fc O J 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 EDITED BY F. W. HODGE 
 
 A SERIES OF PUBLICA- 
 TIONS RELATING TO THE 
 AMERICAN ABORIGINES 
 
 STRING RECORDS OF THE 
 NORTHWEST 
 
 J. D .' AN 
 
 AND 
 
 TON 
 
 .NKVV YORK 
 
 MUSEUM OF THS AMERICAN INDIAN 
 HEYE fOtfNDAXION 
 
 1921
 
 51 
 
 N4-3km 
 
 -71O, \lo 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 AT LOS ANGELES
 
 STRING RECORDS LEECHMAN 
 
 CASECONTAINING STRING RECORD 1, NICOLA VALLEY, B. C. 
 (Width, 3 in.)
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 EDITED BY F. W. HODGE 
 
 A SERIES OF PUBLICA- 
 TIONS RELATING TO THE 
 AMERICAN ABORIGINES 
 
 STRING RECORDS OF THE 
 NORTHWEST 
 
 BY 
 
 J. D. LEECHMAN 
 
 AND 
 
 M. R. HARRINGTON 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN 
 
 HEYE FOUNDATION 
 
 1921
 
 / n 
 
 
 3 
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 .String Records of the Northwest . . 5 
 
 
 Some String Records of the Yakima 48 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 PL. I. Case containing String Record 1, 
 Nicola valley, B. C.. . .Frontispiece 
 II. String Record 1 after removal 
 from case, Nicola valley, B. C. 8 
 III. Additional contents of String Rec- 
 ord case, Nicola valley, B. C. 9 
 IV. Typical sections of String Record 
 1, Nicola valley, B. C 12 
 
 
 V. Typical sections of String Record 
 2, Yakima, Washington, L. V. 
 McWhorter collection ... 13 
 
 
 VI. Typical sections of String Records 
 4 and 6, Yakima, Washington. 48 
 
 FIG. 1. Weekly calendar of the Kiowa. .. 63 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
 
 41443,1
 
 STRING RECORDS OF THE 
 NORTHWEST 
 
 BY J. D. LEECHMAN 
 
 HE custom of keeping biographical 
 records by means of knots tied 
 in string seems to be restricted, 
 in North America, to the interior 
 Salish and neighboring tribes of the North- 
 west. One specimen of- such a record has 
 been seen by the author from Nicola valley 
 in southern British Columbia, and two from 
 the neighborhood of Yakima, Washington, 
 mention of such records is made in any 
 of the literature dealing with this district 
 to which the author has had access, and it 
 is believed that their existence is not 
 generally recognized. 
 
 These records differ from the quipu of 
 South America in that their basic principle 
 is chronological and not numerical. While 
 the quipu is based on the decimal system, 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 STRING RECORDS 
 
 and consists of a main cord with dependent 
 strings, 1 the records here described are 
 formed of one string only, with groups of 
 simple knots tied in it, each knot represent- 
 ing a day and each group apparently a week, 
 though many of the groups consist of more 
 or less than seven knots, and so an irregular- 
 ity is introduced which is not easy of 
 explanation. 
 
 These knots are frequently distinguished 
 by various markers which differ in color, 
 size, material, and, apparently, in impor- 
 tance, and are not of necessity placed at 
 regular intervals. In one record (Spec. 2), 
 the property of Mr L. V. McWhorter, of 
 Yakima, which he was good enough to 
 lend for examination and illustration, the 
 markers are at practically regular intervals, 
 while the knots are usually in groups of 
 seven. He states that the markers, in this 
 case beads, indicate moons, and as they 
 occur every twenty-eight knots, this seems 
 to be a correct explanation. In the speci 
 men from Nicola valley (Spec. 1), however, 
 this theory falls to the ground, for the spac- 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 NORTHWESTERN 
 
 7 
 
 ing of both markers and groups is very 
 
 
 irregular. 
 
 
 It appears from the statements of inform- 
 
 
 ants that such a biographical record is often 
 
 
 commenced, by the mother, at the birth of 
 
 
 the child, and that it serves not only to 
 
 
 record its age but any unusual happenings 
 
 
 in its life. A letter from Mr James Teit, 
 
 
 of Spence's Bridge, British Columbia, well 
 
 
 known for his ethnological studies of the 
 
 
 Salish Indians, gives the following infor- 
 
 
 mation: 
 
 
 There seems to be little doubt of its being a 
 
 
 record such as numbers of the old Indians used 
 
 
 to keep. I have seen several of them in use. 
 
 
 These records are individual and therefore can- 
 
 
 not be interpreted correctly or even approxi- 
 
 
 mately in most cases by any other than the 
 
 
 owner. Days, weeks, months, and years are 
 
 
 marked by different knots or marks, different 
 
 
 individuals using somewhat different systems. 
 
 
 Other markers generally representing special 
 
 
 happenings or dates consist of attachments or 
 
 
 wrappings of rag, bark, string, hair, sinew, etc. 
 
 
 Colors are occasionally used in a systematic 
 
 
 way. Other records are made on hide and 
 
 
 wood, generally by notching, etc., and some- 
 
 
 times painting, etc., but string records are 
 
 
 much more common. You speak of the mate- 
 
 
 rial koiskana ko-is or kwoes is the name of the 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 

 
 8 
 
 STRING RECORDS 
 
 
 material, the name koiskana being that of a 
 place seemingly originating from the name of 
 the material. Some necklaces used in this dis- 
 
 
 trict consisted of bark or buckskin with knots 
 
 
 and wrappings of hair, etc., between, but it 
 seems your specimen is evidently a record. 
 
 
 Inquiries among the Indians of Cape 
 
 
 Flattery and Puget sound have resulted in 
 
 
 answers which lead to the conclusion that 
 
 
 this system of records was unknown to 
 
 
 them. 
 
 
 Another record (Spec. 3), at present in 
 
 
 the Museum at the University of Washing- 
 
 
 ton, was lent to the author for the purpose 
 
 
 of securing a photograph, but permission 
 
 
 to unwind the ball was not obtained. It is 
 
 
 tied into knots as are the others, with 
 
 
 markers of beads and shells, but it was not 
 
 
 possible to confirm the impression that these 
 
 
 markers are arranged in groups indicating 
 
 
 lunar phases, as in the Yakima specimen. 
 
 
 The specimen from Nicola valley (Spec. 
 
 
 1) is now in the Museum of the American 
 
 
 Indian, Heye Foundation, and was found 
 
 
 by the writer in 1911, hanging on a corner- 
 
 
 post of a fence surrounding an Indian grave 
 
 
 in a cemetery near the Indian village of 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 STRING RECORDS LEECHMAN 
 
 STRING RECORD 1 AFTER REMOVAL FROM CASE 
 NICOLA VALLEY. B. C. 
 (Diameter of b, 2.8 in.)
 
 STRING RECORDS LEECHMAN 
 
 ADDITIONAL CONTENTS OF STRING RECORD CASE, NICOLA 
 
 VALLEY. B. C. 
 (Length of d. 1.5 in.)
 
 NICOLA VALLEY 
 
 Tsulus, in Nicola valley, about four miles 
 north of Merritt, British Columbia. 
 
 It is a carefully made bag of deerskin 
 (pi. i), provided with a single loop of the 
 same material attached at the back, and 
 secured in front by a single button, appar- 
 ently an ordinary metal trousers button. 
 In it were found the following objects: 
 
 (1) A large ball of string (pi. n, a), com- 
 posed principally of the bark of the dogbane 
 (Apocynum canabinum) known to the Indians 
 as kois. The string is about 180 feet in 
 length and is tied into more than 6,600 
 simple knots. 
 
 (2) A smaller ball of cord of the same 
 material (pi. II, b), about 33 feet long and 
 tied into about 1,400 knots. 
 
 (3) A third cord (pi. in, b), not rolled into 
 a ball, seven feet long and tied into 308 knots. 
 
 (4) A brass button (pi. in, c), 0.7 in. in 
 diameter, with an ornate design represent- 
 ing a tree and butterflies in bold relief. A 
 wing appears on each side of the trunk of 
 the tree. The button has a plain metal 
 back with a metal shank for attaching it to 
 clothing, and is spotted with verdigris. 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 10 
 
 STRING RECORDS 
 
 (5) A leather shoe-lace, 16 in. in length, 
 (pi. in, o) 4 with 24 knots fairly equally 
 spaced, but occupying only 7.5 in., the re- 
 mainder of the strip being without knots. 
 
 (6) Four dentalium shells (pi. in, d), 
 threaded on fine strips of sinew. The shells 
 are of slightly different lengths, as follows: 
 0.6 in., 0.98 in., 1.12 in., 1.08 in. The four 
 sinew threads on which they are strung 
 are attached at their ends to a small bit 
 of leather so that the shells lie parallel to 
 one another and in the same plane. 
 
 The larger ball was tightly wound. Com- 
 mencing at the inner end the knots were 
 tied in groups (pi. iv, a, b, c), following an 
 initial blank space about two inches long, 
 as shown in the Table, Specimen 1, a, pp. 
 16-35. 
 
 The smaller ball has a loose piece of string 
 (pi. in, e; iv, h, i, j), wrapped round it, 
 about 33 in. in length, knotted as shown in 
 the Table, Specimen 1. b, p. 36. 
 
 After unwinding about 11.5 ft. of the 
 ball itself, it was found to be tied about 
 with a strip of kois, passed three times 
 round the ball and then tied in a half-bow. 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 YAKIM A 
 
 A little more than two feet of the inner end 
 of the string is left unrestrained by the 
 aand. No knot was found at the free end 
 of this string, in which respect it differs from 
 all the others. It is knotted as shown in the 
 Table, Specimen 1, c, pp. 37-38. 
 
 The shortest string (pi. in, b; vi, d, e,f, g), 
 which is not included in either of the two 
 balls, is 6 ft. 11.25 in. in length, and is 
 notable for more variations in color than any 
 of the others. It is knotted as shown in the 
 Table, Specimen 1, d, pp. 39-41. 
 
 It will be noted that the rule is six knots 
 in a group, though there are many excep- 
 tions. The general character of the knots 
 and markers on these strings may be seen 
 in pi. iv. In the specimen from Yakima 
 owned by Mr McWhorter (Spec. 2), as 
 shown in the Table, pp. 42-47, seven knots 
 in the group is almost invariable, which 
 makes it much easier to fit into our calen- 
 dar. The space between groups is probably 
 to be considered as marking Sunday in the 
 Nicola and similar valley specimens. 
 
 Specimen 2 is thus described by Mr 
 McWhorter: "I am sending you . . 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 12 
 
 STRING RECORDS 
 
 one of the string records, not thinking it 
 necessary to send both, since they are prac- 
 tically identical duplicates. Both pertain to 
 the record age of a boy, first twenty years, 
 knot for each day. In the years it is the 
 only specimen -of its kind that I have ever 
 been able to secure." In a later letter he 
 adds that the specimen, when he received 
 it, was wound on a piece of card instead of 
 being spherical. "Usually," says Mr Mc- 
 Whorter, "these relics are highly prized 
 by the owners." 
 
 On examination, this record was found 
 to be 40 ft. long and tied into 1,238 knots 
 which are arranged with few exceptions 
 in groups of seven, as may be seen in the 
 typical sections shown in pi. v. There are 
 44 markers, all beads, and they are placed 
 regularly after every 28 knots, with occa- 
 sional exceptions. The material throughout 
 the string is, as in the preceding specimen, 
 dogbane (Apocynum), the Yakima name 
 for which is taxu's, according to Dr Water- 
 man. The record is carefully made, but 
 here and there small shreds of the outer 
 bark still adhere to the fiber. Its color is 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 STRING RECORDS LEECHMAN 
 
 1 
 9 
 
 /' 
 
 T 
 
 
 u 
 
 J 
 
 \ 
 
 ! 
 
 i 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 
 TYPICAL SECTIONS OF STRING RECORD 1. NICOLA 
 
 VALLEY, B. C. 
 (Length of sections, 6.5 in.)
 
 STRING RECORDS LEECHMAN 
 
 < 
 I 
 
 f 
 
 TYPICAL SECTIONS OF STRING RECORD 2. YAKIMA. 
 WASHINGTON. L. V. McWHORTER COLLECTION
 
 Y A K I M A 
 
 buff, with the exception of one short length 
 of less than an inch, where it is stained red, 
 apparently without intention. 
 
 It is very regular in knotting and 
 marking, as will be noticed in the tabulation, 
 which starts from the inner end. It is 
 worthy of note that the first two or three 
 inches of the string are made with great 
 care and the knots are small, perhaps 
 symbolical of the smallness of the child 
 and of the care it needed. 
 
 It is difficult to agree with Mr McWhor- 
 ter's belief that this record covers a period 
 of twenty years, as only forty-three lunar 
 months are shown. It is probable that he 
 has misunderstood his informant or that the 
 latter was in error himself. The occasional 
 occurrence of six knots in a group where 
 seven would be expected may be laid to 
 errors on the part of the maker, but the 
 solution of the tens and the twelve offers 
 greater difficulties. It is not probable that 
 these Indians were sufficiently expert 
 calendar makers to reckon intercalary 
 days, and the use of the beads shows that 
 the whites had already penetrated the 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 STRING RECORDS 
 
 country so that in all probability our 
 system of time-keeping had been adopted 
 by them. 
 
 The specimen in the Museum at the 
 University of Washington (Spec. 3) is 
 similar to the others, except that it is made of 
 buckskin instead of the native fiber-string 
 employed in the other examples. It makes 
 a ball about five inches in diameter, and the 
 markers seen consist of beads. Whether 
 other markers are used or not, and whether 
 they are placed at regular intervals, it is 
 impossible to determine, as permission to 
 unwind the ball could not be obtained. The 
 label states that it is the history of an old 
 woman of the Yakima, and no other infor- 
 mation concerning it is available. One of 
 the markers visible in the illustration con- 
 sists of a disc of mother-of-pearl; another is 
 a little brass bell, and a third is a shell 
 resembling a cowry. 
 
 It is unfortunate that it has not been 
 possible to obtain an explanation of the 
 markers on any of these records from its 
 original owner. Those to whom Speci- 
 mens 1 and 3 belonged are dead, and what 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 NORTHWESTERN 
 
 15 
 
 little information we have concerning Speci- 
 men 2 is obviously incorrect. It is possible 
 that the owner of this is still living, but no 
 information as to his identity is available. 
 
 
 Mr Teit's statement that he has seen these 
 
 
 records in use, leads to the hope that an 
 accurate interpretation may still be obtained 
 before their use is abandoned. It would be 
 
 
 of great interest to know what events were 
 considered worthy of record, and just how 
 accurate was the remembrance of them, 
 when, as is the case in Specimen 1, there 
 are altogether more than a hundred markers, 
 and no two of them are identical. 
 
 
 NOTE 
 
 
 1. Leland Locke, The Ancient Quipu, a Peru- 
 vian Knot Record, American Anthropolo- 
 gist, N. s., xiv, 325, Apr.-June 1912. 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 

 
 16 
 
 STRING RECORDS 
 
 
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 INDIAN NOTES
 
 NICOLA VALL 
 
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 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
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 Remarks 
 
 Followed by a marker on the unknotted portion 
 etween groups. It is made of old, worn cot- 
 ->n cloth, apparently the same piece of mate- 
 al, having furnished this one and the pre- 
 iously described marker of cloth, as both have 
 ic same weave and traces of a red pattern. 
 
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 Followed by a marker composed of a tuft of 
 tring tied on the main cord between groups. . 
 The last of these groups has a human hair 
 sed as a marker, which is longer, finer in tex- 
 ure, and a little lighter in color than any of the 
 thers yet recorded. 
 
 
 
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 INDIAN NOTES
 
 
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 INDIAN 
 
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 26 
 
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 group, which is 
 apparently has 
 sughly knotted 
 is tied into the 
 e more appears 
 
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 lot in this group 
 one. 
 
 between knots 
 
 
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 NICOLA VAL 
 
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 27 
 
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 A human hair is involved in this and the next 
 group. It is first tied into the second knot of the 
 first group, passes outside of knot three, through 
 four and five, and outside of knot six. In the 
 next group it passes outside of the first three 
 knots and is then tied round the main string, 
 passes over the fourth knot, and through the 
 fifth and sixth, leaving about an inch and a half 
 of its length free. 
 A short black hair is firmly tied into knots 
 three and four in such a way as to leave an end 
 about a third of an inch in length projecting from 
 knot four. 
 
 Is preceded by a marker of black woolen 
 cloth, containing a few threads of lighter cotton 
 probably once a piece of clothing. 
 A shred of deerskin is tied between the fifth 
 and sixth knots. 
 
 - - 
 
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 IT) \O 
 
 AND MONOGR 
 
 APHS 

 
 28 
 
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 TES
 
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 ICOL A VALLEY 
 
 29 
 
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 wrapped ten 
 
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 AN NOTES
 
 NICOLA VALLEY 
 
 35 
 
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 li'gl 
 
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 CN ff) IT* 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 

 
 36 
 
 S TRING RECORDS 
 
 
 rl 
 
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 INDIAN NOTES
 
 NICOLA VALLEY 
 
 37 
 
 55 t 
 
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 .JJ C C .u % 73 ' 
 
 
 13 * J rt -" 
 
 
 
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 Jii O f-S 4J D pin H U *"" 
 
 
 
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 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
 41.44.1.1
 
 38 
 
 STRING 
 
 RECORDS 
 
 
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 AND MONOGRAPHS 

 
 40 
 
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 INDIAN NOTES
 
 NICOLA VALLEY 
 
 41 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 AND MONOGRAPHS 

 
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 MONOGRA 
 
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 44 
 
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 e 
 
 
 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 

 
 
 
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 45 
 
 
 
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 AND 
 
 MONOGRAPH 
 
 S 

 
 46 
 
 STRING 
 
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 <T) O 
 
 
 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 
 
 YAKIMA 
 
 47 
 
 5 
 
 --I <N 
 
 <r> 
 
 
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 A 
 
 ND 
 
 MONOGRAPHS 

 
 48 
 
 
 
 SOME STRING RECORDS OF 
 THE YAKIMA 
 
 BY M. R. HARRINGTON 
 
 A"^ FTER Mr Leechman's paper was 
 in type, three more string rec- 
 
 H?|8J ords were received by the Museum 
 
 of the American Indian, Heye 
 Foundation, collected by Dr T. T. Water- 
 man, who was fortunate enough to get 
 nearly all the data concerning one of them. 
 The record for which we have the data 
 (Specimen 4), which was purchased from old 
 Sally Jackson, a Yakima, measures about 
 35 ft. long, the first 26 ft. of which are 
 made of deerskin, the remainder of twisted 
 fiber cord. It contains some 1,577 simple 
 knots, 226 markers of red yarn, three 
 markers of blue yarn, one of green yarn, 
 one of pink yarn, two of dentalium shell, 
 and three consisting of glass beads, one 
 yellow, one blue, and one red. In several 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 STRING RECORDS LEECHMAN 
 
 6 1 r 2, d 3 e 
 
 TYPICAL SECTIONS OF STRING RECORDS 4 AND 6. 
 YAKIMA. WASHINGTON 
 (Length of sections, 5.5 in. )
 
 YAKIMA 
 
 places a single black human hair is caught 
 in a knot, but this is perhaps accidental, 
 as no explanation of them was given. 
 
 Mrs Jackson commenced the record on 
 the death of her husband, apparently for 
 the sole purpose of keeping tally of the 
 dates of deaths among her family, for no 
 other events are recorded. Nights are 
 represented by plain knots arranged in 
 groups of seven, with considerable precision 
 except at the very first, and after every 
 seventh knot is a piece of red yarn tied on 
 to represent Sunday, while the other 
 markers represent the deaths as they 
 occurred (pi. vi, b, c, d.). 
 
 The first red marker, however, records 
 the death of her husband, "Old Jackson;" 
 then come five knots, and then another 
 red marker, this one representing Sunday, 
 as do all of this color thereafter. 
 
 One week after the loss of her husband, 
 one of her sons also passed away, which 
 sad event is recorded by a piece of blue 
 yarn tied between the second and third 
 knots, by which we may infer that he died 
 on a Tuesday. His loss seems to have con- 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 50 
 
 STRING RECORDS 
 
 fused her to such an extent that she gives 
 nine instead of seven nights to the week of 
 his death, but thereafter the knots appear 
 in groups of seven with strict regularity. 
 
 After the twenty-third red marker fol- 
 lowing Jackson's death in the record, or 
 twenty-three weeks later, occurred the death 
 of one of Sally's grandchildren, represented 
 by a bead of dentalium shell about 0.2 in. 
 long, which seems to have taken place on 
 Monday, because the bead is strung on the 
 thong between the first and second knots. 
 A little more than a year after the old man 
 died, the day after the 56th Sunday, to 
 be exact, a large yellow glass bead (pi. 
 VI, a) represents the death of Sally's mother; 
 while on the Wednesday after the eighty- 
 second Sunday a second short piece of den- 
 talium shell records the loss of another 
 grandchild (pi. vi, c). 
 
 Sally's sister died on the 99th Monday, 
 according to the record, as shown by a piece 
 of blue yarn tied between the first and sec- 
 ond knots following the ninety-ninth red 
 marker; and a few weeks later, the Friday 
 following the 104th Sunday, as shown by 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 YAKIMA 
 
 a blue bead, she lost another grandchild, 
 the last relative she had left in the vicinity 
 of her home. 
 
 More than a year then passed without 
 further bereavement, but then a piece of 
 green yarn, tied between the fifth and sixth 
 knots following the 164th red" marker, tells 
 of the death of another son, at Pendleton, 
 Oregon. 
 
 For ten weeks Sally had a respite from 
 bad news; but on the Friday after the 174th 
 Sunday following her husband's decease, 
 news reached her of the death of her sister's 
 daughter on Yakima river, and this was 
 recorded by a red bead with a white center. 
 
 The list of deaths as furnished by Dr 
 Waterman's data ends with a bit of blue 
 yarn tied on the thong between the fourth 
 and fifth knots following the 192d red Sun- 
 day marker, representing the death of cer- 
 tain of Sally's "relatives on Dry creek;" 
 but a pink marker set in the space desig- 
 nating the following Thursday remains 
 without explanation (pi. vi, b). 
 
 The red Sunday markers end with the 
 225th; from this point onward the Sunday 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 52 
 
 STRING RECORDS 
 
 space between the groups of knots, repre- 
 senting the seven nights of the week, 
 remains bare (pi. vi, a). These groups con- 
 tinue for sixty weeks more, after which 
 but one day is recorded, which was the 
 last of June, 1919, according to Dr Water- 
 man's data. Sally forgot to make a knot 
 for July 1st, and never resumed the record. 
 
 Counting back the weeks from this date, 
 we find that the death of "Old Jackson" 
 must have taken place about the beginning 
 of 1914. 
 
 The second and third records, which we 
 will call Specimens 5 and 6, respectively, 
 were made by an old Yakima woman 
 named Mrs Luskin, living at Parker on 
 Yakima river, but were procured by Dr 
 Waterman from Emily Paul, also a Yakima, 
 who could not explain them in detail, but said 
 that each knot represented a day and each 
 group of seven knots a week; while the cloth 
 markers she thought represented "deaths." 
 
 An examination of the second example 
 (Specimen 5), which seems, like the first, 
 to have been a combined record, not only of 
 the passing days and weeks, but of certain 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 YAKIMA 
 
 important events, shows it to be 32 ft. 7 in. 
 long, the first 19 ft. 2 in. being deerskin, 
 the remainder dogbane fiber. After the 
 first knot, which stands alone, there are 156 
 groups of 7 knots each, then a single terminal 
 knot, making 1,093 knots in all. There are 
 also 38 markers made of rags, beads of 
 glass and dentalium, deerskin, yarn, fiber, 
 and red thread, and one human hair caught 
 in a knot. An examination of these shows 
 that in the first part of the record the 
 markers occur on an average of every 
 twenty-nine days, and possibly therefore 
 signify moons, as in the case mentioned by 
 Mr Leechman, but this system seems to 
 have been purposely suspended after about 
 the 15th moon, or some markers may have 
 been lost from the record. Other markers 
 scattered among the "lunar" ones, to the 
 number of 20, may represent deaths, or 
 perhaps other important events. Since the 
 record is not a simple one, like No. 6, and 
 since we have no explanation for it, as we 
 have for No. 4, the following table is pre- 
 sented to show the exact arrangement of the 
 markers as they appear: 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 54 
 
 STRING 
 
 RE 
 
 CORD 
 
 S 
 
 
 i i 
 
 .... 
 
 
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 c 
 
 H 
 
 V 
 
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 ^H ^H -H ^H r-i CN CN CN CN N 
 
 CN CS C5 
 
 
 AND 
 
 MONO 
 
 GRAP 
 
 HS 

 
 56 
 
 STR 
 
 ING 
 
 R 
 
 ECOR 
 
 DS 
 
 
 
 v 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 M 
 
 S 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 c 
 
 T 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 >^ 
 
 4) 
 
 fl 
 
 u 
 
 
 4-J 
 
 
 
 
 U 
 
 OS 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 2 
 d 
 
 V 
 
 1 
 
 JB 
 
 1 
 
 b 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 TJ 
 
 a 
 
 c* 
 
 *S 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 K 
 
 -B 
 
 | 
 
 2 
 
 j 
 
 !_. 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 M 
 
 ^ 
 
 S 
 
 ? 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 -3 
 
 O 
 
 S 
 
 i 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 TABLE. SPECIMEN 5Conli 
 
 i 
 
 s 
 
 rt 
 >> 
 
 -id 
 g 
 
 '5, 
 "o J2 
 
 s 
 5J 
 
 535 
 
 SJS 
 
 < 1 
 
 A marker of white coti 
 fourth and fifth knots. 
 
 A marker of puik yarn t 
 sixth knots. 
 
 A marker, a yellow glass 
 fifth and sixth knots. 
 
 A marker of short deersk 
 first and second knots. 
 
 bO 
 
 a 
 
 _o 
 
 "o 
 "o 
 
 rt 
 
 
 Ji * 
 
 , ^^ ^^ ^^ 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 5-5G 
 
 
 a 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 f : 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 ex, 
 
 <*5 
 
 * ic \; 
 
 - I -. 
 
 00 H f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O ro p< 
 
 : ^, 
 
 
 * ^* 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 INDIA 
 
 X 
 
 NOTE 
 
 S 

 
 
 
 YAK 
 
 IM 
 
 A 
 
 57 
 
 oo 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 ~ 
 
 CN 
 
 CN 
 
 CN CN <N 
 
 
 V 
 
 f 
 
 4) 
 
 O 
 
 1 
 
 1 if! 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 <u 
 
 5 
 
 s- Jl! 
 
 
 ^3 
 
 
 -0 
 
 <u 
 
 ^ ytl 
 
 
 tc 
 
 PO 
 
 
 
 
 S ^'S 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 <U U c/3 
 
 
 o 
 
 3 
 
 *^2 
 
 
 fe . *~! cj "tz* 
 
 
 "w 
 
 .83 
 
 ^^ 
 
 V, 
 
 to t!^ S 
 
 
 .s 
 
 11 
 
 8-* 
 
 ^73 
 
 * 
 bo^ 
 G-o 
 
 | 
 
 i. 
 
 en 
 
 n thong ti 
 
 Tj *J .4J ^3 
 03 *S^ rt X 
 _,- t! "eu "tf* 
 ^ I'S ^"0 
 
 
 ti-a 
 
 o*a 
 
 i^-s 
 
 - O 
 ^ 
 
 9 
 
 " ol 6 
 
 
 A marker of sh 
 een seventh and 
 
 A marker of dee 
 d between first a 
 
 1 
 1| 
 
 < 
 
 A marker of deei 
 d second knots. 
 
 2 "aj _: ^H 
 ca j2 +-, g d g 
 
 fcj, ^4J 
 
 sf^ s.s^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 Oi 
 
 flj 
 
 p* 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 " 
 
 a 
 
 rt ^S t3 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 j5 
 
 
 
 ^O ^O 
 
 VO CN 
 
 cU 
 
 10 VO t- 
 
 00 
 
 1 1 
 ON CS ^O O 
 
 
 
 in if) 
 
 
 
 
 
 AND 
 
 MONOGRAPHS 

 
 58 
 
 STRING RECORDS 
 
 te: 6 
 
 tn -u J *j 
 
 >'5i 
 
 "3-5 
 
 v <o 
 X U 
 
 b ^ 
 
 11 
 
 4< 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 
 YAKIMA 
 
 
 
 59 
 
 o 
 
 rt tN 
 
 S3 
 
 a 
 
 
 1 Is 
 
 u 1 5> 
 
 4J D 
 
 ^g 
 
 ts 
 
 ll| 
 
 
 
 ts ^ 
 
 g 
 
 5 ^< 
 
 
 ** "^ 'r< 
 
 
 S 
 
 ~ '?3 rn 
 
 
 u tn 'fe * 
 
 -2 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ "S 
 
 
 - n 
 
 5 c 
 
 c 
 
 '35 *o "<" 
 
 
 "rt. u ^> 
 
 "-3 "* 
 
 ^ 
 
 H r,*o 
 
 
 (-t U *- (H 
 
 "5 -Q J2 
 
 00 
 ^ 
 
 o 
 
 W v 3 
 
 
 u_ T3 H 
 
 O >H -C 
 
 8 
 
 Sjj o 8 
 
 S 53 SB 
 
 IS I- 8 
 
 73 ^5 ^"O 
 
 ^2 
 
 ^2 O 
 !> .*^ 
 
 I- l^g 
 
 10 fe 3 
 
 ^^ ^ 
 
 O ^ 
 
 bO 
 
 1 
 
 tn 
 
 * 
 
 .0 
 u 
 g 
 
 light green " 
 as been tied a pi 
 g between fifth 
 
 
 .S -2 *** ^ 
 
 o u S 
 
 h js w ^ 
 -- "b > 
 
 ** a ^ t r- 
 
 ^g s 
 
 ^1 ^ 
 ^ 
 S M S 
 
 6 fcj ^ 
 
 S" "1 c 
 5 2 H 
 
 -0 M 
 
 rt -g 
 
 tT C 
 
 S^i 
 
 11 
 
 C ifl 
 
 marker, a 
 ugh which h 
 twine, strun 
 
 
 HE <5 g c 
 
 1 <^ <B 
 
 <T3 
 
 < 2c 
 
 
 y -3 C 
 
 
 C 
 
 A 
 
 
 -C X5 ^ 
 
 4 ui -2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 PO O 
 
 (a 
 
 
 
 r*} 
 
 O -H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 to ^ t^ o t^ 
 
 c\ o o o o 
 
 i-l CN 
 
 Tf 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 AND 
 
 MONOGR 
 
 APE 
 
 [S 

 
 60 
 
 STRING R 
 
 ECORD S 
 
 
 H 
 
 iO vO l^ 
 
 00 Ov 
 
 
 te: E 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 5 -S 
 
 i C"5 
 
 
 
 "! 1 ^ '^ J2 
 
 " S 
 
 
 
 ^^2 g ^3 
 
 .1 i.^ 
 
 
 
 .ti "5 fe -" jrf 
 
 * J c 
 
 
 
 ^ .2 tJ _rrfl 
 
 bO "5 rt 
 
 
 
 'O ^ Q *O "^j 
 
 /i p^3 
 
 
 
 QJ _^ " ._ 
 
 o ii 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 "S ^ " 
 
 ^r .S T3 
 
 . . r^ 
 r~4 r* ^^ " 
 
 S *5 *y ^ 
 
 ^3 ~ *Q 
 
 JJ3 ^ fj 
 ^s o SB 
 
 " a g.5 
 
 ^s 
 
 5 
 
 CA QJ ^ p^ 
 
 O) ^ -H o 
 
 SPECIMEN S Con 
 
 o 
 
 Q 4> <U O W C3 
 
 'w ^ W)^ c> 
 
 . ^a *o'2 cd ^ 
 
 w G o 
 
 Jsl lill 
 
 s^ -- 
 
 *S lj 
 
 ' K u *3 
 
 'S'S - 
 
 O 43 rt rt 
 
 i><3 u c 
 
 ^ <U J2 3 
 
 
 
 
 S x S-a S g 
 
 S S E0 
 
 S ^*2 
 
 H 
 
 
 <1 ^^^^S 
 5 (3 
 
 "*! ^ jj 
 
 
 "ill 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 s 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 s 
 
 ^"H 
 
 j 
 
 
 J 
 
 O vO iO *O ** 
 
 OO C\ iO O 
 
 
 3 
 
 ^H v-l CO CO CO 
 
 f5 <^5 >O "~< 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 INDIAN 
 
 NOTES
 
 YAKIM A 
 
 The third record (Specimen 6) is the short- 
 est of all, measuring only 13 ft. 4 in. in 
 length, and is made entirely of fiber. It begins 
 in an unusual manner with four small knots, 
 followed by a black bead, then another 
 knot, then a bead, then a knot, then a space 
 1.8 in. long, in which are strung 7 black 
 beads followed by a knot; then comes 8 in. 
 of bare fiber cord, then a group of 2 knots, 
 after which the groups of 7 knots each run 
 to the number of 73, with one group of ten 
 knots. After the 60th group the Sundays 
 are marked by blue "Russian" beads, 
 instead of by the simple gaps between the 
 groups, and the moons are indicated 
 throughout by tufts of yarn (pi. vi, e) 
 or rag placed at intervals of from twenty- 
 four to thirty-two knots. Only six days of 
 the last week are recorded, after which the 
 string is occupied by 24 green and blue glass 
 beads of the "Russian" variety, evidently 
 intended for marking succeeding Sundays. 
 Nothing but the succession of days, weeks, 
 and moons, seems to have been preserved 
 in this record. It seems purely chronolog- 
 ical, a "calendar string," unless the "moon" 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS
 
 62 
 
 STRING RECORDS 
 
 markers, as suggested below, may have 
 another meaning. 
 
 The possibility that the use of these 
 records, called iti ta'mat by the Yakima, 
 may not be very old among these Indians 
 is suggested by the fact that all or most of 
 them are based on our modern week of 
 seven days, which is certainly not a native 
 concept yet the "moons" recorded by 
 the markers in some of the strings are not 
 calendar months by any means, but per- 
 haps an attempt to indicate lunar months, 
 a native concept. Possibly the original 
 string records of these tribes were concerned 
 only with days and moons. It is interesting 
 to note that such records seem to have been 
 kept only by the women, which fact leads 
 to a speculation as to whether the so-called 
 "lunar month" markers may not in real- 
 ity represent menstrual periods, which would 
 account for then" irregularity of placement 
 (ranging in one record from 24 to 32 days 
 apart) and their entire absence from some 
 parts of the records. 
 
 Chronological if not biographical string 
 records are not unknown in other parts of 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 N O R T H-A M E R I C A N 
 
 63 
 
 Xorth America; Lumholtz, 1 for example, 
 
 
 reporting them from the Huichol Indians 
 
 
 of northern Mexico; while Mr F. W. 
 
 
 Hodge informs the writer that he has seen 
 
 
 Zuiii laborers keep account of each day's 
 
 
 work by tying a knot in a string carefully 
 
 
 kept for that purpose. 
 
 1?V "FlY t 
 (\~-^ * cS^*-^ 
 
 
 \$ H^Mfc V"/ 
 
 
 Hill iff HP 
 
 
 FIG. 1. Weekly Calendar of the Kiowa. 
 
 
 The writer has noticed the existence 
 
 
 among Indians in other parts of the United 
 
 
 States of other native inventions intended 
 
 
 particularly to help the uneducated mem- 
 
 
 bers of the tribes to "keep track of 
 
 
 Sunday." 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 

 
 64 
 
 STRING RECORDS 
 
 
 One of them is shown in fig. 1, illustrat- 
 ing a method employed by the Kiowa, 
 which is merely to mark on a convenient 
 surface a row of six straight parallel lines, 
 one for each week-day, and then to draw 
 an eagle-feather to represent Sunday. On 
 the Sundays when the Peyote ceremony is 
 enacted, a small "peyote button" is drawn 
 above the eagle-feather. 
 
 
 NOTE 
 
 
 1. LUMHOLTZ, CARL, Unknown Mexico, Vol. 
 II, p. 128. New York, 1902. 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES
 
 4 3 5
 
 L 006 833 571
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
 
 Los Angeles 
 
 This book is DUE on the last 
 date stamped below. 
 
 'ID 
 
 MOV 
 
 ID-DHL 
 619M 
 
 QQT291974 
 
 1 1993 
 
 o * 
 
 10m-7,'71 (P6348s8) Z-53