|rhls is an authorized facsimile and was produced by microfilm-xerography in 1973 by University Microfilms \ Xerox Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A. THE ECLOGUES OF BAPTISTA MANTUANUS EDITED. WITH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES, BY WILFRED Pf MUSTARD, Ph.D. COLLEGIATE PROFESSOR OF LATIN IN THK JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY y ffff^'^ BALTIMORE THE JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS 19x1 973 /pi lid ib M^^ Copyright, 1911 BY THE JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS 5 TO KIRBY FLOWER SMITH fREfACfe IThis edition has been prepared in the hope that some scholars might be glad to study a set of forgotten poems which had a very considerable influence upon the English literature of the sixteenth century. The Text is based upon that of the first printed edition, of Mantua, 1498. The more important later variants are mentioned in the notes. The spelling is modified to suit the convenience of the modem reader. The punctuation is my own. The Introduction has growi to a portentous length, partly because it seemed desirable to set down my authority for almost every statement. And inasmuch as many of my authorities are not easily accessible — at least, to American scholars — it often seemed necessary to quote their actual words. Hence the " leaden sediment " of footnotes. I am rather ashamed of this unlovely feature, but I feel that any one who has tried to find any modem account of Mantuan which is at once definite and accurate will be inclined to excuse it. Perhaps I should add that a part of my material has already been printed, in the Transactions of the Ameri- can Philological Association, vol. XL. I have devoted a good deal of space to the story of Mantuan's popularity in England, and tried to show some- thing of the precise range and character of his influence there. It would be interesting to know whether his Eclogues exercised any such influence in Italy, or France, or Germany ; but that subject must be left to others. My Notes are mainly concerned with the question of Mantuan's sources, and only occasionally serve to explain his meaning. I had thought of putting them below the text, but they are hardly of sufficient importance to break 7 8 PREFACE \^ 1 ) a^ up (he page, and, besides, the reader may be glad to have the Eclogues printed, for once, so that he can see more than a few lines at a time. Ever since Ascensius published his long-lived commentary they have regularly been printed with alternate stretches of text and notes on the same page. I hope that most of my obligations to earlier writers are duly acknowledged in the footnotes. My Introduction is much better than it might have been because of the gener- osity of Mr. Henry Walters, of Baltimore, who allowed me the free use of his magnificent private library of Italian incunabula. And it is further enriched by material which I was able to collect last summer during a vacation tour of the great public libraries of Italy. It gives me pleasure to recall the uniform courtesy and kindness which I re- ceived from various library officials in Turin, Milan, Mantua, Ferrara, Bologna, and a dozen other cities. And I am glad to say here that my book owes a great deal to Cav. Alessandro Luzio, Director of the R. Archivio di Stato at Mantua. From one of his published papers I had learned most of what I have written about our poet's family, and by his special knowledge and ready helpfulness he made my own work at Mantua both profitable and pleasant. W. P. M. Baltimore, May, 191 1. 1547 CONTENTS Intkoduction **Good old MAntuan** ii Hit Life li His Family and Friends l8 His Works a6 His Popularity 30 Composition and Publication of the Eclogues 35 Their Use as a School-book 36 Quotations and Allusions 40 Imitations 48 Mantuan*s Sources 57 His Syntax 59 His Metre 59 His Vocabulary 59 Dedicatory Epistle 6a Text 63 Notes *. m Index i53 9 INTRODUCTION " OOOD OLD MANTUAN ** In Lwi*s Labour^s Lost, iv, 2, 9S, the schoolmaster Holofernes quotes the Latin words *' Fauste, precor, gelida quando pecus omne sub umbra Ruminat, — and so forth," and then exclaims : " Ah, good old Mantuan I I may speak of thee as the traveller doth of Venice; Veneti*! Venetia, Chi non U vede non ti pretia. Old Mantuan, old Mantuan! who understandeth thee not, loves thee not." Here the modern reader is apt to think of the Eclogues of Virgil ; but the reference is to another and much later poet who was likewise a native of Mantua, and likewise the author of ten Latin eclogues. This was Bap- tista Spagnolo, or, as he was commonly called, Baptista Mantuanus.^ HIS LIFE This later Mantuan was born April 17, 1448." He was a pupil of Grcgorio Tifcrnate and of Georgius Merula;* ^ In ono of the letteri of IiabAlla d' Kite (Aug. aj. 1504) he ia called "R.*» frate Bap.»* Spaffnolo"; S. von Arx, Romaniscki Forschungen, xxvi> 813. In a proclamation of the Marquis of Mantua (June 25, 1514) he is " R."*« mag.~ Bap.'* Spagnolo"; Luxio* Renier^ Giornale storico della letteratura italiana, xxxiv, 57. In the closing novel of Sabadino's Porrettane he is " maestro Baptista Spagnolo Mantoano." * Tiraboschi gives this date, " from documents of the Carmelite monastery at Mantua." In a little poem Vitae suae Epitome our author states that he was born in the reign of Pope Nicholas V — " istius accepi lucis primordia, quintus | in solio Petri cum Nicolaus erat" — which means not earlier than March 6, 1447. In the dedi- catory epistle prefixed to his Eclogues, Sept. i, 1498, he calls him- self " quinquagenarius ". ' He seems to have studied under both of these teachers at Mantua : F. Gabotto, Ancora un letterato del Quattrocento^ 1890, pp. 32-23. II U INTRODUCTION and he afterwards studied philosophy at Padua.* About 1466 he entered the Carmelite monastery at Mantua.' In 1472 he was appointed " lector " in the monastery of San Martino at Bologna.* During his term of service there his monastery was visited by the plague;^ but he was sheltered and nursed by a wealthy friend in the city, Lodovico Foscarari: Nuper in cenobium nostrum dirae pestilentiae immisso veneno toti arbi coeperamus esse timori ; pellebamur non a colloquio tantum verum etiam a conspectu hominum . . . interclusi eramus nee ulla videbatur jCvadendi via : omnia mortem intentabant . . . tu cum Re- frigerio nostro . . . spem vitae confirmasti, xenia misisti, in amplas ac magnificas aedes tuas hospitio me suscepisti, lautissime et ele- gantissime pavisti.* And he afterwards found a refuge at the villa of Gio. Bap- tista Refrigerio, "on the upper waters of the torrent Cla- tema, on the way to Rome": Gregorio seems to have been in Mantua from April, 1460, till December, 146 1 ; Merula, from 1460 till 1463. Gregorio was the " Umber" of the Eclogues (iv, 81, 95 ff., 246 ff . ; v, loi ; vii, 10; ix, 200), as Mantuan himself explained to Thomas Wolf, Jr., in the year 1500. See note on EcL iv, 81. Cf. also the Apologia written by the poet's brother Tolomeo : " Gregorium Tiphematem quem poeta noster habuit praeceptorem " (Lyons ed., 1516, fol. Ee, v), and a letter written by Mantuan to Pico della Mirandola, the Younger, Jan. 3, 1495 : " mors Georgii Merulae primum condiscipuli postea praeceptoris mei (nam sub Gregorio Tiphernate commilitavimus) tris- titia me affecit " \loannis Pici Mirandulae Concordiae Comitis opera, Bologna ed., 1496, fol. i6ib). * See the dedication of his Eclogues: " ante religionem, dum in gymnasio Paduano philosophari inciperem." 5 " Religio placuit iuveni," etc., Vitae suae Epitome. The date usually given, 1464, seems to be too early. The first eight Eclogues were written "ante religionem"; the fourth laments the death of Gregorio Tifernate; and Gregorio seems to have lived at least till 1464. • Florido Ambrogio, De rebus gestis ac scriptis operibus Bap- tistae Mantuani, Turin, 1784, p. 28. In the title of the De vita beata (printed in 1474) he is celled " professor ". ^Probably c. 1478; see Muratori, Annali d* Italia, Anno 1478, L. Frati gives the exact date as 1479, Giorn, star, d, left, ital., xn, 337. • ■Dedication of the first Parthenice, published Feb. 11, 1481. •~^' LIFE OF MANTUAN 13 ipie qaoque in silvis et Tallibos Appennini exilem dncens tecto sab panpere yitam delitoi qua templa petit Romana viator et qua Flaminios fugiens Clatema per agros dncit ab angustis ondosnm vallibns amnem I arce sub Ociami, nostris ubi dicta Camenis tecta Refrigerius sublimi in coUe tenebat* In 1479-80 he held the office of Prior at Mantua.** In 1483 he was elected Vicar-general of the Carmelite Congre- gation of Mantua. ^^ And to this office he was re-elected five times — each time for a period of two years, with an in- terval of four years— in 1489, 1495, 1501, 1507, 1^13." The first term of his office and the first interval were spent mainly at Rome, on the business of his Congrega- tion.^* The city was disturbed by the Orsini and Colonna ^ De suorum temporum calamitatibus. Lib. i. The Oatema re- ceives a grateful mention again in the poem Al/onsus, Bologna ed., 1502, fol. 260. ^^ Florido Ambrogio, op. cit, 43, who adds that he was appointed tutor of the Marquis Federico's children. On Jan. 23, 1479, he wrote to his friend Refrigerio from Reggio, explaining that he had fled from Mantua because of the plague; on Jan. 29, 1480, and Feb. 16, 1480, he wrote to him from Mantua. In 1476 (Apr. 28 and July ai) and in 1478 (Aug. 12) he had written to the same correspondent from Bologna. In 1481 and 1482 he seems to have been again in Bologna. The first Parthenice was published at Bologna, Feb. 11, 1481, and in the same year Refrigerio could call himself Mantuan-s pupil: "ipse, qui eius disciplinas quotidie haurio " (L. Frati, Giom. stor, d. lett. ital, xir, 327-8). On Oct. 8, 1482, and Nov. 2, 1482, he wrote to Caesar Napeus, of Brisighella, from Bologna. [There are manuscript copies of the letters mentioned in this note in the Library of the University of Bologna.] *^ " Congregationis Mantuanae Observantium Carmelitarum Vicar- ius,** as he calls himself in his prose account of the Santa Casa at Loreto (Sept. 22, 1489). In 1413, three Carmelite convents, Le Selve (near Florence), Gerona, and Mantua, agreed to correct certain abuses which had crept into the order; and this combination de- veloped into the Congregation of Mantua, or Mantuan Reform. In 1442, it achieved quasi-autonomy under a vicar-general. By Man- tuan's time, it had brought under its authority several ether houses in northern Italy, Novellara, Modena, Ferrara, etc. 12 Florido Ambrogio, op. cit, 63, 69, 77, 78, 81, 84. ^* The Epigrammata ad Falconem were written during this period, and so were some of the Silvae. In the Epistola contra Calum- niatores he says, " dum Romae sub Sixto quarto agerem" (Lyons ed., 1516, fol. Aa, vi) ; and Florido Ambrogio records (op. cit. 14 INTRODUCTION factions, and he found great difficulty in getting a hearing for his case: Tarbida nunc Ursos clamat, nunc Roma Colnnnam; esse quid attonita pacis in urbe potest? et nisi Falconis scirem me numine tatnm lam mca populifer cerneret ora Padns. propterea divi repetes cum limina Petri, ne fluat in longos fac mea causa dies.^^ Still he received much assistance from a young friend, Filippo Baveria: tu mihi tractanti Roman a negotia semper assiduas operas auxiliumque dabas. 65) that it was through his efforts that in 1483 Sixtns IV con- firmed the privileges granted to the Congregation of Mantua by Eugenius IV. The poem Pro pacata Italia post bellum Ferrari' erse {SUvae, mu, 6) seems to celebrate the peace of August, 1484; and it is addressed to the Cardinal of Naples. The poem In Romam bellis tumultuantem (Silvae, II, 7), with its allusion to the strife of the Orsini and Colonna factions, probably belongs to the same year. But the Consolatia addressed to his friend Sabadino is dated at the end " Bononiae die secunda Februarii, 1485." And the Pane- gyricum on Roberto da San Severino (1485) was not written at Rome: "i. decus Italiae, tantoque accinge labori " (Bologna ed., 1502, fol. liii). Silvae, I, 3 and v, 4 (both addressed to Innocent VIII) refer to the Spanish embassy which arranged peace between the Pope and the King of Naples in August, i486 — and in one of them our poet writes as an eye-witness. The Somnium Romanum (1487) was written at Rome: "nam tunc ego templa tenebam | trans Tiberim," Tolentinum, Bk. Ill (Lyons ed., 1 5 16, fol. E, ii). The Contra poeias impudice loquenies was finished at Rome, Oct. 20, 1487, as is stated at the end of the poem in the Bologna editions of 1489 and 1502. The second Parthenice was written at Rome (as its dedication states), apparently in the summer of 1488. On Aug. 25, 1488, he wrote to his friend Refrigerio from Rome (Autograph letter in the Library of the University of Bologna). And a letter to Pico della Mirandola, Oct. i, 1490, seems to refer to the same year: "nam dum ego Romae gravibus admodum rei publicae meae negotiis insudarem, eo tempore quo tu quoque, ut meministi, tantis ilHs aemu- lationum fluctibus laborabas," etc. (prefixed to the Bologna edition of the collected poems, 1502). There is still another reference to his life in Rome in the De Patientia, li. 22 : " verum est id quod ad Fal- conem, cum Romae essem, scripsi hoc disticho," etc. ** This quotation and the next Ihree which follow come from the Epigrammata ad Falconem, LIFB OF MANTUAN 15 Through the good offices of the papal treasurer, Falcone de' Sinibaldi,^* he gained admission to the court: te doce Pontificis lammi mihi limen apertum, et lancti patoit regia magna Patris. And he must have received, or hoped for, some help from another " great star of the Roman Senate," Oliviero Carafa, Cardinal of Naples:*' hi sunt Romulei duo sidera magna senatns nnde bonis lumen praesidiumqne datnr. In the poem prefixed to the Epigrammata ad Falconem he is still begging that the Carmelites of Mantua may have a house of their own at Rome : cur igitnr, quoties Romana revisere tecta cogimur, in propria non licet esse domo? But in 1489 his long efforts were rewarded by the gift to his Congregation of the church and monastery of S. Criso- gono.*^ In 1489 he went from Mantua to Loreto, at the head of a company of Carmelite friars, who were to be put in charge of the Santa Casa.** In 1490 — at least from March to October — his correspondence shows that he was in Bologna.** 1* " Cuius beneficio ex omnibus periculis est liberatus." This is the " Falco " of the ninth Eclogue, a poem which doubtless reflects some of Mantuan's own experiences at court. *• To whom the De suorum temporum Calamitatibus was dedi- cated. *■' Florido Ambrogio, op. cit., 68. As an evidence of Mantnan's personal success at Rome, Ambrogio mentions (p. 35) an oration which he delivered in the presence of Innocent VIII, in 1488. In one of his Silvae (i, 4) he celebrates the birthday feast of the Pope's nephew, Lorenzo Cibo, Archbishop of Beneventum. And in the Vita Lodovici Morbioli he could thank Pope Innocent for various personal favors, including a gift of money — " aureaque aegroto mu- nera missa mihi." ^* Florido Ambrogio, op. cit., 69-70 ; U. Chevalier, Notte-Damt de Lorette, Paris, 1906, p. 322. *• A letter addressed to him, March 20, 1490, by Pico della Miran- dola includes a greeting to Filippo Beroaldo, " saluta Beroaldum." Another letter from the same correspondent, Sept. 19, 1490, asks for a 16 INTRODUCTION But he probably spent most of his remaining life at Man- tua.**. On May 22, 1513, he was elected General of the entire Carmelite Order; and he seems to have held this office till his death.** During his brief term of office he consolidated the congregation of Albi, a French imitation catalogue of the monastery library at Bologria : " indicem bibliotbecae vestrae Bononiensis, si id tuo commodo fieri potest " (loannis Pici Mirandulae Concordiae comitis opera, Bologna, 1496, foil. 145. I50)» And Mantuan's reply to this second letter is dated at Bologna, Oct I, 1490 (quoted in the Bologna edition of his collected poems, 1502). 20 In 1493 (Oct. 22) he delivered a funeral oration at Mantua, on Leonora d' Aragona, the mother of Isabella d' Este (printed copy in the Biblioteca Comunale at Bologna). In 1494 (Oct. 29 and Nov, 27) and in 1495 (Jan. 3) he writes to the younger Pico della Miran- dola from Mantua (/. P. Mirandulae opera, Bologna, 1496, foil. 164, 161, i6ib). [J. H. Lupton, Life of Dean Colet, 1887, p. 67, says that Colet may have met with Mantuan " in Paris, where (ac- cording to Trittenheim) he was sta5dng in 1494."] In November, 1496 he seems to have been at least temporarily absent from Mantua, for his oration In funere Ferrandi Regis was delivered by his friend Pietro da Novellara (Luzio-Renier, op. cit., 69). In 1497 he was in Florence, as the dedication of his Eclogues states : " anno praeterito, cum Florentia rediens Bononiam pervenissem," etc. In 1500 he was at Mantua: "Ego dum Bononiae ingenuis disciplinis vacarem in ipso iubileo anno profectus sum Mantuam, ut Baptistam quem e;c libris noveram coram quoque viderem," etc. (Letter of Thomas Wolf, Jr., to Jakob Wimpfeling, Feb. 24, 1503). In Au- gust, 1504, a letter of Isabella d' Este promises to send to Giovanni Sabadino " sei sacchi di frumento " ; and the gift is to go to Bologna in charge of the " R.*" frate Bap.** Spagnolo " (S. von Arx, Roman. Forsch., XXVI, 813). On July i, 1506, he wrote to his brother Tolo- meo : " In questo tempo di questo nostro exilio ho fatto trascrivere tutte le nostre cose nove " (F. Gabotto, Un poeta beatificato, 1892, p. 17). 21 Ventimiglia, Hist. Chron. General. Carm., Naples, 1773, p. 171. Many ancient and modern accounts say that Mantuan soon re- signed his high office — because his reforms were opposed, or in order to devote himself entirely to literature. Possibly the tradition is based upon a remark by Seb. Murrho, in the preface to his commentary on the first Parthenice: " audivimus ex Conrado Leontorio, quo a secretis familiariter utimur, magistratu se quem in eo ordine sum- mum gessit abdicavisse, ut liberius humanis divinisque litteris vacare posset." This preface is not dated, but it was printed in 15 13 (at the beginning of Ascensius* Paris edition), and it may have been taken to refer to that year. But Murrho died in 1495 ; and his re- port must refer to Mantuan's aoffice of Vicar-general, not to his office of General at all. LIFE OF MANTUAN 17 of the Mantuan Reform.** In 1515 he was appointed Apostolic Legate to arrange peace between Francis I and the Duke of Milan ;** but he was prevented by age and infirmity from undertaking this mission. He died at Mantua, March 20, 1516." He was beatified December 17, 1885." In form and feature Baptista ivas not very handsome or imposing. One of his admirers who visited him in the year 1500 can only say, with Odysseus, that " the gods do not give I. every gracious gift to all, neither shapeliness nor wisdom nor ' skilled speech " ^® — " scias id rectissime posse de Baptista dici quod Homerus et ceteri vates de Ulysse rettulerunt, qui corpore parvus et forma indecorus sed ingenio maximus et animo speciosissimus fuisse perhibetur." ^^ So Luca Gaurico calls him " parvus et modicae staturae," in his Tractatus Astrologicus.^^ And Bandello says that he was very ugly: " era brutto come il culo, e pareva nato dai Baronzi." ** ^'Catholic Encyclopedia, il (1907), 276. 23 Florido Ambrogio, op. cit., 93; A. Luzio, Archivio storico ital- iano, XL (1907), pt. 3, p. I. 2* His epitaph, in the Carmelite church at Mantua, is quoted by Saverio Bettinelli, Delle Lettere e delle Arti Mantovane, Man- tua, 1774, p. 99: " R. P. Magister Jo. Bapt. Mantuanus Carmelita Theologus Philosofus Poeta Orator clarissimus latinae graecae & hebraicae linguae peritissimus." His tomb is now in the Cathedral at Mantua. 2« The Decretum is quoted by Fanucchi, Delia Vita del Beato Bat- tisia Spagnoli, Lucca, 1887, pp. 217-18. 2fl Homer, Od., viii, 167. Cf. Ov. A. A., n, 123, "non formosuf erat, sed erat facundus Ulixes." 27 Letter from Thomas Wolf, Jr., to Jakob Wimpfeling, written at Strassburg, February 24, 1503. 28 Quoted by F. Gabotto, Un poeta beatificato, 1892, p. 8. ^^ Novelle, III, 52, fin. (quoted by Luzio-Renier, op. cit., 66). The Baronzi wet* a Florentine family, proverbial for their homely features. Bandello's lively description is hardly borne out by the surviving portraits of the poet. There are at least three busts of him at Mantua; and these suggest only a rather benevolent coun- tenance with u very prominent nose. One is a contemporary portrait in terra-cotta, now in the Museo Patrio; another is a large bust, in bronzed wood, now in the Palazzo degli Studi (it was transferred thither "ex aede Carmelit." in 1783); while a third may be seen above the poet's tomb in the Cathedral. There is another very in- teresting bust, in bronze, i.i the Royal Museum at Berlin ; this is beautifully reproduced for an article by W. Bode, Jahrbuch der 18 INTRODUCTION *■ HIS FAMILY AND FRIENDS . As a member of a monastic order — Frater Baptista Man- tuanus — our author never calls himself by his family name. He was the son of Pietro Spagnolo, a Spanish nobleman from Granada, who had himself lost his family name of Moduer (or Modover) and received the name Spagnolo, from the name of his own country.^** His father, and his grandfather, "Antonius Cordubensis," *^ took part in the naval battle off Gaeta in 1435 — when Alfonso V of Aragon was defeated by the Genoese. Being taken prisoner along with their king, they spent some time at Milan ; and they remained in Italy after Alfonso was released: Hesperios inter proceres quos invida laudi in praedam fortuna dedit turn prima ferebat Alfonso sub rege merens Antonius arma cui genus et patrium dederat sua Corduba nomen. . . ipse pium casus dominum comitatus in omnes venit ad Insubres ubi, postquam vincula passo aflfuit Alfonso melior fortuna, relictus, seu fuerit casus seu caeli immobile fatum, egregium decus et nomen sibi fecit in armis.^^ Kdniglich Preussischen Kunstsammlungen, 1889, Heft iv. These busts are doubtless more reliable than the rude woodcut which adorns the Lyons edition of Mantuan's later works, 15 16, the frontispiece of the Cologne edition of the Eclogues, 1688, or the highly idealized portrait which appears in the biography by Florido Ambrogio, Turin, 1784. 30 « Petrus Spagnolus," as he is called in the title of the Df vita beata. In his epitaph (in the Carmelite church at Mantua) he was called "Petrus Sp. Modover" (quoted in d'Arco's MS. history,. in the R. Archivio di Stato at Mantua). ** Of. Baptista's oration In funcre Ftrrandi regis (printed at Brescia in 1496) : " sub hoc Alfonso avus meus Antonius Cordubensis in Italiam venisse et meruisse se narrabat, cum ego adhuc puer senem admirarer more veteranorum militum sui temporis bella recitantem.*' In the Trophaeum pro Gallis expuisis, Bk. V (Bologna ed., 150a, fol. 374b), he says of his brother Tolomeo : proavos fecunda virorum magnanimorum altrix et mater Corduba vatum huic dederat, proavos armis et sanguine clarns. So Paulus Jovius says "ex Mispaniola gente honesta " {Ehgia virorum Uteris illustrium. Basel ed., 1577, p. 117). ^^Al/ortsuSf Bk. V (Bologno ed., 1502, fol. 303). There is a similar MANTUAfrS FAMILY 19 Pietro went to Mantua, and there rose to high favor with the reigning house: Petrus enim senis Antoni generosa propago Mintiadas adiit populos, ubi Gonzagarum regia, et insignem claro sub principe nactus eximia virtute locum primordia genti condit; et annoso cedet iam frigidus aevo. In 1457 he appears as steward (sescalco) of the Marquis Lodovico, who in 1460 conferred upon him and his sons the citizenship of Mantua.** He enjoyed the favor of the next two marquises also, Federico and Francesco, and lived to round out fifty years of faithful service to their house. He died early in 1494. In his Vitae suae Epitome Mantuan states that his father encouraged his youthful studies: a teneris colui Musas, mihi semper ad artes * ingenuas calcar cura paterna fuit. There is a passage in the seventh Eclogue^ 59 ff., which has been regarded as a reference to the author's own life: durus et immitis pater atque superba noverca Pollucem graviore iugo pressere iuventae tempore, cum dulces animos nova suggerit aetas. et cum iam invalidae longo sub pondere vires deficerent nuUaque odium mansuesceret arte, constituit temptare fugam, etc. " Videtur autem haec vera vitae ipsius poetae descriptio," account in the EpUhalamium addressed to the poet's brother Tolomeo (Antwerp ed., vol. ni, fol. 30a). This gives a different explanation of Antonio's remaining in Italy: "ad Ducis ascitus roagno aere An- tonius arnia." " S. Davari, Delta famigtia Spagnota, quale risutta dai documentt dell' Archivio Storico Gonzaga, Mantua, 1873, p. 4. Cf., also, the Dialogus contra Detractores, Lyons ed., 1516, fol. e, i: " Petrum vide- licet patrum tuum, virum ornatissimum ac splendidissimum, sub huius nostri principis patre atque avo domi forisque in praeclari.s negotiis summa cum laude semper versatum." In a letter to the Marquis Francesco, Nov. 10, 1494, Baptista could say, of his father's services to the Marquis' house: **el quale cinquanta anni continui servl," etc. (Autograph letter preserved in the R. Archivio di Stato at Mantua). 20 INTRODUCTION as Ascensius immediately explained it. And Niceron saw in the " superba noverca " a hint of the poet's illegitimate birth.** But this interpretation hardly agrees with the fact that his early treatise De vita beata is addressed to his father in terms of affection : " ego enim qui te mihi carior sit inter mortales habeo neminem." Baptista had many brothers and sisters.*" The eldest, Tolomeo,*' became the confidential secretary of the Mar- quis Francesco, and rose to such favor that he was even allowed to take the name of Gonzaga.*^ But he grossly abused this confidence — by forgery and fraud and traffick- ing in justice — and after the death of the Marquis (1519) he was forced to flee from the city.^* Another brother was ^*MSmoires (Paris ed., 1734), xxvii, 107, " il se plaint, sous le nom de Pollux, des rigueurs et de la fiert^ de sa belle-mere, qui ne peut-etre autre que cette Constance." ^' " ampl:v | nostra domus pollens numero fratrum atque sororum,'' Epithalamium (Antwerp ed., 1576, ni, fol. 302). s« Tolomeo seems to have been of illegitimate birth ; and Baptista himself may have been "ex damnato coitu natus," as Paulus Jovius puts it: S. Davari, op. cit., 4-9. In the Epithalamium already quoted, Baptista calls Tolomeo— and apparently himself — the son of Costanza de* Madi (or de' Maggi), of Brescia: haec est Maia domus pollens propagine tanta, tot Claris ornata viris ; Constantia mater hinc, germane, tibi nuribus praelata pudicis. •''"By a decree of the Marquis, Jan. 6, 1507: S. Davari, op. cit., 10. In the dedication of the Dialogus contra Detractores, and in a letter of Mario Equicola (Nov. 10, 1508), he is called " Ptolemeus Gonzaga." At the close of the Dialogus, Baptista says of him : " ob singularem fidem atque industriam in Gonzagarum familiam privi- legio ascitus " (Lyons ed., 1516, fol. e, i) ; and Equicola has, "huic cum Ptolemeus a secretis solus primus sit voluntatum et consiliorum adiutor et particeps." In the Tropliaeum pro Gallis expulsis, Bk. V (a passage referring to the year 1496), he is introduced as com- forting the Marchioness Isabella : tristibus his curis aderat facundus et acri ingenio praestans iuvenis Ptolemeus (Bologna ed., 1502, fol. 374). ** Baptista addressed to him his sixth Parthenice (on St. Apol- lonia), a poem on the death of their brother Federico Antonio (1506), a Dialogus contra Detmictores, and an Epistola contra Calum- niatores. Tolomeo published a learned Apologia contra detrahentes operibus B. M. (c. 1509), and after our poet's death we find him ar- ranging for a worthy monument for him (Luzio-Renier, op. cit., 63). MANTUAN*S FAMILY 21 the Canon Alessaudro, who is mentioned in a document of December 1497 as judge in a law-suit between the youth- ful Raffaello Sanzio and his stepmother. There he is called " decretorum doctor " and " vicarjo del vescovo urbinate." •* About 1507 he is made one of the speakers in the Dialogus contra Detractores^ and called " praeclarus iurisconsultus et nostrae cathedralis ecclesiae canonicus." ** But Alessandro became implicated in his brother's frauds, and after their exposure he joined the erring Tolomeo in Rome.*^ There is a pleasant glimpse of a third brother, Roberto Lucano, in a letter written by Baptista to Tolomeo, Sept. 8, 1 503. Here it is reported that Roberto has returned to Mantua after spending some time in the Levant, in the service of the Venetian State. He has brought back a Venetian accent, and a knowledge of spoken Greek, and all the air of a man of the world. And now he wishes to return to Venice, and hopes to go with the Venetian ambassador to the King of Spain.** Still another of this talented family — " Claris de tot mihi fratribus unum," as Baptista might well call him — was Federico Antonio, who died of the plague in 1506. This was the accomplished orator who had stood before kings and princes, who knew all law and all histories, who was loved of all the Muses, who spent his days and nights in study, sitting among his books like a consul among the senators and asking each in turn what advice or information it could give : lucra nihil curaAs, nihil emolumenta, sedebat inter mille libros velut in coetu atque corona mille senatorum consul, quid sentiat unus quisque super rerum causis et origine tota luce rogans et nocte domi, quam plurima chartis lucubrata diu mandnns studioque reponens multa gravi, quae forte sequens mirabitur aetas.** ■• Luzio-Renier, op. cit., 6a. ^® In a decree of April 38, 15 15, he is called "canonico mantovano e consigliere del Marchese :" S. Davari, op. cit., 14. ^^ Baldessar Castiglione had previously gone to Rome, to ask per- mission to proceed against him : Luzio-Renier, op. cit., 6a. ** Luzio-Renier, op. cit., 6a. In a decree of Oct. 17, 1511, he is called " segretario marchionale " : S. Davari, op. cit, 14. **Z>^ morte Federici Spagnoli fratrls sui (Ascensius* ed., Paris, 1513, vol. II, fol. 161). 22 INTRODUCTION Other members of the family were Berar^o, whom Baptista could recommend to the Marquis (Nov. 10, 1494) as " del corpo prosperoso et assai litterato et di bono ingegno ;" ** Cesare, who is mentioned in a document of Aug. 14, 1512, as " spectabilis et eximius artium et medicine doctor ;" and a Dominican friar (perhaps named Paolo) whom Baldessar Castiglione found in Rome in 1519.*^ There were two sisters, Anna and Margherita. And still another brother was Egidio,^" who died in battle in 1509 — when the Mar- quis Francesco was surprised and captured in a night at- tack, near Legnago : nos quoque tempestas ista, o Ptolemaee, redegit in luctum, in lacrimas, longa in suspiria, quando Aegidius frater nobis cum Principe raptus ante diem, missus Princeps in vincula, frater in tumulum, datus in praedam furialibus armis.^^ From Mantuan's own writings we can collect a long list of his friends and patrons in various cities. It must have meant much to him in his later years that he enjoyed the favor and the patronage of the Gonzagas — especially of the Marquis Francesco, the Marchioness Isabella (who is best known as Isabella d'Este), and the Cardinal Sigismondo.** ■•* Autograph letter in the R. Archie io di Stato at Mantua. ** " un fratello del Tolomeo Spagnolo che e frate in S. Domenico e si lamenta delle calunie che si spargono sul conte di Tolomeo e di Alessandro " (S. Davari, op. cit, 15). *« " Cancelliere della Segreteria di Corte " from 1504 to 1506: S. Davari, op. cit, 15. ^"^ De fortuna Ft. Gonzagae (Antwerp ed., 1576, ni, fol. 188). The same events are mentioned in the De hello Veneto anni 1509 (Lyons ed., 15 16, fol. F, iii). ■** For the Marquis he wrote the five books Trophaeum pro Gallis exptdsis (c. 1498) and a Carmen de fortuna F. G. (1509). To the Marchioness he dedicated the third, fourth, fifth, and seventh Parthe- nicae (on St. Margarita, St. Agatha, St. Lucia, and St. Caecilia), an elegy on the death of Pietro da Novellara (1504), a "silvula" De Cupidine niarmoreo dormicnie, and a poem on the death of Niccolb da Correggio (1508). To Sigismondo (then " protonotarius ") he dedicated the Silvae; to the same patron (when Bishop of Mantua) a Tractatus de loco conceptionis Christi, and (when Cardinal) an Apologia contra eos qui detrahunt ord'ni Carmelitarum. The Marquis is further complimented by btfing included in an address to the various Christian potentates which urges them to take up arms against PATRONS AND FRIENDS 'iZ And he had other good friends at Mantua, in Paride Ceresara,** Baptista Fiera,'" Andrea Mantegna ** and Mario Equicola."^ But he had already made many friends in Bologna, and Florence, and Rome. At Bologna, he owed much to Gio. Baptista Refrigerio and Lodovico Foscarari (who have been mentioned above, p. 12),'^ and he was on intimate terms with the novelist Sabadino,** with Count Andrea Bentivoglio,** Antonio Fantuzzi *" and Filippo Beroaldo.*^^ Of friends made at Rome, we have already mentioned Filippo Baveria, Falcone de' Sinibaldi and the Turk. And a letter from Gioviano Pontano, June i, 1499, sug- gests that Mantuan had tried to enlist his aid in celebrating the ex- ploits of his patron : " de principe vero tuo illustrando. bonam tibi promittere voluntatem possum; verum quid promittat, cui nihil om- nino est quod det in penu? non deero tamen virtutibus fortissimi ac magnanimi ducis " (printed in the Bologna edition of Mantuan's collected poems, 1502). The new Catholic Encyclopedia (11, 276) states that it was " through the exertions of his former disciples," the Marquis and the Cardinal, that Mantuan was elected General of his order. ** To whom the revised Eclogues were dedicated, Sept. I, 1498. For some account of him, see p. 121. ^® Who is praised as a physician and as a poet, Trophaeum pro Gallis expulsis, Bk. V (Bologna ed., 1502, fol. 375). See, also, Luzio-Renier, op. cit., 54-57. A sumptuous edition of his poems was printed at Venice in 1537. ^^ The well known painter. His skill is celebrated in Silvae, II, 6. 52 Secretary to Isabella d' Este. In a letter of Nov. lo, 1508, he expresses his readiness to reply to Baptista's detractors. 53 The two friends to whom he dedicated the first Parthenice. For Refrigerio, see L. Frati, Giorn. stor. d. lett. ital., xii, 327-8, and S. von Arx, Roman. Forsch., xxvi, 770. In 1481 he calls himself Man- tuan's pupil. '^^ To whom he wrote a Consolatio on the death of a son (1485), Silvae, I, 7. Mantuan is introduced in very complimentary fashion in the closing novel of the Porrettane. See, further, S. von Arx, op. cit., 771. 55 To whom he dedicated the Somnium Romanum (c. 1487). See, further, S. von Arx, op. cit., 771. 5® For whom he composed the De Patieniia. 5T Cf. Beroaldo's letter to the editor of the collected poems, Bologna, 1502: " Gaudeo ipse mecum et gestio, quod talem virum non solum familiariter noverim sed etiam habuerim confessorem." See, also, Mantuan's poem De reditu Philippi Beroaldi iuvenis litera- tissimi ex Gallia {Silvae, Vil, 4). 24 INTRODUCTION Oliviero Carafa, Cardinal of Naples ; and to these we should add Pomponius Laetus,"' Gio. Gioviano Pontano,'' and per- ^ haps also Alessandro Cortese*® and Petrus Marsus.'^ Atj Florence, he had very distinguished friends in Pico della| Mirandola (both the uncle and the nephew) and Angelof Poliziano ; and his correspondence shows that his friendship with these men (as with Beroaldo) was not merely a formal matter, but something very real and intimate. In a letter to Mantuan, Jan. 13, 1490, Pico answers a request for the loan of a copy of Philostratus : "en tibi ApoUonium, quem si tuae virtuti, tuis in me officiis non de- berem, deberem certe vel his litteris quibus eum efflagitas. tantus in illis amor, tanta humanitas." ®^ In a second letter. Mar. 20, 1490, he has to speak of a passage of Philostratus, and of a passage in the Book of Genesis : de ApoUonio Thyaneo nihil sentio magis quam quod tu sentis, super qua re scribam ad te plura, cum erit otium, et quae tibi erunt fortasse non ingrata. de diversitate translationis nostrae a littera Hebraica in tertio capite libri Geneseos, ubi de Eva agitur et serpente, sic equidem censeo, etc. *** To whom the Epigrammata ad Falconem profess to have been submitted for criticism. In the Epistola contra Calumniatores he is called "mihi familiarissimus " (Lyons ed., 15 16, fol. Aa, vi). *® Pontano is mentioned in complimentary fashion in the second book of the Trophaeum, where Fame carries the news of Fornovo to King Ferdinand, " Pontanique ora poetae ' accipit." His letter to Mantuan already cited begins: " Et iritae Romae memor sum ami- citiae, et ingenii tui excellens vis momentis paene singulis id efficit ut doctrinae vel summa etiam cum uamiratione meminerim tuae. an eius ego obliviscar? quem Latinae Musae non memorabilem modo verum maxime etiam admirabilem et nostris faciunt et facturae sunt saeculis." He adds that he is sending some samples of his historical work, and will send some of his other compositions later. And Man- tuan acknowledges the receipt of some of these poems in Silvae, VI, I. Pontano is mentioned also in Tolomeo's Apologia: " erat enim ille vir poetae nostro sic addictus, sicut constat ex eius epistolis, ut eum loco numinis habere videretur " (Lyons ed., 1516, fol. E, e). ®® Whose death he bewails in a poem addressed to Hermolaus Bar- barus, Silvae, viii, 2. Chevalier's Repertoire (Paris, 1905) puts Cor- tese's death in 1499. But Hermolaus Barbarus died in 1493. *^ Mantuan wrote a six-line epigram on his oration In die Sancti Stephani primi martyris, describing it as " breve sed magnae re- ligionis opus." And it was through his recommendation that the speech was printed at Rome, c. 14^. •2 Quoted by Florido Ambrogio, op. cit., 178. PATRONS AND FRIENDS 25 And the messages at the close seem to make the little circle complete : " saluta Beroaldum. Politianus tuus est totus." In a third letter, Sept. 19, 1490, he has enthusiastic praise for Mantuan's religious poetry, and asks for the return of his precious Greek author : Olim ad te, optime pater, non scrips!, sed interim legi quae ta scripsisti, divina scilicet atque sanctissima ilia tua poemata, in quibus ea rerum maiestas, is splendor est eloquentiae, ut certatim in iilis palmam sibi vendicare verba atque sententiae videantur . . . hoc unum dixero, delectari me adeo lectione tuorum carminum, at fere quotidie, cum me vel taedium vel fatigatio ceperit, in ilia quasi in hortum deliciarum solitus sim secedere. unde animo tanta semper oboritur voluptas ut nihil cupiat magis quam iterum fatigari, ut iterum recreetur. Philostrutum de Apollonii vita, si satis illo es usus, desidero, etc.^* And the closing words are : " vale, et Beroaldum nostnun saluta." Mantuan's reply to this third letter, Oct. 1, 1490, is printed in the Bologna edition of his collected works, 1502: " Hodie mihi in sacrario nostro cum Beroaldo, ut saepe soleo, fabulanti redditae sunt litterae tuae." As for the Philostratus, he says : " Philostratum tuum prius lec- tione eius apprime delectatus tradidi Beroaldo perlegen- dum." And his letter ends : " vale, et Politianum nostnun salutato." In a letter to the younger Pico della Mirandola, Oct. 29, 1494, he says at the close: " cupio enim tecum esse, ut possemus studiorum tu meorum et ego tuorum particeps esse." And another of his letters to the same correspondent, Jan. 3, 1495, ends with the message: "bene valeat Domina tua, cui me commendo." ** One short letter from Poliziano may be quoted entire : Nee dubito quin amer abs te, nee exigo quod sit incommodum; scU nee oflkio litterarum metior amicos, quippe quod et ab inimicis prae- stari solet. gratuhxtione tua quod philosophiae sim deditufi ipse mihi medius fidius ita gratulor, daturus ut operam sim quo possis in dies magis merito mihi gratulari. sed adulescens hie tuus consilio nostro si fuisset usus, magis fortasse suis rationibus consuluisset. nunc quoniam consilio noluit (ni frustra augurium) credo nee opera iam •'/. P. Mirandulae Concordiae Comitis operas Bologna, 1496, foil. 145, 150. ^* lb., foil. 164, 161. In 1505 Pico submitted one of his poems to Mantuan for criticism (Florido Ambrogio, op. cit., 104). 26 INTRODUCTION volet uti. verumtamen ei cupio scribas, ut a me expectet omnia, tui qaidem causa, nihil enim molestias quam fuisse hunc mihi abs te frustra commendatum. vale.^^ And still others who may be mentioned here are Carforo Machiavelli, of Ferrara,*"* Bernardo Bembo, of Venice,'^ Georgius Merula, Hermolaus Barbarus,** Giov. Pietro Arri- vabene, Bishop of Urbino,"" Pamphilo Sasso, of Modena,^" and the German scholar Thomas Wolf, Jr.^* HIS WORKS Mantuan achieved distinction in various fields — " sacrae theologiae doctor, philosophus insignis, poeta et orator cele- berrimus," as Trithemius, Abbot of Spanheim, could say in 1494.'^ Trithemius mentions also his proficiency in Greek — '* Latinae linguae decus et Graecae clarus interpres " — and Paulusjovius makes especial mention of his interest in Hebrew. Indeed, Jovius says that his interest in Hebrew — •' insatiabilis Hcbraicorum studiorum cupiditas " — inter- fered with the fullest exercise of his poetic gift: *' ut *^ Omnia opera Angcli Politiani, Venice, 1498, fol. 1, 5. "•To whom he could appeal for financial help, in the poem De suscepto theologico magisterio. •^ To whom the second Parthcnice was dedicated. And it was probably out of compliment to this Bembo that the umpire of the tenth Eclogue was named " Bembus ". •^ " mors Georgii Merulae . . . tristitia me uffecit . . . Hemiolai et Politiani duorum illustrium virorum lamentabilis occasus attulit et mihi et omnibus litteratis grave cordolium " (Letter to Pico della Mirandola the Younger, Jan. 3, 1495). •• To whom a poem (Silvae, i, 6) is sent with a gift of wine. ^® To whom Silvae, v, 5, is addressed. In the fourth book of Pamphilo's Epigrams (Brescia ed., 1499) there is a poem of eighteen lines addressed to Mantuan; it closes with the words: "o felix copia laudum, | quas aliis laudcs vis dare tu tibi das." The first six epi- grams of the second book are addressed to Paride Ceresara; and then come three on the death of Poliziano, of Pico della Mirandola, and of Georgius Merula. ^1 Who visited our poet at Mantua in the year 1500. An epigram printed at the end of the Silvae (Bologna ed., 1502) is entitled: In Thomam Wolfium Decretorum doctorem ac aedis S. Petri et Michaelis Argentinensis Decanum qui habebat Basiliscum mortuum iocus. ^2 Catalogus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum, per Johannem a Triten- heim, Cologne, 153 1. • MANTUAATS WORKS 27 ... in excolendis Musis curam ac diligentiam remittere cogeretur." ^* His writings were exceedingly numerous, and included both prose and verse.''* Sabadino, writing before 1483, mentions his work in philosophy^* and gives a list of his earlier Latin poems.^* Trithemius, writing in 1494, has a longer list, and adds : " vivit adhuc in Italia celeberrima opinione ubique nominatus et varia conscribit." Apart from the Eclogues^ his poems include eight books ' of Silvaey or " subitaria carmina," ^^ three books De suorum \ temporum Calamitatibus^^^ and seven poems each entitled "^^ Elogia virorum Uteris Ulustrium, Basel ed., 1577, p. 117. '* Dr. H. H. Furness, the ediior of the Variorum Shakespeare, gives it as his opinion that Mantuan " wrote nothing but eclogues '* (LLL, IV, 2, 95). But Filippo Beroaldo could say of him in 1502: " fecundus prorsus artifex, utpote qui versuum millia plurima condi- derit. adeo ut Musae, ut Apollo, ut Dionysus, ut di omnes poetici nullum hoc sueculo indulgentius fovisse videantur " (Letter to the editor of the collected poems, Bologna, 150a). Lilio Giraldi says *• extant illius versus paene innumerabiles " (De poetis nostrorum temporum). And the amount of his literary output came to be almost proverbial; cf. Les Apr^s-Dinees du Seigneur de Cholieres (1587): " Direz vous que Baptiste Mantouan n'ait este habile homme, qu'il n'ait fait aucune chose? Ses ceuvres le nous tesmoignent treslabor- ieux, et neantmoins il estoit carme " (Paris ed., 1879, p. 57). Indeed, his brother Tolomeo could say of him : " qui tanta conscripsit (de poetis loquor) quanta nemo alius Latinorum " {l)e lieentiis anti- quorum poetarum, Lyons ed., 1516, fol. Kk, ii). 78 " El quale, seguendo in li studii della sacra philosophia la doc- trina del subtilissimo Scoto, ha scripto in quella opre eximie et pre- stante" {Novella LXi). ■^^ " El Suburbano, la Presidentia de 1* oratore et del poeta, Lo- ciamo, la Morte contemnenda, el Cola, la Porreta, opre tutte scriptc et dedicate al suo carissimo Refrigerio, similmente la Calamita di nostri tempi, la Vita della regina di cieli et altre sue excellentissime opre, quale sarebbeno troppo lungo a numerare." '7 The Silvae are arranged in eight books in the Bologna edition of 150a. The Antwerp edition of 1576 makes four books. Earlier editions of his collected poems had been printed c. 1499 (place and date not stated), and in 1500 (at Cologne). Another edition (in- complete, but with copious commentaries) was published by Badius Ascensius, Paris, 15 13. The most complete edition of his works was issued at Antwerp in 1576. "^^ Printed at Bologna in 1489. On Jan. 29, 1480, our poet writes from Mantua to his friend Refrigerio : " Librum nostrum de calami- tatibus hyemare apud nos oportuit, ut et si minus aliorum meis m I " II i» » i> i m il 1 II mill II ! i i ini i m I J. ii u ii imi ii 28 INTRODUCTION Marthemcej, of which the first contains three books on the life of the Blessed Virgin,^* the second devotes three books to the story of St. Catharine of Alexandria,®* while the others deal with St. Margarita, St. Agatha, St. Lucia, St. Apollonia and St. Caecilia.*^ And there are similar poems on the lives of Lodovico Morbioli, of Bologna,*^ Dionysius the Areopagite (three books), *^ St. George,** St. Blaise (two books) and St. Nicholas of Tolentino (three books).** There is a book of EpigrgLinmata ad Falconcm^^ six books entitled Alfonsus^^"^ five books of a Trophaeum pro Gallis tamen notis responderet. me et ilium simul videbis." Meanwhile, he quotes a sample passage, thirty-nine lines from the close of the second book : " Sylva vetus Dodona timet, gemuere Molossi | rura soli," etc. There is a MS. copy of this letter in the Library of the University of Bologna. [The poem is mentioned in the closing novel of Sabadino's Porretiane, a collection which is commonly assigned to the year 1478.] ^® Published at Bologna in 148 1 — " Bononiae aeditum iii. id. Feb. M.CCCC.LXXXI," as is stated at the end of the poem in the Bologna edition of 1488 — but doubtless circulated before it was " published ", like Shakespeare's " sugred Sonnets among his priuate friends." The Apologeticon which is prefixed states that the author has consented to publish it, " longis precibus expugnatus." [This poem also is mentioned in Sabadino's closing novel.] *** Written at Rome (apparently in the summer of 1488), and printed at Bologna in 1489. *^The Caecilia was written too late to be included in the great Bologna edition of 1502. It was printed at Milan in 1507. 82 Dedicated to Innocent VIII (1484-92). 83 Here, as often, identified with the holy martyr of Gaul, Diony- sius, the first Bishop of Paris. The poem is dedicated " ad lafredum Carolum Mediolani Vicecancellarium et Delphinatus Praesidem." It was printed at Milan as early as 1506. ** Dedicated to Gian Giacomo Trivulzio, Grand Marshal of France; printed at Milan as early as 1507. *5 First printed at Milan in 1509; the dedication is dated, Mantua, July 20, 1509. ^^ Printed at Bologna (along with the two poems on Roberto da San Severino) in 1489. *^ A theological poem, which describes the journey of a young Alfonsus through Purgatory and the Terrestrial Paradise. There is a brief and rather vague account of the conquest of Granada (1492) at the beginning of the sixth book. In the fifth book (Bologna ed., 1502, fol. 303, b) there is a referoace to the death of the poet's father (early in 1494). MANTUAN*S WORKS 29 expulsist** an Obiurgatio cum exhcitatione ad capienda arma contra infideUs ad Potentatus Christianas,** an Exhortatio ad Insubres et Ligures, six books entitled Agellaria,*^ a short poem Ad lulium Secundum Pont. Max.*^ a poem De bello Veneto anni i5og^ and twelve books De sacris diebus which set forth and explain the various Saints* Days of the Roman year.®^ Of his prose works, the most popular seem to have been the De vita beata ** and the three books De patientia** *® Which deals with events of the years 1495 and 1496. In the second book (Bologna ed., 1502, fol. 336) there is a reference to the death of Charles VIII (April 7, 1498). «» Printed at Milan in 1507. ^® Dedicated to Don Gonzalo Hernand y Aguilar (" il Gran Capi- tano"); quoted in Tolomeo's Apologia, c. 1508 (Lyons ed., 1516, fol. Ff, ii). ^1 Which refers to events of the year 1506. ®2 Dedicated to Leo X (crowned Mar. 11, 1513), and first printed at Lyons in 15 16. Among the later poems printed at Lyons in 1516 there are two choruses from an unfinished tragedy. These were printed at Milan in 151 1, along with the Vitag suae Epitome; there is a copy in the Library of the University of Bologna. In a letter printed in this edition Mantuan writes to Antonius Sabinus, of Imola : " Dum pridem luderem uitae meae Epitomen Ant : Sab : vir. litteratiss. tu Mediolano ueniens me reuisisti. Tibi ergo tanqnam hospiti : pro xeniolo hospitali carmen id dono : daturus libentius hi esset longius atque limatius. Addo etiam duos chores ex tragoedia dim a me inchoata sed non consumata (cui nomen est Atila) tunc inter schedia mea casu repertos." Another letter is added, in which " F. Matthaeus Bandelius, C. ordinis prae." writes from Milan (" ex aedib. Gratiarum calendis decembris ") urging Sabinus to have the Epitome printed. »3 Printed at Alost in 1474. •>* First printed at Brescia in 1497 (" per Bernardinum Misintam Papiensem, iii. Cal. lunias"). The careful article in Niceron's Memoires (Paiis, 1734), xxvii, 123, gives the date of composition as 1498, because of the statement, in, 29, " agitur enim nunc a Christo annus millesimus quadringentesimus nonagesimus octavus." And so the text runs in Ascensius' edition, Paris, 1513. But this sentence must have been "brought up to date" by some one who printed the treatise in 1498; for both the Brescia edition of 1497 and the Venice edition of 1499 have " nonagesimus Septimus." And what Mantuan actually wrote in this passage must have been something different still ; for each of these early editions includes a letter from Helias Capreolus to loannes Taberius (" Brixiae, iiii. Nonas Decembres, 1496 ") which states that the treatise has been brought to Brescia by 30 INTRODUCTION Trithemius (writing in 1494) mentions also an Introduc- torium subtilis Scoti^ a book of ** orationes elegantissimae," an Apologia pro /. Petro (in three books ),•' and " epistolae multae ad diversos." Some of his later works (printed at Lyons in 1516) were, Tract atus de loco conceptionis Christiy^^ De causa diversitatis inter interpretes sacrae scrip- turae, Epictola contra calumniatores, Dialogus contra de- tractoreSf^'' Contra eos qui detrahunt ordini Carmelitarum apologia.^^ HIS POPULARITY He wrote with the greatest fluency and rapidity,®* and is even said to have published more than 55,000 verses. He tells us himself that his poem on the Blessed Virgin — a poem of about 2900 lines — was the work of two years, "duorum annorum lucubratioj" and that his 2100 lines on St. Catharine of Alexandria were written in forty days — merely by way of improving the time in an enforced sum- mer vacation.****^ But in spite of this rapid production his writings were very popular, and he was hailed by many of Pietro da Novellara, and asks that it be printed. The fact is, that the composition of the De Paiientia extended over a considerable period of years. ®5 Pietro da Novellara, who had been charged with heresy (Florido Ambrogio, op. cit., 79). The discovery, at Mantua, of another un- published work, Tractatus de sanguine Christi (1492), is reported in the Analecta BoUandiana, Xlii (1894), 71-72. ••Written in 1503: Donesmondi, Dell' Istoria Ecclesiastica di Maniova, \o\. ii (Mantua, 1616), p. 93. •'Dedicated "ad Ptolemeum Gonzagam," i. e., after Jan. 6, 1507 (S. Davari, op. cit., 10). •^ Dedicated to the Cardinal Sigismondo, " eiusdem ordinis pro- tectorem," i. e., not earlier than 1508 (Donesmondi, op. cit., n, lio). •• " Poema omne carptim composui, cursim absolvi, non fere alitsr quam canes aiunt bibere in Aegypto " (Epis/ola contra Calumniatorest Lyons ed., 1516, fol. fib, vi). 100 «« Quadruginta enim et non nmplius diebus opus absolutum est, dum propter aestivum iustitium negotiis intermissis curamus otia canicularia salubriter cum aliqua studiorum fruge transigere." So, too, his three books on Dionysius 4he Areopagite were written in a year : " lucubrationi huic annum impendi." MANTUAN'S POPULARITY 31 his contemporaries as a second Vitgil.* In 1496 Erasmus could speak of him as a " Christianus Maro," and add : "t nisi me fallit augarinm, erit, erit aliquando Baptista sno con- cive gloria celebritateque non ita multo inferior, simul invidiam anni detraxerint.2 habet, habet fortunatissimus Carmelitarum Ordo qao sibi placeat, quo cunctos provocet. Even before his death, a portrait bust of him was set up at Mantua, beside one of Virgil and one of the Marquis Francesco.' His works were carried abroad, often by mem- * Thus Sabadino could say of him (before 1483) : " che \ iudicato essere emulo e, se cossi e licito dire, equiperare el divin Marone sno conterraneo " {Novella LXi). Sebastian Murrho could write, in the preface to his commentary on the first Parthenice (c. 1493): "eius me delectatum ingenio (quo concivem suum Andinum Vergilium facile consequitur et aequat)," etc. Trithemius considered him the equal of Cicero in prose, of Virgil in verse : '* qui metro Virgilium, Ciceronem pro«a aequat, ne dicam superat " (quoted in the Antwerp cd., 1576, IV, 291). Thomas Wolf, jr., had a high opinion of the Eclogues in particular : " quae eruditorum sententia totae sunt aureae. in quibus videre licet id quod in Theocriti et Maronis carmine maxime admiramur " (Letter to Jakob Wimpfeling, Feb. 24, 1503). Filippo Beroaldo ranked him next to Virgil : " proximus longo qui- dem intervallo, sed tamen proximus" (Letter to the editor of the collected poems, Bologna, 1502). And Teofilo Folengo (" Merlinus Cocaius ") could write — just how seriously, it is hard to say— mons quoque Carmelus Baptistae versibus altis iam boat, atque novum Manto fecisse Maronem gaudet, nee primo praefert tamen ilia Maroni, namque vetusta nocet laus nobis saepe modernis, Macaronea, XXV, fin. 2 Letter to Henry of Bergen, Opera omnia (Leyden, 1703), ill, 1783; P. S. Allen, Erasmi Epistolae (Oxford, 1906), i, 163. This amazing judgment suggests that Erasmus was more concerned with Mantuan's religious tone than with his workmanship. So, in another letter (iir, 808), he contrasts the Carmelite poet with the "pagan" Marullus; and in a third he writes: " malim hemistichium Mantuani quam tres Marullicas myriadas." This last letter is addressed to Jakob Wimpfeling (" Basilene postridie Purificationis. Anno xvii")* It is apparently not included in the Leyden edition of the Opera omnia, but it is prefixed to Mantuan's De Sacrii Diehus in the Strass* burg edition of 1520. * By Baptista Fiera, in 1514. They are now in the Museo Patrio at Mantua. They were set on an arch which joined Fiera's house to the Convent of S. Francesco (Luzio-Renier, op. cit., 56-57). They are mentioned in Scipio Maffei's account of the Marquis Francesco, 32 INTRODUCTION hers of hU own order/ and promptly reprinted in many European cities. The canons of an Augustinian monastery in Westphalia could say, shortly before 1500: ut vere de vobis David prophetasse putetur ubi inquit, in omnem terram exivit sonus eorum et in fines orbis terrae verba eorum, re. vera in fines orbis terrae egressa sunt verba (super mel et favum dulciora) vatis praestantissimi sacri ordinis Carmelitarum Baptistae Mantnani.' Annali di Mantova, XI, 6 (quoted by Florido Ambrogio, op. cit., 103) : " e presso S. Francesco fu scolpita la sua immagine tra quella di Virgilio e di Battista Carmelitano con questo verso: ARGVMENTVM VTRIQVE INGENS, SI SECLA COIRENT." And an English traveller could report in 1608: " Over the gate of the Franciscans Church is to be seen the true statue of that famous Poet and Orator Baptista Mantuanus a Carmelite Frier borne in this Citie, who flourished Anno 1496" (Coryat's Crudities, Glasgow ed., 1905, 1, 267). Paul us Jovius has what looks like an inaccur^^te story of the same monument : " Federicus nutem Princeps mnrmoream efligiem cum laurea posuit, quae in arcu lapideo iuxta Virgilii Maronis simul- acrum, pia hercle si non ridenda comparatione, conspicitur " (Eiogia virorum Uteris illustrium, Basel ed., 1577, p. 118). And this state- ment received due comment from Petrus Lucius, Carmelitana Biblio- theca, Florence, 1593, fol. 15 : " Ceterum quod ad eius statuam mar- moream attinet, ea Mantuae (velit nolit lovius) pie conspicitur in arcu triumphali e regione Franciscanorum monasterii, dextrum Vir- gilio, sinistrum Mantuano, clarissimi Mantuanorum Marchionis latus claudente, cum tali elogio: argumentum utrique ingens si saecla coircpttJ" [The three busts are not of marble, but of terra-cotta.] Cf., further, Lilio Giraldi's remark : " quas ei statuas Mantuani erex- erunt " {De fact is nostrorum temporum, ed. K. Wotke, Berlin, 1894, p. 25). * A letter from Badius Ascensius to the Carmelite Laurentius Bur- ellus (Lyons, July 26, 1492) states that the latter has brought to Lyons many excellent Italian books — among them, various works of Baptista Mantuanus {Philippi Beroaldi Orationes et Poemata, Lyons, 1492, fol. 2). See, also, L. Thuasne, Roherti Gaguini Epistole et Orationes, Paris, 1903, 11, 40. * Letter to the Carmelite Prior at Bologna, printed in the edition of 1502. The date is mutilated by the printer: "anno Domini mil- lesimo quadringentesimo pridie Nonas Februarias " ; but the writers mention a Deventer reprint of the De Patientia (first printed at Brescia, 1497). Cf. Mantuan's Epistola contra Calumniatores: " le- guntur ubique, libelli mei, et videntur esse totius orbis iudicio appro- bati; non omnes tamen, sed qui iam pridem sunt editi ac Bononiae per Benedictum Hectoris imprtssi ; fere enim in totum Christian- ismum pervenerunt. quacumque Lr.tina lingua est diffusa . . . veniunt wmmm MANTUAN'S POPULARITY 33 And the high esteem in which he was held is pleasantly indicated in one of the Epistolae Obseurorum Virorum^ 11, 12 (Guilhelmus Lamp to Ortuinus Gratius, c. 1517) »an account of a journey from Cologne to Rome. The traveller stops at Mantua: et dixit socius meus, hie natus fuit Virgilius. respondi, quid euro ilium paganum? nos volumus ire ad Carmelitas et videre Bap- tistam Mantuanum qui in duplo est melior quam Virgilius . . . et quando venimus ad Claustrum Carmelitarum, dicebatur nobis quod Baptista Mantuanus est mortuus; tunc dixi, requiescat in pace.* But there were other critics who were less partial, or less sympathetic. The inferiority of the later Mantuan is stoutly asserted in the third Idyl of Helius Eobanus Hessus (first printed in 1509, but here quoted from the third re- vised edition, Frankfort, 1564) : Cyg. ergo age, in hoc gelido postquam consedimus antro, unde pecus patet atque oculis vicinia nostris, estne aliquis gelida Faustus tibi lectus in umbra? Phil, vidimus audaci fluidum pede currere Faustum, cui nihil invideat noster nolitque secundum Tityrus, et patria natum patiatur eadem.. Cyg. atqui pastores quosdam contentio nuper ilia diu tenuit, paribiisne in carmina surgant viribus alteriusne an deferat alter honori. Phil, ut lentas corylos damnosa securibus ilex, quantum humiles superat cornus ramosa genistas, tam meus in versu praecedit Tityrus ilium qui Faustum gelida cecinit resupinus in umbra. • ah, male quorundam trivialis iudicat error. Ludovicus Vives called him " magis copiosus et facilis quam tersus et sublimitati argumentorum respondens." ^ In 1515 ad me crebro epistolae ex Galliis, ex Britanniis, a Germania, ex Dacia, ab oceano usque Cimbrico, quibus intelligo opuscula mea illic esse in pretio, ab omnibus legi, ab omnibus laudari " (Lyons ed^ 15 16, fol. Aa, viii). • Mantuan was promptly accepted as an authority on poetical usage by " Joannes Despauterius, Ravisius Textor, Hermannus Tor- rentinus," and others (Florido Ambrogio, op. cit., 124). He is often quoted in a Gradus ad Parnassum printed at London, 1773. And the Christian Remembrancer for 1847 (xiv, 323) says: "and even now, in such dictionaries as Ainsworth and Young, Mantuan stands as an authority." " De iradcndis disci pi inis. III (quoted by Florido Ambrogio, op. cit., 127). 34 INTRODUCTION Nicole Berault — Nicolas Beraldus — urged upon his students the importance of the ancient authors, as opposed to certain Video Vergilium quoque ... jam vexari paeneque excuti e mani- bus, proque eo cucuUatum quendam summitti bonum quidem ilium rarumque et admirandum ; nihil tamen ad Homerum Man- tuanum.^ Lilio Giraldi was moved to say : Laudo institutum piumque propositum, verum extemporalis magis quam poeta maturus. extant ilHus versus paene innumerabiles ex quibus apud vulgus et barbaros quosdam laudem tantam est adeptus, ut unus prope poeta et alter paene Maro haberetur. at bone Deus, quam dispar ingenium ! nam ut ubique Maro perfectus, ita hie immodica et paene temeraria ubique usus est licentia, quam et magis atque magis in dies auxit. . . . iuvenis ille quidem laudabilior poeta fuit ; cum vero ei desedit calor ille et fervor iuvenilis, tamquam amnis sine obice extra ripas sordide diffluens coerceri non potuit. vix enim ea legere possumus, quae longius ille aetate provectus carmina scripsit.* The great champion of Virgil, Julius Caesar Scaliger, was stirred to very vigorous language : mollis, languidus, fluxus, incomposita», sine numeris, plebeius ; non sine ingenio, sed sine arte, dum modo scribat quod in mentem venerit, edat quod scripserit, susque deque habet. And as for the Eclof^ues in particular, he could express him- self only by a parody of what Horace had said of Virgil : putri atque caduco Carmelum imbuerunt sordentes rure cicadae.*® After this outburst we hear much less about the " pagan " and the *' Christian " Virgil. One man did revive the com- parison, but he was a Carmelite historian." • L. Delaruelle, Le Muster Bclgf, xin (iQoq), 390. * Dr poetis nostrorum temporum, ed. K. Wotke, Berlin, 1894, p. 24. »• Poetice, vi, 4. " " Veteri Maroni in paucis minor, in multis par, in plurimis ali- quot parasangis superior," Petru? Lucius. Carmrlitana Bibliotheca, Florence. 1593, fol. 13. di PUBLICATION OF THE ECLOGUES 3$ COMPOSITION AND PUBLICATION OF THE ECLOGUES The Eclogues are ten in number, making a total of 2063 (lines. The author tells us, in his dedicatory epistle, that the first eight were written while he was a student at Padua,** and that the last two were added after he had joined the Carmelite Order. He tells us, also, that he revised these youthful compositions when he was about fifty years old; and we may be sure that this revision added much to the value of the poems. But even after their revision he seems to have regarded them as a rather frivolous and un- important piece of work; and he probably never dreamed that his ten Eclogues were to contribute more to his fame and to his influence than all the rest of his 55,000 verses. They were first printed, at least in their revised form, in 1498.*'* They were very popular from the beginning, and soon came to be widely read — not only in Italy, but in France and Germany and England.** They were imme- 12 « Quendam libellum meum quern olim ante religionem, dum in gymnasio Paduano philosophari inciperem, ludens excuderam et ab ilia aetate Adulescentiam vccaveram." IS " Mantuae Impraessum per Vincentiu Berthocu Regiensem Anno dni. MCCCCLXXXXViii. sexto decimo Kalendas Octobres," etc. So the colophon of a copy in the Biblioteci Casanatense at Rome. [The colophon of my own copy gives the same place, printer, and year, but omits the day of the month.] The dedicatory epistle is addressed to a friend at Mantua, and dated Sept. i. Both Brunei's Manuel and Graesse's Trcsor mention an edition printed at Poitiers in 1498; and both Graesse and Hnin cite even an edition with a few notes by Jch. Murmellius printed at Strassburg in the same year. Graesse calls the Mantua edition a reprint of the Poitiers edition ; but there was hardly time between Sept. 1 and Sept. 16 for an intermediary edition to be printed abroad. Perhaps the date of the Poitiers edition was only inferred from the date of the dedicatory epistle ; a copy described in Pellechet's Catalogue gt'in'ral, I, 437. is " s. d. (1498?)." [The •• ndnotamenta '* of Murmellius were included in a letter ad- dressed to Paulus Ruremundensis (printed in full in a Deventer edi- tion of the Eclogiu's, 1510). This letter is mainly a criticism of the commentary of Ascensius; and was certainly written later than 1408.] **They were printed at Erfurt in 1501, at Bologna, at Brescia, and at Paris in 1502. at Venice and at Strassburg in 1503, at De- venter in 1504, in 1505, and in 15 10, at Tiibingen in 1511, at London in ijiq, etc., etc. In 1504 they were printed at Florence, in a hand- Home Giuntine volume : " Eclogae Vergilii. Cnlphurnii. Nemesiani. Francisci Pe. lonnnis Boc. loan. bnp. Mft. Pomponii Gaurici." "-■**• 36 INTRODUCTION diately provided with a commentary, by lodocus Badius Ascensius,*' and for nearly two hundred years they were commonly used, both on the Continent and in England, as a text-book in schools. THEIR USE AS A SCHOOL-BOOK Their use as a school-book is attested by countless edi- tions of Ascensius* commentary,** but it is also definitely stated at times, or clearly implied. There is a letter of Thomas Wolf, Jr., to Jakob Wimpfeling, written at Strass- burg, Feb. 24, 1503, which speaks of a school edition of a thousand copies : *^ G. Branet states that from 1500 to 1536 they were printed 22 times {Dictionnairg de Bihliologie Catholique, Paris, i860, col. loii). 'On compte de plus 4 editions des Opera Omnia de cet auteur t. 88 editions de divers de ses ouvrages." "^^ Both Graesse and Hain say that this commentary was printed at Strassburg in 1500. It was printed at Paris in 1502 (with a dedi- catory epistle dated March 27), at Strassburg in 1503, at Deventer in 1504, at Tiibingen in 15 11, etc., etc. It was printed in London at least as late as 1676, and at Cologne at least as late as 1688. Mur- mellius criticized it, and with good reason, as giving the schoolboy much unnecessary help while leaving some real difficulties unex- plained ; " deinde autem cum tardiusculis ingeniis totum se accomo- dajt: & quasi tenellis infantulorum rostris premansum cibum inserit magis obesse studiis quam prodesse iudicatur " (Letter to Paulus Ruremundensis, cited above). 1" Another copious commentary (now very rare) was published by Andreas Vaurentinus (of Lavaur, near Toulouse) in 1519. There is a copy of a revised edition, Lyons, 1529, in the Library of the University of Ferrara : " Habes hie candide lector uberrima com- mentaria Andree vauretini in buccolica fratris Baptiste Mantuani Carmelite Theologi et poete celeberrimi correcta ac emendata. Ad- dita sunt preterea glossemata in prima Buccolica que culpa im- pressoruni lemovicorum {sic), et que summopere utilia erant. Nec- non et lopnnis coronei Carnutensis Annotamenta perquam utilia no- vissime (i|it ab eiusdem Coronei scholaribus asseritur) superaddita: cum annqtationibus Remundi langano de alta Ripa in margine positis: et nunq antea impressis," etc., etc. In the Biblioteca Na- zionale ati Naples there is a later edition of the same commentary, published pt Lyons (by a different printer) in 1536: " Bucolica Bap- tistae Mantuani, diversis diversorum comentariis utilissime declar- ata," etc. *' Wolfs letter and Wimpfelingjp reply are quoted in the Tubingen edition of the Eclogues, 15 15. Wimpfeling preferred the Eclogues of Mantuan to those of Virgil, " propter Latinitatis copiam, propter USE AS A SCHOOL-BOOK 37 Aeglogas Baptistae Mantuani (sicat audio) tiadidisd loanni Preusz chalcographo commnni nostro amico, ut in mille exemplaria transcriptae latissime diuulgentur. debet profecto tibi plarimom Germana iuuentus, quae diligentia tua multis doctorum uirorum monumentis facta est opulentior. semper enim ex officina tua litera- toria aliquid depromis quod iuuet, quod delectet, quod linguas iuue- num reddat politiores. And Wimpf ding's reply, dated March 1, 1503, emphasizes the fitness of Mantuan for school use: Baptistam Mantuanum extollo, turn in poematibus suis tersis et puris, quae absque ueneno a maturo praeceptore iuuentuti tradi pos- sunt, turn quod amor poeticae in eo non extinguit studium sacrae paginae et philosophiae, nam ex eius libello de patientia magnum eum et philosoplium et theologum esse liquido constat. About 1508 a schoolboy at Schlettstadt wrote to his father : " Wisse, dass unser M agister des Morgens f ruh den Alexander mit uns treibt; lun 9 Uhr lesen wir einige Gedichte aus Horaz, Ovid, u. s. w. ; nach 10 Uhr lesen wir im Mantuanus." ^* In 1533 the Eclogues were used as a school-book at Wittenberg; in 1535 Mantuan was pre- scribed by school orders at Braunschweig; and about the same time he was read in the schools at Nordlingen, Mem- mingen, and Emmerich,^® In St. Paul's School, London, he was prescribed by statute, in 1518.^® For Colet would have his "scolers" taught in " goode auctors suych as haue the veray Romayne eliquence joyned withe wisdome, specially Cristyn auctours that wrote theyre wysdome with clene and chast laten other in verse or in prose." And among such authors he names ** lactancius prudentius and proba and sedulius and Juuen- cus and Baptista Mantuanus." This passage may suggest some of Mantuan's religious poems rather than the itili plunam dulcedinem, propter utiliora argumenta, propter pudi- citiam ct honestatem," Diatr. de proba puerorum instit., VI (quoted by G. Knod, Aus der Bibliothek des Beatus Rhenanus, Schlettstadt, 1889, p. 10). i« G. Knod, op. cit, 17. "^^ Monumenta Germaniac Paedagogica, I, 48, 544; vii, 426. 20 J. H. Lupton, Life of Dean Colet, London, 1887, p. 279. mmmm 3g INTRODUCTION Eclogues*^ though some of the latter may very well have been included. And there may be a like uncertainty in the statute which prescribed ** B. Mantuanus, Palingenius, Buchanani Scripta, Sedulius, Prudentius " for the Free Grammar School of St. Bees in Cumberland, in 1583.*' But the Eclogues are specifically fixed by school orders at '* About 1493 Seb. Murrho wrote a commentary on the first Par- thenice: " cum maxime trivialium ludorum magistris consulere sta- tuerim iuvenilique aetati." Before 1498 Alexander Hegius wrote a commentary on some of the poems for his school at Deventer (L. Geiger, Renaissance und Ilumanismus, Berlin, 1882, p. 392). About 1502 Filippo Beroaldo says of Mantuan : "nee solum habetur in manibus et ediscitur, verum etiam in scholis enarratur, et inde salu- berrima tirunculis dictata grammatistae praescribunt " (Letter pre- fixed to the Bologna edition of the collected poems, 1502). In one of the Epistolae (xLl) of Ravisius Textor, one of Mantuan's epic poems is mentioned as a school-book : '* testatus Lucanum, Silium, et Statium, ut duriusculos; Mantuani Carmen, ut paulo flaccidius, a plerisque non usquequaque probari " (London ed., 1683, p. 33). Cf. also the Elegiae Morales of Johannes Murmellius (printed in 1507)* i> i. 53-60: nobilis aethereo plenus Baptista furore heroicam inflavit me moderante tubam ; virgineis libros infersit laudibus almos, lucida belligeros vexit in astra duces, ille graves huius deflevit temporis aestus, ille Cupidineos vitat ubique iocos. ergo frequentatis divina poemata ludis dictantur summi non sine laude viri, and III, i. 47-52: gloria Carmeli veteres Baptista poetas gymnasiis pellens pulpita celsa tenet. dum pia virginibus sohen.Ui vota sacratis, dum populi fientes tristia fata gement, crescet honor vatis maiorque videbitur annis. rectius arbitrium posteritatis erit (Miinster ed., by A. Bonier, 1893, pp. 9. 75)- I" a letter of May I, 15 18, Jakob Wimpfeling suggests a school edition of the De Sacris Diebus. And about a hundred years later Mantuan is mentioned as being a favorite school author in Spain : " onde I'opere sue poetiche leggonsi in Ispagna a' gioueni publicamente nelle scuole d' humanita (per quanto ho udito dire) come in Italia si fanno quelle di Virgilio," Donesmondi, Dell* Istoria Ecclesiastica di Mantova, II (1616), 121 (cited by Luzio-Renier, op. cit., 68). 22 T. Spencer Baynes, Shakespea^ Studies, London, 1894, p. 174. USE AS A SCHOOL-BOOK 39 the King's School, Durham, in .1 593 ; ** they were in use in the Free School of St. Helens, c. 1635 ; '* and they were reconunended for the third form in Charles Hoole's New Discovery of the Old Art of Teaching School, 1660: For Afternoon lessons on Mondayes and Wednesdayes let them make use of Mantuanus, which is a Poet, both for style and matter, very familiar and gratefull to children, and therefore read in most Schooles. They may read over some of the Eclogues that arc less offensive than the rest, takeing six lines at a lesson, which they should first commit to memory, as they are able, etc^* And as Hoole records, they were used in the Rotherham Grammar School (in the fourth form) before he became head master: For afternoon lessons they read Terence two dayes, and Mantuan two dayes, which they translated into English, and repeated on Fri- " dayes, as before.^* Julius Caesar Scaliger complained that some teachers actu- ally preferred them to the Eclogues of Virgil : " hoc prop- terea dico, quia in nostro tyrocinio literarum triviales quidam paedagogi etiam Virgilianis pastoribus huius hircos praetu- lere." ^^ There is a similar complaint in the preface of Thomas Farnaby's edition of Martial, London, 1615: " quando ipsis paedagogulis Fauste precor gelida sonet altius quam Arnia virumque cano." And Dr. Samuel Johnson states that *' Mantuan was read, at least in some of the inferior schools of this kingdom, to the beginning of Uie -^ present century.** -* 23 Foster Watson, The Beginnings of the Teaching of Modern Sub- jects in England, London, 1909, p. 187. 2* Id., The English Grammar Schoils to 1660, Cambridge, 1908, p. 486. 25 This was an exercise in " metaphrase," T. Spencer Baynes. op. cit., 186. Professor Baynes says (p. 161) that Hoole's New Dis- covery " was not published till 1659, but, as the title-page states, it was written twenty-three years earlier." Professor Watson says, "published in 1660, written twenty years earlier." 2«T. Spencer Baynes, op. cit., 172. 27 Poetice, vi, 4. 2 8 Lives of the Poets, Ambrose Philips. mmmmmmmfm 40 INTRODUCTION In 1579, Thomas Lodg^ could say, in his Defence of Poetry: " Miserable were our state yf we wanted those worthy volumes of Poetry : could the learned beare the losse of Homer? or our younglings the wrytings of Mantuan?" And so Drayton tells us that, when he expressed a boyish wish to become a poet, his tutor began And first read to me honest Mantu?.n, Then Virgil's Eclogues.-" It will be observed that Shakespeare's quotation from Man- (tuan is put into the mouth of a schoolmaster ; and it may be suggestive for our estimate of Holof ernes' learning that he quotes the first line of the first Eclogue — as it were, the opening phrase of his First Latin Reader. At any rate, the same phrase is used to indicate a very little learning in one of Gabriel Harvey's gibes at poor Greene : " he searched euery corner of his Grammer-schoole witte (for his margine is as deepelie learned as Faust e precor gclida)." ^^ And it is used in the same way in one of the pleasant tales of Bona- venture des Periers: ** II y avoit un prebstre de village qui estoit tout fier d'avoir veu un petit plus que son Caton. Car il avoit leu Dc Syntaxi et son Faiistc precor gcliday ^* QUOTATIONS FROM THE ECLOGUES And this common use as a school-book may help to ex- plain some other references in English, French, and Ger- man authors. Eel. I, 118 is quoted in Stephen Gosson's Schoole of Abuse (1579): "Now if any man askc mc why my selfe haue penned Comedycs in time paste, and inueigh so egerly against them here, let him knowe that Semel insanivimus o nines ^' Eel. I, 52, " nee deus, ut perhibent, Amor est," is quoted 29 To my dearly loved Friend, Henry Reynolds, Esq., of Poets and Poesy. ^^ Foure Letters (1592), ed. Grosart, i, 195. •*^ Nouvelles Recreations et joyeux Devis, Nouvelle XL. '2 Arber's reprint, London, 1868, p. 41. QUOTATIONS AND ALLUSIONS / 41 in ono of Gabriel Harvey's letters to Spenser (1579).** And the whole line appears as a motto on the title-page of Alcilia : ParthenophU's Loving Folly (1595) : Nee Deus (ut perhibent) amor est, sed amaror et error.** In Robert Greene's Tritameron of Lovr (ed. Grosart, iii, 100) there is a mention of " Mantuans principle . . . that weal is neuer without woe, no blisse without bale, ech sweete hath his sower, euery commodity hath his discommodity an- nexed." This alludes to Ed, ii, 25-26, commoditas omnis sua fert incommoda secum, et sorti appendix est illaetabilis omni. In the Historie of Orlando Furioso, ii, 1 (671), Greene quotes Eel. iv, 110, femineum servile genus, crudele, superbum; and in the * Epistle to the Gentlemen Schollers of both Uni- versities,' prefixed to his Mourning Garment (ix, 124), he quotes the " semel insanivimus omnes " of Eel. i, 118. In the first part of Mamillia (ii, 107) he has an allusion to the famous diatribe against women, in the fourth Eelogue: " I would correct Mantuans Egloge, intituled Alphus: or els if the Authour were aliue, I woulde not doubt to perswade him in recompence of his errour, to frame a new one." And in the second part (ii, 226) he returns to the same subject: " yea the railing of Mantuan in his Eglogs, the exclaiming of Euripides in his Tragedies, the tants of Martially and prime quippes of Propertiusy are more of course then cause, and rather inforced by rage than inferred by reason." The ** semel insanivimus omnes" of Eel. i, 118, is twice quoted by Thomas Nashe — in the Prologue to Summer's Last Will and Testament (1600), and in Have with you to Saffron-Walden (1596) : " and he replied with that wether- beaten peice out of the Grammer, Semel insanivimus omnes , once in our dayes there is none of vs but haue plaid the 8' Grosart's edition, i, 25. 3* Arber's English Garner, iv (1882), 353. 42 INTRODUCTION ideots." And in the Anatomie of AbsurJitie (1589), Nashe has his allusion to the fourth Eclogue: To this might be added Mantuans inuectiue against them, but that pittie makes me refraine from renewing his wome out com- plaints, the wounds wherof the former forepast feminine sexe hath felt I, but here the Homer of Women hath forestalled an obiection, sa3ring that Mantuans house holding of our Ladie, he was enforced by melancholie into such vehemencie of speech, and that there be amongst them as amongst men, some good, some badde, etc.^*^ The story of Amyntas, Eel. ii-iii, is introduced, as thor- oughly familiar matter, in the first eclogue of Francis Sabie's Pafi's Pipe (1595), 11. 76-93.^** And it seems to be alluded to in Thomas Randolph's Eclogue oeeasioned b y Tivo D octors disputing upotL- Predestination : Love-sick Amyntas, get a philtre here. To make thee lovely to thy truly dear. The motto of one of Bishop Hall's Satires (1598), vi, 1, " Semel insanivimus," comes from Eel. i, 118; and in the same satire we have the lines, As did whilere the homely Carmelite, Following Virgil, and he Theocrite. ** Ed. R. B. McKerrow, London, 1904, i, 12. This seems to be an inaccurate reference to a passage in Robert Greene's Mamillia (ed. Grosart, 11, 107) : " I would correct Mantuans Egloge, intituled Alphus ... for surely though Euripides in his tragedies doth greatly exclaim against that sexe, yet it was in his choller, and he infered a generall by a particular, which is absurd. He had an euyll wife, what then?" Mr. McKerrow explains Nashe's phrase "Mantuans house holding of our Ladie " to mean " his wife having the upper hand of him, and ruling his household," and quotes Ascham's Schole- master (ed. Wright, p. 205), "if the house hold of our Lady." And he very justly insists that Greene is here referring to the wife of Euripides, " and not to Mantuan's wife at all." There is a bit of gossip in one of the novels of Bandello (ni, 52) which offers a little different explanation of Mantuan's bitterness: " Intendo anche che il mio compatriotta, il poeta carmelita, ha fatta un' ecloga 1 i vituperio delle donne, ove generalmente biasima tutte le donne. Ma sapete cio che ne dice Mario Equicola segretario di madama di Mantova? Egli afferma che il nostro poeta era innamorato d' una bella giovane, e che ella non lo voile amare ; onde adirato compose quella maledica ecloga" (quoted by Luzio-Renier, op. cit., 66). 3« Reprinted, by J. W. Bright, in Modern Philology, VII (i9io)» 446. * ^^W / QUOTATIONS AND ALLUSIONS 43 The motto at the end of Three Pastoral Elegies, by Wil- liam Basse (1602), is taken from Eel. i, 9-10: quando vacat, quando est iucunda relatu, historiam prima repetens ab origine pandam. EcL V, 63-64: sidera iungamus, facito mihi luppiter adsit; et tibi Mercnrius noster dabit omnia faxo, is the motto on the title-page of Thomas Middleton's Familie of Love ( 1607). And EcL iii, 87, " regia res amor est," fs set in like manner on the title-page of Richard Brome's The Queenes Exchange. The phrase ** semel insanivimus omnes," Eel. i, 118, served as the motto of Samuel Nicholson's Acolastus his After-witte (1600) ; ^^ and it is quoted in The Return from Parnassus (printed in 1606), iv, 2. The quotation in Wily Beguiled (printed in 1602)," *' optatis non est spes uUa potiri," comes from Eel. i, 53. In Drayton's Owl (1604), the playful mention of the lark, And for his reverence, though he wear a cowl, alludes to Eel. vii, 4, bardocucullatus caput, ut campestris alauda; and the passage in the same poem, O moral Mantuan, live thy verses long. Honour attend thee, and thy reverend song! Who seeks for truth (say'st thou) must tread the path Of the sweet private life, ... . For adulation, but if search be made. His daily mansion, his most usual trade. Is in the monarch's court, in princes' halls. Where goodly zeal he by contempt enthralls, etc., »^ J. P. Collier, Biographical Account of Early English LUerature, III, 58. »• Dodsley's Old English Plays, ed. Hazlitt, ix, 232. iHPiPipiw" 'I ' II III "I iiipijiii«i«i«iiiip ■! nil nil II II mi^mmmmmmiiimmmmmmmm. 44 INTRODUCTION seems to refer to Eel, v, 166 ff. In his Epistle of Mrs* Shore to Edward IV » there is an allusion to the fourth Eclogue: Nor are we lo turn'd Neapolitan, That might incite lome foul mouth'd Mantuan To all the world to lay out our defects, And have just cause to rail upon our lex, etc. In Thomas Hey wood's Challenge for Beautie, i, 1, there is yet another allusion to the fourth Eclogue. Here the " proud Queen " Isabel says, of the compliments due to women : Such as would give u« our full character Mutt itearch for Kplthites and itudie phra»«) and the honeNt Lord Honuvidu replies: Examine but plaine Mantuan, and hee'l tell you, what woman ii. The phrase ** melior vigilantia somno," Eel. i, 5, is quoted in William Martyn's Youth's Instruction (161 2).** Eel, III, 81, is quoted, freely, in Beaumont and Fletcher's Wit at Several VVeapons^ i, 2 : Ut noete inecum pemoctat egestaSy luce quotidie paupertas habitat. This is quoted by " Priscian, a poor Scholar " — much as Shakespeare's quota- tion from Mantuan is put into the mouth of " Holofernes, a schoolmaster." *® In Witfs Recreations^ the phrase " sorte tua contentus," Eel. V, 46, is used as the title of two separate epigrams. And the " semel insanivimus," or " semel insanivimus omnes," of Eel. i, 118, serves as the title of two others. In Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy there are a whole score of quotations. The phrase '* semel insanivimus omnes," Eel. i, 118, appears three times. The chapter on Symptoms of Love- Melancholy has eight quotations: ^^ Report of U, S. Commissioner of Education for tqo4» I, 664. *® ' Larivey has some claim to the title of European master of ec- centric pedantry on the comic stage " ; Sidney Lee, The French Re^ naissance in England, Oxford, 1910, p. 423. Was the name of Lari- vey's pedant M. Josse a delicate compliment to lodocus Badius Ascensius — Josse Bade? QUOTATiOSS AND ALLUSIONS 4$ Eel I, 38; I, 100; ii, 104-6; i, 14-18; ii. 107-8; i, 114-15; I, 47; I, 108. The chapter on Artificial Allurements of Love quotes three passages: EcL i« 104; i, 73; iv, 318. And the first of thes ; is introduced a^ \rery familiar matter ; . " and Collars sweet smile quite overcame Faustus the Shepherd: me aipicieni motis blande lubrisit ocellii." The section on Beauty as a Cause of Love- Melancholy quotes, and translates, Eel, i, 48-51, *' ludit amor sensus," etc.: Love mocki our senses, curbs our liberties, And doth bewitch us with his art and rings, I think some devil gets into our entrails, And kindles coals, and heaves our souls from th« htnget* Other scattered quotutiont) in the earlier part of Burton*! work are, Eel, i, 71 j i, 174; i, 61 ; v, 46. Indeed, some of Mantuan's phrases are repeated so often that they have earned a place in our dictionaries of Latin quotations. So, in particular, the " semel insanivimus omnes," of Eel. i, 118, which has acquired a special interest from a passage in Boswell's Life of Johnson: When I once talked to him of some of the sayings which every body repeats, but nobody knows where to find, ... he told me that he was once offered ten guineas to point out from whence Semel in- sanivimus omnes was taken. He could not do it; but many years afterwards met with it by chance in * Johannes Baptista Mantuanus.'**^ A few other references may be added here, to illustrate the popularity of Mantuan's Eelogues in England.*- He is mentioned in the prologue to the E^loges of Alexander *^ -named after Theocritus and Virgil — Barclay (c. 1514) — named after Theocritus and Virgi As the moste famous Baptist Mantuan, The best of that sort since Poetes first began. *i London ed., 1890, iii, 266. **The first nine were translated into English fourteeners by George Turbervile, in 1567. And this translation was reprinted in 1573. 1594. and 1597. "The whole ten Eclogues did not find a trans- lator till 1656 when Thomas Harvey published a version in de- casyllabic couplets " (Walter W. Greg, Pastoral Poetry and Pastoral Drama, London, 1906, p. 78). 46 INTRODUCTION His name appears again in ' £. K.'s* famous epistle to Ga< briel Harvey (1579). He is mentioned in William Webbe's Discourse of English Poetrie (1586) : " Onely I will add two of later times, yet not farre inferiour to the most of them aforesayde, Pallengenius and Bap. Mantuanus." And again (of pastoral poetry) Webbe says: "After Virgill in like sort writ Titus Calphurnius and Baptista Mantuan." In George Puttenham's Arte of English Poesie (1589), i, 18, we read : " These Eglogues came after to cbntaine and enforme morall discipline, as be those of Mantuan and other modem Poets." In Francis Meres' Sketch of English Literature (1598) Mantuan is named among the " Neo- terics " ( Jovianus Pontanus, Politianus, Marullus Tar-, chionota, etc.) who "have obtained renown and good place among the ancient Latin poets." And in the same sketch it is stated that " Theocritus in Greek, Virgil and Mantuan in Latin, Sannazar in Italian, . . . are the best for Pastoral." In Germany, the Eclogues are quoted as early as 1508, in Heinrich Bebel's Ailagia Germanica, No. 246 : " Catti invalidi longius vivunt; dicitur in eos qui minus grati diu vivunt, dum optati saepe cito moriantur, nam: si qua placent abeunt: inimica tenacius haercnt." ^^ This is Eel. i, 174. And in the Lamentationes novae Ob- scurorum Reuchlinistarum (1518), No. 118, there is an echo of the dedicatory epistle : " Quid, obsecro, tanti f acis philosophi in physicis aenigmata, quae Oedipodcs ipse non solveret?" In the Pappa Puerorum of Johannes Murmellius (1513) the sentence, " Vadam ad levandum ventrem post dumeta," is probably due to Eel. iv, 87. And two of his " protrita proverbia" are, " semel insanivimus omnes " (Eel. i, 118), and "amor est amaror " (cf. Eel. i, 52).** ^' Ed. Suringar, Leiden, 1879, p. 69. Other quotations may be found in Wander's Deutsches Sprichworter-Lexicon, Leipzig, 1867, e. g.t under * Erfahrung,' Eci. ix, 195, " facit experientia cautos"; under * Liebe,' Eel. I, 48-49, " ludit Amor sensus," etc. ; under * Bauch,' Eel. I, 61, " qui satur est pleno laudat ieiunia ventre." •♦* Ed. A. Bomer, Miinster, 1894, pp. 16, 34. In his Scoparius (1517), Murmellius discusses the "patinam Aesopi " and the " cli- peum Minervae " of Eel. V, 98 (ed. Bomer, p. 50). mmmmmmmm QUOTATIONS AND ALLUSIONS 47 In the second Eclogue oi Euricius Cordus there is a com- plimentary reference to Mantuan, and his first Eclogue: omnes non unum facitis quotcumque poetam qualem ego in Ausoniis audivi finibus olim. One of the singers professes to have seen him at Mantua during the year of jubilee: hie nivei dominus pecoris prope flumina pastor ad viridem recubans in opaco frigore clivnm sustulit argutos altum super aethera cantus, quos non fagineae superent dulcedine glandes, • non mixtus butyro favus, et non moUe colostrum. Aeg. iam scio qui fuerit ; quo, die, indutus amictu? Mop. quo pecus, hoc etiam fuit illi palla colore. Aeg. Candidus est, gelida qui Faustum lusit in umbra, ut retulit veteres Gallam quibus arserat ignes. Mop. nunc age, die, isto tibi quid de vate videtur? Aeg. omnia consequitur magnas per ovilia laudes.^'^ There are eleven quotations in the locoseria of Otho Me- lander: Ed. vi, 203-207; vi, 181-182; vi, 198-202; v, 136; 11,91-93; I, 48-51; i, 81-84; i, 114-116; ii, 66-67; x, 193; 11, 66-67 (again).** EcU IV, no ff., is quoted, and refuted, in one of the epi- grams which go under the name of Crepumiia Poetica (ed. 1648, p. 54) : Cur mala femineo de sexu, Rustice, profcrs, et bona quae confert non reticenda taces? /t'mineum est serriie genus, cruJele, superbumf nobilis et clemens Virgo humilisque data est. lege, modo, ratione caret, rectum abicit, inquisf at placet huic rectum, lex, ratio atque modus. extremis ea gaudet, ais, mediocria vital? haec extrema fugit, sed mediocre tenet. decepit Judaea virum prolemque Rebecca? concipit alma virum Virgo paritque Deum. Eva genus nostrum feJicibus expulit arvis? in meliora facit nos ut eamus Ave. cur bona femineo de sexu, Rustice, celas, et mala si qua facit non referenda refers? *• Leipsic ed., 1518. ♦•Frankfort ed., 1626, pp. 2, 14, 36, 133, 137, 161, 177. .4^3- ^^mmmmiim'f'immim 48 INTRODUCTION In France,*^ Eel, ix, 24-31, is quoted and discussed by Ravisius Textor, Epistolaey 42, 43.*® And the Eclogues and other poems of Mantuan are occasionally quoted in the same writer's Officina and Epitome}^ There are four quotations in the learned commentary which Benedictus Curtius composed on the ArrHs d* amour of Martial d'Auvergne : «« Ed. i, 114-116; vi, 198-202; III, 83-87; I, 118 ("Et Baptista Mantuanus nos insanivisse omnes semel dicit: et ipsum cucullatum insanivisse eius opera ostendunt "). Fontenelle was offended by the coarseness of Ed. iv, 87 : " on -ne s'imaginerait jamais quelle precaution prend ^un autre berger avant que de s'embarquer dans un assez long discours." And he had little sympathy with those who had compared Mantuan with Virgil : " quoique assurement il n'ait rien de commun avec lui que d'etre de Mantoue." ^^ In Italy, we have a siunmary of the first three Edogues in Mario Equicola's Libra di Natura d'Amore (Venice ed., 1554, pp. 68-69). IMITATIONS OF THE ECLOGUES The Edogues were very promptly imitated in England, in the five Egloges of Alexander Barclay (c. 1514)." Barclay's fourth is a paraphrase of Mantuan's fifth; his fifth is a paraphrase of Mantuan's sixth, with the insertion of a. long passage taken from Mantuan's seventh (9-56). And even in his other eclogues a part of the pastoral setting is borrowed from his Carmelite model.**^ The beginning of *^The ten Eclogues were translated into French by Michel d'Am- boise, Paris, 1530, and by Laurent de la Graviere, Lyons, 1558. ** London ed., 1683, pp. 35, 36. *• Venice ed., 1566-1567, 1, 23, 88; 11, 126; iii, 13, 15, 20, 22, 23, etc. •• Paris ed., 1566, pp. 137, 574, 725, 728. •* Discours sur la nature de VAglogue. •* Printed in Publications of the Spenser Society, No. 39 (1885). ** For details, see O, Reissert, Neuphilologische Beitrdge, Hann- over, i886, pp. 14-31; W. P. Mustard, Modern Language Notes (1Q09), XXIV, 8-9. One item which is taken bodily from Mantuan (vii, 42-54) is a " detailed notice of a mural painting in Ely Cathe- dral, which has long since disaopeared " — a painting which struck IMITATIONS OF THE ECLOGUES 49 the first is due to the beginning of Mantuan's third (1-37), and the punning allusion to Bishop Alcock (p. 5) is adapted from Mantuan's allusion to Falcone de* Sinibaldi (ix, 213 ff.). The beginning of the second repeats a passage from Mantuan's second (1-16) ; the beginning of the fourth reminds one of Mantuan's ninth (117-119) and tenth (137-141, 182-186); and toward the close of the fifth (p. 45) there is a passage which comes from Mantuan's second (66-78). In Barclay's * Prologe,' too, there is an interesting parallel to a passage in Mantuan's dedicatory epistle. This epistle, dated 1498, begins with a playful riddle: Audi, o Pari, aenigma perplexum, quod Oedipodes ipse non sol- ueret. ego quinquagenarius et iam canescens adolescentiam meam reperi, et habeo adolescentiam simul et senectam. The explanation is, that in the previous year he had found a certain youthful composition of his own, consisting of eight eclogues and, " ab ilia aetate," entitled Adolescetitia. And now he sends it forth again, in revised and augmented form. But history repeats itself, and it was not long before Barclay could report a similar experience: But here a wonder, I fortie yere saue twayne Proceeded in age, founde my first youth agayne. To finde youth in age is a probleme diffuse, But nowe heare the truth, and then no longer cause. As I late turned olde bookes to and fro, One little treatise I founde among the mo: Because that in youth I did compile the same, Egloges of youtli I did call it by name. And now he too has " made the same perfite " — Adding and bating where I perceyued neede.** one of Barclay's editors as " very curious," Publications of ike Pitty Society, XXII, 43. It is cited also in the Dictionary of Nattommt Biography (s.v. Alexander Barclay) as a proof that BarcUy't Egloget were written at Ely. "* It is interesting to notice that Professor ten Brink found in - these lines the explanation of a peculiar quality of Barclajr's Egloges, ntmely, their combination of the freshness of youth with Ae maturity pf manhood : " So erklart es sich, wenn diese Dichtungen in hohcrcni so INTRODUCTION In 1563 we have eight English eclogues by Bamabe Googe. Here again the model is Mantuan, though there is very little verbal imitation or borrowing in detail. The lines at the close of Ed, viii^ and Phoebus now descends, And in the Clowdes his beams doth hyde, which tempest sure portends, come from the close of Mantuan's third, et sol se in nube recondens, dum cadit, agricolis vicinos nuntiat imbres. And perhaps the ram whose battered condition symbolizes his owner's fortunes (Eel. in) should be compared with Mantuan's ram, Eel. ix, 46-47 : hie aries, qui fronte lupos cornuque petebat, nunc ove debilior pavidoque fugacior agno est. Spenser's Shepheards Calender (1579) owes a large debt to Mantuan, especially in the eclogues for July, September, and October. This was pointed out by F. Kluge, Anglia. Ill, 266-274, and O. Reissert, ib. ix, 222-224; and it is now «et forth in C. H. Herford's edition of the poem. Perhaps one further parallel should be suggested ; compare * Octo- ber,' 100-101, The vaunted verse a vacant head demaundes **" Ne wont with crabbed care the Muses dwell, with Eel. V, 18-19, Grade als andere Werke Barclay's jugendliche Frische mit miino- licher Reife in sich vereinigen " {Geschichte der englischen Litter- atur, Strassburg. 1893, 11, 455). And Barclay's borrowed experience is still accepted as fact in the new Cambridge History of English Literature, ill (1909), 62. *" E. K.' says that line 100 " imitateth Mantuanes saying, * va- cuum curis divina cerebrum Poscit." But the ' saying ' is hard to find; it is not in the Bologna edition of the collected poems, 1503. or in Ascensius' edition, Paris, 1543. or in the later poems published at Lyons in 15 16. iUITATIONS OF THE ECLOGUES $1 Undabile carmen omnem operam totumque caput, Silvane, reqairit, and EcL v, 90-91, pannosos, macie affectos, farragine pastos Aoniae fugiant Masae, contemnit Apollo. EcL VII, 27 is quoted in Abraham Fraunce's Latin comedy Victoria (c. 1580), 156, nam Paris Iliaca tria numina vidit in Ida; and the saipe play (450, 1913) repeats the " vult, non vult " of Eel. IV, 123, and the " ludit Amor sensus " of Eel, i, 48. Another Cambridge pky, PedantiuSy 37, borrows the phrase " hmneros vibrare natesque," from Eel. iv, 230 ; and a third, entitled Fucus, ii, 2, 32, repeats the " semel insanivimus omnes" oi Eel. i, 118." In Robert Greene's Orpharion (ed. Grosart, xii, 22) we have an unusual version of the story of Orpheus and Eurydice : False harted wife to him that loned thee well, To leaue thy loue and choose the Prince of hell, and, again, She slipt aside, backe to her latest lone. His authority for this bit of mythology was probably Man- tuan, Eel. iv, 178-179: potuit, ii non male lana fuifiet, Eurydice revehi per quat descenderat umbras. In 1595 we have three "pastorall eglogues" by Francis Sabie, entitled Pan's Pipe. The first of these is practically ••Sec. the recent editions of these three plays by G. C Moore Smith : Pedaniius and Victoria in Bang's Materialien tur Kunde des alteren Englischen Dramas, viii (iQOS) and xiv (1906), Fucus, at the Cambridge University Press. See, also, my note on Eel. i, 63. 52 INTRODUCTION a cento made up from the first four eclogues of Mantuan.'^ And in the third, Damon's " dittie " of the " stately progeny of heardsmen " is a paraphrase of EcL vii, 9-39.'* In Milton's Lycidas, 128-129, Besides what the grim wolf with privy paw Daily devours apace, and nothing said, there seems to be an echo of Ed. ix, 141-147, mille lupi, tccidem vulpes in vallibus istis lustra tenent, factum vicinia ridet nee scelus exhorret nee talibus obviat ausis; and the abrupt close of the poem, To-morrow to fresh woods and pastures new, ■ I reminds one of Mantuan's closing line, ix, 232, Candide, coge pecus melioraque pascua quaere. On Paradise Lost, vi, 871, " Nine days they fell," the com- mentators might perhaps quote Eel, ii, 112-114, immo Satanum pessimus ex illis quos noctibus atque diebns ter tribus in terras fama est ex aethere lapsos — as well as the description of the fall of the Titans in Hesiod. The influence of MzxiiMZ-VLS Eclogues in sixteenth-century Germany would be an interesting subject, but that must be left to some one who has access to the necessary books. Some traces of it may be found in the Latin eclogues of Eobanus Hessus and Euricius Cordus. Eobanus could claim to be a pioneer in the German field : "primi Latias in Teutona pascua Musas | ducimus," Idyl "^ See Modern Philology, vii (1910), 433-464, where Sable's three Eglogues are reprinted, with some notes on his sources, by J. W. Bright and W. P. Mustard. 8 8 K. Windscheid, Die englische Hirtendichtung vpn T$7g-i6aSt JIalle, 1895, p. 41. • IMITATIONS OF THE ECLOGUES 53 VIII, 2-3.'* In his third Idyl (quoted above, p. 33) his shepherds discuss the respective merits of Virgil and Man- tuan ; and in his Adnotationes on the Bucolics and Georgia of Virgil he pays some attention to the later bucolic writers — among them " Petrarca, Pontanus, Baptista (Man- tuanus)."'® The beginning of his fifth Idyl, Montibus his mecum quondam, Philereme, solebas pascere, et alternis nostras concentibus aures mulcere, etc., reminds one of the beginning of Mantuan's fifth; and the close of his tenth, tempestas oritur, pastn discedere tempus, is like the close of Mantuan's second or third. Idyl i, 72, '* iam lectas omnis grex ruminat herbas," and Id, vi, 19, et pecus ilicea dum nuninat omne sub umbra, may be compared with Mant. i, 1-2 ; Id, vii, 135, quisquis amat iacet, et presso fert vincnla coUo, with Mant. i, 114-116; /^. xi, 68, " non tibi cum puero cer- tandum impubere," etc., with Mant. x, 124; Id, xi, 73-74, est aliquid magno barbam attrectare prophetae; dicere sed volui (lapsa est mihi lingua) 'poetae,' with Mant. x, 126-127. The "ventrosus buf o " of Id, ▼, 55, the " multiforem buxum " of Id, xi, 18, the " impatientcr amantis " of Id, vii, 146, and the " somnolenti " of Id, xii, 6, may be compared with Mant. x, 140; i, 163; vii, 65; III, 59. »» Frankfort ed., 1564, p. 44. •<> C Krause, Melius Eohanus Hessus, Gotha, 1879, n, 26. In an unfortunate footnote, Krause explains that the Pontanus referred to is "Petrus Pontanus (aus Briigge)," and thr«l ** Baptista Man- tuanus " means " Joh. Baptista Fiera." 54 INTRODUCTION In Euricius Cordus •* the imitation is still closer. The complimentary reference to Mantnan in his second Eclogue has been quoted above, p. 47. The historic dignity of the shepherd's calling, Eel. in, is set forth as in Mantuan's seventh, 23 ff. ; and the contrast between the shepherd's lot and that of the farmer, in the middle of Eel. iv, reminds one of the beginning of Mantuan's sixth. Compare, further, Eel. i, 36, for the intransitive " secundat," with Mant. v, 29 ; Eel. ii, 82, " luxati . . . cultri," with Mant. v, 140; Eel. ii, 91, " nuda rigent genua," etc., with Mant. v, 23; Eel. ii, 118, poUicitos plures vidi, qui multa dedissent nullos, with Mant. v, 105-106; Eel. in, 34, duni satur in gelidis grex pabula ruminat umbris, with Mant. i, 1-2; Eel. in, 115, sum puer, at memini quo magnum tempore munat esse putabatur, si textam flore coroUam quis daret, etc., with Mant. in, 85-86 ; Eel. in, 148, inter tot iuvenes quot festa luce sub ulmum conveniunt, ducuntque leves de more choreM, with Mant. n, 63-65 ; Eel. iv, 33, non sapies, r.isi torva pedum tibl comua frangat, with Mant. iv, 91 ; Eel. iv, 48, in grandique mihi legisse volumine dixit, with Mant. vn, 155; Eel. iv, 64 (and v, 26), "quando va- cat," with Mant. i, 9 ; Eel. iv, 69, " desidiosa sumus pastoret •> He, too, has been called a pioneer : " fu lodato, % vero, per le ecloghe, ma codesti componimenti, ch' egli introduce per U prima volta in Germania, e imita da G. B. Mantovano, gik per lui cadono in vuota pastorelleria," G. Manacorda, Delia poesxa latina in G$r' mania durante il Renascimento, Rome, 1906, p. 280. IMITATIONS OF THE ECLOGUES 5$ turba," with Mant. vi, 19-20; Eel. vi, 68, "qui nosua piacula solvunt," with Mant. viii, 162 ; EcL vi, 142,. interea in pluvia pastor sitit, (sorit aura, with Mant. v, 12; Eel. vii, 32, versaque dormit humus, missum requiescit aratrum, with Mant. vi, 2-3; Eel. vii, 71, "grata laborantum re- qnies," with Mant. viii, 150; Eel. viii, 64-65, succede sub ulmum. dum redeo; mihi quid post saepta parumper agendom est. with Mant. iv, 87-88; Eel. viii, 102, " inscius et nihil hoc ratus," with Mant. iv, 54-55; Eel. viii, 109 (and ix, 65), ** cariceam casulam," with Mant. ix, 18 ; Eel. ix, 98, me mea, te tua spes et opinio stnlta fefellit, with Mant. ix, 192 ; Eel. x, 6, sed melior lento praestat vigilantia somno, with Mant. i, 5 ; Eel. x, 22, utile servitium fuit illius atque fidele, donee, etc., with Mant. IV, 22 ; J5^/. X, 28, et nentei inter mediui lub nocte puellat, with Mant. v, 85; Eel. x, 123, o quoties patriae moesti reminiscimur orae, with Mant. ix, 90." The famous diatribe against women, EcL iv, 110 ff., hat « rather close parallel in one of the Dialoguet of Ravisius *' These passages of Euricius Cordui are quoted from the ** ••• cunda aeditio," Leipsic, 15 18. 56 INTRODUCTION Textor, Troia, Salomon, Samson.^* And it !• very clearly echoed in Luigi Pasqualigo's comedy, // Fedele, in, 7. Compare with lines 124 ff., mobilis, inconstans, vaga, garrula, vana, bilinguii, imperiosa, minax, indignabunda, cruenta, etc., Fortunio's speech : Non ^ dubbio, perche eise xono per nntura luperbe, uan«, incon- •tanti, legRicri, maligne, crudeli, rapaci. empie, inuldloie, incredaU, bugiarde, ambitiose, piene di fraude, disleali, ingrate, impetuoie, au» daci, & lenza freno, facilissime ll dnr ricetto a 1' odio & all' trii k placarsi durissime, portnno ouunque uanno ribellione e lite, elle Bono uaghe di dir mnle, d' nccender odio tr\ gli nmici. di iemtnar infamia sopra i buoni, «ono pronte h riprender gli errori altrul, & negligenti a conoscer i proprij vitij, jjempre simulano, sempre fingono, tramano inganni, & cercano di condur gli huomini alia morte, all' insidie che tendono, hanno cosi pronti i gesti e il uiso, nel quale it suo piacere possono dimostrar allegrezza, dolore, tema, & speranza, & molti altri aflfetti, che alcuno non pu6 fuggire da loro, & quinci & non altronde auengono tutti i nostri mali.**^ But there must be many such echoes in the literature of Germany and France and Italy. One poem which will at least serve to illustrate the fourth Eclogue is Tasso's Aminta. The chorus at the close of the first act, Ma sol perchi quel vano Nome senza soggetto, Quell' idolo d' errori, idol d' inganno; Quel che dal volgo insano Onor poscia fu detto (Che di nostra natura '1 feo tiranno), Non mischiava il suo afTanno **"Apod lacobum Stoer," 1609, pp. iga-aoa. A part of the dia- logue is quoted by J. Vodoz, Le Thiatre Latin de Ravisius Tfxtcr, Winterthur, 1898, pp. 149- 151. •* Venice ed., 1579. Pasqualigo's comedy is paraphrased in Lari- vejr's Le F'tdelle; for this particular passage, see Ancxen Thtairt franfois, VI, 397. It is adapted also in Abraham Fraunce's Latin comedy Victoria; but Fraunce's play omits all this diatribe. So does the English adaptation by Anthony Munday (recently printed by F. Flugge, Archiv fur das Studium der mueren Sprachen und Liter' aturen, cxxiii, 48-80). MANTUAN'S SOURCES 57 Fra U li«te dolctttt Dell' ftffloroio gregge, eto.,** may be compared with Eel, ii, 161-166, qui non commanicat otom coniugis invidus est; livorem excusat honestas introducta usu longi livoris iniquo. nam dum quisque sibi retinet sua gaudia, nee volt publica, communis mos ac longaevus honeitat factui» et hunc morem fecit dementia legem; and th« passage in ii, 2, Or» non lai tu com' i fatta la donna? Fuggc, e fuggendo vuol ch' altri la giunga; Niega, e negnndo vuol ch' altri ti toglia; Pugna, e pugnnndo vuol ch' altri la vinca, with £W. IV, 216-218, currit, ut in latebrai ludens perducat amantem, vult dare, sed cupieni simplex et honesta videri denegat et pugnat, sed vult super omnia vincL And with Ec!» ii, 25, commoditas omnis sua fert incommoda fecttin» we may compare Guazzo's Civil Conversatiom^ Bk. !»•• *'anzi si ha da ricordare di quella sentenza: 'Ogni agio porta seco il suo disagio.' *' The sentiment was doubtless a commonplace, but Mantuan may have helped to make it so. mantuan's sources Mantuan's chief model in pastoral was Virgil, and the/ influence of Virgil may be traced on almost every page. But there are many echoes of other Roman poets •^-—especially •« This chorus is literally translated in Samuel Daniel's * pastorall * on the Golden Age. •« Venice ed., 1590, p. la. •^ Some of these are pointed out in the Notes. For Ovid, see notes on Eel. u, 85; 111, 171; iv, 13a, aoi ; vii, 147; for Tibullns, 58 INTRODUCTION Ovid and Juvenal — and there are half a dozen passages in which he imitates the Latin eclogues of Petrarch •• and Boccaccio. And he owes something to the Ecclesiastical Writers — especially Prudentius** — and to the language of the Latin Bible.^® \ His style was formed on classical models, and he doubt- less meant his Eclogues to be classical throughout. But they contain a fair nimiber of irregularities — in syntax, in vocabulary, and in metre. Some of these are due to his familiarity with Ecclesiastical Latin, while others can be found only in the Latin of the Middle Ages. Some of them are merely mistakes of a youthful author which remained uncorrected even when the poems were revised. notes on Eel. ui, 103-8; viii, 98-101; ix, 107; for Juvenal, notes on Eel. v, especially lines 90-91, 104; for Calpurnius, notes on Eel. H, i; VI, 157; IX, 107; IX, 133. ** See notes on Eel. i, 12-13; "i» I7-27. 32-33; v, 46, 136. *8See notes on Eel. iv, 212; viii, 162; ix, 126-7. In an apology for poetry prefixed to his first Parthenice, Mantuan cites several of the Ecclesiastical Writers : Prudentius, Paulinus of Nola, Ambrosius, Beda, and Juvencus. And of these his favorite would seem to be Paulinus: "quid de Paulino Nolanae urbis episcopo Hieronymo con- temporaneo et familiari? nonne pulcherrima quae adhuc extant, et semper extabunt, excudit poemata? cum adhuc adolescentuluai essem et a studiis ecclesiasticis more illius aetatis abhorrerem, forte in ea poemata incidi, et carminis suavitate delectatus animum ad res divinas paulatim appuli, et ex illo tempore sacrarum litterarum stu- diosior fui." ^®See notes on Eel. 11, 138; in, 188; v, 129; viii, 85-86; viii, 222. Another possible " source " is mentioned by Ascensius, on Eel. v, 10 1, where he guesses that " Umber " means Niccolo Perotti, Bishop of Siponto : " quem nescio an Sipontinum dicam, a quo plurima sump- sisse videtur." This refers to Perotti's great commentary on some of the epigrams of Martial, entitled Cornucopide: seu Commentarii Linguae Latinae. It was printed as early as 1489. It was freely used by Ascensius in his commentary on the Eelogues, and it was doubtless well known to Mantuan himself. Indeed, his brother Tolomeo reports of him : " damnabatque episcopum Sipontinum quod, cum esset primi ordinis in ecclesia, tantopere laboravit in enarratione Martialis poetae gentilis epigrammatarii " {Apologia, Lyons ed., 1516, fol. Gg, iii). SYNTAX, METRE, VOCABULARY $9 SYNTAX One interesting bit of syntax is the use of the simple subjunctive after a verb of thinking: credo ,,\concUet et . . . toUat, I, 50-51 ; fmto sidera tangant^ viii, 44. Another is the use of putare, credere^ or aestimare^ with a simple in- finitive, apparently on the analogy of verbs of "hoping" or " expecting " : grand e aes con flare putabam, iii, 75 ; qui flectere divos \ creditis, i\\, 141-2; et vert ere in aurum | aestimatf vi, 133-4. Facere is used with the infinitive, in the sense of "to cause to": v, 58; ix, 221. Intcndere (= animum intcndcre) is used with the dative, i, 106 ; ii, 49 ; subintrarcy with the accusative, i, 176; iv, 90; secundare, with the dative, v, 29; obviare^ with the dative, ix, 147. The use of mood and tense with dum is largely a matter of metrical convenience : cp. i, 25, dum mens erat; vii, 147-8, dum . . . obstaret . . . dum tepet ac timide insanit ; viii, 19, dum . . . castraret; viii, 120, dum . . . perlegerem ; ix, 55, licuit dum; x, 96-7, dum viximus una, \ dum . . . fuit. METRE Some of the metrical irregularities have been revised out by editors. In the Mantua edition of 1498 we have quottidiey i, 120; dmissa^ ii, 5 (omisit^ x, 69) ; sciderat, ii, 46; somndlentumy in, 59; Sdtdnum, ii, 112; muIieribuSy iv, 70 (mulierey iv, 206 and vi, 57, mulierumy iv, 245) ; gdneae, IV, 129 (gdnea, v, 151) ; sUbicity iv, 156; pHlicumy viii, 10; chnicumy viii, 10; anginoso, viii, 145; sdbUcOy ix, 96; cdcdbosy IX, 177; posted, viii, 47, and perhaps vii, 25.^* There are three spondaic verses, v, 120, v, 129, viii, 213. There are five such cadences as tereblntht: i, 31 ; vii, 133; VIII, 10; IX, 69; ix, 168. VOCABULARY In the vocabulary, there a number of departures from classical usage. Modo is used half a dozen times in the sense of nunc, i, 4; ii, 151, etc.; parum means "a little ^^ For anginoso and sdbuco, he could cite the authority of Serenus Sammonicus ; cdcdbos may be found in the Macaronea of his younger contemporary, Teofilo Folengo; for gdneae^ he had the authority of Prudentius; for sciderat, that of Servius. 60 INTRODUCTION while," IX, 20 and 39. Inquis is used for memoras^ or diets, V, 67 ; VIII, 67 ; x, 53 ; ullus for aliguis, vi, 251. At i, 103 we have de sub, *' from under," and at ix, 122, a longe, " from afar." iSemel means aliquando, i, 118; ipsis is used for eis, ii, 147, viii, 112, 173; ista refers to what follows, III, 122; VIII, 95. Accubitu means "bed," vi, 52; tegetis means tecti, or tugurii, ix, 51; tabellam is the "lid" or " cover " of a jug, ix, 39. Polenta is used as a neuter singular, vi, 5; viii, 23. There are some unusual words: claviculo, II, 100; influxibus, ix, 149; rulla, I, 142; runca, iv, 49; variantia, x, 91; callosa, viii, 25; cariceae, IX, 18; fluvios, viii, 65; hernica, iv, 118; impetuosa, iv, 134; saltidico, i, 171; situosus, viii, 65; squarrosa, v, 72; suaviloquo, iv, 9; ventrosus, x, 140; appropiare, ix, 119; fetant, ii, 30; incalluit, in, 25; infortunarit, in, 167; obtenebrescercy vi, 239; obviat, ix, 147; opulcscunt^ ix, 168; praesentas, iv, 90. Catus, i, 59, is the animal ; philomena is the bird, i, 27; ii, 46, etc.; vulpes, vi, 26, means ^W/^j vulpinas. There are Greek words, like art oc opt, vi, 100 artocreas, viii, 23; brucho, viii, 132; cercopithecos, vi, 144 eremum, x, 175; genethliacos, v, 39; gynaecei, viii, 192 lampyrideSj i, 155; melotas, w, 27; ogdoas, viii^ 181 onocrotalus, viii, 59; orexis, i, \1 y rhomphaea, iv, 211 zelotypo, VI, 71. PiV/aj = ** alms," vi, 157; luxuria = "lust," IV, 161; xw^j/an/m = " wealth," in, 8; deitas = divinitas, vii, 33; extimare ^= aestimare, in, 16; intendere = animum intendere, i, 106; n, 49. BAPTISTAE MANTUANI ADULESCENTIA F. BAPTISTA MANTUANUS CARMELITA PARIDI CERESARIO D.S. Audi, o Pari, aenigma perplexum quod Oedipodes ipse non solveret. ego quinquagenarius et iam canescens adule- scentiam meam repperi, et habeo adulescentiam simul et senectam. sed ne longa ambage te teneam, nodum hunc dis- solvo. anno praeterito, cum Florentia rediens Bononiam ^pervenissem, intellexi apud quendam litterarium virum esse quondam libellum meum quem olim ante religionem, dum in gymnasio Paduano philosophari inciperem, ludens cx- cuderam et ab ilia aetate Adulescentiam vocaveram. car- men est bucolicum in octo eclogas diyisimi, quod iam diu tamquam abortivum putabam abolitum. ubi id rescivi, Saturnina fame repente sum percitus, et cogitavi quonam pacto possem proli meae inferre perniciem. iuvantibus ergo amicis libellum meum vindicavi, ut perderem quem suspica- bar erratis non posse non scatere. at ubi intellexi et alia quaedam exemplaria superesse, visum est praestare hoc quod vindicaram emendare emendatumque edere, ut eius editione cetera quae continent multa nimis iuvenilia deleantur. hoc igitur sic castigatum duabus aliis eclogis quas in religione lusi in calcc subiunctis tibi, o Pari, iuvcnis antiquae nobili- tatis et studiorum ac omnium bonarum artium amantissime nostraeque urbis decus egregium, libentissime dono, ut, quando tetricis illis philosophiae ac theologiae lucubra- tionibus quibus assidue vacas fatigatus fueris, habeas iucun- dulam hanc lectiunculam qua tamquam ludo quodam blan- dulo sed liberali lassum legendo reparetur ingenium. omnes autem penes quos immatura ilia sunt exemplaria quae dixi rogatos volo ut, si quid umquam fuit eis dulce meum, con- festim exurant nee ullo pacto superesse permittant. accipe ergo, Pari suavissime, libellum et auctorem, et ambobus tamquam rebus tuis tuo deinceps utaris arbitrio. vale. Kalendis Septembris, mcccclxxxxviii. '^ 62 / ECLOGA I, FAUSTUS, DB HONESTO AMORE ET FELICI EJUS EXITU. F0RTUNATU8. FAUSTUS. For, Fauste, precor, gelida quando pecus omne sub umbra ruminat, antiques paulum recitemus amores, nc, si forte sopor nos occupet, ulla ferarum quae modo per segetes tacite insidiantur adultas saeviat in pecudes ; melior vigilantia somno. Fau. Hie locus, haec eadem sub qua requiescimus arl)or scit quibus ingemui curis, quibus ignibus arsi ante duos vel (ni memini male) quattuor annos; . sed tibi, quando vacat, quando est iucunda relatu,/^ historiam prima repetens all origine pandam. ^^ 10 Hie ego, dum sequerer primis armenta sub annis, veste solo strata sedi iaeuique supinus cum gemitu et laerimis mea tristia fata revolvens. nulla quies mihi dulcis erat, nullus labor ; aegro pectore sensus iners, et mens torpore sepulta ut stomaehus languentis erat quern nulla ciborum blandimcnta movent, quem nulla invitat orexJK. carminis occiderat studium, iam nulla sonabat fistula disparibus calamis; odiosus et arcus, funda odiosa, canes odiosi, odiosa voluerum 20 praeda, nueum calyces cultro enucleare molestiun; texere fiscellam iunco vel vimine, piscem fallere, serutari nidos, eertare palaestra, sortiri digitis res iniueunda, voluptas magna prius, tanti dum mens erat inscia morbi. colligere agrestes uvas et fraga perosus maerebam ut pastu rediens philomena cibumque ore ferens natis, vacuo sua pignora^nido cum sublata videt: rostro cadit esca remisso, cor stupet et contra nidos super arboris altae JO fronde sedet plorans infelices hymenaeos; seu veluti amisso partu formosa iuvenca 64 BAPTIST AE MANTUANl quae, postquam latos altis xnugitibus agros^X X . complevit, residens pallenti sola sub umbra \ ] ^/Jr^ gramina non carpit nee fluminis attrahit undam. J Sed quid circuitu pario tibi taedia longo, dum sequor ambages et verba et tempora perdo? summa haec: vitales auras invitus agebam. quod si forte volens cognoscere singula dicas, ^^'^ . * Fauste, quis in syrtes Auster te impegerat istas?' 40 me mea (verum etenim tibi, Fortunate, fatebor) me mea Galla suo sic circumvenerat ore ^ ^ ut captam pedicis circumdat aranca muscam. , , , namque erat ore rubens et pleno turgida vultu et, quamvis oculo paene esset inutilis uno, cum tamen illius faciem mirabar et annos, r^X^ /^ 5 dicebam Triviae formam nihil esse Dianae. For. Ludit Amor sensus, oculos praestringit et aufert libertatem animi et mira nos f ascinat arte ; credo aliquis daemon subiens praecordia flammam 50 concitet et raptam tollat de cardine mentem. nee deus (ut perhibent) Amor est, sed amaror et error. Fau. Adde quod optatis nee spes erat ulla potirL quamvis ilia meo miserata faveret amori i^i^^^cL^ monstraretque suos oculis ac nutibus igries. nam, quocumque isset, semper comes aspera: semper nupta sequebatur soror et durissima mater, sirque repugnabant votis contraria vota non secus ac murk^atus: ille invadere pernam nititur, hie rimas oculis observat acutis. 60 For. Qui satur est pleno laudat ieiunia ventre, et quem nulla premit sitis est sitientibus asper. Fau. Tempus erat curva segetes incidere falce et late albebant flaventibus hordea culmis. affuit (ut mos est) natis comitata duabus coUectura parens quae praeterit hordea messor, ignorabat enim vel dissimulabat amorem; dissimulasse puto, quoniam data munera natae noverat, exiguum leporem geminasque paliunbes. For. Tauperies inimica bonis est moribus ; omne 70 labitur in vitium, culpae scelerumque ministra est. Fau. Farra legens ibat mea per vestigia virgo nuda pedem, diseincta sinum, spoliata lacertos, ECLOGA I, 33-114 65 ut decet aestatem quae solibus ardet iniquis, tecta caput f ronde intorta, quia sole perusta f usca fit et voto f acies non servit amantum. iam tergo vicina meo laterique propinqua sponte mea delapsa manu f nimenta legebat. nee celare suas nee vincere f emina curas nee diflferre potest ; tantum levitatis in ilia est. 80 For. Quisquis amat levis est, nee femina sola sed ipsi quos sapere et praestare aliis mortalibus aiunt, quos operit latus fulgenti murice clavus, quos vidi elatos regali incedere passu, tu quoque sic affectus eras dementior ilia forsitan et levior. virgo data farra legebat, at tu farra dabas; die, quae dementia maior? perge ; opus est verbis aliquando arcere soporem. Fau. Continuo aspiciens aegre tulit aspera mater et clamans * quo ', dixit, * abis? cur deseris agmen? 90 Galla, veni, namque hie alnos prope mitior umbra, hie tremulas inter frondes immurmurat aura.' o invisa meis vox auribus ! * ite ', precabar, ' ite, malam venti celeres dispergite vocem.* si quis pastor oves ad pinguia pascua ducat et vetet adductas praesens decerpere gramen, vel si iam pastas potum compellat ad amnem et sitibundo ori salientem deneget undam, nonne importunus, naturae inimicus et excors? ilia mihi vox visa lovis violentior ira 100 cimi tonat et pluvius terris irascitur aer. non potui (et volui) frontem non flectere; virgo demissi in cilium de sub velaminis ora me aspiciens motis blande subrisit ocellis. id cernens iterum natam vocat improba mater ; Galla operi magis intendens audire recusat. ut pede, sic animo sequitur. tum providus ipse (namque dolos inspirat Amor fraudesque ministrat) nunc cantu, nunc sollicitans clamore metentes velamenta dabam sceleri, quo credere possent 110 et soror et mater non audivisse puellam. -fake repellebam sentes, ne crura sequentis elevia, ne teneras ausint offendere plantas. For. Quisquis amat servit: sequitur captivus amantem. mmmm^m ¥ 66 BAPTISTAE MANTUANI fert d^oita cervice iugum, fert verbera tergo dulcia, fert stimulos, trahit et bovis instar aratrum. Fau. Tu quo^e,jit hinc^videp, norLef ignarus amorum. For. l^ comfhune malum, semel insanivimus omnes. Fau, Hoc animi tarn triste bonum, tam duke venenum, cottidie crudele magis crescebat in horas, 120 ut calor, in nonam dum lux attollitur horam. pallebam attonito similis, lymphaticus, amens, immemor, insomnis. nee erat res ardua morbi nosse genus ; f rons est animi mutabilis index. !^? cv^^^- uf pater advertit, mitem se praebuit ultra tvU ^ ^«^ consuetum, quod et ipse suos expertus amorum 'hjUJ> sciret onus, blandoque loquens humaniter ore * die ', inquit, * die, Fauste, quid hoc quod pectore volvis? infelix puer, haec facies testatur amorem. die mihi ; ne pudeat curas aperire parenti.' 130 ^or. Sit licet in natos facies austera parentum, aequa tamen semper mens est, et arnica voluntas. Fau. Ut facilem pater affectum prae se tulit, ultro .^d-k--' *'^"' rem confessus opem petii. promisit; et ante j^i^/^' quam brumale gelu Borealibus arva pruinis ^ ^^^_^j^ cf'^;''!^ Rpargeret, agnati unanimes cum patre puellam "^ ,^,f . ^ =^*-^ dcspondere mihi. nee adhuc sine tcstibus illi ^^r*^ ^ vl i^c. congrediebar ; cram medio sitibundus in amne ^ ^ Tantalus, o quotiens misso cum bobus aratro, ut vacuis aliquando esset sola aedibus, ibam! 140 omnia causabar, stivam, dentale iugumque, lora iugi, rullam ; deerant quaecumque, petebam e soceri lare. sola tamen deerat mihi virgo. non deeram mihi ; piscator, venator et auceps f actus eram, et sollers studia intermissa resumpsi quidquid erat praedae, quidquid fortuna tulisset, ad soceros ibat; gener officiosus habebar. /u (^ '^ nocte semel media subeuntem limina furtim 4aJ^<^ »} A^ (sic etenim pactus fueram cum virgine) furem ' esse rati invasgre canes; ego protinus altam 150 transiliens saepem vix ora latrantia fugi. His tandem studiis hiemem transegimus illam. y<^>j^^"^^^ ', vtT rediit. iam silva viret, iam vinea f rondet, - ^ iam spicata Ceres, iam cogitat hordea messor» splendidulis iam nocte volant l^pyrides alis ; . ■i* iu& ECLOGA I, 115-176 67 1 ecce dies genialis adest, mlhi ducitur uxor, sed quid opus multis? nox exspectata duobus venit, et in portiun vento ratis acta secundo est. turn bove mactato gemina convivia luce sub patula instructis celebravimus arbore mensis. 160 affuit Oenophilus multoque solutus laccho tempestiva dedit toti spectacula vice, et cum fnultifori Tonius cui tibia buxo O ^ " tandem post epulas et pocula multicolorem ^ ventriculum svimpsit, buccasque inflare rubentes f^M^ incipiens oculos aperit ciliisque levatis '^^^\L^^ multotiensque altis flatu a pulmonibus hausto ^^ utrem implet, cubito vocem dat tibia presso. _nunc buc, nunc illuc digito saliente vocavit pinguibus a mensis iuvenes ad compita cantu 170 saltidico dulcique diem certamine clausit. et iam tres hiemes abiere et proximat aestas quarta : dies rapidis, si qua est bona, praeterit horis. si qua placent, abeunt ; inimica tenacius haerent. For. Fauste, viden? vicina pecus vineta subintrat; iam (ne forte gravi multa taxemur) eundum est. 68 BAPTIST AE MANTUANl ECLOGA II, FORTUNATUS, DE AMORIS INSANIA, FAUSTUS. FORTUNATUS. Fau, Cur tam serus ades? quid te (iam septima lux est) dctinuit? gregibusne nocent haec pascua vestris? For. Fauste, Padus nostros qui praeterlabitur agros creverat et tumidis ripas aequaverat undis ; nos, cura gregis omissa, privata coegit publicaque utilitas ripam munire diurnis noctumisque operis fluviumque arcere furentem. Fau. Fert Padus exundans mala saepius omina : nostcr Tityrus est auctor, qui pascua dixit et arva. For. Forsitan id verum, quando extra temporaet ultra 10 mensuram atque modum subito concreverit aestu. nunc autem id poscit tempus, nam liquitur altis nix hiberna iugis, implent cava flumina montes. Fau. Se exonerant fluviosque onerant. sic flumina rursum se exonerant pelagusque onerant ; hominum quoque mos est quae nos cumque premunt alieno imponere tergo. For. Sed iam contractum revocat suus alveus amnem. Fau. Decrescente Pado (dictu mirabile) noster, Fortunate, lacus maioribus aestuat undis. urbs natat, obscurae fiunt cellaria fossae. 20 lintre cados adeunt ; labens ad vina minister ridet, et ex imis fertur gravis obba lacunis. multa, licet nati fucrint mclioribus horis, multa et magna ferunt aliquando incommoda civcs. For. Commoditas omnis sua fert incommoda secum, et sorti appendix est illaetabilis omni. Fau. Hactenus Eridanus ; nostros repetamus amores, quandoquidem nunc alma Venus movct omnia, caelum luce tcpct nitida, tcllus viret, arva volucrcs cantibus cxliilarant vcrnia, nunc omnia fctant. »10 For. '\\\ tua lunlKti, «od nos alicna Rcquamur. namquc tibi noti rofcrnm pastoris nmorcs, ut doccnm Veneris nihil ewe pot^ntius igne, ECLOGA //. i-u ^ ^ Pauper et inf esto sub sidere natus Amyntas sex vitulos totidemque pares aetata iuvencas armentique patrem ducens in pascua taurum . venerat ad Coitum, nitidis ubi Mincius undis alluit herbosos fugiens pemiciter agros. arx nova propter aquas pinnatis ardua muris est Coitus, campo moles fundata palustri. '40 hie igitur recubans vitrei prope fluminis undam, vitis ubi amplectens longis dumeta lacertis in vada curvata ripae supereminet umbra, piscibus insidias tendebat harundine et hamo. messis erat: solis rapidi violentia campos sciderat arentes, finem philomena canendi fecerat, et neque lux, passim morientibus herbis, pascere oves poterat neque nox umore cicadas, dumque incumbit aquis studioque intendit inani, taurus (ut auditum e.5t) primum vexatus ab oestro, 50 mox canibus, demum furaci a milite silvis abditus ex toto confestim evanuit agro. Quod puer ut novit, tumulum conscendit et alta voce bovem damans longo rura omnia visu prospicit. ut frustra niti se comperit, arcum corripit et pharetram sequiturque per invia taurum. ilium per caulas et per stabula omnia quaerens per coUes, Benace, tuos, per consita olivis iugera, per virides ficis et vitibus agros, venerat ad sublime iugum quod sulphuris arcem 60 sustinet et longis aperit prospectibus illinc Benacum, hinc campos longe lateque patentes. lux ea sacra fuit Petro: frondente sub ulmo mixta erat ex omni pubcs post prandia vice duccbatque leves buxo resonantc choreas. Fau. Rustica gens, nulla genus arte domabile, semper irrequietum animal, gaudet sudore. peracto mane sacro festa (quando omnibus otia) luce ipsa oti ac famis impatiens epulatur et implet ingluviem. audito properat tibicinc ad ulmum; 70 hie furit, hie saltu fertur bovis instar ad auras, quum rustris vcrsarc ncfas ct voincrc tcrram . . » culcibus obduris ct incrti mole fatignt ac for it, ct totu Huocho facit orgia luco i m ip ii i w i m m mm ^immmmmimmimmmmmmmm 70 BAPTISTAE MANTUANI vociferans, ridens, saliens et pocula siccans. For. Stulte, quid haec faris? solatia rustica damiuui rusticus ipse ? tuis malus es, tibi pessimus ipsi. Fau. Dicta ioco fuerint ; nostrum repetamus Amyntani. For. Continuit gressum baculoque innixus acerno ^intermisit iter, donee mitesceret aestus. 80 [ ah puer infelix, aestus te maior in umbra \j»rripiet. nudam videas ne in fonte Dianam, Claude oculos, blandis neu des Sircnibus aurem. sors tua Narcisso similis : Narcissus in undis dum sedare sitim properat, sitit amplius ; at tu exteriorem aestum fugiens intrinsecus ardes. quam melius fuerat (nisi te sic fata tulissent) ad reliquum rediisse pecus, servasse iuvencas, amissi bovis aequo animo dispendia ferre quam, dum conaris nil perdere, perdere te ipsum. 90 Fau. Sed post iacturam quis non sapit? utile non est consilium post facta, dari quod oportuit ante. consilium post facta, imber post tempora frugum. For. Una puellares inter pulcherrima turmas virgo erat, alba comas, aliis procerior, annos nata quater quinos vel circiter, ore nitenti urbanis certare potens et vincere nymphis. aureolis radians guttis ad tempora limbus ibat, et ad pectus clausum velamen aeno claviculo; mediam fulgenti fibula ferro 100 stringit in angustum ; nova candicat instita lapsu linea rugoso pedibusque allabitur imis. banc puer ut vidit, periit flammasciue tuendo hausit et in pectus caecos absorbuit ignes, ignes qui nee aquis perimi potuere nee umbris diminui neque graminibus magicisve susurris. oblitusque greges et damna domestica totus uritur et noctes in luetum expendit amaras. Saepe gravescentem verbis compescere fiammam nixus et insanum iuvenis cohibere furorem 110 dicebam : ' miserande puer, quis te deus istas misit in ambages? sed non deus, immo Satanum pessimus ex illis quos noetibus atque diebus ter tribus in terras fama est ex aethere lapsos. die, age, si nosti quemquam, reminiscere si quem ECLOGA //. yj/id 7| videris hoc pacto ditescere, surgere iii ahum, dilatare domum, maioribus horrea acervis complere his studiis, extendere latius agros, multiplicare greges, acquirere pascua bobus. inter tot populos quot habet latissima tellus 120 sunt qui nostra ferant mensis epulanda cruentis corpora et humanos absumant dentibus artus ; sunt, inquam, quos tanta mails tot vexet Erinys ; sed nullum est tam immane genus, tam barbara nusquam gens, quae femincos non exsecretur amores. hinc veniunt rixae, veniunt et iurgia et arma, saepe etiam dirae multo cum sanguine mortes ; hinc quoque deletis eversae moenibus urbes. ipsae etiam leges rubrisque volumina loris clausa vetant scelus hoc et detestantur amores.' 130 Ut leges audivit, ad haec respondit Amyntas (civis enim fuerat puer et versatus in urbe) ' his monitis prudens et circumspectus haberi niteris et sensu tetricos anteire Catones. error hie, haec passim sapiens dementia regnat. ipse sibi blanditur homo sollersque putari vult animal ; tamen incautus sibi multa tetendit retia et in foveam cecidit quam fecerat. ante liber erat ; servile iugum sibi condidit ipse ; pondus id est legum (vidi ipse volumina) quas nee 140 antiqui potuere patres, nee possumus ipsi, nee servare aetas poterit ventura nepotum. aspice quam stulta est hominum prudentia: caelum sperat et esse sibi sedem inter sidera credit ; forsitan in volucrem moriens transibit et altum spiritus assumptis tranabit ad aethera pennis.* Tunc ego : * quid latras ? legum Deus auctor, et ipsin non parere sapit magnam nimis impietatem.' Fau. Grandia de magnis haec sunt certamina rebus. For. Quid fuerim reris? quamvis pannosus et asper 150 sim modo, tunc animo, tunc vi, tunc ore val ;bam, nee mihi sese alius poterat componere pastor. Fau. Nunc quoque, si rectus vultu gradiare supino, alter eris Marius ; raso ore videbere Carbo. For. Talia respondit sic obiurgatus Amyntas: ' facto homini Deus invidit (concessa voluptas 72 BAPTISTAE MANTUANl visa bonum nimis excellens) et vota repressit legibus inventis, ut equi ligat ora capistro, ne quocumque libet flectat vestigia, sessor. quae mea sit me cogit amor sententia fari, 160 liberaque ora facit: qui non communicat usum coniugis invidus est ; livorem excusat honestas introducta usu longi livoris iniquo. nam dum quisque sibi retinet sua gaudia, nee vult publica, communis mos ac longaevus honestas factus, et hunc morcm fecit dementia legem. invida res amor est, res invidiosa voluptas.' Tunc ego non audens hominem contendere contra amplius insano rediens ab amante recessi. Fau. Cernis ut hie malus affectus sic lumina mentis 1 70 claudat, in errores ut sponte feramur apertos? For, Cernis ut a summo liventia nubila Baldo se agglomerent ? oritur grando ; ne forte vagantes tempestas deprendat oves, discedere tempus. ] i \ I m i I , t m \ m mmmmmm$mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmammmMmmi^a^^mmmmfmKm. ECLOGA //. tsr-IlL 33 73 ^ ECLOGA III, AMYNTAS, DE INSANI AMORIS EXITU INFELICI, FAUSTUS. FORTUNATUS. Fau* Ilia hesterna mens Baldi de vertice grando, Fortunate, fuit nobis innoxia (divis gratia nostrarum quibus est custodia frugum) sed, veluti ex illis vcniens ait Harculus oris, Veronensem agrum, pecudes et ovilia sic est demolita, casas et pastoralia tecta sic evertit, ut agricolis spes nulla supersit. agricolis etenim pecus est substantia, et arva his subiecta malis ; grandi thesaurus in area civibus est quem nulla queat contundere grando, 10 nulla pruina, gelu nullum, nullae aeris irae. For. Nescio quis ventos tempestatesque gubemat; id scio (sed neque si scio sat scio, sed tamen ausim dicere — quid? vitane ideo multabor in ipsa?) numina si, ut perhibent, orbem moderantur ab alto, extimo nil duros hominum curare labores. aspice quo tenuem victum sudore paramus, quot mala pro grege, pro natis, pro coniuge pastor f ert miser, infestis aestate caloribus ardet, f rigoribus riget hibernis ; dormimus ad imbrem 20 cotibus in duris vel humi ; contagia mille, mille premunt morbi pecudes, discrimina mille sollicitant, latro insidias intentat ovili atque lupus milesque lupo furacior omni. ut manus assiduo detrita incalluit usu, squaluit os, barba obriguit, cutis aruit lestu, una repentino rapit omnia turbine grando. hoc Superi faciunt quibus inclinamur ad aras et quibus offerimus faculas et oerea vota. nescio quae pietas et quae dementia tantis 30 cladibus involvat pastores omnium egenos. Fan. Fortunate, scelus nobis haec omnia nostrum ingerit; aetherei sententia ludicis aequa est. mmmm 74 BAPTISTAE MANTUANl For, Quod scelus? an fuimus Christ! vitae insidiati? Fan, lurgia, f urta, irae, Venus et mendacia, rixae. For, Quid meruere boni ? nee enim scelus obruit omnes, et tamen una omnes pariter pessumdat Erinys. Fau, Heu nescis male de Superis sentire nef andum ? his igitur quae scire nef as, nescire necesse est, posthabitis curas iterum repetamus Amyntae 40 quas sumus experti, quas ignorare negatum est ; res vulgaris amor, studium commune iuventae. 1 For. Maeror et affectus alii de cardine mentem '^ saepe levant; animo sermo venit aeger ab aegro. Fau. Intellecta licet pro re, pro tempore fari (sic habitus Cosmas sapiens) incognita numquam. For, Fauste, sapis; notos igitur repetamus amores. restat Amyntaeos postrema in fata furores ducere et in misero lacrimas impendere casu. Praeteriens iliac parvo post tempore rursum 50 insanire hominem video et miseratus amantem * o,' iterum dixi, ' mens inconsulta veneno ebria fatal i. populo iam fabula f actus non resipiscis adhuc, et adhuc in amore sepultus te ruis atque tuos, pecus atque mapalia, tecum ut quondam moriens rapuit secum omnia Samson, cum senio curvatus eris (si forte senectam fata tibi dederint) quis sustentabit inertem, somnolentum, inopem, cum iam defecerit omne robur et ingenium, sensusque recesserit omnis? 60 haec tibi cuncta feret (nisi mors praevenerit) aetas. esto domi, vigila, observa, super omnia semper prospice quo tendas, et quo venisse dolendum est ire cave, discerne vias hominemque memento non ad delicias, non ad muliebria natum blandimenta levi tam perniciosa iuventae. ipse ego cui pecudes, cui lac, cui caseus, aegre vitam ago ; tanta agros omnes invasit egestas, tot dm-i rerum eventus, incommoda passim tanta, tot adversis totus convolvitur orbis. 70 accipe rem non auditam, non tempore factam praeterito, sed quam lux haec mihi protulit ipsi. ut mos, autumno pecudes crescente totondi. mane foro exposui lanae venalia pondo ECLOGA III, 34its 75 nezaginta hodie, grande aes conflare putabam ; viz vitam gregis eduxi, viz pabula possum mercari hibemis nivibus; quo cetera pacto sit victura domus nondum mihi constat, Amynta. quisquis amat dominae munuscula mittat oportet ; . tu vero cui vix tectum fortuna reliquit 80 sub quo luce habitat, sub quo pernoctat egestas, quid poteris cupidae gratiun donare puellae ? ,#mittere mala decern satis esse solebat amanti, ^ purpurei flores et raptus ab arbore nidus, I gramen odoriferum, memini quo tempore magnae \credebantur opes ; ventum est a gramine ad aurum^ regia res amor est hac tempestate; recessit mos vetus et quaedam mala lex inolevit amandi.' Talia suadenti torvo mihi rettulit ore: ' si cupis optatam mihi, Fortunate, salutem, 90 da quod amo ; nostro haec una est medicina dolori cetera quae memoras mihi sunt tormenta. revelli ex animo furor iste nequit ; mea pectora imago virginis obsedit, mecum est, mecum itque reditque, excubat et dormit meciun ; caput, ossa, medullas, cor complexa potest cum sola excedere vita, ac veluti quotiens aliena 6x arbore secto surculus inseritur trunco, natura duorum iungitur et mixto coalescit corpore virga, sic dominae dilecta mihi se immersit imago 100 et fecit duo corda unum, duo traxit in unum pectora ; sensus inest nobis et spiritus idem, o me felicem, si, cum mea fata vocabunt, in gremio dulcique sinu niveisque lacertis saltem anima caput hoc languens abeunte iaceret; ilia sua nobis morientia lumina dextra clauderet et tristi fleret mea funera voce, sive ad felices vadam post funera campos, seu ferar ardentcm rapidi Phlegethontis ad undam, nee sine te felix ero, nee tecum miser umquam. 110 o Dryades florumque deae Nymphaeque decentes, o nemorum Silvane pater, servate (precamur) ' , J) coUibus in vestris gelidisque in vallibus omne^^ | silvarum rurisque decus ; circumdate saltus \(J saepibus et prohibete^ecus, ne floribus obsit; 76 ' BAPTISTAE MANTUANl /ista (precor) dominae servate in funera nostraeJ u tunc omnis spargatur hmnus ; redolentia sertav/ \texite, quae circa tumuliun supraque iacentem ^^\ • componantur heram. tristes ad busta puellae Pierides aderunt et lamentabile carmen 120 ore canent madido signataque verba rclinquent ista sepulturae relegenda nepotibus olim: HIC TEGITUR VIRGO GUI NIL QUIN DIVA VOCARI DEBUERIT DEERAT^ NISI DURA FUISSET AMANTI. o virgo, si te tantus consumeret ardor, per centum Scyllas ad te, per mille Charybdes, tranarem laturus opem ; tu saevior Hydra me fugis. at culpae nihil est in virgine, nam me nescft^dhuc; si sciret enim, succurreret ultro, nee puto sub miti tam ferrea pectora vultu. 130 signa tamen vultus f allacia ; sub cute moUi mens f era, sub blanda sunt corda immania f route, alloquar et faciam nostros intellegat ignes. si tamen ilia meos vultus averterit, ibunt in lacrimas oculi, triste in suspiria pectus, oderit ilia licet semper fugiatque sequentem, ista tamen, quocumque ferar, me cura sequetur. ite procul medicae, non sum sanabilis, artes, ite procul magico qui (quod nee credere dignum est) ^armine pallentes animas revocatis ab Oreo, 140 ite procul vanis precibus qui flectere divos \ 6 ^creditis; adversum est et inexorabile caelum, le rapit impatiens furor et iuvat ire per altos solivagum monies, per lustra ignota ferarum.' Talia iactantem verbis conabar amicis flectere, sed vulnus nihil insanabile curat, ilium per campos nox intempesta silentes, ilium exorta dies inter dumcta videbat insomnem semper, raro silvestria poma carpentem et potu contentum simplicis undae. ISO post longos gemitus exhaustaque lumina fletu assiduo, post lamenta et convulsa frequenti pectora singultu, moriens fmivit amores. exanimiun corpus tumuli sine honore relictum nocturnae absumpsere ferae volucresque diumae. Fau. Heu funesta lues, fatalis machina passim V ECLOGA III. ti6-i94 77 corda venenatis penetrans hiunana sagittis, aequiperans hominem pecudi. quae pocula Circe, quae peiora umquam potuit dare philtra Calypso? quae Styx, quisPhlegethongravior? quaemaior Erinys? 160 o stulti, quicumque deum dixistis Amorem. num natura nocens deus est? ubicumque locorum sit deus, est homini clemens, innoxius, aequus. For. Heu miserande puer tenera sublate iuventa, quae tibi nascenti luxerunt sidera? quae tam noxia pars caeli est, ut te nil tale merentem laeserit et primis infortunarit ab annis? nee tamen omnino caelum tibi def uit ; omne carmen et argutis quidquid modulamur avenis doctus eras, nisi te mors immatura tulisset, 170 dignus eras hederis, dignus Parnaside lauro; nee melius cecinit pugnas ac tristia bella, hordea et agronmi cultus et pascua noster Tityrus a magno tantum dilectus Alexi. namque tui praecox animi sollertia nobis cognita iam pridem magnam producere frugem coeperat, et specimen tuleras virtutis et artis /non vulgare tuae ; poteras iam gloria dici j ruris et aetatis decv- indelebile nostrae. I te Padus et noster lugubri Mincius ore 180 ciun Nymphis flevere suis, ut Thracius Hebrus /Orphea; te tristes ovium flevere magistri, ut Daphnim luxisse ferunt ; te pascua et agri undique; et audita est totis querimonia campis. ^argite, pastores, tumulimi redolentibus herbis atque sacerdoliBn cantusaxr tura quotannis ducite, et aetemam requiem cantate poetae. "^ Fau. Tu tamen arva tenes patriae melioris et altmn incolis Elysium; nos hie te flemus, Am5mta. For. Flendum hodie nobis fuerat ; nam tristia nocte 190 nescio quae maestis cernebam insomnia formis. sed iam Vesper adest et sol se in nube recondens, dmn cadit, agricolis vicinos nuntiat imbres; cogere et ad caulas pecudes convertere tempus. n ii iinmiui i ii i i ii .Pin ii i ii iii i i i ii i i i Ji i i miwiummp i m » ' [\mmmfm^' ^''fvmmmmilk 78 BAPTISTAB MANTUANI ECLOGA IV, ALPHUS, DE NATURA MULIERUM. ALPHUS. lANNUS. A, lanne, caper (video) macer est tuus. esse solebat acer ct elatis in caelum comibus ire ; nunc deiectus humi flaccis piger auribus herbam olfacit et summis attingit gramina labris. /. Languet, et ex isto languore facetia surgit quae, quotiens memini, risum ciet. edita nondum est ; edita cum fuerit, totus mirabitur orbis. A. lanne, soles narrare sales lepidissime et ore suaviloquo ; die ergo tuus cur langueat hircus. /. Res non ficta (Deus testis) sed facta recenter. 10 at dulce id f acinus non est narrabile gratis ; quid pretii sperare licet? quae dona reporto? A. lanne, ubi congessit nidos philomena docebo. /. Qui leviter spondet promisso eludit inani. A. Qui non credit, inops fidei. sed pignore tutum te f aciam ; duo tela mea deprome pharetra. /. Incipiam. Nymphae Parnasides, ora movete et memorate mei dira infortunia capri, ac philomenaeos Alpho concedite nidos. Conductus mercede puer praefectus ovili 20 assidue pascebat oves, caprum atque capellas. servitiiun nobis pueri fuit utile, donee virgine conspecta quae turn hue veniebat aquatum tabuit. ex illo vecors iam tempore factus frigidius curare grcgem, contemnere caulas coepit et exhausto subvertere cuncta cerebro. cum sopitus erat, poterat vigil esse videri, nugabatur enim ; quando vigilabat, inerti corporis officio volvebat somnia mente. hune ergo in saltu ludens per cornua caprum 30 viminibus validis inter dumeta ligarat (quarta dies hodie) tentans an vincula possit vinccre cervice ac praedurae robore frontis, ECLOGA IV, 1-74 79 quac^itum interea nidos nemus omne pererrat. corda subit virgo, dilecta recogitat ora, ora, sinus et quae f ari pudor ; omnia volvit. lux fugit interea; capri redit immemor. alta nocte recordatus surgit, pavidusque per umbras dum graditur, ruit in foveam quae fronde saligna captandis obducta feris et stramine sicco 40 instar erat putei fundo irremeabilis alto. est caper in vinclis, puer est in carcere, pastor nuUus eves curat, iam tertia luxerat hora; miror, oves resero ac numero caprumque requirens obstupeo ; puerum clamo, magalia lustro. vera loquar: magicis ne forte liquoribus unctus extimui ascenso migrasset in aera capro. namque striges tali fama est ope nocte vagantes ad quaedam longinqua procul convivia ferri. attonitus tandem pecudes ad pnscua duco. 50 dumque pedum meditans subeo nemus, ecce per umbras, ecce procul caper in dumis strepit atque reluctans cornibus adversis contra sua vincula pugnat. terruit incautum subito feralis imago et nil tale ratum ; firmato pectore tandem nosco animal subiensque rubos seco vincula runca. sero domum rediens video per pascua longe turbam exsultantem risu iuveniliter alto. ut prope constitimus meque agnovere, salutant et * tuus ecce/ aiunt, ' puer hie, o lanne, luporum 60 erutus e foveis. dum nocte perambulat agros, incidit in casses.* et sic inventus uterque, et caper et pastor, caper haec incommoda passus languet adhuc ; puer imprudens insanior hirco est. virgo superbivit mox, ut se audivit amari, et pueri simulans curam ignorare pudorem fin git, ut ad formam faciat pudor. ora sinumque ornat et in terram versis incedit ocellis callida; vulpina rem simplicitate gubemat. haec studia, hi casses, haec sunt mulieribus arma. 70 ille sua sperans Galatea aliquando potiri rontempta mercede suos sectatur amores. propterea plaustro, stiva bobusque relictis ad pastoris opus redeo ; subiecta f urori 80 BAPTISTAE MANTUANI ista iuventutis levitas rura omnia vexat. A. Quod nequit ingenium, casus facit. o stupor, o sow ingeniosa, o res risu celebranda bimestri! lanne, fides servanda ; tibi philomena laborat. sed quod tarn vafro memoras de virginis astu rettulit in mentem quae psallere saepe solebat cannina femineis olim de fraudibus Umber. /. Die Umbri, dic^i qujd habes. meditare parumper et verba et numeros; tjmbri est memorabile carmen. A. Est (ut ais) sed non gratis, memorabile carmen, quas referes grates? et quid mercedis habebo? /. Accipe: promissis absolvo et spicula reddo. A. Dirni vado ad ventrem post haec carecta levandum lanne, meum tu coge pecus, ne vitibus obsit. \ /. O aries, aries, qui tortis cornibus atrum daemona praesentas, semper vineta subintras. 90 non sapies donee fossa tibi lumina f ronte eruero. non sunt porreeta in iugera centum pascua sat, nisi pampineos populeris et agros. A. lanne, recordatus redeo, sed plurima forsan nondum nota tibi referam. cognoverat Umber omnia quae fas est homini perdiscere, caelos, sidera, tcllurem, vcntos, mare, flumina, fontcs. viderat et Rhodopcn atque alta Ccraunia et Ossam, Gallica regna, Ararim, Rhodanum Tiberimque Padumque. Attica Romanis referebat carmina verbis 100 ore utroque potens et lingua primus utraque. hunc unum nobis invidit Graecia et ipsi Arcades et Thracum skltus et Thessala Tempe. si quid erit quod forte velis tibi notius esse, Candidus illius semper docomcnta secutus non procul bine; bacc ille tenet, nos ille docebit sed iam soptiforem flatu cxperiamur nvcnam. ante tamcn Nyinphac precor ut Libcthrides adsint, pracscrtim quae plus mcminlssc Polymnia fcrtur, ' Femincum servile genus, crudcle, superbum, 110 lege, modo, ratione caret, confinia recti neglegit, extremis gaudet, facit omnia voto praecipiti, vel lenta iacet vel concita currit; femina semper hiems atque intractal)ile frigun, aut Canis ardentes contristat sidere terras. ECLOGA IV. 75-156 81 temperiem numquam, numquam mediocria curat; vel te ardenter amat vel te capitaliter odit. si gravis est, maeret torvo nimis hemica vultu ; si studeat comis fieri gravitate remissa, fit levis, erumpit blando lascivia risu 120 et lepor in moUi radiat meretricius ore. flet, ridet, sapit, insanit, formidat et audet, vult, non vult, secumque sibi contraria pugnat mobilis, inconstans, vaga, garrula, vana, bilinguis, imperiosa, minax, indignabunda, cruenta, improba, avara, rapax, querula, invida, credula, mendax, impatiens, onerosa, bibax, temeraria, mordax, ambitiosa, levis, maga, lena, superstitiosa, desidiosa, vorax, ganeae studiosa, palatum docta, salax, petulans et dedita moUitiei, 130 dedita blanditiis, curandae dedita formae. irae odiique tenax in idonea tempora diflfert ulciscendi animos infida, ingrata, maligna, impetuosa, audax, fera, litigiosa, rebellis. exprobrat, excusat tragica sua crimina voce, murmurat, accendit rixas, nil foedera pendit, ridet amicitias, curat sua commoda tantum. ludit, adulatur, defert, sale mordet amaro, Rcminat in vulgus nugas, auditaquc lingua auget et ex humili tumulo producet Olympum. 140 dissimulat, simulat doctissima fingere causas ordirique dolos fraud ique accomodat ora, ora omnes facili casus imitantia motu. non potes insidias evadere, non potes astum vincere; tantae artes, sollertia tanta nocendi. et quamquam vidcas oculis pracsentibus, audet excusarc ncfas. potis est eludcre sensus scdulitate animi ; nihil est quod credere possls et niliil est quod non, si vult, t« crodiTC cognt. His faciont cxcnipla fidcm. quae crimina non lunt ISO feminca tcmptata manu? dcdit hostibus arccm dcccpta ornatu bracchi Tarpeia sinistri, saeviit in natos manibus Medea cruentis, Tyndaris Aegaeas oneravit navibus undas, Scylla hostcm scquitur patri furata capillum. fratrem Byblis amat, subicit se Myrrha parenti, \ 82 BAPTISTAE MANTUANt concubitus nati longaeva Semiramis ardet. causa necis vati coniunx fuit Amphiarao, occidere viros nocturnis Belides armis, Orphea membratim Cicones secuere poetam. 160 cognita luxuriae petulantia Pasiphaaeae, Phaedra pudicitiam contra crudclitcr ausa est decepit ludaea virum Rebecca suamque progeniem velans hircino guttura tergo, porrigit Alcidae coniunx fatale vcnenum, decipit Hippodame patrem. Lavinia Troas implicat ancipiti bello, Briseis Achillem depulit e castris, demons Chryseide factus fulminat Atrides et sentit Apollinis iras. Eva genus nostrum felicibus expulit arvis. 170 credite, pastores (per rustica numina iuro) pascua si gregibus vestris innoxia vultis, si vobis ovium cura est, si denique vobis grata quies, pax, vita, leves prohibete puellas pellanturque procul vestris ab ovilibus omnes, Thestylis et Phyllis, Galatea, Neaera, Lycoris. dicite, quae tristem mulier descendit ad Orcum et rediit? potuit, si nqmriale^na fuisset^ Eurydice revehi per quas descenderat umbras; rapta sequi renuit fessam Proserpina matrem. 180 at pius Aeneas rediit, remeavit et Orpheus, maximus Alcides et Theseus et duo fratres, unus equis, alter pugnis bonus atque palaestra, et noster Deus, unde salus et vita resurgit. haec sunt, pastores, haec sunt mysteria vobis advertenda: animi fugiunt obscena viriles, femineas loca delectant infamia mentes.' Ut semel in scopulos vento contortus et unda nauta scit incautis monstrare pericula nautis, sic senior longo factus prudentior usu 190 praeteritos meminit casus aperitque futuri temporis eventus vitaeque pericula monstrat. * Si fugiunt aquilam fulicae, si retia cervi, si agna lupum, si damma canem, muliebria cur non blandimenta fugis tantum tibi noxia, pastor? est in eis pietas crocodili, astutia hyaenae ; cum flet et appellat te blandius, insidiatur. m^mmmnrwm ECLOGA iV. iS7'»sS 83 femineosi pastor, fugito (sunt retia) vultus; non animis, non virtuti, non viribus ullis fidito, non clipeo cuius munimine Perseus 200 vidit saxificae colubros impune Medusae. monstra peremerunt multi, domuere gigantes, evertere urbcs, legem imposucre marinis fluctibus, impetui fluviorum et montibus aspris, sacra coronarunt multos certamina ; sed qui cuncta subegerunt sunt a muliere subacti. rex qui pastor erat f unda spolioque leonis inclutus, et natus qui templa Sionia fecit primus, et excellens invicto robore Samson femineum subiere iugum; minus officit ignis, 310 saxa minus, rhomphaea minus, minus hasta, minus mors. nee formae contenta suae splendore decorem auget mille modis mulier: frontem ligat auro, purpurat arte genas et collocat arte capillos, arte regit gressus et lumina temperat arte. currit, ut in latebras ludens perducat amantem ; vult dare, sed cupiens simplex et honesta videri denegat et pugnat ; sed vult super omnia vinci. femina Caeciaco (res mira) simillima vento est qui trahit expellens mendaci nubila flatu. 220 quisquis es (expertus moneo) temptare recusa, dum licet, hie fragilis quot habet fastidia sexus. immundum natura animal, sed quaeritur arte mundities ; id luce opus est, ea somnia nocte. deglabrat, lavat et pingit, striat, unguit et ornat tota dolus, tota ars, tota histrio, tota veneniun. consilio speculi gerit omnia ; labra movere discit et inspecto vultum componere vitro, discit blandiri, discit ridere, iocari, incedens umeros discit vibrare natesque. 230 quid srbi vult nudum pectus? quid aperta supeme rimula quae bifidam deducit in ubera vallem? nempe nihil, nisi quo virus penetrabile sensmn plus premat et Stygiae rapiant praecordia flammae. hi iuvenum scopuli, Syrtes, Scyllae atque Charybdes; hae immundae Phinei volucres quae ventre soluto proluvie foeda thalamos, cenacula, mensas, compita, templa, vias, agros, mare, flumina, montes 84 BAPTISTAE MANTUANl incestare solent; hae sunt Phorcynides ore monstrifico extremis Libyae quae in finibus olim 240 aspectu mutare homines in saxa solebant.' Carmina doctiloqui cursim recitavimus Umbri. quae si visa tibi nimiiun prolixa, memento ipsius id rei vitium, non carminis esse, non longum est carmen, mulierum amentia longa est. /. O memorande senex, quo se vetus Umbria tantum iactat et ipse tuae Tibcris conterminus urbi, Martia non ab re tantum te Roma vocabat. ipsa tuas artos et non trivialia norat 7) carmina. te vita functum llevcre Latinac \ N 350 Naiades et Graiae. tua mollitcr ossa quiescant \ semper et in summo mens aurea vivat Olympo. | /^ ECLOGA IV, Mj^—y. 33 8S ECLOGA V, CANDIDUS, DE CONSUETUDINE DIVITUM ERGA POETAS. SILVANUS. CANDIDUd. iS. Candide, nobiscum pecudes aliquando solebaa / f ascere et his gelidis calamos inflare sub umbrit il et miscere sales simul et certare palaestra ; nunc autem quasi pastores et rura perosus pascua sopito fugis et trahis otia cantu. C Vos quibus est res ampla domi, quibus ubera vaccae plena ferunt, quibus alba greges mulctraria complent, cymbia lacte nivent et pinguia prandia fumant, carmina laudatis ; si quid concinnius exit, plauditis ac laeti placidas extenditis aures. 10 pro numeric vanas laudes et inania verba redditis; interea pastor sitit, esurit, alget. S. !S"onne potes curare greges et dicere versus, cum vacat, et positis vitam traducere curis? C. Omnem operam gregibus pastorem impendere oportet, ire, redire, lupos arcere, mapalia saepe cingere, mercari paleas et pabula, victum quaerere ; nil superest oti. laudabile carmen onmem operam totumque caput, Silvane, requirit. grande utrumque opus est et nostris viribus impar. 20 cum cecini, sitio ; sitienti pocula nemo porrigit. irrident alii : ' tibi paenula,* dicunt, * Candide, trita, genu nudiun, riget hispida barba,* iam silvae implumes et hiems in montibus albet :| irascor, doleo, indignor. fert^Qinia victuSj_^ >(/ . lanitium fetusque mares f fion vendimus agnas, sed, quia lac pascunt, premitur nihil ; ubera siccant. paenitet ingenii, si quid mihi, paenitet artis, paenitet et vitae, postquam mihi nulla secundant ex tot sideribus quot sunt in nocte serena. 30 hactenus (ut nosti) gratis cantavimus; aetas indiga paucorum merces fuit ; altera longe condicio senii quod nunc subit : omnium egenos 86 BAPTISTAE MANTUANi reddit et exstinctis lucri spem viribus aufert. mox erit utendum partis, modo quaerere tempus. en formica, brevis sed provida bestia, condit in brumam nova f arra cavis aestate latebris, neve renascantur fruges secat ore sepultas. iS. Scire genethliacos fatalia sidera dicunt. hi sub Mercurio vates et sub love reges 40 magnatesque locant; istis dat luppiter aurum atque magistratus, dat Maiae filius illis ingenium, linguam, citharas et rarminis artem. haec tua sors ; quid quaeris opes ? Deus omnia in omnes dividit, ut melius nobis vidct esse futurum. sorte tua contentus al)i, sine cetera nobis. C. Sunt tibi divitiae, mihi carmina ; quid petis ergo carmen et invadis partes, Silvane, alienas? S. Non tibi surripio carmen nee Apollinis arma, sed dare dulcisonis aures concentibus opto. 50 C, Si gaudere meis igitur concentibus optas, DOS gaudere tuis opibus, Silvane, decorum est. / S. lUe meis opibus gaudet qui diligit j odit invidus atque animo bona fert aliena molesto. C. Sic quoque tu nostris absens gaudere Camenis sat potes ; haec artis sat sint tibi gaudia nostrae. carm ilia sunt auris conv ivia, cas eus oris; hoc amor, hoc pietas, hoc vult Deus ; om nia noijjat omnj bus^ ut nemo sibi sit satis indigeatque alteTope alterius, quae res coniungit in unum cmne genus, Gallos, Mauros, Italos et Iberos. sidera iungamus: facito mihi luppiter adsit, et tibi Mercurius noster dabit omnia faxo, pilleoliun, virgam, citharas, nodum Herculis, alas. S. Vana supervacuis inculcas plurima verbis. C Vana inquis quae damna tuis inferre videntur divitiis. si vis nostras audire Camenas, erue sopitam de soUicitudine mentem ; vult hilares animos tranquillaque pectora carmen. 70 torpeo, ut esuriem patiens et frigora milvus, iamdudum squarrosa cutis, situs occupat ora, nee pecus in stabulis, nee in agro farra, nee aurum in loculis; et vis positis me vivere curis? pippiwiiiiiiWiPiii i i iHn ii l i i jiij ii niw i m i i iii iii 1 i im ii uHi i . nm i imun iJi i w »>|WPPl.^<— ^ ; atque polenta coquit. prius intolerabilis aestas <^^- . ^ < , ^ nunc laudatur, hiems aestu laudata molesto i t '^^* - displicet; optatum damnat praesentia frigus. ] F, Omne bonum praesens minus est ; sperata videntur magna, velut mains reddit distantia lumen. C. Delicias habet omne suas et gaudia tempus. 10 j aspice ut impexi tritaque in veste ligati K^ ct^^^'- r' caede suum pueri exsultant. inflatur in utreiii 6<^*'^^2:^«^/ ^^7*^/-. immissis vesica labis ; sonat et micat acta '^^ ^^.>u^/^(^c : lji nunc pede, nunc cubito, stricto nunc obvia pugno. If /*-^ 1 ' -^ si cadit, attollunt; cursu labor atque recursu *' >* • ° brumam abigit ; glaciale gelu pila rustica vincit. nos tamen hie melius tepido sub stramine foti transigimus tempus, dum lac coit igne recoctum. F. Pauperiem declarat hiems. improvida certe ^^ ^' turba sumus iuvenes ; securi aestate vagamur immemores hiemis, nostrum aes tibicinis omne est; o.*'^"""' "^^^^ ut redit e Scythia Boreas nidosque volucrum (^-^ ^^\^\rf. frondibus ostendit nudata cadentibus arbor, ^u, t^^^f '^^ ; ^ f rigemus nudi scapulas, dorsum, ilia, plantas. |^ ^^.o^. (j^a "' stultitiam declarat hiems. sapientius urbes ^a u^^*^' congeriem nummum accumulant et ad ilia vulpes. t, Q..yi,\x.ci4^. ?t melotasque trahunt maculosaque tergora lyncis. V I C. Desipiunt omnes nee nos in crimine soli, immo ipsos vexat gravior dementia cives, verum illis mater nobis Fortuna noverca 30 nos premit. infelix sors est dementia, fac sim .^^t^x.-«. - '^ '" fortunatus, ero locuples, ero primus in urbe, , , ^ r^^^ ^ audiar, assurgent omnes, me vertice nudo y^Tj l^c-/ %, ECLOCA VI. 1-74 91 vulgus adorabit, me plebs, me consulet omnis / turba, magistratus etiam populusque patresque. m^^^ F. O Comix, Cornix, non est Fortuna sed ipse ^ ^^ quo sapiunt homines animus. Fortuna potentem " ' v^ non f acit, immo Deus ; causam recitabat Amyntas. -r/f ^ ^' ^^* Fortuna Deus. sed quid recitarit Amyntas \^ i1^ jjic^ precor ; in causis erat ingeniosus et acer. 40 ante tamen paulimi pecus et praesepia vise, vade, redi ; calor est post f rigora dulcior ; ito. F. Attingit nix alta genu, vix tecta resistunt ^ ^^ -rr^ tanto oneri; sublimis apex in vertice furni pyramidem fecit metaque assurgit acuta. . C. Da pecori cordum stipulisque foramina claude, si paries hiat, et rediens laetamine muni limina; nulla gregi gravior quam f rigora pestis. ^ iamne ades? oh quaenam haec solito properantia maior? F. Sollicitum me reddit hiems; in frigore et igni 50 maxima strenuitas ; f aeno recubare calenti abscondique cavo accubitu post f rigora dulce est. , C. Incipe, et enarra discrimina ruris et urbis. ^^ |^ " ' F. Hoc igitur tantum ruris discrimen et urbis ^ ^"^ " " taliter exortmn noster recitabat Amyntas. Principio rerum primaque ab origine mimdi cum muliere marem sociali foedere iungens \ caeli Opifex (sic namque Deum appellabat Amyntas; nomen adhuc teneo) natos producere iussit atque modum docuit fieri quo pignora possent. .^ 60 accinxere operi, mandata fideliter implent ; . u,^y^.Z^ sicque utinam de pomi esu servata fuissent. jl^^ a ^\ femina fit mater, puerum parit atque puellam, atque puerperio simili fecunda quotannis auxit in immensum generis primordia nostri. j post tria lustra Deus rediit. dum pignora pectit I femina prospiciens venientem a limine vidit. Adam aberat, securus oves pascebat ; adulter *^' nuUus adhuc suspectus erat; sed multiplicatis conubiis fraudata fides, sine cornibus hirci 70 facti, et zelotypo coniunx suspecta marito. nam quae quisque f acit fieri sibi f urta veretur. erubuit mater nimiaeque libidinis ingens indicium rata tot natos abscondere quosdam -4j W 92 BAPTISTAE MANTUANI accelerat ; f aeno sepelit paleisque recondit. iamque lares Deus ingressus salvere penates iussit et ' hue/ dixit, ' mulier, tua pignora prof er.* femina maiores natu procedere mandat. his Deus arrisit, velut arridere solemus exiguis avium pullis parvisve catellis. et primo laetatus ait, ' cape regia sceptra ; rex eris.' at ferrum et belli dedit arma secundo et * dux,' inquit, ' eris.* fasces populique secures protulit et vites et pila insignia Romae. iamque magistratus celebres partitus in omnem "^'"^^ progeniem humanos tacitus volvebat honores. interea mater rebus gavisa secundis evolat ad caulas et quos absconderat ultro protulit * haec,' dicens, ' nostri quoque pignora ventris; hos aliquo, Pater omnipotens, dignabere dono.' 90 seU)sum albebat paleis caput, haeserat armis stramen et antiquis quae pendet aranea tectis. >n arrisit eis, sed tristi turbidus ore ^. -^j^ I'^j^ 80 ; vos^raenum; terram et stipulas,' Deus inquit, vester erit stimulus, vester ligo, pastina vestra; vester erit vomer, iuga vestra, agrestia vestra omnia; aratores eritis pecorumque magistri, faenisecae, solifossores, nautae atque bubulci. sed tamen ex vobis quosdam donabimus urbe qui sint fartores, lanii, lixae artocopique et genus hoc alii soliti sqrdescere. semper sudate et toto servite prioribus aevo.' taliter Omnipotens fatus repetivit Olympum. Sic facttun est servile genus, sic ruris et urbis inductimi discrimen ait Mantous Amyntas. C Mirabar si quid recti dixisset Amyntas. civis erat ; semper nobis urbana inventus 100 ,+• , /L/L-'X cui nihil est praeter stulta haec commenta negoti ludit ; in agrestes semper iaculantur, et urbis talia garrulitas et vaniloquentia fingit. at neque de Superis pudet has componere nugas. iste iocus manifesta gerit convicia secum, sed tu tam rudis es, tarn pleno inflatus omaso, ut neque perpendas isto te scgmmate caipTT nos quoque paulisper mentem extendamus ad urbis r \Jx no iU^ , PIC ECLOGA IL 75156 ^^ ^*^ 93 .J stultitiam, nc forte putes sapientius illos ^'^^ i-. vivere qui splendent auro, qui murice fulgent. His oculis vidi tunicis plerosque superbis vestiri atque foro regali incedere gressu quos secreta fames premit atque domestica egestas. 120 stultius his certe nihil est; opulentia ficta, r r^- "^^'^ paupertas et segnities et inertia vitae vera, quid est aliud quam desipientia vera? vidi etiam patres (o rem indignam atque nefandam) dum segnes dormire volunt et vivere laute, prostituisse suas vulgo cum coniuge natas; quid peius? quid perfidius? quid stultius lunquam? F. Quid si vitam alio nequeunt traducere pacto? C. Cum totidem quot nos habeant animasque manusque, die cur vitam alio nequeant traducere pacto. 130 Est etiam cuius vecors industria vanas quaerat opes, ubi nulTus opes invenit ab aevo : aes lavat herbarum sucis et vertere in aurum aestimat ac nigra semper fuligine pallet, est qui, dum tellure latens desiderat aurum, dat magicis operam studiis et tempora perdit ; quid levius? quid futilius? quid inanius umquam? omnia, ne veniant ad opus telluris et agri, ^ ^ . omnia pertemptant; ut agant nihil, omnia versant. ^- < k^-^' ^ semper agunt, numquam peragunt. ex faenore victum 140 infamem extorquent; vi, fraude dolisque laborant. mille viis opibus, mille insidiantur honori. nos capras et oves armentaque pascimus, illi accipitres, catulos et equos et cercopithecos. ^rusticus est ovium pastor, volucrumque canumque / civis ; utrum melius, te iudice, nobiliusque, L^o Fulica, utilitas unde et opulentia maior? F. Si venit ex nostris operis opulentia maior, civibus unde igitur tantarum copia rerum? C. Ex vi, fraude, dolis ; vi, frautie dolisque laborant. 150 nonne vides, insane, ut nos crudeliter urgent, quo capiunt astu? nos irretire loquendo sacrum oflferre "putant et opus sublime piumque. hue aures oculosque adigunt, hue ora manusque. F, Unde urbanarum tibi tanta perhia rerum? C. Haec didici quondam ductis in moenia capril, 94 BAPTISTAE MANTUANI cum lac vociferans ibam venale per urbem. mansi apud artocopum. sapiens et ad omnia promptus furta erat et crudum ferro subradere panem. ipse, ut erat mores urbis doctissimus, ista 160 tradidit affirmaus nihil esse nocentius urbe ; se quoque furari didicisse aiebat ab urbe. Sunt etiam qui parta ab avis patrimonia fundunt ^ -^t^^. in meretricuin usus; quid foedius improbiusque ? ^ jj,^ die, ubi moechandi ars, homicidia, seditiones? ^-^^ ^^-^^-^^^^^ nonne inter cives atque intra moenia regnant? ^/v^ ptfUA--^^-^ quid reges qui regna hominum per vulnera quaenint r.-^ ^, / Durus et imrnitis pater atque superba noverca r Pollucem graviore iugo pressere iuventae 60 tempore cum dulces animos nova suggcrit aetas ; et cum iam invalidae longo sub pondere vires deficerent nuUaque odium mansuesceret arte, constituit temptare fugam. res una volentem ire diu tenuit : nimis impatienter amabat ; error enim communis amor iuvenilibus annis. res est f ortis amor, violentia fortior ; ivit. et tales abiens (mihi namque solebat amores enarrare suos) maesto dedit or? querellas: ' O virgo, lacrimaene tuis solventur ocelUs 70 cum te tam caro cernes ab amante relictam ? ullane discessu duces suspiria nostro? tune mei crudelis eris forte immemor imiquam? . , usqueadeone tuum poterit frigescere pectus, ""■"PMiM WW i lPW ECLOGA Vn, 34rti5 99 pectus quod totiens quod lumina fletibus implet? tune trahes crebros gemitus et pallida fies? cerno oculos, cerno lacrimas, cerno anxia corda virginis. heu tantum qua dissimulare dolorem fas erit arte? dolor duplex mca pectora torquet, illius atque mcus. scd fas mihi Acre, quod illi 80 non licet ; occultus longe magis aestuat ignis. incolumem mihi vos, divi, scrvabitis illam, ut, quando exsilio rcpctam mca rura peracto, fiat amor felix saltem scmel ante scnectam.' Talia pergebat momorans, voluitque rcverti (tantus amor iuvenem, vis tanta furoris agebat) sed iam iacta fuga cunctis erat alea nota. .ijronde sub Herculea fessus maerore sedebat ; ecce puellari virgo stipata corona ora, manus, oculos habitumque simillima Njrmphae, 90 et tali aflfata est puerum sermone dolentem : ^,,^Care puer, quo tendis iter ? vestigia verte. nescIsTlreTmesGis-quo^ te via ducat et audes ignotis errare locis nihil insidiarum per campos ratus herbosos, nihil esse pericli. omnia tuta putas et quod placet utile credis more iuventutis stolidae. coUectus in orbem saepe latet molli coluber sub graminis umbra; est facile incautos offendere. parvulus infans innocuos rutilum digitos extendit in ignem 100 nee nisi iam laesus vires intellegit ignis, haec regio intrantes aditu consuevit amoeno fallere, delicias oflfert et gaudia ; verum ingressis, cum triste nihil superesse putatur, mille parat laqueos et mille pericula profert. trames hie, ut collem gressu superaveris ilium, ducit in umbrosam silvam, crudele ferarum hospitium, loca taetra situ et caligine opaca. quisquis eo deceptus abit remeare vetatur, et piceis primum velatur lumina vittis, 110 deinde per omne nemus, dumeta per aspera tractns transit in effigiem monstri. dum volvere linguam atque loqui temptat, mugit; dum attollere sese credit, humi graditur quadrupes neque suspicit astra. ima tenebrosae vallis lacus aequore nigro 100 BAPTIST AE MANTUANl occupat et nigris mons plurimus imminet undis. hue tracti in Stygios latices altiunque barathrum praecipites dantur rapidaque voragine mersi in Styga et aetemas Eiehi rapiuntur in umbras. heu quot pastores istis ambagibus acti 120 cum gregibus periere suis ! ego sedula semper monstro iter ; hie ad opem vigilo iudef essa f erendam. tolle moras igitur, mortis fuge blanda propinquae atria ; secreti tutam pete littoris oram qua contra Idalios fluctus mihi tollit in alttun • ^ aera Carmelus viridi caput arbore cinctum. primus hie antiquis patribus spelaea domosque praebuit arboreas intra nemus ilice densum. ex hoc in vestros deducta cacumine montes religio venit, sicut de fonte perenni 130 flumini, et ex uno multi genitore nepotes. illius in silvis abies ubi plurima surgit, pinguis ubi piceae sudat liber et terebinthi, innocuimi postquam feliciter egeris aevum, mox tua mutatis aetas '•enovabitur annis. in loca te tollam melio a virentia semper ; immortalis eris divmn comes, ire per astra inter Hamadryades et Oreadas atque Napaeas flore coronatas caput et redolentibus herbis fas erit ac super et subter cognoscere caelos.* 140 Sic effata leves virgo discessit in auras, tum sua iuravit Pollux mutata repente pectora et extemplo victum exspirasse furorem non aliter quam flamma cadet, si ardentibus agris effluat et totas praeceps Padus evomat undas. sic abiit crudelis Amor qui saepe pharetram in iuvenem, dum principiis obstaret amandi, dum tepet ac timide insanit, consumpserat omnem. sic igitur Pollux in claustra silentia venit. A. Sunt quibus aspirent etiam nolentibus ultro, ISO sunt quibus infensi sine causa et crimine di sint. G. Quod nos in pecudes, in nos id iuris habent di ; hoc rus scire sat est, sapiant sublimius urbes. sic docuit rediens aliquando ex urbe sacerdos lannus et in magno dixit sibi codice lectum. A. Sol cadit et Baldi vix summa cacumina tangit; ECLOGA VU. iid-idi 101 no8 quoque iam sero cum sole recedere tempus. Galbula, sarcinulas ne sit tibi f erre molestum, pera levis, levis est et cantharus ; omnia parvus ferre labor sero, grave mane sed utile pondus. 160 ipse pecus ducam, mihi pars erit ista laboris. 102 BAPTIST AE MANTUANl ECLOGA VIII, RELIGIO, DE RUSTICORUM RELIGIONE, CANDIDUS. ALPHUS. C, Horrida solstitio tellus sitit, Alphe, reverso *, , <3. / ad solitos montes, ubi ros in gramine et aestas ^ mitioiv-liaec armentaTmonet-deduGere'tempus. A. Aerios montes et summa cacumina longe prospicio; quid sint montes (tibi vera fatebor) nescio, semper enim campestria rura lacusque incolui. montanus ager qua fruge redundat? C. O rude et illepidum ingenium. prope flumina semper versatus fulicae in morem limosa per arva, sunt ubi ranarum, culicum, pulicum cimicumque 10 lustra, inter salices, ulvas viridesque papyros, irridere audes et nauci pendere montes. unde fluunt amnes? templis ubi tanta locandis marmora caeduntur? fulgens ubi nascitur aurum? quae parit antemnas tellus? medicamen ab herbis, die, quibus est nisi montanis? de vertice Baldi saepe melampodion legi ; medicina capellis nulla magis praesens. quondam Valsasinus Aegon tradidit hoc, dum vere sues castraret et agnos; , tradidit et dixit, ' solus medicamen habeto.' 20 die, ubi castaneae plures? ubi copia maior glandis? in excelsis fontes et pascua vidi montibus, artocreas et pingue polenta comedi. sunt populi fortes illic. robusta inventus lata pedes, callosa luneros, nervosa lacertos, hispida, dura manus, moli indefessa ferendae v vallibus ex illis, onera ut navalia curet, \ confluit hue. nulliun est hominum genus aptius urbi; sive velis castrare pecus, seu scindere f agos, sive fimum ferri e stabulis, haurire cloacas / 30 latrinasque curare viamque aperire coactis J^ sordibus et scalis puteos descendere in altos; ingenio callent et duro robore pollent. . lUJJiuJii i JiiiB PiliB^ ECLOGA VIIL t-74 103 sed quid opus multis? subeunt opus omne : popinis inservire, focos lignis cumulare veruque artifici versare manu, dare libera fumo spiramenta, bourn ventres ad flumina fene, verrere humiun immundam scopis doctissima gens est; quodque magis miror, semper sub pondere cummt. cotibus in duris oriuntur et ardua vivunt 40 per iuga ; cum capreis habitant spelaea f eranun. adde quod in caelum brevis est e montibus altis transitus ; erectum caput usque ad nubila toUunt. nubila transcendunt aliqui, puto sidera tangant. esse locum memorant, ubi surgit ab aequore Titan, qui (nisi dedidici) contingit vertice lunam, et vixisse illic hominem, sed postea abactum improbitate gulae, quod scilicet omnia poma manderet et magno servaret nulla Tonanti. hinc divi sanctique patres in montibus altis 50 delegare domos tacitas ; Carthusia testis, Carmelus, Garganus, Athos, Laureta, Lavema et Sina et Soractis apex Umbrosaque Vallis et iuga Nursini fato senis incluta et altis abietibus turrita caput Camaldula sanctum. cetera praetereo, nee enim sermonibus istis omnia complecti statuo. montana frequentant culmina caelicolae, sed anas et mergus et anser, ibis, onocrotalus, milvi fulicaeque paludes. A. Inter montanae tantos regionis honores 60 cur de messe nihil, nihil est de palmite dictum? haec tamen humanae duo sustentacula vitae maxima, monticolae veniunt e rupibus ad nos hordea mercatum torvi, fuligine tincti, saetosi, macie afTecti, laceri ac situosi ; indigenae ostendunt quae sit natura loconun. sed quod montanis de religionibus inquis rettulit in mentem quae de Polluce feruntur. quae dea, si nosti, visa est, quae, Candide, Nympha? die, age, nam coeptum certamen inutile nobis ; 70 utilior sermo de religione tenendus. C. Galbula qui solitus pecudes in pascua tecum ducere te satis hoc potuit docuisse quod optas. A. Plura quidem Polluce super narrata, sed ipsam • 104 BAPTISTAE MANTUANl nec docuit Nympham nee me quaesisse recordor. nunc subiit mentem, cum religionis oborta est mentio, et illanim visa est mihi maxima laudum. C. Non erat ilia Dryas neque Libethris nec Oreas ; venerat e caelo Superum Regina, Tonantis ^ Mater, anhelanti pacem latura iuventae. '%S^ ^ huic Tethys, huic alma Ceres famulantur, et ipse » Aeolus aequoreis ventos qui frenat in antris. banc Deus astrorum flammas super atque volantes Solis equos, supra fulgentem Cassiopeiam extulit et sacram bis seno sidere frontem cinxit et^diecit subter vestigia lunam. A. Candide, mira canis nullis pastoribus umquam cognita. quid Tethys? quid fulgens Cassiopeia? Aeolus aequoreis ventos quis frenat in antris? qui sunt Solis equi? magna atque ignota recenses. 90 C. Sidera sunt partim, partim sunt numina prisca. omnia quae Pollux mihi cum narrasset, in aedem duxit et ' ista sacer paries,' ait, * omnia monstrat.' pictus erat paries signis et imagine multa. omnia non memini (mens est mihi debilis) ista vix tenui dum saepe animo volvo atque revolvo; saepe recordari medicamine fortius omni. ista potest nigro depellere nubila caelo, ista potest siccis fluvios dare frugibus imbres. cum vokt, ista novos duris emittere campis, 100 .ciun volet, emissos poterit restringere fontes. qui modo sunt steriles et nudi gramine campi, si volet, in pingues poterit convertere glaebas. frigida Saturni cum sidera suscipit atro Scorpius hospitio, non auferet hordea grando nec domus ardebit (nam tunc haec omnia caelum dicitur iratis in terram effundere ab astris) si volet, haec nobis custodiet omnia virgo. si favet haec nobis, complebunt horrea messes, adicietque gregi semper fetura gemellos. \J 110 .si pecus infelix erit et sine vellere, solo ipsa potest nutu dare lac, dare vellera et agnos et curare greges omnemque avertere morbum. "^ nil opus est modo Pana sequi neque cetera ruris numina quae veteres frustra coluisse feruntur. ^ ECLOGA VJII. 75-IS6 105 rvidi ego circum aram Nymphae pendere capellas, plaustra, boves et oves. hie lanni vidimus hircum et memini inscriptam versu hoc legisse tabellam : VOTUM PRO SALVO IaNNUS BREVE REDDIDIT HIRCO. Dumque ea perlegerem, Pollux haec carmina supplex 120 ante aram genibus positis in marmore dixit : ' O Dea, quae servas urbes et rura, precamur ne Padus exundet nee strix noeturna per mnbras hauriat infantes nee eant per eompita larvae. Diva, f ave agricolis ; talpas occide malignam aggeribus pestem; gelidis sata laeta pruinis, quando bruma venit, conspergere, Diva, memento, pe tineae erodent anno frumenta sequent!. / a Boreae flatu pingues defende mariscas, a gruis ore fabas et ab ansere farra palustri, 130 a serpente boves, a vulpe et fure cohortem, a brucho erucas, a bruma et grandine vites, a vi et fraude lupi pecus, a robigine fruges, a rabie catulos, a flamma et fulmine villas, a murum insidiis petasonem, a milite pernas, ^^ a campe et pigris — pigris * (heu cetera neseit \ mens oblita sequi. numerus me in verba reduxit ) saepius ; ad numerum rediens oblivia forsan mente abigam. retrogradior numerumque recurro) * a murum insidiis petasonem, a milite pemas, 140 a campe et pigris virides limacibus hortos * (Alphe, viden quae vis numeri? iam cetera eemo) * a tonitru reboante cados, a frigore f etas, a gravibus vitulos oestris, a gutture porcos anginoso, operas pubes ne rustica perdat. adsis, o Dea, nee laedant examina fuci neu milium furentur aves neu veil era sentes sucida neu lappas apprendat lana sequentes. Diva gubernatrix hominum, custodia vatum. Diva laborantum requies, medicina dolentum 150 et tutela gregum, nostris, precor, annue votis.* Talibus orabat Pollux; ego postibus haerens in baculum pede porrecto recitata notabam altius ae memori condebam singula mente. A. Candide, Polluci pro sollicitudine tanta, pro precis officio, pro religione putasne 106 BAPT/STAE AtANTUANl dandum aliquid nobis? pietate peculia crescunt. C. Quid ni aliquid dandum est ? opus est persolvere crates. A ._Rusticus^.£s,J-Cfates ' etenim pro * gratibus * inquis. C. ^^afes^t 'grates' parvo discrimine distant. 160 ^ dandum aliquid; neu bis detur, sine Pascha reverti, ^tjjh^ quando sacerdotes commissa piacula solvunt^ €i~^A^-^^ A, Quid dabimus? vituli gravis est iactura. vel agnum vel leporem? pietas etiam laudabilis anser. C. Dona docet tempus. lepores brumalia dona» quando nive hiberna currendi erepta facultas; anser ad autumni finem nonasque Kalendas pertinet; aestatis coryli, nova ponia, racemi, munera; lactentes haedi sunt veris et agni. tunc si de cordis aliquem conspexeris aegrum 170 ac tenuem qui nee vendi nee vivere possit (munus erit sollemnc satis) donal)imus agnum. Ipse niihi, cum iam regrcdi post pranclia vellem, cannina de Nymphae S()llemnil)us eruta fastis tradidit et dixit, ' si quando gravabere curis, haec cane ; pro mentis medicamine carmen habeto : *' Quando Molorchaeo 'i'itan descendit ab astro pronus et Astraeae iam limina virginis intrat, Virgine laetetur pubes et cana senectus ; ^ transiit ad Superos et Olympica regna petivit. 180 Ogdoas ut toto iam tertia fluxerit orbe, festa dies iterum ; natalia Virginis aras ignibus illustrant, olTert nova liba sacerdos. Libra redit noctes properans aequare diebus, exsultat Picenus ager, vehit Hadria puppes Illyricas et Chaonias, cum mercibus adsunt Tusci, Umbri, Veneti, Siculi ; Lauretica templa cum donis turmatim adeunt votisque solutis in sublime iugum laeti ad commercia tendunt. Et cum Thcssalicas cursu breviore sagittas 190 sol subit et frigcnt urentibus arva pruinis, clausa gynaecei sacris penetralibus hausit corde Deum toto proprios oblita parentes. Et cum scmiferi fugicns Chironis ab arcu languet ad hiberni glacialia limina Capri, induat ornatas et mas et fcmina vcstcs laetilia(iue diem celebrent ijuo semine sacro ECLOGA VIIL ts7'a*4 107 coniugis annosus gravidam pater imbuit alvuro. ilia dieH etenim sanctae primordia Nymphae fecit et in nostras vetuit descendere sordes. 200 Cum volat imbrifera lampas Phoebea sub urna ad vemos reditura dies, iam proxima veri, ite, nurus omnes, sacros altaribus ignes, tura focis, faculas manibus date, ducite pompam; attulit in templum nova dona puerpera virgo. Quando gregis Princeps aurato vellere fulgens incipiet Zephyris aperire tepentibus annum et dare maiores luci quam noctibus boras, • aliger occultam redeat Paranympbus in aedem et nova miranti referat mandata puellae. 310 festa dies Tuscis populos do coUibus omnes cogit et Arnicolas vocat ad Florentia templa. tum quocjue sed tenui virgo prius intervallo nupsit, et baec tcneris lux est celebranda puellis. Quando sub extrema Cancri tcstudine Phoebus volvitur et revehit vicina Canioula niorbos, ture piam celebrate diem ; redit hospita mater in proprios a matre lares, altaria circum primitias Cereris geminae suspendite matri." * Ista dedit Pollux vigilans quae in montibus dim 320 fecerat ad pecudum caulas, dum nocte serena militiam caeli sparsosque examinat ignes. his quoque plura dedit ; sed carmina plura referri non sinit extremum deponens vespera solem. mmmmm 108 BAPTISTAE MANTUANl ECLOGA IX, FALCO, DE MORIBUS CURIAE ROMANAE, POST RELIGIONIS INGRESSUM. FAUSTULUS. CANDIDUS. \^ F. Candide, quo casu patriis procul actus ab oris haec in rura venis? hie pascua nulla nee amnes ' nee liquidi fontes nee ovilia tuta nee umbrae, et tamen assiduos gregis haec pascuntur in usus. C. Faustule, me noster Corydon (qui plurima quondam his armenta loeis habuit magnamque peculi congeriem fecit) pecori me credere adegit esse salutares istis in montibus herbas ; at postquam segnes agros et inertia saxa vidimus et siccis arentem fontibus undam, , 10 paenituit longaeque viae p^triaeque relictae. F. Postquam te incolumem saltus intrare Latinos . contigit, antiqui potes haec mea tecta subire \ iure sodalitii. sunt hie mihi pauperis agri \ iugera pauca meae vix sufficientia vitae; ! quidquid id est commune puta. tibi forsitan ulla prospera sors aderit ; f ortuna simillima vento est eariceae succede casae, diun praeterit aestus, dum grex in gelida procumbens ruminat mnbra. pone pedum, discumbe parum, recreabere potu; 20 potu opus est, potu iste gravis compescitur aestus. pocula prende ; fluet melius post pocula sermo. C. Pocula quis tanta demens aestate recuset? F. Vina sitim minuunt animique doloribus obstant, vina ut amicitias vires ita corporis augent. C. Haec parit ora bonos (si patria vina) racemos. F. Funde iterum ; potare semel gustare, seeundus colluit OS potus, calefacta refrigerat ora tertius, arma siti ])ellumque indicere quartus aggreditur, quintus pugnat, victoria sexti est, 30 Septimus (Oenophili senis haec doctrina) triumphat. C. Res est consiliis secura fidelibus uti, utile doctrinis praebere senilibus aures. ECLOGA IX. 1-74 109 victa sitis, mens aegra manet curaeque supennmt. F. Ut sedata sitis, sic mens sedabitur aegra. f unde menmi, bibe ; cardiaco medicina dolori haec, utitur ad curas isto medicamine Roma. C. Omne opus atque labor vult intervalla ; quiescat obba parum, contra muscas impone tabellam. non madet imbre dies nee habet nox umida rorem 40 crescere nee duris possunt in cotibus herbae. importuna fames, labor improbus, aeris ardor confecere gregem macie; vix debile corpus spiritus aeger agit, vacua cute porrigit ossa clunis et exilis cava contrahit ilia venter. hie aries qui fronte lupos cornuque petebat nunc ove debilior pavidoque fugacior agno est. -<-k^ ;^. haec mihi (sed nimium me ardentia vota ferebant) /^ omnia divino praedixerat omine comix. / vix egressus eram limen, cum tristia portans 50 auguria a dextra venit tegetisque sinistrae culmine consedit pressoque minaciter ore vociferans iter auspicio prohibebat aperto. -heu pecus infelix, quod lacte et prole solebas affluere, in nostris licuit dum pascere campis, gramina dum quaeris, suci plus perdis eundo quam referas pastu. simul hie tabescimus ambo, tu tenui victu, curis ego victus amaris. F. O nostrae regionis opes, o florida prata, o campi virides, o pascua laeta feraxque 60 et nimiquam sine fruge solum, currentia passim flumina per villas, rivi per rura, per hortos. hinc pecus, hinc agri pingues ; sub sidere Cancri, ^ cvun tritura sonat passim, cum lulius ardet, /arva virent, textae lento de vimine saepes . / / poma ferunt, redolent ipsis in vepribus herbae. 1 j C. O nemorum dukes umbrae mollesque susurrii quos tecum memini gelidis carpsisse sub umbris y turturis ad gemitus, ad hirundinis ac philomenae carmina, cum primis resonant arbusta cicadis. 70 aura strepens foliis nemorum veniebat ab Euro et bacata super tendebat bracchia comus. ipse solo recubans pecudes gestire videbam atque alacres teneris luctari cornibus agnos. 1 10 BAPTISTAE MANTUANI post somnos per gramen humi nunc ore supino ^ aut flatu implebam calamos aut voce canebam, pectore nunc prono rutilantia fraga legebam. F, Vivere turn felix poteras dicique beatus ; sed bona (quod nondum fueras expertus acerbam) vilis erat tibi teque ideo. fortuna reliquit. 80 quando iterum veniet (veniet si forsitan umquam) sicut capreolis sursum nitentibus haerent stipitibus vites stringuntque tenaciter ulmos, sic illam tu prende maim neu desere prensam. it, redit, effigiem mutat nee imagine constat par lamiis quas nocte ferunt errare per umbras, mobilis ut f acies, ita mens ; deludere gaudens quod dederat toUit ; pensi nihil, omnia casu ; qui nimium metuunt sapiuntve repellit et odit. C. Delicias patrii quotiens reminiscimur agri, ,90 ferre tot aerumnas animo non possumus aequo, sed quo mente feror? casu afflictatus acerbo unde magis crucier felicia tempora volvo. Mains adest : florent vites humilesque genistae, iam spicata seges, malus iam Punica multo flore rubet, redolent saepes albente sahuco in patria, per rura Padi, per pascua Minci ; hie vero necdum incipiunt pubescere montes. quod si vere solum torpet, quid frigora brumae solstitiumque feret, gelidis cum terra pruinis • 100 albicat et rapido cum caelum incanduit aestu? sunt tamen hie armenta quibus cutis uvida, cervix non signata iugis, gemino frons ardua cornu luxuriansque toris pectus ; nisi pabula carpant, non erit hac tanta umectum pinguedine corpus. F. Haec armenta quibus caput a tellure levatur altius et cui sunt longa interned ia crurum cuncta vorant, herbas primum, mox ore supino arboreas frondes summaeque cacumina silvae; hoc imbelle pecus quod humi nascentia tantum 1 10 gramina decerpit vacuis ieiunat in arvis, C, Quid verbis opus est? cunctis animantibus una est condicio: semper maiora minoribus obsunt. agna lupo, mites aquilis sunt praeda columbae, \J jnnocuos delphin venatur in aequore pisces, " ECLOGA IX. 75'i5<> 111 unde fit hoc? (certe res prodigiosa videtur) haec loca» si procul hinc videas e rupibus altis, pingue solum et multo vestitum gramme dicas; quo magis appropias tanto magis omnia sordent. F. Hoc est Roma viris avibus quod noctua: trunco 120 insidet et tamquam volucrum regina superbis nutibus a longe plebem vocat. inscia fraudis turba coit, grandes oculos mirantur et aures, turpe caput rostrique minacis acumen aduncum ; dumque super virgulta agili levitate feruntur nunc hue, nunc illuc, aliis vestigia filiun illaqueat, retinent alias lita vimina visco, praedaque sunt omnes veribus torrenda salignis. C. O bellum hoc ; poterit dici nihil aptius umquam. sed procul en coluber tortos in pulvere gressus 130 flectit et exsertis sitiens ferit aera linguis. F, Candide, quae moneo memori sub pectore serva. quando inter silvas graderis, defende galero lumina, namque rubi praetendunt spicula longis dentibus et curvus discerpit pallia mucro. nee depone pedum multaque armare memento cote sinum, ne te subito novus opprimat hostis. et perone pedem tegito ; spineta colubris plena hominum vitae morsu insidiantur amaro, et nunc longa dies aestu facit acre venenum. 140 mille lupi, totidem vulpes in vallibus istis lustra tenent et, quod dirum ac mirabile dictu est, ipse homines (huius tanta est violcntia caeli) saepe lupi effigiem moresque assumere vidi inque suum saevire gregem multaque madere caede sui pecoris; factum vicinia ridet nee scelus exhorret nee talibus obviat ausis. saepe etiam miris apparent monstra figuris quae tellus affecta malis influxibus edit ; saepe canes tantam in rabiem vertuntur, ut ipsos 150 vincant caede lupos, et qui tutela fuerunt hostiles ineunt animos et ovilia mactant. fama est Aegyptum coluisse animalia quaedam et pro numinibus multas habuisse ferarum; ista superstitio minor est quam nostra, ferarum hie aras habet omne genus, contraria certe ^ifmmmmm 112 BAPTIST AE MANTUANI naturae res atque Deo qui dicitur olim praeposuisse hominem cunctis animantibus unum. saepe etiam morbosa aestas et pestif er annus ingruit et passim languens pecus omne per arva 160 stemitur ; exstinctae dum balat ad ubera matris, agnus obit, moritur duro sub pondere taurus. nee modus est morbo, non est medicina veneno, sed vicina domus vicino a limine mortem haurit et assidue sumunt contagia vires. ista feras raro pestis rapit, utile semper fert pecus ; exstinctas caulas epulantur atroci dente lupi nostraque ferae iactura opulescunt. C Heu, heu quam praeceps miserum me insania traxit ; credere fallaci gravis est dementia famae. 170 Romuleos colles, Tiberim Romanaque tecta audieram et studio mens est accensa videndi ducendique bonis in tot praestantibus aevum. accessi cum parte gregis, tentoria demens, totum paene larem cum pastoralibus armis trans iuga summa tuli, mulctraria, cymbia, aena et cacabos et quo formatur caseus orbem fagineum ; impensam atque operas amisimus omnes. ^uidfaciaro-?--qiio'me vertam? sperata negantur pabuTa; tot casus, tot ubique pericula. cogor 180 in veteres remeare casas et coepta fateri consiliis egressa malis iterumque per aestus et montana pati longos per saxa labores. heu pecus infelixi, o laevo sidere pastor hue avecteT^ f uit multo praestantius istud ignorasse solum patrioque in limine tutos consumpsisse dies, gel id is senuisse sub antris , atque Padi circum ripas Athesisve per agros aut ubi per virides campos et pascua nota Mincius it vel qua vitreo natat Abdua cursu 190 consedisse, gregem pavisse salubribus herbis. F. Te tua credulitas, et me mea fallit in boras. vidi ego supremae qui prosperitatis habebant culmina, dum laudata petunt, cecidisse nee umquam emersisse malis ; facit experientia cautos. hi prius explorant et non laudata sequuntur omnia ; laude carent quae sunt meliora. fuerunt BCLOGA IX, t57'»3» 113 (non nego) quae famam retinent ac nomina servant (cuncta suis pollent vicibus) Luna, Hadria, Troia, Salvia (quas nobis memorabat saepius Umber) 200 nomine sunt solo, delevit cetera tempus. si minor est patriae forsan modo gloria nostrae, res tamen est melior. laudatae gloria Romae quanta sit in toto non est qui nesciat orbe; fama quidem manct, utilitas antiqua recessit. * illi prisca quibus maduerunt pascua fontes nunc umore carent, venis aqua defuit haustis, nulla pluit nubes, Tiberis non irrigat agros, tempus aquaeductus veteres contrivit et arcus et castella ruunt ; procul hinc, procul ite, capellac. 210 hie ieiuna fames et languida reghat egestas. Hie tamen (ut fama est et nos quoque vidimus ipsi) pastor adest quadam ducens ex alite nomen, lanigeri pecoris dives, ditissimus agri, carmine qui priscos vates atque Orphea vincat, Orphea qui traxit silvas et saxa canendo. hie alios omni tantum virtute Latinos exsuperat quantum Tiberim Padus, Abdua Macram, lenta salix iuncum, tribulos rosa, populus algam. Icredimus hunc illi similem cui Tityrus olim 220 'bis senos fumare dies altaria fecit. hie ovium custos ipso vigilantior Argo Daphnide nee solum sed eo qui dicitur olim Admeti pavisse greges per Thessala rura doctior, omne pecus Solymi curare magistri dignus et antiquo dignus succedere patri qui fuit Assyrii pecoris post retia pastor. iste potest servare gregem, depellere morbos, umectare solum, dare pascua, solvere fontes, conciliare lovem, fures arcere luposque. 230 si favet iste, mane, quod si negat iste favorem, Candide, coge pecus melioraque pascua quaere. 14 BAPTISTAE MANTUANl ECLOGA X, BEMBUSy DE FRATRUM OBSERVANTIUM ET NON OBSERVANTIUM CONTROVERSIAL POST RELIGIONIS INGRESSUM. CANDIDUS. BEMBUS. BATRACHUS. MYRMIX. C, Maxima pastores agitat discordia, Bembe, qui Solymos colles Galilaeaque rura colebant; Batrachus hinc, Myrmix illinc certare parati iudice te paucis, si non audire reCusas et nisi te revocant maiora negotia, dicent. tu pater es vatum, tu scis componere lites iurgiaque .et blandis convicia tollere verbis ; te quoque Pierios fama est potasse liquores et vidisse deas quibus est custodia sacri fontis et Eurotae campos ac Phocidis arva, 10 ipse ubi fronde sua tibi tempora cinxit Apollo, dona dedit citharam, nervos et eburnea plectra. Be. Dicite, quandoquidem tepidos admovit ad ignes nos hiberna dies, dum non sinit ire per agros bruma gregem, flatu Boreas dum saevit acuto, dum riget omne solum, tectis dum plurima pendet stiria, dum torpent sub aquis glacialibus amnes; otia damnantur quae nulla negotia tractant. M. Pastores, genus infelix, aestate vagamur pro grege solliciti, sed cum nos frigidus imber 20 continet in stabulis, lites et iurgia surgunt. Ba. Qui vetercs audent ritus mutarc suoque arbitrio et nullis ducunt sub legibus aevum, hi sunt, o Myrmix, qui bella domestica gignunt. Be. De veteri ritu, de consuetudine patrum rixa agitur vobis? leges moresque parentum, Batrache, die. die, cur nostrum venistis in orbem ex Phoenice solo? nos pascua vidimus ilia, vidimus herbosos felici uligine campos. vertice Carmeli vitreis uberrimus undis 30 fons cadit et rauco densum nemus irrigat amne. vidimus et lordanis aquas, ubi maximus olim pastor oves mergens scabiem resecavit avitam. ECLOGA X. 1-74 US amnis hie a Libano veniens Galilaea per arva transit et ampla lacu consurgit in aequora magno ; unda coit rursum, rursum mare fundit apertum, urbs ubi Romani de nomine dicta Tiberi ; unda coit rursum, tandem lericunte relicta intrat in infames Asphalti gurgitis undas. hinc satis est nos oram omnem vidisse probatum; 40 dicite, et hinc tandem vestras demergite lites. M. Batrachus audaci semper sese ingerit ore et mihi se praefert magno temerarius ausu. Ba. Non ego me ingessi, processi a iudice iussus. Be. Pone pedum, Myrmix, et tu quoque, Batrache ; non est orandum armatis manil)us, sed mentibus aequis. Batrache, die; Myrmix, animi compesce furorem interea, ut-venias magis ad responsa paratus. qui furit insanit ; qui vero insanit amaro impatiens animo nee corda nee ora gubernat ; 50 quidquii ait vanum est, quidquid molitur ineptimi. Ba. Bembe, genus nostrum generisque exordia dicam. venimus Assyriis (ut Candidus inquit) ab oris, est pater Elias nobis qui sustulit armis pastorum genus omne malum, qui traxit Olympo flammigeros ignes, qui ascend it in aethera curru. Be. Nobile et antiquum genus hoc, et clara propago. ■ Ba. Pastores alii quotquot per rura vagantur omnia sunt rivi nostris a fontibus orti ; nos dedimus leges, pascendi ostendimus artem. 60 quo magis hi peccant qui, cum sint ordine primi, primatum amittunt studia inconsulta sequendo. nos radix, alii rami ; sed nos quoque rami a veteri radice patrum iam aetate caduci. tradidit Elias certam pastoribus artem qua curare greges, qua noxia pabula fas est discere et occultos imbres ventosque latentes quive salutaris foret et qui pestifer annus ; signa dedit, nihil omisit quod ovilia tangat. sed fons ille fluens Carmeli e rupibus altis 70 tam nitidus quondam, tam dulci limpidus unda, tramite mutato (patet id) modo currit in Austrum. sed prius (extat adhuc vetus alveus) ibat ad ortum. hi cursus fecere novos, liquere priores 116 BAPTISTAE MANTUANJ quos dederat rivo veterum prudentia patrum. M. Quid tibi, sive novo currat seu tramite prisco, dummodo fecundis umectet pascua lymphis? et quid de caeli quereris regione ? per Austrum solis iter, melior vitis quae respicit Austrum, et melior legitur Libycis de coUibus uva. 80 Ba. Est melior taxus Boream quae respicit; ergo in Boream melius poterat decurrere rivus. pastor es, et cura pecoris male sane relicta sermonem de vite facis quasi legibus isdem grex et vitis eant, nee quod discrimen in undis gramineque et ventis nosti et quam noxius Auster sit pccori ; disce a Roma si noxius Auster. cur Mutinensis agri pccudcs sunt vellcre fusco? cur Clitumnus liabet nivcas? cur Mantua moUi lanitio excellit Veronaque proxima Manto? 90 unde haec multiplici rerum variantia forma? non aliunde nisi a caelis, a gramine et unda. Be. Candide, utrumque pedum procul hinc (rogo) pro- tinus aufer; inter eos hodie video bellum acre futurum. clam cape et auferto; suhter sarmenta reconde. Ba. Bembe, mihi tecum sermo est. dum viximus una, dum commune pecus nobis fuit, heu mihi quantum dcdecus, heu quot sunt pecudes incommoda passae. nee mersare gregcm fluvio nee vellera cert is tcmporibus (sicut nios est) tondere licebat. 100 nudal^ant spincta pecus. nudata secabant terga rubi ; scabie cutis aspera, tabidus umor pestis, et in totum serpebant ulcera corpus, multum igitur refert pecudes quae pabula carpant, flumina quae potent et qua regione morentur. Die mihi, die, Myrmix, priscum cur lana colorem perdidit? haec grcgibus quidnam nova vellera fecit? cur pecus est nigrum quod erat melior ibus annis clarum? immutarunt mutati vellera mores. Bembe, ad te redeo. paucis absolvere nitar, 110 sed, quo digna omni tua sit sententia laude, vera loquar. tu iura tenes, ego facta docebo ; indicium reddit verum enarratio vera, his animadversis aegre tot damna ferentes EC LOG A X. 75-1 SS 117 venimus ad f ontem, rivumque a vertice summo scrutari mihi cura f uit ; tu, provide Myrmix, interea nidos avium vel dorcada parvam venabare tuae quae dona darentur amatae. M, Bembe, vides ut aperta in me convicia torquet? auguror, ista manu lis est, non ore, agitanda; 120 mos mihi, non lingua, maledicta refellere dextra. C, Batrache, ne veriim taceam, linguosior aequo es; iurgia bilem acuunt, convicia pectus acerbant. non tibi cum pueio res est, nee homuncio Myrmix; res male tuta viros lingua irritare proterva. Ba. Da veniam, Myrmix ; * amitam ' proferre volenti nescio quis mihi misit in os malus error * amatam.* M. Do veniam ; cave nc rursum me voce lacessas. Ba, Alveus excelsa saliens de rupe lacunam foderat et clausis ripas aequaverat undis; 130 gurges erat textu silvarum umbrosus opaco densaque saepierant tristem spineta lacunam. mille venenorum species in gurgite vidi, mille secus ripas in opaco margine, mille per nemus ad lymphas sinuoso serpere gressu. obstupui, et rapido rediens ad ovilia cursu incipio paleas furca versare tricorni. ecce caput toUit coluber linguaque trisulca sibilat, inflantur fauces, nepa livida tendit bracchia, ventrosus profert vestigia bufo, 140 vipera per stipulam gradiens strepit. ' o loca,* dixi, * non pecori tantum verum et pastoribus ipsis noxia.' mox grege diviso de sedibus illis pascua quaesitum tristis meliora recessi. perque iter antiquum fontis nova flumina duxi in campos ubi prima suos Aurora colores explicat et croceos Phoebi redeuntis ad ortus. hie mihi fecundae pecudes, hie pascua laeta et sine labe liquor, dulces sine crimine lymphae. haec loca primaevi sunt quae coluere parentes; 150 signa casae superant, puteus cariosaque ligna fixa solo seiuncta pedum discrimine septem et focus et lacera quae cingitur area saepe. M, Cura viris levibus rerum solet esse novarum ; propterea certe nova pascua quaeris et amnes 118 BAPTISTAE MANTUANl fingis inauditos et vis novus auctor haberi. Ba. Cura viris gravibus rerum solet esse suarum ; propterea, Myrmix, nimis a gravitate recedis. haec novitas non est novitas, sed vera vetustas. religio et pietas patriim instaurata resurgit 160 quam tua corrupit levitas et nota tuoriim segnities. igitur si quis labentia tecta crigat et sterilem qui mansuefecerit agrum iudice te damnandus erit? non ponitur arbor altera, sed veteri inseritur bona virgula trunco; segne prius lignum nostro lit fertile cultu. M. Quamvis pingue tuo pecori sit gramen et unda defaecata, tamen multae cum matribus agnae interiere; lupi et pastae meminere volucres. Ba. Hae (fateor) quae dira tuae contagia pestis 170 ucccperc. etiam procul aspicientibus obsunt; tantum virus incst, vcstri vis tanta vcncni. propterea niagis atque magis disccdcre semper est animus, patitur pccus hacc incommoda nostrum sola, quod in vastam nondum disccssit eremum nee satis a vobis procul in deserta recessit. M. Batrache, de gregibus mentiris plurima nostris. certe alienariun tibi cura superflua rerum, et temere assumis partes censoris iniqui. cur mihi qui pasco cuium pecus ista tueri 180 non licuit? solisnc domus mea cognita vobis? Ba. Aethiopcs una quoniam nigredine sordent, ille color nulli vitio datur ; omnibus idem vultus et alterius si quis reprenderet ora, et sua damnaret. pecori pecorisquc magistris faex eadem, scabies eadem, cutis et color idem. Be. Parcite ; iam satis est lis intellecta diesque inclinata cadit, iam post iuga summa ruit sol. audite, o magni generis longaeva propago lite super vestra quae sit sententia nostra. 190 M. Batrache, me audaci totiens sermone lacessis. Ba. Non ego, sed non aequa magis te causa Ucessit iudiciumque timet si!)i mens male conscia iustum. C. Quando inimicitias tempus deponere, rursum vestra novas lites vecordia suscitat. ergo perpetuis haec rixa odiis aetema manebit? m »mmm 1 1 il l ' , I I I I I . \ \\wmmmmmikWK^. ECLOGA X, 136-304 119 quae vos debilitas capitis, quae insania vezat? non pudet his uti tanto sub iudice nugis? ergo animis audite aequis odiisque sepultis ultima doctiloqui quae sit sententia Bembi. ' Be, Ferte per antiques patrum vestigia gressus et veteres servate vias. revocate vagantes per valles et saxa greges, per lustra f erarum. figite in antiquis iterum magalia campis. 200 mmm VMP NOTES THE DEDICATORY EPISTLE. Thi Paride Ceresara to whom the revised Eclogues were dedicated was a nobleman of Mantaa, distinguished for his great wealth and wide learning. In one of the novels of Bandello (ii. 5) he is called 'nobilissimo e in ogni sorta di lettere dottissimo.' He translated the Aulularia for the Bishop Lodovico Gonzaga, and perhaps also a Greek comedy. And he had some knowledge of Hebrew. In his later years he was interested in astrology and in the ' occult sciences ' ; hence the mention of him by Luca Gaurico : ' erat facie et barbitio rufus, procerae staturae, sed proportionatus ; ex love in horoscopo cum Marte ditissimus et locuplex; habebat aedes regias; ingeniosus, legum professor, in litteris latinis et graecis eruditus. Quum senec- tutis limina fuit ingressus, incepit dare operam astrologiae.' He was born in 1466, and died in 1532. [Luzio-Renier, Ciornale siorico della letteratura italianat xxxiv (1899), 86-S8]. ECLOGA I, FAUSTUS. Antiquos repeti vult Foriunaius amores; Obsequitur Faustus rtferens conubia laeta.* At Fortunatus' request, Faustus repeats the story of his love, courtship, and marriage — the story of an honorable love and its happy ending. This eclogue (with various details added from the second, third, and fourth) is imitated in the first 'eglogue* of Francis Sabie's Pan's Pipe (iS95)- i-a. Cp. Boccaccio, Eel. vi. 81, ruminat omne pecus. The phrase occurs in the Ecloga Theoduli^ 248. 4. modo = «M/ir, as at ii. 151, v. 35, viii. 102, 114, ix. 20a, x. 72. So often in the Ecclesiastical Writers and in the Latin Bible: e. g., John^ ix. 25, ' scio quia, caecus cum essem, modo video.' 9-10. Virg. Aen, i, 372-3, *0 dea, si prima rtpetens ab otigine pergam, | et vacet annales nostrorum audire laborum ; * Ceor, iv. a8s-6, * altius omnem | expediam prima repetens ab origins famam.' * loannis Murmellii argumentura. lai m 122 ECLOGUE I, ii-S9 II. Ovid, Met. xiii. 595, primisque sub aunts. 13-13. Petrarch, EcL vi. 78-79, * sedeo iactoqut supinus, j multa canens quae dictat Amor nee crastina curans.' 19. Virg. Eci. ii. 36, ' disparibus septem compacta cicatis | fistula.* 22. Virg. Eci. ii. 7a, ' viminibus mollique paras detexere iunco ; * lb. X. 71, * fiscellam texit hibisco;' Gear. i. 266. ' texatur fiscina virga; » Nemes. Eel. i. I, * fiscella . . . iunco I texitur.* 24. sortiri digitis: the ancient and modem game of 'mora*. 27-31. Cp. Virg. Geor. i. 381, *e pastu decedens;' Aen. vii. 700, *cum sese e pastu referunt;' Geor. iv. 511-12, 'qualis populea maerens philomela sub umbra ] amissos queritur fetus ; * Stat. Theb. V. 601-3, ' ill^ redit, querulaeque domus mirata quietem | iam stupet impendens advectosque horrida maesto | excutit ore cibos.' philomena : this form of the word was already familiar in Italian ; cp. Petrarch, Sontt. 269, ' piagner Filomena.' Du Cange cites it from a Glossarium of the year 1348. hymSnaeos: for the cadence, cp. Virg. Aen. vii. 555; x. 720; also, Mantuan, Eel. vii. 133; viii. 10; ix. 69; ix. 168. 32-35. Cp. Stat. Theb. vi. 174-77, 'nunc vallem spoliata parens, nunc flumina questu, | nunc armenta movet vacuosque interrogat agros; j tunc piget ire domum, maestoque novissima campo | exit et oppositas impasta avertitur herbas ; ' Virg. Eel. v. 26, * nee graminis attigit herbam.' pallenti . . . umbra : cp. Virg. Geor. iii. 357, * tum sol pallentes haud umquam discutit umbras^ (where Con- ington translates, 'the wan shades of night'). 38. Virg. Aen. i. 387, auras | vitales car pis. 45. 'Nam et Venus pacta dicitur ' (Ascensius). Cp. Francis Sabie's imitation, Pan's Pipe, i. 137-8, • for where she squinted a little, I That did grace her, I thought.' Fontenelle was offended by the rustic realism of this passage ; also, of Eel. iv. 87-88. 48-51. Cp. Cic. C. M. xii. 42, ' impedit enim consilium voluptas, rationi inimica est, mentis (ut ita dicam) praestringit oculos.* credo . . . concitet . . . tollat : cp. viii. 44, ' puto sidera tangant,* and perhaps also Mantuan's De Vita Beata, ' dicis Archimedem fecisse mundum; putasne fecerit nebulas? putasne aestatem, putasne sol- stitia et aequinoctia posueritV and Boccaccio, Eel. xiv. 46-48, ' Silvi, quid dubitas? an eredis Olympia patrem | ludat, et in lucem sese sine numine divum | praebeatT .St. Augustine could say, Conf. i. 14, 23, * credo t\.\^m Graecis pueris Vergilius ita sit, cum eum sic discere coguntur ut ego ilium ; * ix. 13, 36, ' et credo iam feeeris quod te rogo.' In a letter to his friend Refrigerio, Aug. I2, 1478, Mantuan wrote: 'Audivistine Benedicti Morandi viri praestantissimi obitum? credo audiveris' et puto quem viventem tanto charitatis affectu com- plectebaris mortuum defiereris^ (MS. copy in the Library of the University of Bologna). 58, Cp. Virg. Aen. i. 239, fatis contraria fata. 59. catus: the classical name is feles. The name cattus (cp. It. gatto and late Gr. Kdrrof ) appears first about 350 A. d. For the history of the animal, see Mayor's note on Juvenal, xv. 7, and O. Keller, Die antike Tierwelt, Leipzig, 1909, p. 74. Mantuan's spelling reflects the popular etymology of his day; cp. Perotti's ^Pii ECLOGUE /. bi-148 123 •Comucofiaet 'est i^tar felis qaem vals:o catum nominamas, see meo quidem indicio inepte. veteres enim catum astutam dicebant et quod nos in praesentia cautum ; a quo Catones primo volunt appel* latos* (Venice ed., 1494* fol. 108). 61. Fortunatus' comment explains the mother's lack of sympathy. The expression was proverbial ; cp. the words of Aeneas Silvias (in a letter to Joannes Urunt, 1446), 'nam tu me pleno stomacho reris ieiunium commendare!' St. Jerome, Ep. 58. 2, has *plenas venter facile de ieiuniis disputat.' 62. This line is borrowed in the Cambridge Latin play Larlia (c. 1595), i. 3, 176-7, *quas nulla premit sitis | sunt illae asperiores semper sitientibus ' (ed. G. C. Moore Smith, Cambridge, 1910). 64. albebant. Cp. Juvencus, ii. 313, albcntes cemite campos\ John, iv. 35, quia albae sunt iam ad messem. 74. Cp. Virg. A en. vii. 227, plaga sol is iniqui. 83. Virg. Aen. ix. 614, fulgenti murice. 97. Virg. Eel. ix. 24, et potum pastas age; lb. ii. 30, gregem viridi compdlere hibisco. 98. Virg. Eel. V. 47, saliente sitim restinguere rivo. 103. Cp. Mantuan's Alfonsus, Bk. i (Bologna ed., 1502, fol. 251), ' lumina demisso in cilium claudebat amictu.' de sub : ' from under.' For such double prepositions, see Ronsch, Itala und Vulgata, pp. 234-5. 475- In some later editions the line is rewritten : demissis aliunde sui velaminis oris. 106. operi . . . intendens. Cp. Minuc. Fel. Oet. vii. 5. intend* templis; Augustine, Conf. ii. 10, 18, nolo in earn intendere; lb. xi. 2. 3, intende orationi meae ; Psa. 54. 2, intende mihi. 113. Virg. Eel. x. 49, * ah tibi ne teneras glacies secet aspera plantas.' 1 15-6. Cp. Tibullus, ii. 3. 79-80, * ducite : ad imperiura dominae sul- cabimus agros : | non ego me vinclis verberibusque nego;' Ovid, ffer. vi. 97, * scilicet ut tauros, ita te iuga ferre coegit ; ' Palingenius, Zodiacus Vitae, v. 444, * fert placida cervice iugum.' 116. bovis instar. Cp. ii. 71, bovis instar; vii. 15, instar o7'is; Ov. Met. iv. 135, exhorruit aequoris instar. 120. cottidie. For Mantuan's scansion, compare one of his Epi- grammata ad Falconem (on the death of Filippo Baveria), 'cottidie querimur, cottidie rapimur.' 121. in nonam . . . horam. See note on line 148. 138. Cj). Ov. Met. ix. 761, mediis sitiemus in undis. 142. rullam: * instrumentum ferreura quo vomis detergetar' (Da Cange). Perotti, Corn., * rulla significat instrumentum ferreum stimulo rusticorum additum ad vomerem detergendum: Plin. purget vomerem subinde stimulus cuspidatus rulla.* The modern texts of Pliny have rallo. deerant . . . deerat . . . deeram : synizesis, as in Virg. Geor. ii. 200, 233. 148. semel = ^aliquando, Gall. Une fois, un jour* (Du Cange, who quotes an example from a document of the year 1300). Mantuan's use of semel was criticized by his contemporaries, and defended by his brother Toloraeo : * in quo vult innuere id non aliquando sim- pliciter sed semel, hoc est non pluries. accidisse. ast hi vulgariter loqui omnia consueti magis ad consuetudinem vulgi quam ad poetae wiffmmmn'itttmim 124 ECLOGUE /. ts^—ECLOGUE IL s sensum respezerant sed fingamas eos vernm dicere et semtl pro aliquando illic poni ; si recte intelligerent, id non coarguerent locuf enim et tempus multa excusant quae alias essent digna redargni. locas ergo ille potuit illis, immo et debuit plene satisfacere, id enim est in Bucolicis dictum, ubi ridentur mores rusticorum, et Minerva pastoralis praesentatur. ibi etiam rusticus quidam Crates pro grates g. m. c. versa fabulatur , et ad imitandum pro ridiculo villicos Pollux pro Paulus , Harculus pro Hercules , Euophilus pro Onophryus , Coitus pro Godio , hora uona pro meridie , et huius modi alia de industria ponuntur, non casu vel inscitia : ut fortasse isti crim- inantur ' {Apologia contra deirahentes operihus B. M., Lyons ed., 15 16, fol. Dd, ii). I54-SS' Cp. Mantuan's De Sacris Diebus (of St. Urban's Day, May 25), ' musca volans noctu, dicunt lampyrida Grai, | nunc latet astrictis, nunc lucet hiantibus alis, | . . . iam spicata Ceres;' Perotti, Corn., *cicendula a Graecii lampyris dicta . . . nunc pennarum hiatu refulgens, nunc compressu obumbrata.' 156. Cp. Ov. Met. ix. 759, venit ecce optahile tempus, \ luxque iugalis adest. 159. gemina . . . luce : ^ solis et taedarum ' (Ascensius). Rather, it was a two days feast. 161. Oenophilus. See note on line 148. 163. Ovid, Met. xii. 158, multi/ori delectat tibia buxi. 167. multotiens : ' satis humile adverbium quo idonei abstinere dicuntur' (Asc). 170. Cp. Catullus, 62. 3, iam pinguis linquere mensas. 173. Cp. Virg. Geor. iii. 66, 'optima quaeque dies miseris mortali- bus aevi | prima fugit ; * Plin. Ep. viii. 14. 10, * tanto brevius omne quanto felicius tempus.' 175. subintrat: for the transitive use, cp. Anthol. ii. p. 402 Burm., * forte subintrarunt unica tecta simul.' The intransitive use is com- mon in the Vulgate. 176. tazemur: a post-Augustan word. ECLOGA II, FORTUNATUS, Quae Padus exundans tulerit dispendia primumt Ittsanum memorat max Fortunatus Amyntam. The speakers are the same as in the first Eclogue. Here (and in the third) Fortunatus discourses on the madness of unlawful love, or unlawful desire, and its unhappy issue. I. Cp. Calpum. Eel. vi. i, 'Serus ades, Lycida;* lb. vii. I, Meatus ab urbe venis, Corydon ; vicesima certe | nox f uit,' etc. 5. omissa: cp. x. 69, omisit, and the poem Alfonsus, Bk. i (fol. 255). segniter omisit. The Mantua edition of 1498 doubles the m — , as it does in amisso, i. 32 ; amissi, ii. 89. Cp. Boccaccio, Eel. xv. 86, nee lacrimas omit to. ECLOGUE //. S-iM 125 8-9. Virg. Geor, i. 481-3; 'proluit insano contorquens Tertice liWas I fluviorum rex Eridanus, camposque per omnes | cum stabalis armenta tulit.' Tityrus means Virgil, as in Virgil's first Eclogue, So, too, in Calpum. iv. 6a ; Nemes. ii. 84 ; Boccaccio, EcL i. 82-5, X. 66; Mantuan, EcL iii. 174, v. 86, ix. aao. In Spenser's imitation of Mant. V. 86, he is called 'the Romish Tityrus* (5. C, x. 55). He is mentioned here as the author of the Eclogues and Georgics. ia-13. Virg. Geor. i. 43, *vere novo gelidus canis cum montibus umor I liquitur',* lb, i. 326, Umplentur {oss&t et cava fiumina crescunt.' 17. Ovid, Met. viii. 559, * dum tenues capiat suus alveus undas.' 18. Virg. Aen. i. 439, mirabile dictu. 19. lacus: not Benacus (as Ascensius thought), but the lake formed by the Mincio at Mantua. Cp. Mantuan's Vita Lodovici Morbioli, ' et senior vitreo Mantua cincta lacu ; ' also, Eel. vi. 105, * Af anions Amyntas.' 25. This line is quoted in Mantuan's Dialogus contra Detractores (Lyons ed., 15 16, fol. c. ii). 28. Cp. Virg. Eel. iii. 55-57, ' dicite, quandoquidem in moUi con- sedimus herba, | et nunc omnis ager, nunc omnis parturit arbos, | nunc frondent silvae, nunc formosissimus annus ; ' Geor. ii. 328-30, * avia tum resonant avibus virgulta canoris, \ et Venerem certis re- petunt armenta diebus; | parturit almus ager;* Lucr. i. a, * alma Venus' (so Aen. i. 618; Ov. F. iv. 90); Lucr. i. 9, *mtet diffuso lumine caelum.' 35. Virg. Aen. i. 705, 'centum aliae totidemque pares aetate ministri.' 37. Coitum : GoTto. See note on i. 148. 41. Virg. Eel. i. I, recubans sub tegmine fagi. 43. umbra. Cp. Virg. Eel, ix. 42, * lentae texunt umbracula vites-* 45-46. Cp. Virg. Geor. i. 92, * rapidive potentia solis ; ' lb. ii. 353, *ubi hiulca siti findit Canis aestifer arva;' Tibull. i. 7. 21, 'arentes cum findit Sirius agros.' sciderat. In the Bologna edition of the collected poems, 1502, the passage is rewritten: messis erat: rapidi violentia solis adustos \ prosciderat eampos. Cp. Servius' comment on Virgil's abseiditt Aen. iii. 418: 'propter metrum *fi' corripuit per poeticum morem.' philomena : for the spelling, see i. 2711. 47-48. Cp. Virg. Eel. v. 77, ' dumque thymo pascentur apes, dum rore cicadae ; ' Geor. 1. 107, ' exustus ager morientibus aestuat herbis.* 49. intendit. Cp. i. 106, operi . . . intendens. 60. sulpburis arcem : Sol ferine. 61. longis . . . prospectibus. Cp. viii. 4-5, longe \ prospicio; Virg. Aen. iii. 206, aperire proeul monies. 63. sacra ... Petro : the day of S. Pietro in Vincoli (Aug. l). 69. Virg. Geor. iii. 431, ingluviem ; . . explet. 71. bovis instar. Cp. i. 116 «. 79. Cp. Virg. Aen. vi. 389, ' comprime gressum ; ' Ovid, Met. viii. 3 18, * aut pastor baculo stivavc innixus arator.' 80. Cp. viii. 2-3, aestas miiior. 81. Cp. Virg. Eel. vi. 47, ah virgo infelix. 82. Cp. Ovid, Met. iii. 144 ff. (of Actaeon). ii KKi I i i ' . ii . . I I I ■ I \ % M ,1 1 ■i i iii i ii w ii m i m \ m mmmmmimmmiim9mKik 126 ECLOGUE II. 85-17^ 85. Ovid, Met. iii. 415 (of Narcissus), dumque sitim sidare cupU, sitis altera crevit. 87. Ovid, Met. iii. 176, sic ilium fata ferehant. 98. limbiis: 'head-band,' 'fillet.' Cp. iv. 213, front em ligat auro; Claud. Cons. Mall. Theod. 118, frontem limbo velata pudicam; Amob. ii. 41, imminuerent frontes limbis. 100. claviculo: 'pin.' The word is very rare; cp. Nonius, p. 140 M., ' Maeander est picturae genus, adsimili opere labyrinthorum, claviculis inligatum.' 103-5- Cp. Virg. Ed. viii. 41, ' ut vidi, ut perii;' Aen. iv. a, *et caeco carpitur igni ; ' Ovid, Her. v. 143, ' me miseram, quod amor non est medicabilis herbis ; ' Met. i. 523, * hei mihi, quod nullis amor est sanabilis herbis ; ' Her. xvi. 190, ' flamma recens parva sparsa resedit aqua.' 107-8. Ovid, Met. xiii. 761-2, ' validaque cupidine captus | uritur, oblitus pecorum antrorumque suorum.' 108. Cp. Gregorio Tifernate (Mantuan's teacher), Triumphus Cupidinis, 'hie furit et noctes in fletu ducit amaras ' (Venice ed., 1498, fol. b. iii). 112. S^tSnum. Mantuan has also Satdnas (ace. pi.) and Saidnibus (Ascensius' ed., Paris, 15 13, Vol. i. fol. 164, 214 b). 121-2. Virg. Aen. iv. 602, epulandum ponere mensis; lb. iii. 257, maiis absumere mensas \ Geor. iii. 268, malts membra absumpsere. 124-5. Cp. Cic. Tusc. Disp. i. 13. 30, * quod nulla gens tarn fera, nemo omnium tam sit immanis, cuius mentem non imbuerit deorum opinio.' , 126-8. Cp. Cic. C. M. xii. 40, 'hinc patriae proditiones, hinc rerum publicarum eversiones, hinc cum hostibus clandestina colloquia nasci.' 134. tetricos . . . Catones. Cp. Mart. x. 20. 21, 'tunc me vel rigidi legant Catones;' lb. 14, * tetricae . . . Minervae; ' Mantuan, Contra Poet. 151, * id cane quod tetrici possint audirc Catones.* Lewis and Short give only tctricus; Ovid and Martial have tetricus. . 138. Psa. vii. 16, et incidit in foveam quam fecit. 140-2. ActSt XV. 10, ' nunc ergo quid tentatis Deum imponere iugum super cervices discipulorum quod ne(|ue nos neque patres nostri por- tare potuimus?' (Asc). Virg. Aen. iii. 158, * venturos . . . nepotes.' 146. tranabit : cp. viii. 180, ' transiit ad Superos.' 147. ipsis. For this use of ipse, cp. viii. 112, 173. It is common in the Vulgate; and it occurs in Minucius Felix, Oct. 9. 3; 28. 6; 30.4; 30.5. See the passage quoted from John (on Eel. iii. 75), the letter of Thomas Wolf, Jr., quoted on Eel. iv. 81, the mediaeval document quoted on Eci. ix. 20. 151. modo = nunc, as in i. 4. 154. Marius . . . Carbo. The early commentators could find very little point in these proper names. Ascensius suspected a play on the word carbo ; Andreas Vaurentinus suggested that the names were loosely used, by a rustic speaker, Mike Pollux for Paulus (vii. i).' 167. Cp. Ovid, Her. vi. 21, credula res amor est. 172. Baldo: Monte Baldo (7275 ft.), east of the Lago di Garda. ECLOGUE 111. iS9 127 ECLOGA III. AMYNTAS, AgrUolae duram sortem, miserique furorts, Foriunatus et exitium deflorat Amyntae. In (he third Eclogue Fortanatns completes the story which he had begun in the second. A part of the preliminary discussion (17-27 and 33-33) may be compared with Petrarch, Eel. ix. (6-27 and 81-82). I. IlU...grando. The reference is to Eel. ii. 173, oritur grando. a-3. Cp. Mantuan's 3 Parthen. (fol. 147 Asc.). * saepe boni qnibos est hoininum custodia divi \ et suus ipse oculis se subiecere videndos' (where Ascensius explains divi as meaning spiritus aut genii boni). In the De Sachs Diebus, divi regularly means the ' saints.' For divis gratia, cp. Ter. Ad. 121;. Ovid, Pont. iii. 5. 48. 4. Harculus : see note on i. 148. 8. substantia = ' wealth,' as in the Ecclesiastical A^ riters and in the Latin Bible. Cp. Juvencus, iv. 255 ; Paul. Nol. xviii. 56, * geminos, quod ei substantia, nummos.' 12. gubernat. The earliest texts have the indicative, although the clause seems to be interrogative. Contrast involvai, 1. 31. 16. Virg. Eel. viii, 35, * nee curare deum credis mortalia quemquam.' eztimo : ' extimare pro aestimare, interdum apud Script. Ecclfsias- ticos * (Du Cange). Mantuan has the form extimat again, a Parthen. ii. 509. 17-27. Petratoh, Eel. ix. 6-27, ' rastra manu versans rigida scabrosque ligones | urget in arva boves sulcoque annixus inhaeret. | . . . post- quam sudore exhaustus anhelo | spes cernit florere suas iamq horrea laxat, I ecce, fremens sata culta truci vertigine nimbus | cbruit, et longos anni brevis hora labores | una necat,' etc. Virg. Eel. viii. 43, duris in cotibus. insidias intentat : cp. ii. 44, insidias tendebat. incalluit: cp. viii. 25, callosa. 31. Virg. Aen. i. 599, omnium cgenos. 32-33. Petrarch, Eel. ix, 81-82, * falleris, ah demens; nam iusta et sera merentes | pastores ferit ira Dei populumque rebellem.' 39. Hor. Od. i. 11. i, scire nefas. 40. Cp. ii. 78, nostrum repetamus Amyntam. 41-42. Cp. i. 118, 'id commune malum, semel insanivimus omnes.' 43. Cp. i. 51, toUat de cardine mentem. 46. Cosmas is unfortunately hard to identify. Perhaps he is only an ideal person. 47. Cp. ii. 27, nostros repetamus amores. 50. Cp. Virg. Eel. i. 30 and 68, longo post tempore. 53. fabula. Cp. Hor. Epod. xi. 8, per urbem . . . fabula quanta fui; Id. Ep. i. 13. 9, fabula fias; Ov. .4m. iii. i. ai ; TibuU. i. 4. 83; ii. 3. 31 ; etc. 57. Cp. Tac. Ann. i. 34. 3, eurvata senio membra. 59. somnOIentum. The word is used with the same quantity in a mediaeval Latin poem (C. Pascal. Poesia latina medievaU, Catania, 1907. p. 114). lPiipiii«niPHiill« 128 ECLOGUE III, 73-145 73. Contrast Mantuan's De Sacris Diebus (St Urban'f Day, May 25), Mam tondentur oves.' Cp. Varro, R. R. ii. 11. 7-8, *ovcs hirtas tondent circiter hordeaceam messem, in aliis locis ante faenisicia. quidam has bis in anno tondent, ut in Hispania citeriore, ac semen- stres faciunt tonsuras.' 75. conflare putabam. Cp. line 141, 'qui flectere divos | creditis;* vi. 133, ' vertcre in auruin | aestimat \ ' and Mantuan's Alfonsus, Bk. iii (fol. 278), • Bucarem Maurum qui fortibus armis | Hesperiam delere putans traiecerat aequor | perdomui.* So in the Latin Bible, John, V. 39, * scrutamini scripturas. quia vos putatis in ipsis vitam aeternam habere.^ Cp., also, Amm. Marc. xiv. 11, 34, scrutari puta- bit; Tertull. An. 38, ifgere scnserunt (E. Lofstedt, Beitrdge zur Kfttntnis der spdtcren Latin'xtdt, Uppsala, 1907, pp. 59-62). 83-85. Virg. Ed. iii. 71, ' aurea mala decern misi ; V^. ii. 45-55, * tibi lilia plenis | ecce ferunt Nymphae calnthis,' etc. ; lb. iii. 6S-69, ' parta meae Veneri sunt munera : namque notavi | ipse locum, aeriae quo congessere palumbes.' Cp. Prop. iii. 34. 71, ' felix qui viles pomit mercaris amores.' 86. Ovid, A. A. ii. 277-8, ' aurea sunt vere nunc saecula. plurimut auro I venit honos ; auro conciliatur amor.' 87. Cp. ii. 167, invida res amor est. 91. Cd. Ter. Fhorm. 504, quoi qitod amas domist. 97. Virg. Geor. ii. 76, aliena ex arbor e germen. 103-8. Tibull. i. I. 59-62, * te spectem, suprema mihi cum venerit hora, I te teneam moriens deficiente manu. | flebis et arsuro positum xne, Delia, lecto, | tristibus et lacrimis oscula mixta dabis ; ' i. 3. 57-8, * sed me, quod facilis tencro sum semper Amori, | ipsa Venus campos ducet in Elysios.' 109. Virg. Aen. vi. 550, 'quae rapidus flamrais ambit torrentibus amnis, | Tartareus Phlegethon.' 115. Virg. Geor. ii. 371, ' texendae saepes etiam et pecus omne tenendum ;' lb. iv. 10, 'neque oves haedique petulci | floribus insultent.' 117-24. Cp. Virg. Ed. v. 40-44, spargite htimum foliis, etc. ista: applied to what follows, as at viii. 95. 130. Cp. Tibull. i. I. 63-64, ' flebis : non tua sunt duro praecordia ferro | vinct.i, neque in tencro stat tibi corde silex ; ' Ov. Am. i. 11. 9, 'nee silicum venae nee durum in pectore ferrum.' 134. meos vultus averterit: apparently a variation on such Bibli- cal phrases as Ps. 21, 25, 'nee avertit faciem suam a me; * Ps. 26, 9, *ne avertas faciem tuam a me.* 138. Ovid, Met. i. 523, ' hei mihi, quod nuUis amor est sanabilis herbis.* 139. Virg. Geor. iii. 391, si credere dignum est (repeated, Aen. vi. 173). So Ovid, Met. iii. 311. 141. Virg. Aen. vii. 312, fiectere . . .Superos. With flectere... creditis cp. line 75, conflare putabam. 143-4. Cp. Virg. Geor. iii. 291-3, 'sed me Parnasi deserta per ardua dulcis I raptat amor; iuvat ire iugis, qua nulla priorum | Castaliam molli devertitur orbita cHvo ; ' lb. ii. 471, ' illic saltus ac lustra ferarum;' Aen. iii. 646, 'in silvis inter deserta ferarum | lustra.* 145. talia iactantem: a Virgilian phrase, Aen. i. 102; ii. 588; iz. 621. ECLOGUE JIL 147 194 129 147. noz intempesU: a Virgilian phrase, G*or. L 247; Aeit, iu. 587 ; xii. 846. Cp. Lucr. v. 986. 150. Cp. Virg. Ceor. iii. 528, simplicis herbae. 151. Cp. CatuU. 64. 242, 'anxia in assiduos absumens lamina fletns.' 156. Virg. Aen. ii. 237, fetalis machina. 161. Cp. i. 5a, 'nee deus (ut perhibent) Amor est, sed amaror ct error.' 164. Virg. Aen. vi. 882, heu miserande puer. 165. Cp. Juv. vii. 194-6, 'distat enim, quae | sidera te excipiant mode primes incipientem | edere vagitus et adhuc a matre rnbentem.' 167. Virg. Aen. ii. 87, primis . . . ab annis. inf ortimarit : cp. Mantuan's Tropfiaeum, Bk. ii (fol. 334), ' deo extremes infortunante labores.' Du Cange cites the verb only from a Paris missal: ' Deas ...quo benedlcente nemo infortunabit.^ 169. Virg. Eel. X. 51, modulabor avena\ Calpum. i. 93, modulemur avena ; Jb. iv. 63, carmen modulatus avcna. 171. Juv. vii. 29, ut venias dignus hederis; Ovid, Met. xi. 165, lauro Parnaside vinctus. 174. Tityrus means Virgil, as in ii. 9. Cp. Virg. Ed. ii. 1, * for- mosum pastor Corydon ardebat Alexim ' (on which Servius says, * Corydonis in persona Vergilius intellegitur, Caesar Alexis in persona inducitur'). In Juan del Encina's paraphrase of Virgil's second Eclogue King Ferdinand takes the place of Alexis. 179. Virg. Eel. iv. ii, decus hoc aevi; lb. v. 34, tu decus omne tuis; Ovid, Pont. ii. 8. 25, saecli decus indelebile nostri. 181. Ovid, Met. xi. 47, ' lacrimis quoque flumina dicunt | increvisse suis * (cited by loannes Murmellius). 182-5. Virg. Eel. v. 24, * non ulli pastos illis egere diebus | frigida, Daphni, boves ad flumina ; ' lb. 35, ' ipsa Pales agros atque ipse re- liquit Apollo;' lb. 40, * spargite humum foliis.' 188. Hebr. xi. 16, * meliorem [patriam] appetunt, id est, coelestem-* 192-4. Virg. Eel. vi. 85-86, ' cogere donee oves stabulis numerumque referre | iussit et invito processit Vesper Olympo.* For the * star that bids the shepherd fold' (the aariip allm^ of ApoU. Rhod. iv. 1630) cp. Calpum. ii. 93-94, * sed fugit ecce dies revocatque crepus- cula Vesper; | hinc tu, Daphni, greges, illinc agat Alphesiboeus ;* Nemes. ii. 89-90, * frigidus e silvis donee descendere suasit | Hesperus et stabulis pastos inducere tauros;' Boccaccio, Eel. ii. 152-3, ' ast ocior Hesperus haedos | egit ut ad septas traherem, caprosque Melampus.' wmmiimmmmmimmmmm 130 ECLOGUE IV. 3-70 ECLOGA IV, ALPHUS, Amissum mtmorat caprum puiriqui futortm laHHUt, tt ingenium notat hinc Alphus mulitbrt. The fourth Eclogue — the most famous of the series — is a satire on the ways of women. The topic had been a prime favorite with mediaeval writers : for some of the abundant literature on the subject, see A. Tobler, Zeitschrift fiir romanische Philologie, ix (1885), a88- 390; D. Comparetti, Virgilio nel Medio Evo, ii.^ iia ff. ; C. Pascal, Poesia latina medievale (1907), pp. 151- 184, and Letteratura latina tnedievaU (1909), pp. 107-115. Mantuan's discourse (lines 110-241) is put into the mouth of one of his early teachers, Gregorio Tifernate — just how appropriately, it is hard to say. Certainly, there is noth- ing in Gregorio's published poems to suggest that he was a misogynist above all others of his day and generation. Possibly the youthful author meant merely to imply that his knowledge of the subject was only second-hand. 3-4. The symptoms of the sick animal are dutifully borrowed from Virgil; cp. (Seor. iii. 466, medio procumbere campo \ pascentem; lb. 465, summas carpentem ignavius herbas\ Eel. v. 26, nee graminis attigit herbam. 13* Virg. Eel. iii. 69, quo eongessere palumbes. philomena : for the spelling, see i. 27 «. 15. qui non credit, etc. 'Quia qualis quisque est, talem iudicat quemlibet : et ita, qui fidus non est, neminem fidum existimat * (As- censius) ; 'quia infidus et alios infidos putat * (Andreas Vaurentinus). Cp. the two ' emblemes ' at the close of the May eclogue of Spenser's Shepheards Calender : Ilfif fuv hnioro^ aTrtoTii, and T/f A' apa niauc aTTioTift, Perhaps Alphus means that the man who does not trust his neighbor is not trusted (or trustworthy) himself. 17. Virg. Aen. ii. 13. incipiam. fracti bello, etc. 41. Virg. Aen. v. 591, irremeabilis error. 44. resero. The poet's brother Tolomeo defended a similar use of reserare, in the Alfonsus (animas reseraret ab Oreo), bv citing Virgil, Aen. ii. 258-9, Mnclusos utero Danaos et pinea furtim | laxat claustra Sinon ' {Apologia, Lyons ed., 1516, fol. Cc. v). 46-49. Cp. Thomas Middleton, The Witch (ed. A. H. Bullen, vol. v. p. 366). Further details as to the witches' flight, etc., may be found in Delrio, Disquisitiones magicae, lib. ii, quaest. 16 (Moguntiae, 1624, pp. 167 ff.). 52. pedum meditans. In some of the later editions the line is re- written: dumque nemus subeo meditans mecum, ecce per umbras. 56. tunca: ' Runca dicitur ferreum instrumentum, seu sarculum, quo sentes et herbae runcanlur aut evelluntur ' (Du Cange). 70. muliSribus. Cp. mu/iere, iv. 206 and vi. 57; muliirum, iv. 245; Boccaccio, Eel. vii. 124, mulieribus. For the / in the oblique cases of mulier, Qutcherat cites Venant. Fort. viii. 6; Dracontius, Satis/. 161 ; .nnd it is not uncommon in mciiiaevul Latin hexameters. ECLOGUE IV. St'too 131 The usage wai criticized by Mantaan'f contemporariei, bot hit brother Tolomeo could cite the authority of Laurentiui Valla and Gregorio Tifernate (Apologia, Lyons ed., 1516, fol. Ee, iv). 81. Umber means Gregorio Tifernate (Gregorio da Cittk di Cas- tello), as Mantuan himself explained to Thomas Wolf, Jr., in the year 1500: * Ego, mi lacobe, sicut multa alia ita hoc praecipue quaesivi, quid ipse in aeglogis suis intelligi desyderaret per Vmbrnm, in cuius laudibus esset tarn frequens ac assiduus. Aiebat ipse a se notari Gregorium tiphernum praeceptorem suum,' etc. (Letter to Jakob Wimpfeling, Feb. 24, 1503, printed in the Tubingen edition of the Eclogues, 15 15). Gregorio was born about 1414. He studied at Perugia, and afterwards spent some years in Greece. Returning to Italy, he taught Greek at Naples, where (c. 1447) he had Gioviano Pontano as one of his pupils. From 1449 to 1455 he was in the service of Pope Nicholas V, for whom he made translations of several Greek works. After the death of his patron (March 25, I455) he taught for a short time at Milan; and toward the close of 1456 he went to France, to the court of Charles VIL On Jan. 19, 1458, he was appointed professor of Greek at the University of Paris; but early in September, 1459, he returned to Italy. From April, 1460, to December, 1461, he seems to have taught at Mantua, and the remainder of his life was spent at Venice. He seems to have died about 1464. [The unpublished * Vita ' of Gregorio, Cod, Vat. Lat. 6845, foil. 157-161, contains very little information be- yond what may be gleaned, or inferred, from his own poems. Some additional facts are furnished by F. Gabotto, Ancora un letterato del Quattrocento (1890), pp. 7-23; L. Delaruelle, Melanges d- arch^ologie et d' histoire, xix (1899), 9-33; L. Thuasne, Roberti Gaguini E pistole et Oraiiones (1903), i. 10-12]. ' 82-83. Virg. Eel. iii. 52, quin age, si quid habes; Ibid. ix. 45, numeros tncmini, si verba tenerem; lb. ix. 38, neque est ignobile carmen. 87-88. Cp. Virg. EcL iii. 20, * Tityre, coge pecus; * tu post carecta latebas. For the rustic realism, cp. i. 44-47, and note, obsit: cp. iii. 115, ne floribus obsit. 90. Cp. i. 175, vineta subintrat. 93. *et: i. e. etiam; pampineos . . . agros : i. e. vineas* (Asc.). 98-99. Virg. Geor. i. 332, out Rhodopen aut alta Ceraunia. Cp. * Umber's ' own reference to his long journeyings : * lunior Eurotae potavi flurainis undam, | de Ligeri factus grandior amne bibo. | vidimus Oceanum mare, vidimus Hellespontum : | sic voluit longas nos Deus ire vias,* Gregorii Tipherni Poetae clarissJ Opuscula, Venetiis, 1498, fol. c. iii. [This quotation is taken from a copy in the Library of the University of Turin. There is another copy of the same edition at the University of Padua; and V^oigt-Lehnerdt report a third in the Royal Library at Berlin.] 100. referebat carmina. None of Gregorio's translations of Greek verse have been preserved. His translations of prose authors (all of them dedicated to Nicholas V) are as follows: (l) Aristotle, Magna Moralia and Eudemian Ethics; (2) Dio Chrysostom, De Regno; (3) Strabo, P.* .Situ Orbis, lib. xi-xvii (the first ten book* 132 ECLOGUE IV. 105-149 were translated by Guarino) ; (4) Theophrastns, four fragments (Af^taphysica, De Natura Ignis, De Piscibus, De Vertigine) ; (5) Timaeas Locrensis, De Mundi Fabrica. [I owe this note to Dr. D. P. Lockwood, of Columbia University.] 105. Candidus means Mantuan himself, as in Eclogues IX and X. Cp. the reference in Euricius Cordus, Eel. ii» ' Candidus est, gelida qui Faustum lusit in umbra, | ut retulit veteres Gallam quibui arserat ignes.' 108. Virg. Eel. vii. ai, Nymphae, uoster amor, Libethrides, 109. plus :' subaudi caeteris. alioqui dixisset plurimum ' (As- censius). no. Cp. a letter of Aeneas Silvius (to Hippolytus of Milan, 1446), Remedium contra amorem : ' MuHer est animal imperfectum, varium, fallax, multis moribus passionibusque subiectum, sine fide, sine timore, sine constantia, sine pietate. de his loquor muHeribus quae turpes admittunt amores.* For a longer string of such uncompli- mentary epithets (with a similar saving clause at the end) see Martinez de Toledo, Corvacho (1438), Madrid ed., 1901, p. 61. Cp., also, Boccaccio's Corbaccio (Florence ed., 1828, p. 199): ' Ora io non t' ho detto quanto questa perversa moltitudine sia golosa ritrosa e ambi^.ioKu, invidiosn nccidioHn iraoundii c dclira, n^ quanto ella ncl fnr«i scrvirc sia impcrlosa noiosa vczzonn ntomacosa e importunu, e altrc cose nssai,' etc. 112. extremis gaudet. So La Hruy^re, Dcs Femmes, 53, * Lei femmes sont extremes : elles sont meilleures ou pires que les hommes.' 114. Virg. Gear. i. 21 1, brumac intraclabilis. 115. Virg. Aen. x. 273-5, ' aut Sirius ardor | . . . laevo contristat lumine caelum.' Canis is probably the genitive. 117. amat.. .edit. Cp. Publil. Syr. Sent., 'aut amat aut odit mulier, nil est tertium; ' also, the line in a mediaeval poem, *Aut amat aut odit: medium non femina novit ' (C. Pascal, Poesia latina medievale, Catania, 1907, p. 179). capitaliter odit: the expression is cited from Amm. Marc. 21. 16. 11. 118. hernica: cp. Mantuan's Al/onsus, Hk. ii (foL 269), * facili minus hernica vultu.' 124. Cp. Virg. Aen. iv. 569, varium et mutabile semper \ femina. 129. ganeae: 'gluttony.' For the quantity, cp. Prud. IlamarU 322, gdnconis ; Id. Psych, 343, ganearum ; Sidon. v. 340, gdnea. 132-3. Ovid, Met. ii. 467, distuleratque graves in idonea tempore poenas. 134. litigiosa : cp. Juv. vi. 242, ' nulla fere causa est in qua non femina litem | moverit.' 135 ff.: echoed in Two Italian Gentlemen (1584). 938-943. Malone Society Reprint, 19 10, through L. Pasqualigo (see p. 56) : * Busie they are with pen to write our vices in our face, But negligent to knowe the blemish of their owne disgrace. Gestures and lookes in readinesse at their command they haue. Mirth, sorrowe, feare, hope,' etc. 146-9. Cp. the close of the fable ' De mulierc et proco suo* (L. Hervieux, Les fabulistes latins, ii. 487) : ' Hie dicitur, quod mulier habet omnes artes Dyaboli et adhuc ulterius artem unam. De visis enim decipit veluti de non visis.' ECLOGUE IV. tso-MiM 133 150 ir. The examples cited, here and in lines 207 ff., had long been stock examples in treatises on this subject. Cp. St Jerome. Adv. lov. Bk. i. (ii. 39a Migne), 'quid referam Pasiphaen, Clytem* nestram, et Eriphylam . . . quidquid tragoediae tument, et domos urbes regnaque subvertit, uxorum pellicumque contentio est. arman- tur parentum in liberos manus: nefandae apponuntur epulae: et propter unius mulierculne raptum Europa atqae Asia decennali bello confligunt.' 156. siibicit: cp. Lucan, vii. 574, ipse manu subuit gladios\ Sil^ Ital. i. 113, subicitque haud moUia dicta, 161. luzuriae means Must', as in the Ecclesiastical Writers: Paul. Nol. XXV. 10 ; Prudent. Perist. xiii. 25 ; etc. 176. The names all occur in Virgil's Eclogues, 178. An unusual version of the story. C. G. Leland, Legends of Florence, New York, 1895, p. 236, mentions * the fact that Eurydicc was lost for tasting a pomegranate,' but omits to state where the ' fact ' is recorded. Cp. Ovid, Met, ix. 600, si non male sana fuissem. 180. Virg. Geor, i. 39, ' nee repetita sequi curet Proserpina matrem.' 181-3. Virg. Aen. vi. 119-23, 'si potuit manes arcessere coniugis Orpheus | ... si frntrem Pollux alterna morte redemit, | itque reditque viam totiens — (]uid Thcsca mngnum, | quid memorem Alciden? et mi gonus ab love summu;' Mor. Od. i. 12. 26, ' hunc equls, ilium lu- pernre pugnis | nobilem.' 184. Boccaccio, Eel, xiv. 207 (of the Redeemer), inde solus venit et vita renatis, 194-5. Cp. iii. 65-66. 196-7. Cp. Brunetto Latini, Li Tresors, i. 5. 132 (of the Cocodrille), * Et se il vaint 1' ome, il le manjue en plorant; ' Jb. i. 5. 191 (of the Hiene), ' et ensuit les maisons et estables, et contrefait la voiz des gens, ct ainsi decoit sovent les homes et les chiens, et les devore ; * Philippe de Thaiin, Bestiaire,^ 71718 (of the Cocodrille), * S' il pot, ume devure, | Quant mangie 1' at, si plure ; ' Perotti, Cornucopiae (of the crocodile), * conspecto homine emittit lacrimas; mox appro- pinquantem devorat; ' (of the hyena), * humanum sermonem inter pastorum stabula assimi!are dicitur, nomenque alicuius discere quem foras evocatum dilaceret. vomitionem etiam hominis imitari ad sol- licitandos canes quos invadat ; ' Cecco d' Ascoli, XL (of the hyena), 'contrafa Ihumana uoce | per deuorar Ihumana creatura* (Venice ed. 1487) ; Mantuan, Al/onsus, Bk. v. fol. 293, ' callida et, ut per- hibent, nostrae aemula vocis hyaena.' 200-1. Ovid, Met. iv. 780-1, ' se tamen horrendae clipei quem laeva gerebat | acre repercussam formam aspexisse Medusae;' lb. 551, ' saxificae . . . Medusae ; ' Met. v. 217, ' saxificos vultus . . . Medusae.' 204. fluviorum : for the scansion, cp. Virg. Geor. i. 482, fluviorutn rex Eridanus. aspris: for the form, cp. Virg. Aen, ii. 379, aspris , . , sentibus. 207 iT. * Plebeii ac triviales sunt versiculi : Adam, Samsonem, Lot, Davidem, Solomonem, | Femina decepit; quis modo tutus erit?* (Ascensius). 212. Prud. Hamart, 264-5, 'nee enim contenta decore j ingenito externam mentitur femina formam.' 134 ECLOGUE IV, zis-ast 213. Prud. Hamart, 272, ' aareolisque riget coma texta catenis.' 216. Cp. Virg. Eel. iii. 64-5, 'malo me Galatea petit, lasciva paella, I et fugit ad salices, et se cupit ante videri.' 217. dare. Cp. Catull. ex. 4, 'nee das et fen taepe.' 218. Cp. Ov. A, A. i. 665-6, 'pujfnabit primo fortassis et 'improbe' dicet: | pugnando vinci se tamen ilia volet.* 219. Gellius, ii. 22. 24, 'est etiam ventus nomine caecias, quern Aristoteles ita flare dicit ut nubes non procul propellat, sed ut ad sese vocet, ex quo versum istum proverbialem factum ait : 't^^uv itf avTuv uare KaiKiac v/^of.' 222. hie f ragilis . . . sexus. Cp. Prud. llamart. 277, 'haec scxui male fortis agit, cui pectore in arte | mens fragilis facili vitiorum fluctuat aestu.' Cp., also, the poem Alda (du Meril, Pohies inidites du moycn dge, Paris, 1854, p. 430), fragili rigor in sexu; and the expression femina res fragilis, in two other mediaeval poems (C. Pascal, Pocsia latina medievale, pp. 154, 155). 2S3. Cp. Virg. Geor, i. 93, penetrabiU frigus. 234. Petrarch, Eel. i. 87, Stygias /lam mas. 236. Virg. Aen. iii. 216, ' foedissima ventris I proluvies;' lb. 227, *diripiuntque dapes contactuque omnia foedant ] immundo.' 239-40. Lucan, Phars. ix. 624, ' finibus extremis Libyes, ubi fervida tellusl accipit oceanum demisso sole calentem, | squalebant late Phor- cjrnidos arva Medusae.* These lines are quoted by Perotti, and as- cribed to Ovid ; and Ascensius borrows both the quotation and the false reference in his commentary on Mantuan. 244. rei. For the quantity, cp. Lucr. ii. II2, 548; vi. 918. 247. urbi : Citta di Castello, on the upper course of the Tiber. It occupies the site of the ancient Tifernum Tiberinum. Cp. Virg. Eel. vi. 73, quo se plus iactet Apollo. 249-50. Juv. vii. 55, earmen triviale. 251. Virg. Eel. x. Zl, quam molliter ossa quieseant. ECLOGA V, CANDIDUS. Otia Sylvanus miratur inertia vatis, Candidus abieetos ^queritur nunc esse poetas. The fifth Eelogue lifts up an old complaint against the niggardly attitude of rich men toward poets — against * these frugal patrons, who begin | To scantle learning with a seruile pay.' Like the fourth, it was a youthful composition on a traditional subject — a subject which had been touched on by Theocritus, and Juvenal, and Martial, and Petrarch — and it cannot reflect anything in the author's own ex- perience. It is paraphrased in Alexander Barclay's fourth Egloge * treating of the behauour of Riche men agaynst Poetes,' and imitated in the October Aeglogue of Spenser's SJuphcards Calender. ' E. K.'s * comment on Spenser's poem states that * this Aeglogue is made in imitation of Theocritus his xvi. Idilion,' adding — what most of his Eclogue v, m-ss i3^ readers were likely to know — 'and the lyke also is in Mantoane.' But this comment is misleading, and mast have been intended to be misleading. Spenser's indebtedness to Theocritus is exceedingly slight; but it would doubtless be more impressive to refer one of his poems to a great Greek model than to the 'homely Carmelite' whose Eclogues were a familiar text-book in almost every school. 2. Virg. Eel. V. 2, calamos iuflare. 6. Cp. Juv. iii. 165 (and vi. 357), res angusta domi; Cic. Phil, xiii. 4. 8, res familiaris ampla. 7-8. Virg. Geor. iii. 177, nivea implebunt mulctraria vaecae; Aen. iii. 66, spumantia cymbia lacte. 9. Pers. i. 45, si forte quid aptius exit. 10. extenditis aures : cp. Seneca, Ep. xl. 3 (of the proper delivery for philosophical teaching), nee exteudat aures nee obruat. 11-12. Juv. vii. 30-32, 'didicit iam dives avarus | tantnm admirari, tantum laudare disertos, | ut pueri lunonis avem ; ' ' So praysen babes the Peacoks spotted traine,' Spenser, S. C. x. 31 ; T. Randolph, An Eelogue to Master Jonson, ' Rich churls have iearn't to praise us, and admire, | But have not Iearn't to think us worth the hire.' Cp., also, Juv. i. 74, ' probitas laudatur et alget.' 16. saepe : abl. of saepes. 25. Virg. Eel. ix. 51, omnia fert aetas. 27. Cp. Tibull. ii. 5. 25, paseebant herbosa Palatia vaccae; Virg. Eel. ii. 42, bina die siecaitt oris ubera. 28. Cp. Juv. vii. 34-5, ' taedia tunc subeunt animos, tunc seqae suamque { Terpsichoren edit facunda et nuda senectus.' 29. secundant. For the intransitive use, cp. Boccaccio, Eel. tL 47, da eoepta seeundent. 32. altera = alia. 33- Cp. Juv. vii. 32-3, 'sed defluit aetas | et pelagi patiens et cassidis atque ligonis ; ' Virg. Aen. i. 599, omnium egenos. 38. fruges secat ore. This bit of natural history was recorded in the famous Greek treatise Physiologus. Cp. E. Peters, Der grieehisehe Physiologus und seine orientalisehen Uebersetzungen, Berlin, 1S98, p. 89, * Wenn sie {se. die Ameise) die Nahrung in der Erde aufspeichert, so beisst sie die Korner in zwei Stiicke, damit nicht die Korner wahrend des Winters keimen und sie Hunger leidet.' Cp., also, Philippe de Thaun, Bestiaire, 931-4. ' L« grenet que il at | En dous parz le fendrat ; | Issi fait cuintement | Qu' en iver faim nel prent; ' Guillaume le Clerc, 93740. ' Chescun son grein par raileu fent | E ensi le garde et defent, [ Qu' il n' empire ne ne porrist | Ne que nul germe n' i norrist ; * Brunetto Latini. Li Tresors. i. 5. 190, *et ses grains brise tous parmi, porce que il ne puissent naistre k la moistor de la terre;' and (for Mantuan's own day) Perotti's Cornueopiae, * semina condunt semirosa, ne rursus in fruges e.xeant.' 46. Petrarch, Eel. iv. 68, * sorte tua eontentus abi, citharamqu^ relinque.' 58. fac nos gaudere. Faeere with the infinitive in the sense of "to cause to" is common in the Ecclesiastical Writers. "This 136 ECLOGUE V, 60-98 construction leemi to have been colloquial: we find it at leait onc« in Cic. {Brut, 14a), in Lucr., Varr., Ou. and Col. Its pretence in Verg. A, 2, 538-9, is only one of many instances of V't taste for the communis sermo " (W. C. Summers, Select Letters of Seneca^ London, 1910, p. 350). 60-61. Cp. Theocritus, xxv. 50, hTJkov 6' iXXov tdtjKe 6ebc kmfitviu foTtJV (quoted by Florido Ambrogio, p. 131). 64. faxo: archaic, as in Aen. ix. 154; xii. 316. 65. nodum Herculis. Cp. Macrobius, i. 19. 16, ' in Mercurio solem coli etiam ex caduceo claret, quod Aegyptii in specie draconum maris et feminae coniunctorum figurauerunt Mercurio consecrandum. hi dracones parte media uoluminis sui in uicem nodot quern uocant HercuHst obligantur,' etc. 67. inquis = diets. Cp. viii. 67, quod . . . inquis ; x. 53, ut Can- did us in quit. 70. Cp. Ov. Tr. i. 1. 39, 'carmina proveniunt animo deducta sereno ;' Juv. vii. 53-56, ' sed vatem egregium . . . anxietate carens animus facit ; ' lb. 63-64. 72. squarrosa : a rare word, cited only from Lucilius: * squarrosi a squamarum similitudine dicti, quorum cutis exsurgit ob assiduam illuviem.' situs occupat era: cp. Virg. Aen. iv. 499, pallor simul occupat ora; TibuU. i, 10. 50, occupat arma situs. 75. Cp. iv. 67, * ut ad formam faciat pudor.' 78. Cp. ' Itala,' Ps. 143. 13, cellaria eorum plena. 80. Virg. Eel. i. 36, ' gravis acre domum mihi dextra redibat.* 82. ludos inarare : ' id securi faciunt rustici, divinare facientes quem sulcum tetigerint * (Asc). 86. Tityrus means Virgil, as in ii. 9. 89. Cp. Mart. viii. 55. 5, * sint Maecenates, non derunt, Flacce, Marones;* Juv. vii. 69-71, * nam si Vergilio puer et tolerabile desset I hospitium, caderent omnes a crinibus hydri, | surda nihil gemeret grave bucina.' 90-91. Cp. Juv. vii. 59-61, *nec enim cantare sub antro | Pierio thyrsumque potest contingere maesta | paupertas ' (* Ne wont with crabbed care the Muses dwell,* Spenser, S. C. x. loi). 96. Cosmi: Cosimo de' Medici, * the Elder' (i3^9'U^4)' His wealth was proverbial; cp. a letter of Aeneas Silvius (to Petrus Noxttanus, 1446) : * Non habes opes Cosmi: at Marcelli habes.' 97. Pers. i. 67, in luxum et prandia regum. 98. patinam Aesopi. Plm. N, H. x. 51, 141, 'Clodi Aesopi tragici histrionis patina HS c taxata^in qua posuit aves cantu aliquo aut humano sermone vocales, HS vi singulas coemptas. nulla alia inductus suavitate nisi ut in his imitationem hominis manderet,' etc. This ' patin of Esope ', as Alexander Barclay translates it, was proverbial. Beroaldo has, 'lam patina Esopi caedat : iam luxus Apici: I et Ptolomeorum prodiga luxuries' (/« caenam datam prin- dpi Bentivolo a Mino Roseio, Lyons ed. 1492). Cp. also, the Lamentationes novae obscurorum Reuehlinistarum, xi (Henricus Haversack to Joannes Smoerpot), * Vale ad longos Nestoris annos, et Aesopi patinas nobis ad caenam para.' clipeumve Minervae. Sueton. Vit., xiii. 2, ' patinae, quam ob immensam magnitudinem ECLOGUE V. ^igo . -137 ciiptum Mintrvaf itohoiixov dictitabat. in hac icarorum iocinera, phaiianarum et pavonum cerebella, linguat phoinicopterum . . . com* miscuit.' [These two phrases were explained by loannes ManneUios, in his Scoparius (151 7)-] ' 99- reps laribus. Nero's Golden House (Sneton. Nero, 31). 100. aenea barba: Aenobarbi, a family name of the Domitian gens (Sueton. Nero^ i). loi. The speaker explains his more than pastoral enlightenment: cp. vi. 58-59; vii. 10; viii. 153-5; ix. 200; also, vi. 220 and note. 104. Juv. XV. 173-4, 'Pythagoras, cunctis animalibus abstinuit qui I tamquam homine et ventri indulsit non omne legumen ; ' lb. iii. 329, ' unde epulum possis centum dare Pythagoreis ; ' lb, iii. 203, * lectus erat Codro Procula minor, urceoli sex,* etc. 108-9. Cp. ii. 45-47. 109. Hor. Ep, i. I. 4-5, armis \ Herculis ad postern fixis, 123. Cp. Hor. Ep. i. 6. 37, regina Peaotia; Juv. i. 112, inter hos sanctissima divitiarum \ niaiestas. 129. subsannet. The verb is a common one in the Latin Bible and in the Ecclesiastical Writers : e. g. ^ Par. 30, 10, illis irridenti- bus et subsannaniibus eos. 136. Petrarch, Eel. iv. 70, posceris auxilium: tu eonsttJis? Mart, ii. 30, 6, quod peto da, Gai: non peto consilium, sed. The Bologna edition of 1502 reads sum. 145 ff. Cp. T. Lodge, A Fig for Momus (1595), Ed. iii, *To Rowland ' : * But now, these frugal patrons, who begin | To scantle learning with a seruile pay, | Make Poets count thtir negligence no sinne : | The cold conceit of recompence doth lay | Their fierie furie when they should begin. |. The priest unpaid, can neither sing nor say, I Nor poets sweetlie write, excepte they meete | With sound rewards, for sermoning so sweete.' 151. ganea. See iv. 129 «. 166 IT. Cp. Palingenius, Zodiacus Fitae, ii. 549 (Basel ed., 1548, p. 29) : * si qua tamen donant, dant scurris, dantque cynaedis, | dant lenis potius, dant scortis callipareis: | nemo dabit vati, Musae spernuntur ubique.' 176. trivialibus: cp. iv. 249-50, trivialia . . . carmina. 181. Cp. Hor. Ep. i. 10. 29, veto distinguere falsum. 190. Cp. Hor. Ep. i. 1. 52, vilius argentum est auro, virtutibus aurum. ECLOGA VI, CORNIX. Comix enarrat discrimina ruris et urbis, Et pergit varios stultorum carpere mores. Falica repeats a story which explains that the difference between the lot of the countryman and that of the townsfolk was fixed at the very beginning, when the Creator ordained that some of Eve'a younger children should be shepherds, and ploughmen, and laborers in the field. Comix retorts with a lively satire on the evils of life HPPPPHMMMHMiWPPIIH II Jl ■IllllllllllimilJ.IIU Jllll" llllllll. I I m\n nil |M«M : prodit anus divamque videt lymphamque roganti dulce dedit testa quod coxerat ante polenta, et paulo infra <453-454> : ofTensa est, nee adhuc epota parte loquentem cum liquid© mixta perfudit diva polenta. in primis duobus versibus iungit dulce cum polenta ; in aliis duobus dicit cum liquido polenta, quo essent et critici nostri iure perfun- dendi, et in stelliones deformesque bestiolas convertendi. Philippus Beroaldus in sextum librum Apulei de aureo Asino loquens de polenta dicit : ' apud Ovidium neutraliter enuntiatur illo versu, dulce dedit testa quod coxerat ante polenta.* " [Met. v. 450 is quoted by Mantuan, and by Beroaldo (Bologna ed., 1500, fol. Y. ii), as it stands in the fifteenth-century editions, Vicenza, 1480, Venice, i486, etc. Modern editors give an * emended ' line : * dulce dedit tosta quod texerat ante polenta.*] 22-23. Cp. / Parthen. iii (of the Nativity), ' deciderant umbrae nemorum, sine crinibus omnis | arbor erat nidosque avium mon- strabat inanes.' 26. vulpes = / gregi 148 ECLOGUE IX. iig-igo annentorom, vel armento.' [The edition of Tibullns 'com com- mentariis Bernardini Veronensis,' Brescia, 1486, gives the text ai Mnrmellins quotes it; modern editions have discedat ab am.] Cp.* also, Calpumins, Eel. i. 27, longa . . . internodia. 119. appropias. Mantuan*s defence of this word is quoted in his brother Tolomeo's Apologia (Lyons ed., 15 16, fol. Gg):*usurpat similiter hoc verbum appropio, id est, appropinquot deductum a Prope, sicut elongo a longe. reperitur id verbum, ut inquit poeta, fttisse in usu ante annos abhinc mille. legitur enim in editione vul- gata psalmorum quae Hieronymum antecessit dum appropiant super me nacentes,* The word occurs a dozen times ia the Vulgate, and the *Itala' often uses it where the Vulgate ha:; appropinquate \ see H. Ronsch, Itala und Vulgata, p. 181. 122. a longe = e longinquo. For such combinations of preposition and adverb, see Ronsch, Uala und Vulgata, pp. 231-4, 475. So Augustine, Conf. iii. 3. $, has, 'et circumvolabat super me iidelis a longe misericordia tua.' 127. illfqueat. Prud. Cath. iii. 41, 'callidus illaqueat volucres | aut pedicis dolus aut maculis, | illita glutine corticeo | vimina plumigeram seriem | impediunt et abire vetant.* 128. Virg. Geor. ii. 396, in veribus torrebimus exta colurnis. 133. Calpurn. i. 7, de/endimus ora galero. 136-7. Virg. Geor. iii. 420, cape saxa manu, cape robora, pastor. 138-9. spineta colubris | plena: cp. Virg. Geor. iv. 243, con^ gesta cubilia blattis. 140. Virg. Geor. iii. 434, asperque siti atque exterritus aestu. 142. Virg. Geor. iv. 554, subitum ac dictu mirabile monstrum; Aen. vii. 680, subitum dictuque oritur mirabile monstrum. 143-S' Virg. Eel. viii. 97-99. his ego saepe lupum fieri, etc. madere caede: cp. Ov. Met. i. 149 and xiv. 199, caede madentes; xiii. 388, caede madebit. 147. obviat : cp. Ital. owiare. Virg. Aen. ii. 535, pro talibus ausis. iS3-4« The animal worship of the ancient Egyptians is often mentioned: Cic, A'^. D. iii. 19, Tusc. Disp. v. 27. 78; Juv. xv. 1-8; Amob. i. 28 ; Cels. Epicur. ap. Orig. iii, etc. 158. Gen. i. 28, 'dominamini . . . universis animantibus quae moventur super terram' (Asc). 159. Virg. Aen. iii. 139, ietijer annus. 162. Virg. Geor. iii. 515, duro fumans sub vomers taurus \ concidit. 163. Petrarch, Eel. vi. 73, nee morbi modus ullus adesi. l68. opulescunt. Gellius reports, xviii. 11. 3, that Furius Antias was criticized for using such words as opulescere (z=z opulentum fieri). 174-7. Cp. Virg. Geor. iii. 343-S, 'omnia secum | armentarius Afer agit, tectumque laremque | armaque,' etc. c&c&bos: Teofilo Folengo has edcdbi (Venice ed., 1555, fol. i6). 185-191. Cp. ii. 87-88. *quam melius f uerat . . . rediisse . . . ser- vasse,* etc. 188. Athesis: the Adige. 190. Abdua: the Addua. ECLOGUE IX, igs—X, 3 149 193-5. C^P* ▼i* iH-6* *vidi etiam patrei . . . if«M segnes dormire volunt . . . prostituisse* etc. 199-aoo. Cp. Dante, Par. xvi. 73, * Se tn rigaardi Luni ed Urbit- aglia I Come son ite,' etc. ; also, Petrarch, Fam. ▼. 3, ' Lunam olim famosam potentemque, nunc nudum et inane nomen ' (ed. Fracassetti, i. 354). Luna: famous in antiquity for its harbor (the Gulf of Spezia) ; destroyed by the Arabs in 1016. Hadria: an ancient seaport between the Po and the Adige; ruined by a war with Venice in 1017. Salvia: Urbs Salvia, or Urbesalvia (whence the modem name Urbisaglia), an inland town in Picenum. Under the Empire it was a place of some commercial importance, but it was completely destroyed by Alaric. Umber: see iv. 8i«. 202. modo = n«nr. See i. 4n. 210. Cp. Virg. Ed. i. 75, ite meae, felix quondam pecus, ite capellae. 211. Juv. V. 10, tam ieiuna fames', Ov. Met. viii. 782, ieiuna Fames. 213. pastor. Falcone de' Sinibaldi, papal treasurer under Inno- cent VIII. From him Mantuan received much assistance, when he went to Rome on the business of his order: 'cuius beneficio ex omnibus periculis est liberatus.' See pp. 15 and 28. 214. Virg. Eel. ii. 20, guam dives pecoris; Aen. i. 343, and iii. 642, ditissimus agri\ so Ovid, Met. v. 129. 218. Macram. Cp. Dante, Par. ix. 89, ' Macra che per canunin corto I Lo Genovese parte dal Toscano.' 219. Cp. Virg. Eel. v. 16-17, 'lenta salix quantum pallenti cedit olivae, | puniceis humilis quantum saliunca rosetis,* etc. ; lb. \. 26, * quantum lenta solent inter viburna cupressi.' 220. Titynis means Virgil, as at ii. 9. 221. Virg. Ed. i. 43-4. quotannis \ bis senos cut nostra dies ai- taria fumant. f umare . . . fecit : see v. 58/1. 230. Virg. Aen. i. 78-9, tu sceptra lovemque \ concilias. ECLOGA X, BEMBUS. Nunc verae et falsae discrtmina relligionis Narratt ovesque pias Carmeli separat hoedis. The tenth Edogue is a debate between the two great divisions of Mantuan's order, the Observantes, or Discalced Carmelites, and the Conventuals, who followed a mitigated rule. The speakers discuss the abuses which had crept into the order and caused the separation, and the umpire advises a return to the good old ways. I. Bembe. The name of the umpire (and the title of the poem) is probably chosen out of compliment to Bernardo Bembo, of Venice, to whom Mantuan dedicated the Second Parthenice (c. 1488). 3. Batrachus . . . Myrmix. Ascensius saw a certain fitness in the two names. * Nam fiarpaxo^ rana dicitur, cui fere similem habent Carmelitae de observatione interiorem tunicam, quia piceam aut, ut dicunt, griseam; Myrmix autem formica, quae ni^ra est, nt non 150 ECLOGUE X, 6S9 observantium tunica.' There is a similar pair of names in Eel, vi, Comix and FtUica. The name Batracos had been given to one of the speakers in Boccaccio's ninth Eclogue \ the name Myrmix it employed again in the second and fifth Eclogues of C. Erasmus Laetus (Witebergae, anno 1560). 6-7. Cp. the aged Meliboeus in Nemes. Eel. 1. 52-53, * tu ruricolum discernere lites f assueras, varias paeans mulcendo querellas ; ' Virg. Eel. iii. 108, lantas componere lites. ID. Eurotae campos. Cp. Virg. Ed. vi. 82-83, * omnia quae Phoebo quondam meditante beatus | audiit Eurotas iussitque ediscere lauros.' II. Virg. Eel. iii. 62, 'Phoebo sua semper apud me | munera sunt, lauri,' etc. ; Ovid, Met. xi. 165, * ille caput flavum lauro Parnaside vinctus.* 13-14. Virg. Eel. iii. 55, dicite, guartdoguidem, etc. ; Pers. vi. i, adtnovit iam bruma foeo te, Basse, Sabino? 16-17. Cp. vi. 1-2, a eulmine pendet \ stiria. 20-21. Virg. Geor. i. 259, frigidus agrieolam si guando eontinet imber. 29. Cp. Virg. Geor. ii. 184, pinguis humus duleigue uligine laeta. 34. Juvencus, i. 414, Galilaea per arva ; so Sedulius, iv. 188. 35. lacu . . . magno : the Lacus Samachonitis (Waters of Merom). 36. mare . . . apertum : 'the sea of Galilee, which is the sea of Tiberias' {John, vi. l). 39. Asphalti gurgitis: the Lacus Asphaltites, or Dead Sea. inf ames . . . undas : cp. De Calam. i (of Luxuria), *haec fera adul- terium parit incestusque nefandos | stupraque et igne scelus dignum quo barbara quondam | abstulit immixtis sulfur quinquurbia flammis; I nunc lacus est ubi tunc homines errare solebant,' etc. 54. Elias. The Carmelite Order claimed for its founders the prophets Elijah and Elisha. Mantuan often repeats the claim: De Vita Beata; i Parthen. Bk. iii; De Patientia, ii. 27, iii. 31; Alfcnsus, Bk. v ; Apologia pro Carmelitis. The first volume of the Annales Carmelitarum by loan. Bapt. de Lezana (Rome, 1645) be- gins with 'annus mundi 3123, ante Christum 930.' 59. Cp. vii. 130-1, sicut de fonte perenni \ flumina\ Ronsard ((Euvres, ed. Blanchemain, vii. 128), Vos estes tnes ruisseaux, je suis vostre fonteine. 66. fas est = licet. Cp. vii. 80-81, sed fas mihi fiere, guod Hit \ non licet. 68. Cp. ix. 159, pestijer annus; Virg. Aen. iii. 139, leti/er annus. 69. omisit : cp. ii. 5, omissa. In the Bologna edition of the col- lected poems, 1502, the line is rewritten: signa dedit, nil guod tangat tnagalia omisit. 77. Virg. Geor. iv. 126, umectat flaventia culta Galaesus. 79-81. Virg. Geor. ii. 1 12-13, opertos \ Bacchus amat colles, Agui- lonem et frigora taxi. 87. Cp. Hor. Od. ii. 14. 15-16, nocentem | corporibus metuemus Austrum. 89. Cp. Virg. Geor. ii. 146, hinc albi, Clitumne, greges; Prop. iii. 19. 26, et niveos abluit unda boves; Sil. Ital. iv. 546; Stat Silv. i. 4. 129. ECLOGUE X. gi'iSs 151 91. Lucr. iii. 318, unde haec oritur varianiia rerum, 99. Virg. Geor. i. 273, balantumque gregem fluvio mersarg salnhrii lb. iii. 446-7, udisque aries in gurgite villis \ mersatur, 10 1. Virg. Geor. iii. 444, hirsuti secuerunt corpora vefret, 102-3. Virg. Geor. iii. 441, turpis oves temptat scabies \ Mart L 78. 1-2, indignas premeret pesiis cum tabida fauces \ inque ipsos vultus serperet atra lues. 104-5. Virg. Geor. iii. 481, corrupitque lacus, infecit pabula iabo. 106-9. The correct color of the Carmelite habit has often been the subject of animated discussion among the different branches of the order. Mantuan himself regarded it as a matter of much im- portance. In his first term as Vicar-general he came into conflict with the General of the order, who had prescribed * nigrum in vestibus colorem ; ' and he obtained from Sixtus IV a special bull which permitted the Congregation of Mantua to wear * habitum grisci coloris, sive tane ' (tan color). In the third book of the De Calamitatibus he records that the founder of the order, the prophet Ellas, wore, and prescribed for his followers, a garment of 'natural wool ' : * namque rudem tunicam tetrae fuliginis instar, | cui sim- plex expersque artis natura colorem | fecerat, induitur; per saecuU cuncta nepotum | progenies iussit similem gestaret amictum.' 109. Cp. Livy, xxxvii. 54. 18, * nee terra mutata mutavit genus ant mores.' 125. Virg. Eel. iii. 7, parcius ista viris tamen obiciencla memento. 127. Virg. Eel. viii. 41, ut me malus abstulit error. 128. Virg. Eel. iii. 51, ne quemquam voce laeessas. 130. Cp. ii. 4, et tumidis ripas aequaverat undis. 132. saepierant. Neue cites the form sepivit from St Jerome, In les. V. 2. 135. Virg. Geor. i. 244, flexu sinuoso elabitur Anguis. 137. Virg. Geor. i. 264, fureasque bicornes; Ovid, Met. viii. 637, furca . . . bicornu 138. Virg. A en. ii. 475, Unguis micat ore trisulcis. 143-4. gi^ege diviso. An allusion to the disruption of the Car- melite Order in 1459, when the Observantes, or Discalced Car- melites separated from the Conventuals and went back to a more rigid rule. 146. Aurora. Cp. line 73, ad ortum. 152. pedum ... septem. An allusion to the separate cells in which the early Carmelites lived ; * tantum enim spatii ccllii singulis congruit ' (Asc). 153- Cp. v. 16, mapalia saepe \ cingere. 175-6. eremum. . .deserta. The early Carmelites were hermits. Batrachus means that the Reformed body is not even yet close enough to the old rigid rule. 180. cuium pecus: 'dictum id puto pro cuiumcuium, id est, cuiuscumque pecus' (Asc). Cp. Virg. Eel. iii. i, cuium pecus. 182-5. Cp. Seneca, Dial. v. 26. 3, non est Aethiopis inter suos in- signitus color; Juv. ii. 2. 23, loripedem rectus derideat, Aethiopem albus. 185. Virg. Eel. iii. XOI, pecori pecorisqug magistro. INDEX Ths TtleremceM m Armbic nmmurals mrt to thg pmges #/ this hook, Smck referemcet o$ it. 167 mean the number and line 0} one of tko Eclogues. flb senm vi. 13a. Abdaa, ix. 190^ Ji& Adam, tL 6&. AduleueutU, ta. Aeneas SilTins, 123, J^s. J&inswofrth's luUmMkiiimmf^S^ JAlciiia, ^^ .Mlia; E. a:, 3:11. Ambrosia, Floifda, ia».iS 15 igs^ 14. as, sa. 33. 136- AmiLtcta. Bt/llixxdinn^ JQl Andreas Vaareatinas» 36^ u6w 130, 147* ant» wisdom of, ▼. 36*38. Antonius Sabinas, 19. d'Arco» 18, Arienti, G. Sabadino degli, II» 14, 16, 23, 27, aS, 31. Arrivabene, G, P., a6. Arx, & von, ix, 16, 13, AscenMus, 16, ao, 27, 3a, 3$, 36* 44, s8. ia4, las, ia6, 130, I3t» I3>> I33> I3S» 139. 140. I4t» 143, 144, 145. 146, 147, 148, 149. 151. Athesis, ix. 188. Athos, viii. 5a. Badius. lodocut, 3a, 36, 44) ttt Ancensiui. DaUiuM, ti. 1 71, vti, 156, viii, 16. BMudoUo, ^fAtteo, 17, 4a, ill. Bandellui, Mattheui, *C. ordinti prno.*, ag, Barbaro, Ermolao, 24, a6. Barclay, A., 45. 481 49. 134» >36, 138. «39. I40« Basse, W., 43. Baveria, Filippo, 14, 33. Baynes. T. S., 38, 39. Beaumont and Fldchcr, 4|. Bebel, U^46. Bembow K, 26, 149, Bewbas, z. I. Becactts, iL 58^ ^^ BentivoiElio, A„ .2^ Bkrudoov . Hiil^H), US. jg}. a^ J5, Bettineili, S, 17: Boccaccio, 121, 12^ ija^ ryy- 141. 143, X4S XSKX Boswell, J^ 45. Bright, J. W., 41, sa. Brink, B. ten, 49. Brome, R., 43. Brunet. G., 36. Brunet, J. C. 35» Bureau, Laurent, 3a. Burton, R., 44, 45. Caecias, iv. 119. Calpurnius (imitated), SJL Camaldula. viii, 55. Tambrids* History #/ EttgiUk " Literature, 50. Carafa, Oliviero, 14, !$* 14> Carbo, ii, 154. Carmelite habit, 149, 151 ; fooad* er of the order, x. 54. Cntmelut. vii, latS, x. 30» 70» rnioIu!(. lafredui, aS. Cnr(hu)iiA, viii. 51. Ca^tiglione. B., ai, aa. Catholic EHcychptdia» 17/13. Cecco d' Ascoli, 133. Csresara. Paride, 33, a6, 6a, tat* Chevalier, U., 15, 24. Choli^res, N. de, 27. Christian Remembrancer^ 33. clipeum Minervae, v. 98. 153 154 INDEX Codri sapellez, ▼. 104. Coitus, ii. 37. Colet, J., 16, 37. Comparetd, D., 130. Congregation of Mantna, 13, 14* IS. Coroneus, loannes, 36. Correggio, NiccoI& da, aa. Cortese, Alessandro, 24. Coryat's Crudities, 3a. Cosmas, iii. 46. Cosmus, V. 96. Crgpuudia Poetica, 47. crocodile's tears, iv. 196. Curtius, Benedictas, 48. Davari, S., 19, 20, a i, aa, 30. Delaruelle, L., 34, 131. Despauteres, J., 33. des Periers, B., 40. Dictionary of National Biog- raphy, 49. Donesmondi, F. Ippol., 30, 38. P- ayt ;m M., 40, 43, 44. «E. K.,* 46, 50, 134. EHas, X. 54, 65. Eobanas Hessus, 33, 5a, 53. Epistolae Obscurorum Virorum, 33. Equicola, Mario, 20, a3, 4a, 48. Erasmus, 31. Este, Isabella d', 11, 16, ao, ?a. Euricius Cordus, 47, 54, 55, 13a. Eva, iv. 170, vi. 57 fF. facit experientia cautos, tx. 195. Fnico, ix. a 13; sit Sinibaldi. Fantutri, Ant.. 33. Fanucchi, L. G., 17. Farnaby, T., 39. FauRte. precor, gelida, II, 39, 40; I. I. femineum servile genui, 41, 47; iv. 110. Fiera, Bnpt., 23, 31. Folengo, Teofilo, 31, 59, 148. fons et orlgo, vi. 246. Fontenelle, 48, laa. Fortuna noverca, vi. 30. Foscarari, L., la, 23. Frati, L., 12, 13, 23. Fucus, 51. ' Fumess, H. H., 27. Gabotto, F., II, 16, 17, 131. Garganus, viii. 5a. Gaurico, Luca, 17, lai. Geiger. L., 38. Giraldi, L. G., a7, 3a, 34. Gonzaga, Federico, 13, 19. Francesco, 19, ao, aa, 31. Isabella; set Isabella d' Este. Lodovico, 19. Sigismondo, aa, 30. Tolomco, ao, 30. Googe, B., Man'unn: 'good old M.', 11} a 'Chriitianus Maro', 31} •honest M.', 40; 'the homely Carmelite*, 42; 'moral M/, 43 ; ' Home foul-mouth'd M.', 44; •plrtlne M.', 44. Manlunn Reform, 13, IJI, Mariui, 11. 154. MarsuB, Petrus. 24. Martinez de Toledo, 13a. Martyn, W., 44. ! Marullus, 31. McKerrow, R. B., 4a. Melander, Otho, 47. melior vigilantia sonmo, i. 5. Meres, Francis, 46. Merlinus Cocaius, 31. Merula, Giorgio, II, la, a6. metre (Mantuan's), 59. Michel d' Amboise, 48. Middleton, T., 43. Milton. 52. Mincius, ii. 37, iii. 180, ix. I90» Modover, Antonio, 18. Modover, Pietro, 18. Molorchaeus, viii. 177. Monumcnta Germanica PatJUf gogica, 37. Morbioli, L., 28. multotiens, i. 167. Muratori, L. A., 12. Murmellius, loan., 35, 36, 38, 46, 121, 129, 137. 147. Murrho, Seb., 16, 31, 38. Mustard, W. P., 48, 5a, Napeus, C?.esar, 13. Nashe, T., 41, 42. Niccolo da Correggio, 22. Niceron, J. P., 20, 29. Nicholson, S., 43. ' nodus Herculis, v. 65. Nursinus, viii. 54. Observ.intes, 149, 151. Oedipodes, 62. Oenophilus, i. 161, ix. 31. Ovid (imitated), 57. Palingenius, 38, 46, 123. 137, 145. Paranymphus, viii. 309. Pascal, C, 130. Pasqualigo, L., 56, 13a. patina Aesopi, v. 98. Pt'iiitnlius, 51. Pellrchot. M., 35- Perotii, N., 58. laa, laj, ia4, 133. M4> I3.<. 139. 140. 144* Peters. E., 135. Petrarch, 58, 127. Petrus Lucius, 3a, 34. Philippe de Thaun, 133, 135. 156 INDEX Phytiolagut, 135. Pico della MirandoU, 14, 15, 34, as. aO' - (the Younger), ta, 16, 14, as. a6. Piotro da NovelinrA, 16, aa, 30. Pollxinno, A.I a4, aSi aft. Pontano, G. C, a4, 131. Prudentiut (imitated), $%, Puttenhnm, G., 46. Pythagorae meniae, v. 104. RafTaello Sanzio, ai. Randolph, T., 43. Refrigerio, G. B., la, 13, 14, 33, 27, 123. Reissert, O., 48, 50. Remundus Langano de alta Ripa, 36. Return from Parnassus, 43. Roberto da San Severino, 14, 38. Runsch, H.. 123, 148. Sabadino: see Arienti. Sabie, F., 43, 51, S^. lai, laa^ 140. Salvia, ix. 300. SammonicuM. Serenu*, 144, 147. Sa««o, Panfilo, 36. Satiirnina fames, 63. Scaliger, J. C, 34, 39. semel insanivimus omnes, 40-46, 48, 51: i. 118. Servius, 129, 144. Shakespeare, 11, 40, 44. Sina, viii. 53. Sinibaldi, Falcone de', 14, 15, 23, 28, 149. Sixtus IV, 13, 14. Smith, G. C. Moore, 51, 133. Solymus, ix. 224, x. 2. Soracte, viii. 53. sorte tua contentus abi, v. 46. sortiri digitis, i. 24. Spagnolo, Alessandro, ai, 33. Baptista, 11. Pietro, 18, 19, 28. Tolomeo, 12, 16, 18, 20, 31, 22, 24, 27, 58, 133, 130, 131, 138, 146, 148. Spenier, E., 50. 134* IJS. U6i 140, ua, 146. Strozel, Ercole, 146. Summore, W. C, 136. lyntnx (MnntUAn'e), 59. Tmmo, T., s6. S7« Toxlor, Kiivlilui, 33, 38, 48, $h, ThonduiuN. lai. Thiiiiwne, L., 33, 131. Tibulluii, 57. Tifurnute, Gregorio, II, la, ia6, 130. 131' Tiraboschi, G., II. Titan (= the Sun), viii. 177. Tityrus (= Virgil), ii. 9, iii. 174, V. 86, ix. 330. Tobler, A., 130. Tonans, vii. 37, viii. 49, 79. Ton ills, i. 163. Torrentinus, H., 33. Trithcinius, 16, 36, '37, 31. Trivulzio, G. G., 38. Turbervile, G., 4S. llndurr, 13, 58, 131. Umhroxn Vallii, viii. S3* Vnlla, L., 131. Vnlsasinus, viii. 18. Ventimiglia, M., 16. Victoria, 5 1. Virgil (imitated) ; see Notes passim. Vives, L., 33. vocabulary (Mantuan't), 59. Watson, F., 39. Webbe, W., 46. Wily Beguiled, 43. Wimpfeling, J., 16, 17, 31, 36, 38, 131. Windscheid, K., 53. Witt's Recreations, 44. 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