THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LOS ANGELES 
 

 ( 
 
HANDBOOK 
 
 OF 
 
 BRITISH PHONOGRAPHY; 
 
 OB, 
 
 A NEW AXD IMPROVED METHOD OF WRITING 
 WORDS ACCORDING TO THEIR SOUNDS: 
 
 BEING A COMPLETE SYSTEM OF 
 
 FHONIC SHORTHAND, 
 
 ADAPTED FOR BUSINESS PURPOSES, 
 
 VERBATIM REPORTING, &c. 
 
 
 
 BY EDWARD JAMES JONES. 
 
 (From 1843 to 1861 a nrriter of Mr. Isaac Pitman's system, and 
 for the last IS years a writer of the system here given.) 
 
 FOURTH EDITION. 
 
 LONDON: 
 S. W. PARTRIDGE & Co., 9 PATERNOSTER ROW. 
 
 1880. 
 [Entered at Stationers' Hall.] 
 
SHORTHAND WRITERS IN- GENERAL, 
 
 BUT PARTICULARLY TO THOSE INTERESTED IN THE PROGRESS 
 
 PHONO -STENOGRAPHY, 
 
 THE AUTHOR. 
 
 JAMES PETTIGREW, PRINTER, GLASGOW. 
 
J7H V, 
 /#<?<? . 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 IN February 1863, was published the First edition of Jones's 
 "Handbook of Phonography." The Second edition was pub- 
 lished in 1871, and the Third edition in 1879. The present 
 Work embodies the details of the System as written in the 
 autumn of 1880. 
 
 For R, L, N, NG, S, WH, W, H, and Y (nearly all of them 
 frequently occurring letters), we have provided signs sloping in 
 the direction of common writing, and, which may be written either 
 dowmvards or upicards, thus giving great facilities for good join- 
 ings, and freedom of hand. P, B, and K are provided with 
 horizontal, as well as downward signs, which arrangement gives 
 a convenient method of repeating these letters, and also often 
 obviates the necessity for taking an outline below the line. 
 
 The utility of the arrangement for prefixing the semi-conson- 
 ants W, H, Y, to R, L, &c. will speak for itself to any experi- 
 enced Stenographist, and requires no comment. 
 
 Prior to commencing the construction of a new Alphabet, the 
 originator of this System took a warm interest in the discussion 
 of proposed improvements in Mr. Pitman's Shorthand, and many 
 details now incorporated in that System were suggested 
 by the author of this little Work. Considering this, and also 
 the fact that the Shorthand herein given has been practised 
 eighteen years, and practised, too, with a view to discover slight 
 defects and remedy them, and taking also into account that 
 British Phonography has been extensively taught, and proved to 
 be easily learned, and, though very brief, is thoroughly legible, 
 the author confidently believes that no need will be felt for any 
 fundamental alterations, and pledges himself not to alter the 
 Alphabet, or principles of abbreviation in any future edition 
 which may be required. 
 
The copious illustrations of the manner in which Phraseo- 
 graphs and contracted outlines are formed, and the elaborateness 
 of the Tabular List of "Single-stroke Word-signs," mil give the 
 persevering Student all the information required to enable him 
 (after a reasonable amount of practice) to report a speaker verb- 
 atim. The Tables referred to will also tend to uniformity 
 amongst writers, in the choice of outlines, by definitely fixing 
 the best forms for many useful words. The Tables of Outlines 
 and Word-signs also exhibit very strikingly to the experienced 
 Phonographist the great consonantal power of the System, and 
 the legibility thereby secured by indicating, according to the form 
 of letter used, the place, or situation of vowels in relation to the 
 consonant stem, thus rendering the writer much more independ- 
 ent of ruled-paper, and of the insertion of vowel marks, to 
 distinguish between words containing the same consonants. For 
 illustrations of this, see the words given under the heads of E. 
 and L in the Lists above referred to. 
 
 In our vowel scale we have given the vowel in miss as the 
 short sound of the vowel AY in mace. Mr. Pitman pairs the 
 vowel in mess as the short sound of AY. Let the 
 reader try to shorten the vowel in mace, and pronounce the word 
 thus shortened, several times in rapid succession, and we think 
 the result will be much nearer miss than mess. Since publishing 
 our First Edition, we have been pleased to find that ALEXANDER 
 MELVILLE BELL, F.E.S.S.A., &c., holds the same views that we 
 do respecting vowel AY. See his "Principles of Speech," p. 34. 
 1863 Edition. 
 
 To those gentlemen who have kindly taken an interest in this 
 System of Shorthand, and particularly to certain Writers of it 
 residing in, and near Glasgow, the Author presents his grateful 
 acknowledgements. 
 
 EDWARD JAMES JONES. 
 
 DALMONACH HOUSE, 
 
 BONHILL, N.B., 1st October, 1880. 
 
ADVANTAGES OF SHORTHAND, 
 
 " Shorthand, on account of its great and general utility, merits a much 
 higher rank among the arts and sciences than is generally allotted to it. Its 
 usefulness is not confined to any particular science or profession, but is 
 universal : it is therefore by no means unworthy the attention and study of 
 men of genius and erudition." Dr. Samuel Johnson. 
 
 To many minds, the very mention of the word "Shorthand" 
 will suggest many advantages resulting therefrom. In addition to 
 its more general application to reporting, it is highly serviceable 
 for other purposes. Phonic Shorthand may be used with a great 
 saving of time for correspondence between friends who practise the 
 same system, and is also exceedingly useful for writing drafts, or 
 copies of longhand letters; rough-sketching matters of business, &c. 
 
 For the writing of literary compositions it is of great utility, as 
 the matter can either be delivered from the shorthand notes, or a 
 longhand copy written therefrom for the printer. If the compositor 
 understands the system, a longhand transcription is unnecessary, 
 as the types can be set up from shorthand copy. Authors, who 
 now use shorthand, but vividly remember the time when their 
 thoughts had to "struggle through the strait gate of the old 
 handwriting," know well how to appreciate a system of writing 
 which enables the pen to keep pace with, or even to outstrip the 
 powers of composition, and saves not only many valuable thoughts 
 which would otherwise slip, unpenned, into oblivion, but also the 
 author's time, manual labour, and, probably, his health. 
 
 For keeping a diary, taking extracts from books, notes of 
 lectures and sermons, and general memoranda, a method of brief 
 writing is, manifestly, a great convenience. 
 
 The acquirement of the pronunciation of a foreign language is 
 rendered much more easy and certain by a knowledge of Phonic 
 Shorthand, and for the linguist and philologist, this system is 
 peculiarly adapted on account of its phonetic accuracy, and the 
 efficient means which it provides for the easy representation of 
 foreign sounds. 
 
 In houses of business, Shorthand steps in as an economizer of 
 time. The principal of a commercial establishment, by dictating 
 the replies to his letters at the rate of grdinary speech to a com- 
 petent Phonographer, may conduct the largest correspondence in 
 almost a tithe of the time ordinarily required; thus saving much 
 of his time and energy for other important duties. His shorthand 
 clerk would afterwards write out the replies in longhand, ready 
 for signature, or posting. This use of shorthand in mercantile and 
 railway offices is becoming growingly important, and will no doubt 
 receive due consideration by steady and intelligent young men, of 
 business habits; persons capable of filling such offices being, at 
 present, comparatively few. 
 
ADVANTAGES OF SHORTHAND. 
 
 We here transcribe a few excellent remarks on the advantages 
 of shorthand, penned by Mr. Gawtress, the publisher of an im- 
 proved edition of Byrom's system. These remarks have been 
 deservedly reprinted in many shorthand works, both English and 
 American. We may observe, that whatever can be said on the 
 advantages of the old a b c methods, will apply with still greater 
 force to a Phonetic and superior system. 
 
 "Shorthand is capable of imparting so many advantages to persons 
 in almost every situation of life, and is of such extensive utility to 
 society, that it is justly a matter of surprise that it has not attracted 
 a greater share of attention, and been more generally practised." 
 
 "In England, at least, this art may be considered a National 
 Blessing, and thousands who look with the iitmost indifference 
 upon it, are daily reaping the fruits of its cultivation. It is 
 scarcely necessary to mention how indispensable it is in taking 
 minutes of public proceedings. If all the feelings of a patriot 
 glow in our bosoms on a perusal of those eloquent speeches which 
 are delivered in the Senate, or in those public assemblies where 
 the people are frequently convened to exercise the birthright of 
 Britons we owe it to Shorthand. If new fervour be added to our 
 devotion, and an additional stimulus be imparted to our exertions 
 as Christians, bjj the eloquent appeals and encouraging statements 
 made at the anniversaries of our various religious Societies we 
 owe it to Shorthand. If we have an opportunity, in interesting 
 judicial cases, of examining the evidence, and learning the pro- 
 ceedings, with as much certainty, and nearly as much minuteness, 
 as if we had been present on the occasion we owe it to Shorthand. 
 In short, all those brilliant and spirit-stirring effusions which the 
 circumstances of the present time combine to draw forth, and 
 which the press transmits to us with such astonishing celerity, 
 warm from the lips and instinct with the soul of the speaker, 
 would have been entirely lost to posterity, and comparatively little 
 known to ourselves, had it not been for the facilities afforded for 
 their preservation by Shorthand. Were the operations of those 
 who are professionally engaged in exercising this art, to be sus- 
 pended but for a single week, a blank would be left in the political 
 and judicial history of our country, an impulse would be wanting 
 to the public mind, and the nation would be taught to feel and 
 acknowledge the important purposes it answers in the great 
 business of life. 
 
 "A practical acquaintance with this art is highly favourable to 
 the improvement of the mind, invigorating all its faculties, and 
 drawing forth all its resources. The close attention requsite in 
 following the voice of the speaker, induces habits of patience, 
 perseverance, and watchfulness, which will gradually extend them- 
 selves to other pursuits and avocations, and at length inure the 
 writer to exercise them on every occasion in life. While writing 
 in public, it will also be absolutely necessary to .distinguish and 
 
ADVANTAGES OF SHORTHAND. 
 
 adhere to the train of thought which runs through the discourse, 
 and to observe the modes of its connection. This will naturally 
 have a tendency to endue the mind with quickness of apprehen- 
 sion, and will impart an habitual readiness and distinctness of 
 perception, as well as a methodical simplicity of arrangement, 
 which cannot fail to conduce greatly to mental superiority. The 
 judgment will be strengthened, and the taste refined; and the 
 practitioner will, by degrees, become habituated to seize the 
 original and leading parts of a discourse or harangue, and to reject 
 whatever is commonplace, trivial, or uninteresting. 
 
 "The memory is also improved by the practice of stenography. 
 The obligation the writer is under to retain in his mind the last 
 sentence of the speaker, at the same time that he is carefully 
 attending to the following one, must be highly beneficial to that 
 faculty, which, more than any other, owes its improvement to 
 exercise. And so much are the powers of retention strengthened 
 and expanded by this exertion, that a practical stenographer 
 will frequently recollect more without writing, than a person 
 unacquainted with the art could copy in the time by the use of 
 common-hand. 
 
 "It has been justly observed, 'this science -draws out all the 
 powers of the mind; it excites invention, improves the ingenuity, 
 matures the judgment, and endows the retentive faculty with the 
 superior advantages of precision, vigilance, and perseverance.' 
 
 "The facility it affords to the acquisition of learning ought, to 
 render it an indispensable branch in the education of youth. To be 
 enabled to treasure up for future study the substance of lectures, 
 sermons, &c.,is an accomplishment attended with so many evident 
 advantages that it stands in no need of recommendation. Nor is 
 it a matter of small importance, that by this art the youthful 
 student is furnished with an easy means of making a number of 
 valuable extracts in the moments of leisure, and of thus laying up 
 a stock of knowledge for his future occasions. The pursuit of 
 this art materially contributes to improve the student in the 
 principles of grammar and composition. While tracing the various 
 forms of expression by which the same sentiment can be conveyed; 
 and while endeavouring to represent, by modes of contraction, 
 the dependence of one word upon another, he is insensibly initiated 
 in the science of universal language, and particularly in the 
 knowledge of his native tongue. 
 
 " The rapidity with which it enables a person to commit his 
 own thoughts to the safety of manuscript, also renders it an object 
 peculiarly worthy of regard. By this means many ideas which 
 daily strike us, and which are lost before we -can record them in 
 the usual way, may be snatched from destruction, and preserved 
 till mature deliberation can ripen and perfect them. 
 
 " In addition to these great advantages, Science and Religion 
 are indebted to this inestimable art for the preservation of many 
 
ADVANTAGES OF SHORTHAND. 
 
 valuable lectures and sermons, which would otherwise have been 
 irrecoverably lost. Among the latter may be instanced those of 
 Whitfield, whose astonishing powers could move even infidelity 
 itself, and extort admiration from a Chesterfield, and a Hume, 
 but whose name would have floated down the stream of time, 
 had not Shorthand rescued a portion of his labours from oblivion. 
 With so many vouchers for the truth of the remark, we can havs 
 no hesitation in stating it as our opinion, that since the invention 
 of printing, no cause has contributed more to the diffusion of 
 knowledge, and the progress of refinement, we might also add, to 
 the triumphs of liberty and the interests of religion, than the re- 
 vival and improvement of this long neglected art. 
 
 "Such are the blessings which Shorthand, like a generous bene- 
 factor, bestows indiscriminately on the world at large. But it has 
 additional and peculiar favours in store for those who are so far 
 convinced of its utility as personally to engage in its pursuit. 
 The advantages resulting from the exercise of this art, are not, as 
 is the case with many others, confined to a particular class of 
 society; for though it may seem more immediately calculated for 
 those whose business it is to record the eloquence of public men, 
 and the proceedings of popular assemblies; yet it offers its assist- 
 ance to persons of every rank and station in life to the man of 
 business as well as the man of science for the purpose of private 
 convenience as well as of general information." 
 
 A SKETCH OF THE HISTORY OF SHORTHAND. 
 
 AN ancient author informs us, that the earliest swift writers 
 proceeded as follows: Several writers arranged to divide, by 
 signals, or otherwise, a speech or oration into portions of about 
 six or eight words each; to write these portions in succession, 
 and afterwards compare notes to produce a verbatim transcription 
 of the whole discourse ! 
 
 The earliest system of ancient shorthand which has been handed 
 down to us, is generally attributed to Cicero; was practised by 
 TYEO sixty years B.C., and considerably enlarged and expanded 
 by Seneca in the first century. The forms of some of the letters 
 bear a rude resemblance to the Roman and Grecian, and being ill 
 adapted for joining, comparatively few words are written in full, 
 the initial, or leading letters being generally used. Plutarch in- 
 forms us that the oration of Cato relative to the Catalinian conspir- 
 acy, was taken in that system. In his life of Cato, the Younger, 
 he remarks: "This, it is said, is the only oration of Gate's that is 
 extant. Cicero had selected a number of the swiftest writers, 
 whom he had taught the art of abbreviating words by characters, 
 and had placed them in the different parts of the Senate-house. 
 Before his consulate, they had no shorthand writers." 
 
A SKETCH OF THE HISTOHT OF SHORTHAND. 
 
 Shortly after this time, Stenography was highly valued among 
 the Romans, and practised even by the Emperors. Owing probably 
 to the perishable nature of the writing materials of the Romany 
 (often tablets covered with a layer of soft wax), little is now known 
 either of their systems of shorthand, or of many of the noble, 
 spirit-stirring orations reported therein. From the decline of tibG 
 Roman Empire in the 5th century, to the reign of Elizabeth,-Sn 
 the 16th century, shorthand was almost unnoticed. Since tlej 
 commencement of the 17th century, however, upwards of 28ft 
 systems have been published in England! 
 
 In 1588, TIMOTHY BRIGHT published, under the title 
 " Character ie," an attempt at shorthand writing, dedicated 
 Queen Elizabeth. This was not a system based upon the spelling 
 of words, but consisted of arbitrary characters, each representing 
 a word. Two years later, Peter Bales issued " The Writing School- 
 master;'' and shortly afterwards, an improvement thereon, entitled 
 "A Neio- Year's Gift for England.''' Both these works were based 
 on Bright's arbitrary principle. 
 
 The credit of inventing a system of English shorthand, based 
 upon spelling, is due to JOHN WILLIS, who, in '1602, published a 
 work, entitled, "The Art of Stenographic, or Short Writing by 
 Spelliny Oharacterie, invented by John Willis, Batchelor in Divin- 
 itie.'" For some of the letters, Willis employed signs requiring 
 two inflections of the pen; and for Z, a three-stroke sign, U Z-" 
 With such an alphabet, the system was, of necessity, slow, tedious, 
 and inefficient. Strange to say, this blunder of judgment was 
 followed by at least sixteen succeeding authors, up to the appear- 
 ance of Macaulay's "Polyyraphy" in 1747! This gentleman not 
 only swept away from his alphabet the double-stroke signs, but ' 
 was the first to publish a system containing the sloping curved 
 signs obtainable by dividing a circle into fourths by a perpendicular 
 and horizontal line. Possibly, Macaulay derived his ideas of sloping 
 curves from Byron's alphabet, which, though unpublished, was 
 completed in 1720. 
 
 Of the sixteen systems above mentioned, that by RICH (1654) is 
 remarkable for the number of its abitrary and hieroglyphical 
 characters (upwards of 300), and the absurdity and uselessness of 
 the bulk of them. Speaking of hieroglyphical arbitraries. Mr. 
 Moat, in his "Stenographic Standard," p. 30, styles Mr. Rich "the 
 father of these mysteries;" and fixing upon three symbols repre- 
 senting respectively, "The devils fear and tremble; the eyes of our 
 understanding are darkened; both houses of parliament;" Mr. Moat 
 observes that they might with equal propriety be sty led, "The devil 
 upon two sticks; the face of a cat; and two ducks under an arch !" 
 In a more modern system now before us, a common "s" represents 
 a phrase of eighteen words, viz., "Several other remarks might 
 have been made, but as we hasten to a conclusion we shall only 
 state." The letter "S" might, with almost equal propriety, stand 
 
10 A SKETCH OF THE 
 
 for a whole sermon ! The Book of Psalms and the New Testa- 
 ment were engraved and printed in Rich's system. 
 
 The two following authors merit special notice : FARTHING 
 (1654), for introducing a small circle for S; and MASON (1682), for 
 the idea of using two forms for S, a small circle, and a stroke sign, 
 and for effecting in other respects considerable improvements upon 
 the alphabets of his predecessors. He was, in fact, the greatest short- 
 hand author of the seventeenth century; Rich being next in order. 
 
 In 1751, Thomas Gurney brought out an edition of Mason's 
 system, "Brachygrophy, by Thomas Gurney," the alphabet differing 
 from Mason's in the representation of i and y only! 
 
 In 1748 appeared the first system based on the principle of 
 similar signs for similar articulations, by JEAKE. This notion, 
 carried to a ridiculous extreme, coupled with a non-observance of 
 vowels, yielded, as a matter of course, a worthless system. Only 
 imagine, g, j, k, q, all represented by the same sign, unvaried by 
 length or thickness ! The following sets of letters are similarly 
 treated: I, r; m, n; b,'p,f. 
 
 The above was followed in 1750, by the first phonetic system, by 
 TIFFIN, which, though objectionable in many features, is decidedly 
 superior to Jeake's rude attempt. Considering the date of his work, 
 Tiffin makes very creditable provision to represent the vowels, 
 throwing the "a, e, i, o, u, and sometimes w and y" basis aside. 
 In fact, a reference to his details, for the purpose of writing out 
 this brief historical sketch, rather surprised us, and very forcibly 
 suggested the thought that the saying of Solomon, "there is no 
 new thing under the sun," is peculiarly applicable to stenographic 
 matters. We were somewhat astonished to find, in Tiffin's system, 
 the germ of an idea, which, after surmounting many difficulties, 
 we had somewhat fully worked out and developed in our own 
 viz., the writing of diphthongs, or compound vowels, by the junction 
 of the signs representing their component elements. Thus Tiffin 
 represents oi by joining aw and ee; ou by and oo,* and u by the 
 union of ee and oo. Tiffin having selected a sign for oo requiring 
 two inflections of the pen, his diphthongs containing this sound 
 (ou u) require three, and are, consequently, too cumbersome and 
 lengthy. His signs for the diphthongs I and oi are, however, 
 good and practical, viz., V and < Tiffin was the first to use 
 a small dot for the aspirate. 
 
 In 1760 TAPLIN brought out a system in which he selects similar 
 signs for the similar sounds k g, fv, p b, t d, s z. He uses perpen- 
 dicular lines for t d; horizontals for kg, and a small circle for s z. 
 He also hooks straight letters on the left-hand side to add r, and 
 on the right to add I, with this difference, however, from Mr. 
 Pitman's Phonography; in the former, the hook is joined to the 
 end of the consonant; in the latter, to the beginning. 
 
 In 1762 appeared LYLE'S phonetic system. His analysis of the 
 
 * This analysis of ou by Tiffin seems to imply that the present Lancashire 
 provincial pronunciation (600) of this diphthong, was generally prevalent a 
 century ago. 
 
HISTORY OF SHORTHAND. . 11 
 
 sounds of language displays considerable phonetic knowledge. He 
 held very clear and correct views as to what a system, of shorthand 
 should be; unfortunately, however, his disposal of stenographic 
 material is strikingly at variance with his theoretical ideas and 
 intentions. He could see what was desirable, but not the method 
 of its attainment. 
 
 Another system of phonic shorthand, issued in 1766 by W, 
 HOLDSWORTH and W. ALDRIDGE, of the Bank of England, is, like 
 the above mentioned, impracticable as regards easy writing, but is 
 noteworthy for the circumstance that the authors ground their 
 system on exactly the same analysis of spoken sounds as that 
 which is adopted in the following more recent systems of phonetic 
 writing, viz.: Row's lengthy, script-like system, 1802; George 
 Edmonds's "Philosophic Alphabet," for phonetic longhand and 
 printing, 1832; Isaac Pitman's Shorthand, 1837, &c. 
 
 Of the many systems (chiefly unphonetic) which have appeared 
 during the last century, our space will only allow us to notice 
 briefly, the most popular, or peculiar. Amongst these, that con- 
 structed by Dr. JOHN BYROM, of Manchester, in 1720, and pub- 
 lished in 1767, after his death, claims notice. This author 
 bestowed great care in the arrangement of his alphabet, to secure 
 good joinings and lineality of writing. To effect his object, he 
 employed two signs struck in different directions for eight of his 
 letters, and three distinct signs for the letter L. His alphabet 
 contains fourteen signs, commencing with an initial circle. . The 
 frequent requirement of a circle and a stroke to represent one 
 letter, greatly retards the progress of the pen; and hence, while 
 pleasingto the eye, Byrom's system lacks the very important requis- 
 ite of rapidity. In Molineux's (1823) edition of Byrom,the principle 
 of thickening a stroke to distinguish the spoken from the whisper- 
 ed letter is applied to distinguish v from/, and z from s. The same 
 thing occurs in Harding's 5th edition of Taylor's, 1826. 
 
 MAVOR, 1780.* Previous to the introduction of this system, 
 Shorthand was comparatively little used for reporting public pro- 
 ceedings. Mason's, Gurney's Edition of Mason's, and Byroms, were 
 not considered sufficiently brief to repay the trouble of acquirement, 
 and contracted long-hand was employed by many in preference. Dr. 
 Johnson reported parliamentary debates in long-hand, and boasted 
 that he took care that the Whigs should not have the best of the 
 argument, a thing which he could well manage, for, instead of 
 reporting speeches, he composed them, and that too in the same 
 pompous style in which he himself was accustomed to speak. 
 
 A comma, in three positions, is used to represent a, e, i, and a 
 dot for o, u, y. A comma is objectionable for rapid writing, and 
 if used at all, should be appropriated to something unimportant, 
 and of rare occurence. Mavor's system, although it has gone 
 through many editions, and has been much practised, is considered 
 inferior in importance to Taylor's, which followed. 
 
 * Mavor himself gives 1780 as the date when his system first appeared. 
 Some writers on Shorthand assign it a rather later date. 
 
12 A SKETCH OF THE 
 
 TAYLOR'S, 1786. This, the chief system of the 17th century, is 
 less perplexing and more simple in its construction than Byroms', 
 and is capable of being written with greater speed. This and Dr. 
 Mavor's system, have done much to forward the art of shorthand 
 writing in England. Taylor expresses all the vowels by one dot 
 in any position, thus leading to ambiguity in reading. 
 
 In 1823, William Harding, a bookseller, published an improved 
 edition of Taylor's, in which a light dot, placed before the letter (, 
 at the beginning, middle, and end, represented respectively at, et, 
 it, and a small dash at the top and middle, ot, wt. Mr, I. Pitman, 
 who formerly practised Harding's edition of Taylor's, has, in his 
 Phonography, improved upon the above, by adding another dash, 
 in the third position, to represent oot, &c. 
 
 Editions of Taylor's system have been published by Macdougal, 
 1835; Odell, 1837; and by Templeton of Manchester, in 1840. 
 
 In 1788, an anonymous system appeared, partially phonetic, 
 named "Brachygraphy," in which the whispered and spoken sounds 
 are represented respectively by short and long characters. Had 
 the author exercised more judgment in the appropriation of signs 
 to paired and unpaired letters, a very fair system might possibly 
 have been the result. 
 
 LEWIS, 1815. This is an ordinary a 6 c system, which we 
 notice because its inventor is the author of a very interesting 
 "Historical Account of Shorthand." 
 
 During the last hundred years the bulk of stenographic authors 
 have come to the conclusion that a perpendicular stroke works best 
 for t, and a sloping upstroke for r. The horizontal curve forms 
 have generally been appropriated to m and n, and by some authors 
 a small circle has been employed for s. The notice of a few 
 systems, remarkable for positional peculiarities, will bring us to 
 the publication of the most generally practised system of the 
 present century, with which we shall compare our own. 
 
 RICHARDSON'S system (1800) is much more curious than practical, 
 as the reader may judge by the fact that it is written on a three- 
 barred stave, intersected by two lengths of perpendicular lines 
 about one-eighth of an inch apart, and that in a surface of a fourth 
 of an inch square, places or situations are assigned for twenty 
 letters or words. The writing of a stroke or dot the least remove 
 from the point intended, would give a letter or word entirely 
 different from that which should be committed to paper. 
 
 In 1801, BLANC, a Frenchman, followed Richardson with a 
 somewhat similar scheme, but equally impracticable, written on 
 a four-barred stave. 
 
 CLIVE issued, in 1810, a system based upon Mavor's. He dis- 
 tinguishes consonants and words by position, and uses one line 
 only. Consonants represented by similar signs, are differenced 
 by writing one letter on the line, the other under: common words 
 are distinguished by three positions; above, on, and under the line. 
 Clive's amplification of Byrom's idea of differencing common words 
 by position is good, but the plan of thus distinguishing consonants 
 
HISTORY OF SHORTHAND. 13 
 
 (which Tiffin also used) is objectionable, on account of the arbit- 
 rary expedients required when such consonants occur in the 
 middle or at the end of words. This inconvenient arrangement 
 has been adopted in some recent systems. Olive's system would 
 have been much improved had he fixed his lowest position half a t's 
 length higher, viz., through the line instead of under. The same 
 remark applies to a system constructed by FARR, in 1819, in which 
 initial vowels and common words and phrases are indicated by 
 three positions, above, through, and under the line. Both Clive 
 and Farr have attached too little importance to the fact that a 
 writer loses nuich time by certain aeriel motions of his pen over 
 the paper, when the upper and lower portions of the field of 
 writing are too distant from each other. Of the two systems just 
 noticed, Farr's is, on the whole, decidedly the better. 
 
 For vowelitic distinctions by position, and positional distinc- 
 tions between common words, 
 
 MOAT, 1833, carries the palm. He writes in a stave of four 
 bars, the upper and lower being forned with two fine double lines. 
 A , e, o take, respectively, the upper, middle, and lower space, i the 
 middle single line, and U the bottom double line. Not content 
 with five places in three-tenths of an inch, he subdivides these 
 five, and thus obtains thirteen "situations," each of which, when 
 dotted, represents a common word. Well may the author remark 
 "It is to be understood, then, that a dot dropped upon any of 
 these situations,/MWy, clearly and positively, expresses that word as 
 there laid down." In addition to the above hair-splitting dis- 
 tinctions, there are niceties of formation in the letters of his 
 alphabet which are quite impracticable in ordinary writing. Mr. 
 Moat was sincerely desirous to advance the art of stenography, 
 and it is to be regretted that his judgment was not more strongly 
 influenced by practical considerations in the compilation of his 
 elaborate, in fact, too elaborate, treatise.- 
 
 DAVIDSON'S system, published in 1847, and written on a similar 
 stave, is much more practical, both alphabetically and "position- 
 ally." This author contents himself with five positions in the 
 stave, for a, e, i, o and u, respectively. According to a calculation 
 made by Mr. I. Pitman, in the Reporter's Magazine, 1848, this 
 system, for brevity, is, to Pitman's Phonography, as 263 strokes 
 to 253. Davidson, and also Moat, indicated added consonants by 
 the thickening, shortening, or lengthening of the alphabetical 
 characters. 
 
 We just refer to GABELSBERGER'S system, published in 1831-34, 
 it being the popular system in Germany. We have carefully 
 examined an Anglicised edition, and consider it ill adapted for 
 English reporting. Although its author professes to have con- 
 structed it to follow the motions of the pen in longhand writing, 
 many of the outlines for English words are extremely inconvenient. 
 L, for example, is represented by a joined dot! 
 
 In 1837, Mr. ISAAC PITMAN'S phonetic system appeared under 
 the name of "Stenographic Sound-hand." In a subsequent and 
 
14 A SKETCH OF THE HISTORY OF SHORTHAND. 
 
 improved edition, the name was changed to Phonography* This 
 system is a decided improvement upon any previously published. 
 The simple vowels are represented by dots and dashes placed at 
 the beginning, middle, or end of the consonant, the signs being 
 written light or heavy according to the length of the vowel. The 
 ordinary diphthongs, i, oi, and ou, and those formed by the 
 coalescence of y or w, with a following simple vowel, are 
 represented by angular and curved signs. 
 
 In the case of three out of Mr. Pitman's six couplets of vowels, 
 the short and long vowels are unphonetically paired. They are, 
 , a(y); i, ee; &, oh. An unsuccessful attempt was made in 
 1844, to affect an improvement in the last named couplet, but the 
 three-place scale for the simple vowels presents stenographic 
 obstacles to strict phonetic accuracy, which have not yet been 
 surmounted. A three-place vowel scale is objectionable in the 
 case of half-length consonants. Reckoning ordinary letters at 
 one-eighth of an inch in length (and they are frequently written 
 shorter), a writer of Mr. Pitman's system has to recognize three 
 positions, or situations for vowels, by the side of a stroke one 
 sixteenth of an inch in length. Under such circumstances, the 
 intended vowel must necessarily often be read by guess from the 
 context, or the consonantal outline, rather than by a certain and 
 correct representation. Some years ago, Mr. Pitman considered 
 two places for an angular vowel as too uncertain for the reader, 
 and accordingly made a change in the representation of oi, &c., 
 and since then, his angular alphabetical vowels have had the full 
 scope of the consonant for one sound. 
 
 Other details of Mr. Pitman's system will be noticed in com- 
 paring it .with British Phonography at the end of this Handbook. 
 
 ETYMOGRAPHY. Under this title, a very fair system of phonetic 
 shorthand was published in 1842, by Mr. S. A. GOOD. This 
 gentleman and Mr. I. Pitman were friends, and both worked hard 
 at the construction of a practical system of Phono-Stenography. 
 In some important details (method of hooking to add r and /, for 
 example) they coincided in opinion; in others, they differed, and 
 published separate works. We think Mr. Pitman exercised a much 
 sounder judgment than Mr. Good, in the choice of consonant signs; 
 but we prefer Mr. Good's vowel-scale, which was adopted by Mr. 
 Pitman in his 10th edition, in January, 1858. It is a matter of 
 regret that the superiority of Mr. Good's arrangement was not 
 appreciated earlier; much inconvenience and confusion would, 
 thereby, have been avoided. 
 
 We had prepared notices of several other systems of recent 
 date, but the space at our disposal will not admit of their inser- 
 tion without detriment to other portions of this work; we must, 
 therefore, bring our "sketch" to a close. 
 
 * The meaning of this word is thus quaintly given in the title of a work of 
 144 pages now before us, and published in London, 1701 : " Practical 
 Phonography: or, the new art of rightly spelling and writing words by the 
 sound thereof ; and of rightly sounding and reading words by the sight 
 thereof. Applied to the English tongue, by J. Jones, M.D." 
 
HINTS TO THE STUDENT. 15 
 
 HINTS TO THE STUDENT. 
 
 The rapidity of the pupil's progress in mastering a phonetic 
 system of shorthand will depend materially on the keeping of the 
 phonic idea before him in the commencement of his practice. He 
 should be careful to discriminate between the old names of certain 
 letters, and the real powers of those letters in the phonetic 
 alphabet. To this end, he should call the signs by the names we 
 have given, rather than by those to which he has, in some cases, 
 been accustomed. The words illustrating the sounds, or powers of 
 the signs should be carefully examined. A w, oo, ng, th, sh, ch, g, 
 should not be called ay double u, double oh, en jee, tee aitch, es 
 aitch, see aitch, jee y but should be named in accordance with the real 
 powers of the phonographs, as given in the Table of the alphabet. 
 A phonograph, in many cases (the above, for instance), does not 
 express the letters placed opposite, but the SODND represented by 
 those letters. For example, to ascertain the exact power of 
 "chay," pronounce chay slowly and distinctly, and note the mode 
 of producing the. sound. The vowel ay should then be gradually 
 separated from the ch, and finally, being entirely dropped, the sep- 
 arate sound or power of ch will be heard. So with the other signs. 
 If the power of a consonant be required, first pronounce it with a 
 final vowel, and gradually drop the vowel; to arrive at the exact 
 sound represented by a vowel mark, first pronounce the vowel 
 with a following consonant, as at, et, it, then cut off the conson- 
 ant, and the power of the vowel is clearly heard. 
 
 It may be of use to the learner to remark and bear in mind, 
 that a phonograph has always the same meaning or power. Thus 
 " I " invariably represents " T," no matter how this sound may be 
 denoted in the common orthography; whether by bt as in debt, 
 cht in yacht, ct in indict, ed in talked, ght in sought, tt in Pitt, 
 phth in phthisic, or pt in receipt, ptyalism, &c. 
 
 The first and second vowel in the word "pity'" being exactly 
 the same, they are each represented by the same vowel sign, 
 (No. 2 light) although i is printed for the former and y for the 
 latter in our common spelling. 
 
 The student will occasionally find it somewhat difficult to 
 determine what are the sounds which are heard in, and which he 
 should write for, certain words, as a given word may be pronounced 
 in several ways by different authorities.* A little phonographic 
 
 * It being desirable that those who use the same system should adopt in 
 their writing, a pronunciation as uniform as possible, by way of standard, we 
 would suggest the conveniently sized Cooley's English Dictionary, published 
 by Messrs. W. & R. Chambers, Edinburgh and London. By the use of 
 contracted words, a very large quantity of matter is given in this volume. 
 The first eighty pages are taken up with an introduction containing a vast 
 amount of orthographical and phonetic information in a concise, plain form, 
 which will be found highly useful to many phonographers. The pronuncia- 
 tion is indicated with very good judgment and considerable exactness, by 
 means of phonotypes. 
 
16 
 
 HINTS TO THE STUDENT. 
 
 practice will, however, lessen or remove these difficulties. To 
 determine the best and most approved method of pronouncing 
 doubtful words, the youthful student will be led to. note more 
 closely the orthoepy of competent authorities and good speakers, 
 and thus, while acquiring phonography, his knowledge of pro- 
 nunciation will be considerably extended and improved. 
 
 The exactness with which variations in vowel sounds can be 
 written, if wished, in British Phonography, renders the system 
 specially applicable to the representation of dialectic differences 
 of pronunciation. It contains all the simple and accented vowel 
 sounds of the French language, including true short ee, and true 
 short oh, which two sounds are also much used in Scotch, but not 
 provided for in Mr. Pitman's Phonography. 
 
 Ruled paper is best for phonography, or, indeed, for any system 
 of shorthand. Faint red lines (not too full a shade), are better 
 than blue for gas-light reporting, or under any circumstances 
 where the light is insufficient. For pen reporting, smooth-faced 
 paper is best; for pencil, less smooth. Use good H.B. pencils 
 with moderately hard lead. 
 
 The student should, in his early practice, write slowly and 
 carefully, and form the characters -as though he were drawing 
 rather than writing: practice will give rapidity. If, however, he 
 care more at first to write fast than well, he will probably not only 
 hinder his attainment of true swiftness, but confirm himself in a 
 slovenly and somewhat illegible style of writing. The pen or pencil 
 should be held as for drawing, or reversely sloped common hand 
 writing. In this position d, b, <L-c., can be most easily struck. 
 
 Write much, in order to become familiar with the new signs; 
 and to further this object, speak aloud the names of the characters 
 while writing them: the ear, the eye, and the hand, are thus 
 trained at the same time. The learner will also find it advan- 
 tageous to sharpen his pencil at the blank or unleaded end, and 
 with this wooden point to trace the characters as he goes through 
 the reading exercises. 
 
 The beginner should bear in mind that there is no royal road 
 to learning. PERSEVERE ! should be the motto of every young 
 phonographer, for PRACTICE, and nothing but PRACTICE, can give 
 and increase facility and speed in writing. Those, therefore, who 
 intend to enjoy the advantages of writing shorthand, must be wil- 
 ling to bestow the necessary labour. It has been said that "he 
 who will have no knowledge, but that for which little exertion 
 has been used, must, one time or other, suffer the mortification 
 of finding what he possesses to be of small intrinsic worth." 
 
I 
 
 17 
 
 BRITISH PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 IN this system of Shorthand, signs are provided for the element- 
 ary sounds in our language, and words are spelled in accordance 
 with the sounds of which they are composed, the ordinary method 
 of spelling being disregarded, except in the case of a few words, 
 which happen to be phonetically spelled, such as me, so, no, find, 
 bind, &c. In spelling words, ascertain the sounds heard, and write 
 the signs which- represent those sounds. 
 
 VOWELS. 
 
 We recognise in the English language, eight elementary vowel 
 sounds, which sounds may be varied in length, or duration. 
 
 The correct names and powers of these vowels will be most 
 quickly learned by pronouncing them along with a following 
 consonant, say T I or M ^^ Then, dropping the consonant, note 
 the true sound, or power of the vowel. A few words illustrating 
 the respective sounds, are given in the Table on next page. In 
 the dissyllabic words, we have in the first and last syllables the 
 same quality of vowel, but varied in quantity, or duration. In the 
 first syllable, the vowel is pronounced quicker and shorter, and 
 written more lightly than in the last. Take No. 2 vowel for 
 example, and pronounce the last syllable of the word Finlay 
 several times in rapid succession, and lay will be shortened to ly, 
 as Finly, AY short^ being the vowel sound heard in the common 
 word, "it." 
 
 The simple vowel sounds are represented by dots, dashes, and 
 curves, written in two positions, near the beginning, or end of a 
 consonant stroke, Exs. : I at, . I ait, -I it. 
 
 In the following Table, the vowels are written before the 
 consonant, and therefore read before it ; when written after it, 
 they read after. 
 
 In our arrangement of vowel signs, and vowel places, or 
 positions, care has been taken to give the most convenient signs 
 and position to the most frequently occurring sounds. 
 
 The pupil will do well to commit to memory the eight dis- 
 syllables in following Table, and their corresponding vowel 
 numbers. 
 
 B 
 
18 SIMPLE VOWELS AND DIPHTHONGS. 
 
 
 SIMPLE VOWELS preceding T and M. 
 
 
 Name. 
 
 Vowel 
 andT. 
 
 Vowel 
 audit. 
 
 Words illustratuig the sounds of the Vowels. 
 
 i 
 
 AH 
 
 '( at 
 
 : s om 
 
 am, fat ; calm, father. 
 
 Alarm. 
 
 
 2 
 
 AY 
 
 1 ait 
 
 - 'aim 
 
 CSAor<in)ill,kiss; f Long in) ail, 
 [case. 
 
 Finlay. 
 
 
 8 
 
 EH 
 
 -\ et 
 
 JU, em 
 
 ell, were; ere, where. 
 
 Elsewhere. 
 
 
 4 
 
 EE 
 
 _( eel 
 
 ** 
 
 each, eel, eve, ear. 
 
 Reprieve. 
 
 
 5 
 
 AW 
 
 *| at 
 
 * ^ om 
 
 yon, cot; yawn, caught. 
 
 Onslaught. 
 
 
 6 
 
 UH 
 
 J wt 
 
 -^ urn 
 
 nut, come ; urn, worm. 
 
 Unfurl. 
 
 
 7 
 
 OH 
 
 '(oAt 
 
 ^ofcn 
 
 oat, ode, more, cove. 
 
 Propose. 
 
 
 8 
 
 00 
 
 c! OOt 
 
 ^oom 
 
 good, pull ; food, pool. 
 
 Footstool. 
 
 COMMON DIPHTHONGS preceding 
 
 T. 
 
 I Htfe; OI "1 oit; OW "\out-, U or YOO A trte. 
 
 "/" may be written to any part of a consonant stroke beginning, 
 middle, or end but is generally placed near the middle ; "oi" near the 
 beginning, and "ou" "yoo" near the end of a stroke. 
 
 Exs. I" tie, I*' toy, L tow, j\ Utah. 
 
 REMARKS ON VOWELS. 
 
 The odd numbers in above Table are called First-place vowels; the even 
 numbers, Last-place vowels. 
 
 Dots excepted, a vowel mark is considered to be one-fourth the length of 
 a consonant stroke. 
 
 The simple dash vowels are generally written at a right angle to the 
 consonant, or nearly so. 
 
 Curve and angular vowels must always be written as shewn in the Table; 
 if turned about, then* meaning is altered. 
 
 Vowels should not be written so close as to touch the consonant to which 
 they belong. See Tables. 
 
 In common spelling "I" has two powers, as in fin, fine, but in Phonetic 
 Shorthand the pupil should early notice that the "i" dot (light No. 2) 
 should be written for the vowel in fin, and the curved diphthong for the 
 vowel in fine. 
 
 Although greater facilities are given in British Phonography than in any 
 Shorthand previously published for the exact expression of vowel sounds, 
 yet, owing to the full extent to which the principle of "similar signs for 
 similar sounds" is carried, a lack of precision on the part of the writer, will 
 give the reader little or no inconvenience in this system. As an illustration 
 of this, we may remark, that with the exception of AY (No. 2 long), and a 
 very few words containing long No. 1 , 5 and 8, there is no necessity in 
 ordinary Shorthand to write a vowel sign extra full, or heavy, and ft light 
 mark is most quickly written. 
 
19 
 
 CONSONANTS. 
 
 
 NAME. 
 
 PHONO- 
 
 ORAPH. 
 
 HEARD is 
 
 NAME. 
 
 PHONO- 
 GRAPH. 
 
 HEARD is 
 
 
 K 
 Gay 
 
 t 
 
 Key, cow. 
 Gig. 
 
 "I 
 
 r 
 
 No, know. 
 Own. 
 
 
 P 
 
 \ 
 
 Pay. 
 
 R 
 
 / 
 
 Roar. 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 \ 
 
 Bay. 
 
 L 
 
 / 
 
 Lull. 
 
 
 
 iSH 
 
 "> 
 
 Fish, show. 
 
 S 
 
 j 
 
 Oasis, ices. 
 
 
 
 iZH 
 
 ^ 
 
 Usual. 
 
 eZ 
 
 ) 
 
 Oozes. 
 
 
 
 CHay 
 
 ( 
 
 Church. 
 
 M 
 
 /-^ 
 
 Maim. 
 
 
 
 Jay 
 
 ( 
 
 Judge. 
 
 eMP 
 
 s~* 
 
 Empire. 
 
 
 
 T 
 
 1 
 
 Taught. 
 
 eP 
 
 
 
 Ape. 
 
 
 
 D 
 
 1 
 
 Did. 
 
 eB 
 
 
 
 Ebb. 
 
 
 
 eTH 
 
 ) 
 
 Thigh, breath 
 
 F 
 
 ^_- 
 
 Fife. 
 
 
 
 THe 
 
 > 
 
 Thy, breathe. 
 
 V 
 
 ^. 
 
 Vivid. 
 
 
 SEMI-CONSONANTS. 
 
 
 NAME. 
 
 PHONO- 
 GRAPH. 
 
 HEARD is 
 
 NAME. 
 
 PHONO- 
 GRAPH. 
 
 HEARD IN 
 
 
 iNG 
 
 r 
 
 Singing. 
 
 Way 
 
 7 or - 
 
 We. 
 
 i 
 
 Yay 
 
 /or 
 
 Ye 
 
 H 
 
 7 1 or ^ 
 
 He. 
 
 
 A few letters besides P, B, are provided with second, or 
 idditional signs, viz. : 
 
 
 
 e WH -X So 
 
 KWorQ 
 
 ^ L / ^^^ Z ** 
 
20 REMARKS ON THE CONSONANTS. 
 
 REMARKS ON THE CONSONANTS. 
 
 One eighth of an inch is the best length for learners to write 
 ordinary phonographs. When expertness is obtained, they can 
 be written about one fourth shorter. 
 
 Letters are struck in the most convenient direction, viz., 
 horizontals from left to right, and most of the others from top to 
 bottom; some are struck upwards in accordance with the follow- 
 ing details. 
 
 R. and thin, double-length L maybe written upwards, or down- 
 wards, but when struck upwards, write flatter. // Downwards; 
 ^~. """"" Upwards. * 
 
 Upward W and H must also be written flattish, like upward R 
 and L in preceding paragraph. The direction in which the strokes 
 are written is thus shewn, even when standing alone and unjoined. 
 
 S is written downwards, and thin N and NG upwards when 
 standing alone; when joined to another stroke, either up, or down, 
 thua, -_J ace, jL*; assume, ^^ ask, /" know, 7 f'many, /^( 
 noon. N written thicker, shews the downward motion when 
 standing alone, as f own, ^ any. 
 
 Loop-Y is written like in common writing. W and H with 
 hook at the bottom, are always written upwards; the other signs 
 with hook at the top, always downwards. 
 
 Thick strokes are never written upwards, even in pencil writing. 
 
 Vowel places are counted from the point where a stroke is 
 commenced; they therefore count downwards to a downstroke, 
 upwards to an upstroke, and from left to right to the horizontal 
 signs, thus, A! rash, 4\ rap, > ^_^ unsafe, s*$ " unseam. 
 
 Horizontal eP eB _ eK c are generally used for words 
 with initial vowel followed by one of these consonants, preference 
 being given to the sloping signs when the consonant is initial, as 
 
 -ape, \. pay. I ebb, \" bow, c oak, ^/ key, ~~7 appear, 
 \ pair. c ^" occupy, * keep, ^~V copy. 
 
 Preference is generally given to downward R, L, and N when 
 a vowel precedes, and to the upward form when a vowel follows; 
 thin downward L indicates a preceding and following vowel, 
 
 thus, ' oar, -^~. roe, / ail, - -""""" lay, 7 allow, (^ enemy, 
 
 /""" X-W * /** 
 
 name, C^^, envy i ' nary. 
 
BEMA.BK3 ON CONSONANTS. VOCALIZATION. 21 
 
 S s Z J stroke signs are to be used for words with com- 
 mencing vowel followed by S, Z, or for words with final vowel 
 preceded by S, Z, or for words in which S, or Z is the only stroke 
 consonant: the stroke is also used for forming plurals. Exs. 
 ^J ice, 2/ icy, \/ case, l/'taty, ~/ see, <v^ sees, v' seise, 
 
 mossy, ~ mosses, -^ rosy, ^ or -* * proses. 
 
 , ^ 
 Stroke Z is used for initial Z, except in SjL. zig-zag, as 
 
 The above classes of words excepted, circle S is much oftener 
 used than stroke S. In fact we often write the circle S without 
 its taking up extra -time. For example, ^V JL are 
 
 perhaps even more easily written than \ ^ 
 
 Circle S occurring between two phonographs, takes the most 
 direct, short, and convenient motion, or that which best preserves 
 the form and contour of the characters. It is generally written 
 inside a curve, except in such combinations as ^-fT~i Gossamer^ 
 <~^-^ massive, in which the circle takes the convex side of one 
 of the curves in the word, and the concave side of the other. 
 
 Outlines of only one perpendicular or sloping stroke in depth, 
 generally rest on the line, as M mighty, '*~+ affirm. 
 
 When an outline is two or more strokes in depth, the bottom 
 of the first perpendicular or sloping stroke generally rests on the 
 line, and the other strokes follow, as ^*\>~. Putney, N beach, 
 ^-fr fadeth, ( ^~^. cashier, <f^L relish ^~y\~. ' Margate. 
 
 WH J may be thinned for W -/ when there is a vowel 
 before and after the W, as Js away, or, when found more con- 
 venient than the short, straight W. 
 
 The hook of upward W t-' may be thickened for WH, when 
 an upward form is prefered to ^ as ^_^ or ^ "* whiff. 
 
 In writing a word, the consonant outline, or skeleton is first 
 formed without lifting the pen, and the vowels are afterwards 
 inserted by the following rules. 
 
 VOCALIZATION: 
 
 OB, RULES FOB WRITING AND HEADING VOWELS. 
 
 A vowel written above a horizontal letter, or on the left-hand 
 side of any other, reads before the consonant. This side of a 
 consonant is called the /ore-side, 
 
 Exs.: - v am, * " aim, v_> if, v~~x eve, _~- i up,- 
 -I eat, / err, * ash, ^ us, ^C ounce. 
 
22 VOCALIZATION. ST CIRCLE. 
 
 A vowel written below a horizontal letter, or on the right-hand 
 side of any other (the after -side), reads after such consonant. 
 
 Exs.: ^~> may, , -y. me, ^^^ fee, \_^<, vow, - : o&ey, 
 
 ""s 60 w, I" die, --S r^e, ~>, show J n sigh, /^ knees. 
 
 CIRCLE S at the beginning of a stroke always reads first, 
 no vowel can precede it; a final circle always reads last, no vow- 
 el can follow it. The vowel has thus exactly the same relation 
 to the original stroke stem, as if there were no circle S attached. 
 
 CIRCLE ST. A double-size circle represents ST, and follows 
 the same rules as S-circle. 
 
 Exs. : .( age, \ sage, \ stage, .C" sages, Q stages; 
 
 (^joy, CT joys, (o joist; Q" suggest, ^C no, ^ snow, 
 
 6?* snows; <r~*>' seem, cT^ " steam; ^~^> miss, os mist. 
 Esteem would be written ^4^ > &n & " 7= 1- * 8 *^ e outline for misty. 
 
 To straight signs, circle-<S is written on the most convenient 
 side, generally on the side of the stroke contrary .to that where 
 the intended vowel is to read. 
 
 To a straight sign with commencing hook, or circle, final S is 
 written on the side opposite the initial hook or circle, unless when 
 the same side gives a distinction between two words, as in 
 if cities, ~b seats. Exs.: .\> aids, d- days, -I sit, " stay, 
 
 \- stays, \C spy, 'No spies, &, soapy. 
 
 NOTE. Before horizontal eP, eB, initial circle S is always 
 written on the upper side, as <ii soap, ai - soaps, Q^ sob, 
 a -o sobs. For sek and sq the initial S circle takes the placs of 
 the hook on under side, as o ' seek, o D seeks, a p squeeze. 
 
 VOWEL BETWEEN TWO STROKES. When a vowel occurs between 
 two stroke consonants, if & first-place vowel, write it after the first 
 consonant, thus 1_ tap, ^^ rock; if a last-place, write it 
 before the second stroke, as ( _ tape, /V. rake. 
 
 This rule prevents any ambiguity arising from writing vowels 
 in the corner of an outline; U-> would be very uncertain; the 
 vowel might be taken for a last-place 00 after the D, or a first- 
 place OH before the M, but (X dome, [^<. doom, are quite 
 clear and unmistakeable. 
 
 When the position of the vowel is clearly shewn, and the hand 
 would be saved a backward motion to the beginning of the first 
 consonant, the vowel may be placed before the second consonant, 
 as s " rather than -7-" ~* for laugh, --''' ' life. 
 
 If circle S occur between two strokes, any vowel required to 
 read between the first stroke and the circle S, must be written 
 after the first stroke, as ^^~ risk, ""^ mused. 
 
W AND H HOOKS Y LOOP OUTLINES, ETC. 23 
 
 W and H Hooks, and Y Loop. 
 
 Upward and downward H and W may be reduced to a mere 
 hook when preceding R and L. W takes the ie/i-hand side, 
 H the ricrW-hand side, thus : 
 
 " sj r~* .. n f\ r\ 
 
 tar / c -' ,' wl / / c--- ~"^" S hr / <: " ; hi I I , 
 
 H also precedes downward N, T, D, and sloping P, B, by a 
 hook on ri^Ai-hand side, thus : 
 
 f* hn, P ht, f hd, <X hp, S hb. 
 
 A LOOP in place of an H-hook represents Y. 
 
 Y may precede upward N if the loop is written thick. 
 
 In writing and reading vowels, these hooks and Y-loop follow 
 the same rule as initial circles. 
 
 Exs. : /sir, "/ were, "f her; err" sorrow, < ~~~- worry, 
 
 c-T~ harrow, t?^ yarrow; / sell, ' well, / hell, / yell, 
 
 /p -j 
 
 silly, / hilly, / Willie; 
 
 toallow, crr~~~~~ hollow; r hen, f 3 yon; cf^. sark, 
 '<5^x stark, <-^V_ ioork, c~"X. hark, cf^^York; *f sot, *| hot, 
 3 1 yacht; I said, I head; -\- sappy, ^ happy. 
 If a vowel be required to read before H or W, the separate 
 stroke sign must be used, as T] ahead, t/ or 1^^' aware. 
 
 Remarks on following Outline Exercise. 
 
 LETTEE K. Although c is generally used when there is a 
 preceding vowel, yet to obtain useful distinction between such 
 words as exceed, accede, we use curve l> for words commencing with 
 ac; also V. when vowel A, or AY precedes the k, as v. sack, V. sake. 
 
 FINAL K, P, B. The use of the horizontal sign is not to be 
 strictly followed if x_\ \ give a more convenient joining, thus 
 ,- """TS- rather than ^- for like, and 4\ rap, /N 
 rub, rather than /~ /~~ 
 
 RM, LM. /^ f-~, are preferred to 
 Upward r may however be used for the word -r^ "" ram, 
 to distinguish from ~^. arm. 
 
 After looking over, and studying the words in the following 
 list, the pupil by putting a strip of paper on the printed words, 
 can give himself a good READING Exercise, and by covering the 
 shorthand signs, a good WRITING Exercise. He will have no 
 outlines to unlearn as he gets more advanced in the system, as Go 
 words have been introduced which could be more briefly written 
 by abbreviating rules given in further portion of handbook. 
 
24 OUTLINE EXERCISES. 
 
 OUTLINE EXERCISES, 
 
 Shewing the joining 
 K V - or c 
 
 of Consonants, and the Writing and Reading 
 of Vowels. 
 
 o socks 
 
 KW, or Q i 
 
 ^s - cake 
 
 <-> suck 
 
 ~^) - quiet 
 
 , c. 
 
 ^-A^ cocoa 
 
 o ' seeking 
 
 ~~\_ quick 
 
 ^ -'I~~O calmest 
 
 c *> sickness 
 
 ^ ^^ quaff 
 
 ^ kid 
 
 ^j expiate 
 
 <'' J quinsy 
 
 Vf accedes 
 
 c. ' 
 
 ^-i cozy 
 
 i 
 o m '""& squeams 
 
 C ~7J exceeds 
 
 ^--^ cash 
 
 ^ -1 requisite 
 
 cascade 
 
 ^^carve 
 
 vj-^ bequest 
 
 \^ next 
 
 G V 
 
 p \ or 
 
 + 7 cure 
 
 ^X. gig 
 
 V_C Pipe 
 
 ^/^ carry 
 
 ' V stag 
 
 V_! puppy 
 
 <^~- rock 
 
 v^x v gum 
 
 - > appease 
 
 /__ ark 
 
 v2p gusty 
 
 d pa 88 
 
 \^_ make 
 
 V^/^" guinea 
 
 ^T pastry - Q. 
 
 ' j :. attic 
 
 / 
 
 TU exciting 
 
 ^y gasping 
 V_a : gossip 
 
 )O pasture 
 ^f - pastime 
 
 V-xo schemes 
 3 Vo stocks 
 
 /\r rigging 
 ^ mug 
 
 Np pasty 
 lp upset 
 
 ^7 score 
 
 ^^^\~. league 
 
 Q ^ soups 
 
 v^Z sky 
 
 < ^*~~ ^ roguish 
 
 CN V> gpice 
 
 V_ sack 
 
 """"^^ vagary 
 
 'S suppose 
 
OUTLINE EXERCISES, CONTINUED. 25 
 
 rf~^ Epsom 
 
 SH "^ 
 
 (f^{ search 
 
 C, 
 
 \f \ poem 
 
 ~ > W ^' shame 
 
 {/T China 
 
 \/^ penny 
 
 ""^v/V. shark 
 
 S charm 
 
 \~^ push 
 
 > ^ ' ship 
 
 '~X much 
 
 < 
 
 ^/T happiness 
 
 v shave 
 
 j C 
 
 B \ or 
 
 TTTVr Shakespere 
 
 ^ judge 
 ( 3 
 
 \ i babe 
 
 '"-^ fish 
 
 v jaw 
 
 "C boy 
 
 ^^"""^""^ smash 
 
 C edge 
 
 ^ . base 
 
 "^ sashes 
 
 vL Jewish 
 
 \a baser 
 
 " S V' share 
 
 V-^- jury 
 
 V-^.' beam 
 
 "^v^" 1 sherry 
 
 V^-T)' James 
 
 J both 
 
 ~^ i no< Msed. 
 
 V jokes 
 
 _^ bias 
 
 ZH "> 
 
 e 
 
 )> siege 
 
 * "T baptism 
 
 ~*\^' usury 
 
 ^ pages 
 
 ^^S ruby 
 
 CH C 
 
 '~fa majesty 
 
 j* beseeching 
 
 X etch 
 
 C+- 
 
 1 
 J adage 
 
 > bearings 
 
 choice 
 
 (f^/ juices 
 
 \^/ bearer 
 
 \s\ . charity 
 
 C> juicy 
 
 \/\X' Barbary 
 
 C i/^ cheapness 
 
 iy joyous 
 
 V3 buff 
 
 ^ --4- cheapens 
 
 T 1 
 
 ^ ^ bevy 
 
 J^ such 
 
 r. [^ item 
 
 """* ' above 
 
 -^^j richest 
 
 l^ 1 time 
 
 'i 
 
 'if subsidy 
 
 ' I* 
 
 ^ fetch 
 
 L_^ tough 
 
 ^VT hobnob 
 
 ^ ' achieve 
 
 < jfrV'~' testimony 
 
26 OUTLINE EXERCISES, CONTINUED. 
 
 ' j ' motto 
 
 THe ) 
 
 /" > gnash 
 
 l/^- turf 
 L task 
 tf^*^ tasteless 
 
 * though 
 > / seethe 
 (). this 
 
 ^(3 ofteneet 
 -- / funny 
 N/^ pinnace 
 
 i\ suit 
 
 ^C/ wreathe 
 
 : R /^- 
 
 )* stew 
 
 N /" or f 
 
 </ roar 
 
 b tacit 
 1. testy 
 
 ^( \ nine 
 f ninety 
 
 "T^ 1 rarer 
 /^ arrears 
 
 D I 
 
 . ( inn 
 
 ./- airing 
 
 '1 avidity 
 d- destiny 
 1 -S\_ demurrage 
 
 f~ awning 
 ^( sign 
 6 sunny 
 
 . *? rust 
 ^^)7 rusty 
 
 -'^ 
 
 J^" *" deserving 
 J shadow 
 
 '"O stony 
 C-i- enough 
 
 / hours 
 -- rise 
 
 ^\i redeem 
 
 r knife 
 
 Cft arise 
 
 Y^> sadness 
 
 i^~ ' narrow 
 
 Z_ Arab 
 
 ^1 dividing 
 1 dock 
 
 6^ snack 
 6 snuff 
 
 -/V Rabbi 
 A ^ army 
 
 eTH ) 
 
 6 snap 
 
 <^~-*^' require 
 
 / saith 
 
 6 - ^ snappy 
 
 ^v arch 
 
 ] -' theme 
 
 * v ' sneer 
 
 ^ reach 
 
 ,/ myth 
 j earth 
 
 f, 1 need 
 /Tl. knotty 
 
 <"^ ' restive 
 reserve 
 
 ^\) wreath 
 
 V~- tiny 
 
 < j--'> desirous 
 
OUTLINE EXERCISES, CONTINUED. 27 
 
 ' *7 answer 
 
 ^2* 
 
 S J 'or 
 
 /~ ^ remove 
 
 Yj/P Alleluia 
 
 oy says 
 
 y sore 
 
 ./ ill 
 
 */ cease 
 
 cr"^ sorry 
 
 -< low 
 
 cs ceases 
 
 / /--' sorer 
 
 /-T) alliance 
 
 S/ sizes 
 
 <f^ ? surface 
 
 / Ellis 
 
 J. 
 
 / assizes 
 
 X n- \?* y powers 
 
 -6 
 
 '\/ > . Paris 
 
 b* 
 
 Y*i lime 
 /_> alum 
 
 ai assesses 
 *9/ assessor 
 
 ^^f wrong 
 
 %2^^ slowly 
 
 ^2- Cicero 
 
 ^"*. rowing 
 
 /^ slowness 
 
 ^_S\ assuage 
 
 <(,J> arrive 
 
 o^- ~" slyness 
 
 P 
 
 JV\/O aspersed 
 
 ^^~~ rove 
 
 . I/TS silliness 
 
 V/ Sion 
 
 AY^O rashness 
 
 ^-^ ^live 
 
 gQ seemest 
 
 *~^/T) harshness 
 
 _ alive 
 
 . v^? mercies 
 
 <XJ- relief 
 
 ^ elf 
 
 \~s^f successor 
 
 ^7 mar 
 
 /L elk 
 
 /< system 
 
 ^^/' marry 
 
 / n alike 
 f 
 
 -*~J*: faces 
 
 ^\~ dower 
 
 
 ^o^ pieces 
 
 \^. dowry 
 
 -^/ rule 
 
 Z yor 
 
 y bore 
 \/ burrow 
 
 y^ raUy 
 /^*' early 
 
 -^ owes 
 
 9 
 '^~^ schism 
 
 L / > 
 ^^/ loyal 
 
 A long 
 /- along 
 
 ^/ " zealous 
 V^^ Zion 
 
 f^\ loyalty 
 
 . -""" laying 
 
 /X noisy 
 
28 OUTLINE EXERCISES, CONTINUED. 
 
 M ^-^ 
 
 F ^^ 
 
 WH } or ^ 
 
 . ^ ^/memory 
 
 "^^"l. fifty 
 
 ^x whey 
 
 ', s~ among 
 
 v -**2s five 
 
 CX whist 
 
 <-^- map 
 
 T\ fetch 
 
 ^/-^ whimsey 
 
 <~b amassed 
 
 ^A~s fihn 
 
 J oV*X. whig 
 
 '~ 7Z J amazed 
 
 ^) faith 
 
 ^LLT whipping 
 
 <7 <~\_ smoke . 
 
 ^} fussy 
 
 ^v^ whispere 
 
 tfVC sameness 
 
 T^ affairs 
 
 / whisker 
 
 *, ~^f merrily 
 
 "^f> affixed 
 
 W^ or ? 
 
 *" l_ amidst 
 
 0^9 stuffs 
 
 i 
 c -^*-^ weave 
 
 < ~7 marsh 
 
 // safer 
 
 . 1 widow 
 
 image 
 
 1_J- thief 
 
 t: 
 
 * wages 
 
 '-p >x > America 
 
 ^Vough 
 
 T wing 
 
 *Z~^f moral 
 
 XJ/ sheaf 
 
 -7 weighing 
 
 V~\i time-piece 
 
 ^^- Joseph 
 
 way 
 
 s^~2_^ reaffirm 
 
 V N ^ 
 
 7 
 ^x away 
 
 r >. thumb 
 
 v "'' < ' avow 
 
 ^^7 wake 
 
 ^ - ^ fame 
 
 ^^1 C veto 
 
 ' ; -^ v r awake 
 
 s -i' muffin 
 
 ^ ^ evoke 
 
 O/ wist 
 
 O Smith 
 
 IC' vastness 
 
 ^ - weep 
 
 ^ / smile 
 
 o vicious 
 
 > wiah 
 
 <~v\^. maritime- 
 
 s - ' Venus 
 
 f t winnow cJ ' 
 
 * ^V^ mobbiah 
 
 v revive 
 
 ^-c/ quorum 
 
 /; *<s~~*' rnajdm 
 
 v f 
 
 > ^ selvage 
 
 jj dwelling 
 
29 
 
 NOTE. The hook of initial 
 wished, when followed by M, 
 
 \ downward H may be omitted, if 
 or upward N, NG. 
 
 H . cr^ house 
 
 n \ height 
 
 NG. f\ singing 
 
 O - half 
 
 } hide 
 
 I singer 
 
 ^ hitch 
 
 Y. /: ewe 
 
 -^C ringeth 
 
 ~ harm 
 
 c^ 1 used 
 
 /A longeth 
 
 c^/ hung 
 
 ^. vising 
 
 Q \ saving 
 
 c^~ hoeing 
 
 (1 S^-% humorous 
 
 > / < sowing 
 
 y-^ hanging 
 
 ^S~_ yoke 
 
 "V_^- sinking 
 
 ^ highness 
 
 ^i \ euphony 
 
 S V" passing 
 
 *~ Hugh, hew 
 
 &*^* eulogy 
 
 (.S choosing 
 
 *^ humidness 
 
 <f\( union 
 
 ^"^ y- wrong-doing 
 
 ABBREVIATING RULES. 
 
 By hooking the shorthand signs, initially or finally, or both, 
 and by lengthening or shortening them, &c., additional powers are 
 given to the radical signs, and greater brevity is thus secured, as 
 shewn in the following rules: 
 
 F-hook before upward R and L. 
 
 A large hook on the W, or ?e/t-hand side of upward R and L 
 represents F, and, if thickened, V. Like initial S-circle and 
 W-hook, no vowel can precede this hook. 
 
 Exs.: ^ "^ fore, C**^- vary, (-?-~-^ r folly, 
 (1^~. ferry, C^-^" verify, CZ "" volley. 
 
 If an initial vowel be wanted, the alphabetical F, or V must be 
 written, thus, . y - 
 
 ^-/ afore, >1 aver ^^T : aviary, s= "/ avowal. 
 
 N added by Shortening. 
 
 Halving the length of an ordinary sized phonograph adds N. 
 Exceptions: Signs which, if shortened, would become the half- 
 length letters in the Alphabet on page 19. They are N .^~ , 
 WR 7^-, HR f^, HL f ', also WL 7 :(? represents your.) 
 When N is required after the above exceptional signs, /*" must 
 be used, or half-length R or L may follow, in an opposite direc- 
 tion, a preceding W, or H, as <f kno^on, ( -^f or V7 warn, 
 , <./- or <r7> woollen, ^~^- or ^^ Helen. 
 
30 ABBREVIATING BULKS. 
 
 Vocalization of Signs Shortened to Add N. 
 
 Fore-side vowels read before the stroke just as if no N were 
 added; after-side vowels read after the primary stroke and before 
 the added N. 
 
 Exs: ^J. scan, a sicken, V pain. - upon, J* sawn, >r sudden, 
 i Satan, ' stone, ^T heighten. S. contain, '.j. vanity. 
 
 L added by Lengthening. 
 
 Any ordinary sized consonant, except thick L, if doubled in 
 length, takes the addition of L. 
 
 In vocalizing, the last half of the lengthened sign is considered 
 as the added L-power, and any vowel required to read between 
 the primary sign and the added L, must, if a first-pla.ce one, be 
 written on the after-side of the first half of the lengthened stroke; 
 and if a last-place vowel, on the fore-side of the last half, as 
 
 cool, 3 appal, appeal, 5 ~~~ mall, 
 
 avail, ^^ ^ evil, I -^. temple, *^ usual. 
 
 The vocalization is the same as if the separate L were written, 
 as y coil, J~7 cowl 
 
 Thick L takes R by lengthening, as / allure, j* councillor. 
 
 To make distinctions between words containing the same con- 
 sonants, and thus lessen the dependence upon vowel marks, the 
 following arrangement will be found useful. 
 
 When the final thick L gives a convenient joining, use it when 
 the preceding vowel is a diphthong, or when two vowels precede the 
 final L, as 
 
 ^ -V .^w . ., j 
 
 Xj pole, / pile, y Powel, ^ fall, ^/ file, * -^ fool, 
 
 v "z"y fuel, \ jatt, \^ jewel, ^\ ~^ smell, ^1 smile, ^ --' mill, 
 
 "^y mile, '77 mule, n idol, .1" dial, -J" towel, SK. 
 
 R-Hook. 
 
 Setting aside the hooked signs in the alphabet on p. 19, and 
 the W and H hooks, we add R to a consonant sign by a small 
 commencing hook, the R blending with the stem letter. To straight 
 signs, the R-hook takes the /ore-side, as 
 
 fX ^4. t ' ^ X. *~""7 
 
 V pray, x ^ prove, ' approve, > bridge, \ abridge, 
 
 > 1 utter, I draw, )~ three, = 1 fraud, ^-^ " rumour, ^ mover, 
 ", *> -measure, "; ^ fresher, dec. 
 
 NOTE. In the case of EK c . the small alphabetical hook is 
 enlarged, to add R, as c- ache, c acre, a seek, Q- seeker. 
 
ABBREVIATING HOLES. 31 
 
 L-Hook. 
 
 L is bknded with P, B, K, G and F, by a large initial hook, as 
 CX^ ply, C -. apply, ^^ pleasant, x^__J> blissful, ?r~- blos- 
 soin, <^ able, Qj glee, < < fly. 
 
 The following L-hook signa are occasionally used, generally 
 when the large hook gives a shorter outline, or a better joining 
 than the unhooked lengthened sign, aa 
 
 1 ' ^^~~\ 5 (^ s "7"""^ 
 
 cj_> travel, ( 1 nuptial, L^ formal, -^ rimple. 
 
 R Added to L-Hook Signa 
 
 A sign to which L has already been added by a large initial 
 hook, follows the same rule as the alphabetical thick L, and takes 
 R, rather than a second L, when lengthened, as 
 
 ' \^ blurred, /*) ~" nobler, Q -^ flour, <~^ ^ traveller, 
 
 "I" idfer, CT""^ 1 ^ ampler, \^__ clear, >i^_^_>,, glorify. 
 
 These characters are vocalized exactly like those lengthened to 
 add L, the last half of the sign being considered as the added R. 
 
 Vocalization of R and L-Hook Signs. 
 
 Vowels may be read between the two letters composing these 
 signs by striking the required vowel through the phonograph when 
 a convenient angle is presented. 
 
 When otherwise, intersect the double consonant by a small 
 dash, and join a curve vowel to either end of the dash, and write 
 dot vowels in addition to the dash on the after-aide of phonograph, 
 
 ii- \ r > 
 
 as 4- dear, V, determine, >^ proportion, cL/ develop, 
 *S* court, . jt sure, ^r northern, Xl care, T shall. 
 
 When a vowel has to read between two letters, the hooked 
 double consonants are used only when a much more convenient 
 
 outline is obtained, as ' /> My deo,r air, and d. ^ is much 
 
 *\ 
 
 quicker and more graceful than * -7 These hooked signs, in 
 
 actual practice, rarely require vocalizing, but we have furnished 
 means, if wanted. The above illustrative words do not require 
 vocalizing, the consonant outline being sufficient. 
 
 T and D Hooka 
 
 A final small hook adds T, or D ; generally T to thin CTTBVE8, 
 and D to thick ones. 
 
 In the case of straight down-strokes, T takes the Ze/f-hand side, 
 and D the other. Tip-strokes follow the horizontals for T side. 
 
32 ABBREVIATING ROLES. 
 
 T-HOOK \ \ J J JJj _, . 
 D-HOOK \j\.li I II = _ 
 
 Exs: ^cut, C' jade, ^ East, <J eated, "^> ' theet, ^ note, 
 ~ owned, J. date, \S died, i/ art. c, erred, ~T? abate, 
 - > ebbed, -^P right, , -~"^ led, <-<? wait, 2- ' wade. 
 For HT, HDj I f are generally used, particularly when not 
 joined to another stroke. 
 
 The T-hook may be joined to the beginning of a consonant, thus 
 | tt; this sign thickened on the left-hand of 'the curve iB D. 
 
 Exs: T i tattoo, C T total. J detailed, (, duties, 
 
 ! tidy, ~ tired, ' '/ door, * -7c tallow, y. dallied, 
 
 at turned, ^-- take, J. teoeA, / X) fi^Ae, TL, dated. 
 
 NOTE. The difference between initial T and D hook not being 
 
 sufficiently certain in pencil writing before a thick stroke, initial 
 
 D-hook is seldom written before heavy signs. It is, however, 
 
 useful in a few words before D and G as i > ' | ''Dodo, l^, Didymut, 
 
 **-^-~Z dignify, *^~^_ dogmatic, but. V^_ dog, is usable, if the 
 
 writer prefers stroke D . We write I dale, ,7 tale, rather than 
 
 have forms so near alike as . / 7 Stroke L_ is better than 
 
 """ for tub, &c., but either I or "A^ can be used for Toby, &c. 
 
 Observe from preceding examples, that a T or D-hook, whether 
 initial or final, follows exactly the same rules for vocalization as 
 if the T were circle-S. When initial, no vowel can precede it; and 
 when final, no vowel can follow it: ']. J . must therefore be written 
 for audit, edit; 'J for oddity, and rf ' !"}' for data, ditto. 
 
 NOTE . The ''vowel sign ow is never joined as a vowel: it is 
 always written separately from the consonant, so that it cannot 
 clash with joined curve-T. 
 
 Final Large Hook for TER, DER. 
 
 A final T-hook enlarged represents TER, and a final D-hook 
 enlarged represents DER. The advanced writer occasionally 
 represents THER-E by a large final hook, Exs: 
 
 V Peter, *$ better, J s debtor, ^ Psalter, V) bidder, 
 r \ s >) brother, , older, L/ orator, L/ order, ^~~ ) writer, 
 "^?~ > letter, ___ -^ leader, ^~~ matter, >^ father, 
 (_, own there, ^~\j made their, ^J together, &c. 
 
 These large hooks are like the small T, D-hooks, no vowel can 
 follow them ; oratory must therefore be written and not with 
 the large hook used for orator. 
 
 Vowel u may be written to read between the T and R, by 
 writing it outside the hook, thus s-** nature, -~^~ ( ^)i- lecture. 
 
ABBREVIATING RULES. 33 
 
 Thickenei Hooks-. 
 
 When a D-hook is wanted after a TR, or THR-hook, to form 
 the past tense, avoid the tendency of the circular motion to form 
 a circle instead of a hook, and check the hand by forming a dot- 
 hook, thus ^ bettered, (^J gathered. If prefered, ^V may be 
 used for bettered, but \^> is quicker than ^) for gathered. 
 
 When a D, DR, or THR-hook is added to a thin stroke, the 
 hook may be thickened, thus, & 2> 'seemed. The thickening for 
 D is, however, seldom carried out, 5 5> being quite sufficient in 
 this case. The thickening of the large hook after / ^ and / 
 (which is done without lifting the pen,) gives useful distinctions 
 from words ending in TR, as ''^ matter, *? madder, /" neither. 
 Circle within a Hook, and Final Loops. 
 
 Circle-S can be written within a hook at the beginning of a 
 stroke, but is seldom used within a LARGE initial-book, without 
 
 vowel following the S, except in spl and sfr, as 3* splutter, // 
 splendid, C^V^. spherical, ^< screw, 6 \' spree, < - supper, 
 
 I cider, y swore, R-^ S """' swerve 
 
 Circle-S is written inside a final TR, or DR-hook, but a LOOP 
 is provided to represent S following a, final T, or D-hook, thus, 
 cotters, \ocots; Q) debtors, J debts; ~^& wr iters, <** rites; 
 leaders, ^_ ^ Loads; \5 guiders, v<s guides. 
 
 In the case of AaJ/-length signs, instead of the loop above given, 
 a circle may be written, if preferred, inside a small final T, or D- 
 hook, as u or ^ stands, & strands. 
 
 T-hook may follow a final ds loop; or, large ST circle may fol- 
 low a cZ-hook, for dst, as <f). or b didst. We prefer 'O 
 
 Vowels INDICATED by POSITION of an OUTLINE 
 with respect to the LINE. 
 
 To make distinctions with fewer vowels, between words con- 
 taining the same consonants, strokes are written above, on, and a 
 few throuyh the line, in accordance with the following rules: 
 
 Outlines which represent only one word, and most words with 
 several strokes, rest on the line, as very few long words need 
 distinguishing from others, by vaTiation of position. 
 
 Horizontals, or half-length signs, and any upward character 
 with ^rat-place vowel, (I and 01 included,) are written ABOVE 
 the line; those with Zasi-place vowels, are written ON the line. 
 
 Double- length descendi ^-strokes, with ^rs<-place vowels, 
 rest ON the line; those with fasi-place vowels are written 
 THROUGH the line. 
 
34 . VOWEL INDICATED BY POSITION OF OUTLINE. 
 
 Ordinary length, now-horizontal signs, containing /irsi-place 
 vowels, (No. 3 excepted,) are written ABOVE the line; those con- 
 taining vowel No. 3 and last-place vowels, are writen ON the line. 
 
 Words with OO, YOO, and Oil, may be written THROUGH 
 the line when a useful distinction is thereby obtained, without 
 
 vocalizing, from other words written on the line, as I day, j dew, 
 U^> uttermost, ^~. outermost. 
 
 Ordinary length descending strokes combined with No. 3 vowel, 
 are written on the line because most speakers pronounce long EH, 
 rather than AY, when R follows. As either ./or /may thus be 
 written for air, ere, we prefer to give descerw&'n^-strokes with AY 
 
 and EH the same position, rather than write ./ ....... which would 
 
 put the word pronounced with ay, as ayr. ON the line, and the 
 other pronunciation ehr, ABOVE the line. This arrangement also 
 brings a number of words to the more convenient 2nd, or line 
 position, which words would, otherwise, be written above the line. 
 
 Although personally, we pronounce the class of words including 1 
 fair, where, &c,, with the vowel EH, (No. 3 long,) we write AY, 
 (No. 2 long,) before R in fair, fare, where, same as liefore L in 
 fail, whak, as many people, particularly in the Northern Counties, 
 pronounce the same vowel in both sets of words, without its 
 being influenced by a following R. 
 
 When a word contains two vowels, that in the accented syllable 
 generally rules the position; oppose, would therefore be written 
 above the line, and appease on the line. 
 
 When a word consists of several strokes, the first descending or 
 sloping stroke is written in the specified position. 
 
 In the case of doMe-length descending-strokea, the first-fialf 
 follows the rule for position,- the latter-half being regarded as a 
 second stroke. (See foot of p. 33.) 
 
 The preceding rules for outline positions may be set aside in 
 the case of a few words, as follows: 
 
 A frequently occurring word, irrespective of its vowel, may be 
 written on the line when the the line-position is not needed for 
 any other frequent-void. When two or more frequent-words con- 
 tain the same class (or place) of vowel, the position of one may be 
 
 altered to obtain a useful distinction, thus done, put above the 
 line to avoid' clashing with f down, on the line, when the vowel 
 is not inserted in either word. 
 
 A few words with last-place vowels, are raised above the line* 
 for greater convenience in joiniag them to following words in 
 Phraseography, by the advanced writer. They are in, to, and 
 the pronouns, he, she, we, (ye.) 
 
35 
 
 Words exoepted from Vowel Position rules. 
 
 Done, each, well, (and six already given.) Written ABOVE the line. 
 Ever, iioiy, know, no, men, then. ON 
 
 Came, gave, other, thee, these. THBOUGH 
 
 In the following Table, the Grammalogues, or Sign-words, are 
 arranged alphabetically, followed by the Word-signs, or Logo- 
 graphs which represent them. 
 
 The pupil will become easily familiarised with the following 
 word-signs, most of them being complete outlines, minus vowels. 
 When two forms are given for a word, the first one is oftenest used. 
 
 To assist the memory, note that the sign for IN " ~~" is the final 
 portion of /"" N, and " ' " TO is the beginning part of the letter T. 
 
 TABLE of GRAMMALOGUES, 
 AND WORD-SIGNS, or LOGOGRAPHS. 
 
 A, an 
 about ^> 
 according 
 after ^T~~ 
 all / 
 
 and 
 
 any ,f 
 another 
 
 are 
 
 o 
 aa .... 
 
 awe 
 
 Be \ 
 been N 
 brethren 
 but N, 
 
 Call V 
 
 c 
 
 cannot ... 
 care \^_ 
 character 
 
 come v. 
 came - ^- - 
 could c 
 Dear I 
 did L. 
 do I 
 
 done 
 
 eyes .--. 
 Few ^~*~ 
 first 
 
 for << 
 
 t ' 
 from 
 
 General-ly 
 go 
 
 give-n v_ 
 gave v: 
 God ^ 
 good 
 Had 
 had been 
 
 ' 
 
 had not 
 
 hand 
 
 cc 
 
 happy \ 
 
 a 
 has . 
 
 his a 
 
 have . 
 he _ X ^ 
 her ^ f 
 here / 
 him / v 
 himself / 
 high. 
 
 highly 
 
 <r~ 
 hollow 
 
 holy <-- 
 hope 
 
 how ^ /* 
 hundred /" 
 
 
 eye 
 
 I 
 
 if ^ 
 
 important .... 
 improve-d ,- v 
 
 in .... 
 
36 TABLE OF GRAMMALOGUES, AND WORD-giGNS. 
 
 is o 
 
 one \9 
 
 thank 
 
 Value 
 
 it { 
 
 opportunity. . . 
 
 think ) 
 
 very 
 
 Jesus \ 
 
 or 
 
 that "^> 
 
 Was ^..^ 
 
 Knew f 
 
 other, 1 )... 
 
 the 
 
 water .... 
 
 know, no / 
 
 our.y.- 
 
 their, there / 
 
 <- 7 
 we 
 
 Lord -^^l 
 
 out.i-- 
 
 them, they / 
 
 were / <^~ 
 
 large / 
 
 c 
 
 over , 
 
 thee.) ... 
 
 " 
 
 what .... 
 
 
 J 
 
 
 _ 
 
 Man... 
 men -^ 
 
 owes 
 own 
 
 these . J 
 thing / 
 
 when 
 where .... 
 
 may, me ^ -. 
 
 Part V. 
 
 this J ^ 
 
 whether _X 
 
 
 mv 
 
 perfect - . - 
 
 those 
 
 which \ 
 
 member 
 
 pleasure ; 
 
 though 
 
 9 
 
 while ^/ 
 
 Mr. mere :r-\ 
 
 poor.rv-- 
 
 thousand . \ . . 
 i t ' 
 
 whp < 
 
 more 
 
 principle cv 
 
 to . 
 
 whom c 
 
 might . 
 
 put ^ 
 
 to be . 
 
 whose J 
 
 mind ... 
 
 Remark / 
 
 too, two ( 
 
 why ^ 
 
 Nature ^ 
 
 remarked v 
 
 towards 
 
 wiU / 
 
 nearly 6 
 
 See J 
 
 Under (j 
 
 well 
 
 nor 
 
 shall ! -?V 
 
 unto 3 
 
 with <-^ 
 
 not 
 
 should i 
 
 
 world C 
 
 
 note / 
 
 so 
 
 upon 
 
 would 2. 7 
 
 now. XT 
 
 spirit >> 
 
 upright c_ ^ 
 
 7 r 
 
 Year 
 /i 
 
 Oh!, owe 
 
 spiritual \^ 
 
 us -J- 
 
 yes . . 
 
 of 
 
 sure i' 
 
 use </> 
 
 yet 
 
 off 
 
 Thau ... 
 
 used c/ 1 
 
 you f r 
 
 r 
 
 on . . . . 
 
 then ) 
 
 usual-ly .-\ 
 
 your 7 
 
 n 
 
PREFIXES AND AFFIXES 37 
 
 PREFIXES and AFFIXES. 
 
 By disjoining a part of a word, we indicate another part with- 
 out writing it. The writing of the disjoined portion pretty close 
 to the remainder of the word, denotes its character as a prefix, or 
 an affix. Word-signs may be thus used as prefixes, or affixes. 
 The prefixes con- and com-, and the affixes, -lity, -rity, are most 
 often thus indicated. 
 
 PREFIXES. 
 
 CON- sometimes by kn, as n^ contention, ^-v_-> w confound. 
 
 CON- and also COM-, may be represented by a light dot, or by 
 proximity; also COG- and CUM by proximity. 
 
 Exs. IS- contrary, ~^conscwus, [^ accommodation, j con- 
 comitant, jV~ discontinue, J t-^ 7 discomfort, -- 3 I am confident, 
 
 ^ we are convinced, ^ has committed, -^VZ? recognize, 
 circumnavigator. _o il^~ "^ 'A- 
 
 IN- &c. ~~ joined, as, > 7 insecure, inform, ( or 
 
 ~~t "I"- ~~l ~1 
 
 ^intrench, p intestate, ^indecision, lo-: - interminable, 
 
 ~\& ^'T ~V s" 
 
 J inconstant, *--? incongruity, ^ incompetent, VD income-tax, 
 
 ~~*^ ^introduce, -T^TS intimate , ~~ ri ^ independent. 
 
 When the full N is more convenint than , write it above the 
 line for IN, (same as for AN, EN,) to keep distinct from TIN-, 
 
 when the latter is written by f^ on the line, thus, -7 interred. 
 
 c /~ /^L* *-&- 
 
 wntired, , entailed, . .fr .untilled, ..... enjoined, 
 
 interrupt, G>-^ >, interception, 
 - 
 
 interpreter, t-^-o enterprise, t^, entertain. 
 
 UN- &c. a on, or above the line; or /"ON the line. Exs. 
 ^> unbind, ^j unbound, 9 unobservant, ' ^ unavailing, 
 : i^_^f unfailing, ^-j unfounded, I V ungracious, rX^J/ 
 unbelief, /^ f ~-" undesirable, (, unfair, C^_^-- uncivil, 
 
 (j+imdertake, ^,-or ' T understand;/ L</^~ unconditional, 
 
 /^, ;- uncommunicative, '"L unconcerned, f\D or ^ >^ - 
 
 convinced. The small vowel sign for MW, may be written unjoined, 
 
 a&owe the line for NON-, thus, ""^ non-appearance, ' ^-nonentity. 
 
 The letter N is always used for UN- v/hen followed by circfe-S, 
 or ST, thus /^^ uncertain, / /| unsteady. 
 
 SELF- Circle-S, disjoined, as, o ^-vJ19 self-sacrifice. 
 
38 , AFFIXES, OR TERMINALS. 
 
 AFFIXES. 
 -ALITY, -ARITY, &c. Disjoin the preceding phonograph, as, 
 
 'formality, ' congeniality, \ o instrumentality, \ - 
 popularity, \ Angularity, <H desirability, ~^ ""' | infidelity. 
 
 _ 
 
 -ED. The vowel V dash, thus, ~?' appointed, cK J/ disbanded. 
 It is more convenient, in many words, to write the stroke-D, or 
 hopk-D, than lift the pen to write the dash affix, as ~*j intended, 
 >~v avoided, "$ fitted, &e. ' 
 
 -EDLY. In words in which " / " is used for ~ed, write the 
 
 affix thicker to add -ly, thus, czVo/ distractedly, \^ f unboundedly. 
 
 FICATION. For words ending in -fy, disjoin the F, as, 
 
 glorification, VD justification, -_x qualification. 
 
 -ING. When more convenient than joining /"", the i vowel dot 
 may be used as an affix for -ing, as ^r>. meeting, *V putting, 
 \^^ > dining-room. 
 
 ' -INGLY, or NGLY. f joined, or disjoined, as -t. '*( 
 
 feelingly, ^f wrongly, ]-f. doubtingly, c ~X Ci ^ exactvngly, but 
 write '-^Vj amazingly, rather than lift the pen for ^-7^ s- 
 
 -LY is expressed by lengthening a consonant,' by tha letter L, 
 and also by a small horizontal, or perpendicular tick. Except in 
 the case of a few words, including. V-, greatly, v__^ clearly, (p 
 justly, ^-p . scarcely, the pERPENDlcULAB-tick is used only when 
 preceded by a HOOK. ^ 
 
 Exs. S>_ eagerly, v I readily, I neighbourly, '^~& 
 
 mostly, T mentally,, c*-^ sufficiently, /^ neatly, y> similarly, 
 ">>-7 regularly. ^^ 
 
 -SELF. Q' joined, as, .. thyself, \3^ itself. 
 
 -SELVES. <C-9 joined, or o. disjoined, as oL_P or ) 
 themselves, 1 o yourselves. 
 
 -SHIP. 1 as TJ^ stewardship, / worship. 
 
 TION. "^ or C (chn,) if the latter is better for joining, or for 
 indicating where a vowel is to be read. After eP, eB, eK, 
 
 (half-length SH,) may be struck upwards, , 3 ^ c 3 
 
 not being required for epdr, ebdr, ekdr. 
 
 Exs. ^ oration, J^\ assertion, ^^ < < ^repression, ^-T^ 
 reparation, J_LD deception, J- r dissipation, J_ 2> induction, *-\. 
 
 indication, -^"\ restriction, ^f^~, rustication, V ' i collection, 
 
 it ' > / -s iv,/ . .;^-t 
 
 collocation, a" section, <^ _ occasion, | derision. 
 
REMARKS ON PREFIXES AND AFFIXES. VOWELITIC H, Y, W. 39 
 
 REMARKS on PREFIXES and AFFIXES. 
 
 In rapid writing, contracted prefixes and affixes may often be 
 joined, or in some cases, omitted, without causing ambiguity, as, 
 
 ror C inconvenient, 7* or ^~7> incomplete, * > or 
 , /*-X i, -1 
 
 ~ > accomplish, a circumvention, ^circumstance, consider, 
 
 U, condition, (writing addition ABOVB the line.) 0""\o setf-improve- 
 
 rnent, possibility, Jt disparity, \a prosperity, ^^" or ~^-"^ 
 
 inferiority. In the following, and similar words, by taking the T- 
 hook side for the adjective, and the D-h'ook side for the adverb, 
 the -ly may be implied, thus, ^^ evident, ^~*^>- or v ^ / evidently, 
 * j'wtara<, M or~^ instantly. 
 
 The disjoined tfiefc ED, doe ING, and joined iiefc for LY, should 
 be used only when -ecZ, -ingr, or ty, forms a distinct, independent 
 syllable. 
 
 VOWELITIC REPRESENTATION of H, Y, W. 
 
 Occasionally, it is convenient to omit the alphabetical forms, 
 and drop in one of these letters (after the manner of a vowel,) in 
 the middle of an outline. In the case of H, this is done by the 
 repetition of the vowel sign, thus^^ 1 ^ Tottenham, < ^~* White- 
 haven, ^^^ from Heaven, /'^T 3 neighbourhood. 
 
 For Y, the sign A is used, and v v for W, WH, written to the 
 middle of a stroke for ANY following vowel, as A >' Bunytm, ^-u 
 gradient, ^ ^/^~ million, /\ languish, ' c -^y frequent, 
 
 ^v between, v ^^ or L^-^^ 1 vthich-ever. 
 
 We give below, a complete set of vowelitic Y and W marks 
 which include the exact following vowel, but the representation of 
 Y and W is already so copiously provided for in British Phono- 
 graphy, that the use of these signs is option/ill in English Shorthand, 
 All the signs except > and * are the Y or W-hook in various 
 positions, a perpendicular stroke representing the dof-vowels. 
 ft r\ j ii ,:i 
 
 Y&c., \yat, flyate, \yet, ^lyeet, \yot, ^{yut, \yoht, t\yool. 
 
 W&c., \wat, <)\v>ait, \wet, Jtwet, {wot, jltaut, Iwoht, <.\woot 
 
 UNFREQUENT DIPHTHONGS. . 
 
 Of the following diphthongs, four are monosyllabic, viz., I 
 ahee (yes,) H ayee (aye, ever,) 1 ehee, ->\ uhe&. \A '"I are ueod 
 by some speakers instead of pure AY. 
 
 j ah-Z i_ \ ay-i \ i-ah -^ [ f-ay 
 ( ahee ^| ayee [ ee-ah ^ j ee-ay 
 I thee v| W&M I ee-e ^| ee-i 
 
40 ILLUSTRATIONS OP DIPHTHONGS. 
 
 | aw-i 
 
 0A-? 1 oh-e 
 
 * , 1 
 oh-ee <, oo-i ^.\ oo-e 
 
 \ ee-o <, 
 
 ee-u \ ee-oh 
 
 -f. ee-u (^ u-i ^ 1 u-e 
 
 The separate, single vowel signs, can be written, if preferred, 
 for most of the diphthongs just giveir. In that case, if the vowels 
 occur between two phonographs, the writer will give one vowel to 
 each stroke. If both have to be written to one stroke, write near- 
 est the consonant, the vowel which reads nearest; or, in other 
 
 words, write the vowel which reads last, under, or on the right- 
 hand side of the preceding one. 
 British Phonography gives, by the simple vowels being adapt- 
 ed for joining together, special facilities for forming diphthongal 
 signs, as shewn in the following examples. 
 
 Illustrative WORDS containing DIPHTHONGS. 
 
 
 DIPH- 
 THONGS 
 
 SIMPLE 
 VOWELS 
 
 
 DIPH- 
 THONGS 
 
 SIMPLE 
 VOWELS 
 
 Caiaphas 
 
 ^ 
 
 <4u 
 
 Gruel 
 
 <L 
 
 V 
 
 Solfahing 
 
 C ( 
 
 \__-f 
 
 Theology 
 
 ^^ 
 
 V^~ 
 
 Clayey . 
 
 ^ 
 
 <^' 
 
 Museum 
 
 4 
 
 ^r^> 
 
 Asiatic 
 
 \ 
 
 \. 
 
 Ratio 
 
 4 
 
 ^. 
 
 Re-admit 
 
 <^V^ 
 
 S\^> 
 
 Re-open 
 
 <c+ 
 
 s*~> 
 
 Gladiator 
 
 <L 
 
 <L 
 
 Re-unite 
 
 ^ 
 
 f ** 
 
 Creator 
 
 ) 
 
 v_Jq 
 
 Dewy 
 
 V 
 
 1, 
 
 Re-erect 
 
 ^ 
 
 & 
 
 Fuel 
 
 ^1 
 
 ^1 
 
 Reiteration 
 
 "^ 
 
 -^ 
 
 Dietary 
 
 2^- 
 
 &* 
 
 Coadjutor 
 
 \ 
 
 % 
 
 Violence 
 
 V 
 
 ^ 
 
 Coincident 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^f~ 
 
 Duodecimo 
 
 ^rs 
 
 ' 
 
 Coerce 
 
 \ 
 
 ^ 
 
 Vowel-itic 
 
 y 
 
 Hn 
 
 Coeval 
 
 ^-- 
 
 ^^ 
 
 Iota 
 
 ^1 
 
 ^< 
 
 Ruin 
 
 * 
 
 ^f 
 
 Ohio 
 
 
 V- 
 
JOINED VOWELS; IMPERFECT HOOKS, ETC. 41 
 
 In some words, the writer can use either vowelitic-y, or one of 
 the diphthongs on preceding page, but the former is generally 
 preferable. The diphthongs are used when final, with no conson- 
 
 s-- s- 
 
 ant following, as V^ or \O champion, /*^ or u~^ noto- 
 
 rious, - X^ or -; v^ 1 meridian, \ India, C-^~~~ folio. 
 JOINED INITIAL VOWELS. These are occasionally used to dis- 
 
 tinguish words with similar consonants. 
 x / 
 
 . ah, * ay, eh, . / ee or i. 
 
 Exs. ' Amen, Annie ' Ann, ' annotation, 
 
 - 
 
 notation, amend, ' emend, ' mend, *~^- airy, 
 
 \^~ area, ^^ era, *~\*- issue, /*-/ even, ~^- vain. 
 
 > 
 Curves are not joined initially as vowels, except in the word 
 
 y oft, and ^ in a few words, as ' iron, '**\*^ or 
 
 ^^-) __ P ______ "> ry) 
 
 ironical, r ' irate, " ' iris, "*" ' eye-lid, ^f eye-sight. 
 
 JOINED FINAL VOWELS. U may be joined in /"*"_ new, ^.^ 
 few, and / in such words as, I, dry, dine, J* pine. 
 
 IMPERFECT HOOKS. In some cases, when a hook cannot be 
 perfectly formed, a partial hook will suffice, as, X --* election, 
 \^^-'behave, * ^ pantomime, &c A touch may be given to 
 these hooks, to complete them, when dropping in the vowels, but 
 they are sufficiently legible without any addition. 
 
 Hooks may occasionally be omitted altogether, or added when 
 
 vocalizing, as v^ Scotland, l^a contentment, W advantage, 
 ^ ___ ^ thoughtful, v_i goodness, ^J greatness, [- ^ temper, 
 32-^ wondrous, ( Q^ wonders,) ^ ______ ^ wonderful. 
 
 .SUBSTITUTION OP SIGNS. The signs for the similar sounds ch, 
 ah; j, zh, may occasionally be interchanged to secure a more con- 
 venient joining: thus chn for shn (tion) in the word, ^~"^> 
 vocation, (see affix -tion, p. 38,) zhn for jn in the words / origin, ~*\^'- 
 ~ ~ ' c> 
 
 than write 
 
 January, ~\i^ generous, ~\>^- generation, ' i or y stranger. 
 
 WRITING VOWELS TO CIRCLE S AND ST. When there is a half 
 length consonant preceding a circle and stroke, by writing the 
 vowel by the side of such circle the vowel reads before the S or ST, 
 
 a*, C?~~~*^Q >. Mormonism, ^rS^^ ministry, S^D antagonistic, rather 
 _ ^^^ ^ /o 
 
42 BEST OUTLINES. OMITTED LETTERS, ETC. 
 
 BEST OUTLINES. As a general rule, those outlines should be 
 chosen, which, while free and facile, also allow the writer to 
 express clearly the required vowels. For short, primitive words, 
 outlines should be preferred which, by a simple addition thereto, 
 will represent a more lengthy, derivative word. 
 
 The shortest outlines to the eye, are not always shortest to the 
 Kind* Longer outlines which may be written with more freedom 
 of hand are often preferable. For example, the following outlines, 
 although longer to the eye, are better outlines than the shorter 
 forms given after, as regards facility in vocalizing, and speed in 
 
 writing. Exs. T^^~-.mark, ^~1>> confederate, V^7 Bonhill, 
 \^j recur; c ~\_ ^"0 .^ ^ are the shorter outlines. 
 For the word recur, '7 is not only a better outline than ^ 
 for the primitive word, but it gives a much neater, and more easily 
 
 vocalized outline than ^ or ^' tor recurrence, viz. 
 
 JOINING HALF-LENGTH CONSONANTS. Except in the case of a 
 few unmistakeable combinations, as ^ ~) reception, 
 
 exaction, /r T- v manifest, <\^/* requirement, / Ireland, 
 
 half-length signs should not be joined to full lengths, when the 
 point of junction is not defined by an angle. The separate, full 
 sized letters p n, t n, must therefore be used in the words (, ' 
 cheapen, ^i-. Ashton,ttc. ' ' 
 
 OMITTED LETTERS IN THI MIDDLE OF WORDS. 
 
 K may be omitted after NG, in such words as K , anxious, 
 '<T^ % sanctify, cr-& extinct; also before T-hook in 
 respectful, c ~;i expectation, C. adjective. .. 
 
 G may be omitted after NG, in r^J langour, ^[ language. 
 
 The small s-cwcle being a trifle speedier than the large St-circle, 
 
 \<- 
 it may be used in V postscript, r "~?>v must be, &c. 
 
 W^ --N 
 
 D may be omitted in r handsome, ) friendship, 
 
 kindness, y Grandsire, NO pounds, writing circle instead of 
 loop ds in the last word. The D is often omitted in the speaking 
 of these words, also the P in such words as U-^ damped, in which 
 the thickening of the second stroke, to add p is optional 
 
 NG ADDED BY SHORTENING. The advanced writer may, when 
 N is followed by K, 0, add NG instead of N hy shortening a 
 phonograph. The writing of half a stroke and ^~ is often thus 
 
REMA11KS ON OCTTLIXE8. 43 
 
 saved. Exs. ^ or V^ banker,'^ or V^drinfr, Tor A length. 
 
 The addition of ng rather than n by shortening, can be shewn, if 
 desired, (but is not necessary) by intersecting the shortened 
 
 stroke by a light dash, as ^V or \^_ mangle. 
 
 MP, MB. The tup sign may also represent mb; **Q embitter. 
 
 MEDIAL BACK-HAND CIBCLES. These circles represent S-and- 
 a-hook to the beginning of the following stroke, aa tr dissection, 
 \^^~ dishearten. 
 
 USE or CcBVE-'W. Curve- WK not only available when a vowel 
 precedes it, as, <^<[, awaited, but is also useful when a word, or a 
 part of a word precedes way, aa I out (of the) way, ^^^ f/T^" 
 by way of iUtutration, J by-way, '/ railway, ^-/ causeway. 
 
 WOBDS WITH FINAL -EE. The general rule to write dmvnward 
 R for the final letter, in this class of words, may be set aside in 
 the case of a few words in which downward-r would not give a 
 
 good joining, as ^ thinner, 5>^ strengthener, ^-\>^ pensioner, 
 
 - 
 
 gatherer, (-^y^ furtherer, ff^ dinner, 
 mountaineer, **>- advertiser. In some words ending in -er, 
 
 the downward-r could be used by altering the outline of the prim- 
 itive word,, but it is better to keep the original form, and to join 
 
 upward-r for final -er. Exa. . tattler, \, brawler, 
 
 yQ, plasterer, rather than ^; 1 \^' < ^ 7 ^f In 
 
 common words containing several strokes, the writer can use either 
 the downward or upward final-R. The latter is speedier, the 
 hand descending a stroke leu BELOW the line, thus r ^^_J>^' 
 
 Professor, ( \J^ transpi-re, -j-^' midsummer, /\~!/' Redeemer. 
 \? is written for power, and V ~~^ powerful, V " power of. 
 
 COK-, OB COM- PRKOEDINQ P, B, &c. When one of these 
 syllables precedes P, B, &c., the horizontal fonnis used, con- or 
 com- being considered just as a preceding vowel, but the words 
 with these prefixes are written ON the line for distinction, as 
 
 . . ." &PPty> ^ comply, J combined, ^ .... action, c ' 3 connection. 
 In downstrokes, as well as horizontals, words with con- gener- 
 
44 REMARKS ON OUTLINES, ETC. 
 
 ally take the line, as. ^\.. damnation, L condemnation. 
 
 In the case of two words each containing a first-place vowel, 
 the one with a commencing first-place vowel, takes the first posi- 
 tion, as s_<> adversity, <!_/> diversity. 
 
 INITIAL PER-, &c. The horizontal sign < is sometimes 
 used for this syllable to get useful distinctions, and also to obtain 
 for some words, shorter outlines than P and R would give, as 
 
 <^ ^"^ permit, < \<"^s promote, r^> persecute, ;^> prose- 
 cute; * ? perverter, < r t ~yT~^ r parsimony ^-s^ paragraph. 
 A few words in which <: is preferable to the separate B and R 
 strokes, will be found \inder "B" in the Alphabetical list of 
 Word-outlines, p. 53. 
 
 The alphabetical p-r, b-r, are used in short words such as \/\, 
 park, N/X perch, \/V. Burke, \f\ barge. 
 
 TWO-STROKE OUTLINES ENDING IN -TS, -DS, &c. In this class 
 of words, the final circle may be written on the most handy and 
 graceful side: we would, therefore, write /C\j 'VO notice-d, 
 < X U" <"lD reduce-d, rather than /^ ^3 /3 ^ 
 
 S-P and S-B. The outlines ^ S^ being indicative of a 
 vowel before the stroke, these signs may be used instead of o 
 O when more convenient, as ^^ separate, ^v-r^ submit. 
 Sloping \, is easier than for peu-writing. 
 
 QUADRUPLED EK, sP. In using these horizontal, straight let- 
 ters, those who prefer to write one long, free, dashing stroke, 
 rather than make an angle, may double the sign lengthened to 
 add L, and thereby express an added R, thus 2, or 
 
 O ~ ^secularly, \ 1 particularly^ 1 
 
 popularly. The vocalization is unaltered, as shewn in the first 
 illustration, the last-half of the stroke being considered as the 
 added R. Upward-^ may be made double length and written 
 flatfish, in a few words, to represent LR, as \y. ' pedlar, 
 
 [^-~ ~~" dollar. It is not desirable to write curved hori- 
 zontals more than double-length. 
 
 UPWARD L, LN. Upward L may be differenced from upward- 
 r by extra flatness, as well as extra length ; this keeps the end of 
 the stroke from rising too far above the line. If written flattish, 
 final In may, in a few words, be excepted from the rule against 
 writing thick strokes upwards, as V!^j-: Cattin, /^"^ Newfound- 
 land, 5^_?f fraudulent. 
 
 THICK-N, when preceded by a vowel at the BEGINNING of a 
 word, may be shortened to add n, as, .(^inanition. ^' A nnandale. 
 
INITIAL SS-LOOP, COMPOUND WORDS* ETC. 45 
 
 INITIAL SS-Loop. The Y-loops excepted, any other loop at the 
 beginning of a stroke, represents SS. When standing alone, the 
 writing of the SS-LOOP is commenced on the ri^rfe-hand side, and 
 the downstroke written thick, to keep distinct from the sloping 
 Y-loop, thus (^ SS, Y. Before upward-X, the thickness dis- 
 
 >> S* 
 
 tinguishes Y from SS, as O~ unite, ...... as is not. Th&SS-loop 
 
 is not joined as an almost detached loop to a following stroke, 
 
 ^*. fr* ' being yTc, yf, and v. <2^^ ssk, ssf. Exs. 
 
 .. Q . . his sake, as safe as, i has said, ^has sold, Q is sold. 
 
 Compound Words. 
 
 Before, therefore, therefrom, wherefore, wher,efrom, within, without, 
 
 ^ . I*- <L^ -^ --*> ~t- 
 
 Thereat, thereto, therein, thereon, thereupon, thereof, therewith. 
 
 ? ? 5 y- i i^ \ 
 
 Whereat, whereto, wherein, whereon, whereupon, whereof.wherewith 
 </\ <s* ^- <s ' f ^^- 
 
 Compounds commencing with "Here-," are formed like above 
 " Where -"combinations. 
 
 Positive and Negative Words. 
 
 ^/\ .. 
 
 Although position might distinguish ' | from <^/\ on ruled 
 
 paper, it is best to write the additional syllable for the latter, thus 
 T^\ immortal, -^~~*T~^f immoral, '"A/^- immaterial ; 
 wiite-/^^ \^illeyal, -/^{^ irregularity, ' ^-^ innoxious. 
 
 VOWEL EXHIBITOR. It is sometimes convenient to have a full- 
 length sign, alongside of which to place vowels, or diphthongs, for 
 
 distinctness and certainty of expression. The sign J| can be used, 
 as (I ahoh, \\c Zoo, ,\\t uhoo, &c. The common vowel- words 
 and exclamations are written alone, as Ah, Ah, ah, Ahee, 
 (yes, indeed!) ^ Ayee? Awe, Oh, owe. Oh, oh\ 
 
 VOWEL IX THE LAST SYLLABLK OF "FREEDOM, NATION," &C. 
 
 In these, and similar syllables, Mr. Isaac Pitman prints, in pho- 
 notypy, the vowel sound heard in the first syllable of "ominous,'' 
 our Xo. 5 short '|| , while Mr. Alex. John Ellis, B.A., who has 
 also given much of a very useful life to the study of Phonetics, 
 and the development of Phonotypy, prints the vowel heard in the 
 first syllable of "umbraye," our Xo. 6 short, viz.', >|) . Opinion 
 being thus divided, we would suggest, that in British Phono- 
 graphy, an intermediate vowel be used, by writing above vowel 
 to the middle of the consonant, half-way between Xo. 5 and Xo. 6, 
 
46 ACCENT. CAPITALS. FIGURES. STOPS. 
 
 thus giving neither 7V~- nor >> , but^"V^ freedom, 
 a vowel mid-way between the two pronunciations. The short, 
 inclefiiiate sound in question, may be called "the natural vowel," 
 or ''the demi-vowel." 
 
 MARKING OF ACCENT. This is rarely necessary in Shorthand, 
 but, in the case of words commencing with CON-, when the 
 accent is on this syllable, kn <- can be written, and the dot CON 
 
 when the accent is on the following syllable, as, s^ 1 convert, 
 noun; ^-^ convert, verb; ^ S "~*'V convict, noun; ^> convict, 
 verb. In some words, the difference of the vowel, if inserted, 
 indicates the accent, as < ^s Present (n.), jj* present (v.) 
 ^~~\*produce (n.), *\t produce (v.) 
 
 INITIAL CAPITALS. A small cross above the line shows that 
 the first letter of .the word which follows, is to be a capital. Ini- 
 tials of names are best in longhand. Instead of a cross, the writer 
 can, if preferred, make a stroke parallel to the intended capital, 
 
 * I i I/ V * * 
 
 thus > k~a or . |U-a the Times; ^s\/^-: 
 
 Prof. Penny; I y, or || ;?> Dr. Johnson. 
 
 FIGURES. Arabic numerals stand out best amongst shorthand 
 characters, and are generally preferred, except for high numbers, 
 when phonographs save the writing of a number of cyphers. TH 
 
 )- -through the line representing thousand, write longhand "th." 
 after an ordinal number, as 4th, 15th. Exs. 2 -V =2000; 
 
 20.)-=20,000; 4 fO =400,000; 77^ v" =77,000,000; 
 18 ^~^~~^~ =1800,000,000; 3 -Y -=3000. 
 
 FIGURES FOB TKXTS. Write the No. of chapter above the line, 
 and the verse No. on the line, as, 1 Peter, or "fv* /o &c. 
 
 STOPS are written as usual, except the period, for which a small 
 cross is preferable, , ; : x Some writers use a right-hand, long, 
 sloping stroke /for the end of a sentence, or to separate a ques- 
 tion from an 'answer, some reporters keeping the questions to the 
 left-hand side of the page and the answers to the right-hand side. 
 
 Q I "* 
 
 J* Interrogation; \ Exclamation; = Hyphen; ~~~- Dash, or for 
 
 underlining phonographs to indicate italics. Parenthesis marks 
 should have the ends thickened, thus ( J to avoid clashing with 
 double-length ( j The sign ^ is sometimes used in phono- 
 graphic letter writing to denote a smile, or fun in connection with 
 the remark preceding it. 
 
BKPOBTING MARKS, AND SUGGESTIONS. 47 
 
 SUNDRY REPORTING MARKS. Write a large caret/ \ for an 
 omission in a speech, acci leave space according to its extent A 
 
 capital c/may be written if the voice of the speaker be Inaudible. 
 
 When there is a doubt as to the correct hearing of a word, or 
 sentence, write longhand q for query. 
 
 A croas V^ (consonant size,) implies error; if on the part of 
 the speaker, join circle-s to the last stroke. /C? 
 
 After taking down a few words of a quotation, or passage of 
 Scripture familiar to the writer, a common " >x " may be used 
 for the remainder, excepting the few concluding words, which 
 should be written, to show the length of the quotation. 
 
 Important and leading remarks may be made Conspicuous 
 amongst the other matter, by the common marginal strokes, but 
 
 // following each remark, is more definite and striking. 
 
 'f We may remark here that some writers leave about \ inch of 
 a blank space to indicate the end of a sentence, instead of 
 writing the small x 
 
 Two small crosses x x may he used to denote the completion 
 of the answer to a question; the conclusion of an address, or the 
 end of one of the heads of a discourse. 
 
 In note-taking, an outline, or Phraseograph to which the writer 
 
 f ' *"N 
 
 wishes to refer at leisure, should be (encircled./ Attention 
 
 may thus be directed either to an incorrect outline, inadvertently 
 written, or to a specially good outline, or phrase, used by the 
 write* for the first tune, and of which he should make a memo- 
 randum. 
 
 "THAN" ix PHBASES. The NT added by shortening may be 
 used to represent than in a few common phrases, as c ~^. more 
 (th)an, G""5 ~~*< smaller than, \^ or "b better than, ^, . 
 ijr 'cater than, ^ longer than. 
 
 INITIAL /. The sign n may be lengthened for joining, thus, 
 
 ^ or ^ as in 1 / do, ^- I can, ^) I think, &c. See phraseo- 
 graphs under "7." 
 
 . The outlines and Phraseographs given in this work, are in 
 many cases suggestive examples, upon the basis of which, other 
 combinations can be formed, if desired, for gradual incorporation 
 in the writer's shorthand practice. 
 
 We recommend the student to make himself pretty familiar with 
 the ground-work of the System, before using many contractions. 
 Me can then gradually adopt additional contracted outlines and 
 phraseographs according to his requirements. 
 
48 REMARKS ON THE LIST OF SINGLE-STROKE WORD-SIGNS. 
 
 Remarks on the following extended List of 
 Word-Signs and G-rammalogues. 
 
 The consonantal power of the system obtained by the use of 
 the abbreviating rules is very strikingly exhibited in this table, 
 particularly the advantages derived from the two directions in 
 which certain letters are struck. The choice of either side of 
 straight signs on which to write circle s and st, gives great power 
 and certainty to the writer, enabling him, without fear of mistake, 
 to distinguish many words from each other, independently either 
 of vowels, or position of outline in relation to the line. 
 
 The general rules for writing are, in a very few cases, departed 
 from, to avoid risk of certain words clashing, when unvocalized; 
 for example, downward L for last, loosed, to distinguish, irre- 
 spective of vowels, from the other adjectives, lost, least, containing 
 the same consonants. Instance also upward-R for ARE, and eKD 
 for COULD, the latter, because Vj kd would be too near the half- 
 length sign ^ cannot, with a contrary meaning. 
 
 The following list, which contains many of the words given in 
 the Alphabetical Table, p. 35, but arranged under the Consonant 
 headings, is not intended to be committed to memory. The bulk 
 of the signs being perfect outlines of words, minus the vowels, or 
 dot con-, a few readings and an occasional reference, will, in most 
 cases, make the pupil sufficiently familiar with the various details. 
 If the pupil will take note of the fe IK signs which do NOT contain 
 ALL the consonants in the word, or phrase represented, his writing 
 practice will familiarize him gradually, and almost imperceptibly 
 with the bulk of the other words. 
 
 In addition to single words, a goodly number of short Phrases 
 are given in the list, which will be found very useful in quick 
 writing. 
 
 CONTRACTIONS. "Phr." means, "used for joining in Phrase- 
 ography." "Foe." means vocalize, or insert vowel. 
 
 The position of tho FIRST word in a phrase, rules the position 
 of the one joined to it, but a FlRST-place horizontal, or small word- 
 sign may be raised or dropped half-a-stroke to accommodate the 
 
 t "V^ <^ 
 
 position of the following word, as we go, ^~ we give, 
 
 . ^V^- we gave. 
 
 "To BE, TO BEAR." In these phrases, (under B, p. 49) the "to" 
 is considered as if it were a vowel preceding the horizontal sign; 
 "~~"<o be, < ~~~ to bear. The word "have" in the phrase ~~ have 
 been, is similarly implied. 
 
 Note that THR represents either their, or there, though one word 
 may be given in the following list; and the joined s-circle, either 
 as, or has in the ./?* position, and either is, or his in the lower 
 position. 
 
EXTENDED LIST OF SINGLE-STROKE WOBD-8IGNS. 49 
 
 Extended Consonantal List of Single Stroke 
 Word-Signs, and Phrase-Signs; 
 Most of the Strokes becoming "Word-Signs, or Phrase- 
 Signs simply by the Omission of Vowels. 
 
 N.B. The Shorthand si^ns are written smaller than usual, owing to the 
 closeness of the letter-press tines. 
 The first words in the lines are written in the first position unless preceded 
 by 2 to indicate the 2nd position ; 3 means 3rd position. 
 A few two-stroke outlines are inserted to show distinctions between words 
 containing the same consonants. 
 
 K 
 kp 
 
 to 
 
 fc 
 
 c, 
 
 c- 3 
 c- 3 
 
 <r 
 
 cr 9 
 
 c^ 
 
 e-> 
 
 e- 
 <^> 
 
 Co. , 2 come, 3 came 
 Cos., cause, 2 case 
 cannot, 2 count 
 cried, 2 cared, court [come 
 sky, 2 h-as come, sake, S is 
 scant, scanned, 2 consequent 
 EXAMPLE, 2 ache, c ~ T: exam- 
 act, 2 could, wicked [plea 
 action, 2 connection 
 across, 2 acres, accrues 
 According-to, 2 accrued [ed 
 account, 1 -*" second, 2 sickeu- 
 QUITE, acquit, 2 quit 
 quantity, 2 queen 
 acquaint, 2 quaint 
 equal-ly, a sequel 
 has equalled, 2 is equal to 
 GO, ago, 2 give, 3 gave 
 God, 2 good, ^J guide 
 gather, 2 give their, gutter 
 agreed, 2 great, grade 
 2 PAY, ^ 2 put, 3 compute 
 point, pint, 2 paint [pound 
 penned, pined, 2 pained, 
 pled, 2 played, plead, 3 plough- 
 plot, plight, 2 plate [ed 
 planned, 2 planed, complain- 
 plant, 2 plaintiff, plaint [cd 
 part, 2 pray, 3 poor 
 pride, 2 prayed, 3 proud 
 special, 2 spirit, speak 
 spoil, 2 spiritual 
 has paid, 2 speed, 8 is paid 
 2 happy, S 2 happy to 
 happened, happen to. 
 
 eP 
 
 
 
 (-, 
 
 <-> 
 
 HOPE, 2 up, hopes 
 oppose, 2 appease, compose 
 hope to, 8 up to, compete 
 open, or ~T 2 _ upon 
 opened, 2 compound 
 appoint 
 appeal, 2 compel, compile 
 applied, 2 complied, complete 
 2 complaint, compliant 
 perfect, per, 2 upper, compare 
 perfectly, parliament, 2 April 
 opportunity, 2 upright 
 BY, boy, 2 be, bay, 8 bow 
 ban, 2 been, bane, \. boon 
 by all, ball, 2 bill ' 
 bled, 2 bleed, blood 
 blot, blight, 2 bleat 
 braw, 2 British 
 brawn, bran, 2 brain, brown 
 habit, "v 2 had been 
 EBB, to be, 2 obey 
 abase, 2 abuse 
 abet, abbot, 2 nbont, abate 
 have been, 2 combine 
 able to, or - . -j 
 to bear, 2 bear (bar hi Pkr. ) 
 bora, 2 burn 
 h-as to be, 2 is to be 
 as is to be 
 SHE, 2 should, 3 issue, or < 
 she had, 2 shut, sheet 
 she will, 2 shall, orN [ioned 
 sha'nt, shall not, 2 commiss- 
 2 sure, share, ">/ assure 
 short, 2 shared, ~V assured 
 
 f> 
 
 B 
 \ 
 
 <X 
 <\ 
 
 <N 
 
 S 
 eB 
 
 _c 
 
 ^2 
 
 c. 
 
 Q_ 
 d_ 
 
 SH 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 \ 
 ^ 
 
 1* 
 
 ^ 
 
 So 
 
 P 
 
 i 
 \o 
 
 % 
 
 <-\j 
 
 s 
 
 <\ 
 
 % 
 
 5 
 
 ^ 
 
 s, 
 
60 BXTJSNDHD UgT O* S1KGLK-STBOKB WOBD-SIGHS. Continued. 
 
 ZH 
 
 2 That; to ease / TH 
 
 TH 
 
 HATH, 2 thing, 3 thousand 
 
 ^ 
 
 that had, 2 that would 
 
 
 thank, 2 think, thin 
 
 ~S 
 
 2 that will, usual-ly 
 
 \ 
 
 author, 2 three, 8 through 
 
 ^ 
 
 2 pleasure , 
 
 V 
 
 throat, 2 third, 3 throughout 
 
 OH 
 
 EACH, 2 which, ^ which win 
 
 / 
 
 thrall, 2 through all [Sthee 
 
 C 
 
 each had, 2 which would 
 
 \ 
 
 THOUGH, thy, 2 them, they, 
 
 c 
 
 chairman, 2 chain 
 
 a 
 
 those, 2 this, thus, 3 these 
 
 
 chair, 2 church 
 
 M 
 
 than, thine, 2 then 
 
 J 
 
 JOY, 2 Jesus, age, 2 Jew 
 
 / 
 
 though all, 2 they wfl] [are 
 
 c 
 
 general-ly, Join, 2 June 
 
 
 
 either, they were, 2 there, they 
 
 c 
 
 joined, joint, gent, 2 agent 
 
 *' 
 
 therein, thsir own 
 
 T 
 
 AT, ought, 2 it, 3 out [his 
 
 ^i 
 
 2 there will 
 
 J 
 I 
 
 at his, 2 it is, teas-e, 2 out (of) 
 oats, 2 its, eats, 3 outs 
 
 N 
 
 they had, 2 they would 
 ON,/i fi 2 no, know, 8 now 
 
 J, 
 
 at it, 2 it ought, 8 out (of) it 
 
 '^X 
 
 not night, 2 note, nett 
 
 J 
 
 at its, 2 to its, 3 out (of) its 
 
 
 neither, 2 know there 
 
 
 ought to, 2 it would 
 
 ? 
 
 enter, 2 nature, /^ hunter 
 
 
 ought there, 2 out (of) their 
 
 ^L 
 
 entered, /^*** 2 natured 
 
 J t 
 
 ought not (to) 
 
 ^~ 
 
 only, 2 null, nfll 
 
 J 
 
 at all, 2 it will (tell in Phr.) 
 
 ^_ 
 
 nor, honor, 2 near, / 7 inner 
 
 
 sty, stow, 2 stay, 8 stew 
 
 <*\__ 
 
 nor will, 2 nearly 
 
 P f 
 
 sight, 2 sit, seat, 3 *tewp 
 
 x-"> 
 
 h-as no, snow, 2 is no, son 
 
 r 
 
 2 state. .{?' .^ ^f* p>) 
 
 O 
 .^ 
 
 has not, sent, 2 is not, saint 
 
 D, 
 
 DIE, add, 2 do, day, 8 due 
 
 v 
 
 as is only, ^unite, 2 unit 
 
 j 
 
 dies, 2 does, days, 3 dues 
 
 r 
 
 X 
 
 OWN, 2 any, inn 
 
 b 
 
 adds, odds, 2 do his, aids 
 
 C 
 
 owned, hand, or C" ; 2 end 
 
 J 
 
 audit, 2 edit, debt, 8 doubt 
 
 
 anon-ymous-ly; ^unanimons- 
 
 Jl 
 
 daughter, 2 debtor, 3 doubter 
 
 /^ 
 
 enhance, 2 announce [ly 
 
 LI 
 
 auditor, 2 editor 
 
 
 sign, (T.) 2 gun, sane 
 
 
 added, died, 2 did, deed 
 
 
 signed, 2 sound, (send in Phr.) 
 
 1 
 
 done, dawn, 2 down, din 
 
 
 yon; ^yonder; ^ hind 
 
 J. 
 
 do not, 2 did not, insert i J. 
 
 
 OR, ore, 2 remark, 3 h-our 
 
 1 
 
 idol, dole, 2 dull, deal 
 
 J 
 
 ores, 2 airs, ears, 3 h-ours. 
 
 l_ 
 
 die, 2 deliver ^ 
 
 J 
 
 arose, 2 remarks, 3 arouse 
 
 J- 
 
 delight, 2 delivered, adult 
 
 \J 
 
 art, 2 remarked 
 
 p ' 
 
 Or, draw, 2 dear, 2 during 
 
 J 
 
 order, or there, ordered 
 
 1 
 
 sad, side, 2 said, seed, 3 sued 
 
 ' 
 
 earn, voe. 2 our own 
 
 f 
 
 sadden, 2 sudden 
 
 6 
 
 earned, 2 around 
 
 1 
 
 has done, 2 is done 
 
 7 p 
 
 i-as our, 2 is our 
 
 ? 
 
 h-as to do, 1 is to do 
 
 
 
 Sire, 2 sir, 3 sour, newer 
 
 
 h-as said, 2 is said 
 
 z 
 
 strode, 2 strayed, 3 strewed 
 
 r 
 
 had, 2 head, heed, 8 how do 
 
 ?^ 
 
 strong, 2 strain 
 
 r 
 
 bad done, 2 hidden 
 
 t 
 
 strand, 2 strained 
 
 C 
 
 had to, 2 headed, 3 how did 
 
 /^ 
 
 star, store, 2 stir, stair 
 
 /> 
 
 had not 
 
 *Sg 
 
 tart, 2 Stuart 
 
 f 
 
 you do, f you do not 
 
 ^ 
 
 stored, 2 stirred, 3 steward 
 
EXTENDED LIST 0? SINGLE-STROKE WOBD-SIGKb. CoKtinwd. 51 
 
 7 
 
 S) 
 
 where, war, 2 were (see wAr). 
 
 7 
 
 y 
 
 2 till it. / tiU its 
 
 I 
 
 where there, warder, 2 were 
 
 6 
 
 2 till there 
 
 "1 
 
 swore, 2 swear, as were [there 
 
 L 
 
 LAW, Ite, 2 Lord, lay, 3 lieu 
 
 I 
 
 her, higher, 2 hear, 8 how are 
 
 ' 
 
 let, light, 2 late 
 
 4 
 
 hers, horse, 2 here is 
 
 """^ 
 
 latter, letter, 2 later 
 
 
 heart, 2 hurt 
 
 o 
 
 ladder, 2 leader 
 
 c 
 
 hard, 2 heard, haired 
 
 _-*' 
 
 last, lest, 2 least, list 
 
 f 
 
 tire, tore, 2 tear, tare, 3 tour 
 
 a~-^> 
 
 has let, slight, 2 is late, slate 
 
 7 
 
 door, 2 dare, >o 2 durst 
 
 - 
 
 we will, wallow, 2 will 
 
 "' 
 
 WRITE, wrote, 2 rate, 3 root 
 
 e^~^> 
 
 we let, wallet, 2 will not 
 
 -^ 
 
 rider, redder, 2 reader, 3 ruder 
 
 c--"7 
 
 Walter, 2 will there [win 
 
 7 
 
 are not, rent. ^> 2 round 
 
 e""~ 
 
 he will, hollow, 2 holy, how 
 
 O' 
 
 straw, 2 stray 
 
 ^ "7 
 
 follow, folly, 2 fellow, fully 
 
 C5 
 
 starry, story. CT storied 
 
 / 
 
 ALLEY, ally, 2 allow 
 
 O-7 
 
 strait, 2 street, straight 
 
 / / 
 
 2 allow it. j 2 allow its 
 
 t 
 
 w* are, wiry, 2 were, weary 
 
 9 u 
 
 2 allow their ff 
 
 i^ 
 
 we arc not, 2 were not; or %* 
 
 /> 
 
 h-as allowed. 6 2 as is allowed 
 
 *^ 
 
 where, *-<? where there 
 
 /V 
 
 sally, sallow, 2 silly, sully 
 
 
 her, Harry, 2 how are, hurry 
 
 / / 
 
 highly, hallow, 2 hilly 
 
 C""^ 
 
 horrid, 2 hurried 
 
 / 
 
 wily, 2 Willie, woolly 
 
 C-- 
 
 for, fore, fire, 2 fear, fair 
 
 / 
 
 tally, tallow, 2 to allow 
 
 (-'"> 
 
 fort, fired, 2 feared, fared 
 
 S 
 
 SO, saw, 2 us, see 
 
 L 
 
 ALL, oil, S large, ill, 3 owl 
 
 
 assign, sign (n) 2 soon, sin, seen 
 
 / 
 
 else, oils, 2 ills, ails 
 
 ^/. 
 
 assail, 2 eoul [(son in Phr. ) 
 
 c/. 
 
 all iiU, liios, 2 loose 
 
 cJ 
 
 asset, sighed, 2 East, 3 oust 
 
 C7 
 
 last, 2 loosed 
 
 <J 
 
 assigned, assent, 2 sinned 
 
 / 
 
 all had, old, 2 ailed, /Lord 
 
 z 
 
 EYES, owes, 2 Israel, 3 whose 
 
 6 
 
 all their, older, 2 elder 
 
 ^; 
 
 ozone, zone 
 
 / 
 
 alone, line, 2 lane, lean 
 
 y 
 
 2 zeal, easily, or J. 
 
 &, 
 
 land, lend, 2 leaned 
 
 M 
 
 AH, my, 2 may, me 
 
 9 
 
 all our, 2 allure 
 
 
 might, met, 2 meet, mate 
 
 
 
 as all, slow, 2 slay, ?. slam 
 
 ^ 
 
 man, mine, 2 men, mean 
 
 / 
 
 soil, sell, 2 sail, seal 
 
 * v 
 
 more, 2 Mr., mere 
 
 P 
 
 slower, 2 slur 
 
 *"* 
 
 more than, morn, 
 
 /I 
 
 solar, 2 sailor, [slid 
 
 = " 
 
 2 merely. e "& 2 more or less 
 
 P 
 
 as old, slowed, slide, 2 solid, 
 
 <r^ 
 
 some, as my, 2 same, seem 
 
 C 
 
 sold, 2 sailed, sealed 
 
 tf >. 
 
 small, smell. ^"^ smile 
 
 m 
 
 well, wall, 2 will, 3 wool 
 
 m> 
 
 IMPOKTANT-ce, 2 improYB-d 
 
 I 
 
 wild, walled, 2 willed, world 
 
 
 impossible, 2 impose 
 
 I 
 
 wilder, 2 will there 
 
 -^ *\ 
 
 impel, 2 impale 
 
 ?* 
 
 as well, 2 as will, swell 
 
 ^^ 
 
 employ, ample, 2 humble 
 
 r 
 
 hall, w-hole, 2 hell, heal 
 
 (j^^X 
 
 employer, ampler, 2 humbler 
 
 j\ 
 
 halt, (f halter 
 
 -^^ 
 
 embed, 2 impede 
 
 C 
 
 holder, whole of their 
 
 (^^^ 
 
 member. _--*^ remember 
 
 f 
 
 tall, toil, 2 tell, till, 3 tool 
 
 p 
 
 OF, 2 if, fee. <-few 
 
 
 told, 2 tilled, tailed 
 
 ^ 
 
 of his, office, 2 if his, free 
 
52 EXTENDED UST OF SEKJLB-STBOKJ! WOHD-SIGN8. Continued. 
 
 v_? 
 
 ^> 
 
 C--- 
 
 ^ 
 
 w/ 
 St-S 
 
 after, fi^ht, 2 fate, fife [ter 
 of then-, father, 2 if there, fit- 
 fault, felt, 2 filled 
 falter, 2 feel there, filter 
 flatter, 2 flutter. C M/ flattery 
 from, 2 free, "~~f offer 
 2 freely, frail 
 HAVE, 2 eve, view 
 heaven, 2 vain. **' even 
 have all, avail, 2 evil, vale 
 value 
 very, every, 2 ever 
 very well, 2 ever will 
 WHY, 2 whether, whey 
 why had, 2 why would 
 why there, 2 whether there 
 when, whine, 2 whin 
 when there 
 while, 2 why will, whale 
 WHY. J) also 
 what, white, 2 whit 
 whiter, why there, 2 whithar 
 WE, 2 with, wee 
 was, wise, 2 with his ~ 
 was to, 2 waste or 
 we had, 2 wait, wit 
 water, 2 waiter 
 
 I 7 
 Z 
 
 Y/- 
 
 oT 
 
 c 
 
 
 ^ 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 c/ 1 
 
 / 
 
 WOE, 2 way, woo 
 woes, 2 ways, would his 
 we would, wide, 2 would, 
 2 away. J 2 await [weighed 
 wine, wan, 2 one, win 
 want, went, 2 wind [Phr.) 
 YE, yesterday, 2 yea (you in 
 yet, 2 you ought 
 ytes, 2 use, verb. & used 
 ye had, 2 I you had 
 ye, 2 you, (joined, to "^^tus.) 
 2youth/^ yoath(f)ul$ youths 
 2 use, noun. &^ use of 
 HE, 2 how. jr*- Hugh, or /I 
 he has, 2 how is, house 
 he has to, 2 baste, hissed 
 HIGH, hoe, 2 how, hay 
 high as, hose, 2 how is. (house 
 host, 2 housed [in Phr.) 
 HE, <* he is. c he bad 
 
 w / 
 
 t^> 
 
 w 
 
 Nora. Above downward he, with- 
 out hook, is used only alone, or when 
 commencing a phrase, when its 1st 
 position, in addition to its thinness 
 keeps it distinct from / you. When 
 /* is not available, ^ Is provided for 
 he when a downward f orta is required 
 in a Phrase, 
 
 RBMAKKS. The reader will notice the omission of the word o/in some of 
 the short phrases hi preceding list : other unimportant words may be omitted 
 in rapid writing, and occasionally, the omission may be indicated by writing 
 the words closer together. Exs. (r- it would (haw) been, J^ body 
 (and) mind, ? one (or) two, ^ two (or) three, ?-& one (of the) 
 mostf^ ^ plan (of the) campaign, ^^^ delivery (of the) lecture, 
 
 Xk^> 
 After the manner of the words given in the following list which may be 
 contracted, in lectures on special subjects other contractions may be extem- 
 porised. The beginning part of a long word will often suggest the remaining 
 portion of both ordinary and technical words, as ; \^-' introduc- 
 tory! b J^^K disinterested-ness; ~ ; o* observation; 
 Q . 'T ^~^ ^f attraction of gravitation; ^-^ 
 ^wva^__Z> chemical; ' ^-^3 ; ^~-x / ' chemical 
 analysis; j j 1 > j ^ double decomposition, &o. 
 
VOCABULARY OF t'SEFOL WORDS, AND BEST OUTLINES. 63 
 
 Vocabulary of many Useful Words; with 
 
 Best Outlines to represent them. 
 
 Some of the FULL outlines maybe CONTRACTED; 
 
 generally, by OMITTING- the MIDDLE, or LATTER- 
 
 PART of the WORDS. In the cases referred to, 
 
 letters which may be omitted are enclosed in ( ). 
 
 Abandoned 
 
 A S. 
 
 arranaremeut ^^ I beyond ( __ 
 
 abbettor "-"* 
 
 ascertain J^ 
 
 boisterous ff 
 
 abundant "^ 
 
 assemble(ly) ^~ 
 
 book-binder N -v) 
 
 abstin(ence) r 
 
 assignation ^\ 
 
 book-seller ^Vry 1 
 
 acknowledge *"" Q 
 
 assignment *> 
 
 botanical [ - 
 
 activity c ^\ 
 adjournment Cr> 
 
 association x \. 
 Atlantic ^ 
 
 burglar Q^ 
 burlesque ^^^ 
 
 administered "TJ 
 
 attentive 4^-^ 
 
 butter O 
 
 administrator n*|j 
 
 augmentation ^^ 
 
 c 
 
 administratrix ^1 
 
 B 
 
 Cabinet) V f 9 
 
 afternoon ^^ t *r 
 afterwards ^~^ V^p 
 agriculture >^J5 
 
 Bankrupt ^ 
 bankruptc>' ^ i 
 banter J 
 
 calv(iui8m) ^-~^S^^ 
 calender ^7 - 
 
 H 
 
 candidature .. .) 
 
 altogether \3 t, 
 
 barbaric ^~V^- 
 
 1 * 
 
 candlestick L 
 
 amanuensis ^ 
 
 barbarisin * if~\ 
 
 cap(able) V^___J~ 
 
 ancient ^ 
 
 barbarity \ 
 
 cap(tain) V ^ 
 
 angle " / \_ 
 
 barbarise v> 
 
 capital v 1. 
 
 ante-christian Sf 
 
 barbarous *J 
 
 carnal ^/^ 
 
 antichristiau v^,, 
 
 bar-keeper ^^-^_1 
 
 V 
 
 catholic) J 
 
 apartment ^ 
 
 behind 
 
 Catholicism v->' 
 
 applicable) * 
 arbiter ^ 
 
 belong \f 
 benign n f, 
 
 V J~^ 
 
 caution T , 
 
 certainly 6^ or V 
 
 archbishop V^ 
 
 benignity |. 
 
 certainty 6\ or ir \ 
 
 architecture '"^O 
 
 benefactor ~~^O 
 
 certificate if ^ 
 
 aristocracy Q* J 
 
 benevolence <~* 
 
 chair <rr^j 
 
54 VOCABULARY OP USEFUL WOKD3, AND BEST OUTLINES. Continued. 
 
 champagne ~ > W 
 
 condensation Jl" 
 
 counterfeit ^ ^ 
 
 chapter * } 
 
 C -r* 
 
 characterised v > 
 
 conference ^x_P 
 confinement ^- k ^ 
 
 counter-man V 
 countryman v^j-""*^ 
 
 <LO 
 
 characteristic 
 
 conscience ' ~& 
 
 covenanter ^ 
 
 cherish C r V. 
 
 ^ Av * 
 
 circle 6 \ * g 
 
 conscientious ^^ 
 consen-ative ,<S^~^_, 
 
 criminal v^ yf en-- 
 cross-examine xo ^^ 
 
 circumscription Q___^ 
 circumspect <j> 
 
 conservator .<J^"^ 
 considerable 1 
 
 [also ^- for ^D ] 
 
 *~ I ^"~*~t 
 cultivator V _ 
 
 
 consideration ( 
 
 custody ^~P : 
 
 collapse >, 
 l Ia 
 
 coUege V... 
 
 consistent ^>-? 
 consistency *^&' 
 
 cylinder ?/ 
 
 D 
 
 , I 
 
 colony \OX-T 
 
 Colonel ^j 
 
 consign ^ 
 consonant y C 
 
 L 
 
 Dangerously ) '<,,* 
 
 debenture L * 
 I 
 
 combination -^ 
 
 constabulary 'X^ 
 
 Decem(ber) <|--N 
 
 comfortable *^* 
 
 consternation ft 
 
 declared A 
 
 commandment ^< > ~ s 
 
 con strain t-ed -O^> X. 
 
 defaulter ^>4_-? 
 
 commendation Vf^ 
 
 constriction /L-2 
 
 defen(dant) (. 
 
 commerce L 
 
 construction O\^ 
 
 defl(ciency) [_s)__S 
 
 commercial A. 
 A 
 
 continental l/^f ^ iJ' 
 
 degeneration L^^t 
 
 commiserate J^c> 
 
 I 7 
 
 conthigency f ,.' 
 
 delightful ^ ^ 
 
 commissioner ' "~\^*^ 
 
 eontmual _ ^^ 
 
 delinquent PJ 
 
 commit | 
 
 contraction V, 
 
 demonstrate l*ry" 
 
 committee 1 . 
 
 contradiction (j 
 
 demonstrator VTS 
 
 commonly v<-- 
 
 contrary 1-^ 
 
 denomination & 
 
 communion v /" 
 
 contribution L-^ 
 
 department) J ^ 
 
 communication ry -? 
 
 controversy i_^ 
 
 dependant L 
 
 commute ..f.... 
 
 co-operation v> ^-> > 
 
 derange t>. 
 
 compendium v<7^ ^ 
 
 corner V^ y / 
 
 derogatary ,v_^"- 
 
 competitor ^~j 
 
 7 ' 
 correction ^^-^ 
 
 describe A 
 
 concernedly 2, or 'j 
 
 corrupt-ion Q ^ V ) 
 
 designation t 
 
 concerning r~ or ^ 
 
 cotton-market ^v->XC 
 
 detestation O~N 
 
 concession ^ 
 
 countenance v^O 
 
 Deuteronomy l?_^ 
 
VOCABULARY OP USEFUL WORDS, AND BEST OUTLINES Continued. 55 
 
 devel(op ment)J>_ o 
 
 embankment v^-j 
 
 extraordinary) w \s^/ 
 
 difficult 1 > 
 digestion \fc 
 
 embellish T ^-^ 
 embodiment 3 U^ 
 
 extrava(gant) l^_. 
 extremely / '~ f. 
 
 dignity ;J. 
 
 embroider '^O . ^^ 
 
 exemplary < 'f~~ f ^*^' 
 
 dilapidation L- 
 
 embroil ^V wv * 
 
 extinction < 6^ 
 
 disappointment J-j- 
 discharge) u 
 
 encounter ^f^ 
 endorse >J 
 
 extinguished c D V 
 P 
 
 dissimilar <J-S 
 dissatisfaction L ' 
 
 English ^. 
 
 enlarge " u 
 
 Faithful-ly ^ 
 familiar v ) 
 
 distinction ^ d? <H 
 
 enlightenment " ^ 
 
 furtherance ^ * 
 
 distinguish-ed <T~ 07 
 1 O 
 distinguishable J* 
 
 enliven C 
 enrich '((. 
 
 fastidious \y< 
 fictitious ^V 
 
 divine-ity J_^ {. 
 doctrine L 
 
 enthusiasm) < J*- 
 entire y . '" **^ 
 
 finan(cial) U>" 
 foreigner / 
 
 domestic '"'~"& v _ 
 
 entirety (r\. 
 
 forswear ( -^? 
 
 1 
 
 *S*^\ 
 
 
 double L 
 
 entreaty ' "' 
 
 fortune ( ^^'~ 
 
 doubtful 4. , 
 
 enunciate ^ n 
 
 fortunately L/ V <*" 
 
 doubtless \r 
 
 episcopalian ""^ rj 
 
 franchise ^, ''r 
 
 downwards L 
 
 espe(cial-ly) -- / v ^ 
 
 Frenchman (^ 
 
 1 / 
 drilled ^ 
 
 essential >> 
 
 friendship ! 
 
 duchess I 
 
 i 
 esta(bUsh) -^L ... 
 
 frustrate < ^f 
 
 ducal ** j - 
 
 evangel(ical) ^ 
 
 fundamental) rp 
 
 S~\l 
 
 E 
 
 everlasting ^ . ^ 
 
 furnish-er cs* ? ^"^\ 
 
 Earldom / 
 
 examination c *~X 
 
 furniture (**. 
 
 Eastern ) 
 
 excellency ^J^ 
 
 Q 
 
 Easterly J 
 
 exche(quer) ^_ 
 
 Genealogy Vi ' " 
 
 Eastward ' J . 
 
 excommunication -^ 
 
 genuuie /^ 
 
 < -1 
 
 ecclesiastic al) o/ 
 
 economical r-^ N 
 
 executor ^^-^ 
 executrix c ~ 
 
 gloriously _J/ 
 
 efficacy V / ' 
 
 explanation J^ 
 
 God-head ^: <n- 
 
 efficieucy 'X-^ 
 
 extinguish) c ~" t$ \v > 
 
 governor ^~*rf </>- 
 
 elastic-ity fc Cl^f 
 
 extra c< | 
 
 government v, ., ^-o 
 
56 VOCABULARY OF USEFUL WOBDS, AND BEST OTJTUNES. Continued. 
 
 graceful ^-^____X 
 
 imitate j. 
 
 indefa(tigable) ^H 
 
 grandchild 7 
 
 imitator Jy 
 
 indemnity \r\ ^-~ 
 
 grandson t>*^ 
 
 immediately >,j 
 
 ~i,''' 
 indenture vJ" 
 
 TT 
 
 grander 
 
 impediment ^--v-, 
 
 independence 
 
 grandeur ^/ 
 gunpowder Viv 
 gun-shot ^ v 
 
 immorality - v x"**" 
 
 immortality *~*? /' 
 
 'TV: 
 impenitence ' to 
 
 indescriba(ble) j> ^ 
 indictment C , 
 indigestible it 
 
 H 
 
 imperfect *" 
 
 indignation ^ 
 
 Habitation ^k 
 harden c^ 
 
 imperfectly *"~* " 
 imperturbable '^ 
 
 indiscrimi(nately) J 
 indirectly "T^ 
 
 headlong [> 
 
 P 
 
 heedlessness'l^ r, 
 
 imp(ortance) ^ 
 impossible) '^*~" 
 
 individual *^j 
 industry J^ 
 
 healthful-ly - \ 
 
 impound <> 
 
 infer f-^ 
 
 henceforth J^O 
 
 impracti(cable)^^ 
 
 inference ' 
 
 highness 
 
 impregn(able) <: 7^ Tj 
 
 influence) C^ v 
 
 highlander 
 
 impression 'T^i 
 
 influences) (__^ ' 
 
 hindrance ' 
 
 imprint . "f^. 
 
 ^7/~ 
 
 influential) - X *-^ 
 
 hobby-horse =^ 
 
 .^~ s~*\. 
 
 imprison f^t, /n- o 
 
 information ?T \ 
 
 homely ' ^ 
 
 improba(ble) v.''^__ 
 
 "X **. 
 
 inhabit i \ 
 
 , ^s* _ 
 
 ^_. 
 
 lP 
 
 horrible & 
 
 impropriety e ' N \'irV 
 
 inheritor 
 
 horseman <A 
 
 improvident <!?"* ^-^ 
 
 iniquities '" 
 
 hostess j 
 **zfl 
 
 incapa(ble) s j__^ 
 
 iniquitous <j ' 
 
 hotel 
 
 incarnation T. ^ 1L 
 
 initial 1 ^. 
 
 householder Q - <V" 
 
 incident "* 
 
 insensibly 
 
 humanity 
 
 inclination * 
 
 insign(L6cant) ^ 
 
 hypocrisy ^_^X- 
 
 income *>- 
 
 inspect ^> 
 
 I 
 
 inconsiderate { 
 
 institute j/. 
 
 Identical V" 
 
 inconsistent i7 
 
 instruction \ 
 
 ignore S 
 
 iBcontrover(tible) i_x__ 
 
 insubordination) "^~ i 
 
 r% sn A 
 
 ignorance ^. 
 
 incumbent V 
 
 insurance 
 
 illegality /^^i*. 
 
 incur ^~ 
 
 innuudation > 
 
 imagination ' ^ 
 
 indeed V" 
 
 intelligence 
 
VOCABULARY OF USEFUL WORDS, AND BEST OUTLINES. Continued. 57 
 
 intelligent ~^ 
 
 larger than /"^ 
 
 main-land '~1 
 
 intelligible \ 
 
 latitudinarian x^ 4^ 
 
 magazine *^ 
 
 intellect-ual ^> ^y 
 
 lavender -^ 
 
 maintainable ^ "' 
 
 intemp(erance) ""'""^ 
 
 laundry j 
 
 malignant ' x' 
 
 intercommunication 
 
 learned CP.; h ^ ^ 
 
 manager C or ' 
 
 interested ~~ x i- </,. 
 
 learnedly /I 
 
 Manchester C? 
 
 intereste(d)ness """'""^ 
 
 learner h 
 
 manner / c,- 
 
 introduction) V^ 
 irrespectively) ^\_^, 
 
 .X^^U 
 left-handed X, 1 
 
 legislate J 
 
 manslaughter ^" 
 manual jy 
 
 J ^ 
 
 legislation -^'^^Vo 
 
 manufactory 
 
 January ~V^^ 
 
 legislator -'''^^---""7 
 
 manufacture-r 
 
 Jaundice J 
 
 legislature - Vo 
 
 manu(script) <_ 
 
 Jehovah C- - 
 
 lesson -~~~( 
 
 Marquis ^ * 
 
 Jerusalem V> 
 
 lieuten(ant) -^ 
 
 mathematical) /-i 
 
 Join(t)-stock v 
 
 linen ^y. 
 
 matronly ' ^L 
 
 journal \f 
 
 linguist /^ 
 
 mature / 
 
 judgment Vo 
 
 literary ^~**~^ 
 
 maturity | or 
 
 judicious C-^ 
 
 litcnuure ^^**^ 
 
 mechanical) ^^ 
 
 junfor C 
 jurisd(iction) V ^ 
 
 little X 1 
 London ^ 
 
 mechanism ^~ 
 mediation 1 
 
 jurisprudence; C 
 
 L ^ 
 
 Lamentations A 
 
 longest r\ f ~. (r> ' fo 
 
 longitudinal j^. 
 longsuffering < cr' 
 
 mediator t' 
 
 meditate L 
 
 '"1 
 
 meditation v 
 
 landlord / /t 
 ts' 
 
 Lordship /^ 
 
 '^15 
 
 melancholy v__ 
 
 landlady 
 
 luxuriant x^ 3^ 
 
 merciful - s' 
 
 landscape ^ 
 languidness rv ' 
 
 lunacy /. 
 lunatic ^ 
 
 message ' 
 messenger ) 
 
 languish f\^ 
 lanteni * 
 
 1 
 luncheon 4^ 
 
 M 
 
 Hi 
 
 Metb(odist-ical) / 
 ^ b 
 Methodism <T*~> ^ 
 
 largely // 
 
 Magistrate (a-^ 
 
 metropolis ^~i 
 
 largeness // ,/^ j 
 
 magnanimously) ^_^ 
 
 metropolitan -^~2- -j 
 
 larger +^~ 
 
 magnifi(cent) '' ^"^i? 
 
 military - ~<i 
 
58 VOCABULABY OF USEFUL WORDS, AND BJ5ST OUTLINES. Continued. 
 
 mindful **"' 
 
 nonsensical / 
 
 overcome ^~. 
 
 minutely A 
 
 \^ 
 Northern C* 
 
 overreach c \ 
 
 minute-book - / Vc - 
 
 notification i* ' 
 
 P 
 
 mis-apply " *\ 
 
 notwithstanding r 
 
 Painful ^^ 
 
 miscellaneous < 
 
 nourishment C S ^r 
 
 parallel / 
 
 ) 
 
 misde(raeanor) ~* ' \~^/- 
 
 number-less f 
 
 parliamentary; 
 
 misrepre(8ent-ation)^/^ 
 
 numerously f~ 
 
 partake r ^_ 
 
 mistaken *^^- 
 
 nutritious '71 
 
 partaker ^^_ 
 
 -~P 
 moderately '"~D 
 
 \ \ 
 
 parted \ 
 
 moderation ^^ -tor 
 
 Object-ion _*.. ^ 
 
 partial-ly 
 
 modern 
 
 objectively ^^__--'- 
 
 partiality ' " 
 
 modified ? 
 
 objector 1 
 
 participator ^ 
 
 modification ' 
 
 oblong "^ 
 
 particle \ 
 
 Monday I . 
 
 obnoxious ^ 
 
 particularize <Sv ' 
 
 monopolistic ^ ^~- obseif e-d) ""^ /*"" 
 
 particularly N ' 
 
 monument 'T*^ observance 
 
 partisanship J? 
 rv. i 
 
 morning < rv ^ ' ^ observation) ~" 
 o 
 
 partition ^ 
 
 mortify <r ^* " 
 
 obstacle > 
 
 
 mortga(ge) ^-r 
 
 obstinately C) 
 
 party-spirit *^*V 
 
 multiplication ^-^ 
 
 obtainable 
 
 partnership ^" ' 
 
 multitude *" T" 
 
 October) ^^ ''X 
 
 peculiar V, 
 
 l/ 
 mushroom " ^ 
 
 oil y or ' 
 
 peculiarity ^< 1 
 
 muslin '~^*l. 
 
 operative J ' 
 
 people \ 
 
 N 
 
 orderliness Hr-^ 
 
 perceptible) <-*-* 
 
 National f^j 
 
 ordinary 
 
 perfection) !~~~~^-^ 
 
 natural-ly / '/~ > i^-^' 
 
 organize J 
 
 perfectness .. 
 
 necessary (^ 
 
 organization 
 
 perform l t/^ 
 
 neutral ' 
 
 orthod(oxy) ( J 
 
 periodical v\- 
 
 nevertheless /^~" 
 
 original ^/^ 
 
 periodically ^^ 
 
 nominated i -L 
 
 ostentation A 
 
 perpeud(icular) X. 
 
 noncoufor(m)ity 
 
 outline 
 
 t-v > 
 
 perpetual) /-> 
 
 non-commissioned ^ 
 
 outlandish -P 
 
 personification <&^~ 
 
VOCABULARY OP USEFUL WOBDS, AND BEST OUTLINES. Continued. 59 
 
 perspio(uous-ness) S* 
 
 prolongation y-r 
 
 remarkable /' __ L 
 
 persuade T 
 
 pronunciation <S~\ 
 
 remembrance . ^ 
 
 persuasion ^ 
 
 protestant ^y 
 
 reply ^"^, 
 
 persuasive *^__^. 
 
 providen(tial) V- L_^ 
 
 repre(sent) --^ c 
 
 perturbation ^"^ 
 
 public) \ -s 
 
 repugn(auce) -^~^\j^ 
 
 phonography >--~^ 
 
 publication N - ^j~"^ 
 
 resignation -^"^ 
 
 phraseogram ^^ 
 
 Q 
 
 respect(ful-ly) *"i*__^ 
 
 plaint(ifF) rx<s ' 
 
 Quarrel ^-*sf 
 
 responsible) --^o 
 
 platf(orm) <-y 
 
 quarterly ^T/*2- 
 
 restore "/ 
 
 r *- 
 
 plenteous T 5 
 
 p 
 question ' 
 
 restrain --^ 
 
 plentiful <^__^ 
 
 quickly > 
 
 resurrection) *^^ \ 
 
 politeness X^-**"" 1 ^ 
 \ 
 
 quotation c *- 
 
 retire ^-^/ 
 
 political S ^ \ 
 
 R 
 
 retribution " ^^ 
 
 JS >^ 
 politician CT \^-^x^ 
 
 Rambler ^~*^ 
 
 return -^*-" 
 
 poorly <N. 
 
 ransom "" 
 
 revenue sS***"^ 
 
 population \ ^ 
 
 recognizance ^Jt 
 
 Reverend ^*~* 
 
 possible ^ 
 
 recommendation "*l 
 
 ridiculous /\ ' 
 
 posterity o*l 
 
 reference ^-^-* 
 
 righteously } 
 
 practice) PN '~ ^"^ 
 
 refinement /*~^* 
 
 ^li 
 
 right-hand side n \ 
 
 practices) ^ 
 
 reformation) ^-^ t 
 
 rupture Xj 
 
 practical) V. 
 
 reformer -^ c ^~ 
 
 S 
 
 prejud(ice) ( y 
 
 regeneration *"''/ 
 
 Sacrament ^-^a 
 
 preliminary) rN \ . 
 
 regul(ar) ^\^ 
 
 sacredly Vj- *" ^-j 
 
 prerogat(ive) t>v ^'V_x 
 
 regular(ly) -^\^_^ 
 
 sacredness *^- V^* 
 
 presbyt(erian) >.. 
 
 regularity -^i 
 
 sanctioned ^ 4~L 
 
 preservation) f ^y^~^ 
 
 regulator X \ 1 ^ 
 
 satisfied b__? 
 
 prince ^ 
 
 relation -^ 
 
 Saturday f/1 . 
 
 principles) '^ft- 
 printer y 
 
 relatively (*^ ' 
 relieve ^C^- 
 
 Saviour Q~~f 
 scarceness /" 
 
 proba(ble) ^X T 
 professional V_^y^ 
 
 relinquish 'r\ "" *4* 
 remainder /j 
 
 Ob 
 
 scepticism) v s? 
 scholar ^y , 
 
 prolonged x^/-' 
 
 remanded A 
 
 second-hand 
 
60 VOCABUL ART OP USEFUL WORDS, AND BE8T OUTLINES. Continued. 
 
 seclude cr~ > 
 
 student f 
 
 telegraph J 
 
 secrecy O 
 
 stupendous ~? 
 
 ^^ 1 ^ 
 
 temperance society I J 
 
 secretary <^ 
 
 subject-ion ^ V, 
 
 temporary ( ^ 
 
 secularity / 
 
 p 
 subscri(ption) V 
 
 temporal *~*</r 
 
 seldom s 
 
 ^. ' N 
 
 subsequent \^ 
 
 tendency ^r 
 
 selection f^> 
 
 subservient) ^y^*~ > 
 
 tenement *^ 
 
 selfish ' 
 
 
 term-ination \ ^ U> 
 
 self-mt(erest) 
 sensation Ji 
 sensibility <^\ 
 
 .. T- 
 successor ^a^/ 
 suggestion to 
 
 testamentary <7>> 
 testator b <v~ 0} 
 
 J xk 
 
 testatrix 0\ 
 ^^e \ ., 
 
 several ^ -'"' 
 
 superabundance e "~* 
 
 testimony C7V 
 
 shareholder ^ 
 
 superintendent ^T, 
 
 thanksgiving V^y 
 
 
 c 
 
 \ 
 
 sharply < \ 
 
 superstition ^jy^ 
 
 thankful Y^~ * 
 
 shipwreck ~\__. 
 
 supplant C, 
 
 Thursday J 
 
 signature V-v^~ > 
 
 supplement o O 
 
 y I 
 
 tillage / 
 
 signification vJ 
 
 supply o 
 
 timber l^-^cv 
 
 single -^v_ 
 singul(ar) v 
 
 support e 7 
 supposition ^ 
 
 title j 
 tolerable U^- 
 
 sisterhood G/ 
 
 surrounded ^j 
 
 tonight 
 
 n 
 
 slander , 
 
 susceptible) -^i_ 
 
 torment \o 
 
 soldier O or y 
 
 suspect Q-^\ 
 
 touch V, 
 
 something ) 
 
 suspend o/ 
 
 tradition U, 
 
 sometimes a > D 
 
 sustentation a ^ 1 
 
 transaction v~^ ^ v_^ 
 
 somewhat a i^> 
 
 systematize '^j' 
 
 transgression V ^ 
 
 splendour 
 
 T L 
 
 transferable c^- 
 
 splinter ^ 
 
 Tabernacle ^v 
 
 transform CX N 
 
 squalor ^~y 
 
 table I 
 
 transplant v 
 
 /e 
 
 stagnation ^ 
 
 tailor 7 
 
 transportation * N 
 
 standard [, ^<^> 
 
 L 
 
 tantamount 
 
 transubstan(tiation) <N^ 
 
 straigh(t)forward 
 
 teacher \ 
 
 5\ 
 triangular C" 
 
 strangely ( 
 
 teetotaler y 
 
 trinitarian r 
 
 q ^ 
 
 stubborn ^ 
 
 / 1 
 
 teetotalism / <^ ^ 
 
 truthful V. 
 
VOCABULARY OP USEFUL WORDS, AND BEST OUTLINE. Continued. 61 
 
 tyrannical l\^ 
 
 utilitarian ^, *- 
 
 whatev(er) ^^^ 
 
 u 
 
 V 
 
 whatsoev(er) *^N ' 
 
 Ultimately C^ 
 
 Valetudinarian +^ 
 
 whensoev(er) 
 
 unable to f*> 
 
 validity ( ^\ 
 
 wheresoever <* > 
 
 unanimity ^| 
 
 valor ***f 
 
 Whitsunday ^ 
 
 unconsidcred ' ** 
 
 valuation ^~^ 
 
 1 r> 
 
 wholesome J~^ 
 
 unconstitutional *^^" 
 
 valuator "*i 
 
 wholly L 
 
 ___ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 V^ 
 
 unexampled) <"*" 
 
 variation *"*^ 
 
 widen ess 
 
 unfavourable C <-X_ 
 
 variously ^-^ 
 
 wilderness \Jr^ 
 
 unifor(m)ity ^^\ 
 
 vendor O ^ 
 
 wisdom f^y~^ 
 
 uninterrupted) ^~ 
 
 venturesome ^""^ 
 
 witness *^r 
 
 univer(8al) ^y 
 
 verdict ^^** 
 
 whosoever ^^/ 
 
 unlimited ' f-^ 
 
 verdure 
 
 wickedly < *" "- *~~\ 
 xo ' 
 
 unsatisfactory /(f"""" 
 uncriptur(al) * 
 uaseason(able) ( ' _ 
 
 vestige ' v. 
 vinegar 
 
 w 
 
 wickedness * .< \^ 
 woodland 1j 
 worthless ^ ] 
 
 until y 
 
 Wagon t^~ 
 
 Y ' 
 
 untimely r*^ 
 
 waiters -a 
 
 Yard C 
 
 unwarrantable J^J : 
 
 waitress *?*i 
 
 yarn r 
 
 unwisely ' */ 
 
 wanted \, 
 
 yeoman 
 
 unworthily VI 
 
 warning *^^ 
 
 yesterday jXj --- 
 
 uproar <-~ 
 
 warrantor 1^) 
 
 Yorkshire e^\s^. 
 
 urgently 4. 
 
 wedding r 
 
 younger (th)an /^_ 
 
 V 
 useful ^x t! ^ " 
 
 Wednesday \ 
 
 youngish C. 
 
 uti(lity) p ..--'",! 
 
 weekly ' 
 
 youngster ^j 
 
 CJontractions for Titles, Companies, &c. 
 
 The beginning part of a word is generally sufficient, and it may be joined 
 
 to, written near to, or may intersect the following word. / Exs. V -Y 
 
 V7 ^ ' 
 Bishop of London, \ K> Bishop of Manchester, ^\ Archbishop 
 
 C ^^ 
 
 of Canterbury, \- ^ Captain Cook, ^^c- General BraeXen, 
 
 ^*~~~[^> Professor of Elocution, Q_^^l Philosophical Society, 
 
 C*<~^ Forth British Railway Coy., &c. 
 
62 WOBDS COMPOSED OF THE SAME CONSONANTS. 
 
 WORDS with SIMILAR CONSONANTS, DIF- 
 FERENCED by OUTLINE, POSITION, or VOWEL, 
 arranged under their FIRST stroke-consonant, 
 excepting some words commencing with CON- or 
 COM-. 
 
 NOTE. When the SECOND or LINE position is too crowded, other 
 words with vowel EH besides those mentioned on page 34 may be 
 put in the FIKST position. . 
 
 The vowels which are imderlined, should be inserted. 
 
 K, eK, KW. 
 
 ^~f Accede, ' | exceed, ^ > Accept, ' ' except, < ^"^ excep- 
 tion, e v^ expiation. ~ ^~~^ or ^""^^ Expression, f \^- expiration. 
 < 9 or "~ V, Actors,' * actress, \^ actuaries, ^_j""^ coteries, 
 
 Is3 cutters. ^ Corn, * ? acorn. Sr Color, V_ cooler, S, cholera. 
 
 1 / . V . , 
 
 /"'* Command, 2 commend, comment, . o communed. Accordance. 
 
 ^^ n 
 
 ^-* credence. I Extract, c ~~ l ' extricate. Character, 2 crater; 
 
 ^Lft Creator, V^***" criteria, 2 creature, V^/*? curator, Sr carter. 
 
 ^ . Calico, V^^ colic, Vt clock. c Acclaim, v^ claim, 
 
 V^^^ column. V^-^ carriage, ^- Courage.^ * V_ Achromatic, ^"\_^ 
 
 chromatic.^ Across, ** cross, S- curse, >^ caress, Accord, 
 
 2 accrued, concord, <r ~t occurred. ^$_> or ^ Sacred, ^ succoured, 
 ^ scoured, (7 secret. %y Consequently, secondly. ?*> Consequence, 
 (r sequence. C ~~^ > Acquittance, 2 qxuttauce, ** f* quietness. 
 
 G. 
 
 c /*? ^- 
 
 V_ Gunner, v_^~ gunnerj'. *** Grant, v ^-/ granite. ^ Grantee, 
 
 V^xj guarantee. V-j Garden, Vx guardian. \a^\ Exaltation, 
 2 exultation, or y 1 ^-j^ Eagerness, greatness. 
 
WORDS WITH SIMILAR CONSONANTS. 
 
 P and eP. 
 
 I Apposite, ' opposite, 3 composite. Apposition, 
 
 opposition, - f composition. >^ Position, ^ possession, (s-cirele as 
 in \a*/ possess.) " Aptness, |^o pettiness, ^, pittance, - j, 
 
 competence. J Appetite, ^ potato, ^x- Patron, "^ pattern. ^> 
 
 - \ \ 
 
 Petition, 3 computation, ^ competition. K __ Apathetic, J 
 
 pathetic. \S~ Halfpenny, \/~ penny, or _____ (accom)pany, 
 
 - * company. ( Opinion, -r companion, \. pinion. / Opener, 
 
 Ok , *, _3 ' v ' 
 
 J pioneer, V^ penury. Option, V^ passion, ' compassion. 
 
 Passionate, v^ patient. ^ Place, ( \o please, \^ peals, 
 appeals, X' palace, 2 police, \r' policy. ^ Placed, < ~^O 
 
 pleased, y placid, \^l pellucid, -^c' palsied. V Apology, 
 
 \r\ - r 
 
 pillage, / pledge, - - Appellation, - , compilation, 
 
 C ^ completion, - D compulsion. ^^ Planet, j plenty, ^ 
 opulent. 2 or v^ Parse, \^ peruse, ^7 pursue, \^ piracy. > o 
 Propose, "^ purpose, ^j perhaps. o Appropriate, t . prop- 
 erty, ^V propriety, e ? purport. \- Appropriation, r \__^ 
 preparation. \_ ^ Proportioned, * - N/ ^-3 proportionate. ' or 
 V^Approbation, \_^> probation, \^^ prohibition. f ^^ Pertness, 
 
 2 uprightness, ]^, prettiness, Jj pretence. Appearance. <\y^> 
 
 \ ^ "V "> 
 
 poorness, \ pureness. Parts, to avoid clashing with price and prize; 
 
 2 praise, prgss; \> or "overpress; ^ oppress; apprize, appraj^e, 
 
 2 comprize, comprgss. ^ Oppression ; ^ apportion, ^"^ portion, 
 
 2 compression, "^ operation, apparition, \^ Prussian, / 
 
 / Persian. 1 Parish, 2 Prussia, 3 poorish, ^) perish. /^ Persia. 
 
 Jf Parson, 2 prison; person, 2 comparison; ' ^ Parsonage, 
 
 ' o v personage; ' * Personate, <> present, r VL presentee. ^^ 
 
64 WORDS WITH SIMILAR CONSONANTS. 
 
 Operative, 2 comparative, 'jr Parterre, ^-> parter, 
 
 operator, ^?* aperture. ^ Portend, ' N ^ ) pretend, 
 
 . c - <, 
 
 imate, \ f~s proximate. C or ______ Apprehend, <__, or c-, com- 
 
 prehend. VI Predication, \* prediction, |j production. > * 
 ^T. ^""""* ^ 
 
 Preferred, _j? proffered. ' N/ Perspire, )* prosper. ^~*^ Prominence, 
 
 2 pre-eminence, < ^r permanence. N/ or \ Separate-ly, ^> support, 
 
 suppurate. V Separation, & --- ^ suppression. < \^> Sparse, 
 spurious, ^^/ conspiracy, c o suppress, \> su(r)prize. 
 
 N. Happily, ^ haply. \^^ Peerless, ^/ perilous, 2 powerless. 
 \ f^ ef 
 
 B and eB. 
 
 ^f Bestow, o boast, ""* Absence, 2 obeisance, il business, 
 baseness. ^"J Betray, O better. ^ Abstract, ' "* obstruct. 
 
 ^c-^ Balsam, Sf~^ blossom, v) or J Birth, ] breath, y 
 
 ^^-r^~ / a 
 
 Briber, >\ bribery. ~~~o ' Obsoleteness, A^-Q absoluteness. 
 
 s ^~ ^ 
 
 ~" Born, 2 burn, v" barren, V^ or 4 barony. or *""* Baronet, 
 
 '"V^ brunette, c, Burned, brined, 2 browned, g Bared, V^ buried, 
 ^ broad, 2 bred. I Britain, <X V_ Brittany, ^) Brittania,^ ' Barton, 
 2 Burton, v^ baritone. ^ Abberration, ^ abortion, abrasion. 
 
 'X Broil, V-Y barrel, 2 burial; f Barley, Vf barilla. \^o 
 Brilliance, \O brilliancy, y Brewer, t \S' brewery, V^ borrower, 
 
 ' >^ bearer. 
 
 SH. 
 
 Shortness, 2 sureness, ** assurance. V"^ or j Assuredly, 
 
 J shrewdly, or " Shortly, \. surely. . Shortened, 
 
 cxl. 1 
 
 U shorthand. 
 
 GK 
 
 Gentleman, 2 gentlemen. Generals, _x genius, 2 C agency. 
 / ^ ' > / ^- * 
 
 \l genus. *" Gently, ^ genteel, 7 gentile. ( Agile, 
 
WORDS WITH SIMILAR CONSONANTS. 65 
 
 T, or conT. 
 
 .Hr* Attempt, 2 tempt. I Attack,^- talk, 2 take, Stock. Test, 
 tossed, toast, 2 taste, ^ attest, p tacit, *J tejrty, 2 tasty. Attested, 
 
 ^ tested. 1^7 Tenor, / tenure. Y~\ Continuity, y\ tenuity. Y*- 
 Attenuation, 2 continuation, " attention, 2 tension. V~\ Continued, 
 S* contained. " Treble, lx^~ terrible. **> Tarty, 2 'treaty, or II 
 or J , the latter being preferable. When the word is followed by of, the 
 second t may be omitted, as 4__x\ v ^> Treaty of Paris, vj Traitor, (J 
 Tartar, |X3 torture, U-^^^territory. \> Trust, O truest, \^ tourist, 
 
 P atrocity, 2 trustee, ^-* contrast. J Trent, U> torrent, Ul 
 eternity, K! Trinity. 1. Train, 7 turn, V attorney, K*^ tyranny, 
 
 l^i tureen, L tea-urn. ^^J. Attract, 1. contract, ^^l counteract. 
 
 S Attrition, 2 contrition, ^ contortion. I Steady, L stayed, C 
 
 p o p 
 
 seated. L Citation, 2 situation, ^1 station. Stone, 2 stain, ' satin, 2 
 
 Satan. 
 
 D. 
 
 t^^Delay, 7 dally. P idle, I idol, I dull, / ideal, 2 dual. | Idler, 
 \, dealer. J Idolater, L idolatry, L adultery^ t-^ 77 adulator, \^^ 
 
 adulatory. |> Determined, Ir***'^ detriment, o/ Decease, d disease. 
 
 ^Condescend, JL desceud. <f^->*~s Distractive, "^^^ destructive. 
 <j Destination, J distension. Adamant, | diamond, U> demand. 
 
 I w Dimension, U-,/^ admonition, 2 domination, l-> diminution, ^^> 
 
 I I 
 
 Advocate, 2 defect. L Defence, v--r defiance, L_/^ deafness. ^~X 
 
 Devotion, 2 deviation, V^x> division. < \ Defrayed, i_^ differed, V^ 
 
 I I 1, 
 
 defeiTed. >-?. Adverse, 2 divers, ^^ divorce, 2 diverse. ^ Address, 2 
 
 dress. / ^ Dryness, 2 dcarness, r** djreness, 2 dourness, (Scotch.) 
 
 * This is the only word in the language in which ttroke-t is required after 
 hook-tr, and <jan be written as above. 
 
WORDS WITH SIMILAR CONSONANTS. 
 
 U> durance, i Detention, <J detonation. Dock, dyke, 2 deck, Dick, 
 
 w* i 
 
 3 duke. - - Decoy, dauky, (Scotch.) 2 decay, dickey. *""' Addict, edict, 
 
 2 conduct, educt, V^ educate, r 3 Conductor, I. educator. I 
 Education, \-^ eduction. 
 
 N. 
 
 ! Nasty, /\/ newest, honest. C Anything, ' / nothing. 
 
 C Anybody, | nobody, u- * Endless, i\ needless. ^ ^ Anl- 
 
 l f ,/-! -<* , 
 
 mal, ^*" anomaly. V_ Ankle, i knuckle, ^_ uncle. 
 
 -. \ ^*7 <^7 
 
 S Intention, <J intonation Annual, ./..-annually, 2 newly. (If 
 
 preferred, X^ may be used for Annual-ly, thus making the difference from 
 
 -i f 
 
 neatly one of outline, and not position only). J^ Indebted, ^ indicted, 
 
 2 undated, rj^ undoubted. j Indefinite, ? undefined, i 
 
 ^-i^j ^^ 
 
 c? 
 
 T"^ innoxious, ^ incautious. ^/ Ingenious, \lj in 
 
 tf ft _y% 
 
 Indication, | ^ induction. Anterior, ' interior. ^ i 
 
 igenuous. 
 
 1 Innovation, ' invasion. Interested, P intru&ted. ... 
 
 % i^ u x-i 
 
 Science, 2 sense, . ... essence, assigns, . _ assignees. Synod, 2 
 
 Sunday, X assigned. 6t Sounded, C ascended, f Assigner, 2 or 
 
 ^x X' 
 
 J^* sinner, sooner, ^*~"^ scenery, 6 ' senior, sneer. ^ Hinder, 
 'I hinder. 
 
 R. 
 
 ^2-^ re-assume. -^ Rams, "^ ruins, -^ff ruinous, 
 ^/ erroneous. -^ Renewed, ^f ruined. Arm, 2 army. 
 
 Arbor, / robber, x robbery. " Writer, " rioter, 
 
 ** orator, M oratory, V-^" oratorio, ^J retire, ^~*^*' rotary. 
 r-> Erecter, ^^^ rector, ^\f rectory. Ordinance, ^b 
 
 ordnance. Rival, 2 revel, 
 
 ation, 3 revolution, ^^-^O revulsion. <_^, Orphan, ' / ^~~f ruffian, 
 
 ^^^ refine. ^^ Reverence, f^*"^ irreverence. oC^ Resistible, 
 
WOB1IS WITH SIMILAR CONSONANTS. 
 
 irresistible. Religion, 2 region. /-^ btorm, ?-^ stream. 
 
 rk.C^^v^. stroke. / Ceremony , /-, sermon. | Hardily, 
 
 / r Z. i r r 
 
 t\ hardly, * horridly..^ or Warring, 2 wearing-, <-~"^ wor- 
 
 rying, 2 wearying. 
 
 .-" Loss, .-^T^'. laws. .</ Last, 2 loosed, lost, lest, 
 
 2 least, list, ... " lowest, .... lawsuit. f Lessen, >-^ 
 
 / / 
 
 loosen. ^= Aliment, t-* element. s^-< Alleviation, C--^ elevation. 
 
 A* Allocate, /- elect, ~" locate. ^- Likely, 
 
 luckily. \^ Alcohol, V^ alkali. " Letter, "^ lottery, 
 
 / / / 
 
 / ultra. \ Alteration, A alliteration. S^ Elaborate, / ill- 
 
 j K ^s~\~ 
 
 bred, ^^"^ labored. [, Altitude, ^ latitude. Vjs """ 
 
 Conciliate, J consult. 
 
 /> 
 
 sulphite. Psalter, 
 
 solitary, 
 
 salutary. 
 
 r r t 
 
 Holland. ... Whole, wholly. A 
 
 Sulphate, 
 
 f ^^> o ' 
 ^ psaltery, " slaughter, 
 
 t) <~i ^-^T 
 
 L Island, highland, c - 
 
 Wailing, wallowing, 2-" way-laying. 
 
 M, or comM ; MP and MB. 
 
 Married, 6 marred. "" . Mellowed,- 6 mild. Many, 
 
 2 money. Imitation, 2 mutation, r commutation. ' Monster, 
 
 2 minister, *-if ministry, ^+<* monastery. ---- Amazement, 2 
 
 amusement. 
 
 Embarrass, 
 
 ^ - t 
 embrace Emotion, ' 
 
 . 
 
 motion, machine, 2 mission, * v^ emission. Mansion, 2 mention. 
 
 *-> l ^^ 
 
 Monition, 2 commination. emanation, *^h comminution. L 
 
 Impatient,''^* impassioned ..... Empire, 2 umpire. Marauder, 
 
68 
 
 WORDS WITH SIMILAR CONSONANTS. 
 
 Ct murderous, f/? murderess, o' Mrs., J Misses. b 
 
 * 
 
 Masters, 3 mistress, 
 
 >r- Mask, 2 musk, 
 Human, 2 humane. 
 
 mysteries, --- masteries, 2 mysterious. 
 
 mosaic, 2 music. 
 
 P and V. 
 
 Woman, 2 women. 
 
 ^-Fact, 3 effect. ^> Factor, ^- 3- factory. 
 
 ^ - ^~? 
 
 Family, / female. Avocation, 2 convocation, eviction. 
 
 ^ vocation, 2 vacation, , conviction. " Fine, (^ often. 
 
 / Finer, oftener. - - Fines, k> otf ence, 4 affiance, ^!~ 
 
 finesse, _/ fancy. " Fineness, v** oftenness. J Finely, 
 
 T/- 
 final-ly, ^ funnel. > Funeral, *-r 7 funereal. 
 
 ^\ Confectioner, y/confectionary. v Inefficacious, 
 
 x- / ^_y 
 
 \^__ infectious. * ^Af&rm., 3 confirm, *~^ conform, ^^ 
 
 form, (^^ forum. Forward, 
 
 S7> /^T> 
 
 8 confer, t-^ Fairness, c_X freeness. 
 
 ^ i Failings, -^__-^ feelings. L^ Fierce, 
 fa 
 
 Follower, 2 fuller, v ^1 feeler, * filler, ~^~1/ foolery, / filer, 
 
 2 failure, 3 fowler, floor, 2 flour, ^1 flier, C_-/" " flowery. 
 
 Crf ^-/ x ^^\ 
 
 ' Farrier, 2 furrier. ' Aver, 2 veer, C*^ vary. I A^oid, 
 
 2 evade, 3 avowed. Void, 2 viewed, vowed. ^^ Events, 
 
 convents, b vanities, v ' vignettes. N - T' Villain, 
 
 v * _ ^^t 
 
 villany, 
 
 ~ 
 
 froward. / Offer, 
 
 Full, - "" fully. 
 furious. ' 
 
 / fil 
 
 vilt-ness, ~^ violence. 
 
 tion. ^~ *^ Available, 
 voluntary, ~7 volunteer. 
 2 verity, I virtue. 
 
 valuable, 
 
 ^^ 
 , / 
 
 Violation, 2 voli- 
 
 voluble, 
 
 Averted, 3 converted. 
 Voracity, 2 veracity. 
 
 Variety, 
 
LIST OP PHRASEOGBAPHS. 
 
 PHRASEOGRAPHY. 
 
 A cluster of words which may conveniently be Joined together in Short- 
 hand is called a Phraseograin. and the written outline representing such 
 phrase is a Phraseograph. Phraseographs should be suggestive, by consist- 
 ing of words which frequently occur together in speech, and between which 
 some relation exists. The outlines of words composing a phrase should 
 join handily to each other, and not stretch too far from the line: it is better 
 to lift the pen than to write phrases which are not in accordance with these 
 requirements. Although a few long phrases are given as illustrations in the 
 following list, very long phraseographs are only occasionally written, it 
 being generally found more convenient to lift the pen in the middle of an 
 over long phrase. The readiness with which new phrases, never before 
 written, often occur to the mind of the writer when reporting, will be found 
 to be one of the many pleasures attending the practice of the delightful 
 art of Phonography. 
 
 LIST OF PHRASEOGRAPHS. 
 
 Able to agree C r 
 absolutely necessary 
 according to the 
 according to agreement 
 acts of Parliament 
 again and again 
 
 Almighty and'most ) 
 merciful Father ) 
 
 Almighty God ^1 
 / vj 
 
 all its bearings tr^^f^ i 
 
 all that has been said 
 and a ... and he -- or 
 
 and has not and is not 
 
 ^f N 
 
 and in the * and it 1 and the 
 
 and that i and this 
 another point of view 
 another view of the case 
 are there not many who 
 
 *f 
 
 I 
 
 are you sure there is not 
 
 ^ _., 
 
 as far as as fast as ..7f 
 
 P C* 
 
 as good-as ^^ as great as vj> 
 
 <>^ /> 9 
 as a. ..as he as the 
 
 as certain as ^^ b 
 
 as in the other instance 
 2 Q_2 
 as if there 
 
 as is sufficient 
 
 as it may be ^~>v 
 
 9 
 
 as long as /r> 
 as many as possible 
 
 as much as xas soon as ^ 
 
 90 p 
 
 as to - or as to which v 
 
 as usual .-\ _ 
 
 as well as possible "^v^^vJ 
 
 as you will find . 
 
 at all times at all events 1- 
 
 *Tho siqp for If? may occasionally be written in an upward direction for 
 greater distinctness and better joining. 
 
70 
 
 LIST OP PHBASEOGRAPHS. 
 
 at last I at least U "^ . 
 
 at the right hand of God ^-* 
 
 at the same time a* - 
 
 at the time K-H. 
 
 ^ \\ 
 
 Attorney Geueral 
 
 Bankruptcy Court V-i 
 
 because tt is V \i 
 
 begotten Son of God 
 
 between their ^> between them 
 
 bills of lading 
 
 bill of sale 
 
 breach of promise of marriage *\y( 
 
 by all means V% by our - y. . 
 
 by faith in Christ ^"3 
 
 X V, ^* >\ 
 
 by the * ^ by the bye ^ 
 
 by which there will 
 Oan be ^\ can you n 
 cannot be cannot have 
 Catholic Church |T 
 Catholic priest ^*\o 
 Central criminal Court 
 Chamber of commerce V* -/ 
 Chancellor of the Exchequer 
 Chief Justice ,C_-/ 
 
 child of God L 
 
 ^*l 
 
 children of God . vA^i 
 
 children of men v^ 
 Christ Jesiis our Lord ^ 
 
 r /^^ 
 
 Christian brethren Vp 
 
 KC 
 Christian character vj 
 
 Christian church ^r 
 Christian faith ^ --- -\ 
 
 i^ 
 
 v 
 
 not / 
 
 L 
 
 \ 
 
 Christian religion 
 
 church and state v* 
 
 J C 
 church -of Christ V 
 
 r \o 
 church of England V 
 
 church of God C \ 
 
 church of Rome V 
 circumstantial evidence a ^"o 
 common law ^-v^-^^ 
 County Court j] 
 counsel for the defence ^i 
 counsel for the defendant 
 counsel for the defendants 
 counsel for the plaintiff 
 Court of Bankruptcy 
 Court of Chancery j^^. 
 Court of Common pleas 
 Court of justice 
 Court of Queen's bench 
 Courts of law 
 Cross of Christ 
 Day after day 
 
 day by day ^ day to day 
 deed of settlement V 
 
 U, I 
 
 documentary evidence \ ^-^ 
 
 do you not think 
 economy of Nature 
 elder of the church 
 epistle to the Romans 
 eternal condemnation y {_ 
 eternal damnation if *-^ 
 
 n -* ! 
 
 eternal life 
 everlasting happiness 
 
 *~f 
 
 \* 
 
LIST OP PHRASEOQRAPHS. 
 
 71 
 
 examination in chief Q ^ 
 
 First Lord of the Treasury 
 for Christ's sake 
 
 for instance 
 
 for such as are 
 
 for the most part 
 
 for the purpose of 
 
 for the sake of ^~^-...> 
 
 for they will not y^> 
 
 for their ^Z* for their own . . 
 
 for which they may have been \ 
 
 c^^i /~j& 2^ 
 
 forgiveness of sins ^ * ' * 
 
 freedom of the Press 
 
 from him 
 
 c 
 
 from my or me 
 
 c. 
 from time to time 
 
 from the same point of view <! 
 
 future state "~-f future world 
 
 
 generation to generation 
 
 God and Saviour ^**^ 
 
 God is good ^"t^ Gd of grace 
 
 God of heaven 
 
 God of love 
 
 God's character "Xj) God's law 
 
 gowpel of salvation ^-fl -f 
 
 grace of God 
 
 Great and Everlasting Jehovah 
 
 growing in grace 
 
 has appointed a 
 
 has appointed the 
 
 has said there is n> 
 
 a-,* 
 ,ot Vju 
 
 have been .^T^or ... have had 
 have felt have not . .. - 
 Head of the church 
 
 /* 
 Q 
 
 .heart of man - 
 ar /N 
 
 heaven and earth 
 
 hearts of men 
 
 / 
 
 heaven and hell 
 
 6 S <* A. 
 
 he had -- or he had been . .. or 
 
 c^ . (. 
 
 he has a ... he 13 a ..... 
 
 <* t '* 
 
 ke has been .... he is being V- 
 s~> / 
 
 he has not ..... he is not ____ 
 
 he ought to be quite sure I ^ 
 
 j -j "' 
 he oUght not (to) have ----- . . 
 
 / e^o 
 
 he should have \^> he was ...... 
 
 he will have *!!! he will not /* 
 hear, hear, and cheers ^""C 
 heirs, executors, administrators 
 
 and assigns b P 
 ^ 
 
 ditto, but oa assigns 
 
 Her Majesty's government t-^ 
 
 hither and thither j 
 
 Hely scriptures 
 
 Home Secretary 
 
 honorable gentleman ,-, 
 
 \^>~v 
 
 honorable and gallant member ^* 
 honorable and learned friend ^^^ 
 house of Israel <^~^) or "f 
 how are you intending to <z~^ r 
 how many more C-~f ,. A< v 
 how should the A. 
 how will the country feel 
 how will you maintain the 
 human nature 
 
72 
 
 LIST OF PHRA8EOGKAPH8. 
 
 I agree with the v^^ 
 
 ry V' -vr 
 
 I am not 
 
 I am inclined to believe there is 
 
 I believe we are 
 
 I cannot see 
 
 I do not think ; 
 
 'Nj fS. 
 
 I had ... or II had been 
 I had not seen Jr 
 I have been told 
 I have no doubt 
 
 I hope you *re satisfied -^ ** ? 
 
 ^V-o 
 
 I know that I am not exag- V.,, . . 
 gerating the circumstances (,/*3 
 ~f *S 
 
 I know there is a very' 
 common notion 
 
 I may as well / 
 
 I need not reply to the 
 
 I observe lastly ( \T 
 
 I think it is right that f^. 
 
 I will not /"^ ^ 
 
 I wish to remark 
 
 I would have done the same 
 
 if there is not 
 
 if we are not 
 
 if we were not 
 
 if you have been 
 
 in a great measure Vw -rv 
 
 in all respects ^\ 
 
 in comparison -^ 
 
 in connection with 
 
 in consequence of 
 
 in its favour <l <. 
 
 hi his opinion f 
 
 p 
 
 in any case f in no case 
 in our relations t^L 
 
 7 ' 
 
 in order to have *~* ' 
 
 in receipt (of) I 
 
 in reference (to) fr 
 
 in regard (to) C^~> 
 
 in relation (to) of^ 6*^ 
 
 in seconding the motion "^^ r \ 
 
 in such a manner as to givt Vv^C-- 
 general satisfaction <P 
 
 J ^ 
 
 in church 
 
 > ia 
 
 tbe church 
 
 in the circumstances of the case * 
 _^_o 
 
 in the the House of God 
 
 - 
 
 in tbe House of Commons 
 in the House of Lords o 
 
 in the House of Parliament 
 
 f 
 
 in the Houses of Parliament 
 
 in the first place ~T^T> 
 Sf 
 in the next place o 
 
 in the second place 7*1 
 in the third place /"v 
 "in the last place <^ 
 in the same manner <'~^~~*^ 
 
 in the way of peace and J 
 righteousness "^A. --3 
 
 ~? j^-f> 
 
 in the Word of God '' 
 
 in the world ^ 
 
 in this neighbourhood 
 
 insolvent Court 
 
 is certain to be 
 
 is it the case - 
 
 it had been J it had not 
 
 it has not g 3 it is not f** 
 
 / ' 
 
LIST OF PHRASEOORAPHS. 
 
 73 
 
 it is said that J 
 
 it is (a) well known fact 
 
 it is a most important 
 consideration 
 
 dthatj^ 
 
 , 
 
 V 
 v~. 
 
 G 9 
 
 it is my opinion that 
 
 it is quite necessary b~~' 
 
 it ought to be noticed th 
 
 it seems to be impossible 
 
 it seems to me very strange <r$">p-f 
 
 it shall not become 
 
 it should not be regarded 
 
 it would have been b- 
 
 it would not be L-\ 
 
 Joint-stock company 
 
 Justice of God (^\ 
 
 Justice of the peace 
 
 justification by faith 
 
 justification by tbe < 
 works of the law ^ 
 
 Kingdom of Christ 
 
 knowledge of Christ / ^, 
 
 knowledge of God / * y^ 
 
 Ladies and Gentlemen 
 
 language of Scripture 
 
 law of the land " 
 
 laws of God 
 
 laws of Nature 
 
 learned counsel 
 
 liberty of action 
 
 Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ 
 
 Lord Chancellor 
 
 Lord Chief Justice 
 
 Many more reasons 
 
 many who will not 
 member of Parliament 
 much more than tbe 
 my beloved brethren 
 my Christian friends 
 my dear hearers |~^ 
 my fellow townsmen 
 Nations of the earth 
 nor should the . .. 1^ 
 nor will there be _. ^ 
 
 Of his own shewing IL. 
 
 v .-N > ^< 
 
 of importance of its _ b 
 
 of many of their 
 
 of such as have 
 
 of the same mind 
 
 of which we may 
 
 Omnipotence of God b 
 
 Omnipresence of God ^Cj 
 
 Omniscience of God 
 
 on account of our 
 
 on all their ... on all other 
 
 on his own account ^ (~> 
 
 on such grounds Va 
 
 on the committee . ' on the contrary 
 
 , ^f 
 on the one hand ... 
 
 on our part 
 on the part of 
 on that account 
 
 on the Sabbath '.. 
 
 f 
 on the same principles ... 
 
 on this occasion . . . "( 
 
74 
 
 LIST OP PHRASEOGRAPHS. 
 
 One another /? one- of them 2 __ \ 
 / / ) 
 
 or a ... or the .... 
 
 our Saviour and Redeemer 
 
 ought to do their utmost 
 ought to have been . 
 
 Paul's epistle to the Corinthians 
 
 political econony ^^^^ 
 
 present circumstances oiL/^. > 
 
 present state y present time 
 Prime Minister V 
 
 . 
 
 prisoner at the Bar 
 
 protestant Church >J 
 
 \ ^^^S> \xvJ> 
 public service \ g~^ or 8 
 
 JTV 
 
 Rather than 
 
 reformed Presbyterian Church 
 
 representative government -^ e ~~\ J ~ i> 
 
 resurrection of Christ 
 
 Roman Catholic religio; 
 
 Secretary of State " O'N^-^ 
 
 shall be ^ shall have finished 
 
 should be ~\ should give ~~"\ 
 
 should not think that ifi 
 
 so as to be OC 
 
 Son of God 
 
 Sou of Man ^ 
 
 Spirit of Christ 
 
 Sun of Righteousness 
 
 That had . ... that would 
 
 that have been "\, that we 
 
 that would have made 
 
 that you~"^ that your 
 
 Uicre is not li w <j 
 
 icJ or CTN 
 
 there will nevertheless K__ n 
 
 they have always 
 
 this should &*. this tune < 
 
 those are . _ those who are 
 
 time after time | |^? 
 
 to a great extent 
 
 to be able to shew 
 
 U 
 to a ... to have 
 
 to him ^ or (insert vowel) 
 
 b d H 
 
 to his... or... to its b 
 
 VW-s 
 to my or me 
 
 L i* L, 
 
 to our J to the... or. 
 
 i. k 
 
 to you " to yourselves to 
 
 too few \j. ^ too many p f 
 Upon their own responsibility -i)xT>\ 
 United Kingdom 
 United States tflo 
 
 d 
 
 Verdict of the Jury 
 
 Was not . . ways and means 
 
 **"*' 
 we are not 
 
 we can do nothing v^~) 
 we did not w or ""J. (insert t) 
 we do not think the X- 
 we do I we had not . . . 
 we have not been . 
 
 we will not 
 
 2 
 were not <'<' we would not 
 
 what is (the) reason of this 
 which are not v> which have been 
 whicrf is not (^ or /o 
 which may be reckoned 
 which will never \^^> 
 
 Cs 
 
LIST OF PHRA8EOGRAPH3. 
 
 who do <. who had been c 
 
 who have seen <>. y who may 
 
 will be sure to have 
 
 will give attention 
 
 will have c~-~ 
 
 will there not be 
 
 wisdom of God 
 
 with a <s^ with advantage 
 
 with his <^o with him <^ 
 
 with its "1 with my or me t^""^ 
 
 with reference (to) i^*-? et 
 
 with regard (to) tX^j with respect (to) 
 
 with the means <-^ with them that 
 
 with which they are LJ A. 
 
 without his knowledge 
 
 without its v\ without our 
 
 
 without their 
 
 ^7 
 
 Word of God Ci 
 
 words of my te\t, f- - s^ 
 
 words of our bext ff 
 
 2. V) 
 words of the text <TL~, 
 
 works of God 
 world to come /worse and worse 
 worth while i/\ would a 1^ 1 
 would be sorry Z^.^- would ha J 
 would not rZx would the 2- 
 
 would there \ would you-r 1, ' 
 
 fl 
 
 Yet it will yet there ) 
 
 young man /^^ young men , 
 
 ye will ^r / you will t^r . . 
 
 you can #*, you could not f ' ' 
 
 you had not &> you have not <A"* 
 
 you may have been f^~* 
 
 you ought not / *r .. .- 
 
 you ought to be ^ pr P_ 
 
 you will have been .t . or IS^ 
 
 yes, my Lord 
 
 your Lordship ^---^^ 
 
 your Worship 2 
 
 yours truly A * yours faithfully 
 
 yours very sincerely Q_s) 
 
 ) 
 
 The following illustrations shew the adaptibility of the phraseographic 
 power of British Phonography for giving convenient joinings, if wished, for 
 clusters of words in sentences of unfrequent occurrence. 
 
 Psalm ISO, 1 
 Proverbs 7, 1 
 Matihev ~>, 7 
 Matthew 5, tit 
 
 .. .^ p. o . 
 
 Oitj/ o/" C/tangow Tramway Co., Limited Liability {* ^^" / y 
 
76 FOREIGN SOUNDS. GUTTURAL CH, ETC. 
 
 I* -i-7 
 
 Colonial Government Securities\< / \^ ,, Edinburgh Stock Exchange, 
 -i ^V V^ 
 
 y^_ji-f Great Northern Railway Shares, ^/^^^ <* Mining Prefer- 
 l /<v*\ /-i 
 
 \ <-ft^ xc 
 
 ence Stocfc Dividend (dnd.), ^C " e &t Coast of America.' v -iL-T-v/v 
 
 N.B. The reader will please note that the THE / and the A x 
 ticks are used mediatty, orfinatty only, and never to commence a 
 phrase. 
 
 FOREIGN Sounds & Provincial Diphthongs. 
 French Nasal N 
 
 Is represented by intersecting N, (or a sign shortened to add n) by a 
 dash, or, if an r-hook character, by a double dash, as *f or '*' jin, Z^' 
 rien; ^ an, en; V" or x bon; **l prendre. 
 
 Certain vowel marks may be modified to indicate the nasal sounds just 
 given, and the writer be thus spared the trouble of intersection. There 
 are four simple vowels and one diphthong required before nasal French N 
 which may be written as follows: nasalized i ( =s. '|| a) by a small circle 
 
 written near the middle of a stroke, as "V Jin, -^ or ^7 rien; an, 
 en; un, by thick >|j continued until a circle is formed, m 1 &r o ; 
 
 on by II faty made into a circle S-^ We have thus r an, en; o' un; 
 
 c>, 
 
 f on. In French shorthand the signs just given may be used as word- 
 signs, omitting ffor an, en; un; ou. (The words pronounced like the 
 vowel sounds A and ay, would be best represented in French by the "Dash" 
 joining forms for these vowels, thus, (_ II a; II est.) 
 
 Guttural CH 
 
 Heard in Scotch, Irish, Welsh, and German, is represented by eK, or K 
 
 ^\~c-t 1 P P 
 
 -with a dash intersection, as *$ \. Loch Echiltie; V-r- or v_, 
 
 clachan; t-f^ dre-ich; ^_ Arrochar. (Scotch.) 
 
 The corresponding heavier German guttural G is written by V. sunilarly 
 intersected, *V ^7 einig; \^ konig. 
 
 The A-series of vowel marks may be used, if preferred, instead of intersec- 
 tion to indicate guttural CH, as <j ^*-o or -, ^-^s Lochlomond; 
 Q, Q / 
 
 c f^s c (~^S \ . *7 
 
 \j, or vL Stronochlauher; J thocht, ~* rieht, for thought, 
 right, in Scotch. 
 
FOREIGN SOUNDS, UNCOMMON DIPHTHONGS, ETC. 77 
 
 Aspirated R, or Welsh RH. / (^ 
 Aspirated, Whispered L, or Welsh LL. / ^ 
 
 Welsh RH and LL may also be expressed by a dash intersection of the 
 
 ordinary R and L signs, as T^--*"" Llandrillo; A~VL, Llangollen. 
 
 Crossed r -f may also .be used to represent an unusually strongly trilled-r, 
 
 (almost identical with RH) given in some Scotch counties in such words as 
 
 S bird, C^~^ firm, &c. 
 
 f-~ 
 For aspirated Nh, Mh, the curves are deepened. ' f~^\ 
 
 Welsh U, a peculiar modification. of English ee is thus written. ? \\ 
 
 French U, < ||;U J;OI J or || (<& or wa.) OUI-H 
 
 (=ve.) The French vowel heard in the last syllable of amateur is our 
 long No. 6. "^J* 
 
 The modification of the vowel d as heard in the London pronunciation of 
 the word bad, and as heard in the pronunciation of the word cart hi Korthern 
 villages (spoken almost as if spelled bed, kert), is represented by two a dots 
 placed in the position in which 8 is written, thus \, V, (An aspirated 
 dot vowel is parallel to the consonant. See p. 39.) 
 
 Uncommon Diphthongs, Triphthongs, &c. 
 
 'I ,1 'I '.I 'I ,1 '! .1 
 
 ah-au ah-uh ah-oh ah-oo au-ah uh-ah ok-ah oo-ah 
 
 ay-au ay-uh ay-oh ay-oo au-ay uh-ay oh-ay oo-ay 
 
 'I <f *| -I "I vl *| ,1 
 
 eh-au eh-uh eh-oh eh-oo au-eh uh-eh oh-eh oo-eh 
 
 For i instead of ay, write the tick thinner. 
 
 When two curve vowels are used, if the latter one is intended for the 
 vowel of a higher, or lower position than that to which it is joined, write it 
 thicker than the first one. 
 
 au-oh aw-oo uh-oo uh-oh oh-au oJi-uh oo-uh oo-au 
 
 " J " f . >jL ->' 1\ ' ' -L 
 
 au-au au-uh uh-uh uli-au oh-oh oh-oo oo-oo oo-oh 
 Triphthongs may be formed by adding another vowel to a diphthong, and 
 another vowel may also precede or follow the h, y, and \o series, but in 
 English Shorthand the means already acquired by the student for writing 
 h, y, and w, will be found amply sufficient. We give the preceding diph- 
 
78 UNCOMMON DIPHTHONGS COntd. COMPARISON OF SYSTEMS. 
 
 thongs in addition to those on p. S9, UO and also the following combinations 
 to shew the facilities which the two-place vowel scale of British Phonography 
 gives for forming voweletic compounds, if wanted, say by Missionaries, or 
 others, for noting down foreigner provincial sounds. 
 
 \ k \ 1 "I N l v l -I 
 
 ah-oh-oo, ay-oh-au, ay-au-oo, ehee-oh, au-oA-oo, vh-eh-oo, oh-ahee, oo-uh-ee 
 
 ay-hoo 
 
 H- 
 
 ee-h\ 
 
 ek-yok ee-yau 
 
 weh-ee 
 
 hoi 
 
 J C \ 
 
 yay-ee yeh-ee 
 
 "I M vl 
 
 weh-oo wah-oo way-ee 
 
 huh-ee 
 
 yoi 
 
 Ohio how-i 
 
 <J *l 
 
 yofc-t yoA-oo 
 
 >l S l 
 
 wuA-ee wofc-oo 
 
 Comparison between Pitman's and Jones's 
 Phonography. 
 
 In the following "JRsading Exercises," pp. 84-88, we have written the 
 remarks by the late Mr. Gaictreas on the Advantages of Shorthand, and 
 the same paragraphs being given in Mr. Pitman's "Manual," a comparison 
 between the outlines of the two systems can be readily made. 
 
 For certain Vowelitic comparisons, see pp. 4, 14. An examination of the 
 details of British Phonography will show that the rules for writing and 
 reading final circles and hooks to shortened, or lengthened signs, are much 
 more orderly, simple, and easily learned in this system than in Pitman's 
 Phonography. 
 
 In Pitman's Shorthand, in the case of ordinary-length letters, final circles 
 and final hooka follow the samp rule ; but shortened, or lengthened signs 
 follow one rule for final circles, but another, and altogether different rule, 
 for final hooks, and the final hook, although written last, is not read last. 
 The arrangement in this work is free from this serious defect. -The power 
 added by shortening, or lengthening, reads before all final appendages, and 
 thus, whatever is final to the hand and the eye, is final to the reader. 
 
 Take for example, the letter M*~^ in Mr. Pitman's system. The affixing 
 of a final circle gives ms ^~*> ; a final hook, win ^~s Thus far the an-ange- 
 ment is orderly; but, if the sign be reduced, or increased in length, the t 
 added by shortening, or the tr added by lengthening, reads before the 
 appended circle but AFTER the appended hook. 
 
 The anomaly Just described, causes Mr. Pitman to adopt another, viz., the 
 thickening of an K-hoek, NOT a T-hooTt, to distinguish between T or D added 
 by shortening, as mnt, -o mnd ^ Our signs for mnt, mnd, are the same 
 as Pitman's, but we shorten to add N, and thicken our T-hook to make it D. 
 
COMPARISON continued. "COPY" *OB PBINTEB. 
 
 79 
 
 If any one doubt the confusing effect of these anomalies on the minds of 
 writers, let him ask a company of expert phonographers, aa we lately did, 
 " What is the power of the half. length sign ? ~5 " and he will probably be 
 surprised at the number of erroneous answers which will be given before the 
 correct power is hit upon. We have"^ rch, ~> rd; put an -hook to rch 
 and we get rchn~^ ; but put an fo-hook to rd ~\ and the authorized version 
 of the phonograph "5 is not rdn but rchnt, or rgnt. 
 
 There are 13 other anomalies, or irregularities, in the formation of certain 
 characters in Pitman's Phonography, and there are 7 in Janet's Phono- 
 graphy. 
 
 In PITMAN'S, 7 by irregularly hooking ) s, ) z, "^ r, ~~} rch, -^"r, to 
 form / thr,J THR, ) fr,^ vr, <-^"w, C^~ ioh, <z^ y . 2 by putting initial 
 anjircle to ~-^ r, /eh, to represent a h, / A : 4 by irregularly halving 
 f Ir, "^ rch, x-v mp, ->^x ng, to form f Id, "> rd,/^ md, -^ nd.=13. 
 
 In JONES'S, 4 by irregularly hooking J *, J e, ep, eb, to form 
 __} te, ^/ wh, c ek,.n 3; 3 by irregularly halving /'" n, fn, I hi, 
 to represent f~ ng, f ngly, r y. =7. 
 
 LONGHAND "COPY" FOR PRINTER. 
 
 In writing transcriptions of reports, and even in book matter, considerable 
 time may be saved by using a few contractions with which the compositors 
 are familiar. We give the most common ones. In many words final -iny 
 can be legibly expressed by g written above the line, and final-turn by tn so 
 written. 
 
 And 
 
 about 
 
 be 
 
 been 
 
 chairman 
 
 committee 
 
 could fr^ 
 
 defendant 
 
 evening 
 
 from 
 
 Government 
 
 have n~ 
 
 his *-*t 
 
 meeting f>*/\/ 
 
 might 
 
 morning . 
 
 motion 
 
 of O 
 
 plaintiff 
 
 prisoner 
 
 resolution 
 
 shall 
 
 should 
 
 that 
 
 the / 
 
 to ^> 
 
 which 
 
 with * 
 
 without 
 
 would 
 
 you JS 
 
 your 
 
80 PHONIC SHORTHAND UNION. MS. MAGAZINES. 
 
 GLASGOW PHONIC SHORTHAND UNION. 
 
 To assist Students, by free correction of Exercises through the post, and 
 to afford tacilities for intercommunication between writers of British 
 Phonoffraphy, the Members of the above Union invite those who have 
 become proficient writers, and wish to further the above objects, to forward 
 a shorthand note to the Secretary, with name and address in longhand, and 
 a printed list will be published of namss received. This list may be obtained 
 on application by Shorthand note, enclosing a stamped addressed envelope. 
 The list will be enlarged and revised from time to time, and changes of 
 residence should be at once communicated. No charge for membership, 
 printing expenses being defrayed by voluntary contributions. For exercises, 
 Students should write about a dozen verses of Scripture, on alternate lines, 
 and forward them to a member of the Union for correction, with stamped 
 addressed envelope, for return. For name and address of Secretary, and 
 other information, see slip at the end of Handbook. 
 
 MS. CIRCULATING MAGAZINES. 
 
 Familiarity with outlines is greatly furthered by one phonographer reading 
 the writing of others, by correspondence, interchange of literary articles, 
 or MS. Circulating Magazines, managed as follows : 
 
 The conductor receives articles, written on paper of uniform size, from a 
 staff of about a dozen members, and a number of these articles (in the hand- 
 writing of the members), together with the. title-page, editorial remarks, 
 blank space for remarks by members on outlines, &c., are bound in magazine 
 form, weighing 3 to 3$ ounces, and forwarded under cover, open at, the ends, 
 by Id, book post, from member to member, as per postal list of names and 
 addresses inserted in the Magazine. Four days are generally allowed for 
 reading, including days when received and despatched, a fine being paid for 
 undue and avoidable detention. Each member writes opposite his address 
 the date when the Magazine was received and sent away. 
 
 The Secretary of the above Union will be glad to receive Titles, &c., of 
 MS. Magazines, and names and addresses of Conductors, to publish along 
 with the list of writers, and will also be pleased to give information respect- 
 ing reading matter published in British Phonography. 
 
 eto Testament, beautifully written in British Phonoyraphy by Mr. 
 James M'Aulay, is "out of print," but the Book of Proverb* is expected to 
 be published, shortly. 
 
HEADING EXERCISES. 
 
 81 
 
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/4LL RIGHTS RESERVED. 
 
CORRECTIONS. 
 
 Page 9. 16th Hue from bottom, Byron is mis-printed for Byroni. 
 
 Page 9. llth line from bottom, after the word arbitraries, make the 
 period into a comma. 
 
 Page 32. Write the sign for ow in the blank, 16th line from bottom. 
 
 Page 32. 4th line from bottom, the outline for oratory is omitted. 
 Write it as given on p. 60 in the space left for it, p. 32. 
 
 Page 35. Perfect the hook in the word sign for, and strengthen the 
 sign for general-ly. 
 
 Page 56. The outline for inconsiderable is written instead of thatfor 
 inconsiderate. Please substitute the following : Tick in, sd, and 
 upward rt. 
 
 Page 60. 1st Column. The hook tr in splinter is printed too full. 
 Thin it with penknife. 
 
 Page 64. Underline the a in baseness. 
 
 Page 81. 2nd line from bottom and second word : m is too full 
 printed; k is also too thickly printed in the word become, p. 6(i, 10th line. 
 
 Page 82. Write the missing s-circle in the word persecutest. 
 
 Page So. 9th line. Scrape off the speck after the word our, and 
 also that after the word lost, 14th line, p. 87. 
 
 Page 90. Last line. In the word mysteries write circle-s and ^-stroke 
 instead of large it-circle. 
 
 GLASGOW PHONIC SHORTHAND UNION. 
 
 $resiicttt; EDWARD J. JONES. 
 jpresibent : WM. PETTIGREW. 
 I3tcc-^3restbents: ALEX. CUTHBERT, JAMES MA.CAULAT. 
 
 <Secreiarjj : A. B. PAIRMAN, 
 208 Sandyford Street, Glasgow. 
 
 '(Treasurer : WM. CROMBLE. 
 
 Committee: 
 
 JOHN POLLOCK. ROBERT M'KENZIE. 
 
 ANDREW F. AITKENHEAD. JOHN P. MILLAR. 
 W T M. S. NICHOLSON. 
 
n 
 
This book is DUE on the last 
 date stamped below 
 
 2m-9,'46(A394)470 
 
 UNIVERSITY 01 
 AT 
 
 LOS ANGELES 
 LIBRARY 
 
A 000 571 284 9 
 
 i860 
 
 /V\/