|rhls is an authorized facsimile and was produced
by microfilm-xerography in 1973 by University Microfilms
\ Xerox Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A.
THE ECLOGUES OF
BAPTISTA MANTUANUS
EDITED. WITH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES, BY
WILFRED Pf MUSTARD, Ph.D.
COLLEGIATE PROFESSOR OF LATIN IN THK
JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY
y ffff^'^
BALTIMORE
THE JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS
19x1
973
/pi
lid ib M^^
Copyright, 1911
BY
THE JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS
5
TO
KIRBY FLOWER SMITH
fREfACfe
IThis edition has been prepared in the hope that some
scholars might be glad to study a set of forgotten poems
which had a very considerable influence upon the English
literature of the sixteenth century.
The Text is based upon that of the first printed edition,
of Mantua, 1498. The more important later variants are
mentioned in the notes. The spelling is modified to suit
the convenience of the modem reader. The punctuation is
my own.
The Introduction has growi to a portentous length, partly
because it seemed desirable to set down my authority for
almost every statement. And inasmuch as many of my
authorities are not easily accessible — at least, to American
scholars — it often seemed necessary to quote their actual
words. Hence the " leaden sediment " of footnotes. I am
rather ashamed of this unlovely feature, but I feel that any
one who has tried to find any modem account of Mantuan
which is at once definite and accurate will be inclined to
excuse it. Perhaps I should add that a part of my material
has already been printed, in the Transactions of the Ameri-
can Philological Association, vol. XL.
I have devoted a good deal of space to the story of
Mantuan's popularity in England, and tried to show some-
thing of the precise range and character of his influence
there. It would be interesting to know whether his
Eclogues exercised any such influence in Italy, or France,
or Germany ; but that subject must be left to others.
My Notes are mainly concerned with the question of
Mantuan's sources, and only occasionally serve to explain
his meaning. I had thought of putting them below the
text, but they are hardly of sufficient importance to break
7
8 PREFACE \^ 1 ) a^
up (he page, and, besides, the reader may be glad to have
the Eclogues printed, for once, so that he can see more than
a few lines at a time. Ever since Ascensius published his
long-lived commentary they have regularly been printed
with alternate stretches of text and notes on the same page.
I hope that most of my obligations to earlier writers are
duly acknowledged in the footnotes. My Introduction is
much better than it might have been because of the gener-
osity of Mr. Henry Walters, of Baltimore, who allowed
me the free use of his magnificent private library of Italian
incunabula. And it is further enriched by material which
I was able to collect last summer during a vacation tour
of the great public libraries of Italy. It gives me pleasure
to recall the uniform courtesy and kindness which I re-
ceived from various library officials in Turin, Milan,
Mantua, Ferrara, Bologna, and a dozen other cities. And
I am glad to say here that my book owes a great deal to
Cav. Alessandro Luzio, Director of the R. Archivio di
Stato at Mantua. From one of his published papers I
had learned most of what I have written about our poet's
family, and by his special knowledge and ready helpfulness
he made my own work at Mantua both profitable and
pleasant.
W. P. M.
Baltimore,
May, 191 1.
1547
CONTENTS
Intkoduction
**Good old MAntuan** ii
Hit Life li
His Family and Friends l8
His Works a6
His Popularity 30
Composition and Publication of the Eclogues 35
Their Use as a School-book 36
Quotations and Allusions 40
Imitations 48
Mantuan*s Sources 57
His Syntax 59
His Metre 59
His Vocabulary 59
Dedicatory Epistle 6a
Text 63
Notes *. m
Index i53
9
INTRODUCTION
" OOOD OLD MANTUAN **
In Lwi*s Labour^s Lost, iv, 2, 9S, the schoolmaster
Holofernes quotes the Latin words *' Fauste, precor, gelida
quando pecus omne sub umbra Ruminat, — and so forth,"
and then exclaims : " Ah, good old Mantuan I I may speak
of thee as the traveller doth of Venice;
Veneti*! Venetia,
Chi non U vede non ti pretia.
Old Mantuan, old Mantuan! who understandeth thee not,
loves thee not." Here the modern reader is apt to think of
the Eclogues of Virgil ; but the reference is to another and
much later poet who was likewise a native of Mantua, and
likewise the author of ten Latin eclogues. This was Bap-
tista Spagnolo, or, as he was commonly called, Baptista
Mantuanus.^
HIS LIFE
This later Mantuan was born April 17, 1448." He was
a pupil of Grcgorio Tifcrnate and of Georgius Merula;*
^ In ono of the letteri of IiabAlla d' Kite (Aug. aj. 1504) he ia
called "R.*» frate Bap.»* Spaffnolo"; S. von Arx, Romaniscki
Forschungen, xxvi> 813. In a proclamation of the Marquis of
Mantua (June 25, 1514) he is " R."*« mag.~ Bap.'* Spagnolo"; Luxio*
Renier^ Giornale storico della letteratura italiana, xxxiv, 57. In
the closing novel of Sabadino's Porrettane he is " maestro Baptista
Spagnolo Mantoano."
* Tiraboschi gives this date, " from documents of the Carmelite
monastery at Mantua." In a little poem Vitae suae Epitome our
author states that he was born in the reign of Pope Nicholas V —
" istius accepi lucis primordia, quintus | in solio Petri cum Nicolaus
erat" — which means not earlier than March 6, 1447. In the dedi-
catory epistle prefixed to his Eclogues, Sept. i, 1498, he calls him-
self " quinquagenarius ".
' He seems to have studied under both of these teachers at Mantua :
F. Gabotto, Ancora un letterato del Quattrocento^ 1890, pp. 32-23.
II
U INTRODUCTION
and he afterwards studied philosophy at Padua.* About
1466 he entered the Carmelite monastery at Mantua.' In
1472 he was appointed " lector " in the monastery of San
Martino at Bologna.*
During his term of service there his monastery was visited
by the plague;^ but he was sheltered and nursed by a
wealthy friend in the city, Lodovico Foscarari:
Nuper in cenobium nostrum dirae pestilentiae immisso veneno toti
arbi coeperamus esse timori ; pellebamur non a colloquio tantum
verum etiam a conspectu hominum . . . interclusi eramus nee ulla
videbatur jCvadendi via : omnia mortem intentabant . . . tu cum Re-
frigerio nostro . . . spem vitae confirmasti, xenia misisti, in amplas
ac magnificas aedes tuas hospitio me suscepisti, lautissime et ele-
gantissime pavisti.*
And he afterwards found a refuge at the villa of Gio. Bap-
tista Refrigerio, "on the upper waters of the torrent Cla-
tema, on the way to Rome":
Gregorio seems to have been in Mantua from April, 1460, till
December, 146 1 ; Merula, from 1460 till 1463. Gregorio was the
" Umber" of the Eclogues (iv, 81, 95 ff., 246 ff . ; v, loi ; vii, 10; ix,
200), as Mantuan himself explained to Thomas Wolf, Jr., in the
year 1500. See note on EcL iv, 81. Cf. also the Apologia written
by the poet's brother Tolomeo : " Gregorium Tiphematem quem
poeta noster habuit praeceptorem " (Lyons ed., 1516, fol. Ee, v), and
a letter written by Mantuan to Pico della Mirandola, the Younger,
Jan. 3, 1495 : " mors Georgii Merulae primum condiscipuli postea
praeceptoris mei (nam sub Gregorio Tiphernate commilitavimus) tris-
titia me affecit " \loannis Pici Mirandulae Concordiae Comitis opera,
Bologna ed., 1496, fol. i6ib).
* See the dedication of his Eclogues: " ante religionem, dum in
gymnasio Paduano philosophari inciperem."
5 " Religio placuit iuveni," etc., Vitae suae Epitome. The date
usually given, 1464, seems to be too early. The first eight Eclogues
were written "ante religionem"; the fourth laments the death of
Gregorio Tifernate; and Gregorio seems to have lived at least till
1464.
• Florido Ambrogio, De rebus gestis ac scriptis operibus Bap-
tistae Mantuani, Turin, 1784, p. 28. In the title of the De vita
beata (printed in 1474) he is celled " professor ".
^Probably c. 1478; see Muratori, Annali d* Italia, Anno 1478,
L. Frati gives the exact date as 1479, Giorn, star, d, left, ital., xn,
337. •
■Dedication of the first Parthenice, published Feb. 11, 1481.
•~^' LIFE OF MANTUAN 13
ipie qaoque in silvis et Tallibos Appennini
exilem dncens tecto sab panpere yitam
delitoi qua templa petit Romana viator
et qua Flaminios fugiens Clatema per agros
dncit ab angustis ondosnm vallibns amnem
I arce sub Ociami, nostris ubi dicta Camenis
tecta Refrigerius sublimi in coUe tenebat*
In 1479-80 he held the office of Prior at Mantua.** In
1483 he was elected Vicar-general of the Carmelite Congre-
gation of Mantua. ^^ And to this office he was re-elected
five times — each time for a period of two years, with an in-
terval of four years— in 1489, 1495, 1501, 1507, 1^13."
The first term of his office and the first interval were
spent mainly at Rome, on the business of his Congrega-
tion.^* The city was disturbed by the Orsini and Colonna
^ De suorum temporum calamitatibus. Lib. i. The Oatema re-
ceives a grateful mention again in the poem Al/onsus, Bologna ed.,
1502, fol. 260.
^^ Florido Ambrogio, op. cit, 43, who adds that he was appointed
tutor of the Marquis Federico's children. On Jan. 23, 1479, he wrote
to his friend Refrigerio from Reggio, explaining that he had fled
from Mantua because of the plague; on Jan. 29, 1480, and Feb. 16,
1480, he wrote to him from Mantua. In 1476 (Apr. 28 and July
ai) and in 1478 (Aug. 12) he had written to the same correspondent
from Bologna. In 1481 and 1482 he seems to have been again in
Bologna. The first Parthenice was published at Bologna, Feb. 11,
1481, and in the same year Refrigerio could call himself Mantuan-s
pupil: "ipse, qui eius disciplinas quotidie haurio " (L. Frati, Giom.
stor, d. lett. ital, xir, 327-8). On Oct. 8, 1482, and Nov. 2, 1482,
he wrote to Caesar Napeus, of Brisighella, from Bologna. [There
are manuscript copies of the letters mentioned in this note in the
Library of the University of Bologna.]
*^ " Congregationis Mantuanae Observantium Carmelitarum Vicar-
ius,** as he calls himself in his prose account of the Santa Casa at
Loreto (Sept. 22, 1489). In 1413, three Carmelite convents, Le
Selve (near Florence), Gerona, and Mantua, agreed to correct certain
abuses which had crept into the order; and this combination de-
veloped into the Congregation of Mantua, or Mantuan Reform. In
1442, it achieved quasi-autonomy under a vicar-general. By Man-
tuan's time, it had brought under its authority several ether houses
in northern Italy, Novellara, Modena, Ferrara, etc.
12 Florido Ambrogio, op. cit, 63, 69, 77, 78, 81, 84.
^* The Epigrammata ad Falconem were written during this period,
and so were some of the Silvae. In the Epistola contra Calum-
niatores he says, " dum Romae sub Sixto quarto agerem" (Lyons
ed., 1516, fol. Aa, vi) ; and Florido Ambrogio records (op. cit.
14 INTRODUCTION
factions, and he found great difficulty in getting a hearing
for his case:
Tarbida nunc Ursos clamat, nunc Roma Colnnnam;
esse quid attonita pacis in urbe potest?
et nisi Falconis scirem me numine tatnm
lam mca populifer cerneret ora Padns.
propterea divi repetes cum limina Petri,
ne fluat in longos fac mea causa dies.^^
Still he received much assistance from a young friend,
Filippo Baveria:
tu mihi tractanti Roman a negotia semper
assiduas operas auxiliumque dabas.
65) that it was through his efforts that in 1483 Sixtns IV con-
firmed the privileges granted to the Congregation of Mantua by
Eugenius IV. The poem Pro pacata Italia post bellum Ferrari'
erse {SUvae, mu, 6) seems to celebrate the peace of August, 1484;
and it is addressed to the Cardinal of Naples. The poem In Romam
bellis tumultuantem (Silvae, II, 7), with its allusion to the strife
of the Orsini and Colonna factions, probably belongs to the same
year. But the Consolatia addressed to his friend Sabadino is dated
at the end " Bononiae die secunda Februarii, 1485." And the Pane-
gyricum on Roberto da San Severino (1485) was not written at
Rome: "i. decus Italiae, tantoque accinge labori " (Bologna ed.,
1502, fol. liii). Silvae, I, 3 and v, 4 (both addressed to Innocent
VIII) refer to the Spanish embassy which arranged peace between
the Pope and the King of Naples in August, i486 — and in one of
them our poet writes as an eye-witness. The Somnium Romanum
(1487) was written at Rome: "nam tunc ego templa tenebam | trans
Tiberim," Tolentinum, Bk. Ill (Lyons ed., 1 5 16, fol. E, ii). The
Contra poeias impudice loquenies was finished at Rome, Oct. 20,
1487, as is stated at the end of the poem in the Bologna editions of
1489 and 1502. The second Parthenice was written at Rome (as
its dedication states), apparently in the summer of 1488. On Aug.
25, 1488, he wrote to his friend Refrigerio from Rome (Autograph
letter in the Library of the University of Bologna). And a letter to
Pico della Mirandola, Oct. i, 1490, seems to refer to the same year:
"nam dum ego Romae gravibus admodum rei publicae meae negotiis
insudarem, eo tempore quo tu quoque, ut meministi, tantis ilHs aemu-
lationum fluctibus laborabas," etc. (prefixed to the Bologna edition of
the collected poems, 1502). There is still another reference to his life
in Rome in the De Patientia, li. 22 : " verum est id quod ad Fal-
conem, cum Romae essem, scripsi hoc disticho," etc.
** This quotation and the next Ihree which follow come from the
Epigrammata ad Falconem,
LIFB OF MANTUAN 15
Through the good offices of the papal treasurer, Falcone
de' Sinibaldi,^* he gained admission to the court:
te doce Pontificis lammi mihi limen apertum,
et lancti patoit regia magna Patris.
And he must have received, or hoped for, some help from
another " great star of the Roman Senate," Oliviero Carafa,
Cardinal of Naples:*'
hi sunt Romulei duo sidera magna senatns
nnde bonis lumen praesidiumqne datnr.
In the poem prefixed to the Epigrammata ad Falconem
he is still begging that the Carmelites of Mantua may have
a house of their own at Rome :
cur igitnr, quoties Romana revisere tecta
cogimur, in propria non licet esse domo?
But in 1489 his long efforts were rewarded by the gift to
his Congregation of the church and monastery of S. Criso-
gono.*^
In 1489 he went from Mantua to Loreto, at the head of a
company of Carmelite friars, who were to be put in charge
of the Santa Casa.** In 1490 — at least from March to
October — his correspondence shows that he was in Bologna.**
1* " Cuius beneficio ex omnibus periculis est liberatus." This is
the " Falco " of the ninth Eclogue, a poem which doubtless reflects
some of Mantuan's own experiences at court.
*• To whom the De suorum temporum Calamitatibus was dedi-
cated.
*■' Florido Ambrogio, op. cit., 68. As an evidence of Mantnan's
personal success at Rome, Ambrogio mentions (p. 35) an oration
which he delivered in the presence of Innocent VIII, in 1488. In
one of his Silvae (i, 4) he celebrates the birthday feast of the Pope's
nephew, Lorenzo Cibo, Archbishop of Beneventum. And in the
Vita Lodovici Morbioli he could thank Pope Innocent for various
personal favors, including a gift of money — " aureaque aegroto mu-
nera missa mihi."
^* Florido Ambrogio, op. cit., 69-70 ; U. Chevalier, Notte-Damt
de Lorette, Paris, 1906, p. 322.
*• A letter addressed to him, March 20, 1490, by Pico della Miran-
dola includes a greeting to Filippo Beroaldo, " saluta Beroaldum."
Another letter from the same correspondent, Sept. 19, 1490, asks for a
16 INTRODUCTION
But he probably spent most of his remaining life at Man-
tua.**. On May 22, 1513, he was elected General of the
entire Carmelite Order; and he seems to have held this
office till his death.** During his brief term of office he
consolidated the congregation of Albi, a French imitation
catalogue of the monastery library at Bologria : " indicem bibliotbecae
vestrae Bononiensis, si id tuo commodo fieri potest " (loannis Pici
Mirandulae Concordiae comitis opera, Bologna, 1496, foil. 145. I50)»
And Mantuan's reply to this second letter is dated at Bologna, Oct
I, 1490 (quoted in the Bologna edition of his collected poems, 1502).
20 In 1493 (Oct. 22) he delivered a funeral oration at Mantua, on
Leonora d' Aragona, the mother of Isabella d' Este (printed copy in
the Biblioteca Comunale at Bologna). In 1494 (Oct. 29 and Nov,
27) and in 1495 (Jan. 3) he writes to the younger Pico della Miran-
dola from Mantua (/. P. Mirandulae opera, Bologna, 1496, foil.
164, 161, i6ib). [J. H. Lupton, Life of Dean Colet, 1887, p. 67,
says that Colet may have met with Mantuan " in Paris, where (ac-
cording to Trittenheim) he was sta5dng in 1494."] In November,
1496 he seems to have been at least temporarily absent from Mantua,
for his oration In funere Ferrandi Regis was delivered by his
friend Pietro da Novellara (Luzio-Renier, op. cit., 69). In 1497 he
was in Florence, as the dedication of his Eclogues states : " anno
praeterito, cum Florentia rediens Bononiam pervenissem," etc. In
1500 he was at Mantua: "Ego dum Bononiae ingenuis disciplinis
vacarem in ipso iubileo anno profectus sum Mantuam, ut Baptistam
quem e;c libris noveram coram quoque viderem," etc. (Letter of
Thomas Wolf, Jr., to Jakob Wimpfeling, Feb. 24, 1503). In Au-
gust, 1504, a letter of Isabella d' Este promises to send to Giovanni
Sabadino " sei sacchi di frumento " ; and the gift is to go to Bologna
in charge of the " R.*" frate Bap.** Spagnolo " (S. von Arx, Roman.
Forsch., XXVI, 813). On July i, 1506, he wrote to his brother Tolo-
meo : " In questo tempo di questo nostro exilio ho fatto trascrivere
tutte le nostre cose nove " (F. Gabotto, Un poeta beatificato, 1892,
p. 17).
21 Ventimiglia, Hist. Chron. General. Carm., Naples, 1773, p.
171. Many ancient and modern accounts say that Mantuan soon re-
signed his high office — because his reforms were opposed, or in order
to devote himself entirely to literature. Possibly the tradition is based
upon a remark by Seb. Murrho, in the preface to his commentary
on the first Parthenice: " audivimus ex Conrado Leontorio, quo a
secretis familiariter utimur, magistratu se quem in eo ordine sum-
mum gessit abdicavisse, ut liberius humanis divinisque litteris vacare
posset." This preface is not dated, but it was printed in 15 13 (at
the beginning of Ascensius* Paris edition), and it may have been
taken to refer to that year. But Murrho died in 1495 ; and his re-
port must refer to Mantuan's aoffice of Vicar-general, not to his
office of General at all.
LIFE OF MANTUAN 17
of the Mantuan Reform.** In 1515 he was appointed
Apostolic Legate to arrange peace between Francis I and the
Duke of Milan ;** but he was prevented by age and infirmity
from undertaking this mission. He died at Mantua, March
20, 1516." He was beatified December 17, 1885."
In form and feature Baptista ivas not very handsome or
imposing. One of his admirers who visited him in the year
1500 can only say, with Odysseus, that " the gods do not give I.
every gracious gift to all, neither shapeliness nor wisdom nor '
skilled speech " ^® — " scias id rectissime posse de Baptista
dici quod Homerus et ceteri vates de Ulysse rettulerunt, qui
corpore parvus et forma indecorus sed ingenio maximus et
animo speciosissimus fuisse perhibetur." ^^ So Luca Gaurico
calls him " parvus et modicae staturae," in his Tractatus
Astrologicus.^^ And Bandello says that he was very ugly:
" era brutto come il culo, e pareva nato dai Baronzi." **
^'Catholic Encyclopedia, il (1907), 276.
23 Florido Ambrogio, op. cit., 93; A. Luzio, Archivio storico ital-
iano, XL (1907), pt. 3, p. I.
2* His epitaph, in the Carmelite church at Mantua, is quoted
by Saverio Bettinelli, Delle Lettere e delle Arti Mantovane, Man-
tua, 1774, p. 99: " R. P. Magister Jo. Bapt. Mantuanus Carmelita
Theologus Philosofus Poeta Orator clarissimus latinae graecae &
hebraicae linguae peritissimus." His tomb is now in the Cathedral
at Mantua.
2« The Decretum is quoted by Fanucchi, Delia Vita del Beato Bat-
tisia Spagnoli, Lucca, 1887, pp. 217-18.
2fl Homer, Od., viii, 167. Cf. Ov. A. A., n, 123, "non formosuf
erat, sed erat facundus Ulixes."
27 Letter from Thomas Wolf, Jr., to Jakob Wimpfeling, written
at Strassburg, February 24, 1503.
28 Quoted by F. Gabotto, Un poeta beatificato, 1892, p. 8.
^^ Novelle, III, 52, fin. (quoted by Luzio-Renier, op. cit., 66).
The Baronzi wet* a Florentine family, proverbial for their homely
features. Bandello's lively description is hardly borne out by the
surviving portraits of the poet. There are at least three busts of
him at Mantua; and these suggest only a rather benevolent coun-
tenance with u very prominent nose. One is a contemporary portrait
in terra-cotta, now in the Museo Patrio; another is a large bust, in
bronzed wood, now in the Palazzo degli Studi (it was transferred
thither "ex aede Carmelit." in 1783); while a third may be seen
above the poet's tomb in the Cathedral. There is another very in-
teresting bust, in bronze, i.i the Royal Museum at Berlin ; this is
beautifully reproduced for an article by W. Bode, Jahrbuch der
18 INTRODUCTION
*■ HIS FAMILY AND FRIENDS .
As a member of a monastic order — Frater Baptista Man-
tuanus — our author never calls himself by his family name.
He was the son of Pietro Spagnolo, a Spanish nobleman
from Granada, who had himself lost his family name of
Moduer (or Modover) and received the name Spagnolo,
from the name of his own country.^** His father, and his
grandfather, "Antonius Cordubensis," *^ took part in the
naval battle off Gaeta in 1435 — when Alfonso V of Aragon
was defeated by the Genoese. Being taken prisoner along
with their king, they spent some time at Milan ; and they
remained in Italy after Alfonso was released:
Hesperios inter proceres quos invida laudi
in praedam fortuna dedit turn prima ferebat
Alfonso sub rege merens Antonius arma
cui genus et patrium dederat sua Corduba nomen. . .
ipse pium casus dominum comitatus in omnes
venit ad Insubres ubi, postquam vincula passo
aflfuit Alfonso melior fortuna, relictus,
seu fuerit casus seu caeli immobile fatum,
egregium decus et nomen sibi fecit in armis.^^
Kdniglich Preussischen Kunstsammlungen, 1889, Heft iv. These
busts are doubtless more reliable than the rude woodcut which
adorns the Lyons edition of Mantuan's later works, 15 16, the
frontispiece of the Cologne edition of the Eclogues, 1688, or the
highly idealized portrait which appears in the biography by Florido
Ambrogio, Turin, 1784.
30 « Petrus Spagnolus," as he is called in the title of the Df vita
beata. In his epitaph (in the Carmelite church at Mantua) he was
called "Petrus Sp. Modover" (quoted in d'Arco's MS. history,. in the
R. Archivio di Stato at Mantua).
** Of. Baptista's oration In funcre Ftrrandi regis (printed at
Brescia in 1496) : " sub hoc Alfonso avus meus Antonius Cordubensis
in Italiam venisse et meruisse se narrabat, cum ego adhuc puer senem
admirarer more veteranorum militum sui temporis bella recitantem.*'
In the Trophaeum pro Gallis expuisis, Bk. V (Bologna ed., 150a,
fol. 374b), he says of his brother Tolomeo :
proavos fecunda virorum
magnanimorum altrix et mater Corduba vatum
huic dederat, proavos armis et sanguine clarns.
So Paulus Jovius says "ex Mispaniola gente honesta " {Ehgia
virorum Uteris illustrium. Basel ed., 1577, p. 117).
^^Al/ortsuSf Bk. V (Bologno ed., 1502, fol. 303). There is a similar
MANTUAfrS FAMILY 19
Pietro went to Mantua, and there rose to high favor with
the reigning house:
Petrus enim senis Antoni generosa propago
Mintiadas adiit populos, ubi Gonzagarum
regia, et insignem claro sub principe nactus
eximia virtute locum primordia genti
condit; et annoso cedet iam frigidus aevo.
In 1457 he appears as steward (sescalco) of the Marquis
Lodovico, who in 1460 conferred upon him and his sons
the citizenship of Mantua.** He enjoyed the favor of the
next two marquises also, Federico and Francesco, and lived
to round out fifty years of faithful service to their house.
He died early in 1494.
In his Vitae suae Epitome Mantuan states that his father
encouraged his youthful studies:
a teneris colui Musas, mihi semper ad artes *
ingenuas calcar cura paterna fuit.
There is a passage in the seventh Eclogue^ 59 ff., which has
been regarded as a reference to the author's own life:
durus et immitis pater atque superba noverca
Pollucem graviore iugo pressere iuventae
tempore, cum dulces animos nova suggerit aetas.
et cum iam invalidae longo sub pondere vires
deficerent nuUaque odium mansuesceret arte,
constituit temptare fugam, etc.
" Videtur autem haec vera vitae ipsius poetae descriptio,"
account in the EpUhalamium addressed to the poet's brother Tolomeo
(Antwerp ed., vol. ni, fol. 30a). This gives a different explanation
of Antonio's remaining in Italy: "ad Ducis ascitus roagno aere An-
tonius arnia."
" S. Davari, Delta famigtia Spagnota, quale risutta dai documentt
dell' Archivio Storico Gonzaga, Mantua, 1873, p. 4. Cf., also, the
Dialogus contra Detractores, Lyons ed., 1516, fol. e, i: " Petrum vide-
licet patrum tuum, virum ornatissimum ac splendidissimum, sub
huius nostri principis patre atque avo domi forisque in praeclari.s
negotiis summa cum laude semper versatum." In a letter to the
Marquis Francesco, Nov. 10, 1494, Baptista could say, of his father's
services to the Marquis' house: **el quale cinquanta anni continui
servl," etc. (Autograph letter preserved in the R. Archivio di Stato
at Mantua).
20 INTRODUCTION
as Ascensius immediately explained it. And Niceron saw
in the " superba noverca " a hint of the poet's illegitimate
birth.** But this interpretation hardly agrees with the
fact that his early treatise De vita beata is addressed to
his father in terms of affection : " ego enim qui te mihi
carior sit inter mortales habeo neminem."
Baptista had many brothers and sisters.*" The eldest,
Tolomeo,*' became the confidential secretary of the Mar-
quis Francesco, and rose to such favor that he was even
allowed to take the name of Gonzaga.*^ But he grossly
abused this confidence — by forgery and fraud and traffick-
ing in justice — and after the death of the Marquis (1519)
he was forced to flee from the city.^* Another brother was
^*MSmoires (Paris ed., 1734), xxvii, 107, " il se plaint, sous le
nom de Pollux, des rigueurs et de la fiert^ de sa belle-mere, qui ne
peut-etre autre que cette Constance."
^' " ampl:v | nostra domus pollens numero fratrum atque sororum,''
Epithalamium (Antwerp ed., 1576, ni, fol. 302).
s« Tolomeo seems to have been of illegitimate birth ; and Baptista
himself may have been "ex damnato coitu natus," as Paulus Jovius
puts it: S. Davari, op. cit., 4-9. In the Epithalamium already
quoted, Baptista calls Tolomeo— and apparently himself — the son of
Costanza de* Madi (or de' Maggi), of Brescia:
haec est Maia domus pollens propagine tanta,
tot Claris ornata viris ; Constantia mater
hinc, germane, tibi nuribus praelata pudicis.
•''"By a decree of the Marquis, Jan. 6, 1507: S. Davari, op. cit.,
10. In the dedication of the Dialogus contra Detractores, and in a
letter of Mario Equicola (Nov. 10, 1508), he is called " Ptolemeus
Gonzaga." At the close of the Dialogus, Baptista says of him : " ob
singularem fidem atque industriam in Gonzagarum familiam privi-
legio ascitus " (Lyons ed., 1516, fol. e, i) ; and Equicola has, "huic
cum Ptolemeus a secretis solus primus sit voluntatum et consiliorum
adiutor et particeps." In the Tropliaeum pro Gallis expulsis, Bk. V
(a passage referring to the year 1496), he is introduced as com-
forting the Marchioness Isabella :
tristibus his curis aderat facundus et acri
ingenio praestans iuvenis Ptolemeus
(Bologna ed., 1502, fol. 374).
** Baptista addressed to him his sixth Parthenice (on St. Apol-
lonia), a poem on the death of their brother Federico Antonio
(1506), a Dialogus contra Detmictores, and an Epistola contra Calum-
niatores. Tolomeo published a learned Apologia contra detrahentes
operibus B. M. (c. 1509), and after our poet's death we find him ar-
ranging for a worthy monument for him (Luzio-Renier, op. cit., 63).
MANTUAN*S FAMILY 21
the Canon Alessaudro, who is mentioned in a document of
December 1497 as judge in a law-suit between the youth-
ful Raffaello Sanzio and his stepmother. There he is called
" decretorum doctor " and " vicarjo del vescovo urbinate." •*
About 1507 he is made one of the speakers in the Dialogus
contra Detractores^ and called " praeclarus iurisconsultus et
nostrae cathedralis ecclesiae canonicus." ** But Alessandro
became implicated in his brother's frauds, and after their
exposure he joined the erring Tolomeo in Rome.*^ There
is a pleasant glimpse of a third brother, Roberto Lucano, in
a letter written by Baptista to Tolomeo, Sept. 8, 1 503. Here
it is reported that Roberto has returned to Mantua after
spending some time in the Levant, in the service of the
Venetian State. He has brought back a Venetian accent,
and a knowledge of spoken Greek, and all the air of a man
of the world. And now he wishes to return to Venice, and
hopes to go with the Venetian ambassador to the King of
Spain.** Still another of this talented family — " Claris de
tot mihi fratribus unum," as Baptista might well call him
— was Federico Antonio, who died of the plague in 1506.
This was the accomplished orator who had stood before
kings and princes, who knew all law and all histories, who
was loved of all the Muses, who spent his days and nights
in study, sitting among his books like a consul among the
senators and asking each in turn what advice or information
it could give :
lucra nihil curaAs, nihil emolumenta, sedebat
inter mille libros velut in coetu atque corona
mille senatorum consul, quid sentiat unus
quisque super rerum causis et origine tota
luce rogans et nocte domi, quam plurima chartis
lucubrata diu mandnns studioque reponens
multa gravi, quae forte sequens mirabitur aetas.**
■• Luzio-Renier, op. cit., 6a.
^® In a decree of April 38, 15 15, he is called "canonico mantovano
e consigliere del Marchese :" S. Davari, op. cit., 14.
^^ Baldessar Castiglione had previously gone to Rome, to ask per-
mission to proceed against him : Luzio-Renier, op. cit., 6a.
** Luzio-Renier, op. cit., 6a. In a decree of Oct. 17, 1511, he is
called " segretario marchionale " : S. Davari, op. cit, 14.
**Z>^ morte Federici Spagnoli fratrls sui (Ascensius* ed., Paris,
1513, vol. II, fol. 161).
22 INTRODUCTION
Other members of the family were Berar^o, whom Baptista
could recommend to the Marquis (Nov. 10, 1494) as " del
corpo prosperoso et assai litterato et di bono ingegno ;" **
Cesare, who is mentioned in a document of Aug. 14, 1512,
as " spectabilis et eximius artium et medicine doctor ;" and
a Dominican friar (perhaps named Paolo) whom Baldessar
Castiglione found in Rome in 1519.*^ There were two
sisters, Anna and Margherita. And still another brother
was Egidio,^" who died in battle in 1509 — when the Mar-
quis Francesco was surprised and captured in a night at-
tack, near Legnago :
nos quoque tempestas ista, o Ptolemaee, redegit
in luctum, in lacrimas, longa in suspiria, quando
Aegidius frater nobis cum Principe raptus
ante diem, missus Princeps in vincula, frater
in tumulum, datus in praedam furialibus armis.^^
From Mantuan's own writings we can collect a long list
of his friends and patrons in various cities. It must have
meant much to him in his later years that he enjoyed the
favor and the patronage of the Gonzagas — especially of the
Marquis Francesco, the Marchioness Isabella (who is best
known as Isabella d'Este), and the Cardinal Sigismondo.**
■•* Autograph letter in the R. Archie io di Stato at Mantua.
** " un fratello del Tolomeo Spagnolo che e frate in S. Domenico
e si lamenta delle calunie che si spargono sul conte di Tolomeo e di
Alessandro " (S. Davari, op. cit, 15).
*« " Cancelliere della Segreteria di Corte " from 1504 to 1506: S.
Davari, op. cit, 15.
^"^ De fortuna Ft. Gonzagae (Antwerp ed., 1576, ni, fol. 188).
The same events are mentioned in the De hello Veneto anni 1509
(Lyons ed., 15 16, fol. F, iii).
■** For the Marquis he wrote the five books Trophaeum pro Gallis
exptdsis (c. 1498) and a Carmen de fortuna F. G. (1509). To the
Marchioness he dedicated the third, fourth, fifth, and seventh Parthe-
nicae (on St. Margarita, St. Agatha, St. Lucia, and St. Caecilia), an
elegy on the death of Pietro da Novellara (1504), a "silvula" De
Cupidine niarmoreo dormicnie, and a poem on the death of Niccolb
da Correggio (1508). To Sigismondo (then " protonotarius ") he
dedicated the Silvae; to the same patron (when Bishop of Mantua)
a Tractatus de loco conceptionis Christi, and (when Cardinal) an
Apologia contra eos qui detrahunt ord'ni Carmelitarum. The Marquis
is further complimented by btfing included in an address to the
various Christian potentates which urges them to take up arms against
PATRONS AND FRIENDS 'iZ
And he had other good friends at Mantua, in Paride
Ceresara,** Baptista Fiera,'" Andrea Mantegna ** and Mario
Equicola."^ But he had already made many friends in
Bologna, and Florence, and Rome. At Bologna, he owed
much to Gio. Baptista Refrigerio and Lodovico Foscarari
(who have been mentioned above, p. 12),'^ and he was on
intimate terms with the novelist Sabadino,** with Count
Andrea Bentivoglio,** Antonio Fantuzzi *" and Filippo
Beroaldo.*^^ Of friends made at Rome, we have already
mentioned Filippo Baveria, Falcone de' Sinibaldi and
the Turk. And a letter from Gioviano Pontano, June i, 1499, sug-
gests that Mantuan had tried to enlist his aid in celebrating the ex-
ploits of his patron : " de principe vero tuo illustrando. bonam tibi
promittere voluntatem possum; verum quid promittat, cui nihil om-
nino est quod det in penu? non deero tamen virtutibus fortissimi ac
magnanimi ducis " (printed in the Bologna edition of Mantuan's
collected poems, 1502). The new Catholic Encyclopedia (11, 276)
states that it was " through the exertions of his former disciples,"
the Marquis and the Cardinal, that Mantuan was elected General
of his order.
** To whom the revised Eclogues were dedicated, Sept. I, 1498.
For some account of him, see p. 121.
^® Who is praised as a physician and as a poet, Trophaeum pro
Gallis expulsis, Bk. V (Bologna ed., 1502, fol. 375). See, also,
Luzio-Renier, op. cit., 54-57. A sumptuous edition of his poems was
printed at Venice in 1537.
^^ The well known painter. His skill is celebrated in Silvae, II, 6.
52 Secretary to Isabella d' Este. In a letter of Nov. lo, 1508, he
expresses his readiness to reply to Baptista's detractors.
53 The two friends to whom he dedicated the first Parthenice. For
Refrigerio, see L. Frati, Giorn. stor. d. lett. ital., xii, 327-8, and S.
von Arx, Roman. Forsch., xxvi, 770. In 1481 he calls himself Man-
tuan's pupil.
'^^ To whom he wrote a Consolatio on the death of a son (1485),
Silvae, I, 7. Mantuan is introduced in very complimentary fashion
in the closing novel of the Porrettane. See, further, S. von Arx, op.
cit., 771.
55 To whom he dedicated the Somnium Romanum (c. 1487). See,
further, S. von Arx, op. cit., 771.
5® For whom he composed the De Patieniia.
5T Cf. Beroaldo's letter to the editor of the collected poems,
Bologna, 1502: " Gaudeo ipse mecum et gestio, quod talem virum
non solum familiariter noverim sed etiam habuerim confessorem."
See, also, Mantuan's poem De reditu Philippi Beroaldi iuvenis litera-
tissimi ex Gallia {Silvae, Vil, 4).
24 INTRODUCTION
Oliviero Carafa, Cardinal of Naples ; and to these we should
add Pomponius Laetus,"' Gio. Gioviano Pontano,'' and per- ^
haps also Alessandro Cortese*® and Petrus Marsus.'^ Atj
Florence, he had very distinguished friends in Pico della|
Mirandola (both the uncle and the nephew) and Angelof
Poliziano ; and his correspondence shows that his friendship
with these men (as with Beroaldo) was not merely a formal
matter, but something very real and intimate.
In a letter to Mantuan, Jan. 13, 1490, Pico answers a
request for the loan of a copy of Philostratus : "en tibi
ApoUonium, quem si tuae virtuti, tuis in me officiis non de-
berem, deberem certe vel his litteris quibus eum efflagitas.
tantus in illis amor, tanta humanitas." ®^ In a second letter.
Mar. 20, 1490, he has to speak of a passage of Philostratus,
and of a passage in the Book of Genesis :
de ApoUonio Thyaneo nihil sentio magis quam quod tu sentis, super
qua re scribam ad te plura, cum erit otium, et quae tibi erunt fortasse
non ingrata. de diversitate translationis nostrae a littera Hebraica
in tertio capite libri Geneseos, ubi de Eva agitur et serpente, sic
equidem censeo, etc.
*** To whom the Epigrammata ad Falconem profess to have been
submitted for criticism. In the Epistola contra Calumniatores he is
called "mihi familiarissimus " (Lyons ed., 15 16, fol. Aa, vi).
*® Pontano is mentioned in complimentary fashion in the second
book of the Trophaeum, where Fame carries the news of Fornovo to
King Ferdinand, " Pontanique ora poetae ' accipit." His letter to
Mantuan already cited begins: " Et iritae Romae memor sum ami-
citiae, et ingenii tui excellens vis momentis paene singulis id efficit
ut doctrinae vel summa etiam cum uamiratione meminerim tuae. an
eius ego obliviscar? quem Latinae Musae non memorabilem modo
verum maxime etiam admirabilem et nostris faciunt et facturae sunt
saeculis." He adds that he is sending some samples of his historical
work, and will send some of his other compositions later. And Man-
tuan acknowledges the receipt of some of these poems in Silvae, VI,
I. Pontano is mentioned also in Tolomeo's Apologia: " erat enim
ille vir poetae nostro sic addictus, sicut constat ex eius epistolis, ut
eum loco numinis habere videretur " (Lyons ed., 1516, fol. E, e).
®® Whose death he bewails in a poem addressed to Hermolaus Bar-
barus, Silvae, viii, 2. Chevalier's Repertoire (Paris, 1905) puts Cor-
tese's death in 1499. But Hermolaus Barbarus died in 1493.
*^ Mantuan wrote a six-line epigram on his oration In die Sancti
Stephani primi martyris, describing it as " breve sed magnae re-
ligionis opus." And it was through his recommendation that the
speech was printed at Rome, c. 14^.
•2 Quoted by Florido Ambrogio, op. cit., 178.
PATRONS AND FRIENDS 25
And the messages at the close seem to make the little circle
complete : " saluta Beroaldum. Politianus tuus est totus."
In a third letter, Sept. 19, 1490, he has enthusiastic praise
for Mantuan's religious poetry, and asks for the return of
his precious Greek author :
Olim ad te, optime pater, non scrips!, sed interim legi quae ta
scripsisti, divina scilicet atque sanctissima ilia tua poemata, in quibus
ea rerum maiestas, is splendor est eloquentiae, ut certatim in iilis
palmam sibi vendicare verba atque sententiae videantur . . . hoc
unum dixero, delectari me adeo lectione tuorum carminum, at fere
quotidie, cum me vel taedium vel fatigatio ceperit, in ilia quasi in
hortum deliciarum solitus sim secedere. unde animo tanta semper
oboritur voluptas ut nihil cupiat magis quam iterum fatigari, ut
iterum recreetur. Philostrutum de Apollonii vita, si satis illo es
usus, desidero, etc.^*
And the closing words are : " vale, et Beroaldum nostnun
saluta." Mantuan's reply to this third letter, Oct. 1, 1490,
is printed in the Bologna edition of his collected works,
1502: " Hodie mihi in sacrario nostro cum Beroaldo, ut
saepe soleo, fabulanti redditae sunt litterae tuae." As for
the Philostratus, he says : " Philostratum tuum prius lec-
tione eius apprime delectatus tradidi Beroaldo perlegen-
dum." And his letter ends : " vale, et Politianum nostnun
salutato." In a letter to the younger Pico della Mirandola,
Oct. 29, 1494, he says at the close: " cupio enim tecum esse,
ut possemus studiorum tu meorum et ego tuorum particeps
esse." And another of his letters to the same correspondent,
Jan. 3, 1495, ends with the message: "bene valeat Domina
tua, cui me commendo." ** One short letter from Poliziano
may be quoted entire :
Nee dubito quin amer abs te, nee exigo quod sit incommodum; scU
nee oflkio litterarum metior amicos, quippe quod et ab inimicis prae-
stari solet. gratuhxtione tua quod philosophiae sim deditufi ipse mihi
medius fidius ita gratulor, daturus ut operam sim quo possis in dies
magis merito mihi gratulari. sed adulescens hie tuus consilio nostro
si fuisset usus, magis fortasse suis rationibus consuluisset. nunc
quoniam consilio noluit (ni frustra augurium) credo nee opera iam
•'/. P. Mirandulae Concordiae Comitis operas Bologna, 1496,
foil. 145, 150.
^* lb., foil. 164, 161. In 1505 Pico submitted one of his poems to
Mantuan for criticism (Florido Ambrogio, op. cit., 104).
26 INTRODUCTION
volet uti. verumtamen ei cupio scribas, ut a me expectet omnia, tui
qaidem causa, nihil enim molestias quam fuisse hunc mihi abs te
frustra commendatum. vale.^^
And still others who may be mentioned here are Carforo
Machiavelli, of Ferrara,*"* Bernardo Bembo, of Venice,'^
Georgius Merula, Hermolaus Barbarus,** Giov. Pietro Arri-
vabene, Bishop of Urbino,"" Pamphilo Sasso, of Modena,^"
and the German scholar Thomas Wolf, Jr.^*
HIS WORKS
Mantuan achieved distinction in various fields — " sacrae
theologiae doctor, philosophus insignis, poeta et orator cele-
berrimus," as Trithemius, Abbot of Spanheim, could say in
1494.'^ Trithemius mentions also his proficiency in Greek
— '* Latinae linguae decus et Graecae clarus interpres " —
and Paulusjovius makes especial mention of his interest in
Hebrew. Indeed, Jovius says that his interest in Hebrew —
•' insatiabilis Hcbraicorum studiorum cupiditas " — inter-
fered with the fullest exercise of his poetic gift: *' ut
*^ Omnia opera Angcli Politiani, Venice, 1498, fol. 1, 5.
"•To whom he could appeal for financial help, in the poem De
suscepto theologico magisterio.
•^ To whom the second Parthcnice was dedicated. And it was
probably out of compliment to this Bembo that the umpire of the
tenth Eclogue was named " Bembus ".
•^ " mors Georgii Merulae . . . tristitia me uffecit . . . Hemiolai
et Politiani duorum illustrium virorum lamentabilis occasus attulit
et mihi et omnibus litteratis grave cordolium " (Letter to Pico della
Mirandola the Younger, Jan. 3, 1495).
•• To whom a poem (Silvae, i, 6) is sent with a gift of wine.
^® To whom Silvae, v, 5, is addressed. In the fourth book of
Pamphilo's Epigrams (Brescia ed., 1499) there is a poem of eighteen
lines addressed to Mantuan; it closes with the words: "o felix copia
laudum, | quas aliis laudcs vis dare tu tibi das." The first six epi-
grams of the second book are addressed to Paride Ceresara; and then
come three on the death of Poliziano, of Pico della Mirandola, and of
Georgius Merula.
^1 Who visited our poet at Mantua in the year 1500. An epigram
printed at the end of the Silvae (Bologna ed., 1502) is entitled: In
Thomam Wolfium Decretorum doctorem ac aedis S. Petri et Michaelis
Argentinensis Decanum qui habebat Basiliscum mortuum iocus.
^2 Catalogus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum, per Johannem a Triten-
heim, Cologne, 153 1. •
MANTUAATS WORKS 27
... in excolendis Musis curam ac diligentiam remittere
cogeretur." ^*
His writings were exceedingly numerous, and included
both prose and verse.''* Sabadino, writing before 1483,
mentions his work in philosophy^* and gives a list of his
earlier Latin poems.^* Trithemius, writing in 1494, has a
longer list, and adds : " vivit adhuc in Italia celeberrima
opinione ubique nominatus et varia conscribit."
Apart from the Eclogues^ his poems include eight books
' of Silvaey or " subitaria carmina," ^^ three books De suorum
\ temporum Calamitatibus^^^ and seven poems each entitled
"^^ Elogia virorum Uteris Ulustrium, Basel ed., 1577, p. 117.
'* Dr. H. H. Furness, the ediior of the Variorum Shakespeare,
gives it as his opinion that Mantuan " wrote nothing but eclogues '*
(LLL, IV, 2, 95). But Filippo Beroaldo could say of him in 1502:
" fecundus prorsus artifex, utpote qui versuum millia plurima condi-
derit. adeo ut Musae, ut Apollo, ut Dionysus, ut di omnes poetici
nullum hoc sueculo indulgentius fovisse videantur " (Letter to the
editor of the collected poems, Bologna, 150a). Lilio Giraldi says
*• extant illius versus paene innumerabiles " (De poetis nostrorum
temporum). And the amount of his literary output came to be almost
proverbial; cf. Les Apr^s-Dinees du Seigneur de Cholieres (1587):
" Direz vous que Baptiste Mantouan n'ait este habile homme, qu'il
n'ait fait aucune chose? Ses ceuvres le nous tesmoignent treslabor-
ieux, et neantmoins il estoit carme " (Paris ed., 1879, p. 57). Indeed,
his brother Tolomeo could say of him : " qui tanta conscripsit (de
poetis loquor) quanta nemo alius Latinorum " {l)e lieentiis anti-
quorum poetarum, Lyons ed., 1516, fol. Kk, ii).
78 " El quale, seguendo in li studii della sacra philosophia la doc-
trina del subtilissimo Scoto, ha scripto in quella opre eximie et pre-
stante" {Novella LXi).
■^^ " El Suburbano, la Presidentia de 1* oratore et del poeta, Lo-
ciamo, la Morte contemnenda, el Cola, la Porreta, opre tutte scriptc
et dedicate al suo carissimo Refrigerio, similmente la Calamita di
nostri tempi, la Vita della regina di cieli et altre sue excellentissime
opre, quale sarebbeno troppo lungo a numerare."
'7 The Silvae are arranged in eight books in the Bologna edition
of 150a. The Antwerp edition of 1576 makes four books. Earlier
editions of his collected poems had been printed c. 1499 (place and
date not stated), and in 1500 (at Cologne). Another edition (in-
complete, but with copious commentaries) was published by Badius
Ascensius, Paris, 15 13. The most complete edition of his works was
issued at Antwerp in 1576.
"^^ Printed at Bologna in 1489. On Jan. 29, 1480, our poet writes
from Mantua to his friend Refrigerio : " Librum nostrum de calami-
tatibus hyemare apud nos oportuit, ut et si minus aliorum meis
m I " II i» » i> i m il 1 II mill II ! i i ini i m I J. ii u ii imi ii
28 INTRODUCTION
Marthemcej, of which the first contains three books on the
life of the Blessed Virgin,^* the second devotes three books
to the story of St. Catharine of Alexandria,®* while the
others deal with St. Margarita, St. Agatha, St. Lucia, St.
Apollonia and St. Caecilia.*^ And there are similar poems
on the lives of Lodovico Morbioli, of Bologna,*^ Dionysius
the Areopagite (three books), *^ St. George,** St. Blaise
(two books) and St. Nicholas of Tolentino (three books).**
There is a book of EpigrgLinmata ad Falconcm^^ six books
entitled Alfonsus^^"^ five books of a Trophaeum pro Gallis
tamen notis responderet. me et ilium simul videbis." Meanwhile,
he quotes a sample passage, thirty-nine lines from the close of the
second book : " Sylva vetus Dodona timet, gemuere Molossi | rura
soli," etc. There is a MS. copy of this letter in the Library of the
University of Bologna. [The poem is mentioned in the closing novel
of Sabadino's Porretiane, a collection which is commonly assigned
to the year 1478.]
^® Published at Bologna in 148 1 — " Bononiae aeditum iii. id. Feb.
M.CCCC.LXXXI," as is stated at the end of the poem in the Bologna
edition of 1488 — but doubtless circulated before it was " published ",
like Shakespeare's " sugred Sonnets among his priuate friends." The
Apologeticon which is prefixed states that the author has consented
to publish it, " longis precibus expugnatus." [This poem also is
mentioned in Sabadino's closing novel.]
*** Written at Rome (apparently in the summer of 1488), and
printed at Bologna in 1489.
*^The Caecilia was written too late to be included in the great
Bologna edition of 1502. It was printed at Milan in 1507.
82 Dedicated to Innocent VIII (1484-92).
83 Here, as often, identified with the holy martyr of Gaul, Diony-
sius, the first Bishop of Paris. The poem is dedicated " ad lafredum
Carolum Mediolani Vicecancellarium et Delphinatus Praesidem." It
was printed at Milan as early as 1506.
** Dedicated to Gian Giacomo Trivulzio, Grand Marshal of
France; printed at Milan as early as 1507.
*5 First printed at Milan in 1509; the dedication is dated, Mantua,
July 20, 1509.
^^ Printed at Bologna (along with the two poems on Roberto da
San Severino) in 1489.
*^ A theological poem, which describes the journey of a young
Alfonsus through Purgatory and the Terrestrial Paradise. There is
a brief and rather vague account of the conquest of Granada (1492)
at the beginning of the sixth book. In the fifth book (Bologna ed.,
1502, fol. 303, b) there is a referoace to the death of the poet's father
(early in 1494).
MANTUAN*S WORKS 29
expulsist** an Obiurgatio cum exhcitatione ad capienda arma
contra infideUs ad Potentatus Christianas,** an Exhortatio
ad Insubres et Ligures, six books entitled Agellaria,*^ a
short poem Ad lulium Secundum Pont. Max.*^ a poem
De bello Veneto anni i5og^ and twelve books De sacris
diebus which set forth and explain the various Saints* Days
of the Roman year.®^
Of his prose works, the most popular seem to have been
the De vita beata ** and the three books De patientia**
*® Which deals with events of the years 1495 and 1496. In the
second book (Bologna ed., 1502, fol. 336) there is a reference to the
death of Charles VIII (April 7, 1498).
«» Printed at Milan in 1507.
^® Dedicated to Don Gonzalo Hernand y Aguilar (" il Gran Capi-
tano"); quoted in Tolomeo's Apologia, c. 1508 (Lyons ed., 1516,
fol. Ff, ii).
^1 Which refers to events of the year 1506.
®2 Dedicated to Leo X (crowned Mar. 11, 1513), and first printed
at Lyons in 15 16. Among the later poems printed at Lyons in 1516
there are two choruses from an unfinished tragedy. These were
printed at Milan in 151 1, along with the Vitag suae Epitome; there
is a copy in the Library of the University of Bologna. In a letter
printed in this edition Mantuan writes to Antonius Sabinus, of
Imola : " Dum pridem luderem uitae meae Epitomen Ant : Sab : vir.
litteratiss. tu Mediolano ueniens me reuisisti. Tibi ergo tanqnam
hospiti : pro xeniolo hospitali carmen id dono : daturus libentius hi
esset longius atque limatius. Addo etiam duos chores ex tragoedia
dim a me inchoata sed non consumata (cui nomen est Atila) tunc
inter schedia mea casu repertos." Another letter is added, in which
" F. Matthaeus Bandelius, C. ordinis prae." writes from Milan (" ex
aedib. Gratiarum calendis decembris ") urging Sabinus to have the
Epitome printed.
»3 Printed at Alost in 1474.
•>* First printed at Brescia in 1497 (" per Bernardinum Misintam
Papiensem, iii. Cal. lunias"). The careful article in Niceron's
Memoires (Paiis, 1734), xxvii, 123, gives the date of composition as
1498, because of the statement, in, 29, " agitur enim nunc a Christo
annus millesimus quadringentesimus nonagesimus octavus." And so
the text runs in Ascensius' edition, Paris, 1513. But this sentence
must have been "brought up to date" by some one who printed the
treatise in 1498; for both the Brescia edition of 1497 and the Venice
edition of 1499 have " nonagesimus Septimus." And what Mantuan
actually wrote in this passage must have been something different
still ; for each of these early editions includes a letter from Helias
Capreolus to loannes Taberius (" Brixiae, iiii. Nonas Decembres,
1496 ") which states that the treatise has been brought to Brescia by
30 INTRODUCTION
Trithemius (writing in 1494) mentions also an Introduc-
torium subtilis Scoti^ a book of ** orationes elegantissimae,"
an Apologia pro /. Petro (in three books ),•' and " epistolae
multae ad diversos." Some of his later works (printed at
Lyons in 1516) were, Tract atus de loco conceptionis
Christiy^^ De causa diversitatis inter interpretes sacrae scrip-
turae, Epictola contra calumniatores, Dialogus contra de-
tractoreSf^'' Contra eos qui detrahunt ordini Carmelitarum
apologia.^^
HIS POPULARITY
He wrote with the greatest fluency and rapidity,®* and is
even said to have published more than 55,000 verses. He
tells us himself that his poem on the Blessed Virgin — a
poem of about 2900 lines — was the work of two years,
"duorum annorum lucubratioj" and that his 2100 lines on
St. Catharine of Alexandria were written in forty days —
merely by way of improving the time in an enforced sum-
mer vacation.****^ But in spite of this rapid production his
writings were very popular, and he was hailed by many of
Pietro da Novellara, and asks that it be printed. The fact is, that
the composition of the De Paiientia extended over a considerable
period of years.
®5 Pietro da Novellara, who had been charged with heresy (Florido
Ambrogio, op. cit., 79). The discovery, at Mantua, of another un-
published work, Tractatus de sanguine Christi (1492), is reported in
the Analecta BoUandiana, Xlii (1894), 71-72.
••Written in 1503: Donesmondi, Dell' Istoria Ecclesiastica di
Maniova, \o\. ii (Mantua, 1616), p. 93.
•'Dedicated "ad Ptolemeum Gonzagam," i. e., after Jan. 6, 1507
(S. Davari, op. cit., 10).
•^ Dedicated to the Cardinal Sigismondo, " eiusdem ordinis pro-
tectorem," i. e., not earlier than 1508 (Donesmondi, op. cit., n, lio).
•• " Poema omne carptim composui, cursim absolvi, non fere alitsr
quam canes aiunt bibere in Aegypto " (Epis/ola contra Calumniatorest
Lyons ed., 1516, fol. fib, vi).
100 «« Quadruginta enim et non nmplius diebus opus absolutum est,
dum propter aestivum iustitium negotiis intermissis curamus otia
canicularia salubriter cum aliqua studiorum fruge transigere." So,
too, his three books on Dionysius 4he Areopagite were written in a
year : " lucubrationi huic annum impendi."
MANTUAN'S POPULARITY 31
his contemporaries as a second Vitgil.* In 1496 Erasmus
could speak of him as a " Christianus Maro," and add :
"t nisi me fallit augarinm, erit, erit aliquando Baptista sno con-
cive gloria celebritateque non ita multo inferior, simul invidiam anni
detraxerint.2 habet, habet fortunatissimus Carmelitarum Ordo qao
sibi placeat, quo cunctos provocet.
Even before his death, a portrait bust of him was set up
at Mantua, beside one of Virgil and one of the Marquis
Francesco.' His works were carried abroad, often by mem-
* Thus Sabadino could say of him (before 1483) : " che \ iudicato
essere emulo e, se cossi e licito dire, equiperare el divin Marone sno
conterraneo " {Novella LXi). Sebastian Murrho could write, in the
preface to his commentary on the first Parthenice (c. 1493): "eius
me delectatum ingenio (quo concivem suum Andinum Vergilium
facile consequitur et aequat)," etc. Trithemius considered him the
equal of Cicero in prose, of Virgil in verse : '* qui metro Virgilium,
Ciceronem pro«a aequat, ne dicam superat " (quoted in the Antwerp
cd., 1576, IV, 291). Thomas Wolf, jr., had a high opinion of the
Eclogues in particular : " quae eruditorum sententia totae sunt aureae.
in quibus videre licet id quod in Theocriti et Maronis carmine
maxime admiramur " (Letter to Jakob Wimpfeling, Feb. 24, 1503).
Filippo Beroaldo ranked him next to Virgil : " proximus longo qui-
dem intervallo, sed tamen proximus" (Letter to the editor of the
collected poems, Bologna, 1502). And Teofilo Folengo (" Merlinus
Cocaius ") could write — just how seriously, it is hard to say—
mons quoque Carmelus Baptistae versibus altis
iam boat, atque novum Manto fecisse Maronem
gaudet, nee primo praefert tamen ilia Maroni,
namque vetusta nocet laus nobis saepe modernis,
Macaronea, XXV, fin.
2 Letter to Henry of Bergen, Opera omnia (Leyden, 1703), ill,
1783; P. S. Allen, Erasmi Epistolae (Oxford, 1906), i, 163. This
amazing judgment suggests that Erasmus was more concerned with
Mantuan's religious tone than with his workmanship. So, in another
letter (iir, 808), he contrasts the Carmelite poet with the "pagan"
Marullus; and in a third he writes: " malim hemistichium Mantuani
quam tres Marullicas myriadas." This last letter is addressed to
Jakob Wimpfeling (" Basilene postridie Purificationis. Anno xvii")*
It is apparently not included in the Leyden edition of the Opera
omnia, but it is prefixed to Mantuan's De Sacrii Diehus in the Strass*
burg edition of 1520.
* By Baptista Fiera, in 1514. They are now in the Museo Patrio
at Mantua. They were set on an arch which joined Fiera's house to
the Convent of S. Francesco (Luzio-Renier, op. cit., 56-57). They
are mentioned in Scipio Maffei's account of the Marquis Francesco,
32 INTRODUCTION
hers of hU own order/ and promptly reprinted in many
European cities. The canons of an Augustinian monastery
in Westphalia could say, shortly before 1500:
ut vere de vobis David prophetasse putetur ubi inquit, in omnem
terram exivit sonus eorum et in fines orbis terrae verba eorum, re.
vera in fines orbis terrae egressa sunt verba (super mel et favum
dulciora) vatis praestantissimi sacri ordinis Carmelitarum Baptistae
Mantnani.'
Annali di Mantova, XI, 6 (quoted by Florido Ambrogio, op. cit.,
103) : " e presso S. Francesco fu scolpita la sua immagine tra quella
di Virgilio e di Battista Carmelitano con questo verso:
ARGVMENTVM VTRIQVE INGENS, SI SECLA COIRENT."
And an English traveller could report in 1608: " Over the gate of the
Franciscans Church is to be seen the true statue of that famous Poet
and Orator Baptista Mantuanus a Carmelite Frier borne in this Citie,
who flourished Anno 1496" (Coryat's Crudities, Glasgow ed., 1905,
1, 267). Paul us Jovius has what looks like an inaccur^^te story of the
same monument : " Federicus nutem Princeps mnrmoream efligiem
cum laurea posuit, quae in arcu lapideo iuxta Virgilii Maronis simul-
acrum, pia hercle si non ridenda comparatione, conspicitur " (Eiogia
virorum Uteris illustrium, Basel ed., 1577, p. 118). And this state-
ment received due comment from Petrus Lucius, Carmelitana Biblio-
theca, Florence, 1593, fol. 15 : " Ceterum quod ad eius statuam mar-
moream attinet, ea Mantuae (velit nolit lovius) pie conspicitur in
arcu triumphali e regione Franciscanorum monasterii, dextrum Vir-
gilio, sinistrum Mantuano, clarissimi Mantuanorum Marchionis latus
claudente, cum tali elogio: argumentum utrique ingens si saecla
coircpttJ" [The three busts are not of marble, but of terra-cotta.]
Cf., further, Lilio Giraldi's remark : " quas ei statuas Mantuani erex-
erunt " {De fact is nostrorum temporum, ed. K. Wotke, Berlin, 1894,
p. 25).
* A letter from Badius Ascensius to the Carmelite Laurentius Bur-
ellus (Lyons, July 26, 1492) states that the latter has brought to
Lyons many excellent Italian books — among them, various works of
Baptista Mantuanus {Philippi Beroaldi Orationes et Poemata, Lyons,
1492, fol. 2). See, also, L. Thuasne, Roherti Gaguini Epistole et
Orationes, Paris, 1903, 11, 40.
* Letter to the Carmelite Prior at Bologna, printed in the edition
of 1502. The date is mutilated by the printer: "anno Domini mil-
lesimo quadringentesimo pridie Nonas Februarias " ; but the writers
mention a Deventer reprint of the De Patientia (first printed at
Brescia, 1497). Cf. Mantuan's Epistola contra Calumniatores: " le-
guntur ubique, libelli mei, et videntur esse totius orbis iudicio appro-
bati; non omnes tamen, sed qui iam pridem sunt editi ac Bononiae
per Benedictum Hectoris imprtssi ; fere enim in totum Christian-
ismum pervenerunt. quacumque Lr.tina lingua est diffusa . . . veniunt
wmmm
MANTUAN'S POPULARITY 33
And the high esteem in which he was held is pleasantly
indicated in one of the Epistolae Obseurorum Virorum^ 11,
12 (Guilhelmus Lamp to Ortuinus Gratius, c. 1517) »an
account of a journey from Cologne to Rome. The traveller
stops at Mantua:
et dixit socius meus, hie natus fuit Virgilius. respondi, quid
euro ilium paganum? nos volumus ire ad Carmelitas et videre Bap-
tistam Mantuanum qui in duplo est melior quam Virgilius . . . et
quando venimus ad Claustrum Carmelitarum, dicebatur nobis quod
Baptista Mantuanus est mortuus; tunc dixi, requiescat in pace.*
But there were other critics who were less partial, or less
sympathetic. The inferiority of the later Mantuan is
stoutly asserted in the third Idyl of Helius Eobanus Hessus
(first printed in 1509, but here quoted from the third re-
vised edition, Frankfort, 1564) :
Cyg. ergo age, in hoc gelido postquam consedimus antro,
unde pecus patet atque oculis vicinia nostris,
estne aliquis gelida Faustus tibi lectus in umbra?
Phil, vidimus audaci fluidum pede currere Faustum,
cui nihil invideat noster nolitque secundum
Tityrus, et patria natum patiatur eadem..
Cyg. atqui pastores quosdam contentio nuper
ilia diu tenuit, paribiisne in carmina surgant
viribus alteriusne an deferat alter honori.
Phil, ut lentas corylos damnosa securibus ilex,
quantum humiles superat cornus ramosa genistas,
tam meus in versu praecedit Tityrus ilium
qui Faustum gelida cecinit resupinus in umbra. •
ah, male quorundam trivialis iudicat error.
Ludovicus Vives called him " magis copiosus et facilis quam
tersus et sublimitati argumentorum respondens." ^ In 1515
ad me crebro epistolae ex Galliis, ex Britanniis, a Germania, ex
Dacia, ab oceano usque Cimbrico, quibus intelligo opuscula mea illic
esse in pretio, ab omnibus legi, ab omnibus laudari " (Lyons ed^
15 16, fol. Aa, viii).
• Mantuan was promptly accepted as an authority on poetical
usage by " Joannes Despauterius, Ravisius Textor, Hermannus Tor-
rentinus," and others (Florido Ambrogio, op. cit., 124). He is often
quoted in a Gradus ad Parnassum printed at London, 1773. And the
Christian Remembrancer for 1847 (xiv, 323) says: "and even now,
in such dictionaries as Ainsworth and Young, Mantuan stands as
an authority."
" De iradcndis disci pi inis. III (quoted by Florido Ambrogio, op.
cit., 127).
34 INTRODUCTION
Nicole Berault — Nicolas Beraldus — urged upon his students
the importance of the ancient authors, as opposed to certain
Video Vergilium quoque ... jam vexari paeneque excuti e mani-
bus, proque eo cucuUatum quendam summitti bonum quidem ilium
rarumque et admirandum ; nihil tamen ad Homerum Man-
tuanum.^
Lilio Giraldi was moved to say :
Laudo institutum piumque propositum, verum extemporalis magis
quam poeta maturus. extant ilHus versus paene innumerabiles ex
quibus apud vulgus et barbaros quosdam laudem tantam est adeptus,
ut unus prope poeta et alter paene Maro haberetur. at bone Deus,
quam dispar ingenium ! nam ut ubique Maro perfectus, ita hie
immodica et paene temeraria ubique usus est licentia, quam et magis
atque magis in dies auxit. . . . iuvenis ille quidem laudabilior poeta
fuit ; cum vero ei desedit calor ille et fervor iuvenilis, tamquam amnis
sine obice extra ripas sordide diffluens coerceri non potuit. vix
enim ea legere possumus, quae longius ille aetate provectus carmina
scripsit.*
The great champion of Virgil, Julius Caesar Scaliger, was
stirred to very vigorous language :
mollis, languidus, fluxus, incomposita», sine numeris, plebeius ; non
sine ingenio, sed sine arte, dum modo scribat quod in mentem
venerit, edat quod scripserit, susque deque habet.
And as for the Eclof^ues in particular, he could express him-
self only by a parody of what Horace had said of Virgil :
putri atque caduco
Carmelum imbuerunt sordentes rure cicadae.*®
After this outburst we hear much less about the " pagan "
and the *' Christian " Virgil. One man did revive the com-
parison, but he was a Carmelite historian."
• L. Delaruelle, Le Muster Bclgf, xin (iQoq), 390.
* Dr poetis nostrorum temporum, ed. K. Wotke, Berlin, 1894, p. 24.
»• Poetice, vi, 4.
" " Veteri Maroni in paucis minor, in multis par, in plurimis ali-
quot parasangis superior," Petru? Lucius. Carmrlitana Bibliotheca,
Florence. 1593, fol. 13.
di
PUBLICATION OF THE ECLOGUES 3$
COMPOSITION AND PUBLICATION OF THE ECLOGUES
The Eclogues are ten in number, making a total of 2063
(lines. The author tells us, in his dedicatory epistle, that the
first eight were written while he was a student at Padua,**
and that the last two were added after he had joined the
Carmelite Order. He tells us, also, that he revised these
youthful compositions when he was about fifty years old;
and we may be sure that this revision added much to the
value of the poems. But even after their revision he
seems to have regarded them as a rather frivolous and un-
important piece of work; and he probably never dreamed
that his ten Eclogues were to contribute more to his fame
and to his influence than all the rest of his 55,000 verses.
They were first printed, at least in their revised form, in
1498.*'* They were very popular from the beginning, and
soon came to be widely read — not only in Italy, but in
France and Germany and England.** They were imme-
12 « Quendam libellum meum quern olim ante religionem, dum in
gymnasio Paduano philosophari inciperem, ludens excuderam et ab
ilia aetate Adulescentiam vccaveram."
IS " Mantuae Impraessum per Vincentiu Berthocu Regiensem Anno
dni. MCCCCLXXXXViii. sexto decimo Kalendas Octobres," etc. So the
colophon of a copy in the Biblioteci Casanatense at Rome. [The
colophon of my own copy gives the same place, printer, and year,
but omits the day of the month.] The dedicatory epistle is addressed
to a friend at Mantua, and dated Sept. i. Both Brunei's Manuel and
Graesse's Trcsor mention an edition printed at Poitiers in 1498; and
both Graesse and Hnin cite even an edition with a few notes by
Jch. Murmellius printed at Strassburg in the same year. Graesse
calls the Mantua edition a reprint of the Poitiers edition ; but there
was hardly time between Sept. 1 and Sept. 16 for an intermediary
edition to be printed abroad. Perhaps the date of the Poitiers edition
was only inferred from the date of the dedicatory epistle ; a copy
described in Pellechet's Catalogue gt'in'ral, I, 437. is " s. d. (1498?)."
[The •• ndnotamenta '* of Murmellius were included in a letter ad-
dressed to Paulus Ruremundensis (printed in full in a Deventer edi-
tion of the Eclogiu's, 1510). This letter is mainly a criticism of the
commentary of Ascensius; and was certainly written later than
1408.]
**They were printed at Erfurt in 1501, at Bologna, at Brescia,
and at Paris in 1502. at Venice and at Strassburg in 1503, at De-
venter in 1504, in 1505, and in 15 10, at Tiibingen in 1511, at London
in ijiq, etc., etc. In 1504 they were printed at Florence, in a hand-
Home Giuntine volume : " Eclogae Vergilii. Cnlphurnii. Nemesiani.
Francisci Pe. lonnnis Boc. loan. bnp. Mft. Pomponii Gaurici."
"-■**•
36 INTRODUCTION
diately provided with a commentary, by lodocus Badius
Ascensius,*' and for nearly two hundred years they were
commonly used, both on the Continent and in England, as
a text-book in schools.
THEIR USE AS A SCHOOL-BOOK
Their use as a school-book is attested by countless edi-
tions of Ascensius* commentary,** but it is also definitely
stated at times, or clearly implied. There is a letter of
Thomas Wolf, Jr., to Jakob Wimpfeling, written at Strass-
burg, Feb. 24, 1503, which speaks of a school edition of a
thousand copies : *^
G. Branet states that from 1500 to 1536 they were printed 22 times
{Dictionnairg de Bihliologie Catholique, Paris, i860, col. loii). 'On
compte de plus 4 editions des Opera Omnia de cet auteur t. 88
editions de divers de ses ouvrages."
"^^ Both Graesse and Hain say that this commentary was printed
at Strassburg in 1500. It was printed at Paris in 1502 (with a dedi-
catory epistle dated March 27), at Strassburg in 1503, at Deventer
in 1504, at Tiibingen in 15 11, etc., etc. It was printed in London at
least as late as 1676, and at Cologne at least as late as 1688. Mur-
mellius criticized it, and with good reason, as giving the schoolboy
much unnecessary help while leaving some real difficulties unex-
plained ; " deinde autem cum tardiusculis ingeniis totum se accomo-
dajt: & quasi tenellis infantulorum rostris premansum cibum inserit
magis obesse studiis quam prodesse iudicatur " (Letter to Paulus
Ruremundensis, cited above).
1" Another copious commentary (now very rare) was published by
Andreas Vaurentinus (of Lavaur, near Toulouse) in 1519. There
is a copy of a revised edition, Lyons, 1529, in the Library of the
University of Ferrara : " Habes hie candide lector uberrima com-
mentaria Andree vauretini in buccolica fratris Baptiste Mantuani
Carmelite Theologi et poete celeberrimi correcta ac emendata. Ad-
dita sunt preterea glossemata in prima Buccolica que culpa im-
pressoruni lemovicorum {sic), et que summopere utilia erant. Nec-
non et lopnnis coronei Carnutensis Annotamenta perquam utilia no-
vissime (i|it ab eiusdem Coronei scholaribus asseritur) superaddita:
cum annqtationibus Remundi langano de alta Ripa in margine
positis: et nunq antea impressis," etc., etc. In the Biblioteca Na-
zionale ati Naples there is a later edition of the same commentary,
published pt Lyons (by a different printer) in 1536: " Bucolica Bap-
tistae Mantuani, diversis diversorum comentariis utilissime declar-
ata," etc.
*' Wolfs letter and Wimpfelingjp reply are quoted in the Tubingen
edition of the Eclogues, 15 15. Wimpfeling preferred the Eclogues
of Mantuan to those of Virgil, " propter Latinitatis copiam, propter
USE AS A SCHOOL-BOOK 37
Aeglogas Baptistae Mantuani (sicat audio) tiadidisd loanni
Preusz chalcographo commnni nostro amico, ut in mille exemplaria
transcriptae latissime diuulgentur. debet profecto tibi plarimom
Germana iuuentus, quae diligentia tua multis doctorum uirorum
monumentis facta est opulentior. semper enim ex officina tua litera-
toria aliquid depromis quod iuuet, quod delectet, quod linguas iuue-
num reddat politiores.
And Wimpf ding's reply, dated March 1, 1503, emphasizes
the fitness of Mantuan for school use:
Baptistam Mantuanum extollo, turn in poematibus suis tersis et
puris, quae absque ueneno a maturo praeceptore iuuentuti tradi pos-
sunt, turn quod amor poeticae in eo non extinguit studium sacrae
paginae et philosophiae, nam ex eius libello de patientia magnum eum
et philosoplium et theologum esse liquido constat.
About 1508 a schoolboy at Schlettstadt wrote to his
father : " Wisse, dass unser M agister des Morgens f ruh den
Alexander mit uns treibt; lun 9 Uhr lesen wir einige
Gedichte aus Horaz, Ovid, u. s. w. ; nach 10 Uhr lesen
wir im Mantuanus." ^* In 1533 the Eclogues were used
as a school-book at Wittenberg; in 1535 Mantuan was pre-
scribed by school orders at Braunschweig; and about the
same time he was read in the schools at Nordlingen, Mem-
mingen, and Emmerich,^®
In St. Paul's School, London, he was prescribed by
statute, in 1518.^® For Colet would have his "scolers"
taught in " goode auctors suych as haue the veray Romayne
eliquence joyned withe wisdome, specially Cristyn auctours
that wrote theyre wysdome with clene and chast laten other
in verse or in prose." And among such authors he names
** lactancius prudentius and proba and sedulius and Juuen-
cus and Baptista Mantuanus." This passage may suggest
some of Mantuan's religious poems rather than the
itili plunam dulcedinem, propter utiliora argumenta, propter pudi-
citiam ct honestatem," Diatr. de proba puerorum instit., VI (quoted by
G. Knod, Aus der Bibliothek des Beatus Rhenanus, Schlettstadt,
1889, p. 10).
i« G. Knod, op. cit, 17.
"^^ Monumenta Germaniac Paedagogica, I, 48, 544; vii, 426.
20 J. H. Lupton, Life of Dean Colet, London, 1887, p. 279.
mmmm
3g INTRODUCTION
Eclogues*^ though some of the latter may very well have
been included. And there may be a like uncertainty in the
statute which prescribed ** B. Mantuanus, Palingenius,
Buchanani Scripta, Sedulius, Prudentius " for the Free
Grammar School of St. Bees in Cumberland, in 1583.*'
But the Eclogues are specifically fixed by school orders at
'* About 1493 Seb. Murrho wrote a commentary on the first Par-
thenice: " cum maxime trivialium ludorum magistris consulere sta-
tuerim iuvenilique aetati." Before 1498 Alexander Hegius wrote a
commentary on some of the poems for his school at Deventer (L.
Geiger, Renaissance und Ilumanismus, Berlin, 1882, p. 392). About
1502 Filippo Beroaldo says of Mantuan : "nee solum habetur in
manibus et ediscitur, verum etiam in scholis enarratur, et inde salu-
berrima tirunculis dictata grammatistae praescribunt " (Letter pre-
fixed to the Bologna edition of the collected poems, 1502). In one
of the Epistolae (xLl) of Ravisius Textor, one of Mantuan's epic
poems is mentioned as a school-book : '* testatus Lucanum, Silium,
et Statium, ut duriusculos; Mantuani Carmen, ut paulo flaccidius, a
plerisque non usquequaque probari " (London ed., 1683, p. 33). Cf.
also the Elegiae Morales of Johannes Murmellius (printed in 1507)*
i> i. 53-60:
nobilis aethereo plenus Baptista furore
heroicam inflavit me moderante tubam ;
virgineis libros infersit laudibus almos,
lucida belligeros vexit in astra duces,
ille graves huius deflevit temporis aestus,
ille Cupidineos vitat ubique iocos.
ergo frequentatis divina poemata ludis
dictantur summi non sine laude viri,
and III, i. 47-52:
gloria Carmeli veteres Baptista poetas
gymnasiis pellens pulpita celsa tenet.
dum pia virginibus sohen.Ui vota sacratis,
dum populi fientes tristia fata gement,
crescet honor vatis maiorque videbitur annis.
rectius arbitrium posteritatis erit
(Miinster ed., by A. Bonier, 1893, pp. 9. 75)- I" a letter of May I,
15 18, Jakob Wimpfeling suggests a school edition of the De Sacris
Diebus. And about a hundred years later Mantuan is mentioned as
being a favorite school author in Spain : " onde I'opere sue poetiche
leggonsi in Ispagna a' gioueni publicamente nelle scuole d' humanita
(per quanto ho udito dire) come in Italia si fanno quelle di Virgilio,"
Donesmondi, Dell* Istoria Ecclesiastica di Mantova, II (1616), 121
(cited by Luzio-Renier, op. cit., 68).
22 T. Spencer Baynes, Shakespea^ Studies, London, 1894, p. 174.
USE AS A SCHOOL-BOOK 39
the King's School, Durham, in .1 593 ; ** they were in use in
the Free School of St. Helens, c. 1635 ; '* and they were
reconunended for the third form in Charles Hoole's New
Discovery of the Old Art of Teaching School, 1660:
For Afternoon lessons on Mondayes and Wednesdayes let them
make use of Mantuanus, which is a Poet, both for style and matter,
very familiar and gratefull to children, and therefore read in most
Schooles. They may read over some of the Eclogues that arc less
offensive than the rest, takeing six lines at a lesson, which they
should first commit to memory, as they are able, etc^*
And as Hoole records, they were used in the Rotherham
Grammar School (in the fourth form) before he became
head master:
For afternoon lessons they read Terence two dayes, and Mantuan
two dayes, which they translated into English, and repeated on Fri- "
dayes, as before.^*
Julius Caesar Scaliger complained that some teachers actu-
ally preferred them to the Eclogues of Virgil : " hoc prop-
terea dico, quia in nostro tyrocinio literarum triviales quidam
paedagogi etiam Virgilianis pastoribus huius hircos praetu-
lere." ^^ There is a similar complaint in the preface of
Thomas Farnaby's edition of Martial, London, 1615:
" quando ipsis paedagogulis Fauste precor gelida sonet altius
quam Arnia virumque cano." And Dr. Samuel Johnson
states that *' Mantuan was read, at least in some of the
inferior schools of this kingdom, to the beginning of Uie -^
present century.** -*
23 Foster Watson, The Beginnings of the Teaching of Modern Sub-
jects in England, London, 1909, p. 187.
2* Id., The English Grammar Schoils to 1660, Cambridge, 1908,
p. 486.
25 This was an exercise in " metaphrase," T. Spencer Baynes. op.
cit., 186. Professor Baynes says (p. 161) that Hoole's New Dis-
covery " was not published till 1659, but, as the title-page states, it
was written twenty-three years earlier." Professor Watson says,
"published in 1660, written twenty years earlier."
2«T. Spencer Baynes, op. cit., 172.
27 Poetice, vi, 4.
2 8 Lives of the Poets, Ambrose Philips.
mmmmmmmfm
40 INTRODUCTION
In 1579, Thomas Lodg^ could say, in his Defence of
Poetry: " Miserable were our state yf we wanted those
worthy volumes of Poetry : could the learned beare the losse
of Homer? or our younglings the wrytings of Mantuan?"
And so Drayton tells us that, when he expressed a boyish
wish to become a poet, his tutor
began
And first read to me honest Mantu?.n,
Then Virgil's Eclogues.-"
It will be observed that Shakespeare's quotation from Man-
(tuan is put into the mouth of a schoolmaster ; and it may be
suggestive for our estimate of Holof ernes' learning that he
quotes the first line of the first Eclogue — as it were, the
opening phrase of his First Latin Reader. At any rate, the
same phrase is used to indicate a very little learning in one
of Gabriel Harvey's gibes at poor Greene : " he searched
euery corner of his Grammer-schoole witte (for his margine
is as deepelie learned as Faust e precor gclida)." ^^ And it
is used in the same way in one of the pleasant tales of Bona-
venture des Periers: ** II y avoit un prebstre de village qui
estoit tout fier d'avoir veu un petit plus que son Caton.
Car il avoit leu Dc Syntaxi et son Faiistc precor gcliday ^*
QUOTATIONS FROM THE ECLOGUES
And this common use as a school-book may help to ex-
plain some other references in English, French, and Ger-
man authors.
Eel. I, 118 is quoted in Stephen Gosson's Schoole of
Abuse (1579): "Now if any man askc mc why my selfe
haue penned Comedycs in time paste, and inueigh so egerly
against them here, let him knowe that Semel insanivimus
o nines ^'
Eel. I, 52, " nee deus, ut perhibent, Amor est," is quoted
29 To my dearly loved Friend, Henry Reynolds, Esq., of Poets
and Poesy.
^^ Foure Letters (1592), ed. Grosart, i, 195.
•*^ Nouvelles Recreations et joyeux Devis, Nouvelle XL.
'2 Arber's reprint, London, 1868, p. 41.
QUOTATIONS AND ALLUSIONS / 41
in ono of Gabriel Harvey's letters to Spenser (1579).**
And the whole line appears as a motto on the title-page
of Alcilia : ParthenophU's Loving Folly (1595) :
Nee Deus (ut perhibent) amor est, sed amaror et error.**
In Robert Greene's Tritameron of Lovr (ed. Grosart, iii,
100) there is a mention of " Mantuans principle . . . that
weal is neuer without woe, no blisse without bale, ech sweete
hath his sower, euery commodity hath his discommodity an-
nexed." This alludes to Ed, ii, 25-26,
commoditas omnis sua fert incommoda secum,
et sorti appendix est illaetabilis omni.
In the Historie of Orlando Furioso, ii, 1 (671), Greene
quotes Eel. iv, 110,
femineum servile genus, crudele, superbum;
and in the * Epistle to the Gentlemen Schollers of both Uni-
versities,' prefixed to his Mourning Garment (ix, 124), he
quotes the " semel insanivimus omnes " of Eel. i, 118. In
the first part of Mamillia (ii, 107) he has an allusion to the
famous diatribe against women, in the fourth Eelogue: " I
would correct Mantuans Egloge, intituled Alphus: or els if
the Authour were aliue, I woulde not doubt to perswade him
in recompence of his errour, to frame a new one." And in
the second part (ii, 226) he returns to the same subject:
" yea the railing of Mantuan in his Eglogs, the exclaiming
of Euripides in his Tragedies, the tants of Martially and
prime quippes of Propertiusy are more of course then cause,
and rather inforced by rage than inferred by reason."
The ** semel insanivimus omnes" of Eel. i, 118, is twice
quoted by Thomas Nashe — in the Prologue to Summer's
Last Will and Testament (1600), and in Have with you to
Saffron-Walden (1596) : " and he replied with that wether-
beaten peice out of the Grammer, Semel insanivimus omnes ,
once in our dayes there is none of vs but haue plaid the
8' Grosart's edition, i, 25.
3* Arber's English Garner, iv (1882), 353.
42 INTRODUCTION
ideots." And in the Anatomie of AbsurJitie (1589), Nashe
has his allusion to the fourth Eclogue:
To this might be added Mantuans inuectiue against them, but
that pittie makes me refraine from renewing his wome out com-
plaints, the wounds wherof the former forepast feminine sexe hath
felt I, but here the Homer of Women hath forestalled an obiection,
sa3ring that Mantuans house holding of our Ladie, he was enforced
by melancholie into such vehemencie of speech, and that there be
amongst them as amongst men, some good, some badde, etc.^*^
The story of Amyntas, Eel. ii-iii, is introduced, as thor-
oughly familiar matter, in the first eclogue of Francis
Sabie's Pafi's Pipe (1595), 11. 76-93.^** And it seems to be
alluded to in Thomas Randolph's Eclogue oeeasioned b y
Tivo D octors disputing upotL- Predestination :
Love-sick Amyntas, get a philtre here.
To make thee lovely to thy truly dear.
The motto of one of Bishop Hall's Satires (1598), vi, 1,
" Semel insanivimus," comes from Eel. i, 118; and in the
same satire we have the lines,
As did whilere the homely Carmelite,
Following Virgil, and he Theocrite.
** Ed. R. B. McKerrow, London, 1904, i, 12. This seems to be
an inaccurate reference to a passage in Robert Greene's Mamillia
(ed. Grosart, 11, 107) : " I would correct Mantuans Egloge, intituled
Alphus ... for surely though Euripides in his tragedies doth greatly
exclaim against that sexe, yet it was in his choller, and he infered
a generall by a particular, which is absurd. He had an euyll wife,
what then?" Mr. McKerrow explains Nashe's phrase "Mantuans
house holding of our Ladie " to mean " his wife having the upper
hand of him, and ruling his household," and quotes Ascham's Schole-
master (ed. Wright, p. 205), "if the house hold of our Lady." And
he very justly insists that Greene is here referring to the wife of
Euripides, " and not to Mantuan's wife at all." There is a bit of
gossip in one of the novels of Bandello (ni, 52) which offers a little
different explanation of Mantuan's bitterness: " Intendo anche che
il mio compatriotta, il poeta carmelita, ha fatta un' ecloga 1 i vituperio
delle donne, ove generalmente biasima tutte le donne. Ma sapete cio
che ne dice Mario Equicola segretario di madama di Mantova? Egli
afferma che il nostro poeta era innamorato d' una bella giovane, e
che ella non lo voile amare ; onde adirato compose quella maledica
ecloga" (quoted by Luzio-Renier, op. cit., 66).
3« Reprinted, by J. W. Bright, in Modern Philology, VII (i9io)»
446. *
^^W
/
QUOTATIONS AND ALLUSIONS 43
The motto at the end of Three Pastoral Elegies, by Wil-
liam Basse (1602), is taken from Eel. i, 9-10:
quando vacat, quando est iucunda relatu,
historiam prima repetens ab origine pandam.
EcL V, 63-64:
sidera iungamus, facito mihi luppiter adsit;
et tibi Mercnrius noster dabit omnia faxo,
is the motto on the title-page of Thomas Middleton's
Familie of Love ( 1607). And EcL iii, 87, " regia res amor
est," fs set in like manner on the title-page of Richard
Brome's The Queenes Exchange.
The phrase ** semel insanivimus omnes," Eel. i, 118,
served as the motto of Samuel Nicholson's Acolastus his
After-witte (1600) ; ^^ and it is quoted in The Return from
Parnassus (printed in 1606), iv, 2.
The quotation in Wily Beguiled (printed in 1602),"
*' optatis non est spes uUa potiri," comes from Eel. i, 53.
In Drayton's Owl (1604), the playful mention of the
lark,
And for his reverence, though he wear a cowl,
alludes to Eel. vii, 4,
bardocucullatus caput, ut campestris alauda;
and the passage in the same poem,
O moral Mantuan, live thy verses long.
Honour attend thee, and thy reverend song!
Who seeks for truth (say'st thou) must tread the path
Of the sweet private life, ... .
For adulation, but if search be made.
His daily mansion, his most usual trade.
Is in the monarch's court, in princes' halls.
Where goodly zeal he by contempt enthralls, etc.,
»^ J. P. Collier, Biographical Account of Early English LUerature,
III, 58.
»• Dodsley's Old English Plays, ed. Hazlitt, ix, 232.
iHPiPipiw" 'I ' II III "I iiipijiii«i«i«iiiip ■! nil nil II II mi^mmmmmmiiimmmmmmmm.
44 INTRODUCTION
seems to refer to Eel, v, 166 ff. In his Epistle of Mrs*
Shore to Edward IV » there is an allusion to the fourth
Eclogue:
Nor are we lo turn'd Neapolitan,
That might incite lome foul mouth'd Mantuan
To all the world to lay out our defects,
And have just cause to rail upon our lex, etc.
In Thomas Hey wood's Challenge for Beautie, i, 1, there
is yet another allusion to the fourth Eclogue. Here the
" proud Queen " Isabel says, of the compliments due to
women :
Such as would give u« our full character
Mutt itearch for Kplthites and itudie phra»«)
and the honeNt Lord Honuvidu replies:
Examine but plaine Mantuan, and hee'l tell you, what woman ii.
The phrase ** melior vigilantia somno," Eel. i, 5, is quoted
in William Martyn's Youth's Instruction (161 2).**
Eel, III, 81, is quoted, freely, in Beaumont and Fletcher's
Wit at Several VVeapons^ i, 2 : Ut noete inecum pemoctat
egestaSy luce quotidie paupertas habitat. This is quoted by
" Priscian, a poor Scholar " — much as Shakespeare's quota-
tion from Mantuan is put into the mouth of " Holofernes,
a schoolmaster." *®
In Witfs Recreations^ the phrase " sorte tua contentus,"
Eel. V, 46, is used as the title of two separate epigrams.
And the " semel insanivimus," or " semel insanivimus
omnes," of Eel. i, 118, serves as the title of two others.
In Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy there are a whole
score of quotations. The phrase '* semel insanivimus
omnes," Eel. i, 118, appears three times. The chapter on
Symptoms of Love- Melancholy has eight quotations:
^^ Report of U, S. Commissioner of Education for tqo4» I, 664.
*® ' Larivey has some claim to the title of European master of ec-
centric pedantry on the comic stage " ; Sidney Lee, The French Re^
naissance in England, Oxford, 1910, p. 423. Was the name of Lari-
vey's pedant M. Josse a delicate compliment to lodocus Badius
Ascensius — Josse Bade?
QUOTATiOSS AND ALLUSIONS 4$
Eel I, 38; I, 100; ii, 104-6; i, 14-18; ii. 107-8; i, 114-15;
I, 47; I, 108. The chapter on Artificial Allurements of
Love quotes three passages: EcL i« 104; i, 73; iv, 318.
And the first of thes ; is introduced a^ \rery familiar matter ;
. " and Collars sweet smile quite overcame Faustus the
Shepherd:
me aipicieni motis blande lubrisit ocellii."
The section on Beauty as a Cause of Love- Melancholy
quotes, and translates, Eel, i, 48-51, *' ludit amor sensus,"
etc.:
Love mocki our senses, curbs our liberties,
And doth bewitch us with his art and rings,
I think some devil gets into our entrails,
And kindles coals, and heaves our souls from th« htnget*
Other scattered quotutiont) in the earlier part of Burton*!
work are, Eel, i, 71 j i, 174; i, 61 ; v, 46.
Indeed, some of Mantuan's phrases are repeated so often
that they have earned a place in our dictionaries of Latin
quotations. So, in particular, the " semel insanivimus
omnes," of Eel. i, 118, which has acquired a special interest
from a passage in Boswell's Life of Johnson:
When I once talked to him of some of the sayings which every
body repeats, but nobody knows where to find, ... he told me that
he was once offered ten guineas to point out from whence Semel in-
sanivimus omnes was taken. He could not do it; but many years
afterwards met with it by chance in * Johannes Baptista Mantuanus.'**^
A few other references may be added here, to illustrate
the popularity of Mantuan's Eelogues in England.*- He
is mentioned in the prologue to the E^loges of Alexander *^
-named after Theocritus and Virgil —
Barclay (c. 1514) — named after Theocritus and Virgi
As the moste famous Baptist Mantuan,
The best of that sort since Poetes first began.
*i London ed., 1890, iii, 266.
**The first nine were translated into English fourteeners by
George Turbervile, in 1567. And this translation was reprinted in
1573. 1594. and 1597. "The whole ten Eclogues did not find a trans-
lator till 1656 when Thomas Harvey published a version in de-
casyllabic couplets " (Walter W. Greg, Pastoral Poetry and Pastoral
Drama, London, 1906, p. 78).
46 INTRODUCTION
His name appears again in ' £. K.'s* famous epistle to Ga<
briel Harvey (1579). He is mentioned in William Webbe's
Discourse of English Poetrie (1586) : " Onely I will add
two of later times, yet not farre inferiour to the most of
them aforesayde, Pallengenius and Bap. Mantuanus."
And again (of pastoral poetry) Webbe says: "After Virgill
in like sort writ Titus Calphurnius and Baptista Mantuan."
In George Puttenham's Arte of English Poesie (1589), i,
18, we read : " These Eglogues came after to cbntaine and
enforme morall discipline, as be those of Mantuan and
other modem Poets." In Francis Meres' Sketch of English
Literature (1598) Mantuan is named among the " Neo-
terics " ( Jovianus Pontanus, Politianus, Marullus Tar-,
chionota, etc.) who "have obtained renown and good place
among the ancient Latin poets." And in the same sketch
it is stated that " Theocritus in Greek, Virgil and Mantuan
in Latin, Sannazar in Italian, . . . are the best for Pastoral."
In Germany, the Eclogues are quoted as early as 1508,
in Heinrich Bebel's Ailagia Germanica, No. 246 : " Catti
invalidi longius vivunt; dicitur in eos qui minus grati diu
vivunt, dum optati saepe cito moriantur, nam:
si qua placent abeunt: inimica tenacius haercnt." ^^
This is Eel. i, 174. And in the Lamentationes novae Ob-
scurorum Reuchlinistarum (1518), No. 118, there is an
echo of the dedicatory epistle : " Quid, obsecro, tanti f acis
philosophi in physicis aenigmata, quae Oedipodcs ipse non
solveret?"
In the Pappa Puerorum of Johannes Murmellius (1513)
the sentence, " Vadam ad levandum ventrem post dumeta,"
is probably due to Eel. iv, 87. And two of his " protrita
proverbia" are, " semel insanivimus omnes " (Eel. i, 118),
and "amor est amaror " (cf. Eel. i, 52).**
^' Ed. Suringar, Leiden, 1879, p. 69. Other quotations may be
found in Wander's Deutsches Sprichworter-Lexicon, Leipzig, 1867,
e. g.t under * Erfahrung,' Eci. ix, 195, " facit experientia cautos";
under * Liebe,' Eel. I, 48-49, " ludit Amor sensus," etc. ; under
* Bauch,' Eel. I, 61, " qui satur est pleno laudat ieiunia ventre."
•♦* Ed. A. Bomer, Miinster, 1894, pp. 16, 34. In his Scoparius
(1517), Murmellius discusses the "patinam Aesopi " and the " cli-
peum Minervae " of Eel. V, 98 (ed. Bomer, p. 50).
mmmmmmmm
QUOTATIONS AND ALLUSIONS 47
In the second Eclogue oi Euricius Cordus there is a com-
plimentary reference to Mantuan, and his first Eclogue:
omnes non unum facitis quotcumque poetam
qualem ego in Ausoniis audivi finibus olim.
One of the singers professes to have seen him at Mantua
during the year of jubilee:
hie nivei dominus pecoris prope flumina pastor
ad viridem recubans in opaco frigore clivnm
sustulit argutos altum super aethera cantus,
quos non fagineae superent dulcedine glandes,
• non mixtus butyro favus, et non moUe colostrum.
Aeg. iam scio qui fuerit ; quo, die, indutus amictu?
Mop. quo pecus, hoc etiam fuit illi palla colore.
Aeg. Candidus est, gelida qui Faustum lusit in umbra,
ut retulit veteres Gallam quibus arserat ignes.
Mop. nunc age, die, isto tibi quid de vate videtur?
Aeg. omnia consequitur magnas per ovilia laudes.^'^
There are eleven quotations in the locoseria of Otho Me-
lander: Ed. vi, 203-207; vi, 181-182; vi, 198-202; v, 136;
11,91-93; I, 48-51; i, 81-84; i, 114-116; ii, 66-67; x, 193;
11, 66-67 (again).**
EcU IV, no ff., is quoted, and refuted, in one of the epi-
grams which go under the name of Crepumiia Poetica (ed.
1648, p. 54) :
Cur mala femineo de sexu, Rustice, profcrs,
et bona quae confert non reticenda taces?
/t'mineum est serriie genus, cruJele, superbumf
nobilis et clemens Virgo humilisque data est.
lege, modo, ratione caret, rectum abicit, inquisf
at placet huic rectum, lex, ratio atque modus.
extremis ea gaudet, ais, mediocria vital?
haec extrema fugit, sed mediocre tenet.
decepit Judaea virum prolemque Rebecca?
concipit alma virum Virgo paritque Deum.
Eva genus nostrum feJicibus expulit arvis?
in meliora facit nos ut eamus Ave.
cur bona femineo de sexu, Rustice, celas,
et mala si qua facit non referenda refers?
*• Leipsic ed., 1518.
♦•Frankfort ed., 1626, pp. 2, 14, 36, 133, 137, 161, 177. .4^3-
^^mmmmiim'f'immim
48 INTRODUCTION
In France,*^ Eel, ix, 24-31, is quoted and discussed by
Ravisius Textor, Epistolaey 42, 43.*® And the Eclogues
and other poems of Mantuan are occasionally quoted in the
same writer's Officina and Epitome}^
There are four quotations in the learned commentary
which Benedictus Curtius composed on the ArrHs d* amour
of Martial d'Auvergne : «« Ed. i, 114-116; vi, 198-202;
III, 83-87; I, 118 ("Et Baptista Mantuanus nos insanivisse
omnes semel dicit: et ipsum cucullatum insanivisse eius
opera ostendunt ").
Fontenelle was offended by the coarseness of Ed. iv, 87 :
" on -ne s'imaginerait jamais quelle precaution prend ^un
autre berger avant que de s'embarquer dans un assez long
discours." And he had little sympathy with those who had
compared Mantuan with Virgil : " quoique assurement il
n'ait rien de commun avec lui que d'etre de Mantoue." ^^
In Italy, we have a siunmary of the first three Edogues
in Mario Equicola's Libra di Natura d'Amore (Venice ed.,
1554, pp. 68-69).
IMITATIONS OF THE ECLOGUES
The Edogues were very promptly imitated in England,
in the five Egloges of Alexander Barclay (c. 1514)."
Barclay's fourth is a paraphrase of Mantuan's fifth; his
fifth is a paraphrase of Mantuan's sixth, with the insertion
of a. long passage taken from Mantuan's seventh (9-56).
And even in his other eclogues a part of the pastoral setting
is borrowed from his Carmelite model.**^ The beginning of
*^The ten Eclogues were translated into French by Michel d'Am-
boise, Paris, 1530, and by Laurent de la Graviere, Lyons, 1558.
** London ed., 1683, pp. 35, 36.
*• Venice ed., 1566-1567, 1, 23, 88; 11, 126; iii, 13, 15, 20, 22, 23,
etc.
•• Paris ed., 1566, pp. 137, 574, 725, 728.
•* Discours sur la nature de VAglogue.
•* Printed in Publications of the Spenser Society, No. 39 (1885).
** For details, see O, Reissert, Neuphilologische Beitrdge, Hann-
over, i886, pp. 14-31; W. P. Mustard, Modern Language Notes
(1Q09), XXIV, 8-9. One item which is taken bodily from Mantuan
(vii, 42-54) is a " detailed notice of a mural painting in Ely Cathe-
dral, which has long since disaopeared " — a painting which struck
IMITATIONS OF THE ECLOGUES 49
the first is due to the beginning of Mantuan's third (1-37),
and the punning allusion to Bishop Alcock (p. 5) is adapted
from Mantuan's allusion to Falcone de* Sinibaldi (ix,
213 ff.). The beginning of the second repeats a passage
from Mantuan's second (1-16) ; the beginning of the fourth
reminds one of Mantuan's ninth (117-119) and tenth
(137-141, 182-186); and toward the close of the fifth
(p. 45) there is a passage which comes from Mantuan's
second (66-78).
In Barclay's * Prologe,' too, there is an interesting parallel
to a passage in Mantuan's dedicatory epistle. This epistle,
dated 1498, begins with a playful riddle:
Audi, o Pari, aenigma perplexum, quod Oedipodes ipse non sol-
ueret. ego quinquagenarius et iam canescens adolescentiam meam
reperi, et habeo adolescentiam simul et senectam.
The explanation is, that in the previous year he had found a
certain youthful composition of his own, consisting of eight
eclogues and, " ab ilia aetate," entitled Adolescetitia. And
now he sends it forth again, in revised and augmented
form. But history repeats itself, and it was not long before
Barclay could report a similar experience:
But here a wonder, I fortie yere saue twayne
Proceeded in age, founde my first youth agayne.
To finde youth in age is a probleme diffuse,
But nowe heare the truth, and then no longer cause.
As I late turned olde bookes to and fro,
One little treatise I founde among the mo:
Because that in youth I did compile the same,
Egloges of youtli I did call it by name.
And now he too has " made the same perfite " —
Adding and bating where I perceyued neede.**
one of Barclay's editors as " very curious," Publications of ike Pitty
Society, XXII, 43. It is cited also in the Dictionary of Nattommt
Biography (s.v. Alexander Barclay) as a proof that BarcUy't Egloget
were written at Ely.
"* It is interesting to notice that Professor ten Brink found in -
these lines the explanation of a peculiar quality of Barclajr's Egloges,
ntmely, their combination of the freshness of youth with Ae maturity
pf manhood : " So erklart es sich, wenn diese Dichtungen in hohcrcni
so INTRODUCTION
In 1563 we have eight English eclogues by Bamabe
Googe. Here again the model is Mantuan, though there
is very little verbal imitation or borrowing in detail. The
lines at the close of Ed, viii^
and Phoebus now descends,
And in the Clowdes his beams doth hyde,
which tempest sure portends,
come from the close of Mantuan's third,
et sol se in nube recondens,
dum cadit, agricolis vicinos nuntiat imbres.
And perhaps the ram whose battered condition symbolizes
his owner's fortunes (Eel. in) should be compared with
Mantuan's ram, Eel. ix, 46-47 :
hie aries, qui fronte lupos cornuque petebat,
nunc ove debilior pavidoque fugacior agno est.
Spenser's Shepheards Calender (1579) owes a large debt
to Mantuan, especially in the eclogues for July, September,
and October. This was pointed out by F. Kluge, Anglia.
Ill, 266-274, and O. Reissert, ib. ix, 222-224; and it is now
«et forth in C. H. Herford's edition of the poem. Perhaps
one further parallel should be suggested ; compare * Octo-
ber,' 100-101,
The vaunted verse a vacant head demaundes **"
Ne wont with crabbed care the Muses dwell,
with Eel. V, 18-19,
Grade als andere Werke Barclay's jugendliche Frische mit miino-
licher Reife in sich vereinigen " {Geschichte der englischen Litter-
atur, Strassburg. 1893, 11, 455). And Barclay's borrowed experience
is still accepted as fact in the new Cambridge History of English
Literature, ill (1909), 62.
*" E. K.' says that line 100 " imitateth Mantuanes saying, * va-
cuum curis divina cerebrum Poscit." But the ' saying ' is hard to
find; it is not in the Bologna edition of the collected poems, 1503.
or in Ascensius' edition, Paris, 1543. or in the later poems published
at Lyons in 15 16.
iUITATIONS OF THE ECLOGUES $1
Undabile carmen
omnem operam totumque caput, Silvane, reqairit,
and EcL v, 90-91,
pannosos, macie affectos, farragine pastos
Aoniae fugiant Masae, contemnit Apollo.
EcL VII, 27 is quoted in Abraham Fraunce's Latin comedy
Victoria (c. 1580), 156,
nam Paris Iliaca tria numina vidit in Ida;
and the saipe play (450, 1913) repeats the " vult, non vult "
of Eel. IV, 123, and the " ludit Amor sensus " of Eel, i, 48.
Another Cambridge pky, PedantiuSy 37, borrows the phrase
" hmneros vibrare natesque," from Eel. iv, 230 ; and a third,
entitled Fucus, ii, 2, 32, repeats the " semel insanivimus
omnes" oi Eel. i, 118."
In Robert Greene's Orpharion (ed. Grosart, xii, 22) we
have an unusual version of the story of Orpheus and
Eurydice :
False harted wife to him that loned thee well,
To leaue thy loue and choose the Prince of hell,
and, again,
She slipt aside, backe to her latest lone.
His authority for this bit of mythology was probably Man-
tuan, Eel. iv, 178-179:
potuit, ii non male lana fuifiet,
Eurydice revehi per quat descenderat umbras.
In 1595 we have three "pastorall eglogues" by Francis
Sabie, entitled Pan's Pipe. The first of these is practically
••Sec. the recent editions of these three plays by G. C Moore
Smith : Pedaniius and Victoria in Bang's Materialien tur Kunde des
alteren Englischen Dramas, viii (iQOS) and xiv (1906), Fucus, at the
Cambridge University Press. See, also, my note on Eel. i, 63.
52 INTRODUCTION
a cento made up from the first four eclogues of Mantuan.'^
And in the third, Damon's " dittie " of the " stately progeny
of heardsmen " is a paraphrase of EcL vii, 9-39.'*
In Milton's Lycidas, 128-129,
Besides what the grim wolf with privy paw
Daily devours apace, and nothing said,
there seems to be an echo of Ed. ix, 141-147,
mille lupi, tccidem vulpes in vallibus istis
lustra tenent,
factum vicinia ridet
nee scelus exhorret nee talibus obviat ausis;
and the abrupt close of the poem,
To-morrow to fresh woods and pastures new,
■ I
reminds one of Mantuan's closing line, ix, 232,
Candide, coge pecus melioraque pascua quaere.
On Paradise Lost, vi, 871, " Nine days they fell," the com-
mentators might perhaps quote Eel, ii, 112-114,
immo Satanum
pessimus ex illis quos noctibus atque diebns
ter tribus in terras fama est ex aethere lapsos —
as well as the description of the fall of the Titans in Hesiod.
The influence of MzxiiMZ-VLS Eclogues in sixteenth-century
Germany would be an interesting subject, but that must be
left to some one who has access to the necessary books.
Some traces of it may be found in the Latin eclogues of
Eobanus Hessus and Euricius Cordus.
Eobanus could claim to be a pioneer in the German field :
"primi Latias in Teutona pascua Musas | ducimus," Idyl
"^ See Modern Philology, vii (1910), 433-464, where Sable's three
Eglogues are reprinted, with some notes on his sources, by J. W.
Bright and W. P. Mustard.
8 8 K. Windscheid, Die englische Hirtendichtung vpn T$7g-i6aSt
JIalle, 1895, p. 41. •
IMITATIONS OF THE ECLOGUES 53
VIII, 2-3.'* In his third Idyl (quoted above, p. 33) his
shepherds discuss the respective merits of Virgil and Man-
tuan ; and in his Adnotationes on the Bucolics and Georgia
of Virgil he pays some attention to the later bucolic writers
— among them " Petrarca, Pontanus, Baptista (Man-
tuanus)."'® The beginning of his fifth Idyl,
Montibus his mecum quondam, Philereme, solebas
pascere, et alternis nostras concentibus aures
mulcere, etc.,
reminds one of the beginning of Mantuan's fifth; and the
close of his tenth,
tempestas oritur, pastn discedere tempus,
is like the close of Mantuan's second or third. Idyl i, 72,
'* iam lectas omnis grex ruminat herbas," and Id, vi, 19,
et pecus ilicea dum nuninat omne sub umbra,
may be compared with Mant. i, 1-2 ; Id, vii, 135,
quisquis amat iacet, et presso fert vincnla coUo,
with Mant. i, 114-116; /^. xi, 68, " non tibi cum puero cer-
tandum impubere," etc., with Mant. x, 124; Id, xi, 73-74,
est aliquid magno barbam attrectare prophetae;
dicere sed volui (lapsa est mihi lingua) 'poetae,'
with Mant. x, 126-127. The "ventrosus buf o " of Id, ▼,
55, the " multiforem buxum " of Id, xi, 18, the " impatientcr
amantis " of Id, vii, 146, and the " somnolenti " of Id, xii,
6, may be compared with Mant. x, 140; i, 163; vii, 65;
III, 59.
»» Frankfort ed., 1564, p. 44.
•<> C Krause, Melius Eohanus Hessus, Gotha, 1879, n, 26. In an
unfortunate footnote, Krause explains that the Pontanus referred
to is "Petrus Pontanus (aus Briigge)," and thr«l ** Baptista Man-
tuanus " means " Joh. Baptista Fiera."
54 INTRODUCTION
In Euricius Cordus •* the imitation is still closer. The
complimentary reference to Mantnan in his second Eclogue
has been quoted above, p. 47. The historic dignity of the
shepherd's calling, Eel. in, is set forth as in Mantuan's
seventh, 23 ff. ; and the contrast between the shepherd's lot
and that of the farmer, in the middle of Eel. iv, reminds
one of the beginning of Mantuan's sixth. Compare,
further, Eel. i, 36, for the intransitive " secundat," with
Mant. v, 29 ; Eel. ii, 82, " luxati . . . cultri," with Mant.
v, 140; Eel. ii, 91, " nuda rigent genua," etc., with Mant.
v, 23; Eel. ii, 118,
poUicitos plures vidi, qui multa dedissent
nullos,
with Mant. v, 105-106; Eel. in, 34,
duni satur in gelidis grex pabula ruminat umbris,
with Mant. i, 1-2; Eel. in, 115,
sum puer, at memini quo magnum tempore munat
esse putabatur, si textam flore coroUam
quis daret, etc.,
with Mant. in, 85-86 ; Eel. in, 148,
inter tot iuvenes quot festa luce sub ulmum
conveniunt, ducuntque leves de more choreM,
with Mant. n, 63-65 ; Eel. iv, 33,
non sapies, r.isi torva pedum tibl comua frangat,
with Mant. iv, 91 ; Eel. iv, 48,
in grandique mihi legisse volumine dixit,
with Mant. vn, 155; Eel. iv, 64 (and v, 26), "quando va-
cat," with Mant. i, 9 ; Eel. iv, 69, " desidiosa sumus pastoret
•> He, too, has been called a pioneer : " fu lodato, % vero, per le
ecloghe, ma codesti componimenti, ch' egli introduce per U prima
volta in Germania, e imita da G. B. Mantovano, gik per lui cadono
in vuota pastorelleria," G. Manacorda, Delia poesxa latina in G$r'
mania durante il Renascimento, Rome, 1906, p. 280.
IMITATIONS OF THE ECLOGUES 5$
turba," with Mant. vi, 19-20; Eel. vi, 68, "qui nosua
piacula solvunt," with Mant. viii, 162 ; EcL vi, 142,.
interea in pluvia pastor sitit, (sorit aura,
with Mant. v, 12; Eel. vii, 32,
versaque dormit humus, missum requiescit aratrum,
with Mant. vi, 2-3; Eel. vii, 71, "grata laborantum re-
qnies," with Mant. viii, 150; Eel. viii, 64-65,
succede sub ulmum.
dum redeo; mihi quid post saepta parumper agendom est.
with Mant. iv, 87-88; Eel. viii, 102, " inscius et nihil hoc
ratus," with Mant. iv, 54-55; Eel. viii, 109 (and ix, 65),
** cariceam casulam," with Mant. ix, 18 ; Eel. ix, 98,
me mea, te tua spes et opinio stnlta fefellit,
with Mant. ix, 192 ; Eel. x, 6,
sed melior lento praestat vigilantia somno,
with Mant. i, 5 ; Eel. x, 22,
utile servitium fuit illius atque fidele,
donee, etc.,
with Mant. IV, 22 ; J5^/. X, 28,
et nentei inter mediui lub nocte puellat,
with Mant. v, 85; Eel. x, 123,
o quoties patriae moesti reminiscimur orae,
with Mant. ix, 90."
The famous diatribe against women, EcL iv, 110 ff., hat «
rather close parallel in one of the Dialoguet of Ravisius
*' These passages of Euricius Cordui are quoted from the ** •••
cunda aeditio," Leipsic, 15 18.
56 INTRODUCTION
Textor, Troia, Salomon, Samson.^* And it !• very clearly
echoed in Luigi Pasqualigo's comedy, // Fedele, in, 7.
Compare with lines 124 ff.,
mobilis, inconstans, vaga, garrula, vana, bilinguii,
imperiosa, minax, indignabunda, cruenta, etc.,
Fortunio's speech :
Non ^ dubbio, perche eise xono per nntura luperbe, uan«, incon-
•tanti, legRicri, maligne, crudeli, rapaci. empie, inuldloie, incredaU,
bugiarde, ambitiose, piene di fraude, disleali, ingrate, impetuoie, au»
daci, & lenza freno, facilissime ll dnr ricetto a 1' odio & all' trii
k placarsi durissime, portnno ouunque uanno ribellione e lite, elle
Bono uaghe di dir mnle, d' nccender odio tr\ gli nmici. di iemtnar
infamia sopra i buoni, «ono pronte h riprender gli errori altrul, &
negligenti a conoscer i proprij vitij, jjempre simulano, sempre fingono,
tramano inganni, & cercano di condur gli huomini alia morte, all'
insidie che tendono, hanno cosi pronti i gesti e il uiso, nel quale it
suo piacere possono dimostrar allegrezza, dolore, tema, & speranza,
& molti altri aflfetti, che alcuno non pu6 fuggire da loro, & quinci &
non altronde auengono tutti i nostri mali.**^
But there must be many such echoes in the literature
of Germany and France and Italy. One poem which will
at least serve to illustrate the fourth Eclogue is Tasso's
Aminta. The chorus at the close of the first act,
Ma sol perchi quel vano
Nome senza soggetto,
Quell' idolo d' errori, idol d' inganno;
Quel che dal volgo insano
Onor poscia fu detto
(Che di nostra natura '1 feo tiranno),
Non mischiava il suo afTanno
**"Apod lacobum Stoer," 1609, pp. iga-aoa. A part of the dia-
logue is quoted by J. Vodoz, Le Thiatre Latin de Ravisius Tfxtcr,
Winterthur, 1898, pp. 149- 151.
•* Venice ed., 1579. Pasqualigo's comedy is paraphrased in Lari-
vejr's Le F'tdelle; for this particular passage, see Ancxen Thtairt
franfois, VI, 397. It is adapted also in Abraham Fraunce's Latin
comedy Victoria; but Fraunce's play omits all this diatribe. So does
the English adaptation by Anthony Munday (recently printed by
F. Flugge, Archiv fur das Studium der mueren Sprachen und Liter'
aturen, cxxiii, 48-80).
MANTUAN'S SOURCES 57
Fra U li«te dolctttt
Dell' ftffloroio gregge, eto.,**
may be compared with Eel, ii, 161-166,
qui non commanicat otom
coniugis invidus est; livorem excusat honestas
introducta usu longi livoris iniquo.
nam dum quisque sibi retinet sua gaudia, nee volt
publica, communis mos ac longaevus honeitat
factui» et hunc morem fecit dementia legem;
and th« passage in ii, 2,
Or» non lai tu com' i fatta la donna?
Fuggc, e fuggendo vuol ch' altri la giunga;
Niega, e negnndo vuol ch' altri ti toglia;
Pugna, e pugnnndo vuol ch' altri la vinca,
with £W. IV, 216-218,
currit, ut in latebrai ludens perducat amantem,
vult dare, sed cupieni simplex et honesta videri
denegat et pugnat, sed vult super omnia vincL
And with Ec!» ii, 25,
commoditas omnis sua fert incommoda fecttin»
we may compare Guazzo's Civil Conversatiom^ Bk. !»••
*'anzi si ha da ricordare di quella sentenza: 'Ogni agio
porta seco il suo disagio.' *' The sentiment was doubtless
a commonplace, but Mantuan may have helped to make
it so.
mantuan's sources
Mantuan's chief model in pastoral was Virgil, and the/
influence of Virgil may be traced on almost every page. But
there are many echoes of other Roman poets •^-—especially
•« This chorus is literally translated in Samuel Daniel's * pastorall *
on the Golden Age.
•« Venice ed., 1590, p. la.
•^ Some of these are pointed out in the Notes. For Ovid, see
notes on Eel. u, 85; 111, 171; iv, 13a, aoi ; vii, 147; for Tibullns,
58 INTRODUCTION
Ovid and Juvenal — and there are half a dozen passages in
which he imitates the Latin eclogues of Petrarch •• and
Boccaccio. And he owes something to the Ecclesiastical
Writers — especially Prudentius** — and to the language of
the Latin Bible.^®
\ His style was formed on classical models, and he doubt-
less meant his Eclogues to be classical throughout. But
they contain a fair nimiber of irregularities — in syntax,
in vocabulary, and in metre. Some of these are due to his
familiarity with Ecclesiastical Latin, while others can be
found only in the Latin of the Middle Ages. Some of them
are merely mistakes of a youthful author which remained
uncorrected even when the poems were revised.
notes on Eel. ui, 103-8; viii, 98-101; ix, 107; for Juvenal, notes on
Eel. v, especially lines 90-91, 104; for Calpurnius, notes on Eel. H, i;
VI, 157; IX, 107; IX, 133.
** See notes on Eel. i, 12-13; "i» I7-27. 32-33; v, 46, 136.
*8See notes on Eel. iv, 212; viii, 162; ix, 126-7. In an apology
for poetry prefixed to his first Parthenice, Mantuan cites several of
the Ecclesiastical Writers : Prudentius, Paulinus of Nola, Ambrosius,
Beda, and Juvencus. And of these his favorite would seem to be
Paulinus: "quid de Paulino Nolanae urbis episcopo Hieronymo con-
temporaneo et familiari? nonne pulcherrima quae adhuc extant,
et semper extabunt, excudit poemata? cum adhuc adolescentuluai
essem et a studiis ecclesiasticis more illius aetatis abhorrerem, forte
in ea poemata incidi, et carminis suavitate delectatus animum ad res
divinas paulatim appuli, et ex illo tempore sacrarum litterarum stu-
diosior fui."
^®See notes on Eel. 11, 138; in, 188; v, 129; viii, 85-86; viii, 222.
Another possible " source " is mentioned by Ascensius, on Eel. v, 10 1,
where he guesses that " Umber " means Niccolo Perotti, Bishop of
Siponto : " quem nescio an Sipontinum dicam, a quo plurima sump-
sisse videtur." This refers to Perotti's great commentary on some
of the epigrams of Martial, entitled Cornucopide: seu Commentarii
Linguae Latinae. It was printed as early as 1489. It was freely
used by Ascensius in his commentary on the Eelogues, and it was
doubtless well known to Mantuan himself. Indeed, his brother
Tolomeo reports of him : " damnabatque episcopum Sipontinum quod,
cum esset primi ordinis in ecclesia, tantopere laboravit in enarratione
Martialis poetae gentilis epigrammatarii " {Apologia, Lyons ed., 1516,
fol. Gg, iii).
SYNTAX, METRE, VOCABULARY $9
SYNTAX
One interesting bit of syntax is the use of the simple
subjunctive after a verb of thinking: credo ,,\concUet et
. . . toUat, I, 50-51 ; fmto sidera tangant^ viii, 44. Another
is the use of putare, credere^ or aestimare^ with a simple in-
finitive, apparently on the analogy of verbs of "hoping"
or " expecting " : grand e aes con flare putabam, iii, 75 ; qui
flectere divos \ creditis, i\\, 141-2; et vert ere in aurum |
aestimatf vi, 133-4. Facere is used with the infinitive, in
the sense of "to cause to": v, 58; ix, 221. Intcndere
(= animum intcndcre) is used with the dative, i, 106 ; ii, 49 ;
subintrarcy with the accusative, i, 176; iv, 90; secundare,
with the dative, v, 29; obviare^ with the dative, ix, 147.
The use of mood and tense with dum is largely a matter of
metrical convenience : cp. i, 25, dum mens erat; vii, 147-8,
dum . . . obstaret . . . dum tepet ac timide insanit ; viii, 19,
dum . . . castraret; viii, 120, dum . . . perlegerem ; ix, 55,
licuit dum; x, 96-7, dum viximus una, \ dum . . . fuit.
METRE
Some of the metrical irregularities have been revised
out by editors. In the Mantua edition of 1498 we have
quottidiey i, 120; dmissa^ ii, 5 (omisit^ x, 69) ; sciderat, ii,
46; somndlentumy in, 59; Sdtdnum, ii, 112; muIieribuSy iv,
70 (mulierey iv, 206 and vi, 57, mulierumy iv, 245) ; gdneae,
IV, 129 (gdnea, v, 151) ; sUbicity iv, 156; pHlicumy viii, 10;
chnicumy viii, 10; anginoso, viii, 145; sdbUcOy ix, 96;
cdcdbosy IX, 177; posted, viii, 47, and perhaps vii, 25.^*
There are three spondaic verses, v, 120, v, 129, viii, 213.
There are five such cadences as tereblntht: i, 31 ; vii, 133;
VIII, 10; IX, 69; ix, 168.
VOCABULARY
In the vocabulary, there a number of departures from
classical usage. Modo is used half a dozen times in the
sense of nunc, i, 4; ii, 151, etc.; parum means "a little
^^ For anginoso and sdbuco, he could cite the authority of Serenus
Sammonicus ; cdcdbos may be found in the Macaronea of his younger
contemporary, Teofilo Folengo; for gdneae^ he had the authority of
Prudentius; for sciderat, that of Servius.
60 INTRODUCTION
while," IX, 20 and 39. Inquis is used for memoras^ or diets,
V, 67 ; VIII, 67 ; x, 53 ; ullus for aliguis, vi, 251. At i, 103
we have de sub, *' from under," and at ix, 122, a longe,
" from afar." iSemel means aliquando, i, 118; ipsis is used
for eis, ii, 147, viii, 112, 173; ista refers to what follows,
III, 122; VIII, 95. Accubitu means "bed," vi, 52; tegetis
means tecti, or tugurii, ix, 51; tabellam is the "lid" or
" cover " of a jug, ix, 39. Polenta is used as a neuter
singular, vi, 5; viii, 23. There are some unusual words:
claviculo, II, 100; influxibus, ix, 149; rulla, I, 142;
runca, iv, 49; variantia, x, 91; callosa, viii, 25; cariceae,
IX, 18; fluvios, viii, 65; hernica, iv, 118; impetuosa, iv,
134; saltidico, i, 171; situosus, viii, 65; squarrosa, v, 72;
suaviloquo, iv, 9; ventrosus, x, 140; appropiare, ix, 119;
fetant, ii, 30; incalluit, in, 25; infortunarit, in, 167;
obtenebrescercy vi, 239; obviat, ix, 147; opulcscunt^ ix, 168;
praesentas, iv, 90. Catus, i, 59, is the animal ; philomena
is the bird, i, 27; ii, 46, etc.; vulpes, vi, 26, means ^W/^j
vulpinas. There are Greek words, like art oc opt, vi, 100
artocreas, viii, 23; brucho, viii, 132; cercopithecos, vi, 144
eremum, x, 175; genethliacos, v, 39; gynaecei, viii, 192
lampyrideSj i, 155; melotas, w, 27; ogdoas, viii^ 181
onocrotalus, viii, 59; orexis, i, \1 y rhomphaea, iv, 211
zelotypo, VI, 71. PiV/aj = ** alms," vi, 157; luxuria =
"lust," IV, 161; xw^j/an/m = " wealth," in, 8; deitas =
divinitas, vii, 33; extimare ^= aestimare, in, 16; intendere =
animum intendere, i, 106; n, 49.
BAPTISTAE MANTUANI
ADULESCENTIA
F. BAPTISTA MANTUANUS CARMELITA
PARIDI CERESARIO D.S.
Audi, o Pari, aenigma perplexum quod Oedipodes ipse
non solveret. ego quinquagenarius et iam canescens adule-
scentiam meam repperi, et habeo adulescentiam simul et
senectam. sed ne longa ambage te teneam, nodum hunc dis-
solvo. anno praeterito, cum Florentia rediens Bononiam
^pervenissem, intellexi apud quendam litterarium virum esse
quondam libellum meum quem olim ante religionem, dum
in gymnasio Paduano philosophari inciperem, ludens cx-
cuderam et ab ilia aetate Adulescentiam vocaveram. car-
men est bucolicum in octo eclogas diyisimi, quod iam diu
tamquam abortivum putabam abolitum. ubi id rescivi,
Saturnina fame repente sum percitus, et cogitavi quonam
pacto possem proli meae inferre perniciem. iuvantibus ergo
amicis libellum meum vindicavi, ut perderem quem suspica-
bar erratis non posse non scatere. at ubi intellexi et alia
quaedam exemplaria superesse, visum est praestare hoc quod
vindicaram emendare emendatumque edere, ut eius editione
cetera quae continent multa nimis iuvenilia deleantur. hoc
igitur sic castigatum duabus aliis eclogis quas in religione
lusi in calcc subiunctis tibi, o Pari, iuvcnis antiquae nobili-
tatis et studiorum ac omnium bonarum artium amantissime
nostraeque urbis decus egregium, libentissime dono, ut,
quando tetricis illis philosophiae ac theologiae lucubra-
tionibus quibus assidue vacas fatigatus fueris, habeas iucun-
dulam hanc lectiunculam qua tamquam ludo quodam blan-
dulo sed liberali lassum legendo reparetur ingenium. omnes
autem penes quos immatura ilia sunt exemplaria quae dixi
rogatos volo ut, si quid umquam fuit eis dulce meum, con-
festim exurant nee ullo pacto superesse permittant. accipe
ergo, Pari suavissime, libellum et auctorem, et ambobus
tamquam rebus tuis tuo deinceps utaris arbitrio. vale.
Kalendis Septembris, mcccclxxxxviii.
'^ 62
/
ECLOGA I, FAUSTUS,
DB HONESTO AMORE ET FELICI EJUS EXITU.
F0RTUNATU8. FAUSTUS.
For, Fauste, precor, gelida quando pecus omne sub umbra
ruminat, antiques paulum recitemus amores,
nc, si forte sopor nos occupet, ulla ferarum
quae modo per segetes tacite insidiantur adultas
saeviat in pecudes ; melior vigilantia somno.
Fau. Hie locus, haec eadem sub qua requiescimus arl)or
scit quibus ingemui curis, quibus ignibus arsi
ante duos vel (ni memini male) quattuor annos; .
sed tibi, quando vacat, quando est iucunda relatu,/^
historiam prima repetens all origine pandam. ^^ 10
Hie ego, dum sequerer primis armenta sub annis,
veste solo strata sedi iaeuique supinus
cum gemitu et laerimis mea tristia fata revolvens.
nulla quies mihi dulcis erat, nullus labor ; aegro
pectore sensus iners, et mens torpore sepulta
ut stomaehus languentis erat quern nulla ciborum
blandimcnta movent, quem nulla invitat orexJK.
carminis occiderat studium, iam nulla sonabat
fistula disparibus calamis; odiosus et arcus,
funda odiosa, canes odiosi, odiosa voluerum 20
praeda, nueum calyces cultro enucleare molestiun;
texere fiscellam iunco vel vimine, piscem
fallere, serutari nidos, eertare palaestra,
sortiri digitis res iniueunda, voluptas
magna prius, tanti dum mens erat inscia morbi.
colligere agrestes uvas et fraga perosus
maerebam ut pastu rediens philomena cibumque
ore ferens natis, vacuo sua pignora^nido
cum sublata videt: rostro cadit esca remisso,
cor stupet et contra nidos super arboris altae JO
fronde sedet plorans infelices hymenaeos;
seu veluti amisso partu formosa iuvenca
64 BAPTIST AE MANTUANl
quae, postquam latos altis xnugitibus agros^X X .
complevit, residens pallenti sola sub umbra \ ] ^/Jr^
gramina non carpit nee fluminis attrahit undam. J
Sed quid circuitu pario tibi taedia longo,
dum sequor ambages et verba et tempora perdo?
summa haec: vitales auras invitus agebam.
quod si forte volens cognoscere singula dicas, ^^'^ .
* Fauste, quis in syrtes Auster te impegerat istas?' 40
me mea (verum etenim tibi, Fortunate, fatebor)
me mea Galla suo sic circumvenerat ore ^ ^
ut captam pedicis circumdat aranca muscam. , , ,
namque erat ore rubens et pleno turgida vultu
et, quamvis oculo paene esset inutilis uno,
cum tamen illius faciem mirabar et annos, r^X^ /^ 5
dicebam Triviae formam nihil esse Dianae.
For. Ludit Amor sensus, oculos praestringit et aufert
libertatem animi et mira nos f ascinat arte ;
credo aliquis daemon subiens praecordia flammam 50
concitet et raptam tollat de cardine mentem.
nee deus (ut perhibent) Amor est, sed amaror et error.
Fau. Adde quod optatis nee spes erat ulla potirL
quamvis ilia meo miserata faveret amori i^i^^^cL^
monstraretque suos oculis ac nutibus igries.
nam, quocumque isset, semper comes aspera: semper
nupta sequebatur soror et durissima mater,
sirque repugnabant votis contraria vota
non secus ac murk^atus: ille invadere pernam
nititur, hie rimas oculis observat acutis. 60
For. Qui satur est pleno laudat ieiunia ventre,
et quem nulla premit sitis est sitientibus asper.
Fau. Tempus erat curva segetes incidere falce
et late albebant flaventibus hordea culmis.
affuit (ut mos est) natis comitata duabus
coUectura parens quae praeterit hordea messor,
ignorabat enim vel dissimulabat amorem;
dissimulasse puto, quoniam data munera natae
noverat, exiguum leporem geminasque paliunbes.
For. Tauperies inimica bonis est moribus ; omne 70
labitur in vitium, culpae scelerumque ministra est.
Fau. Farra legens ibat mea per vestigia virgo
nuda pedem, diseincta sinum, spoliata lacertos,
ECLOGA I, 33-114 65
ut decet aestatem quae solibus ardet iniquis,
tecta caput f ronde intorta, quia sole perusta
f usca fit et voto f acies non servit amantum.
iam tergo vicina meo laterique propinqua
sponte mea delapsa manu f nimenta legebat.
nee celare suas nee vincere f emina curas
nee diflferre potest ; tantum levitatis in ilia est. 80
For. Quisquis amat levis est, nee femina sola sed ipsi
quos sapere et praestare aliis mortalibus aiunt,
quos operit latus fulgenti murice clavus,
quos vidi elatos regali incedere passu,
tu quoque sic affectus eras dementior ilia
forsitan et levior. virgo data farra legebat,
at tu farra dabas; die, quae dementia maior?
perge ; opus est verbis aliquando arcere soporem.
Fau. Continuo aspiciens aegre tulit aspera mater
et clamans * quo ', dixit, * abis? cur deseris agmen? 90
Galla, veni, namque hie alnos prope mitior umbra,
hie tremulas inter frondes immurmurat aura.'
o invisa meis vox auribus ! * ite ', precabar,
' ite, malam venti celeres dispergite vocem.*
si quis pastor oves ad pinguia pascua ducat
et vetet adductas praesens decerpere gramen,
vel si iam pastas potum compellat ad amnem
et sitibundo ori salientem deneget undam,
nonne importunus, naturae inimicus et excors?
ilia mihi vox visa lovis violentior ira 100
cimi tonat et pluvius terris irascitur aer.
non potui (et volui) frontem non flectere; virgo
demissi in cilium de sub velaminis ora
me aspiciens motis blande subrisit ocellis.
id cernens iterum natam vocat improba mater ;
Galla operi magis intendens audire recusat.
ut pede, sic animo sequitur. tum providus ipse
(namque dolos inspirat Amor fraudesque ministrat)
nunc cantu, nunc sollicitans clamore metentes
velamenta dabam sceleri, quo credere possent 110
et soror et mater non audivisse puellam.
-fake repellebam sentes, ne crura sequentis
elevia, ne teneras ausint offendere plantas.
For. Quisquis amat servit: sequitur captivus amantem.
mmmm^m
¥
66 BAPTISTAE MANTUANI
fert d^oita cervice iugum, fert verbera tergo
dulcia, fert stimulos, trahit et bovis instar aratrum.
Fau. Tu quo^e,jit hinc^videp, norLef ignarus amorum.
For. l^ comfhune malum, semel insanivimus omnes.
Fau, Hoc animi tarn triste bonum, tam duke venenum,
cottidie crudele magis crescebat in horas, 120
ut calor, in nonam dum lux attollitur horam.
pallebam attonito similis, lymphaticus, amens,
immemor, insomnis. nee erat res ardua morbi
nosse genus ; f rons est animi mutabilis index. !^? cv^^^-
uf pater advertit, mitem se praebuit ultra tvU ^ ^«^
consuetum, quod et ipse suos expertus amorum 'hjUJ>
sciret onus, blandoque loquens humaniter ore
* die ', inquit, * die, Fauste, quid hoc quod pectore volvis?
infelix puer, haec facies testatur amorem.
die mihi ; ne pudeat curas aperire parenti.' 130
^or. Sit licet in natos facies austera parentum,
aequa tamen semper mens est, et arnica voluntas.
Fau. Ut facilem pater affectum prae se tulit, ultro .^d-k--' *'^"'
rem confessus opem petii. promisit; et ante j^i^/^'
quam brumale gelu Borealibus arva pruinis ^ ^^^_^j^ cf'^;''!^
Rpargeret, agnati unanimes cum patre puellam "^ ,^,f . ^ =^*-^
dcspondere mihi. nee adhuc sine tcstibus illi ^^r*^ ^ vl i^c.
congrediebar ; cram medio sitibundus in amne ^ ^
Tantalus, o quotiens misso cum bobus aratro,
ut vacuis aliquando esset sola aedibus, ibam! 140
omnia causabar, stivam, dentale iugumque,
lora iugi, rullam ; deerant quaecumque, petebam
e soceri lare. sola tamen deerat mihi virgo.
non deeram mihi ; piscator, venator et auceps
f actus eram, et sollers studia intermissa resumpsi
quidquid erat praedae, quidquid fortuna tulisset,
ad soceros ibat; gener officiosus habebar. /u (^ '^
nocte semel media subeuntem limina furtim 4aJ^<^ »} A^
(sic etenim pactus fueram cum virgine) furem '
esse rati invasgre canes; ego protinus altam 150
transiliens saepem vix ora latrantia fugi.
His tandem studiis hiemem transegimus illam. y<^>j^^"^^^ ',
vtT rediit. iam silva viret, iam vinea f rondet, - ^
iam spicata Ceres, iam cogitat hordea messor»
splendidulis iam nocte volant l^pyrides alis ; .
■i* iu&
ECLOGA I, 115-176 67
1
ecce dies genialis adest, mlhi ducitur uxor,
sed quid opus multis? nox exspectata duobus
venit, et in portiun vento ratis acta secundo est.
turn bove mactato gemina convivia luce
sub patula instructis celebravimus arbore mensis. 160
affuit Oenophilus multoque solutus laccho
tempestiva dedit toti spectacula vice,
et cum fnultifori Tonius cui tibia buxo O ^ "
tandem post epulas et pocula multicolorem ^
ventriculum svimpsit, buccasque inflare rubentes f^M^
incipiens oculos aperit ciliisque levatis '^^^\L^^
multotiensque altis flatu a pulmonibus hausto ^^
utrem implet, cubito vocem dat tibia presso.
_nunc buc, nunc illuc digito saliente vocavit
pinguibus a mensis iuvenes ad compita cantu 170
saltidico dulcique diem certamine clausit.
et iam tres hiemes abiere et proximat aestas
quarta : dies rapidis, si qua est bona, praeterit horis.
si qua placent, abeunt ; inimica tenacius haerent.
For. Fauste, viden? vicina pecus vineta subintrat;
iam (ne forte gravi multa taxemur) eundum est.
68 BAPTIST AE MANTUANl
ECLOGA II, FORTUNATUS,
DE AMORIS INSANIA,
FAUSTUS. FORTUNATUS.
Fau, Cur tam serus ades? quid te (iam septima lux est)
dctinuit? gregibusne nocent haec pascua vestris?
For. Fauste, Padus nostros qui praeterlabitur agros
creverat et tumidis ripas aequaverat undis ;
nos, cura gregis omissa, privata coegit
publicaque utilitas ripam munire diurnis
noctumisque operis fluviumque arcere furentem.
Fau. Fert Padus exundans mala saepius omina : nostcr
Tityrus est auctor, qui pascua dixit et arva.
For. Forsitan id verum, quando extra temporaet ultra 10
mensuram atque modum subito concreverit aestu.
nunc autem id poscit tempus, nam liquitur altis
nix hiberna iugis, implent cava flumina montes.
Fau. Se exonerant fluviosque onerant. sic flumina rursum
se exonerant pelagusque onerant ; hominum quoque mos est
quae nos cumque premunt alieno imponere tergo.
For. Sed iam contractum revocat suus alveus amnem.
Fau. Decrescente Pado (dictu mirabile) noster,
Fortunate, lacus maioribus aestuat undis.
urbs natat, obscurae fiunt cellaria fossae. 20
lintre cados adeunt ; labens ad vina minister
ridet, et ex imis fertur gravis obba lacunis.
multa, licet nati fucrint mclioribus horis,
multa et magna ferunt aliquando incommoda civcs.
For. Commoditas omnis sua fert incommoda secum,
et sorti appendix est illaetabilis omni.
Fau. Hactenus Eridanus ; nostros repetamus amores,
quandoquidem nunc alma Venus movct omnia, caelum
luce tcpct nitida, tcllus viret, arva volucrcs
cantibus cxliilarant vcrnia, nunc omnia fctant. »10
For. '\\\ tua lunlKti, «od nos alicna Rcquamur.
namquc tibi noti rofcrnm pastoris nmorcs,
ut doccnm Veneris nihil ewe pot^ntius igne,
ECLOGA //. i-u ^ ^
Pauper et inf esto sub sidere natus Amyntas
sex vitulos totidemque pares aetata iuvencas
armentique patrem ducens in pascua taurum .
venerat ad Coitum, nitidis ubi Mincius undis
alluit herbosos fugiens pemiciter agros.
arx nova propter aquas pinnatis ardua muris
est Coitus, campo moles fundata palustri. '40
hie igitur recubans vitrei prope fluminis undam,
vitis ubi amplectens longis dumeta lacertis
in vada curvata ripae supereminet umbra,
piscibus insidias tendebat harundine et hamo.
messis erat: solis rapidi violentia campos
sciderat arentes, finem philomena canendi
fecerat, et neque lux, passim morientibus herbis,
pascere oves poterat neque nox umore cicadas,
dumque incumbit aquis studioque intendit inani,
taurus (ut auditum e.5t) primum vexatus ab oestro, 50
mox canibus, demum furaci a milite silvis
abditus ex toto confestim evanuit agro.
Quod puer ut novit, tumulum conscendit et alta
voce bovem damans longo rura omnia visu
prospicit. ut frustra niti se comperit, arcum
corripit et pharetram sequiturque per invia taurum.
ilium per caulas et per stabula omnia quaerens
per coUes, Benace, tuos, per consita olivis
iugera, per virides ficis et vitibus agros,
venerat ad sublime iugum quod sulphuris arcem 60
sustinet et longis aperit prospectibus illinc
Benacum, hinc campos longe lateque patentes.
lux ea sacra fuit Petro: frondente sub ulmo
mixta erat ex omni pubcs post prandia vice
duccbatque leves buxo resonantc choreas.
Fau. Rustica gens, nulla genus arte domabile, semper
irrequietum animal, gaudet sudore. peracto
mane sacro festa (quando omnibus otia) luce
ipsa oti ac famis impatiens epulatur et implet
ingluviem. audito properat tibicinc ad ulmum; 70
hie furit, hie saltu fertur bovis instar ad auras,
quum rustris vcrsarc ncfas ct voincrc tcrram . . »
culcibus obduris ct incrti mole fatignt
ac for it, ct totu Huocho facit orgia luco
i m ip ii i w i m m mm ^immmmmimmimmmmmmmm
70 BAPTISTAE MANTUANI
vociferans, ridens, saliens et pocula siccans.
For. Stulte, quid haec faris? solatia rustica damiuui
rusticus ipse ? tuis malus es, tibi pessimus ipsi.
Fau. Dicta ioco fuerint ; nostrum repetamus Amyntani.
For. Continuit gressum baculoque innixus acerno
^intermisit iter, donee mitesceret aestus. 80
[ ah puer infelix, aestus te maior in umbra
\j»rripiet. nudam videas ne in fonte Dianam,
Claude oculos, blandis neu des Sircnibus aurem.
sors tua Narcisso similis : Narcissus in undis
dum sedare sitim properat, sitit amplius ; at tu
exteriorem aestum fugiens intrinsecus ardes.
quam melius fuerat (nisi te sic fata tulissent)
ad reliquum rediisse pecus, servasse iuvencas,
amissi bovis aequo animo dispendia ferre
quam, dum conaris nil perdere, perdere te ipsum. 90
Fau. Sed post iacturam quis non sapit? utile non est
consilium post facta, dari quod oportuit ante.
consilium post facta, imber post tempora frugum.
For. Una puellares inter pulcherrima turmas
virgo erat, alba comas, aliis procerior, annos
nata quater quinos vel circiter, ore nitenti
urbanis certare potens et vincere nymphis.
aureolis radians guttis ad tempora limbus
ibat, et ad pectus clausum velamen aeno
claviculo; mediam fulgenti fibula ferro 100
stringit in angustum ; nova candicat instita lapsu
linea rugoso pedibusque allabitur imis.
banc puer ut vidit, periit flammasciue tuendo
hausit et in pectus caecos absorbuit ignes,
ignes qui nee aquis perimi potuere nee umbris
diminui neque graminibus magicisve susurris.
oblitusque greges et damna domestica totus
uritur et noctes in luetum expendit amaras.
Saepe gravescentem verbis compescere fiammam
nixus et insanum iuvenis cohibere furorem 110
dicebam : ' miserande puer, quis te deus istas
misit in ambages? sed non deus, immo Satanum
pessimus ex illis quos noetibus atque diebus
ter tribus in terras fama est ex aethere lapsos.
die, age, si nosti quemquam, reminiscere si quem
ECLOGA //. yj/id 7|
videris hoc pacto ditescere, surgere iii ahum,
dilatare domum, maioribus horrea acervis
complere his studiis, extendere latius agros,
multiplicare greges, acquirere pascua bobus.
inter tot populos quot habet latissima tellus 120
sunt qui nostra ferant mensis epulanda cruentis
corpora et humanos absumant dentibus artus ;
sunt, inquam, quos tanta mails tot vexet Erinys ;
sed nullum est tam immane genus, tam barbara nusquam
gens, quae femincos non exsecretur amores.
hinc veniunt rixae, veniunt et iurgia et arma,
saepe etiam dirae multo cum sanguine mortes ;
hinc quoque deletis eversae moenibus urbes.
ipsae etiam leges rubrisque volumina loris
clausa vetant scelus hoc et detestantur amores.' 130
Ut leges audivit, ad haec respondit Amyntas
(civis enim fuerat puer et versatus in urbe)
' his monitis prudens et circumspectus haberi
niteris et sensu tetricos anteire Catones.
error hie, haec passim sapiens dementia regnat.
ipse sibi blanditur homo sollersque putari
vult animal ; tamen incautus sibi multa tetendit
retia et in foveam cecidit quam fecerat. ante
liber erat ; servile iugum sibi condidit ipse ;
pondus id est legum (vidi ipse volumina) quas nee 140
antiqui potuere patres, nee possumus ipsi,
nee servare aetas poterit ventura nepotum.
aspice quam stulta est hominum prudentia: caelum
sperat et esse sibi sedem inter sidera credit ;
forsitan in volucrem moriens transibit et altum
spiritus assumptis tranabit ad aethera pennis.*
Tunc ego : * quid latras ? legum Deus auctor, et ipsin
non parere sapit magnam nimis impietatem.'
Fau. Grandia de magnis haec sunt certamina rebus.
For. Quid fuerim reris? quamvis pannosus et asper 150
sim modo, tunc animo, tunc vi, tunc ore val ;bam,
nee mihi sese alius poterat componere pastor.
Fau. Nunc quoque, si rectus vultu gradiare supino,
alter eris Marius ; raso ore videbere Carbo.
For. Talia respondit sic obiurgatus Amyntas:
' facto homini Deus invidit (concessa voluptas
72 BAPTISTAE MANTUANl
visa bonum nimis excellens) et vota repressit
legibus inventis, ut equi ligat ora capistro,
ne quocumque libet flectat vestigia, sessor.
quae mea sit me cogit amor sententia fari, 160
liberaque ora facit: qui non communicat usum
coniugis invidus est ; livorem excusat honestas
introducta usu longi livoris iniquo.
nam dum quisque sibi retinet sua gaudia, nee vult
publica, communis mos ac longaevus honestas
factus, et hunc morcm fecit dementia legem.
invida res amor est, res invidiosa voluptas.'
Tunc ego non audens hominem contendere contra
amplius insano rediens ab amante recessi.
Fau. Cernis ut hie malus affectus sic lumina mentis 1 70
claudat, in errores ut sponte feramur apertos?
For, Cernis ut a summo liventia nubila Baldo
se agglomerent ? oritur grando ; ne forte vagantes
tempestas deprendat oves, discedere tempus.
] i \ I m i I , t m \ m mmmmmm$mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmammmMmmi^a^^mmmmfmKm.
ECLOGA //. tsr-IlL 33 73
^ ECLOGA III, AMYNTAS,
DE INSANI AMORIS EXITU INFELICI,
FAUSTUS. FORTUNATUS.
Fau* Ilia hesterna mens Baldi de vertice grando,
Fortunate, fuit nobis innoxia (divis
gratia nostrarum quibus est custodia frugum)
sed, veluti ex illis vcniens ait Harculus oris,
Veronensem agrum, pecudes et ovilia sic est
demolita, casas et pastoralia tecta
sic evertit, ut agricolis spes nulla supersit.
agricolis etenim pecus est substantia, et arva
his subiecta malis ; grandi thesaurus in area
civibus est quem nulla queat contundere grando, 10
nulla pruina, gelu nullum, nullae aeris irae.
For. Nescio quis ventos tempestatesque gubemat;
id scio (sed neque si scio sat scio, sed tamen ausim
dicere — quid? vitane ideo multabor in ipsa?)
numina si, ut perhibent, orbem moderantur ab alto,
extimo nil duros hominum curare labores.
aspice quo tenuem victum sudore paramus,
quot mala pro grege, pro natis, pro coniuge pastor
f ert miser, infestis aestate caloribus ardet,
f rigoribus riget hibernis ; dormimus ad imbrem 20
cotibus in duris vel humi ; contagia mille,
mille premunt morbi pecudes, discrimina mille
sollicitant, latro insidias intentat ovili
atque lupus milesque lupo furacior omni.
ut manus assiduo detrita incalluit usu,
squaluit os, barba obriguit, cutis aruit lestu,
una repentino rapit omnia turbine grando.
hoc Superi faciunt quibus inclinamur ad aras
et quibus offerimus faculas et oerea vota.
nescio quae pietas et quae dementia tantis 30
cladibus involvat pastores omnium egenos.
Fan. Fortunate, scelus nobis haec omnia nostrum
ingerit; aetherei sententia ludicis aequa est.
mmmm
74 BAPTISTAE MANTUANl
For, Quod scelus? an fuimus Christ! vitae insidiati?
Fan, lurgia, f urta, irae, Venus et mendacia, rixae.
For, Quid meruere boni ? nee enim scelus obruit omnes,
et tamen una omnes pariter pessumdat Erinys.
Fau, Heu nescis male de Superis sentire nef andum ?
his igitur quae scire nef as, nescire necesse est,
posthabitis curas iterum repetamus Amyntae 40
quas sumus experti, quas ignorare negatum est ;
res vulgaris amor, studium commune iuventae. 1
For. Maeror et affectus alii de cardine mentem '^
saepe levant; animo sermo venit aeger ab aegro.
Fau. Intellecta licet pro re, pro tempore fari
(sic habitus Cosmas sapiens) incognita numquam.
For, Fauste, sapis; notos igitur repetamus amores.
restat Amyntaeos postrema in fata furores
ducere et in misero lacrimas impendere casu.
Praeteriens iliac parvo post tempore rursum 50
insanire hominem video et miseratus amantem
* o,' iterum dixi, ' mens inconsulta veneno
ebria fatal i. populo iam fabula f actus
non resipiscis adhuc, et adhuc in amore sepultus
te ruis atque tuos, pecus atque mapalia, tecum
ut quondam moriens rapuit secum omnia Samson,
cum senio curvatus eris (si forte senectam
fata tibi dederint) quis sustentabit inertem,
somnolentum, inopem, cum iam defecerit omne
robur et ingenium, sensusque recesserit omnis? 60
haec tibi cuncta feret (nisi mors praevenerit) aetas.
esto domi, vigila, observa, super omnia semper
prospice quo tendas, et quo venisse dolendum est
ire cave, discerne vias hominemque memento
non ad delicias, non ad muliebria natum
blandimenta levi tam perniciosa iuventae.
ipse ego cui pecudes, cui lac, cui caseus, aegre
vitam ago ; tanta agros omnes invasit egestas,
tot dm-i rerum eventus, incommoda passim
tanta, tot adversis totus convolvitur orbis. 70
accipe rem non auditam, non tempore factam
praeterito, sed quam lux haec mihi protulit ipsi.
ut mos, autumno pecudes crescente totondi.
mane foro exposui lanae venalia pondo
ECLOGA III, 34its 75
nezaginta hodie, grande aes conflare putabam ;
viz vitam gregis eduxi, viz pabula possum
mercari hibemis nivibus; quo cetera pacto
sit victura domus nondum mihi constat, Amynta.
quisquis amat dominae munuscula mittat oportet ;
. tu vero cui vix tectum fortuna reliquit 80
sub quo luce habitat, sub quo pernoctat egestas,
quid poteris cupidae gratiun donare puellae ?
,#mittere mala decern satis esse solebat amanti,
^ purpurei flores et raptus ab arbore nidus,
I gramen odoriferum, memini quo tempore magnae
\credebantur opes ; ventum est a gramine ad aurum^
regia res amor est hac tempestate; recessit
mos vetus et quaedam mala lex inolevit amandi.'
Talia suadenti torvo mihi rettulit ore:
' si cupis optatam mihi, Fortunate, salutem, 90
da quod amo ; nostro haec una est medicina dolori
cetera quae memoras mihi sunt tormenta. revelli
ex animo furor iste nequit ; mea pectora imago
virginis obsedit, mecum est, mecum itque reditque,
excubat et dormit meciun ; caput, ossa, medullas,
cor complexa potest cum sola excedere vita,
ac veluti quotiens aliena 6x arbore secto
surculus inseritur trunco, natura duorum
iungitur et mixto coalescit corpore virga,
sic dominae dilecta mihi se immersit imago 100
et fecit duo corda unum, duo traxit in unum
pectora ; sensus inest nobis et spiritus idem,
o me felicem, si, cum mea fata vocabunt,
in gremio dulcique sinu niveisque lacertis
saltem anima caput hoc languens abeunte iaceret;
ilia sua nobis morientia lumina dextra
clauderet et tristi fleret mea funera voce,
sive ad felices vadam post funera campos,
seu ferar ardentcm rapidi Phlegethontis ad undam,
nee sine te felix ero, nee tecum miser umquam. 110
o Dryades florumque deae Nymphaeque decentes,
o nemorum Silvane pater, servate (precamur) ' , J)
coUibus in vestris gelidisque in vallibus omne^^ |
silvarum rurisque decus ; circumdate saltus \(J
saepibus et prohibete^ecus, ne floribus obsit;
76 ' BAPTISTAE MANTUANl
/ista (precor) dominae servate in funera nostraeJ
u tunc omnis spargatur hmnus ; redolentia sertav/
\texite, quae circa tumuliun supraque iacentem ^^\ •
componantur heram. tristes ad busta puellae
Pierides aderunt et lamentabile carmen 120
ore canent madido signataque verba rclinquent
ista sepulturae relegenda nepotibus olim:
HIC TEGITUR VIRGO GUI NIL QUIN DIVA VOCARI
DEBUERIT DEERAT^ NISI DURA FUISSET AMANTI.
o virgo, si te tantus consumeret ardor,
per centum Scyllas ad te, per mille Charybdes,
tranarem laturus opem ; tu saevior Hydra
me fugis. at culpae nihil est in virgine, nam me
nescft^dhuc; si sciret enim, succurreret ultro,
nee puto sub miti tam ferrea pectora vultu. 130
signa tamen vultus f allacia ; sub cute moUi
mens f era, sub blanda sunt corda immania f route,
alloquar et faciam nostros intellegat ignes.
si tamen ilia meos vultus averterit, ibunt
in lacrimas oculi, triste in suspiria pectus,
oderit ilia licet semper fugiatque sequentem,
ista tamen, quocumque ferar, me cura sequetur.
ite procul medicae, non sum sanabilis, artes,
ite procul magico qui (quod nee credere dignum est)
^armine pallentes animas revocatis ab Oreo, 140
ite procul vanis precibus qui flectere divos \ 6
^creditis; adversum est et inexorabile caelum,
le rapit impatiens furor et iuvat ire per altos
solivagum monies, per lustra ignota ferarum.'
Talia iactantem verbis conabar amicis
flectere, sed vulnus nihil insanabile curat,
ilium per campos nox intempesta silentes,
ilium exorta dies inter dumcta videbat
insomnem semper, raro silvestria poma
carpentem et potu contentum simplicis undae. ISO
post longos gemitus exhaustaque lumina fletu
assiduo, post lamenta et convulsa frequenti
pectora singultu, moriens fmivit amores.
exanimiun corpus tumuli sine honore relictum
nocturnae absumpsere ferae volucresque diumae.
Fau. Heu funesta lues, fatalis machina passim
V
ECLOGA III. ti6-i94 77
corda venenatis penetrans hiunana sagittis,
aequiperans hominem pecudi. quae pocula Circe,
quae peiora umquam potuit dare philtra Calypso?
quae Styx, quisPhlegethongravior? quaemaior Erinys? 160
o stulti, quicumque deum dixistis Amorem.
num natura nocens deus est? ubicumque locorum
sit deus, est homini clemens, innoxius, aequus.
For. Heu miserande puer tenera sublate iuventa,
quae tibi nascenti luxerunt sidera? quae tam
noxia pars caeli est, ut te nil tale merentem
laeserit et primis infortunarit ab annis?
nee tamen omnino caelum tibi def uit ; omne
carmen et argutis quidquid modulamur avenis
doctus eras, nisi te mors immatura tulisset, 170
dignus eras hederis, dignus Parnaside lauro;
nee melius cecinit pugnas ac tristia bella,
hordea et agronmi cultus et pascua noster
Tityrus a magno tantum dilectus Alexi.
namque tui praecox animi sollertia nobis
cognita iam pridem magnam producere frugem
coeperat, et specimen tuleras virtutis et artis
/non vulgare tuae ; poteras iam gloria dici
j ruris et aetatis decv- indelebile nostrae.
I te Padus et noster lugubri Mincius ore 180
ciun Nymphis flevere suis, ut Thracius Hebrus
/Orphea; te tristes ovium flevere magistri,
ut Daphnim luxisse ferunt ; te pascua et agri
undique; et audita est totis querimonia campis.
^argite, pastores, tumulimi redolentibus herbis
atque sacerdoliBn cantusaxr tura quotannis
ducite, et aetemam requiem cantate poetae.
"^ Fau. Tu tamen arva tenes patriae melioris et altmn
incolis Elysium; nos hie te flemus, Am5mta.
For. Flendum hodie nobis fuerat ; nam tristia nocte 190
nescio quae maestis cernebam insomnia formis.
sed iam Vesper adest et sol se in nube recondens,
dmn cadit, agricolis vicinos nuntiat imbres;
cogere et ad caulas pecudes convertere tempus.
n ii iinmiui i ii i i ii .Pin ii i ii iii i i i ii i i i Ji i i miwiummp i m » ' [\mmmfm^' ^''fvmmmmilk
78 BAPTISTAB MANTUANI
ECLOGA IV, ALPHUS,
DE NATURA MULIERUM.
ALPHUS. lANNUS.
A, lanne, caper (video) macer est tuus. esse solebat
acer ct elatis in caelum comibus ire ;
nunc deiectus humi flaccis piger auribus herbam
olfacit et summis attingit gramina labris.
/. Languet, et ex isto languore facetia surgit
quae, quotiens memini, risum ciet. edita nondum est ;
edita cum fuerit, totus mirabitur orbis.
A. lanne, soles narrare sales lepidissime et ore
suaviloquo ; die ergo tuus cur langueat hircus.
/. Res non ficta (Deus testis) sed facta recenter. 10
at dulce id f acinus non est narrabile gratis ;
quid pretii sperare licet? quae dona reporto?
A. lanne, ubi congessit nidos philomena docebo.
/. Qui leviter spondet promisso eludit inani.
A. Qui non credit, inops fidei. sed pignore tutum
te f aciam ; duo tela mea deprome pharetra.
/. Incipiam. Nymphae Parnasides, ora movete
et memorate mei dira infortunia capri,
ac philomenaeos Alpho concedite nidos.
Conductus mercede puer praefectus ovili 20
assidue pascebat oves, caprum atque capellas.
servitiiun nobis pueri fuit utile, donee
virgine conspecta quae turn hue veniebat aquatum
tabuit. ex illo vecors iam tempore factus
frigidius curare grcgem, contemnere caulas
coepit et exhausto subvertere cuncta cerebro.
cum sopitus erat, poterat vigil esse videri,
nugabatur enim ; quando vigilabat, inerti
corporis officio volvebat somnia mente.
hune ergo in saltu ludens per cornua caprum 30
viminibus validis inter dumeta ligarat
(quarta dies hodie) tentans an vincula possit
vinccre cervice ac praedurae robore frontis,
ECLOGA IV, 1-74 79
quac^itum interea nidos nemus omne pererrat.
corda subit virgo, dilecta recogitat ora,
ora, sinus et quae f ari pudor ; omnia volvit.
lux fugit interea; capri redit immemor. alta
nocte recordatus surgit, pavidusque per umbras
dum graditur, ruit in foveam quae fronde saligna
captandis obducta feris et stramine sicco 40
instar erat putei fundo irremeabilis alto.
est caper in vinclis, puer est in carcere, pastor
nuUus eves curat, iam tertia luxerat hora;
miror, oves resero ac numero caprumque requirens
obstupeo ; puerum clamo, magalia lustro.
vera loquar: magicis ne forte liquoribus unctus
extimui ascenso migrasset in aera capro.
namque striges tali fama est ope nocte vagantes
ad quaedam longinqua procul convivia ferri.
attonitus tandem pecudes ad pnscua duco. 50
dumque pedum meditans subeo nemus, ecce per umbras,
ecce procul caper in dumis strepit atque reluctans
cornibus adversis contra sua vincula pugnat.
terruit incautum subito feralis imago
et nil tale ratum ; firmato pectore tandem
nosco animal subiensque rubos seco vincula runca.
sero domum rediens video per pascua longe
turbam exsultantem risu iuveniliter alto.
ut prope constitimus meque agnovere, salutant
et * tuus ecce/ aiunt, ' puer hie, o lanne, luporum 60
erutus e foveis. dum nocte perambulat agros,
incidit in casses.* et sic inventus uterque,
et caper et pastor, caper haec incommoda passus
languet adhuc ; puer imprudens insanior hirco est.
virgo superbivit mox, ut se audivit amari,
et pueri simulans curam ignorare pudorem
fin git, ut ad formam faciat pudor. ora sinumque
ornat et in terram versis incedit ocellis
callida; vulpina rem simplicitate gubemat.
haec studia, hi casses, haec sunt mulieribus arma. 70
ille sua sperans Galatea aliquando potiri
rontempta mercede suos sectatur amores.
propterea plaustro, stiva bobusque relictis
ad pastoris opus redeo ; subiecta f urori
80 BAPTISTAE MANTUANI
ista iuventutis levitas rura omnia vexat.
A. Quod nequit ingenium, casus facit. o stupor, o sow
ingeniosa, o res risu celebranda bimestri!
lanne, fides servanda ; tibi philomena laborat.
sed quod tarn vafro memoras de virginis astu
rettulit in mentem quae psallere saepe solebat
cannina femineis olim de fraudibus Umber.
/. Die Umbri, dic^i qujd habes. meditare parumper
et verba et numeros; tjmbri est memorabile carmen.
A. Est (ut ais) sed non gratis, memorabile carmen,
quas referes grates? et quid mercedis habebo?
/. Accipe: promissis absolvo et spicula reddo.
A. Dirni vado ad ventrem post haec carecta levandum
lanne, meum tu coge pecus, ne vitibus obsit. \
/. O aries, aries, qui tortis cornibus atrum
daemona praesentas, semper vineta subintras. 90
non sapies donee fossa tibi lumina f ronte
eruero. non sunt porreeta in iugera centum
pascua sat, nisi pampineos populeris et agros.
A. lanne, recordatus redeo, sed plurima forsan
nondum nota tibi referam. cognoverat Umber
omnia quae fas est homini perdiscere, caelos,
sidera, tcllurem, vcntos, mare, flumina, fontcs.
viderat et Rhodopcn atque alta Ccraunia et Ossam,
Gallica regna, Ararim, Rhodanum Tiberimque Padumque.
Attica Romanis referebat carmina verbis 100
ore utroque potens et lingua primus utraque.
hunc unum nobis invidit Graecia et ipsi
Arcades et Thracum skltus et Thessala Tempe.
si quid erit quod forte velis tibi notius esse,
Candidus illius semper docomcnta secutus
non procul bine; bacc ille tenet, nos ille docebit
sed iam soptiforem flatu cxperiamur nvcnam.
ante tamcn Nyinphac precor ut Libcthrides adsint,
pracscrtim quae plus mcminlssc Polymnia fcrtur,
' Femincum servile genus, crudcle, superbum, 110
lege, modo, ratione caret, confinia recti
neglegit, extremis gaudet, facit omnia voto
praecipiti, vel lenta iacet vel concita currit;
femina semper hiems atque intractal)ile frigun,
aut Canis ardentes contristat sidere terras.
ECLOGA IV. 75-156 81
temperiem numquam, numquam mediocria curat;
vel te ardenter amat vel te capitaliter odit.
si gravis est, maeret torvo nimis hemica vultu ;
si studeat comis fieri gravitate remissa,
fit levis, erumpit blando lascivia risu 120
et lepor in moUi radiat meretricius ore.
flet, ridet, sapit, insanit, formidat et audet,
vult, non vult, secumque sibi contraria pugnat
mobilis, inconstans, vaga, garrula, vana, bilinguis,
imperiosa, minax, indignabunda, cruenta,
improba, avara, rapax, querula, invida, credula, mendax,
impatiens, onerosa, bibax, temeraria, mordax,
ambitiosa, levis, maga, lena, superstitiosa,
desidiosa, vorax, ganeae studiosa, palatum
docta, salax, petulans et dedita moUitiei, 130
dedita blanditiis, curandae dedita formae.
irae odiique tenax in idonea tempora diflfert
ulciscendi animos infida, ingrata, maligna,
impetuosa, audax, fera, litigiosa, rebellis.
exprobrat, excusat tragica sua crimina voce,
murmurat, accendit rixas, nil foedera pendit,
ridet amicitias, curat sua commoda tantum.
ludit, adulatur, defert, sale mordet amaro,
Rcminat in vulgus nugas, auditaquc lingua
auget et ex humili tumulo producet Olympum. 140
dissimulat, simulat doctissima fingere causas
ordirique dolos fraud ique accomodat ora,
ora omnes facili casus imitantia motu.
non potes insidias evadere, non potes astum
vincere; tantae artes, sollertia tanta nocendi.
et quamquam vidcas oculis pracsentibus, audet
excusarc ncfas. potis est eludcre sensus
scdulitate animi ; nihil est quod credere possls
et niliil est quod non, si vult, t« crodiTC cognt.
His faciont cxcnipla fidcm. quae crimina non lunt ISO
feminca tcmptata manu? dcdit hostibus arccm
dcccpta ornatu bracchi Tarpeia sinistri,
saeviit in natos manibus Medea cruentis,
Tyndaris Aegaeas oneravit navibus undas,
Scylla hostcm scquitur patri furata capillum.
fratrem Byblis amat, subicit se Myrrha parenti,
\
82 BAPTISTAE MANTUANt
concubitus nati longaeva Semiramis ardet.
causa necis vati coniunx fuit Amphiarao,
occidere viros nocturnis Belides armis,
Orphea membratim Cicones secuere poetam. 160
cognita luxuriae petulantia Pasiphaaeae,
Phaedra pudicitiam contra crudclitcr ausa est
decepit ludaea virum Rebecca suamque
progeniem velans hircino guttura tergo,
porrigit Alcidae coniunx fatale vcnenum,
decipit Hippodame patrem. Lavinia Troas
implicat ancipiti bello, Briseis Achillem
depulit e castris, demons Chryseide factus
fulminat Atrides et sentit Apollinis iras.
Eva genus nostrum felicibus expulit arvis. 170
credite, pastores (per rustica numina iuro)
pascua si gregibus vestris innoxia vultis,
si vobis ovium cura est, si denique vobis
grata quies, pax, vita, leves prohibete puellas
pellanturque procul vestris ab ovilibus omnes,
Thestylis et Phyllis, Galatea, Neaera, Lycoris.
dicite, quae tristem mulier descendit ad Orcum
et rediit? potuit, si nqmriale^na fuisset^
Eurydice revehi per quas descenderat umbras;
rapta sequi renuit fessam Proserpina matrem. 180
at pius Aeneas rediit, remeavit et Orpheus,
maximus Alcides et Theseus et duo fratres,
unus equis, alter pugnis bonus atque palaestra,
et noster Deus, unde salus et vita resurgit.
haec sunt, pastores, haec sunt mysteria vobis
advertenda: animi fugiunt obscena viriles,
femineas loca delectant infamia mentes.'
Ut semel in scopulos vento contortus et unda
nauta scit incautis monstrare pericula nautis,
sic senior longo factus prudentior usu 190
praeteritos meminit casus aperitque futuri
temporis eventus vitaeque pericula monstrat.
* Si fugiunt aquilam fulicae, si retia cervi,
si agna lupum, si damma canem, muliebria cur non
blandimenta fugis tantum tibi noxia, pastor?
est in eis pietas crocodili, astutia hyaenae ;
cum flet et appellat te blandius, insidiatur.
m^mmmnrwm
ECLOGA iV. iS7'»sS 83
femineosi pastor, fugito (sunt retia) vultus;
non animis, non virtuti, non viribus ullis
fidito, non clipeo cuius munimine Perseus 200
vidit saxificae colubros impune Medusae.
monstra peremerunt multi, domuere gigantes,
evertere urbcs, legem imposucre marinis
fluctibus, impetui fluviorum et montibus aspris,
sacra coronarunt multos certamina ; sed qui
cuncta subegerunt sunt a muliere subacti.
rex qui pastor erat f unda spolioque leonis
inclutus, et natus qui templa Sionia fecit
primus, et excellens invicto robore Samson
femineum subiere iugum; minus officit ignis, 310
saxa minus, rhomphaea minus, minus hasta, minus mors.
nee formae contenta suae splendore decorem
auget mille modis mulier: frontem ligat auro,
purpurat arte genas et collocat arte capillos,
arte regit gressus et lumina temperat arte.
currit, ut in latebras ludens perducat amantem ;
vult dare, sed cupiens simplex et honesta videri
denegat et pugnat ; sed vult super omnia vinci.
femina Caeciaco (res mira) simillima vento est
qui trahit expellens mendaci nubila flatu. 220
quisquis es (expertus moneo) temptare recusa,
dum licet, hie fragilis quot habet fastidia sexus.
immundum natura animal, sed quaeritur arte
mundities ; id luce opus est, ea somnia nocte.
deglabrat, lavat et pingit, striat, unguit et ornat
tota dolus, tota ars, tota histrio, tota veneniun.
consilio speculi gerit omnia ; labra movere
discit et inspecto vultum componere vitro,
discit blandiri, discit ridere, iocari,
incedens umeros discit vibrare natesque. 230
quid srbi vult nudum pectus? quid aperta supeme
rimula quae bifidam deducit in ubera vallem?
nempe nihil, nisi quo virus penetrabile sensmn
plus premat et Stygiae rapiant praecordia flammae.
hi iuvenum scopuli, Syrtes, Scyllae atque Charybdes;
hae immundae Phinei volucres quae ventre soluto
proluvie foeda thalamos, cenacula, mensas,
compita, templa, vias, agros, mare, flumina, montes
84 BAPTISTAE MANTUANl
incestare solent; hae sunt Phorcynides ore
monstrifico extremis Libyae quae in finibus olim 240
aspectu mutare homines in saxa solebant.'
Carmina doctiloqui cursim recitavimus Umbri.
quae si visa tibi nimiiun prolixa, memento
ipsius id rei vitium, non carminis esse,
non longum est carmen, mulierum amentia longa est.
/. O memorande senex, quo se vetus Umbria tantum
iactat et ipse tuae Tibcris conterminus urbi,
Martia non ab re tantum te Roma vocabat.
ipsa tuas artos et non trivialia norat 7)
carmina. te vita functum llevcre Latinac \ N 350
Naiades et Graiae. tua mollitcr ossa quiescant \
semper et in summo mens aurea vivat Olympo. | /^
ECLOGA IV, Mj^—y. 33 8S
ECLOGA V, CANDIDUS,
DE CONSUETUDINE DIVITUM ERGA POETAS.
SILVANUS. CANDIDUd.
iS. Candide, nobiscum pecudes aliquando solebaa /
f ascere et his gelidis calamos inflare sub umbrit il
et miscere sales simul et certare palaestra ;
nunc autem quasi pastores et rura perosus
pascua sopito fugis et trahis otia cantu.
C Vos quibus est res ampla domi, quibus ubera vaccae
plena ferunt, quibus alba greges mulctraria complent,
cymbia lacte nivent et pinguia prandia fumant,
carmina laudatis ; si quid concinnius exit,
plauditis ac laeti placidas extenditis aures. 10
pro numeric vanas laudes et inania verba
redditis; interea pastor sitit, esurit, alget.
S. !S"onne potes curare greges et dicere versus,
cum vacat, et positis vitam traducere curis?
C. Omnem operam gregibus pastorem impendere oportet,
ire, redire, lupos arcere, mapalia saepe
cingere, mercari paleas et pabula, victum
quaerere ; nil superest oti. laudabile carmen
onmem operam totumque caput, Silvane, requirit.
grande utrumque opus est et nostris viribus impar. 20
cum cecini, sitio ; sitienti pocula nemo
porrigit. irrident alii : ' tibi paenula,* dicunt,
* Candide, trita, genu nudiun, riget hispida barba,*
iam silvae implumes et hiems in montibus albet :|
irascor, doleo, indignor. fert^Qinia victuSj_^ >(/ .
lanitium fetusque mares f fion vendimus agnas,
sed, quia lac pascunt, premitur nihil ; ubera siccant.
paenitet ingenii, si quid mihi, paenitet artis,
paenitet et vitae, postquam mihi nulla secundant
ex tot sideribus quot sunt in nocte serena. 30
hactenus (ut nosti) gratis cantavimus; aetas
indiga paucorum merces fuit ; altera longe
condicio senii quod nunc subit : omnium egenos
86 BAPTISTAE MANTUANi
reddit et exstinctis lucri spem viribus aufert.
mox erit utendum partis, modo quaerere tempus.
en formica, brevis sed provida bestia, condit
in brumam nova f arra cavis aestate latebris,
neve renascantur fruges secat ore sepultas.
iS. Scire genethliacos fatalia sidera dicunt.
hi sub Mercurio vates et sub love reges 40
magnatesque locant; istis dat luppiter aurum
atque magistratus, dat Maiae filius illis
ingenium, linguam, citharas et rarminis artem.
haec tua sors ; quid quaeris opes ? Deus omnia in omnes
dividit, ut melius nobis vidct esse futurum.
sorte tua contentus al)i, sine cetera nobis.
C. Sunt tibi divitiae, mihi carmina ; quid petis ergo
carmen et invadis partes, Silvane, alienas?
S. Non tibi surripio carmen nee Apollinis arma,
sed dare dulcisonis aures concentibus opto. 50
C, Si gaudere meis igitur concentibus optas,
DOS gaudere tuis opibus, Silvane, decorum est. /
S. lUe meis opibus gaudet qui diligit j odit
invidus atque animo bona fert aliena molesto.
C. Sic quoque tu nostris absens gaudere Camenis
sat potes ; haec artis sat sint tibi gaudia nostrae.
carm ilia sunt auris conv ivia, cas eus oris;
hoc amor, hoc pietas, hoc vult Deus ; om nia noijjat
omnj bus^ ut nemo sibi sit satis indigeatque
alteTope alterius, quae res coniungit in unum
cmne genus, Gallos, Mauros, Italos et Iberos.
sidera iungamus: facito mihi luppiter adsit,
et tibi Mercurius noster dabit omnia faxo,
pilleoliun, virgam, citharas, nodum Herculis, alas.
S. Vana supervacuis inculcas plurima verbis.
C Vana inquis quae damna tuis inferre videntur
divitiis. si vis nostras audire Camenas,
erue sopitam de soUicitudine mentem ;
vult hilares animos tranquillaque pectora carmen. 70
torpeo, ut esuriem patiens et frigora milvus,
iamdudum squarrosa cutis, situs occupat ora,
nee pecus in stabulis, nee in agro farra, nee aurum
in loculis; et vis positis me vivere curis?
pippiwiiiiiiWiPiii i i iHn ii l i i jiij ii niw i m i i iii iii 1 i im ii uHi i . nm i imun iJi i w »>|WPPl.^<— ^ ;
atque polenta coquit. prius intolerabilis aestas <^^- . ^ < , ^
nunc laudatur, hiems aestu laudata molesto i t '^^* -
displicet; optatum damnat praesentia frigus. ]
F, Omne bonum praesens minus est ; sperata videntur
magna, velut mains reddit distantia lumen.
C. Delicias habet omne suas et gaudia tempus. 10 j
aspice ut impexi tritaque in veste ligati K^ ct^^^'- r'
caede suum pueri exsultant. inflatur in utreiii 6<^*'^^2:^«^/ ^^7*^/-.
immissis vesica labis ; sonat et micat acta '^^ ^^.>u^/^(^c : lji
nunc pede, nunc cubito, stricto nunc obvia pugno. If /*-^ 1 ' -^
si cadit, attollunt; cursu labor atque recursu *' >* • °
brumam abigit ; glaciale gelu pila rustica vincit.
nos tamen hie melius tepido sub stramine foti
transigimus tempus, dum lac coit igne recoctum.
F. Pauperiem declarat hiems. improvida certe ^^
^'
turba sumus iuvenes ; securi aestate vagamur
immemores hiemis, nostrum aes tibicinis omne est; o.*'^"""' "^^^^
ut redit e Scythia Boreas nidosque volucrum (^-^ ^^\^\rf.
frondibus ostendit nudata cadentibus arbor, ^u, t^^^f '^^ ; ^
f rigemus nudi scapulas, dorsum, ilia, plantas. |^ ^^.o^. (j^a "'
stultitiam declarat hiems. sapientius urbes ^a u^^*^'
congeriem nummum accumulant et ad ilia vulpes. t, Q..yi,\x.ci4^.
?t melotasque trahunt maculosaque tergora lyncis. V
I C. Desipiunt omnes nee nos in crimine soli,
immo ipsos vexat gravior dementia cives,
verum illis mater nobis Fortuna noverca 30
nos premit. infelix sors est dementia, fac sim .^^t^x.-«. - '^ '"
fortunatus, ero locuples, ero primus in urbe, , , ^ r^^^ ^
audiar, assurgent omnes, me vertice nudo y^Tj l^c-/
%,
ECLOCA VI. 1-74 91
vulgus adorabit, me plebs, me consulet omnis /
turba, magistratus etiam populusque patresque. m^^^
F. O Comix, Cornix, non est Fortuna sed ipse ^ ^^
quo sapiunt homines animus. Fortuna potentem " ' v^
non f acit, immo Deus ; causam recitabat Amyntas.
-r/f ^ ^' ^^* Fortuna Deus. sed quid recitarit Amyntas
\^ i1^ jjic^ precor ; in causis erat ingeniosus et acer. 40
ante tamen paulimi pecus et praesepia vise,
vade, redi ; calor est post f rigora dulcior ; ito.
F. Attingit nix alta genu, vix tecta resistunt ^ ^^ -rr^
tanto oneri; sublimis apex in vertice furni
pyramidem fecit metaque assurgit acuta. .
C. Da pecori cordum stipulisque foramina claude,
si paries hiat, et rediens laetamine muni
limina; nulla gregi gravior quam f rigora pestis. ^
iamne ades? oh quaenam haec solito properantia maior?
F. Sollicitum me reddit hiems; in frigore et igni 50
maxima strenuitas ; f aeno recubare calenti
abscondique cavo accubitu post f rigora dulce est. ,
C. Incipe, et enarra discrimina ruris et urbis. ^^ |^ " '
F. Hoc igitur tantum ruris discrimen et urbis ^ ^"^ " "
taliter exortmn noster recitabat Amyntas.
Principio rerum primaque ab origine mimdi
cum muliere marem sociali foedere iungens \
caeli Opifex (sic namque Deum appellabat Amyntas;
nomen adhuc teneo) natos producere iussit
atque modum docuit fieri quo pignora possent. .^ 60
accinxere operi, mandata fideliter implent ; . u,^y^.Z^
sicque utinam de pomi esu servata fuissent. jl^^ a ^\
femina fit mater, puerum parit atque puellam,
atque puerperio simili fecunda quotannis
auxit in immensum generis primordia nostri. j
post tria lustra Deus rediit. dum pignora pectit I
femina prospiciens venientem a limine vidit.
Adam aberat, securus oves pascebat ; adulter *^'
nuUus adhuc suspectus erat; sed multiplicatis
conubiis fraudata fides, sine cornibus hirci 70
facti, et zelotypo coniunx suspecta marito.
nam quae quisque f acit fieri sibi f urta veretur.
erubuit mater nimiaeque libidinis ingens
indicium rata tot natos abscondere quosdam
-4j W
92
BAPTISTAE MANTUANI
accelerat ; f aeno sepelit paleisque recondit.
iamque lares Deus ingressus salvere penates
iussit et ' hue/ dixit, ' mulier, tua pignora prof er.*
femina maiores natu procedere mandat.
his Deus arrisit, velut arridere solemus
exiguis avium pullis parvisve catellis.
et primo laetatus ait, ' cape regia sceptra ;
rex eris.' at ferrum et belli dedit arma secundo
et * dux,' inquit, ' eris.* fasces populique secures
protulit et vites et pila insignia Romae.
iamque magistratus celebres partitus in omnem "^'"^^
progeniem humanos tacitus volvebat honores.
interea mater rebus gavisa secundis
evolat ad caulas et quos absconderat ultro
protulit * haec,' dicens, ' nostri quoque pignora ventris;
hos aliquo, Pater omnipotens, dignabere dono.' 90
seU)sum albebat paleis caput, haeserat armis
stramen et antiquis quae pendet aranea tectis.
>n arrisit eis, sed tristi turbidus ore ^. -^j^ I'^j^
80 ;
vos^raenum; terram et stipulas,' Deus inquit,
vester erit stimulus, vester ligo, pastina vestra;
vester erit vomer, iuga vestra, agrestia vestra
omnia; aratores eritis pecorumque magistri,
faenisecae, solifossores, nautae atque bubulci.
sed tamen ex vobis quosdam donabimus urbe
qui sint fartores, lanii, lixae artocopique
et genus hoc alii soliti sqrdescere. semper
sudate et toto servite prioribus aevo.'
taliter Omnipotens fatus repetivit Olympum.
Sic facttun est servile genus, sic ruris et urbis
inductimi discrimen ait Mantous Amyntas.
C Mirabar si quid recti dixisset Amyntas.
civis erat ; semper nobis urbana inventus
100
,+• , /L/L-'X
cui nihil est praeter stulta haec commenta negoti
ludit ; in agrestes semper iaculantur, et urbis
talia garrulitas et vaniloquentia fingit.
at neque de Superis pudet has componere nugas.
iste iocus manifesta gerit convicia secum,
sed tu tam rudis es, tarn pleno inflatus omaso,
ut neque perpendas isto te scgmmate caipTT
nos quoque paulisper mentem extendamus ad urbis
r
\Jx
no
iU^
, PIC
ECLOGA IL 75156 ^^ ^*^ 93 .J
stultitiam, nc forte putes sapientius illos ^'^^ i-.
vivere qui splendent auro, qui murice fulgent.
His oculis vidi tunicis plerosque superbis
vestiri atque foro regali incedere gressu
quos secreta fames premit atque domestica egestas. 120
stultius his certe nihil est; opulentia ficta, r r^- "^^'^
paupertas et segnities et inertia vitae
vera, quid est aliud quam desipientia vera?
vidi etiam patres (o rem indignam atque nefandam)
dum segnes dormire volunt et vivere laute,
prostituisse suas vulgo cum coniuge natas;
quid peius? quid perfidius? quid stultius lunquam?
F. Quid si vitam alio nequeunt traducere pacto?
C. Cum totidem quot nos habeant animasque manusque,
die cur vitam alio nequeant traducere pacto. 130
Est etiam cuius vecors industria vanas
quaerat opes, ubi nulTus opes invenit ab aevo :
aes lavat herbarum sucis et vertere in aurum
aestimat ac nigra semper fuligine pallet,
est qui, dum tellure latens desiderat aurum,
dat magicis operam studiis et tempora perdit ;
quid levius? quid futilius? quid inanius umquam?
omnia, ne veniant ad opus telluris et agri, ^ ^ .
omnia pertemptant; ut agant nihil, omnia versant. ^- < k^-^' ^
semper agunt, numquam peragunt. ex faenore victum 140
infamem extorquent; vi, fraude dolisque laborant.
mille viis opibus, mille insidiantur honori.
nos capras et oves armentaque pascimus, illi
accipitres, catulos et equos et cercopithecos.
^rusticus est ovium pastor, volucrumque canumque
/ civis ; utrum melius, te iudice, nobiliusque,
L^o Fulica, utilitas unde et opulentia maior?
F. Si venit ex nostris operis opulentia maior,
civibus unde igitur tantarum copia rerum?
C. Ex vi, fraude, dolis ; vi, frautie dolisque laborant. 150
nonne vides, insane, ut nos crudeliter urgent,
quo capiunt astu? nos irretire loquendo
sacrum oflferre "putant et opus sublime piumque.
hue aures oculosque adigunt, hue ora manusque.
F, Unde urbanarum tibi tanta perhia rerum?
C. Haec didici quondam ductis in moenia capril,
94 BAPTISTAE MANTUANI
cum lac vociferans ibam venale per urbem.
mansi apud artocopum. sapiens et ad omnia promptus
furta erat et crudum ferro subradere panem.
ipse, ut erat mores urbis doctissimus, ista 160
tradidit affirmaus nihil esse nocentius urbe ;
se quoque furari didicisse aiebat ab urbe.
Sunt etiam qui parta ab avis patrimonia fundunt ^ -^t^^.
in meretricuin usus; quid foedius improbiusque ? ^ jj,^
die, ubi moechandi ars, homicidia, seditiones? ^-^^ ^^-^^-^^^^^
nonne inter cives atque intra moenia regnant? ^/v^ ptfUA--^^-^
quid reges qui regna hominum per vulnera quaenint r.-^ ^, /
Durus et imrnitis pater atque superba noverca r
Pollucem graviore iugo pressere iuventae 60
tempore cum dulces animos nova suggcrit aetas ;
et cum iam invalidae longo sub pondere vires
deficerent nuUaque odium mansuesceret arte,
constituit temptare fugam. res una volentem
ire diu tenuit : nimis impatienter amabat ;
error enim communis amor iuvenilibus annis.
res est f ortis amor, violentia fortior ; ivit.
et tales abiens (mihi namque solebat amores
enarrare suos) maesto dedit or? querellas:
' O virgo, lacrimaene tuis solventur ocelUs 70
cum te tam caro cernes ab amante relictam ?
ullane discessu duces suspiria nostro?
tune mei crudelis eris forte immemor imiquam? . ,
usqueadeone tuum poterit frigescere pectus,
""■"PMiM
WW i lPW
ECLOGA Vn, 34rti5 99
pectus quod totiens quod lumina fletibus implet?
tune trahes crebros gemitus et pallida fies?
cerno oculos, cerno lacrimas, cerno anxia corda
virginis. heu tantum qua dissimulare dolorem
fas erit arte? dolor duplex mca pectora torquet,
illius atque mcus. scd fas mihi Acre, quod illi 80
non licet ; occultus longe magis aestuat ignis.
incolumem mihi vos, divi, scrvabitis illam,
ut, quando exsilio rcpctam mca rura peracto,
fiat amor felix saltem scmel ante scnectam.'
Talia pergebat momorans, voluitque rcverti
(tantus amor iuvenem, vis tanta furoris agebat)
sed iam iacta fuga cunctis erat alea nota.
.ijronde sub Herculea fessus maerore sedebat ;
ecce puellari virgo stipata corona
ora, manus, oculos habitumque simillima Njrmphae, 90
et tali aflfata est puerum sermone dolentem :
^,,^Care puer, quo tendis iter ? vestigia verte.
nescIsTlreTmesGis-quo^ te via ducat et audes
ignotis errare locis nihil insidiarum
per campos ratus herbosos, nihil esse pericli.
omnia tuta putas et quod placet utile credis
more iuventutis stolidae. coUectus in orbem
saepe latet molli coluber sub graminis umbra;
est facile incautos offendere. parvulus infans
innocuos rutilum digitos extendit in ignem 100
nee nisi iam laesus vires intellegit ignis,
haec regio intrantes aditu consuevit amoeno
fallere, delicias oflfert et gaudia ; verum
ingressis, cum triste nihil superesse putatur,
mille parat laqueos et mille pericula profert.
trames hie, ut collem gressu superaveris ilium,
ducit in umbrosam silvam, crudele ferarum
hospitium, loca taetra situ et caligine opaca.
quisquis eo deceptus abit remeare vetatur,
et piceis primum velatur lumina vittis, 110
deinde per omne nemus, dumeta per aspera tractns
transit in effigiem monstri. dum volvere linguam
atque loqui temptat, mugit; dum attollere sese
credit, humi graditur quadrupes neque suspicit astra.
ima tenebrosae vallis lacus aequore nigro
100 BAPTIST AE MANTUANl
occupat et nigris mons plurimus imminet undis.
hue tracti in Stygios latices altiunque barathrum
praecipites dantur rapidaque voragine mersi
in Styga et aetemas Eiehi rapiuntur in umbras.
heu quot pastores istis ambagibus acti 120
cum gregibus periere suis ! ego sedula semper
monstro iter ; hie ad opem vigilo iudef essa f erendam.
tolle moras igitur, mortis fuge blanda propinquae
atria ; secreti tutam pete littoris oram
qua contra Idalios fluctus mihi tollit in alttun • ^
aera Carmelus viridi caput arbore cinctum.
primus hie antiquis patribus spelaea domosque
praebuit arboreas intra nemus ilice densum.
ex hoc in vestros deducta cacumine montes
religio venit, sicut de fonte perenni 130
flumini, et ex uno multi genitore nepotes.
illius in silvis abies ubi plurima surgit,
pinguis ubi piceae sudat liber et terebinthi,
innocuimi postquam feliciter egeris aevum,
mox tua mutatis aetas '•enovabitur annis.
in loca te tollam melio a virentia semper ;
immortalis eris divmn comes, ire per astra
inter Hamadryades et Oreadas atque Napaeas
flore coronatas caput et redolentibus herbis
fas erit ac super et subter cognoscere caelos.* 140
Sic effata leves virgo discessit in auras,
tum sua iuravit Pollux mutata repente
pectora et extemplo victum exspirasse furorem
non aliter quam flamma cadet, si ardentibus agris
effluat et totas praeceps Padus evomat undas.
sic abiit crudelis Amor qui saepe pharetram
in iuvenem, dum principiis obstaret amandi,
dum tepet ac timide insanit, consumpserat omnem.
sic igitur Pollux in claustra silentia venit.
A. Sunt quibus aspirent etiam nolentibus ultro, ISO
sunt quibus infensi sine causa et crimine di sint.
G. Quod nos in pecudes, in nos id iuris habent di ;
hoc rus scire sat est, sapiant sublimius urbes.
sic docuit rediens aliquando ex urbe sacerdos
lannus et in magno dixit sibi codice lectum.
A. Sol cadit et Baldi vix summa cacumina tangit;
ECLOGA VU. iid-idi 101
no8 quoque iam sero cum sole recedere tempus.
Galbula, sarcinulas ne sit tibi f erre molestum,
pera levis, levis est et cantharus ; omnia parvus
ferre labor sero, grave mane sed utile pondus. 160
ipse pecus ducam, mihi pars erit ista laboris.
102 BAPTIST AE MANTUANl
ECLOGA VIII, RELIGIO,
DE RUSTICORUM RELIGIONE,
CANDIDUS. ALPHUS.
C, Horrida solstitio tellus sitit, Alphe, reverso *, , <3. /
ad solitos montes, ubi ros in gramine et aestas ^
mitioiv-liaec armentaTmonet-deduGere'tempus.
A. Aerios montes et summa cacumina longe
prospicio; quid sint montes (tibi vera fatebor)
nescio, semper enim campestria rura lacusque
incolui. montanus ager qua fruge redundat?
C. O rude et illepidum ingenium. prope flumina semper
versatus fulicae in morem limosa per arva,
sunt ubi ranarum, culicum, pulicum cimicumque 10
lustra, inter salices, ulvas viridesque papyros,
irridere audes et nauci pendere montes.
unde fluunt amnes? templis ubi tanta locandis
marmora caeduntur? fulgens ubi nascitur aurum?
quae parit antemnas tellus? medicamen ab herbis,
die, quibus est nisi montanis? de vertice Baldi
saepe melampodion legi ; medicina capellis
nulla magis praesens. quondam Valsasinus Aegon
tradidit hoc, dum vere sues castraret et agnos; ,
tradidit et dixit, ' solus medicamen habeto.' 20
die, ubi castaneae plures? ubi copia maior
glandis? in excelsis fontes et pascua vidi
montibus, artocreas et pingue polenta comedi.
sunt populi fortes illic. robusta inventus
lata pedes, callosa luneros, nervosa lacertos,
hispida, dura manus, moli indefessa ferendae v
vallibus ex illis, onera ut navalia curet, \
confluit hue. nulliun est hominum genus aptius urbi;
sive velis castrare pecus, seu scindere f agos,
sive fimum ferri e stabulis, haurire cloacas / 30
latrinasque curare viamque aperire coactis J^
sordibus et scalis puteos descendere in altos;
ingenio callent et duro robore pollent.
. lUJJiuJii i JiiiB PiliB^
ECLOGA VIIL t-74 103
sed quid opus multis? subeunt opus omne : popinis
inservire, focos lignis cumulare veruque
artifici versare manu, dare libera fumo
spiramenta, bourn ventres ad flumina fene,
verrere humiun immundam scopis doctissima gens est;
quodque magis miror, semper sub pondere cummt.
cotibus in duris oriuntur et ardua vivunt 40
per iuga ; cum capreis habitant spelaea f eranun.
adde quod in caelum brevis est e montibus altis
transitus ; erectum caput usque ad nubila toUunt.
nubila transcendunt aliqui, puto sidera tangant.
esse locum memorant, ubi surgit ab aequore Titan,
qui (nisi dedidici) contingit vertice lunam,
et vixisse illic hominem, sed postea abactum
improbitate gulae, quod scilicet omnia poma
manderet et magno servaret nulla Tonanti.
hinc divi sanctique patres in montibus altis 50
delegare domos tacitas ; Carthusia testis,
Carmelus, Garganus, Athos, Laureta, Lavema
et Sina et Soractis apex Umbrosaque Vallis
et iuga Nursini fato senis incluta et altis
abietibus turrita caput Camaldula sanctum.
cetera praetereo, nee enim sermonibus istis
omnia complecti statuo. montana frequentant
culmina caelicolae, sed anas et mergus et anser,
ibis, onocrotalus, milvi fulicaeque paludes.
A. Inter montanae tantos regionis honores 60
cur de messe nihil, nihil est de palmite dictum?
haec tamen humanae duo sustentacula vitae
maxima, monticolae veniunt e rupibus ad nos
hordea mercatum torvi, fuligine tincti,
saetosi, macie afTecti, laceri ac situosi ;
indigenae ostendunt quae sit natura loconun.
sed quod montanis de religionibus inquis
rettulit in mentem quae de Polluce feruntur.
quae dea, si nosti, visa est, quae, Candide, Nympha?
die, age, nam coeptum certamen inutile nobis ; 70
utilior sermo de religione tenendus.
C. Galbula qui solitus pecudes in pascua tecum
ducere te satis hoc potuit docuisse quod optas.
A. Plura quidem Polluce super narrata, sed ipsam
• 104 BAPTISTAE MANTUANl
nec docuit Nympham nee me quaesisse recordor.
nunc subiit mentem, cum religionis oborta est
mentio, et illanim visa est mihi maxima laudum.
C. Non erat ilia Dryas neque Libethris nec Oreas ;
venerat e caelo Superum Regina, Tonantis ^
Mater, anhelanti pacem latura iuventae. '%S^ ^
huic Tethys, huic alma Ceres famulantur, et ipse »
Aeolus aequoreis ventos qui frenat in antris.
banc Deus astrorum flammas super atque volantes
Solis equos, supra fulgentem Cassiopeiam
extulit et sacram bis seno sidere frontem
cinxit et^diecit subter vestigia lunam.
A. Candide, mira canis nullis pastoribus umquam
cognita. quid Tethys? quid fulgens Cassiopeia?
Aeolus aequoreis ventos quis frenat in antris?
qui sunt Solis equi? magna atque ignota recenses. 90
C. Sidera sunt partim, partim sunt numina prisca.
omnia quae Pollux mihi cum narrasset, in aedem
duxit et ' ista sacer paries,' ait, * omnia monstrat.'
pictus erat paries signis et imagine multa.
omnia non memini (mens est mihi debilis) ista
vix tenui dum saepe animo volvo atque revolvo;
saepe recordari medicamine fortius omni.
ista potest nigro depellere nubila caelo,
ista potest siccis fluvios dare frugibus imbres.
cum vokt, ista novos duris emittere campis, 100
.ciun volet, emissos poterit restringere fontes.
qui modo sunt steriles et nudi gramine campi,
si volet, in pingues poterit convertere glaebas.
frigida Saturni cum sidera suscipit atro
Scorpius hospitio, non auferet hordea grando
nec domus ardebit (nam tunc haec omnia caelum
dicitur iratis in terram effundere ab astris)
si volet, haec nobis custodiet omnia virgo.
si favet haec nobis, complebunt horrea messes,
adicietque gregi semper fetura gemellos. \J 110
.si pecus infelix erit et sine vellere, solo
ipsa potest nutu dare lac, dare vellera et agnos
et curare greges omnemque avertere morbum. "^
nil opus est modo Pana sequi neque cetera ruris
numina quae veteres frustra coluisse feruntur. ^
ECLOGA VJII. 75-IS6 105
rvidi ego circum aram Nymphae pendere capellas,
plaustra, boves et oves. hie lanni vidimus hircum
et memini inscriptam versu hoc legisse tabellam :
VOTUM PRO SALVO IaNNUS BREVE REDDIDIT HIRCO.
Dumque ea perlegerem, Pollux haec carmina supplex 120
ante aram genibus positis in marmore dixit :
' O Dea, quae servas urbes et rura, precamur
ne Padus exundet nee strix noeturna per mnbras
hauriat infantes nee eant per eompita larvae.
Diva, f ave agricolis ; talpas occide malignam
aggeribus pestem; gelidis sata laeta pruinis,
quando bruma venit, conspergere, Diva, memento,
pe tineae erodent anno frumenta sequent!.
/ a Boreae flatu pingues defende mariscas,
a gruis ore fabas et ab ansere farra palustri, 130
a serpente boves, a vulpe et fure cohortem,
a brucho erucas, a bruma et grandine vites,
a vi et fraude lupi pecus, a robigine fruges,
a rabie catulos, a flamma et fulmine villas,
a murum insidiis petasonem, a milite pernas, ^^
a campe et pigris — pigris * (heu cetera neseit \
mens oblita sequi. numerus me in verba reduxit )
saepius ; ad numerum rediens oblivia forsan
mente abigam. retrogradior numerumque recurro)
* a murum insidiis petasonem, a milite pemas, 140
a campe et pigris virides limacibus hortos *
(Alphe, viden quae vis numeri? iam cetera eemo)
* a tonitru reboante cados, a frigore f etas,
a gravibus vitulos oestris, a gutture porcos
anginoso, operas pubes ne rustica perdat.
adsis, o Dea, nee laedant examina fuci
neu milium furentur aves neu veil era sentes
sucida neu lappas apprendat lana sequentes.
Diva gubernatrix hominum, custodia vatum.
Diva laborantum requies, medicina dolentum 150
et tutela gregum, nostris, precor, annue votis.*
Talibus orabat Pollux; ego postibus haerens
in baculum pede porrecto recitata notabam
altius ae memori condebam singula mente.
A. Candide, Polluci pro sollicitudine tanta,
pro precis officio, pro religione putasne
106 BAPT/STAE AtANTUANl
dandum aliquid nobis? pietate peculia crescunt.
C. Quid ni aliquid dandum est ? opus est persolvere crates.
A ._Rusticus^.£s,J-Cfates ' etenim pro * gratibus * inquis.
C. ^^afes^t 'grates' parvo discrimine distant. 160 ^
dandum aliquid; neu bis detur, sine Pascha reverti, ^tjjh^
quando sacerdotes commissa piacula solvunt^ €i~^A^-^^
A, Quid dabimus? vituli gravis est iactura. vel agnum
vel leporem? pietas etiam laudabilis anser.
C. Dona docet tempus. lepores brumalia dona»
quando nive hiberna currendi erepta facultas;
anser ad autumni finem nonasque Kalendas
pertinet; aestatis coryli, nova ponia, racemi,
munera; lactentes haedi sunt veris et agni.
tunc si de cordis aliquem conspexeris aegrum 170
ac tenuem qui nee vendi nee vivere possit
(munus erit sollemnc satis) donal)imus agnum.
Ipse niihi, cum iam regrcdi post pranclia vellem,
cannina de Nymphae S()llemnil)us eruta fastis
tradidit et dixit, ' si quando gravabere curis,
haec cane ; pro mentis medicamine carmen habeto :
*' Quando Molorchaeo 'i'itan descendit ab astro
pronus et Astraeae iam limina virginis intrat,
Virgine laetetur pubes et cana senectus ; ^
transiit ad Superos et Olympica regna petivit. 180
Ogdoas ut toto iam tertia fluxerit orbe,
festa dies iterum ; natalia Virginis aras
ignibus illustrant, olTert nova liba sacerdos.
Libra redit noctes properans aequare diebus,
exsultat Picenus ager, vehit Hadria puppes
Illyricas et Chaonias, cum mercibus adsunt
Tusci, Umbri, Veneti, Siculi ; Lauretica templa
cum donis turmatim adeunt votisque solutis
in sublime iugum laeti ad commercia tendunt.
Et cum Thcssalicas cursu breviore sagittas 190
sol subit et frigcnt urentibus arva pruinis,
clausa gynaecei sacris penetralibus hausit
corde Deum toto proprios oblita parentes.
Et cum scmiferi fugicns Chironis ab arcu
languet ad hiberni glacialia limina Capri,
induat ornatas et mas et fcmina vcstcs
laetilia(iue diem celebrent ijuo semine sacro
ECLOGA VIIL ts7'a*4 107
coniugis annosus gravidam pater imbuit alvuro.
ilia dieH etenim sanctae primordia Nymphae
fecit et in nostras vetuit descendere sordes. 200
Cum volat imbrifera lampas Phoebea sub urna
ad vemos reditura dies, iam proxima veri,
ite, nurus omnes, sacros altaribus ignes,
tura focis, faculas manibus date, ducite pompam;
attulit in templum nova dona puerpera virgo.
Quando gregis Princeps aurato vellere fulgens
incipiet Zephyris aperire tepentibus annum
et dare maiores luci quam noctibus boras, •
aliger occultam redeat Paranympbus in aedem
et nova miranti referat mandata puellae. 310
festa dies Tuscis populos do coUibus omnes
cogit et Arnicolas vocat ad Florentia templa.
tum quocjue sed tenui virgo prius intervallo
nupsit, et baec tcneris lux est celebranda puellis.
Quando sub extrema Cancri tcstudine Phoebus
volvitur et revehit vicina Canioula niorbos,
ture piam celebrate diem ; redit hospita mater
in proprios a matre lares, altaria circum
primitias Cereris geminae suspendite matri." *
Ista dedit Pollux vigilans quae in montibus dim 320
fecerat ad pecudum caulas, dum nocte serena
militiam caeli sparsosque examinat ignes.
his quoque plura dedit ; sed carmina plura referri
non sinit extremum deponens vespera solem.
mmmmm
108 BAPTISTAE MANTUANl
ECLOGA IX, FALCO,
DE MORIBUS CURIAE ROMANAE, POST RELIGIONIS
INGRESSUM.
FAUSTULUS. CANDIDUS.
\^
F. Candide, quo casu patriis procul actus ab oris
haec in rura venis? hie pascua nulla nee amnes '
nee liquidi fontes nee ovilia tuta nee umbrae,
et tamen assiduos gregis haec pascuntur in usus.
C. Faustule, me noster Corydon (qui plurima quondam
his armenta loeis habuit magnamque peculi
congeriem fecit) pecori me credere adegit
esse salutares istis in montibus herbas ;
at postquam segnes agros et inertia saxa
vidimus et siccis arentem fontibus undam, , 10
paenituit longaeque viae p^triaeque relictae.
F. Postquam te incolumem saltus intrare Latinos .
contigit, antiqui potes haec mea tecta subire \
iure sodalitii. sunt hie mihi pauperis agri \
iugera pauca meae vix sufficientia vitae; !
quidquid id est commune puta. tibi forsitan ulla
prospera sors aderit ; f ortuna simillima vento est
eariceae succede casae, diun praeterit aestus,
dum grex in gelida procumbens ruminat mnbra.
pone pedum, discumbe parum, recreabere potu; 20
potu opus est, potu iste gravis compescitur aestus.
pocula prende ; fluet melius post pocula sermo.
C. Pocula quis tanta demens aestate recuset?
F. Vina sitim minuunt animique doloribus obstant,
vina ut amicitias vires ita corporis augent.
C. Haec parit ora bonos (si patria vina) racemos.
F. Funde iterum ; potare semel gustare, seeundus
colluit OS potus, calefacta refrigerat ora
tertius, arma siti ])ellumque indicere quartus
aggreditur, quintus pugnat, victoria sexti est, 30
Septimus (Oenophili senis haec doctrina) triumphat.
C. Res est consiliis secura fidelibus uti,
utile doctrinis praebere senilibus aures.
ECLOGA IX. 1-74 109
victa sitis, mens aegra manet curaeque supennmt.
F. Ut sedata sitis, sic mens sedabitur aegra.
f unde menmi, bibe ; cardiaco medicina dolori haec,
utitur ad curas isto medicamine Roma.
C. Omne opus atque labor vult intervalla ; quiescat
obba parum, contra muscas impone tabellam.
non madet imbre dies nee habet nox umida rorem 40
crescere nee duris possunt in cotibus herbae.
importuna fames, labor improbus, aeris ardor
confecere gregem macie; vix debile corpus
spiritus aeger agit, vacua cute porrigit ossa
clunis et exilis cava contrahit ilia venter.
hie aries qui fronte lupos cornuque petebat
nunc ove debilior pavidoque fugacior agno est. -<-k^ ;^.
haec mihi (sed nimium me ardentia vota ferebant) /^
omnia divino praedixerat omine comix. /
vix egressus eram limen, cum tristia portans 50
auguria a dextra venit tegetisque sinistrae
culmine consedit pressoque minaciter ore
vociferans iter auspicio prohibebat aperto.
-heu pecus infelix, quod lacte et prole solebas
affluere, in nostris licuit dum pascere campis,
gramina dum quaeris, suci plus perdis eundo
quam referas pastu. simul hie tabescimus ambo,
tu tenui victu, curis ego victus amaris.
F. O nostrae regionis opes, o florida prata,
o campi virides, o pascua laeta feraxque 60
et nimiquam sine fruge solum, currentia passim
flumina per villas, rivi per rura, per hortos.
hinc pecus, hinc agri pingues ; sub sidere Cancri, ^
cvun tritura sonat passim, cum lulius ardet,
/arva virent, textae lento de vimine saepes . /
/ poma ferunt, redolent ipsis in vepribus herbae. 1
j C. O nemorum dukes umbrae mollesque susurrii
quos tecum memini gelidis carpsisse sub umbris y
turturis ad gemitus, ad hirundinis ac philomenae
carmina, cum primis resonant arbusta cicadis. 70
aura strepens foliis nemorum veniebat ab Euro
et bacata super tendebat bracchia comus.
ipse solo recubans pecudes gestire videbam
atque alacres teneris luctari cornibus agnos.
1 10 BAPTISTAE MANTUANI
post somnos per gramen humi nunc ore supino ^
aut flatu implebam calamos aut voce canebam,
pectore nunc prono rutilantia fraga legebam.
F, Vivere turn felix poteras dicique beatus ;
sed bona (quod nondum fueras expertus acerbam)
vilis erat tibi teque ideo. fortuna reliquit. 80
quando iterum veniet (veniet si forsitan umquam)
sicut capreolis sursum nitentibus haerent
stipitibus vites stringuntque tenaciter ulmos,
sic illam tu prende maim neu desere prensam.
it, redit, effigiem mutat nee imagine constat
par lamiis quas nocte ferunt errare per umbras,
mobilis ut f acies, ita mens ; deludere gaudens
quod dederat toUit ; pensi nihil, omnia casu ;
qui nimium metuunt sapiuntve repellit et odit.
C. Delicias patrii quotiens reminiscimur agri, ,90
ferre tot aerumnas animo non possumus aequo,
sed quo mente feror? casu afflictatus acerbo
unde magis crucier felicia tempora volvo.
Mains adest : florent vites humilesque genistae,
iam spicata seges, malus iam Punica multo
flore rubet, redolent saepes albente sahuco
in patria, per rura Padi, per pascua Minci ;
hie vero necdum incipiunt pubescere montes.
quod si vere solum torpet, quid frigora brumae
solstitiumque feret, gelidis cum terra pruinis • 100
albicat et rapido cum caelum incanduit aestu?
sunt tamen hie armenta quibus cutis uvida, cervix
non signata iugis, gemino frons ardua cornu
luxuriansque toris pectus ; nisi pabula carpant,
non erit hac tanta umectum pinguedine corpus.
F. Haec armenta quibus caput a tellure levatur
altius et cui sunt longa interned ia crurum
cuncta vorant, herbas primum, mox ore supino
arboreas frondes summaeque cacumina silvae;
hoc imbelle pecus quod humi nascentia tantum 1 10
gramina decerpit vacuis ieiunat in arvis,
C, Quid verbis opus est? cunctis animantibus una est
condicio: semper maiora minoribus obsunt.
agna lupo, mites aquilis sunt praeda columbae, \J
jnnocuos delphin venatur in aequore pisces, "
ECLOGA IX. 75'i5<> 111
unde fit hoc? (certe res prodigiosa videtur)
haec loca» si procul hinc videas e rupibus altis,
pingue solum et multo vestitum gramme dicas;
quo magis appropias tanto magis omnia sordent.
F. Hoc est Roma viris avibus quod noctua: trunco 120
insidet et tamquam volucrum regina superbis
nutibus a longe plebem vocat. inscia fraudis
turba coit, grandes oculos mirantur et aures,
turpe caput rostrique minacis acumen aduncum ;
dumque super virgulta agili levitate feruntur
nunc hue, nunc illuc, aliis vestigia filiun
illaqueat, retinent alias lita vimina visco,
praedaque sunt omnes veribus torrenda salignis.
C. O bellum hoc ; poterit dici nihil aptius umquam.
sed procul en coluber tortos in pulvere gressus 130
flectit et exsertis sitiens ferit aera linguis.
F, Candide, quae moneo memori sub pectore serva.
quando inter silvas graderis, defende galero
lumina, namque rubi praetendunt spicula longis
dentibus et curvus discerpit pallia mucro.
nee depone pedum multaque armare memento
cote sinum, ne te subito novus opprimat hostis.
et perone pedem tegito ; spineta colubris
plena hominum vitae morsu insidiantur amaro,
et nunc longa dies aestu facit acre venenum. 140
mille lupi, totidem vulpes in vallibus istis
lustra tenent et, quod dirum ac mirabile dictu est,
ipse homines (huius tanta est violcntia caeli)
saepe lupi effigiem moresque assumere vidi
inque suum saevire gregem multaque madere
caede sui pecoris; factum vicinia ridet
nee scelus exhorret nee talibus obviat ausis.
saepe etiam miris apparent monstra figuris
quae tellus affecta malis influxibus edit ;
saepe canes tantam in rabiem vertuntur, ut ipsos 150
vincant caede lupos, et qui tutela fuerunt
hostiles ineunt animos et ovilia mactant.
fama est Aegyptum coluisse animalia quaedam
et pro numinibus multas habuisse ferarum;
ista superstitio minor est quam nostra, ferarum
hie aras habet omne genus, contraria certe
^ifmmmmm
112 BAPTIST AE MANTUANI
naturae res atque Deo qui dicitur olim
praeposuisse hominem cunctis animantibus unum.
saepe etiam morbosa aestas et pestif er annus
ingruit et passim languens pecus omne per arva 160
stemitur ; exstinctae dum balat ad ubera matris,
agnus obit, moritur duro sub pondere taurus.
nee modus est morbo, non est medicina veneno,
sed vicina domus vicino a limine mortem
haurit et assidue sumunt contagia vires.
ista feras raro pestis rapit, utile semper
fert pecus ; exstinctas caulas epulantur atroci
dente lupi nostraque ferae iactura opulescunt.
C Heu, heu quam praeceps miserum me insania traxit ;
credere fallaci gravis est dementia famae. 170
Romuleos colles, Tiberim Romanaque tecta
audieram et studio mens est accensa videndi
ducendique bonis in tot praestantibus aevum.
accessi cum parte gregis, tentoria demens,
totum paene larem cum pastoralibus armis
trans iuga summa tuli, mulctraria, cymbia, aena
et cacabos et quo formatur caseus orbem
fagineum ; impensam atque operas amisimus omnes.
^uidfaciaro-?--qiio'me vertam? sperata negantur
pabuTa; tot casus, tot ubique pericula. cogor 180
in veteres remeare casas et coepta fateri
consiliis egressa malis iterumque per aestus
et montana pati longos per saxa labores.
heu pecus infelixi, o laevo sidere pastor
hue avecteT^ f uit multo praestantius istud
ignorasse solum patrioque in limine tutos
consumpsisse dies, gel id is senuisse sub antris ,
atque Padi circum ripas Athesisve per agros
aut ubi per virides campos et pascua nota
Mincius it vel qua vitreo natat Abdua cursu 190
consedisse, gregem pavisse salubribus herbis.
F. Te tua credulitas, et me mea fallit in boras.
vidi ego supremae qui prosperitatis habebant
culmina, dum laudata petunt, cecidisse nee umquam
emersisse malis ; facit experientia cautos.
hi prius explorant et non laudata sequuntur
omnia ; laude carent quae sunt meliora. fuerunt
BCLOGA IX, t57'»3» 113
(non nego) quae famam retinent ac nomina servant
(cuncta suis pollent vicibus) Luna, Hadria, Troia,
Salvia (quas nobis memorabat saepius Umber) 200
nomine sunt solo, delevit cetera tempus.
si minor est patriae forsan modo gloria nostrae,
res tamen est melior. laudatae gloria Romae
quanta sit in toto non est qui nesciat orbe;
fama quidem manct, utilitas antiqua recessit.
* illi prisca quibus maduerunt pascua fontes
nunc umore carent, venis aqua defuit haustis,
nulla pluit nubes, Tiberis non irrigat agros,
tempus aquaeductus veteres contrivit et arcus
et castella ruunt ; procul hinc, procul ite, capellac. 210
hie ieiuna fames et languida reghat egestas.
Hie tamen (ut fama est et nos quoque vidimus ipsi)
pastor adest quadam ducens ex alite nomen,
lanigeri pecoris dives, ditissimus agri,
carmine qui priscos vates atque Orphea vincat,
Orphea qui traxit silvas et saxa canendo.
hie alios omni tantum virtute Latinos
exsuperat quantum Tiberim Padus, Abdua Macram,
lenta salix iuncum, tribulos rosa, populus algam.
Icredimus hunc illi similem cui Tityrus olim 220
'bis senos fumare dies altaria fecit.
hie ovium custos ipso vigilantior Argo
Daphnide nee solum sed eo qui dicitur olim
Admeti pavisse greges per Thessala rura
doctior, omne pecus Solymi curare magistri
dignus et antiquo dignus succedere patri
qui fuit Assyrii pecoris post retia pastor.
iste potest servare gregem, depellere morbos,
umectare solum, dare pascua, solvere fontes,
conciliare lovem, fures arcere luposque. 230
si favet iste, mane, quod si negat iste favorem,
Candide, coge pecus melioraque pascua quaere.
14 BAPTISTAE MANTUANl
ECLOGA X, BEMBUSy
DE FRATRUM OBSERVANTIUM ET NON OBSERVANTIUM
CONTROVERSIAL POST RELIGIONIS INGRESSUM.
CANDIDUS. BEMBUS. BATRACHUS. MYRMIX.
C, Maxima pastores agitat discordia, Bembe,
qui Solymos colles Galilaeaque rura colebant;
Batrachus hinc, Myrmix illinc certare parati
iudice te paucis, si non audire reCusas
et nisi te revocant maiora negotia, dicent.
tu pater es vatum, tu scis componere lites
iurgiaque .et blandis convicia tollere verbis ;
te quoque Pierios fama est potasse liquores
et vidisse deas quibus est custodia sacri
fontis et Eurotae campos ac Phocidis arva, 10
ipse ubi fronde sua tibi tempora cinxit Apollo,
dona dedit citharam, nervos et eburnea plectra.
Be. Dicite, quandoquidem tepidos admovit ad ignes
nos hiberna dies, dum non sinit ire per agros
bruma gregem, flatu Boreas dum saevit acuto,
dum riget omne solum, tectis dum plurima pendet
stiria, dum torpent sub aquis glacialibus amnes;
otia damnantur quae nulla negotia tractant.
M. Pastores, genus infelix, aestate vagamur
pro grege solliciti, sed cum nos frigidus imber 20
continet in stabulis, lites et iurgia surgunt.
Ba. Qui vetercs audent ritus mutarc suoque
arbitrio et nullis ducunt sub legibus aevum,
hi sunt, o Myrmix, qui bella domestica gignunt.
Be. De veteri ritu, de consuetudine patrum
rixa agitur vobis? leges moresque parentum,
Batrache, die. die, cur nostrum venistis in orbem
ex Phoenice solo? nos pascua vidimus ilia,
vidimus herbosos felici uligine campos.
vertice Carmeli vitreis uberrimus undis 30
fons cadit et rauco densum nemus irrigat amne.
vidimus et lordanis aquas, ubi maximus olim
pastor oves mergens scabiem resecavit avitam.
ECLOGA X. 1-74 US
amnis hie a Libano veniens Galilaea per arva
transit et ampla lacu consurgit in aequora magno ;
unda coit rursum, rursum mare fundit apertum,
urbs ubi Romani de nomine dicta Tiberi ;
unda coit rursum, tandem lericunte relicta
intrat in infames Asphalti gurgitis undas.
hinc satis est nos oram omnem vidisse probatum; 40
dicite, et hinc tandem vestras demergite lites.
M. Batrachus audaci semper sese ingerit ore
et mihi se praefert magno temerarius ausu.
Ba. Non ego me ingessi, processi a iudice iussus.
Be. Pone pedum, Myrmix, et tu quoque, Batrache ; non est
orandum armatis manil)us, sed mentibus aequis.
Batrache, die; Myrmix, animi compesce furorem
interea, ut-venias magis ad responsa paratus.
qui furit insanit ; qui vero insanit amaro
impatiens animo nee corda nee ora gubernat ; 50
quidquii ait vanum est, quidquid molitur ineptimi.
Ba. Bembe, genus nostrum generisque exordia dicam.
venimus Assyriis (ut Candidus inquit) ab oris,
est pater Elias nobis qui sustulit armis
pastorum genus omne malum, qui traxit Olympo
flammigeros ignes, qui ascend it in aethera curru.
Be. Nobile et antiquum genus hoc, et clara propago. ■
Ba. Pastores alii quotquot per rura vagantur
omnia sunt rivi nostris a fontibus orti ;
nos dedimus leges, pascendi ostendimus artem. 60
quo magis hi peccant qui, cum sint ordine primi,
primatum amittunt studia inconsulta sequendo.
nos radix, alii rami ; sed nos quoque rami
a veteri radice patrum iam aetate caduci.
tradidit Elias certam pastoribus artem
qua curare greges, qua noxia pabula fas est
discere et occultos imbres ventosque latentes
quive salutaris foret et qui pestifer annus ;
signa dedit, nihil omisit quod ovilia tangat.
sed fons ille fluens Carmeli e rupibus altis 70
tam nitidus quondam, tam dulci limpidus unda,
tramite mutato (patet id) modo currit in Austrum.
sed prius (extat adhuc vetus alveus) ibat ad ortum.
hi cursus fecere novos, liquere priores
116 BAPTISTAE MANTUANJ
quos dederat rivo veterum prudentia patrum.
M. Quid tibi, sive novo currat seu tramite prisco,
dummodo fecundis umectet pascua lymphis?
et quid de caeli quereris regione ? per Austrum
solis iter, melior vitis quae respicit Austrum,
et melior legitur Libycis de coUibus uva. 80
Ba. Est melior taxus Boream quae respicit; ergo
in Boream melius poterat decurrere rivus.
pastor es, et cura pecoris male sane relicta
sermonem de vite facis quasi legibus isdem
grex et vitis eant, nee quod discrimen in undis
gramineque et ventis nosti et quam noxius Auster
sit pccori ; disce a Roma si noxius Auster.
cur Mutinensis agri pccudcs sunt vellcre fusco?
cur Clitumnus liabet nivcas? cur Mantua moUi
lanitio excellit Veronaque proxima Manto? 90
unde haec multiplici rerum variantia forma?
non aliunde nisi a caelis, a gramine et unda.
Be. Candide, utrumque pedum procul hinc (rogo) pro-
tinus aufer;
inter eos hodie video bellum acre futurum.
clam cape et auferto; suhter sarmenta reconde.
Ba. Bembe, mihi tecum sermo est. dum viximus una,
dum commune pecus nobis fuit, heu mihi quantum
dcdecus, heu quot sunt pecudes incommoda passae.
nee mersare gregcm fluvio nee vellera cert is
tcmporibus (sicut nios est) tondere licebat. 100
nudal^ant spincta pecus. nudata secabant
terga rubi ; scabie cutis aspera, tabidus umor
pestis, et in totum serpebant ulcera corpus,
multum igitur refert pecudes quae pabula carpant,
flumina quae potent et qua regione morentur.
Die mihi, die, Myrmix, priscum cur lana colorem
perdidit? haec grcgibus quidnam nova vellera fecit?
cur pecus est nigrum quod erat melior ibus annis
clarum? immutarunt mutati vellera mores.
Bembe, ad te redeo. paucis absolvere nitar, 110
sed, quo digna omni tua sit sententia laude,
vera loquar. tu iura tenes, ego facta docebo ;
indicium reddit verum enarratio vera,
his animadversis aegre tot damna ferentes
EC LOG A X. 75-1 SS 117
venimus ad f ontem, rivumque a vertice summo
scrutari mihi cura f uit ; tu, provide Myrmix,
interea nidos avium vel dorcada parvam
venabare tuae quae dona darentur amatae.
M, Bembe, vides ut aperta in me convicia torquet?
auguror, ista manu lis est, non ore, agitanda; 120
mos mihi, non lingua, maledicta refellere dextra.
C, Batrache, ne veriim taceam, linguosior aequo es;
iurgia bilem acuunt, convicia pectus acerbant.
non tibi cum pueio res est, nee homuncio Myrmix;
res male tuta viros lingua irritare proterva.
Ba. Da veniam, Myrmix ; * amitam ' proferre volenti
nescio quis mihi misit in os malus error * amatam.*
M. Do veniam ; cave nc rursum me voce lacessas.
Ba, Alveus excelsa saliens de rupe lacunam
foderat et clausis ripas aequaverat undis; 130
gurges erat textu silvarum umbrosus opaco
densaque saepierant tristem spineta lacunam.
mille venenorum species in gurgite vidi,
mille secus ripas in opaco margine, mille
per nemus ad lymphas sinuoso serpere gressu.
obstupui, et rapido rediens ad ovilia cursu
incipio paleas furca versare tricorni.
ecce caput toUit coluber linguaque trisulca
sibilat, inflantur fauces, nepa livida tendit
bracchia, ventrosus profert vestigia bufo, 140
vipera per stipulam gradiens strepit. ' o loca,* dixi,
* non pecori tantum verum et pastoribus ipsis
noxia.' mox grege diviso de sedibus illis
pascua quaesitum tristis meliora recessi.
perque iter antiquum fontis nova flumina duxi
in campos ubi prima suos Aurora colores
explicat et croceos Phoebi redeuntis ad ortus.
hie mihi fecundae pecudes, hie pascua laeta
et sine labe liquor, dulces sine crimine lymphae.
haec loca primaevi sunt quae coluere parentes; 150
signa casae superant, puteus cariosaque ligna
fixa solo seiuncta pedum discrimine septem
et focus et lacera quae cingitur area saepe.
M, Cura viris levibus rerum solet esse novarum ;
propterea certe nova pascua quaeris et amnes
118 BAPTISTAE MANTUANl
fingis inauditos et vis novus auctor haberi.
Ba. Cura viris gravibus rerum solet esse suarum ;
propterea, Myrmix, nimis a gravitate recedis.
haec novitas non est novitas, sed vera vetustas.
religio et pietas patriim instaurata resurgit 160
quam tua corrupit levitas et nota tuoriim
segnities. igitur si quis labentia tecta
crigat et sterilem qui mansuefecerit agrum
iudice te damnandus erit? non ponitur arbor
altera, sed veteri inseritur bona virgula trunco;
segne prius lignum nostro lit fertile cultu.
M. Quamvis pingue tuo pecori sit gramen et unda
defaecata, tamen multae cum matribus agnae
interiere; lupi et pastae meminere volucres.
Ba. Hae (fateor) quae dira tuae contagia pestis 170
ucccperc. etiam procul aspicientibus obsunt;
tantum virus incst, vcstri vis tanta vcncni.
propterea niagis atque magis disccdcre semper
est animus, patitur pccus hacc incommoda nostrum
sola, quod in vastam nondum disccssit eremum
nee satis a vobis procul in deserta recessit.
M. Batrache, de gregibus mentiris plurima nostris.
certe alienariun tibi cura superflua rerum,
et temere assumis partes censoris iniqui.
cur mihi qui pasco cuium pecus ista tueri 180
non licuit? solisnc domus mea cognita vobis?
Ba. Aethiopcs una quoniam nigredine sordent,
ille color nulli vitio datur ; omnibus idem
vultus et alterius si quis reprenderet ora,
et sua damnaret. pecori pecorisquc magistris
faex eadem, scabies eadem, cutis et color idem.
Be. Parcite ; iam satis est lis intellecta diesque
inclinata cadit, iam post iuga summa ruit sol.
audite, o magni generis longaeva propago
lite super vestra quae sit sententia nostra. 190
M. Batrache, me audaci totiens sermone lacessis.
Ba. Non ego, sed non aequa magis te causa Ucessit
iudiciumque timet si!)i mens male conscia iustum.
C. Quando inimicitias tempus deponere, rursum
vestra novas lites vecordia suscitat. ergo
perpetuis haec rixa odiis aetema manebit?
m »mmm 1 1 il l ' , I I I I I . \ \\wmmmmmikWK^.
ECLOGA X, 136-304
119
quae vos debilitas capitis, quae insania vezat?
non pudet his uti tanto sub iudice nugis?
ergo animis audite aequis odiisque sepultis
ultima doctiloqui quae sit sententia Bembi.
' Be, Ferte per antiques patrum vestigia gressus
et veteres servate vias. revocate vagantes
per valles et saxa greges, per lustra f erarum.
figite in antiquis iterum magalia campis.
200
mmm
VMP
NOTES
THE DEDICATORY EPISTLE.
Thi Paride Ceresara to whom the revised Eclogues were dedicated
was a nobleman of Mantaa, distinguished for his great wealth and
wide learning. In one of the novels of Bandello (ii. 5) he is called
'nobilissimo e in ogni sorta di lettere dottissimo.' He translated the
Aulularia for the Bishop Lodovico Gonzaga, and perhaps also a
Greek comedy. And he had some knowledge of Hebrew. In his
later years he was interested in astrology and in the ' occult sciences ' ;
hence the mention of him by Luca Gaurico : ' erat facie et barbitio
rufus, procerae staturae, sed proportionatus ; ex love in horoscopo
cum Marte ditissimus et locuplex; habebat aedes regias; ingeniosus,
legum professor, in litteris latinis et graecis eruditus. Quum senec-
tutis limina fuit ingressus, incepit dare operam astrologiae.' He was
born in 1466, and died in 1532. [Luzio-Renier, Ciornale siorico
della letteratura italianat xxxiv (1899), 86-S8].
ECLOGA I, FAUSTUS.
Antiquos repeti vult Foriunaius amores;
Obsequitur Faustus rtferens conubia laeta.*
At Fortunatus' request, Faustus repeats the story of his love,
courtship, and marriage — the story of an honorable love and its happy
ending. This eclogue (with various details added from the second,
third, and fourth) is imitated in the first 'eglogue* of Francis
Sabie's Pan's Pipe (iS95)-
i-a. Cp. Boccaccio, Eel. vi. 81, ruminat omne pecus. The
phrase occurs in the Ecloga Theoduli^ 248.
4. modo = «M/ir, as at ii. 151, v. 35, viii. 102, 114, ix. 20a, x. 72.
So often in the Ecclesiastical Writers and in the Latin Bible: e. g.,
John^ ix. 25, ' scio quia, caecus cum essem, modo video.'
9-10. Virg. Aen, i, 372-3, *0 dea, si prima rtpetens ab otigine
pergam, | et vacet annales nostrorum audire laborum ; * Ceor, iv.
a8s-6, * altius omnem | expediam prima repetens ab origins famam.'
* loannis Murmellii argumentura.
lai
m
122 ECLOGUE I, ii-S9
II. Ovid, Met. xiii. 595, primisque sub aunts.
13-13. Petrarch, EcL vi. 78-79, * sedeo iactoqut supinus, j multa
canens quae dictat Amor nee crastina curans.'
19. Virg. Eci. ii. 36, ' disparibus septem compacta cicatis | fistula.*
22. Virg. Eci. ii. 7a, ' viminibus mollique paras detexere iunco ; *
lb. X. 71, * fiscellam texit hibisco;' Gear. i. 266. ' texatur fiscina
virga; » Nemes. Eel. i. I, * fiscella . . . iunco I texitur.*
24. sortiri digitis: the ancient and modem game of 'mora*.
27-31. Cp. Virg. Geor. i. 381, *e pastu decedens;' Aen. vii. 700,
*cum sese e pastu referunt;' Geor. iv. 511-12, 'qualis populea
maerens philomela sub umbra ] amissos queritur fetus ; * Stat. Theb.
V. 601-3, ' ill^ redit, querulaeque domus mirata quietem | iam stupet
impendens advectosque horrida maesto | excutit ore cibos.'
philomena : this form of the word was already familiar in Italian ;
cp. Petrarch, Sontt. 269, ' piagner Filomena.' Du Cange cites it
from a Glossarium of the year 1348. hymSnaeos: for the cadence,
cp. Virg. Aen. vii. 555; x. 720; also, Mantuan, Eel. vii. 133; viii.
10; ix. 69; ix. 168.
32-35. Cp. Stat. Theb. vi. 174-77, 'nunc vallem spoliata parens,
nunc flumina questu, | nunc armenta movet vacuosque interrogat
agros; j tunc piget ire domum, maestoque novissima campo | exit
et oppositas impasta avertitur herbas ; ' Virg. Eel. v. 26, * nee
graminis attigit herbam.' pallenti . . . umbra : cp. Virg. Geor. iii.
357, * tum sol pallentes haud umquam discutit umbras^ (where Con-
ington translates, 'the wan shades of night').
38. Virg. Aen. i. 387, auras | vitales car pis.
45. 'Nam et Venus pacta dicitur ' (Ascensius). Cp. Francis
Sabie's imitation, Pan's Pipe, i. 137-8, • for where she squinted a
little, I That did grace her, I thought.' Fontenelle was offended by
the rustic realism of this passage ; also, of Eel. iv. 87-88.
48-51. Cp. Cic. C. M. xii. 42, ' impedit enim consilium voluptas,
rationi inimica est, mentis (ut ita dicam) praestringit oculos.*
credo . . . concitet . . . tollat : cp. viii. 44, ' puto sidera tangant,* and
perhaps also Mantuan's De Vita Beata, ' dicis Archimedem fecisse
mundum; putasne fecerit nebulas? putasne aestatem, putasne sol-
stitia et aequinoctia posueritV and Boccaccio, Eel. xiv. 46-48, ' Silvi,
quid dubitas? an eredis Olympia patrem | ludat, et in lucem sese sine
numine divum | praebeatT .St. Augustine could say, Conf. i. 14, 23,
* credo t\.\^m Graecis pueris Vergilius ita sit, cum eum sic discere
coguntur ut ego ilium ; * ix. 13, 36, ' et credo iam feeeris quod te
rogo.' In a letter to his friend Refrigerio, Aug. I2, 1478, Mantuan
wrote: 'Audivistine Benedicti Morandi viri praestantissimi obitum?
credo audiveris' et puto quem viventem tanto charitatis affectu com-
plectebaris mortuum defiereris^ (MS. copy in the Library of the
University of Bologna).
58, Cp. Virg. Aen. i. 239, fatis contraria fata.
59. catus: the classical name is feles. The name cattus (cp. It.
gatto and late Gr. Kdrrof ) appears first about 350 A. d. For the
history of the animal, see Mayor's note on Juvenal, xv. 7, and
O. Keller, Die antike Tierwelt, Leipzig, 1909, p. 74. Mantuan's
spelling reflects the popular etymology of his day; cp. Perotti's
^Pii
ECLOGUE /. bi-148 123
•Comucofiaet 'est i^tar felis qaem vals:o catum nominamas, see
meo quidem indicio inepte. veteres enim catum astutam dicebant et
quod nos in praesentia cautum ; a quo Catones primo volunt appel*
latos* (Venice ed., 1494* fol. 108).
61. Fortunatus' comment explains the mother's lack of sympathy.
The expression was proverbial ; cp. the words of Aeneas Silvias (in
a letter to Joannes Urunt, 1446), 'nam tu me pleno stomacho reris
ieiunium commendare!' St. Jerome, Ep. 58. 2, has *plenas venter
facile de ieiuniis disputat.'
62. This line is borrowed in the Cambridge Latin play Larlia
(c. 1595), i. 3, 176-7, *quas nulla premit sitis | sunt illae asperiores
semper sitientibus ' (ed. G. C. Moore Smith, Cambridge, 1910).
64. albebant. Cp. Juvencus, ii. 313, albcntes cemite campos\
John, iv. 35, quia albae sunt iam ad messem.
74. Cp. Virg. A en. vii. 227, plaga sol is iniqui.
83. Virg. Aen. ix. 614, fulgenti murice.
97. Virg. Eel. ix. 24, et potum pastas age; lb. ii. 30, gregem
viridi compdlere hibisco.
98. Virg. Eel. V. 47, saliente sitim restinguere rivo.
103. Cp. Mantuan's Alfonsus, Bk. i (Bologna ed., 1502, fol. 251),
' lumina demisso in cilium claudebat amictu.' de sub : ' from under.'
For such double prepositions, see Ronsch, Itala und Vulgata, pp.
234-5. 475- In some later editions the line is rewritten : demissis
aliunde sui velaminis oris.
106. operi . . . intendens. Cp. Minuc. Fel. Oet. vii. 5. intend*
templis; Augustine, Conf. ii. 10, 18, nolo in earn intendere; lb. xi.
2. 3, intende orationi meae ; Psa. 54. 2, intende mihi.
113. Virg. Eel. x. 49, * ah tibi ne teneras glacies secet aspera plantas.'
1 15-6. Cp. Tibullus, ii. 3. 79-80, * ducite : ad imperiura dominae sul-
cabimus agros : | non ego me vinclis verberibusque nego;' Ovid, ffer.
vi. 97, * scilicet ut tauros, ita te iuga ferre coegit ; ' Palingenius,
Zodiacus Vitae, v. 444, * fert placida cervice iugum.'
116. bovis instar. Cp. ii. 71, bovis instar; vii. 15, instar o7'is;
Ov. Met. iv. 135, exhorruit aequoris instar.
120. cottidie. For Mantuan's scansion, compare one of his Epi-
grammata ad Falconem (on the death of Filippo Baveria), 'cottidie
querimur, cottidie rapimur.'
121. in nonam . . . horam. See note on line 148.
138. Cj). Ov. Met. ix. 761, mediis sitiemus in undis.
142. rullam: * instrumentum ferreura quo vomis detergetar' (Da
Cange). Perotti, Corn., * rulla significat instrumentum ferreum
stimulo rusticorum additum ad vomerem detergendum: Plin.
purget vomerem subinde stimulus cuspidatus rulla.*
The modern texts of Pliny have rallo. deerant . . . deerat . . . deeram :
synizesis, as in Virg. Geor. ii. 200, 233.
148. semel = ^aliquando, Gall. Une fois, un jour* (Du Cange,
who quotes an example from a document of the year 1300). Mantuan's
use of semel was criticized by his contemporaries, and defended by
his brother Toloraeo : * in quo vult innuere id non aliquando sim-
pliciter sed semel, hoc est non pluries. accidisse. ast hi vulgariter
loqui omnia consueti magis ad consuetudinem vulgi quam ad poetae
wiffmmmn'itttmim
124 ECLOGUE /. ts^—ECLOGUE IL s
sensum respezerant sed fingamas eos vernm dicere et semtl pro
aliquando illic poni ; si recte intelligerent, id non coarguerent locuf
enim et tempus multa excusant quae alias essent digna redargni.
locas ergo ille potuit illis, immo et debuit plene satisfacere, id enim
est in Bucolicis dictum, ubi ridentur mores rusticorum, et Minerva
pastoralis praesentatur. ibi etiam rusticus quidam Crates pro grates
g. m. c. versa fabulatur , et ad imitandum pro ridiculo
villicos Pollux pro Paulus , Harculus pro Hercules
, Euophilus pro Onophryus , Coitus pro
Godio , hora uona pro meridie , et huius modi alia
de industria ponuntur, non casu vel inscitia : ut fortasse isti crim-
inantur ' {Apologia contra deirahentes operihus B. M., Lyons ed.,
15 16, fol. Dd, ii).
I54-SS' Cp. Mantuan's De Sacris Diebus (of St. Urban's Day,
May 25), ' musca volans noctu, dicunt lampyrida Grai, | nunc latet
astrictis, nunc lucet hiantibus alis, | . . . iam spicata Ceres;' Perotti,
Corn., *cicendula a Graecii lampyris dicta . . . nunc pennarum hiatu
refulgens, nunc compressu obumbrata.'
156. Cp. Ov. Met. ix. 759, venit ecce optahile tempus, \ luxque
iugalis adest.
159. gemina . . . luce : ^ solis et taedarum ' (Ascensius). Rather, it
was a two days feast.
161. Oenophilus. See note on line 148.
163. Ovid, Met. xii. 158, multi/ori delectat tibia buxi.
167. multotiens : ' satis humile adverbium quo idonei abstinere
dicuntur' (Asc).
170. Cp. Catullus, 62. 3, iam pinguis linquere mensas.
173. Cp. Virg. Geor. iii. 66, 'optima quaeque dies miseris mortali-
bus aevi | prima fugit ; * Plin. Ep. viii. 14. 10, * tanto brevius omne
quanto felicius tempus.'
175. subintrat: for the transitive use, cp. Anthol. ii. p. 402 Burm.,
* forte subintrarunt unica tecta simul.' The intransitive use is com-
mon in the Vulgate.
176. tazemur: a post-Augustan word.
ECLOGA II, FORTUNATUS,
Quae Padus exundans tulerit dispendia primumt
Ittsanum memorat max Fortunatus Amyntam.
The speakers are the same as in the first Eclogue. Here (and in
the third) Fortunatus discourses on the madness of unlawful love,
or unlawful desire, and its unhappy issue.
I. Cp. Calpum. Eel. vi. i, 'Serus ades, Lycida;* lb. vii. I, Meatus
ab urbe venis, Corydon ; vicesima certe | nox f uit,' etc.
5. omissa: cp. x. 69, omisit, and the poem Alfonsus, Bk. i (fol.
255). segniter omisit. The Mantua edition of 1498 doubles the m — ,
as it does in amisso, i. 32 ; amissi, ii. 89. Cp. Boccaccio, Eel. xv. 86,
nee lacrimas omit to.
ECLOGUE //. S-iM 125
8-9. Virg. Geor, i. 481-3; 'proluit insano contorquens Tertice liWas
I fluviorum rex Eridanus, camposque per omnes | cum stabalis
armenta tulit.' Tityrus means Virgil, as in Virgil's first Eclogue,
So, too, in Calpum. iv. 6a ; Nemes. ii. 84 ; Boccaccio, EcL i. 82-5,
X. 66; Mantuan, EcL iii. 174, v. 86, ix. aao. In Spenser's imitation
of Mant. V. 86, he is called 'the Romish Tityrus* (5. C, x. 55).
He is mentioned here as the author of the Eclogues and Georgics.
ia-13. Virg. Geor. i. 43, *vere novo gelidus canis cum montibus
umor I liquitur',* lb, i. 326, Umplentur {oss&t et cava fiumina
crescunt.'
17. Ovid, Met. viii. 559, * dum tenues capiat suus alveus undas.'
18. Virg. Aen. i. 439, mirabile dictu.
19. lacus: not Benacus (as Ascensius thought), but the lake
formed by the Mincio at Mantua. Cp. Mantuan's Vita Lodovici
Morbioli, ' et senior vitreo Mantua cincta lacu ; ' also, Eel. vi. 105,
* Af anions Amyntas.'
25. This line is quoted in Mantuan's Dialogus contra Detractores
(Lyons ed., 15 16, fol. c. ii).
28. Cp. Virg. Eel. iii. 55-57, ' dicite, quandoquidem in moUi con-
sedimus herba, | et nunc omnis ager, nunc omnis parturit arbos, |
nunc frondent silvae, nunc formosissimus annus ; ' Geor. ii. 328-30,
* avia tum resonant avibus virgulta canoris, \ et Venerem certis re-
petunt armenta diebus; | parturit almus ager;* Lucr. i. a, * alma
Venus' (so Aen. i. 618; Ov. F. iv. 90); Lucr. i. 9, *mtet diffuso
lumine caelum.'
35. Virg. Aen. i. 705, 'centum aliae totidemque pares aetate
ministri.'
37. Coitum : GoTto. See note on i. 148.
41. Virg. Eel. i. I, recubans sub tegmine fagi.
43. umbra. Cp. Virg. Eel, ix. 42, * lentae texunt umbracula vites-*
45-46. Cp. Virg. Geor. i. 92, * rapidive potentia solis ; ' lb. ii. 353,
*ubi hiulca siti findit Canis aestifer arva;' Tibull. i. 7. 21, 'arentes
cum findit Sirius agros.' sciderat. In the Bologna edition of the
collected poems, 1502, the passage is rewritten: messis erat: rapidi
violentia solis adustos \ prosciderat eampos. Cp. Servius' comment
on Virgil's abseiditt Aen. iii. 418: 'propter metrum *fi' corripuit
per poeticum morem.' philomena : for the spelling, see i. 2711.
47-48. Cp. Virg. Eel. v. 77, ' dumque thymo pascentur apes, dum
rore cicadae ; ' Geor. 1. 107, ' exustus ager morientibus aestuat herbis.*
49. intendit. Cp. i. 106, operi . . . intendens.
60. sulpburis arcem : Sol ferine.
61. longis . . . prospectibus. Cp. viii. 4-5, longe \ prospicio; Virg.
Aen. iii. 206, aperire proeul monies.
63. sacra ... Petro : the day of S. Pietro in Vincoli (Aug. l).
69. Virg. Geor. iii. 431, ingluviem ; . . explet.
71. bovis instar. Cp. i. 116 «.
79. Cp. Virg. Aen. vi. 389, ' comprime gressum ; ' Ovid, Met. viii.
3 18, * aut pastor baculo stivavc innixus arator.'
80. Cp. viii. 2-3, aestas miiior.
81. Cp. Virg. Eel. vi. 47, ah virgo infelix.
82. Cp. Ovid, Met. iii. 144 ff. (of Actaeon).
ii KKi I i i ' . ii . . I I I ■ I \ % M ,1 1 ■i i iii i ii w ii m i m \ m mmmmmimmmiim9mKik
126 ECLOGUE II. 85-17^
85. Ovid, Met. iii. 415 (of Narcissus), dumque sitim sidare cupU,
sitis altera crevit.
87. Ovid, Met. iii. 176, sic ilium fata ferehant.
98. limbiis: 'head-band,' 'fillet.' Cp. iv. 213, front em ligat auro;
Claud. Cons. Mall. Theod. 118, frontem limbo velata pudicam;
Amob. ii. 41, imminuerent frontes limbis.
100. claviculo: 'pin.' The word is very rare; cp. Nonius, p. 140
M., ' Maeander est picturae genus, adsimili opere labyrinthorum,
claviculis inligatum.'
103-5- Cp. Virg. Ed. viii. 41, ' ut vidi, ut perii;' Aen. iv. a, *et
caeco carpitur igni ; ' Ovid, Her. v. 143, ' me miseram, quod amor
non est medicabilis herbis ; ' Met. i. 523, * hei mihi, quod nullis amor
est sanabilis herbis ; ' Her. xvi. 190, ' flamma recens parva sparsa
resedit aqua.'
107-8. Ovid, Met. xiii. 761-2, ' validaque cupidine captus | uritur,
oblitus pecorum antrorumque suorum.'
108. Cp. Gregorio Tifernate (Mantuan's teacher), Triumphus
Cupidinis, 'hie furit et noctes in fletu ducit amaras ' (Venice ed.,
1498, fol. b. iii).
112. S^tSnum. Mantuan has also Satdnas (ace. pi.) and
Saidnibus (Ascensius' ed., Paris, 15 13, Vol. i. fol. 164, 214 b).
121-2. Virg. Aen. iv. 602, epulandum ponere mensis; lb. iii. 257,
maiis absumere mensas \ Geor. iii. 268, malts membra absumpsere.
124-5. Cp. Cic. Tusc. Disp. i. 13. 30, * quod nulla gens tarn fera,
nemo omnium tam sit immanis, cuius mentem non imbuerit deorum
opinio.' ,
126-8. Cp. Cic. C. M. xii. 40, 'hinc patriae proditiones, hinc rerum
publicarum eversiones, hinc cum hostibus clandestina colloquia nasci.'
134. tetricos . . . Catones. Cp. Mart. x. 20. 21, 'tunc me vel rigidi
legant Catones;' lb. 14, * tetricae . . . Minervae; ' Mantuan, Contra
Poet. 151, * id cane quod tetrici possint audirc Catones.* Lewis and
Short give only tctricus; Ovid and Martial have tetricus. .
138. Psa. vii. 16, et incidit in foveam quam fecit.
140-2. ActSt XV. 10, ' nunc ergo quid tentatis Deum imponere iugum
super cervices discipulorum quod ne(|ue nos neque patres nostri por-
tare potuimus?' (Asc). Virg. Aen. iii. 158, * venturos . . . nepotes.'
146. tranabit : cp. viii. 180, ' transiit ad Superos.'
147. ipsis. For this use of ipse, cp. viii. 112, 173. It is common
in the Vulgate; and it occurs in Minucius Felix, Oct. 9. 3; 28. 6;
30.4; 30.5. See the passage quoted from John (on Eel. iii. 75), the
letter of Thomas Wolf, Jr., quoted on Eel. iv. 81, the mediaeval
document quoted on Eci. ix. 20.
151. modo = nunc, as in i. 4.
154. Marius . . . Carbo. The early commentators could find very
little point in these proper names. Ascensius suspected a play on the
word carbo ; Andreas Vaurentinus suggested that the names were
loosely used, by a rustic speaker, Mike Pollux for Paulus (vii. i).'
167. Cp. Ovid, Her. vi. 21, credula res amor est.
172. Baldo: Monte Baldo (7275 ft.), east of the Lago di Garda.
ECLOGUE 111. iS9 127
ECLOGA III. AMYNTAS,
AgrUolae duram sortem, miserique furorts,
Foriunatus et exitium deflorat Amyntae.
In (he third Eclogue Fortanatns completes the story which he had
begun in the second. A part of the preliminary discussion (17-27
and 33-33) may be compared with Petrarch, Eel. ix. (6-27 and 81-82).
I. IlU...grando. The reference is to Eel. ii. 173, oritur grando.
a-3. Cp. Mantuan's 3 Parthen. (fol. 147 Asc.). * saepe boni qnibos
est hoininum custodia divi \ et suus ipse oculis se subiecere videndos'
(where Ascensius explains divi as meaning spiritus aut genii boni).
In the De Sachs Diebus, divi regularly means the ' saints.' For
divis gratia, cp. Ter. Ad. 121;. Ovid, Pont. iii. 5. 48.
4. Harculus : see note on i. 148.
8. substantia = ' wealth,' as in the Ecclesiastical A^ riters and in
the Latin Bible. Cp. Juvencus, iv. 255 ; Paul. Nol. xviii. 56,
* geminos, quod ei substantia, nummos.'
12. gubernat. The earliest texts have the indicative, although the
clause seems to be interrogative. Contrast involvai, 1. 31.
16. Virg. Eel. viii, 35, * nee curare deum credis mortalia quemquam.'
eztimo : ' extimare pro aestimare, interdum apud Script. Ecclfsias-
ticos * (Du Cange). Mantuan has the form extimat again, a
Parthen. ii. 509.
17-27. Petratoh, Eel. ix. 6-27, ' rastra manu versans rigida scabrosque
ligones | urget in arva boves sulcoque annixus inhaeret. | . . . post-
quam sudore exhaustus anhelo | spes cernit florere suas iamq horrea
laxat, I ecce, fremens sata culta truci vertigine nimbus | cbruit, et
longos anni brevis hora labores | una necat,' etc. Virg. Eel. viii.
43, duris in cotibus. insidias intentat : cp. ii. 44, insidias tendebat.
incalluit: cp. viii. 25, callosa.
31. Virg. Aen. i. 599, omnium cgenos.
32-33. Petrarch, Eel. ix, 81-82, * falleris, ah demens; nam iusta et
sera merentes | pastores ferit ira Dei populumque rebellem.'
39. Hor. Od. i. 11. i, scire nefas.
40. Cp. ii. 78, nostrum repetamus Amyntam.
41-42. Cp. i. 118, 'id commune malum, semel insanivimus omnes.'
43. Cp. i. 51, toUat de cardine mentem.
46. Cosmas is unfortunately hard to identify. Perhaps he is only
an ideal person.
47. Cp. ii. 27, nostros repetamus amores.
50. Cp. Virg. Eel. i. 30 and 68, longo post tempore.
53. fabula. Cp. Hor. Epod. xi. 8, per urbem . . . fabula quanta fui;
Id. Ep. i. 13. 9, fabula fias; Ov. .4m. iii. i. ai ; TibuU. i. 4. 83;
ii. 3. 31 ; etc.
57. Cp. Tac. Ann. i. 34. 3, eurvata senio membra.
59. somnOIentum. The word is used with the same quantity in a
mediaeval Latin poem (C. Pascal. Poesia latina medievaU, Catania,
1907. p. 114).
lPiipiii«niPHiill«
128 ECLOGUE III, 73-145
73. Contrast Mantuan's De Sacris Diebus (St Urban'f Day, May
25), Mam tondentur oves.' Cp. Varro, R. R. ii. 11. 7-8, *ovcs hirtas
tondent circiter hordeaceam messem, in aliis locis ante faenisicia.
quidam has bis in anno tondent, ut in Hispania citeriore, ac semen-
stres faciunt tonsuras.'
75. conflare putabam. Cp. line 141, 'qui flectere divos | creditis;*
vi. 133, ' vertcre in auruin | aestimat \ ' and Mantuan's Alfonsus, Bk.
iii (fol. 278), • Bucarem Maurum qui fortibus armis | Hesperiam
delere putans traiecerat aequor | perdomui.* So in the Latin Bible,
John, V. 39, * scrutamini scripturas. quia vos putatis in ipsis vitam
aeternam habere.^ Cp., also, Amm. Marc. xiv. 11, 34, scrutari puta-
bit; Tertull. An. 38, ifgere scnserunt (E. Lofstedt, Beitrdge zur
Kfttntnis der spdtcren Latin'xtdt, Uppsala, 1907, pp. 59-62).
83-85. Virg. Ed. iii. 71, ' aurea mala decern misi ; V^. ii. 45-55,
* tibi lilia plenis | ecce ferunt Nymphae calnthis,' etc. ; lb. iii. 6S-69,
' parta meae Veneri sunt munera : namque notavi | ipse locum, aeriae
quo congessere palumbes.' Cp. Prop. iii. 34. 71, ' felix qui viles pomit
mercaris amores.'
86. Ovid, A. A. ii. 277-8, ' aurea sunt vere nunc saecula. plurimut
auro I venit honos ; auro conciliatur amor.'
87. Cp. ii. 167, invida res amor est.
91. Cd. Ter. Fhorm. 504, quoi qitod amas domist.
97. Virg. Geor. ii. 76, aliena ex arbor e germen.
103-8. Tibull. i. I. 59-62, * te spectem, suprema mihi cum venerit
hora, I te teneam moriens deficiente manu. | flebis et arsuro positum
xne, Delia, lecto, | tristibus et lacrimis oscula mixta dabis ; ' i. 3. 57-8,
* sed me, quod facilis tencro sum semper Amori, | ipsa Venus campos
ducet in Elysios.'
109. Virg. Aen. vi. 550, 'quae rapidus flamrais ambit torrentibus
amnis, | Tartareus Phlegethon.'
115. Virg. Geor. ii. 371, ' texendae saepes etiam et pecus omne
tenendum ;' lb. iv. 10, 'neque oves haedique petulci | floribus insultent.'
117-24. Cp. Virg. Ed. v. 40-44, spargite htimum foliis, etc. ista:
applied to what follows, as at viii. 95.
130. Cp. Tibull. i. I. 63-64, ' flebis : non tua sunt duro praecordia
ferro | vinct.i, neque in tencro stat tibi corde silex ; ' Ov. Am. i. 11.
9, 'nee silicum venae nee durum in pectore ferrum.'
134. meos vultus averterit: apparently a variation on such Bibli-
cal phrases as Ps. 21, 25, 'nee avertit faciem suam a me; * Ps. 26, 9,
*ne avertas faciem tuam a me.*
138. Ovid, Met. i. 523, ' hei mihi, quod nuUis amor est sanabilis
herbis.*
139. Virg. Geor. iii. 391, si credere dignum est (repeated, Aen. vi.
173). So Ovid, Met. iii. 311.
141. Virg. Aen. vii. 312, fiectere . . .Superos. With flectere...
creditis cp. line 75, conflare putabam.
143-4. Cp. Virg. Geor. iii. 291-3, 'sed me Parnasi deserta per ardua
dulcis I raptat amor; iuvat ire iugis, qua nulla priorum | Castaliam
molli devertitur orbita cHvo ; ' lb. ii. 471, ' illic saltus ac lustra
ferarum;' Aen. iii. 646, 'in silvis inter deserta ferarum | lustra.*
145. talia iactantem: a Virgilian phrase, Aen. i. 102; ii. 588;
iz. 621.
ECLOGUE JIL 147 194 129
147. noz intempesU: a Virgilian phrase, G*or. L 247; Aeit, iu.
587 ; xii. 846. Cp. Lucr. v. 986.
150. Cp. Virg. Ceor. iii. 528, simplicis herbae.
151. Cp. CatuU. 64. 242, 'anxia in assiduos absumens lamina fletns.'
156. Virg. Aen. ii. 237, fetalis machina.
161. Cp. i. 5a, 'nee deus (ut perhibent) Amor est, sed amaror ct
error.'
164. Virg. Aen. vi. 882, heu miserande puer.
165. Cp. Juv. vii. 194-6, 'distat enim, quae | sidera te excipiant
mode primes incipientem | edere vagitus et adhuc a matre rnbentem.'
167. Virg. Aen. ii. 87, primis . . . ab annis. inf ortimarit : cp.
Mantuan's Tropfiaeum, Bk. ii (fol. 334), ' deo extremes infortunante
labores.' Du Cange cites the verb only from a Paris missal: ' Deas
...quo benedlcente nemo infortunabit.^
169. Virg. Eel. X. 51, modulabor avena\ Calpum. i. 93, modulemur
avena ; Jb. iv. 63, carmen modulatus avcna.
171. Juv. vii. 29, ut venias dignus hederis; Ovid, Met. xi. 165,
lauro Parnaside vinctus.
174. Tityrus means Virgil, as in ii. 9. Cp. Virg. Ed. ii. 1, * for-
mosum pastor Corydon ardebat Alexim ' (on which Servius says,
* Corydonis in persona Vergilius intellegitur, Caesar Alexis in persona
inducitur'). In Juan del Encina's paraphrase of Virgil's second
Eclogue King Ferdinand takes the place of Alexis.
179. Virg. Eel. iv. ii, decus hoc aevi; lb. v. 34, tu decus omne
tuis; Ovid, Pont. ii. 8. 25, saecli decus indelebile nostri.
181. Ovid, Met. xi. 47, ' lacrimis quoque flumina dicunt | increvisse
suis * (cited by loannes Murmellius).
182-5. Virg. Eel. v. 24, * non ulli pastos illis egere diebus | frigida,
Daphni, boves ad flumina ; ' lb. 35, ' ipsa Pales agros atque ipse re-
liquit Apollo;' lb. 40, * spargite humum foliis.'
188. Hebr. xi. 16, * meliorem [patriam] appetunt, id est, coelestem-*
192-4. Virg. Eel. vi. 85-86, ' cogere donee oves stabulis numerumque
referre | iussit et invito processit Vesper Olympo.* For the * star
that bids the shepherd fold' (the aariip allm^ of ApoU. Rhod. iv.
1630) cp. Calpum. ii. 93-94, * sed fugit ecce dies revocatque crepus-
cula Vesper; | hinc tu, Daphni, greges, illinc agat Alphesiboeus ;*
Nemes. ii. 89-90, * frigidus e silvis donee descendere suasit | Hesperus
et stabulis pastos inducere tauros;' Boccaccio, Eel. ii. 152-3, ' ast
ocior Hesperus haedos | egit ut ad septas traherem, caprosque
Melampus.'
wmmiimmmmmimmmmm
130 ECLOGUE IV. 3-70
ECLOGA IV, ALPHUS,
Amissum mtmorat caprum puiriqui futortm
laHHUt, tt ingenium notat hinc Alphus mulitbrt.
The fourth Eclogue — the most famous of the series — is a satire on
the ways of women. The topic had been a prime favorite with
mediaeval writers : for some of the abundant literature on the subject,
see A. Tobler, Zeitschrift fiir romanische Philologie, ix (1885), a88-
390; D. Comparetti, Virgilio nel Medio Evo, ii.^ iia ff. ; C. Pascal,
Poesia latina medievale (1907), pp. 151- 184, and Letteratura latina
tnedievaU (1909), pp. 107-115. Mantuan's discourse (lines 110-241)
is put into the mouth of one of his early teachers, Gregorio Tifernate
— just how appropriately, it is hard to say. Certainly, there is noth-
ing in Gregorio's published poems to suggest that he was a misogynist
above all others of his day and generation. Possibly the youthful
author meant merely to imply that his knowledge of the subject was
only second-hand.
3-4. The symptoms of the sick animal are dutifully borrowed from
Virgil; cp. (Seor. iii. 466, medio procumbere campo \ pascentem; lb.
465, summas carpentem ignavius herbas\ Eel. v. 26, nee graminis
attigit herbam.
13* Virg. Eel. iii. 69, quo eongessere palumbes. philomena : for
the spelling, see i. 27 «.
15. qui non credit, etc. 'Quia qualis quisque est, talem iudicat
quemlibet : et ita, qui fidus non est, neminem fidum existimat * (As-
censius) ; 'quia infidus et alios infidos putat * (Andreas Vaurentinus).
Cp. the two ' emblemes ' at the close of the May eclogue of Spenser's
Shepheards Calender : Ilfif fuv hnioro^ aTrtoTii, and T/f A' apa niauc
aTTioTift, Perhaps Alphus means that the man who does not trust his
neighbor is not trusted (or trustworthy) himself.
17. Virg. Aen. ii. 13. incipiam. fracti bello, etc.
41. Virg. Aen. v. 591, irremeabilis error.
44. resero. The poet's brother Tolomeo defended a similar use of
reserare, in the Alfonsus (animas reseraret ab Oreo), bv citing Virgil,
Aen. ii. 258-9, Mnclusos utero Danaos et pinea furtim | laxat claustra
Sinon ' {Apologia, Lyons ed., 1516, fol. Cc. v).
46-49. Cp. Thomas Middleton, The Witch (ed. A. H. Bullen, vol.
v. p. 366). Further details as to the witches' flight, etc., may be
found in Delrio, Disquisitiones magicae, lib. ii, quaest. 16 (Moguntiae,
1624, pp. 167 ff.).
52. pedum meditans. In some of the later editions the line is re-
written: dumque nemus subeo meditans mecum, ecce per umbras.
56. tunca: ' Runca dicitur ferreum instrumentum, seu sarculum,
quo sentes et herbae runcanlur aut evelluntur ' (Du Cange).
70. muliSribus. Cp. mu/iere, iv. 206 and vi. 57; muliirum, iv.
245; Boccaccio, Eel. vii. 124, mulieribus. For the / in the oblique
cases of mulier, Qutcherat cites Venant. Fort. viii. 6; Dracontius,
Satis/. 161 ; .nnd it is not uncommon in mciiiaevul Latin hexameters.
ECLOGUE IV. St'too 131
The usage wai criticized by Mantaan'f contemporariei, bot hit
brother Tolomeo could cite the authority of Laurentiui Valla and
Gregorio Tifernate (Apologia, Lyons ed., 1516, fol. Ee, iv).
81. Umber means Gregorio Tifernate (Gregorio da Cittk di Cas-
tello), as Mantuan himself explained to Thomas Wolf, Jr., in the
year 1500: * Ego, mi lacobe, sicut multa alia ita hoc praecipue
quaesivi, quid ipse in aeglogis suis intelligi desyderaret per Vmbrnm,
in cuius laudibus esset tarn frequens ac assiduus. Aiebat ipse a se
notari Gregorium tiphernum praeceptorem suum,' etc. (Letter to
Jakob Wimpfeling, Feb. 24, 1503, printed in the Tubingen edition
of the Eclogues, 15 15). Gregorio was born about 1414. He studied
at Perugia, and afterwards spent some years in Greece. Returning
to Italy, he taught Greek at Naples, where (c. 1447) he had Gioviano
Pontano as one of his pupils. From 1449 to 1455 he was in the
service of Pope Nicholas V, for whom he made translations of
several Greek works. After the death of his patron (March 25,
I455) he taught for a short time at Milan; and toward the close of
1456 he went to France, to the court of Charles VIL On Jan. 19,
1458, he was appointed professor of Greek at the University of
Paris; but early in September, 1459, he returned to Italy. From
April, 1460, to December, 1461, he seems to have taught at Mantua,
and the remainder of his life was spent at Venice. He seems to
have died about 1464. [The unpublished * Vita ' of Gregorio, Cod,
Vat. Lat. 6845, foil. 157-161, contains very little information be-
yond what may be gleaned, or inferred, from his own poems. Some
additional facts are furnished by F. Gabotto, Ancora un letterato
del Quattrocento (1890), pp. 7-23; L. Delaruelle, Melanges d-
arch^ologie et d' histoire, xix (1899), 9-33; L. Thuasne, Roberti
Gaguini E pistole et Oraiiones (1903), i. 10-12]. '
82-83. Virg. Eel. iii. 52, quin age, si quid habes; Ibid. ix. 45,
numeros tncmini, si verba tenerem; lb. ix. 38, neque est ignobile
carmen.
87-88. Cp. Virg. EcL iii. 20, * Tityre, coge pecus; * tu post carecta
latebas. For the rustic realism, cp. i. 44-47, and note, obsit: cp.
iii. 115, ne floribus obsit.
90. Cp. i. 175, vineta subintrat.
93. *et: i. e. etiam; pampineos . . . agros : i. e. vineas* (Asc.).
98-99. Virg. Geor. i. 332, out Rhodopen aut alta Ceraunia. Cp.
* Umber's ' own reference to his long journeyings : * lunior Eurotae
potavi flurainis undam, | de Ligeri factus grandior amne bibo. |
vidimus Oceanum mare, vidimus Hellespontum : | sic voluit longas
nos Deus ire vias,* Gregorii Tipherni Poetae clarissJ Opuscula,
Venetiis, 1498, fol. c. iii. [This quotation is taken from a copy in
the Library of the University of Turin. There is another copy of
the same edition at the University of Padua; and V^oigt-Lehnerdt
report a third in the Royal Library at Berlin.]
100. referebat carmina. None of Gregorio's translations of Greek
verse have been preserved. His translations of prose authors (all
of them dedicated to Nicholas V) are as follows: (l) Aristotle,
Magna Moralia and Eudemian Ethics; (2) Dio Chrysostom, De
Regno; (3) Strabo, P.* .Situ Orbis, lib. xi-xvii (the first ten book*
132 ECLOGUE IV. 105-149
were translated by Guarino) ; (4) Theophrastns, four fragments
(Af^taphysica, De Natura Ignis, De Piscibus, De Vertigine) ; (5)
Timaeas Locrensis, De Mundi Fabrica. [I owe this note to Dr. D.
P. Lockwood, of Columbia University.]
105. Candidus means Mantuan himself, as in Eclogues IX and
X. Cp. the reference in Euricius Cordus, Eel. ii» ' Candidus est,
gelida qui Faustum lusit in umbra, | ut retulit veteres Gallam quibui
arserat ignes.'
108. Virg. Eel. vii. ai, Nymphae, uoster amor, Libethrides,
109. plus :' subaudi caeteris. alioqui dixisset plurimum ' (As-
censius).
no. Cp. a letter of Aeneas Silvius (to Hippolytus of Milan, 1446),
Remedium contra amorem : ' MuHer est animal imperfectum, varium,
fallax, multis moribus passionibusque subiectum, sine fide, sine
timore, sine constantia, sine pietate. de his loquor muHeribus quae
turpes admittunt amores.* For a longer string of such uncompli-
mentary epithets (with a similar saving clause at the end) see
Martinez de Toledo, Corvacho (1438), Madrid ed., 1901, p. 61. Cp.,
also, Boccaccio's Corbaccio (Florence ed., 1828, p. 199): ' Ora io
non t' ho detto quanto questa perversa moltitudine sia golosa ritrosa
e ambi^.ioKu, invidiosn nccidioHn iraoundii c dclira, n^ quanto ella
ncl fnr«i scrvirc sia impcrlosa noiosa vczzonn ntomacosa e importunu,
e altrc cose nssai,' etc.
112. extremis gaudet. So La Hruy^re, Dcs Femmes, 53, * Lei
femmes sont extremes : elles sont meilleures ou pires que les hommes.'
114. Virg. Gear. i. 21 1, brumac intraclabilis.
115. Virg. Aen. x. 273-5, ' aut Sirius ardor | . . . laevo contristat
lumine caelum.' Canis is probably the genitive.
117. amat.. .edit. Cp. Publil. Syr. Sent., 'aut amat aut odit
mulier, nil est tertium; ' also, the line in a mediaeval poem, *Aut
amat aut odit: medium non femina novit ' (C. Pascal, Poesia latina
medievale, Catania, 1907, p. 179). capitaliter odit: the expression
is cited from Amm. Marc. 21. 16. 11.
118. hernica: cp. Mantuan's Al/onsus, Hk. ii (foL 269), * facili
minus hernica vultu.'
124. Cp. Virg. Aen. iv. 569, varium et mutabile semper \ femina.
129. ganeae: 'gluttony.' For the quantity, cp. Prud. IlamarU
322, gdnconis ; Id. Psych, 343, ganearum ; Sidon. v. 340, gdnea.
132-3. Ovid, Met. ii. 467, distuleratque graves in idonea tempore
poenas.
134. litigiosa : cp. Juv. vi. 242, ' nulla fere causa est in qua non
femina litem | moverit.'
135 ff.: echoed in Two Italian Gentlemen (1584). 938-943. Malone
Society Reprint, 19 10, through L. Pasqualigo (see p. 56) : * Busie
they are with pen to write our vices in our face, But negligent to
knowe the blemish of their owne disgrace. Gestures and lookes in
readinesse at their command they haue. Mirth, sorrowe, feare, hope,'
etc.
146-9. Cp. the close of the fable ' De mulierc et proco suo* (L.
Hervieux, Les fabulistes latins, ii. 487) : ' Hie dicitur, quod mulier
habet omnes artes Dyaboli et adhuc ulterius artem unam. De visis
enim decipit veluti de non visis.'
ECLOGUE IV. tso-MiM 133
150 ir. The examples cited, here and in lines 207 ff., had long
been stock examples in treatises on this subject. Cp. St Jerome.
Adv. lov. Bk. i. (ii. 39a Migne), 'quid referam Pasiphaen, Clytem*
nestram, et Eriphylam . . . quidquid tragoediae tument, et domos
urbes regnaque subvertit, uxorum pellicumque contentio est. arman-
tur parentum in liberos manus: nefandae apponuntur epulae: et
propter unius mulierculne raptum Europa atqae Asia decennali bello
confligunt.'
156. siibicit: cp. Lucan, vii. 574, ipse manu subuit gladios\ Sil^
Ital. i. 113, subicitque haud moUia dicta,
161. luzuriae means Must', as in the Ecclesiastical Writers: Paul.
Nol. XXV. 10 ; Prudent. Perist. xiii. 25 ; etc.
176. The names all occur in Virgil's Eclogues,
178. An unusual version of the story. C. G. Leland, Legends of
Florence, New York, 1895, p. 236, mentions * the fact that Eurydicc
was lost for tasting a pomegranate,' but omits to state where the
' fact ' is recorded. Cp. Ovid, Met, ix. 600, si non male sana fuissem.
180. Virg. Geor, i. 39, ' nee repetita sequi curet Proserpina matrem.'
181-3. Virg. Aen. vi. 119-23, 'si potuit manes arcessere coniugis
Orpheus | ... si frntrem Pollux alterna morte redemit, | itque reditque
viam totiens — (]uid Thcsca mngnum, | quid memorem Alciden? et mi
gonus ab love summu;' Mor. Od. i. 12. 26, ' hunc equls, ilium lu-
pernre pugnis | nobilem.'
184. Boccaccio, Eel, xiv. 207 (of the Redeemer), inde solus venit
et vita renatis,
194-5. Cp. iii. 65-66.
196-7. Cp. Brunetto Latini, Li Tresors, i. 5. 132 (of the Cocodrille),
* Et se il vaint 1' ome, il le manjue en plorant; ' Jb. i. 5. 191 (of the
Hiene), ' et ensuit les maisons et estables, et contrefait la voiz des
gens, ct ainsi decoit sovent les homes et les chiens, et les devore ; *
Philippe de Thaiin, Bestiaire,^ 71718 (of the Cocodrille), * S' il pot,
ume devure, | Quant mangie 1' at, si plure ; ' Perotti, Cornucopiae
(of the crocodile), * conspecto homine emittit lacrimas; mox appro-
pinquantem devorat; ' (of the hyena), * humanum sermonem inter
pastorum stabula assimi!are dicitur, nomenque alicuius discere quem
foras evocatum dilaceret. vomitionem etiam hominis imitari ad sol-
licitandos canes quos invadat ; ' Cecco d' Ascoli, XL (of the hyena),
'contrafa Ihumana uoce | per deuorar Ihumana creatura* (Venice
ed. 1487) ; Mantuan, Al/onsus, Bk. v. fol. 293, ' callida et, ut per-
hibent, nostrae aemula vocis hyaena.'
200-1. Ovid, Met. iv. 780-1, ' se tamen horrendae clipei quem laeva
gerebat | acre repercussam formam aspexisse Medusae;' lb. 551,
' saxificae . . . Medusae ; ' Met. v. 217, ' saxificos vultus . . . Medusae.'
204. fluviorum : for the scansion, cp. Virg. Geor. i. 482, fluviorutn
rex Eridanus. aspris: for the form, cp. Virg. Aen, ii. 379, aspris
, . , sentibus.
207 iT. * Plebeii ac triviales sunt versiculi : Adam, Samsonem, Lot,
Davidem, Solomonem, | Femina decepit; quis modo tutus erit?*
(Ascensius).
212. Prud. Hamart, 264-5, 'nee enim contenta decore j ingenito
externam mentitur femina formam.'
134 ECLOGUE IV, zis-ast
213. Prud. Hamart, 272, ' aareolisque riget coma texta catenis.'
216. Cp. Virg. Eel. iii. 64-5, 'malo me Galatea petit, lasciva paella,
I et fugit ad salices, et se cupit ante videri.'
217. dare. Cp. Catull. ex. 4, 'nee das et fen taepe.'
218. Cp. Ov. A, A. i. 665-6, 'pujfnabit primo fortassis et 'improbe'
dicet: | pugnando vinci se tamen ilia volet.*
219. Gellius, ii. 22. 24, 'est etiam ventus nomine caecias, quern
Aristoteles ita flare dicit ut nubes non procul propellat, sed ut ad
sese vocet, ex quo versum istum proverbialem factum ait : 't^^uv
itf avTuv uare KaiKiac v/^of.'
222. hie f ragilis . . . sexus. Cp. Prud. llamart. 277, 'haec scxui
male fortis agit, cui pectore in arte | mens fragilis facili vitiorum
fluctuat aestu.' Cp., also, the poem Alda (du Meril, Pohies inidites
du moycn dge, Paris, 1854, p. 430), fragili rigor in sexu; and the
expression femina res fragilis, in two other mediaeval poems (C.
Pascal, Pocsia latina medievale, pp. 154, 155).
2S3. Cp. Virg. Geor, i. 93, penetrabiU frigus.
234. Petrarch, Eel. i. 87, Stygias /lam mas.
236. Virg. Aen. iii. 216, ' foedissima ventris I proluvies;' lb. 227,
*diripiuntque dapes contactuque omnia foedant ] immundo.'
239-40. Lucan, Phars. ix. 624, ' finibus extremis Libyes, ubi fervida
tellusl accipit oceanum demisso sole calentem, | squalebant late Phor-
cjrnidos arva Medusae.* These lines are quoted by Perotti, and as-
cribed to Ovid ; and Ascensius borrows both the quotation and the
false reference in his commentary on Mantuan.
244. rei. For the quantity, cp. Lucr. ii. II2, 548; vi. 918.
247. urbi : Citta di Castello, on the upper course of the Tiber. It
occupies the site of the ancient Tifernum Tiberinum. Cp. Virg.
Eel. vi. 73, quo se plus iactet Apollo.
249-50. Juv. vii. 55, earmen triviale.
251. Virg. Eel. x. Zl, quam molliter ossa quieseant.
ECLOGA V, CANDIDUS.
Otia Sylvanus miratur inertia vatis,
Candidus abieetos ^queritur nunc esse poetas.
The fifth Eelogue lifts up an old complaint against the niggardly
attitude of rich men toward poets — against * these frugal patrons, who
begin | To scantle learning with a seruile pay.' Like the fourth, it
was a youthful composition on a traditional subject — a subject which
had been touched on by Theocritus, and Juvenal, and Martial, and
Petrarch — and it cannot reflect anything in the author's own ex-
perience. It is paraphrased in Alexander Barclay's fourth Egloge
* treating of the behauour of Riche men agaynst Poetes,' and imitated
in the October Aeglogue of Spenser's SJuphcards Calender. ' E. K.'s *
comment on Spenser's poem states that * this Aeglogue is made in
imitation of Theocritus his xvi. Idilion,' adding — what most of his
Eclogue v, m-ss i3^
readers were likely to know — 'and the lyke also is in Mantoane.'
But this comment is misleading, and mast have been intended to be
misleading. Spenser's indebtedness to Theocritus is exceedingly
slight; but it would doubtless be more impressive to refer one of
his poems to a great Greek model than to the 'homely Carmelite'
whose Eclogues were a familiar text-book in almost every school.
2. Virg. Eel. V. 2, calamos iuflare.
6. Cp. Juv. iii. 165 (and vi. 357), res angusta domi; Cic. Phil,
xiii. 4. 8, res familiaris ampla.
7-8. Virg. Geor. iii. 177, nivea implebunt mulctraria vaecae; Aen.
iii. 66, spumantia cymbia lacte.
9. Pers. i. 45, si forte quid aptius exit.
10. extenditis aures : cp. Seneca, Ep. xl. 3 (of the proper delivery
for philosophical teaching), nee exteudat aures nee obruat.
11-12. Juv. vii. 30-32, 'didicit iam dives avarus | tantnm admirari,
tantum laudare disertos, | ut pueri lunonis avem ; ' ' So praysen babes
the Peacoks spotted traine,' Spenser, S. C. x. 31 ; T. Randolph, An
Eelogue to Master Jonson, ' Rich churls have iearn't to praise us, and
admire, | But have not Iearn't to think us worth the hire.' Cp., also,
Juv. i. 74, ' probitas laudatur et alget.'
16. saepe : abl. of saepes.
25. Virg. Eel. ix. 51, omnia fert aetas.
27. Cp. Tibull. ii. 5. 25, paseebant herbosa Palatia vaccae; Virg.
Eel. ii. 42, bina die siecaitt oris ubera.
28. Cp. Juv. vii. 34-5, ' taedia tunc subeunt animos, tunc seqae
suamque { Terpsichoren edit facunda et nuda senectus.'
29. secundant. For the intransitive use, cp. Boccaccio, Eel. tL
47, da eoepta seeundent.
32. altera = alia.
33- Cp. Juv. vii. 32-3, 'sed defluit aetas | et pelagi patiens et
cassidis atque ligonis ; ' Virg. Aen. i. 599, omnium egenos.
38. fruges secat ore. This bit of natural history was recorded
in the famous Greek treatise Physiologus. Cp. E. Peters, Der
grieehisehe Physiologus und seine orientalisehen Uebersetzungen,
Berlin, 1S98, p. 89, * Wenn sie {se. die Ameise) die Nahrung in der
Erde aufspeichert, so beisst sie die Korner in zwei Stiicke, damit
nicht die Korner wahrend des Winters keimen und sie Hunger
leidet.' Cp., also, Philippe de Thaun, Bestiaire, 931-4. ' L« grenet
que il at | En dous parz le fendrat ; | Issi fait cuintement | Qu' en
iver faim nel prent; ' Guillaume le Clerc, 93740. ' Chescun son grein
par raileu fent | E ensi le garde et defent, [ Qu' il n' empire ne ne
porrist | Ne que nul germe n' i norrist ; * Brunetto Latini. Li Tresors.
i. 5. 190, *et ses grains brise tous parmi, porce que il ne puissent
naistre k la moistor de la terre;' and (for Mantuan's own day)
Perotti's Cornueopiae, * semina condunt semirosa, ne rursus in fruges
e.xeant.'
46. Petrarch, Eel. iv. 68, * sorte tua eontentus abi, citharamqu^
relinque.'
58. fac nos gaudere. Faeere with the infinitive in the sense of
"to cause to" is common in the Ecclesiastical Writers. "This
136 ECLOGUE V, 60-98
construction leemi to have been colloquial: we find it at leait onc«
in Cic. {Brut, 14a), in Lucr., Varr., Ou. and Col. Its pretence in
Verg. A, 2, 538-9, is only one of many instances of V't taste for the
communis sermo " (W. C. Summers, Select Letters of Seneca^ London,
1910, p. 350).
60-61. Cp. Theocritus, xxv. 50, hTJkov 6' iXXov tdtjKe 6ebc kmfitviu
foTtJV (quoted by Florido Ambrogio, p. 131).
64. faxo: archaic, as in Aen. ix. 154; xii. 316.
65. nodum Herculis. Cp. Macrobius, i. 19. 16, ' in Mercurio solem
coli etiam ex caduceo claret, quod Aegyptii in specie draconum maris
et feminae coniunctorum figurauerunt Mercurio consecrandum. hi
dracones parte media uoluminis sui in uicem nodot quern uocant
HercuHst obligantur,' etc.
67. inquis = diets. Cp. viii. 67, quod . . . inquis ; x. 53, ut Can-
did us in quit.
70. Cp. Ov. Tr. i. 1. 39, 'carmina proveniunt animo deducta
sereno ;' Juv. vii. 53-56, ' sed vatem egregium . . . anxietate carens
animus facit ; ' lb. 63-64.
72. squarrosa : a rare word, cited only from Lucilius: * squarrosi
a squamarum similitudine dicti, quorum cutis exsurgit ob assiduam
illuviem.' situs occupat era: cp. Virg. Aen. iv. 499, pallor simul
occupat ora; TibuU. i, 10. 50, occupat arma situs.
75. Cp. iv. 67, * ut ad formam faciat pudor.'
78. Cp. ' Itala,' Ps. 143. 13, cellaria eorum plena.
80. Virg. Eel. i. 36, ' gravis acre domum mihi dextra redibat.*
82. ludos inarare : ' id securi faciunt rustici, divinare facientes
quem sulcum tetigerint * (Asc).
86. Tityrus means Virgil, as in ii. 9.
89. Cp. Mart. viii. 55. 5, * sint Maecenates, non derunt, Flacce,
Marones;* Juv. vii. 69-71, * nam si Vergilio puer et tolerabile desset
I hospitium, caderent omnes a crinibus hydri, | surda nihil gemeret
grave bucina.'
90-91. Cp. Juv. vii. 59-61, *nec enim cantare sub antro | Pierio
thyrsumque potest contingere maesta | paupertas ' (* Ne wont with
crabbed care the Muses dwell,* Spenser, S. C. x. loi).
96. Cosmi: Cosimo de' Medici, * the Elder' (i3^9'U^4)' His
wealth was proverbial; cp. a letter of Aeneas Silvius (to Petrus
Noxttanus, 1446) : * Non habes opes Cosmi: at Marcelli habes.'
97. Pers. i. 67, in luxum et prandia regum.
98. patinam Aesopi. Plm. N, H. x. 51, 141, 'Clodi Aesopi
tragici histrionis patina HS c taxata^in qua posuit aves cantu aliquo
aut humano sermone vocales, HS vi singulas coemptas. nulla alia
inductus suavitate nisi ut in his imitationem hominis manderet,' etc.
This ' patin of Esope ', as Alexander Barclay translates it, was
proverbial. Beroaldo has, 'lam patina Esopi caedat : iam luxus
Apici: I et Ptolomeorum prodiga luxuries' (/« caenam datam prin-
dpi Bentivolo a Mino Roseio, Lyons ed. 1492). Cp. also, the
Lamentationes novae obscurorum Reuehlinistarum, xi (Henricus
Haversack to Joannes Smoerpot), * Vale ad longos Nestoris annos, et
Aesopi patinas nobis ad caenam para.' clipeumve Minervae.
Sueton. Vit., xiii. 2, ' patinae, quam ob immensam magnitudinem
ECLOGUE V. ^igo . -137
ciiptum Mintrvaf itohoiixov dictitabat. in hac icarorum iocinera,
phaiianarum et pavonum cerebella, linguat phoinicopterum . . . com*
miscuit.' [These two phrases were explained by loannes ManneUios,
in his Scoparius (151 7)-]
' 99- reps laribus. Nero's Golden House (Sneton. Nero, 31).
100. aenea barba: Aenobarbi, a family name of the Domitian
gens (Sueton. Nero^ i).
loi. The speaker explains his more than pastoral enlightenment:
cp. vi. 58-59; vii. 10; viii. 153-5; ix. 200; also, vi. 220 and note.
104. Juv. XV. 173-4, 'Pythagoras, cunctis animalibus abstinuit qui
I tamquam homine et ventri indulsit non omne legumen ; ' lb. iii.
329, ' unde epulum possis centum dare Pythagoreis ; ' lb, iii. 203,
* lectus erat Codro Procula minor, urceoli sex,* etc.
108-9. Cp. ii. 45-47.
109. Hor. Ep, i. I. 4-5, armis \ Herculis ad postern fixis,
123. Cp. Hor. Ep. i. 6. 37, regina Peaotia; Juv. i. 112, inter hos
sanctissima divitiarum \ niaiestas.
129. subsannet. The verb is a common one in the Latin Bible
and in the Ecclesiastical Writers : e. g. ^ Par. 30, 10, illis irridenti-
bus et subsannaniibus eos.
136. Petrarch, Eel. iv. 70, posceris auxilium: tu eonsttJis? Mart,
ii. 30, 6, quod peto da, Gai: non peto consilium, sed. The
Bologna edition of 1502 reads sum.
145 ff. Cp. T. Lodge, A Fig for Momus (1595), Ed. iii, *To
Rowland ' : * But now, these frugal patrons, who begin | To scantle
learning with a seruile pay, | Make Poets count thtir negligence no
sinne : | The cold conceit of recompence doth lay | Their fierie furie
when they should begin. |. The priest unpaid, can neither sing nor
say, I Nor poets sweetlie write, excepte they meete | With sound
rewards, for sermoning so sweete.'
151. ganea. See iv. 129 «.
166 IT. Cp. Palingenius, Zodiacus Fitae, ii. 549 (Basel ed., 1548,
p. 29) : * si qua tamen donant, dant scurris, dantque cynaedis, | dant
lenis potius, dant scortis callipareis: | nemo dabit vati, Musae
spernuntur ubique.'
176. trivialibus: cp. iv. 249-50, trivialia . . . carmina.
181. Cp. Hor. Ep. i. 10. 29, veto distinguere falsum.
190. Cp. Hor. Ep. i. 1. 52, vilius argentum est auro, virtutibus aurum.
ECLOGA VI, CORNIX.
Comix enarrat discrimina ruris et urbis,
Et pergit varios stultorum carpere mores.
Falica repeats a story which explains that the difference between
the lot of the countryman and that of the townsfolk was fixed at
the very beginning, when the Creator ordained that some of Eve'a
younger children should be shepherds, and ploughmen, and laborers
in the field. Comix retorts with a lively satire on the evils of life
HPPPPHMMMHMiWPPIIH II Jl ■IllllllllllimilJ.IIU Jllll" llllllll. I I m\n nil |M«M :
prodit anus divamque videt lymphamque roganti
dulce dedit testa quod coxerat ante polenta,
et paulo infra <453-454> :
ofTensa est, nee adhuc epota parte loquentem
cum liquid© mixta perfudit diva polenta.
in primis duobus versibus iungit dulce cum polenta ; in aliis duobus
dicit cum liquido polenta, quo essent et critici nostri iure perfun-
dendi, et in stelliones deformesque bestiolas convertendi. Philippus
Beroaldus in sextum librum Apulei de aureo Asino loquens de
polenta dicit : ' apud Ovidium neutraliter enuntiatur illo versu, dulce
dedit testa quod coxerat ante polenta.* " [Met. v. 450 is quoted by
Mantuan, and by Beroaldo (Bologna ed., 1500, fol. Y. ii), as it stands
in the fifteenth-century editions, Vicenza, 1480, Venice, i486, etc.
Modern editors give an * emended ' line : * dulce dedit tosta quod
texerat ante polenta.*]
22-23. Cp. / Parthen. iii (of the Nativity), ' deciderant umbrae
nemorum, sine crinibus omnis | arbor erat nidosque avium mon-
strabat inanes.'
26. vulpes = /// gregi
148 ECLOGUE IX. iig-igo
annentorom, vel armento.' [The edition of Tibullns 'com com-
mentariis Bernardini Veronensis,' Brescia, 1486, gives the text ai
Mnrmellins quotes it; modern editions have discedat ab am.] Cp.*
also, Calpumins, Eel. i. 27, longa . . . internodia.
119. appropias. Mantuan*s defence of this word is quoted in his
brother Tolomeo's Apologia (Lyons ed., 15 16, fol. Gg):*usurpat
similiter hoc verbum appropio, id est, appropinquot deductum a
Prope, sicut elongo a longe. reperitur id verbum, ut inquit poeta,
fttisse in usu ante annos abhinc mille. legitur enim in editione vul-
gata psalmorum quae Hieronymum antecessit dum appropiant super
me nacentes,* The word occurs a dozen times ia the Vulgate, and the
*Itala' often uses it where the Vulgate ha:; appropinquate \ see
H. Ronsch, Itala und Vulgata, p. 181.
122. a longe = e longinquo. For such combinations of preposition
and adverb, see Ronsch, Uala und Vulgata, pp. 231-4, 475. So
Augustine, Conf. iii. 3. $, has, 'et circumvolabat super me iidelis
a longe misericordia tua.'
127. illfqueat. Prud. Cath. iii. 41, 'callidus illaqueat volucres |
aut pedicis dolus aut maculis, | illita glutine corticeo | vimina
plumigeram seriem | impediunt et abire vetant.*
128. Virg. Geor. ii. 396, in veribus torrebimus exta colurnis.
133. Calpurn. i. 7, de/endimus ora galero.
136-7. Virg. Geor. iii. 420, cape saxa manu, cape robora, pastor.
138-9. spineta colubris | plena: cp. Virg. Geor. iv. 243, con^
gesta cubilia blattis.
140. Virg. Geor. iii. 434, asperque siti atque exterritus aestu.
142. Virg. Geor. iv. 554, subitum ac dictu mirabile monstrum;
Aen. vii. 680, subitum dictuque oritur mirabile monstrum.
143-S' Virg. Eel. viii. 97-99. his ego saepe lupum fieri, etc.
madere caede: cp. Ov. Met. i. 149 and xiv. 199, caede madentes;
xiii. 388, caede madebit.
147. obviat : cp. Ital. owiare. Virg. Aen. ii. 535, pro talibus ausis.
iS3-4« The animal worship of the ancient Egyptians is often
mentioned: Cic, A'^. D. iii. 19, Tusc. Disp. v. 27. 78; Juv. xv. 1-8;
Amob. i. 28 ; Cels. Epicur. ap. Orig. iii, etc.
158. Gen. i. 28, 'dominamini . . . universis animantibus quae
moventur super terram' (Asc).
159. Virg. Aen. iii. 139, ietijer annus.
162. Virg. Geor. iii. 515, duro fumans sub vomers taurus \
concidit.
163. Petrarch, Eel. vi. 73, nee morbi modus ullus adesi.
l68. opulescunt. Gellius reports, xviii. 11. 3, that Furius Antias
was criticized for using such words as opulescere (z=z opulentum
fieri).
174-7. Cp. Virg. Geor. iii. 343-S, 'omnia secum | armentarius Afer
agit, tectumque laremque | armaque,' etc. c&c&bos: Teofilo Folengo
has edcdbi (Venice ed., 1555, fol. i6).
185-191. Cp. ii. 87-88. *quam melius f uerat . . . rediisse . . . ser-
vasse,* etc.
188. Athesis: the Adige.
190. Abdua: the Addua.
ECLOGUE IX, igs—X, 3 149
193-5. C^P* ▼i* iH-6* *vidi etiam patrei . . . if«M segnes dormire
volunt . . . prostituisse* etc.
199-aoo. Cp. Dante, Par. xvi. 73, * Se tn rigaardi Luni ed Urbit-
aglia I Come son ite,' etc. ; also, Petrarch, Fam. ▼. 3, ' Lunam olim
famosam potentemque, nunc nudum et inane nomen ' (ed. Fracassetti,
i. 354). Luna: famous in antiquity for its harbor (the Gulf of
Spezia) ; destroyed by the Arabs in 1016. Hadria: an ancient seaport
between the Po and the Adige; ruined by a war with Venice in 1017.
Salvia: Urbs Salvia, or Urbesalvia (whence the modem name
Urbisaglia), an inland town in Picenum. Under the Empire it
was a place of some commercial importance, but it was completely
destroyed by Alaric. Umber: see iv. 8i«.
202. modo = n«nr. See i. 4n.
210. Cp. Virg. Ed. i. 75, ite meae, felix quondam pecus, ite
capellae.
211. Juv. V. 10, tam ieiuna fames', Ov. Met. viii. 782, ieiuna
Fames.
213. pastor. Falcone de' Sinibaldi, papal treasurer under Inno-
cent VIII. From him Mantuan received much assistance, when he
went to Rome on the business of his order: 'cuius beneficio ex
omnibus periculis est liberatus.' See pp. 15 and 28.
214. Virg. Eel. ii. 20, guam dives pecoris; Aen. i. 343, and iii.
642, ditissimus agri\ so Ovid, Met. v. 129.
218. Macram. Cp. Dante, Par. ix. 89, ' Macra che per canunin
corto I Lo Genovese parte dal Toscano.'
219. Cp. Virg. Eel. v. 16-17, 'lenta salix quantum pallenti cedit
olivae, | puniceis humilis quantum saliunca rosetis,* etc. ; lb. \. 26,
* quantum lenta solent inter viburna cupressi.'
220. Titynis means Virgil, as at ii. 9.
221. Virg. Ed. i. 43-4. quotannis \ bis senos cut nostra dies ai-
taria fumant. f umare . . . fecit : see v. 58/1.
230. Virg. Aen. i. 78-9, tu sceptra lovemque \ concilias.
ECLOGA X, BEMBUS.
Nunc verae et falsae discrtmina relligionis
Narratt ovesque pias Carmeli separat hoedis.
The tenth Edogue is a debate between the two great divisions of
Mantuan's order, the Observantes, or Discalced Carmelites, and the
Conventuals, who followed a mitigated rule. The speakers discuss
the abuses which had crept into the order and caused the separation,
and the umpire advises a return to the good old ways.
I. Bembe. The name of the umpire (and the title of the poem)
is probably chosen out of compliment to Bernardo Bembo, of Venice,
to whom Mantuan dedicated the Second Parthenice (c. 1488).
3. Batrachus . . . Myrmix. Ascensius saw a certain fitness in the
two names. * Nam fiarpaxo^ rana dicitur, cui fere similem habent
Carmelitae de observatione interiorem tunicam, quia piceam aut, ut
dicunt, griseam; Myrmix autem formica, quae ni^ra est, nt non
150 ECLOGUE X, 6S9
observantium tunica.' There is a similar pair of names in Eel,
vi, Comix and FtUica. The name Batracos had been given to one
of the speakers in Boccaccio's ninth Eclogue \ the name Myrmix it
employed again in the second and fifth Eclogues of C. Erasmus
Laetus (Witebergae, anno 1560).
6-7. Cp. the aged Meliboeus in Nemes. Eel. 1. 52-53, * tu ruricolum
discernere lites f assueras, varias paeans mulcendo querellas ; ' Virg.
Eel. iii. 108, lantas componere lites.
ID. Eurotae campos. Cp. Virg. Ed. vi. 82-83, * omnia quae Phoebo
quondam meditante beatus | audiit Eurotas iussitque ediscere lauros.'
II. Virg. Eel. iii. 62, 'Phoebo sua semper apud me | munera sunt,
lauri,' etc. ; Ovid, Met. xi. 165, * ille caput flavum lauro Parnaside
vinctus.*
13-14. Virg. Eel. iii. 55, dicite, guartdoguidem, etc. ; Pers. vi. i,
adtnovit iam bruma foeo te, Basse, Sabino?
16-17. Cp. vi. 1-2, a eulmine pendet \ stiria.
20-21. Virg. Geor. i. 259, frigidus agrieolam si guando eontinet
imber.
29. Cp. Virg. Geor. ii. 184, pinguis humus duleigue uligine laeta.
34. Juvencus, i. 414, Galilaea per arva ; so Sedulius, iv. 188.
35. lacu . . . magno : the Lacus Samachonitis (Waters of Merom).
36. mare . . . apertum : 'the sea of Galilee, which is the sea of
Tiberias' {John, vi. l).
39. Asphalti gurgitis: the Lacus Asphaltites, or Dead Sea.
inf ames . . . undas : cp. De Calam. i (of Luxuria), *haec fera adul-
terium parit incestusque nefandos | stupraque et igne scelus dignum
quo barbara quondam | abstulit immixtis sulfur quinquurbia flammis;
I nunc lacus est ubi tunc homines errare solebant,' etc.
54. Elias. The Carmelite Order claimed for its founders the
prophets Elijah and Elisha. Mantuan often repeats the claim:
De Vita Beata; i Parthen. Bk. iii; De Patientia, ii. 27, iii. 31;
Alfcnsus, Bk. v ; Apologia pro Carmelitis. The first volume of the
Annales Carmelitarum by loan. Bapt. de Lezana (Rome, 1645) be-
gins with 'annus mundi 3123, ante Christum 930.'
59. Cp. vii. 130-1, sicut de fonte perenni \ flumina\ Ronsard
((Euvres, ed. Blanchemain, vii. 128), Vos estes tnes ruisseaux, je
suis vostre fonteine.
66. fas est = licet. Cp. vii. 80-81, sed fas mihi fiere, guod Hit \
non licet.
68. Cp. ix. 159, pestijer annus; Virg. Aen. iii. 139, leti/er annus.
69. omisit : cp. ii. 5, omissa. In the Bologna edition of the col-
lected poems, 1502, the line is rewritten: signa dedit, nil guod tangat
tnagalia omisit.
77. Virg. Geor. iv. 126, umectat flaventia culta Galaesus.
79-81. Virg. Geor. ii. 1 12-13, opertos \ Bacchus amat colles, Agui-
lonem et frigora taxi.
87. Cp. Hor. Od. ii. 14. 15-16, nocentem | corporibus metuemus
Austrum.
89. Cp. Virg. Geor. ii. 146, hinc albi, Clitumne, greges; Prop. iii.
19. 26, et niveos abluit unda boves; Sil. Ital. iv. 546; Stat
Silv. i. 4. 129.
ECLOGUE X. gi'iSs 151
91. Lucr. iii. 318, unde haec oritur varianiia rerum,
99. Virg. Geor. i. 273, balantumque gregem fluvio mersarg salnhrii
lb. iii. 446-7, udisque aries in gurgite villis \ mersatur,
10 1. Virg. Geor. iii. 444, hirsuti secuerunt corpora vefret,
102-3. Virg. Geor. iii. 441, turpis oves temptat scabies \ Mart L
78. 1-2, indignas premeret pesiis cum tabida fauces \ inque ipsos
vultus serperet atra lues.
104-5. Virg. Geor. iii. 481, corrupitque lacus, infecit pabula iabo.
106-9. The correct color of the Carmelite habit has often been
the subject of animated discussion among the different branches of
the order. Mantuan himself regarded it as a matter of much im-
portance. In his first term as Vicar-general he came into conflict
with the General of the order, who had prescribed * nigrum in
vestibus colorem ; ' and he obtained from Sixtus IV a special bull
which permitted the Congregation of Mantua to wear * habitum grisci
coloris, sive tane ' (tan color). In the third book of the De
Calamitatibus he records that the founder of the order, the prophet
Ellas, wore, and prescribed for his followers, a garment of 'natural
wool ' : * namque rudem tunicam tetrae fuliginis instar, | cui sim-
plex expersque artis natura colorem | fecerat, induitur; per saecuU
cuncta nepotum | progenies iussit similem gestaret amictum.'
109. Cp. Livy, xxxvii. 54. 18, * nee terra mutata mutavit genus
ant mores.'
125. Virg. Eel. iii. 7, parcius ista viris tamen obiciencla memento.
127. Virg. Eel. viii. 41, ut me malus abstulit error.
128. Virg. Eel. iii. 51, ne quemquam voce laeessas.
130. Cp. ii. 4, et tumidis ripas aequaverat undis.
132. saepierant. Neue cites the form sepivit from St Jerome,
In les. V. 2.
135. Virg. Geor. i. 244, flexu sinuoso elabitur Anguis.
137. Virg. Geor. i. 264, fureasque bicornes; Ovid, Met. viii. 637,
furca . . . bicornu
138. Virg. A en. ii. 475, Unguis micat ore trisulcis.
143-4. gi^ege diviso. An allusion to the disruption of the Car-
melite Order in 1459, when the Observantes, or Discalced Car-
melites separated from the Conventuals and went back to a more
rigid rule.
146. Aurora. Cp. line 73, ad ortum.
152. pedum ... septem. An allusion to the separate cells in
which the early Carmelites lived ; * tantum enim spatii ccllii singulis
congruit ' (Asc).
153- Cp. v. 16, mapalia saepe \ cingere.
175-6. eremum. . .deserta. The early Carmelites were hermits.
Batrachus means that the Reformed body is not even yet close
enough to the old rigid rule.
180. cuium pecus: 'dictum id puto pro cuiumcuium, id est,
cuiuscumque pecus' (Asc). Cp. Virg. Eel. iii. i, cuium pecus.
182-5. Cp. Seneca, Dial. v. 26. 3, non est Aethiopis inter suos in-
signitus color; Juv. ii. 2. 23, loripedem rectus derideat, Aethiopem
albus.
185. Virg. Eel. iii. XOI, pecori pecorisqug magistro.
INDEX
Ths TtleremceM m Armbic nmmurals mrt to thg pmges #/ this hook,
Smck referemcet o$ it. 167 mean the number and line 0} one of tko
Eclogues.
flb senm vi. 13a.
Abdaa, ix. 190^ Ji&
Adam, tL 6&.
AduleueutU, ta.
Aeneas SilTins, 123, J^s.
J&inswofrth's luUmMkiiimmf^S^
JAlciiia, ^^
.Mlia; E. a:, 3:11.
Ambrosia, Floifda, ia».iS 15 igs^
14. as, sa. 33. 136-
AmiLtcta. Bt/llixxdinn^ JQl
Andreas Vaareatinas» 36^ u6w
130, 147*
ant» wisdom of, ▼. 36*38.
Antonius Sabinas, 19.
d'Arco» 18,
Arienti, G. Sabadino degli, II»
14, 16, 23, 27, aS, 31.
Arrivabene, G, P., a6.
Arx, & von, ix, 16, 13,
AscenMus, 16, ao, 27, 3a, 3$, 36*
44, s8. ia4, las, ia6, 130, I3t»
I3>> I33> I3S» 139. 140. I4t»
143, 144, 145. 146, 147, 148,
149. 151.
Athesis, ix. 188.
Athos, viii. 5a.
Badius. lodocut, 3a, 36, 44) ttt
Ancensiui.
DaUiuM, ti. 1 71, vti, 156, viii, 16.
BMudoUo, ^fAtteo, 17, 4a, ill.
Bandellui, Mattheui, *C. ordinti
prno.*, ag,
Barbaro, Ermolao, 24, a6.
Barclay, A., 45. 481 49. 134» >36,
138. «39. I40«
Basse, W., 43.
Baveria, Filippo, 14, 33.
Baynes. T. S., 38, 39.
Beaumont and Fldchcr, 4|.
Bebel, U^46.
Bembow K, 26, 149,
Bewbas, z. I.
Becactts, iL 58^ ^^
BentivoiElio, A„ .2^
Bkrudoov . Hiil^H), US. jg}. a^ J5,
Bettineili, S, 17:
Boccaccio, 121, 12^ ija^ ryy-
141. 143, X4S XSKX
Boswell, J^ 45.
Bright, J. W., 41, sa.
Brink, B. ten, 49.
Brome, R., 43.
Brunet. G., 36.
Brunet, J. C. 35»
Bureau, Laurent, 3a.
Burton, R., 44, 45.
Caecias, iv. 119.
Calpurnius (imitated), SJL
Camaldula. viii, 55.
Tambrids* History #/ EttgiUk
" Literature, 50.
Carafa, Oliviero, 14, !$* 14>
Carbo, ii, 154.
Carmelite habit, 149, 151 ; fooad*
er of the order, x. 54.
Cntmelut. vii, latS, x. 30» 70»
rnioIu!(. lafredui, aS.
Cnr(hu)iiA, viii. 51.
Ca^tiglione. B., ai, aa.
Catholic EHcychptdia» 17/13.
Cecco d' Ascoli, 133.
Csresara. Paride, 33, a6, 6a, tat*
Chevalier, U., 15, 24.
Choli^res, N. de, 27.
Christian Remembrancer^ 33.
clipeum Minervae, v. 98.
153
154
INDEX
Codri sapellez, ▼. 104.
Coitus, ii. 37.
Colet, J., 16, 37.
Comparetd, D., 130.
Congregation of Mantna, 13, 14*
IS.
Coroneus, loannes, 36.
Correggio, NiccoI& da, aa.
Cortese, Alessandro, 24.
Coryat's Crudities, 3a.
Cosmas, iii. 46.
Cosmus, V. 96.
Crgpuudia Poetica, 47.
crocodile's tears, iv. 196.
Curtius, Benedictas, 48.
Davari, S., 19, 20, a i, aa, 30.
Delaruelle, L., 34, 131.
Despauteres, J., 33.
des Periers, B., 40.
Dictionary of National Biog-
raphy, 49.
Donesmondi, F. Ippol., 30, 38.
P- ayt ;m M., 40, 43, 44.
«E. K.,* 46, 50, 134.
EHas, X. 54, 65.
Eobanas Hessus, 33, 5a, 53.
Epistolae Obscurorum Virorum,
33.
Equicola, Mario, 20, a3, 4a, 48.
Erasmus, 31.
Este, Isabella d', 11, 16, ao, ?a.
Euricius Cordus, 47, 54, 55, 13a.
Eva, iv. 170, vi. 57 fF.
facit experientia cautos, tx. 195.
Fnico, ix. a 13; sit Sinibaldi.
Fantutri, Ant.. 33.
Fanucchi, L. G., 17.
Farnaby, T., 39.
FauRte. precor, gelida, II, 39,
40; I. I.
femineum servile genui, 41, 47;
iv. 110.
Fiera, Bnpt., 23, 31.
Folengo, Teofilo, 31, 59, 148.
fons et orlgo, vi. 246.
Fontenelle, 48, laa.
Fortuna noverca, vi. 30.
Foscarari, L., la, 23.
Frati, L., 12, 13, 23.
Fucus, 51. '
Fumess, H. H., 27.
Gabotto, F., II, 16, 17, 131.
Garganus, viii. 5a.
Gaurico, Luca, 17, lai.
Geiger. L., 38.
Giraldi, L. G., a7, 3a, 34.
Gonzaga, Federico, 13, 19.
Francesco, 19, ao, aa, 31.
Isabella; set Isabella d'
Este.
Lodovico, 19.
Sigismondo, aa, 30.
Tolomco, ao, 30.
Googe, B.,
Man'unn: 'good old M.', 11}
a 'Chriitianus Maro', 31}
•honest M.', 40; 'the homely
Carmelite*, 42; 'moral M/,
43 ; ' Home foul-mouth'd M.',
44; •plrtlne M.', 44.
Manlunn Reform, 13, IJI,
Mariui, 11. 154.
MarsuB, Petrus. 24.
Martinez de Toledo, 13a.
Martyn, W., 44. !
Marullus, 31.
McKerrow, R. B., 4a.
Melander, Otho, 47.
melior vigilantia sonmo, i. 5.
Meres, Francis, 46.
Merlinus Cocaius, 31.
Merula, Giorgio, II, la, a6.
metre (Mantuan's), 59.
Michel d' Amboise, 48.
Middleton, T., 43.
Milton. 52.
Mincius, ii. 37, iii. 180, ix. I90»
Modover, Antonio, 18.
Modover, Pietro, 18.
Molorchaeus, viii. 177.
Monumcnta Germanica PatJUf
gogica, 37.
Morbioli, L., 28.
multotiens, i. 167.
Muratori, L. A., 12.
Murmellius, loan., 35, 36, 38,
46, 121, 129, 137. 147.
Murrho, Seb., 16, 31, 38.
Mustard, W. P., 48, 5a,
Napeus, C?.esar, 13.
Nashe, T., 41, 42.
Niccolo da Correggio, 22.
Niceron, J. P., 20, 29.
Nicholson, S., 43. '
nodus Herculis, v. 65.
Nursinus, viii. 54.
Observ.intes, 149, 151.
Oedipodes, 62.
Oenophilus, i. 161, ix. 31.
Ovid (imitated), 57.
Palingenius, 38, 46, 123. 137, 145.
Paranymphus, viii. 309.
Pascal, C, 130.
Pasqualigo, L., 56, 13a.
patina Aesopi, v. 98.
Pt'iiitnlius, 51.
Pellrchot. M., 35-
Perotii, N., 58. laa, laj, ia4,
133. M4> I3.<. 139. 140. 144*
Peters. E., 135.
Petrarch, 58, 127.
Petrus Lucius, 3a, 34.
Philippe de Thaun, 133, 135.
156
INDEX
Phytiolagut, 135.
Pico della MirandoU, 14, 15, 34,
as. aO'
- (the Younger), ta, 16, 14,
as. a6.
Piotro da NovelinrA, 16, aa, 30.
Pollxinno, A.I a4, aSi aft.
Pontano, G. C, a4, 131.
Prudentiut (imitated), $%,
Puttenhnm, G., 46.
Pythagorae meniae, v. 104.
RafTaello Sanzio, ai.
Randolph, T., 43.
Refrigerio, G. B., la, 13, 14, 33,
27, 123.
Reissert, O., 48, 50.
Remundus Langano de alta Ripa,
36.
Return from Parnassus, 43.
Roberto da San Severino, 14, 38.
Runsch, H.. 123, 148.
Sabadino: see Arienti.
Sabie, F., 43, 51, S^. lai, laa^
140.
Salvia, ix. 300.
SammonicuM. Serenu*, 144, 147.
Sa««o, Panfilo, 36.
Satiirnina fames, 63.
Scaliger, J. C, 34, 39.
semel insanivimus omnes, 40-46,
48, 51: i. 118.
Servius, 129, 144.
Shakespeare, 11, 40, 44.
Sina, viii. 53.
Sinibaldi, Falcone de', 14, 15,
23, 28, 149.
Sixtus IV, 13, 14.
Smith, G. C. Moore, 51, 133.
Solymus, ix. 224, x. 2.
Soracte, viii. 53.
sorte tua contentus abi, v. 46.
sortiri digitis, i. 24.
Spagnolo, Alessandro, ai, 33.
Baptista, 11.
Pietro, 18, 19, 28.
Tolomeo, 12, 16, 18, 20, 31,
22, 24, 27, 58, 133, 130, 131,
138, 146, 148.
Spenier, E., 50. 134* IJS. U6i
140, ua, 146.
Strozel, Ercole, 146.
Summore, W. C, 136.
lyntnx (MnntUAn'e), 59.
Tmmo, T., s6. S7«
Toxlor, Kiivlilui, 33, 38, 48, $h,
ThonduiuN. lai.
Thiiiiwne, L., 33, 131.
Tibulluii, 57.
Tifurnute, Gregorio, II, la, ia6,
130. 131'
Tiraboschi, G., II.
Titan (= the Sun), viii. 177.
Tityrus (= Virgil), ii. 9, iii.
174, V. 86, ix. 330.
Tobler, A., 130.
Tonans, vii. 37, viii. 49, 79.
Ton ills, i. 163.
Torrentinus, H., 33.
Trithcinius, 16, 36, '37, 31.
Trivulzio, G. G., 38.
Turbervile, G., 4S.
llndurr, 13, 58, 131.
Umhroxn Vallii, viii. S3*
Vnlla, L., 131.
Vnlsasinus, viii. 18.
Ventimiglia, M., 16.
Victoria, 5 1.
Virgil (imitated) ; see Notes
passim.
Vives, L., 33.
vocabulary (Mantuan't), 59.
Watson, F., 39.
Webbe, W., 46.
Wily Beguiled, 43.
Wimpfeling, J., 16, 17, 31, 36,
38, 131.
Windscheid, K., 53.
Witt's Recreations, 44.
Wolf, T., Jr., 12, 16, 17, 36, 31.
36, 37. 131-
woman's ways, iv. IIO fF.
Young's Latin Dictionary, 33.
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