HAY WARD 
 
 AUGUSTUS 
 
 HARVEY 
 
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MEMOIR OF 
 HAYWARD AUGUSTUS HARVEY 
 

 
 MEMOIR OF HAYWARD 
 AUGUSTUS HARVEY 
 
 BY 
 
 HIS SONS 
 
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 \\'ITH PORTRAITS AMD ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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COPYRIGHT, 190x5, BY 
 THOMAS W. HARVEY 
 
IN writing this memoir of our father we 
 have received valued assistance from many of 
 his personal and business friends, and to them 
 we wish to express our sense of gratitude. 
 Particularly are we indebted to Mr. Frederic 
 H. Betts, Counsel ; Mr. Edwin Marshall Fox, 
 European Agent ; Mr. Joseph H. Dickinson, 
 Superintendent ; and the late William Allen 
 Smith, Secretary of the Harvey Steel Com- 
 pany ; also to Mr. Cornelius Winant and to 
 Mr. James C. Bayles. 
 
 We also wish to express our appreciation of 
 the loyalty to the memory and fame of our 
 father, shown by all of those who have been 
 connected with the steel company in any ca- 
 pacity. 
 
 M199S38 
 
LIST OF PORTRAITS AND 
 ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 Hayward A. Harvey .... Frontispiece 
 
 FACING 
 PAGE 
 
 General Thomas William Harvey . . . .12 
 Mrs. Melinda Hayward Harvey . . . .16 
 Hayward A. Harvey at about Twenty Years of Age 26 
 Hayward A. Harvey at Thirty-five Years of Age . 32 
 Hayward A. Harvey at Forty-six Years of Age . . 39 
 
 Harvey Steel Company's Works at Brill's Station, New- 
 ark, N. J. . . . .54 
 
 Interior of Harvey Steel Company's Works, showing 
 
 Harvey Furnaces . . . . . 56 
 
 The Second Harvey Plate . . 64 
 
 Harvey Armor Plate, Tested near Bethlehem, Pa., July 
 
 30, 1892 . . 66 
 
 First English Plate, Tested November i, 1892 . . 74 
 The Battle-ship Maine 83 
 
MEMOIR OF 
 HAYWARD AUGUSTUS HARVEY 
 
 THIS loving tribute to the memory of Hay- 
 ward Augustus Harvey does not claim to rank 
 as a biography, and can but sketch in outline 
 the varied and useful activities which made up 
 his life-work. A history of his life would be, 
 in some sense, the history of a generation of 
 progress in the mechanic arts. His versatile 
 genius, though mainly directed to certain defi- 
 nite ends, in the pursuit of which he admittedly 
 led the world's development, found profitable 
 fields of activity in so many directions that one 
 who would seek to follow his footsteps would 
 be bewildered by their many deviations from 
 what seemed to be the path of his greatest use- 
 fulness. All that is attempted in this mono- 
 graph is to present a few memorable facts of his 
 life-work in approximate chronological order, 
 in the assurance that they will be of interest to 
 
^HAYWARD AUGUSTUS HARVEY 
 
 his many friends, and perhaps useful to the fut- 
 ure historian of the wonderful progress in the 
 arts and sciences which has made the last quar- 
 ter of the nineteenth century memorable, what- 
 ever the future may have in store for coming 
 generations of men. 
 
 However incompletely or imperfectly told, 
 the story of the life of one whose genius has 
 revolutionized more than one industry will be 
 read with interest. To those nearest to him 
 by the sacred ties of kindred, his lovable per- 
 sonality, and the charm of his exalted char- 
 acter as husband, father, and friend, obscure 
 and render impossible of just and critical es- 
 timate his genius as a mechanic and his influ- 
 ence in the industrial development of his time. 
 We loved him too well, and were too close to 
 him to realize how great a man he was in his 
 work. 
 
 Hay ward A. Harvey was a striking example 
 of the heredity of genius. His father, General 
 Thomas W. Harvey, was one of the most re- 
 markable men of the first half of the nineteenth 
 century. He was a pioneer in mechanical inven- 
 tion and in the application of original devices 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 in automatic machinery. One who attempts to 
 follow his work soon discovers that the father 
 was embarrassed by the number and wide va- 
 riety of the matters claiming his attention. 
 For the son fewer " original vacancies " in the 
 mechanic arts existed. He was able to focal- 
 ize his work with somewhat sharper definition, 
 though not as completely as the specialist of 
 the present day is able to do. 
 
 His training in the specialties, to which he 
 had devoted himself throughout his life, had 
 been from the beginning eminently practical. 
 
 He had little use for theoretical reasoning 
 or professional formulae. He could not have 
 been called scientifically educated, as he had 
 not had access to the science of the schools 
 until his later years. He, like his father, was 
 a pioneer who, with keen and ready axe, blazed 
 the path for those who would follow ; while 
 in their specialties both gave to the world, as 
 the result of their experiments, many com- 
 pleted works, in other and neighboring fields 
 they made many experiments, which, stopping 
 short of practical results at that time, were dis- 
 tinctly prophetic ; as instances we may cite 
 the use of electricity as a motor power, the 
 
 3 
 
HAYWARD AUGUSTUS HARVEY 
 
 magnetic separation of iron ore, and the pro- 
 duction of steel direct from the ore by one 
 process, all of which both father and son 
 helped to make practical by original experi- 
 mentation. 
 
 Mr. Harvey's method of approaching a me- 
 chanical problem is indicated by the follow- 
 ing anecdote : 
 
 He asked one of his sons, "How would you 
 go to work to invent a machine for accom- 
 plishing certain results ? " The answer was, " I 
 would look up what had been done by others, 
 in encyclopaedias and other authorities, obtain- 
 ing as thorough a knowledge as possible of the 
 art." " If I should begin in that way," Mr. 
 Harvey said, " I would never make an inven- 
 tion. I would never get out of the beaten 
 track. No, I would solve the problem in my 
 own way first, and then find out what others 
 had done in the same field ; and it has usually 
 turned out that I have solved the problem 
 by an entirely original and usually a simpler 
 method." 
 
 He possessed, to a remarkable degree, the 
 characteristic questioning mind of the Amer- 
 ican inventor. A machine in motion not only 
 
 4 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 explained itself to him quickly, but immediate- 
 ly suggested other and generally simpler ways of 
 accomplishing the same result. The following 
 incident illustrates this trait very forcibly. He 
 had invented and built a machine for making 
 nuts for bolts. It was a complicated piece of 
 automatic machinery, and had taken many 
 weeks to perfect. After his return from the 
 town where it was building he was asked as to 
 his success. He answered, " I have had one 
 of the great disappointments of my life. I did 
 not see that machine in action but a moment 
 when there flashed into my mind the plan of a 
 machine which would do the same work with 
 about half the complications of the present 
 
 one." 
 
 In his relations with his fellow-man he was 
 simple, straightforward, and supremely honest. 
 Everyone who had business dealings with him 
 of whatever character always trusted him im- 
 plicitly and with safety. He was always hope- 
 ful, but without the exaggerated expectations 
 common to inventors. Having become con- 
 vinced of the soundness of his speculations 
 and calculations, he was so certain of the ulti- 
 mate success of their practical application that 
 
 5 
 
HAYWARD AUGUSTUS HARVEY 
 
 he would not entertain a suggestion of their 
 failure, and it was a very unusual event when 
 time did not demonstrate the firm foundation 
 on which he had based his hopes. 
 
 He made few inventions in any field of me- 
 chanics which did not remain as important 
 factors in the development of the art. To him 
 this was more important than any pecuniary re- 
 ward that he might derive from them. He not 
 only was preeminent as an inventor, but he 
 was always successful in interesting capital in 
 his enterprises, both on account of the origi- 
 nality and value of his inventions, and also be- 
 cause he had always a carefully drawn up and 
 convincing scheme of organization for the new 
 industry which commended itself very quickly 
 to those whom he was striving to interest. 
 He was thoroughly familiar with the business 
 side of the fields of industry in which he was 
 interested. From boyhood he had been draw- 
 ing, designing, and building automatic machin- 
 ery, and from his earliest days he had been ex- 
 perimenting in the metallurgy of iron and steel. 
 His mind was stored with the results of years 
 of thought and practical work in these fields, 
 so that when it came to the problem of or- 
 
 6 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 ganizing a screw - manufacturing plant or a 
 steel company, his was the master mind that 
 worked out and arranged the plan of organ- 
 ization, formulated the items of outgo and in- 
 come, and demonstrated the ability of the new 
 concern to make a profit. 
 
 A very striking characteristic was his con- 
 sideration for others. This was shown not 
 only by kindly acts in his family and by cour- 
 tesy toward his friends and acquaintances, but 
 in all his business relations, wherein he was 
 always regardful of the rights of others, even 
 his opponents. In the competition of business, 
 as in the home circle, he ever displayed the qual- 
 ities which characterize the Christian gentleman. 
 
 A high tribute to his business probity was 
 paid by Mr. Edwin G. Angell, President of the 
 American Screw Company, in a letter written 
 to Mr. Harvey on June 27, 1889. 
 
 For over thirty years there had been a very 
 intimate business relationship between these 
 two men of a most varied character. At times 
 they would both be together on the same side 
 of a business transaction, again they would be 
 opposing each other, their personal relations 
 always remaining most cordial. 
 
 7 
 
HAYWARD AUGUSTUS HARVEY 
 
 Mr. Angell in this letter says, " Nothing has 
 ever impressed us, in our intercourse with you, 
 more than your general spirit of fair dealing." 
 
 A further development of this side of his 
 character was his generosity. Whenever fort- 
 une had favored him his first thought was for 
 those who were needy. The question of a prof- 
 itable investment was not entertained until he 
 had satisfied himself that he had relieved to 
 some extent the necessities of others, and this, 
 too, in the scriptural manner, the members of 
 his family seldom knowing the extent of his 
 charities. 
 
 As it is impossible to separate entirely his 
 work from that of his father, General Thomas 
 William Harvey, we have included a short ac- 
 count of the life and activities of the latter, a 
 study of which shows clearly the source from 
 which the son drew his genius and habits of 
 thought. 
 
 General Harvey was a country lad trained at 
 the village forge, who having spent fifteen years 
 of his early manhood in a frontier town, came 
 east in 1832 with an invention, which was the 
 mother of all the machines in which a head is 
 upset on a blank, and its influence is still felt 
 
 8 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 wherever a die is used or a bolt, screw, nail, or 
 pin is headed. He followed this up with the 
 gimlet-pointed screw and the machinery for 
 making it. Prior to his inventions, there had 
 been a few attempts to cut the threads and 
 nicks of screws by machinery, but most of 
 the screws were made laboriously on a lathe or 
 a "screw-cutting gauge/' All the steps were 
 taken separately and by hand. 
 
 His inventions of 1846, wherein he devised a 
 complete system of automatic screw machinery, 
 contained the basic principles of all the screw 
 inventions for the succeeding thirty years. He 
 is known and recognized by the world as the 
 original inventor of the gimlet-pointed screw. 
 
 His son left behind him as the special monu- 
 ment to his memory the harveyed armor plate, 
 in connection with which his fame and name 
 have spread throughout the world. 
 
 A perusal of these pages will show, however, 
 that he has accomplished great things also along 
 the lines in which his father had labored, and 
 his machine for rolling the threads of screws, 
 first by means of rolls, and afterward by the re- 
 ciprocating dies, or cold forging as it is called, 
 was an original and epoch-making invention, 
 
 9 
 
HAYWARD AUGUSTUS HARVEY 
 
 and one which has caused an entire change in 
 the screw machinery of to-day, on both sides of 
 the ocean. 
 
 LINEAGE 
 
 The founder of the family in America was 
 William Harvey, one of the earliest immigrants 
 to the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Soon after 
 his arrival in this country he, with sixteen 
 others, founded the town of Taunton, which 
 was named, so says tradition, from the town in 
 England, whence these people had come. Tra- 
 dition further has it that the great-grandfather 
 of William was a certain Turner Harvey, a 
 noted archer of the time of Henry VIII. (about 
 1525). He was said to have been in his time 
 the mightiest man in all England with his bow, 
 and at his death no man could spring it. This 
 bow was a family relic in the time of William 
 Harvey. 
 
 William Harvey's oldest son was Thomas, 
 and Thomas's oldest son was William, and all 
 lived at Taunton. William Harvey's fourth son 
 was Jonathan, who lived near Taunton. Jona- 
 than's third son was Ruf us, who was born about 
 
 IO 
 
LINEAGE 
 
 three miles from Taunton Green in 1760. He 
 served through the Revolution as a " minute 
 man," being frequently called to the service of 
 his country, and rising to the rank of sergeant. 
 After the termination of the war he moved to 
 Wardsboro, Vt. (1787), where he married 
 Sarah, daughter of John Jones. He was a man 
 of education, evidently, as he taught school in 
 Taunton for several years before going to Ver- 
 mont. In Vermont he bought a farm and, 
 later, was elected town clerk and justice of the 
 peace in Wardsboro. 
 
 The oldest son of Jonathan Harvey was 
 Thomas William, the father of the subject of 
 this memoir. 
 
 IX 
 
GENERAL THOMAS WILLIAM 
 HARVEY 
 
 This remarkable man was born at Wards- 
 boro, Vt, July 22, 1795. He attended the vil- 
 lage school, learned the trade of a blacksmith, 
 and, at twenty years of age, was considered a 
 skilled mechanic. In 1815 he went to the west- 
 ern part of New York State under contract to 
 put up the machinery in a new cotton-mill 
 which was being erected in Jamestown, a town 
 recently founded in Chautauqua County, at 
 the head of the beautiful Chautauqua Lake, 
 whither he took his young wife, Melinda, the 
 daughter of John Hayward, of Dover, Vt. 
 
 The machinery for the cotton-mill never 
 came, but the village settlers urged him to re- 
 main among them, offering him a building lot 
 as an inducement, and so he built a home and 
 a forge, and became the village blacksmith. 
 There his five children were born. He took an 
 active interest in the growth and development 
 of the young town, and his name occurs fre- 
 
 12 
 
GENERAL THOMAS WILLIAM HARVEY 
 
HIS FATHER 
 
 quently in the early traditions of the settlement. 
 He organized a train band and became its 
 captain ; later on his interest in military affairs 
 extended to the State and he became a Major- 
 General of the Twenty-sixth Division of In- 
 fantry in the old New York militia. He re- 
 ceived his commission from Governor Marcy, 
 January 30, 1833, and for many years took an 
 active part in the development of that organi- 
 zation. 
 
 With his brother Charles, who was also an 
 excellent mechanic, he built most of the machin- 
 ery for the young manufacturers of Jamestown. 
 He remained in that town for about fifteen 
 years and, having invented certain machinery 
 for making screws, he went to Ramapo, N. Y., 
 to have it built. Thither he brought his family 
 and a few years later he settled in* Poughkeep- 
 sie, where he built up a flourishing screw in- 
 dustry and devised and perfected many inven- 
 tions. Here he was associated with Matthew 
 Vassar and Frederick Goodell in the Pough- 
 keepsie Screw Company. While resident in 
 this town he was considered one of its leading 
 and most substantial citizens. Later he moved 
 to New York City, where he became interested 
 
 13 
 
HAYWARD AUGUSTUS HARVEY 
 
 in the iron and steel business and spent much 
 time and money in developing the iron ores of 
 Putnam County, N. Y. At that time he was 
 spoken of as a man "of great experience in 
 the manufacture of iron and well known as a 
 practical mineralogist." 
 
 He had examined and secured possession of 
 many iron mines along the line of the Harlem 
 Railroad ; among those that he opened at that 
 time was the since famous Tilly Foster mine, 
 which has proved to be one of the most valu- 
 able of Eastern iron mines. He found the ore 
 too refractory, however, to be reduced profitably 
 by the methods then in use. The Harvey Steel 
 and Iron Company, with a capital of $1,000,- 
 ooo, was formed to develop these mines. 
 
 The late T. F. Secor was the president of 
 that company, and General Harvey was the en- 
 gineer of mines and works. This company was 
 one of the last enterprises that he undertook 
 shortly before his death. At this same time he 
 was exploiting a silver mine in Vermont and 
 lead and copper mines in New York State. 
 
 He was severely injured in the noted railroad 
 accident at Norwalk, Conn., in 1853, and never 
 fully recovered his powers. He died of apo- 
 
 14 
 
HIS MOTHER 
 
 plexy at "The Grove," Canaan, Litchfield 
 County, Conn., June 5, 1854, aged fifty -eight. 
 
 Melinda Hayward Harvey, the General's 
 first wife and the mother of Hayward A., was 
 a godly little woman of good Vermont stock. 
 She was born at Dover in that State, July 28, 
 1795, and was married March 28, 1815. She 
 brought up her children in the fear of the Lord, 
 and lived to see them all grow up Christian 
 men and women. She shared with her husband 
 the vicissitudes and hardships of life in a fron- 
 tier town, enjoyed with him the wealth and 
 comfort that came as a reward of his genius 
 and labor, passed through the hard times of his 
 later life and died in New York, September 6, 
 1850, aged fifty-five. 
 
 The General married, January 12, 1854, Miss 
 Sarah Cowles, a daughter of the Rev. Pitkin 
 Cowles, of Canaan, Conn., whose house, "The 
 Grove," was the scene of the General's death. 
 Mrs. Harvey survived her husband many years, 
 beloved and respected by all his descendants. 
 
 Physically General Harvey was a magnificent 
 specimen of manhood, standing six feet two 
 inches in his stockings and weighing two 
 hundred and eighty pounds. He had great 
 
HAYWARD AUGUSTUS HARVEY 
 
 strength ; a tradition is current in the family 
 that he felled a horse with a blow on its head 
 from his naked fist. At fifty years of age it is 
 said that he could kick an object held at the 
 level of his head. 
 
 He was a born leader of men. In a train 
 band he was the captain ; in a bear hunt, the 
 chief ; in a choir, the leader ; in a business 
 organization, the master mind and leading 
 spirit. He was associated with the leaders of 
 thought and action wherever he lived. He 
 was active in the early management of the 
 American Institute, was a director and presi- 
 dent of that institution, and was invited to 
 read scientific papers before the meetings. 
 
 Early in the forties he conducted an ex- 
 haustive series of experiments with electricity. 
 He had at that time a machine shop, the power 
 for which was furnished by an electro-magnetic 
 engine. Here he was frequently visited by 
 Professors Draper, Henry, and Morse, who at 
 that time were all experimenting with elec- 
 tricity as a means of communication. His 
 electricity was obtained from batteries of cells 
 and at an enormous expense, and the experi- 
 ment was soon abandoned. His enthusiasm 
 
 16 
 
MRS. MELINDA HAYWARD HARVEY 
 
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS 
 
 regarding his electrical experiments was very 
 great. In 1841 he remarked to the late Dr. 
 Hazelton, of Jamestown, then an inmate of 
 his family : " If you live to the ordinary age of 
 man, you will see electricity the great motive 
 power of the world." Many interesting de- 
 velopments recorded in his notes seem almost 
 prophetic. He deposited silver on his copper 
 plates for his batteries in an electrical bath, 
 which was one of the earliest, if not the ear- 
 liest, example of electroplating in America. 
 He separated iron from the ore by means of 
 magnetism, using an endless belt, with fixed 
 magnets fastened to it, to extract the metal, 
 but had no simple method of removing the 
 iron from the magnet. 
 
 His son said that he devoted the last few 
 months of his life to developing a method of 
 making steel from the ore by one process, and 
 had he lived but a short time longer it is prob- 
 able he would have accomplished his object. 
 At that time the desire of iron-makers was to 
 discover the secret of " Russia " iron, and the 
 Harveys devoted much time to experiments in 
 that investigation. They observed so much 
 secrecy in their experiments that the local of- 
 
HAYWARD AUGUSTUS HARVEY 
 
 ficers broke into their shop under suspicion 
 that they were making counterfeit coin. His 
 last patent, granted only a short time before 
 his death, was for a "furnace for manufactur- 
 ing wrought iron from ore." 
 
 While resident in Poughkeepsie he devised 
 machinery for, and was active in organizing, a 
 pin-manufacturing concern, which was one of 
 the earliest to make the solid-head pin ; and 
 late in life he invented a very successful " pin- 
 sticking machine " for placing the pins in the 
 paper wrapper automatically. He was also 
 interested, with his brother Charles, in the 
 hair-cloth industry, particularly the making of 
 stocks, and he received a patent for a machine 
 for weaving stock forms. 
 
 A very early invention was a " flanged spike " 
 developed while he was still a resident of 
 Jamestown. 
 
 18 
 
EARLY SCREW INVENTIONS 
 
 One of General Harvey's earliest inventions 
 was one of the most important. He called 
 it the "rotary toggle-joint press," which was 
 patented April 27, 1832. He said of it : " I 
 am inclined to believe that I have discovered 
 a new principle in mechanics, or rather a new 
 application of an old principle, to wit : the 
 knee-power press, by a rotary movement pro- 
 duced by the revolving of wheels, and by 
 which a powerful press may be applied cen- 
 trally upon any object desired in a more rapid 
 manner. It is an immense power, possessing 
 all the advantages of the screw or inclined 
 plane, with the additional advantage of almost 
 a total reduction of friction." 
 
 Again he says, in a letter to a business 
 friend : " I originated a new idea in mechanics 
 by which I can communicate a press of many 
 tons force (fifty, if required) some 2,000 times 
 a minute. The knowing ones at Washington 
 have complimented the discovery as being 
 
 19 
 
HAYWARD AUGUSTUS HARVEY 
 
 more important than any discovery that has 
 been produced in the last one hundred years. 
 What I shall be able to make out of it I can- 
 not tell. It is adapted to making all kinds of 
 nails, wrought or cut, brads, tacks, railroad and 
 ship spikes, steam-boiler rivets, all other kinds, 
 wood-screws, bed-screws, bolts, pins, type, 
 combs, buttons, crackers, cutting files, coining 
 money, pressing bricks, and striking all kinds 
 of dies. You can at once see that here was 
 a field opened for any man of genius or am- 
 bition." 
 
 He made arrangements with Messrs. I. S. 
 Pierson & Sons, of the Ramapo Manufactur- 
 ing Company, for the construction of various 
 machines for the application of the new me- 
 chanical principle. Its application to the head- 
 ing of the screw blank soon led him to the 
 study of the manufacture of wood-screws, and 
 he received patents for new screw machinery 
 March, 1837. The product was the first gim- 
 let-pointed screw, and it was made by the 
 Poughkeepsie Screw Company. 
 
 A graphic picture of the screw industry of 
 that time and of General Harvey's business ac- 
 tivity, from the pen of Hay ward A. Harvey, 
 
 20 
 
EARLY SCREW INVENTIONS 
 
 is appended. It is a crude first draft, but is 
 so characteristic that it is inserted without 
 alteration : 
 
 From Hay ward A. Harvey s Memoranda 
 
 The toggle-joint press was first tested at Hoe's in 
 Gold Street, New York. Afterward an arrangement was 
 effected for the developing of this invention with the 
 Piersons at Ramapo, in the year 1831. The invention 
 created a great deal of inquiry and interest all over 
 the country ; so much was this toggle-joint used, so 
 identified was the inventor with it that he was known 
 for years as General T. W. Toggle - Joint Harvey. 
 . . . Through his invention of machinery for weav- 
 ing stocks he became acquainted with Frederick Good- 
 ell, who was a manufacturer of cotton cloth and owned 
 mills at Ramapo. During 1834 they, Goodell and my 
 father, founded a copartnership, known at Pough- 
 keepsie as the " Screw Manufacturers." During the 
 same year he bought the Montgomery Screw Works, 
 a small affair and very primitive. . . . The concern 
 was closed that winter and my father commenced to 
 get up a complete set of screw machinery, comprising a 
 header, nicker, and shaver combined, and a threader. 
 Before building these, they heard of a threader invent- 
 ed by Sloat and Springstern, which they purchased and 
 afterward put into successful operation at Poughkeep- 
 sie in connection with my father's machines. 
 
 The header here adopted had a toggle joint with two 
 
 21 
 
HAYWARD AUGUSTUS HARVEY 
 
 pair of feeding tongs, an independent cut-off with a 
 stop to feed against ; the dies were closed by a wedge 
 motion. They had, I think, three of these machines in 
 those works. The nickers were arranged with four 
 rowlets and two shaving operators to each upon one 
 ponderous frame ; one operator to two rowlets. 
 
 The shaving was done by revolving tools, three to 
 each blank a back tool, an edge tool, and a face tool. 
 They had three of these frames, making twelve nickers 
 and shavers. The threaders were arranged with three 
 machines to a frame and it was expected that one oper- 
 ator would tend the three. In this machine the blank 
 revolved and had also the chasing motion ; the tool 
 had but one motion, up and down, but was brought 
 nearer at every successive cut. 
 
 Gimlet-pointed screws were made upon these ma- 
 chines. The operator had to put in and take out each 
 one ; the machine, having performed its work on the 
 blank, stopped, and when supplied with a fresh one 
 was set in motion by the operator. 
 
 I am not able to say how many machines of this kind 
 were made, nor the amount of screws turned out daily ; 
 I should say about four hundred gross per day. 
 
 About the year 1837, some capitalists from New York 
 and England bought out the interest of Goodell and 
 paid him $100,000; they afterwards procured a char- 
 ter and formed a company with a capital of $200,000. 
 This company sent out machines to England and France, 
 and sold their patents in those countries, I have the 
 impression, for quite respectable prices, but not to a 
 great profit on account of the heavy expenses attend- 
 
 22 
 
EARLY SCREW INVENTIONS 
 
 ing the enterprise. My impression, from information 
 derived from my father's old correspondence, is that 
 they netted about $50,000. 
 
 But, to follow the home history : In 1838 or 1839 the 
 Poughkeepsie company became embarrassed by the out- 
 side speculation (which had been very rampant just be- 
 fore this time) of its directors, and they formed an ar- 
 rangement with a water-power company in Somerville, 
 N. J., on the Raritan River. 
 
 At this time my father had exhausted himself finan- 
 cially in speculation and experiments, and was compelled 
 to sell his whole interest, to satisfy his engagements. 
 
 Up to this time, say 1839, he had invented and con- 
 structed in Poughkeepsie a machine for pressing brick, 
 which sold for $30,000 (I have the notes yet) ; a coin- 
 ing machine for Mexico (I have the notes for this in- 
 vention, $10,000) ; a horse-shoe machine ; a spike man- 
 ufactory, having bought back from the Piersons their 
 interest for $30,000 ; a machine for making hair cloth 
 (was successful) ; machines for sawing down trees ; a 
 complete set of pin machinery and for sticking the same 
 on papers, and a lot of type machinery. 
 
 Then he commenced a complete new set of screw ma- 
 chinery. A shaving machine was completed and a 
 nicker and threader but partially, when the urgencies of 
 his creditors compelled him to make some disposal of 
 them how, and for what, I never knew ; but the whole 
 thing was abandoned by him and the machinery went to 
 Somerville when the machinery of the Poughkeepsie 
 company went. The shaving machine above mentioned 
 was never put into operation except experimentally, and 
 
 23 
 
HAYWARD AUGUSTUS HARVEY 
 
 a model of it is now in the possession of the American 
 Screw Company. It is a complete automatic machine. 
 
 He removed, in 1839, to New York and took up his 
 experiments in electro-magnetism and reaping machines. 
 
 In the spring of 1841 I commenced the drawing for 
 his experiment in a new set of automatic machinery for 
 making screws, which was patented in 1846. In 1844 
 they commenced to build machinery for a large concern 
 for this object. Mr. Charles Ely furnished the capital, 
 and a concern capable of making about eight hundred 
 gross per day was operated at Thirty-third Street, New 
 York. 
 
 In the year 1849 it was combined with the Somerville 
 Screw Company, the New York company taking stock 
 of the Somerville for pay, which stock never had any 
 market value. This concern eventually failed, and its 
 machinery went to the four corners of the earth, it hav- 
 ing been made up of a conglomeration of the past from 
 every concern. There was the Poughkeepsie, then 
 Crumb's addition came in with his long-lever die ma- 
 chines ; after that came Grain's Schenectady concern, 
 having a hodge-podge of everything under the sun ; 
 and then came the New York screw concern, to make a 
 Babel worse confounded in screw machinery. I would 
 say here that this New York screw concern has been 
 the school for all screw inventors and screw manufact- 
 urers since. The Providence company secured their 
 business through the apt scholars Sloan and Whipple. 
 The Taunton company had a part of the machinery that 
 was at Somerville, having bought it of them, and took 
 time to study, but not to avoid the patents. 
 
 24 
 
EARLY SCREW INVENTIONS 
 
 The closing up of the New York company did not 
 deter my father from further efforts ; the patent was re- 
 tained by Mr. Ely under an arrangement for future uses. 
 My father had in contemplation a concern that should 
 not only make screws, but should make their own iron 
 and wire rods. With this in view, a company was 
 formed, mines bought, land purchased, and a few fur- 
 naces erected, but it was still incomplete at the time of 
 his death, which took place in 1854, caused by the rail- 
 road disaster at Norwalk. 
 
 In such a school and with such a school- 
 master did the subject of this memoir receive 
 his training a training from which he grad- 
 uated with his eyes ever watchful for new phe- 
 nomena and his mind ever open to new ideas. 
 In mechanics the development had been in the 
 direction of automatic machinery ; in metal- 
 lurgy toward careful study and laborious exper- 
 imentation with new methods. The effect of 
 this training is evident to those of his friends 
 who are familiar with the long series of experi- 
 ments in the supercarburization of steel, which 
 led up eventually to the armor-plate process. 
 
 When these experiments carried him beyond 
 the practice of the text-books, and he began to 
 talk of the conditions under which he was pro- 
 ducing the results he was showing, the experts 
 
 25 
 
HAYWARD AUGUSTUS HARVEY 
 
 of the day said, "That is impossible, the man 
 is deceiving himself " ; such criticism, however, 
 never shook his conviction that he was on the 
 right track and that he would produce a steel 
 with qualities entirely different from anything 
 heretofore produced. 
 
 The result crowns the work. 
 
 HAYWARD AUGUSTUS HARVEY 
 
 BOYHOOD AND YOUTH 
 
 Jamestown was still a frontier town in 1824. 
 It had been founded in 1807, and, while its 
 growth had been rapid, the surrounding for- 
 ests were full of large game, and the original 
 owners of the soil, the Indians, were plentiful. 
 Hay ward Augustus Harvey was born in the 
 house that his father had built on the corner 
 of Pine and Third Streets, January 17, 1824. 
 The house is no longer standing. A con- 
 temporary describes him as a " bright, active, 
 mischief-loving boy, when Jamestown was a 
 boy's paradise." Fie attended school in James- 
 town until he was nine years old, when the 
 
 26 
 
HAYWARD AUGUSTUS HARVEY AT ABOUT TWENTY YEARS OF AGE 
 
BOYHOOD AND YOUTH 
 
 family moved to New York City. Of his 
 life in Jamestown he had many stories to tell, 
 of the wild animals he would see on his way 
 to school, and of the wild men who would 
 come to inquire of his mother the whereabouts 
 of the " smith." 
 
 When the family moved east he had an ex- 
 perience in varieties of travelling which is illus- 
 trative of the state of the country. He travelled 
 by stage-coach from Jamestown to a point on 
 the Erie Canal, where they embarked on an 
 " express packet." These fast boats bore the 
 same relation to the ordinary canal-boat that 
 a Providence line steamer does to a freighter. 
 They were luxurious relatively, with handsome 
 lively teams, and the passengers entertained 
 each other with music and dancing, speech- 
 making, etc., anything to pass the time away. 
 
 At Schenectady the canal was left and the 
 party rode to Albany on the new steam rail- 
 road, which was the first one built in New 
 York State. From Albany a steamboat took 
 them to New York City. At that time the 
 best hotel in town was in Cortlandt Street, 
 whither they went. 
 
 The General had some machinery building 
 27 
 
HAYWARD AUGUSTUS HARVEY 
 
 in Ramapo, and thither the family soon went, 
 travelling by way of Paterson on the horse-rail- 
 road that preceded the Erie Railroad. 
 
 Of the life at Ramapo, there are only mem- 
 ories of the pleasant country home. 
 
 When he was twelve years old the family 
 moved to Poughkeepsie, and he attended school 
 at "The Academy on the Hill" and later he 
 entered the New Paltz Academy for the pur- 
 pose of preparing for Yale College. This 
 purpose was, however, frustrated by the great 
 financial depression of the later thirties, which 
 prevented his father's carrying out the plans 
 he had arranged for his education. Instead of 
 going to college he went into the factory at 
 Poughkeepsie, where he studied and practised 
 draughting and the various branches of me- 
 chanical engineering. It is fortunate that it 
 was so. No school or college at that day 
 could have given him the knowledge of me- 
 chanics and of metallurgy that he acquired 
 from being a witness of and participant in 
 the experiments of one of the most active and 
 expert mechanicians of the day. 
 
 As a schoolboy he entered into all outdoor 
 sports with great zest. He was a very strong 
 
 28 
 
EARLY MANHOOD 
 
 man physically, although entirely untrained, but 
 the active out-of-door life among the boys of 
 the New Paltz Academy laid the foundation 
 for his great strength. His love for the open 
 air and outdoor sports was always with him, 
 and he was never satisfied unless his horse was a 
 little better than any that he was likely to meet. 
 
 The family were all fond of music, all had 
 good voices and the sisters received a good 
 musical education, as was considered proper at 
 that time. Hay ward could play almost any 
 musical instrument as a young man, and this 
 without any regular instruction ; he also culti- 
 vated his voice and became very fond of church 
 music, devoting a good deal of attention to it 
 throughout his life. Probably few men, even 
 skilled musicians, derived as much pleasure 
 and consolation from music as he did. 
 
 The piano was a solace and diversion to 
 which he turned whenever business was haras- 
 sing, or to relieve the suspense of awaiting the 
 results of experiments or negotiations. He was 
 the leader of the choir in the Fourth Street 
 Presbyterian Church of New York for several 
 years, and had a singing-school of the old-fash- 
 ioned sort in connection with that church. 
 
 29 
 
HAYWARD AUGUSTUS HARVEY 
 
 His brother-in-law, Mr. Cornelius Winant, 
 has written of that time, and from his letter the 
 following has been taken : 
 
 MY DEAR NEPHEW : 
 
 When I first knew your father, he was a bright, inter- 
 esting young man of about eighteen or nineteen years. 
 I may have known him previous to that, but it was 
 not until he became a visitor at our house that he im- 
 pressed himself on my mind. He was then a slightly built 
 young fellow of most engaging manners and fine appear- 
 ance, dressing in good taste. He was a lover of music, 
 a fine singer and a good pianist, and his society was 
 much sought after by the young people. He was genial, 
 kind-hearted, and considerate of others to a marked de- 
 gree. He appeared to have no faults, certainly no bad 
 ones, and living with him and your mother as I after- 
 ward did for several years I of course became very in- 
 timate with him and much attached to him. I thought 
 then, and do still, that he was as near perfect as any 
 man I ever knew. My association with him during those 
 years, at a time when my character was forming, was 
 most excellent and beneficial, and I have always felt 
 that I owed him a great debt in this direction. . . . 
 
 How well I remember his first invention at least I 
 think it was the first. He had established himself as 
 a manufacturer of wire in Thirty-third Street, east of 
 Third Avenue. Finding himself supplying a certain 
 size of wire to be bent into blind staples, he thought he 
 could make an automatic machine to do the work. This 
 
 30 
 
EARLY MANHOOD 
 
 he did, and found an abundant sale for the product, 
 until he thought he had furnished a supply that would 
 satisfy the market for years, so he sold the patent-right 
 to his friend Frank Upham. Upham hired a boy and 
 set him at work, and lived on the profits of that little 
 machine for several years. 
 
 Truly yours, 
 
 CORNELIUS WINANT. 
 
 Later in life Mr. Harvey continued his in- 
 terest in church music and for many years 
 was precentor at the Trinity Congregational 
 Church, at Orange, N. J. 
 
 After the formation of the New York Screw 
 Company of which his father was president, he 
 entered the service of that company as draughts- 
 man. The English patent officials of that day 
 pronounced his drawings to be the best that 
 they had received from America. It was about 
 this time that he made his first invention. This 
 was the machine for making blind staples re- 
 ferred to by Mr. Winant in the letter above 
 quoted. 
 
 He was interested in the blind staple indus- 
 try for over twenty years, having had a patent 
 issued to him for a corrugated blind staple as 
 late as April 2, 1867. He also invented about 
 
 31 
 
HAYWARD AUGUSTUS HARVEY 
 
 that time a hay-cutter, for which he received a 
 silver medal at the exhibition of the American 
 Institute in 1847. 
 
 He was married December 29, 1849, to Miss 
 Mary Matilda Winant, daughter of Cornelius 
 Winant, of 649 Fourth Street, New York 
 City, whom General Harvey, in a letter describ- 
 ing the event to his brother and sister in Ver- 
 mont, speaks of as "an eminent shipbuilder." 
 
 After the wedding the young people went to 
 Somerville, N. J., to live, where Hay ward took 
 charge of the wire-mill connected with the 
 screw company of that town. In 1850 he had 
 returned to New York City, where he estab- 
 lished a wire-mill himself. Before the business 
 was fairly started he was burned out, and he 
 then entered into the employ of the Harvey 
 Steel and Iron Company, which his father had 
 recently organized. Their works were estab- 
 lished in Mott Haven, near the northern end 
 of the railroad bridge over the Harlem River. 
 The stack is still standing, a monument to the 
 engineering skill of the Harveys. The ground 
 was swampy, and when the foundation for the 
 great chimney was to be built it was found 
 that the stones disappeared as fast as they 
 
 32 
 
HAYWARD AUGUSTUS HARVEY AT THIRTY-FIVE YEARS OF AGE 
 
HARVEY STEEL AND IRON COMPANY 
 
 were thrown upon its surface. There seemed 
 to be no bottom to the swamp. A large tim- 
 ber frame-work was built, and upon this was 
 erected the foundation ; as it sank into the mud 
 the masonry was carried higher until at last it 
 ceased to sink, and then the stack was built up. 
 Its stability is an evidence of the good con- 
 struction. He was also interested with his 
 father in an experimental iron plant which they 
 erected in East Canaan, Conn., near the town 
 of Norfolk, which was called the Wangum 
 Iron Company. What the object of their 
 experiment was is not now clear. They were 
 experimenting in making steel direct from the 
 ore at this time, and as they tried many differ- 
 ent ores found in that locality it was probably 
 the peculiar qualities found in those ores that 
 caused them to build their plant there. 
 
 The death of General Harvey, however, 
 interfered with the success of these two 
 companies and they soon discontinued their 
 operations. 
 
 After the death of his father, Mr. Harvey 
 devoted himself to developing some of the 
 former's unfinished projects. The death of his 
 wife occurred on June 26, 1857, and his home 
 
 33 
 
HAYWARD AUGUSTUS HARVEY 
 
 being thus broken up he had no permanent 
 abiding - place until his second marriage in 
 1865. During this period of about ten years 
 he was engaged in many enterprises more or 
 less successful, and he made several inventions 
 among others a " railroad chair," patented De- 
 cember 25, 1859 > k ut ms chief operations had 
 to do with the American Screw Company of 
 Providence, R. I. Soon after his father's death 
 he convinced himself that the screw companies 
 in that city were using machinery which in- 
 fringed his father's patents. Accordingly, he set 
 about an investigation, and soon collected proofs 
 sufficient to cause the officers of the American 
 company to offer a compromise. As narrated 
 by that company's president, Mr. William G. 
 Angell, " while negotiations for a union of the 
 two companies (the Eagle and the New Eng- 
 land screw companies, both of Providence, 
 the immediate predecessors of the American 
 Screw Company) were in progress, proceed- 
 ings had been begun against the Eagle com- 
 pany by the heirs of Thomas W. Harvey for 
 infringement of his patents. These claims 
 would have applied also to the New England 
 company. Both companies had made use of 
 
 34 
 
AMERICAN SCREW COMPANY 
 
 principles covered by the patent for automatic 
 screw machinery, patented by Harvey, May 
 30, 1846. The claim against both companies 
 was admitted and settled after the organization 
 of the American Screw Company on terms 
 fixed by arbitration." 
 
 As an outcome of this compromise Hay- 
 ward A. Harvey was put on the salary list of 
 the American Screw Company and acted as 
 their confidential agent in many of the negoti- 
 ations which resulted in that company's secur- 
 ing the monopoly of the American market. 
 This connection was severed about 1863 by 
 the American company, through the efforts 
 of some of its directors, who did not appre- 
 ciate how serious a rival they were liberating 
 to their own detriment. In a very short time 
 he had invented a full set of new automatic 
 screw machinery, headers, shavers, nickers, and 
 threaders, and was quickly successful in inter- 
 esting New York capitalists in a new screw 
 company which was called the <( Continental " 
 and which was formed in 1865. 
 
 On June 21, 1865, he married Miss Emily 
 Alice Halsey, the daughter of Captain Charles 
 Halsey, of Bridgehampton, N. Y., a sea captain. 
 
 35 
 
HAYWARD AUGUSTUS HARVEY 
 
 He then took up his residence in Orange, 
 N. J., where he remained until his death, which 
 occurred August 28, 1893. 
 
 Mr. Harvey took a great deal of interest in 
 the town in which he lived. Previous to the 
 Civil War he had been an adherent of the 
 Democratic party. After the war he support- 
 ed the Republican party, and took an active 
 share in the local management, serving frequent- 
 ly on the local committees. He served two 
 terms as a member of the Common Council 
 of the city of Orange, being elected first in 
 1873 an d again in 1879. He was intimately 
 connected with the introduction of water and 
 sewerage into the city. He was one of the 
 original Water Commissioners, and also a mem- 
 ber of the preliminary Advisory Board of citi- 
 zens who formulated and devised the system 
 of sewerage and drainage which was afterward 
 put in operation. 
 
 As a citizen he was a quiet, unassuming, law- 
 abiding member of the community, always 
 ready to do his share, giving his time, labor, 
 and money freely for whatever purpose seemed 
 likely to improve the happiness, comfort, or 
 well-being of those around him ; doing every 
 
 36 
 
CONTINENTAL SCREW COMPANY 
 
 task that he assumed honestly and thoroughly, 
 ever ready to give of his means to the further- 
 ing of any charitable plan or philanthropic in- 
 stitution. 
 
 THE CONTINENTAL SCREW 
 COMPANY 
 
 As stated above, in 1865, having invented a 
 full line of screw-making machinery, Mr. Har- 
 vey interested a number of New York capital- 
 ists, and proceeded to organize a screw company 
 with this title. It was a strong company, with 
 a capital of half a million dollars. They erected 
 works in Jersey City at the corner of Washing- 
 ton and Eighth Streets. 
 
 This was a complete screw-making plant, 
 including a wire-mill. Their selling agents were 
 Hart, Bliven, Meade & Company, of New York ; 
 Mr. Bliven being the active head of the Screw 
 Company. They commenced making screws 
 immediately, and soon made themselves felt in 
 the market as the most important rivals of the 
 American Screw Company. 
 
 After four or five years of existence, the lat- 
 
 37 
 
HAYWARD AUGUSTUS HARVEY 
 
 ter company bought them in and absorbed the 
 Continental, sending the machinery to Provi- 
 dence and selling the buildings to the Lorillards 
 for their tobacco business, who enlarged the 
 buildings to twice their previous capacity and 
 are still occupying them. 
 
 Mr. Harvey was the Manager of this Com- 
 pany, and closely associated with him in its 
 management was Mr. Edward E. Quimby, who 
 for a time was the Superintendent, and who 
 had been a personal friend from early man- 
 hood. 
 
 From this time on, Mr. Quimby was inti- 
 mately connected with Mr. Harvey and his 
 work. He drew up his patent specifications, 
 acted as his attorney in disputed questions be- 
 fore the Patent Examiners and as his expert in 
 litigations. He was constantly consulted in the 
 new business enterprises that developed from 
 his inventions, and was always a stanch and 
 loyal friend, a wise and safe counsellor. 
 
HAYWARD AUGUSTUS HARVEY AT FORTY-SIX YEARS OF AGE 
 
OTHER INVENTIONS 
 
 After the sale of the Continental Screw Com- 
 pany to the American Screw Company, Mr. 
 Harvey became connected with the latter com- 
 pany in an advisory relation which continued 
 for some years. He was also interested in, and 
 a director of, the Peru Steel and Iron Com- 
 pany and the Hart Manufacturing Company. 
 He was associated in these companies with the 
 late Charles Bliven and the late William H. 
 Gunther. He devoted most of his time to the 
 Peru Steel and Iron Company, a concern with 
 mines and forges at Clintonville, N. Y, It was 
 for a number of years a very successful business 
 enterprise, but the panic of 1873 put a stop 
 to its dividends, a receiver was appointed, and 
 though it partly recovered itself in the boom in 
 iron that occurred in 1880, it did not live long 
 after that period. 
 
 From 1865 to 1871 he devoted much time 
 and money in an attempt to secure from Con- 
 gress an extension of the lifetime of General 
 
 39 
 
HAYWARD AUGUSTUS HARVEY 
 
 Harvey's patents issued in 1846, which had 
 been used by the New England manufacturers, 
 and were considered to be the basic patents in 
 automatic screw machinery. The attempt was 
 a failure, although the bill passed the Lower 
 House in 1871. Mr. Harvey always regretted 
 the time wasted in these endeavors, which it is 
 true would have resulted in the General's heirs 
 realizing some benefit from these inventions, 
 which had been appropriated and made the ba- 
 sis of enormous profits by others, but which had 
 never yielded the General or his family any re- 
 turn. This is often the case with revolutionary 
 inventions. 
 
 For some time he had been devoting his at- 
 tention to wire nails and bolts, and in 1874 he 
 patented a bolt with a varying pitch of thread 
 on which an ordinary nut should be fitted. 
 The upsetting of the threads when the nut was 
 screwed up locked it firmly. This was called 
 the " peripheral grip bolt." In 1876 the Har- 
 vey Manufacturing Company was organized to 
 make these bolts. The gentlemen who were 
 first interested in this company failed to raise 
 the necessary capital and their interest was 
 bought out by Mr. Harvey. About this time 
 
 40 
 
ROLLED SCREW 
 
 Mr. Benjamin G. Clark and Mr. Theodore 
 Sturges became acquainted with Mr. Harvey 
 and his inventions, and interested themselves 
 in this company. After a few years its busi- 
 ness was taken up by the Harvey Screw and 
 Bolt Company, which concern, however, was 
 dissolved before doing any great amount of 
 business, and the bolt patents and business 
 were bought by the Kansas City Bolt and Nut 
 Company, which concern is still making and 
 selling these bolts for railroad use. 
 
 THE ROLLED SCREW 
 
 During this time Mr. Harvey devised a 
 new system of machinery for making screws. 
 Hitherto all screws had been made by cutting 
 the threads on the blanks with a sharp tool. 
 All of his father's and his own previous thread- 
 ers had thus " cut " the thread. He designed 
 a machine for rolling the thread upon the screw- 
 blank, and in this machine the thread was 
 partly rolled into and partly pressed out from 
 the surface of the blank by a so-called cold 
 forging process. These screws have a sharp 
 
 41 
 
HAYWARD AUGUSTUS HARVEY 
 
 central point, which with the large thread and 
 small neck make the entrance into the wood 
 easy. One variety of these screws had two 
 bosses on the surface of the head instead of a 
 nick. The Harvey Screw Company was or- 
 ganized in 1 88 1 to manufacture these screws, 
 but soon afterward was merged into the Har- 
 vey Screw and Bolt Company, which also took 
 the bolt business of the Harvey Manufacturing 
 Company. The late United States Senator 
 William H. Barnum was actively interested in 
 this combination, and an expensive foundation 
 was built at Lime Rock, Conn., it being ex- 
 pected that large works would be erected 
 there. The foundation, however, remains as 
 it was. Internal dissensions ensued and the 
 company dissolved, as has been mentioned, 
 the screw patents and machinery being sold to 
 the American Screw Company in America, 
 and to the Nettlefolds in England. These 
 inventions were fundamental, and changed the 
 methods of screw-making, both in this country 
 and in .Europe. The cold-forged screw is now 
 the standard. 
 
 Mr. Harvey's claim to priority and origi- 
 nality in this invention of threading screws by 
 
 42 
 
ROLLED SCREW 
 
 rolling has been attacked by those who fol- 
 lowed him and profited by developing the new 
 system of screw making. 
 
 We can quote no less an authority than Mr. 
 Edwin G. Angell, the President of the Ameri- 
 can Screw Company, in support of his claims. 
 
 In a letter written to Mr. Harvey on July 
 1 8, 1887 (after the purchase of the United 
 States patents by the American Screw Com- 
 pany), in which the purchase of stock of that 
 Company by Mr. Harvey and his friends in 
 New York was being urged, Mr. Angell says : 
 " The more I think of it, the more I desire you 
 should be interested with us, because you are 
 entitled to credit in laying the foundations for 
 us to work upon, something as your father 
 did for the automatic threading (cutting) ma- 
 chinery." 
 
 Surely there is no one more familiar with 
 the history of the art, nor anyone more con- 
 versant with the facts of the case, than Mr. 
 Angell. 
 
 A thread-rolling machine was exhibited by 
 Mr. Harvey in England about this time and, 
 besides receiving the Gold Medal at the Inter- 
 national Inventions Exhibition in London, re- 
 
 43 
 
HAYWARD AUGUSTUS HARVEY 
 
 ceived highly flattering notices from the daily 
 press and from many technical journals. The 
 following is from the Iron Age, September 3, 
 1885: 
 
 The Harvey Rolled Wood Screw. 
 
 The fact that wood screws have been manufactured 
 by rolling is one generally known to the trade in this 
 country, and those who have used rolled screws have 
 testified to their superior excellence. It is also known 
 that they are practical screws, possessing certain ad- 
 vantages over screws with cut threads. It has been re- 
 ported that their manufacture would be undertaken on 
 a large scale, but as this was not done we presume the 
 matter has passed out of the minds of those for whom 
 the subject has special interest. The facts we give 
 below will, we are sure, be found of general trade 
 interest. 
 
 The first exhibition of the Harvey screw-threading 
 machine was made at the International Inventions Ex- 
 hibition in London, where it was awarded the gold 
 medal. This machine and its product excited great in- 
 terest, and, as it is an American machine in every par- 
 ticular, a few extracts from comments in recent issues 
 of leading English journals will be read with satisfac- 
 tion. Engineering of August 2ist says : 
 
 " A very ingenious, and at the same time exceedingly 
 simple, machine for the manufacture of wood screws is 
 shown in the western gallery of the Inventions Exhibi- 
 tion. It differs from all existing machines for the same 
 
 44 
 
ROLLED SCREW 
 
 purpose in that the threads are not cut, but rolled 
 that is, the wire blank is pressed into the final form 
 without loss of material, the fibres being squeezed into 
 the alternate projections and depressions of the screw- 
 thread. From this apparently simple alteration in the 
 mode of manufacture there result a great many advan- 
 tages. Firstly, there is a considerable saving of metal, 
 i ton of wire serving to make 1,800 gross of No. 10 
 rolled screws, i^ inches long, while it will only pro- 
 duce i, 066 gross of cut screws. Secondly, the threads 
 stand out beyond the original diameter of the wire, and 
 consequently beyond the shank ; hence it is not neces- 
 sary to send a second bit down the hole in the wood to 
 enlarge the part intended for the reception of the shank. 
 Indeed, in many instances no hole is required, for the 
 * gimlet point ' actually answers to its name, and will 
 lead forward without any preliminary assistance. We 
 have seen one i^-inch screw put up by a screw-driver 
 into a solid block of beech right up to the head without 
 difficulty. Thirdly, the threads are stronger for the 
 rolling process, the fibres being merely bent, and not 
 cut, as in the ordinary screw. This may not be regarded 
 as a very important point, as wood always strips before 
 the screw which holds it. But when the Harvey screw 
 is employed, the holding power of the threads in the 
 timber is increased, as they extend the whole depth of 
 the hole, and are not destroyed at the mouth by the pres- 
 sure of the shank. A fourth advantage is that there is a 
 saving of fifteen per cent, in the cost of production. It 
 is impossible to watch the machine without becoming 
 impressed with its great merit. It turns out its work 
 
 45 
 
HAYWARD AUGUSTUS HARVEY 
 
 with marvellous rapidity, and produces a screw which 
 is cheap to buy, easy to insert, and which is distinctly 
 superior in many respects to those already in the mar- 
 ket." 
 
 Iron of the same date says : 
 
 " Not only does this machine claim attention as a 
 novelty, but in a far greater degree as one of the most 
 simple, ingenious, and effective pieces of mechanism of 
 its class we have ever seen. The machine is not a large 
 one, but it gets through a great amount of work in a very 
 short time. The screw-threads are formed by rolling 
 the blanks between two metallic surfaces, both cut so 
 as to form dies which produce the thread. This is 
 effected without cutting or waste, and, in the machine 
 we saw operated, at the rate of a gross, or 144 screws, 
 per minute. The screw thus formed is found to possess 
 many advantages over the ordinary screw with the cut 
 thread. These advantages, besides being apparent on 
 the face of it, are admitted by experts who have thor- 
 oughly tested the Harvey screw. In the first place, it 
 has a true gimlet point, drawing the screw into the wood 
 in a straight course, and doing away almost entirely 
 with the use of the gimlet. The thread is found to be 
 much stronger, the metal being rolled up and com- 
 pressed. In the ordinary screw at present in use the 
 fibre is cut and thereby weakened. Another point of 
 great value is that the neck of the Harvey screw is of 
 smaller diameter than the thread, whereas in the ordi- 
 nary screw, the neck is larger than the thread, necessi- 
 tating in hard wood the use of two gimlets to avoid 
 splitting. The extent and importance of the screw trade 
 
 46 
 
ROLLED SCREW 
 
 are hardly known, but they will be understood when we 
 mention that in England alone screws to be used in 
 wood are made to the number of 130,000 gross per day. 
 The Harvey machine will make 1,800 gross of No. 10 
 i%-inch screws from i ton of wire, whereas the old sys- 
 tem produces only 1,066 gross, showing a loss by the lat- 
 ter of 734 gross in i ton of wire. We understand that 
 Messrs. Ladd & Co. intend putting down a plant for 
 the manufacture of these screws, which will have suffi- 
 cient capacity for meeting the entire demand of the 
 trade. The screw-threading machine recently formed 
 the subject of special inspection by a party of gentlemen 
 interested in the production and use of screws and 
 bolts, and its working elicited from them expressions of 
 unqualified approval, which we unhesitatingly indorse. 
 It is almost superfluous for us to add that the gold 
 medal of the exhibition was awarded to this ingenious 
 invention. It would have been strange had it been other- 
 wise." 
 
 The Architect, speaking of this machine, says : 
 " The Harvey machine differs from the old system in 
 this respect, that, whereas the latter cuts the blank to 
 form the thread (causing a great waste of metal), in this 
 new machine the threads are rolled by compression. 
 It is a small and exceedingly simple machine. By the 
 old system 1,066 gross of i^-inch No. 10 screws could 
 be made from i ton of wire, at the rate of 15 screws a 
 minute per machine ; whereas the Harvey machine has 
 an outturn of 1,800 gross, at the rate of i gross per 
 minute, thus effecting a saving of 734 gross in i ton of 
 wire, and doing the work of 10 machines of the old 
 
 47 
 
HAYWARD AUGUSTUS HARVEY 
 
 method. The screw made by the Harvey machine pos- 
 sesses the following advantages : It has a true gimlet 
 point, thus drawing the screw into the wood in a straight 
 course, and doing away almost entirely with the use of 
 a gimlet. The thread is found to be much stronger, the 
 metal being rolled up and compressed. In the ordinary 
 screw at present in use the fibre is cut, and thereby 
 weakened. Another point of great value is that the neck 
 of the Harvey screw is of smaller diameter than the 
 thread, whereas in the ordinary screw the neck is larger 
 than the thread, necessitating in hardwood the use of 
 two gimlets, to avoid splitting." 
 
 The London Morning Advertiser -, of August ipth, 
 says : 
 
 " The Harvey patent screw and bolt threading ma- 
 chine is exhibited at No. 1144, in the west gallery, at 
 a stand which occupies an area of only a few square 
 feet, but it turns out a prodigious quantity of work in a 
 given time, and it is claimed for its results that they 
 are in every respect superior to those produced by any 
 existing machinery having the same object in view 
 the manufacture of the common screw. The process 
 of manufacture hitherto adopted consists in cutting the 
 thread out of the solid blank, and it is objected to this 
 that there is a waste of material, and that the metallic 
 fibre is weakened. A further objection has reference 
 to the form given to the article. The thread is cut on 
 a conical surface, which is continued from the end of 
 the thread to the head of the instrument, into which 
 the screw-driver is inserted. The shank of the screw 
 thus acts as a wedge with a very small angle, which con- 
 
 48 
 
ROLLED SCREW 
 
 sequently has a strong tendency to rend the material 
 into which it is forced. The Harvey machine, accord- 
 ingly, is not a screw-cutter, but a screw-roller. It does 
 not cut the screw out of the solid metal, but rolls the 
 solid metal into the required form, and delivers the ar- 
 ticle in its finished state, free from the imperfections to 
 which reference has been made. The machine exhibited 
 yesterday turns out its work at the rate of a gross per 
 minute, which, we were informed, is much greater than 
 under the ordinary methods of production. The Har- 
 vey machine will make 1,800 gross of No. 10 i^-inch 
 screws from one ton of wire, whereas the old system 
 produces only 1,066 gross, showing a loss by the latter 
 of 734 gross in one ton of wire. During several hours' 
 trial of the machine it worked most satisfactorily, and 
 received the approval of several practical men who 
 were among the numerous body of spectators who 
 watched the working of it." 
 
 The London Morning Post, of August 2oth, says that 
 the Harvey machine " is invariably surrounded by a 
 crowd watching with amused interest the simple opera- 
 tions which it goes through with almost human sagacity. 
 It is not a large machine, but it does an amazing amount 
 of work, turning out about one hundred and forty-four 
 screws a minute. This screw has a true gimlet point, 
 driving into the wood in a straight course, thereby do- 
 ing away almost entirely with the use of the gimlet. 
 The same machine threads iron and steel bolts equally 
 as well as screws for wood." 
 
 The influence which the Harvey machine is likely to 
 exert in the American screw-trade is admittedly great. 
 
 49 
 
HAYWARD AUGUSTUS HARVEY 
 
 The invention is the product of many years of thought 
 and experiment, and the various parts of the machine, 
 with the processes and the product, are the subject 
 of about twenty-five American patents properly dupli- 
 cated in Great Britain and on the continent of Europe. 
 The inventor, Mr. Hayward A. Harvey, of Orange, 
 N. J., has been all his life identified with the screw 
 business. His father, General Thomas W. Harvey, 
 was the inventor of the automatic screw-cutting ma- 
 chines, the principles of which gave to the American 
 Screw Company their long and lucrative monopoly of 
 the wood-screw business of this country. Mr. H. A. 
 Harvey has contributed largely to the growth of the 
 screw-cutting industry, having taken out over thirty 
 patents relating to screw-cutting before he turned his 
 attention to the rolling process. In fact, it may safely 
 be said that there is not a screw-machine in the world 
 that does not embody some invention of one of the 
 Harveys, father or son. Briefly described, the Harvey 
 process consists in rolling, pressing, or moulding the 
 screw-thread partly into, partly up from, the screw- 
 blank, in contradistinction to the old process, in which 
 the thread is formed by cutting into the metal of the 
 blank. This is accomplished by rolling the blanks 
 between two dies one rotating, the other stationary, 
 and each having on its surface grooves corresponding 
 to the screw-threads. These grooves form the thread 
 progressively on the blank, and the sharp, well-centred 
 gimlet point is formed in the same operation. The 
 machine itself is no less interesting than the process 
 and the product, being full of remarkably ingenious 
 
 50 
 
PERIPHERAL GRIP BOLT 
 
 ROLLED SCREWS 
 
 WASHERS 
 
ROLLED SCREW 
 
 automatic contrivances. We hope soon to give a de- 
 tailed description of it, with drawings. 
 
 It is well known that every cutting tool begins to de- 
 teriorate as soon as it comes into use. Especially in 
 working metal is the first product of the cutting tool 
 the best product. The succeeding products depreciate 
 steadily, owing to the wear of the cutting tool. This 
 is such a fixed and recognized fact that in the making 
 screws by the cutting process it is absolutely necessary 
 to employ a large force of " assorters " to separate the 
 screws of first quality from the " seconds." In the Har- 
 vey rolling process there is an instrument which does 
 not deteriorate so as to affect the quality of the product. 
 If one thread on the roll fails to do its duty, a score of 
 following threads stand ready to remedy the defect as 
 the screw proceeds to its finish. The operation of 
 " assorting " is reduced to a minimum in fact, the 
 number of " seconds " made is barely appreciable. In 
 the Harvey machines dies have been used constantly 
 for more than a year without visible deterioration. 
 
 In regard to rapidity of production, one Harvey ma- 
 chine will produce one hundred and fifty i^-inch No. 
 13 screws per minute, against six or seven screws made 
 in a cutting machine, the two machines being of about 
 the same cost. 
 
 The economy of rolling is important. The entire 
 waste from cutting (about twenty-five per cent.) is ob- 
 viated. In fact, there is no waste except that in the 
 preliminary processes of heading, shaving, and nicking. 
 The rolling process goes even further than this. A 
 cut screw can evidently have a thread of no larger di- 
 
 51 
 
HAYWARD AUGUSTUS HARVEY 
 
 ameter than the wire of which it is made. The thread 
 of the rolled screw is larger than the diameter of the 
 wire, showing a gain in size on the screw list of two to 
 four numbers. For example, No. 13 screws are made 
 out of No. 10 screw-wire. In brief, there is a gain of 
 twenty-five per cent, in selling price, and the raising of 
 the thread pays for the wire. The heads of the screws 
 are brought up to correspond to the gauge of the 
 thread. 
 
 The product is one which is in every respect satis- 
 factory. The gimlet point is sharp and perfect and 
 readily enters the wood without preliminary boring. 
 The thread is deep and has a gradually increased 
 holding power, as many experiments have shown. The 
 neck being of less diameter than the thread is an im- 
 portant advantage. The splitting of wood and the 
 bursting of the head so common in driving screws into 
 hard wood is entirely obviated. The neck will follow 
 without resistance the opening made by the thread. 
 Objection is sometimes made that the neck does not 
 completely fill the hole bored for the screw. The an- 
 swer to this is that if a hole is bored at all it should be 
 no larger than the neck, thus insuring the hold of the 
 thread. If no hole is bored, the fibres displaced by the 
 thread will close in around the neck. This, however, 
 is a matter of no consequence. The hold of a screw 
 depends wholly upon the thread and head, and so long 
 as the neck has the full strength of the blank it is strong 
 enough. A diameter of neck equal to the gauge of the 
 thread is excessive. Theoretically it should be no larger 
 than the core of the threaded part of the screw, since if 
 
 52 
 
AMERICAN WASHER COMPANY 
 
 it be larger it must offer considerable resistance to the 
 tendency of the thread when the screw is turned to 
 draw the neck into the hole made for it. Many years 
 ago attempts were made to improve cut screws by turn- 
 ing down the necks to the gauge of the cores. The im- 
 provement was obvious, but the cost of the operation 
 was so great that it was impracticable. Had it been 
 possible to do this without materially increasing the 
 cost of manufacture, all cut screws would now be made 
 with necks as much smaller than the gauge of the thread 
 as is shown in the product of the rolling process. It is 
 probable that before very long the manufacture of rolled 
 screws will be established in this country on an exten- 
 sive scale. 
 
 During this period of great activity in devis- 
 ing automatic machinery, Mr. Harvey designed 
 several different kinds of washers for bolts. 
 The most successful of these was the spiral- 
 ribbed washer, which was manufactured by the 
 National Lock Washer Company. Within six 
 months this company was paying substantial 
 dividends, and has continued to be a very prof- 
 itable property. 
 
 In 1891 the American Washer and Manu- 
 facturing Company was formed to manufacture 
 other products of his inventive skill, viz. : the 
 Harvey ribbed washer and spikes. His death, 
 
 53 
 
HAYWARD AUGUSTUS HARVEY 
 
 about one and a half years later, prevented the 
 completion of the spike-making machine, and 
 this company has confined its business to the 
 manufacture of washers. 
 
 These were very prolific years ; at the time 
 of his death he had partly finished a complete 
 and entirely new system of machines for mak- 
 ing screws. He believed that this new system 
 when complete would materially reduce the 
 cost of manufacture. 
 
 Like his father, he died when his mind was 
 in full fruition. 
 
 THE HARVEY STEEL COMPANY 
 
 In 1885-86 Mr. Harvey had an experimental 
 shop in Brooklyn. Here he conducted a great 
 many experiments with bolts and nuts, and 
 while thus engaged he conceived the idea of 
 hardening the surface of bolts and nuts which 
 he had previously cast out of low steel. As he 
 described it, he attempted to " steelify " the 
 threads. These experiments as to the bolts and 
 nuts did not lead to anything, but did result in 
 his obtaining a peculiar product which pre- 
 54 
 
THE HARVEY STEEL COMPANY 
 
 sented some very interesting qualities, and he 
 succeeded in making out of a cheap grade of 
 Bessemer steel, razor blades which were in all 
 respects equal to the best refined steel. 
 
 Mr. B. G. Clarke and Mr. Theodore Sturges 
 were immediately interested in this new prod- 
 uct, and these gentlemen, with Mr. Harvey, 
 organized the Harvey Steel Company, on No- 
 vember 15, 1886, for the purpose of developing 
 this new process of making fine steel out of low 
 steel or iron, and, in the event of the process 
 proving practicable, to refine and sell steel. 
 Patents were taken out on the process and fur- 
 naces erected in Jersey City in June, 1887, at 
 315 Washington Street, for the purpose of 
 manufacturing, from a cheap grade of steel, low 
 in carbon, a steel suitable for tools, cutlery, etc., 
 for which heretofore it had been necessary to 
 use an expensive crucible or cemented steel. 
 
 They commenced immediately to make file 
 and tool steel. The works were moved to 
 Newark, Brill's Station, in 1889, and here were 
 erected fourteen Harvey furnaces, six reheating 
 furnaces, rolls, hammers, and the usual appur- 
 tenances of a rolling-mill. 
 
 The file and tool-steel part of the business 
 
 55 
 
HAYWARD AUGUSTUS HARVEY 
 
 was abandoned in 1892 on account of low prices 
 and great competition. 
 
 In addition to the treatment of low steel in 
 rods, a large variety of commercial articles have 
 been "treated," such as forks, steels, parts of 
 bicycles, jaw-plates, rings and balls for ore- 
 crushers, tires or shells for rolls, rolls for rolling 
 metal, punches and dies, railroad frogs and 
 crossings, and plates for safes and vaults. 
 
 In most of these cases the treatment has 
 proved a great success ; in certain cases, however, 
 the treatment has increased the cost beyond the 
 point where profit was possible, owing to the 
 necessarily low selling price of the articles. 
 
 The first officers elected were : H. A. Har- 
 vey, President; Theodore Sturges, Secretary 
 and Treasurer. The Board of Directors con- 
 sisted of: H. A. Harvey, Theodore Sturges, 
 Benjamin G. Clarke, and Percy R. Pyne. 
 
 Mr. Harvey was President from 1886 to 
 1891; General Manager from 1891 to 1892; 
 again President from 1892 until his death. 
 
 Mr. B. G. Clarke was President from 1891 
 to 1892, his term of office being terminated by 
 his death. 
 
 In 1889 Mr. Harvey treated a block of steel 
 
 56 
 
THE HARVEY STEEL COMPANY 
 
 with a view to give it great power of resistance 
 to blows and strains which might tend to 
 pierce or break it. This was a long-sought- 
 for desideratum in armor-making, and this was 
 the object he had in view. 
 
 Mr. Harvey's experiments were brought to 
 the attention of the Navy Department in May, 
 1889, and at his request they furnished him a 
 small plate six inches in thickness, which was 
 treated at the Company's works in Newark, 
 hardened in Washington by Mr. Harvey, and 
 tested by the Ordnance Department at An- 
 napolis. This was the beginning of a large 
 number of tests made to determine the value 
 of the new process of making armor. The 
 history of the development is outlined in an- 
 other place. 
 
 The new process was called " Harvey izing" 
 in America and " Harveying" in Europe ; two 
 new verbs had been added to the technology of 
 steel-making. 
 
 The Steel Company effected an agreement 
 with the United States Government and intro- 
 duced the new armor into Europe, where it 
 was eventually received with great enthusiasm, 
 and founded three daughter companies for con- 
 
 57 
 
HAYWARD AUGUSTUS HARVEY 
 
 ducting the business. All this, however, was 
 not accomplished prior to Mr. Harvey's death. 
 Already the Steel Company had lost Mr. Clarke 
 and Mr. Sturges by death, and Mr. Percy R. 
 Pyne, who had been the largest stockholder 
 and a member of the Board of Directors, had 
 retired from active business. When, therefore, 
 in August, 1893, Mr. Harvey himself died, it 
 left the Company bereft of all the original 
 officers, except Mr. S. S. Palmer, an early 
 member of the Board, and who was elected 
 President in 1894. The succeeding year was 
 devoted to perfecting the European organiza- 
 tions. 
 
 In December, 1894, the Bethlehem Iron 
 Company made a contract with the Govern- 
 ment of Russia agreeing to supply Harveyed 
 armor-plates. As this company had no license 
 from the Harvey Steel Company to use the 
 process, a suit for an injunction was instituted 
 in the United States Circuit Court. 
 
 Suit was also brought for infringement 
 against the Carnegie Steel Company. These 
 suits were settled October 5, 1897, and decrees 
 against both companies, sustaining the validity 
 of the patents and enjoining them from using 
 
 58 
 
THE HARVEY STEEL COMPANY 
 
 the process or vending the product, except 
 under license from the Harvey Steel Company, 
 were duly entered. 
 
 Both of these companies took licenses ac- 
 knowledging the validity of the patents and 
 agreeing to pay royalty on all armor manufact- 
 ured for export. 
 
 The Iron Age, October 7, 1897, said : "The 
 result of these Harvey suits has been awaited 
 with much interest in this country and in 
 Europe. As is well known, all the govern- 
 ments of Europe are using Harveyed armor- 
 plates, and the process has been patented all 
 over Europe. The settlement of these suits 
 is therefore a matter of great importance to 
 the industrial world." 
 
 59 
 
HARVEYED ARMOR 
 
 The history of armor-plate making has been 
 from the beginning a contest between the im- 
 provements in the armor and improvements in 
 the gun and projectile. When the sides of 
 ships were first covered with iron plates in the 
 early sixties a wonderful advance had been 
 made over the wooden ship. To meet this ad- 
 vance the gun was strengthened and enlarged, 
 the powder improved in quality and the charge 
 increased ; the projectile was hardened, changed 
 in shape, and increased in weight ; to meet this 
 again, the armor had to be increased in thick- 
 ness, so that while in 1861 four and a half inches 
 was considered sufficient, in 1879 the British ship 
 of war Inflexible had part of its armor twenty- 
 four inches thick, backed up by seventeen inches 
 of teak wood. As this was not found protection 
 enough and made the ship top-heavy, there were 
 many variations tried. The " sandwich armor " 
 was composed of alternate layers of 6^-inch 
 iron plates and five inches of teak wood. 
 
 60 
 
HARVEYED ARMOR 
 
 Steel was used in place of iron ; but steel 
 was found to be too brittle, if adequately hard ; 
 iron too soft. Then compound armor was de- 
 vised to meet the two requirements ; one, a hard 
 surface to keep the projectile out, and one a 
 tough back that would not break up under the 
 impact. This compound plate was a high-car- 
 bon plate welded to one of low steel or iron. 
 Compound plates proved, however, very defi- 
 cient, owing to the tendency of the two parts to 
 separate at the weld when struck. Other man- 
 ufacturers endeavored to toughen the steel by 
 adding nickel or other substance to it. Never- 
 theless the power of the gun and the projectile 
 kept well in advance, and it had been decided 
 by ordnance experts that further increase of 
 the size of the gun was unnecessary. 
 
 However, the conditions essential to the 
 success of the plate had been demonstrated. 
 What was wanted was an extremely hard sur- 
 face to take up the impact and pulverize the 
 projectile, and a tough back to sustain the hard 
 face and prevent it from going to pieces, and 
 some means of uniting the two under condi- 
 tions which would prevent the separation of 
 one from the other at the joint. 
 
 61 
 
HAYWARD AUGUSTUS HARVEY 
 
 At this stage of the contest the United 
 States decided to have a new navy and to armor 
 its ships with the best armor that the world 
 could furnish ; to be made, moreover, on Amer- 
 ican soil. Consequently, the two great iron 
 firms of Pennsylvania were encouraged to put 
 up large armor-making plants. This they did ; 
 and now arrived the time when a competitive 
 test should be made of the different kinds of 
 foreign armor after which the new American 
 armor should be modelled. 
 
 The competitive test was ordered to take 
 place at Annapolis in September, 1890. Three 
 plates were to be tested ; two from Schneider 
 & Company, Le Creuzot, France one being a 
 nickel plate and a compound plate from Cam- 
 mell & Company, Sheffield, England. 
 
 Prior to this test, however, in June, 1890, a 
 test had been made of a small 6-inch Har- 
 veyed plate, already mentioned, made by the 
 Linden Steel Company, Pittsburg, and treated 
 by the Harvey process at the Harvey Steel 
 Company's works at Newark, N. J. This plate 
 had been cut in two, and one part treated and 
 the other part left untreated. The treated part 
 was hardened by Mr. Harvey at Washington, 
 
 62 
 
HARVEYED ARMOR 
 
 and both pieces were tested at Annapolis. The 
 untreated part was perforated ; the treated part 
 was uninjured. The problem had been solved 
 before the great competitive test had taken 
 place, and the fact demonstrated that the 
 armor for the new American navy was to be 
 of American origin, and to give fifty to seventy 
 per cent, better protection than could be fur- 
 nished by any old-world armor. 
 
 The September trial only developed the 
 value of nickel as a toughening agent. 
 
 The success of this Harveyed plate induced 
 the Navy Department to procure a Schneider 
 io^-inch steel plate, and to place it at Mr. 
 Harvey's disposal in a carefully fenced-off 
 space in the Washington Navy Yard, and 
 here with his own workmen, at the expense of 
 the Department, he built a suitable furnace, 
 supercarburized the plate, and afterward chilled 
 the supercarburized side by sprinkling. This 
 plate was tested in February, 1891, and proved 
 a success. 
 
 The Chief of the Bureau of Ordnance, Cap- 
 tain W. A. Folger, in his report for 1891, says: 
 " These results are remarkable and indicate to 
 the Department a probability that in this treat- 
 
 63 
 
HAYWARD AUGUSTUS HARVEY 
 
 ment has been found the means of producing 
 the ideal armor-plate, a hard front compounded 
 with a tough back, without any weld or other 
 line of demarcation between the two." 
 
 This plate was attacked by seven 6-inch ar- 
 mor-piercing shells from a 6-inch gun, the strik- 
 ing velocity being 2,065 foot seconds. All the 
 projectiles were broken up and there was prac- 
 tically no penetration except at the centre, 
 where it was afterward made quite certain there 
 had been a failure to harden properly owing to 
 scale. 
 
 The Department immediately determined 
 upon a series of comparative tests between 
 Harveyed and un-Harveyed plates made in this 
 country. Accordingly five plates were ordered 
 from the Carnegie Steel Company, and three 
 from Bethlehem ; and under the supervision 
 and instruction of Mr. Harvey at the respective 
 works of these companies, furnaces were con- 
 structed and the plates supercarburized and 
 hardened. The facilities at these works were 
 not competent for the proper chilling of these 
 plates, so that only parts of each plate exhibited 
 the normal condition of a Harveyed plate. The 
 results were, however, conclusive that the Har- 
 
 6 4 
 
THE SECOND HARVEY PLATE 
 
 A ioi-inch Schneider all-steel plate, treated at Washington, D. C., February, 1891. Tested 
 at Annapolis. The plate was cracked, but none of the projectiles penetrated it except the fifth 
 shot, which went partly through. At this spot the plate had not been tempered owing to scale. 
 
HARVEYED ARMOR 
 
 veyed plates were far superior to those which 
 had not been treated. Numerous other tests 
 were ordered, and on July 30, 1892, a io^-inch 
 Harveyed nickel plate made by the Bethlehem 
 Company was tested on the proving ground 
 near Bethlehem, Pa. The plate was attacked 
 by five 8-inch Holtzer projectiles, each weigh- 
 ing two hundred and fifty pounds. The pro- 
 jectiles were pulverized, and the plate was un- 
 injured, the tip of the projectile penetrating 
 about three inches and fusing with the metal 
 of the plate. This has come to be recognized 
 as the normal reaction of a Harveyed plate. 
 
 Naval officers pronounced this " the most 
 wonderful armor-plate ever made." 
 
 The Secretary of the Navy in his report 
 said, " Never before these trials had any armor- 
 plate in the world been subjected to such a 
 test as was represented by these five blows of 
 a total energy of 25,000 foot tons." 
 
HAYWARD AUGUSTUS HARVEY 
 
 From the New York Times, July 30, 1892. 
 
 VERY TOUGH ARMOR-PLATE. 
 MAMMOTH PROJECTILES COULD NEITHER CRACK NOR 
 
 PIERCE IT. 
 
 BETHLEHEM, Pa., July 3oth. The first armor-plate 
 test on the proving grounds of the Bethlehem Iron 
 Company took place to-day. The test was a very suc- 
 cessful one. However hardy were their plates in for- 
 mer tests, which have heretofore been made at Staten 
 Island and Indian Head, this surpassed all. Of the 
 five powerful shots fired into its comparatively small 
 surface, no one, nor all combined, effected any material 
 damage. The projectiles simply produced small de- 
 pressions on the surface of the plate, and made not a 
 single crack. 
 
 Commodore Folger, of Washington, Chief of the 
 Bureau of Ordnance, John Fritz, Superintendent of the 
 company, and Russell W. Davenport were more than 
 pleased. The target was a io^-inch Harveyized nickel- 
 steel plate, eight feet long and six feet wide. It 
 weighed 18,600 pounds. An innovation was introduced 
 in its manufacture. Ice-water was squirted against one 
 side while being tempered. The purpose was to give 
 the outside a hardened surface to turn away the pro- 
 jectiles. 
 
 The plate was firmly fastened to an armor-plate butt 
 by twenty-four bolts screwed into thread holes at the 
 back of the plate. Five shots from an 8-inch gun were 
 
 66 
 
HARVEY ARMOR PLATE, TESTED NEAR BETHLEHEM, PA., JULY 30, 1892 
 
 toj-inch Harveyed nickel-steel. Five shots from an 8-inch gun. Projectile, 250-pound Holtzer. 
 Velocity, 1,700 feet per second. 
 

HARVEYED ARMOR 
 
 fired. The charge with each shot was eighty-one and 
 three-quarter pounds of powder and a 25o-pound Holt- 
 zer projectile. The velocity of the projectile fired from 
 the gun was 1,700 feet a second. The first four shots 
 were fired into the four corners of the plate. The fifth 
 and last projectile was fired into the centre. Each 
 projectile pierced it about three inches and then re- 
 bounded, to fly into pieces the size of a walnut. 
 
 The firing was in charge of Lieutenant J. F. Meigs, 
 late of the United States Navy. After the test, Lieu- 
 tenant Meigs made the following statement: "Com- 
 paring this test with the plates of foreign manufacture 
 tested at Annapolis last November a year ago, and 
 with those of domestic manufacture fired at in Novem- 
 ber last at Indian Head, there is evident a very ma- 
 terial increase in ballistic resistance. The velocity of 
 the 8-inch projectiles in this test was the same as their 
 speed in the two former trials. But the five projectiles 
 fired in all at each plate were made up in the case of 
 the two former trials of one 8-inch, and four 6-inch 
 projectiles, while in the present case five 8-inch pro- 
 jectiles were used." 
 
 Commodore Folger said : " The test showed this to 
 be the most wonderful armor-plate ever made. Its re- 
 sisting power was astounding. Though it was more 
 severely tested than any other plate, the shots had not 
 the slightest effect on it." 
 
 As a result of these experiments the United 
 States Government formally adopted the Har- 
 vey process for the new armor. 
 
 67 
 
HAYWARD AUGUSTUS HARVEY 
 
 The Secretary of the Navy in his report for 
 1893 says : 
 
 " Exhaustive experiments have conclusively demon- 
 strated the beneficial results obtained by the application 
 of the Harvey process and arrangements have recently 
 been made to Harveyize such of the armor under the 
 old contracts as was not too far advanced in manufact- 
 ure to admit of the change, or as would not seriously 
 delay the completion of the ships. In consequence of 
 this much of the side armor of the Maine, Texas, In- 
 diana, Oregon, and Puritan, the turret armor of the 
 Maine, Puritan, and Monadnock, and the barbettes of 
 the Oregon, will be Harveyed nickel steel. All the 
 armor provided for under the new contracts will be 
 treated by the Harvey process." 
 
 An agreement was made with the Navy De- 
 partment in which the Government agreed u to 
 bear all the expense of the experimental de- 
 velopment of the process as applied to armor- 
 plates." 
 
 This agreement was supplanted by another 
 made in the following year when the Govern- 
 ment agreed to pay a royalty for all the Har- 
 veyed armor. 
 
 Of course the success of these plates stimu- 
 lated criticism from all sides of all forms and 
 degrees. In the early history it was said that 
 
 68 
 
HARVEYED ARMOR 
 
 " It was not done," that " Mr. Harvey was de- 
 ceiving himself." Later it was said that " there 
 is nothing new about it, all old steel-makers 
 have known about it from the days of Tubal 
 Cain." 
 
 If the process and its results were known to 
 all old steel-makers, these same men must have 
 also known the rewards awaiting its successful 
 application to armor-plate manufacture. 
 
 The requirements of armor were well known ; 
 the ship-builders wanted an armor-plate with a 
 hard surface and a tough back and free from 
 a tendency to separate, but no one made a plate 
 fulfilling those conditions until shown how to 
 do it by Mr. Harvey. Moreover, it took a 
 good many failures to teach these " old steel- 
 makers " that unless they followed Mr. Har- 
 vey's directions and plans exactly they would 
 not accomplish the same results. 
 
 Even in Europe all the early plates had to 
 be supercarburized and hardened, and the 
 furnaces designed and built under the super- 
 vision of experts sent by the Harvey Steel 
 Company from America, as the most skilful 
 experts failed to find their knowledge of steel 
 processes at all adequate. 
 
 6 9 
 
HAYWARD AUGUSTUS HARVEY 
 
 From 1892 to 1895 either Mr. Dickinson or 
 Mr. Hay ward A. Harvey, Jr., were in Europe 
 for this purpose, and treated plates, at Sheffield, 
 England ; at Glasgow, Scotland ; at St. Char- 
 mond, Montlucon, and at Rive-de-gier, France ; 
 at Dillengen, Germany ; at Witkowitz, Austria, 
 and at Terni, Italy. 
 
 Thus was repeated in Europe the experience 
 of America; that is, all the early plates were 
 made by Mr. Harvey or by his assistants, and 
 everywhere the old armor-plate makers had to 
 be instructed in the details of the new process. 
 
 New York Tribune, November p, 1892. 
 AMERICAN ARMOR-PLATE, 
 
 The recent competitive trial of all-steel, nickel-steel, 
 and compound armor-plates was the most important 
 contest of guns against armor ever held anywhere. 
 Other tests have since been made at the Naval Proving 
 Ground at Annapolis, Md., and ? like the one above re- 
 ferred to, have proved the superiority of the nickel- 
 steel and the Harveyized-steel armor to any manufact- 
 ured in any other part of the world. American Navy 
 officers and steel manufacturers have reason to feel 
 proud of the absolute success of this armor-plate in 
 the severe tests made by the British Admiralty at 
 
 70 
 
AMERICAN ARMOR-PLATE 
 
 Portsmouth, England, last Tuesday. All the projec- 
 tiles were completely destroyed, being broken into 
 small fragments, and not a single crack was developed 
 in the io^-inch thick plate used. The experts admit 
 that the test was the most important one ever made, 
 " and may result in the adoption of the American proc- 
 ess for making armor for British ironclads." 
 
 This process, which has been successfully applied, 
 is a treatment for hardening the plate several inches 
 deep, leaving the remainder in its original condition. 
 It is intended to secure a hard face having a tough 
 back. The object is to keep out or break up the pro- 
 jectile on the outside, while the tough back holds the 
 plate together. The plate to be heated for hardening 
 is made of mild steel containing from .10 to .35 per 
 cent, of carbon, and after being formed into its final 
 shape it is laid flat upon a bed of finely powdered dry 
 clay or sand, which is deposited on the bottom of a 
 fire-brick compartment in the heating chamber of the 
 furnace. The upper surface of the plate is then cov- 
 ered with powdered carbonaceous material, tightly 
 packed, and over it is a layer of sand covered with 
 fire-bricks. The furnace is then lighted, and raised to 
 a temperature sufficient to melt cast iron, and this heat 
 is maintained for a greater or less period, according to 
 the amount of carbonizing to be effected. About five 
 days are said to be necessary to carbonize a plate ten 
 and one-half inches thick. It is a most important tri- 
 umph of American inventive talent, and seems destined 
 to revolutionize modern methods of warfare. 
 
THE HARVEY ARMOR IN EUROPE 
 
 In January, 1892, the Harvey Steel Com- 
 pany contracted with Mr. Edwin Marshall Fox 
 to become their representative in Europe and 
 present the claims of the Harvey armor-plate 
 to the ministers of marine of the various na- 
 tions, and shortly afterward Mr. Fox sailed 
 for Europe. 
 
 His first visit was to Russia, as the Govern- 
 ment of that country was, at the time, about 
 to construct two new battle-ships requiring a 
 large quantity of armor, and he sought to im- 
 press upon his Excellency Minister Tchichakof 
 the great advantage of the Harvey plate over 
 compound plates then employed. The Min- 
 ister ordered a trial Harvey plate to be made 
 and tested. As no armor-plant existed in 
 Russia capable of making a plate of the thick- 
 ness required by the Government, it became 
 necessary to have the same constructed else- 
 where, so Mr. Fox proceeded to France to 
 
 arrange to have the plate manufactured by one 
 
 72 
 
THE HARVEY ARMOR IN EUROPE 
 
 of the armor firms of that country. He found, 
 however, much opposition, and was unable to 
 make a contract for the manufacture of this 
 trial plate. 
 
 He then went to England and visited the 
 leading armor makers of that country, but they 
 all declined to have anything to do with the 
 new invention. 
 
 The time thus consumed in endeavoring to 
 get a trial plate to satisfy the requirements of 
 the Russian Government resulted in the oppor- 
 tunity being lost of securing a contract for 
 armor-plate for the Russian battle-ships in ques- 
 tion, as the Government would not wait. 
 
 Mr. Fox then endeavored to interest the 
 British Government in the invention. He laid 
 all the facts before the Chief Constructor of the 
 Navy, Sir William White, who, after consider- 
 ation, concluded to give the new armor-plate 
 a trial. The Admiralty gave an order for an 
 armor-plate to be made by the Harvey process, 
 but stipulated that the plate must be made in 
 England. 
 
 As all the armor manufacturers in the country 
 positively refused to assist in any way the intro- 
 duction of the new invention, Mr. Fox deter- 
 
 73 
 
HAYWARD AUGUSTUS HARVEY 
 
 mined to form a company which would make 
 armor-plates in England, and thus be indepen- 
 dent of the existing manufacturers. To this 
 end, as a preliminary step, he formed a syndicate 
 of many prominent men, among whom were 
 E. Windsor Richards, President of the Iron and 
 Steel Institute ; Admiral Fitzgeorge, son of His 
 Royal Highness the Duke of Cambridge; 
 Lord Sudley, Major-General Stuart Nicholson, 
 Earl Cairnes, and Sir Norman Pringle, Bart. 
 He also received assurances of strong financial 
 support from bankers and others. 
 
 The position thus taken of acting indepen- 
 dently of the armor manufacturers led to an 
 important modification of their attitude toward 
 the new invention, and soon the syndicate were 
 enabled to contract with one of the firms, 
 Messrs. Vicker's Sons & Company, for a trial 
 plate for the British Government. They at 
 once proceeded to erect a furnace at the works 
 of that company in Sheffield. 
 
 The plate in question had the following 
 dimensions : Eight feet long, six feet wide, and 
 ten and one half inches thick. When finished 
 it was placed for trial on the proving ship 
 Nettle at Portsmouth harbor, and the trial 
 
 74 
 
FIRST ENGLISH PLATE, TESTED NOVEMBER I, 1892 
 
THE HARVEY ARMOR IN EUROPE 
 
 took place November i, 1892. Five shots were 
 fired at the plate, each shot weighing one hun- 
 dred pounds. The striking velocity of each shot 
 was about 1,975 foot seconds. The shot were 
 all smashed on the surface of the plate, and 
 the penetration in no case was more than three 
 inches. Sir William White and the other offi- 
 cials present were much surprised and pleased 
 at the result, for they had never seen anything 
 before so remarkably effective in armor trials. 
 
 The following is an extract from a letter 
 received from Mr. Fox at this time. 
 
 5 WATERLOO PLACE, LONDON, S. W., 
 November 2, 1892. 
 
 To THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS, HARVEY STEEL COMPANY, 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 Gentlemen : It is with much pleasure that I confirm 
 my cable information about the grand success of the 
 Admiralty trial. 
 
 The Government officials present were Captain Pear- 
 son, Commander of the Excellent, Mr. W. H. White, 
 C. B., Director of Naval Construction, a Committee 
 from the School of Gunnery, and one from the Ordnance 
 Department, besides officials from Shoeburyness. 
 
 We boarded the Government tug at ten o'clock and 
 in thirty minutes had arrived at the Nettle, which was 
 off Whale Island, in the harbor entrance. 
 
 Everything on the Nettle was in readiness. The tar- 
 75 
 
HAYWARD AUGUSTUS HARVEY 
 
 get had been painted and, excepting for the burn in the 
 upper left-hand corner, looked very nice indeed. 
 
 The details of firing were as follows : Gun, 6-inch 
 B. L. R. ; distance of target from muzzle, 30 feet ; pro- 
 jectiles, three Holtzer, two Palliser ; weight of projectile, 
 100 pounds ; powder charge, 48 pounds, E. X. E. ; ve- 
 locity, 1,975 foot seconds. 
 
 The plate was supported by side plates of iron and 
 had the usual backing, which I understand to be three 
 foot six of oak and a thin iron plate. 
 
 When all was cleared for action everyone but the gun- 
 ner went below and the order to fire was given. Re- 
 turning to the deck we saw, as soon as the smoke 
 cleared away, that the plate was all right ; the shell had 
 been smashed into small fragments, the point welding 
 by the heat of impact into the plate at a depth (appar- 
 ently) of an inch or so. The indent was trifling and no 
 sign of a crack was visible. 
 
 The second shot was substantially the same. The 
 third and fourth Pallisers seemed to be as good as the 
 Holtzer. They each scooped out a small circular place 
 about one and a half inch deep and about (I judge) six 
 inches in diameter. 
 
 After the fifth shot we all carefully examined the 
 plate. It was simply perfect, and apparently could 
 have stood five more shots without material injury. 
 Not a crack was to be seen. Everybody was delighted. 
 
 On landing, Admiral Colomb, Major Geary, Albert 
 and Thomas Vickers and myself all went to the tele- 
 graph-office each to telegraph his friends, and I suggest- 
 ed that we all join in one cable to you. The proposition 
 
 76 
 
THE HARVEY ARMOR IN EUROPE 
 
 was received with joy. I wrote the despatch, Vickers 
 amended it by saying " Put in that we all think it the 
 best plate ever fired at in any country ; " and I inserted 
 the same. We all then adjoined to the Keppel's Head 
 Hotel and in a glass of gold seal champagne I proposed 
 the health of Hayward Augustus Harvey, a toast that 
 was drank, I assure you, with downright enthusiasm. 
 Very truly yours, 
 
 (Signed) EDWIN M. Fox. 
 
 Admiral Colomb has just been in and says that he 
 fully believes the plate would have stood five more 
 shots. " Not only were there no cracks," he observed, 
 " but there wasn't even the tendency to crack. It is a 
 great a vast triumph." 
 
 (Signed) E. M. F. 
 
 It was now evident that Mr. Harvey's inven- 
 tion was all that he claimed for it, and that 
 plates made under his process were fifty per 
 cent, better than those previously made. The 
 armor makers, however, were not yet prepared 
 to accept the situation, at least to the extent of 
 paying tribute to the American inventor, for 
 one of the firms immediately commenced to 
 contest the validity of Mr. Harvey's patents. 
 Mr. Fox met this difficulty by retaining Sir 
 Richard Webster, Q. C., previously Attorney- 
 General; Mr. Fletcher Moulton, Q. C., and 
 
 77 
 
HAYWARD AUGUSTUS HARVEY 
 
 Mr. Aston, Q. C. Before the matter came to 
 court, however, an adjustment of all the differ- 
 ences was arrived at, and a company formed 
 called the Harvey Steel Company of Great 
 Britain, Limited, with a capital of ,190,000, 
 and the various armor-making firms promptly 
 took license therefrom. 
 
 The First Lord of the Admiralty, in his re- 
 port to Parliament in March, 1894, reports as 
 follows : 
 
 " The past year has been remarkable for the results 
 obtained from experiments conducted with steel armor 
 treated by the Harvey process. Armor-plates supplied 
 by five firms have been tested by and for the Admiralty. 
 The investigation has been most thorough and exten- 
 sive, and as a result orders have been given for Har- 
 veyed steel armor for the Renown, Majestic, and Mag- 
 nificent. In the course of the experiments the use of 
 nickel as an alloy for steel for the purpose of armor- 
 plates has been fully tested. It has been established 
 that Harveyed plates without nickel in the steel show 
 resistance to modern projectiles as great as any hitherto 
 obtained where nickel was combined with steel in plates 
 also treated by the Harvey Process. The consequence 
 of adopting this new system will be a great saving in 
 cost for a given defence. By means of these improve- 
 ments the power of defence obtainable with certain 
 thickness and weight of armors has been very greatly 
 
 78 
 
THE HARVEY ARMOR IN EUROPE 
 
 increased, and this circumstance must considerably 
 affect the designs of battle-ships to be laid down in 
 the future." 
 
 Meanwhile, much opposition was being made 
 by the firm of Schneider & Company, of Le- 
 Creusot, France, who had a patented armor- 
 plate of their own. 
 
 As the result of protracted negotiation a 
 company was formed known as the socie'te' 
 des Precedes Harvey, with a capital of 3,000,- 
 ooo francs, and licenses were granted to the 
 St. Chamond Steel Works, the Chatillon et 
 Commentry Company, and Marrel Fr&res, and 
 a trial made for the Government of France, 
 which proved equally successful to the English 
 trial plate. Subsequently Messrs. Schneider 
 took a license to manufacture Harvey plate. 
 
 Mr. Fox next formed a company for the 
 rest of Europe, which became incorporated as 
 the Harvey Continental Steel Company, Lim- 
 ited, with a capital of ,120,000. Each of 
 these companies had certain prescribed limits 
 for the manufacture of the new invention, the 
 English Company having the field of Great 
 Britain, the French having the rights of France, 
 and the Continental Company having the rights 
 
 79 
 
HAYWARD AUGUSTUS HARVEY 
 
 of the rest of the world, except the United 
 States, the rights for which remained in the 
 Harvey Steel Company of New Jersey. 
 
 In July, 1893, Mr. Fox returned to America 
 to submit his report and bring the first pay- 
 ment on account to the Harvey Company. 
 He spent several hours with Mr. Harvey re- 
 counting the triumphs of the new armor and 
 explaining the details of the great revolution 
 which the invention had caused in the armor- 
 plate industry of the world, and he predicted 
 that the Harvey armor-plate was bound to 
 supersede all other armor-plates in all nations. 
 He assured Mr. Harvey that so highly was his 
 great invention thought of in Europe by the 
 different governments that it was not unlikely 
 that before long he, Mr. Harvey, would receive 
 decorations and titles for his great discovery. 
 It was most gratifying to his friends that Mr, 
 Harvey should have had this opportunity to 
 have the whole scope of the enterprise in 
 Europe thus laid before him at that time, for a 
 month later he was dead. 
 
 The success of the armor-plate continued to 
 grow, each additional test proving more and 
 more emphatically the wonderful character of 
 
 so 
 
THE HARVEY ARMOR IN EUROPE 
 
 the change effected by the great invention of 
 Mr. Harvey. 
 
 By the year 1896, the Harvey armor-plate had 
 become acknowledged throughout the world so 
 completely that no other armor-plate was in use. 
 
 At the present time all the armor makers of 
 the world pay tribute to some one of the dif- 
 ferent Harvey Companies for all the armor 
 they manufacture, and the business has grown 
 to be a very large and important one, and the 
 armor has been adopted as the standard by all 
 the European Governments. 
 
 Ten European, three South American, and 
 two Asiatic nations have ships protected with 
 Harveyed armor, England leading with twenty- 
 two battle-ships and forty-five cruisers. 
 
 On March 15, 1894, the thirty-fifth session 
 of the Institution of Naval Architects, Mr. 
 Charles E. Ellis, managing director of the firm 
 of John Brown & Co. (Limited), read a paper 
 entitled " Recent Experiments in Armor." 
 In this paper he makes the following statement 
 as his conclusion : 
 
 " With the above facts before us, we are enabled to 
 form some idea of the improvements that have recently 
 
 Si 
 
HAYWARD AUGUSTUS HARVEY 
 
 been effected in armor-plate manufacture, and of the 
 relative value of the various kinds of armor. 
 
 " Without disregarding the excellent qualities of steel 
 and nickel plates which I have alluded to earlier in this 
 paper, I think I have shown that Harveyed armor would 
 be a more efficient defence to the vital parts of any ship 
 of war, whether battle-ship or cruiser, than any other 
 type of plate. Opinions may differ as to the percentage 
 of superiority it possesses, but I do not think that I am 
 over-estimating its value when I place its resisting 
 power at fifty per cent, above the steel compound plates 
 of 1888 which I have chosen as the basis of comparison. 
 This advantage can be used by the naval architect in 
 one of two ways : he can either clothe with armor a 
 greater part of his ship, or he can obtain greater resist- 
 ance keeping the same thickness of armor. The new 
 development is, therefore, of the greatest importance, 
 and it will be a matter of satisfaction to this institution 
 that the British Admiralty have been the first naval 
 authority in Europe to realize the value of this new 
 form of armor, and to apply it to their most recent 
 designs." 
 
 82 
 
I" 
 
 c/5 
 
 w ^ 
 
THE HARVEY PROCESS 
 
 The process of " Harveyizing" has produced 
 such marvellous results in increasing the resist- 
 ance of armor-plate to the enormous penetra- 
 tive strains to which it is subjected, that a 
 word may be added as to the essential charac- 
 teristics of the Harvey process and the u Har- 
 veyized " plates, and their striking features of 
 novelty. 
 
 Armor-plates are made of masses of steel so 
 large that ordinary methods of treatment, which 
 could be successfully practised on smaller ar- 
 ticles, seem manifestly to be impracticable. 
 
 Steel had for many years prior to Mr. Har- 
 vey's invention been settled upon as probably 
 the only proper material for armor-plate, espe- 
 cially on account of its capacity for hardening 
 when chilled ; but rapid chilling of such large 
 masses of steel as constitute an armor-plate 
 was universally believed to be impossible with- 
 out danger of cracking the same, or setting up 
 fatal internal strains, if the carbon contents of 
 
 83 
 
HAYWARD AUGUSTUS HARVEY 
 
 the steel were sufficiently high to produce any 
 material hardening effect. 
 
 Armor-plates of high-carbon steel were, there- 
 fore, unknown in practice, and believed to be 
 impossible. 
 
 Hence, many plates were made (especially 
 by the Continental and early American manu- 
 facturers) from steel which was comparatively 
 low in carbon, and these plates were subjected 
 to only mild processes of chilling, such as in 
 oil or lead. 
 
 But such plates were inadequate in hardness 
 to break up projectiles, and were often com- 
 pletely perforated in use. 
 
 Many attempts to unite the characteristics 
 of a very hard face with a softer back had been 
 made by compounding plates of different char- 
 acteristics, but these failed because of the ten- 
 dency to separate at the joint, if the two parts 
 differed from each other in composition, and 
 the welded joint was almost always lacking in 
 strength and liable to fracture, owing to the 
 existence of initial strains due to uneven shrink- 
 ing of the different parts. 
 
 " Cementation " had been vaguely suggested 
 by several experimenters as a remedy for the 
 
 8 4 
 
THE HARVEY PROCESS 
 
 peculiar difficulties which were met with in 
 armor manufacture, but no practicable details 
 had been given by anyone prior to Mr. Har- 
 vey, and the violent chilling of such a plate 
 had not been even proposed. 
 
 The so-called " case-hardening" of small ob- 
 jects had also been known for centuries as ap- 
 plicable to articles of small bulk, but no proc- 
 ess of "case-hardening " seemed applicable to 
 overcome the difficulties encountered in armor 
 making, owing, among other things, to the 
 thinness of the hardened skin or " case " which 
 was commonly produced, and to the abrupt 
 character of the transition from the harder 
 condition of the external skin to the softer 
 parts under the skin. 
 
 At this point in the history of the develop- 
 ment of armor, when all expedients seemed fu- 
 tile to produce the ideal characteristics which 
 had long been suggested, Mr. Harvey solved 
 the problem by the conception and proof that 
 the large mass of an armor-plate, if made of 
 homogeneous low steel, could be deeply im- 
 pregnated with carbon, upon the impact face 
 only, by prolonged subjection of such face to 
 the action of carbon under pressure, at a heat, 
 
 85 
 
HAYWARD AUGUSTUS HARVEY 
 
 in the furnace chamber, high enough to melt 
 cast iron, and that the result of such high and 
 prolonged heat and persistent pressure of the 
 carbon on one face, while the back was pro- 
 tected, would be to cause such a gradually 
 diminishing percentage in the distribution of 
 carbon inward, from the working face, as to 
 obviate all difficulties previously experienced 
 in tendencies to cracking due to the abruptness 
 of the line of demarcation between the harder 
 and softer parts. 
 
 The Harvey process thus, for the first time, 
 made it possible to produce an intensely hard 
 surface on armor, by adapting it to be " chilled " 
 in the most energetic manner as by spraying 
 with cold water without material danger of 
 cracking the plate or its "glass-hard" face, 
 and without producing any tendency to sepa- 
 rate the " chill " from the soft back. The re- 
 markable adherence of the extremely hard face 
 of a " Harveyized " plate to the soft body and 
 back, and the efficient yielding or cushioning 
 effect of the back in allowing the hard face to 
 give elastically when struck, and thus throw 
 off and break up the projectile, is doubtless 
 due to the characteristic of gradually diminish- 
 
 86 
 
THE HARVEY PROCESS 
 
 ing (" decremental ") distribution of the car- 
 bon behind or beneath the intensely hardened 
 surface layer, which is technically known as 
 the " chill," and which is formed on one face 
 only, so as to leave the back and sides of the 
 plate free to yield. 
 
 This decremental distribution of the carbon 
 which occurs both in and under the " chill," 
 is produced by the high and prolonged heat 
 which results in deep carburization, and it 
 was this practice which was boldly suggested 
 and successfully practised by Mr. Harvey, con- 
 trary to the belief in its practicability by most, 
 if not all, experienced steel workers, who nat- 
 urally supposed that such a treatment would 
 fatally endanger plates of such magnitude. 
 
 87 
 
APPENDIX A 
 
 LIST OF WAR-SHIPS WITH HARVEY ARMOR 
 
 GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 
 
 Battle-ships : 
 
 
 
 Renown, 
 
 Jupiter, 
 
 Formidable, 
 
 Majestic, 
 
 Mars, 
 
 Implacable, 
 
 Magnificent, 
 
 Canopus, 
 
 Irresistible, 
 
 Prince George, 
 
 Glory, 
 
 Vengeance, 
 
 Victorious, 
 
 Goliath, 
 
 London, 
 
 Illustrious, 
 
 Albion, 
 
 Venerable, 
 
 Caesar, 
 
 Ocean, 
 
 Bulwark. 
 
 Hannibal, 
 
 
 
 Cruisers, ist Class 
 
 ; 
 
 
 Powerful, 
 
 Spartiate, 
 
 *Aboukir, 
 
 Terrible, 
 
 Diadem, 
 
 *Cressy, 
 
 Andromeda, 
 
 Ariadne, 
 
 *Hogue, 
 
 Europa, 
 
 Argonaut, 
 
 *Lutley, and 
 
 Niobe, 
 
 Amphitrite, 
 
 *four others. 
 
 Cruisers, 2d Class 
 
 . 
 
 
 Talbot, 
 
 Isis, 
 
 Vindictive, 
 
 Eclipse, 
 
 Juno, 
 
 Arrogant, 
 
 Minerva, 
 
 Diana, 
 
 Hyacinth, 
 
 
 *Armored Cruisers. 
 
 
 
 89 
 
 
APPENDIX A 
 
 Cruisers, 2d class Continued : 
 Dido, Gladiator, 
 
 Doris, Furious, 
 
 Venus, 
 
 Cruisers, $d Class : 
 Pelorus, Pandora, 
 
 Pomone, Pioneer, 
 
 Proserpine, Pactolus, 
 
 Psyche, Perseus, 
 
 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 
 Armored Cruisers : 
 
 Garibaldi, San Martino. 
 
 Cruiser : 
 
 Buenos Ayres. 
 
 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 
 Coast Defence Ships : 
 
 Budapest, Monarch, 
 
 Armored Cruiser : 
 " D." 
 
 % 
 
 BRAZIL. 
 
 Coast Defence Ships : 
 
 Marshal Deodoro, 
 
 Turret River Boats : 
 
 Highflyer, 
 Hermes. 
 
 Prometheus, 
 
 Pegasus, 
 
 Pyramus. 
 
 Wien. 
 
 Marshal Floriano. 
 
 Maranhao. 
 
 Pernambuco. 
 90 
 
APPENDIX A 
 
 CHILI. 
 
 Armored Cruisers : 
 
 Almirante O'Higgins, Esmeralda. 
 
 Cruiser : 
 
 Ministro Tentino 
 
 CHINA. 
 Cruiser : 
 Hai-Chi. 
 
 DENMARK. 
 
 Coast Defence Ships : 
 Skjold, Herluf Tralle. 
 
 FRANCE. 
 Battle-ships : 
 
 Massena, Henry IV., Jena, 
 
 Saint Louis, Gaulois, Jeanne d'Arc. 
 
 Bouvet, 
 
 Cruiser, 1st Class : 
 D'Entrecasteaux, 
 
 GERMANY. 
 
 Coast Defence Ships : 
 
 Aegir, Hargen, Hildebrand, 
 
 Frithjof, Heindall, Odin. 
 
 Armored Cruiser : 
 Fiirst Bismarck. 
 
 91 
 
APPENDIX A 
 
 Cruisers, 1st Class : 
 
 Kaiser Friedrich III., Kaiser Wilhelm II. 
 
 Konig Wilhelm, 
 
 Cruisers, 2d Class : 
 
 Freya, Hertha, Vineta. 
 
 Hansa, Victoria Luise, 
 
 ITALY. 
 
 Battle-ships : 
 
 Ammiraglio di St. Bon, Emanuele Filiberto. 
 
 Armored Cruisers : 
 
 Giuseppe Garibaldi, Varesse, 
 
 Vetor Pisani, Carlo Alberto. 
 
 JAPAN. 
 
 Battle-ships : 
 
 Asahi, Yashima, Fuji. 
 
 Shikishima, and one more, 
 
 Armored Cruisers : 
 Asama, Kasaji, 
 
 Takasage, Tokiha, and one more. 
 
 NETHERLANDS. 
 
 Coast Defence Ships : 
 Evertsen, Kortenaer, Plet-Hein. 
 
 NORWAY. 
 
 Coast Defence Ships : 
 
 Harold Haarfagre, Torkenskjold. 
 
 92 
 
APPENDIX A 
 
 RUSSIA. 
 
 Battle-ships : 
 
 Oslabya, Peresviet, Sevastopol. 
 
 Cruisers : 
 
 Poltava, Petro Pavloosk, Rostislav. 
 
 SPAIN. 
 Armored Cruisers : 
 
 Cristobal Colon,. Pedro d'Aragon. 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 First-class Battle-ships : 
 
 Indiana, Massachusetts, Alabama, 
 
 Iowa, Kearsarge, Illinois, 
 
 Oregon, Kentucky, Wisconsin. 
 
 Second-class Battle-ships : 
 
 Maine, Texas. 
 
 Armored Cruiser : 
 
 Brooklyn. 
 Protected Cruiser : 
 
 Olympia. 
 Double Turreted Monitors : 
 
 Monadnock, Puritan. 
 
 93 
 
APPENDIX B 
 
 LIST OF AMERICAN PATENTS ISSUED TO 
 HAYWARD A. HARVEY 
 
 This list is not complete prior to 1860. 
 
 No. of 
 Patent. Article. Date. 
 
 26492 Railroad chair Dec. 20, 1859 
 
 42474 Screw-blank feeder April 26, 1864 
 
 42475 Wood screw April 26, 1864 
 
 42476 Screw-blank feeder April 26, 1864 
 
 42477 Screw-blank feeder April 26, 1864 
 
 42766 Making wood screws (threader). .May 17, 1864 
 
 42767 Making wood screws (shaver) May 17, 1864 
 
 42768 Making wood screws (nicker) May 17, 1864 
 
 44090 Heading bolt and screw-blanks.. .Sept. 6, 1864 
 
 44723 Shaving screw-blank heads Oct. 18, 1864 
 
 44724 File Oct. 18, 1864 
 
 47548 Making wood screws May 2, 1865 
 
 47549 Screw-blank feeder May 2, 1865 
 
 51179 Screw-threading machine. Nov. 28, 1865 
 
 63385 Wire staple April 2, 1867 
 
 64976 Sash weight May 21, 1867 
 
 66331 Nail July 2, 1867 
 
 66585 Wood screw July 9, 1867 
 
 71166 Screw nail Nov. 19, 1867 
 
 95 
 
APPENDIX B 
 
 No. of 
 Patent. Article. Date. 
 
 72633 Wood screw Dec. 24, 1867 
 
 121050 Improvement in brushes Nov. 21, 1871 
 
 154864 Bolts and nuts Sept. 8, 1874 
 
 154865 Mode in forming nicked heads of 
 
 screws Sept. 8, 1874 
 
 175087 Machines for making corrugated- 
 legged staples Mar. 21, 1876 
 
 197466 Bolt and nut Nov. 27, 1877 
 
 197467 Nut and bolt lock June 4, 1877 
 
 197933 Wood screw Dec. 1 1, 1877 
 
 204036 Bolts and nuts May 21, 1878 
 
 221729 Screw nail Nov. 18, 1879 
 
 223730 Machine for rolling threads of 
 
 screws or bolts Jan. 20, 1880 
 
 224591 Lock nut Feb. 17, 1880 
 
 240702 Machine for corrugating nails April 26, 1881 
 
 248163 Feeding mechanism for machines 
 
 for rolling screw-threads Oct. 1 1, 1881 
 
 248165 Machine for rolling screw-threads. Oct. n, 1881 
 
 248166 Apparatus for feeding blanks 
 
 to machines for rolling screw- 
 threads Oct. n, 1881 
 
 248167 Process for threading screws Oct. n, 1881 
 
 248168 Manufacturing screws and screw- 
 
 bolts Oct. n, 1881 
 
 248169 Manufacture of screws Oct. n, 1881 
 
 250728 Tap and die Dec. 13, 1881 
 
 251874 Machine for rolling threads of 
 
 screws or bolts Jan. 3, 1882 
 
 251875 Machine for tapping nuts Jan. 3, 1882 
 
 96 
 
APPENDIX B 
 
 No. of 
 Patent. Article. Date. 
 
 272877 Automatic nut-tapping machine. .Feb. 27, 1883 
 
 2 7373* Nut and bolt Mar. 13, 1883 
 
 274492 Tap for cutting spiral wedge nuts. Mar. 27, 1883 
 
 284633 Machine for rolling threads of 
 
 wood screws Sept. 1 1, 1883 
 
 288798 Screw Nov. 20. 1883 
 
 319247 Rolled wood screw June 2, 1885 
 
 321214 Gimlet-pointed rolled wood screw. June 30, 1885 
 
 327261 Screw tap Sept. 29, 1885 
 
 327263 Screw tap Sept. 29, 1885 
 
 328217 Machine for rolling screw-threads. Oct. 13, 1885 
 
 329737 Screw swaging machine Nov. 3, 1885 
 
 329738 Spring washer Nov. 3, 1885 
 
 329900 Method of making rolled wood 
 
 screws Nov. 10, 1885 
 
 340308 Nut lock April 20, 1886 
 
 357001 Machine for rolling screws Feb. i, 1887 
 
 357002 Machine for rolling screws Feb. i, 1887 
 
 376194 Process of treating low steel Jan. 10, 1888 
 
 377452 Wire screw nail Feb. 7, 1888 
 
 377453 Rolled headed wood screw and 
 
 process of making the same Feb. 7, 1888 
 
 379393 Machine for making washers Mar. 13, 1888 
 
 383949 Screw swaging machine June 5, 1888 
 
 385621 Wide-range yielding washer July 3> 1888 
 
 395899 Railroad spike Jan. 8, 1889 
 
 420557 Machine for making spiral wash- 
 ers Feb. 4, 1890 
 
 440631 Resilient spiral washer Nov. 18, 1890 
 
 456723 Rolled spike July 28, 1891 
 
 97 
 
APPENDIX B 
 
 No. of 
 Patent. Article. Date. 
 
 460268 Decrementally hardened armor- 
 
 plate Sept. 29, 1891 
 
 460269 Gun Sept. 29, 1891 
 
 464301 Resilient spiral washer and mak- 
 ing of the same Dec. i, 1891 
 
 498390 Composition for supercarburizing 
 
 steel May 30, 1893 
 
 506689 Manufacture of steel rails for rail- 
 roads Oct. 17, 1893 
 
 AMERICAN PATENTS ISSUED TO MR. HARVEY IN 
 CONJUNCTION WITH OTHER INVENTORS. 
 
 128251 Machinery for making brushes, 
 
 with C. D. Rogers, and M. P. 
 
 Wilkins June 25, 1872 
 
 306132 Machine for rolling screw-threads, 
 
 with C. S. Clark Oct. 7, 1884 
 
 314935 Screw-pointing machine, with C. 
 
 S. Clark Mar. 31, 1885 
 
 314936 Machine for nicking screw-blanks, 
 
 with C. S. Clark Mar. 31, 1885 
 
 327262 Steel die, with C. S. Clark Sept. 29, 1885 
 
 348967 Multiple screw-shaving machine, 
 
 with C. S. Clark Sept. 14, 1886 
 
 98 
 
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