curves by which the vef-
fel appears light and graceful on the water.

As the wales are framed of planks broader and thicker than tiie reft, they
refemble ranges of hoops encircling the fides and bows. They are ufually
diftinguiflied into the main-wale and the channel- v/alc -, the breadth and
thicknefs of which are exprcffcd by Q^and R in the Miushif-trame, plate
VII. and their length is exhibited in the Elevation, plate I. where L Q^Z
is the main-wale, and D RX tlie channcl-wale, parallel to the former.

The fuuation of tiie wales, being afccrtaincd by no invariable rule, is ge-
nerally fubmitted to the fancy and judgment of the builder. The pofition
of the gun-ports and fcuppers ought, however, to be particularly confidered
on this occafion, that the wales may Jiot be wounded by too many breaches.

WALL-SIDED, the figure of a fhip's fide, when, inftead of being in-
curvated fo as to become gradually narrower towards the tipper part, it is
nearly perpendicular to the furfacc of the water, like a wall : and hence
the derivation of the phrafe.

WALT, an obfolete or fpurious term fignifying crauk. See that article.

WARP, (iordelle, Fr.) a fmall rope employed occafion.illy to remove a
lliip from one place to another, in a port, road, or river. And hence,

k'o WARP, (remorquer, Fr.) is to cliaiige the fituation of a Ihip, by
pulling her from one part of a harbour, &c. to fome other, by means ot
warps, whicli are attached to buoys ; to ancliors lunk in the bottom -, or
to certain ftations upon the fliore, as polls, rings, trees, &:c. The fliip is
accordingly drawn forwards to thofe ftations, either by pulling on the
warps by hand, or by the application of foiue purcliafc, as a tackle, wind-
lafs, or capftcrn, upon her deck. See thole articles.

When this operation is performed by the Ihip's leflcr anchors, thcfe ma-
chines, together with their warps, are carried out in the boats alternately
towards the place where the fhip is endeavouring to arrive: fo t|iat wlien
file is drawn up dole to one anchor, the other is carried out to a competent
dillance before her, and being funk, ferves to lix iht other warp by which
Ihe is further advanced.

Warping is generally ufed when the fails are u>:l>i>»l, or when they c.m-
not be luccelsfuUy employed, which tuay either arile from the- unfavour-
able rtate of the v,ind, the oppolition of the tide, or the narrow limits of the
channel.

WASH,

tV A S' W A T

"VVASH. See the article Oar.

Wash-board, abroad thin plank fixed ocC.ifionalU-on the top of a boat's
fide, I'o as to coiitiiRie the hcightli tliercof, and be removed at pleafure. It
is ufed to prevent the lea from breaking into the velfel, particularly when
the fiirface is rough, as in tempeftuous weather.

WATCH, (quart, Fr.) tiie ipaceof time wlierein one divifion of a fliip's
crew remains upon deck, to perform the necefiary fervices, whilft the reft
are relieved from duty, either when the velTel is under fail or at anchor.

The length of the fea-watch is not equal in the flîipping of difrerent na-
tions. It is always kept four hours by our BritiHi feamcn, if we except the
^5^-watch between four and eight in the evening, that contains tv/o reliefs,
each of which are only two hours on deck. The intent of this is to change
the period of the night-watch every twenty-four hours ; fo that the party
watching from eight till twelve in one night, fhall watch from midnight till
four in the morning on the fucceeding one. In France the duration of the
watch is extremely different, being in Ionic places fix hours, and in others
feven or eight : and in Turky and Barbary it is ufualiy five or fix liours.

A fliip's company is ulually clalTed into two parties -, one of which is
called the ftarboard and the other the larboard watch. It is, however,
occafionally feparated into three divifions, as in a rccd, or in particular
voyages.

In a fliip of war the watch is generally commanded by a lieutenant, and
in merchant-fliips by one of the mates-, fo that if there are four mates in
the latter, there are two in each watch -, the firft and third being in the lar-
board, and the fécond and fourth in the ftarboard watch : but in the navy
the officers who command the watch ufualiy divide themfelvcs into three
parts, in order to lighten their duty.

Watch-glasses, (horloge, Fr.) a name given to the glafies employed to
meafurc the period of the watch, or to divide it into any number of equal
parts, as hours, half-hours, &c. ï\i that the feveral ftations therein may be
regularly kept and relieved ; as at the he'm, pump, look-cut, &c.

To fet the Watch, is to appoint one divifion of the crew to enter upon
the duty of the watch -, as at eight o'clock in the evening. Hence it is equi-
valent to mounting the guard in the army. See the French term Borde'l.

WATER-BOARDS, (bnrd's,¥v.) or weather-boards of a boat, to keep
out the waves or fpray of the fea.

WATER-BORNK, the fta'teof a fhip, with regard to the water furround-
ing her bottom, when there is barely a fufficient depth of it to float her off
from the ground ; particularly when flie had for fome time refted thereon.

For Dead-'^ A'i'tw, /^W-Water, and High-WATEV., fee Dead, Foul,
and High.

Water-lines, (/ifiges d'ec.u, Fr.) certain horizontal lines fuppofed to be
drawn about the outfide of a fliip's bottom, clofe to the furface of the water
in which flic floats. They are accordingly higher or lower upon the bottom,
in proportion to the depth of the column of water required to float her.
See a particular account of thefc in the article Naval Architecture.

5 In

WAT WAT

In order to conceive a clearer idea of the curves of thofc lines when re-
prelentcd on a plane, let us luppofe a Ihip laid upright on a level ground ;
lb that the keel lliall lie in the fame pofition, with rcfpeft to the horizon,
as when fhe is laden. We may then dclcribe fevcral black horizontal lines
about her bottom, which may be whitened for that purpofe.

If a fpeftator is fuppofed to be placed, at a competent depth, under the
middle of her bottom, in a line perpendicular to the plane of the o-round i
he will then, viewing the bottom upwards, difcover the horizontal curves
of all the water-lines.

Thefe curves are all delineated on a plane, fuppofed to be formed by an
horizontal fedion of the bottoin, at tiie heighth of the load-water-line,
(ligne d'eau du vaijfeau chargéy Fr.)

Water-logged, the (late of a fliip when, by receiving a great quantity
of water into her hold, by leaking, &c. flie lias become heavy and in-
adive upon the fea, fo as to yield without refinance to the efforts of every
ivave rufliing over her decks. As, in this dangerous fituation, the center
of gravity is no longer fixed, but fluduating from plate to place, the (la-
bility of the fhip is utterly loft : fhe is therefore almoft totally deprived of
the ufc of her fails, which would operate to overfet her, or prefs the head
under water. Hence there is no rclburce for the crew, except to free her
by the pumps, or to abandon iier by the boats as foon as polTible.

Water-Sail, a fmall fail fprcad occafionally under the lower ftudding-
fail, or driver-boom, in a fair wind, and Imooth fea.
Water-shot. See the article Mooring.

Water-spol't, (echi'.cn, Fr.) an extraordinary and dangerous meteor,
confining of a large mafs of water, collected into a fort of column by the
force of a whirlwind, and moved with rapidity along the I'urface of the fea.

A variety of authors have written on the caul'e and effeds of thefe me-
teors, with different degrees of accuracy and probability. As it would h^
(ujierlluous to enter minutely into tiieir various conjedures, which are fre-
quently grounded on erroneous principles, we fliall content ourfelves witîi
lekding a few of the lateft remarks i and which are apparently (upporced
by philofopiiical realbning.

Dr. Franklin, in his phyfical and meteorological obfervatiojis, (uppofes
a water-fpout and a whirlwind to proceed from the (ame caul'e, tiieir only
difference being, that tlie latter pair-s over the land, and the former over
the water. This opinion is coroboratcd by M. ds la P/yme, in the Phi'.o-
fophical Tranfa^ions \ where he dcfcribes two ("pouts obl'ervcd at different
times in Yorkfliire, whofe appearances in the nir were exadly like thofe of
tlic fpouts at fea ; and their effeds the fame as thofe of real whirlwinds.

Whirlwinds have generally a progreffive as well as a circular motion ; fo
had what is called the Ipout at Topjh.vn^ delcribed in tiie Tranfai'iicm ; and
this alfo by it's effefts appears to have been a real whirlwind. Water-fpouts
Jrave alio a progrelnvc motion, whicii is more or lei's rapid \ being in foiiie
violent, and in otiiers barely perceptible.

Whirlwinds generally rilo after calms and great heats : the fame is obferv-
cil of wacer-fpouts, which arc therefore moll treouent in the warm latitudes.

S f The

WAT WAT

The wind blows every way from a large fiirrounding Ipacc to a whirl-
wind. Three vefllls, employed in the whale-rtfliery, happening to be be-
calmed, lay in fight ot'cach other, at about a lea<iiie diltance, and in the
form of a triangle. After ibme time a water-fpout appeared near the mid-
dle of the triangle-, v/hen a brilk gale arofe, and every veflcl made fail,
[t then appeared to them all l)y the Irimning of their fails, and the courfe
of eacli velîel, that the fpout was to Icewaril of every one of them; and
this obfcrvation was further confirmed by the comparing of accounts,
when the different oblervers afterv.ards ctjnferred about the lubjcét. Hence
wiiirlwinds and water-ipouts agree in this particular liUewife.

But if the fame meteor, which appears a water-lpout at fea, fliould, in
it's progreflive motion, encounter and pafs over land, and there produce
all the phenomena and effects of a whirlwind, it would afford a llronger
convidion that a wiiirlwind and a water-fpout are the fame thing. An in-
genious correfpondent of Dr. Franklin gives one inftance of this that fell
within his own obfervation*.

A fluid moving from all points horizontally towards a center muft, at
that center, cither mount or defcend. If a hole be opened in the middle
of the bottom of a tub filled with water, the water will flow from all fides
to the center, and there defcend in a whirl. But air flowing on or near the
furface of land or water, from all fides towards a center, muff at that center
afcend ; bccaufe the land or water will hinder it's defcent.

If thefe concentring currents of air be in the upper region, they may in-
deed defcend in the fpout or whirlwind-, but then, when the united current
reached the earth or water, it would fpread, and probably blow every v/ay
from the center. There may be whirlwinds of both kinds ; but from the
effedts commonly obferved, Dr. Franklin fufpefts the rifing one to be moft
frequent : when the upper air dcfcends, it is perhaps in a greater body ex-
tending wider, as in thunder-guffs, and without much whirling ; and when
air defcends in a fpout or whirlwind, he conceives that it would rather prefs

* I hr.d often fccn watcr-fpouts at a diftance, and heard many ftrnnge (lories of them,
but never knew any thing iatirfatlorv of their nature or caufe, until thr.t which I faw a: An-
tigua ; which convinced nie that a water-fpout is a whirlwind, which becomes vifible in all
it's dimenfions by the water it carries up with it.

There appeared, not far from the mouth of the harbour of St. John's, two or three wa-
ter-fpouts, one of which took it's courfe up the harbour. It's progreHivc motion was ilow
and unequal, not in a lirait line, but as it were by jerks or ftarts. When juft by the wharf.
I ftood about loo yards from it. There appeared in the water a circle of about twenty yards
diameter, which to me had a dreadful though pleafing appearance. The water in this circle
was violently agitated, being whiflied about, and c.irried up into the air with great rapidity
and noifc, and reflected a lullre, as if the fun fliincd bright on that fpot, which was more
confpicuous, as there appeared a dark circle around it. When it made the Ihore, it carried
up with the fame violence lliiiigies, (laves, large pieces of the roofs of houies, 6:c. and one
fmall wooderi houlc it lifted entirely from the foundr.tion on which it flood, and carried it lo
the diftance of fourteen feet, where it fettled without breaking or overfetting ; and, what is
remarkable, though the whirlwind moved from weft to eaft, the houfe moicd from call to
weft. Two or three negroes and a wliitc woman were killed by the fail of the timber, which
it carried up into the air, and dropt again. After palling through the town, I believe it
was foon dffipatcd ; for, except tearing a large limb fiora a tree, and part of the coVer of a
fugar-work near the town, I do not remember any further damage done by it. I conclude,
wifhing you fucccfi in your enc[uiry, and amj &:c. W. M.

the

WAT WAT

the roof of a hoi](e i»iveirds, or force ?';; tlie tiles, fliingles, or thatch, and
force a boat down into the water, or a piece of timber into the earth, than
fnatch them upwards, and carry them away.

The whirlwinds and fpotits are not always, though moft frequently, in
the day-time. The terrible whirlwind which damaged a great part of Rome,
June i 1, 1749, happened in the night j and was fuppofed to have been pre-
vioufly a water-fpout, it being aflerted as an undoubted fadt, that it gathered
in the neighbouring fea, becaufe it could be traced from Oilia to Rome.

This whirlwind is faid to have appeared as a very black, long, and lofty
cloud, difcoverable, notwithllanding the darknefs of the night, by it's con-
tinually lightning, or emitting flaflies on all fides, pufliing along withafur-
prifing fwiftnefs, and witliin three or four feet of the ground. It's general
effefts on houfes were, ftripping off" the roofs, blowing away chimnies,
breaking doors and windows, forcing up the floors, and unpaving the rooms^
(fome of tliefe effects leem to agree vvell witli the fuppofed vacuum in the
center of the whirlwind) and the very rafters of the houfes were broke and
difperfed, and even hurled againft Iioufes at a confiderable diftance, &c.

The Dodor, in proceeding to explain his conceptions, begs to be allow-
ed two or three pofitions, as a foundation for his hyp-nhefis. 1. That the
lower region of air is often more heated, and fo more tariffed, than the
.upper -, and by confequcnce fpecifically lighter. The coldncfs of the upper
region is manifeiled by the hail, which Ibmetimes falls from it in warm wea-
ther. 2. That heated air may be very moift', and yet the moifture lb equal-
ly diff^ufed and rariiied as not to be vifible till colder air mixes with it, at
which time it condenfes and becomes vifible. Thus our breath, although
invifible in fummer, becomes vifible in winter.

Thefe circumilances being granted, he prefuppofes a tradl of land or fea,
of about fixty miles in extent, unflieltered by clouds and unrefreffied by
the wind, during a fummer's day, or perhaps for lèverai days without iri/-
termiffion, till it becomes violently heated, together with the lower region
of tlie air in contaft with it, fo that the latter becomes fpecificallv lighter than
the fuperlncumbent higher region of the atmoiphere, wlierein the clouds are
ufually floated : he fuppofes alfo that the air furrounding thi"; tract has not
been fo much heated during tliofe days, and therefore remains heavier. The
confcquence of this, he conceives, fliould be, that the heated ligliter air
Ihould afccnd, and the heavier dcfccnd -, and as this rifing cannot operate
throughout the whole tract at once, becaufe that would leave too cxtenfive
a vacuum, the rifing will begin precifcly in that column which happens to be
lighted:, or molt rarified-, and the warm air will flow horizontally from all
parts to this column, where the feveral currents ineeting, and joining to rife,
a whirl is naturally formed, in the fame manner as a whirl is formed in a
tub of water, by the del'cending fluid receding from all fides of the tub to-
wards the hole in the center.

And as the kveral currents arrive at this central rifing column, with .1
confiilerable degree of horizontal motion, they cannot luddenly change it
to a vertical motion -, therefore, as they pr.idually, in approaching the
whirl, decline from right to curve or circul.ir lines, fo, having juiiuil the

S f I whirl.

WAT WAT

whirl, they afccnd bv a fpiral motion ; in the fame manner as the water de-
fcçnds fpirally through the hole in the tub before mentioned.

Laftly, as the lower air nearelt the furface is more rarified by the heat of
the fun, it is more imprefîèd by the current of the furrounding cold and
heavy air which is to affume ic's place, and confcquently it's motion to-
wards the whirl is fwifreit, and fo the force of the lower part of the whirl
ftrongefl, and the centrifin^dl force of it's particles greatelt. Hence the va-
cuum which enclofes the axis of tlie whirl lliould be greatell near the earth
or fea, and diminifh gradually as it approacl>c-s the region ot" the cloud?-,
till it ends in a point.

This circle is of various diameters, fometimes very large.

If the vacuum paflVs over water, the water may rife in a body or column
therein to the hcighth of about thirty-two feet. This whirl of air may be as
invifible as the a:r iilelf, though reaching in reality from the water to the rc-
g'Oi of cool air, in which our low iummer thunder-clouds commonly float;
but it will foon become vifible at it's extremities. The agitation of the wa-
ter under the whirliiUÂ of the circle, and the fwellin2;and rifing of the water
in the commencement of the vacuum, renders it vifible below. It is per-
Cfved above by the wjrm air being brought up to the cooler region, where
ii^s moifture begins to be condcnfed by the cold into thick vapour -, and is
then firft difcovered at the highell part -, which being now cooled condenles
what rifes behind it, and this latter afts in the fame manner on the fuccced-
ing body-, where, by the contaft of th.e vapours, the cold operates failer
in a right line downwards, than the vapours themfelves can climb in a
fpiral- line upwards -, they climb, however, and as by continual addition
they grow denier, and by confequence increafe their centrifugal force ; and
being rifen above the concentrating currents that compofe the whirl, they
fiy off, and form a cloud.

It feems eafy to conceive, how, bv this fuccefTivc condenfation from
above, the fpout appears to drop or defcend from the cloud, although the
materials of which it is compofed are all the while afcending. The'conden-
fation of the moifture contained in fo great a quantity of warm air as may
be fuppofed to rife in a fliort time in this prodigioufly rapid whirl, is per-
haps fufficient to form a great extent of cloud : and the fridion of the whirl-
ing air on the fides of the column may detach great quantities of it's water,
difperfe them into drops, and carry them up in the fpiral whirl mixed with
the air. The heavier drops may indeed fiy off, and fall into a fliower about the
fpout; but much cf it will be broken into vapour, and yet remain vifible.

As the whirl weakens, the tube may apparently feparate in the middle ;
the column of water fubfiding, the fuperior condenfed part drawing up to
the cloud. The tube or whirl of air may ncverthelefs remain entire, the
middle only becoming invifible, as not containing any vifible matter.

Dr. Stuart, in the PkHofophicdTranfinicns^ fays, " It was obfervable of
all the fpouts he faw, but more perceptible of a large one, that towards the
end it began to appear like a hollow canal, only black in the borders, but
white in the middle ; and though it was at firft altogether black and opaque,

5 y^^

WAT WAV

yet the Tea-water could very foon after be perceived to fly up along the
middle of this canal like fmokc in a chimney."

Wh.n Dr. Stuart's Spouts were full charged, that is, when the whirling
pipe of air was filled with quantities of drops and vapour torn oit from the
column, the whole was rendered fo dark that it could not be feen throu^;,h,
nor the fpiral afcending motion dil'covered ; but when the quantity afcend-
ing IclTened, the pipe became more tranlparent, and the afcending motion
vifible. The fpiral motion of the vapours, v/hofe lin>.s interledt each
other on the neareft and furthcfl fide of this tranfpafent part, appeared
thi-'refore to Stuart like fmoke afcending in a chimney ; for the quantity
being ftill too great in the line of fight through the fides of the tube, the
motion could not be dil'covered there, and lb they reprefented the folid fides
ot the chimney.

Dr. Franklin concludes by fuppofing a whirlwind or fpout to be fla-
tionary, when the concurring winds are equal ; but if unequal, the whirl
acquires a progrclTive motion in the direction of the fl:rongelt preflure.
When tlie wind that communicates this progrellion btcomes ftronger above
than below, or below than above, the fpout will be bent or inclined. Hence
the horizontal proccfs and obliquity of water-fpours are derived.

Water-WAV, (gouttière, Fr.) a long piece of timber ferving to conneft
the fides of a Hiip to her decks, and form a fort of channel to carry oft" the
water from the latter by means of fcuppers. See that article.

'I he convexity of the decks, reprefented by N, M, N, in the Midship-
frame, plate VJI. necelTarily carries the water towards the fides, where,
this piece is fixed, which is principally defigned to prevent the water from
lodging; in the feams, fo as so rot the wood and oakum contained therein.
The water-ways N N are thereiore hollowed in tlie middle lengthways, fo
as to form a kind of gutter or channel, one fide of wiiich lies almoft hori-
zontally, making part of the deck, whilll ilic other riles upwards, and
correfponds with the fide, of which it likewife makes a part. They are
fcored down about an inch and a half, or two inches, upon the beams, and
rell upon lodging-knees or carlings. They are fecured by bolts driven
from without tluough the planks, timbers, and water-ways, and clinched
upon rings on the infide of tiie latter.

I'he fcuppers, wliich are holes by which the water cfcapes from oft' the
deck, are accordingly cut tluough the water-ways.

WAVE, a volume of water elevated by the aflion of the wind upon
it's furface, into a ftate of fluctuation.

Mr. Boyle has proved, by a variety of experiments, that the utmoil force
of the wind never penetrates deeper than fix feet into the water; and it lliould
fecm a natural confequence of this, that tjie water put in motion by it can
only be elevated to the fame heighth of fix feet from the level of the fur-
face in a calm. Tiiis fix feet of elevation being then added to die fix of
excavation, in the part whence that water was raifctl, fliould give twelve
feet for ilie greateft elevation of a wave, when tlie heigluh of ii is not in-
crcafed by whirlwinds, or the interruption of rocks or fhoals, which ;d-
v>avs gives an additional elevation to the natural fwell of the waves.

WAY W E L

We are not to fuppofe, from this calculation, that no wave of the fea can
rife more than fix feet above it's natural level in open and deep water-, for
fome immenfely higher than thefe are formed in violent tempcfls, in the
great feas. Thefe, however, are not to be accounted waves in their natu-
ral rtate ; but they are fingle waves compofed of many others : for in thefe
wide plains of water, when one wave is raifed by the wind, and would
elevate icfelf up to the exaft heighth of fix feet, and no more, the motion of
the water is fo great, and the fucctfTion of the waves fo quick, that during
the time wlK'rem this riles, it receives into it feveral other v/aves, each of
which would have been of tiie fame heighth with itlelf. Theie accordingly
run into the firft wave, one after another as it rifes : by this means it's rile
is continued much longer than it v/ould naturally have been, and it be-
comes accumulated to an enormous fize. A number of tiiefe complicated
waves arifing together, and being continued in a long iucccffiou by the du-
ration of the ftorm, make the waves fo dangerous to fliipping, which the
lailors, in their phrafe, call mountains high.

WAY of a Jljip, the courfe or progrefs which flie makes on the water
under fail. Thus, when flie begins lier motion, flie is faid to be under
way ; and when that motion increafes, (lie is faid to have frefli way through
the water. Hence alfo flie is faid to have head-ivay ox ficrn-'-Joay. See thofe
articles.

WEARING. See the article Veering.

WEATHER is known to be the particular ftate of the air with regard
to the degree of the wind, to heat or cold, or to drinefs and moilture.

Weather is alfo ufed as an aujeftive, applied by mariners to every thing
lying to windward of a particular fuuation. Thus a fliip is faid to have
the weather-gage of another, when flie is further to-windward. Thus alfo,
when a fliip under fail prefcnts either of her fides to the wind, it is then
called the weather-fide; and all the rigging and furniture fituated thereon
are diftinguiflied by the fame epithet ; as, the weather-y2;roWj, the weather-
/(/if.t, the \veatlier-^/v7(CJ, &c. See the article Lee.

WtATHER-iîEATEN', (hûttu^Yv.) fliattcrcd by a ftorm, or difabled in
battle.

To Weather, is to fail to windward of fome fliip, bank, or head-land.
Weathei^-bit, a turn of the cable of a fliip about the end of the ivind-
lafsy without tiie knight-heads. I: is ufed to check the cable, in order to
flacken it gradually out of the fliip, in tempeftuous weather, or when the
fliip rides in a fl:rong current. See alfo Ring-rope.

Weather-shore, a name given by feamen to tiie fiiore lying to tlic
windward.

To WEIQH, denotes in general to heave up the anchor of a fliip from
the ground, in order to prepare her for failing. See alfo Aweigh.

WELL, an apartmcn: formed in the middle of a fliip's hold to inclofe
the pumps, from the bottom to the lower deck. It is ufed as a barrier to
prclcrve thole machines from being damaged by the fridtion or comprcfiion
of the materials contamcd in the hold, and particularlv to prevent the en-
trance of ballaft, &c. by .which the tubes would prefently be choaked, and
3 the

W E L WIN

the pumps rendered incapable of fervice. By means of this inclofure, the
artificers may likewife more readily defcend into the hold, in order to ex-
aiiiine the ftate of the pumps, and repair them, as occafion requires.

^Well of a fijhing-vejfel, an apartment in the middle of the hold, which
is entirely detached from the rell, being lined with lead on every fide, and
having ths bottom thereof jjcnetrated with a competent number of fmall
holes, pafTing alfo through the Ihip's floor, fo that the falt-wuter running
into the well is always kept as iVeni as that in the fca, and yet prevented
from communicating itfelf to the other parts of the hold.

Well-room of a boat, the place in the bottom where the water lies,
between the ceiling and thi; platlorm of the flcrn-fliects, from whence it is
thrown out into tiie fea with a fcoop.

WHARF, a perpendicular building of wood or (lone raifcd on the
(hore of a road or harbour, for the convenience of lading or diftharging
a vellel by means of cranes, tackles, cûpjterns, 6cc.

A wharf is built ftronger or flighter, in proportion to the effort of the
tide or fea which it is to refift, and lo the weight which it is intended to
fupport.

WHARFINGER, the perfon who has the charge of a wharf, and takes
account of all the articles landed thereon, or removed from it, into any
veffil lying alongfidc thereof; for which he receives a certain fee called
■wharfage, which becomes due to the proprietor for the ule of his machines
and furniture.

WHEEL of the helm. See Helai.

WHELPS. See the article C.-^pstern.

WHERRY, (hache, bachot, Fr.) See Yawi. and Si>;iri-.

WHIP, a fort of Imall tackle, either formed by the communication of
a rope with a fingle immoveable block, as fig. 3. plate XI. or with two
blocks, one of which is fixed, and the other moveable, as fig. 5. Ic is ge-
nerally ufed to hoift up light bodies, as enipty calks, &c. out of a ihip's
hold, which is accordingly called ivhipping tliem up. See Tackle.

To Whip, is alfo to tie a piece of pack-thread, fpun-yarn, &c. about
the end of a rope, to prevent it from being untwilled and loufened.

Boatfivams WHISTLE. See Call.

WHOODING. See the article Rabbet.

WINCH, a cylindrical piece of timber, furniflicd with an axis, whofe
extremities reft in two channels placed horizontally or perpendicularly. It
is turned about by means of an handle rclembling that of a draw-well,,
grind-ftone, &c. and is generally employed as a pwrf/.'^/e', by which a rope
may be more conveniently or more powerfully applied to any objoft, than
when ufed fingly, or without the aflillance of mechanical powers.

WIND, (veiit,¥r.) a ftream or current of air wiiich may be felt-, and
iifually blows from one part of the horizon to it's oppofite [)art.

'I lie horizon, bjfidcs being divided into 560 degrees, like all other circles,
is by mariners fuppofcd to be divided into four quadrants, called the north-
eaft, north-well, foutli-eaft, and ibuth-well quarters. Each of thefc quarters
they divide into eight equal parts, called points^ and each point into four

equal

WIN WIN

equal parts, called quarter-points. So that the horizon is divided into 32

points, which arc called rhumhs or •u.:inds ; to each wind is afligncd a name,
which (hews from what point of the horizon the wind blows. The points
of north, foutli, eaft, and weft, are called cordhial points ; and are at t+ie
diftance of 90 degrees, or eight points from one another.

Winds are either confiant or variable, general or particular. Confiant
winds are fuch as blow the fame way, at leal! for one or more days; and va-
riable winds are fuch as frequently iliift witiiin a day. A general or reigmjig
wind is that which blows the fame way, over a large tract of the earth, almolt
tlie whole year. A particular wind is what blows, in any place, fometimes
oneway, and fometimes another, indifferently. If the wind blows gently,
it is called a brcKze ; if it blows harder, it is called a gale, or a (liffgalej
and if it blows with violence, it is called a llorm or hard gale*.

The following obfcrvations on the wind iiave been made by fkilful fea-
men ; and particularly the great Dr. Ilalley.

ift. Between the limits of 60 degrees, nanuly, from 30» of north lati-
tude to ^o" of fouth latitude, there is a conllant eall wind throughout the
year, blowing on tiie Atlantic and Pacific oceans-, and this is called the
tj-ads-ii-ind.

For as the fun, in moving from call to weft, heats the air mo^-e imme-
diately under him, and thereby expands it; the air to the eaflward is con-
fbantly rufliing towards the well to reftore the equilibrium, or natural ftate
of the atmolphere ; and this occafions a perpetual eail wind in thofe limits.

2d. The trade- winds near their northern limits blow between tlie north and
eaft, and near the Ibuthern limits they blow between the fouth and eaft.

For as the air is expanded by the heat of the fun near the equator ; there-
fore the air from the northward and fouthward will both tend towards the
equator to reftore the equilibrium. Now thefe motions from the north and
fouth, joined with the foregoing eafterly motion, will produce the motions
obferved near the faid limits between the north and eaft, and between the
fouth and weft.

3d. Tlicfe general motions of the wind are difturbed on the continents,
and near their coafts.

For the nature of the foil may either caufe the air to be heated or cooled ;
and hence will arife motions that may be contrary to the foregoing general
one.

4th. In fome parts of the Indian ocean there are periodical winds, which
are called Monfoons ; that is, fuch as blow half the year one way, and the
other half-year the contrary way.

For air that is cool and denfe, will force the warm and rarificd air in a
continual ftream upwards, where it muft fpread itfelf to preferve the equili-
brium : fo that the upper courfe or current of the air fliall be contrary to
the under current ; for the upper air muft move from thofe parts where the
greateft heat is ; and fo, by a kind of circulation, the N. F. trade-wind

• The Twiftnefs of the wind in a great ilorm is not more than 50 or 60 miles in an hour;
3r.d a ccmmon brifc gale is about 15 miles an hoUr. Ral/eri/on's Navigation.

below

WIN WIN

below will be attended with a S. W. above-, and a S. E. below with a N". W.
above: And this is confirmed by the experience of feamen, who, as foon as
tiiey get out of the trade-winds, generally find a wind blowing from the
oppofite quarter.

5th. In the Atlantic ocean, near the coafts of Africa, at about 100 leagues
from fliore between the latitude of zS" and 10*' north, feamen conllantly
meet with a frcfli gale of wind blowing from the N. E.

6th, Thofe bound to the Caribbee iflands, acrofs the Atlantic ocean,
find, as they approach the American fide, that the faid N. E. wind be-
.comes eafterly ; or feldom blows more than a point from the ealV, either
to the northward or louthward.

Thefe trade-winds, on the American fide, are extended to 30, 31, or
even to 32'>of N. latitude; which is about 4" further than what they ex-
tend to on the African fide : Alio, to the fouthward of the equator, the
trade-winds extend three or four degrees further towards the coaltof Brafil
on the American fide, than they do near the Cape of Good Hope on the
African fide.

7th. Between the latitudes of 4" north and 4° fouth, the wind always
blows between the fouth and eaft. On the African fide the winds are near-
eft the fouth ; and on the American fide neareft the eaft. In thefe ieas Dr.
Halley obferved, that when the wind was eaftward, the weather was gloomy,
dark, and rainy, with hard gales of wind -, but when the wind veered to
llie fouthward, the weather generally became ferene, with gentle breezes
next to a calm.

Thefe winds arc fomewhat changed by the feafons of the year -, for when
the fun is far northward, the Bralil S. E. wind gets to the fouth, and the
N. E. wind to the eaft ; and when the fun is far fouth, the S. E. wind
gets to the eaft, and the N. E. winds on this Cuk of the equator veer more
to the nortli.

8th. Along the coaft of Guinea, from Sierra Eeone to the ifland of St.
Thomas, (under the equator) which is above 500 leagues, the foudu'rly
and fouth-weft winds blow perpetually : for the S. E. trade-wind having
pafll'd the equator, and approaching the Guinea coaft witliin 80 or loo
leagues, inclines towards the fliore, and bccornvs fouth, then S. E. and by
degrees, as it approaches the land, it veers about to fouth, S. S. \V. and
when very near the land it is S. VV. and fometimcs W. S. W. This traft
is troubled with frequent calms, and violent fuddcn gufts of wiml, called
tornadoes, blowing from all points of the horizon.

The reafon of the wind fetting in weft- on the coaft of Guinea is, in all
probability, owing to the nature of the coaft, which, being greatly heated
by the fun, rarifies the air exceedingly, and confequcntly the cool air from
oft' the fea will keep rulhing in to reltore the equilibrium.

9th. Between the 4ih and lOth degrees of north latitude, and between the
longitude of Cape Vcrd, and the eaftermoft of the Cape Vcrd iftes, there is
a trad of fea which fcems to be condemned to perpetual calms, attendal
with terrible tiiunder and lightnings, and fuch frcqvicnt rains, that this
part of the fea is called the rains. In fiiiling through thefe fix degree-S
fllips are faid to have been fonictimes detained wKole months.

T t The

WIN WIN

I'he caufe of this is apparently, that tlie weftcrly winds letting in on
this coaft, and meeting the general earterly wind in this track, balance
each other, and fo produce the calms-, and the vapours carried thither by
each wind, meeting and condenfing, occafion the almoft conftant rains.

The lafl; three observations fliew the reafon of two things which mariners
experience in failing from Europe to India, and in the (iuinea trade.

And firft. The dillkuUv which fhips in going to the fouthward, cfpecially
m the months of Jvily and Auguft, find in paiïing between the coall of Gui-
nea and Brazil, notwithftanding the width of this fea is more than 500
leagues. This happens, becaufe the S. E. winds at that time of t!ie year,
commonly extend lome dcgries beyond the ordinary limits of 4" N. latitude-,
and befides coming fo much foutherly, as to be Ibmetimes foiith, fometimes
a point or two to the wefl: ; it then only remains to ply to windward : And if,
on the one fide, they fteer W. S. W. they get a wind more and moreeafterly-,
but then there is danger of falling in with the Brafilian coaft, or fhoals : and
if they fteer E. S. E. they fall into the neighbourhood of the coaft of Gui-
nea, from whence they cannot depart without running eufterly as far as the
iQand of St. Thom.as-, and this is the conftant praftice of all the Guinea
fhips.

Secondly. All ftiips departing fromGuinea for Europe, theirdireftcourfe is
northward ; but on this courfe they cannot proceed, becaufe the coaft bending
nearly eaft and weft, the land is to the northward. Therefore, as the winds on
this coaft are generally betsveen the S. and W. S. W. they are obliged to fteer
S. S. E. or fouth, and with thele courfes they run off the fliore -, but in i"o
doing, they always find the winds more and more contrary ; fo that when near
the ftiore, they can lie fouth-, but at a greater diftance they can make no
better than S. E. and afterwards E. S. E. with which courfes they common-
ly fetch the iQand of St. Thomas and Cape Lopez, where finding the winds
to the eaftv/ard of the fouth, they fail wefterly with it, till coming to the
latitude of four degrees fouth, where they find the S. E. wind blowing
ptrpetually.

On account of thefe general winds, all thofe that ufe the Weft India trade,
and even thofe bound to Virginia, reckon it their beft courfe to get as foon as
they can to the fouthward, that fo they may be certain of a fair and frefli gale
to run before it to the weftward: And for the fame reafon thofe homeward-
bound fp^m America endeavour to gain the latitude of 30 degrees, where
they firft find t.Kc winds begin to be variable-, though tlie moft ordinary
winds in the north Atlantic ocean come from between the fouth and weft.

loih. Eetv/een the fouthcrn latitudes of 10 and 30 degrees in the Indian
ocean, the general trade-wind about the S. B'. hy S. is found to blow all
the year long in the fame manner as in the like latitudes in the Ethiopie
ocean : and t'uring the fix months from May to December, thefe winds
reach to v/ithin two degrees of the equator-, but during the other fix
months, from November to June, a N. W. wind blows in the trad lying
between the 3d and loth degrees of fouthcrn latitude, in the meridian of
the north end of Madagafcar -, and between the 2d and 1 2th degree of foutb
latitude, near the longitude of Sumatra and Java.

nth.

WIN WIN

nth. In the trad between Sumatra and the African coafl:, and from three
degrees of fouth latitude quite northward to the Afiatic coafts, including
the Arabian lea and the Gulf of Bengal, tiic Monlbons blow from Sep-
tember to April on the N. E. and from March to Odober on the S. W.
In the former half-year the wind is more fteady and gentle, and the wea-
ther clearer, than in the latter C\x months : and the wind is more tlrcncr
and fteady in the Arabian fea than in the Gulf of Bcnn^al.

1 2th. Between the idand of Madagafcar and the coafl: of Africa, and
thence northward as far as the equator, there is a traft, wherein from
April to Oftobcr there is a confliant frefli S. S. \V. wind; which to the
northward changes into the W. S. W. wind, blowing at times in the Ara-
bian fea.

13th. To the eafliward of Sumatra and Malacca on the north of the equa-
tor, and along the coafl:s of Cambodia and China, quite through the Philip-
pines as far as Japan, the Monibons blow northerly and foutherly-, the nor-
thern one fetting in about October or November, and the fouthern about
May: Thefe winds are not quite fo certain as thofc in the Arabian feas.
, 14th. Between Sumatra and Java to ihe wefl:, and New Guinea to the
eaft, the fame northerly and foutherly winds are obfcrvcd ; but the firft half
year Monfoon inclines to the N. W. and the latter to the S. E. Thcfe
winds begin a month or fix weeks after thofe in the Chinefe feas fct in, and
are quite as variable.

15th. Thcfe contrary winds do not fhift from one point to it's oppofite
all at once -, and in fome places the time of the change is attended with
calms, in others by variable winds : and it often happens on the fliores of
Coromandcl and China, tov/ards the end of the Monfoons, that there are
moft violent ftorms, greatly refembling the hurricanes in the Weft Indies-,
wherein the wind is lo exccffively ftrong, tliat hardly any thing can refill
it's force.

All navigation in the Indian ocean muft neceiïlirilv be regulated by thefe
winds; for if the mariners fliould delay their voyages till the contrary Mon-
foon begins, they muft cither fail back, or go into harbour, and wait for
the return of the trade-wind.

The relative force of the wind upon a fliip's fails, and the epithets by
which it is diftinguiftied, as fair, l^rge, &cc. according to the angle which
it makes with her courfe, arc explained in the article Sailing.

Reigning Wjnd. See Reigning Win».

To Wind ajhip or boat, is to change her pofition, by bringing the ftern
to lie in the fituution of the head ; or directly oppofite to it's former fitua-
tion. .'•-

To W^iNDWARD, towards that part of the horizon from whence the wind
blowcth.

WINDAGE, the difterence between the diameter of a piece of iùtillery>
and the diameter of the lliot or fhell correfponding thereto. See Cannon
and Mortar.

WINDING a Call, the aâ: of blowing or piping upon a boatfwain's
whilUe, lb as to communicate the necelVary orders of hcijlirtg, heaving, i;!ny-
ing, Jlackcning, ike. See the article Call.

T t 2 WiNDINO-

WIN WIN

Windinc-'J'ackle, a name iirually given to a tackle formed of three
fixed and two or three moveable flieavcs. It is principally employed to
hoifl; up any weighty materials into or out of a fliip, in the exercifes of lad-
ing and delivering. See Tackle.

WINDLAS, (viudas, Fr.) a machine ufcd in merchant-fliips to heave
up the anchors from the bottom, &c.

The windlafs is a large cylindrical piece of timber, fig. 15. plate XII.
formed on the principles of the axis in peritrocbio. It is fopported at the
two ends by two fra.mcs of wood, a, b, placed on the oppofitc fides of the
deck near the fore-maft, calleJ knight-heads^ and is turned about in this
pofition as upon an .nxis, by levers called handfpecs, which are for this
purpofe thrurt into holes bored through the body of the machine. See
the article Heaving.

The lower part of the windlafs is ufually about a foot above the deck. It
is, like the capjlern^ furnifhed with ftrong/)W.f, r, ^, to prevent it from turn-.,
ing backv/ards by the efiort of the cable, when charged with the weight of
the anchor, or itrained by the violent jerking of the fliip in a tempeftuous fea.
The pauls, which are formed of wood or iron, fall into notches, cut in the
furface cf the ivi'/idlafs, and lined with plates of iron. Each of the pauls,
being accordingly hung over a particular part of the windlafs, falls eight
times into the notches at every revolution of the machine, becaul'e there are
eight notches placed on it's circumference under the pauls. So if the wind-
lals is twenty inches in diameter, and purchafes five feet of the cable at every
revolution, it will be prevented from turning back, or lofing any part
thereof, at every feven inches nearly, which is heaved in upon it's furface.

As this machine is heaved about in a vertical direiStion, it is evident that
the effort of an equal number of men adling upon it will be much more
powerful than on the capftern ; becaufe their whole weight and Itrenf^th
arc applied more readily to the end of the lever employed to turn it about.
Whereas, in the horizontal movement of the capftern, the exertion of their
force is confiderably diminifhed. It requires, however, fome dexterity and
addrefs to manage the handfpec to the greateft advantage ; and to perform
this the failors muft all rife at once upon the windlafs, anji, fixing their bars
therein, give a ludden jerk at the fame inftant, in which movement they arc
regulated by a fort of long or howl pronounced by one of their number.

The moft dextrous managers of the handfpec in heaving at the windlafj
are generally fuppofed tiie colliers of Northumberland : and of all Euro-
pean mariners, the Dutch are certainly the moll aukward and fluggiflî in
this manoeuvre.

WINDS AIL, a fort of wide tube or funnel of canvas, employed to con-
vey a ftream of frefii air downward into the lower apartments of a fhip.

This machine is ufually extended by large hoops fituated in differene
parts of it's hciglith. It is let down perpendicularly through the hatches,
being expanded at the lower end like the bafe of a cone ; and having it'j
upper part open on the fide which is placed to windward, fo as to receive
the full current of the wind ; which, entering the cavity, fills the tube, antl
ruûies downwards into the lower regions of the Ihip. There are generally

5 three

WIN W R E

three or four of thefe in our capital fhips of war, which, together with the
ventilators, contribute greatly to preferve the health of the crew.

WINGS, a name given to thole parts of a fhip's hold which are neareft
to the fides, or furthelt removed from the middle of her breadth.

This term is particolarly iifed in the ftowage of the lèverai materials con-
tained in the hold; as, Stow the large cafks cimidjljips, and the fmaller bar-
rels in the wings. See Trim and Stowage.

Wings are alfo the fkirts or extremities of a fleet when it is ranged into
a line a-breaft, or when bearing away upon two fides of an angle. Thus the
fliips a, b. fig. lo. & II. plate V. are in the wings of their fleet or fquadron.

It is ufual to extend the wings of a fleet in the day-tim-^ in order to dif-
cover any enemy which may fall into their traft. To jM-uvcnt feparation,
however, they are commonly fummoned to draw nearer to the center of the
fquadron before night, by a fignal from the commander in chief, which is
afterwards repeated by fliips in the intervals.

WOOLDING, (furlier, Fr. luoelen^ Dutch) the aft of winding a piece
of rope about a maft or yard, to fupport it in a place where it may have
hecnfjhed or fcarfed; or when it is compofed of feveral pieces united into
one folid. See Mast.

WooLDiNG is alfo the rope employed in this fervice. Thofe wliich are
fixed on the lower mails, are reprefented in a, fig. i, 2, & 3. plate VI.

To WORK, (nhWiVuvrer, Fr.) to direft the movements of a fliip, by
adapting the fails to the force and direftion of the wind.

A fliip is alfo laid to work, when flie ftrains and labours heavily in a tenv
pefliuous fea, fo as to loofen her joints or timbers. See Pitching and
Rolling.

WORKING to whidward, the operation by which a fliip endeavours to
make a progrefs againft the wind. See Bi-ating, Plying, Tvrning and
Tacking.

WORMING, (emielkr, Fr.) the aft of winding a rope fpiralty about a
cable, fo as to lie clofe along the interval between every two (Irands. It
is generally defigned to fupport and rtrengthen the cable, that it may be
enabled to fuftain a greater effort when the fliip rides at anchor ; and alfo
to preferve the furface of the cable, where it lies flat upon the ground,
near the fti-ition of the anchor -, particularly in moderate weather.

WRECK, the ruins of a fliip which has been Itrandcd or daflied to pieces
on a flu'lf, rock, or lee-fliore, by tempefl:uous weather.

X E B X E B

'\7'EBEC, a fmall three-mafted vcfiel, navigated in the Mediterranean fea,
,/V and on the coafls of Spain, Portugal, and Barbary. See fig. 8.
plate XII.

The fails of the xebec are in general fimilar to thofe of the polacre, but
the hull is extremely different from that and almoft every other veflel. It
is tin-nidied with a ilrong prcmi, and the extremity of the ftern, which is
nothing more than a fort of railed platform or gallery, projects further be-
hind the counter and buttock than that of any European ihip.

Being generally equipped as a corfair, the xebec is conftrudted with a nar-
row floor, to be more fwift in purluit of the enemy-, and of a great breadth,
to enable her to carry a great force of fail for this purpofe, without danger
of overturning. As thefc vcfTels are ufually very low-built, their decks are
formed with a great convexity from the middle of their breadth towards the
fides, in order to carry off the water, which falls aboard, more readily by
their fcuppers. But as this extreme convexity would render it very difficult
to walk thereon at fea, particularly when the veflel rocks by the agitation of
tlie waves, there is a platform of grating extending along the deck from the
fides of the veflel towards the middle, whereon the crew may walk dry-
footed, whilfl: the water is conveyed through the grating to the fcuppers.

When a xebec is equipped for war, flic is occafionally navigated in three
different methods, according to the force or direftion of the wind.

Thus, when the wind is fair, and nearly afliern, it is ufual to extend fquûre
fails upon the main-mafl: ; and indeed frequently on the fore-mafl: : and as
thofe fails are rarely ufed in a fcant wind, theyare of an extraordinary breadth.
When the wind is unfavourable to the courfe, and yet continues mode-
rate, the fquare yards and fails arc removed from the maft:s, and laid by,
in order to make way for the large lateen yards and fails, which foon after
afl"ume their place : but if the foul wind increafes to a ftorm, thcfe latter
are alfo lowered down and difplaced ; and fmali lateen yards with propor-
tional fails are extended on all the mafts.

The xebecs, which are generally armed as veflels of war by the Alge-
rines, mount from fixteen to twenty-four cannon, and carry from 300 to
450 men, two-thirds of whom are generally foldiers.

By the very complicated and inconvenient method of working thefe vef-
fels, it will be readily believed, what one of their captains of Algiers ac-
quainted the author, viz. That the crew of every xebec has at lealt the la-
bour of three fquare-rigged fliips, wherein the ftanding fails are calculated
to anfwer every fituation of the wind.

5 ^ Y,

Y A C

Y A R

YACHT, a vefTel of ftate, ufually employed to convey princes, ambaflfa-
dors, or other great perfonages from one kingdom to another.
As the principal defign of a yacht is to accommodate the paficngers, it
is ufually fitted with a variety of convenient apartments, with fuirable fur-
niture, according to the quality or number of the perfons contained therein.

The royal yachts are commonly rigged as ketches, except tii^- principal
one referved for the fovereign, which is equipped with three mafts like a
fhip. They are in general elegantly furnilhed, and richly ornamented with
fculpture ; and always commanded by captains in his majelly's navy.

Befides thefe, there are many other yachts of a fmaller kind, employed
by the commiffioners of the excife, navy, and cuftoms > or ufed as plea-
fure-boats by private gentlemen.

YARD, (vergue, Fr.) a long piece of timber fufpcnded upon the mafts
of a ihip, to extend the fails to the wind. See Mast and Sail.

All yards are eitiier fquare or lateen-, the former of which are fufpended
acrofs the mafts at right angles, and the latter obliquely.

The fquare yards, fig. i. plate IX. are nearly of a cylindrical furface.
They taper from the middle, which is called xht: flings, towards the extre-
mities which are termed ûi<t yard-arms ; and the diftance between the flings
and the yard-arms on each fide, is, by the artificers, divided into quarters,
which are diftinguifhed into the firlt, fécond, third quarters, and yard-
arms. The middle quarters are formed into eight fquarcs, arid each of
the end parts is figured like the fruftum of a cone. All the yards of a
fliip are iquare except that o\ the mizen.

The proportions for the length of yards, according to the different claflTes
of fhips in the Britifli navy, are as follows :

Guns.

■■^ main yard exprefl*ed"\ loo

by d, fig. I. plate IX.

Note, the figure re-

^prefents the yards

and fails of a fliip of

lOOO

gun-deck

560

5-9
570

1000

576

575

L561

880

874

74 cuns.

90 80
70
'60

50
44

100 90 So
ill the reil.
To apply this rule to praiflice, fuppofe tlie gun-deck 144 feet. The
proportion for this length is, as 1000 is to 575, lo is 144 to 83 -, which will
be the length of the main-yard in feet, and fo of all the reft.

{820 :") r 100 90 80 60 44

847 : > mizen-yard. < 70
S40 :J L 24

1000

, Ï880 :/ Ç _, S 10»

mam-yard : : ■{ „ ? tore-yard. < ,

^ [874 : S ^ t al

Y A R Y O K

Guns.
1 ( 726 : } main topfiiil-yarci ç 24

looo : main yard : : } 7^^ J ^^ ^^ x. plate IX. { all the reft.

f7J9 :] ( 70

1000 : fore-yard : : •i ji6 : J. fore topfail-yard. < 24

j 715 : J [_ all the reft,

1000 : main topfail-yard : ; 690 : main top-gall, yard all the rates.

J. r -t J Î (^96 : 1 fore top-p;all. yard t 70

,000 : fore topfa.l-yard : : { ^^^ . } y; ^g ,^ ^Ute IX. 1 all the reft.

1000 : fore topfail-yard ■■{'L^q .} m'ztn topfail-yard J ^n^^he reft.

Crofs-jack and fprit-fail yards equal to the fore topfail yard.

Sprit-topfail yard equal to the fore top gallant-yard.

The diameters of yards are in the following proportions to their length.

The main and fore yards five fevenths ot an inch to a yard. The top-
fail, crofs-jack, and fprit fail yards, nine fourteenths of an inch to one
yard. The top gallant, mizen topfail, and fpritfail topfail yards, eight
thirteenths of an inch to one yard.

The mizen-yard five ninths of an inch to one yard.

All ftudding-fail booms and yards half an inch to one yard in length.

The lifts of the main-yard are exhibited in the above figure, by^-, the
horfes and their ftirrups, by /', / ; the reef-tackles and their pendents, by
/c, I; and the braces and brace-pendents, by iii, n.

The lateen-yards evidently derive their names from having been peculiar
to the ancient Romans. They are ufually compofed of feveral pieces faften-
cd together by wooldings, which alfo ferve as fteps whereby the failors
climb to the peek, or upper extremity, in order to furl or caft loofe the fail.

The mizen-yard of a fliip, and the main-yard of a bilander, are hung
obliquely on the maft, almoft in the fame manner as the lateen-yard of a
xebec, fettee, or polacre. See thofe articles.

To brace the Yards, (hr^JJer, Fr.) is to traverfe them about the maft?,
fo as to form greater or lefler angles with the fliip's length. See Brace.

T'a fquare the Yards. See Lift and Scl^'are.

Dod'-YARD. See the article Dock-vard.

YAW, a name given by feamen to the movement by which a ftiip de-
viates from the line of her courfe towards the right or left in fteering.

YAWL, (bache, bachot, Fr.) a wherry or fmall fhip's boat, ufually rowed
by four or fix oars. See Boat.

YEOMAN, an officer under the boatfwain or gunner of a ftiip of war,
ufually charged with the ftowage, account, and diftribution of tlieir re-
fpeiftive ftores.

YOKE, a name formerly given to the tiller, when communicating with
two blocks ov Jheaves affixed to the inner end of the tiller. It is now applied
to a fmall board or bar which crofTes the upper end of a boat's rudder at
right angles, and having two fmall cords extending from it's oppofiteextre-
inities to ûxcjlern-jhccts of the boat, whereby flie is fteered as with a tilkr.

THE END.

TRANSLATION

PHRASES AND TERMS OF ART

in THE

FRENCH MARINE.

V u

TRANSLATION

O F

French Sea-Terms and Phrases.

BATE'E, or Abbate'e, the move-
ment of falling ofF to a certain
point. It is particularly exprefTed
of a iliip when ftie lies by, with

feme of her fails aback.

ABA r TRE, to bear away ; to drive ; to
edge further to leeward. Hence they fay,

Le njaijjiau s'ab.\t, the ihip drives or falls,
to leeward. This phrafe is more pecu-
liar to the motion of a fliip when her
anchor is loofened from the ground.

Abattre un vaijfcau, to heave down or
careen a fhip.

ABORDAGE, the fhocic or concuflion
produced by two vcflels ftrilcing each
other in battle or otherwife; alfo the
aflault of boarding.

Aller à r fiBORD AGE, fauter «/'abordage,
to board or enter an enemy's (hip in an
hoftiie maimer.

ABORDER, to fall or drive aboard a fliip,
by accident, or )icgledt of the fteerfman ;
fpolcen of two vclltls when one or both
are under fail, or otherwife in motion.

Aborder un vaiJJ'eau de bout au corps, to
lay a fhip aboard, by running the bow-
fprit over her waill.

ABOUGRI, orRABoucRi, crofs-grained,
or knotty; a term applied by fhipwrights
to timber, which* by this quality, is rtn-
, dercd unfit for fliip-building.

ABOU r, the butt or end of any plank :
air> tiic place where the ends of tv.-o
planks arc joined on the (hip's fide, &;c.

ABRAQUER. S:e Emûraquer.

ABRT, a cove, or place of anchorage under
fhclter of the weather-fhore. Hence

ABRIE', becalmed, or fkreened from the
wind Dy an intervening fhore.

ACASTILLAGE, or rather Encastil-
LAGE, a general name for the quarter-
deck, poop, and fore-caftlc. Hence
acca/Jillé anfwers to deep-waifted.

ACCLAMPER, to fortify a maft or yard
by the application of one or more fifties
to it's furface.

ACCON, a fmall flat-bottomed boat, for
catching fliell-fifh.

ACCORD, the order to pull together or»
a rope or tackle ; alfo to row together
with the oars of a fhip or boat.

ACCORDS, or Accores, props or fliores
fixed under a fliip's wales, &c. to keep-
her upright, and fupport her whiill
building; or when flie is brought into
dock ; or laid aground.

AccuRD droit, an upright fhore or prop.

ACCORER, to prop or fufbin anywcighty
bodv, as a fliip on the ground.

ACCOSTE, come aboard, or come along-
fide ; tlie order given to a fmall vellcl or
boat, to approach a fhip.

ACCOSTER, or Accoter, to pull or
thrufl any thing near or el >fe to fome'
other, as the two blocks ot a tackle,
&c.

Accoster les huniers, eu les perroquets, to
haul home the top-fail fhects ; or top-
j;all:!nt flleets.

ACCO TAR. Sec Plat-bcrd.

U u 2 AC-

A G R

ALL

ACCOURSIE, a pafTage formed in a fliip's
lioM, by a (l-p.iration of her ftores, cargo,
or provifions, when flic is laden, to gy
fore and afr, as cccafion requires.

ACCROCHER, tj board and grapple an
eiiemy'-s (hip.

ACCUI., the depth of a ba.)', or fmall
road.

ACCULEMENT, a name given to that
part of a fliip's bottom which becomes
gradually narrower as it approaches the
extiemitics at the ftem and itern-poft.

ACkOTERE, a cape, head-land, or
promontory.

ACTE tic dtlai, an 3(51 by which a debtor
lofs all his eftedts by (liipwreck.

ADltU-VA, an expreflion of command,
ufcd by the mailer or pilot, to bid the
Ihip's crew prepare for tucking, or veer-
ins, when the courfe is to be changed.

ADDONNLR, to fcant, or veer forward ;
exprellcd of the wind when it becomes
unfavourable.

AEFALE, the order to lower or let down
any thing.

Affale', to be embayed, or forced, by
the violence of the wind, or current,
too near a lee-ftiore.

AFFALER, to lower any thing by a tac-
kle, as a yard, fail, cafk, &c.

AFFINE, it clears away, or becomes fair.
It is underftood of the weather, after
having been cloudy or over-caft for fome
time.

AFFOLE'E, erroneous or defc<Stive ; fpo-
ken of a magnetical needle which has
loft it's virtue.

AFFOURCHER, to moor by the head.

AFFRANCHIR, to free the fliip, or clear
her hold of water by the pumps.

AFFRETEMENT, the freight of a
merchant-fliip. Hence

AFFRETER, to freight.

AFFUT de mer, the carriage of a fliip-
cannon.

AGITER, to fwell, or run high; ex-
prefled of a turbulent fea.

AGRE'ER, to rig a fhip, or equip her
with yards, fails, rigging, &c.

ACRE'S. There is no fea-term in Eng-
lifli which anfwers to this exprefTion, in
ii's full extent; unlefs we adopt the ob-
folcte word Tackling, which is now en-
tirely difufed by our mariners. The
French term comprehends the rigging,
yards, fails, blocks, cables, and an-

. chors ; and is probably better tranflated,
' machinery or furniture.
AIDE major, an officer wliofe duty refcm-

blcs that of our adjutant of niarincf.
Aini; dc canonnier. Sec C.ANNONiER.
AIGU, fliarp or narrow towards the two

ends, afore and abaft.
AIGUADE, a wau-iing-place for fliip-

ping ; alfo the prov ifion or quantity of

frcfli water nccellary for a fea-voyage.
AIGUILLE, the prow or cut-water. See

Eperon.
Aiguille alfo implies a topmaft, or fuch

like piece of timber employed to fupport

a lowermaft, in the aâ of careening.
Aiguille dc j\inai, an iron crank or brace,

ufed to fuftain the poop-lanthorn.
Aiguille aimanta, the magnetical needle.
AIGUILLES de tré, or de trcvier, fail-
needles, or bolt-rope needles.
AIGUILLETTES. See Porqjjes.
AILURES. Sec Illoires.
AIMANT, the magnet or load-done.
AIRE dc vent, a point of the compafs.
Avoir dc r AIRE, to hïve frelh way through

the water.
Prendre AIRE, to get under way.
Amortir /' aire, to lofe head-way.
AISEMENT, a place of convenience in

the gallery or head of a fliip.
AISSADE, that part of the poop where

the fliip's breadth begins to diminifli as

it approaches the ftcrn.
A LA BOULINE, clofe-haulcd. Sec

Aller à la bouline.
ALARGUER, to fheer ofF; to fail aloof

from the ihore or fome contiguous ob-

jea.

A L'AUTRE, an exclamation pronoun-
ced by the failors of the watch, at the
flriking of the watch-bell, every half-
hour, to fignify to the pilot that they
keep a good look-out. See the Englifh
term Look-out.

ALIDADE, the index of a nodurnal or
fca-quadrant. See Octant.

ALIZE', the reigning wind of a particular
feafon or region.

ALLEGE, a lighter or pram.

ALLE'GER un vaiJJ'eau, to lighten a fliip
by taking out a part of her lading.

Alle'ger le cable, to buoy up the cable,
by attaching barrels, or pieces of timber,
to it lengthwife, fo as to float it up from
a rocky or foul ground : alfo to veer
away the cable.

ALLER

A M O

ANC

ALLER ù hi bouline, to fail with a fcant

wind.
Aller t) grajje bouline, to fail with the

wind upon the beam, or large.
Aller à la derive, to try under bare poles,

or to try a hull. Sec Dr'rive.
Aller au plus pih du vent, to fail clofe-

haulcd, or as near the wind as poiîl-

ble.
Aller de bout au vent, to go head-to-
wind, or right in the wind's eye.
Aller en courfe, to cruife againft, or in

fcarch of, an enemy.
Aller entre deux écoutes, to fail right afore

the wind, or with both fhccts aft.
Aller vent largue, to fail large, or with a

large wind.
Allkr terre à terre, to coaft, or fail along

(here.
ALLONGE, a futtock, a general name

given to the futtock. timbers. See Cou-
ple and Varangue.
Allonge de revers, a top-timber.
ALLONGER un vaijfeau, to lay a fliip

along-fidc of another.
Allonger le cable, to haul up a range of

the cable upon deck.
Allonger le vergue de civadiere, to get the

fpritfail-yard fore and aft under the bow-

fprit.
Allonger la terre, to coaft, or fail along-

fhore.
ALMADIE, a fmall African canoe, for.Ti-

ed of the bark of a tree.
AMARQUE, the beacon, or buoy, of a

flioal, fl.it, or fand-bank.
AMARRAGE, the ground-tackling, or

furniture for mooring a fhip.
Ligne d' Amarrage, a fcifmg or lafliing.
ANL\RRE, the order to fallen or belay a

rope.
Amarre de bout, the head-fail; the head-
. cable, or havvfcr with it's anchor.
AMARRER, to make faft, fcize, or belay.
AM.^TKLOTER, to mefs together, to

aflociate as comrades or mefs-mates.
AME d' un grand cndage, the middle ftrand

of a fnur-lhandcd rope.
AMENER, to lower or ftrike. Hence
Amené, the order to (trike or lower away.
Amf.ner une terre, to make the land, &c.
AMIRAL, Admiral. Hence
AMIRAUTE', the admiralty.
AMOLE r TES or Amelotes, the bar-

hoUs of anv capfltrn or windUfs.
AMORCER, to prime a cannon or other

firc-arui.

AMPOULETTE, the watch-glafs, kept

in the binaclc.
AMURE' à bâbord, or ti Jlrihord, failing

on the larboard or llarbojid tack.
AMURER, to haul aboard the main or

fore-tack.
Amurer la grande voile, to brin-' aboard the

main-tack. Hence
Amurer tout bas, implies to get the tacks

cloft-aboard, or down as dole as poflible.
AMURES cP une voile, the tacks of boom-
fails and ftay-fails.
ANCETTES, the bowline-cringles in

the bolt-rope of a fail.
ANCRAGE, theduty of anchorage. See

MOUILLAC!-.

ANCRE, an anchor.

Ancre d' ajfourche, the fmall bower.

Ancre fécond, the bcft bower.

Ancre « demeure, a large anchor funk in

a road or harbour, whereby to warp

fliips in and out, or ftcure them for a

fhoit time.
Ancre à hi veilL-, an anchor which is a

cock-bill, or ready to be funk from the

(hip.
Ajscre de ^ct, the flood-anchor.
Ancre de jujfant, the ebb-anchor.
MaitreJ/è- AscRE, the flicet-anchor.
Ancre de terre, the fhore-anchor, or that

which lies towards the fliore.
Ancre du large, the fea-anchor, or that

which lies towards the offing.
Ancre de toué, the ftream-anchor.
Z,'Ancre a quitté, /"Ancre ejl dérangée^

the anchor is a-trip, or a-weigh.
Z,'Ancre efl au bojfoir, the anchor is at the

cat-head,
y^ /' A N c R E . S ee V A 1 s s E A u à l'àiure.
BoJ/èr l'AscKE. Sic Bosser.
Cahonner /'ANCRE. See Capon.
F.iire venir /'Ancre à pic, or virer à pic, to

heave a-piek upon the anchor.
Gouverner fur I'Ancke, to fheer the (hip

to her anchor, when heaving a-head.
Lever /'Ancre, to heave up the anchor, to

weigh.
ChiiJJer fur les Ancres, to drag the anchors,

or bring them home.
Filer fur les Ancres. Sec Filer.
Lever /"Ancre «vec In chal-.upe, to weigh

the anchor with the lon^-boac.
Lrjcr /'Ancre d'aJJ'owche, the order to

veer aw.ty one cable, and heave upon

the other.
ANCRER, or Jettcr Cuncre, Mouiller r,in-

ciCy or fimply Mouiller, Dcnner fond,

AJctire,

A P P

Miitrt^ or Avtir U valffcait fur k fer y
Tciuhcr, LirJJir t'jtnbtr l'ancre. All thcfe
terms are lynonymous, and fignify to
brino; up, to anchor, to come to anchor,
or to kt f;o the anchor.

ANGE, chain-ftidt.

ANGUILLERES, limbcr-holcs.

ANNEAU four attacher les vmffeaux^ a
mooring-riiig on a wharf, buoy, 5:c.

AutiEAVeie corJc; a flipping-noort-, a run-
ning bowline-knot.

ANNEAUX d' (couiilles, or loucles, ring-
bolts of the deck, kc.

Anneaux (^Tt'rd;, the hanks of a ftay-fail.
Sec Daili-ots.

Anneaux defahords, the ring-bolts of the
2iin-ports.

ANORDIE, a northerly ftorm peculiar to
the oulph of Mexico, and the adjacent
coaft, at certain fcafons of the year, call-
ed by the Englifli Creoles, a north.

ANSE, a covc^ bight or fmall bay.

ANSPECT, a handfpcck or lever.

ANTENNE, a lateen fail-yard. See

V^ERGUE.

ANTOrr, a crooked inflrument of iron,
ufed to bind the fiJe-planks round the
timbers in {hip-building. The Engliflu
artificers perform this operation by wrain-
int'-bolts and flaffs.

A Pfc, a-pcek ; or perpendicularly above
the anchor, with an extended cable.

APIQUER une vergue, to top a fail-yard,
or peek it up.

APLESTER, or Aplestrer, to unfurl
and fct the fails, ready for putting to fea.

APOSTIS, the row-locks of a galley.

APOTRES, the hawfe-pieces of a (hip.

APPARAUX, the whole furniture of a
ihip, as the fails, yards, blocks, anchors,
cables, helm, and artillery. This term
is therefore more comprehcnfive than
Jgrli, although lefs fo than Equippemcnt,
which, befjdes the above, includes the
feamen, foldicrs. and their provifions.

APPARCELADO, a flat, equal and uni-
form bottom of the fea.

APPAREIL de carcne, a general name for
the n-.achlnery employed in careening a
(hip.

APPAREIL de pompe, the pump-gear, as the
boxes, brake, fpcar, &c.

APPAREILLER, to make ready for farl-
ine, to get under fail.

APi\'\RTEMENT, a birth, cabin, or
llore-room, in a (hip.

A R G

APPOINTE', a mariner whofe pafTage îs
paid by the ftatc, and who is not obliged
to work in the fliip that carries him.

APPROCHER du vent. See Aller « la
bouline.

AQUE, or AcQUE, a fort of flat-bottomed
lighter emplov'ed on the Rhine.

AR AIGNE'ES, the crow-feet of the tops.

AR AMBER. See Accrocher.

ARBALETE, a crofs-ftalT or fore-ftafF.

ARBALETRIERE, a platform or gang-
way, on which the foldiers (land to fire
their mufquetry in a row-galley.

ARBORER un mât, to ftep, or fct up 2
maft ; to get anyjnaft an-end.

Arborer un pavilhr, 10 hoift and difplay a
flag or cnfign.

ARBRE. See Mât.

ARC, ov ligtte courbe de I'iperon, the curve
of the prow or cut-water.

ARCANNE, a fort of red chalk or oker,
ufed by (liipwrights in France, to mark
the timber in hewing or forming it.

ARCASSE, the ftern of a (liip or counter j
alfo the fliell of a block.

ARCBOUTANT, a fpar or fmall mafty
more particularly, a boom to extend the
bottom of a fludding-fail, fquare-fail, or
driver. See Boute dehors.

Arc DOUTANT âéchafaud, any prop or (hore
of a fcafFold ufed in (hip-building.

ARCEAUX, a name forn^crly given to the
rails of the head. See Lisse de poulains.-

ARCENAL de inarine, a royal dock-yard,,
together with its warren or gun-wharf.

ARCHE, a thin covering of lath or (hin-
gle, and fometimes of rope, which cafes
the (hip's pump like a fhcath, to prefcrve,
and keep it ti^ht.

ARCHIPOMPE, the pump-well.

ARCHITIiCTURE na^ink, the art of
fliip-building.

ARDENT, a corpofant, or meteor, often
fecn at fea in a ftorm. Sec Feu 8t. Elnie.

Ardent, the quality of griping in the^
fteerage, or carrying a weatherly helm.

ARER, or Chasser, to chafe. See-
Chasser.

ARGANEAU, or Organeau, a rijig-
bolt of the deck or fides of a (hip.

Arganeau d^ancre, the anchor-ring.

ARGOUSIN, a petty officer in the gallies,,
whofe duty it is to fix on, or take oft' the
(hackles of the (laves, and to prevent them-
from efcaping. It ani'wcrs nearly to the
corporal of a Ihip of war. See Pre vot.

ARISER

A R R

A V A

ARTSER ks vergues, to ftrike tlie lower

yards down upon the gunnel.
AÙAIAD1LLE, a fmall (quadron of Spa-

iiifh frigates of war, ufually employed to

guard the coafl of New Spain, and pre-
vent illicit trade.
ARMATEUR, a privateer or cruifer. See

Corsaire.
VaiJJ'eau ARME' m guerre, a merchant-

veflcl fitted for war. and furniflu-d with a

letter of mart to cruife againll the enemy.
ARME'E navale, a naval armament, a fleet

of fliips of war.
ARMEMENT, the equipment or fitting

out of a fliip of war, or merchantman,

for a cruife or voyage.
ptat «i/'ARMEMENT, a lift of the officers

intended to fervc in a fquadronof men of

war.
ARMER les avirons, to fliip the oars ready

for rowing.
Armhr un vaijjeau, to arm a fliip for war,

or equip her for a voyage.
ARMURIER, the armourer of a vefiTel of

war.
ARONDELLES de mer, a general name

for fmall vcflels, as brigs, fcttees, tar-
tans, &c.
ARQUE', broken-backed or hogged j

drooping at the flem and ftern,
ARRET de vaiffeatix iâ fermetures de port,

a general or particular embargo laid on

(hipping.
ARRIERI', abaft; the hind part of a fliip.
Faire vent ARRIERE, to biing the wind aft,

or afrcrn.
Arrière-carde d'une armée navale, the

rear-divilîon of a fquadron of veflèls of
• war.

Tomber en AKVI.ÏZKZ, to fall aftein.
ARRIMACîE, the flowage or difpofition

of the cargo in the hold.
ARRIMER, to flow the hold, to trim the

fliip by hir ftowagc. Whence
ARRIMEUR, a flower.
ARRISER, or Amener See Amener.
ARRIVAGE, an arrival of mcrchandifc

in a port or haven.
ARRIVE, the order to put the helm

a-wcathcr, lb as to bear away, or edge

furilKT to leeward.
Arrive tout, the order to put the helm

hard a-weathcr.
■A/'Arrive pas ! don't fall off! luff!
ARRIVEE, bearing up, or the movement

of veering or bearing away ; alio the

angle of talling-off in trying.

ARRIVER, to bear away before the wind.

Hence
ARRiVER_/î/r un vaijfeau, to bear down on

a fliip.
Arriver beaucoup, to bear away large.
ARTILLE', or Artillie', mounted with

cannon : as, vaiffeau artille' dc trente

pieces, a fliip mounting thirty guns.
ARTIMON, the mizen-maft, alfo the

mizen itftlf.
ASPECT, the looming or perfpcilive view

of the land from the fea.
ASSECHER, être à fee, to appear dry, as

a rock or fliore when the tide of ebb has

retreated from it.
ASSEMBLER, to unite the fcveral pieces

of a fliip, as by rabbeting, fcarfing, fcor-

ing, tencnting, &c.
ASSUJETTIR, to fix a piece of timber

firmly in it's place, in fliip-building.
ASSURANCE, a contradt or policy of

infurance.
Pavilion ^'ASSURANCE, a flag or fignal of

peace.
ASSURER, to infure a veffcl againft thç

dangers of the fea, &c.
ASTROLABE, a nodurnal.
A TRAIT fj à rame, to advance with fails

and oars.
ATTEIN DRE, to join a fliip at fea, either

by accident or purfuit.
ATTELIER^/c-6W''«'f?'i"',a flied or flore-

houfe to contain fliipwrights tools ; alio a

loft or work-houfc near the dock ; or a

vviiarf, &c. for building fea-vefllls. Sec

C H A N 'r I E R .
ATTE'RAGE, a land-fall. Whence
ATEERIR, to make the land.
ATTERRISSEMENT, a mound or bank

of earth thrown up near the margin of a

river, bv violent freflies or floriMS.
ATTOL'ONS, a cluftcr of keys or fmall

iflar»ds, a chain of rocks.
ATTRAPE, p^-ndent or guy of the reliev-
ing tackle ul'cd in careening a fliip. Sec

Corde de retenue,
AVAL. Se Av AU Peau.
AVANT, forward, afore, ahe.id.
Etre de TAvant, Je mettre de /'Avant, to

be in the van of a fleet.
Le vaiffeau ejl trop fur /'Avant, the vcTill

is too much by the head.
AV ANTAGE, the head, with its cutwater

or prow. See Eperon.
Avantage du vent, to-windward o( fome

other fliip.

Avant-

B A I

BAL

Avant-Garde, the van of a fleet of veflcls
of war.

AVARIE, the damage or lofs which a (hip
may have fullained, by accidents or bad
weather, in her voyage; alfo the duty
paid for anchoring in a port.

AVASTE, avafV.

A V AU Feau^ to fail with the tide, to tide it
lip or down a river.

AUBALE' IRIERES, a fort of balluftrade
ereiled on the fides of a row-galley, 'to
fupport the rails of the gang-way, &c.

AUBIER, the fap of timber.

AUBINET, or Sabit Aubinet, No man's
land.

AUGE à goudron, a tar-bucket.

AVIRON, an oar. See Rame.

AVITAILLEMENT, or AvicTUAiM-E-
MF.NT, the fca-vi£lua!ling or provifion
of a fliip.

AVITAILLEUR, or AvicTUAiLtEure,
an agent-victualler, or contracftor for
fupplying a fhip with fea-provifions.

AULIRE,ûiw;yn^of canvafs over the decks,
to preferve them from being cracked or
fpiit by the heat of the fun. It is fup-
ported by a range of flanchions. See
Tendelet.

AU LOF, lufF. The order from the pi-
lot to fleer nearer the wind. See Olofe'e.

AUMONIER, the fca-chaplain.
AVOCAT Fifcil. See Fiscal.
AVOIER, to rife, to frefticn ; exprefled

of the wind when it has changed.
AVOIR gagné, to have fore-reached, or

gained upon ; fpokcn of a vcflel relatively

to fome other in fight.
Avoir le pied marin, to wear fea-(hoes ; or

to walk firm in a fliip like a failor.
Avoir pratique, to have pratic, or free in-

tercourfe with the natives, after having

performed quarantine.
Avoir vent arrière, to have the wind aft.
Avoir vent de bout, to have the wind right

an-end, or a-head. See Aller de bout,

iffe.
AU plus près de vent, clofe upon a wind.

See Aller au plus près, (s'e.
AUSSIERE, or Hausiere, a hawfer or

fmail cable.
AUTAN, a guft or fquall of wind from

the fouth.
AUTARELLES, the thoules or rowlock-
pins of a galley.
AVUSTE, or Ajuste, a bend, or knot

by which the ends of two ropes are

fattened together.
AVUSTER, to bend, or tie two ends of

rope together.

BABORD. See Bas-bord.
BAC, a large flat-bottomed ferry-
boat, for horfes, carriages, &c. See
Chaland.

Bac à naviger, a punt, or fmall boat, ufed
by the fhipwrights to carry pitch, tar, &c.

BACALAS, cleats of various kinds.

BACALIAU, a name given to dried fait
cod-fiai.

BACASSAS, a fort of lighter, fomewhat
refemblingan American periagua.

BACHE, or Bachot, a yawl or wherry.

BACLAGE, a tier ot boats moored along-
fide of each other.

BACLER Us ports, to fortify harbours by
fixing chains or booms athwart their en-
trances; alfo to bar-in the gun-ports of
a (hip.

BAGUE, a fmall grommet, or wreath fix-
ed in the eye-let hole in a fiil.

B.ME. See Baye.

BAILLE, an half-tub ufed to contain fliof,
grenades, matches, &c. alfo to hold wa-
ter for cooling the guns in time of act. on,
or to freflien the fait provifions.

BAJOU, or Bajon', a fort of tiller.

BAISSER, to fall down with the tide ; tO'
drive or be carried along, according to
the courfe of the flream.

Baisser le pavillon. See Amener.

Baisser les voiles, to lower the fails.

BALAI du ciel, the fweeper of the fky ; a
name given by failors to the north-weft
v/inds of America, which always produce
clear weather.

BALANCER, to balance, that is, to con-
traift, retrench, or fold up part of a fail at
one corner. It is peculiar to the mizen,
and to main-fails extended on a boom.
See Fanon.

BALANCIER de lampe, the rings by
which tlie lamp is flung in thebinacle.
BALANCIERS

BAR

BALANCIERS de compas, or de houJf'-Je,
the gimbals of a fea-compifs, by which
it is hung in equilibrium.

BALANCINES, lilts of the yards.

Bai.ancine de chaloupe, the topping-lift of
a boat's boom.

BALAN1\ the bight of a rope.

BALAYEUR d'une navire, the fwabber or
fwceper of a ihip, ufuaily called captain-
fwabber.

BALCONS, the galleries framed in the
ftern or quarter of a great fliip.

BALISE, a fea-mark ; the beacon or buoy
of a (hoai, or dangerous channel.

BALLAST. See Lest.

BALON, a fort of galley or barge of S iam.

BANC, a fand-bank ; alfo the bench,
thwart, or beam of a boat.

Banc àiajjioir, the feats or benches placed
in the ftcrn-lheets of a boat or fmall veflel.

Banc à coucher, a fort of folding bcd-
flcad, or fcttee-bed.

Bances de rameurs, the 'thwarts or feats of
the rowers in a galley or row-boat.

BANCHE, a ridge or reef of rocks, under
the furface of the water.

BANDE, th»; fide of a (hip ; alfo a coaft,
or the fiJe of a river. Hence

Bande du nord, the northern fhore, 5:c.

Valjfeau à la Bande, a fliip laid on the ca-
reen.

Bande de /abords, &i\CT of gun-ports on one
fide of a fhip.

BANDER une voile, to line a fail at the
ed':^es in order to ftrengthcn it.

BANDIERES, the flig or colours in the
language of the gal lies.

BANDINS, a fort of ft.inchions or fmall
pill.irs, ornamented with fcuipturc, and
ufed to fupport the after-canopy or awn-
ing of a row-galley.

BANDOULIERE, a cartridge-box for
niufquetry, ufed by the marines or others
who fight with fmall arms.

BANNEAU. ScelîouEE.

BANQUE, a banker, or veflel which fifties
on the bank"! of Ncwfciitidhnd, &c.

BANQUE riES, the ftretchcrs of a gal-
ley or row-boat.

BAl'TEME, the ceremony of ducking a
failor the firft time he pallcs the line, or
tropics; firom whitli he may be redeemed
by payinij; a certain forfeit. Hence

RAITISER, to duck, &c.

Baptiser, un wsijjenu, to give a fliip her
name at the time of launchmg.

BARAT, or Baratecme, the forfeiture

or fine paid by the matter of a fliip and
his crew, for embezzling part of the car-
go, or fuffering it to be damaged by neg-
lei£t of ftowage, &c.

BARBE. See Sainte-Barbe.

BARBES d'un vaiffi-au, the entrance or
fore-foot of a fliip.

BARBEYER, to touch or fhiver; expref-
fed of a fail when fhaking in the wind.

BARCES, (hort cannon, refembling a fal-
conet, formerly ufed at fea.

BARCO-LONGO, a Spanifti coafting-
boat.

BARD IS, water-boards or weather-boards.

Bardis alfo implies the partitions occa-
fionally formed in tiie hold to feparate
différent fpecies of grain, when the fliip
is laden therewith, &:c.

BARGE, an old word for fkifFor yawl.

BARIL, Barillage, Bariq^ie, fmall
cafks of difterent iizes.

Bakil dc poudre, a powder-cafk, contain-
ing an hundred pounds of gun-powder.

Barillard, the ft:eward, or officer who
has charge of the wine and water in the
row-gall ies.

BARIQUES, à/eu, or /oudrcyantes, thun-
dering-barrels, or cafks which contain
the fire-pots in a fire-fliip.

BARQUE, a fettee, or two-mafted veflel
with lateen fails.

Barque à eau, a watering-boat, or veflel
employed for carrying water.

Barq^je d'avis, an advice-boat.

Bar(iiie dc de/cente, a fort of lighter.

Barque, de vivandier, a provifion-boat ; a
bum-boat.

Barqjie droite, the order to trim the boat
upright, when fhe heels.

Barque en /agit, a boat in frame j an af-
femblage of all the pieces of a boat,
ready formed and put on (hip-board, in
order to build her at the place where flic
may be required.

Barijjie longue, or dmhle chalcupe, a fort of
pinacc, or lari^e lon^-boat.

BARQUEROLES, B ar'^u ette, or
Barcanette, a fort of paflage-boats.

BARRE, the bar of a harbour; alfo a chain
or rocks.

Barre à b-.rd, hard over ! the order to pur
the helm clofe to the fliip's fide.

Barre J'arcajj'e, a tranfom. Sec LissES.

Bar k^ de gouvernai!, the tiller of the helm.

Barri dfgouvcm.iil, toute a lord, the whole
force of the helm when the tiller is hard
a-ftirboard, or hard a-port.
X \ Change

BAS

BAT

Change la Barre, the order to the ftcerf-

man lo (hift the liclm.
Pouffe la Barre à arriver^ no nearer, put

the helm a-wcather.
PcuJJi la Barre à venir an vent, lufl, or

keep your luff".
Barre de pompe, the pump-fpear.
Barre de pont, the dcck-tranfom, parallel

to the wiiig-traiiloni.
BARRER, to Heure ; as. Barrer un

port, to fccurc or defend a harbour, by

fixing a boom acrofs the mouth of it.
BARRES, the booms or chains fixed acrofs

a harbour, to iecure it from the ad'aults

of an enemy. See Estaccadf.
Barres de cabejlan, the bars of the crab or

capflern.
Barres de contre-arcade, or fous barres

efarcajje, the lower tranfoms.
Barres d'écoutille, the hatch-bars.
Barres de hune, barreaux, or tejfeaux, the

frames of the crofs-tiees and trelUe-trees.
Barres de panneaux d'écoutille, the carlings,

or ledges placed athw.irt under the covers

of the hatchways.
Barres de porte, the gun-port bars, by

which their covers are faftened in.
Barres de virevaut, the hand-fpccs, or bars

of a windlafs.
BARRILLARD. Sec Barillard.
BARROTE, full to the beams; an epithet

given to a veflel which is laden up to the

beams of her deck. Whence
BARROTS, the beams of the higher decks.
BARROTINS, ledges, or fmall fpars,

placed between the beams.
Barrotins decaillebotis, ledges of the grat-
ings.
Barrotins d'écoutilles, the fpurs of the

beams, or the pitces which are joined to

the beams, to fortify the deck a-brealt of

the hatchv.'ays.
BAS de foie, iron garters; a cant-term im-
plying bilboes or fetters.
BAS le pavillon, the orders to haul down the

colours.
BASBORD, the larboard o.-- left fide of a

(bip.
Vaifiau de Bajbord, a low built vcfil-l,

whofe deck extends not throughout her

whole length.
Basbord tout, hard a-port; the order to

put the helm clofe to the larboard, fide.
BASBORDES, or Basbordujs, the lar-
board-watch.
BASE des fahords, the plank between the

lower edges of the gun-ports and the wale.

BAS-FOND, a Hioal or (liallow.

BASSE, or Batture, a ridge of rocks,
land-banks, iic. with breakers.

Basse eau, low- water ; the la(l of the ebb.

BASSES voiles, the courfes, or principal
lower fails of afhip, viz. main-fail, fore-
iail, and mizcn ; and fometimes mizen
ftay-fail and fore-fail.

BASSIN, a b.ifin, or bafon ; alfo a fmall
harbour witb.in a larger one.

BASTARD de racage, the parrel-rope.

BASTARDE, the largeft fall of a galley,
which is only carried in fair weather and
light winds.

BASTARDES,orBATARDELLES,fquarc-
(lerncd row-gallics.

BASTINGAGE, painted quarter-cloths,
or vvaift-cloths ; alfo the quarter net-
tings, &c.

BASTUDE, a peculiar fort of fifliing-net.

BATAILLE navale, a general or particular
fca-fight.

BATARDEAU, a fort of dam.

BATAYOLLES, the quarter flanchions,
or the flanchions which fupport the rails
of the waifl: and quarter.

BATAYOLETTES, fmall flanchions,
ufed to fuflain the awnings.

BATEAU, a general name for fevcral
kinds of boats ; as.

Bateau dilejleur, a ballafl-boat or lighter.

Bateau pêcheur, a fifliing-boat, &c.

BATELE'E, the lading; or number of
pafl'engers, to be carried in a boat.

BATELIERS, the boat-men; the wherry-
men.

BATIMENT, a veffel or fmall fbipof any
kind.

BA TON ajlronomique, Jacob's ft.;fF; an
inflrunient formerly ufed for tukmg alti-
tudes at ft-a.

Baton dmeche, a lint-ftock. See Boute-

FEU.

Baton de flamme, the flick which fpreads

the inner part of a pendent.
Baton de girouette, the fpindle or flag-flafi"

upon which the vane turns, at the mafl-

head.
Baton de juftice, a cobbing-board.
là AT on de pavilion, or d'cnfeigne, the flag-

llafF, or enfign-ftaff.
Baton de vodel, or de guifpon, the handle

of a long tar-briifh or pitch-mop.
BATONNE E d\au, the quantity of wa-
ter thrown out by a fhip's pump at each

flroke of the brake or handle.
BATTANT de pavillon, the fluttering or

BEL

B O I

waving of an enfign, as it flics iti the
wind.

Battant, fly of the cnHgn.

BATTERIE, the whole r;inge of cannon
placed oil both fides of any one deck in a
vcfl'cl of war.

Batterie U' demie, a deck and a half of
cannon ; fpoken of a frigate which car-
ries cannon on her upper-deck and quar-
ter-deck only.

Melle la Battehie dehor;, the order to
run the guns out.

Mette la Batterie dedmts, run in the guns.

BATTRE aux champs, to found a march
or chace at fea.

Battre à Diane, to beat a reveille on the
drum, as at day-break.

Battre la marche, to give the fignal for
failing.

BATTU, weather-beaten, fhattcred by a
ftorm, or difabled in battle.

BATTURE. See Basse.

BAU, a beam of the lower-decks.

Bau de dale, the hindermolt or aftmoft
beam.

Bau de lof, the foremoft beam in a fhip.

BAV-maitre, or Maitre-B av , the midfliip-
bcam, or the beam which is placed at the
extreme breadth.

BAUX, flrong pieces of timber, extending
acrofs a fhip, from fide to iidc, to fupport
the decks, and retain the fides at their
proper diftances.

BAVx-faux, or Fûux-Bauk, the beams of
the orlop.

BAUDET, a fawyer's frame, horfe, or
treftle.

BAUQUIERES, the clamps, or inner
planks, by whicii the beams of a (hip
reft upon her fides,

BAYE, a bay or bight.

BAYES, or Baies, d'un vaijfeaux, the
holes in the deck through which the
mads are let down, called alfo the part-
ners.

BEAUPRE', the bowfprit. Whence

Petit Beaupré', the jib-boom.

Beaupré' fur poupe, clofe behind ; fpoken
of one fliip which is fo near to the (Itrn
of another, in chace or otherwife, that
the bowfprit of the former han^^s over the
ftern of the latter.

BEC de corl'in, a caulker's fliarp iron, or
inftrumeiit, with which he cuts the old
oakum out of a feam.

BE'L ANDRE, a fmall vefll-l, carrying
.ibout eighty tons, and ufually navigati;d

by three or four men. This is nowifc
like the Englifh bilander.

BELLE, the main-deck, or waifl. Sec
Embeli.e.

BERCEAUX. See Bigot.

BERCHE. See Barces.

BERCjE, a bold fhore ; alfo an artificial
mound, or rampire, on the banks of a
river, to prevent it from overflowing.

BERNE, a waft of the enfign : hence

Mettre le pavillon en Berne, to hoift the
enfign with a waft.

BESSON, the arching or convexity of the
beams and decks. SeeToNTURE.

BESTION, the head, or ornamental fi-
gure, on the prow of a fliip.

BIDON, or Canette, a can.

BIGOTS, the ribs of a parrel. See Ra-

CAGE.

BIGUES, certain props, or fhores, let into
the ports of a fhip, to bear her up when
fhe lefts upon the ground j alfo the marts
of a flieer-hulk.

BILANDRE, a fmall merchant vefici with
two mafis, but dift'ering from the Britidi
of that name.

BILLE, the beckets of the tacks and fheets.

BILLER, to faften a rope to a boom, in
order to ride or tow a boat.

BILLOTS, dead-wood, or (hort pieces of
timber hiid upon t'lc keel, between the
crotches, afore and abaft. See Contre-

QUILLE.

BISCUIT, bifcuit, fea-bread.

BISE, vent de nord-nord-ejl, the north-

north-eaft wind.
BISTORD, fpun-yarn.
BiSTORD de trois Jih, three-yarn fpun-yarn;
BITTES, the bits. Whence,
BITTER le cable, to bit the cable.
BITTON, a port fixed on a wharf, or pier,

whcicto to faften a cable.
BITi'ONS, or Taql'ets, the top-fail-

(iKit bits.
BIT IT; RE, a range of the cable drawn

upon the deck, as ready tor bitting.
BLEU, a temporary or aiiting officer, who

performs the duty of anotlier while the

latter is fick or abf'.nt.
lîLlN, a machine ufed to drive the wedges

under a ftup's bonom, when file is to be

launched.
BLOCCiUER, or Bloc^uer. See Ploc-

QJ-'ER.

BOi'VV^ du gouvernail, the rudder-cafe, or
the box placed above the rudder-head, up-
on thcdcck, through which the tiller palVes.
X X 2 liOM-

B O R

BOS

BOMBARDE, a bomb-veffel, a ketch.

Sec Galiote.
BOMBE', incurvated ; an epithet given by

fhipwrights to crooked timber, fit for

knees, crotches, or (tandards.
BOMERIE, bottomry.
BON-FR AIS,a ftcady breeze,or frefh gale.
BONNACE, calm weather, with a fmooth

fea.
BONNE de nage, fwift of rowing ; a fine

rower.
BoNNE-voCLiE, a volunteer-rowcr in the

^allies.
BONNEAU, a buoy. See Boue'e and

Orin.
BONNETTE, the bonnet of a fail ; alfo

a general name for ftudding-fails.
Bonnette lardée, a bag or bafket charged

with cinders, aflics, and chopped oakum,

to be ufed in the adt of Pothering,

which fee.
Lajfer la Bonnette, to lace on the bon-
net of a fail to its principal pajt.
BONNETTES, en étui, a general name

for all {ludding-fails.
BON-TOUR, a favourable fwing or turn :

exprefTed of a fhip when flie keeps her

hawfe clear by winding the right way.
BORD, the fide of a fhip.
Renverfer, tourner, changer le BoRXi, to veer

or tack.
Rendre le BoRD, to anchor, to come to an

anchor.
Bord à bard, along-fide ; fpoken of two

fhips lying near to each other.
Bord allonge, or qui allonge, a long board ;

underftood of a veflcl plying to wind-
ward.
Bord à terre. Bord au large, ftanding in,

or off, fhore.
B RD de la mer, the fea-cnaft, or fhore.
HoRD fur bord, tack for tatk, hank for hank.
Faire un Bord, to make a tack.
Bon Bord, a good board.
Courir même Bord que l'ennemi, to ftand on

the fame t.ick with the enemy.
BORDAGE, the planks of a (hip's fide.

Hence
Franc Bordage, the ouifide planks.
BORDAGES de fond, the phnks of the

bottom or floor.
BoRDAGts pour recouvrir lei ponts, the

phnks of the decks.
BORDE au vent, iif BoRDE /oui Ic vent,

haul aft the (htcts.
BOKDE E, one board in tacking; alfo a

v.'atch of part of the crew.
6

Faire le grande Borde'e, to fct a watch of
half the fhip's crew, when in any danger-
ous road, ufualiy called the fea-watch.

Faire la petite Borde'e, to fct the quarter-
watch.

Borde'e de canon, all the guns on one fide
of a fhip, ufualiy called a broadfide.

Envoyer une Borde e, donner la Borde'e,
todifch.nrsc the broadfide upon an enemy.

Courir plufieun Bordic'es, to ply to wind-
ward by boards, or by tacking.

BORDER, to plank a fliip, or lay on her
outfide planks ; alfo to If and towards,
examine, or obfervc the motions of an
enemy at fca.

Border ts" brcffer au vent, to trim the
fails by the wind.

Border à quoin, to plank a fliip with
clench-work, or plank-over-p!:ink.

Border m louvelle, to lay on the planks
level, or with their furfaces even.

Border l'artimon, to haul the mizen flicet
flat aft, or clofe aft.

Border les avirons, to fliip the oars ready
for rowing.

Bordfr les écoutes arriéres, to haul aft both
fhects of a fail, for going afore the
wind.

Border les écoutes tout plat, to tally the
fheets flat aft.

Border uu vaiffeau, to board or enter a
fhip, cither in a hoftile or friendly man-
ner.

Border une voile, to trim a fail by the tacks
and fheets.

BORDIER, lap-fided; expreffed of a fhip
which is flronger on one fide than the
other,

BORDS, leeches ; borders or edges of a
fail, which are either floping or perpen-
dicular.

BORE AL, vent Boreal, the northern
wind.

BORNAGER, a method of fhoving a
great boat off from the fliore, in a river,
by fixing one end of the fetting-pole
againft her fide, whilft the other bears
upon the ground.

BOSPHORE, a (freight, or narrow chan-
nel ; as the Thraciau Bofphorus.

BOSSAGE, a name given by (liipwrights
to crooked tiiiibcr, fit for knees, &c.

BOSSE, a powder- flafk, ufed by privateers,
in naval engigements.

5<'rr^-BossE, the (hank- painter.

BOSSEMAN, ot fécond contre maître, the
boatl'wain's mate.

BOSSER

B O U

^ BOSSER l'ancre, to flow the anchor upon
the bow, he. to hoift: it up thereon by
the cat and fini-t:ic!tlcs,

BossfR Ic Cable, to ftopper the cable. From

BOSSES, ftoppers of the fhrouds or ftays.

Bosses à aiguillettes, or à rubans, ftoppers of
the cable.

Bosses de chiiloupe, or de canot, the boat's
painter or niooring-rope.

Bosses Ju bojfoir, or de bout, the anchor-
ftoppers at the cat-head.

BOSSOIRS, the cat-heads of a fhip.

BO'I", a boat, of feveral kinds. VVhencc

Paguet-HoT, a packet, or packet-boat.

BOIJCHI'., the mouth of a river. Bouchaut
is alfo i'ometi'iies ufed in this fenfe.

Bouche de canon, the bore or caliber of a
piece of niilnance.

BOUCHIN. the extreme breadth of a fliip,
from outfidc to outfide.

BOUCHON d'étcupe, de f'An, ou de paille,
the wad of a cannon, formed of oakum,
hay, &c.

BOUCHOTS, crawls, pens, or places in-
clofed by hurdles, for filhing on the fea-
coaft.

BOUCLE, fhackles or bilboes.

Mettre un matelot fous Boucle, to confine a
failor, or put him in irons.

En port Boucle', a harbour which is land-
locked.

EOUDINURE de I'arganeau, the pudden-
ing; of the anchor. See Embodinure.

BOUE'E, a buoy ; a clofe cafk, or block
of wood, fattened by a rope to an anchor,
to afcertain its fituation with rcfpe;5t to
the fhip ; or over banks, fhalldws, and
rocks, as a warning to pafliiig (hips to
avoid them.

Boue'e dc bout de mat, a wooden-buoy,
formed of an end of a maft.

liouE'E debarril, a can-buoy, or nun-buoy.

BOUOE, incurvatcd ; fpokcn of a piece of
timber ; alio of the rounding or convexity
of the decks and beams. SceToi^iURE.

BOUHvLAR, a Iquall, a cloud charged
with win I anii rain.

BOUILI.ONEMKNT, the rippling of a
rivL-r, as it is dilchar^rcd into the ocean.

BOULETS, balls or bullets of a cannon.
Wiiencc

BoULEis rouge, red-hot bullets.

BuULETS à chaîne, chain-fhot.

Boulets ci branches, or « deux tetcs, bar-
(licit, or double-headed (hot.

BOULIER, a fort of fi(hing-nct.

BOULINE, the bowline of a fail.

Bouline de la grand voile, the niain bow-
line.

Bouline de revers, the lee-bowlinc.

Faire ccurir la Bouline, to fentcnce a cri-
minal to run the gauntlope.

BOULl.NER. Sec aller à la bouline.

BOULINGUE, the royal-fail.

BOULINIER, a (hip th?.t fails clofe-
hauled. Hcnce /-c/.' Boulin 1ER fignifîcs
a (hip that plies well to windward.

BOULON, an iron bolt. Sec Che-
ville.

Boulons d'uffût, the bolts of the gun-
carriages.

BOUQUE, an entrance or channel be-
tween iflands, or in narrow Teas.

BOUQUETS, the fore-thwarts, or fore-
(!i"ets of a boat.

BOURCER un voile, to carry a fail clewed
up, or hauled up in the brails. Sec Car-

GUER.

EOURCET, a name given to the fore-
fail and fore-maft of fmall vefTels in the
Englifli Channel.

BOURGEOIS, the proprietor or owner of
a (hip.

Bourgeois is alfo the pcrfon who bargains
with a (hipwright to build a fliip, called
the contra(5tor or (hip's hufband,

BOURGUIGNON, an ifland of ice.

BOURRASQUE, a violent fquall of wind.

BOURRE, the wadding of a charge in
artillery.

BOURRELET, or Bourlet, the pud-
denings of the yards.

BOURSE, or Bource, the exchange, or
place of rcfort for merchants, mariners,
&c. in a commcicial fea-port.

BOUSSOLE, or Compas de route, the
fea-compafs.

Boussole affoLe, an erroneous or dcfeiHive
compafs. SeeAfEoLE'E.

Boussole de cadran, an horizontal dial,
with a magnetical needle.

BOUT de beaupré, a boom uftd for a bow-
fprit in fmall vcfTels.

Bout dc corde, a rope's end, a (hort piece
of rope.

Bout de cable, piece of junk, or old cable.

Bouts de corde, a cat rt nine tails, colt or
rope's end for punilhnieiit.

Bout dc vergue, the yard-arm, but more
particularly that p;irt of it which reaches
beyond the upper corners of its rcfpcc-
tive fail, to extend the reef.

BOUTE DEHORS, the ftudding-fail
booms : this name i^ Aio given co a imall

BRA

B R I

mart erected in the tops, to hoift up and
fix the caps on the mad-head.

Boute dehors, is likcwife a boom to pufh
oft' fome contiguous {hip, particularly
when ftie approaches for any hoflile pur-
pofc, as to board, &c. in which fcnfc it
is ufually called firc-boom.

BouTi- de i.f, orHoUTE-LOF, the bumkin,
or boom of the fore-tack.

Boute- FEU, a iint-ftock; alfo the name
of an officer who is appointed to fire the
cannon.

BoUTE-LOF. See Bouter de lof.

Bouter h cable au cabejlan, i;f virer F ancre,
to bring the cable to the capftern, or to
bring to the cable, and heave towards
the anchor.

BOUTEILLES, the quarter-badges of a
fliip. See Balcons.

Bouteilles de callehaffi, bundles of buo-
yant rufhes, ufed in the excrcife of learn-
ino; to fwim.

BOUTER, to bear ofF, to pufli, to join,
&c.

Bouter à Pern, to launch into the water,
to put to fea.

Bouter au large, to ftand out into the
offing.

Bouter de lof, to haul the wind ; to trim
(harp.

BOUTES, large cafks, which hold frefli
water for the ufe of a fea-voyage.

BOUTEUX, or Bout de quevre, a fort of
filhing-rod.

BOUTONNER la bonette. See Bon-
nette.

BOYE. See Boue'e or Balise.

BOYER, a kind of Dutch Hoop.

BR AGUE, the breeching of a cannon ufed
at Tea.

BR AI, pitch, llence braier un vaifeau, is
to pay the fcams of a (hip with hot melt-
ed pitch, after they are caulked with
oakum. It is fometimes mixed with
other compofitions, to nourifli the tim-
ber, and is then called Brai gras.

BRANCHE (/f <.-//»Yy, beaconage; a fmall
duty paid by Ihipping in France, for
keeping the beacons in repair.

"Bw AtiCHr. fuper'uure d'une courbe, the upper
part of a knee or ftandard.

Branche d'cwbas, the lower arm of a
knee, &c.

BRANLE, a hammock.

Tendre l:s Branles, to fling the ham-
mocks.

Branle bas, or fort Branle, the order
to lafh up and take down all the ham-
mocks between decks, in order to pre-
pare for engagement, or otherwifc to
clear the (hip.

BRAS, the brace of a yard.

Tenir un Bras, to haul in and faftcn the
brace.

Ben Bras, braced to a large wind; braced-
in.

Bras de revers, the lee-brace.

Bras, or Branches d'ancre, the anchor-
arms.

BRASSE, a fathom, or mcafurc of fix
feet.

BRASSEYAGE, the inner quarters of a
yard between the Ihrouds.

BRASSER à faire fervir, to fill the fails
after they have been braced a-back.

Brasser au vent, to brace the fails in ; or
to haul in the weather-braces.

Brasser les voiles fur le mât, to brace the
fails aback, or lay them to the maft.
This is alfo called Brasser à contre.

Sec COEFFER.

Brasser fous le vent, to brace to leeward,
to brace-up the yards.

BRAYES, the tarred canvas coats of the
mafi:.

BREDINDIN, a fmall ftay-tackle, or
burton, affixed to the main-ftay.

BREE, a fort of warrant or commiffion
from the (late, allowing a fhip to pur-
chafe provifions, condudling her fafe on
the coaft, and exempting her from other
duties.

BREGIN, a fort of fifhing-net, with very
fmall mefhes, ufed in the Mediterra-
nean.

BREQUIN, or r/&-BREQL'iN, a fliip-
wright's wimble to bore wood.

BRESSIN, a tackle-hook. See Palan.

BREVET, CoNNoissEMENT, Police de
chargement, a bill of lading.

Brevet d' offcier, the commifTion or war-
rant of an officer.

BREUILLER. See Carguer.

BREUILS. See Cargues, Martinets.
and Garcettes.

BRIDER l'ancre, to fhoe the anchor *.

• Tliis manœuvre, according to the bed of my flukes of an anchor, with two pieces of plank, to

information, is very little known amongft our ma- ftrengthen and prevent tliem froin turning in a foft

rina-s ; it is performed by lining, or doublinc;, the and oozy ground.

6 " BRIEUX,

CAB

BRIEUX, a term ufed in Britanny to ex-
prcfs the falutation of ftriking the flag,
or top- fails, to an admiral, &:c. Alloa
duty paid for entering a harbour.

BRIGANTIN, a fmall light veflel, navi-
gated by oars and f;iils ; but differing ex-
tremely from the veflll known in Eng-
land by the name of brig or brigan-
tine.

BRIMBALE, the brake or handle of a
Ihip's pump.

BRION, ihe fore-foot, placed at the extre-
mity of the keel forward.

BRIS, a duty formally paid to the lord of
the manor, by thofe who fuficrcd (hip-
wr^ck thrreon. This unjufb exaction is
now totally abolifhed. Sec Debris.

BRISANT, or Brisans, a flielf or ridge
of rocks near the furface of the water, and
diflinguiflied by the breakers that burll
over it ; it is alio applied to the breakers
thenîfelve.'î.

BRISE, a frcfh gale or breeze ; alfo the
trade-winds, or fea-breczes between the
tropics.

Brise carabinée^ a violent wind or fquall.

BRISER, to fplit, or dafh forcibly againfl

a rock or fhelf ; cxpreflcd of a fliip when
fhc is (Irandcd.

BRISES, the land-winds which blowduring
the night in the Weft-inJics, 6cc.

BROCHETER, to give the fcantlings of
the feveral pieces of a Ihip's frame.

BROU, the bark of the cocoa, of which
the Indians form the cordage ufed in their
fliipping.

BRUINE, fmall drizzling rain.

BRULOT, a firc-ihip.

BRUME, a mift or fog at fea.

Ttms embrume', or couvert de brouillard,
tluck mifly wcnther.

BUCENTAURE, a fort of galley ufed by
the lljte of Venice, when the doge per-
forms the annual ceremony of efpoufmg
the fca.

BUCHE, a herring-bufs, or fmall fly-bout
ufed in the herring-filhcry.

BULLEl'lN, a certificate given to fca-
ofEcers and failors, whi-n they are rcgif-
ttred in a port, to tcftily their qualities,
age, privileges, and time of fervice.

BURINS. S^ee Tappes.

BUTIN, the pillage or plunder of a prize
taken from an enemy.

CABANE, a flat-bottomed paflage-
boat, with a deck, navigated on the

river Loire.
CABANES, the cabins or apartments

wherein the officers and failors flccp or

mefs aboard a fhip. See Teugue.
CAliESTAN, the capftern or crab of a

Ihip.
Virer uit Cabestan, to heave at the cap-

ff.rn.
CAlilLLO r, a toggel ; alfo a wooden pin

for bcl.iying ropes.
CABLE, thj cable ; alfo a meafure of 120

fathoms, called by the Eiiglifli fcamen a

cable's length.
Cable à pic^ the fituation of the cable

when the Ihip is clofc a-peek upon her

anchor.
Caulk de toucî, a flrcam-cable, or large

hail fer.
Cable tourney or qui a uit tour, or dcrni-taur

a foul hawfc ; a crofs or elbow in the

hawfc.

Bitter k Cable, to bit the cable, or clap
it on the bits. See Bitter.

Couper, or tailler le Cable, to cut the ca-
ble in the hawfe.

Dormer le Cable à un vaijj'eau, to give a
cable's end to another Ihip ; to take a Ihip
in tow at fea.

Filtr du Cable, to flack out or veer away
the cable. See Filer.

Laijjcr trainer un C a b L E fur le fdlage du xmif-
jaiu, to drag a cable in the ihip's wake in
order to ict^rd iicr courfe, when Ihe is
chafed by a Vt llll of inferior force, which
is decoyed, by this ftratagem, till within
re.ich ol her cannon.

Lover un Cable, to coil a cable.

CAULEAU, the painter, or mooring-ropc
of a boat.

CAULER. to make l.nrge ropes or cables.

CAliO TACiE, the art of a coaffing-pilot ;
as die knowledge of the Ihore, the tides,
ports, rivers, capes, foundings, &c. on
%ny particular coalt.

CABOTER,

CAL

CAN

CABOTER, tocoaft, or fail along tlic
(hoie between cape and cape.

CABOTIERK, a barge ; alfo a large flat-
bottomed lighter with a long rudder.

CABRE, a fort af gin, or machine rcfem-
bling the flieers of a (hip, and ufed to
heave up piece's of timber on the wharf of
a river.

CABRIONS, certain wedges fixed under
the train of a gun-carriage, to fecure the
cannon when the lea is very higii.

CADENES ^k hdubans, the chains of the
flirouds, the chain-plates.

CADRE, a bed-frame, refembling the
frame of a cott, wherein the fea-officers
fleep : thefe are ufually bottomed with
fmall cords by the French, and flung by
the corners without a cott, or cover of
canvas.

CAGE. SeeHuNE.

CAGOUILLE, a fort of volute or orna-
ment fixed on the extremity of the prow
of polacrcs, xebecs, tartans, as exhibited
in fig. 12. plate XII.

CAIC, the yawl or (kifF of a galley ; alfo
a fmall Polifli vcflcl, navigated on the
Black Sea.

CAIES, a ridge of rocks, or fand-banks ;
called in the Weft Indies, keys.

CAILEBOTIS, the gratings of the hat-
ches.

CAJOLER, to ply to windward with the
tide ; to work by (hort tacks.

CAISSE de poulie. See Arcassf. and

MOUFFLE.

CAJUTES, the cabins or bed-places,

which are ranged along the infide ot a

merchant-fhip, for the common failors,

&c.
CALANGE, or Cale, a fmall harbour

behind a hill, or rifing ground, on the

fea-coaft.
CALCETS, the cheeks or hounds of the

mart, which fupport the brazen blocks

in a galley.
CALE, the hold of a {hip ; likewife the

lead of a filhing-line ufed to fmk the

bait.
Donner la Cale, to duck or plunge an

oft'cnder from the yard-arm into the fea,

by way of punifliment.
Donner la gnmd Cale, to keel-haul; a

punifliment peculiar to the Dutch.
CÀLE-BAS, a down-haul, or down-haul

tackle.

CALE-HAUBAN, a breaft back-flay for

the top-maft or top-gallant-maft.
CALER, to fink down in the water; alfo

to founder at fea.
Caler les voiles. See Amener.
Caler alfo fignifies to quoin or wedge up

any thing.
CALE-TOUT, the order to let go amain,

or at once.
CALEAS, or rather Calfat, caulking.
CALE AT, or Calfateur, a caulker.
Calfat alfo fignifies a caulking-iron.
Calfat double, a caulker's making-iron.
CALFATER, to caulk a flup or boat.
CALFATIN, a caulker's boy, who fpins

or twifts his oakum.
CALIBRE, the bore of a cannon or other

fire-arm.
Calibre devaijjeau, the model of afhip.
CALIORNE, a winding-tackle; a tackle

formed by a rope pafling through two

three-fold blocks.
CALME, calm, a cefTation of wind.
Calme tout plat, a dead calm, or a flat

calm. Whence
CALMER, to become calm.
CAMBRER, to bend the planks or boards

of a fliip to their proper curve, by ftoves,

&c.
CAMPAGNEyJ/r 7ncr, a voyage, a cruife

at fea during a feafon, or limited fpace of

time.
CANAL, a canal, flreight, or channel.
Canal de Fctrave, the concavity in the top

of the ftem, wherein the bowfprit refts.
Canal, or Creux autour d'une poulie, the

channel of a block through which the

rope paflcs, over the flicave or wheel.
CANDELETTE, the fore-tackle. See

Capion.
CANEFAS, canvas or fail-cloth. See

Toile.
CANON, a cannon, or piece of ordnance.
Canon à la Jerre, a gun houfcd athwart,

with the top of its muzzle bearing againit

the upper edge of the port.
Canon allongé contre le bord, a gun houfed

fore-and-aft, clofe to the fhip's fide, a-

breaft of its own port.
Canon aux [abords, a gun levelled to the

point-blank range.
Canon de courfier, the bow-chace of a row-
galley.
Canon démaré, a cannon drawn in to be'

charged.

Canon,

CAP

CAR

Canon détapé, a cannon with its tompion

taken out.
Canon moindre, a cannon wliofu calibre is

not proportioned to the thicJcncfs of the

metal.
Canon renforcé, a cannon whofe breech is

reinforced, i. e. thicicer than the calibre,

which is the ufual dimenHon.
CANONNER, to cannonade ; to fire a

broadfide.
CANONNIER de vaijfeau, the gunner of

a fhip.
Second maître Canonnier, the gunner's

mate.
CANONNIERS, the quarter-gunners or

artillery-men of a fhip.
CANOT, a fliip's boat, cutter, or yawl.
Canot de bois, a canoe.
Canot jaloux, a crank-boat.
CANOTS, Indian canoes of various

kinds.
CANTANETTES, the light-ports in the

ftern of a galley.
CANTIBAI, a name given by fhip-

wrightsto timber which is full of cracks,

or fliakes, &c.
CAN TIMARON. See Catimaron.
CAP, the head or prow of a ihip.
Porter le Cay fur fennemi, to bear towards

the enemy.
On eft le cap ? how is the head ? how does

the (hip wind ?
Cap, a cape, head-land, or promontory.
Doubler le Cap, to double, or fail round, a

cape.
Cap de mort. Sec Chouc^uet.
Cap de mouton, the dead-eye of a (hroud

or ftay.
Cap de mouton à croc, an iron-bound dead-
eye, with a hook.
Cap de mouton de martinet, the dead-eye of

a crow-foot. Sec Moque.
CAPACITE' iCun vaijjeau, the burthen or

tonnage of a (hip.
CAPE, or GPvAND Pacfi, the mainfail.
Capeyer, or Etre a /«Cape, to try under the

mainfail, or fome other of the courfes,

when all the topfaili, he. arc furled.
CAPELAGE, the eye or collar of a pair

of (hrouds or backilays.
CAPELER lei haubans, to fix the (hrouds

on the maft-hcad.
CAPION, the ftern-poft of a galley. Sec

Rode.
Capion de proue, the ftem of a oalley.
CaPION à capion, from item to (tern.

CAPITAINE d'un vaiffeau de guerre, the

captain of a (hip of war.
Capitaine d'armes, a captain of marines.
Capitaine du hautbord, the captain of a

(hip of the line.
Capitaine du petit etàt, a mafter and

commander.
Capitaine de ports, the commandant of

a detachment of marines, appointed to

guard a dock-yard, and the (hipping in

the harbour.
Capitaine des matehts, an officer refem-

bling our captain of the fore-caftle.
Capitaine en fécond, the fécond captain,

or firft lieutenant of a fliip of war.
Capitaine garde-côte, a captain of the

militia appointed to guard the coafts.
CAPITANE, orCAPiTAiNEssE, a name

formerly given to the principal galley of

France.
CAPLANIER, a cod-fi(her, a veflel ap-
pointed to fifh and cure cod ; alfo the

men employed in this fcrvice.
CAPON, the cat-tackle.
CAPON NE, the order to cat the anchor»
CAPONNER l'ancre, to cat the anchor, or

draw it up at the cat-head.
CAPOSER, to bring a (hip to, with her

helm a-!ee.
Faire CAPOT, to cant, over-fct, or turn

topfy-turvy.
CAPRE, a veflel of war, or armed (hip.
CAQUE de poudre, a powder-ca(k; alio a

herring-barrel ; whence
CA(.^EURS, failors appointed to cure

and barrel the herring.
CARACORE, an Indian vefTel, peculiar

to the ifland of Borneo.
Caramoussail, a mcrchant-(hip of Tur-
key, conftrudcd with a very high ftern.
CARAQUE, a name given by the Portu-

guefc to fliips employed in the Brazil and

the Eaft-India trade.
CARAVELLE, a fmall fquare-fterned

Portuguefe veflel, navigated with lateen

fails ; and eftecmed very expeditious.
CARCASSE, the carcafe or ribs of afliip,

before the planks are laid on, or after

they are ripped off.
CARENAGE, a careening wharf.
CARENE, the outfide of a (hip's bottom.

This word is fometinics ufed for the kicl.
C.arene entier, a thorough careen, by

which afhip is heaved keel-out.
Demie Cap.ene, a parliamcnt-hcel, or boot-

tojiping.

Y y CARENER,

CAR

C H A

CARENER, donna- la carène à un vaijf'eau,
to careen or heave down a (hip with ca-
reening tackles to a wharf or pontoon.

CARGADOR, the perfon who procures a
freight or voyage for a merchant fliip.

CARGAISON, the cargo, or article» of
a fliip's lading.

CARGUE rt veil, a nab-line.

CARGUER, to clue up a fail, or haul it
up in the brails.

Carcuer I'artimo)!, to brail uptheniizen.

Carguer le point He la voile qui ejl fous le
vent, to haul up the lee-cluc-gan.et, or
goofe-quill of a fail.

CARGUES, a general name for the brails
of a fail, comprehending the clue-lines,
bunt-lines, leech-lines, kc.

Cargues d'artimon^ the brails of the mlzen.

Mettre les baffes voiles fur /«Cargues, to
haul-up the courfes, or haul the courfes
up in the brails.

Mettre les huniers fur les Cargues, to clue-
up the top-fails.

CARGUES-i(;.v//w«, the leech-lines.

Cargues «/if/iW, the bunt-lines.

Cargues dehune. See Retraite de hune.

Cargues dcjfous lèvent, the lee-brails, is'c.

Cargues du vent, the brails to windward,
or weather-brails.

Cargues />5(n/, the clue-garnets, or clue-
lines.

CARGUEUR, the top-block of a top-
gallant-maft.

CARLINGUE, or contre quille, the kelfon.

Carlingue de cabcjlan, the ftep of the
capftern.

Carlingue de pied de mât, the flep of a
maft.

CARNAU, the lateen forcfail of a fettee
Or polacrc.

CARREAU. See Lisse de platbord.

CARTAHU, girt-line, or gurt-Iine.

CARTE narine, a chart or map of the fea,
reprefenting it's b.mks, rocks, flloals,
bays, havens, &c.

Carte plate, or au point commun^ the plain
chart.

CARTEL, a fhip employed to exchange

the prifoners of any two hoftile powers ;

or to carry requefts and propofals from

one to the other.

CARTON, a book contaiaing acolledion

ot charts in folio.
CARTOUCH, a cartridge to contain a
charge of powder for a cannon or other
fere-arm.

CATARACTES, water-falls.
CATIMARON, a catamaran, or Indian

raft.
CATURES, armed veflels of Bantam.
CAYES, keys, or chains of rocks, nearly

even with the furface of the fca.
CEDRE, cedar-wood, which is eftcemed

excellent for fhip-building.
CEIN TES, a name formerly given to thé

wales. See Preceintes and LlSSES.
CEIN TRER, to frap a fliip, or pafs turns

of a cable round the middle of the hull of

a fhip, to fupport her in a ftorm.
C EN TREJ«/'iy2?«/^ttr, the center of gravity.
CERCLE d'étambraie, or de cabejlan, an

iron hoop that lines the hole of the deck,

within which the capfiern turns upon it's

fpindle.
CERCLES de boute-hors, the ftudding-fail

boom-irons.
Cercles de hune, the top-rails, which for-
merly furrounded the tops, when circular.
Cercles de pompe, the iron hoops fixed on

the top of the pump to ftrengthen it.
CHABLEAU, a tow-line, a large warp.
C HABLEUR, a water-officer, who has

the care of the wherries.
Chaînes de port, the boom or chain of a

harbour. See Barre.
Chaînes de vergues, the top-chains.
CHALAND, or Bac, a fort of lighter

ufed on the Loire.
CHALINGUE, a light high-built Indian

veffel, formed without nails.
CHANDELIER de f anal, the iron brace,

or crank, with it's ftool, which fupports

the poop-lanthorn.
Chandelier de picrrier, the iron crutch

of a fwivel-gun ; alfo the wooden flock,

hooped with iron, that contains the

focket wherein it refts and traverfes.
CHANDELIERS de chaloupe, the crutches

of a boat, which fuftain the main-boom,

or the malt and fail, when they are

lowered, for the conveniency of rowing.
Chandeliers d'échelle, the flanchions

which fupport the entering ropes at the

gangway.
Chandeliers /^^ ///7?i, the iron crutches,

or double flanchions, of the quarters, &c.

fixed in a veflel of war, to extend the

double nettings. See Filaret.
CHArDELiERS, de petit bâtiment, the

crutches fixed on the flern or quarter of

a boom-fail veffel. Sec Chandeliers

de chaloupe.

CHANGER,

C H A

CHE

CHANGER, in a naval fenfe, generally
implies to tack, fliift, or relieve ; as.

Changer de lord, to tack or veer. See
Virer de bord.

Changer Partimon, to fhift over the mizcn
to the other fide.

Chancer le quart, to change or relieve the
watch.

Changer les voiles, to fliift the fails; to
brace about ; to jibe.

Changer Us voiles, d'avant, àf les mettre
fur le mât, to brace the head- fails to the
wind, to lay the head-fails to the mad.

CHANTIER, the flocks open which a
fliip is laid down to be built.

Chantier, or Attelier, alfo lignifies a
fhipwright's yard or wharf.

CHANVRE, hemp employed to make the
fails and cordage of a fhip.

CHAPE, the inner box of a fea-compafs.

CHAPEAU de maître, a gratuity or due,
required by the mafter of a fliip for each
ton of goods which his vefl'el carries.

CHAPELLE, the aft of chapeling of a
ftiip.

Faire, or pendre Chapelle, to chapel a
fliip ; to build a chapel at fea.

CHARGE, the cargo, burthen, or lading
of a fliip. This is alfo called charge-
ment.

Etre Charge' a la eke, to be upon or near
a lee-(hore.

CHARGEOIR, or lanterne à charger, a
gunner's ladle.

CHARGER, to load a fliip, or take in her
cargo.

Charger en grenier, to load a fliip in
bulk.

Charger la pompe, to fetch the pump.

CHARGEUR-MARCHAND, or Mar-
chand-chargeur, the merchant who
loads a fliip, or freights her to convey a
cargo to fomc diflant place.

CHARNIER, aflcuttlcdcafic, ufed to con-
tain water for the fliip's crew to drink on
the upper deck.

CHAROL See Charroi.

CHARPEN'lIER de navire, afliipwright;
alfo the carpenter of a fliip.

CHARTE-PARTIE, a charter-party ;
alfo a convention made by a company of
merchants who trade togetlier.

CHASSE, a chacc at fea, or flight of one
vefiel from another who piirfues her.

Prendre Chasse, to ftand away from j to
fly from.

Donner Chasse, or Chasser, to give
chace, to purfue.

Soutenir Chasse, to make a running fight j
to fight in retreat.

Chasse de proue, the head-chace, or bow-
chace. ècc ï'iece dc chaj/i.

Chasse, a prefeiit of nioncy, or wine,
given by the merchant to the mafter of a
trading-vcflbl, partly for himfelf, and
partly to be diftributed amonj^ft the fhip's
crew on a proper cccafion.

CHASSER fur fa ancre, to drag the an-
chor ; to bring the anchor home.

CHAT, a cat, or fhip fo called.

CHATEAU, a general name for the fore-
caftle and quarter-deck of a deep-waifted
vefl'el.

Chateau d'arrière, or de pouppe, the quar-
ter-deck and poop.

Chateau d'avant, or de proue, the fore-
caftle.

CHATTE, a fmall two-mafted vefl'el,
formed like a cat or Norwegian pink.

CHAUDERON de pompe, a plate of lead
or copper, perforated with holes, to co-
ver the bottom of a pump.

CHAUDIERE, the great copper, or ket-
tle, in which the provifions for the failors
are boiled.

Chaudière à brai, or â goudron, a pitch-
kettle.

CHAUFFAGE, bream ing-fuel, furze, or
faggots, ufed to burn the dirt from off a
fhip's bottom at the time of breaming.

CHAUFFER, to bream a fliip, or burn the
filth from off her bottom.

Chauffer les fautes, to dry or feafon the
bread-room, in order the better to pre-
ferve the bifcuit during a fea-voyagc.

Chauffer un bordage, to bend a plank, or
make it pliant by heating it.

CHAVIRER, or Trevirer, to overfet,
capfize, or turn any thing topfy turvy.

CHEBEC, orCHABEK, a xebeck.

CHEF, the fteni or head of a boat.

Chef is alfo a junk, or ci.J of a cable,
ufed as an hcadfaft to a fliip, when Ihe
is ready to be launched, and which is to
retain her after flie floats, till her anchor
is either carried out, or let fall from the
bow.

Chef d'eau, high-water. See Haute
marée.

Chef d'efcadre, a commodore.

CHEMIN, a range of flieeds laid by fca-
Y y 2 men,

CHE

C L A

men, whereon to roll full cafks either

afhore or aboard.
Chemin du halagc, a path on the fide of a

river, or canal, for horfes to track boats

and vefl'els along the ftream.
CHF'IMISE àfiu, or Soufre'e, a curtain,

or piece of old canvas, dipped in a com-

pofition of oil, petrol, camphirc, and

other combuftibic materials, and nailed

to the planks of an enemy's Ihip, when

it is intended to fet her on fire. See

Fire-ship.
CHENALER, to find out a channel by

the help of buoys, or of founding, where

the water is fhallow.
CHENETS, a fort of iron claws ufed to

bend the planks of a (hip by fire.
CHERSONESE, a peninfula,
CHEVALET, a roller for pafling the

cables from one place to another.
CHEVAUCHER, to ride, or be fayed

upon ; a term in fliip-building.
CHEVET, fniall cufhions or bags, filled

with tarred ropes, to prevent the ftays

from galling the marts.
Chevet detravcrfm des bittes, the lining or

doubling of the bits, which is employed

to prevent the cable from galling them

when the fliip rides v/ith a great ftrain.
CHEVILLE, an iron bolt, of which there

are feveral forts ufed in the conftrucfliou

of a fhip : a5.
Cheville à boucle, a ring-bolt.
Cheville « boucles & à goupilles, a ring-
bolt which is fecured by a forelock.
Cheville à croc, a hook-bolt for thegun-

ports.
Cheville à goupilles, a forelock-bolt, or

boit fitted to receive a forelock.
Cheville à grille iy à boucles. SeeGoujON.
Cheville à œilettes d'affût, the eye-bolts

of the gun carriages.
Cheville à tête de diamant, or à tête ronde ,

a round-headed bolt.
Cheville à tête perdue, a boit whofe

head is funk into the timber where it is

driven.
Cheville d'affût, a gun-carriage bolt.
Cheville de fir à charger le cation, lan-

grage-fhot.
Chev ILLS de pcmpe, the fliort pump-bolt,

or bolt which conneéls the brake with the

fpear.
Cheville de potence de p:mpe, a long pump-

bolt, or boit which fattens the brake to

the checks or ears of the pump.

CHEVILLER, to bolt a Ihip, or drive the
bolts which faften one part to another.

CHEVILLOTS, belaying-pins, fixed in
the rails of fmall vcfiels.

CHEVRE, a gin, or triangle with pullies.

CHICAMBAUT, abumkin. SeeBouTE-

LOF.

CHICANER, to claw ofF, as from a rock,

lce-(horc, &c.
Chicaner le vent, to ply or beat to wind-
ward. Sec Louvier.
CHIORME, or rather Chiourme, the

troop or crew of flavcs belonging to one

row-galley, together with the volunteers

who row at the oars.
CHIRURGIEN major, the furgeon of a

fhip.
CHOPINE, orCHOPiNETTE de pompe, the

lower pump-box.
CHOQUE. See Tour et choque.
CHOQUER la tournevire, to furge the

capftern.
Choquer la bouline, to check the bowline.
CHOSES de la mer, or du flot, wreck, or

whatever is found floating at fea, or

within certain limits of the fea-coaft,
CHOUQUET, a cap of the mart-head.
CHUTE des voiles, the depth of the fails.
CIEL embuumé, a cloudy, heavy, or dark

fky.
CiEL fin, fine weather, a clear Iky.
CINGLAGE, or Singlage, the run of a

fhip for twenty-four hours, or the courf*

and dirtance fhe has made between nooa

and noon.
Cinglage alfo imports the pay or wages

of mariners.
CINGLER, or Singler, to fail with a

favourable wind on a particular courfe.
CINQUENELLE, or Cincenelle, a

general name for the tackling of the

great guns, by which they are fattened

to the fhip's fides, &c.
CINTRAGE, or Ceintrage, a name

given to any kind of lafliing, or frap-

ping, which furrounds the objecSt it is

intended to fecure.
CINTRER, or Ceintrer un vaijjeau

quand il largue, to frap a fhip.
CIVADIERE, the fprit-fail.
CLAIRON, a clear fpot in a cloudy fky.
CLAMP, a flicavc, or fmall wheel, placed

in a mortife, as in the foot of a top-mart,

to pafs a rope through.
CLAN, a mortife or hole cut in a plank,

mart, tnz. length wife, to admit a fheave.

Clan,

C O F

COM

Cl All, or Ct AMP de beaupré.. See Coussin.

Clan is alfo a fort of breaft-hook in a
large lighter.

CLaPE l' de pompc, the cjapper of a pump-
box.

CLAPETS, leathern flaps nailed on the
outfidc of the fcuppers, inftead of fcup-
per-hofes.

CLASSE, a divifion of pilots, gunners,
feamen, &c. engnrred to ferve in any na-
val armament during a limited time,
after which ihey are relieved by another
divifion Cent from the (hore.

CLAVETTE, or Goupille, a forelock.

CLEF. See Chef.

CtEF de beaupré, or Barrot de coltis, the
collar-beam, which is raifed a little
above the fécond deck, to fortify the
bowfprit.

Clef de pierrier, the forelock of a pedrero
or fwivel-gun.

Clef de pompe. See Cheville de potence.

Clef de ton du mât, or Clef de wàt de
hune, the iron or wooden fid of a topmaft.

CLEES dc guindas, the cheeks of the
windlas.

CLERC de guet, the clerk who afiemblcs
and mufters the militia appointed to
guard the fea-coaft.

CLERCS de fecretaire, or de greffe de l' ami-
rauté, the meflengers of the admiralty.

CLINCAR, a fort of flat-bottomed clinker-
built pram, or lighter, of Sweden and
Denmark.

CLOISSON, a range of flanchions ufcd
to fupport the bulk-heads, or partitions,
which feparate one c;.bin from another.

CLOPOTEUSE, turbulent or agitated ;
an epithet given to the fea when it runs
high.

CLOU, an iron fpikc, or nail, of aiiyfizc.

CLOUS à river, a rivet, or riveting-nail
to be clenched at both ends.

Clous des Jabords, doubling-nails, to line
the gun-ports.

C0-B0URI..E01S, a copartner in, or

part-owner of, a flnp.
COCHES aaffût de bord, the notches or
(leps of the carriage of a fliip-cannon.

COEFE'l-', laid aback.
Adetirt tout à CoEFFHE, to lay all flat
aback.

COEFFER, to back a fail, to lay it to the

maft.
COFFRE à feu, a powdcr-rheft, fixed on
the deck or fiJe of a fhip, to be dif-
charged upon a boarding enemy.

Coffre à gargoujféi, a cartridge cheft,
which contains the filled cartridges in a
fhip's magazine.

Coffre de bord, a fea-chcft, a failor'scheft,

COINS d'arrirnage, the quoins or coins
ufed in the ftowage of a (hip's hold, &c.

Coins de chantier, the wedges driven be-
tween the blocks and the keel, when a
fhip is building.

Coins de mât, the wedges of a mart, by
which it is confined in the cap or part-
ners.

COITES, the way?, or cradles, upon which
a fliip gradually defceiids, when (he is
firfl launched into the water.

CoiTES du guindas, the checks or bits of the
windlas. See Clef du guindas.

COLLET d'eiai, the eye of a flay placed
over a maft-head.

COLLIER d'l'tai, the collar or lower part
of a flay.

Collier du ton, or du choquet, the iron
clamp of a French cap. As the caps of
Englifh veflTels are formed wholly of
wood, this clamp is not in ufc amongft
our fhipping.

COLLIERS de défenj'e, the puddening of a
boat's ftcm.

COLOMBIERS, two fhores employed to
launch a fliip into the water.

COLONNE, a rank of fhips ; one of the
ranks of a fleet or fquadron of fhips when
ranged in the ufual order of failing.

COLTIS, the beak-head bulk-head, which
is comprehended between the two cat-
heads athwart, and dcfcends from the
top of the fote-caflle to the platform of
the head. See Beak-head.

COMBAT naval, a general or particular
fca-fight.

COMBUGER Irs futailles, to fill the w.".-
tcr-cafks of a ihip with frcfli water.

COMITE, an under officer of a galley,
who commands the fl.ives.

COMMANDANT, a commodore. See
ChfF (Tef cadre.

COMMANDE, holloa! the anfwcr given
by the failors to the maftcr, boatfwain,
or other officer, when he calls to thcni by
the name of the place where they are
employed or flationcd at that inltant, as,
" Forc-caflle, there! main-top, there!
" main-top, hoay !" &C.

COMMANDEMENT, the order or com-
mand to do any thing relative to die
working of a ihip.

COM-

COM

COMMANDER à la routf, to order or
direct the courfe of a (hip.

COMMANDES, knittles or feizings.

COMMANDEUR, the mafter or com-
mander of any trading merchant-fliip.

COMMIS, the fupercargo of a merchant-
vefiel.

Commis des bureaux des douanet, the fur-
vcyors of the cuftoms who vific fhipping.

Commis du munithnnairc, or Commis à
la dijlribution Us vivres, a clerk or ftew-
ard to the commidary or purfer of a (hip
of war.

Commis général des convois àf congés, an
overfeer or infpedtor of the cudoms with
regard to fhipping.

COMMISSAIRE de la marine imports in
general a civil officer, or commiflioner
of the marine, of which there are feveral :
as.

Commissaire général à la fuite des armées
navales, an officer who receives the orders
and inftrutfions of the intendant of a fleet
of men of war, and performs his duty
when he is abient. See Intendant
des armées navaks.

Commissaire general de la marine, the
principal officer under the intendant de
marine, in his department. It is his
duty, I. Toexcute the orders of the ad-
miral, or commiffioners of the admiralty,
with regard to the number of fhips
which are ordered to be taken into the
fervice of the flate ; to take care that
they are properly equipped, manned,
and viiTfualled, for the expedition on
which they are deftined ; to imprefs the
mailers and mates who refufe to ferve ;
and to break or difband and return, thofc
who will not do their duty. 2.T0 meafure
the fhips which are appointed to attend
any fleet ; to give them orders, either
to fail with the faid fleet, or to join it
according to the regulations which have
been made ; to keep account of thofe
who have been difcharged from duty,
and fend them back in due time to the
appointed place. 3. To attend the af-
fairs of the dock-yards and harbours,
and controul the clerks, artificers, and
ordinary-men J to adminiffer the oath
of allegiance to them ; to review the
fhipping, and take an inventory of the
prizes. 4. To take care that the oldefl
and beft-feafoned timber is firfl ufcd; and
that the bolts, nails, and other iron-
works, have their due proportions, and
6

conform to their dimenfions. 5. To exa-
mine, once every fortnight, the muffer-
roll of the artificers, figned by the
clerks. 6. To. obferve that the mafler-
fliipwrights do in no ways depart from
the draught which has been eftablifhed
by the council of conflru£f ion, of which
he is always pollcfTed of a copy. 7. To
infpc£l whatever concerns the port, and
to take care that the ordinances relative
thereto are faithfully executed ; and to
fee that the (hips are properly fituated,
and each one moored in the birth pre-
vioufiy afligned.

It is alfo the office of the commijfaire
général to keep a lift of the fea-officers
and failors, able and ordinary ; and to
minute the fhips in which they have
ferved, and upon what footing they have
been paid. With refpeâ to the youths,
officers fervants, and other boys, their
names, privileges, and time of fervice,
are enrolled in a particular lift; and each
of them is furnifhed with a certificate
reprefenting thefe articles.

The commijfaire générale is not, how-
ever, always charged with thofc feveral
employments himfelf. There are other
commiffaries, according to the circum-
ftances of time or place, who fhare fuch
fervices with him. Such are the Com-
missaire ordinaire de la marine; Com-
missaire ayant infpeSiion fur les vivres
d'un port, an agent victualler; Commis-
saire prépoje pour renrôllement des matelots ,
an officer anfwering to our clerk of the
cheque : Commissaire pour les conjlruc-
tions des vaijfeaux ; and Commissaire
des ports, mafter-attendant.

Commissaire général delà marine ambu-
lant, an officer whofe duty refembles that
of the former, but who has no particular
refidence, being intended to viiit any one
port or harbour occafionally.

Commissaire de l'artillerie de la marine,
an officer who, under the orders of the
intendant, has the charge of the founde-
ry, the proof of cannon and mortars, and
of all other arms, gun-powder, ammu-
nition, inftruments, and implements of
war. He has alfo the command of the
gunners, matrofles, and bombardiers,
maintained in a royal port, who are di-
vided into fquads, commanded by lieute-
nants de marine, or lieutenants of bomb-
ketches. There are two of theie Com-
missaires ^f'n/rwKjr, one for thev/eftern

ports

CON

ports of France, and the other for Pro-
vence, or tlie caftcrn ports.

Commissaire ordinaire ck la marine, an
officer whofe duty it is to fuperintend
the ordinary, the feveral clerks in a dock-
yard, the ftore-keepiTJ accounts in a
port, and the outfits and return of flores
of a fleet.

Commissaire ordinaire de l'artillerie de la
marine, an officer who performs the duty
of the Commissaire general de l'artille-
rie de la marine, when lie is ablent. He
keeps the keys of the naval magazine
and artillery ftore-rooms jointly with
the garde-niagaxin. He has alfo a key
of the arfenal, wherein the fire-arms are
difpofed according to their length and
calibre; and he keeps a regifttr of all
the artillery within the warren where he
refides. This regifter contains princi-
pally the matter and fabric of fuch ar-
tillery.

COMMISSION, an order given by the
king to an admiral, vice-admiral, or
other fuperior officer, to cruife againft,
and feize, the enemy's (hips, &c.

COMPAGNE, the cabin of the ftcward of
a row-galley.

COMPAGNIE de navires, or Conserve,
a convoy or fleet of veflels.

COMPAGNONS, a general name for
failors, mariners, or whoever forms a
part of a fhip's crew.

COMPAS azimutal, an azimuth-compafs.

Com P. A s de carte, or Compas inarin, a pair
of compafles, ufed to prick a chart, or
difcover courfes and diftances thereon.

Compas de route, or de mer, a common fea-
compafs.

Compas de variation, an amplitude-com-
pafs.

Compas mort, a compafs whofe needle has
loft its magnetical virtue.

Compas renverfe, a hanging compafs whofe
face is turned downwards ; it is ufually
hung over-head in the great cabin, to
(hew the (hip's courfe to the captain.

COMPASSER. See Pointer /tffarrr.

COMPOST, a tide-duty, or revenue,
arifing from (hipping.

CONFLUENT, the place where two ri-
vers nrc united.

CONGE', a pafs, or p-rmiffion, granted
to the ma(k-r ot a mcrchaiit-fliip, by the
office of admiralty, when he is ready to
fail.

CONNOISSANCE, the ficill and intelli-
gence of a pilot ; alfo a profpect of the
land and fea-coafts.

CONNOISSEMENT, a (liip's bill of la-
ding, or the manifeft of her cargo.

CONSEIL de eonjirunion, a council held in
any of the king's ports, confiding of the
intendant (or cominiffioner), le commijj'airc
general, and the principal officers, for tiic
conftrudfion or repairing of fh ps of war.
Thefe laft are ufually ftylcd the builders,
and fometimes/ti ckarpentiers-conjlruileurs,
the (bipwrights.

Conseil de guerre, a council of war.

CoN'SEiL de Famirauté, a jurifdiclion exer-
cifed under the name and authority of
the lord-admiral, who has certain claims
called the dues of the admiralty. The
officers of the admiralty have their pa-
tents from the king, but they are nomi-
nated by the lord-admiral. The ad-
miralty of France confifts of a lieute-
nant-general, who is prefident, a lieute-
nant particulier, three counfellors, an ad-
vocate, and a royal prcxHor; of a regifter
in chief, and two ferjcants or bailiffs.

Conseil de marine, a fccrct council held
by the king and his minifters, to which
he ufuaHy fummons the princes and the
chief officers of his fleet, to deliberate
with them about the affairs of naval war.

CONSERVE, a fleet or convoy of (hips,
afTociated for their mutual defence and
(iifety. See Compagnie.

CONSOLE, a bracket, or part where two
pieces of timber are united by a bracket.

CONSOMMATION, the confumptiorv
of a (hip during a fea-voyage, compre-
hending whatever has been expended, as
cordage, canvas, ammunition, &c.

CONSTRUCTION desvaijeaux, the art
of (hip-building, or the practical part of
naval architei^ture.

CONSUL, a conful eftablifhcd in foreign
parts, for the protedion of the commcice
of his country.

CONTINENT, a continent, a vaft traft
of land.

CON TR AT Ù la greffe. See Bomerie.

CONTRE-AMIRAL, the rear .ndmirJ

of France.
Contre-Bande, prohibited goods.
Contre-Bittes, the ftandaids which.

fupport the cable bits.
CoNTRE-BRASLER, to bracc about the
yards.

CoNTttE

C O Q^

COR

CoNTRE-CAPioN de poHppe, the upper part
of the falfc-poft of a row-galley, which
is a crooked piece of timber placed on the
forc-fidc of the ftcrn-poft to fupport it.
See CoNTRE-RODE di pouppe.

CoNTRE-CAPioN de prouc, the upper part
of the ftcmfon of a giUcy. See CoN-
TRE-RODE de prcue.

CoNTRE-cARENE, the kclfon of a galley.
See Carlingue.

Contre-e'tambot, the knee of the
ftern-poft, by which it is attached to
the keel.

Contre-e'tambot, or Faux-e'tam-
BOT, is alfo the falfe ftcrn-poft.

Contre-e'trave, the apron ; a piece of
timber which fupports the fcraf of the
ftem.

Contre-maître, the boatfwain of a fhip.

Contre-marche, the general tacking of
a divifion of ftips, arranged on the fame
line, fo as to preferve its former difpofi-
tion on the oppofite tack.

Contre-MARE e, a fpring-tide.

Contre-quille, the dead-wood placed
on the keel afore and abaft. See Fausse-
quille.

Contre-rode de pouppe, the lower part of
the faife-pofl, or counter-ftern-poft of a
row-galley. See Contre-capion de
pouppe.

CoNTRE-RODE de proue, the lower part of
the ftemfon of a galley. See Contre-
capion de proue.

CoNTRE-sABoRDs. See Mantelets.

CoNTRE-SALUT, the return of a falute at
fea.

CONTROLEUR de la marine, an officer
of the marine, who attends and controls
all the purchafcs and fales held in a royal
dock-yard ; affifts at the general muilers,
reviews the artificers, and keeps a regifter
of their names.

CON VERSO, the waift, or main-deck,
of a fhip.

CONVOI, the convoy or efcort of fliips
of war, ufed to guard a fleet of merchant-
men.

CONVOYER, to convoy or accompany a
fleet of merchant-men as their efcort.

COQj, the cook of a ihip.

COQUE, a kink, or round twift, in a new
rop; .

COQUERON, the cook-room, fore-
c iftle, or cuddy, of a lighter or hoy.

COQUET, a cock-boat ; a fort of fmall

boat which paflcs between Normandy

and Paris.

COQUETER, to navigate or manage a
boat by padling, or rowing in the boat's
fiirn with a paddle.

CORADOUX. See Couradoux.

CORALINE, a light fmall long-boat, or
lanch, employed in the Levant, to fifli
coral.

CORBEAU, a fort of (hcer-hook, or firc-
grapling.

CORBEILLON, orCoRsiLLoN, a fmall
kid, or tub, to contain the bifcuit or
fca- bread daily diflributed to the feveral
meffes.

CORDAGE, cordage, a general name for
all the ropes employed to rig or work a
fliip: the cables, or ground-tackling, are
fometimes comprehended in this term.
See Cable, and Manoeuvres.

Cordage blanc, white, or untarred cord-
age.

Cordage étuvé, cordage which has pafled
through a ftove, to difcharge its moifture
or watery humour.

Cordage goudronné, tarred cordage.

Cordage raque, or raqué, cordage which
has been well rubbed, in order to take
off the hufks, flraw, or roughnefs of the
hemp from the furface.

Cordage refait, twice-laid cordage.

CORDAGES de rechange, fpare-ropes,
fparc-cordage.

CORDE, a rope of any kind.

Corde de retenue, a guy, ufed to fleady
a heavy bale, cafk, &:c. when hoifted into
a fhip.

CoRDE de retenue is alfo the pendent
of a relieving tackle, employed to pre-
vent a fhip from over-fetting, or fall-
ing down more than is ntceflary in
the careen ; as alfo to right her,
when the careen is finifhed. See At-
trape.

Corde de rctir.iie likewife implies a head-
faft, or large rope ufed to eafe a fhip
gradually ofi" the ftocks, or to prevent
her from launching too haftiiy.

CORDES de defenje, fenders of junk or
old cable.

CORDELLE, a warp or tow-line.

CORDERIE, a ropery or rope-walk; the
rope-yard of a dock.

CORDIER, a rope-maker, or roper.

CORDON, a ftrand of rope-yarns. See

ToRON.

CORNE

C O T

COU

CORNK di; vergue^ the crutcli or ch;;cks
i'lxc-i on the iiincr cud oi a gafK, or boom
vvhlcli embraces, and fliiii's along the
mart of a fmall vefll-1, as the fail is hoift-
ed or lowered.

CORNET de mât, n flop and partners pe-
culiar to tlie lyaits of fome iiiiall vcfil-ls,
being opcp. at the after-part, fo that the
niad may occaiignally be lowered over
the ftcrn. Sec Carlingue.

CORNETTE, abroad pendent, difplayed
at the niall-hcad of a coninioJoie.

CORPS {Icbntaille, the center divifion of a
fleet of fhips of war.

Corps dc garde (run vai/Jcait, the half-
deck; tliat part of a (hip which is under
the quarter-deck and before the bulk-
head of the after-ftccra|^c.

Corps de pompe, the chamber of a piimp.

Corps d'un vaijfiau, tlie hull of a ihip,
without lier ru'sing.

CORRECTIONS, the methods of cor-
recting the errors of a dtad reckoning,
by obiervations and allowances, as pre-
fcribed by the rules of navigation.

CORSAIRE, a privateer; alfo a pirate.

CORVETTE, a (loop of war.

COSSE, a thimble ; alio r. bull's eye, or
traveller. See Marcouillet.

CO TE, the fca coaft, the Ihore.

Côte en êcore, a blufFor bold fliore.

Cote ijui court nord-fud, or ejl-cu:jl, a coaft
which lies north and fouth, or call and
weft.

Côte faine, a fafe coafl, where there is
neither rocks or fand-banks, tb.at may
render the accefs dangerous to riil|iping.

Donner <t la Côte, ranger la CoiE. See
DoNNicR and Ranger.

Côte du valjjcau, the fide of a fliip.

Pre/enter le Côte', met Ire le CôrE' du
faijj'cau en travers, to bring the broad-
fide to bear upon an enemy. Sec Ef-
facer.

Mettre un va'ijfcau fur le Cote', to lay afaip
on the careen. See Abattre.

Faux-CÔTZ', lap-fidcd.

Côte' du vent, the wcathcr-fidc ; to wind-
ward.

Côte fous le vent, to leeward ; the Icc-
fidc.

COTES, or Membres, d'un vaijfeau, the
timbers, or ribs of a fliip, from the keel,
upwards.

COTIP^R, a coafter, or coafting vcflcl.

COIONNINE, a (pccics of thick lail-

cloth, ufcd in gallics, aivJ veflLIs of the
Levant : it is formeii by a mixture of
hemp and cotton, the woof being of the
former, and the warp of the latter.

COTONS, filhcs of the maft. See Ju-
melle.

COrriiMO, a duty or cxaclion of (b
much per cent, which the confuls, by
order of their courts, or by the confent
of merchants, demand of the flilpping of
their nation, when they enter a port
wliere fuch confuls are cflabliflicd.

COUBAIS, a barge or galley of Jap.iii,
greatly ornamented, and rowed witii feriy
o:irs.

COUCHE, the pillow of a (lay, or the
piece of wood upon which it refis.

COU DR AN, a mixture of tar and fomc
other ingredients, ufed to prevent rop^s
from rotting. See Goudron.

COUETS, the tacks of the main-fail and
fore-fail. See Amures.

Covets (} çucui- de rat, tacks which taper
to the poir.t.

COUILLARD, an old term fignifying the
clue of a fail.

COULADOUX, fliroud-tackle?, which
arc ufed in the gallics, and fome other
vefTels in the Mediterranean, in tiie place
of dead-eyes and laniards.

COULANTES, or Courantes, the
runnin'j:-ri;z"in2. Sec Manoeuvres
cciir.-intes.

COULEE, that part of a fliip's bottom
which lies between the floor-heads and
the keel, which is fomcwhat concave on
theoutHd'", and called a hollow floor.

COULER u fond, to fink at fca. Sec alfo
Sanger.

Couler has d'eau, to fnk deeper in the
water ; cxprcfled of a fliip when her leaks
gain upon the pump, or when (lie re-
ceives more v.'atcr than the pumps can
difchargc.

COULOIRS, certain gangways fixed on
the fides of undecked xefi'els ; alfo the
grating-gangways on the fides of fuch
vcfl'cls as have their decks arched very
high in the middle, as xcbecks, ôtc.

Couloirs likewife imports the paflagcs
that lead to the fcveral cabins or rtore-
rooms of a fliip.

COUP d'afj'uriince, a gun fired by a fliip
on her entrance into a port, when Ihu
difplays her colours, as a fii^n of peace.

Set- AsSURANCii.

Z Ù Cjui*

cou

Coup Je gcuiernall, the whole force of ihc
helm.

Coup de mer, the Tnock of a wave of the
fca, (triking a <hip violently, and rufli-
ing over hi.r Jecic.

Corp (le partance, a farewell gun; a gun
fired as a tlgiial for filling.

Cow de vent, a fudden f^jall or guft of
wind.

COUPS de canon ii F ecu, fbot received
under water, cr between wind and wa-
ter.

Coups de canon en hois, fhot received in
the upper works of a (hip.

COUPER la lame, to cut the fea; to divide
the waves.

Couper le cable, eu les mât;, to cut the ca-
ble, or cut away the malls.

Couper l'omemi, to thwart or crofs tlie
enemy's courfe, in giving chace to him.

COUPLE de haubans, a pair of Ihroiids.

Couple du lof, or du balanamait, the loot-
frame or loof-timbcrs.

COUPLES d'un vaijfeau, the frame-tim-
bers of a fliip. See Gauari.

COURADOUX, betwecn-dccks ; the
fpace betwixt any two decks of a fhip ;
aifo the place where the foldiers fleep in a
2aliey. See Entre-PONT.

COURANT, a current or ftream at fea.

COURBATONS, fmall knees, fixed in
the upper part of a ihip, for the fame
purpofes as the courbes arc, in the lower
parts.

CovRBAToi^s de l'épercu. See Herpes de
pculaine and Montans.

COURI3E capucine, the flandard which
faflcns the cut-water to the ftem.

COURBES, a general name for the larger
knees of a (hip.

Courbes d'arcajji, the tranfom-knees, or
(leepers.

Courbes de bitfci, the ftandards of the ca-
ble-bits. See CoNTRE-BITTES.

Courbes d'ccubier, the cheeks of the head.

See JoTTEREAUX.

Courbes d'equcne, or à fauj/è équerre,
knees which are right-angular ; and
knees which are within, or without a
fquare.

COURCIVE, orCouRCiTE, a half-deck,
formed in a vefiel which is not wholly
decked.

COUREAU, a fmall yawl of the Ga-
ronne.

COURE'E or Couroi, a compofition.

or (luff, uf;d to pay a (liip's bottotn at
I he time of docking or breaming.

COURIR, ini^joits, in general, to fail, to
advance jt (ea, to (land onward ; as.

Courir à l'autre b'.rd, to (land upon the
other tack.

Courir au large, to ftand of}'. See Tirer
à la mer.

Courir au plus près, to nin clcfe upon a
wind.

Courir en latitude, to run down latitude.

Courir eu longitude, to run down longitude.

C(;Urir la bouline, to run the gatintlope.

Courir la /lur, to infeft or fcour the fca;
to cruife up and down therein.

Courir le bon bord, to make a lucky cruife ;
a cant phrafe peculiar to cruifers or
pirates, and alluding to the capture or
plunder of mcrchaiu-fliips.

CoiRiR même bord, to fi.ind upon the Aime
tack as fome other (hip in fight.

Courir nord, fud, isc. to (land to the
northward, fouthward, &c.

Courir fur la terre, to (land in fhore, or
on (bore.

Courir fur un vûijfau, to chace or purfue
a fliip.

CoVRiR fur fon ancre, to run over, or foul
of the anchor.

Courir terre à terre. See Ranger la côte.

Courir une bordée, or bord fur bord. See
Louvier.

COURONNEMENT, the after-part of
a fhip's tafFarel, wliicii is ufually orna-
mented with fcujpture.

COURROL See Coure'e.

COURS, or Course, a cruife at fea.
Hence faire Cours, to go upon a cruife.

Cours du I'oijfcau, the courfe or run of a
(hip ; alfo the wake, or track marked on
the furface of the water behind her.
See OuAicHE.

COURSIER, a bow-chace, or great brafs
cannon in the head of a row-gallcy.

Coursier, or Coursie, a fore-and-aft
paflage between the banks of a row-
galley, where the comité, or boatfwain,
walks, to fee that the (laves manage their
oars, and row with application.

C(^URSIERE, a fpar-deck, or grating-
deck, reaching from the quarter-deck to
the fore-caftle.

COURTAGE, a tax or duty levied on
all merchandifes which pafs by fea from
one port to another.

COURVETTE. See Corvette.

COUSSIN

C R I

C U I

COUSSIN de kaupic-, the pillow of the
bowfprit.

Coussin rk blties, the fir-lining or doubling
of the bits. Sec Chevet.

Coussit* de camn, the bed of a c;iniion
wh'ch ftipports the breech.

COUSSINS, the mats of the top-rims,
II fed to prevent the top-fiils from being
fretted by llriking the edges of the tops.

Coussins d'amures, the mats nailed over
the chefs-tree, to prevent ilie clue of the
main-fail from being galled when the
tack is aboard.

COUSTŒRES, the Hirouds of a galley,
which are ufually formed of runners and
tackles. See Couladoux.

COUT iV ajjurar.cc . See Prime affurctvce.

COUTELAS. See Bonnettes en étui.

COUTURE, a feam between the planks
of the deck or fide of a fhip.

Couture, de cueille de voile, t!ie feam of a
fail.

Couture ouverte, an open feam, or one
from which the oakum has been expelled
by the ftraiiiing of the fliip, &c.

COUVERTE, the deck of a (hip, in the
dialefl of Provence.

Couverte de tijofcele de prcii:; the forc-
caflle, or fore-deck, of a galley, together
with the fpace beneath it, where the can-
non are pl.iiited.

COUVERTURES de fanaux; a fort of
tubs to cover the top and poop-lanthoriis,
in ord'.r to preferve them when they are
not in uC:.

CRAIE, a fm-ill Swcdifh fliip, without
top-mafls or top- fa Is.

CRAMP, a cramp-iron ; alfo the hook of
a block.

CRAQUER, to crack or flr.iin; cxprcfll-d
of a lliip that labours greatly in a turbu-
lent fca.

CRAV AN, a barnacle, or f.nall nicll-fini,
of a dif.igreeable tafte, which fallens to a
Ihip's bottom in a long voyage.

CREUX, the depth of the hold from the
lower-deck beams to the floor.

Creux d'une voile, the belly or cavity of a
fail, which retains the wind.

CRIBLE', pierced with holes; cxprcfled
of a fhip that has been much damaged
by worms or cannon-fliot.

Une voile CRIBLE E, a fail much damaged
by fhot.

CRIQUE, a creek, or fmall natural har-
bour.

CROC, a boat-hook, or fetting-pole.

Croc dc candelette, the hook of the fcrc-
t.icklc. See Capon.

Croc de pompe, the pump-hcok.

CROCS de palans, the tackle-hooks.

CROCHETS d'armes, certain crutches, or
hooks, to fupport the fmall-arms in the
c.ibins of a fhip of war.

Crochets de retraite, the eye-bolts, in the
train of a gun-carriage, wherein arc
hooked the relieving tackles.

CROISEE de l'ancre, the crofs of the an-
chor ; or that part where- the fliank ter-
minates at the arms.

CROISER, to cruife in any particular fta-
tion.

CROISER à la lame. Sec De bout à la
lame.

CROISETTE, the pin or boit ufed as a
fid to any flag-ftaff.

CROISEUR, a cruifer; a vefTel employed
to guard a coaft ; alfo a pirate, or fea-
rover.

C ROISEURS, or vaijfcaux en crcipcre, fhips
cruifing in an appointed flation or lati-
tude.

CROISIERE, a rendezvous or latitude for
cruifers.

CROITRE, to rife or flow ; exprefled of
the tide.

CROIXyJ/r la cables, a crofs in the h.Twfe.

CRONE, a wheel-crane, built on a wharf.

CROQUER, to hook or grapple any
thing.

Croquer le croc de palan ^ to hook the c.^t
to the anchor.

CROUCHANTS, the crochets, or floor-
timbers fore and aft in a boat.

CROULER. See Ruoler.

Crouler un bâtiment, to ihake a fhip by
jumping on her decks, in order to launeii
her from the ilocks.

CROUPIARDER. See Mouiller «.
crotipicrf.

CROrPlAT. Sec Embossure.

CROUPIERE, or Croi^pias, a ftern-
fafl ; a ftern dablc or hawfer.

CUEILLE, one of the cloths of a fail.

CUEILLETTE, a meafure or weight of
any merchandtfe, which is equal to a
quintal, or loo tb.

CUILLER à brui, a pitch-ladle, to pay
the fcants of a deck.

Cuiller à canon, or Charceoir, a gun-
ner's ladle. Sec alfo Lanterne.

Cuiller de fomt>e, a pump-borer.

Z z Î ' CUIRS

DEB

CUIRS i'trds, raw hides ufed to za\ex the
rops, or the yards, or fcrvc the cables, &o.
to prevent them from being fretted.

CUISINE, the galley or cook-room of a
Jhip.

CUL tie Ininpf, the lower finifhing, an rr-
namcnt of fculpiurc rcfcmbling the bot-
tom of a lamp, and placed in feveral
parts of the ftcrtj or galleries, to termi-
nate the carved -work.

Ct'L de fit. Je l<o>c, or de port, a double or
Tingle wall-knot, wrou^^ht on the end of
a tick, (Topper, or other rope.

Cut de Jac, a name given by the inhabi-
tants of America to a harbour formed by
nature without the afliftancc of art.

Ci;l de vnijjlau. See Arrière.

CULASSE, the breech of a cannon ; alfo

the ilock of a niufquet.
CULE'E, the (licck which a fliip feels

when (hiking the ground, on a rock or

f.Mid-bank.
CUI.ER, to go aflern ; to have ftern-way,
CURA I'EUR de li murine, an officer who

formerly afii^ned to the feveral Trie'-

RARQjJES tiie duties of their rcfpeftive

departments. See Trie'r arqiie.
CURETTE, a pump-fcraper, failened to

a flafF, or pole, of ten or twelve feet

Ion?, to clean tlie infide of a pump.
CUSÈFORNE, a fmall, long, and (harp

rowing-boat of Japan, without decks,

and employed to Hfb whales.

DAGUE de prévôt, the colt or cat ufed
by ihQ pre-jst to punifh criminals.

DAILLOTS, or Andaillois, the hanks
or grommets of a flay.

Dale, the trough or channel in which
the train is laid in a fire-fhip.

T> ALE de pompe, the pump-dale.

DALATS, the fcupper-holes of a (hip.
See Gouttière.

DAME-JEANNE, a dcmijan, or large
bottle, containing about four or five gal-
lons, covered with b:fkct-vvork, and
mvich ufed in merchant-fliips.

DAMELOPRE, a vcdel navigated in the
canals of Holland.

DANGERS civils, the duty, fine, or exac-
tion, formerly demanded by the lord of
the manor for any merchant, or maftcr,
who h;id fuffered Ihipwreck on his coa(h
See Bris.

D.\NGERS naturels, a general name for the
dangers of a coa(t or bank, as rocks, or
fhelves of mud, fand, &c. which the
otTicers of the adjacent ports are charged
to diftinguifli by buoys or beacons.

DARD à feu, a tirc-ariow, ufed to buin the
fills of an enemy's (liip.

DE'B^CLE, or De'baci.agf., the aa of
clearing or opening an harbour, by re-
moving the lightened vefi'cls to make
room for fuch as are laden,

DE BACLEUR, an o(ficer whofe duty it
is to regulate the mooring of light and

laden fliips in a harbour, and to keep the

pafl'ase, or fair-way, open and clear.
DE'BARCADOUR, a wharf, or flore-

lioufe, to receive goods difcharged from

a fhip.
DE BARDAGE, the acl of unlading in

general ; it is more particularly applied

to the difchargc of fire-wood.
DE'BARDER, to unL-.de wood, &c.

Whence,
DE'RARDEUR, a lighter-man. SccGa-

BARIER and PoRTK-FAIX.

DE BARQUEMEN T, a return of the
■artillery, (iorcs, rigging, &c. ofafliipof
war into the dock-yard ; alfo the dif-
charging of the officers and crew.

De'barquement likewife implies difem-
barking, or landing and difeharging the
cargo of a mcrchant-fhip.

DE'BARQUER, to unload or difcharge
a (hip; to difembark; to return to the
(hore.

DE'BAUCHE, an irregular tide.

DE'BILLER, to take off or difmifs the
horfes that track vefiels up and down a
canal.

DE' BITTER !e cable, to unhit the cable.

DPI' BORD rt /tord, upright on the water.

DE'BORDE, puto(F, (hceroft"! the order
given by fome officer of a (hip, to a boat
lying near her, to remove further ofF.

DEBORDER, to (heer olT from fome
other (hip, particularly from an enemy

vvha

DEC

D E G

who attempts to board : alfo to over-haul
the tacks and fliects, in ordc-r to haul a
(ail up in the brails.

DEBOSSER Ic cable, to take the ftoppcrs
off from the cable.

DE']50UCLE', a term oppofcd to Bou-
clr', which fee.

DE BOUQUEMENT, the arrival into
open fca, after having been amongft
iflnnds, or in narrow channels.

DE BOUT, an-end, or perpendicular.

De bout à la lame, head to the fca.

De liOUT rt terre, head to the (bore ; Hand-
ing in-lhore. See Donner de bout à
terre.

De bout au corps. See Abordage.

De bout au vent. Sec Aller de bout au
•vent.

DEBOUTONNER labomette. SccDe'-

LACER.

DE'BRIS, the effects which remain in a
fliipwrcckcd vcHel. \'>y the ordonnances
of the marine in France, all perfons wlio
fhall have found, or drawn fuch effecls
from the bottom of ihe fca, are to place
them in fafety, and in twenty-four hours
afterwards, at furtheft, to m:ike pro-
clamation thereof, under pain of being
p'jiiiflicd as felons : and by the fame
ordonnance, it is permitted to the pro-
prietors of the faiJ effeifls to demand
them in a year and a day after fuch publi-
cation, upon paying the falvagc-money.
It is to be wi(hcd that this laudable decree
was eftabli filed in England.

DECHARGE, the act of unlading or
difcharging a mcrch;uit-fliip.

De'charge le petit hunier, the order to fill
the fire- top-fail !

DE CHARGEMENT. SeeDE'ctiARCE.

Se DE CHAIUJER, to lofe water; cx-
preflcd of the fliip's pump.

DccHARGER U'svoilcs, to fill the fiils, after
tlicy had l.iin aback

DE'CHEOIR. See Ahattre.

DECHET. SccDekive.

DE'CHIR.'UÎE, the .ici of breaking up an
old fhip, or of ripping off her pl.inks.

DECHIRER, to rip up an old vcflcl.

DEC HO U I. k, to get a (hip afloat, or off
from the groun<l, into deep water.

D'INCLINAISON, the variation of the
compafs, or of the magnetical needle.

Déclinaison d'un ajhe, the declination
of a fixed (lar, tic.

DE'COLE^H•:NT, the forming of a te-

non upon the end of a piece of tim-
ber.

DECOMBRES, the chips and ufclefs
pieces of timber which arc left on a lliip-
wright's Wharf, after a vcffel is built and
launched.

DECOUDRE, to rip off planks from any
part of a (hip's fide, in order to examine
her timbers, hç.

DECOUVERTE, a look-out at the
maft-head.

DE COUVRIR les terres, to make, or dif-
cover, the land.

DEJ3ANS, when cxpreffcd of the fi>i!s,
imports furled or ftowed : as.

Mettre les voiles Dedans, to t.:ke in the fails.

DE FEND, keep off, keep at a dillance ;
the order given by the pilot, or officer of
the watch, to the helmfman, to (leer off
further from fome adjacent object, which
may damage the (hip.

DETENDER la cote, to defend the fea-
coafi, and prevent an enemy from land-
ing thereon.

DEFENSES, the fkeeds of a fliip's fide ;
alfo booms to fend-off another fliip
which is near.

Defenses de bouts de cable. See Cor des
de d.fenfe.

Defences pour chaloupes, loofe fkeeds hung
over a fliip's fides occafionally, to pie-
fervc the boats from being damaged
when they are hoided intO; or out of,
the vefiel.

DEFERLER, to loofe or heave out the
fails. Sec De'ployer.

DETIE du vent, you aie all in the wind ;
keep her full ! an information or caution
to the hehnl'inan, that the (hip is too near
the wind ; imj^lying that he (hould keep
her further off, or more to leeward, fo
as to fill the fails.

De'fie I'ane.e du bord, bear off the anchor !
the order to keep the fluke or bill of the
anchor off from the fide, to prevent it
from tearing the planks at the time of
hoiiting the fluke up, in order to be fe-
cured by the (hank painter.

DE FIER, to bear off, as a (hip from a
v.'harf, or one vellel from another, to
pievcnt cither from being bruilej or da-
maged bv rubbing, or (hiking agiinff
each othiT.

DE FUNER, to uniig a (hip, to lîiip a
maft, i!cc.

DE'GAGER un v.ii^cau, to rcfcuc a (liip

from

DEM

D E R

from the pofTcffioii, attack, or purfuit,
of an I iicniy.

DK GARNIR hcahr/lau, to unrig the cap-
item, by taking olF the voyol, and un-
flipping, the bars.

De'carmr un vaiffiivi, to unrig or Jif-
niantle a fliip. Sec Degre'er.

DE GAUCHER, to bevel or form a piece
of timber, fo as tf) fit exactly to the place
tor whieli it is dcfiijncd.

DE GORGEOIR, the bitor priming-iron
of a cannon.

DE'GRADER un valjfcau, to lay-by a
{liip; aifo to quit or abandon a (hip at
lea, after having taken out the rigginir,
flores, &:c. when flie is become fo old
and crazy as to be ufelcfs or danger-
ous.

DE'GRAPPINER, to warp a fliip oft" from
the ice by the means of grapplings, when
fhe had approach d too near it.

DEGRE', the divifion of a degree upon
a quadrant, nodluinal, 5:c.

Degrf.' cle latitude, a degree of latitude.

Dfgre' (le longitude, a degree of longi-
tude.

DE'GRE'ER, to unrig a (hip; alfo to
loofc the ri2;nin<r in a florm. Sec De-
sagre'f.r.

DEHORS, theoffing, the outfide, or road,
of a h irbour.

DE JOUER, to fly out, to flutter, or turn
in the wind, e-xprelTcd of flags, pendents,
&c.

DE/LACER la bonnette, to unlace or take
olF the bonnet from the foot of a fail.

DE LAÎSSEAlENT,aninftrument,ora(f>,
by which the lofs of a (hip is announced
by the mafter or merchant to an infurcr,
fumnioning him to pay the ftipulated in-
furancc.

DELESTAGE, the difcharging of ballaft
from a fliip.

DE'LESTEUR, an officer appointed to
receive the ballad of fhips ; alfo a ballaft-
lighter.

DELOT, or rather Cosse. See Cosse,

DEMAILLER. See Délacer.

DEMANDE, the fcantlings or propor-
tions required in every piece of timber
which enters into the conftrudion of a
fhip of war ; alfo the dimenfions of every
piece, without regard to fuch demand.

DE'MARAGE, or Démarrage, the
breaking adrift from the moorings ; or
parting the cables.

DEMARRE, the o-Jer to catt oiT, or let
(;o a cable, hawfer, or other rope.

DE'MARRER, to unmoor; to weigh
anchor ; to put to fca.

DE'MATE', di(mafled by a florm or bat-
tle ; alfo without the niafts, when they
have been hoifted out,

DEMATER, to take out the marts of
a {hip.

DE MEURER, to remain, or be left, in
fomc road, bay, or harbour.

DEMl-BARRES. Sec IUrres de câbtf-
tan.

Demi-cleff, a half-hitch on a rcpc, &c.

Demi-Piq^if, a half-pike, foniclimes ufed
to oppolc the boardi-rs in a fca-fight.

Demi-pont, the halt-deck. Sie Corps
de garde.

DEMOISELLES. See Lisse de porte-
haubans.

DE.MONTER de gouvernail, to unhang
the rudder.

DE PARTEMENT, a marine arfenal, or
dock-yard with it's gun-wharf; alfo the
extent of the diflridt and jurifdiction of
an Intendant de la marine.

DE PASSER, to be ahead of one's reckon-
ing ; to fail beyond tlie place intended,
as by miftake.

Di; passer la iournevire, to fliift the voyol,
or change it to the other fide of the
flern.

Dépasser un vaijjèau, to fore-reach, gain,
ground upon, or pafs by another fhip
when failing in company with her.

DE PECER un bâtiment. See De'chi-

RER.

DE PENCE, the fteward-room in a {hip

of war.
DE'PENCIER, or De'pensier d'un vaif-

feau, the fhip's ftcward. See Maitre-

VALET.

DETENDANT. Mer en De'pendakt,

to fail in company; to follow.
Tomber en De'pendant, to bear up ; or to

fliorten fail in order to veer.
DE'PLOIER le pavillon, to let fly, or dif-

play the enfign.
De'ploier une voile, to heave out, or fet a

fail.
DE'PREDE', goods plundered or robbed

from a wreck, contrary to law.
DE'RADER, to drive with the anchors

ahead ; to be driven from the anchors

and forced out to fea, by the violence of

a ftorm.

DE'-

DES

D I S

DKRALINGUER, to be blown from the
bolt-rope, in a (torm ; fpokcn of a fail.

DERANGE'E. SccAncre andTacvoR.

DERAPIlR, to loofeii from the ground ;
unJerftood of the anchor when it is almoft
aweigh.

DE'RIVATION, the yawing, or dcvia-
t on from the line of the courfc.

DE'RI VE, the angle of kx-vvay, or drift.

Dk'rive is alfo the ftray-line, or allow-
ance made for ftray-liiic, occafioned by
a {hip's falling to lecvviird, when found-
ing, in deep water.

Dk'rive is liiccwifc ufed for a lec-board.
See Semelle.

De'rive qtiii'ûut la route, a drift favourable
to the courfc.

Belle Dr. RIVE, a good offing, or fca-room.

DE RIVER, to drive, to be driven to lee-
ward by a tenipeftor foul wind,

DE ROBER, to becalm.

De'roui R le veut (Fun vaijjeau, to becalm a
fhip; alfo to becalm fome of the fails
with others.

DE SAFOURCHER, to unmoor.

DE'SAGRE'ER, to have the rigging, or a
part of it, blown away or loft by a ftorm,
&c.

DE SANCRER, to ,vvcigh anchor, and
depart from a port or roid.

DE S ARBORER, to ftrikc the top-maft
and haul down the colours.

DE SARiVlEAlENT. See De'charce-
ment and De'barquement.

DE SARRIMER, to alter or ftift the
ftowage of ihe hold, in order to change
the (hip's trim.

DESCENDRE, to maroon. Sec Deser-
ter.

De'-cendrf. une rivière, to fall down a
river with the tide.

DESCENTE, a dcfccnt or landing upon
an enemy's country.

DE'SEMBARQ.UER, Sec Dir.ARQiiE-

MENT,

IVifeau DE'SEMPARE', a (hip difablcd,

as in a tempi ft or battle.
DESEMPARER un vaijfeau, to difable a

fhip in battle, by dilmaftinj her and de-

ftroying her fails, &c.
DESERTER quelqu'un, to myoon a failor,

or leave him aftiore in a foreign country

contrary to his inclination.
D E S S U S </k vent. See A V A N T A C E ^« vent.
Vingt hcmnies Az-Dessus, cl.ip on here

twenty bauds ! the order from an office.-

for twenty men to be employed on fonic
particular duty.

DESTINATION, the place whither a
fliip is bound.

DE' TACHER, to feleft fome (hips from a
fleet or fquadron, for a particular fervicc.

iSi'De'tacher, to quit or abandon the fleet.

DE'TALINGUER, to unbend the cable,
or take it off from the anchor.

DE'TREMPEUR de viandes falées (J de
poijfcn, the cook's (hifter.

DETROIT, a ftreight or narrow channel
between two lands ; alfo an ifthmus be-
tween two feas.

DE'VENTER les jioiles, to (hiver the
fails, or brace them fo as to (hiver in the
wind.

DEVERGUER, to unbend the fails from
their yards.

DEVERS, the moulding of any piece of
timber, amongft (hipwrights, by incurva-
tion, circular, elliptical, or otherwife.
Whence,

Marquer le hois fuivant f:n Devers, to
mould the timber according to it's com-
pafs or inclination.

DE'VIRER le cable, to furge the cable
about the capftern or windlafs, in order
to prevent it from riding, with one paie
over another.

DEVIS, a fchcmc containing the general
dimcnfions of a (liip, from which the
(hipwright is to form a draught for con-
ftruiiling her.

DEXTRIBORD, or rather Stribord,
the ftarboard fideof afliip. SeeSTRiBORD.

DIABLOTIN, the mizen top-maft ftay-
fail.

DIGON, or DiGUON, the ftock or ft.ft"
of a vane or pendent ; alfo a piece of the
fliip's cut- water.

DKjUE, a wall, mound, or pier, of cart!»
or (lone, and fometimes of timber, built
on the margin of a river, to con(ine ic
within it's banks, fo that it may not over-
flow tiie adjacent country.

DILIGENCE, a fwift-failing wherry, or
pafiage-boat.

DISPUTER U vent, to ftrive for the wea-
ther-gage, or endeavour to get to wind-
ward of fome (liip, or fleet in fight.

DISTANCE deports, ifc. the line of dif-
tancc, in navigation, between any two
given places, wiiofe latitude and longi-
tude are known.

Dis-

D O U

D R O

Distance I'u fabonls, the difcincc, or in-
terval, between two "iin-poris in a lliip's
fu!c.

DIVISION d'liite nrir.îe nnvaL', one di-
vi'fion ot" a fleet of lliips of w;ii.

DIXIEME, an ndJitiunal cafk ;iIlowed by
iin agcnt-vi<ilualltr lo every ten cafl'.s of
lea provifions, to anfvvcr for waflc or
leakage.

DOGRE, or DocxE-^j/, a Dutch dogger.

DOCjUES (Vomure, the holes in the chefs-
trees. Ste I'aqi'et.

DONIn'ER II l.i citi, fur un banc, cu fw un
(ctinU to run aground, (Irilie, or be
Itrandcd on any coaft, flioal, or rock.

Donn'KR de bout à terre, to run right in for
the land.

T) OK f^r.R dedans, to enter a port, ro;.d, &c.

DoNN'Eil /..■ bus di- jt'ie. Sec 13 as de fie.

Don'NER les culées, to firikc repeatedly on a
fhelf or rock.

Donner le fend. Sec Mouiller.

Donner la cale. See Cale.

Dqksek. la chaj/è. See Chasser.

Donner le côté. S ee P r e t v.r le côté.

Donner la feu à un vaijjèau, to bream a
fhip.

Donner le fulf, to pay a fliip's bottom
after fiic is breamed.

Donner vent devant, to throw a fliip up in
the v.'ind, or in ftays ; to b.'-ing the wind
a-hcad, by putting the helm a-lee.

Donner tin g^rand hunier, to fparc a inain
top-fail to fomc other fliip in company ;
implying, that fuch fliip fails flower by
as much, as the force of a main top-fail
aflifts her velocity.

DONNEUR a la greffe, the infurcr of a
fliip and her cargo.

DORER ?/« vaifj'eau, to pay a fhiip's bottom.

See ESPAL.'.IER.

DORMAN r, the {landing part of a
tackle, brace, or oth-r running rope.

DORMANTE, Veau Dormante, {land-
ing water, or water where there is no ti J;
or current.

Bateau fait «DOS d'ane, a fharp-bottomed
boat.

£f DOSSIER d^un bateau, back-board of a
boat.

D'OU efî la navire? whence came the
fhip ? v/here belon2:s the fhip to?

DOUBLAGE, the^fheathing applied to
the bottom of a fhip.

DOUBLE d^ine manœuvre, the bight of a
rope. See Balant.

DOUBLER, to double, or double upon, in

a fca-fi:;lir.
Doubler le filage, to make a crooked

wake ; to run o\er more fpace of water

tiian is neccfi'ary, by bad (keragc.
Do u BLEU un cap, farer un cap, to double,

or pafs beyond a cape, ai;d leave it be-
hind.
Doubler un vaiffeau, to fl.cathc a fnip's

bottom.
DOL'CIN, a name given by fcamen to

brackilh uatrr.
DilAGAN, the ornamented part of the

fiern of a row-gailcy.
DRAGON, a whirlpool, or vortex of

water.
Dragon de -vent, a fudden guft or violent

fquall of wind.
DRAGUE, a drag, or inflrum?nt to clean

the bottoms of r:vers and canals ; alfo to

catch oyftcrs.
Dr AGvr. de ea/ion. See Brague.
DRAGUER, to clean the bottom of a

river or canal with a drag.
Draguer l'ancre, to drag, or fweep tho

bottom, for an anchor which is Uift.
DRF.GE, a fort of net for catching foies

and turbot.
DRESSE laehaloitpe > trim the boat! See

Barql'E droit.
DRESSER les vergues, to brace the yards

to the wind, when the fails arc furled at

fca.
Dresser un piece de bus, to trim or prepare

an)' |)iccc of timber for it's u(^.
DRISSE, or Issas, the hnliards of any fail

or yard.
Sen de Drissf, knight-heads.
Drisse de pavillon, the em'ign-haliards.
allonge la Drisse, the order to man the

haliards, of any fail, or to ftretch them

along to be manned.
DROGUERIE, the hcrring-fifhery, or the

catching and preparation of hcriings, on

the Noitiiern Banks.
DROIT d'ancrage. See Ancrage.
Droit de Congé. See Conge'.
Droit de vaiech, ou varet. See Chosse de

la r.ier, and De'bius.
Mcr en DROITURE, or faire fa rout en

Droiture, to make a fliait courfe ; to

make a voyage without touching at any

intcrmrdiate port.
DROSSE, or Drousse, the tiller-rope,

formed of white hemp, and wound about

the barrel of a fjiip's wheel.

Drosse

E C H

ECO

the poop of a (hip «f

Drosse de canon, a gun-tackle. DUNETTE,

Drosse de racage, a parrel-rope, or trufs- war.

rope. DuNETTEyi^r Dunette, the poop-royal.

DUNES, downs or hcighths on the fea- See Teugue.

coad.

EA U changh, foul water ; or water
whofe colour is changed by approach-
ing the fhore, or other wife.

Eau du vaijpau. See Sillage.

Eau haute, high-water. See Haute-
mare'e.

Eau maigre, or Maigre-eau, flioal-
water. This phrafc is peculiar to the
common failors.

Eau plate 53" courtotfe, very fmooth water;
the ftate of the water in a dead calm.

Eau premiere b! Eau féconde, the firft and
fécond floods after a neap-tide.

EAVX formées, water inclofed with ice.

Eaux ouvertes, an open channel, after the
ice has melted or feparated.

EBAROUI, abounding with fliakes or
rents; exprefled of the planks of a fhip
when they are fplit, and her feams open-
ed by the fun or wind, for want of being
fluiccd over with water, in the evenings
and mornings.

EBE, or Jussant, the ebb-tide.

II y à Ebe, the tide ebbs, or falls.

EBRANLEMENT, thccrackingorftrain-
ing of a ftiip, as Ihe labours in a high fea.

ECALE, the touching, or anchoring, at
any port, in the courfe of a voyage.

ECARLINGUE. Sec Carlingue.

ECART double, a fcarf of two ends of tim-
ber laid over each other.

Ecart fimple ou quarré, butt and butt;
the joining of the butt-ends of two
planks.

ECHAFAUD, a flake, or light flage, ufed
in Newfoundland to dry cod-fifli ; alfo a
ftage hung over a fliip's fide, to caulk or
repair any breach.

ECHANDOLE. Sec Escandqle.

ECHANTILLONS, the fcantlings or di-
menfions of the diftercnt pieces of timber
uftd in (liip-building.

ECHARPE, the nicllof a block or pulley.
See Arcasse and Mouffle.

ECHARS, a wind that veers and hauls; a
light and variable wind ; a cat's paw.

ECHELLE, a fcalc of equal parts; alfo a
fea-port town, in the dialect uf Provence.

Echelle de pouppe, the ftern or quarter-
ladder, formed of ropes.

ECHELLES, the gangway and ladder,
which ferve to afcend or defccnd the
fhip's fide; likewife the feveral ladders
bctween-decks.

Echelles de latitude croiffante. SccCartc
réduite.

ECHILON, a water-fpout. See Trompe
de mer.

ECHOME, a tholc-pin. See Auta-

RELLES.

ECHOUE', afhore, run aground.
ECHOUEMENT, the Itate of being

ftranded or wrecked on a coaft.
ECHOUER yj<r la rivage, to run aground;

to be ftranded.
ECLAIRCIE, a clear fpot in a cloudy

iky. See Clairon.
^CLAT de bois, a fplinter, or chip, torn

from any piece of timber, by the force of

a cannon-ball, or by the ilroke of an

ax.
ECLUSE, a fluice, or dam.
ECOLE, the fchool, or academy, in a

dock-yard, where navigation, arithmetic,

and fortification are taught.
ECOPE, a boat's fcoop, or fkeet.
ECORE, the edge or extremity of a fand-

bank. See Cote'.
ECORKS. See Accores.
ECOUETS, the tacks of the main-fail and

fore-fail.
ECOUPE, or Ecoupe'e, a fwab. See

Fauber.
ECOUTES, the ftieets of a fail.
Ecoute de bonette en itui, the tack or guy

of a ftudding-fail boom.
Avoir les Ecoutes largues, to fail with a

flowing fheet.
Entre deux FcouTES, both (beets aft, or

right before the wind.
Larguer ou filer /'ttoUTE, to cafe oft' the

iheet.

A a a Birder

E G U

E M B

Bcrder les Ecoutes, to haul aft the
(hcets.

Bcrder plat la Ecoutes, to haul the (hects
flat aft, or clofe aft.

ECOUTILLE qui s'emboîte, a hatchway
with a fcuttie which covers its border.

ECOUTILLES, the hatchways and fcut-
tlcs in a ftiip's deck.

EcouTiLLEs à huit pans, Ecoutilles du
tnât, the holes and partners of the maft,
which arc ufually in the form of an
otJlagon.

ECOUTILLON, a fcuttlc, or fmall hatch-
way ; alfo it's cover.

ECOU VILLON, the fpunge of a can-
non.

ECOUVILLONNER, to fpunge a can-
non ; alfo to clean or cool it with a wet
fpunu;e.

ECRITURES, the papers of a fhip,_com-
prehending journals, rcgiftcrs, paflports,
&c.

ECRIVAIN, the clerk of a fhip of war ;
alfo the fupercargo of a merchant-fhip.

Ecrivain de la cordnie. See Commis-
saire.

ECUBIERS, the hawfe-holes ; alfo the
hawfe-pieces, through which thofe holes
are cut.

ECUEIL, a dangerous rock or fhoal.

ECU ELLE de cabejhn, the iron focket or
fawccr of the capftcrn.

ECUME, the froth or foam of a breaking
fea.

ECUMER la trier, to fcour or infeft the
fea, as a pirate.

ECUSSON, Ecu des armes, a compart-
ment or fcutcheon upon the ftern, fore-
caftle, or bclfrey, upon which the arms
of the (hip's owner, or of the province or
city from which her name is derived, are
painted or carved. Thefe are more pe-
culiar to the French and Dutch than to
Englifli veffels. See fig. 3. plate X.
wherein the ccuflion is reprefented.

EFFACER, to bring the broadfide to bear
upon feme adjacent objedt ; as by clap-
ping a fpring upon the cable.

EFFLOTER, to part company, or fepa-
rate at fea, as from a fleet or fome other
vcfiel.

EGOUTTOIR, a grating, or drain
wherein to lay cordage after it is tarred.

ECîUILLES dt- trc. See Aiguilles.

EGUILLLTTES, or rather Aiguil-
LETTES, the futtock- riders.

Eguillittes, knittles, or fmall robands ;

alfo the loops or liuttons of a bonnet.
Eguillettes dc nuits. Sec Entennes.
Eguillettes de pcntons, the cleats, or

timber-heads on the gunnel of a pontoon,

whereto the relicving-tjckies are hooked

in the adl ot careening a fliip.
ELANCEMENT, or Çu kte, the rake of

a (hip: the fjrmer of thcfe terms is al-
ways applied to the fle-m, and the latter

to the (bcrnpoft. SceQuETE.
ELARGIR, to give chace; alfo to fly from

a purluing enemy.
5'ELEVER, to (tand out to fea; alfo to

claw off from a lee-fhore.
S'klever en latitude. See Hauteur.
ELINGUER, to fling a cafk, bale, or

box.
ELINGUES, (lings of any kind.
Ehiscvrs à pattes, can-hooks.
ELINGUET, the paul of a capfiern or

windlas.
ELME. See Feu Saim-Elmi.
EMUANQUE', to be upon a filhing-bank,

as thofe of Newfoundland, &c.
EM BARDER, to (heer on one fide or the

other; to yaw, or fleer obliquely. See

Elancer.
EMBARGO. See Arret.
EMBARQUEMENT, an embarkation.
EMBARQUER, to (hip; to put goods,

(lores, &c. on (hip-board.
iS'Embarquer, to embark, or enter a

(hip.
EMBELLE, the gangway, or that part of

the gunnel which is in the waift of a (hip

from the gangway to the chefs-tree or

fore-caftle.
EMBODINURE, or Emboudinure, the

puddening of an anchor.
EMBOSSER, to anchor, or moor a (hip.
EAIBOSSURE. a knot formed on the end

of a lope, to which a laniard is faftened ;

alfo a bend, by which one rope is faftened

to another.
EMBOSSURES, a general name for moor-
in:;?, (toppers, la(hings, and laniards.
EMBOUCHURE, the mouth of a river;

alfo the entrance or opening of a bay or

gulph.
EMBOUFFETE', clinch-work.
EMBOUQUER, to enter into a ftreight

or paflage, as through feveral idands,

&c.
EMBRAQUERj to haul, or rowfe any

rope

E N C

E N T

rope -into a fhip ; to haul aboard a

rope.
EMBROUILLER h-s voiles, to brail up or

clue up, any of the l.iils.
EMBRUME', foggy weather.
E^L^IARINE', hardened to the fea ; as,
Alatdot Emmarine', a cafc-hardencd or

weather-beaten tar; a veteran fdilor.
EMMARINKR un vaijjl-au, to man a fhip,

or fiirnifh her with feaincn.
EMMIELLER un état, to worm a (lay.
EMMORTOIStR, to fill up a mortife

with it's tenon.
EMPANNER. See Mettre en panne.
EMPATER, to make a fcarf ; to Icarf

two pieces of timber together.
EMPATURE, the fcarf of two ends of

plank or timber.
EMPECHE, foul, or entangled ; an epi-
thet applied to a rope, or tackle, when in

that fituation.
EMPENNEE LE, a fmall anchor funk

ahead of a larger one, to which it is faft-

ened by a fmall hawfer, or tow-line, to

prevent the large anchor from loofcning,

or coming home to the fhip.
EMPENNELLER, to back an anchor, or

carry out the ernpenntlU.
EMPESER la voile, la mouiller, to wet the

fails, that they may be enabled to retain

the wind more fteadily.
EMPIRANCE, the deficiency of a fhip's

cargo at the time of delivery ; happening

either by wafte, decay, damage, &c.
EMPORl'ER, to carry away a mart ; as,

le grand mât fut emporté, the main-ma(t

was carried away, or broken by tempeflu-

ous weather, &c.
EMPOULETTE. See Horloge.
ENCABANEMENT,the tumbling-home

of a fhip's fide from the lower-deck-beam

upwards, to the gunnel.
ENCAPE', embayed, or entered between

two capes.
ENCASTILLAGE, the elevation of the

fore-caftle and quarter-deck, together

with all the heigluh of a fliip above the

gunnel of her waift.
ENCASl ILLE', dec p-waifted, or frigate-
built ; as oppofed to galley-built.
ENCLAVER, to let into a rabbet ; as the

garboard-flreak is let into the keel.
ENCOGNURE, the elbow or angle of a

knee or flandard.
ENCOMBREMENT, any cumbcrfomc

or unweildy goods, which embarrafs the

Aowage of a nicrchaiu-fliip.

ENCOQUER, to fallen upon ; as an iron
ring, block-ftrop, or the eye of a biace-
pcndent is fixed upon a yaid-arm.

ENCOQUURE, the fituation of an eye
of a pendent, or fludding-fail boom-iron,
&c. fixed on a yard-arm.

ENCORNAIL, the fheave-holc in a top-
maft-hcad, through which the top-fail-
tye is reeved, to hoiil or lower the top-
fail along the maft. See alio Clan.

ENCOUTURE', clinch-work. See alfo
Emboijffete'.

ENDENTE', dove-tailed, indented.

ENDORMI, out of the failing-trim ; fpo-
kcn of a fliip which has loft her ufual ve-
locity or trim. See Erre.

ENFILER les cobles en virant, to hcave-in
the cables by the capltcrn.

ENFLECHURES, the rattlings of the
fhrouds.

ENFLEMENT, a fwell ; a rough or
fwelling fea, produced bv a ftorm, &c.

ENFONCEMENT, bevclmg, in fhip-
building, hewing timber in a proper and
regular curve, according to a mould laid
on its furface.

ENGAGE', an indented fervant, who
engages to fcrve a limited time, in order
to defray the expence of his voyage to a
diftant country.

ENGAGEMENT, the contrat, or arti-
cles of agreement between the feamcn and
the commander of a merchant-fhip.

ENGINS. See Frigate.

ENGRAISSEMENT, a tenon fixed in a
mortife: hence, joindre de bois par En-
graissement, to drive forcibly into a
mortife ; or fit a piece of wood fo exactly
therein, that no vacancy fliall be left on
any fide.

ENGRENER la pompe, to pump the water
out of a fhip's bottom.

EN JALER une ancre, to flock, or fix the
flock upon, an anchor.

ENLACURE, the bolting of a tenon into
it's mortife, by boring a hole and driving
a bolt through both, to unite them more
fee u rely.

ENMANCHE', arrived, or entered, into
the chaiiiiL'l.

ENSEIGNE </(r "yi/z^jK, an otlicer under
the lieutenant, who executes the duty of
the latter in his abfencc; alfo the eniigii
of a (hip.

ENTENNES, the props, or out-riggers,
fixed on the fide of a fticcr-hulk, to fup-
port the (hecrs.
A a a 2 ENTRE-

E P I

ESC

ENTRE-PONT. See Punt.

ENTERRER Us futailes, to flow the
w:iter-cafks of a (hip in the ballad.

ENTRE'E d'ujie riviere. See Embou-
chure.

EN I'REMISES, fmall wedges, or chocks,
placed between the whelps of a capftern,
to keep them firm in their places.

EN T REPOT, a commercial harbour,
where a magazine or ftorehoufe is efta-
bliflicd, for the reception and exportation
of goods ; alfo a fadory, or fociety of
merchants, in a trading fea-port.

ENTREPRENEUR, a contrador for
building and furnifhing a fliip, compleatly
fitted according to ftated dimenfmns.

ENTRER dam U port, to fail into the har-
bour.

ENTRE-SABORDS, the planks which
form the intervals between the ports of a
fliip's fide.

ENTRE-TOISE, the tranfoms of a gun-
carriage, ufed as fea.

EN VERGUER, to bend a fail to it's yard :
this phrafe is alfo frequently ufed for
bending a (lay-fail to it's (lay.

ENVERGURE, the dimenfions of the
fails with regard to the extent upon the
yards : hence une grande Envergure
implies very fquare fails.

ENVOI, the order to the helmfman to put
the helm a-lee, in order to bring the (hip
hcad-to-wind.

EPARS du pavillon, the fla:;-ftaff, or cnfign-
(taff.

EPAVES. See Choses de la mer.

EPAULES a'un vaijjiau, the bows of a
(hip.

EPAULEMKNT d'un tenon, the (houlder
of a tenon, which enters a mortife.

EPAURES, or Epavres, the ledges or
fpars, upon which the fore-(beets and
(tcrn-(heets of a boat are framed.

EPE'ES, handfpecs. See Barres de vire-

vaut.
EPERON, or PouLAiNE, the cut-water,
or knee of the head, which is compofed
of feveral pieces, as la gorgere, le digon, les
jottereauxy la courbe capucine, £3" les herpes.
See GoRGERE, &c.
EPINEUX, rocky above water j full of

rocks and breakers.
EPISSER, to fplice a rope.
EPlSSOlR, or CoKKV.r iFépiJp, a marline-

fpike, or fplicing fid of hard wood.
EPISSURE, a fpljce of any kind.

Epissure courte, a fliort fplicc.
Epissure longue, a long fplice.
EPITE, aimall pin or wedge, driven into

the end of a tri '-nail, to fwell it.
EPITIE', a (hot-garland fixed between the

guns, on the (liip's fide.
EPONTILLE, a (tanchion. See alfoBA-

TAYOLLES.

EPON TILLES d: entre-pont, the flan-
chions between decks.

EQUIPAGE, the crew of a (hip of war,
comprehending the officers, failors, fea-
men, marines, ordinary men, fervants,
and boys ; but exclufivc of the captain,
lieutenants, and enfign.

Eq^'IPage d'attcUer, a general name for
the machinery and furniture of a dock-
yard, or (liipwright's wharf, as cranes,
gins, fcrews, &c.

Equipage de pompe, the pump-gear, or
furniture of the pumps.

EQUIPE, the number or fet of boats be-
longing to one waterman or wherry-
man.

EQUIPEMENT, the fitting out of a (hip,
or furnifliing her with men, provifions,
(lores, &c.

EQUIPER, to man, arm, and provide a
(hip with whatever is nece(rary to profe-
cute war, or commerce ; exclufivc, how-
ever, of the cargo itfelf.

ERISSON, a grappling, or anchor with
four claws, ufed in low-built vefTcls, par-
ticularly gallies.

ERRE, the failing trim of a (liip, or the
(late by which (he is befl qualified for the
purpofes of failing.

ERSE dc pouHe. See EsTROPE.

ERSES, or E tropes d'affût, the (Irops or
eye-bolts in the train of a gun-carriage,
to which the train-tackles are hooked.

ESCADRE, a fquadron of (hips of war.

ESCALE. See Ecale.

ESCANDOLA, the cabin of the argoufm
of a row-galley.

ESCARBITE, a caulker's oil-box; or the
cafe which contains the thrums deeped
in oil, to clean his irons when he is at
work.
ESCARPE', (Icep-to; exprefled of a (hore
which may be approached without dan-
ger.
ES'CARPINE, a fort of mufketoon ufed by

privateers and pirates.
ESCHILON. SeeEcHiLON.
ESCOPE, or rather EcorE, a (keet to

wet

EST

ETA

wet the fails, or the {hip's fide. See

ECOPE.

ESCOT, the aftmoft lower corner of a
lateen-fail,

ESPALE, the aftmoft bank or thwart of
a row-galley.

ESPALIER, the perfon who rows with
the handle of the oar, or who is at tlic
inner extremity, and rifes at every ftroke
to guide it.

ESPALMER, to pay the bottom of a vefTtl
with fope, &c. after having breamed her.

ESPOIR, a fmall piece of artillery, formed
of brafs, and mounted on the deck of
a Ihip, more particularly the caraqua of
Portugal.

ESPONTON, a fort of half-pike, cm-
ployed to defend a fhip from the aflauh of
boarding.

ESPOULETTE, a tin canteen, or cafe,
to carry fine powder to the cannon, in
the time of battle.

ESQUAINS, the fpirketing of the quarter-
deck and fore-caftlc.

ESQUIF, a flcift", yawl, or fmall boat be-
longing to a Ihip.

ESSES, the forelocks which are driven
through the axletrees of the gun-car-
riages, to confine the wheels in their
proper places.

ESSIEU, or rather Aissieu, d'affût de
bord., the axis of a gun-carriage, by which
it refts upon the wheels.

ESSUIEUX. See Ecouvillon.

ESTACADE, a boom, ftrong chain or
cable, laid acrofs the mouth of a har-
bour, to prevent an enemy's entering it.

ESTAINS, the fafliion- pieces of the ftern.

ESTANCE à taquets^ a Samfon's-poft.
See alfo Pie droit.

ESTANCES. SceEpoNTiLLES(ff«/r^/)«;;r.

ESTERRE, a fmall haven or creek.

ESTLVIE, the dead-reckoning : whence.

Erreur dam T'Estime, the errors of a dead-
reckoning.

ESTIVE, the trim or difpofition of the
cariro, in a fhip's hold.

ESTOUPIN, Etoi'I'in, orVALKT, the
vent of a cannon, formed of oakum.

ESTl\.AN, a name fometimes given to a
flit .md fandy fca-coaft.

ES TK APADEz/.-iir/w, a naval punilhmcnt.
Sec Cale.

ESTRAPONTIN, an Indian hammoc.
See Ham \c.

ESTRIBORD, orSTRiooRD. SccStri-

BORD.

ESTROPER, to reeve a rope through any
block.

ESTROPES, a general name for block-
ilrops.

ESTROPES d'affût. See Erses.

EsTROPEs des marche-pieds, the ftirrups of
the horfes.

E'T ABLl fur fes amarres, fettled, moored,
or Itationcd in a port.

E'T AI, the ftay of a m aft.

E'tai du grand mât, or grand étal, the
main-llay.

E't.m du grand mat de hune, the main top-
maft-(by.

E'tai du grand perroquet, the main-top-
gallant ftay.

E'tai du »:/lt d'artimon, the mizen-ftay.

E'tai du mât de hune d'avant, the fore-top-
mart-ftay.

E'tai du mi/aine, or du mât de /ni/aine, the
fore ftay.

E'tai de perroquet d'artimon, or défoule, the
mizen-top-maft-ftay.

E'tai de voile d'ètai, a ftay-fail-ftay.

Faux-]i'TAi, a preventcr-ftay.

ETALER, to anchor during the interval
of a contrary tide, in a foul wind ; with
intent to purfue the courfe the next fa-
vourable tide.

ETALINGUE, the clinch of a cable, or
that part which is bent to the anchor.

ETALINGUER, to clinch the cable to
it's anchor.

ET AM BOT, the ftern-poft of a ftiip.

ï:TAMBRA1ES, the holes or fcuttles in
a ftiip's decks, through which the marts
arc let down ; alio the partners of the
mart.

ETAMINE, buntinc; the cloth of which
a ftiip's colours are made.

ETANCHER, to ftop a leak; alfo to pump
tlie water out of a (lup.

ETANCONS, a fort of ftanchions. Sec
Epontii.les.

ETAPE, a mart, o; pl;Ke of public fale
for mcrehandife; alfo a commercial port.

l/EARCURE, diop, a name given to the
depth of the principal faih. SecCnuTE.

ET,\T (P armement, a lift, or regifttr, con-
taining the number of (hips, and officers,
deftined lor a naval armament; as alfo
the quality and proportion of cordage,
fails, and furniture of a ihip, &c.

Capitaine du grand Etat, or du Haut-
hord, a csptain of a (hip of the line of
battle.

Ctipiteint

F A I

Capitairu du pttit Etat, a mafter and com-
mander.

ETENDARD, the royal ftandard, carried
by the principal galley of France.

ETE'SIES, or vents^ Ete'siens, trade-
winds, or monfoons.

E'TOUPE, oakum, or oakham.

Etoupe blanche, white oakum, or that
which is formed of untarred ropes.

"E'toupe goudronnée, black oakum, which
is made of tarred ropes.

ETRAQUE, the limited breadth of a
Iheak, or plank, ufed in (hip-building.

Etraque de gabord, the garboard-llreak,
or the breadth of the flreak next to the
keel.

ETRAVE, the ftem of a fhip.

ETRE àfiA, the ftate of being buoyed up
by the water.

Etre à la gamelle, to mefs with the com-
mon failors.

Etre au dejfus du vent. See Avantage
du vent.

Etre banque, or débanque, to be upon, or
ofï", the grand bank of Newfound-
land.

Etre dans les eaux d'un vaiffiau, to be in
the wake of a fliip.

Etre c7* bout au vent. See AtLER de bout
au vent.

E-tKhJlanc àfianc. See Prolonger.

Etre à fee, to be under bare poles.

Etre pratique de la mer, to be accuftomed,
or inured to the fea.

ETRIER, the lower link of the chains of
a fhroud, which is bolted to the wales.

ETRIERS, ftrops formed of a piece of
rope. See Estropes.

ETÙVE, a ftove in a dock-yard, fitted
with furnaces and cauldrons, for tarring
cordage, &c.

EVENT, the windage of a cannon, or the
difference between the diameter of the
bore and the diameter of the (hot.

EVENTER les voiles, to fill the fails. See
Servir.

EVITEE, the channel of a river, or the
breadth of a ciianncl.

Evite'e, a birth, or fufficicnt fpace where-
in a (hip may fiving round at the length
of her moorings.

Evite'e is alfo the birth or fp.'.ce between
two fiiips at anchor, or betwcvn one (hip
and fomc neighbouring objeft ; likcwife
the fweep or fwing of a (lip round her
anchor, at the length of her Ci'.ble.

EVITER à marcc, to (Icm the tide or cur-
rent.

Eviter au vent, to carry the head to wind-
ward, to Hem the wind.

EVOLUTIONS, the movements of a fleet
in forming the line of battle, or the orders
of retreat, or failing.

EXERCICE, the naval cxercife, or the
preparatory pra<n:ice of unmooring, fet-
ting fail, flowing the anchors, &c.

Exercice de canon, the exercife of the great
guns.

EXPEDITION maritime, a cruife or long
voyage at fea.

FABRIQUE, the particular built or
ftrudure of a (hip, either with regard

to her figure, or to the place where (he

was fabricated.
FABRIQUER, to build or conftrua a

(hip.
FAÇONS, the narrowing of a (hip's floor

afore and abaft.
FAGOT. SeeBAR(yjE.
FAIRE abattre. See Abattre.
Faire abordage. See Abordage.
Faire aiguade, or Faire de l'eau, to water

a (hip, or procure the provifion of water

neceftary for a voyage, &c.
Faire bon bird, or bonne bordée, to make a
3

good board or tack, when turning to
windward.

Faire canal, to fail through a ftreight or
narrow channel. This phrafe is more
peculiar to the gallies than to other vef-
fels.

Faire capot, to overfet, or overturn, at
fea.

Faire chapelle. See Chapelle.

Faire chaudière, to cook and prepare the
feamen's vifluals.

Faire courir, or recourir, to let run, or
over-haul any rope. It is more particu-
larly applied to the bowlines.

Faire dégrat, to quit a ftation, on the

banks

F A I

F A U

banks of Newfoundland, where there are

few fifti, in order to fearch for a better

fifliing- place.
Faire des feux, to hang out l.inthorns, as

fignals of diftrefs, in difÎLTcnt places of a

(hip, in the night.
Y f^iRE de btis, de bilcu!', devin, de hi fa-
rine, &c. to fmnifh a fliip with the

provifion of wiod, brv..d, wine, flour,

&c.
Faire eau, to leak ; to m.ikp water.
Faire e/cale, to touch at. ,;ny intermediate

P'.t in til. couric of .. voy.,i.',e.
Faire feux des deux bords, ro cannonade,

or fire '^n an cnem)', from both fid'S of a

fliip.
Faire filer un cable, lo pny out a larger

fcope of c ible.
F AIRE fot cedes z)iles, to make fail; to crowd

fail.
FAiRFyô?w des voiles isf rames, to crowd fail,

and exert all the force of the oars.
Faire g-uvemer, to cun the fliip, or to

fupcrintend and diroiH: the hclmfman.
FaiRE h:iimur. See Hcvneur.
Faire la courfe. See Aller en courfe.
Faire la grande bordée, to fct the half-
watch, or the watch of half the fhip's

crew, as at fea.
Faire la petite bordée. See Borde'b.
Faire le nord, le fud, &c. to ftand to the

northward, fouthward, &c.
Faire pavillon, to carry a broad pendent,

as the commodore or commander in chief

of a fquadron, &c.
Faire pavillon, or bannière d'une nation, to

hoift or fhew the colours.
Faire pavillon blanc, to difplay a flag of

truce.
Faire petites voiles, to be under fmall fail ;

to cany little fail.
Faire plus des voiles, to make fail ; to make

more fail.
Faire quarantaine, to perform quarantine.
Faire route, to ftand onward on the

courfe.
Fairh fa route en droiture. Sec Aller en

droiture.
Y !\\KE fervir, to fill the fails; to make fail,

after having lain- by for fomc time.
Faire fan quart. Sec Qu art.
Faire tete, to carry the head to a current

or wind.
Faire une defcente, to invade, or make a

defccnt upon, an enemy's country.

Faire voiles, to depart and fet fail ; to get

under fail.
FAIS COURIR, keep her full ! the order

to the hrlmi'man to ftecr the fhip fo as not

to (hake in the wind when clofe hauled.

See alfo De'fik rlu vent.
FAIT, fixed, or fct in ; an epithet applied

to the wind, wh' n it is fuppofed to be

fettled for a confiderable period of

time.
FAIX, or Faix de pont. See Iloires.
FALAISK, a Ik-ip and bold (hore.
FALAlStR, to break or burft over the

rocks, lA'c, unJcrftuod of the waves upon

a fea-coa(h
FANAL, a light-houfc on the fca-coa(}.

See Phare.
Fanal is alfo the poop or quarter-lant-

born of a fliip.
Fakal dehune, the top-Ianthorn.
Fanal de foule, the light-room of a (hip's

maijazlne.
FANAUX de combat, the lanthorns ufed

between the guns, in time of battle.
Fanaux pour ftgnaux, fignal-lanthorns.
FANON, the balance of the mizcn.
FARAILLON, a fmall fand-bank.
FARAIS, a fort of nets for fifhing of

coral.
FARDAGE, the dunnage laid in a (hip's

hold, when (he is to be laden in-bulk; as

with corn, fait, t^'c.
FARGUES, or Fardes, the fides of a

(hip's waift, from the main-deck up-
wards to the gunnel.
EASIER, to (liiver the fails. See Bar-

BEVER.

FAUBER, a fwab. Whence

FAUBERTER, to fwab a fhip's decks,
he.

FAUSSE koutc. See E'coutes de honnêtes
en étui.

Faussi étrave, or rather Contre //rav^,
the ftemfon.

Fausse galerie. See Galerie.

Fausse quille, a piece of timber pl.iced ou
the top of the keel, in the interval be-
tween the dead-wood alorc and abaft :
alfo the falfe ktel.

FAUSSl S lances, wooden guns, fixed on
a fliip's fide 'o deceive an enemy in time
of war.

FAUX ciité, the fide of a (hip which heels
molt, when (he is lap-fidcd, or not
trimmed upright by her cargo.

Faux

FEU

FLA

Faux étni, a prevcnter-ftay. It is alfo a
general name for the ftay-fail-ftays.

Faux étambot, the back of the ftern-poft.

FAUxy«'«jr, fignals made by falfe fires.

Faux pont, the orlop-deck, or platform.

Faux racage, a preventer-parrel, ufed to
confine the yard to the maft, in cafe the
parrel fhould be fhot away in battle.
This machine is never ufed in Englifh
(hipping.

Faux ringcot. See Safran.

Faux fabords, falfe ports, painted in a
ftiip's (idc, to deceive an enemy. See
Fausses lances.

FAYFtNA, a fort of Japonefe galley,
which ufually rows with about thirty
oars.

FELOUQUE, an Italian felucca.

FEMELLES, the googings ufed to hang
the rudder on the flern-poft.

FE'MELOTS, the googings of a boat's
rudder, &c.

FER, a name given to the anchors of a row-
galley.

Fer de chandelier de pienier, the iron-focket
in which the fwivel of a pedrero refts and
traverfcs.

Fer de girouette, the fpindle which fupports
the vane at the maft-head.

FERLER, to furl, hand, or flow the fails.

FERMETURE. See the fubfequent ar-
ticle.

FERMURES, the planks of a Hiip's fide
in the intervals between the wales.

FERRURE, the iron-work of a (liip, as
chains, bolts, fpikcs, nails, 5cc.

Ferrure de chaloupe, the iron-work em-
ployed to fit the maft, boom, and rudder
of a long-boat.

Ferrure de gouvernail, the pintles and
googings of a fhip's rudder.

Ferrure de fabords, the hinges of the gun-
ports.

FERS crarchoutans, or de boute dehors, the
goofe-neck of a ftudding-fail-boom; alfo
the fork of a fire-boom.

Fers pour les criminels, bilboes, or fetters,
to confine criminals.

FESSES, a name ufuallv given to the but-
tocks, or prominent quarters, of a Dutch
flight or cat.

FEU grégeois, an artificial fire, or inflam-
mable compofition, ufed fomctimes to
burn an enemy's (hip in battle.

Feu faint-Elme, a corpofant, (ometimes
called Caftor and Pollux.

FEUX d'artifice, artificial fires ufed at fea.
FICHURE, a fi(h-gig, or ftaft"with fcvc-

ral grains or prongs, ufed to ftrikc fi(h,

at fea, and called alfo Foesne, which

fee.
FIGALE, an Indian veflel with one maft,

and ufually rowed with oars, or paddles.
FIGULES, or Figures. See Enfle-

chures.
YWi de carret, a rope-yarn.
FiL de voile, de tré, or de trcvier, twine for

fail-making.
FILADIEIxli;, a fmall flat-bottomed boat

ufed on the Garonne.
FILANDRES, fea-wccds which adhere to

a (hip's bottom that has been long upon

the fea.
FILARETS, rails ufed to extend the net-
tings on a (hip's quarter, waift, or fore-

caftle.
FILE bouline, check the bowline ! the order

to eafe-oft", or let go the bowline, when

the (hip veers before the wind.
Ne File plus amarre ! keep faft the cable !

ftopper the cable ! veer no more !
FILER, to flacken, or lower gradually.
Filer du cable, to veer out, or veer away

the cable.
Filer d'écoute, to cafe-oft' a (heet. See alfo

Larguer.
Filer le cable bout par bout, to veer away the

cable to the end, to veer out the cable

end-for-end.
Filer fur fes ancres, to pay out more cable

to the anchors.
Filer toate Tecoute, to let fly a (heet, as

in a fquall of wind wliich endangers the

(hip.
FILET, a fort of moulding on a (hip's

fide.
FiL]LT de merlin, marline; a fmall line fo

called. See Merlin.
FILEUX, or Taqliet. Sec Taquet.
FIN de voiles, fwift of failing.
FISCAL, or Avocat-F iscal, an officer

whofe duty is fimilar to that of the judge-
advocate of a court-martial at fea.
FISOLLE, or Ficelle, whipping-twine;

alfo a fox, formed of a (ingle rope-
yarn.
FLAMME, a broad-pendent, difplayed

as a mark of diftinction, ornament, or

fignal.
FLANC de vaijfeau, the fide of a (hip.
Eire Flanc a Flanc, to lie alongfide of;

to be broadfidc and broadfide.

FLASQUES,

F O N

F O S

FLASQUES, the cheeks or fides of a gun-
carriage.

FLECHE de Péperon. See Herpes and
Lisses de poulaine,

FLETTE, a fort of punt, or flat-bottomed
boat, ufcd in the pafl'age of a river, or for
carrying goods, &c.

A FLEUR d'eau, level with the furfacc of
the water.

FLEURS, the rifing-line of the floor-tim-
bers.

FLIBOT, a fmall Dutch vcflll, which
ufually carries about one hundred tons,
and has a main-maft and forc-maft, with-
out any top-maft.

FLIBUSTIERS, or Corsaires, free-
booters or bucaneers.

FLORER un ■vaijjiciii, or lui donner les
FtEURS, to pay a (hip's boitom ; to give
her a clean bottom by careening, he.

FLOT, the flood-tide-.

Demi- F LOT, h a i f- fl o od .

11 y a Fi-O'i', the tide flows, it is flowing
water.

Etre à Flot, to float, to be afloat, upon the
water.

F'lot, or Flots, the furge or waves of the
fea. As,

Abwuknner un vaiJJ'eau à la merci //t; FLOTS,
to let a fhip drive at the mercy of the
waves and winds.

Ligne de FLOTTAISON, the water-line.
See Ligne d'eau.

FLOTTE, a fleet of fliips.

FLO FTER, to fwim or float upon the
furface of the water.

FLO T riLLE, a fmall fquadron of Spa-
nifli fliips, ufually ftationcd iiiAirerica.

FLUTE, a flight, or fly-boat, called alfo
PiNqi'K, but diftciing in Ihapc from the
Englilh Ihip Co callcit.

FLUX and REFLUX, the tides of flood
and ebb.

FOC, a jib.

Le t^rand Foe, the {landing jib.

F(.)ESNE, a tith-gig or forked inftrumcnt
ufcd to flrikc fiflj withal. SecFiCHURE.

FOGONK, a fort of b:ix to cover the
chimney of a merchant vtrttrl.

•FOIT de milt, the h'.iglith of a maft, cx-
prefieil of a very taunt or high mall.

F(~)NCE I', -1 long flat-bottomed barge,
for carrying goods in a river, ^'c.

FOND, the giound or bottom of the fea.

Fond d'affût, tlie folc or bottom of a gun-
carriage.

J'oND de cale, the hold of a Ihip.

Fond de borme teniie, good holding-ground-,

or good anchoring-ground.
Fond de cours, or cure, a bottom of fine

fand.
Fond de la hune, the platform or flooring of

a top.
Pond de mauvaife teniie, bad anchor! n<^-

ground.
Fond de roche, rocky ground.
Fond de fin, a bottom where the fand ap-
pears like bran.
Fond de voile, the bunt of a fail.
Point d: Fond, out of foundings.
Fond d'aiguilles, a bottom or ground

abounding with pointed Ihclls,
FoND-/;^;;//, or baut-Yo^v>, a Ihoal, orfand-

bank, with fhallow water.
Fond d'une laJJ'e voile, the foot of a lower

fail.
Prendre FoND, toucher, relâcher, to anchor,

or touch at a port or road in the courfe

of a voyage.
AlUr à Fond, to fmk ; to go to the bot-
tom.
P/rt/-FoND d'un vaijfeau, the floor or bot-
tom of a fhip.
Y 0<:i\}\l de beaupré. See Foc.
FORBAN, a pirate. See Pirate.
1' ORCE de voiles, faire P'oRCE de voiles, lo

make fail, to croud fail
FORCh-R de ramei, to row flrongly, Co as

to redouble the efforts of the oars.
Forcer des voiles, to croud fail ; to carry a

prcfs of fail. Stc alfo FAlREyà;vf, tsc.
FORCHETTE, a pair of Iheets, or ma-
chine to mafl: or difniaft a fliip.
FORME, a wet dock.
Forme en talut, a flip, or declivity on the

banks of a river, where fliips are built.
FORiVIES de vaijfeaux. See ISaloires.
FORT devirer, a term among(l the French

common lailors, which anfwers to, avalt-

hcaving.
FORTUNE dc mer, a n.nrr jiven to any

unfortunate accidents or dilaftcis of the

fea.
Ft) R I UNE de vert, a temrcft or violent

(form, in the dialect of Provence.
JVile de Fortune, the fquare or lug-fail of

a gr.lley or tartane, in the Mediterranean.

See Treol'.
FOSSE, a creek nr fmall linvcn en the fea-

coall, whi.Tc lliins ninv come to anclioi.
1-ossE is alio a place cut of founding:: on

the edge of a bjnk.
FossH au lion, the boatfwain's fiore-room,

in the fore part of a Ihip.
B b b Fosse

F R A

FUS

Fosse aux cahUs, the cablc-ftagc, or c;i1)1j-

ticr, ill the orlop, &c.
Fosse aux mats, a maft-pond, or place

where th.c nii.lts arc kept afloat in fuit

water, in a dock-yarJ.
FOUETTER, to Ihikc or (lap back a-

gainft the mall ; exprelled of the fails uf

a (hip, when they arc Ç^iiï taken aback.
FOUGON, thecobofe, grate, or fire-place

of a fhip, in the language of Provence.
FOUGUE, tiuu de Fougue. Sec Arti-
mon.
feigne (k FouGur, the crofs-jack-yard.

See Vergue-seche.
Pi-rrcrjuct d: FouGUE, the niizen-top-fail.
FOULOIR, an inftrumcnt which fcrvcs as

a rammer and fpunge of a cannon.
FOUR, a fort of breaft-hook or knee ufcd

to {lren2;then the bows of a boat.
FOURCÀTS, the crotches, or floor-tim-
bers, placed in the after and fore hold.
FOURCHE de potence de pompe, the cars of

a common pump.
FOURCHES de caroie, breaming-hooks,

or forks ufed to hold the flaming furze

or faggots to a fliip's bottom when grav-
ing.
FOURRER, to fervc the cables as with

plat, rouniiing, kcckling, he.
FOURRURE, a general name for fcrvice

of leather, plat, canvas, or ropes.
FOYER, a light-houfe ; a light or fire on

the fea-coaff, to direct (hipping in the

night. See Phare.
FRAICHEUR, a frefln wind or fteady

breeze.
FRAICHIR, tofreflicn, or blow ftronger ;

exprelTed of an incrcafi[ig gale.
FRAIS, a light or fmall breeze.
FRANC d'cau, pumpcd-out, or free of

water. As^
Rendre la navire Franc d'eau, to pump the

water out of a fhip's bottom ; to free her

by the pumps.
FRANC-/I/WW, a white hawfer, or large

untarrtd rope, ufed for fcveral purpofcs.
FRANCHE-is?///;??. See Au plus pris.
FRANCHIR la lame, to head the fea j to

fail againft the fetting of the fea.
Franchir Peau. See Rendre le navire

Franc, kc.
"Franchir u>!e rcche, to pafs over, or forge

ofF from a roci;, after having ftruck,

touched, or refled upon it.
FRAPPER, to fix-on upon their maft-

heads, &c.

FRE G ATE, a frigate of war : .-.ccording
to the arrangement of the Ficnch navy,
this clafs comprehends all veflils of war
from 50 to 20 guns.

Frégate d'avis, a floop of war, packet-
boat, or tender.

Fke GATE ttgere, a light or fmall frigate,
carrying from 30 to 20 guns.

Frégate', frigate-built, or formed with a
deep waift.

FRECj ATON, a fort of Venetian ketch.

FREINS. See Refreins.

FRELER, to furl, or hand any fail. Sec

I'ERLER.

FREQUENTER un pert, to trade often to
one harbour.

FRET, the freight or hire of a (hip; called
^ilfojretement.

FRETER, to freight or hire a (hip.

FRETEUR, the proprietor or owner of a
(liip, to whom the freight for any voyage
is paid.

FRIBUSTIER. See Flibustiers.

¥R\S¥.K les fabcrds, to line the gun-ports
with baize or kcrfey, fo as to prevent the
water from entering at fea,

FRISONS, cans or jugs.

FRONTEAU, the breaft-work, a mould-
ing, ornamented with fculpture, and
fomctimes a fort of baluftraoe, reaching
athwart the (hip from one fide to the
other, and ferving to terminate the quar-
ter-deck and poop at the fore-end, and
the fore-caftle both afore and abaft.

FRONTON. See Ecusson and Mi-
roir

FUNER un mât, to fix the (landing rig-
ging on the maft-hcad.

FUNIN, cordage of a certain fize, which
is particularly ufcd for the rimning-ropes,
and fometimcs for the ftandinw risgins:.
See FRANC-/?/w;n.

FURIN, the offing; the high fea; deep
water ; as.

Mettre un vaifjeau ^n Furin', to carry, or
condudl a (hip out to fea, or over the
bar, Sec. of a harbour into deep wa-
ter.

FUSEAUX, orTAQUETs ^^f<?ig/?aH. See
Taquets.

FUSE'E dans un brûlot, the alTemblage of
troughs wherein the train of a fire-(hip is
laid.

Fuse'e d'aviron, a moufe raifcd on the
middle of an oar, to confine it in the
ftrop or grommet.

Fuse'e

GAI

GAR

Fuse'e de vinilas, or de cahejlan volant, the
barrel or body of the windlafs, in which
the handi'pccs are lodged to turn it
about.

FUSE'ES de totirnmire, the moufcs of the
voyol.

FUSTE, a low and capacious vcflll navi-
gated with fails and oars.
FUT de glrciiette, the vanc-flock,
FUTAILLE, the water and provifion-
caflis of a fliip.

GABARE, Gabarre, a fort of flat-
bottonicd lighter or barge, ufcd in
the river Loire, to lade and ur.ladc fliip-
ping.

GABARIER, a lighter-man, or the pcrfon
who conduits Û\c gahare.

GABAR1, a fort of model to rcprcfcnt the
outline and thickncfs of the frames of a
fhip's timbers. See Couple.

Premier (jAbari, or rather wa'ttre Ga-
DARi, the midlliip-frame.

GAB^RIS de l'arriére, the after-frames.

Gabaris de l'avant, the fore-timbers or
frames.

GABIE, the top, in the diaicfl of Pro-
vence.

GABIER, the captain of the main, or
fore-top,

GABORD, the garboard-ftreak, or plank
next to the keel in a (hip's bottom,

GABURONS. See Jumelles.

GACHER. SeeRAM£R.

(jAKFE, a boat-hook. Sec Croc.

GAFFER, to hook and draw any thing
near with a boat-hook.

GAGNER le vent, or Gagner au vent,
is'c. to gain the wind of; to get to wind-
ward of. See Avantage </« î;^«/.

Gagner fur un vaijj'eau, to fore-rcaoli, or
gain ground of fomc fliip in conip.iny.

Gagner un port, un havre, un de^re d: la-
titude, to ftcurc a harbour, or arrive at a
rendezvous, without interruption.

GAILLARD, orCHATEAU, thedevation
of the qu-uter-dcck or foie-caftie.

Gaillard d'avant, the forc-cafllc,

GAILLAKDELE ITE, or Galan, the
fl.ig of the forc-m.ift.

GAILLARDET, a fort of broad pendent
difplaycd at tiie forc-maft-hcad,

GAINE de Jlammc, the canvas edging fixed
on the head of a pendent, to contain the
ftock.

GALAUBANS, the back- flays of the top-

mafts and top-gallant-mails.
Gale'asse, a galleaffe, or great galley of

Venice.
GALERE, a row-galley.
Galère palrone, the fécond of the gallies

of France, Tufcany and Malta.
GALERIE, the galkry or balcony of a

fliip's ftern, t,r quarter.
GALERIES du fond de cale, certain paf-

fagcs formed clofe to the ceiling in the

hold of a fhip of war, for the difcovery

of leaks. See AccouRsiE.
Faiijfe Galeries, the badges of the quar-
ters in a fmall fhip.
GALET, a fea-coaft abounding with

flints.
GALETTE, round and flat fea-bifcuit.
GALION, a g.^.llcon, or Spanifh fhip of

war of the Indi.in fleet.
GALIOTE, a half-gailcy ; alfo a Dutch

fifliing vifT.I.
CjAliote à bombes, a bomb-ketch.
Galiote Jervant de yacht d'avisy a packet

or advice-boat.
C-ALOCHE, a fnatch-block ; alfo a hole

made in the coamings of a hatchway,

wherein the cable lies when the hatches

arc laid.
Galoche likcwife implies the flock or

frame into which the feet of the flicet-

kfvcls arc fixed upon the fliip's fide.
GAMllES de hune, the futtock-fhrouds.
GAMELLE, a bowl or platter to hold the

bailor's vi(ffuals j alfo a mcfs or company

of feamcn who eat together.
Fire à /<? Gamelle. Slc Etre, &c.
GANTERIAS. Sec Barres </.•/.:/»/•.
GARANT, a tackle-fall, or the part upon

which the labourers pull in hoiiling, i^c.
GARBIN, the fouth-wcfl wind, in ihc

di.ihA of Piovcncc.

13 b b 2 G.'\R-

GAR

G O R

GARCETTES, a general name for all
Torts of pUitcd cordage; as,

Jl/aitrc/lf-G ^V-CLVTE, the bunt-gafkct, or
niiddle-gafKct of a yard.

Q,\RÇ.Lï-\ï% rii bonnetUs, the keys or but-
tons of the bonnets.

Garcettes de fourrures de cables, plat^for
fcrving the cables.

Garcettes de ris, the reef-points of a
fail.

Garcettes de iournevire, the nippers of
the cable, by which it is attacheil to the
voyol.

Garcettes dc voiles, the gafkets which
are ufcd to furl the fails.

GARÇONS de bord, the ordinary feamen
in a (hip of war or merchantman.

GARDES, or Quart, the watch.

GARDE au vint, a perfon who looks out
at the maft-head.

GARDE-cor/if, the fide-nettings, or quarter-
nettings of a (hip.

Q AKVE-cke, a fii^p of war which cruifcs
on the coaft of a nation, to protctSl it
from the infults of enemies, or pirates.

Garde des côtes, a military guard, em-
ployed to defend the coafts in time of
war.

Garde-/Iwa-, powder-chefts, or cartrldge-
chefts.

Garde dc la tnarine, a midfhipman, or
naval cadet.

G AKDE'f/mgn/in, an officer fimilar to the
ftore-kceper of a dock-yard.

GARDE-mcnagerie, a Ihip's poulterer, or
perfon who takes care of the beads,
fowls, &c. in a (hip.

GARDER un vaijeau, to dog, purfue, or
watch the motion of an enemy's (hip, fo
as to prevent her from efcaping : alfo to
guard and proteiSl a (liip.

GARDIEN de la fojji à lion, the boat-
fwain's yeoman.

GARDIENNERIE, or Chambre des
canoniers, the gun-room. See Sainte-
Barbe.
(Î ARDIENS, matelot s-Gak-die^^, the or-
dinary men of a dock-yard, under the
command of the mafter attendant.
GARES, certain fmaJl docks or retreats,
formed on the fide of a narrow canal, to
contain boats, that others may pafs the
more cafily.
GARGOUSSE, or Gargouche, the
cartridge of a cannon or other fire-arm.

GARGOUSSIERE, a cartriJi^c-box, or

cartinich-box, for fmall arms.
GARITTES, the top-brims, or rop-rims.
Garnir, orratherCîRE ER. StcCjREER.
Garnir le calijlan, to rig the capflcrn, by

(ixing the voyais, bars, pins, and fwifter,

fo as to be ready for heaving.
GARNITURE, the (landing and running-
rigging of a (hip, together with the fer-

vices of the yards.
GATTE, the manger of a fliip.
GAVITEAU, a buoy, in the dialed of

Provence. Sec Boue'e.
GENOU de la rame, the loom of an oar.
GENOUX de fond, the lower futtocks of

the timbers.
Genoux de pourques, the lower futtock-

riders.
GENS de Tequipage. See Equipage.
Gens de mer, a general nanie for mari-
ners.
Gens de munltiomiaire, the (leward's crew

or afliflants.
GERSEAU, a block-ftrop. See Es-

trope.
GIBELOT, the ftandard which faftens

the cut-water to the (tern ; called alfo,

and more properly. Cou REE capucine.
GINDANT. See Guindant.
GIROUETTES, the vanes of the mafl-

hcads.
Girouettes quarées, very broad vanes.
GISEMENT, the bearings of coafts or

latitudes, with refpeiEl to each other, or

to fome diftant objc£t.
GLAÇO.NS, or bancs dc glace, flakes, or

ifl.inds of ice.
GOLFE, a gulf of the fca, as of Mexico,

of Lyons, &c.
GONDS, the gudgeons, by which the

rudder is hung to the ftern-pcft. See

Ferrure de gouvernail.
GONDOLE, a gondola of Venice.
GONDOLIERS, the mafter and crew of

a gondola.
GONNE, a fea-cafk fomewhat larger than

a barrel.
GORET, or Gorret, a hog, or large

brufli to fcrub the (liip's bottom under

water.
GORETER, to hog a velLl ; to apply the

ho;j to her bottom,
GORGERE, or Taillemer, the fore-

moft and loweft part of the cut-water,

or knee of the head,

GOURDQN,

G R A

G U I

GOUDRON, orGouDRAN, tar.

GOUDRONNER, to tar a lliip, or pay
her iides with tar.

GOUELETE, a fchooner.

GOUFFRE, a gulf, race, or whirlpool ;
as the race of Portland, &c.

GOUJURE, the notch or channel cut
round the outfiJe of a block or dead-eye,
to receive the itrop or rope which is fixed
therein.

GoujuRE de chouquet, the hole in a cap,
through which the hiliards of a fail is
fometimes reeved.

GOULET, the ftrait entrance of a har-
bour.

GOUPILLE, the forelock of a bolt. See
Clavette.

GOURDIN, a cobbing-boarJ, ufed to pu-
nifli the flivcs in the gallics.

GOURMETTE, a fhip-hoy, fervant, or
apprentice, in the diale^^ of Provence;
alfo a watchman appointed by the mer-
chants to take caie of the goods in a
li2;htcr till they are fhippcd or landed.

GOURNABLES, trcc-n-iiis.

GOURNABLER un vaijjèau, to drive
the tree-nails into a Ibip's fides, or
bottom.

GOU TIERE, or Tire-point, the water
ways of the decks.

GOUVERNAIL, the helm or rudder of
a (hip.

GouvERKiAL envoii, aUe, fiatc of tlic
helm when puftied to the Uii[)'s Icc-fidc,
In order to put her about.

GOU VERNE ci /tt as h- coup, or « /<•/ air
</*t'«7)f, thus boy, thus ! or, Heady as you
go ! the urdcr to ftecr the Ihip exactly as
Ihe ftems, or carries her head.

GOUVERNE.MENT, the navigation
or ftcerage of a (hip.

GOUVERNER, to fleer a (hip or boat.

(joUVERNER uu iioid, to (leer northward.

GOUVERNEUR, or Timonnier, the
htlmfm.in or fleerfman.

GRAIN tU-Vt-nt, a fudden fquallof winJ or
ram, or of both.

Grain prfdiit, a heavy or violent fqualf.

GRAND //("», the maln-maft of a (hip or
boat.

GRAPIN, a grapling or grapnel.

Grai'IN « Mw/'n, or (iRapin' d'abordage,
s. firc-grapling, or grapling of the yard-
arm.

GRAPINER, to wnrp a vcfll-l towards a
flaitc of ice, by graplings and ropes.
2

GRAS de mer, foul water, difcoloured wa-
ter at the mouth of a river, ,5v'c.

GRAS'^E-bouline. Ste lioui.iNE.

GRATTER un vaij/èau, to fcrape a (hip ;
whence.

GRATOIR. a fcraper.

GRAVE, a platform of flints, &c. whereon
to dry fifh in Newfoundland.

GRE EMENT, a general name for the
rigging, comprehending alfo the marts,
yards, and the fails when they are ber.t.

GRE'ER, to rig a fliip, or fit her with
rigging:, blocks, yards, fails, &c.

GRELIN, a haufcr, or ftream cable.

GRENADE à main, a grenade ; alfo a
powder- flafk.

GRENIER, the floor-cieling of afliip, or
a ceiling which reaches only from the
kelfon to the floor heads.

Charger en Grenier. See Charger,
Uc.

GREVE, a ITat, low, and fandy flwre.

GRIBANE, a fmall vcflll navigated on
the coift of Normandy, and carryin» a
main-maft and fore-maft, without any
tops.

GRIGNON, fea brc.-id called rufks, com-
mon in Holland and Denmark.

GRIP, a fmall vcflll rtfcmbling a fchooner
or (hallop.

GROS irun vaijfeau, the breadth, or ex-
treme breadth of a (hip.

Gros temps, a hard gale of wind ; blowing
weather ; foul or fqually weather.

GROSSE avanturc, bottomry.^

GRUE, a crane with a wheel, uftd on
wharf.s and keys.

GUERLANDES. See Guirlande.

(jUET de ta nier. See Gardes des dtes.

GUI, the main-boom of a (loop ; alfo the
fore-boom of a fchooner.

GUINDAGE, the ad of l-.oiflinn: with
tackles in general, but more particularly
whL-n they arc applied to the lading or
iialjding of a ihip ; it alfo implies the
money paid to thofe who are employed in
fuch exercifes.

Glin'DAGES likewife imply the tackles,.
■ùwil other machines ufed in ladinj, &c.

GUINDANT d'un p<ivl!tcu, the "hoill or
htighth of an enfign or flag.

GUINDAS, the windlafs. See Vire-

VAUT.

GUINDER, to fway up a top-mnf>.
GUINDEKESSF, â top-rope, uud to
fw;iy up, or lower the top-mniK

GUIRLANDES^

H A U

GUIRLANDES, the brcaft-hooks ia a

{hip's bow.
GUISPON, a brufli ufcil to pay the fliip'i

bottom with foap, tar, &c.
GUITERNE, a prop or fhore, ufed to

fupporc the fhccrs which are employed to

mall a fhip, or take out her mafts.

GUITRAN, a fort of bitumen, or pitch,

ufcJ to pay a (hip's bottom.
GUMES, or GuMEREs, a general name

given iti Provence to all large ropes; as

hawlers, cables, &c.

HABIT de bord, fea-clothes, as jac-
kets, trovvfcrs, &c.

HABITACLE, the binacle.

HACHE coigntc, an ax or hatchet, ufed by
fliip-wrights, &c.

HACHE d'armes, a pole-ax or b.ittle-ax.

HACHEIs, to hew or chop with an ax.

H.'\LAGE, the tracking or towing a (hip
from one place to another.

HALE Ù bord, the boat-rope, or gucfs-
rope of a boat's moorings.

Hale-/'<'«, a down-haul, or down-haul
tackle.

HALE'boulitu:, a frefli-water failor.

HALER, to haul or pull upon any rope.

Haler le veiit, to haul the wind, or come
nearer to its dircdlion.

Haler à la cor dale, to warp a fhip from
one place to another.

HALEUR, a pcrfon who tracks a boat by
a rope reaching afhore and faftcned round
his waift.

HAMAC, a hammoc.

HANCHE, the quarter of a fhip.

HANGARD, a flied or ftore-houfe in a
dock-yard, wherein the marts and pieces
of timber are covered from the weather,
and ranged in order.

HANSIERE. See Aussiere.

HARPIN, a boat-hook. See Croc.

HARPON, a harpoon, ufcd in ftriking of
whales, &:c. whence,

HARPONNEUR, an harponnecr, em-
ployed in the fervice above mentioned.

HARPONS, are alfo (harp cutting-hooks,
laflied to the yard-arms to deftroy the
enemies rigging, in the acl of board-
ing.

HAÙBAN de voile d'eiiii, the guy of a
lower fludding-fail boom, or of the
main-boom of a brig, floop, or fchoon-
cr.

HAUBANER, to fallen the flay of a gin,

triangle, or fuch fort of machine, to a

ft ike or peg.
HAUBANS," the Ihrouds of the mads.
Haubans de beaupré, the ftanding lifts of

the fprit-fail yard.
H aurans de chaloupe, the gripes or lafhings

of the boats, by which they are faftencd

to the decks at fea.
HAVRE, an haven, or harbour.
HiWKE-brute, an harbour formed by na-
ture.
Havre de toutes marées, a port acceflible at

any time of the tide.
HAUSSER un vaijfeau, to raife a diftant

fhip by approaching her gradually in

chare.
HAUSSIERS. See Aussiere.
HAUT fjf has, the order to the men at the

pump to take long flrokes, which will

not fo readily fatigue them as the fhort

ones, which are quicker.
HAvr-pendu, a fmall cloud charged with a

heavy fquall.
Haute-OT(7-, the offing.
HAUTB-marce, le vif de l'eau, pleine-marée,

high-water, a (pring-tide, a fpring-

flood.
UAVVE-fj/iime, contingent-money, ex-
pended on account of any cxtrao.'^dinary

charges.
HAUTES-to//«, the topfails, and top-gal-

lant-fails.
HAUTEUR, cu Latitude, the diftance

of any place in degrees, from the equi-

nodlial. See Latitude.
Hauteur de l'é.'ambot, the heighth of the

ftirn-p.)ft.
Hauteur de Pétrave, the heighth of the

ftcm.
Hauteur entre deux ponts, the heighth be-

twecn-decks.

HAUTS

HON

H Y D

HAUTS (Tun vaijpau, the hc-ighths or emi-
nences of a fliip. •
Alcttre les mâts de hune Hauts, to fvvay-

up the topmafts; to get the topmafts aii-

end.
HAUTURIER, or /.//«/^-Hauturier, a

pilot who dircfls the Ihip's courfe by ce-

Icftial obfcrvations.
HAYE, Haie, a ridge of rocks, a chain

of rocks under water, or near the furface

of the water,
HEAUME, the tiller, or bar of the helm

in fmall vefiels.
HELER un valjpau, to hail or accofl: a

(hip .it a diftance.
HERPE de plat-bord, the drift-rails on the

bow quarter of a fliip.
HERPES de poulaine, the rails of the head.

See Lijfes de Poulaine.
Herpes marines, a oeneral name for what-

ever is thrown upon the fea-coafts of va-
lue, as coral, amber, &c.
HERSE de poulie. See Estrope.
HERSES d'affût. Sec Erses.
HERSILIERES, certain knees placed ho-

rizontallv on the quarters or bows of a

fhip, clofe to the gunnel.
HEU, a large hoy, a failing lighter.
HEUSE, the fpear of a pump, together

with it's box.
HILOIRIES. See Illoires.
HISSE, HISSE, hoilt away ! hoift hear-
tily !
HIS^ER, Isser, to hoift or pull up any

thing by a tackle.
Hisser en douceur, to hoift handfomcly, or

gradually.
HIVERNER, to winter, to lie up in a

port during the winter fcafon.
HOIRIN. See Oris-.
liOLA, hoa the fhip a hov ! an acclamation

to hail or accofl a fhip at a diftance.
HOLA-HO, a cry which anfwers to yoe-

hoe.
HOMME, a name frequently given as a

token of diftiniltion to an able or exp.'rt

fcanian.
HONNEUR , faire honneur à une eciieil, L .

to give a good birth to, or keep alu-

from any rock, or flioal, or other oL

jeft which might intercept a fhip's
courfe.

HOPITAL, an hofpit-il-fhij), that attends
on a fleet to receive the fick.

HORLOGE, an half-hour glafs for regu-
lating the watch.

HOUACHE, or Sillage, the wake or
track of a fhip in the fca, made by her
pafTage through it.

HOUCRE. See HouRQUE.

HOULES, or lamet de mer, the waves of a
fwelling or breaking fea.

HOULEUX, a rolling and turbulent fea.

HOUPE'E, the rife or fwell of a wave ;
whence

Prendre la Houpe'e, to watch the fwcll,
as in mounting from a boat into a fhip,
when the boat rifcs.

HOURAGAN. See Ouragan.

HOURSE, or Ource, the vangs of a
mizcn-gafF or yard.

HOURDI. See Life de HouRDi.

HOURCiUE, aDutch howker; a particu-
lar fort of hoy.

HOUVARI, a ftrong land-wind in the
Weft-Indies, accompanied with rain,
thunder, and lightning.

H UNE, the top.

HUNES de perroquet, the topmaft crofs-
trees.

HUNIER, a topfail.

Le grand Hvtiizv., the main-topfail.

Le petit Hunier, the fore-topfail.

Avoir les HuNiERS à mi-mat, to have the
topfails half-maft up.

Avoir les Huniers dehors, to have the top-
fails fet.

Mettre le vent fur les Huniers, to brace
the topfails to the wind, or to lay thcni
aback on the niaft.

Amener les HvtiiURS fur le ton, to lower the
topfails down upon the cap.

HU TTER, to lower the lower yards down
a port-laft, and peek them up fo as to
hold lefs wind, as when a fliip rides at
anchor in a ftorni.

HYUROGRAPHt:, an hydrogr.ipher,
iniplo)ed by the ilatc to teach naviga-
tion in the fca-ports.

J AC,

J E

1 N T

J AC, or Jacht. See Yacht.
JAC(^, tlic jack of the bowfprit. See

1'A\ ILLON.

JALOUX, a name given in Piovence to
the quality of rolling violently at lea ; or
of being crank.

JAMBES de hum: See CÎAMBES de hune.

JARDI"-N, a name fometimes given to the
gallery or balcony of a (liip.

JARLOT, the rabbet, or channel, cut in
the ftem afore, and in the ftern-poft abaft,
&c. and into the keel, to receive the ends
or edges of the planks enveloping the
fides and bottom of a fliip.

JAS, or JoUAii.s d'ancre, the anchor-
ftock ; or the two pieces of which it is
com po fed.

JATTE, the manger of a fhip. See
Gatte.

JAV'EAU, a bank, or fmall ifland, form-
ed in a river by a mafs of gravel or mud.

JAUCjE, the tonnage or burthen of a
veflel.

JAUGER, to meafure, or take the dimen-
fions of a (hip, in order to dilcover her
burthen.

JAUMIE RE, the hole in a fhip's coun-
ter or ftern, which contains the ruddcr-
hcad, and in which it is turned by tlie
tiller ; the lower part of it is ul'ually
covered with a piece of tarred canvas
nailed to the rudder, to prevent the en-
trance of the water.

JET de voiles, a complete fuit of fails for
all the mafts, yards, ftays, &c.

Jet alfo implies any part of the cargo, &:c.
thrown over-board in a ft.irm.

Fuhe le Jet, to throw overboard the cargo,
or any part of it, in a dangerous florm, m
order to lighten the vtfTel, fo as to prevent
lliipwreck or foundering; on which oc-
cafion the mafter ufually draws up a pro-
teft againft the weather, j&c. on his arri-
val in port.

JETTE E, a pier, or mole-head, formed
by a heap of Hones funk at, or near, the
entrance of a harbour. Alfo a great
wharf or key.

JE TTER II la incr, to throw any thing
over-board.

Jetter dehors le fond du hunier , to foot the
topfail out of the top.

Jet ter du hied, ou autres grains à la bande ^
to trim the corn, fait, or fuch like ma-
terials, to the other fide of the fhip, on
any particular occafion.

Je rTER /'(7?;aY, to let go the anchor; to
drop anchor.

Jetter la fonde, ou le plomb, to found, or
heave the kad.

Jetter un navire fur un banc, en fur un
rocher, eu à la cîtc, to run a (hip afnore,
upwii a bank, rock, or coaft, to avoid
an enemy.

JEU du gouvernail, the play of the helm or
rudder.

ILLOIRES, two ranges of planks running
fore and aft in a Erench fhip, through-
out the whole lenoth of the deck on each
fuie of the hatches, in the fame place
where the catlings are fixed in an Englifli
fhip of war.

INCOMMODE', difablcd by the lofs of
marts, fails, or rigging. See De'sem-
pare'.

INGENIEUR de la marine, an officer
who conflructs the fortifications of a fea-
port, eithir for attack or defence: alfo a
perfon emjiloyed to furvcy coafts, draw
fea-charts, and teach the theory of navi-
gaticMi.

INONDER, to overflow a country, as by
an inundation of the fea.

INSPECTEUR dcScoiflruSlions, an officer
whofe duty is nearly fimilar to that of
our furveyors of the navy.

IN TENDANT de 7iiarine, an officer who,
by his duty and authority, refembles our
rcfidcnt commiffioner of a dock-yard.
S?e Commissaire general de la marine^
where his office is particularly defcrib-
cd.

Intendant des années navales, an officer
appointed to regulate the juffice, police,
and finances of a naval armament.

Intendant

LAM

LAN

Intendant general de la tuaiifU, a com-
miiTioncr-gcneral of all the royal dock-
yards and ports of the kingdom.

IN rfc;RLOPRES, imuggk-ri, or contra-
band traders.

IN FE'RRESSE'S. Sec Chargecrs.

INVESTIR, to touch, or ftop at any port
in a voyage ; alfo to be driven into a road
or harbour.

JOL, a Danifh yawl.

JONCTION di deuxfotes, ou de deux ar-
mées navales, the conjundlion of two
fleets of Ihips of war, or merchantmen.

JONQUE, a Chincfejunk.

JOTTES, the fore-part of a Ihip's bow,
contained between the cat-head and the
ftcm.

JOn EREAUX, the cheeks of the head.

"joTTKREAUX de mât, the cheeks of the
mad.

JOUER le gouvernail, to play the helm,
or traverfe it from fide to ilde, as in light
winds.

Jouer, to fetch way ; as.

Le mût Joue, the mall fetches way.

IC^UES de virevaut, the cheeks of the
windlafs.

JOUE I S, certain clamps, or plates of
iron, ufed to prevent the bolt-heads from
cutting the timber into which they are
driven ; as,

JoiJET? de pompe, the iron clamps nailed
on the checks or cars of the pump, thro'
which the bolts arc introduced.

Jouets defcp de drijje, plates of iron nail-
ed on the knight-heads of the jears, to
prcferve thtm from the iron pms of the
jear-block.

JOUR, a light-port; alio the interval left
between any two pieces of timber, to
prevent them from chafing each other.

jOURS. See Séjours.

ISLES d'avau le vent, the Leeward Iflands
of the Weft Indies.

Isles du vent, the Windward Iflands of
the Weft Indies.

ISSAS. See Drisse.

ISSER. See Hisser.

ISSONS, thick white ropes, occafionaDy
employed as jears to the lower yards.

ISSOP, or IsoP, hoift away ! fway a-
way !

ITAQUE is in general the tye of any
yard, but more particularly a topfaii
tye.

Itaque de palan, the runner of a tackle.

JUMELLER un mât, to fifh a maft, or
fallen fifhcs upon it.

JUMELLES, the fidics of the lowermaft.

JUSSANT, the ebb-tide.

LABOURER, to raifc, or harrow the
furface of the ground with the fliip's

keel, in pafTing over a fliailow.
U liner e Lauoure, the anchor comes home,

Ihifts, or loofcns from it's hold.
LAC, a threat lake of frefh water.
LACiAN. See Choses de la mer.
LAGON, a fort of bay.
LAGUE d'un vaijfenu, the path, track, or

w.îke of a (hip. See Sillage.
LAISSES dî" rela'.s, a fort of bank throv/n

up by the waves of the Tea, upon any

coaft.
LAMANAGE, coafting pilotage, or the

av;t oi piloting a vcflel into, or out of

any harbour or river.
LAMANEUR, a harbour or river pilot.
LàMES de la mer, the waves or billows of

the fca.

La Lame vient de Vcvavt, the fca comes

a- head.
L(i Lame vient de Carrière, the fea come?

aflcin, the fea follows the (hip.
La Lame prend par ie travers, the fea

ftrilics th'- (hip upon the broadfide ; ex-

prefTed of a (Iiip when (he lies in the

trough of the fe.i.
Courir au devant de la Lame, to fcud before

the fea.
LAMPES d'habitacle, the lamps of the L:-

naclc.
LAMPION, a fmall lan:p, ufed to citcr

the Ihip's n'.a;»,a/,ine.
LANCER, to Ihccr f r y.^w to the right or

left of the Ihip's couri'c.
Lancer un vailj'eau à Peau, to launch a

(hip from the Hocks into the water.
C c c Lancet

LES

L I A

Lanckr un/ manœuvre, to belay a rope to

a clear, or timbtr-head.
LANGUE df voile, the goring of a fail, or

that part which is next to the leech.
LANTERNE à gargouJJ'es, a caitridgc-

cafe, to carry the cartridges from the

ftiip's magazine t9 the artillery, in the

time of battle.
Lanterne à mitrailles, a cafe, box, or

caniiifter, filled with cafe-fhot, or lan-

grage, wlicrewith to charge a cannon.
LAN riONE, a fort of row-galley, na-
vigated on the coaft of China.
LARDER la hoyiettc. Sec L'cnette lar-
dée.
Au LARGE 1 .flieer off! the order given

by the ccntinel on a fhip's gangway to

any adjacent boat, to keep aloof.
Courir au Large, Je mettre au Large, to

ftand off to fea j to bear out from the

coaif towards the offing.
Largeur, the mcafure of a fliip from

fide to fide, in any place.
LARGUE, the offing ; fea-room ; out at

Tea.
Fent Largue, a large, or quartering

wind.
LARCÎUER, to relax, or loofen ; ex-

prellld of a (hip that itrains violently in

a high fea, fo as to open in feveral

places.
I/ARGUER une amarre, to caft ofF, or let

go a belayed rope.
LASSER, or Lacer une voile, to reef a

courfe with a reef-line.
Voile LATINE, a lateen fail.
LATITUDE, latitude.
LATTES â baux, the ledges placed in

the intervals between the deck-beams.
Lattes de cailhbotis, the battens or laths

of the gratings.
Lattes de galère, a fort of broad thin

beams, ufcd to fupport the decks of a

gallery.
L.ÀZARET, a lazaretto, or building to

receive perlons while performing quaran-
tine, &c.
LE', tUe fair way of a channel, harbour,

or river.
LEBESCHE, the fouth-weft wind, in the

diakdl of Provence.
LEGE, light ; without a cargo of any

kind : underftood alio of a (hip which is

not fufficiently halladcd.
LES r, a general name for any fort of

ballafl.

Lest Ion, or bon Lest, good ballafl ; or
fuch as lies firmly in the hold, without
incommoding the pumps ; as (hingle,
gravel, &c.

Lest de plongeurs, a weight ufed by the
divers in the coral-fifliery. It is faltened
fccurely to their waifts, to balance them
in the water, and keep them fteady,
that they may traverfc ihe waves eafily,
without being tofl'ed about.

Lest gros, or gros Lest, heavy ballaft,
coinpofed of large ftones, or pigs of
iron.

I>est lavé, wafhed fliingle ballafl-.

Lest mauvais, bad ballafl, as fand, f^Ir,
&c. which is apt to melt or penetrate
ihrouj^h the ceiling, and choak the tim-
bers and pumps.

Le Lest roule, the ballaft fhifts.

Foiles à Lest, port-fails, or pieces of can-
vas, depending from the port-hole of the
fliip, into which the bdllaft is thrown, to
the fide of the ballaff-lightcr, in order to
prevent the ballaft from falling into the
water.

LES TAGE, the ball.ifling of a fliip, or
furnifhing her with ballait.

LESTER, to ballad a veflll, or furnifh her
with ballaft.

LESTEUR, a ballaft-Iighter.

LETTRES de reprijailles, letters of mart.

Lettre de mer, a pall port.

LEVEE, a fwelling fea.

11 y a de la Leve'e, the fea rifes ; there is
a broken or boiling fea.

LEVE-r(7w;i? / unfhip the oars ! the order
to the rowers to lay in their oars.

LEVER Camure, to tack, or fhift the
tack ; to put about.

Li VKR l'ancre, to weigh the anchor.

Lever Fancre avec la ehaîcupe, to weigh the
anchor by the buoy-rope in the long-boat.
Sec Ancre.

Lever la fourrure du cable, to take the plat,
or other fervice, off from the cable.

Lever le lof de grand voile, to haul up the
weather clew-garnet of the main- fail.

Lever les terres, to furvey the coafts, in
order to draw a chart thereof.

Lever un objet avec la boufjole, to fet a di-
ftant obje<it by the compafs, in order to
drfcover the bearing thereof.

LEVIER, a lever formed of a handfpec
or crow.

Levier à croc, a clawed-handfpec.

LIAISON, ihe connexion or faftening

together

LOF

L U Z

together the fevcral members or pieces of

timber of which a fliip is compofcd.
IJBOURKT, a line or fiiare for iilhiiig of

mackarc-1.
LIKU, a league, or meafurc of three miics,

common in navigation.
LIEURl.S, the lower futtocks of a boat.

See Gknoux.
LIEU TEN ANT-^m/Vtf/. Sec Vice-Ami-

RAL.

LlEUTENANT-^/nc'/v;/ (7« amûei navales, a

rear-admiral in the Krcncii navy.
Lieutenant divaijjcau, the lieutenant of

a (hip of war.
LIGNE, a line of battle.
Marcher en Ligne, to fail in a line.
IjICNE d\au, a water-line.
Ligne d'eau de vaijfeau chargé, the lonJ

water-line.
Un coup de canstt, à la Ligne de l'eau, or à

Jleur d'eau, a (hot between wind and water.
IjIgn E de fond, a founding-line, or lead-
line.
Ligne de fort, the extreme breadth of a

(liip.
LIGNES, fmall cords or lines, ufed on fe-
vcral occafions at fca.
Lignes d'amarrage, fellings, or lafhings :

alio the cable-bends.
L1N(JUE7\ the paul of a capftern.
LIOUHE, the fcarf by which a jury-mafl:

is attached to the flun)p oi a malt that has

been carried away.
LISSE, or Carri:au, a general name for

the fheer-rails and drift-rails.
Li3SE dc hcurdi, the vving-tranfom.
Lisse du plat bord, the waift-rail.
Lisse de pont. Sec Barre du pont.
Lisse de porte auhans, the fhcer-rails.
Lisses de la rabLatue, the drift-rails.
LIT, the bed or channel in which a rivrr

runs.
Lit de tnar'e, a tide-way ; a part in the

feas wiiere a current flows, or where there

is a flux and reflux of the tide.
Lit du vent, the fource or direction of the

wind.
LIURE, the gammoning of the bowfprit.
LIVRE à livre, a phrafe which implies a

participation of gam or lofs of every

owner of a fhip's cargo, in proportion to

his fhare.
LOCH, or LoK, a log and line.
LOF, the wcather-fide of a fliip, or that

which is to windward of the mafts.
JUcr à Lof, to fail clofc to the wind.
Biuter le LoK, to trim all fliarp ; to Ipring

the luff.

Envoie Lor tout, to luff round, or luff a lee,

in order to throw the fliip's head up in

the wind ; to tack her.
Eire au LoK, to be upon a wind, or clofc-

hauled.
Tenir le 1>0F, to keep the wind, or weather-
gage-
hoF au lof ! luff, boy, luff! the order to

fteer the ihip clofe to the wind.
LoF tout / put the helm a-lee.
LoF pour lof I hard a weather ! the orrfer

to the hilmfman to veer or wear, and bring

the wind on the other fide of the fliip.
LoF is alfo the weather-clue of a fail ;

hence.
Levé le LoF de la grand voile, or levé le grand

Lof ! haul up the weather-clue of the

mainfail !
LOGE, the birth or cabin of an infcricr

officer.
LOIEk, the wages or pay of a feaman.
LONG au long, preffcd down fidewile by a

iliff gale.
LONG IS, the treftlc-trecs of the tops,&c.
LONGUEUR de la quille, the length of

the keel upon a right line.
Longueur de I'ttrave à ritaml>:'d, the

length of a (hip at the hcighth of the Hem,

or thcdi(tance between the top of the ftcin

and the top of the flcrn-poft.
Longueur du cable, a meafure of 120 fa-

thon.s, ufually called a cable's length at

fca.
LOQUETS d'cccuiilles, the hoops or clafps

of the (cuttles.
LOVER, or RoUER, to coil away a cable.

See RoUER.
LOUVOYER, to ply to windward.
IjQVvoy ER fur onze pointes, to lie up within

eleven points of the other tack, or to fail

five points and a half from the wind.
LOXODROMIE, an oblique courfc in

navigation, or a couife which croflcs the

meridians at equal and oblique angles.
LOXODROMIC^UES, tables of differ-
ence of latitude and departure.
LUMIERE de canon, the touch-hole of a

cm non.
Lumière de pompe, the hole in the fide of a

pump, through whitii the water is dif-

chargcd upon the deck, or into the pumn-

d.ile.
LUNETTE d'approche eu de long zûe, a

telcfcopc or p^tlpcétivc-glafs.
LUZIN, a I'niall line called hcufing, or

houfc-line.

C c c 2

MACIIE-

M A I

MACHEMOURE, bread-duft, form-
ed of rulk, or broken bifcuir.

MACHINE ù 7r.âter, the {hccrs of a (hccr-
hulic, or other machine for mafting a
ftip.

M ACLES, nettings of the quarters or fides
of a fliip.

MAESTRALISER, a name given in the
Mediterranean to the weft variation of
the magnetical needle.

MAGASIN géntral, a ftorchoufc, or maga-
zine, to contain naval flores in a dock-
yard.

MAGASIN />(jr/;V/(/;Vr, a ftorehoufe which
contains the rigging and cordage ufed for
the king's fhips, magazines, &:c.

MAGASÏNS, the flore-fliips which attend
on a fleet of men of war.

MAHONNE, a fort of Turkifli galeafl'e.

MAILLE, the keys or buttons by which a
bonnet is faftencd to it's fail.

Mailles, the intervais, or fpaces, left
between a {hip's timberi^.

Maillet de cal/as, a caulking mallet.

MAILLETAGE, thefheathing^'of a fliip's
bottom with fcupper-nails.

MAIN avant, the order to pull on a rope
hand-over-haiid.

Major, an officer who has the charge of
mounting, regulating, and relieving the
marine-guard in a fhip, &c.

MAITRE, a term of diftini^icn, applied
by fliipwrights to feveral pieces of tim-
ber which lie in the broadcft part of a
fhip ; as

MAÎTRE-^w;t-, midiliip-bcam, the beam up-
on which the extreme breadth of a fliip is
formed. It is fituated in the midfhip-
frame, nearly in the middle of her length,
ferving: as a ftandard, from whence the
dimenlions and proportions of the mafts
and yards arc to be taken. See alfo be-
low, MAiTRt-ccuple.
MAiTRE-f(j;;ir/;«/Vr, the mafter-g\inner of a

fhip.
S(c:nd Maître eanonKier, the gunner's

mate.
Maître de chaltupe, the coxfwain, or pa-

troon of the long-boat.
Maître couple, the name of that timber,
or combination of pieces formed into one,
which dcter.miiics the extreme breadth of

a fhip, as well as the figure and dimen-
fions of all the inferior timbers.

Maître de l'équipage^ or Maître entre-
tenu dans le port, an officer whofe duty
rcfembles that of our maltcr-attcndant in
a dock-yard ; inafmuch as he has charge
of whatever relates to the equipping,
mooring, or fccuring of Clips ; as well
with rtgard to rigging, arming, and fit-
ting them for fea, as to the careening and
floating them out of the docks.

Maître de grave, a pcrfon appointed to
take care of the fait cod, wliilft drying
upon the flukes at Newfoundland.

Maître de hache. See Charpentier.

Maître-wû/cw, the mafler maft-makcr.

Maître des ponts àf des pertuis, a mafler
wherry-man, or waterinan, whofe office
it is to condufl the fmall craft of a har-
bour through bridges, or other dangeroos
places.

Maître de ports, an harbour-mafter, or
officer appointed to take care of a port,
and it's booms, and places of anchorage j
t« arrange the fhipping conveniently
therein, and regulate their mooring'; with
regard to each other: He has alfo the
command of the ordinary-men employed
about the rigging, careening, &c.

Maître deports is likewife an officer re-
feinbling our tide-furveyors of the cuf-
toms in an out-port.

Maître de quai, a principal wharf-mafter,
or officer appointed to regulate the af-
fairs of wharfs and keys, and the fhip-
ping moond along-lide thereof: to (ee
that the fires are cxiinguifhcd at niaht,
and that no fires be made in any fhip or
boat during the night : He is befides to
appoint the proper places for ballafting
and unballafling vefl'els ; as alfo for ca-
reening, caulking, and repairing them,
and tarring their rigging : Finally, he is
to place the lighr-houfes, beacons, and
buoys, where nj^cefTary ; to examine once
a month, and arter every ftorm, the ufual
channels of paflage for fliipping ; and to
fee whether the ground has not Ihifted, fo
as to alter the ufual flation-. of anchorage.

Maître de vaijjean, or Capitaine, the
mafler or commander of a merchant-
fhîp.

Maîtr,e

MAN

MAR

Maître dtvaijpau de guerre, the mafter of
a {hip of war,

Maître-'^ïv/^/, the fliip's ftcward.

Ca///;v- Maître, boatf'.vain, the officer of
3 fliip, who has the charge of the colours,
boats, faili, rigging, cahlcs, aiicliois, &c.

Wh\-. de mer, f.-a-fickticCs.

MALEUES TE, malebcte, ox pdaraji. See
Petarasse.

MALINE, a fpring-ti«ie.

MAL-fiii?!, foul ground ; bad anchor-
ground.

Manche, a great channel ; as, la
Manche Britannique, the Eiiglilh chan-
nel ; la Manche de Bri/hl, the cliannel
of Briftol, &c.

Manche à l'eau, du Manche fiotir l'eau, a
canvas or leathern hofc, to convey water
from the deck into the calks which are
flowed in the hold.

Manche de pompe, the pump-hofe.

Manche de rame, handle of an oar.

MANEAGE, a name given to thofe em-
ployments, or labours, for which the
crew of a fhip can demand no additional
pay of the merchant. Such is the lading
a (hip with planks, timber, or green or
dried fifli.

Manege du navire, the general trim of
a ih'p, with regard to the lituation of the
ni.ilrs and the center of gravity ; as alfo
to the difpofition of the fails, and the ef-
forts of the wind and fca.

La lune a iVlANGE', la lune Mangera,
the moon lias eat them up, or will cat
them up ; underftood of the clouds : a
cant phrafe, ufual amongd: common f.ii-
lors, to cxprefs the didipatioi) of the
clouds on the rifmg of the moon.

Etre Mange' par la mer, to be in the hol-
low or trough of a high fea, which often
breaks aboard.

M.'^NGER du fuUe, to flog the glafs, or
cheat the glals ; c.\pri.fl'ed < f thï' (tecrf-
inan, who turns the watch- clartés lie-
foie they have run out, in order to (horten
the period of his watch.

Terns maniable, moderate weather, and
wind favourable for fea.

M.ANNK, a fort of haml-bafket, ufed on
itvtr.il occalioiis in a (liip.

M.'\NŒUVRE, the working cf a ftilp, or
tiic dirci-Tion of her movoiiitnt«;, bv llu-
power of the helm, and the difjiofition oi
the fails to the wind.

Manoei'vre bajp-, the work or employ-
nn'iit which may be performed upon

deck, by the effort of the ropes upon the
fails and yards.

Manoeuvre^îw, a dextrous management
of the fliip in working her.

Manoeuvre grojjc, heavy and laborious
work in a fhip ; as the embarkation of
the artillery and cables, the flowage of
the anchors, &c.

Manoeuvre hardie, a difficult or danger-
ous operation at fea or on fliip- board.

Manoeuvre haute, the employment of
the failors in the tops, at the mall-headi,
and upon tlie yards.

Mano;;uvre tortue,», lubberly, or aukward
manner of working a fhip.

MANOEUVRER, to work a fliip, or di-
re(Sl the movements of a fleet.

MANOEUVRES, a general name given
to the rigging, fails, blocks, and cordage
of a fhip; but more particulatly to the
(finding and running ropes.

yiAtioivvKMS à queiie de rat, ropes which
taper to the end ; as the main and fore
tacks.

Manoeuvres en bande, flack ropes which
are unemployed.

Manoeuvres-ota/^vj, a name ufually given
to the largeft ropes in a (hip ; as the
ground-tackling, and the principal ffays.

Manoeuvres pajees à contre, ropes had-
ing forward ; as thofe of the mizen-
maft.

M AsoEUVRES pajfees II tour, ropes leading
aft.

MANOEUVRIER, an able or expert fea-
ofKcer ; or one who is pcrfcJfly iliiUed
in working a (hip by every method of
failing.

MANC^UER, toflv-loofe; undcrttcod of
a rope which is broke, or loofcntd from
the place where it was made fall, fo as
to be blown out to leeward, &c.

MANTEAUX, two folding doors in a
bulk-head.

MAN lELE T"S, the port-lids, or covers
of the^ports in a Ihip's lidc.

MAN TURKS, the rolling waves of the
f' .1. See Houles, Lames, and Coup de
Mer.

MANUELLE, the wh'p-ft.fFof a helm ;
iiii iiittiuinent vvlr.t.1) is now entirely dif-
uf-d.

MA(^UiLLKUR, a decked boat, ufcd in
the n'.acl'.arcl fifhery.

MARABOUT, a fail hoiftcd in the gal-
lics in ftormy weather.

M.^R/\lSy.f/<7';j, falt-pits on the fea-coafl ;

MAR

M A T

or refervoiis to contain fea-watcr, for tlic
piirpoCc of making fait.

MARAKDER, a phrafe ufcd by the com-
mon failors in the channel, implying to
ftccr eafily.

MARCHE-PÎED, the hoifcof any yard.

Marche-pied is aifo a fpace, about three
fathoms broad, left on the banks of a
river, whereon to draw boats afhore, ^c.

jMARLHER. See Ord,e ile Marche.

Marcher dans Us eaux d'un autre vai£èau,
to fail in the wake or track of another
(hip.

Marcher en colonne, to fail in a line, or
column.

MARE'AGE, the hire or pay of a failor
for any particular voyage.

MARE E, the tide. See^f lux £3* reflux.

La Mare'f. c/i haut, it is high water.

Mare E qui jiutient, a tide which counter-
ai^ls the wind, with rcg.ird to a fliip's
courfe, enabling her to turn to windward
bcttcr.

M:ries MARE'ES, neap tides, or dead-
neap.

Mare ES qui portent au vent, a wind-tide,
or tide which runs to windward.

Mare'es £5 contre manes, tide and half-
tide.

MARGOUJLLET, a bull's eye or wooden
traveller,

MARGUERITES, a name given to jig-
gers, or fuch fort of purchafes, ufcd to
|)ull a rope with greater effort.

Fa:re-M ARCv v.Rir E, to clap a mefi'engcr
on the cable, v/hen the anchor cannot be
purchafed by the voyol.

MARiN, a tea-faring man of any denomi-
nation.

MARINE implies in general the know-
ledge of maritime aftairs : alfo the ptr-
fo;is employed in the fea-fervice, &c.

Gens c/^ Marine, feamcn, filhcrmen, &c.

Orders de Marine, fea-offic, rs.

MARINIER, a name generally given to
i'ailors; but mo;e particularly to lighter-
men.

Mr. Ri'l'IME, marine, of, or belonging to,
th- fea.

Batteaiix MARNOIS, a yacht, hoy, or
imacic, employed on the rivers of Marne
and Srtne.

MARQUES, the fea-marks obferved by
the pilots upon any coaft ; as mountains,
fpircs, windmills. Sec.

MARSILIANE, a fquare-fter.ned fliip,
navigated on the gulph of V^enice, and

along the coafts of Dalmatia. They arc

of feveral iizcs, the largcft carrying about

700 tons.
MARSOUINS, a name given to the ftcin-

fon forward, and to the falfe-poft abaft.
MARTEAU à dents, a claw-hammer ufcd

by fiiipvvrights.
M.^\RT1CLES, or lignes de trélingaj^e, a

crow-foot, or con'.plicated Ipan.
Marticles is alfo a name given by fome

to the furling lines of Imall fails.
MARTINET, is properly the runner or

tye which is fallencd to the dead-eye of a

crow foot, fornu-rly ufed as a topping-lift

for the nnzen-yaid.
Martinet is alfo a general name for the

haliards, or tracing-line of a crow-foot.
MASCARET, a violent eddy of the tide.
M.ASLES, the pintles, by which the rud-
der is hung upon the ftcrii-poft. Sec

E E R R u R L de gouvernail.
MASSE, a large iron maul, ufed by fliip-

wrights to drive the tree-nails ar.d bolts

into the fliip's fide ; alfo a very long tiller

"lifed in fome lighters.
MASULIl', a fort of Indian boat, whofe

fides are compofed of the bark of trees,

and caulked with mofs.
MÂT, a maft. The principal mads of a

(liip arc.
Le grand Mat, the main-maft.
Mât de niifaine, the fore- naif.
Mât d'aitimsn, the mizen-niaft.
Mât d'un brin, a mart formed of one piece

of wood only ; fucii are the bowfprit and

top-mafls of all (hips, and all the niafls

of a fmall vcflcl.
Mât yîjfi', a malt which is fprung.
Mât jumelle, rcclampé, or renforcé, a maft

which is fiflied in a weak place, or op-

pofite to any fpring.
MAT'S de rechange, fpare top-m:.fls, or

marts in referve.
J Her (}R'IÂTS ^ à cordes. Mettre à PvîÂTS

y à cordes, fe mettre ù fee, to try, or feud

under bare pules.
Mâts venus a bas, difabled marts.
Ma JS de hune h.'Uts, to heave the top-marts

an end, or fwayed up,
MATAFIONS, knittles, or fmall ro-

bnnds.
MATE' en caravelle, fitted with pole tnp-

mafts.
Mate' en chandelier, mafied upright. Ex-

prelfed of a fliip whofe marts are flayed (o

as neither to hang forward or aft.
Mate' en frégate, the bent or inclination

MEM

MET

of the marts, v;hcn they rake forward, or
(loop towards the head.

^Ik'TZ' en fcurchc, oi: à conte, maftcd fora
boom and gafF ; as a floop or fchooner.

Mate' en galère, to be malted as a galley ;
h:'.ving only two mads, without any top-
niaft.

^Iattl' en feircique, mafted fora fprit which
croflcs the fail diagonally.

Matelot, a fallor, or mariner; aman
before the maft.

MATELOTAGE, the hire, wages, or
pay of feamcn.

11 eji un bon Matelot, he is an able fea-
man.

VaiJJ'ecitt Matelot, a good company-
keeper, or a fnip that fails well, and
keeps her rtation in a fleet ; alfo the ftiips,
in a fleet of men of war, which are ap-
pointed féconds to the admirals or com-
inandinT; officers.

MATELO'rS-^flr</rV?7, the ordinary-men
jittending a royal dock-yard, and it's har-
bour or dock ; including alfo the caipen-
ters and caulkers appointed to watch in
the {hips of war.

M.vTER, to fix or place the mafls of a
ihip.

M.lTEREAU, a fmall maft, or end of a
til a ft.

MÂTEUR, a maft-maker. See Maître-
n: (It cur.

MATURE, the art of mafting flilps ; al-
fo a general name for the mafts them-
felves.

La Mâture, the maft-flied, or the place
where the mafts arc made.

MAY, a fort of trough bored full of holes,
wherein to drain coidage when it is newly
tarred.

M.'\UGERES, or Mauges, the fcuppcr-
holes.

MECHE, the match by which a cannon
is fired.

I\li;cHE de cahejlan, the middle-])icce, or
body of the taplkrn.

Mkche c/e nttit, the main or middle piece
of a lower maft, when the latter is com-
pofcd of fcvcral pieces, as ukial in many
ihips of war.

Meche du gouvernail, the principal piece
of a rudder.

Meche d'une cord*, the middle flrand of a
four-fl;anded rope.

MEMBRES de vaijfeau, a name given to
any of the piecc!> of which the ribs arc

compofed ; as the floor-timbers, top-r

timbers, and futtocks.
MER, the fea ; whence.
Plane Mer, full fea;
Haute Mer, high water. See Mare'e.
Mer fans fond, a part of the fea where

there is no anchoring-ground.
La Mer a perdu, the tide has fallen ; it is

falling-water.
La Mer brife, the fea breaks, or foams ;

as by ftriking a rock or (hore.
La Mer bnlle, the fea burns, as in a dark

and tcmpeftuous night.
La Mer ej! courte, the fea runs fliort, broken

or interrupted.
La Mer ejI longue, the fea runs long and

fteady ; or without breaking.
La Mer étale, the fea is fmooth, as in a

calm.
La Mer mwit, the fea roars, as beinfr tur-

bulcnr.
La Mer rapporte, the fpring-tides have re-

conmienced.
La Mer roule, the fea rolls.
La Mer fe crcufe, the fea rifes and runs

crofs.
La Mer va chercher le vent, the wind rifts

againft the fea.
II y a de la Mer, the fea runs high. When

tiie violence of the waves are abated, they

/ay, in a contrary fcnfe, // n'y a plus de

Mer.
fetter à la Mer, to throw overboard.
Mettre à la AIer, or faite voiles, to put to

fea, or fet fail.
Tenir la ^'ER, to keep the fea, or hold

out in the offing.
llrer à la Mer, to ftretch out to fea. Sec

I'ouiER NU large.
Recevoir un coup de Mfr, to fliip a fea.
MERLIN, marline, or merline.
MERLINER une voile, to marie a fail to

it's foot-rope.
j^rbre de MESTRE, the main-maft of a

row galley,
M ETTR E /^? icr^/, to bring, «r carry aboard.
AiETTRE ale VoiU, to "et uucei lail, (O

fc:t fail.
Mettre une navire en raJe, to carry a (hip

into any road.
Mettre à terre, to carry, or put û(horc ;

t;) dilerrlurk.
Mbitre la grande voile à Féchelle, lo get

the main-tack down with the pafl'irce.
Mettre les bajjes voiles fur les cargua, to

haul up the courfes in the brails.

Mettre

MON

MOU

Mettre Us voila dcduns, MtxTRK à frc,
eu Met IRE à inàti es ii cordes, lo take in,
furl, or hanJ ail the fails.

Mettre le imguct, to pauI the caiirtcin, or
put in the paul.

Mettre un »taiekt à terre, to fct one of
the crew alhorc; to turn aJi ift or maroon
a failor.

Mettre une ancre en pLce, to (low an an-
chor on the bow.

MEURTRIERES, ou Jalousies, the
Joop-holcs in a ihip's (ides or bulk-heads,
through which the niulquctry is fired on
the cneniv.

MI mot. See Hunier,

MINOT, the davit of a (hip : alfo a fire-
boom. See Defense.

Coins de MI RE, the coins, or aiming wedges
of a cannon.

Prendre fa Mire, to take aim with a can-
non; to level or point a cannon, or other
(ire-arm, to it's objctl.

MlRi'^R, to loom, or appear indiftinflly,
as the land under a cloud on the fea-
coalK

MIROIR. SeeEcussoN.

MISAINE, the fore-maft.

Misaine, or voile de Misaine, the fore-
fail.

Traverfer Misaine, flat-in forward, or
haul in the fore-(heet, jib-fhect, and fore-
fti)'-fail iheet, towards the middle of the
(hip.

MITRAILLES, a general name for lan-
grage (hot.

MODELE. See Gabari.

MOIS de gages, the monthly pay, or wages
of a I'ailor.

MOLE de port, a pier, or mole-head.

MOLER en pottppe, en pogcr, to bear away
and bring the wind aft, in the dialetit of
Provence and Italy.

MOLIR une corde, to flacken, doufie, or
eafe o(Fa tight rope.

MONSON, or Mouson, a monfoon, or
trade-wind of India.

MONTANS de poulaine, the timbers of
the head, or vertical rails, which are
ufually ornamented with fculpture.

MoNTANS devoute, the llern-timbers.

Le MONTANT de W-ou, or le flot, flowing
water; the flood-tide.

MONTE', mounted, or equipped with a
certain number of guns, or men; as,

Vaijjeau Monte' de 50 ou 60 canons, a Ihip
mounting 50 or 60 guns.

Vaijfeau Monte' de trois cer.ts hommes, a
5

(hip matjncd with three hundred hand.s
or whole coniplemcnl confifts of three
hundred.

Monter le gouvernr.il, to hang the rudder.

Monter au ver.t^ to fpring the lu(F, or
haul the wind,

MON rURE, the arming a (hip for war,
or mounting her with cannon, and other
fire-arms, and manning her.

MOQUE, a heart, or dead-eye of a (lay.

Moque de civadlere, a (prit-fail (heet-block.

Moque de trelingage, the dead-eye of a
crow-foot.

MORDRE, to bite, or hold faft ; under-
ilood of the claw or fluke of an anchor
which is iunk in the ground.

MORNE, a name given in America to a
cape or promontory.

MORTAISE, a hole or mortife, cut to
receive the end of a piece of timber, called
the tv-nent or tenon.

Mortaise du gouvernail, the hole in the
rudder-head which contains the tiller.

Mortaise de poulie, the channel, or va-
cant ("pace in a block which contains the
fheavc.

Mortaise du mât de hune, the fid-holeof
a top-nia(l.

MORTE-fiVij.7, or ^Iokt t-cau, nip-tide,
or neap-tides; alfo dead low water.

MOR TIER, a mort.Tr, employed to throw
(hells or carcafcs from a ketch.

MOUFFLE de poulie, the (hell of a block.
See Arcasse.

MOUILLAGE, anchoring-ground.

Mauvais Mouillage, foul-ground; bad
anchor-ground, or foul-bottom.

MOUILLE, let go the anchor! the or-
der to let the anchor fall from the cat-
head to the bottom.

Mouille' à une ancre deflj., y uii£ ancre de
jujj'ant, moored with one anchor towards
the flood, and another towards the ebb.

Mouille' £"«/?•? vent ts marée, moored be-
tween wind and tide.

B/t-'/-MouiLLE', wtll-moored ; or moored
in a good birth and anchor-ground.

MOUILLER, or Mouiller l'ancre, to
let go the anchor ; to come to an anchor,
or, (imply, to anchor.

Mouiller à la voile, to let go the anchor
whilft the fails are yet abroad.

Mouiller en croupière, to moor with a
fpring upon the cable, in ordtr to can-
nonade a fort, &:c.

Mouiller en patte d'oie, to moor with
three anchors a-head, equally diflran:

from

NAT

N O I

from each other, and appearing like

the foot of a goofe.
Mouiller Pancre de toiki, to moor with the

boat ; or to carry out an anchor.
MouiLLtR Ax voiles, to wet the fails; a

praélice ufual in light winds.
Moi/iLLER^a?' la quille; a farcaftical cxpref-

fion imi)!ying that a fhip is faft a-ground.

In the fame fenle our fcamen fay, every

nail in her bottom is an anchor.
MOULINET, a fmall wiiidlafs, as that

of a lanch or long-boat.
Moulinex à I'iitord, a fpun-yarn winch.
MOURGON. See Plongeur.

MOUSSE, garçon de bord, a fliip-boy ;

one of the prentices, or officers fervants.
MOUTONNER, to foam ; exprtflcd of

the waves in a tempeftor turbulent fea.
MOYEN-paiallcl, the middle latitude in

navigation, or the paralkl that holds the

middle place between the latitudedepartcd

from, and the latitude arrived in.
MULET, a fort of Portuguefe veflcl with

three mafts, and lateen-fails.
MUNITIONAIRE, an agcnt-viflualler,

or a contraélor for fea-provifions.
Ccnimis du Muxitionaire. See Co.MMis.

NACELLE, a fkifF, or wherry, without
mafts or fails, and ufually employed
to pafs a river.
NAGE, the row-lock of a boat. See alfo

AUTARELLE.

Nage rt bird, come aboard with the boat !
the order given to the rowers in the long-
boat to bring her aboard, or along-fide of
the fliip.

Nage à faire abattre, pull to leeward ! the
order to the rowers in a boat, to tow die
(hip's head to leeward.

ti .\CE au^vent, pull to windward, or tow
the fliip to windward !

Nage de force, pull chearly in the boat !

Nage qui ejl paré, pull with the oars that
arc {hipped.

Nage ylv, row dry ! the order to row with-
out wetting the padcngers.

Kage /iiihrd, Is fie has-bord, pull the
flarboard oars, and hold vyater with the
larboard oars !

NAGER, Ramer, or Voguer, to row,
or pull with the oars, in a boat or fmall
veflll.

Nager à fc, to touch the (horc with the
oars in rowing.

Nagjr tant d' avirons par bande, to row fo
many oars on a fide.

Nager de bout, to row ftanding, or with
the face towards the boat's head.

Nager en arrière, to back alkrn with the
oars.

Nager la chaloupe à bord, to row the long-
boat aboard.

NATES, mats ufed to line the fail-room.

or bread-room ; as alfo to cover the
ceiling of the (hip's hold when (he is
laden with corn, in order to prefervc the
contents.

NAVETTE, a fmall Indian vefl'el.

NAUFRAGE, (hipwreck.

Naufrage', (hipw recked.

NAVIGABLE, capable of navigation.

NAVIGATEUR, a mariner, or feaman.

NAVIGATION impropre, coafting, or
failin;? alone; fliore.

N.'WIGAtion propre, the art of failing by
the hiws of trigonometry. See I'lLor-

AGE.

NAVIGER, to fail, or dired a (hip's

courfe at fea.
Naviger ^rtr /ff/Y, or dans L- terr,; to be

afliore by the dead-reckoning; to be ahead

of the (hip by eftimation.
Naviger par un grand cercle, to fail upon

the arch of a great circle.
NAVIRE, a (hip. See alfo Vaisseau.
Beau Navire en rade, a good roader.
NEUVE, a fort of fmalfflight, ufed by the

Dutch in the hcrring-fifhcry, and refcm-

bling a bufs. Sec BucHE.
NEZ, the nofe, beak, or head of a fliip.
NOCHER, a name formerly given to a

pilot.
NOCTURLABE, a noaui-nal.
NOIALE. See loiLE.
NOIE , an epithet which anfwcrs to

clouded, or indiftintSl. It is exprcllcJ

of (he horizon, when it cannot be cahly

diftinguifhed by an obfcrver, in taking an

altitude.

1) d d NOIRCIR,

O E U

OFF

NOIRCIR, to blacken, or daub with a
mixture of tar and lamp-black ; as the
wales and black ftrakcs ot" a (hip, the
yards, bowfprit, &c.

NOLIS, or NoLissEMENT, a name given
in Provciict and the Levant to the (n iglit
or cargo of a fill p.

NON-î'.-i'.-, no light of; out of light; a
phrafc- which implies the fog or haze of
the weather, which intercepts the view
of contiguous objedts, as the ftiore,
rocks, &€.

NURD, the north, or north point.

Nord- EST, the north-caft.

NoRD-KST quart à I'cji, north-eaft by caft.

NoRW-KsTER, to vary towards the caft ;

cxprefled of the eaft-variation of the

compafs.
NuRD-oi' ESTER, to decline towards the

weft ; fpoken alfo of the magnetical

needle.
NOYALE. See Noiale.
NOYE'. See Noie'.
NUAISON, a trade-vyind, or the period

of a monfoon.

OCCIDENT, or Ouest, the weft.
OCEAN, a name generally given

in France to the Weftern or Atlantic

Ocean.
OCTANT, the o£lant invented by God-
frey and HaJley.
OElL, Yeux, ou Trous, the holes formed

in the clews of a fprit-fail to let out the

water which falls into it's cavity when

the fliip pitches.
Oeil de bœuf. See Yeux,
Oeil de bouc, water-gall, or weather-

gall.
Oeil de pié, or Yeux de pié, the eye-let

holes wrought in the reef of a fail, thro'

which the points are reeved.
Oeil de toile, the hole in the truck or

wheel of a gun-carriage, through which

the axle paffes.
OEILLET, an cye-fplice on the end of

any rope.
Oeillet d'é/ai, the eye of a ftay which

goes over the maft-head.
OEILLETS de la Uurnevire, the eyes in

the two ends of a voyol, which are laflied

together with a laniard when the voyol is

brought to the capftern.
OEILS, the eyes, ot hawfes of a Ihip.

See Ecubiers.
OEUVRE-m9r//j, the dead-work of a fliip,

or all that part which is above water,

comprehending the quarter-deck, poop,
and fore-caftle.
OEUVRE-^';^»«, the quick-work, or all

that part of a fhip which is under wa-
ter.

OEUVRES de marte, the graving, caulk-
ing, or repairing a fhip's bottom, when
(he is left dry aground during the recefs
of the tide.

OFFICIERS bhu. See Bleu.

OFFiciERS-^/niVfl«y, the general officers
in the French navy ; as, the admirals,
vice-admirals, rear-admirals, and com-
modores.

Officiers de port, the officers of a dock-
yard, appointed to fee that the (liipping
are properly moored, mafted, rigged,
repaired, caulked, and otherwife equipped
with whatever is necefFary j according to
their deftination.

Officiers de fatité, officers who fuperin-
tend the affairs of the quarantine in a
port.

Officiers-ot^/î?-5, the fupcrior, or com-
miflioned ofKccrs in a ihip of war, as
the captain, lieutenants, and cnfinn.

OFFiciERS-»wr«/V'-.t, tlie mechanical or
warrant-officers in a (hip of war ; of
which the principal are, the mafter,
boatfwain, gunner, carpenter, and fail-
maker ; as diftinguifhed from the mili-
tary officers defcribed in the preceding
article.

O! du navire, hola ! h oa, the (hip, ahoay ^
the manner of hailing or calling to a
(liip whofe name is not known.

O ! du Soleil Royal, bola ! hoa, the Royal
Sun, ahoay !

O ! d'en haut, yoa-hoa, aloft there ! maft-
head there ! &c. the call from the deck
to thofe who are aloft, to attend to fome
order. O !

PAG

PAL

O ' hiJP, Of hale. Of faille. Of rule, the
method of fingin^ out, as a figiial to
hoift, haul, or rowfc together, on a
tackle or rope.

OINT, rtuft', tallow, or fuch like mate-
rijl, ufed to pay the mulh, tycs of the
toplail-yards, &c.

OLOKE £, the act of fpringing the luff,
or of hauling clofe upon a wind.

ORAOK. See Tempête.

ORDRE de bataille, the line, or order of
battle in a naval engagement.

Okdre de marcfu, the order of fuling.

Ohdre lie retraite, the order of retreat.

ORDRES des vaiffeaux, the clafTcs into
which every rate of fhips is fubdividcd,
in the Ercnch navy. See Rang.

OREILLE de lièvre, a thrte-hded, or tri-
angular fail ; as the ftay-fail.-^.

QREILJ^ES de Fancre, the broad parts of
t.-.c fluke of an anchor.

ORGAN EAU, the ring of an anchor.
Sec Arganeau.

ORGUES, an organ, or machine, fome-
times ufed in a lea-fight by privateers :
it contains fcveral barrels of mufketoons
Or fmall arms, fixed upon one flock, fo
as to be all fired together.

ORIENTER les voiles, to trim the fails ;
or place them in the moft advantageous
manner, to receive the wind, and acce-
lerate the fliip's courfe.

OR IN, the buoy-rope of an anchor.

ORSE, the larboard fide, in the dialed of
Provence. Alfo the order to luff.

ORSER, to row againfl the wind, or ro\v
head-to-wind. This is likcwife the lan-
guage ot the gallics.

OR'rCJDROMIE, a courfe which lies
upon a meridian or parallel.

OSSEC, the water-way, or well-room of
a boat.

OSSIERES. See Haussieres.

OU AGE, the track or wake of a fliip.
See Houaiche.

Tirer en OUAICHE, to take a fliip in tow
aftern when fhe is difabled.

Ttaiiur un pavillon ennemi en Ou Aie he, to
drag the colours or entign of an enemy
after the fliip, fo as to fwcep the water
therewith, as a ftgn of vidlory.

OVERLANDRES, fmall veffels navigated
on the Rhine and Meufe.

OUEST, or Occident, the weft point
of the compafs or horizon.

Ou EST- nord - oue/l, i3c. See Rose de
vents.

OURAGAN, an hurricane.

OUVERT, être ouvert, to have any ob-
jedt open in failing pafl it ; or to be
abreaft of any place, as a road, the en-
tiance of a harbour, or river, &c.

OUVERTURE, an opening, or valley
between two hills, beheld from the fca
and ferving frequentlv as a land-mark,

OUVRIERS, the artificers, &c. in a
dock-yard ; alfo the riggers of a fhip.

OUV RÎR, to open, or difcover two ob-
jech fcparately at fea, when failing at
fome diftance from them.

P.\ C F I S, the courfts of a fli'p ; as.
Le grand Pacfi, the main courfe, or
main- fail.

Lc petit Pacfi, cu Pach de hour cet, the
fore-courfc or fore-fail.

Etre aux deux Pacfis, to be under the
courlis.

PACIFIER, to become calm ; alfo to
fall, or grow finooth, when Ipoken of
tlie fea.

PACjAIE, the paddle of a canoe.

PA(îE delà chambrt du capitaine, the Cabin-
boy.

PAGES. Sec Mousses ij garçons.

PAILLES de bittes, long iron bolts thruft
into holes in the bits, to keep the cable
from ftarting off.

PAILLOT, the flcward-room in a row-
galley.

PAIS fomme, a flioal or (liallovv.

PALAMANTE, a general name given to
the oars of a row-galley ; which are forty
feet and fix inches in length.

PAL.AN, a tackle of any kind. Sec Ita-
que and Garant.

T)d d Î

Pal AN'

P A Q^

P A R

Palan- ci ca'.lme, a fix-fold tackle. See
Calioukk.

I'alan // cwuUlettc. Sec Candelette.

Falan et'aniure, a tack-tackle.

1'alan d'ttal, a flay-tackle.

Palan df mifahtf, tlie forc-trcklc.

t/";w;;.'/ Pal \K, die nKiiii-tJcklc.

P.\LANQ_UK\ the order to hoift, bowfe,
or fct-tauphc upon a tackle.

i'ALANQÙKR, to lioilt, or bowfe upon
a tjcklc.

PALANQUIN, a jigger- tackle, tail-
tackle, or burton.

PALANQUINS de ris, the reef-tackles.

VAhAsqvii^s Jîmpks de racage, the nave-
lines.

PALANS debout, the fprit-fail-haliards.

Palans de canon. See Drosse de canon, is
Palan de retraite.

Palans de retraite, the rclieving-tacklc, or
train-tacklo of the ordnance.

PALARDEAUX, plugs made to flop
holes in any part of a fiiip ; as hawfe-
plugs, fbot-plugs, &c.

PALE, or Palme, the blade or wafli of
an oar.

PALE'AGE, the acl of difcharging any
thing with fhovels, bafkcts, &c. as corn,
fait, or fuch like materials ; for which
employment the fhip's crew can demand
no additional pay. See alfo Maneage.

En PANNE, lying-by, or lying- to with
fome of the fails aback ; whence

Mettre en pANNE, to bring-to.

PANNEAU, a fcuttle, or cover of any
hatchway in the deck.

Panneau à boite, the cover of a fcuttle,
with a border round it's edge.

Panneau à vajfole, a great hatch, without
a border.

Le grand? Atir.'EAV, the main hatch.

PANTAQUIERES, or PantochereS,
the cat-harpins, and crane-lines of the
fliiowds.

Eji FAN TENNE, fluttering or fliivering
in great difordcr ; exprefied of the {a\U,
when out of trim, as in a florm.

Amener ies voila en Pantenne, to haul
down the fails with the utmoft expedi-
tion ; as in a fquall of wind.

PANT'OIRES, pendents on the maft-
hcads or yard-arms, wherein to hook
prcventt-.'-ihrowds, or yard-tackles.

PAPIERS tf' eiijdgnements, the papers of a
Ihip, comprehending the bills of lading,
manifcfl coquets, &c.

PAQUE-BOT, or Paqtiet-Bot, a pac-

ket-boat, or packet-vcnil ; as thofe

which pafs between Dover and Calais,

&c.
Faire la PARADE, to drefs a {hip, or to

adorn her with a number of flags, pen-

di.nts, and other colours, which arc dif-

played from difFereiu p.irts of the mails,

yards, and rigging.
PARADIS, or Bassin, the bafin of a

dock ; or an inner harbour.
PARAGE, a fpnce of the fea appointed as

the ftation wherein to rendezvous or

cruife ; alfo a part of the fea near any

coafl.
Ahuille en Parage, moored, or anchored

in an open road, or in the offing.
PARC, an inclofure for containing the

magazines and Itore-lioules in a royal

dock- yard.
Parc dans un vaijfeau, 2l cot or pen, wherein

cattle are inclofed in a Ibip.
PARCLOSSES, limber-boards.
PARCOURIR, to overhaul; i.e. to open

or extend the feveral parts of a tackle, or

other aflemblagc of ropes, communicatmg

with blocks or dead eyes.
Parcourir ki coutures, to furvey or exa-
mine the feams of a fhip's fides or decks,

and caulk where it is found neceflary.
PARE', ready, clear, or prepared for any

thing.
Pare' à virer, fee all clear to go about !

the order to prepare for tacking.
PARE AU, or Parre, a fort of large bark

in the Indies, whofe head and ftcrn are

cxadlly alike, fo that the rudder may be

hung at either end,
PARER un cap, to double a cape. See

Doubler.
Parer une ancre, to fee the anchor clear

for coming-to. Sec.
Se Parer, to clear for a(5tion, to prepare

for battle.
PARFUMER un vaijêm, to fmoke a fhip,

and fluice her with vinegar between-

decks, in order to purify htr, and expel

the putrificd air.
PARQUET, a (liot-locker on the deck ;

alfo a place where fhot are kept on a

gun-wharf. See Epitie'.
PARTAGER /e vent, to fhare the wind

with fome other fhip, or hold way with

her, without gaining or lofing ground, or

without weathering, or falling to leeward.
PARTANCE, the time of departing, or

failing from a place; alfo a place from

whence a ihip departs.

Coupe

P A V

PER

Coup (k Partance, a fignal-giin for fail-
ing.

Bannière de Partance, the fi^nal dif-
playcd for failing.

Pas, a ftreight or narrow channel ; a?,

Pas de Calais, the Strcights of Dovtr.

PASSAGERS, the paflengers of a fliip.

PASSE, a canal, channel, or fmall
ftreight.

PASSE-poit, a fca-pafs or paflport. Sec
Conge'.

PASSER, to pcrifti, or be lofl at fea ; as
by overfetting, or foundering.

Passer tiu vent d'un vaijfeau, to weather,
or gain the wind of another fhip.

Passer fous le beaupré, to pafs under the
bovvfprit. This phrafe, which is ufual
amongfl Englilh as well as French fea-
nien, implies to go ahead of, or before a
fiiip, and run athwart her courfe.

Y Assz-vogue, the cfiort of rowing brifkly,
or vtry hard.

FASSE-volunt, a falfe mufter on the fliip's
books : alfo a wooden-gun, which may
terrify a fhip at a diftance. See Fausses-
Lances.

PAT ACHE, an armed tender, or veR'el
which attends a fhip of war or fleet: alfo
a packet-boat.

Patache d'avis, an advice-boat. Sec
Fre GATE d'avis.

PAT'ARAS, a preventer-fhrowd : alfo a
fpare fluowd, to be hooked on occa-
fionally.

PATARASSE, a caulking-iron.

PATRON, the malkr or commander of
a merchant-lViip, or boat, in the dialect
of Provence.

Patron de chahupe, the cockfwain, or
coxen, of a long-boat.

PATTE d'oie. See Mouiller en patte
d'oie.

Pattes d'ancre, the flukes of an anchor.

Patti-s d'anfpeUs, the claws of a gunner's
handfpcc.

Pattes de houUne, the bowline bridles.

Pattes de vciles, the tabling of tlie fails at
the tilgcs or bolt-ropes.

PAVESADE, a quarter- cloth, or waift-
cloth. Slc Bastingage.

PAVILLON, the flag of a fhip. Alfo a
general name for colours.

Pavillon de heaupre, the jack.

Pavillon de cljaUupe, the flag carried in a
barge or long-boat, when a fupcrior offi-
cer is aboard.

Pavillon de cojnhat, the flgnal for en-
gagement.

Pavillon de confeil, the fignal for a gene-
ral council.

Pavillon de pouppe, or cnfeigne de pouppc,
a fliip's ciifign.

Pavillon en Berne. See Berne.

Baton de Pavillon, the enfign-ftafi^, flag-
ftaff, or jack-ffaff.

Vaijfcau Pavillon, or fimply Pavillon,
the flag-fhip.

Amener le Pavillon, to ftrike the fla^ or
ccjloiirs.

Etre fous un tel Pavillon, to be under
fuch a flag, or commanding officer.

Faire Pavillon blanc, to dilplay a flag of
truce.

PAUMET, a fail-maker's palm.

PAVOIS, or rather Pavesade. See Pa-
vesade and Bastingage.

PAVOISER, to fpread the waiff-cloths.

PECHER une ancre, to hook, and heave
up from the bottom, another anchor,
with that of the fhip ; as when ftveral
anchors lie near to each other, in a com-
mon road.

PEDAGNE, or Pedagnon, the flretch-
ers of a row-galley. See alfo Ban-

QUFTTES.

PELLES, corn-fhovcis, or ballaft-fhovelj,
uied in trimming a (hip's hold.

PENDAN r, or Flamme. See Flamme.

PENDEUR, or Plndour, the pendent of
any tackle, runner, &:c.

PEN DOUR de caliorne, the winding tac-
kle-pendent.

PENDOURS de balancines, the fpans of
the lifts.

Pendours dc bras, the brace-pendents at
the yard-arms.

PENES, pitch-mops. See Baton à va~
del.

PENNE, the peck of a mizen, or lateen
fail.

PEN I URE, a googing, or the eye of a
clamp, fitted to receive a goofe-ncck, or
fomc bolt of iron which turns therein
like a pivot in it's focket.

PEINTURKS de gouvernail, the googings
of the rudder. Sec Ferrure de gou-
vernail.

PEOTE, a light nimble Venetian whcrrv,
uk-d Ircqucntly as an advice-boat, to
c.nrry cxpreflcs.

PERCEINTES. See Pre'ceintes.

PERCEUR, a ptrfoa who bor;s the holes

fur

P I L

P L A

for the trcc-iiails, or bolts, in a fliip's
Tide.

PKRROQUET, a top-gallant-fail.

Mettre lei I'KRROt^U \iTS en banni tie, to
let fly the top-gallant fliccts, as a parti-
cular fignal or l.ilutc oftertd to fomc fliip
in company.

Perroquets volam, flying top-gallant-
faih.

PERRUCHE, the mizen-top-g.illant-
fail.

PERTUIS, a dam, or channel of water,
confined by a fluicc.

PERTUlSANK,a fort of pike or halbcrt,
ufed to defend a fliip from being boarded.

PESER, to hang upon, or haul downward
on any rope over-head.

F ESF.R fw tin levier, to heave, or purchafc
with a handfpec.

PHARE, or t'jur à feu, a watch-tower, or
li^h'-houfe on the fea-coaft.

PIC à pic fur fa ancre, clofe a peck upon the
anchor.

PIECE, a cannon. See Cakon.

Piece de charpente, a general name for any
lart!;c piece of timber uftd in the conftruc-
tion of a (hip.

PIECES de cboffe, the chace-guns, or head-
chaces.

PIED de vent, a clear fpot of the fky, ap-
pearing under a cloud to windward.

FiED-marin, fea-fhoes ; exprefll'd of a man
who has got fea-lcss, or who treads
firmly at fea, as being accuuomcd there-
to.

PIE DROITS, the Samfon's ports ereft-
cd in the hold from the kelfon to the
lower-deck hatchways, and notched with
fteps.

PIERRIER, a petrero, or fmall cannon,
fomctimes ufed in fea-fights, and gene-
rally charged with mufket-fliot, or Iwi-
vel-balls.

PIE'TER le gotivernail, to mark the ftern-
pofl: with feet, in order to difcover the
ihip's draught of water abaft.

PILIERS de bittes, the bits of a fhip.

PILLAGE, the plunder taken from any
enemy after engagement.

PILON, or petit tcore, a fliore which is
fleep to, and but little raiftd above the
fea.

PILOTAGE, the navigating, conducing
or fleering of a fhip.

PILOTE, a fea pilot, or the conduâor

of a fhip's courfe by the art of naviga-
tion ; alfo the matter of a fli p. Sec

Hautl'Rier.
Pilote côtia-, or Pilote de havre, a coaft-

ing, or harbour pilot. See Lama-

N E l' R .
Pilote hardie, a daring or cnterprifing

pilot.
PILOTER, to pilot a ftiip into, or out of,

a harbour or river.
PINASSE, a fquare-fterned vcfTcl, called

in England a bark.
Pinasse de Bifcaye, a Bifcayan barca-

longo.
PINCEAU à goudronner, a tar-brufli.
PINCES de bis, a fort of curved hand-

fpecs. See Renard.
PINCER le vent. See ALLER au plus

près.
PINNULE, the fight-vanes of any inftru-

ment, for obfcrving or fetting a diftant

obic(5l at fea.
PINQUE, a pink, or narrow-fterned fhip,

with a flat floor.
y1 PIQUE, apeck, when the cable of a fliip

is hove lb tight as to bring her directly

over the anchor, the cable bearing right

down from the ftem.
PIRIS, a fort of canoe ufed bv the ne-
groes in Guinea, and the Cape dc

Verds.
PIRATE, a pirate, or free-booter. Sec

alfo CuRSAIRE.

PIRATER, to rub at fea; to infefl or

fcour the feas as a pirate.
PIROGUE, an American canoe.
PISTON, the fpcar-box of a pump.
PITONS à boucles. See Cheville à

b'>ucles.
PIVOT, an iron point which turns in a

fccket ; as the foot of the capflern.
Pivot de bouffolc, the brafs center-pin of

the ccmpals.
PLAGE, a fliallow or flat fhore, without

any capes or head-lands to form a road or

bay, wherein fliipping may come to an

anchor.
PLAIN, a flat or flioal ; whence.
Aller au Plain, to run afliore.
PLANCHE, the gang-board of a bont.
PLA^^UES de plomb, flieet-lcad, ufed for

fevcral purpolcs aboard-fliip.
PLAl" de la varangue, the flat or horizon-
tal part of a floor-timber. ■ ,
Plat de l'équipage, or un Plat des matelots,

a mefs, or company of feven failors who

eat

P O G

POM

eat together. The word literally figni-
fics a bowl or platter, in which the whole
mefs cat at the fame time.

Plat ^ks malades, the fick mefs, under the
care of the furgeon.

Plat-Bord, the gunnel, or gun-wale of
a fhip.

Plat-Bord alfo means wafh-boarJ or
weather-board.

Plat-Bord à l'eau, gunncl-in, orgunnel-
to ; exprcfled of a Ihij) that inclines fo
much to one fide as to make the gunnel
touch the furface of the water, by crowd-
ing fail in a frefli wind.

PIvA r dc rame, the blade of an oar.

PLATIl-BANDS d'cfiUs, the clamps of
a gun-carriage, which are ufed to confine
the trunnions therein.

Plate-Forme de l'éperon, the platform or
grating witiiin the rails of the head.

Plate-Formes, an afl'cmblage of oak-
planks, forming a part of the deck, near
the fide of a vellcl of war, whereon the
cannons reft in their ports.

PL.'XTINES de lumière, the aprons of the
cannons.

PLI de cable, a fake of the cable.

Filer un Pli de cable, to veer away one fake
of the cable.

Vaijiau qui Plie le côté, a crank (hip.

PLIER, to bend or fnpplc the planks of a
{hip, as by heat and nioilture.

Plier le côte, to lie over in the water ; to
heel extremely when under fail.

Plier It pavillon. Plier la voiles, to gather
u|i the fly of the cnfign, or furl the fails.

PL(-)C, the hair and tar put between the
bottom-planks of a flup and the (heath-
ing, to fill up the interval, and preferve
the bottom from the v/orms.

PLOCQU FR, to apply the Iheathing-hair
to a fhip's bottom.

PLOMBFR une navire, to try whether a
Ihip is upiight, or to what fide (he heels,
by means ot a plumb-line and level.

PLWNGEUR, a diver, whole employment
it is to bring any tiling up from the bot-
tom, as fpunges, coral, ^'c.

PLONGER, to duck, or immcrfe any
thing III the water ; aUb to plunge or
dive into tiu- water, &c.

PLUME r dt pilote, or panon, a feather-
vane, or dog- vane.

PC^CfK, ou VuvcE, the order to put the
liclm a- weather, in order to fill the fails,
or bear away. This is the language of
Provence. Sec ARKiVE-tout,

POINT, a (hip's place, as pricked upon

a nautical chart.
Point d'une voile, the clew of a fail.
POINTACJE de la carte, the pricking of a
courfe and diftance upon the chart, in
order to difcover the (hip's place.
POIN I F, a point of land projefting into

the fea ; a low cape, or promontory.
Pointe de feperon, the beak of a prow, or

cut-water.
Pointe dn compas, a point of the magneti-

cal conipafs.
Pointe du nord, ou du fud, is'c. the north

or fouth point.
POIN FFR, to direct or point a gun to

it's objcdi-.
Pointer à couler has, to point a gun fo as

to fink a (hip.
Pointer « démâter, to point a gun fo as to

difable or carry awav any mart.
Pointer à donner duns le bois, to level the
cannon fo as to hull a fliip, or ftrike the
hull.
Pointer la carte, to prick the chart. See

Pointage.
POINTURE, the balance of a fail, or
that part which is faftcned by balancing
it in a ftorm : fuch is the peek of the
mizen, &c.
POITRINE dt gahords, the filling, or
convexity of a (hip's bottom, as ap-
proaching the midfhips from the ftcni
and ftcrn-poft.
POLACRE, a polacre, or (liip fo called.
1 OLIBE d'ajfurance, a policy of infur-

ance.

Police de chargement. See Conoissement.

POMMES, the trucks, or acorns placed

on the flag-ftaffs, or fpindles of the inaft-

head.

Pommes de gireiiettes, the acorns placed

over the vanes.
Pommes de racege. See Racage.
POMME de pavillon, the truck placed on

the top of the flag-ftart", or enfign-(t.;fK
POMOVER, to under-run a cable with

the long-boat.
POMPE, the pump of a (hip.
Affranchir, ou Franchir la PoMPE, to free
the (hip, by difcharging more w.itcr with
the pumps than isireceivcd by the leaks.
See Affranchir.
Â la Pompe ! pump Ibip ! the order to
pump out the water Irom a (hip's bot-
tom.
Charger la Po.MPE, to fetch the pump.
Etre à une, ou à deux Pompes, to have one or

bociv

P O R

POU

both pumps conft.intly employed to free

the (hip.
La HoMHE cjl engorgée, the pump is choaked

or foul.
La Pompe ej} iveniU, the pump blow?, as

biiiig fplit and rendered uiilcrviccabk-.
La I'oMPE ejl hauti, ou la PoMTE cjl frambc,

the pump fucks, or is dry.
La i*oMPE cjl prifc, the pump is fetched.
La FoMPE fe Accba>£c, the pump has loft

water, bee De charge.
Pompe ù la Fenetienne, a Venetian pump.
PoMPE de mer. See Trompe.
Pompe en bon ttat. Pompe libre, a good

pump, or a pump in good trim.
PO.VIPKS à roue Lf à (haines, ch.\\n-\^uwp^.
Pompes de maitre-vaUt, hand-pumps, ufcd

for vvatcr-ca(ks,oil-cafl^s,winc-can^s,&c.
PONEN I , the weft, in the language of

Provence : alfo a name given to the

Weftern Ocean.
PONT, thedeckof a fliip.
Pont à caiiUboiis, ou à trciUcs, a grating-
deck.
Pont coup-:, a deck open in the middle ; as

in fome fmall vefllis that have only part

of a deck towards the ftem and (tern.
Pont courant devant arrière, a deck flu(h

fore and aft.
Pont de cordes, a fort of netting to cover a

(hip's waift, and prevent the nnprcfTioii of

boarders.
Pont z'olant, a fpnr-dcck, or platform.
Lntre PciNT, between decks.
Faux-PoUT, the orlop deck.
Premier Pont, or franc-tiilac, the lower-
deck, or gun-deck.
Second Pont, the middle deck of a (hip

with three decks, or the upper-deck of

one with two decks.
Troifieme PoNT, the upper-deck of a fuip

with three decks.
PONTE', decked, or furni(hcd with a

deck ; as oppofed to undecked or open.
PONTON, a pontoon, for careening or

delivering (hips : alfo a fort of bridge of

boats, compofed of two punts, with

planks laid between them : likewife a

fcrrv-boat.
PONTONAGE, the hire of a ferry-boat

or pontoon.
PONTONNIER, the mafter of a pontoon}

a lighterman.
POR(jUES, riders.
PoRQUES acadi'es, the after floor-riders.
PoRQL'ES de fond, floor-riders.

/lUon^is de PoaqiJES, futtock- riders.

POK r, a haven, port, or harbour.

Vov.T-hrut, ou bavre brut, a natural har/-
bour, or port formed by nature.

Port devaijjeau, the burthen or tonnage of
a (hip.

Port de barre, an harbour with a bar,
that can only be pafled at, or near high
water.

Port d'entrée, or Porte de toute marée.
See Havre.

Avoir un Port fous le vent, to have a har-
bour to leeward, or under the lee.

Fermer le Ports, ou Pokts fermés, to lay
an embargo upon all the (hipping of a
harbour. See Arret.

PORTAGE, the fpace or room in a fhip's
hold allowed to any o(ficer, &c. to con-
tain his private trade, or venture.

PORTE-Zio/^iV. See Sou-barke.

Porte d'ec/u/c, th, flood-gates of a fluice.

Porte gargouj/é. S-e Lanterne « gar-
gouffè.

PoRTE-bai/bans, cu ecotards, the channels,
or chain-walis of a fhip.

FoRTE-plein les voiles, or, (imply, Porte-
pkin ! keep full ! the order to the man
who ftcers, to keep the fails full, and
prevent them from (hivering in the
wind.

PoKTE-vcrguiS, or rather herpes, the rails
of the held, reaching from the cat-head
towards the cut-water. Sec Herpes.

PoR TE-ifc/A-, a fpeaking-trumpet.

Porte à route, to ftand onward, upon the
courfe.

PORTELOTS, the thick ftu(F which en-
circles the fide of a lighter under the
gunnel.

PORTER, to fail, or condud a (hip.

Porter au fud, is'c. to ftand to the fouth-
ward, he.

POR TEREAU, the flood-gate of a
(luice.

POSTE, the quarters where the men are
ftationed in time of battle.

POSTILLON, an exprefs-boat, or poft-
boat.

POT à Irai, a pitch-pot.

VoT-à-feu, a fire-pot, or ftink-pot.

Pot de pompe, the lower pump-box. See
alfo Chopinette.

PO FENCE de brinquebale, the cheeks of a
common pump.

POUDRE, gun-powder.

Soute au Poudre, magazine for gun-powder.

POUDRIER,

PRE

P U C

POUDRIER, an half-hour watch-glafs.
POUGER, or moler oipouppe, to bear up,

in the dialedl of Provence.
POULAINE, éperon, the knee of the head,

or cut-water. See alfo Eperon.
POULAINES, the props which fupport a

fliip's (lem, when Ihe is on the floclcs.
POULIE, a block of any kind wherein a

running rope may be reeved.
Poulie coupce, or à dents, a fnatch-block.

See alfo Galoche.
Poulie détropée, a block (haken out of it's

ftrop.
Poulie de grand drij/è, one of the main

jear-blocks.
Poulie de guinderejfe, a top-block.
Poulie de palan y a tackle-block.
Poulie d'itague du grand humer, the main-

topfail tye-block.
Poulie double, a double-block.
Poulie fimple, a fingle block.
POULIES des caliornes, windin2;-tackle-

blocks ; or other blocks furniflicd with

three (heaves.
Poulies de drijfe de ml/aine, the fore jcar-

blocks.
Poulies d'écoutes de hune, topfail fheet-

blocks, fitted alfo to contain the lower-
lifts.
Poulies de retour d'écoutes de hune, tlic

quarter-blocks for the topfail-flictts.
POUPPE, the after-parts of a fliip, both

above and below. Sec Arcasse, Ar-
rière, and Dunette.
J'aijJ'cau àVo\JVPE quarrée, a fquare-flcriicd

inip ; fuch as are all fhips of war.
Mettre vent en Vov?vi., to bear away be-
fore the wind.
Aloui'ler en Pc>uppe, to moor by the (Icrn,

or get out an anchor allorn.
yenl en PoUPPE, a llern-wind, or wind

right afc.
TOUSSE - barre f heave chearly ! heave

heartily ! the order or exhortation to

thofc who heave at the capftern, to pufh

forcibly on the bars.
Vpi:ssE-pled. See Accon*.
PRAME, a pram, lii^htcr, or barge of

burden.
PRATKjUE, in a naval fenfe, implies

free intcrcourfc or communication with

the natives of a country, after having

performed quarantine.
PRE'CEINTES, ihe wales of a (hip.
PRE'LART, or Prk'lat, a tarpauline.
PRENDRE cb,if. Sec Chasîek.

Prendre hauteur, to take the altitude of

the fun, or a (lar. See Hauteua.
Prendre /es amures, to get aboard the tacks.

See Amurer.
Prendre /erre. See Terre tj terrir.
Prendre vent devant, to be take.T with the

wind ahead.
Prendre un hnjfe, to make faft ; or clap on

the (topper.
Prendre un ris, to take in a reef.
PRENEUR, wz/^tw/ Preneur, the cap-
tor, or vcitel that has taken a prize.
PRES (jf flcm ! full and by ! the order to

the fteerfman to keep the Oiip clot'c to

the wind, without fhaking the fails.
PRESENTER la grande bouline, to fnatch

the main-bowline, or put it into the

fnatcli-block.
Presenter au vent, to fail fo as the flilp

(terns, without making let-way.
PRESSER, to prefs, or con(train into fmall

compafs in ftowage ; as cotton, wooll,

or fuch like material.
PRETRE k côté, to range abread of a

(hip, in order to give her a broadfiJe.

See Effacer.
PREVOT général de la marine, a provofl-

marflial of the marine, or officer whofe

duty refembles that ot the judge-advocare

of the naval courts-martial.
Prevot marinier, the fwabber of a (bip,

who alfo chaitifes the criminals, as being

ufuaily the molt abandoned of the crew :

this part of hi» duty is performed in Eng-

lifh (hips by the boatfwain.
PRLME d'njjiirancc, infurance paid by the

merchant for infuring the (hip's cargo.
PRISE, a prize, or (hip taken from the

enemy at fca.
PROi'IT avanlureux, the intereft acquired

by bottomrv. See BoMERlE.
PROFON riE, a (liip that draws much

water, or takes a large volume of water

to float her.
PROLONGER une navire, to hy a fljip

along-fidc of fome other.
PRO.MONTOIRE, a cape, head-land, or

fore-land.
PROUE, the prow of a (lilp. See A-

VANT.

Donner la Proue, to appoint the courfc, or

rendezvous of the gallics.
PROVISIONS, a general name for the

provifions, and the warlike (lores of a

(hip.
PUCHOT. See Trompe.

E c c PUISER,

(^ U A

Q_ U I

PUISER, !o Irak, or mnke water at fea, PUITS. Sec Arcihpompe.

PuibEK four U hold, to fliip fcas, or take in PU Y, a grtat depth of the lea on a level

water, either over the gunnel, or at the botton».

porti in the iidc.

QUAI, a wharf or key on the fide of a
haibour or river.

Âinarce ci QuAi, range à Ql'ai, moored
aloMg-fidc of a key or wharf.

QUAIAGE, wharfage.

( VUAICHE, a ketch, or fhip {o called,

(QUARANTAINE, quarantine.

Faire Quarantaine, to perform quaran-
tine.

QU AR ANTENIER, a rope of the fize of
a ratlin^-linc, ufed as a lafliing, &c.

QUARRE' de redidtion. See Quartier
de reduiihn.

Quarre' naval, the naval fquare, a
fcheme drawn on a fhip's quarter-deck,
to reprefent the divifion of a fleet into
three columns, and exhibit the Ifation
of each particular fhip in the order of
failing : it is ufed to diredl and regulate
the movements of each fhip with regard
to the reft, and preferve the whole fleet
in uniformity.

QUART de rond, faloire, tamifoilk, the
tranfom, upon which the tiller traverfes
in the gun-room. See Traverse.

Quart, the watch kept in a fhip, com-
prehending the time of it's continuance,
and the people employed to keep it.

Quart bon, ox bon Quart, keep a good
look-out afore ! look well out afore
there !

Quart du jcur, the day-watch.

Prendre le Quart, to fct the watch.

jiu Quart, au Quart ! the manner of
calling the watch to relief, as, the watch,
hoay ! the ftarboard watch, hoay !

Faire bon Quart fur la hune^ to keep a
good look-out in the tops.

Le premier Quart, or Quart de tiibord,

the rtarboard-watch. See alfu Tribor-

DAIS.

Second Quart, or Quart de has-bord, the

larbord-watch. See Basbordaiï.
QUARTS de vent, the quarter-points of

the compafs, or thofe which lie on each

hdc of the cardinal and intermediate

points, and are diftinguiihed in Englifh

by the word by ; as N. iiy E. N. E. by N.

&c.
QUARTIER Ânglois, or Quart de no-

nanie, a Davies's quadrant.
Quartier de reduûion, a finical quadrant,

ufed by the French pilots in working

their days works, to difcover the fliip's

place.
Quartier ■;;M;^r(', an officer refembling

the boatfwain's mate of an Englifh fliip.
Fent de Quartier, ou vent largue, a large,

or quartering wind.
QUERAT, the planks of a fhip's bottom,

comprehended between the keel and the

wales.
QUETE, the rake of a fhip abaft, or the

rake of the ftcrn-poff.
QIJEUE d'l/ne armée navale, the rear of a

fleet of fliips of war.
Queue de rat, tapering to the end ; ex-

prefTed of fuch ropes as are pointed, or

tapering toward the end, as the tacks»

&c.
QUILLE, the keel of a fhip.
Qvii.hv.-faujfe. See Fausse-quille.
QUINTAL, an hundred weight.
Â QUITTE, the ftate of the anchor when

it is hove out of the ground in a perpen-

diculnr direclion.

RABANER,

RAD

RAM

RABANER, to fit a fail with rope-
bands and earings, ready for bending
to it's yard.

RABANS, a general name given to ear-
ings, g.ilkets, Icnittles, and rope-bands.

Rabans d'avujle, a fort of braided knitties,
lilce thofe formed to point a rope.

Rabans de ferlage, the gafkcts employed to
furl the fails to their yards.

Rabans de pavil.'on, the rope-band of a
flag or enfign.

Rabans de peinture, the head-earings, or
reef-tarings of a fail.

Rabans de tttiere, the rope-bands of any
fail.

RABATTUES, the intervals between the
drift-rails of a fliip ; this term is peculiar
to fhipwrights.

RABLLS, the floor-timbers of a boat.

RABLURK, the rabbet or channel cut in
the keel, (lem, and ftern-poft, to re-
ceive the edges of the garboard flreaks,
and the ends of the planks afore and
abaft.

RACAGE, a parrel with ribs and truck?.

RACAMBEAU, a traveller, or flendcr
iron ring, which fometimes encircles the
mail cf a long'boat, ferving as a parrel
to the yard or gaft.

RACCOMMODER, to repair or refit a
fliip's rigging. See Radoubhr.

RAC HE de gcudron, the dregs of bad tar.

R.-\CLE, or Graiuir, a (crapcr, ufed to
clean a fhip's lide, deck, or bottom.

J^ALln-diuule, a two-cJj^cd, or double
fcraper.

RACi-K-_^;<;Wt', a large fcraper, ufcd to
clean the fliip's bottom under water.

R/>kCLF.-pelile, or petite Raci.P, a fmall
fcraper, employed to fcrapc the planks,
he, above the water.

RACLER, to fcrapc the fides, &c, of a
fhip.

RADE, a road, or road-ftead.

Rade foraine^ a free road, or road where
fhips of all nations are permitted to an-
chor.

RADEAU, a raft.

K.\D1.R, to arrive in a road.

RADOUB, tlie repair of a (hip in a dock-
yard, &c. or the employment of the ai-
tihcers to clofe the breaches in her hull
with planks, timber, or flieet-lead ; a«
alfo to Hop the leaks by caulking, and
pay the bottom with ftuff.

RADOUBER, to repair a (hip, or give
her a repair.

RAFFALES, or Raffals, fudden and
violent fqualls of wind.

RAFRAICHIR le canon, to cool or rcfrefli
a cannon in battle, as with a wet fpunge»
fometimes dipped in vinegar.

Rafraîchir ia fourrure, to frefhen the
hawfe.

Le vent fe Rafraîchir, the wind frefliensj
or increafes.

RAFRAICHISSEMENT, a fuppiy of
frefh provifions of all fpecies.

R A ISONNER à la patache, or à la chaloupe,
to render an account of a voyage to a
vifiting-boat, after arriving near any
port, in order to obtain pcrmiflion to
enter the harbour.

RALINGUER, Mettre en Ralingue, or

Tenir en Ralingue, to (hiver a fail in the
wind. See Easier.

RALINGUES, the bolt-ropes of a fail.

JlLts en Ralingue, or fais Ralinguer !
luff her up in the wind, fliakc her up in
the wind, let the fails touch ! the order
to the hclmfman to (leer the (hip fo a^ to
let the fails fliake with their edges to the
wind.

RALLIER une navire au vent, to haul the
wind again, or bring a (liip to the wind
after flic had yawed to leeward.

Se Rallier, to approach any objeft at
fea.

RAMBADES, two pofts or platforms in
the fore-part of a galley, whereon the
mulketcers (land to hre.

RAM BERGE, a fort of packet-boat, ad-
vice-boat, or tender.

RAME, an oar.

Plot, or pale de lu Rame, the blade, or
wa(h of an oar.

RA.M\R. See Nager,

RA.MEUR, a rower.

E c c 2 RANG,

R A Q_

R E A

RANG, the rate of fliips of war. As the
divihon of the French navy into claflcs
or orders differs from the arrangement of
the Englifh fleet, it appears iiecefl'ary to
mark that diflcrcnec in this place.

The principal French fliips of war are di-
vided into three rates, each of which is
fubdivided into two orders. All the in-
ferior fhip«, which are nut comprehend-
ed in ihofe rates and orders, are called
frégates and arvittcs. See F re 'cat!-,
&c.

A (hip of the firfl: order, of the firft rate,
carries from iio to 120 guns.

Ships of the fécond order, of the firft rate,
carry from i lO to 90 guns.

Ships of the firft order, of the fécond rate,
carry from 90 to 74 guns upon three
decks.

Ships of the fécond order, of the fécond
ratt, carry from 74 to 60 guns upon
two decks, with the quarter-deck and
fure-cafUe.

Ships of the firft order, of the third rate,
carry from 60 to 50 guns upon two
decks, tic.

Ships of the fécond order, of tlie third rate,
u hich are now generally called frégates,
carry from 50 to 46 guns upon two
dcc"ks, &c.

The frcgates froiu 46 to 32 guns, have
ibmctimes two tieis of cannon complete;
but all thofe from 36 to 20, have in ge-
neral but one tier of cannon, the reft
being carried on the quarter-deck and
fore-caftle.

Rang de rameurs, a bank of rowers, or
bank of onrs.

RANGER In côte, or Ranger la terre, to
coalt, or range along-fhorc.

Ranger h vent, to claw the wind, or haul
clofe to the wind.

Le vent fe Range de ravant, the wind
hauls forward, the wind heads us, or
takes us a-hcad.

RANGUE ! ftretch along, or, clap on
, here many hands ! the order to the failors
to range thcmfclves along, fo as to haul
upon any rope, tackle, &c.

RAPIDE, a frefh in a river.

RAQJJE, a general nr.me for trucks, but
particularly the trucks of a parrel. See
alfo Pomme de Racace.

Raqce iie hcuhans, a truck lafhc;'. to the
Ihrowds, through -which a running rope
may be reeved.

Raque encouJh'e, a truck encircled with 3
notch, fo as to receive the fpun-yarn by
which it may be fattened to a llirowd,
ftay, or back-ftay.

Racjue gougée, a truck hollowed on one
fide, fo as to inclofe the rope to which it
is faftened.

Raqj.'e, chafed or rubbed ; cxprcfTed of a
cable, or other rope, which is galled on
the outfidc for want of fcrvice.

RAQUER, to fret, chafe, or rub.

RARRIVE'E, the movement of coming-
to, after having fallen off, when a Ihip
is lying- by, or trying.

RAS, a fmall vcftcl or boat without a
deck.

Ras à Peau, a low-built veflcl, or one
which carries her guns very little above
the furface of the water.

Ras de courant. See Rat.

RASE, a compoficion of pitch and tar,
ufcd to pay a fliip's feams.

RASER un va'ijjeau, to cut down a fliip, or
take oir part of her upper-works, as the
poop, quarter-deck, or fore-caftle, in or-
der to lighten her, when (he becomes old
and feeble.

RASTEAU, or Râtelier, the rack or
range of blocks fometimcs placed on each
fiJc of the gammoning of a (liip's bow-
fprit.

RASTEAUX, or Râteaux, the cleats
nailed on the middle of a yard, to con-
fine the parrels, and tyc, or jear-blocks,
&c.

Rasteaux, or Râteliers n chroillots, range?,
or crofs-pieces, faftened to the flirowds,
or otherwife, in which pins are fixed to
belay the running-rigging.

RAT, a (hipwright's ftoating ftagc, ufet4
for repairing or caulking a (hip's bottom,
&c.

Rat, or Ras, a race, or dangerous whirl-
pool ; as the race of Portland, &c.

Rat. See Couet à queue de rat.

RATION, the allowance of bread, fltfh,
wine, pulfe, 5cc. diftributed to the di.''-
ferent mefTes in a (hip.

R,\TioN double, a double allowance, given
on any particular occafion of rejoicir.g.

Ration et demi, the allowance of a I'ea^
officer in the French fleet.

RAVALEMENT, a platform on the poop
of fome (hips, where the marines (tand
to difcharge their fmall arms.

REALE, the royal gallev, a name given

R E F

REN

to the principal galley of a kingdom.
Sec Galère rca!e.

REBANiJLR, a phrafc amongfl the com-
mon Tailors, figni Tying to carry over to
the other fidt of the (hip.

Reban'DER à l'autre bord, to ftand upon
the other tuck ; to fleer a different
courfe.

REBORDER, to fall aboard or along-iîdc
oT a (hip a Tccond time.

RECHANGE, a general name for the
flores of a fliip ; or the fpare-rigging,
fails, &c. which are in rcferve to ("upply
the place ot what may be loft or dif-
abled.

RECLAMPER, to fidi a maft or yard
vvhL-n it happens to be fpruiig.

RECONNOITRE wtvaijjeau^to approach
a fliip, in order to difcover her ftrcngth,
and of what nation ftie ;s.

Reccnnoitre une terre, to furvey or ob-
fervc the fituation of a coaft attentively.

RECOURIR les coutures, to run over the
fcams of a (hip in caulking ; to caulk
them lightly and expcditioufly.

Recoi^RIR fur une manœuvre, to under-
run a rope or cable.

Faire Recourir i'ecouit, la bouline, le couct
de revers, ttj haul in the flack of the lee-
tack or bowline, or of the weathcr-
flicct.

RECOUVRE ! rowTe-in, or haul-aboard !

RECOUVRER, to rowTc-in, or haul any
rope into the (hip, wiien it hangs flack in
the water, or otherwifc.

RECOUX. See Reprise.

R ECUL de canon, the recoil of a cannon.

REFAIT, fquartd, or prepared for uTc ;
cxprefled of a piece of timber hewn to it's
proper form and fizi".

REFLUX de la mer, the ebb-tide. Sec
E'm'x.

REFOUEER, to IK-m the ti.lc, or to fail
againlt it's direction.

La mer REFOULE, the tulc cl>bs ; the
water falls.

REF(yULOIR, the rammer of a great
gun, called alfo Fouloir.

Refouloir de cordes, a lopc-ranimer.

REFRAICHER, to frcftien the hawfc by
a renewal of fervice.

Se AFFRANCHIR, to be freed by the
pumps, or to have the q:iantity of
water in a fhip's hold dilchargetl by
pumping.

RÉFRE1N, the repctiujn of the da(Ling

and breaking againft rocks, &c. exprefled

of the waves upon the fea-lhore.
REFUSER, to fall off again, when in

(lays ; exprefled of a (liip that will no:

go about, or flay ; as.
Le vaijjeau a REFUSE', the fliip will not

come to the wind ; or will not ftav.
REGATES, a courfe or race of boats in

the great canal of Venice.
RI'^LACHER, to bear away for, or put into

a harbour under the lee.
RELACHE, the harbour where a fliip has

taken refuge or fhelter, as from a contrrTv

wind.
RELAIS. See Laisses.
RELEVEMENT, the flieer of a ftiip's

deck, or the gradual rifln'/ of the d.ck

afore and abaft.
RELEVER, to bring a (hip afloat, after

flie had hcin aground foi i ^me time ; alfo

to right a (hip after fiie iiad Iain upon a

careen.
Relever l'ancre, to v.-eigh the anchor

again, and change it's fituation.
Relever le quart, or le timonnier, to relieve

the watch, or tiie helmfman.
Relever les branles, to lafh up the ham-

niocs, in order to make a clear paflage

betwecn-decks. See Branle Bas.
Relever uie cote, to furvey a coa(t ; or to

draw a plan or chart thereof.
Relever un vaiffeau, to ftcer by the com-

p.:Ts, or (Impe the courie the:cby.
RF.ME DIER () des voies d'eau, to llop or

flanch the leaks.
REMOLE, a dangerous whirlpool.
RE.MON'FER, to (ail up a river, as from

the fca.
REMORQUER, to tow a (liip by a bc.it,

or other fnull \i-lVel with oars.
REMOULAT, a pcrfon who has the

ch.irr-e of the oars in a rovv-j;allev.
REMCJUX, the eddy, or dead-water, lift

behind a (hip's flerii when flic is advane-

ing under (ail.
REnARD, a fort of handfpcc, or lever,

witli an iron cl.iw, ufec to remove lari^c

pieces of timber, iyc. in a dock-yard.
Rr. NARU is alfo a travcrfc-boarJ.
RENCONTRE ! Ihift the helm ! or fliift

over the helm ! the order to the helnil-

nian, to meet the fliip, ripht the helm,

or put it towards the oppofice (ide, in

order to chii k the fliip's (heer.
RENDEZVOUS, the undczvous, or

place of ûcllination of a fleet ot (liipf.

RENDRE

REV

ROC

RENDRE /f hoiJ, to anchor, or conic to

an anchor in (omc road or harbour.
RENTRE'K, the tumbling-honie of the

top timbers. See Retrecissbment.
RENVERSEMENT, the fliifting of a

cargo from one Ihip to another.
REPOUSSOIR, a driving-boir, ufcd by
fhipvvrights to knock out fomc otlicr
bolt from it's Itation.
REPRENDRE vne wtinauvrc, to flicep-

fhank or (horten a rope.
RKPRISE, a retaken fhip.
RESiNE, rcfin, ufed in paying a fhip's

fides or bottom.
RESSAC, the fhock, or breaking of a
wave upon the fliore, together with it's
retreat into the fca.

RESSIF, or Recif, a reef, or ridge of
rocks Iving under water.

RESTAUR, the reftoration, or lofs made
good by ao infurcr.

RESTER, to bear upon any point of the
compafs ; as, un viiijeau mus Reste au
ftids, a fhip bears fouth of us, &c.

RETENUE, fafîened, or hardened-home
in it's place ; expreflbd of a piece of tim-
ber in firip-building, which is firmly
wedged into it's place, as by rabbeting,
tenenting, &c.

Corcle de RETENUE, a tackle-fall. See alfo
Corde de reienue iff A ttrape.

RE TORSOIR, a fpun-yarn winch. See
Moulinet.

RETOUR de marée, the turn of the tide,
or the beginning of the ebb.

RETR AEIE de pirates, a neft of pirates ;
a harbour of free-booters.

RE "ERAErES de hune, or cargues de hune,
the clue-lines, bunt-lines, and reef-
tackles of the topfails.

RETRANCHEMENT, a temporary a-
partment formed in a fhip, for fome par-
ticular occafion.

RE TRECIbSEMENTS des gabaris, the
tumbling-home of the top-timbers, where
a fliip grows narrower above her breadth.
See Revers.

REVENTER, to fill the fails again ; to
brace about, and fill.

REVERS, a general name for thofe pieces
of timber whofe convexity lies inward in
a {hip's bottom or fides.

Àlonges de Revers, the top-timbers.

Genoux de B^zvv.RS, the lower- futtocks in
the fore and after parts of the (hip.

Manœuvres de Revers, the ropes which
are out of ufe while they lie on the lee-
iidc, as the iec- bowlines, lee-tacks, &c.

REVIRE , the fitualion of a (liip immedi-
ately after having tacked, and Handing
on the other tack.
REVIREMENT, the ad of going about,

bv tackins or veering.
Re\ I re ment per la le te, ou par la queiie, to
tack a fleet or fquadron of fliips of war
b\- the van or rear, fo that the foremoft
or aftmoftfhips go about firft, to preferve
the order of the line.
REVIRER, to put about ; to change the

courfe of a fhip. See Manege.
Re virer dans reaux d'une navire, to lack in
a (hip!s wake, and ftand on the fame
courfe, aflern of her.
REVOLIN, a fudden guftofwind, which
blows olr the fhorc, as by rebound from
the adjacent hills.
RIBORD, the fécond plank, or flreak of
planks, on a fhip's bottom, countin^-
from the keel. Sec Gabokd.
RIBORDAGE, the damage due from one
fhip to another, as e(labli(hed by mer-
chants, when the latter has fuflained any
hurt from the mifcondudl or negleâ of
the former.
RIDE, a laniard.

RIDER, to haul taught, or puU firait.
Rider la voile. See Ris.
RIDES de haubans, the laniards of the

flirowds.
Rides d'ctai, the laniards of the flays.
Longue RIME, or Donne longue Rime !
row a long flroke ! the order to the
rowers to pull with a long fweep.
Bon Rime ! the order to tlie llrokefman of
the boat, or he who rows the after oar,
to give a good flroke, as an example for
the reft to follow.
RING EOT, or BRIO^f, the fore-foot. See

Brion.
RIS, the reef of a fail.
Prendre le Ris, to reef a fail, to take in a

reef.
RISSONS, grapplings, with four claws,

ufed as anchors in a galley.

RIVAGE, the banks of a river ; or tho

fea-fhore, upon which the tide ebbs and

flows bctv/een high and low water-mark.

RIVEK un clou, to rivet a nail.

ROC d'ijjas, or Bloc d'iffas. See Sep dt

drife.
ROCHER, Roc, or Roche, a rock, or
key ; a ridge, or reef of rocks in the fea,
or on the coafl.
ROCHES cachées, Unking tyçks, or rocks
under water.

RODE

SAC

S A I

RODE de pouppe, ijf Rode ele pyouc, the

llern-poft, and ftcm of a galley.
ROINKTTE, a marking-iron, to mark

timber, or cafks which are fhippcd for a

voyage.
RONDKUR, the curve, fweep, or com-

pafs of a piece of timber ufcd in ihip-

building.
RONGE', worm-eaten ; exprcficd of a

(hip's bottom, when it is much injured

by tlie worms, as in a fouthern voyage.
ROSE (U vents, or Rose de compas, the

card or face of a fca-compafs.
ROSTER, to woold a maft, yard, or

boom.
ROSTURES, the wooldings of a maft,

&c.
ROUANE de pompe, a great pump-borer;

whence,
ROUANER une pompe, to enlarge th« bore

or channt-l of a fiiip's pump.
ROUCHE (fun veijjtau, the hull of a (hip,

without mafts or rigging.
ROUER, une manœuvre, to coil a rope.
Rot'ER à tour, to coil a rope with the fun,

i. e. according to the apparent courfe of

the fun in north-latitude.
RoL'ER. à contre, to coil a rope againft the

fun.
ROUES ^affi'tt de canon, the trucks of a

éun-carriage.
UE'I" de poulie, the (heave of a block.
RouET de poulie de chaloupe, the fhcavc of
a long-boat's davit; alfo the (heave on

the top of her ftem or ftern-poft, for
weighing an anchor.

ROULEAU, a roller or cylindrical piece
of wood placed under any weighty body,
in order to move it with greater facility
by means of handfpecs, &c.

ROULER, to roll tumultuoufly; expre/Ted
of the waves of a fwelling fea.

ROULIS d'un vaijfiau, the rolling -motion
of a (hip.

ROUTE, the courfe, or way of a (hip ;
alfo the place of her dcftinatioii.

RoVTE-fiiuJJé, ox fauJJ'e- route, the errors of
a courfe ; or the deviations from the right
courfe, occafioned by the lee-way, drift,
currents, chafing, &c.

A la Route ! fteer the courfe ! the order
to the helmfman to keep the (hip fteady
in her courfe.

Porter à Route, or faire droite Route,
to make a ftraight courfe ; to fail on-
ward, without touching at any port in
the pafl'age.

ROUTIER, a book or collection of
charts, bearings, diftances, foundings,
and pcrfpe£livc views of the coafts of
any country.

RUBORD, or Ribord, See Ribord.

RUM, or Reun. See Cale.

Donner RuM à une roche. See Faire hon-
neur.

RU.MIJ de vent, a point of the compafs.
Sec Air de vent, ^' Rose de vents.

SABLE, a waich-çlafs of any mcafurc
of time. Sec alfo Horloge.

Sa RLE mouvant, a tjuick-fand, or (hifting-
fand.

SABORD, a gun-port in the fliip's fide ;
whence,

fermer les Sabords, to let fall, or (hut in
the port-lids.

Fciux-èABORD, a falfc port painted on a
ihip's fide, and corrcfponding with a
wooden gun, both of which arc calcu-
lated to deceive an cnemv in time of war.

SABORDS pour le Ujl, b.i'll.dt- ports.

SACHETS de mitrailles, gr.ipc-(liot, or
partridgc-(hot.

SAFRAN de gouvernail, the aftir-piecc of
a rudder, ufed to augment it's breadth.

Safran du I'etrave, an additional piece of
timber fayed on the forc-pjrt of the cut-
water, to enlarge it immediately above
the fore- foot, and enable the (liip to hold
the wind better.

Saili.e ! rovvfe together ! a manner of
(houting aniongft the f.iilors, as a ftgnaj
to pull or heave all at once.

SAIN, clear, fafo, or clean ; as,

Cite-S.Mse, a clean bottom, or cU;u-
coad, which has no rocks or funds near
it.

SAINT anHnet. See Siiint A u b i N e t .

SAINTE-

s A U

SEC

SAIN rE-ii?;w, or damhre des canviricrs,

the gun-room of a vcflcl of war.
SAIQUE, a fort of Grecian or Turkifli

ketch.
SAISINE, a fcifmg or lafliing of any

kind.
Saisine de beaupré, or Liure, the gam-

•.rioning c'i the bowfprit. Sec LiuRE.
SAISKR, to feizc f r faftcn any rope with

a hifliing, &c. See Amarrek.
SALE, foul ; an epithet given to a coaft
full of dangerous rocks, or (hallows,
breakers, &c.
I'aiJJ'caux Sales, foul fliips, or fliipping

with foul bottoms.
SALUER, to falute ; to do homage at fca,

by offering a falute.
Saluer à Lsulet, to falute by firing with
fliot ; being an homage paid only to the
king.
S.\luer de la moufgueterie, to falute by

firing a volley of fmall-arms.
Saluer de la voix, to falute with three

chears, &:c.
Saluer des voiles, to falute by lowering

the fails.
Saluer de canon, to fire a falute of can-
non.
Saluer de pavillon, to falute by ftriking,

or hauling-in the colours.
SALUT, a falute of any kind offered at

fe.i.
Rendre h Salut, to return the falute.
SAMEQUIN, a fort of Turkifli mcrchant-

fhip.
SANCIR, to fink, or founder at fea ;

whence,
SANC[ fous fes amarres, foundered at the

anchors.
SANDALE, a fort of lighter ufcd in the

Levant.
SANGLES, mats, or fmall panchcs formed

of fpun yarn.
SAPINETTES, a fort of barnacles. See

Cravan.
SARANGOUSTI, a peculiar gum, ufed
to pay the feams of a fliip in the Eaft-
Indics, inftead of pitch.
SART, fea-weed, wreck, or tangles ; the

alga-marina.
SARTIE, the rigging of a fhip, in the

dialeft of Provence.
S ASSES, buckets to draw w.iter, for wafli-

ing the de:ks, &:c.
SAUGUE, a fiftiing-boat of Provence.
SAUSISSON, the trough, or faufage,

filled with powder, which communi-
cates the flame from the train to the
fire- trunks or powder-barrels in a fire-
fliip.

SAU r, a water-fall in a river, which ren-
ders it unnavigable in that part.

Don<ier un Saut à la bouline, to check the
bowline.

SAUTf2, an expreffion of command,
which anfv.'crs lO away-up, or avvay-
out to fiich a place ! &c. as Saute
fur la beaupré! away -out on the bow-
(prit ! &c. Saute fur la vergue! go
up to the yard, or out upon the yard,
&c.

SAUTER, to veer, to (hift fuddenly ;
exprefiird of the wind when it changes to
another point ol the compafs.

SAUVAGE, or Sauvement, falvage j
the payment of falvage.

?>A\jy\L-g<irdes, the ridge-ropes which ex-
tend the nettings of a (hip's head.

Sauve-^ojy/w, or tire-veilles, the h.orfes, or
main-ropes of the bowfprit.

^hV\t-gardes de gouvernail, the rudder-
pendents, with tiieir chains.

SAVVE-ravans, the pudenings of the yards,
ufed to preferve the rope-bands from
being g.illcd by the top-fails (hv-ets.

SAUVEURS, perfons employed in reco-
vering any ftorcs, rigging, &c. from a
wreck on the fea-coalt.

SCIER à ciller, to back a-ftern with the
oars ; to row ilern-forcmoft.

Scier fur le fer, to fujiport the cable of a
galley by rowing with the oars, when
(he is at anchor in a ftorm, and in dan-
ser of (Irivinjr afbore.

Mettre rt Scier, ou mettre à culer, to back
tlie fails, or lay them aback, fo as to
make the vcfl'el fall afttrn.

îiCll^-balord, pull the larboard-oars, or pull
to (larboard !

SciF.-lribord, pull the ftarboard-oars, or
pull to port !

SCITIE, a fettee, or particular kind of
Italian bark with two marts.

SCORBUT, or Scuruot, the fcurvy, a

well known marine diftemper.
SCOUE, the extremity of a floor-timber,

where it is joined to the lower futtock.
SCUTE, a ITiift", or fmall boat, belonging

to a (hip.
SEC, dry-aground ; the fituation of a (hip

laid afhore to be repaired, &c.
J Sec, or à mâts (jf à cordes, a-hull, or

under

s E R

SOL

under bare poles. See Mettre à
fee.

SECOND, or vaijjcau Second. See
Matelot.

SECRET d'un canon, the train of a piece
of ordnance, which communicates with
the touch-hole.

Secret d'un brûlot, that part of the train
of a fire-fhip where the match or fufee is
laid by the captain, as ready for infla-
mation.

SEILLURE. See Sillage.

SEIN, a fmall bay or gulph with .t narrow
entrance : aifo a Sein, or capacious fifh-
ing-net of a particular conftruilion, ufcd
on the fea-coaft.

Sein d'une voile, the bight, cavity, or belly
of a fail.

SEJOUR, the fpace of time that a fhip re-
mains in any port whereat flie touches in
the courfe ot a voyage.

SELLE de calf at, a caulking-box, which
contains the inflruments and materials
ufcd in caulking a fliip.

SEA'IAQUE, or Semale, a fmack or
fifliing-floop.

SEMELLES, or Derives, Ice-boards.

SENAU, a fnow ; alfo a fmall Flemifh
velll-l rigged like a fmack.

SENTINELLE de- chaloupe, the keeper of
the long-boat.

SEP de (irifj'e, the knights, or knight-
heads of the jears, with their (heaves:
thcfe machines are no longer ufed in
Enelifh veflcls of war.

SERCjENT, a wraining bolt, ufcd to
bend a fliip's planks into their places.
Sc2 Antoit.

SERRAGE îw Serres de vaijfcau, a ge-
neral name for thofe planks of a lliip
which are called thick-jiuff by our Ihip-
wrights.

Faux Serrage, loofc planks laid occa-
fionallv as a platform for a Ihip's floor
when (he has no ceiling.

Â la SERRE, houfmg, or fccuring, the
guns by tackles and brccchings.

SERRE-baujuieres, thick ftutf placed under
the clamps, in a (hip's fide.

SfRRE-laJ/e, the fhank painter of the an-
chor.

^hRRE-goutieres, the watrr-ways of a (hip.

SKRliER des Villes, to Ihortcn fail.

StRRER la fie, to c loft- or contracl the line
of battle, by making the (hips draw nearer
to each other.

Serrer lèvent, to haul the wind ; to h.iul
upon a bowline.

Serrer les voiles, to furl, or hand the fails.
See Ferler.

Faire SERVIR, to fill the (ails after thty
had been fhivcring, or laid aback for
fome time.

SEUILLETS defabords, the port-fells, or
lower p.irt of the gun-ports.

Hauteur des ?)EUii.hETs, the heighth of the
port-fells from the deck immediately be-
neath them.

SIAMPAN, a fmall coafting-vefTd of
China, with one fail, and two, four, or
fix oars ; extremely light and expeditious.

SIFFLEMENT, the whiftling of fliot as
it flies through the air when difcharged
from a cannon.

SIFFLET, a boatfwain's call.

SIGNAL, a general or particular fignal
ufed at fea.

SILLAGE, or l'eau d'un I'aijjcau, the track
or wake of a fhip ; the trace which flie
leaves behind her on the furface of the
fea.

Doubler le Sillage d'un vaijfcau, to fail
with twice the velocity of another (hip ;
or, according to the fea-phrafe, to i'ail two
feet to her one.

SILLER, to run a-head ; to have head-
way through the lea, Sec.

SIMÂISE, or rather Cimaise, a wave or
ogee ill the fculpturc of the (hip's mould-
ings.

SINGE, a fort of gin, or machine, with a
roller or winch in the middle, which ij
turned by handfpecs : and ufed to dif-
charge goods from a boat or fmall vellel.

SINGLf::R. SceCiN-CLER.

SITU.A TION d'une terre, the bearings
and didanccs of a coafl'.

SLEE, a fort o^fl^dgc or cradle, laid under
a (hip's bottom in Holland, &c. when
(he is drawn ailiore to be repaired or
craved.

SOLDATS de marine, marines, or marine-
forces.

Soi.DATS-gardiens, a divifion of marines
ftationcd at a royal dock-yard.

SOLE, the bottom of a vcflel which has
no kcei, as punts, hot fe- ferry -boats, and
fome barges of burtlieii.

Le Sdleii. a taijji; the fun has fallen, or,
has pnlt the nu-ridian ; an cx|iicIlion
ufed at the time of obi'erving it's altitude
at noon.

F f f Le

s O R

SOU

Le SuLEiL a pajfe le vent, the fun hns over-
taken the wind : ;'. t. the wind being
iouth, the fun, by pafliiig from I'oiiih to
S S VV, is laid to h;ive pafl'ed the wind.
Hence they fay, in a contrary fcnfc, Le
vent a pajje U Soleil.

LeSuLEiL J.'aJ/é le veiil, the fun chafes the
wind ; a piirafe whicii implies the
change of the wind from the eaft to the
weft, by the fuuthern board, before fun-
fct.

Le Soleil chaj/è avtc le vent, the wind
keeps pace witli the fun ; an exprellion
that denotes the change of the wind ac-
cording to the courfe and progrcfs of the
fun.

Le Soleil monte ericcre, the fun continues to
rife.

Le Soleil ne fait rein, the fun ftands flill.
Both of theli; latter phrafcs are peculiar
to the operation of taking the meridian
altitude.

SOLES, a name given to the bottom or
tranfonis of a gun-carriage.

SOMBRER fous voiles, to overfet in a
fquall of wind.

SOM.VIAILE, a bank or flioal. See

HASfE.

SOM.ME, to deepen ; as,

Le mer à Somme', the water deepens, as
the fhip advances,

SONDE, or phmb de fnde, the founding-
lead; alio the foundings, i.e. the fand,
gravel, &c. that flicks to the bottom of
the lead at the time of founding.

Aller à lai-.OKVt^, Aller la Sonde à la main,
to fail by the hand-lead, or by founding
the drpth of the water with a hand-lead
as the riiip advances.

SONDER, to found : to heave the hand-
leaJ, or deep-lea-lead.

SoNDtR la pcmpe, to found*the pump.

SONNER kqua't, to ring the bell at the
clofc of the night-watch.

Sonner pour la pcmpe, toftrike the bell for
pumping the fhip, as at every hour, or
half hour.

SORTIR elu port, to depart from a har-
bour ; to fail out or put to fca.

Sortir te boute-feu à la main, to fet fail
with the match in hand : exprefled of a
port whofe entrance or opening is fo
commodioufly fituated, that a fhip may
fail from it wiih any wind, and be ready
for engagement immediately after her
departure.

SOU, or rather Fond, the bottom, or
ground, at the depth of any part of the
fea. See alio EoND.

SOUAI5RE. See Eauder.

SOU-Barbe, a bracket or knee, ufually
ornamented with fculpturc, and placed
under the cat-head to fupport it.

SOUBERME, a frclh, or torrent increafed
by the frcflics of a ri\ er.

SOUEELAGE, the doubling of a fliip,
or covering her lide with new wales and
planks. See Soukkler.

Soufflage is alio the new planking of a
fliip, or giving her a new (kin, alter the
old planks are ripped off.

Souffler, to double a Ihip with new
planks and wales, fo as to ilirten her when
ihe is built too crank ; or to prevent or
diminifh the efforts of an enemy's can-
non.

Souffler les canons, to fcale the great
guns ; or clcanfe them by blowing a
litile powder from them.

SOULIE, the bid of a fhip, or the im-
prcflion made by her bottoir. on the mud,
after having lain aground during the ebb
tide.

SOULIER, the fhoe of an anchor.

SOUN, or TsouN, a large flat-bottomed
fliip navigated on the rivers of Cliina.

SOUQUE ! hang, or fwing upon ! a
phrafe ufeJ by the common failors, whillt
they are pulling downward on any rope
or tackle.

SOURCE du vent, the point of the compafs
in which the wind fits.

SOURDRE, to rife up, or brew; exprefied
of a cloud or fnuall ifTuing from the ho-
rizon towards the zenith.

Sourdre au vent, to hold a good wind ; to
claw or eat to windv.'ard.

SOUS-Argousin, an officer in the gallies!,
who aflifts the argoufin in his duty. See
Argousin.

SOUS-Barbe. See Sou-Barbe.

Sous-Barees, (hort props or fhores,
placed under the ftem, while the fliip re-
mains on the ftocks.

Sous Barque, the upper flreak of a
lighter, or the flrcak which lies clofe
under the gunnel.

Sous COMITE, an officer in the gallies,
who aflifts and relieves the Comité.
See that article.

Sous fre TER, to under-freight a fhip,
or hire her out to a fécond perfon, alter

having.

T A I

T A L

havin:» contracted for her freight with
the proprietor.

SOUTE, a ftorc-room in the orlop of a
fhip, of which there are fcveral ; as,

Soute au bifcuh, the bread-room.

Soute aux poudres, the magazines, he.

SOUTENIR, to fupport under the lee ;
exprcllcd of a current which adts upon
the lee-fidc of a fhip, and counter-ba-
lances the lee-way, when fhe is clofe-
hauled, fo as to keep her in the right
courfe, without falling to leeward.

Soutenir chajfe. See Soutenir Chasse.

See Soutenir, to bear up againd a fcant-
wind or current, without being driven
much to lee-ward, or down the itream.

SPARIES. Sec Choses de la mer.

SQUELETTE, the carcafe or (kcleton
of a (hip ; or the ribs, with the keel,
ftem, and ilern-poft, after the planks are
ripped off.

STAMENAIS, or rather Genoux, the
lowcr-futtocks.

STRAPONTIN, a fort of hammoc, ufed
in hot climates to flecp in.

S TRIBORD, or Tribord, the ftarboard-
fide of a fliip.

Avoir l'amure à Stribord, to have the flar-
board-tacks aboard, or to fail upon the
flarboard-tack.

SUAGE, a coat of tallow, foap, fulphur,

&c. with which the bottom of a fliip is
payed to enable lier to fail fmoothiy
through the water.

SUD, the fouth, or fouth-point. See Rose
de vents.

Etre au Sud de la U^ne, to be in fouth lati-
tude, or to the fouthward of the equi-
noctial line.

SUPANNE, or être en P.\nne. Sec

P.^NN£.

SUPER, to flop or clofe accidentally ; cx-
preded of a leak which is choakcd, or
filled with fca-weed, or fuch like mate-
rial that may have entered with the water.

SURCHARGER, to overload a falp.

SURJOUAILLE', or Surjaule , foul
of the anchor-ftock ; expreiled of the
cable.

SURLIER, to woold. See alfo Roster.

SURVENTE, a hard gale of wind ; a
tempeft.

SUR VENTER, to overblow, or blow a
ftorm.

SUSAIN, or SUSIN, a name fomctimcs
given to the quarter-deck. Sec Gail-
lard.

SUSPENTES, vulgarly called Surpen-
tes, the main and fore-tackle pendents.

SYRTES, flaifting-lands, quick-fands, or
flielvcs.

TABERNACLE, or Tendelet,
a place under the aw ning of a row-
galley, where the captain fits to give his
orders.

TABLEAU, the compartment, whereon
the name is engraved or painted on the
flern of a Dutch flight. See EcussoN.

TABLETTE, the nling-ftaff; a form, or
fcale, ufed by Ihipwrights when erecting
the frames of the timbers.

TABOURIN, the fore-caltle of a galley,
with the fpace underneath it, where the
artillery arc loaded and fired. See Cou-
vert de nfecfele.

TAir>LP^-MER, OK gorgere, the lower part
of a (hip's cut-water, or of the prow in
a galley.

TAILLES de fond, Isf Tailles de point.

Sec Cargui s fond, (J CarcUES-/.^;/;/.
TALINGUER, orETALiNCUER, to bend

the cable to the anchor-ring.
TALLARD, the fpace, wherein the flaves

of a row-galley arc placed to manage

their oars : It is fituated between the

courfierc, or middle gangway, and the

gunnel.
Talon de la quHU, the after-end of the

keel, into which the foot of the llern-

pod is tenented : this is alfo called the

fhip's heel.
Talon de rode, the heel of the ftcm, or

ftern-poft of a row-galley. Sec Ri-de.
Couper en Talus, to hew a plank fnclvin j,

or with a flantingcdge.

F f f 2 TAMBOUR,

T A (^

TEN

TAMBOUR, a drum ; alfo the drummer,

or perfoii who beats it
Tambour d'eperon, the doubling of the
cut-water, or the planks nailed on the
outfide of it, to defend it from the af-
faults of the waves.
TAMISAILLE, or Tamise, the tran-
fom, upon which the tiller travcrf.s in a
fhip's uun-rooin.
TAMPONS, wooden fliot- plugs, em-
ployed to fill up the holes made in a
lliip's fide by the cannon balls of an
enemy : alfo plates of iron, copper, or
lead, ufcd for the fame purpofe.
Tampons de canon, the tompions of the

great guns.
Tampons d'ecuhhrs, hawfe-plugs.
TANGAGE, the act of pitching, or
p] imping with the fore and after ends of
a Ihip.
TANGUER, to pitch or plunge deep in

the water forward.
TANGUEURS, orGABARiERS, lighter-
men.
TAPABOR, a fea-cap ; a failor's cap or

bonnet.
TAPEÇU, a fort of ring-tail, water-fail,

or driver.
TAPONS. See Tampons.
TAQUETS, a general name for the larger
cleats, or kevels, whereon the running-
ropes arc belayed.
TAQUET à comes, a large cleat, having
two branches or arms, as reprefented in
plate II. fig. 17. a.
Taquf.t a gueule, ou à dent, a hollow or
notched cleat, as exhibited in plate II.
fig. 17. b.
Taquet de fir, a wraining-bolt. See

Antoit.
Taquets d'amure, the chefs-trees. See

alfo DoGUE Ramure.
Taquets de htUes. See Courbes de

bittes.
Taquets de cabejlan, the whelps of the

capftern. Sec Euseaux.
Taquets d'échelle, the flcps which are
nailed on the gangway, whereby to
afcend or defcend the (hip's fides.
Taqliets £ écoutes, the kevels or great
cleats, whereon the tacks and fheets of
the courfcs are belayed.
T ACiU ET s de hune à C Angloife, the cheeks

of the bovvfprit.
Taqiiets de mâts, the belaying cleats of
the lower-mafts, which are ufually fur-

nifhed with fcvcral pins whereon to fallen
diftercnt running ropes.
Taquets de ponton, large hollow cleats
fixed on the fide of a pontoon, or Iheer-
hulk, whereby to fallen the pendent of
the rclieving-tackle.
Taquets de potence, the cheeks of a com-
mon fea-pump. See Potence.
T AQV ET s Jimples, cleats which are formed
nearly in the manner of a wedge or quoin;
they are ufually nailed to the deck or
fides, to fupport or wedge up any weighty
body.
TARRIERE, an augre, or auger, ufed by
fhipwrights to bore the planks and tim-
bers, fo as to faften them together with
bolts and tree-nails.
TARTANE, a tartane or fmall veflcl,

ufed in the Mediterranean.
TEMPETE, a tempeft or violent ftorm,
TEMS, a general term for weather.
Tems a^'né, fine weather ; clear weather,

or a clear fky. See Affine.
Tems à perroquet, a top-gallant gale ; top-
gallant weather.
Tems de mer, or gros Tems, tempeftuous

weather.
Tems embrumé, a fog, or foggy weather.
TENAILLE, a wooden engine formed
like a pair of pincers, and employed to
confine the planks of a fliip in their
places, till they can be nailed or bolted
to the timbers.
TENDELET, the tilt of a boat; alfo
the awning or canopy in the after part of
a galley.
TENIR ÛU vent, to keep the wind; to

fail clofe upon a wind.
Tenir ben, to (top or ceafe from any exer-

cife or labour in a fliip.
Tenir 1,7 mer. See Tenir la Mer.
Tenir le balant d'une manœuvre, to make
faft the bight of a rope when it hand's
flack.
Tenir k largue, to fail large, or with a

large wind.
Tenir le lit du vent, to have the wind right

on end, or right in one's teeth.
Tenir le lof. See Lof là Olofe'e.
Tenir le vent. See Aller au plus près.
Tenir fous voiles, to get under fail ; to

fet fail ready for putting to fea.
Tenir un bras, to brace, or haul in the

brace of a yard.
Tenir une manœuvre^ to make faft, or
belay a rope.

Tenir^

TET

T O L

Thnir, or voir une terre. Sec Ouvrir.

TENON, a tenent, or tenon, formed on
the end of a piece of timber to fix it in a
mortife.

Tenon à queiie d'aronde, a pivot ; or tenon,
formed like the fpiiidle of a capftcrn.

Tenon de I'ctambot, the tenon on the heel
of the ftern-poft, which is let into the
keel.

Tenon de mât. See Thon de mât.

TENONS de l'ancre, the nuts of an an-
chor.

TENUE, the gripe or hold which an an-
chor has of the ground where it is funk.
See Fond de bon tcniie.

TERMES, the quarter-pieces of a (hip,
by which the fide is tcrmin.acJ abaft.

TERRE de beurre, cape fly-awav, a cant-
phrafc applied to any illufivc appearance
of land in the horizontal clouds, after
fiin-fet or before fun-rife.

Tertre defigwce, land which cannot be
eafily diftinguifhed at fca, on account of
the clouds which reft upon it.

Terre fine, land which may be diftinflly
beheld from the fea.

Terre ^r^t-, ox grojj'e terre, high land on,
or near the fea-fborc.

Terre hachée, a coaft with an opening
between two mountains.

ThRRE maritime, the fca coaft, or fea-
(hore.

Terre Mcditerranée, an inland country.

Terre qui ajfeche. Sec Assécher.

Terre qui fuit, double-land, or land (hut-
in behind a cape or promontory.

Terre qui fe don>iC la main, land open to
the fea, and accellrblc to (liipping.

Terres bajps, low flat lands on the fca-
coaft.

Terres hautes, hinh land on the fca-
(horc ; a bold, or iron-bound co ;ft.

jlller Terre à terre. See Aller.

Dans la Terre, or Dans les Terres, in-
land ; up in the country.

Mange par la Terre, land-locked ; (hut-
in by the lam!.

Prendre TtRRE, to arrive at the land.

Tout (I ThRKE, clofe in-fhore.

T E R K E - «(fwwVr, a Newfoundland cod-
fift-.tr.

TERRIR, to come to anchor; to arrive
at tlie land after a long cruife.

TERTRE, an hommock, or hillock, rifing
on a level Ihore, and feen from the fea.

TESSEAUX. Sec Barres </<■ />«;;<•.

TETE d( l'ancre, the crofs of the ajichor.

where the fliank terminates upon the

arms.

Tete de more. See Chouquet.

Tete de cabejlan, the drum-head of the

capftern.
Tete de poterne des pompes, the cheeks of

the pump which fupport the brake.
Tete de vent, the rifing, or fpringing-up

of a breeze.
Faire Tete, to hold well by the moor-
ing- ; to be well moored.
TETiERE, the h'îad of a fail.
THON di mât, the uiaft head, or the fpacc

comprehended between the cap of the

lower mall, and the trcfllc-trccs beneath

it : and fo of the top-maft.
TIER^' point, a triangular fail, as a latecn-

faii, or (by-fail. See Latine.
TILL AC. See Pont.
/"rcwi-TiLLAC, or rather premier-pont, the

gun-deck, or lower-deck.
Faux-'Tiht^c, the orlop. See FAVx-pont,

and F Avx-baux.
TILI^E, the cuddy, or cabin of a lighter,

or other undecktd vcllcl ; alfo the place

where the hclmfman ftands in a Dutch

flight.
TIA'ION, or Barre de gouvernail, the

tiller.
TIMONNIER, the hclmfman or (Iccrf-

man.
TINS, the blocks upon which the keel

and floor-timbers of a (hip are laid whUc

file is building.
TIRANT." d'eau, the draught of water of

a (hip.
TIRE ! the order to the boat's crew to row

hard, or forcibly, a-head.
Tire du vent, or 'ViRE-etvant ! pull away !

pull a he.ul cliearly !
Tire-Foin, the worm ufcd to draw the

chargt; of a cannon.
TIRER tant de pieds d'eau, to draw fo many

feet of water, in order to float. Sec 'I'l-

rant d'eau.
Tirer à la mer, to ftrctch out to fea.
T"iri:-veilles, the man-ropes, or cntcr-

ing-ropcs of the fide.
'FiRE-vEiLLE de beaupré. Sec Sauve-

garde.
TC^ILE uoyaU, canvafs, or duck, cmployi J

to make fails ; fail-cloth.
TOILES defabordi,\>'.>a-Ç.\\h. See Voiles

TOISER, to meafure by the faihom. Sec

Mrassf.
TOLETS, or EscoMES. Sec Escomf.s.

TOMBER,

T O U

T R A

TOMBER, as a fea-term, implies to lean
or incline ; alfo to ccafc or fail ; as.

Tomber yJHJ k vent, to fall to leeward.

'I'oMBER fur un vtiiJJaiUy to fall aboard a
fhip to (lie leeward.

Le vent a Tombe', the wind is fpcnt, or
decayed ; it has become calm.

Lc Mût Tombe enarrieic, the maft hangs,
or rakes afc.

TONIES, a fort of Indian boats, which
are ufually lathed together in couples, in
order to carry fail the better. The two
thus pared arc called Ctitapatid.

TONNE, a can-buoy, placed over any
ihelf or rock in a channel ; alfo the nun-
buoy of a fliip.

TONNES arc alfo barrels fitted to cover
the maft-head when it is unrigged, to
prefrtvc it from rain.

'J'ONNEAU, a tun, containing aocolb.
alfo a general namt; for all foris of large
(cafks, whofe nieafurc is equal to that
weight.

TONNELIER, the cooper of a fhip, who
has the charge of all the provifion-cafL:s,
to keep them in proper repair.

TONTURE, the fheer of the wales and
decks of a fliip.

ToNTURE des baux, the round-up, or con-
vexity of a fhip's beams.

TORDES. See S.wwz-rabiins.

TORON. See Tourok.

TORTUE (k mer, a fort of tranfport-fhip,
formed with a high deck, for the conve-
nience of carrying troops, paflTengers, and
their efFe<51s between decks.

TOSTE de chaloupe, the thwarts, banks,
or feats of a boat, whereon the rowers fit
to manage their oars.

TOUAGE, the cxercife of warping or
towing a fhip from place to place. See
alfo Remorquer.

TOUCHE, the priming-wire, or priming-
iron of a cannon. Sec Dégorgeoir.

TOUCHER terre, or, fimply. Toucher,
to run a-ground, or flrike againft a rock,
fhore. or fand-bank.

Toucher à une côte, or à une port, to touch
at any coaft or harbour.

Toucher un cmpas, to touch the needle of
a compafs with a magnet.

TOUE'E, a name given to two or three
hawfers bent upon an end, V. e. faftened
at the end of each other, and attached to
an anchor a-head, fo as to ride a ihip
with more fccurity.

TOUER, to w.Trp a fiiip from one place to
another in a harbour.

TOUR.rt /"«//, a light-houfe. Sec Phare.

'l"ouR de bitte nu ccile, a turn of the cable
about the bits ; the bitting of a cable.

Tour rtV cable, a foul hawfe ; a turn or
elbow in the hawi'c. Sec Cable and
Croix.

TovK-et-choiue, a weather-bit of the ca-
ble, or a turn and half-turn about the
bits.

Tour marine, a watch-tower or block-
houfe, on the fea-coaft.

TOURBILLON, a whirlwind upon the
fea.

TOURILLONS, the trunnions of any
piece of ordnance.

TOURMENTE, a tempefl-, or great
florm. See Tempête.

TOURMENTER, when exprcflld of a
fliip, implies to labour or ftrain violently ;
when fpoken of timber, it denotes to warp
or twilf.

TOURMENTIN, a name fometimcs
given to the fprit-fail top-fail. See
Ferrocii'ET de beaupré.

TOURNANT de nur, a whirlpool, or
dangerous race in the fea.

Tournant is alfo a ftake or poft funk
into the angles of a canal, for the conve-
nience of wai pine; vefTels up or down.

TOURNER le bord. See Virer.

Tourner fur fa ancre, to pafs round the
anchor ; underftood of a fliip that, rid-
ing by a fingle anchor, has probably
incircled the place where it lies, fo as to
fwecp it with her cable, and make a foul
anchor.

TOURNEVIRE, the voyol of the cable.
See Carest.'vn.

TOURON, the flrand of a rope, com-
pofed of a certain number of rope-
yarns.

TOUT le mond haut ! all hands, hoay !
all hands upon deck, hoay ! a call, or
order of the boatfwain, to fummon all the
failors upon the upper-deck.

Tout le monde bas, fit down clofc, all
hands ! the order to the fhip's crew to
lie fnug upon deck or below, fo as not
to retard the fliip's courfe by their mo-
tion upon deck, nor bedifcovercd by the
enemy, of whom they are in chace.

TRAIN de bateaux, a train of boats in tow.

Train de bois, or Flotte, a raft, or float
of timber.

A la

T R A

T R E

y^/<7 Traîne, towing overboard ; éxprefled
of any thin;; towed in tlie fca by a rope
whilfi the (hip is advancing.

TRAINE' E, a train of gun-powder.

TR.\IT de compas, or Trait de vent.
See RuMB.

Voile à Tr.mt quarrc, a fquarc fail ; fuch
are the courfcs, top-fails ^c. of a ihip.

TRAITE, the trade or coinmcicc carried
on between fhipping and the inhabitants
ol any country where they arrive.

TRAMONTANE, the north-wind, in
the dialect of Provence.

TRAPE, or Attrape, a tackle-fall. See
CciRDE de retenue.

TRAVADE, a tornado, or thundcr-guft;
as thof- or\ the coaft of Africa.

TRAVAILLER, when applied to a (hip,
is to roll or pitch heavily, as in a high
fea : alfo to fwcll tumultuoufly, as the
waves themfclvcs. See RoLis.

TRAVAILLEURS, the ordinary, or la-
bourers, &c. employed to aflill in fitting
cut fliipping for the fea.

TRAVERS, in a naval fenfc, generally
denotes athwart ; abrcaft of, with fides
parallel, and heads equally advanced : it
is alio applied to any piece of timber which
is laid acrofs others, and fcored into them.

Se mettre par le Travers, or Pfjfer par le
Travers de Torhay, to croii or Hand
athwart Torbav, &c.

Le vaij/èau eji mouille par noire Travers,
the Ihip has conic-to abreaft of us.

ha marte vient par le Tra\ERS du vaijfèau,
the tide taivcs the ihip athwart, or on the
broad fide.

Moiiiilee ''or le TRAVERS de Bclleijlc, at an-
chor cirt' Htlkiflt.

TR-AVERSh. E, a p.-ifTage from one port
to another ; an ouiwaid or homeward-
bound voyage.

TRAVERSE mifaine! flat-in the fore-
(heet ! flat-in forward ! the order to pull
the lowei comers of the head-faiLs in,
towards the middle of the fliip, in order
to make her fall ofF when the fails ûiiver
in the wind.

TRAVERSER, to come abrcaft of, to
(hecr r.luiig-fide c>f.

Traversi R l'ancre, to get the anchor up
along lilt bow, in order to ftow it pa-
i.ilitl to the gunnel.

Travek-fr la lame, to head the fca; to
iail aj;aitill tlie fetting of the fca.

Trant.hsek wijaine. See MisAl.vE.

TRAVEK/^IER, a fmall fiftiing vedcl on
the coall ot Ruchcjlc.

Traversier erécoutitles, a gutter ledge, or
crofs-bar laid in the middle of a hatch-
way to fupport the covers.

Traversier dc chaloupe, the fore- beam or
fore-thwart of a lon"-boat.

Traversier de port, a wind that fcts right
into any harbour, fo as to prevent the
departure of a fhip from it.

Mettre la mifaine au Î'r avhrsier, to bring
the fore-tack to the cat-head; as when
the wind is large.

TRAVERSIN. See Tamisaille.

Traversin d'tcoutilles, a gutter-ledge, or
crofs-piece of ;i hatchway.

Traversin d'etinguet, the beam into which
the pauls of the capflcrn are bolted.

Traversin des herpes, a fliip's davit ; fee
alfo Mi NOT.

Traversin desbittes, the crofs-piece of the
bits.

Traversin de chateau d'avar.t, the crofs-
piece of the fore-cartle, which contains
the kcvels and cleats for belaying rope.<i.

Traversin des affûts, the tranl'oms of the
gun-carriages.

Travkrsins des taquets, the ftcp, or frame
ot timber in which the main and fore-
(heet kevcls arc lodged.

TREBLICHET, a fcalc, or meafuvc, cm-
plovcd by fhipwrights to determine the
diftirencc between the curves of thofc
timbers which are placed nearcrt the
greatcft breadth, and ihofe which arc
fitunted near the extremities, where the
floor rifcs and grows narrower.

TKELINGAGE, a crow- foot. Sec
Marticles.

Tre'lingage (/« (tais fous les hunes, the
crow-feet of the tops.

Tre'i-Ingage des hiiubans, the cat-harp-
ins of till' fiirowds.

TRE'LINGUER, to reeve a crow-foot,
or furm any thing fimilar thereto, as the
clue of a liammcic, &;c.

TRE'MUE, a trunk, or flnping pafligc
formed in fomc mcrchant-fliips, wlicrtby
the cables arc conducted, from the top of
the fore-caftle, downward to the hawfe :
it is ufu.i!ly covered with a fmall gating.

'I REMUE is alfo a hood, or companion,
placed over the coamings of the h.itchti.,
in merchant- fliips, to keep the ftctrai^c
w.irm, and prevent the rain or fea- water
from falling into it.

TREOU, a I'lpiarc f.iil, ufed in fcuddiiig,
by (niall velUls, particularly Hoops, tar-
tans, gallics, &c..

TRE POR,

V A G

V A I

TREPOR, atrip, the anchor drawn out
ot the ground in a perpendicular direc-
tion. 'I'opfails are atrip when hoifted up
to their utmoft extent.

TRE PORT, or allonge de pouppe; z ftern-
tiniber, whofe lower end corrcl'ponds with
the top of the ftern.

TRE SURIER general de la marine, an
officer whofe duty rcl'embies that of our
trcafurcr of the navy.

TRESSE de mèche, a large match formed
of three matches twiited round each
other, fo as to fire a cannon with more
certainty and expedition.

TRESSES, a fort of knittles frequently
ufcd as feizings.

TRE' V 1ER, or Makre-voih; the mafter
fail-maker of a Ihip.

TREUIL, a roller or winch of feveral
kinds.

TRE'VIRER. See Chavirer.

TRIANGLE, a ftagc hung over a fliip's
iidi-, to caulk the feams, or pay the
planks : alfo a machine compofcd of three
capftern-bars, whofe ends being lied toge-
ther, form a triangle, to indole any mall,
along which this machine may be hoillcd
or lowereJ, to fcrape the maft, or pay it
with turpentine, refin, tallow, &c.

TRIBORD, the Ikrboard fide of the fhip.
See alfo Stribord.

TRIBORDALS, fiarbowlincs ; a cant
term for the ffarboard-watch.

TRIE RARQUE, an officer formerly ap-
pointed to turnifh a fliip with foldiers,
rowers, arms, and provifions.

TRLNGLE, a thin lath, ufed occafionally

to fill up the edges of a gun-port, dead-
light, Sic. and make it tight, fo as to ex-
clude the wind or water.

Tringle is alio a batten of wood about
two feet long, nailed againft the butts or
joints of a boat's planks, to ftrengtheii
them in that place.

TKINGLER, to mark timber with a
chalked or red line, in order to hew or
bevel it to the cxadt form and I'cant-
lings.

TRINQUET, the fore-maft of a row-
galley.

TRINQUETTE, a triangular fore-fail,
as that of a floop, and luch vcfl'els.

TRL'SL de beaupré, the ftanding-lifts of
the r;-r::-fail yard.

TRISbE de racage. Sec Drosse de racagt.

TROMPE, or pampe de mir, a water-
ipout.

TJ.OMi'E TTE marine,^, fpeaking-trum-
ps. t ul', d at fa.

TROUS d'amure de mifaine. See BouTE-
de-lof.

TROSSE de racage, a fmall tackle, for-
merly ufed as a nave-line.

TROUS d'écoutes, the fheave-holes, which
are cut obliquely through a (hip's fide,
wherein the main and fore-Iheets are
reeved. See Clan.

Trous de la clvadiere. See Oeil.

TUGUE. See Teugue.

TU TELLE, the tutelary faint reprefented
on the flern of a fhip, and to whole pro-
tc<if ion flie is configiied, in nations under
the Catholic fuptrftition.

VADROUILLE, a brufli ufed to pay
a fliip's bottom with tallow or com-
pofitioii.

VA et vient, a fpan, or rope extended from
one place to another, whereon to draw
any thing along by means of a tra-
veller.

V AGANS, vagr.MUsor hovellcrs, who infcft
the fea-co.ift in a tcmpcll, in expcdtation
of plunder from fomc fhip-wrecked vef-
fel. See Debris.

VAGUES, the waves or furges of the fea.
See Lames.

VAIGRER, to attach the planks and

thick-ftufl" of a fhip's cicling, to the

timbers.
VAIGRES, cu ferres, a general name for

the clamps and thick-ftufF ufed jfi the

citling of a fhip ; as,
Vaigres de fond, the thick-fVufF placed

next to the keel.
'V AiCRi:s d'empature, the thick-ftulF placed

between the floor- heads and the vaigres

de find.
Vaigres ^/^ pont, the clamps which fupport

the ends of the beams.

Vaigres

VAL

V E N

Vaigres de fleurs, the thiclc-ftufF placed
oppofite to the floor-heads.

VAISSEAU, a (hip, or large veflel of war,
or burthen.

Vaisseau « la bande, a fhip lying along,
or heeling gunnel-to, as under a weight
of fail in a frefli wind : this is frequently
called lying down on the broadfide or
beam-ends.

Vaisseau à l'ancre, a fiiip at anchor.

Vaisseau à fa pojle, a (hip in her flation,
as appointed by the commanding officer.

Vaisseau armée en guerre, armed fhip, a
veflel occafionally taken into the fervice,
to guard a coaft, or attend on a fqua-
dron, and armed and equipped in every
refpedt as a fhip of war. She is on the
eftablifliment of a king's floop, and com-
manded by a lieutenant, with a matter,
furgeon, purfer, &c.

Vaisseau beau de combat, a roomy fhip,
advantageoufly built for battle, as carry-
ing her lower tier high above the water,
and having a good heighth between decks.

Vaisseau corjaire. See Corsaire.

Vaisseau démarrée, a fhip unmoored, or
broke adrift from her moorings. See
Démarrer.

Vaisseau gondolé, a fliip built with a great
fheer.

Vaisseau qui a le côté droit commt un mur,
a wall-fided {hip.

Vaisseau qui a U côté foible, a ftraight-
flicered fhip.

Vaisseau qui a le côté fort, a round-fided
(hip.

Vaisseau qui cargue, a crank fliip.

Vaisseau qui charge a fret, a trading fhip.
See Fret.

Vaisseau qui f manie bien, a good work-
ing fhip ; a Ihip that is cafily managed
and fleered.

Vaisseau qui fe port bien à la mer, a good
fea-boat.

Vaisseau rallongé, a lengthened fhip.

Vaisseau de bas-bord, a low-built veffel
navigated with fails and oarsj as the gal-
lies in the Mediterranean.

Vaisseau de haut-bord, a general name for
large Ihips.

Vaisseau du roy, fleet of (hips of war,
navy.

VALANCINE. See Balancine.

VALETS d'artillerie, the boys which at-
tend the great guns in a fea-fight, &c.

VALTURE, the lafliing of the fh'iers ;
or a rope employed to lafli two mafts to-
getlicr in any particular place, when they
are to be ufcd as fheers.

VARANGUAIS. See Marticles.

VARANGUES, a general name for the
floor-timbers } as.

Varangues acculées, the crotches or floor-
timbers afore and abaft.

Varangues demi-accuUes, the floor-tim-
bers placed between the varangues acculées
and the

V AKAtiout.s plates,ox'V AKA^cvzs de fond,
the flat floor-timbers placed in the middle
or broadeft part of a fhip's floor.

VARECH, fea-wreck. A Ifo the wreck of
a fliip. See Choses de la mer.

VARIATION, the variation of the com-
pafs. See alfo De'clinaison.

Variation vaut la rcut, the variation is
on the weather-fide, or oppofite to the
lee-way.

VASAR r, oozy, or flimy, exprefled of a
particular bottom, or foundings at fea.
See Fond.

VASSOLES, laths or battens placed be-
tween tlie ledires of the gratings.

VEGRES. See Vaigres.

VEILLE la elrije I (land by the haliards !
the order to have the tcp-fail- haliards
ready to caft loofe in cafe of a fquall.

Vi:iLLE l'écoute de hune ! fland by the top-
f.iil Aiccts !

Veii.LE les huniers. See Veii.LE la diiffe.

VEILLER, to watch, attend, or uke
care of any thing ; as,

II faut Veiller les mâts, (jf non le côté, we
niuft look to the mafts, and not to the
fide ; exprefled of a ihip, whole rrir.llb^,
being good, will rather overfct her, than
be carried aw.".y.

Wncre e/l à la VeilLE. Sec Ancre.

Bouee à la Veille, the buoy floats in fight,
as over the anchor,

VENIR au vent, to haul the wind, nearer
to the point whence the wind arifcs.

VENT, the wind.

Vent alizr, a trade wind, or monfoon.

Vent arrière, a wind right aft or alK-in.

Vent d'amont, a land-wind, or land-
breeze.

Vent d'aval, a fea wind, or fea-brecze.

Vent de bouline, a fcant-wind, on v.iiich
the Ihip cannot lie her courfc wiihout
being clofc-luuled.
G g g Vent

V E U

V I S

Vent de quartier, a quarterly, or quarter-
ing wind *.

Vent en pouppe. Sec Vent.

Vent en pouppe, largue la fonte \ large wind,
large allowance ; an exprcffion ufed by
feamcn on the commencement of a fair
wind, after they had been put to fliort
allowance in confcqucnce of foul winds.

Lc Vent en pouppe fait trouver la mer unie,
a ftern wind brings an eafy fca ; cxprtflcd
of a fhip when failing afore ilie wind, in
which movement (lie is lefs drained by
the agitation of the fea, than when fhe
lies in the trough or hollow of it, fide-
ways.

Vent largue, a large wind.

Vent routier, a wind which ferves to go
and come upon the fame line ; fuch is the
wind upon the beam.

Vents variables, variable winds, or fuch as
are without the tropics.

Vent à pic, the wind is right down ; a
witticifm aniongft failors, to fignify that
there is a total ccfl'ation of wind, at which
time the vanes hang right downward, in-
flcad of blowing out.

VENTER, to blow or fpring up ; under-
flood of the wind.

VENTILATEUR, a ventilator ufed at
fea.

VERBOQUET, a guy ufed by fhip-
wrights to keep fteady any piece of tim-
ber, fo as to lodge it fecurely in a fliip's
frame.

VERGE de giroiiette, the fpindle of the
vane at the maft-head.

Verge de Cancre, the arm of an anchor.

Verge de pompe, a pump-fpear. See alfo
I3arre de pompe.

VERGUli, the yard of any principal fail
which traverfes the mart at right angles.

Vergue à come. See Corne de vergue.

Vergue de foule, the crofs-jack-yard.

Vergue en boute dehors, the main-boom of
a floop-riggcd, or fchooner-rigged veffel.

Vergue travcrfee, the fprit which tra-
verfes a boat's fail iliagonally.

VERIN, an inftrumcnt nearly fimilar to a
jack-fcrcvv, and ufed occafionally to
launch a fliip from the fïocks.

VEUE, or Vue, être à vue, avoir la vue,
to be in fight of ; to make or difcover at

fea, as the land, or fome diftant obje£V.

Sec "Hoti-vûe.
Vei'E par vue, àf cours par cours, failing

by the bearings and diftances of the land,

on the fea-coaft.
VIBORD, the quick-work, or that part of

a fliip's fide which is comprehended be-
tween the drift-rails and the waiiUrail.
VICE-Amiral, the vice-admiral of

France.
VICTUAILLES. See Vivres.
VICTUAlLLEUR,acontra(aor,oragcnt-

viflualler.
VIF, alive, bufy, all in motion; an epithet

applied to a wharf, dock, or flip, where

the artificers are all at work on the fliip-

ping.
ViF de l'eau, or haute marée, high- water.
VIGIE, a lurking rock, or reef; a rock

under the furface of the water.
VIGIER, to look out, or watch upon

deck ; or at the mart head, &c.
Vicier une flotte, to dodge, or watch the

motions of a fleet.
VIGOTS de racage. See Bigots,
VINDAS, a fort of moveable capftcrn ;

alfo a windlafs. See Virevaut.
VIRAGE, the aft of heaving up any

weighty body by a crab or capftern.
VIRER, to overfet.
\ \^^.v^ au cahejian, to heave the capflerrr,

or heave at the capftern.
Virer de bord, to go about, or put about-

fliip.
ViRETi vent arrière, to veer, or wear.
Virer vent devant, to tack, or put about

head-to-wind.
VIREVAUT, the windlafs of a fhip or

boat.
VIROLE, a little iron ring placed on the

fmali end of a bolt which is driven

through any part of a fhip's decks or

fides ; it is ufed to prevent the fore-lock

from cutting the wood.
VIROLET. See Moulinet.
VIRURE, a flreak of planks continued

from the ftem to the ftern-poft.
ViRURE is alfo the flieer of any plank in

the fliip's fide.
VISITE de vaiffcju, an examination of

the cargo of a (hip by the officers of the

revenue.

• M. Saverien defines this to be a wind perpendicular to the (hip's courfe, and, confequently,
a wind upon the beam ; but 1 have ventured to correft this explanation, by the authority of M.

Aubin, who ù certainly right in his definition.

VISITEUR,

V O I

VOL

VISITEUR, 'an officer refembling our
tide-furveyors of the cuftoms.

VITTES de gouvernail. See Ferrure.

VITTONIERKS. See Anguilleres.

VIVIER, a fifhing-boat, furnifhcii with
a well filled with water amid-fhips,
whereby the fi(h are kept alive till the
veflel arrives in port.

VIVRES, the provifions ufed for the fub-
fiftence of the fhip's crew at fea, &c.

UN, deux, trots, an exclamation, or fong,
ufcd by feamen when hauling the bow-
lines, the grcateft effort being made at
the lad word. Enslifli failors, in the
fame manner, call out on this occafion,
— haul-in — haul-two — haul-belay !

VOGUE, the rowing of a galley ; the
movement or courfe of a galley rowed
with oars.

V ocv 2.-avant, the rower who holds the
handle of an oar and gives the ftrokc.

VOGUER, to row, or give head-way to
a galley or other vcffel by rowing.

VOILE, a fail ; alfo a fliip difcovered at
a diftance.

Avec ks quatre corps des VoiLES, under the
courfes and top-fails.

Faire toutes Voiles hlunchcs, to cruife as a
pirate ; to make all filh that comes to
the net.

Forcer de Voiles, to crowd fail. See For-
cer.

Ce vai£'eau porte la Voile comme un rocher,
the fliip carries her fjil as ftiff as a
church, or without feeming to heel.

Voiles y«r les cargues, fails clewed up, or
hauled up in th.: brails.

Voiles y«r le mât, fails laid to the maft, or
aback. See (Joeffe'.

Régler les Voiles, to determine the quan-
tity of fail to be carried in each fhip, in
order to keep company with the reft
of the fleet.

Touta Voiles hors, all fails fet ; all fails
out, or {landing.

Voiles au fee, fails loofed, to dry in the
fun or wind.

Les Voiles foUettent le mât, the fails beat
againft the mall, as when firft taken
aback.

Voile Angloife, a boat's fail with a diago-
nal fprit.

Voile d'eau, a fort of water-fail ufed by
the Dutch.

VoiLK dcfonccc, a fail fplit or rent afundcr
in the bunt or middle.

Voile de fortune. Sec Treou.

Voile dêralinguée, a fail blown, or torn
from the bolt-rope.

Voile en bannière, a fail whofe fheets be-
ing flackened or flown in a ftorm, flies
loofe, and flutters in the wind like a flag
or enfign.

Voile en pantenne, a fail fhivering in the
wind for want of being properly trimmed.

Voile enverguée, a fail bent to it's yard.

Voile latine, or Voile à oreille de lièvre.
See Latine.

Voile quarréc, a fquarc fail, or fail which
is ncci ly l'q'iare; fuch as are the courfes,
top-fall ,.".nd top gallant-failsof ail fliips.

Voiles haffes, the courfes, Scc-Basse Voile
& Pacfi.

Voiles de l'arriére, the after- fails.

ViJiLEs de l'avant, the head-fails.

Voiles d'Hai, the ftay-fails. S^e E'taI.

VOILERIE, a fail-loft, or place where
fails arc condruded.

VOILIER, a fuil-maker.

Bon Voilier, or mauvais Voilier, when
exprefll'd of a fhip, impli^s a good or
bad fiilor, or one that fails fwiftly or
heavily.

VOILURE, a general name for all forts
of fails belonging to a fhip.

Voilure, a complete fuit of fails, with
their furniture ; alfo the trim of the
fails.

^ous même Voilure, under the fame fail ;
e.xprtfled of two fhips in company
which carry the fame quantity and num-
ber of fails.

Régler fa Voilure, to regulate the quan-
tity of fail to be carried, in order to
keep company with fome other fliip or
(hips.

Toute la Voilure de Pavant, all the head-
fails.

Toute laV oitVKU de l'arriére, all the aftcr-
lails.

VOIR rune par P autre. See Ouvrier W
tenir.

y uiK par proue, to fee, or difcover, ahead
of the (hip.

Dormer la VOIX, to fing out ; as in haul-
ing, hoifting, heaving, &c.

VOLE'E, a platoon, or limited number
of great guns, fired at once in a fca-
fight.

VOLET, a little fea-compafs, ufed in a
lonu-boat or cutter.

VOLONTAIRES, volunteers in a (hip of
war.

\'OL TE, a particular courfe or route ;

aJfu

Z E P

Z O P

nlfo the movement of bearing away, or

hauling the wind, cither to change the

coune, or bring the broadfidc to bear

upon an enemy.
VOUTE, or VouTis, the upper counter

of a fbip, upon which the ecujfon is

placed.
VOYAGES de long cours, a long voyage,

as thofe to Chiiia, or the Indias.
URET AC, a fore-tack-tackle, or preventer

fore-tack.
VRILLE, a wimble, or drill ufed by fliip-

wrights, &c. to bore holes.

US y coutumes de la mer, the iifages and
cuftoms of the fea, which are partly re-
gulated by the laws of Oltron.

USANCE, the agreement, or contraiS,
made between the maftcr, the owner, and
freighters of a (hip. See ah'o the pre-
ceding article.

UTKNSILS du canon, a general name for
all I he inftrumcnts ufec! m charging and
firing a cannon, as the ramnicr, the ladle,
the fpunge, the linilock, &c.

WATREGANS, pronounced Ou-
TREGANS, a fort of canals or
ditches, filled with v/ater, which are ufu-

ally navigable for boats and fmall craft.
WOLFE, or Vulfe, a whirlpool, or race,
on the coaft of Norway.

'AC HT, or Yac, a yacht. travellers ; alfo the trucks of a parrel.

YEUX^^te/l/'jbullseyes, or wooden Y ^vx de pie. Bcç Oeil de pie.

EPHIRE, or Zephir, the weft
r wind.

ZOPISSA, or
Goudron.

poix navale, tar. See

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