a m s VJ1 UNIVERSIT! ARCHIVES University of California Berkeley DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BUREAU OF EDUCATION BULLETIN, 1918. No. 13 THE LAND GRANT OF- 1862 AND THE LAND-GRANT COLLEGES BY BENJ. F. ANDREWS SPECIALIST IN LAND-GRANT COLLEGE STATISTICS BUREAU OF EDUCATION WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1918 BtfLLETIff OP THE BUREAU OP EDUCATION. NOTE. With the exceptions indicated, the documents named below will be sent free of charge upon application to the Commissioner of Education, Washington, D. C. Those marked with an asterisk (*) are no longer available for free distribution, but may be had of the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., upon payment of the price stated. Remittances should be made in coin, currency, or money order. Stamps are not accepted. A complete list of available publications wfll be sent upon application. 1917. *No. 1. Monthly record of current educational publications, January, 1917. 5 cts. *No. 2. Reorganization of English, in secondary schools. A report of the Commis- sion on Secondary Education. James F. Hosic. 20 cts. *No. 3. Pine-needle basketry in schools. William C. A. Hammel. 5 cts. No. 4. Secondary agricultural schools in Russia. W. S. Jesien. *No. 5. Keport of an inquiry into the administration and support of the Colorado school system. Katharine M. Cook and A. C. Monahan, 10 cts. No. 6 Educative and economic possibilities of school-directed home gardening in Richmond, Ind. J. L. Randall. No. 7. Monthly record of current educational publications, February, 1917. No. 8. Current practice in city school administration. W. S. Deffenbaugh. No. 9. Department-store education. Helen R. Norton. No. 10. Development of arithmetic as a school subject. W. S. Monroe. No. 11. Higher technical education in foreign countries. A. T. Smith and W. S. Jesien. No. 12. Monthly record of current educational publications, March, 1917. No. 13. Monthly record of current educational publications, April, 1917. *No. 14. A graphic survey of book publication, 1890-1916. F. E,. Woodward. 5 cts. No. 15. Studies in higher education in Ireland and Wales. Geo. E. MacLean. No. 16. Studies in higher education in England and Scotland. Geo. E. MacLean. No. 17. Accredited higher institutions. S. P. Capen. *No. 18. History of public-school education in Delaware. S. B. Weeks. 20 cts. No. 19. Report of a survey of the University of Nevada. No. 20. Work of school children during out-of-school hours. C. D. Jarvis. No. 21. Monthly record of current educational publications, May, 1917. No. 22. Money value of education. A. Caswell Ellis. *No. 23. Three short courses in home making. Carrie A. Lyford. 15 cts. No. 24. Monthly record of current educational publications Index, Feb., 1916-Jan.; 1917. No. 25. Military training of youths of school age in foreign countries. W. S. Jesien. No. 26. Garden clubs in the schools of Englewood, N. J. Charles 0. Smith. No. 27. Training of teachers of mathematics for secondary schools. R. C. Archibald. No. 28. Monthly record of current educational publications, June, 1917. No. 29. Practice teaching for secondary school teachers. A. R. Mead. No. 30. School extension statistics, 1915-16. Clarence A. Ferry. No. 31. Rural-teacher preparation in county training schools and high schools. H.W. Foght. No. 32. Work of the Bureau of Education for the natives of Alaska, 1915-16. No. 33. A comparison of the salaries of rural and urban superintendents of schools. A. C. Monahan and C. H. Dye. No. 34. Institutions in the United States giving instruction in agriculture. A. C. Monahan and C. H. Dye. [Continued on page 3 of cover.} DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BUREAU OF EDUCATION BULLETIN, 1918, No. 13 THE LAND GRANT OF 1862 AND THE LAND-GRANT COLLEGES BY BENJ. F. ANDREWS SPECIALIST IN LAND-GRANT COLLEGE STATISTICS BUREAU OF EDUCATION WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1918 ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCUBED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 10 CENTS PER COPY CONTENTS, Page. Letter of transmittal 5 Acknowledgments 6 Morrill Land-Grant Act of 1862 7 Act of 1864, to extend the time for accepting the grant 9 Act of 1866, extending the time within which agricultural colleges may be established 9 Act of 1883, amending section 4 of the act of 1862 9 Grants to the several States and disposal of them 10 Alabama 11 Arizona Arkansas 12 California 13 Colorado Connecticut 14 Delaware Florida 15 Georgia 16 Idaho Illinois 17 Indiana 18 Iowa Kansas Kentucky 19 Louisiana 20 Maine Maryland 22 Massachusetts 23 Michigan 24 Minnesota 25 Mississippi 26 Missouri 28 Montana 29 Nebraska 31 Nevada 32 New Hampshire New Jersey 34 New Mexico New York 35 North Carolina 36 North Dakota 38 Ohio , 39 Oklahoma 40 Oregon 41 Pennsylvania. . - 42 Rhode Island 43 South Carolina 44 South Dakota 46 Tennessee 47 Texas 48 Utah 49 Vermont Virginia 50 Washington 51 West Virginia 52 Wisconsin 53 Wyoming 54 General discussion 56 Lands and scrip 58 Colleges 59 Tables of the land-grant colleges and the 1862 land-grant fund as of June 30, 1914 . 60 3 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, BUREAU OF EDUCATION, Washington, June 23, 1917. SIR: The act of July 2, 1862, " donating public lands to the several States and Territories which may provide colleges for the benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts," led to the establishment of a group of higher institutions, at least one in each State, having direct relations with the Federal Government and dedicated to a common purpose. The purpose as stated in the act was "the promotion of the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes." As translated in institutional practice it has meant the professional training of men and women in agriculture, home economics, and various branches of engineering. In most of the fields in which these colleges now give training, however, there was not in 1862 an organized body of scientific knowl- edge sufficient to furnish working material for courses such as higher institutions are expected to give. Before the common purpose which has informed these colleges could be partially realized, it has been necessary by research and experimentation to develop several sci- ences and to organize the applications of them into scientific pro- fessional curricula. The land-grant colleges have contributed largely to the accomplishment of these things. Their efforts have led to the establishment of several new professions, to the stimulation of new achievement in both the great industrial fields to which they minister, to the higher training of numerous young persons who could not or would not have sought it in the older channels, and to the profound modification of both the doctrine and the content of higher education throughout the country. The influence which these colleges have had on the development of American life is perhaps the most far- reaching influence that has come from any educational source in the half century since the passage of the land-grant act. Taken together, these institutions represent America's most distinctive contribution to higher educational theory and practice. Now that the position of the land-grant colleges has become so plain, it is of special interest that all important matters relating to their history and their contemporaneous status should be recorded. One of the obscure chapters in the history of these institutions has been the disposition made by the various States of the original land grant of 1862, which provided for the establishment of the institu- tions. I have, therefore, requested Mr. Benjamin F. Andrews, spe- cialist in land-grant college statistics, to investigate this question. The document submitted herewith contains the result of his re- searches. I recommend its publication as a bulletin of the Bureau of Education. Respectfully submitted. P. P. CLAXTON, Commissioner. The SECRETARY OF THE INTEROR. K ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. In compiling the foregoing history acknowledgment is made of the following aids and authorities: Publications of the United States Bureau of Education, especially the annual reports of land-grant colleges, circulars of information, histories of education in the various States, and Bulletin, 1905, No. 348, (i General Laws Relating to Agricultural and Mechanical Colleges." Annual reports and catalogues from the land-grant colleges from 1862 to 1916, inclusive. Reports of State land boards, auditors, treasurers, comptrollers, and other State officials. ''History of the Agricultural College Land Grant of July 2, 1862." Halliday and Finch. "Federal and State Aid to Higher Education." Blackmar. "National Legislation Concerning Education." Gerrnann. "Forty Years of the University of Minnesota." E. Bird Johnson. "History of the University of Arkansas." Reynolds and Thomas. "History of the University of North Carolina." K. B. Battle. "History of Reconstruction, Why the Solid South." Herbert. Session laws and codes of the various States and of 'the United States. Thanks are due to Mr. L. A. Kalbach, former specialist in land- grant college statistics and later chief clerk of the Bureau of Educa- tion, for much timely assistance from his invaluable experience, and also to those State and college officers who have taken time and trouble to seek out and forward special information and statistics and to aid with advice and suggestions. BENJ. F. ANDREWS, Specialist in Land-Grant CoW j ye Statistic*. THE LAND GRANT OF 1862 AND THE LAND -GRANT COLLEGES. MORKILL IAND-GRANT ACT OF 1862. AN ACT Donating public lands to the several States and Territories which may provide colleges for the benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That there be granted to the several States, for the purposes hereinafter mentioned, an amount of public land, to be apportioned to each State a quantity equal to 30,000 acres for each Senator and Representative in Congress to which the States are respectively entitled by the apportionment under the census of 1860: Provided, That no mineral lands shall be selected or purchased under the provisions of this act. SEC. 2. And be it further enacted, That the land aforesaid, after being surveyed, shall be apportioned to the several States in sections or subdivisions of sections, not less than one-quarter of a section; and wherever there are public lands in a State subject to sale at private entry at $1.25 per acre, the quantity to which said State shall be entitled shall be selected from such lands within the limits of such State; and the Secretary of the Interior is hereby directed to issue to each of the States in which there is not the quantity of public lands subject to sale at private entry at $1.25 per acre to which said State may be entitled under the provisions of this act land scrip to the amount in acres for the deficiency of its distributive share, said scrip to be sold by said States and the proceeds thereof applied to the uses and purposes prescribed in this act, and for no other use or purpose whatsoever: Provided, That in no case shall any State to which land scrip may thus be issued be allowed to locate the same within the limits of any other State or of any Territory of the United States; but their assignees may thus locate said land scrip upon any of the unappropriated lands of the United States subject to sale at private entry at $1.25 or less an acre: And provided further, That not more than one million acres shall be located by such assignees in any one of the States: And provided further , That no such location shall be made before one year from the passage of this act. SEC. 3. And be it further enacted, That all the expenses of management, superin- tendence, and taxes from date of selection of said lands previous to their sales and all expenses incurred in the management and disbursement of moneys which may be received therefrom shall be paid by the States to which they may belong, out of the treasury of said States, so that the entire proceeds of the sale of said lands shall be applied, without any diminution whatever, to the purposes hereinafter mentioned. SEC. 4. And be it further enacted, That all moneys derived from the sale of the lands aforesaid by the States to which the lands are apportioned, and from the sales of land scrip hereinbefore provided for, shall be invested in stocks of the United States or of the States, or some other safe stocks, yielding not less than 5 per centum upon the par value of said stocks; and that the moneys so invested shall constitute a perpetual fund, the capital of which shall remain forever undiminished, except so far as may be provided in section filth of this act, and the interest of which shall be inviolably appropriated by each State which may take and claim the benefit of this act to the 7 8 THE LAND GRANTS AND THE LAND-GRANT COLLEGES. endowment, support, and maintenance of at least one college, where the leading object shall be, without excluding other scientific and classical studies and including military tactics, to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts in such manner as the legislatures of the States may respectively prescribe in order to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions in life. SEC. 5. And be it further enacted, That the grant of land and land scrip hereby author- ized shall be made on the following conditions, to which, as well as to the provisions hereinbefore contained, the previous assent of the several States shall be signified by legislative acts: First. If any portion of the fund invested as provided by the foregoing section, or any portion of the interest thereon, shall by any action or contingency be diminished or lost> it shall be replaced by the State to which it belongs, so that the capital of the fund shall remain forever undiminished ; and the annual interest shall be regularly applied without diminution to the purposes mentioned in the fourth section of this act, except that a sum, not exceeding 10 per centum upon the amount received by any State under the provisions of this act, may be expended for the purchase of lands for sites or experimental farms whenever authorized by the respective legislatures of said States; Second. No portion of said fund, nor the interest thereon, shall be applied, directly or indirectly, under any pretense whatever to the purchase, erection, preservation, or repair of any building or buildings; Third. Any State which may take and claim the benefit of the provisions of this act shall provide, within five years, at least not less than one college, as prescribed in the fourth section of this act, or the grant to such State shall cease; and said State shall be bound to pay the United States the amount received of any lands previously sold, and that the title to purchasers under the States shall be valid; Fourth. An annual report shall be made regarding the progress of each college, recording any improvements and experiments made, with their costs and results, and such other matters, including State industrial and economical statistics, as may be supposed useful; one copy of which shall be transmitted by mail free, by each, to all the other colleges which may be endowed under the provisions of this act, and also one copy to the Secretary of the Interior; Fifth. When lands shall be selected from those which have been raised to double the minimum price in consequence of railroad grants, they shall be computed to the States at the maximum price, and the number of acres proportionally diminished; Sixth. No State, while in a condition of rebellion or insurrection against the Govern- ment of the United States, shall be entitled to the benefit of this act; Seventh. No State shall be entitled to the benefits of this act unless it shall express its acceptance thereof by its legislature within two years from the date of its approval by the President. SEC. 6. Arid be it further enacted, That land scrip issued under the provisions of this act shall not be subject to location until after the first day of January, 1863. SEC. 7. And be it further enacted, That land officers shall receive the same fees for locating land scrip issued under the provisions of this act as are now allowed for the location of military bounty land warrants under existing laws: Provided, That maxi- mum compensation shall not be thereby increased. SEC. 8. And be it further enacted, That the governors of the several States to which scrip shall be issued under this act shall be required to report annually to Congress all sales made of such scrip until the whole shall be disposed of, the amount received for the same, and what appropriation has been made of the proceeds. Approved, July 2, 1862. (12 Stat., 503.) THE LAND GRANTS AND THE LAND-GRANT COLLEGES. 9 ACT OF 1864, TO EXTEND THE TIME FOR ACCEPTING THE GRANT. AN ACT Of Congress extending the time within which the States and Territories may accept the grant of lands made by the act entitled "An act donating public lands to the several States and Territories which may provide colleges for the benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts," approved July 2, 1862. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled: SECTION 1. That any State or Territory may accept, and shall be entitled to the benefit of the act entitled "An act donating public lands to the several States and Territories which may provide colleges for the benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts," approved July 2, 1862, by expressing its acceptance thereof as provided in said act, within two years from the date of the approval of this act, subject, however, to the conditions in said act continued. SEC. 2. And it is further enacted that the benefit of the provisions of this act, and of the said act approved July 2, 1862, be, and the same are hereby, extended to the State of West Virginia. Approved, April 14, 1864. ACT OF 1866, EXTENDING THE TIME V7ITHIN WHICH AGRI- CULTURAL COLLEGES MAY BE ESTABLISHED. AN ACT To amend the fifth section of an act entitled " An act donating public lands to the several States and Territories which may provide colleges for the benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts," ap- proved July 2, 1862, so as to extend the time within which the provisions of said act shall be accepted and such colleges established. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the time in which the several States may comply with the provisions of the act of July 2, 1862, entitled "An act donating public lands to the several States and Territories which may provide colleges for the benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts, ' ' is hereby extended so that the acceptance of the benefits of the said act may be expressed within three years from the passage of this act, and the colleges required by the said act may be provided within five years from the date of the filing of such acceptance with the Commissioner of the General Land Office: Provided, That when any Territory shall become a State and be admitted into the Union such new States shall be entitled to the benefits of the said act of July 2, 1862, by expressing the acceptance therein required within three years from the date of its admission into the Union, and providing the college or colleges within five years after such acceptance, as prescribed in this act: Provided further, That any State which has heretofore expressed its acceptance of the act herein referred to shall have the period of five years within which to provide at least one college, as described in the fourth section of said act, after the time for providing said college, according to the act of July 2, 1862, shall have expired. Approved, July 23, 1866. (14 Stat., 208.) ACT OF 1883, AMENDING SECTION 4 OF THE ACT OF 1862. AN ACT To amend an act donating public lands to the several States and Territories which may provide colleges for the benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the fourth section of the act donating public lands to the several States and Territories which may provide colleges for the benefit of agricul- 49782 18 2 10 THE LAND CHANTS AND THE LAND-GRANT COLLEGES. ture and the mechanic arts, approved July 2, 1862, be, and the same is hereby, amended so as to read as follows: SEC. 4. That all moneys derived from the sale of lands aforesaid by the States to which lands are apportioned, and from the sales of land scrip hereinbefore provided for, shall be invested in stocks of the United States or of the States, or some other safe stocks; or the same may be invested by the States having no State stocks, in any other manner after the legislatures of such States shall have assented thereto, and engaged that such funds shall yield not less than 5 per centum upon the amount so invested and that the principal thereof shall forever remain unimpaired : Provided, That the moneys so invested or loaned shall constitute a perpetual fund, the capital of which shall remain forever undiminished (except so far as may be provided in section 5 of this act), and the interest of which shall be inviolably appropriated, by each State which may take and claim the benefit of this act, to the endowment, support, and maintenance of at least one college where the leading object shall be, without ex- cluding other scientific and classical studies, and including military tactics, to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts, in such manner as the legislatures of the States may respectively prescribe, in order to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions in life. Approved, March 3, 1883. (22 Stat, 484.) The act of Congress of July 2, 1862, known as the first Morrill Act, granted to each State 30,000 acres of public land for each Senator and Representative in Congress to which the State was entitled by the apportionment under the census of 1860; all money derived from the sale of these lands was to be invested by the State in securities bearing interest at not less than 5 per cent except that the legislature of the State might authorize the use of not more than 10 per cent of the capital for the purchase of sites for the college or experimental farms. The interest was to be used for the endowment, support, and maintenance of at least one college where the leading object should be to teach such branches of learning as are related to agri- culture and the mechanic arts in order to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions in life. 1 Although the Territories are mentioned in the title of the act, in the act itself they are not included; consequently the grants of land were received only by the States. As each Territory was admitted to statehood, provision was made in its enabling act for a grant of land for agricultural and mechanical colleges in lieu of the original grant of 1862; so that, at the present time, only Alaska, Hawaii, Porto Rico, and the Philippine Islands do not participate in the grants either under the original act of 1862 or under later acts in lieu of it. i A very complete discussion of the action of Congress on this bill and on other bills in aid of colleges of agriculture and the mechanic arts may be found in Bulletin No. 10, 1917, of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, "Federal Aid for Vocational Education," by I. L. Kandel. THE LAND GRANTS AND THE LAND-GRANT COLLEGES. 11 The original act was amended three times. The amendments of April 14, 1864, and July 23, 1866, extended to July 23, 1871, the time in which States could accept the provisions of the original act. The third amendment, March 3, 1883, permitted the investment of the capital derived from the sale of lands in a greater variety of stocks and bonds than was permitted by the original act. The distribution of land was made in two ways. Those States that had public lands within their borders could locate and take up the actual acres. If the State had no lands within its borders sub- ject to entry, then land scrip was issued to it; the land represented by such scrip could not be located by the State receiving it, but the act provided that the scrip be sold and that the individual purchaser might locate the lands in any State that had public land subject to entry. In the management of their allotments great diversity was shown by the different States; some sacrificed their holdings for a very small price; others, by withholding them from sale for a time, ulti- mately obtained a fair value for them. New York adopted a unique plan which was immensely profitable, but whose history is too long for this article. A synopsis is given on page 35, under "New York." The States that located the actual acres also had varied experiences ; some located lands that were held by the Federal Government at double minimum price and therefore received only 1 acre of land for 2 acres of the grant; other causes intervened in some cases to make the location of the exact amount of the grant impossible. An attempt has been made here to give, from the mass of detailed and frequently conflicting information, a brief history of the manage- ment of the grant to each State and to show how each benefited from the act of July 2, 1862. Alabama was entitled to 240,000 acres in land scrip. The State legislature accepted the provisions of the act on February 13, 1867, which acceptance was reaffirmed in the constitution of December 31, 1868. On June 17, 1871, the scrip had all been sold, bringing $216,000, which was invested in State bonds to the value of $253,500 bearing interest perpetually at 8 per cent. This yields a yearly income of $20,280 for the college. But after accepting and disposing of the grant the establishment of the college continued to be a harassing question until the Methodist Church offered its college, Eastern Alabama Male College at Auburn, to the State for a foundation. This gift was accepted by the State, February 26, 1872, and the new college organized on March 20, under the title of "Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical College." Later the name was changed by adding "and Polytechnic Institute." It receives all the income, $20,280, from the original land grant and also all Federal grants in aid of agricultural experiment stations and 12 THE LAND GRANTS AND THE LAND-GRANT COLLEGES. agricultural extension work within the State; it shares with the Agricultural and Mechanical College for Negroes the annual appro- priation received by Alabama under the second Morrill Act and the Nelson amendment. Arizona, under its State enabling act of June 20, 1910, received 150,000 acres in lieu of the grant under the act of 1862 for agricul- tural and mechanical colleges. This grant, together with all other State lands, is in the control of a State board of land commissioners, who are charged with the duty of locating and selling the lands. On June 30, 1914, all the agricultural college lands had not been located and confirmed, and none of them had been sold. A State law fixes a minimum price of $3 per acre. In 1885 the Territorial legislature passed an act organizing a State university and establishing its location at Tucson. This institution opened in October, 1891. When the State was admitted to the Union and received the usual quota of lands for different purposes, the legislature wisely decided to center all its higher educational efforts in one institution, and accordingly conferred all its grants for higher education, including the grant for an agricultural college, upon the University of Arizona. By this means this institution is possessed of a magnificent potential endowment. Arkansas received 150,000 acres in land scrip. On May 11, 1864, the State legislature accepted the land-grant act of 1862, but owing to the disturbed condition of the State because of the war another act of the legislature was necessary before the scrip could be issued; this was passed January 31, 1867. On March 27, 1871, the legisla- ture again affirmed the acceptance of the conditions of the 1862 land- grant act, and by the same act organized a college to receive the benefit of the grant. This was called the Arkansas Industrial Uni- versity, and was located at Fayetteville. On January 22, 1872, the institution opened its doors to students. Later its name was changed to the University of Arkansas. On August 22, 1872, a tentative sale of the scrip was made to G. F. Lewis, representing the Ohio Land Co. (the same Lewis that appears in many of the purchases of State scrip), and $135,000 was realized. While the price was low, there was still some doubt whether or not the scrip would be issued, and Lewis took some chance, so that the transaction seems to have been warranted by all the conditions. Of this principal, $11,000 was used to purchase the site for the university, $121,333.33 was invested in $130,000 worth of Fayette- ville and Washington County bonds, and the balance remaining $2,666.67 was erroneously used for current expenses. In 1902, Fayetteville and Washington Counties redeemed all of their bonds except $9,000, which was paid in 1907. In January, 1902, THE LAND GRANTS AND THE LAND-GRANT COLLEGES. 13 the State legislature transferred $116,000 worth of 3 per cent State bonds to the University of Arkansas endowment fund, 1862 land grant, leaving $5,000 uninvested. As a result, on June 30, 1914, there was a considerable deficit in the amount that should have been paid to the university. 1 In interest return there was a deficit of $33,436.53, while the capital of the fund, instead of being $132,666.67 at 5 per cent, was as follows: $116,000 invested at 3 per cent since January, 1902. $2,666.67 improperly dissipated in 1872 and not replaced. $5,000 uninvested since 1902. $9,000 uninvested since 1907. California was entitled to 150,000 acres of land in place. The State legislature accepted the grant on March 31, 1866, and provided for the establishment of an agricultural, mining, and mechanical college to receive the benefit of the fund. Nothing further toward a real college was done until two years later, when the trustees of the College of California formally presented their site and property at Berkeley to the State on condition that a university be established there ; accordingly, the University of California was organized by the legislature on March 23, 1868, and endowed with the property of the former College of California as well as all the lands granted to the State for college purposes. After vain efforts to sell the land warrants without locating the land at $5 per acre, California obtained from Congress on March 5, 1871, an act giving special concessions. The lands could be located from any open lands within the State without restrictions on the character selected; selections could be made in the smallest subdi- visions recognized, 40-acre plats; and other privileges of value to purchasers were given. A demand for the land now arose. Sales were made on time payments, the purchasers locating their selections in the name of the University of California; some of the purchasers defaulted their payments and the lands reverted to the university for resale. A complete history is too long for this article but can be found in the yearly reports of the university land agent. The net result was that on June 30, 1914, the fund from the land grant of 1862 had in its principal $732,233.14, with 1,402 acres unsold. The income from investments, rentals, and all sources was $42,374.07 for the year. The capital, $732,233.14, is invested by the university in miscellaneous securities, the details of which are given in the annual i The legislature of 1917 restored the capital of the 1862 land-grant fund to the full amount, $132,666.67. It refunded the present 3 per cent with 5 per cent bonds, replaced the uninvested and dissipated amounts with 5 per cent bonds and provided that a temporary 8 per cent loan of $9,000 should be replaced at maturity with 5 per cent bonds, thus bringing the entire capital into one investment in State 5 per cent bonds. The legislature also appropriated $48,037.51 to replace the interest due the university because of investments at less than 5 per cent from 1872 to 1917. This action clears the State and the university in all matters concerning the 1862 land-grant fund. 14 THE LAND GRANTS AND THE LAND-GRANT COLLEGES. report of the treasurer. The interest from invested funds is slightly over 5 per cent. Colorado was organized into a State by act of Congress approved March 3, 1875, and was admitted on August 1, 1876. On January 27, 1879, the State legislature accepted the land-grant act of 1862, thereby entitling Colorado to 90,000 acres for the agricultural college. On February 11, 1870, the Territorial legislature had established the Colorado Agricultural College, but not until 1877 was the institu- tion formally organized. Some two years later it received the land- grant endowment. To manage the institution, the State legislature established a State board of agriculture of 10 members, the governor and the president of the college being ex officio members. All State lands, including the agricultural college lands, are under the control of a State board of land commissioners, which locates and disposes of them by lease or sale, turning over the proceeds to the State treasurer for disposition as provided by the laws controlling the different funds involved. It was some years before any agricultural college lands were located, but when location once began they were promptly rented and sometimes sold, thus bringing an income to the college from the beginning. From 1905 to 1915 the funds turned over to the State treasurer for investment were allowed to remain uninvested, or with only bank interest as an income, the yearly income of the college through the land grant being received almost entirely from rentals of lands held by the State board of land commissioners. On April 12, 1915, the legislature passed an act placing the perma- nent fund under the administration of the State board of agriculture and providing for its investment at not less than 5 per cent interest. Immediately this board began to invest the money as fast as. offers could be accepted by the State attorney general. In January, 1917, the State auditor reported that the permanent fund amounted to $195,407.06, of which $194,688.55 was invested as required by law to net not less than 5 per cent per annum. So far there has been no difficulty in investing the fund in municipal waterworks bonds and school district bonds. The report of the State board of land commissioners shows that on November 30, 1914, there had been located and confirmed from the 90,000 acre grant all but 74.37 acres, and of this amount 55,807.05 acres had been sold, producing $185,956.34. During the 1913-14 biennial period 20,540.31 acres were under agricultural leases, giving $3,021.70 income; 1,394.46 acres were under coal leases for $12,895; and about $3,000 was received in interest, principally bank interest, on the capital of $185.956.34. Connecticut accepted the Federal grant on December 24, 1862, and received 180,000 acres in scrip. This was immediately sold for THE LAND GRAFTS AND THE LAND-GRANT COLLEGES. 15 $135,000 and the interest from the fund granted to Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University, June 24, 1863. The Storrs Agricultural School was chartered April 6, 1881, and opened September 28, 1881. April 21, 1893, the legislature changed the name to Storrs Agricultural College and at the same time trans- ferred the land-scrip income from Yale to the new institution. The act authorizing the transfer provided for recompensing Yale for any damage due to the removal of the income. Yale immediately took its case into court to prevent the change, but ultimately withdrew its proceedings and received in January, 1896, $154,604.45 in full settlement from the State, the income from the fund going to the Storrs Agricultural College. In 1899 the name Storrs Agricultural College was changed to Con- necticut Agricultural College. At first the State invested the capital of the 1862 land-grant fund in State bonds, but as these came due the fund remained in the State treasury without specific investment. The State legislature in 1905 (chapter 74) instructed the State treasurer to pay 5 per cent interest yearly on this capital, $135,000, without regard to the income derived from it; thus it has become in fact a part of the irreducible State debt. The money is actually invested in notes secured by real estate within the State and brings less than 5 per cent to the State treasury. By the act of 1905 the income is fixed at $6,750 and goes to the Connecticut Agricultural College. Delaware College was founded February 6, 1833, and after 26 years of continuous work was forced to suspend on March 30, 1859, through the increasing pressure on its slender resources. In 1867 the State legislature accepted the Federal land grant of 1862, and on March 14, 1867, conferred it on Delaware College under an agreement with the trustees to reopen the college and to transfer a half interest to the State. On February 17, 1869, the college re- ceived a new charter which was amended in 1913 when the State took full title to the institution by conveyance from the trustees of all buildings, grounds, and other property. Delaware received 90,000 acres in scrip and sold it for $83,000, investing the money in 6 per cent bonds. In 1877 these bonds were sold, certificates of permanent indebtedness bearing 6 per cent inter- est being issued to the college in their place. Delaware College re- ceives $4,980 yearly income from the interest on these certificates. Florida, in 1870, accepted the Federal land grant and provided for the establishment of an agricultural college. The State received 90,000 acres in scrip, sold it for $80,000, and invested the money, in 1874, in $100,000 worth of State bonds. Although the State had chartered an agricultural college and had endowed it with this fund, yet no college had been built, so that, in March, 1877, the act estab- 16 THE LAND GRANTS AND THE LAND-GRANT COLLEGES. lishing the college was amended and a new start made. Still nothing was done while the fund went on accumulating, amounting to $120,000 in 1881. In 1883-84 a site was chosen at Lake City, where a building was erected and occupied. Four years later, 1888-89, the fund con- sisted of $153,800 in State bonds of Florida and North Carolina, and one real estate mortgage of $2,000. In 1904 the State legislature changed the name of the Florida Agri- cultural College to University of Florida. In 1905 a reorganization of all the State-supported colleges of Florida took place. The Buck- man Act of 1905 merged six schools, of which the University of Florida was one, into two colleges called the Florida Female College and the University of the State of Florida. In 1909 the female college at Tal- lahassee had its name changed to Florida State College for Women, while the title of the other was shortened to University of Florida. The Buckman Act of 1905 authorized the relocation of the univer- sity and Gainesville was selected, the fourth site in its history, where it has had its home since the summer of 1906. Of the capital fund, amounting to $155,800, $135,000 is invested in State bonds at 3 per cent, the Buckman Act of 1905 making a con- tinuing appropriation of $2,716 for the deficit of 2 per cent in the interest, payable from any fund in the possession of the State board of education; $10,000 is in North Carolina 6 per cent bonds, $8,000 in City of Lakeland 5 per cent bonds, and $2,000 is uninvested. This $2,000 was invested in a mortgage; upon payment it was carried into current funds and spent, so that now it must be deducted, leaving the capital of the land-grant fund at $153,800. Georgia. The State legislature, December 12, 1866, accepted the Federal land-grant act of 1862, thus bringing 270,000 acres in scrip to the State. This was sold on long-term credits extending over 10 years and ultimately brought $242,202.17. As the money was re- ceived it was invested in interest-bearing securities for- the use of the agricultural colleges. Although the act of 1866 authorized a college of agriculture and mechanic arts, it was not until March 30, 1872, that it was provision- ally organized as a department of the State University; the first stu- dents were admitted May 1, 1872. Meanwhile the legislature used the income from the Federal grant to encourage several institutions, all " branch colleges" of the Uni- versity of Georgia, but each having its own board of control subject to the trustees of the university as a court of last recourse. At vari- ous times five agricultural colleges besides the State college at Athens have received some portion of the income; these were located at Dahlonega, Milledgeville, Cuthbert, Thomasville, and Hamilton. The North Georgia Agricultural College at Dahlonega is the only one that still receives any portion of the fund. THE LAND GRANTS AND THE LAND-GRANT COLLEGES. 17 On July 21, 1907, the legislature authorized a separate board of control for the Georgia State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, but left it subordinate to the university board and continued the college as a part of the university. This act reaffirmed the dis- position of the income from the land-grant fund. The total income, $16,954.14, was conferred on the State university, but the trustees were instructed to use $2,000 for the North Georgia Agricultural Col- lege at Dahlonega and $14,954.14 for the Georgia State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. On June 30, 1914, the capital of the fund amounted to $242,202.17, invested in a 7 per cent State certificate of indebtedness similar to a bond and due in 1934. The income of $16,954.14 per year goes to the University of Georgia for distribution as stated above. Idaho. By the State enabling act, July 3, 1890, Idaho received 90,000 acres of land for agricultural and mechanical colleges in lieu of the Federal grant of 1862. In 1889 the legislature had established the University of Idaho, and in 1892 it endowed it with the income from this grant. The land and funds are under the management of the State board of land commissioners, which board handles all the State lands. The income from the sale of all lands is combined and invested as opportunity offers in school bonds, State bonds, and farm loans; the total income is prorated to the different funds. The income from the agricultural college grant varies from year to year as lands are sold or rented. The report of the State land department of Idaho, June 30, 1914, showed in this fund a capital of $129,615.82, with 64,198.38 acres unsold. The income from interest and rentals was $28,425.70. Illinois. On February 28, 1867, the State Legislature of Illinois organized the Illinois Industrial University and endowed it with the agricultural college fund. Instead of attempting to handle the fund the State turned the 480,000 acres in scrip over to the uni- versity, leaving all matters of management to the trustees. Omitting fractional parts of sections, 25,440 acres were located in Nebraska and Minnesota, while 454,560 acres in scrip were sold outright for $319,494.01, the amount being invested in Illinois county bonds. The located lands were sold from time to time as opportunity offered, and the price was added to the capital of the fund. The care of both principal and interest of this fund remained with the trustees of the university until 1897, when, owing to a defalcation of the university treasurer, the State was obliged to make good the loss of considerable of the principal of the fund, and consequently took over its management. The State legislature replaced the prin- cipal by making it a part of the irreducible State debt, on which it 49782 18 3 18 THE LAND GRANTS AND THE LAND-GRANT COLLEGES. agreed to pay 5 per cent interest perpetually. As the lands are sold the proceeds are turned into the State treasury and the fund is auto- matically increased by that amount. On June 30, 1916, the capital of the fund was $649,012.91, on which the State pays 5 per cent inter- est to the University of Illinois. The income for 1915-16 was $32,450.34. In June, 1885, the name of the institution was changed to University of Illinois. Indiana accepted the land-grant act of 1862 on March 6, 1865, receiving 390,000 acres in scrip. The legislature of 1863 had been urged by the governor to take the necessary action and to designate a location for the college, but so many competitors came into the field, each wanting the college and its endowment, that the legislature finally adjourned without action, leaving it for the session of 1865. In the same act that accepted the grant of land a board of five, the governor being ex officio president, was named under the title of "The Trustees of the Indiana Agricultural College." This board was instructed to obtain the scrip from the Secretary of the Interior, to sell it, and to invest the proceeds. It does not appear that it was empowered to establish or organize a college and the matter of a site still remained to be settled. This board duly met, organized, ob- tained the scrip, and on April 13, 1867, sold the entire issue for $212,238.50, which they invested in United States 5-20 bonds at a premium, paying $214,681.25 for $200,000 worth of bonds. The fight for a location continued through two more sessions of the legislature with no determination. At last, in 1869, John Purdue offered 100 acres of land, $150,000 in cash, and other gifts; the citi- zens of Tippecanoe County increased this by $50,000, and the Meth- odist Church offered its Battle Ground Institute for a location. On May 6, 1869, the legislature accepted these gifts, located the new college in Tippecanoe County, and authorized the board to organize the college. In recognition of the gifts of Mr. Purdue the name of the college was changed to Purdue University. Later the board settled on the 100 acres received from Mr. Purdue as the site of the college. Meanwhile it was seen that the institution could riot open within the time set by Congress, July 23, 1871; so a special act of Congress was obtained extending the time for the opening of the institution to December 13, 1874. On March 2, 1874, a few informal classes were held in the almost completed buildings, and on September 16, 1874, the new institution formally opened its doors to students. During the seven years of organization and construction the land- grant fund had been accumulating interest which the trustees re- invested as fast as received. In this way the permanent fund was increased to a face value of $340,000 in Government bonds costing THE LAND GRANTS AND THE LAND-GRANT COLLEGES. 19 $351,728.97. In 1881 the State authorized the issue of a 5 per cent State bond due April 1, 1901, for this fund, and in 1901 this bond was transferred into a perpetual State debt. The present income of Purdue University from this fund is $17,000 per year, 5 per cent on $340,000. Iowa. The Iowa agricultural college was chartered in 1858 and established the following year on a farm of 640 acres near Ames. On September 11, 1862, the State legislature accepted the grant of Con- gress, thus obtaining for Iowa 240,000 acres of land and conferred it on the agricultural college at Ames. The governor appointed Peter Melondy to locate the lands. He selected about 50,000 acres of maximum value lands near the Dubuque & Sioux City Railroad and the Cedar Rapids & Missouri River Rail- road. Later results showed his good judgment. In all, he located about 195,000 acres, which, on adjustment and remeasurement, were confirmed by the United States Land Office at 204,309 acres. At first these lands were leased at about 8 per cent on an appraised value of $1.50 to $3 per acre, giving at once a satisfactory income. From the start the college maintained a financial agent to handle the lands. This agent bought, sold, and rented lands, invested and re- invested the income, managing the grant so well that on June 30, 1914, the principal amounted to $686,817.97, invested chiefly in farm mortgages, and bringing a net income of $35,191.86 to the college. Kansas. The Legislature of Kansas accepted the Federal land grant on February 3, 1863, and on February 16 accepted the gift from the Methodist Church of the property of Bluemont Central College as a site for the new agricultural college. Here the Kansas State Agri- cultural College was established and endowed with the land grant of 90,000 acres. The college located the lands to the amount of 82,315.52 acres, the deficit of 7,686.48 acres being made up by special act of Congress in 1907. The lands have been handled by the college in the usual man- ner of rental and sale, the proceeds of sales going to the principal of the fund. On June 30, 1914, the principal was $491,746.74, with 7,686.48 acres unsold. The income from investments and rental was $25,614.40 for the year. Kentucky accepted the land-grant act on January 27, 1863, and received thereby 330,000 acres in scrip. The State sinking fund commissioners sold this for 50 cents per acre, realizing $164,960, and invested the money in State 6 per cent bonds. Now began the usual straggle as to that part of the State in which should be located the agricultural college to be established on this foundation. While the dispute was still unsettled in the legislature and it seemed as if the time allowed for establishing a college would expire, the Kentucky 20 THE LAND GRANTS AND THE LAND-GRANT COLLEGES. University, then located at Harrodsburg, and the Transylvania Uni- versity, which had long been established in Lexington, were con- solidated. The consolidated institution, bearing the name of Kentucky Uni- versity, was then removed from Harrodsburg and established at Lexington, and the agricultural college deadlock in the State legis- lature was settled by attaching the recently created agricultural college to the Kentucky University. In order to comply with the requirements of the legislature, the friends of the university raised by individual subscription $130,000 for the purchase of land for the use of the agricultural college. The latter opened its doors to stu- dents in 1866 as a part of the university. For a time this arrangement worked well, but in 1875 dissension arose over the policy in management of the agricultural work. At that time Mr. John B. Bowman, one of those prominent in the affairs of Kentucky University, offered to organize a separate agri- cultural college, the institution to remain a nominal branch of the university. Through his efforts and those of others a. beautiful location at Lexington of 52 acres and a donation of $30,000 in city bonds were obtained from the city of Lexington and $20,000 addi- tional in county bonds from Fayette County. The legislature, recognizing the entire failure of the foundation of a State agricultural college in a church controlled university, first, in 1878, dissolved the connection; next, in 1879, granted a separate organization for the agricultural and mechanical college; and finally, in 1880, accepted the offer of the city of Lexington and established the college there: On May 16, 1908, the name Transylvania University was restored to the the church controlled university, while the State agricultural and mechanical college was named " State University, Lexington, Kentucky." An act approved March 15, 1916, again changed the name to its present form, u University of Kentucky." On May 21, 1897, the State legislature passed an act providing a perpetual State bond for $165,000, bearing interest at. 6 per cent, for the land-grant fund of 1862, and instructing that $1,255.50 of the income should go to the State Normal School for Colored Persons at Frankfort and $8,644.50 to the State University. Louisiana. The State legislature accepted the land grant in 1869, thereby entitling the State to 210,000 acres in scrip. This scrip was intrusted to a State board of commissioners, who sold it and invested the proceeds in Louisiana State bonds. On April 7, 1874, the agri- cultural and mechanical college required by the grant was char- tered. The trustees were nine citizens, mentioned by name, and four ex ofncio members the governor, the lieutenant governor, the chief justice, and the superintendent of public instruction. While THE LAND GBANTS AND THE LAND-GRANT COLLEGES. 21 the board was looking for a permanent location, it opened the college in New Orleans in the building of the University of Louisiana, cor- ner of Baronne and Common Streets. The first students were admit- ted on November 16, 1874, night and day classes being held. In the first report of the board to the general assembly of 1875 appears a detailed account of the sale of the land scrip and invest- ment of the fund. RECEIPTS. 209,920 acres of scrip, at 87 cents $182, 630. 40 State appropriation, net, to pay in part expenses of procuring, selling, and delivering said scrip 1, 825. 00 Interest on State bonds matured and collected prior to Nov. 1, 1872 24, 270. 00 Total 208, 725. 40 EXPENDITURES. For purchasing 327 bonds, of $1,000 each $205, 280. 00 Expenses of procuring scrip, etc 3, 310. 37 Cash on hand.. 135.03 Total 208, 725. 40 This fixes the capital of the fund at $327,000 in State bonds, at 6 per cent. The bonds were turned over to the trustees of the college, who deposited them with the State treasurer. In 1874 a constitutional amendment provided for refunding the entire State debt. Although there seemed to be some doubt whether or not the bonds of the land-grant endowment fund were included, yet it seemed wise to the trustees to enter them. Accordingly, in 1875 the $327,000 in bonds were exchanged for $196,200 worth of new bonds, at 7 per cent, a discount of 40 per cent. Meanwhile, as no permanent site had been secured, the legislature, on May 19, 1877, passed an act uniting the old Louisiana State Uni- versity, formerly the State Seminary, at Baton Rouge, and the new agricultural and mechanical college of New Orleans on the site at Baton Rouge. Here, on October 5, 1877, the Louisiana State Uni- veristy and Agricultural and Mechanical College began its present history. Shortly after this permanent site was obtained the new constitu- tion of 1879 went into effect. Again the land-grant endowment was changed. The 7 per cent bonds for $196,200 were canceled and the State auditor was instructed to enter on his books to the credit of the university (evidently meaning the institution at Baton Rouge) the capital debt of $182,313.03, on which the State agreed to pay 5 per cent interest perpetually. No bonds or certificates were issued, but this amount now stands as part of the irreducible State debt and represents the land-grant endowment fund. The income of 22 THE LAND GRANTS AND THE LAND-GRANT COLLEGES. $9,115.69 per year is paid to the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College. Maine. The State legislature accepted the land grant in 1863 and received 210,000 acres in scrip. On February 25, 1865, it chartered the State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts and endowed it with the income from the grant. The college was established on a site at Orono, donated by the towns of Orono and Oldtown. The citizens of Bangor also contributed $14,000 for the college. The first students were admitted on September 14, 1868. In 1897 its name was changed to University of Maine. The land scrip was sold in several parcels between 1865 and 1870, bringing a total of $116,359.20, which sum served to purchase $118,300 face value of bonds. As interest was paid, it was reinvested from time to time, until we find the treasurer of the college on December 31, 1870, reporting the following condition of the fund: Bonds of the State of Maine, at 6 per cent $118, 300 Preferred stock, Minnesota Valley R. R. Co. , at 10 per cent 10, 000 City of Bangor bonds, at 6 per cent 6, 000 Total.. 134,300 After this date no further reinvestment of interest was added to the capital. In 1874 the treasurer of the college for the first time distinguishes the capital derived from the sale of scrip from that derived from investments of accumulated interest and reports the first item as $118,400 (evidently an error of $100) and the second as $16,000, a total of $134,400. In 1889, the legislature authorized the issuance of a 30-year State bond for $118,300 at 5 per cent, to cover the land-grant fund. This will come due June 1, 1919. The University of Maine receives the income of $5,915 per year. Maryland. The State legislature in 1856 (ch. 97, Laws of 1856), passed an act chartering the Maryland Agricultural College. Al- though a private corporation, it received an annual appropriation of $6,000 from the State. The institution was established on a farm of 480 acres in Prince Georges County and was opened for students in the fall of 1859. In 1864 the legislature accepted the Federal land grant, bringing 210,000 acres in scrip to the State, and conferred the income from the fund on the Maryland Agricultural College. In 1866 the trustees were required to deed a half interest in the college to the State in return for an appropriation of $45,000 to pay its debts. In this act the legislature set aside 10 per cent of the capital of the land-grant fund the amount authorized by the act to be expended in the purchase of land to be paid into the State treasury to reimburse the State in part for the amount appropriated in purchasing the half interest; accordingly, the State treasurer THE LAND GRANTS AND THE LAND-GRANT COLLEGES, 23 deducted $11,250 from the selling price of the scrip, $112,504, and invested the remainder in 6 per cent State bonds, paying the interest annually, less $90 State tax, to the college. In 1872 the legislature made good these illegal deductions and restored the capital to $112,- 504. By favorable investments from time to time the capital has been slightly increased so that on June 30, 1914, it was as follows: Four per cent State loan of 1914 $27, 143. 60 Three per cent State loan of 1902 38, 800. 00 Three and one-half per cent public building loan 30, 000. 00 Four per cent State loan of 1912 20, 000. 00 Total 115, 943. 60 The legislature makes an annual appropriation to cover the deficit in interest below the full 5 per cent required by act of Congress. On March 20, 1914, by action of the legislature, the State fore- closed its mortgage on the college property, and, as it already owned a half interest, it took over the balance with the consent of the private stockholders. This action made the Maryland Agricultural College wholly the property of the State. In 1916 a new charter was granted and the title changed to " : Maryland State College of Agriculture." Massachusetts. The Legislature of Massachusetts accepted the land grant on April 18, 1863, and received 360,000 acres in scrip. By act of April 27, 1863, it divided the fund, conferring one- third of the income on the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and two- thirds on the trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural College. The origin of both these institutions, although dated before the national land-grant act of July 2, 1862, was due to the same general movement throughout the country that led to action in Congress; the Massachusetts Institute of Technology was chartered as a private corporation on April 10, 1861, and established in Boston, while five years previously, in 1856, the Massachusetts School of Agriculture had been chartered but never opened; the land-grant endowment put new life into both. On April 29, 1863, the Massachusetts School of Agriculture was definitely abandoned, and a new institution was chartered called the Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural CoUege. On May 11, 1864, an act was passed changing this name to Massachusetts Agricultural CoUege and providing that 10 per cent of the land scrip be used for the purchase of a site for the new college. Accord- ingly, on May 11, 1864, 36,000 acres in scrip were transferred to the Massachusetts Agricultural College to be sold and the proceeds used to purchase a site. The $29,778.40, received from the sale of the scrip, was used in part payment of the property at Amherst, costing $34,999.50. Here the first students were admitted October 2, 1867. The balance of the scrip was sold by the State from time to time 24 THE LAND GRANTS AND THE LAND-GRANT COLLEGES. and the money invested, the income going as provided by law one-third to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and two- thirds to the Massachusetts Agricultural College. In the treasurer's report of the Massachusetts Agricultural College under date of January, 1868, appears a statement that the scrip was entirely sold for $205,509, which had been invested in $201,700 worth of bonds at various rates of interest, with $5,724.65 cash balance on hand. The total income is given as $12,445.48, divided between the two institutions as required by law. In 1871 the fund had grown by fortunate reinvestments to $208,- 464.65, when the legislature increased it to a round $350,000. In 1876 it had grown to $360,067.40. In 1882 the legislature divided the fund roughly into money received from the sale of scrip, $219,000, called the "Technical Education Fund, United States Grant"; and the increments due to fortunate investments, reinvestments, and State grants, $141,575.35, called "Technical Education Fund, Commonwealth Grant." It is now considered that the United States grant only is subject to the 5 per cent investment requirement. The United States grant is invested in Massachusetts prison and hospital loan bonds at 5 per cent and brings a yearly income of $3,650 to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and $7,300 to the Massachusetts Agricultural College. Michigan. As early as 1844 a popular movement in favor of agricultural instruction gained considerable momentum in Michigan. The State constitution of 1850 contained a section requiring that a school of agriculture be founded. This movement culminated in an act passed February 12, 1855, whereby a school of agriculture was established under the control of the State board of education. This board selected a site of 676 acres near Lansing, and there the institu- tion was opened May 15, 1857. This was m the first exclusively agricultural college in the United States. Michigan was the first State to recognize the general demand for scientific collegiate training in agricultural lines and by its agri- cultural college to strengthen the general movement in that direction. The State legislature accepted the land grant February 25, 1863, and received 240,000 acres. This grant was placed under the control of the State board of education for the benefit of the agricultural college. Later a State board of agriculture was created to have the management of the college and all its property. The board of edu- cation selected agricultural lands, omitting the valuable pine timber, evidently believing that some obligation rested on them to select agricultural lands for an agricultural college. They located the full amount of the grant, but as some of the land was double minimum the actual acreage received was 235,663 acres. THE LAND GRANTS AND THE LAND-GRANT COLLEGES. 25 As the lands were sold the amounts received were turned in to the State treasurer and loaned to the State on book account at 7 per cent interest. This interest goes to the agricultural college, which receives also, as part of the yearly income, the interest paid by purchasers of land on unpaid balances. On June 30, 1914, the capital loaned to the State was $991,673.86, which, together with the interest on unpaid balances of land purchase money, produced $71,324.94 income for the agricultural college. There were 50,485.49 acres still unsold. Minnesota. On February 19, 1861, the Legislature of Minnesota passed an act organizing a State university, and on March 10, 1858, an act establishing a State agricultural college. The agricultural college never was born, and the university, although actually begin- ning work, did not get its affairs to a stable foundation until the reorganization of 1868. On January 27, 1863, the legislature accepted the terms of the Federal land-grant act of July 2, 1862, and thereby brought to Minnesota 120,000 acres for an agricultural college. This acceptance carried no provision for a college or for the administration of the lands; consequently another act became necessary. On March 3, 1863, the commissioner of the general land office of Minnesota was empowered to select the lands donated for the endowment of a college of agriculture and mechanic arts. Still no college was organ- ized, nor any beneficiary of the fund named. On March 2, 1865, the original act of 1858 chartering the State agricultural college was amended and practically rewritten; in this act a clause endowing the college with the 1862 land-grant fund was incorporated; again no college resulted. Finally, on February 18, 1868, an act was passed to reorganize and provide for the govern- ment and regulation of the University of Minnesota. The university was authorized to establish a college of agriculture as one of its departments, and the 1862 land-grant fund was granted to it for this purpose. Even now the work was not complete; the commissioner of the State land office had authority only to locate the lands, not to dis- pose of them; consequently, an act was passed on March 5, 1868, authorizing him to sell the lands that he had located and to invest the proceeds. Although the University of Minnesota had been in more or less active operation for 17 years, since November 26, 1851, the reorgani- zation act of February 18, 1868, marks the real beginning of its history. The land-grant fund of 1862 may therefore well be con- sidered as the determining cause for the permanent establishment of the State university. 49782 18 4 26 THE LAND GRANTS AND THE LAND-GRANT COLLEGES. Of the grant of 120,000 acres, 94,439 acres were located and con- firmed to the State, 25,511 being double minimum lands. Sales were made on long-time contracts, and leases of various privileges were made. In 1914 the fund accumulated from the various sources amounted to $579,430.26, giving an interest return of $22,257.86, 4 per cent on the invested funds. The deficit of 1 per cent is made up by the board of regents of the university, which authorizes a transfer of funds each year for this purpose from the general support provided by the State. Mississippi. On October 30, 1866, the Legislature of Mississippi accepted the 1862 land grant, and through Gov. Humphreys applied to the Commissioner of the General Land Office at Washington for the 210,000 acres in scrip due the State. It seems difficult to determine why this application was refused. One reason offered is that the time had expired for accepting the grant; another suggests that the action of the State legislature was not recognized because the State had not been reconstructed. The files of the General Land Office fail to disclose any reason. However, Congress, on May 13, 1871, passed the time extension amendment, and on the same day the reconstructed State legislature under Gov. Alcorn again accepted the grant and conferred two-fifths of the fund on the University of Mississippi and three-fifths on an institution for negroes established by the same act and called Alcorn University. This action was satisfactory to Washington and on September 21, 1871, there were turned over to Gov. Alcorn 1,312 pieces of scrip calling for 209,920 acres of public land. Before any sale of the scrip could be made, the legislature, on April 18, 1873, authorized that it be used to aid in the construction of the Vicksburg & Nashville Kailroad. An injunction prevented action until the friends of the college in the legislature were able to amend the act and to introduce conditions which ultimately prevented acceptance by the railroad. After this narrow escape the scrip was put on the market and by January 1, 1874, aU had been sold at 90 cents per acre, bringing a total of $188,928 to be divided, three-fifths to Alcorn University and two-fifths to the University of Mississippi. The endowment for Alcorn University, amounting to $113,351.80, was first diminished by a payment of $10,500 for part of the uni- versity tract; the remainder, $102,851.80, was invested as a perma- nent interest-bearing fund in Mississippi State bonds, at a discount, to the amount of $123,150, on which interest at 8 per cent was paid. The share of the University of Mississippi was handled in the same manner except that no deduction was made for the purchase of land. While a total income of 8 per cent was received on the fund, only a portion, amounting to 5 per cent on the principal, was turned over THE LAND GRANTS AND THE LAND-GRANT COLLEGES. 27 to the colleges, the remainder being applied to swell the capital of the fund. As a result, when it became necessary to reinvest the fund on January 1, 1876, an investment of $227,150 was made in 5 per cent State bonds. It was soon found that Alcorn University could not use all the funds provided for it. Besides three-fifths of the income from the land-grant fund, it had been granted liberal appropriations by the State legislature. In 1874, following several disturbances or "strikes" at the institution, its funds were substantially reduced, and its share of the land-grant fund was divided with Oxford Uni- versity, another college for colored students. Finally, by act of February 28, 1878, the legislature deprived Oxford University of all participation in the fund. Alcorn University was reorganized under the title "Alcorn Agricultural and Mechanical College of the State of Mississippi," and received one half of the income from the fund, while the other half went to the institution for white students. The University of Mississippi was established on February 20, 1840, and opened for students on November 6, 1848. With the exception of the Civil War period, 1862 to 1865, it has been in con- tinuous and successful operation. When the trustees, by the act of the legislature of May 13, 1871, were called upon to establish a college of agriculture, they found it difficult to get away from the cultural and academic ideas of college education. After several meetings of the board to discuss ways and means, a professor of agriculture was appointed, and 25 acres of the uni- versity's land were set aside for a demonstration farm. Two years later no students in agriculture were registered, and the 25-acre farm was still in process of development. Until 1876 efforts to develop the agricultural department were continued in a small way, when the legislature, seeing the lack of success, began to consider other means of using the land-grant endowment, which finally took definite form in the organization of the college of agriculture as a separate institution in 1878. On February 28, 1878, the legislature incorporated the Agricul- tural and Mechanical College of Mississippi, an institution for white students, and endowed it with one-half of the income from the land-grant fund. The State university was deprived of this income. Taking advantage of the provision that 10 per cent of the capital of the fund might be used for the purchase of land, $15,000 was used to purchase property in Oktibbeha County, 1^ miles from Starkville, for the site of the agricultural and mechanical college for whites. The citizens of the town and county provided $9,000 additional. Here the institution was opened for students in 1880. The deduction for the purchase of land was charged entirely against the half interest of the college for whites, thus reducing its 28 THE LAND GRANTS AND THE LAND-GRANT COLLEGES. capital in the fund to $98,575, at which figure it remains, while Alcorn receives the income from $113,575. The entire fund is held in the State treasury, invested in State bonds at 6 per cent and due in 1928. The Alcorn Agricultural and Mechanical College receives an income from the fund of $6,814.50 per annum, and the Mississippi Agricultural and Mechanical College receives $5,914 per annum. Missouri. The State University was established by act of the State legislature, approved February 11, 1839. The institution was located at Columbia June 24 of the same year. In the spring fol- lowing, instruction in academic branches began. On March 10, 1863, the State legislature accepted the provisions of the act of Congress granting 330,000 acres to the State, and the usual struggle ensued as to the disposition of the fund. It was seven years before a conclusion was reached. On February 24, 1870, a bill was passed establishing an agricultural and mechanical college at Columbia and a school of mines at Holla, both as departments of the University of Missouri. Three-quarters of the income from the fund was granted to the agricultural and mechanical college and one-quarter to the school of mines. The lands granted were selected within the limits of the State, and, after appraisal by the board of curators, almost all of them were sold. During the management of the lands there was a constant change in the amount of acreage belonging to the State. A quantity of the land was located along projected railways at double minimum rates; afterwards the routes were changed and allowances were made in land to the State for the change back to ordinary minimum locations. On February 6, 1889, the State had selected 329,651.46 acres from the grant of 330,000 acres. Of this land, 54,515.13 acres were double minimum; there had been deducted errors in computation amount- ing to 4,626.68 acres to the disadvantage of the State. In addition, 160 acres had been granted twice, while 586.34 acres which had been approved by the Secretary of the Interior had been previously sold to other parties. These various items aggregated 59,888.15 acres, giving a total actual receipt in lands by the university on February 6, 1889, of 269,763.31 acres. Since that date there have been granted to the State the following additional allotments: May 14, 1890, 5,228.86 acres, after deducting 120 acres for double minimum selections. September 8, 1900, 2,000 acres; and April 13, 1907, 40 acres. This makes a total of 277,066.76 acres which have actually been received by the State and university under the terms of the Federal grant of 1862, THE LAND GRANTS AND THE LAND-GRANT COLLEGES. 29 As fast as the lands were sold the proceeds were turned into the State treasury, and certificates of indebtedness were issued bearing 5 per cent interest. In this way $349,881.19 of the fund has become part of the irreducible State debt. Under a constitutional amend- ment adopted in 1902 all subsequent sales must be invested in munici- pal, county, school district, or drainage bonds of Missouri. These investments in 1914 amounted to $16,000. The interest for the year 1914-15 was $17,994.06 and was used for the two colleges in the proportion provided by law. Montana. On February 16, 1893, the State legislature incor- porated the Montana College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts and placed its control in the hands of the State board of education. This board also controlled the State university and other State institutions. The actual management of the college was invested in an executive board of five members, appointed by the governor with the consent of the board of education. The board of education located the college at Bozeman, on a tract of 180 acres presented by the city of Bozeman for the purpose. Work was begun on September 15, 1893, in the buildings of the Bozeman Academy and High School. In the State enabling act of February 22, 1889, Congress conferred on Montana two grants of land in aid of colleges of agriculture and the mechanic arts. One, of 90,000 acres, was made in lieu of the grants to the several States in 1862 and was therefore subject to all the conditions of the 1862 grant; the other, of 50,000 acres, was a free gift conditioned only by the requirements that it be used for a college of agriculture and mechanic arts and that the minimum sale sale price be $10 per acre; this minimum sale price applies to all of Montana's lands. All the State lands are in charge of a State board of land commis- sioners, which locates, sells, or rents them, turning the proceeds over to the State treasurer for investment for the use of the college, as pro- vided by law. The State legislature, in order to obtain funds for the construction of college buildings and noting the lack of specific restrictions on the 50,000-acre grant, voted March 6, 1895, to authorize the State board of land commissioners to issue bonds to the amount of $100,000, due in 25 years, with the 50,000-acre grant as security, and to use the proceeds of this bond issue for buildings and equipment of the col- lege. Some of the citizens of the State deemed this interpretation of the conditions surrounding the grants as erroneous, and held that both grants should be subject to the restrictions contained in the Federal land-grant act of 1862. The case was taken into court, but before a decision could be reached the State supreme court decided a similar case regarding the normal school lands (State v. Hairie, vol. 30 THE LAND GRANTS AND THE LAND-GRANT COLLEGES. 33, Montana Reports, p. 365) which seemed to favor the contention of those persons who held that the same conditions applied to both grants and that the 50,000-acre grant had been illegally bonded for construction purposes. A State referendum vote, in 1908, directed that the 50,000-acre grant bonds be replaced by State bonds and that both grants be considered as subject to all the restrictions contained in the Federal land-grant act of 1862. Since that time the two grants have been considered as one grant of 140,000 acres. In 1912 it was discovered that a part of the capital from the 140,000-acre grants had been invested at less than 5 per cent, and that the income had been charged with its proportionate share of the expenses of management. These errors were immediately corrected. The State treasurer on order of the State board of land commissioners on January 4, 1912, shifted securities amounting to $203,000, using permanent school fund bonds for the purpose, so that an income of 5 per cent is obtained on all the agricultural college fund. The illegal charge for management was corrected by the legislature through an appropriation of $19,373.32 under date of March 10, 1913, which was placed to the credit of the income fund of the agricultural college grant. On June 30, 1914, the report of the State board of land commis- sioners shows the following condition of the grants: Condition of the land grant in 1914 . Grants. Acres selected and confirmed. Acres sold. Acres rented. 90,000-acre grant 50,000-acre grant 88. 967. 75 49, 986. 33 18.835.36 12 182 35 66,503.92 Total 138,954.08 31,017.71 66, 503. 92 Investment of the capital. Grants . Bond invest- ments. Deferred payments . Cash on hand. Total. 90,000-acre grant. . . $72,493.27 $21,910.34 $94 403 61 50 000-acre grant 87, 179. 38 16 615 93 103 795 31 Both grants $334,950.00 334,950.00 Total 334, 950. 00 159, 672. 65 38 526 27 533 148 92 The income for the year 1914-15 was as follows: Income from rental of 66,503.92 acres $8, 432. 10 Interest on deferred payments 6, 327. 21 Interest on invested funds 16, 934. 51 Total 31, 693. 81 THE LAND GRANTS AND THE LAND-GRANT COLLEGES. 31 By an act of the legislature, approved March 14, 1913, the univer- sity at Missoula, the college of agriculture and mechanic arts at Bozeman, the school of mines at Butte, the State normal school at Dillon, and all institutions of higher learning which may be estab- lished in the future were consolidated to form the University of Montana. Nebraska. From the first Nebraska devoted all its efforts to build- ing up one collegiate institution, the University of Nebraska. On February 15, 1869, the University of Nebraska was established by act of the State legislature, the trustees being authorized to es- tablish five colleges or departments: (1) A college of literature, science, and arts; (2) an industrial college, embracing agriculture, practical science, civil engineering, and the mechanic arts; (3) a col- lege of law; (4) a college of medicine; and (5) a college of fine arts. In 1875 the State constitution ratified and confirmed this law. In 1877, and again in 1899, the State legislature amended and revised the act of 1869, and provided the charter which, with slight changes in 1909 and 1911, still governs the university. The uni- versity was located at Lincoln. Under the amendments of 1909 the Industrial College was expanded into two departments, a college of engineering and a college of agri- culture, including the school of agriculture at Lincoln. By the land-grant act of 1862 Nebraska received 90,000 acres for the agricultural college. This was accepted by the State legislature and granted to the university. A commission was appointed in 1867 to select the lands which were to be leased at 6 per cent of their appraised value or to be sold at public auction to the person sub- mitting the highest bid over and above a fixed minimum value; at first this minimum was set at $5 per acre, but later it was raised to $7. All the State's educational lands are under the control of a State board of educational land and funds which handles the rentals and sales, turning over the proceeds to the State treasurer. Two funds are maintained. The first, composed of all the receipts from the sale of lands, is invested in interest-bearing securities. On November 30, 1914, the State auditor reported the investment of this permanent fund as follows : . Agricultural college endowment fund. 3 per cent bonds $20, 000 3^ per cent bonds 101, 000 '4 per cent bonds 194, 000 4i per cent bonds 83, 700 5 per cent bonds 155, 500 Total bonds 554, 200 Normal school fund warrants at 5 per cent . . . . ' 2, 595 Cash on hand uninvested 3, 277 Total fund 560, 072 S2 THE LAND GRANTS AND THE LAND-GRANT COLLEGES. The other fund, called ll University income fund/' is composed of the interest on the invested funds both of the agricultural college and the university grants, interest on unpaid purchase money for land, rentals of lands, and bank interest on daily balances. For the year 1913-14 the university reported an income on this fund of $31,096.84. The tendency to pay more careful attention to the 5 per cent re- quirement in investments is shown in the report of the State treasurer for 191516. Permanent funds have been reinvested at increased rates, so that the fund yields an income of $47,427.45, with the following schedule of investments: 3 per cent bonds $20, 000 3^ per cent bonds 60, 000 4 per cent bonds 104, 000 4$ per cent bonds 127, 100 5 per cent bonds 251, 700 5J per cent bonds 5, 000 6 per cent bonds 7, 700 Total investments 575, 500 Nevada was created a State by act of Congress approved March 21, 1864. The first State legislature passed a bill, approved March 19, 1865, for the establishment of an agricultural and mechanical college to be located in Washoe County. This college, however, failed to materialize. On July 4, 1866, an act of Congress granted to Nevada 72 sections of land for the university and 90,000 acres, in lieu of the original 1862 land grant to the States, for the college of agriculture and the mechanic arts. This act further provided that the income from the 90,000-acre grant might be diverted to the use of the school of mines. Although Nevada immediately received the land grants to estab- lish its higher educational institutions, there was so little demand for a college that nothing was done for some years toward the actual opening of such an institution. On March 8, 1873, the legislature provided for the establishment of the university and named Elko as its site. Here, on October 12, 1874, the preparatory department began work. The school of mines was opened in 1882. On March 7, 1885, the legislature authorized the removal of the institution to Reno, where it was reopened on March 31, 1886, with 37 students in the preparatory and mining departments. In September of the fol- lowing year all the remaining departments were transferred to Reno.. From the first the university has been the only State collegiate institution and has embraced the departments of agriculture, me- chanic arts, and mining, as well as the usual college courses. As might be expected, the mining interests for many years dominated other scientific subjects, and only in recent years has the college of agriculture been developed to any considerable extent. In 1895 THE LAND GBANTS AND THE LAND-GBANT COLLEGES. 33 schools of mechanical and civil engineering were introduced, which have now been combined with the school of mines to form the college of engineering. The management of the 90,000-acre grant was intrusted to the board of regents of the State university. By an act of Congress approved March 16, 1872, the time for accepting the grant and establishing the college by the State of Nevada was extended to May 10, 1877, and on December 31, 1878, the trustees reported that part of the 90, 000- acre grant had been sold for $45,395.38, none of which was invested. I On December 31, 1882, the capital of the fund was $62,412.54, of \&iich $17,000 was invested in Nevada State bonds, issue of 1881, afed $35,000 in United States bonds at 4 per cent, with $10,412.54 uninvested. In addition to the interest on these investments there was considerable interest on contracts for the sale of land. The full capital of the fund was composed of two items, amounts actually paid in from the sale of lands and amounts outstanding in the form of unpaid purchase money bearing a good rate of interest and secured by the lands themselves. In handling the funds it was believed that any deficit below the required 5 per cent in the interest from invested Mnds could be made up by any excess above 5 per cent in the inter- effr cm outstanding purchase money, and that only a net 5 per cent return on the total capital was required by the act of Congress. From 1883 to 1899 the reports of the treasurer of the university do not mention either principal or interest of the 90, 000- acre grant; the interest was evidently collected by the State treasurer and in- cluded with general State funds, while the legislature, in making its annual appropriations for the support of the university, was considered to have included this interest without specific mention to that effect, and the treasurer of the university did not distinguish such interest from other State funds in his accounts. On December 31, 1899, the fund was again reported as principal of the 90,000-acre grant, $128,600, with the statement that "it has about reached its maximum," evidently because all the lands were sold. This report was not strictly accurate, as the principal from the grant of 72 sections for a university was evidently included. The fund was invested in United States and Nevada State bonds, the interest going to the State treasurer and being reappropriated as in previous years by the State legislature. The interest was given ate $5,144, or about 4 per cent on the principal. On June 30, 1915, the capital of the fund was reported at $107,- 363.73, a reduction of $21,236.27 from the report of 1899, which is evidently due to the omission of the capital of the university grant. The interest remains about 4 per cent, amounting to $4,263.16. 34 THE LAND GRANTS AND THE LAND-GRANT COLLEGES. Owing to the way in which this fund has been confused with others during its management, a careful and detailed investigation and computation will be necessary to determine what amounts are in default from underinvestment and from failure to turn over all interest to the university. New Hampshire. The New Hampshire College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts was organized as a part of Dartmouth College by act of the State legislature approved June 7, 1866. Four of the nine trustees were appointed by the trustees of Dartmouth College. The college was opened for students September 4, 1868, at Hanover. Three years previous to its incorporation the legislature, July 9, 1863, had accepted the land grant under the act of 1862, bringing 150,000 acres in scrip to New Hampshire. In 1867 the scrip was put on the market and sold for $80,000, which was invested in New Hampshire State bonds at 6 per cent. In 1884 and 1885 these bonds matured, and the legislature created an agricultural college fund as part of the irreducible State debt. The State pays 6 per cent interest on this fund, giving a yearly income of $4,800 to the college. The college remained affiliated with Dartmouth College until 1903, when it was moved from Hanover to an independent site at Durham. This action was made possible by Mr. Benjamin Thompson, who left in his will his entire farm and practically all his property to the college. In 1910 the college began to receive the income from the Thompson endowment of nearly $800,000. Besides the land-grant fund of 1862 it receives the annual appropriation under the second Morrill Act and the appropriations in aid of agricultural experiment stations and for extension work. New Jersey. Rutgers College received a royal charter as Queens College on November 10, 1766. A second charter was granted on March 20, 1770. In 1771 the college work was started at New Bruns- wick, and in 1808 the present site was acquired. In 1825 the name of the institution was changed by the State legislature to Rutgers College in honor of Col. Henry Rutgers, of New York City, a generous benefactor. The college began with the traditional classical course, which it has always maintained. April 4, 1864, the trustees organized science courses, and the college was declared by the State legislature to be the State college for the benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts and the beneficiary of the 1862 land-grant fund. The endowment of 210,000 acres in scrip was accepted by the State legislature March 21, 1863. It was sold by a special commis- sion appointed by the legislature, bringing $115,945.95, to which the trustees of Rutgers College added $54.05 to make an even $116,000, THE LAND GRANTS AND THE LAND-GEANT COLLEGES. 35 which was then invested in 6 per cent State bonds. As these bonds matured the capital was turned in to the State sinking fund and made part of the irreducible State debt. The State now pays 5 per cent interest on this fund to Rutgers College under a law passed in 1896 (Gen. Stat. N. J., 1896, sees. 54, 55, and 56). New Mexico. On February 28, 1889, the Territorial legislature founded the college of agriculture and the mechanic arts at Mesilla Park and designated it as the beneficiary of all grants to the State in aid of colleges of agriculture and mechanic arts. It opened for its first session March 10, 1890. On June 21, 1898, Congress granted to New Mexico 100,000 acres of land for the agricultural college, and again, in the State enabling act, 150,000 acres in lieu of the grants made to the several States under the act of 1862. The receipts from the 150,000-acre grant compose the capital of the agricultural college endowment fund. All State lands are handled by a State land commission which turns over the proceeds from sale or rental to the State treasurer. The treasurer is required by law to keep the proceeds of each grant in a separate account. A minimum sale price of $3 and $5 per acre, depending on the character of the land, has been fixed by law, or lands may be rented at an appraised value. Up to June 30, 1915, none of the 150,000-acre grant had been sold or rented and no income had been derived from it for the benefit of the college. New York. In 1903 the trustees of Cornell University caused to be prepared a most careful and elaborate history of the 1862 land grant and its relation to Cornell University. The following facts are taken from this work, called : ' ' The history of the agricultural college land-grant act of July 2, 1862, devoted largely to the history of the land scrip which, under the grant, was allotted to the State of New York and afterwards given to Cornell University." Samuel Dumont Halliday, 1905, Ithaca Democrat Press. The New York State Legislature accepted the grant May 5, 1863. and instructed the State comptroller to sell the 990,000 acres in scrip. Immediately a contest arose in the legislature between the friends of the State agricultural college at Ovid and the Peoples' College at Havana as to which should receive the grant. At first the Peoples' College received it, but many objections were raised and a long fight culminated in the establishment of a new institution, called Cornell University, and endowment of the new college with the land-grant fund. New York actually received 989,920 acres in scrip, which was imme- diately put on the market and some of it was sold in small lots. The balance was purchased by Mr. Cornell under his famous funding plan. 36 THE LAND GRANTS AND THE LAND-GRANT COLLEGES. The courts of New York have now determined that the agricul- tural college land-scrip fund consists of the money originally paid for the scrip by Mr. Cornell and others, and amounts to $688,576.12. In 1894 the legislature ordered this sum turned in to general State funds and a perpetual certificate of indebtedness to be issued bearing interest at 5 per cent. The resale of the scrip under the plan devised by Mr. Cornell has been very profitable to Cornell University. On August 1, 1913, the Cornell endowment fund and the Cornell reserve fund, which include the endowment obtained through the resale of the land scrip, amounted together to $5,460,038.96. North Carolina. By a joint resolution of the general assembly, adopted February 22, 1866, North Carolina's quota of 270,000 acres in scrip was accepted on behalf of the State. On February 11, 1867, this scrip was transferred to the trustees of the University of North Carolina, to be used by them in accordance with the terms of the grant; at the same time State scholarships were provided, one for each county. This action was of great assistance to the university at a time when it was actually destitute and heavily in debt. Its comparatively large endowment for those days of about $200,000 had been swept away because of the war, and it had not been possible to pay the instructors even a part of their salaries ; l the need for money was imperative and the land-grant fund was the only negotiable thing available. Accordingly, the trustees put the scrip on the market and entered into an agreement with G. F. Lewis and his associates, Fisher, Boo the & Co., for its sale at the market price, 50 cents per acre, $135,000 in all. It was an unfortunate time to sell; scrip was plentiful and the market price was low; three times this sum could have been obtained by holding off a few months, but the need was pressing. Congress, also, had passed a law preventing the location of the land called for by the scrip until after the State should be reconstructed, and no one knew how long this might hold up the sale; meanwhile Lewis offered a substantial payment and offered it in cash. The trustees took the only course that seemed available to save the institution. The deal was closed; Lewis paid down $10,000, which was immediately used for the most pressing wants of the university; the scrip was deposited in escrow with the Bank of the Republic in New York, to be delivered to Lewis when Congress should permit the locating of the lands and when Lewis should have paid the balance of the purchase price. The Federal land-grant act allowed the legislature to authorize the use of 1 per cent of the capital of the fund for the purchase of land i The debts were $103,000, besides $7,000 arrears of salaries . To pay these there were 2,000 shares of worth- less bank stock, $25,000 of equally worthless Confederate securities, and a small amount of other securities, very little paying interest. For a whole year the only receipts from this source were $25. THE LAND GRANTS AND THE LAND-GRANT COLLEGES. 37 for an agricultural college. The records of the trustees show that they realized the illegality of their action in using the cash payment for settlement of needed salaries. They expected, however, that the legislature would subsequently ratify their action and permit the use of 10 per cent of the fund in the purchase of land for the college. It was argued that, since the university furnished its lands and buildings for the agricultural work, it was allowable to transfer this 10 per cent of the capital of the land-grant fund to the general fund of the uni- versity in payment for the university's land. Of course after being transferred to the general fund, the money could be used in any way that seemed most desirable. In this action the trustees clearly mis- interpreted the Federal act, for the language of the 1862 land-grant act does not permit a sale of land to be implied where there is no actual transfer of title. In this case there was no real sale; the institution retained full title to its property and simply used part of it for this form of instruction. In 1868, before the board's action could be approved by the legis- lature, a new board, opposed politically to the previous board, came into control of the institution. One of its first acts was to investi- gate the sale of the land scrip. It then tried to prevent the culmin- ation of the deal. Lewis was notified that the university revoked its previous agreement, and the Bank of the Republic was ordered not to deliver the scrip. In all several hundred dollars were spent on lawyers and other expenses in vain. Although the market price of scrip had advanced to about $1.40 per acre, it was held that the agreement was fair and binding. The scrip was turned over to Lewis, and $125,000 came to the trustees for investment. The new board of trustees, appointed by the board of education of the State, invested this amount as follows : Forty thousand dollars of old North Carolina Railway State bonds, $40,000 of new State bonds, $160,000 of special tax bonds. Altogether these bonds cost $119,000, leaving $6,000 to be sub- sequently disposed of by the board. Although the university was now open, the financial situation was not improved. The investment of the land-grant fund brought no income, as the interest on the bonds was defaulted. Owing to the general opposition throughout the State to the new administration of the university, few students enrolled; in June, 1869, there were 10 students; in 1870 there were 25 9 in college, 15 in preparatory, and 1 in irregular classes. Meanwhile the State bonds had been hypothecated as securitv for loans to pay salaries and expenses, and the general assembly declared the special tax bonds void. This was the climax; with no funds and almost no students, the institution closed its doors in February, 1870, to remain closed until the reorganization of 1875. 38 THE LAND GRANTS AND THE LAND-GRANT COLLEGES. In 1874 the trustees appointed by the board of education in 1868 having been removed by an amendment to the State constitution, a board was elected by the general assembly. This board reported on the condition of the fund and asked the assistance of the legis- lature in carrying out the provisions under which the scrip had been accepted by the State. 1 The general assembly of 1874-75 directed the State treasurer to issue to the trustees of the university a certifi- cate of indebtedness for $125,000, bearing interest from January l } 1875, at 6 per cent, payable semiannually. In 1875 the trustees, aided by private subscriptions, opened the university with 7 professors and 69 students. About 1880 the national movement toward agricultural instruc- tion began to produce in North Carolina a sentiment for the estab- lishment of a separate school of agriculture. This sentiment was quickened in 1887 by the prospects of national aid. On March 7, 1885, the State legislature had authorized the State board of agri- culture to seek a location for an industrial school ; after consideration of several sites the one offered at Raleigh was selected. But mean- while the plans of the friends of the school had broadened and resulted in the incorporation of a college of agriculture and mechanic arts in 1887. In addition, the general assembly ordered that the interest arising from the land-grant fund should be transferred from the university to the new college of agriculture and mechanic arts as soon as the latter should be ready to begin the work of instruction. The college opened its doors in October, 1889, and received the income from the 1862 land-grant fund. North Dakota. At the time North Dakota was admitted to the Union, 90,000 acres of land were granted to it in lieu of the grants to the other States under the act of 1862, together with an additional grant of 40,000 acres for the same purpose, making in all 130,000 acres for the college of agriculture and the mechanic arts. None of this land may be sold for less than $10 per acre. The care of both the lands and the funds derived from them is carefully 'pro- vided for in the constitution of the State and in the acts of the first legislative assembly. In an act approved March 8, 1890, amended in 1891, the State legislature established an agricultural college on land provided in the State enabling act for that purpose at Fargo. Besides providing for a board of trustees and method of government, and endowing the college with the Federal grants for agricultural colleges, the act appropriated $25,000 for the construction of the first buildings. The first classes met in rented quarters on September 8, 1891, and it was not until January 5, 1892, that full college work was begun in 1 The act of Congress required the State to replace losses. THE LAND GRANTS AND THE LAND-GRANT COLLEGES. 39 the new buildings. Preparatory, freshman, and special classes were opened. Since that time progress has been steady. The State has provided for new buildings and for the support of the institution, and has supplemented the funds derived from the Federal land grants and appropriations with liberal State appropriations. The grant of 130,000 acres of land was placed under the admin- istration of a board of university and school lands and has been handled in the usual way of rental and sale. The report of the commissioner of university and school lands shows the following condition of the grant on June 30, 1914: Land account. Total number of acres granted, agricultural college fund 130, 000. 00 Acres located and confirmed 1 129, 839. 18 Acres sold, some on time contracts 93, 819. 49 Acres unsold 2 36, 019. 69 Permanent fund, capital. Total sale price, a part unpaid but drawing interest $1, 220, 469. 02 Paid in and invested in bonds 455, 924. 54 Since 1912 the investments have been at 5 per cent, about $141,000 having been put out at this rate. Before 1912 some money was erroneously loaned at 4 per cent, but as bonds become due all funds are being reinvested at 5 per cent. On July 1, 1914, there was an uninvested cash balance on hand of $52,310.63. Income account, biennium 1912-14. Interest and penalties on outstanding sales contracts $86, 141. 84 Rentals of lands and privileges 5, 903. 05 Interest on invested funds (bonds) 31, 231. 90 Total biennial income for college 123, 276. 79 In an act approved March 4, 1915, a State board of regents of five members was created to control the university, the agricultural college, the State normal school, and all other State institutions of higher education. This board supersedes the local board of control of each institution. Ohio. Under the act of July 2, 1862, Ohio received 630,000 acres in scrip. The State legislature assented to the act on February 9, 1864, and on April 13, 1865, appointed a commission composed of the State auditor, treasurer, and secretary of state to advertise and sell the scrip for the best price offered, not less than 80 cents per acre. Ohio received actually 629,920 acres in scrip. 1 The balance has since been located. 2 Some of the unsold lands are rented; there is no report on this number of acres. 40 THE LAND GRANTS AND THE LAND-GRANT COLLEGES. There was so much scrip on the market at the time that only 11,360 acres were thus sold; consequently, the instructions were amended and the restrictions on price removed by an act approved April 15, 1866. This act also provided that all the proceeds from sales should be paid in to the State treasury and to constitute part of the State debt on which 6 per cent interest would be paid to the college. Soon aU the scrip was disposed of, bringing from 53 to 82 cents per acre; a total of $340,906.80 was realized for the entire amount of 629,920 acres. In the management of the fund the interest is computed semi- annually; that which is not drawn by the coUege for support is re- turned to the State treasury and credited to the principal of the fund. In this way the fund has gradually increased, so that on June 30, 1915, it amounted to $524,176.50. The State pays 6 per cent interest on this capital for the benefit 01 Ohio State University. After the acceptance of the scrip with its attached conditions a discussion, lasting until 1870, went on in the State legislature regarding the founding of the college. Several plans were proposed and rejected; one was to divide the fund between Miami University and a new college to be established in the northern part of the State; another proposed to endow the already organized Farmers College with the entire grant ; still another was to unite Ohio University and Miami University into one strong State university and to endow the institution with the grant. However, all plans culminated in the act of March 22, 1870, whereby the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College was incorporated. The trustees were authorized to locate the college upon land, not less than 100 acres, which in their judgment is best suited to the wants and purposes of said institution, the same being reasonably central in the State and accessible by railroad from different parts thereof. After carefully considering several propositions, they selected a location near Columbus (now within the corporate limits of the city) on a site of 325 acres costing $117,508. Franklin County provided $300,000 in 7 per cent bonds; and citizens of Columbus, together with two railroads, supplied $28,000 more. Building operations were begun at once and on September 7, 1873, the institution opened its doors to students. In 1878 the legislature reorganized the college and changed its name to Ohio State University. It receives all the Federal aid to the State for colleges of agriculture and the mechanic arts. Oklahoma. The first legislature of the Territory of Oklahoma on December 25, 1890, adopted a resolution accepting the conditions of the second Morrill Act of 1890 and establishing an agricultural and mechanical college at Stillwater in Payne County. The county provided $10,000 in bonds for the college. The law provided that the THE LAND GRANTS AND THE LAND-GRANT COLLEGES. 41 State board of agriculture should be the board of regents. The Oklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical College opened its doors to students in the fall of 1891. In the State enabling act of 1906 Congress granted to the State, for the agricultural and mechanical college and for the colored agricultural and normal university, one-third of the thirteenth section grant, and for the agricultural and mechanical college alone, 250,000 acres of land. It does not appear that either of these grants was in lieu of the grants to the States under the act of 1862, or that they had any of the conditions of the 1862 grant attached to them. The grant of 250,000 acres was a gift to the new State restricted only by the condition that it should be used for the benefit of a college of agri- culture and mechanic arts. Undoubtedly this freedom from re- striction was due to the fact that Oklahoma, by accepting the second Morrill Act of 1890 in its territorial convention, had bound itself to practically all the conditions as to the character of instruction con- tained in the first Morrill Act of 1862 except that of required military training. All the lands of the State are under the control of the commissioners of the land office of Oklahoma. The 250,000 acres of the agricultural and mechanical college grant are administered with other lands for college purposes in a fund called "New college funds." They have been handled by sale and lease with great profit to the State and college, the proceeds being invested in bonds and farm loans so that a substantial income is regularly available for appropriation by the legislature to the use of the agricultural and mechanical college. In 1916 all of the 250,000-acre grant had been located and con- firmed, but 61,605.72 acres were unsold. Some of the lands had been sold, but reverted to the State through nonpayment of installments. There was an accumulated capital of $103,482.72 represented by bonds and cash on hand, while $732,155.55 were represented in deferred payments at 5 per cent interest. Oregon. The Legislature of Oregon duly accepted the agricultural college grant of 90,000 acres, and by act of October 27, 1868, appointed a committee of three citizens to locate the lands. The committee reported in July, 1870, that there had been located and confirmed 89,907.78 acres. In the same year the legislature con- ferred the endowment on a private corporation called Corvallis Col- lege, designating it as the State college of agriculture. The board of school land commissioners was authorized to sell the lands for not less than $2.50 per acre, the proceeds to be loaned at not less than 10 per cent interest on the security of real estate mort- gages. All interest was to be turned in to the State treasury for the support of the agricultural college. In 1882 the rate of interest was 42 THE LAND GRANTS AND THE LAND-GRANT COLLEGES. reduced to 8 per cent, and in 1889 to 6 per cent. The capital of the fund is retained by the State treasurer, subject to withdrawal for investment as above. For a long time Corvallis College received little or no income from the fund, as few sales and no investments were made. It was aided, however, by direct State appropriations. In return for these the legislature imposed restrictions on the management of the college, and finally, in response to a demand that the State own its own college, the legislature on February 11, 1885, took over Corvallis College and reorganized it as a State college under the name of Oregon Agricultural College. The 89,907.78 acres composing the agricultural college endowment were sold slowly. Located in 1870, there was no income from them for many years; in 1883-84 the college treasurer reported an income of $7,920.28 from interest and rentals, but failed to report the amount of capital; in 1891-92 the income was $9,717.42. On June 30, 1915, the college reported all but 920 acres of the grant sold. The capital was given as $202,113.99, invested in 6 per cent securities and giving an annual income of $11,267.08. Pennsylvania. The origin of an agricultural college in Pennsyl- vania dates back to April 13, 1854, when an act of the legislature was passed incorporating the Farmers' High School of Pennsylvania. The petitioners for the act included the governor of the Common- wealth and the members of the State board of agriculture. The next move was on February 22, 1855, when another charter was granted and organization effected shortly after. A tract of land of 200 acres was purchased in Harris Township, Center County, and soon after 200 acres more were added by donation. At first the State gave no aid to this institution, but in an act approved May 20, 1857, the legislature appropriated $50,000 to it, provided that private funds for as much more should be secured. This condition was met, and the funds were used to begin the construction of buildings. Students were received on February 20, 1859, and the first class, numbering 12 students, was graduated in December, 1861. Throughout the early period it was a farm school with practical field work for all students. Although its official title was " Farmers' High School/' yet the course of study was of a high scientific grade. Without State aid, except the appropriation for buildings, the expense of annual maintenance necessarily came from the friends of the insti- tution and from student fees ; and since small fees and student labor for support were fundamental principles of the school, the result was a constant financial struggle. In 1862 the name was changed to " Agricultural College of Penn- sylvania," in recognition of the grade and character of the work done, but soon the college closed its doors through the enlistment of its THE LAND GRANTS AND THE LAND-GRANT COLLEGES. 43 entire student body in the Pennsylvania Volunteers. In 1864 it again began work. Meanwhile Congress passed the act of 1862 in aid of colleges of agriculture and mechanic arts, and Pennsylvania came into its share of the land grant, 780,000 acres in scrip, through its acceptance by the legislature on April 1, 1863. The usual rivalry among the col- leges of the State for the endowment fund began, but the friends of the Agricultural College of Pennsylvania prevailed, and the institution was endowed with the grant by act of the legislature approved Feb- ruary 19, 1867. Unfortunately the grant did not impart the life that was expected, and the college continued to struggle along hampered by debt and torn by the conflicting theories regarding the new form of education. Up to 1879 the manual labor system was universally in practice, but when in 1870 a course in arts and science was intro- duced, manual labor seemed inappropriate. For nine years this question was under discussion and continued until 1879, when manual labor was required only to the extent necessary for its educational value. About this time the problem of industrial education was solved on its present basis. As a fitting climax the State now came forward with appropriations to clear the institution of debt. From this point its progress has been steady. In the act accepting the grant of 780,000 acres in scrip, the sur- veyor general of the State was instructed to obtain the scrip, to sell it, and to invest the proceeds. The governor, auditor general, and the surveyor general were appointed a committee to prescribe rules and regulations for its management. The surveyor general realized $439,186.80 from its sale. About 10 per cent, $43,886.50, was used to purchase experimental farms for the college and the balance was invested in United States and Pennsyl- vania State bonds bought at a premium and giving $381,500 face value of investment. The assembly on April 3, 1872, ordered these bonds sold and a 50-year State bond for $500,000 at 6 per cent interest issued to the college to represent the land-grant endowment fund. Pennsylvania State College receives $30,000 a year income from this source. On May 13, 1887, the assembly authorized the college to sell part of the farm which had been purchased out of the land-grant fund. The proceeds from this sale, $17,000, were turned over to the State treasurer and invested in 6 per cent State bonds. The college re- ceives the interest on these bonds. Rhode Island. The act of Congress of 1862 gave Rhode Island 120,000 acres in scrip, which were accepted by the State legislature in January, 1863. The governor was instructed to receive the scrip and to hold it subject to the further orders of the assembly; it was also ordered that Brown University be the beneficiary of the grant 44 THE LAND GRANTS AND THE LAND-GRANT COLLEGES. upon the conditions that it maintain a scientific department and allow free tuition to a certain number of students nominated by the legislature. The scrip was turned over to Brown University and by it sold for $50,000, payable in annual installments from August 30, 1866, to August 31, 1870, when the full amount had been received and in- vested as follows: Rhode Island 6 per cent State bonds $49, 498. 95 Cash deposited in Rhode Island Hospital Trust Co. at 7 per cent interest. . 501. 05 Total 50,000.00 In 1887, as an outcome of the Hatch Experiment Station Act, the assembly appointed a committee to consider the advisability of establishing a State college rather than to extend further aid to Brown University. In accord with the report of this committee on March 23, 1888, the State agricultural school was established at Kingston. On May 19, 1892, its title was changed to (k Rhode Island College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts" and its internal organization care- fully reorganized. The college was to receive the original Federal endowment under the act of 1862, but Brown University objected to relinquishing it and carried the case to the courts. At the first trial the decision favored the State, but Brown took an appeal and it began to look as if a long contest were ahead when the assembly in April, 1 904, passed a compromise act giving Brown University $40,000 cash in return for the surrender of all claims on any of the agricultural college grants. Brown, no doubt influenced by the Yale case in Connecticut, accepted this compromise, thus allowing the college of agriculture to receive the grant without further contest. By act of May 4, 1909, the name of the college was changed to "Rhode Island State College." On December 31, 1914, the $50,000 comprising the capital of the fund was on deposit with the Industrial Trust Co. in two accounts, the joint interest being about 4 per cent, actually $2,035.68. The assembly makes up the deficit by a regular annual appropriation, so that the college receives a full 5 per cent income, $2,500. South Carolina. Under the Federal act of 1862 South Carolina became entitled to 180,000 acres in scrip, but owing to the Civil War it was not until 1868 that the new State constitution, among other provisions regarding education, directed that the grant be accepted and an agricultural college organized. The first legislative assembly thereafter formally accepted the conditions of the grant and ordered that the scrip be sold and the proceeds invested in United States or South Carolina bonds. THE LAND GRANTS AND THE LAND-GRANT COLLEGES. 45 As far as can be traced, the scrip for 180,000 acres was sent to the State fiscal agent in New York, H. H. Kimpton, who reported that it was sold for 72 \ cents per acre and that the $130,500 was invested in $191,800 worth of South Carolina State 6 per cent bonds. Later he reported that these bonds had been hypothecated as security for the State debt held in New York. This seems to be the end of both scrip and bonds. The legislature made an appropriation to pay one year's interest, but only $6,836 was received by the college. For 10 years nothing more was heard of the fund until in 1879 the State legislature, evidently recognizing that it was lost, passed, an act directing the State treasurer to issue a perpetual State bond for $191,800 at 6 per cent in favor of the University of South Carolina. This bond is still extant and represents the 1862 land-grant fund. At the time of accepting the grant the State legislature was com- posed of an overwhelming preponderance of negroes. It was there- fore no surprise that in 1872, when providing for a college to receive the benefit of the grant, the legislature established the college as a part of Claflin University. While this institution made no restric- tions as to the color of its students, the admission of negroes had the effect of preventing the white students from attending. Although this institution was nominally endowed with the land-grant fund, the fund had already passed through the manipulation resulting in its total disappearance, and no actual benefit was derived therefrom. The act of 1879 restoring and re-creating the agricultural college endowment fund also provided that the defunct South Carolina Col- lege should reopen as an agricultural and mechanical college for whites and should receive one-half of the interest from the land-grant fund. Accordingly, the college reopened in 1880 under the title 11 Agricultural and Mechanical College of South Carolina." For two years it continued its independent course until, in 1882, it was merged into the revived South Carolina College, which was itself a part of the University of South Carolina. The Claflin agricultural college combination was also made a part of the university and continued to receive one-half of the yearly interest. In November, 1889, the State legislature accepted the trust left by Thomas G. Clemson and established an agricultural and mechan- ical college on his Fort Hill plantation. This institution, called "Clemson College," in honor of the donor of its principal endowment, was opened for students in July, 1893. In the act creating it the legislature endowed it with the privilege tax on fertilizers and trans- ferred to it the half interest in the 1862 land-grant fund previously received by the University of South Carolina. Clemson College now receives all the grants to South Carolina in aid of colleges of agricul- 46 THE LAND GKANTS AND THE LAND-GRANT COLLEGES. ture and mechanic arts except the portion provided for the colored college. In 1896 the legislature divorced Claflin University and the colored agricultural and mechanical college and created a new State insti- tution called "The Colored Normal, Industrial, and Agricultural College of South Carolina." This school divides the interest of the 1862 land-grant fund with Clemson College. Each receives a yearly income of $5,754 from the fund. South Dakota. The founding of the agricultural college in South Dakota does not seem to have been dependent on any particular Federal grant in aid. It was in 1881 that the Territorial legislature made the first move, which was continued in 1883 by an act author- izing a bond issue of $25,000 to build and equip the college buildings on the property belonging to the Territory at Brookings. Another bond issue in 1885 provided land for the experimental farm, additional buildings, and equipment. The institution was opened for students September 24, 1884, so that upon the organiza- tion of the State in 1889 the college was in full operation. On February 22, 1889, Congress passed the State enabling act for Montana, Washington, North Dakota, and South Dakota. This was accepted by South Dakota and a State constitution adopted October 1, 1889. The enabling act gave South Dakota 120,000 acres for the agricultural college in lieu of the 1862 grant and an additional grant of 40,000 acres restricted only by the requirement that it should be used for an agricultural college. All lands are controlled by a State land board, which locates and handles them in the usual way, by lease and sale. Proceeds are turned over to the State treasurer, who maintains two funds. One, the permanent agricultural college fund, is composed of receipts from sales of land and is a permanent endowment fund; the other, the local and endowment agricultural college fund, is composed of inter- est on invested funds (permanent agricultural college fund), interest on unpaid contracts of sale, rentals of lands, and collections from the college, and is used for general maintenance. For the year ending June 30, 1914, the land-grant fund was reported as follows: Lands reported by the commissioner of public lands. Total acres in both grants 160, 000. 00 Acres patented 160, 000. 20 Acres sold 16, 039. 62 Acres leased 61, 604. 19 Capital account. Total price of all lands sold $317, 296. 03 Capital of endowment fund 128, 804. 87 Amount outstanding on deferred payments 188, 872. 83 THE LAND GRANTS AND THE LAND-GRANT COLLEGES. 47 All the capital is invested in 5 per cent loans ; the deferred payments bear 6 per cent interest. Leases are subject to a reappraisal every five years, with a consequent change in rent. Income account, report of State treasurer. Received from leases of land $16, 071. 23 Received from interest on permanent fund 5, 242. 70 Received from interest on deferred payments 10, 964. 57 Total income for the college 32, 278. 50 The South Dakota State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts is under the management of a State board of five members, called the "regents of education," which board controls all the higher edu- cational institutions of the State. Tennessee. September 10, 1794, Blount College received a charter from the Territorial legislature of the territory south of the Ohio River and was established at Knoxville. On April 18, 1806, Congress authorized the establishment of two colleges in Tennessee and endowed each with a grant of 50,000 acres of public lands. The legislature thereupon, on October 26, 1807, incorporated the East Tennessee College as one of the two authorized institutions, placed its location 2 miles from Knoxville, and provided that it should absorb Blount College. East Tennessee College, like all the early colleges, had a hard struggle for existence. In 1840 the legislature changed its name to East Tennessee University. In 1860-61 the institution had the most profitable year of its history up to that time, and its affairs seemed to be finally in prosperous condition; a medical department had been opened, and the number of students in all departments was increas- ing. But the war ended all this. First the Confederate and then the National troops used the buildings for hospital and barracks, so that only the medical school continued any sort of exercises. In the reorganization after the war little was left but the bare grounds and buildings. However, the institution was reopened in 1866 with about 75 students, continuing its progress without a break to the present time. In 1869 it received the national land-grant en- dowment of 300,000 acres in scrip, at the same time organizing an agricultural college as an integral part of the university. This col- lege was later expanded into the Tennessee Industrial College. On March 10, 1879, the legislature changed the name East Tennessee University to University of Tennessee. It is the State agricultural college and receives all the Federal aid to the State for agricultural college purposes except that for negro institutions. On February 1, 1868, the State legislature accepted the act granting 300,000 acres in scrip to the State, and on January 16, 1869, desig- 48 THE LAND GRANTS AND THE LAND-GRANT COLLEGES. nated the East Tennessee University as the beneficiary. As the time for accepting the grant had expired before the State could take action, a joint resolution of Congress, February 28, 1867, was necessary to legalize the action. The scrip was sold to G. F. Lewis for the high price, as the market was then, of 90f cents per acre, and brought $271,875. The Man- hattan Bank of New York was made State fiscal agent, and, on order of the State legislature, invested the proceeds as fast as received in Tennessee State bonds at 6 per cent. Ultimately there were $396,000 worth of bonds purchased and turned over to the university. In these transactions expenses amounting to $3,308.55 were charged against the capital of the fund, while an unexpended balance of $466.40 was transferred to general State funds, making a total of $3,774.95 used from the principal of the land-grant fund; the State also failed to pay the interest on the bonds in some years and in others paid it in warrants which had to be cashed at considerable discount, so that, in this way, the university lost about $12,000 from its income fund. In 1881 the legislature made an appropriation of $3,774.95 to replace the amount taken from the capital of the fund and appointed a committee to investigate the losses of income. This committee has never reported, and no adjustment has been made. The fund now consists of the original amount, $396,000, invested in State certificates of indebtedness at 6 per cent and $4,000 (the $3,775 appropriated by the legislature plus $225 added by the uni- versity) invested in certificates of indebtedness at 5 per cent, making a total of $400,000 and giving an annual income of $23,960 to the University of Tennessee. Texas. Although in 1862 there were millions of acres of unoccupied land in Texas, yet, because of its unique position as an independent and sovereign nation at the time it was admitted to the Union, there were no public lands in the State belonging to the Federal Govern- ment; therefore the grant of 180,000 acres under the agricultural college act of 1862 came in the form of scrip. The State legislature accepted the grant November 1, 1866, and on April 17, 1871, established the agricultural and mechanical college, making it the duty of the governor to appoint three commissioners to determine its location. This commission selected a site in Brazos County, which became known as "College Station," and on October 4, 1876, the college was opened to students. The 180,000 acres in scrip were soon sold for $174,000, which was invested in 7 per cent gold frontier defense bonds of the State. During the nine years between the sale of the scrip and the opening of the college the accumulated interest amounted to $35,000 which was added to the principal, making a total fund of $209,000. THE LAND GRANTS AND THE LAND-GRANT COLLEGES. 49 On March 1, 1910, the $174,000 bond issue was refunded; $170,000 was placed in 3 per cent bonds and $4,000 was spent for running expenses of the college. On July 1, 1906, the $35,000 bond issue was also refunded in 3 per cents. The legislature of 1915 made an appropriation of $4,000 to replace the money improperly spent in 1910 and another of $24,358.33 to adjust the deficit in the rate of interest, and directed that the land- scrip fund, amounting to $209,000, be invested at 5 per cent interest; the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas receives the annual income from the State treasurer. The constitution of 1876 made the college a branch of the Uni- versity of Texas, but as no change was made in the board of directors the institution continues to manage its affairs independently. Utah. The agricultural college of Utah was founded March 8, 1888, when the legislative assembly accepted the terms of the 1862 land-grant act. Utah received 200,000 acres of land for the agri- cultural college. The State assembly appropriated $25,000 for buildings and the county of Cache and city of Logan gave 100 acres of land as a site. The first students were admitted in September, 1890. The college is under the control of a board of trustees of 13 mem- bers, comprising the secretary of state ex ofncio and 12 members appointed by the governor. In 1913 the " Branch of the Agricultural College" located at Cedar City was placed under the control of the agricultural college board. The college also administers several State service bureaus. The grant of 200,000 acres is in charge of a State board of land commissioners, which locates the lands and handles them in the usual way of rental and sale. A minimum price of $2.50 per acre has been fixed by law. The report of the secretary of the land board for the period ended November 30, 1914, gives the following condition of the grant: Lands. Acres. Agricultural college grant 200, 000 Selected and confirmed l 195, 663. 65 Sold 2 181, 484. 19 Capital of the college fund, Total sale prico of all lands sold to date $334, 033. 06 Amount paid in of the selling price 194, 136. 74 Amount invested 189, 656. 68 The investments are in loans on approved farm property at 6 per cent and State and municipal bonds and warrants at 4 J to 6 per cent. i Acres selected but not confirmed, 3,829.70. 2 Number of acres under lease not given. 50 THE LAND GRANTS AND THE LAND-GRANT COLLEGES. Income for the year ended Nov. 30, 1914. Interest on invested funds $8, 605. 60 Interest on unpaid purchase money 2, 853. 47 Rentals on leased lands 1, 296. 83 Total 12, 755. 90 Vermont. The Legislature of Vermont, on November 2, 1791, passed an act incorporating a university at Burlington, which was called the University of Vermont. College work was begun in 1801, having been preceded for one year by preparatory work conducted by the president in his residence while the college building was being erected. Under the land-grant act of 1862 Vermont was entitled to 150,000 acres in scrip, which it received by the acceptance of the legislature on October 29, 1862. A commission of two, Homer E. Koyce and John B. Page, was appointed to investigate ways and means of dis- posing of the scrip. Following the report of this commission, the scrip, calling for 149,920 actual acres, was put on the market and sold for $122,626.40. In December, 1866, when the money was invested, it had accumulated considerable bank interest, so that a total invest- ment of $135,500 in 6 per cent State bonds resulted. These bonds have been renewed from time to time as they came due and will fall due again on June 1, 1932. They bear interest at 6 per cent and are retained by the State treasurer, who pays the interest to the uni- versity. About the same time that the scrip was sold the legislature chartered an agricultural college to receive the benefit of the fund and authorized its trustees to locate a site. Among the trustees was the Hon. Justin S. Morrill, the author of the act under which the fund was obtained. It is a commentary on the strangeness of affairs that for one year this board combed the State for a site, and not one locality offered suffi- cient inducement to warrant the locating of the college. Finally the author of the act which caused the founding of agricultural colleges in so many other States had to confess a total failure in his own State. On November 9, 1865, the attempt to found a separate agricultural college was abandoned. The legislature combined the University of Vermont and the unlocated agricultural college under the joint title, "The University of Vermont and State Agricultural College," and located it on the property of the university at Burlington. Middle- bury College and Norwich University were authorized to become parts of the university, but declined. Virginia. On January 27, 1870, Congress passed the act reestab- lishing the State of Virginia. The new State constitution adopted in 1869 went into effect and the reconstructed legislature was called for its first meeting on February 10, 1870. At this meeting the land- grant act was accepted, securing to the State 300,000 acres in scrip. THE LAND GRANTS AND THE LAND-GRANT COLLEGES. 51 This scrip was placed in the hands of the board of education, com- posed of the governor, the attorney general, and the superintendent of public instruction, and was sold on May 1, 1872, for $285,000. On March 19, 1872, the legislature after a long struggle, authorized the division of the fund, one-third to Hampton Institute and two- thirds to a new institution to be called the Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College. This act also authorized the expenditure of 10 per cent of the capital for the purchase of land. Of the $95,000, Hampton's share, $9,500, was used to buy 72 acres of additional land, and the remainder was invested in 6 per cent State bonds at a discount, serving to buy $172,156 worth of bonds. A similar disposition was made of the $190,000, the portion given to the Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College; and bonds to the amount of $344,312 face value became its endowment. All the bonds are held by the State board of education, the interest going regularly to the institutions. The act of March 19, 1872, which organized the agricultural and mechanical college for whites and disposed of the scrip, also author- ized the taking over of Preston and Olin Institute at Blacksburg as a site for the new college. In 1896 the legislature added the words "and Polytechnic Insti- tute" to the title of the college. Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute, the Negro college, was established in June, 1867, on a farm known as "Little Scotland, " lying on Hampton Eiver, a small navigable arm of Hampton Roads. Students were first admitted in April, 1868. On June 4, 1870, it was chartered as a semiprivate educational institution. The school now is one of the two largest and best-known schools for Negroes in the world. Its plan is based on labor as a means of education. From the humble beginning of 1868 it has progressed so that for 1915 its report shows total annual expenditures of over $585,000, with an investment of over $4,000,000 in lands, buildings, and equipment. It still receives the income of $10,329.36 per year from the 1862 land-grant fund. Washington. Washington, in its State enabling act of February 22, 1889, received 90,000 acres of land as an endowment for an agri- cultural college. The first legislative assembly, on March 28, 1890, organized the college under the title of "The Agricultural College, Experiment Sta- tion, and School of Science of the State of Washington." It con- ferred on the new college all the Federal grants in aid of agricultural colleges, experiment stations, and schools of science. The institution was placed under the management of a board of regents of five mem- 52 THE LAND GRANTS AND THE LAND-GRANT COLLEGES. bers appointed by the-governor and its location was fixed at Pullman. In 1905 the name was shortened to "The State College of Washing- ton." All the lands granted to the State are in charge of a State land commissioner, who locates and handles them in the usual way of rental and sale. Receipts are turned over to the State treasurer, who invests the capital in interest-bearing securities and holds the income from investments and rentals to be appropriated by the legislature for the support of the college. On October 1, 1914, the endowment was reported as follows: Lands. Acres in original grant 90, 000. 00 Acres located and confirmed 89, 438. 21 Acres sold 23, 506. 32 Capita I. Total selling price of lands Not reported. Amount paid in $247, 608. 36 Amount invested in securities 247, 325. 00 Income for the year ended June 30, 1914. Interest on invested funds $12, 345. 67 Interest on deferred payments, from leases and from privileges 6, 840. 68 Bank interest on daily balances 240. 68 Total 19, 426. 96 West Virginia. This State was created and admitted to the Union on June 20, 1863. The first legislative assembly, by an act approved October 3, 1863, accepted the grant of 150,000 acres in scrip, but because of the unsettled condition of the country, the State did not receive it until Congress, by a special act dated April 14, 1864, extended the provisions of the land-grant act to the State. Shortly after the scrip was received it was sold for $90,000 and the money invested in $90,000 worth of United States "currency sixes." On January 9, 1866, the trustees of Monongalia Academy, at Mor- gantown, tendered to the State all their property for the foundation of the new agricultural college. On January 30, 1867, the legislature accepted the gift and on February 7, 1867, passed an act reaffirming this acceptance and establishing the Agricultural College of West Virginia, at Morgantown. To its trustees were turned over the $90,- 000 in 6 per cent bonds forming the land-grant fund. The property donated by Monongalia Academy, together with gifts from the citizens of Morgantown lands, buildings, cash, bonds, bank stock, books, and personal property was worth $50,390. June 25, 1868, the legislature authorized the board of visitors to sell the academy proper and to invest the proceeds in new buildings on the main grounds at Morgantown. About $15,000 was so used. THE LAND GRANTS AND THE LAND-GRANT COLLEGES. 53 On December 4, 1868, the legislature changed the name of the col- lege to "West Virginia University" and the board of visitors to a board of regents. This same year it increased the land-grant endow- ment by a gift of $10,000 and again in 1871 by another $10,000. Until 1909 the control of the institution was in the board of regents. By an act approved February 27, 1909, the management of all the State institutions was divided between two State boards. The finan- cial affairs are under the board of control, of three members, and the academic affairs are under a State board of regents, composed of the State superintendent of schools and four other members. The State board of control now has charge of the funds of West Virginia University, including the land endowment fund. No attempt has ever been made to segregate the endowment received from the sale of scrip from that received from legislative appropria- tion, all endowment funds being kept in one account. On June 30, 1914, the endowment fund amounted to $116,500, invested in various securities bringing from 5 to 6 per cent interest and yielding an annual income of $6,500 for the university. Wisconsin. Although the first movement toward the establish- ment of a State university began in 1836, under the Territorial gov- ernment, it was not until the State constitution of 1848 made pro- vision for it that there was any prospect of the institution being actually opened. The first State legislature passed an act incorpo- rating the university and appointing a board of regents, July 26, 1848. During the first year thereafter the regents held several meetings, at which the opening of a preparatory department was discussed and several sites for the university were considered. Finally, "College Hill," at Madison, was selected in February, 1849, where the prepar- atory department was opened in a building loaned by the people of Madison. The efforts of 14 years had finally borne fruit. On August 4, 1850, college classes were established. The first college building was erected in 1851. The agricultural college land grant of 240,000 acres was accepted by the State legislature on April 2, 1863. The close of the war saw a renewal of the university's prosperity. Women had been admitted during the dark days; so now a general reorganization seemed necessary. An act approved April 12, 1866, provided that the university should receive the agricultural college endowment and other substantial State aids in addition to all its former grants and endowments ; the State also now began to extend assistance by direct appropriation for the first time in the history of the university. The agricultural college grant, amounting to 240,005.37 acres, was placed in charge of a commission of school and university lands. A minimum price of $1.25 per acre was obtained, 25 per cent cash 54 THE LAND GRANTS AND THE LAND-GRANT COLLEGES. and the balance on 10 years' time at 7 per cent interest. All but 40 acres were sold up to 1912. The money received from sales was turned over to the State treasurer and invested in interest-bearing securities. The following tabulation shows how the high rates of interest permitted profitable investment at first, coming to a maximum in 1883; and how, since that time, the decreasing interest rates have gradually lowered the income until at the present time it is found impracticable to obtain even the required 5 per cent: Income, from the land fund. Year. Capital. Income. Acres of unsold land. Year. Capital. Income. Acres of unsold land. 1866 $8 061 85 $144 93 1892 $290,954.00 $16,961.95 1870 1875 159.346.20 236 133 90 11,377.41 16,148.41 52,403 S3" 1895 1900 16,871.85 12, 428. 57 1880 267 330 86 15 321 84 24 358 87 1906 13 038 27 1883... 1888 285,968.00 1 228, 221. 00 17,377,14 14,609.70 13,204.83 1,253.21 1910 1914 303, 558. 61 303, 594. 61 11,777.56 12, 728. 14 40.00 120.00 1 Invested funds only; docs not include uninvested cash on hand. For the future the deficit in interest below the required 5 per cent has been adjusted by an act passed by the State legislature and approved August 7, 1913 (sec. 249, ch. 758, acts of 1913), which provided as follows : If for any year the income from the agricultural college fund is less than 5 per cent on the principal, the regents of the university are authorized and required to trans- fer from the university fund income to the agricultural college fund income an amount necessary to meet the difference between the interest actually received and the amount which would have been yielded had the income been at the rate of 5 per cent. Wyoming. By an act of March 4, 1886, the Territorial legislature organized the University of Wyoming and provided a State tax for its support. The university was to be located in or near the city of Laramie, to be open to men and women alike, and to provide for a liberal education in all collegiate branches of study. There were seven trustees. A site of 20 acres was procured, later increased to 54 acres, partly by gift and partly by purchase through the citizens of Laramie and through the Union Pacific Railroad. In the fall of 1887, a portion of the first building having been completed, the institution was opened for students. Three farms, containing 1,080 acres, are now used for experimental and demonstration work. When, in 1889, the State constitution was adopted and the new State was entitled to 90,000 acres of public land for an agricultural college endowment, this grant, together with all its conditions, was conferred on the university. This has been followed by all ,grants in THE LAND GRANTS AND THE LAND-GRANT COLLEGES. 55 aid of agricultural colleges, experiment stations, extension work, and one-fourth of the grant for charitable, educational, penal, and reformatory institutions. In 1890 a bill to establish a separate agricultural college was passed by the legislature and was followed in 1892 by a State referendum vote placing the new college at Lander, Fremont County. As the legislature declined to pass measures for the change, the institution was not established. Thus, wisely , all efforts of the State for higher education have been centered in one institution. The care of the 90,000-acre gran tf together with all the State lands, is in the hands of a State board of land commissioners, which locates, sells, and rents the lands, turning over the proceeds to the State treasurer to be invested or held for the use of the university. The latest available report for the biennium ended September 30, 1914, shows the following condition of the grant : Lands. Total number of acres granted 90, 000. 00 Acres located and confirmed to the State 89, 832. 36 Acres sold 6, 664. 35 Acres selected and reserved for sale 2, 120. 44 Acres leased 79, 305. 13 Capital of the fund. Invested funds $28,425.00 Cash balance uninvested, held in the agricultural college permanent land fund of 1903 20,415.34 Cash balance uninvested, held in the agricultural college permanent land fund No. 2 : 24,515.50 Total of permanent fund 73, 355. 84 Interest and income for the biennium 1912-1914. Interest on invested funds $3, 063. 05 Interest on deferred payments on purchases 950. 19 Rentals 11,385.70 Interest on bank balances. . . 1, 043. 03 Total biennial income for support 16, 441. 97 Invested funds . At 4i per cent $3, 500 At 5 per cent 4, 000 At 5 per cent 4, 000 At 6 per cent 16, 925 28, 425 56 THE LAND GRANTS AND THE LAND-GRANT COLLEGES. GENERAL DISCUSSION. Under the grant of July 2, 1862, three sharp divisions in the States appear: 1. States receiving scrip under the original act. 2. States receiving land under the original act. 3. New States receiving land under their State enabling acts or other acts in lieu of the grants under the original act. In general it has been very difficult, well-rnVh impossible, to carry out the exact letter of the law. A study of the detailed histories shows scarcely one State that has not, in some way, at some time, been in default. The principal lines of default have been a delay in investing the capital, or investment at less than 5 per cent, causing loss of income to the college; use of capital for other purposes than for the college; and finally the use of income for purposes not authorized by law, such as for the administration of lands or expenses of investments. In general these defaults have been made good as soon as proper at- tention was directed to them. Although defaults have been corrected, in the main immediately on being recognized, yet seldom have deiicits been refunded or made up. Especially in the matter of loss of interest from lack of invest- ment or from deficient interest return, it lias been usual to replace the investment so as to obtain the required 5 per cent but to allow past losses to remain unsatisfied. There are, however, several ex- ceptions to this practice; the last and most prominent is the State of Texas, the legislature of which in 1915 appropriated $24,358.35 to adjust losses in interest due to past investments at less than 5 per cent. 1 In the method of obtaining the required 5 per cent on the invested funds several plans have been adopted. (1) In a large number of the States, when it became evident that a continuous 5 per cent investment would be difficult to find, the fund was turned over to the State treasury and the State itself as- sumed the load of interest, the capital being considered as part of the irreducible State debt. This was done in Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania. (2) In other States the receipts from the sale of lands were turned in to the State treasury as fast as received and added either to the State sinking fund or to general State funds, no attempt at outside investment being made. In such cases the State issues certificates of indebtedness at a good rate of interest. Michigan, Missouri, and Ohio handled their funds in this way. i Also see footnote oil Arkansas, page 13 THE LAND GRANTS AND THE LAND-GRANT COLLEGES. 57 (3) Other States have invested the funds at the best rate obtain- able in the open market, and make up the difference between the rate obtained and the required 5 per cent by direct legislative appropria- tion. Maryland and Khode Island handle the funds in this way. (4) In Florida, Minnesota, and Wisconsin the legislature has au- thorized the governing board of the college to transfer funds from other general college funds in order to make up the deficit in interest. (5) In Illinois, North Carolina, and South Carolina the fund has been lost by defalcation or dishonesty and has been restored by the legislature. A State bond for the amount has been issued in each of these States. The above five methods cover the handling of the funds by those States receiving it under the original grant and which have entirely disposed of the lands and scrip. An entirely different method has been adopted in the newer States. Among the older States the following seem to be in default at the time of writing this article: Colorado was derelict in the investment of the capital received from the sale of lands; the State legislature, in attempting to make the funds secure, placed so many conditions and penalties upon the State officers that they refused to move and allowed the funds to lie in bank at 2 or 2 J per cent interest; recently the provisions have been changed and the funds are being invested as fast as possible. Nebraska has its capital invested in securities only part of which bring 5 per cent interest, the balance less than 5 per cent; action by the State legislature to remedy this or make up the deficit is expected. Nevada for a number of years failed to segregate this fund from other land-grant funds, investing the pro- ceeds from the sale of all lands together, without regard to the special 5 per cent investment condition attached to this fund; as a result there is a deficit of about 1 per cent in yearly income and some con- fusion regarding the exact amount of the capital. The newer States received invariably, in their State enabling acts, grants of public lands for many different purposes and running into the millions of acres. The care of these lands has become one of the principal administrative duties of the State. In every case a State land board has been created which locates the lands under the differ- ent grants and arranges for their use either by sale to individuals who will develop them, or by rental of the lands or of the privileges, such as grazing, mining, lumbering, water power, etc. Sales of lands are usually made on a part cash basis, the State collecting a liberal rate of interest on the deferred payments. The amount received from actual sales of lands of the agricultural college grants is turned over to the State treasurer and invested either by him or by some other authorized agency, at the best rate obtain- able. In the past, because the agricultural college grant formed only 58 THE LAND GRANTS AND THE LAND-GRANT COLLEGES. a small portion of the total State lands, no attention was paid to the special conditions affixed to it, and the lands and investments were treated in the same way as the other grants of land, being required to bear their share of the cost of management; but now each State is making an effort to carry out the special conditions and to throw its 5 per cent securities into the agricultural college permanent fund, so that there is little default in investment. The interest from invested funds is lumped in with income from leases, from interest on deferred payments of purchase money, and money from all other sources to form an income fund from which the agricultural college may draw annual support. In some States this support fund is immediately available for the use of the college; in others the legislature appropriates as much of it each year as it thinks advisable, leaving the balance on hand. LANDS AND SCRIP. Twenty-eight States were allotted 8,160,000 acres of land in scrip; 20 received 2,890,000 acres in place, giving a total allotment of 11,050,000 acres under the act of July 2, 1862, or supplementary acts in lieu of it. Of this total, considering the grants to the newer States as already located, 10,929,215 acres actually passed to the States, the reduction of 120,785 acres being due to fractional deduc- tions in issue of scrip, to the location of double minimum value lands, and to the failure of some States to locate the full allotment. In 1914 there were 1,209,837 acres unsold, part of which were leased; and 51,850 acres unlocated, not including New Mexico with 150,000 acres and Oklahoma with 250,000 acres, none of which were located. CAPITAL OF THE FUND. The scrip and lands have been sold for $12,643,309.43, of which $119,164.90 was used in four States to purchase land. The remain- ing capital has increased during 52 years of existence (1862 to 1914) until it amounts to $13,621,712.07. Of this amount $2,205,489.08, in 10 States, draws interest at less than 5 per cent, but only 4 States l fail to make up the deficit in some way. INCOME. Every State now applies all the income for the support of the agricultural and mechanical college; there is no diminution or diver- sion to other uses. The total income under the 1862 land-grant endowment act from all sources, not including additions to principal, for the year 1913-14 was $856,318.95, of which $725,496.32 came from interest on in- i In 1917 only three States. THE LAND GRANTS AND THE LAND-GRANT COLLEGES. 59 vested funds, $71,258.05 from interest on deferred payments of land purchases, $55,884.83 from leased lands, from privileges, and from miscellaneous sources, and $4,877.76 from direct appropriations to make up the difference in interest from investments at less than 5 per cent. COLLEGES. Of the colleges benefiting under the act, Kentucky, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Virginia divide the income between an institu- tion for whites and one for colored students. With the exception of Massachusetts, which divides the fund between two colleges, each of the other States maintains one college or university to receive the benefit of the fund. Nineteen States have created and maintain independent colleges of agriculture and the mechanic arts while also maintaining State universities; in each of 21 States the college of agriculture is a part of the State university; seven States do not have State universities. Massachusetts has a State agricultural college and aids a private foundation Massachusetts Institute of Technology with part of the fund; it has no State university. Ohio has three universities aided by the State, but has officially recognized Ohio State Univer- sity, comprising the college of agriculture, as the State university. In Georgia the agricultural college is legally a part of the State university, but actually is almost autonomous. In Montana the agricultural college has a separate name and management, but is by law one of the component parts of the State university composed of all the State-supported institutions of higher learning. The oldest institution is Rutgers College, New Jersey, founded as Queens College in 1766, but this is a private corporation. The oldest State institution is the University of Tennessee, established as Blount College in 1794 and as East Tennessee College in 1807. The oldest independent State college of agriculture and mechanic arts is the Michigan Agricultural College, established February 12 1855, and opened on May 13, 1857. 60 THE LAND GRANTS AND THE LAND-GRANT COLLEGES. a S 11 (M TH CO CO t-- O5 t^ O> *< *< O r-l CO 25 r-l OS t~ O> CO CM t> CTl CO *O ^H CO 00 -^<^oo^c^^i^io'ororicru^crH^~c^t^r4 N ^^'^t< e CO rH CO .-I CO ^ s o o 01 O O i ^3 s ,3 CX> g 1'OOOt^OCOCOdOCO^t'^HTtlr-<( O O O> i-l r-K CO <> < 'O i-H ( O I- 2 8 > S's .b 'S fl 1. II I41| I a^^^og^g^ llllllfll !s*?-s'StS 52 , * a fl8' tJ o'?J'"M ilslilS^S, "S^ o Po2; H 62 THE LAND GRANTS AND THE LAND-GRANT COLLEGES. The land-grant colleges. Names of institutions. Agri- cul- tural college sepa- rate from State uniA^er- sity. One State institu- tion. Date of or- ganization of the institution. Date of open- ing of the institution to students. Date of re- ceipt of 1862 land-grant fund. Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical College and Polytechnic Institute X Feb. 26,1872 Mar. 20,1872 Feb. 26,1872 University of Arizona Univ University of Arkansas Univ. Mar. 27,1871 Mar. 23,1868 Feb. 11,1870 Apr. 6, 1881 Feb. 6. 1833 1870 Jan! 22' 1872 Sept. 23, 1869 Sept. 1,1879 Sept. 28, 1881 May ,1834 Oct. 1, 1884 May 1, 1872 Oct. 3, 1892 Mar. 2,1868 Sept. 16, 1874 00 1859 Feb. 16.1863 Mar. 27,1871 Mar. 23,1868 Jan. 27,1879 Apr 21,1893 Mar. 14,1867 University of California Univ Colorado Agricultural College X Col.i Connecticut Agricultural College Delaware College . .... Col University of Florida University of Georgia 1 Univ Dec. 12' 1866 Jan 1889 Dec. 12^1866 University of Idaho Univ University of Illinois Univ.. Feb. 28' 1867 May 6, 1869 Feb. 28' 1867 May 6, 1869 Sept. 11. 1862 Feb. 16,1863 Purdue University, Indiana . X X X Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts Kansas State Agricultural College 8 .. . Feb. 16^ 1863 1879 University of Kentucky Univ Kentucky Normal and Industrial Insti- tute (colored) May 18,1886 Apr. 7, 1874 Feb. 25,1865 Oct. 11,1887 Nov. 16,1874 Sept. 14, 1868 Fall of 1859 Oct. 21,1865 Oct. 2, 1867 May 13,1857 Nov. 26, 1851 1880 May 21,1897 Apr. 7, 1874 Feb. 25,1865 Louisiana State University and Agricul- tural and Mechanical College . . Univ.. University of Maine Univ Col Massachusetts Institute of Technology (4) Apr. I0'l861 Apr. 29,1863 Feb. 12,1855 Feb. 19,1851 Feb 28,1878 May 13,1871 Feb. 11,1839 Feb. 16,1893 Feb. 15,1869 Mar. 7, 1873 June 7,1866 Nov. 10,1766 Feb. 28,1889 Apr. 27,1865 1887 Apr. 2?' 1863 Apr. 29,1863 Feb. 25,1863 Feb. 18,1868 Feb. 28,1878 May 13,1871 Feb. 24,1870 Feb. 16,1893 1873 Massachusetts Agricultural College (<) X X Michigan Agricultural College . "tiniv'.!!! University of Minnesota Mississippi Agricultural and Mechanical College Alcorn Agricultural and Mechanical Col- lege (colored) . ,1871 Apr. 14,1841 Sept. 15, 1893 Sept. 7,1871 Oct. 12,1874 Sept. 4,1868 - ,1771 Mar. 10,1890 Oct. 7,1868 Oct 1889 University of Missouri Univ. Montana State College of / griculture and Mechanic Arts. .. X University of Nebraska Univ University of Nevada Univ.... Mar. 7, 1873 June 7, 1866 Mar. 21,1863 Feb. 28,1889 Apr. 27,1865 1^87 New Hampshire College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts Col Rutgers College. New Jersey 6 . Col New Mexico College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts X 'Univ".!!'. Cornell Ui iversitv, New York 6 North Carolina College of Agriculture X X North Dakota Agricultural College Mar. 9,1890 Mar. 22,1870 Dec. 25,1890 Feb. 11,1865 Feb. 22,1855 Mar. 23,1888 Nov. , 1889 1896 Sept. 8,1891 Sept. 7,1873 Fall of 1891 1865 Mar. 9, 1890 Mar. 22,1870 Dec. 25,1890 1870 Ohio State University 7 Univ Oklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical College X X Oregon Agricultural College Pennsylvania State College Col... Feb. 20,1859 Sept. 23, 1890 July ,1893 Feb. 19,1867 May 19,1892 Nov. , 1889 Rhode Island State College Col . .. Clemson College, South Carolina Colored Normal. Agricultural and Indus- trial College South Carolina X South Dakota' State College of Agricul- X 'univ'.;;; 1881 Sept. 24, 1884 Oct. 1,1889 Feb. 1,1868 University of Tennessee Sept. 10, 1794 1 Georgia State College of Agriculture. 2 School opened in 1859, college on Mar. 17, 1869. 3 Bluemont Central College opened in May, 1860. * Massachusetts maintains one State agricultural college and aids the Massachusetts Institute of Tech- nology, a private foundation. Harvard University, also a private corporation, takes the place of a State university. 6 Rutgers College is a private foundation but is aided by the State and is the official State college of agriculture. e While Cornell University is a private corporation, the State aids in its support and management; it is therefore considered as New York State's land-grant university. 7 Ohio State University is the officially recognized State university and includes the college of agricul- ture. Ohio also has created two other State institutions, Miami University and Ohio University, and aids them with State funds. 8 Corvallis College, opened in 1865, became Oregon Agricultural College in 1885. THE LAND GRANTS AND THE LAND-GRANT COLLEGES. 63 The land-grant colleges Continued. Agri- cul- tural college One Date of or- Date of open- Date of re- Name of institution. sepa- rate State institu- ganization of the ing of the institution ceipt of 1862 land-grant from tion. institution. to students. fund. State univer- sity. Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas X Apr 17 1871 Oct 4 1876 Apr. 17,1871 Agricultural College of Utah x Mar. 8, 1888 Sept. , 1890 Mar. 8, 1888 Univ Nov 2 1791 1801 Nov 9 1865 Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College and Polytechnic Institute Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute (colored) X Mar. 19,1872 June 4, 1870 Fall of 1872 Apr. ,1868 Mar. 19,1872 Mar. 19,1872 State College of Washington x Mar. 28, 1890 Jan. 13 1892 Mar. 28 1890 Univ Fph 7 18fi7 1868 Feb 7 1867 University of Wisconsin. Univ.. July 26. 1848 Feb. -'l849 Apr. 12. 1866 Univ Mar 4 1886 Fall of 1887 o BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF EDUCATION, [Continued from page 2 of cover.] No. 3<5. The township and community high-school movement in Illinois. H. A. Hollister. No. 36. Demand for vocational education in the countries at war. Anna T. Smith. No. 37. The conference on training for foreign service. Glen L. Swiggett. No. 38. Vocational teachers for secondary schools. 0. D. Jarvis. No. 39. Teaching English to aliens. Winthrop Talbot. No. 40. Monthly record of current educational publications, September, 1917. No. 41. Library books for high schools. Martha Wilson. No. 42. Monthly record of current educational publications, October, 1917. No. 43. Educational directory, 1917-18. No. 44; Educational conditions in Arizona, No. 45. Summer sessions in city schools. W. S. Deffenbaugh. No. 46. The public-school system of San Francisco, Gal. No. 47. The preparation and the preservation of vegetables. Henrietta W. Calvin and Carrie A. Lyford. No. 48. Monthly record of current educational publications, November, 1917. No. 49. Music in secondary schools. A report of the Commission on Secondary Edu- cation. Will Earhart and Osbourne McConathy. No. 50 Physical education in secondary schools. A report of the Commission on Secondary Education. No. 51. Moral values in secondary education. A report of the Commission on Sec- endary Education. Henry Neumann. No. 52. Monthly record of current educational publications, December, 1917. No. 53. The conifers of the northern Rockies. J. E. Kirkwood. No. 54. Training in courtesy. Margaret S.McNaught. No. 55. Statistics of State universities and State colleges, 1917. 1918. No. 1. Monthly record of current educational publications, January, 1918. No! 2. The publications of the United States Government. W. I. Swanton. No. s! Agricultural instruction in the high schools of six eastern States. C. H. Lane. No. 4. Monthly record of current educational publications, February, 1918. No'. 5. Work of the Bureau of Education for the natives of Alaska, 1916-17. No. 6. The curriculum of the Woman's college. Mabel L. Robinson. No! 7. The bureau of extension of the University of North Carolina. Louis R. Wil- son and Lester A. Williams. No. 8. Monthly record of current educational publications, March, 1918. No. 9. Union list of mathematical periodicals. David E. Smith. No. 10. Public-school classes for crippled children. Edith R. Stlenberger. No. 11. A community center what it is and how to. organize it. Henry E. Jackson. No. 12. Monthly record of current educational publications, April, 1918. No. 13. The land grant of 18G2 and the land-grant colleges. Benj. F. Andrews. No. 14. Monthly record of current educational publications, May, 1918.