UC-NRLF 732 RECORD OF THE NINTH JUBILEE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW 1451-1901 in o to u Glasgow James MacLehose and Sons Publishers to the University IQOI LIBRARY OF THK UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. < UKT OK QL&41&&J& U^vvrr Accession j)6979 Class Record of the Ninth Jubilee of the University of Glasgow PUBLISHED BY JAMES MACLEHOSE AND SONS, GLASGOW, publishers to the flnibcvr.il i>. MACMILLAN AND CO., LTD., LONDON. New York, The MacmillaK Co. London, - - - Simpkin, Hamilton and C. Cambridge, - - Macmillan and Bowes. Edinburgh, - - Douglas and Foulis. MCMI. RECORD OF THE NINTH JUBILEE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW 1451-1901 Glasgow James MacLehose and Sons Publishers to the University CONTENTS PAGE INVITATION, - 2 DELEGATES, - 4 TORCH-LIGHT PROCESSION, - - - - 14 SERVICE AT THE CATHEDRAL, - ----- 16 RECEPTION OF DELEGATES, 31 LORD KELVIN'S ORATION, - - - - 42 PROFESSOR SMART'S ORATION, - ----- 61 GRADUATION CEREMONY, - .... 73 BOTANICAL BUILDINGS, 82 PROFESSOR YOUNG'S ORATION, - .... 97 BANQUET BY CORPORATION, 120 THE ADDRESSES AND LETTERS OF CONGRATULATION, - - 141 APPENDIX: "Floreat Alma Mater," 154 96979 Record of the Ninth Jubilee of the University of Glasgow. THE first year of the 20th century was also the 450th year of the University of Glasgow. It opened under the deepening gloom of the foreboding that our Queen, revered, beloved, was about to lay down the sceptre which she had swayed for sixty-three illustrious years. Our fears were too soon realised ; and for a time it seemed as though a festival would be out of place amidst universal signs of recent sorrow. But it was felt that there could be no real incongruity between the mourning for our Sovereign and the expression of our gratitude to the good Providence which had watched over our University during all the vicissitudes of four centuries and a half, and of our desire to make our Ninth Jubilee an appropriate and memorable celebration. So the idea, that had grown in our minds during the closing months of 1900, took definite shape ; it was resolved to hold our festival on the 12th, 13th, 14th, and 15th days of June ; and to summon to a share in it the representatives of Letters and of Science from the Universities and Colleges of the world from all the most notable of the Learned Societies and Associations of Europe and America, with many of the men who have gained renown by their personal services to the State, or to the cause of that high culture and humane civilisation of which Universities are the A 2 NINTH JUBILEE OF THE UNIVERSITY nursing mothers. The following letter was despatched to the several Universities invited : CANCELLARIUS, CURIA, SENATUS UNIVERSITATIS GLASGUENSIS AMPLISSIMO RECTORI SENATUIQUE UNIVERSITATIS S. D. P. Sollenne est Sapientiae antistitibus siqua contigerit laetitiae feriarumque occasio earn in medium deferre ut litteratorum Reipublicae concives piis gaudiis intersint universi. Cornmunis enim inter studia communia foventes necessitudo. Atque hoc praesertim aevo cum tot simul- tatium discordiarumque causae inter gentes intercedant, quam plurimi facimus fastorum opportunitatem per quain licet patria diversos litterarum commerciis inter se coniunctos ad doctum hospitium sodalitiumque convocare. Sacra autern paramus saecularia cum haec nostra Glasguensis Academia natalem quadringentesimum quin- quagesimum celebrare velit. lustum igitur saeculorum orbis rettulit tempus patribus conditoribusque nostris pio animo grataque memoria parentandi, Minervam simul per tantum aevi spatium feliciter navatam commemorandi. Ecquis enim divini scriptoris immemor ? Laudermis viros gloriosos et parentes nostros in generatione sua. Et nobis profuerunt homines divites in virtute, pulchritudinis studium hdbentes. Quippe anno post Chr. nat. millesimo quad- ringentesimo quinquagesimo primo Nicolaus V., Pontifex Maximus, non humilis ipse humanitatis fautor, reflores- centium id temporis artium scientiarumque pro nostratibus oratorem Jacobum II. exaudivit. Ergo a magna Roma matre lectae studiorum stirpes mox in terrain novam digestae necnon multorum beneficiis atque liberalitate excultae in hanc tarn nobilem Academiae molem creverunt. INVITATION 3 Longa deinde regum Scotorum series, inter quos honoris causa nominandus fundator ille alter lacobus VI., viri doctissimi consiliis Andreae Melvini obsecutus, perpetuusque Maecenatium atque huiusce mercatura artibusque flor- entissimae Urbis favor Studium illud Gfenerale auxit ditavitque. Cum autem ad Bononiensis maxime Universitatis normam taque regulam ab initiis placuerit doctrinae regimen accom- modare, arctissima usque adhuc disciplinae rationisque scholasticae similitude cum ceteris ubicumque Academiis communem affinitatem testatur. Quamobrem quasi nostro iure, humanissimi collegae, Senatum vestrum amplissimum precamur ut legatos mittat quos gaudiis caerimoniisque nostris interfuturos mensis lunii die xii. laeti laetos excipiamus. K. HERBERT STORY, Praefectus et Vice-Cancellarius. Dabamus a.d. mi Id. Januar. MCMI. Glasguae. In the case of Learned Societies, the superscription was, " Societati doctissimae ; " in the case of distinguished indi- viduals, " Viro honorabili," with a relative alteration in each case in the final sentence. To a number of these invitations replies were received expressing the deep regret with which they must be, for various sufficient reasons, declined. The list here given contains the names of the Universities and other bodies which accepted the invitations, and sent the delegates named to Glasgow. NINTH JUBILEE OF THE UNIVERSITY FOREIGN COUNTRIES. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. University of Cracow. Jerzy, Count Mycielski. Professor Boleslaw Wicherkiewicz Professor August W. Witkowski. University of Klausenburg, Professor Stefan Apathy. University of Lemberg. Professor Marian Smoluchowski de Suiolan. University of Prague (Bohemian). Professor Vaclav Emanuel Mourek. University of Vienna. Hofrath Professor Julius Wiesner. BELGIUM. Free University of Brussels. Professor Count Eugene Goblet d'Alviella. Royal Academy of Science, Letters, and Art, Brussels. Right Hon. Lord Kelvin, G.C.V.O. University of Liege. Professor Ernest Mahaim. Catholic University of Louvain. Professor Alfred Nerincx. FINLAND. University of Helsingfors. Dr. Julio N. Reuter. FRANCE. Institute of France, Paris. Le Comte de Franqueville (Pres- ident). M. Henri Becquerel. University of Caen. Professor Bar beau. Professor Rainaud. University of Lille. Professor August Angellier, LL. IX University of Lyon*. Professor Fernand Baldensperger. University of Aix- Marseilles. Professor Charles Joret. University of Montpellier. Ant Benoist (Rector). University of Paris. Professor Brissaud. Professor Bonet Maury. Professor Weiss. Professor Ye" lain. Professor Beljame. Professor Gautier. Professor Audibert. Professor Morel. Academy of Medicine, Paris. Professor Pozzi. Franco-Scottish Society, Paris. Paul Melon, LL.D. University of Prunes. Professor J. Loth. GERMANY. University of Breslau. Professor von Mikuliez. University of Gdttingen. Professor Franz Kielhorn, LL.D., C.I.E. Royal Society of Sciences, Gdttingen. Professor Franz Kielhorn, LL.D., C.I.E. FOREIGN DELEGATES GERMANY. University of Heidelberg. Professor Karl Bezold. University of Kiel. Geheimrath Professor Heinrich Quincke. University of Leipzig. Professor Caspar Rene Gregory. HOLLAND. Royal Academy of Sciences, Amsterdam. Professor A. A. W. Hubrecht, Sc.D., LL.D. University of Utrecht. Professor A. A. W. Hubrecht, Sc.D., LL.D. ITALY. University of Bologna. Professor Giacomo Ciamician. Royal Academy of Sciences, Bologna. Professor Giacomo Ciamician. Royal Society of Naples. Right Hon. Lord Kelvin, G.C.V.O. University of Padua. Professor Raffaello Nasini. University of Rome. Right Hon. Lord Kelvin, G.C.V.O. Italian Society of Science, Rome. Right Hon. Lord Kelvin, G. C. V. 0. University of Turin. Professor Carlo Reymond. Royal Academy of Sciences, Turin. Right Hon. Lord Kelvin, G.C.V.O. Royal Institute of Science, Letters, and Art, Venice. Professor Raffaello Nasini. JAPAN. University of Tokyo. Professor Joji Sakurai. Professor Isao lijima. NORWAY. University of Christiania. Professor W. C. Brogger. PORTUGAL. University of Coimbra. Professor An toniodeAssis Teix ira de Magalhaes. Professor Henrique Emmanuel d Figueiredo. RUSSIA. University of Kieff. Professor Ivan Loutchitzky. University of Moscow. Professor Clement A. Timiriazetf. Imperial Society of Naturalist*, Moscow. Professor Clement A Timiriazefi. Imperial Military Academy of Medicine, St. Petersburg. Professor Nicolas Egoroff. SPAIN. University of Saragossa. Don Jose" de Perignat. SWEDEN. University of Lund. Professor Seved Ribbing, M.D. University of Upsala. Professor Johan Henrik Emil ' Schiick, Ph.D. SWITZERLAND. University of Berne. Professor Kronecker. University of Geneva. Professor Edouard Naville. University of Lausanne. Professor Edmond Rossier. University of Neuchatel. Rev. Principal Ernest Morel. 6 NINTH JUBILEE OF THE UNIVERSITY UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. University of 'Michigan, Ann Arbor. Professor Robert M. VVenley, M.A., D.Sc., D.Phil. John Hopkins University, Balti- more, Md. Professor Paul Haupt. University of California, Berkeley. Prof essor Charles M. Gay ley, B.A., Litt.D. Associate Professor Alexis F. Lange, Ph.D. University of Boston, Mass. Professor Ebenezer C. Black. American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Boston, Mass. Professor William G. Farlow, M.D. LL.D. Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston. Rev. Morton Dexter, M.A. University of Chicago, Illinois. Professor Ira M. Price, Ph.D. University of Missouri, Columbia. Professor William G. Manly. Professor Frederick B. Mumford. Professor John Pickard, M.A., Ph.D. Sidney Calvert, Esq. Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, Professor James Alton James, Ph.D. Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire. Professor Marvin D. Bisbee, M.A. Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. Professor Horatio S. White. University of Wisconsin, Madison. President Charles Kendall Adams, LL.D. Yale University, New Haven, Conn. Professor Thomas Day Seymour, LL.D. American Oriental Society, New Haven, Conn. Professor A. V. W. Jackson, L.H.D., Ph.D. Columbia University, New York. Professor A. V. W. Jackson, L.H.D., Ph.D. Union Theological Seminary, New York. Rev. Professor Charles A. Briggs, D.D. Rev. Professor Francis Brown, Ph.D., D.D. Leland Stanford Junior University, Palo Alto, Gal. Professor Robert E. Allardice. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Professor Felix E. Schelling, M. A., Ph.D. Hon. G. B. Finch, LL.D. American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia. Hon. Charlemagne Tower, LL.D. Professor Albert H. Smyth. Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Hon. Charlemagne Tower, LL.lX Professor John B. M'Master, Litt.D. Princeton University, New Jersey. Professor J. Mark Baldwin, Ph. D. , Sc.D. Rev. James A. Henry, D.D. Cooper Medical College, San Francisco, Cal. Adolph Barkan, M.D. Columbian University, Washington, D.C. Rev. President Samuel H. Green, D.D., LL.D. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. Professor William G. Farlow, M.D., LL.D. Theodore N. Gill, M.D., Ph.D., LL.D. FOREIGN DELEGATES UNITED STATES AMERICA. OF Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Theodore N. Gill, M.D., Ph.D., LL.D. Clark University, Worcester, Mass. Adolf Meyer, M.D. American Philological Association. Professor Thomas Day Seymour, LL.D. Archaeological Institute of America. Professor Thomas Day Seymour, LL.D. BRITISH COLONIES AND DEPENDENCIES. AUSTRALIA. University of Adelaide. Professor Horace Lamb, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S. University of Melbourne. Professor Martin H. Irving, M.A. University of Sydney. Right Hon. Earl Beauchamp, K.C.M.G. CANADA. Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia. Professor James G. MacGregor, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. Queen's College, Kingston. Rev. Professor Samuel M'Comb, M.A. Professor Terrot R. Glover, M.A. Rev. Professor W. G. Jordan, D.D. M'Gill University, Montreal. Right Hon. Lord Strathcona, G.C.M.G. Principal William Peterson, M. A., LL.D. University of Toronto. Professor James Loudon, LL.D., D.C.L. Professor William R. Lang, D.Sc. INDIA. University of Allahabad. Principal Michael J. White, M.A. (Canning College, Lucknow). University of Bombay. Rev. Dugald Mackichan, D.D. University of Calcutta. Principal John Morrison, B.D. (Presb. College). Principal John Hector, M.A. (Duff College). Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta. Colonel T. H. Hendley, C.I.E., I.M.S. Punjab University, Lahore. Sir William H. Rattigan, LL.D., K.C. Sir Charles Roe, M.A., I.C.S. Sir Frederick Cunningham, K.C.I.E., I.C.S. J. Sime, C.I.E., LL.D. Thomas G. Walker, I.C.S. University of Madras. Hon. Mr. Justice Shephard, M.A. NEW ZEALAND. University College, Auckland. Joseph E. W. Somerville, M.B., C.M. NINTH JUBILEE OF THE UNIVERSITY UNITED KINGDOM. ENGLAND. Birmingham University. Principal Oliver J. Lodg", D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S. Professor John H. Poynting, D.Sc., F.R.S. Professor E. A. Sonnengchein, M.A. Cambridge University. Professor Sir Richard C. Jebb, LL.D., M.P. Professor Joseph J. Thomson, D.Sc., F.R.S. Henry Jackson, Litt.D., LL.D. Durham University. Principal Sir George H. Philipson, M.D. Rev. Canon Fowler, D.C.L. London University. Sir Henry E. Roscoe, LL.D.,F.R.S. Sir Albert Rollit, LL.D., M.P. Professor William P. Ker, LL.D. Professor William Ramsay, Sc.D., LL.D., F.R.S. William J. Collins, M.D., M.S. Oxford University. David B. Monro, M.A., D.Litt., LL.D., Provost of Oriel. Professor Henry F. Pelham, M. A., LL.D., President of Trinity. Victoria University. Principal Alfred Hopkinson, M.A., incipal Alfred Hopkii B.C.L.,K.C. Lamb, Professor Horace LL.D., F.R.S. M.A., Cambridge Girton College. Miss Emily Davies. Miss Constance Jones. Cambridge Newnham College. Mrs. Stephen Wink worth. Miss Mary Bateson. Cirencester Royal Agricultural College. Professor George Paton, C.E. Congregational Colleges. Rev. Vaughan Pryce, M.A., LL.B. Egham Holloway College. Percy E. Matheson, M.A. Principal Miss Emily Penrose. Eton College. Francis Hay Rawlins, Esq. Cyril Mowbray Wells, Esq. Leeds Yorkshire College. Principal Nathan Bodington, Litt.D. Professor Arthur Smithells, B.Sc. Liverpool University College. Professor John MacCunn, M.A., LL.D. Professor Herbert A. Strong, LL. D. London Bedford College. Sir John Evans, K.C.B., LL.D., F.R.S. Major Leonard Darwin, R.E. London King's College. Rev. Principal Archibald Robert- son, D.D. Professor John M. Thomson, LL.D..F.R.S. London University College. Right Hon. Lord Reay, LL.D., G.C.S.I. Principal George Carey Foster, B.A., F.R.S. Professor William P. Ker, LL.D. Professor William Ramsay, Sc.D., LL.D., F.R.S. ENGLISH DELEGATES 9 ENGLAND. London Royal College of Physicians, Sir William S. Church, Bart. , M. D. Sir Dyce Duckworth, M.D. London Royal College of Surgeons. Sir William MacCormac, Bart., K.C.B., K.C.V.O., M.D. John Langton, F.R.C.S. Arthur William Mayo Robson, F.R.C.S. London Royal College of Science. Professor Sir Norman Lockyer, K.C.B., F.R.S. Professor John Perry, D.Sc.. F.R.S. Manchester Owens College. Principal Alfred Hopkinson, M. A., B.C.L., K.C. Professor Augustus S. Wilkins, M.A., Litt.D., LL.D. Newcastle-on- Tyne Durham College of Science. Sir Andrew Noble, K.C.B. Rev. Principal Henry P. Gurney, D.C.L. Nottingham University College. Rev. Principal J. E. Symes, M.A. Oxford Lady Margaret Hall. Vice-Principal Miss A. M. Sellar. Mrs. Wells. Oxford Somerville College. Professor Henry F. Pelham, M.A., LL.D. Miss Emily Penrose. Reading College. Principal Halford J. Mackinder, M.A. Rugby School. W. Dewar, Esq. Sheffield University College. Principal William M. Hicks, Sc.D. , F.R.S. Professor W. Ripper, M.Inst.C.E., M.I.M.E. Staines Cooper's Hill College. Professor George M. Minchin, M.A., F.R.S. Professor William Schlich, Ph.D.. C.I.E. Winchester College. Professor George G. Ramsay, LL.D. Cambridge A ntiquarian Society. James W. L. Glaisher, D.Sc., F.R.S. Robert Bowes, Esq. Thomas D. Atkinson, Esq. Cambridge Philosophical Society. Prof. Alex. Macalister, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S. Joseph Larmor,M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. LONDON. Board of Education, Secondary Branch. Henry F. Pooley, M.A. Professor John Perry, D.Sc., F.R.S. British Association for the Advance- ment of Science. Professor Sir Wm. Turner, K.C.B., M.B., LL.D., F.R.S. Sir Wm. Roberts Austen, K.C.B. , F.R.S. Dukinfield H. Scott, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S. British Medical Association. William A. Elliston, M.D. John Roberts Thomson, M.D. James Barr, M.D. British Museum. Walter de Gray Birch, LL.D. Chemical Society. Professor John M. Thomson, LL.D., F.R.S. City and Guilds of London Institute. Sir Philip Magnus, B.Sc. General Medical Council. Professor Sir Wm. Turner, K.C.B., M.B., LL.D., F.R.S. Thomas Bryant, F.R.C.S. 10 NINTH JUBILEE OF THE UNIVERSITY ENGLAND. LONDON. Geological Society. Professor James Geikie, LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.S. Professor Charles Lapworth, LL.D., F.R.S. Glasgow University Club. Sir Henry Craik, K.C.B., LL.D. Alexander S. Murray, LL.D. Institute of Chemistry. Professor John M.Thomson, LL.D., F.R.S. Institution of Civil Engineers. Sir John Wolfe Barry, K.C.B., LL.D., F.R.S. Alexander B. W. Kennedy, LL.D., F.R.S. George F. Deacon, Esq. John I. Thornycroft, F.R.S. John H. T. Tudsbery, D.Sc. Institution of Electrical Engineers. Professor W. E. Ayrton, F.R.S. Robert K. Gray, Esq. Institution of Naval Architects. Right Hon. Earl of Glasgow, G.C.M.G. Iron and Steel Institute. Sir Wm. Roberts Austen, K.C.B., D.C.L., D.Sc., F.R.S. Bennett H. Brough, F.G.S., F.I.C. Linnaean Society. Dukinfield H. Scott, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S. Lloyd's Register of British and foreign Shipping. George Munro Kerr, Esq. Mineralogical Society. Professor Arthur H. Church, D.Sc., F.R.S. Physical Society. Professor Silvanus P. Thompson, D.Sc., F.R.S. Royal Academy of Arts. Henry W. B. Davis, R.A. Royal Astronomical Society. James W. L. Glaisher, Sc.D., F.R.S. Sir Robert S. Ball, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S. Frank M 'Clean, LL.D., F.R.S. Royal Geographical Society. Major Leonard Darwin, R.E. Sir John Evans, K.C.B., LL.D., F.R.S. London Royal Institute of Public Health. Professor William R. Smith, M.D., D.Sc. Henry H. Littlejohn, M.B., C.M., B.Sc. Alexander Johnston, M.D.,D.P.H. William A. Bond, M.A., M.D., D.P.H. Royal Institution of Great Britain. Sir James Crichton Browne, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S. Professor James Dewar, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S. Royal Society. Lord Lister, M.B., LL.D., V.P.R.S. Society of Antiquaries. The Earl of Crawford, K.T., LL.D., F.R.S. Sir John Evans, K.C.B., LL.D., F.R.S. Society of Chemical Industry. George Beilby, Esq. Professor George G. Henderson, D.Sc. Joseph W. Swan, F.R.S. Society for Promotion of Hellenic Studies. Sir Richard C. Jebb, LL.D., M.P. Francis C. Penrose, D.C.L., F.R.S. Zoological Society. Peter Chalmers Mitchell, M.A., F.Z.S. Manchester Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Alex. Somerville, B.Sc. Rev. George A. F. Knight, M.A. DELEGATES 11 Manchester Literary and Philo- sophical Society. Henry Wilde, D.Sc., F.R.S. Professor Horace Lamb, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S. Oxford Philological Society. Professor John Cook Wilson, M. A. Lewis R. Farnel, Esq. WALES. University of Wales. Henry R. Reichel, M.A., Prin. Univ. Coll., Bangor, Vice-Chan, of Univ. A bfrystwith University College. Principal Thomas F. Roberts, M. A. Sir John Williams, Bart., M.D. Professor John W. Marshall, M.A. Bangor University College. Principal Henry R. Reichel, M.A. Professor James J. Dobbie, M.A., D.Sc. Cardiff University College. Professor A. C. Elliott, D.Sc., M.Inst.C.E. Lampeter St. David's College. Professor Hugh Walker, M.A. IRELAND. Trinity College University of Dublin. Professor John B. Bury, M. A. Professor Daniel J. Cunningham, M.D.,D.C.L., F.R.S. John P. Mahaffy, D.D., D.C.L. Anthony Traill, LL.D. Benjamin Williamson, D.C.L.. F.R.S. Royal University of Ireland. Marquess of Dufferin and Ava, K.P., etc., etc. Belfast Queen's College. President Thomas Hamilton, D.D., LL.D. Professor Thomas Sinclair, M.D., F.R.C.S.E. Cork Queen's College. President Sir Rowland Blenner- hassett, Bart. Galway Queen's College. President Alexander Anderson, M.A. Professor Alfred C. Dixon, M.A., Sc.D. Dublin Royal College of Physicians. James Craig, M.D. Dublin Royal College of Surgeons. Professor Alexander Fraser, M.B. , C.M. Richard B. M'Causland, F.R.C.S. Dublin Royal Irish Academy. Rev. John H. Bernard, D.D. Professor Charles J. Joly, M.A. SCOTLAND. Aberdeen University. Very Rev. Principal John Marshall Lang, D.D. Rev. Professor Henry Cowan, M.A., D.D. Rev. Professor William L. David- son, M.A., LL.D. Professor David W. Finlay, B.A., M.D. Professor John Harrower, M.A. Professor Matthew Hay, M.D. Professor George Pirie, M.A., LL.D. Edinburgh University. Rev. Professor Malcolm C. Taylor, D.D. Professor George Chrystal, LL.D. Professor Sir Ludovic J. Grant, Bart. Professor Alex. R. Simpson, M.D. Professor Alex. Crum Brown, M. D. Sir Herbert S. Oakeley, LL.D., Mus.D. Professor John Rankine, K.C., LL.D. Professor Simon S. Laurie, M.A., F.R.S.E. 12 NINTH JUBILEE OF THE UNIVERSITY SCOTLAND. St. Andrews University. Principal James Donaldson, M. A., LL.D. Very Rev. Principal Alexander Stewart, M.A., D.D. Principal John YuleMackay,M. D. Professor Peter R. Scott Lang, M.A., B.Sc. Rev. Professor John Herkless, D.D. Aberdeen St. Mary's College (Blairs). Right Rev. Bishop Chisholm , LL. D. Very Rev. James M'Gregor. EDINBURGH. Fettes College. Rev. William A. Heard, M.A. New College. Very Rev. Principal Robert Rainy, D.D. Rev. Professor Paterson, D.D. Royal College of Physicians. Professor Thomas R. Eraser, M.D. Peter A. Young, M.D. Royal College of Surgeons. James Dunsmure, M.D. Francis Cadell, M.B. GLASGOW. Anderson's College. A. Malloch Bayne, Esq. Professor Thomas K. Dalziel, M.B.,C.M. Adam L. Kelly, M.D. James B. Kidston, M.A. Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons. James Finlayson, M.D., LL.D. John Burns, F.F.P.S.G. James D. Maclaren, M.D. St. Mungo's College. Hugh Brown, Esq. Henry Lamond, Esq. Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical College. Thomas Russell, Esq. Robert Goodwin, Esq. Church of Scotland Training College. Rev. John Smith, B.D. Alexander M. Williams, M.A. United Free Church Training College. Very Rev. Walter Ross Taylor, D.D. United Free Church College. Very Rev. Principal George C. Hutton, D.D. Rev. Professor James Denney, D.D. West of Scotland Agricultural College. ' Rev. John Gillespie, LL.D. Professor R. Patrick Wright, F.R.S.E. EDINBURGH. Association of Teachers in the Secondary Schools of Scotland. R. Malcolm, Esq. G. Duthie, Esq. Board of Manufactures. Sir Thomas D. Gibson Carmichael, Bart. Educational Institute of Scotland. Alex. Menzies, F.E.I.S. Hugh Dickie, LL.D. Faculty of Advocates. Sir John Cheyne, K.C. Sheriff Vary Campbell. Franco- Scottish Society. Archibald A. Gordon, C.A. Royal High School. John Edgar, Esq., M.A. Royal Scottish Academy. George Hay, R.S.A. William D. M'Kay, R.S.A. Royal Scottish Geographical Society. James Burgess, LL.D., G.l.E. Ralph Richardson, W.S. Royal Society. Robert Munro, M.A., M.D., F.R.S.E. SCOTTISH DELEGATES SCOTLAND. Scottish Meteorological Society. Professor Ralph Copeland, Ph.D., F.R.A.S. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. Hon. Hew H. Dalrymple. Society of Writers to the Signet. Sir Charles B. Logan, W.S., LL.D. John P. Wood, W.S., LL.D. GLASGOW. Archaeological Society. James Dalrymple Duncan, Esq. William George Black, Esq. Athenaeum. Thomas Lapraik, M. D. Major John Cassells, V.D. Chamber of Commerce. John Galloway, Esq. A. S. Michie, Esq. Corporation of Glasgow. Lord Provost Samuel Chisholm. Bailie Charles J. Cleland. Bailie William F. Anderson. Bailie John Ferguson. Councillor William Bilsland. Councillor James H. Dickson. Treasurer Alex. Murray. Educational Institute Glasgow Local Association. JohnM'Whan, F.E.I.S. Faculty of Procurators. Joseph M. Taylor, LL. D. David Murray, LL.D. Geological Society. James Barclay Murdoch, Esq. High School. H. J. Spenser, M.A., LL.D. John Hutchison, M.A., LL.D. Institute of Accountants and Actuaries. Andrew S. M'Clelland, C.A. Joseph Patrick, M.A., C.A. Institute of Bankers in Scotland. Robert Blyth, C.A. George Anderson, Esq. Institution of Engineers and Ship- builders in Scotland. William Foulis, Esq. (President). Archibald Denny, Esq. Thomas Kennedy, Esq. Edward H. Parker, Esq. Marine Biological Association of West of Scotland. James F. Gemmill, M.A., M.D C.M. GLASGOW. Merchants' House. Robert Gourlay, Esq. James D. Hedderwick, Esq. Natural History Society. Alex. Somerville, B.Sc., F.L.S. Philosophical Society. Lord Blythswood. Andrew Freeland Fergus, M.D. Presbytery of Glasgow. Rev. John Brown, B.D. Rev. Robert Pryde, M.A. Presbytery of Glasgow United Free Church. Rev. Robert S. Drummond, D.D. Rev. George Reith, D.D. Royal Glasgow Institute of the Fine Arts. Patrick S. Dunn, Esq. David Tullis, Esq. School of Art. Francis H. Newbery, Esq. John J. Burnet, A.R.S.A. School Board of Glasgow. Harry A. Long, Esq. Arch. Sloan, M.B., C.M. Trades' House. Deacon-Convener Jas. Macfarlane. James Goldie, Esq. 14 NINTH JUBILEE OF THE UNIVERSITY Over 700 invitations were issued to individuals : citizens of Glasgow, noblemen, statesmen, judges, clergy, distinguished members of the civil service and servants of the crown, men high in the ranks of literature, art and science, with names familiar and honoured in various walks in life ; Scottish Members of Parliament, the Lord Provosts of Edinburgh, Perth, Dundee, and Aberdeen, and the Provosts of Paisley, Greenock, and most of the other Burghs were invited. The exigencies of professional, or parliamentary, life pre- vented many from accepting; but besides those whose names appear in the lists of delegates and of graduates, there was a brilliant assemblage, which included among others Sir Joseph Hooker, Sir J. Fairfax, Sir W. T. Gairdner, Et. Hon. J. A. Campbell, M.P., Sir Archibald Geikie, Sir H. Gilzean Reid, Sir Henry Littlejohn, Sir Benjamin Baker, Sir J. Marwick, Viscount Dalrymple, Lord Inverclyde, Bishop Chisholm (Aberdeen), Bishop Harrison (Glasgow), Sir W. Ogilvie Dalgleish, Bart, The Solicitor General, M.P., Sir Lewis Morris, Mr. Neil Munro, Sir R. Pullar, Prof. Ernest Nys, LL.D., Very Rev. J. Cameron Lees, D.D., LL.D., Dean of the Thistle, Very Rev. D. Macleod, D.D., Very Rev. Thomas Leishman, D.D., The Rt. Rev. the Moderator of the General Assembly, A. Bonar Law, M.P., J. Colville, M.P., A. Cameron Corbett, M.P., A. Cross, M.P., J. Wylie, M.P., J. Wilson, M.P., J. Ure, LL.D., Sir David Richmond, Prof. Count Tarnowski (Cracow), Prof. Richard Lodge. Provision was made for the entertainment of many of the guests in several hospitable houses in the town, for others in some of the hotels ; and everything was done to make them feel at home, although to not a few the scenes around them were unfamiliar and the language was strange. The earliest sign of the approach of the celebration was given on the eve of June 12th, when the students had a torchlight procession from the City Chambers, in George Square, to the University. Most of them, and their guests, home and foreign (of whom there were about 80), were in fancy costumes, more or less grotesque. They mustered on TORCH-LIGHT PROCESSION 15 the Terrace of the University and marched thence to George Square, where the torches were lit; and the procession returned to the point of departure by way of St. Vincent Street, Eenfield Street, Sauchiehall Street, Park Circus, and University Avenue. The sight was witnessed by admiring thousands of spectators ; and the effect of the long array of torches, as their bearers wound through the Park, was especially picturesque. The display was very well got up ; the band played appropriate airs ; and there was no rough- ness or disorder among either the crowds of onlookers or the processionists. On arriving in front of the University they were briefly addressed, from the central balcony, by the Principal and the Lord Provost ; and after extinguishing the remains of their torches they dispersed amid loud cheers. WEDNESDAY, 12th JUNE. THE celebration proper began next morning, with a com- memorative service in the venerable Cathedral of S. Kenti- gern, or, more popularly, S. Mungo. The distance (about two and a half miles) of the Cathedral from the University and the throng and traffic of the streets precluded the idea of a preliminary procession. The Service was announced for 10.30, and before that time a large number of the dele- gates in academic costume had taken their seats in the centre of the choir, and the side aisles were packed with those of the public who had been admitted by ticket. Ab 10.30 the members of the Senate and Court arrived, and were met at the western door, and preceded up the Nave, by the officiating clergy the Kev. Dr. Macadam Muir, minister of the Cathedral ; the Very Rev. Dr. Macleod, of the Park Church ; the Very Rev. Dr. Marshall Lang, Prin- cipal of the University of Aberdeen, accompanied by the Moderator of the General Assembly. Principal Story sat at the Communion Table, on which the Mace was laid, and at the close pronounced the Benediction. The Order of Service, which was printed and in the hands of the congre- gation, was as follows : rfcer of Service. PSALM C. OldlWth. ALL people that on earth do dwell, Sing to the Lord with cheerful voice. Him serve with mirth, His praise forth tell, Come ye before Him and rejoice. JUNE 12.] SERVICE AT THE CATHEDRAL 17 Know that the Lord is God indeed ; Without our aid He did us make : We are His flock, He doth us feed, And for His sheep He doth us take. O enter then His gates with praise, Approach with joy His courts unto : Praise, laud, and bless His name always, For it is seemly so to do. For why ? the Lord our God is good, His mercy is for ever sure ; His truth at all times firmly stood, And shall from age to age endure. AMEN. OUR HELP is in the name of the Lord Who made heaven and earth. We have heard with our ears, O God : Our fathers have told us, what work thou didst in their days, in the times of old. God is a spirit, and they that worship Him must worship Him in Spirit and in truth. Let us Pray. Almighty God, our heavenly Father, incline Thy merciful ear unto our prayers, and enlighten us by Thy grace, that we may worthily celebrate Thy worship and love Thee with an everlasting love, through Jesus Christ our Lord. Almighty God, who art rich in mercy to all them that call upon Thee, hear us as we come to Thee humbly confessing our sins, and imploring Thy pity and forgiveness. We have broken Thy holy laws by our deeds and by our words, and by the sinful affections of our hearts. We confess before Thee our disobedience and ingratitude, our pride and wilfulness, and all our great and sore shortcomings both towards Thee and towards our fellowmen. Let Thy mercy rest upon us, O God ; fill our hearts with the assurance of Thy forgiveness, and grant us Thy peace, through Jesus Christ our Lord. God of all power and glory, who hast not appointed us unto wrath, but to obtain salvation by our Lord Jesus Christ, perfect and fulfil in us, we beseech Thee, the work of Thy redeeming mercy. Enable us to be faithful to every trust which Thou in Thy provi- dence hast committed to us, to discharge rightly the duties of our several relations in life, and to walk in Thy commandments and ordinances blameless. Grant unto us moderation in all things : in mirth let us not be vain ; in knowledge not puffed up ; in zeal not bitter : and let us use the world as not abusing it, remembering that the fashion of this world passeth away. 18 NINTH JUBILEE OF THE UNIVERSITY [WED. Grant unto us spiritual wisdom, that we may discern what is pleasing to Thee, and follow what belongs to our peace : and let the knowledge and love of Thee and of Jesus Christ our Lord be our guide and portion all our days. Let our hearts be filled with love of our brethren and goodwill to all men. Let us bear one another's burdens and so fulfil the Law of Christ, and follow the Divine example of Him who left us an example that we might follow His steps, and in whose prevailing name and words we further pray : Our Father which art in heaven, Hallowed be Thy name, Thy Kingdom come, Thy will be done in earth as it is done in heaven, Give us this day our daily bread, and forgive us our trespasses, as we forgive them that trespass against us, And lead us not into temptation ; but deliver us from evil : For Thine is the Kingdom, the power, and the glory, for ever and ever. AMEN. FIRST LESSON. PROVERBS iv. 7-13. (Read by Principal Lang.) Wisdom is the principal thing ; therefore get wisdom: and with all thy getting get understanding. Exalt her, and she shall promote thee ; she shall bring thee to honour when thou dost embrace her. She shall give to thy head an ornament of grace : a crown of glory shall she deliver to thee. Hear, O my son, and receive my sayings ; and the years of thy life shall be many. I have taught thee in the way of wisdom ; I have led thee in right paths. When thou goest, thy steps shall not be straitened ; and when thou runnest, thou shalt not stumble. Take fast hold of instruction ; let her not go ; keep her ; for she is thy life. TE DEUM LAUDAMUS. B. Walton. We praise Thee, O God : we acknowledge Thee to be the Lord. All the earth doth worship Thee : the Father everlasting. To Thee all angels cry aloud : the heavens, and all the powers therein. To Thee cherubin and seraphin continually do cry, "Holy, holy, holy : Lord God of Sabaoth ; Heaven and earth are full of the majesty of Thy glory." The glorious company of the apostles praise Thee. The goodly fellowship of the prophets praise Thee. JUNE 12.] SERVICE AT THE CATHEDRAL 19 The noble army of martyrs praise Thee. The holy Church throughout all the world doth acknowledge Thee; The Father of an infinite majesty ; Thine honourable, true, and only Son ; Also the Holy Ghost, the Comforter. Thou art the King of Glory, O Christ ; Thou art the everlasting Son of the Father. When Thou tookest upon Thee to deliver man Thou didst not abhor the Virgin's womb. When Thou hadst overcome the sharpness of death Thou didst open the kingdom of heaven to all believers. Thou sittest at the right hand of God in the glory of the Father. We believe that Thou shalt come to be our judge. We therefore pray Thee help Thy servants whom Thou hast re- deemed with Thy precious blood. Make them to be numbered with Thy saints in glory everlasting. O Lord, save Thy people, and bless Thine heritage. Govern them, and lift them up for ever. Day by day we magnify Thee ; And we worship Thy name, ever world without end, Vouchsafe, O Lord, to keep us this day without sin. O Lord, have mercy upon us ; have mercy upon us. O Lord, let Thy mercy lighten upon us, as our trust is in Thee. O Lord, in Thee have I trusted : let me never be confounded. SECOND LESSON. IST CORINTHIANS xni. (Read by the Bishop of Ripon.) Though I speak with the tongues of men and of angels, and have not charity, I am become as sounding brass, or a tinkling cymbal. And though I have the gift of prophecy, and understand all mysteries, and all knowledge ; and though I have all faith, so that I could remove mountains, and have not charity, I am nothing. And though I bestow all my goods to feed the poor, and though I give my body to be burned, and have not charity, it profiteth me nothing. Charity suffereth long, and is kind ; charity envieth not ; charity vaunteth not itself, is not puffed up, Doth not behave itself unseemly, seeketh not her own, is not easily provoked, thinketh no evil ; Rejoiceth not in iniquity, but rejoiceth in the truth ; Beareth all things, belie veth all things, hopeth all things, endure th all things. 20 NINTH JUBILEE OF THE UNIVERSITY [WED. Charity never faileth : but whether there be prophecies, they shall fail ; whether there be tongues, they shall cease ; whether there be knowledge, it shall vanish away. For we know in part, and we prophesy in part. But when that which is perfect is come, then that which is in part shall be done away. When I was a child, I spake as a child, I understood as a child, I thought as a child ; but when I became a man, I put away childish things. For now we see through a glass, darkly ; but then face to face : now I know in part ; but then shall I know even as also I am known. And now abideth faith, hope, charity, these three ; but the greatest of these is charity. Let us Pray. O God, the Father of all mankind, Who art good to all, and Whose tender mercies are over all Thy works, let Thy way, we beseech Thee, be made known upon earth, and Thy saving health among all nations. Bless abundantly Thy Holy Catholic Church, that it may be so guided and governed by Thy good Spirit that all who profess and call themselves Christians, may be led into the way of truth and hold the faith in unity of spirit, in the bond of peace, and in righteousness of life. We pray for all to whom in any nation Thou hast committed rule and authority, especially for Thy servant our Sovereign Lord, King Edward, that Thou would'st grant him a long and useful life, faithful counsellors, loyal subjects, a prosperous reign, and finally bestow upon him a crown of glory. We pray for our gracious Queen Alexandra, George Duke of Corn- wall and York, the Duchess of Cornwall and York, and all the Koyal Family. Bless the High Court of Parliament at this time assembled, the King's Ministers and Counsellors, the Judges and Magistrates, especi- ally the Magistrates of this City, the Navy and Army, and all who are called to the public service. Teach, O Lord, all teachers of mankind, prosper all science and discovery, and cause art and learning to flourish. O Father of Light and Fountain of all Knowledge, bless, we beseech Thee, all seminaries, universities, and schools of learning ; and grant that, from them, the light of truth may shine with growing brightness on all men, so that wisdom and knowledge may be the stability of our times. Especially we pray that Thy blessing may rest upon this our University. We give praise and thanks unto Thy Name for all the JUNE 12.] SERVICE AT THE CATHEDRAL 21 favour which Thou hast shown to it during these four hundred and fifty years. We thank Thee for its sacred memories and hallowed associations, for its founders and benefactors : for those who have been apt to teach and wise to govern : who have from age to age enlarged the boundaries of knowledge and dispelled the darkness of ignorance : for those who have sought the truth and caused it to be shed abroad ; and for all who have gone forth to diffuse the blessings which here they have received. O God, Who hast been our dwelling-place in all generations, con- tinue Thy mercy and loving-kindness to Thy servants, who enter into the labours of those who have gone before. Let Thy blessing rest upon the Chancellor, the Vice-Chancellor, the Rector, the Senate, the Court, the Members of the Council, the Professors, and the Students. Grant that the heritage of truth handed down from the past may be treasured up and transmitted, enriched, and extended, to those who shall come after us, that this ancient institution may ever be a well- spring of knowledge and virtue, of pure and undefiled religion for ages yet to come. And this we ask through Jesus Christ our Lord. AMEN. HYMN. S. Cuthbert's Within our Father's House of prayer, Our fathers' God, we raise To Thee Almighty and All Wise Our psalm of praise. We bless Thy Holy Name that they Of old were led by Thee To love Thy word and seek the truth That maketh free ; To choose the life of sovereign aim And high desire, that turns From worldly meed of wealth and fame, And wisdom learns. The goodly heritage they left Is ours by Thy decree ; And ours to make it goodlier still And worthier Thee. Help us to understand Thy works ; Thy mighty laws reveal, Give us the soul to sympathise, The hand to heal ; 22 NINTH JUBILEE OF THE UNIVERSITY [WED. The unselfish thought, the patient mind That reverently inquires ; The heart from carnal grossness cleansed By heavenly fires. Let Thy great Spirit with Thy light Illume our onward way, And shine until we reach the realm Of perfect day, When we toil, grief, and conflict o'er Before the eternal throne, Thy glory shall behold, and know As we are known. AMEN. Let us Pray. Vouchsafe, we beseech Thee, O God, to prosper all the work of our University ; and grant unto all who rule, or teach, or learn therein, that they may know Him Who is the Way, the Truth, and the Life ; that setting Thy holy will ever before them, they may do that which is well-pleasing in Thy sight : and, holding forth the Word of Truth, may shine as lights in the world, to the glory of Thy great Name ; and to Thee, with Thy Son, and with the Holy Ghost, be all honour, dominion, and praise, world without end. JUNE 12.1 SERMON AT THE CATHEDRAL 23 SERMON. (The Sermon was preached by Dr. Muir.) "VIA, VERITAS, VITA." " I am the Way, the Truth, and the Life." St. John xiv. 6. Now, as always, Christ would turn His hearers from indulgence in vague imaginations to actual practical endeavour. The Home to which I am going, such in effect is one purport of Christ's answer, cannot as yet be accurately conceived by you. No human words can describe it, no human intellect can grasp it. Waste not time in brooding over it, trying to pierce the veil and see all that lies beyond. Be content rather to tread the way which leads to the Home that is before you, is comprehensible by you, concerns you most ; keep in the right way, and you need not fear that you will arrive at your right destination. " I am the Way." Christ is the substance of His own teaching. It is His own personality which gives weight and meaning to His words. He laid down laws, He founded a kingdom, and of necessity opinions must be formed regarding Him, but after all it was not His teaching, His instruction, which impressed men and imparted life to them ; it was Himself. It is not holding certain doctrines so much as being one in heart with Him that constitutes His true disciples. " I Am The Way, the Truth, and the Life." The words have proved their power in all ages ever since they were uttered. They have been taken as the profoundest expres- sion of mystical theology ; they have been taken as the definition of " Christianity in its most simple and intelligible form " ; they have been taken as the motto of our ancient University. No words can more strongly convey that in Christ alone is salvation. It is He Whom we meet at every step from His presence we cannot go, or flee from 24 NINTH JUBILEE OF THE UNIVERSITY [WED. His Spirit. " Without the Way," such is the comment of the most famous of devotional books, "there is no going ; without the Truth there is no knowing ; without the Life there is no living." The assurance that it is not this or that school of His disciples, nor this or that mode of conceiving His work, but that it is Christ Himself, with Whom we have to do in the last resort, with Whom, in a sense, we have alone to do, has imparted comfort to many a perplexed soul. A man finds that Christianity in one place is apparently quite a different thing from Christianity in another place ; he finds that the belief of one is held by a second to be sadly insufficient ; he finds that the belief of the second is held by yet a third to be a mass of incredible superstition. What is he to do ? Where is he to turn ? Which of them is the right way ? For all of them seem to assert, This is the way ; walk ye in it. But suddenly above the din of conflicting shouts is heard a still small voice, the voice of Him in honour of Whom all the shouts are raised, " I Am The Way." All these companies of disciples are, as it were, merely roads to Him ; they are paths to the Great Highway. When He is found the agitation as to which of the numerous bands one should join begins to subside, for He is felt to be above them all ; to be with Him is the chief thing, is, indeed, the one thing, which all are striving after. Worn out and repelled by the attempts to force all men to accept some special formula, the anxiety to have a correct definition almost causing forgetfulness of Him about Whom the con- troversy rages, it is with unspeakable relief that many have in thought, if not in word, cried with Charles Wesley : " Weary of all this wordy strife, These motions, forms, and modes, and names, To Thee, the Way, the Truth, the Life, Whose love my simple heart inflames, Divinely taught, at last I fly With Thee and Thine to live and die." Many who have never adopted the faith of Christendom, or who have even renounced it, are ready to echo the exaltation of the Master above His interpreters. It is JUNE 12.] SERMON AT THE CATHEDRAL 25 becoming ever plainer that, in proportion as men are swayed by His precepts and conformed to His example, they are raised in the scale of being ; that only as men see with His eyes and think with His thoughts will righteousness and peace prevail. It is His name that is the harbinger of light and blessing to those who are in darkness. While on the one hand men are setting aside dogmas regarding Him as obsolete and meaningless, on the other hand, strange to say, His personality never possessed a stronger fascination ; never were His life and teaching studied with greater earnestness, " We faintly hear, we dimly see, In differing phrase we pray ; But, dim or clear, we own in Thee The Light, the Truth, the Way." There are those who may seem to have cast away all that makes belief of value ; yet their counsel is Act as if He were The Way. The Way may lead to nothing ; still it is the Way in which to keep, and going by it you will not go astray. They cannot think of any better rule of conduct and of character than that one should frame one's life so that Christ may approve. There may be much that is hazy and beyond our grasp, but enough is left to show, almost more distinctly than ever, that the one trustworthy moral and spiritual guide is Jesus Christ our Lord. " In a great orchestra," so has it been said in a recent work on the social question, " with all its varied ways of musical expression, there is one person who performs on no instrument whatever, but in whom, none the less, the whole control of harmony and rhythm resides. Until the leader comes, the discordant sounds go their various ways ; but at his sign the tuning of the instruments ceases and the symphony begins. So it is with the spiritual leadership of Jesus Christ. Among the conflicting activities of the present time His power is not that of one more activity among the rest, but that of wisdom, personality, idealism. Into the midst of the discordant efforts of men He comes as One having authority ; the self-assertion of each instru- ment of social service is hushed as He gives the sign ; and 26 NINTH JUBILEE OF THE UNIVERSITY [WED. in the surrender of each life to Him it finds its place in the symphony of all." " We look to Thee " so wrote one who claimed to be free from traditional prepossessions. "Thy Truth is still the Light Which guides the nations stumbling on their way, Stumbling and falling in disastrous night, Yet hoping ever for the perfect day. Yes ! Thou art still the Life ; Thou art the Way, The holiest know ; Light, Life, and Way of Heaven ! And they who dearest hope and deepest pray Toil by the Light, Life, Way which Thou hast given." " The Way, The Truth, and The Life." What is implied in making these words the motto of our University ? It does not mean that all investigation must cease lest our religious beliefs should be shaken and shattered that whatever seems to be inconsistent with previous opinions should be incontinently rejected. Kather it means that, acknowledging Him Who is The Truth to be our Lord, all truth must henceforth be doubly precious, that every new discovery is only another province added to His realm. It means that the Highest, Holiest Manhood is our standard. It means that the disciples of Him Who is The Truth can never advance His Kingdom by evasion or suppression or misrepresentation. It means that no authority or antiquity or custom, but truth must be supreme. It means that, although in our University the most diverse theological schools and ecclesiastical systems have their representatives, both among the teachers and the taught, yet the University itself is a direct product of Christian faith and Christian civilisation. It is not inappropriate that the celebration of the ninth Jubilee should begin in the Cathedral. It was by one identified with this place that the University was founded. It was owing to the exertions of Bishop Turnbull that Pope Nicholas the Fifth, " the greatest of the restorers of learning," as Lord Macaulay termed him, " constituted a University to continue in all time to come in the city of Glasgow, ' it being ane notable place, with gude air and JUNE 12.] SERMON AT THE CATHEDRAL 27 plenty of provisions for human life ' " ; and to ensure " that the classes might begin with some degree of celebrity," he further granted a universal indulgence to all faithful Christians who should visit the Cathedral of Glasgow in the year 1451. We live under a different system and different conditions. Times have changed, customs have changed, beliefs have changed ; the organisation of the Church has changed, the organisation of the University has changed ; but it would be gross injustice not to pay a tribute of gratitude to the good Prelate and the enlightened Pontiff by whom so great a boon was conferred upon our land. We are prone to imagine that in the Church before the Eeformation the sole object of its rulers was to keep the people in ignorance. The establishment of this Univer- sity, and of other universities, is enough to dispel the error ; and the assertion of John Hill Burton is not too strong, that " in the history of human things there is to be found no grander conception than that of the Church of the fifteenth century when it resolved, in the shape of the universities, to cast the light of knowledge abroad over all the Christian world." The University arose at a time and in the midst of movements which were fraught with tragic interest for its founders. The first printed book had made its appearance, and the Empire of the East was tottering to its fall. The capture of Constantinople by the Turks is said to have hastened the death of Nicholas the Eifth, overwhelmed by grief, shame, and fear for the stability of the Papacy. He might have seen a peril quite as great in the invention of printing, and in the universities which he himself was instrumental in establishing. We are not concerned with what he would have done had he foreseen the consequences of his policy ; we are concerned only with what he did, and what he did entitles him to rank among the best benefactors of our city and our country. Nine times fifty years have passed away since he sanc- tioned the erection of a University in this remote region, and conferred upon it all the privileges belonging to the famous University of Bologna ; and the close of each of these periods of fifty years bears witness to marvellous vicissitudes 28 NINTH JUBILEE OF THE UNIVERSITY [WED. and transformations, whether in the University itself, in the city, in Scotland, in Britain, or in the world at large. When the first Jubilee was reached, James the Fourth, who fell at Flodden, was sitting on the throne of Scotland ; and a new world had a few years before been opened up by the discovery of America. At the second Jubilee the tremendous conflict of the Reformation was raging, and the ill-fated Mary Queen of Scots was still a child in France. When the third Jubilee came round, the long feud between England and Scotland was about to cease through the accession of the Scottish King to the English Throne. The fourth Jubilee found the Commonwealth established ; King Charles the First had perished on the scaffold ; Cromwell was overrunning Scotland ; and the quaint Zachary Boyd, to whom the University is indebted for liberal benefactions, denounced him to his face in the lower church of this Cathedral. The fifth Jubilee fell at the end of the reign of William the Third and the beginning of the reign of Queen Anne. By the time of the sixth Jubilee the protracted struggle between the House of Stuart and the House of Hanover had come to an end ; the hopes of the Jacobites had been quenched at Culloden ; the Duke of Cumberland had received in recognition of his services the degree of Doctor of Laws from the University of Glasgow ! ! and Clive was laying the foundation of the British Empire in India. The seventh Jubilee occurred when the storm and agitation of the French Eevolution had not sunk to rest, when the momentous career of Napoleon was becoming a menace to Europe, when Great Britain and Ireland were united, when Robert Burns had passed away, and Sir Walter Scott was rising into note. The eighth Jubilee was con- temporary with the first great International Exhibition, which the public spirit of the good Prince Consort had devised and developed, and which it was fondly hoped might be the emblem and inauguration of universal and everlasting peace. Napoleon the Third had almost attained to supreme power in France, and the Duke of Wellington, " the great world-victor's victor," had almost entered into rest. And now the ninth Jubilee finds us at the completion JUNE 12.] SERMON AT THE CATHEDRAL 29 of the glorious Victorian era, mourning the departure of our beloved Queen, yet hailing with enthusiastic loyalty the accession of our new King ; hoping eagerly that the smoking embers of the distressing war in South Africa may be speedily extinguished. During those four hundred and fifty years what an array of names might be cited of those who, whether as Chancellors or as Principals, as Professors or as students, have been connected with the University philosophers, theologians,, historians, scholars, statesmen, orators, men of science, men of letters. Bishop Elphinstone, John Knox, Andrew Melville, Eobert Baillie, Archbishop Leighton, Bishop Burnet, Thomas Eeid, Colin Maclaurin, Adam Smith, James Watt, Thomas Campbell, Archbishop Tait, Professor Lush- ington, Principal Caird what associations of learning, of thought, of discovery, of eloquence, of patient research, do names like these suggest. And if we include in our retro- spect the succession of Lord Rectors, the strange fact appears that men most eminent in every walk of life have made their greatest efforts in obedience to the call of the students of this University. The ecclesiastical jurisdiction under which the University was instituted no longer prevails. The theological tests which under a later system were imposed have been repealed. The buildings in which the institution was early housed have been removed, and a nobler pile on a nobler site has been reared. Our city rich at this moment with the " triumphs of loom and forge," of arts and industry " from all the nations round," never gave greater indications of prosperity ; and our University, showing no sign of decrepitude or decay, and putting forth fresh developments, is to-day welcoming representatives from kindred institutions all over the world, from ancient universities on the pattern of which the University of Glasgow was originally modelled, and from modern univer- sities modelled on the pattern of the University of Glasgow. " Oh ! reverend mother of a strenuous race, We do acclaim thee and confess thee great, Who, like thy sisters scorning Time and Fate, Nine times to-day hast kept thy year of Jubilee ! " 30 NINTH JUBILEE OF THE UNIVERSITY [WED. It is a source of pride to be in any way connected with an institution round which are gathered memories so many and so sacred. There are among us not a few who think of our old College as fulfilling that ideal of a university sketched by Newman well-nigh half a century ago " a place which attracts the affections of the young by its fame, wins the judgment of the middle-aged by its beauty, and rivets the memory of the old by its associations ; a seat of wisdom, a light of the world, a minister of the faith, an Alma Mater of the rising generation." Whether or not it has been our privilege to study within its walls, we unite this day in recalling with admiration the men and the deeds of the past ; in rejoicing that there are teachers happily surviving, whether still on the staff or labouring in other spheres, or spending in retirement their well-earned leisure, whose achievements have been as great, whose works have been as beneficial, whose names will be as illustrious, as any that have ever adorned our University annals ; and in cherishing the confidence that a new era of usefulness and of glory is only beginning. We pray that the achievements of the centuries that are gone may be eclipsed by the achievements of the centuries that are to come ; we pray that, on its serene height, apart from, yet beside, the stir and excitement and competition of the busy city, this home of learning may continue to be frequented, and to shed abroad light and health and peace ; we pray that those who are trained within its walls may go forth equipped for the battle of life, and while diligently mastering the special principles of their own profession, never forgetting the vaster world around and the higher world above ; we pray that they may apply their abilities and acquisitions to the worthiest and noblest ends ; we pray that, ever mindful of their sacred motto and all that it involves, they may, in the strength and grace and Spirit of Him Who is the same yesterday and to-day and for ever, the Way, the Truth, and the Life, dedicate themselves to 'the glory of God and the service of man. And now unto God and our Father be glory for ever and ever. Amen. JUNE 12.] SERVICE AT THE CATHEDRAL 31 PARAPHRASE II. Kilmarnock. O God of Bethel ! by whose hand Thy people still are fed ; Who through this weary pilgrimage Hast all our fathers led : Our vows, our pray'rs, we now present Before Thy throne of grace : God of our fathers ! be the God Of their succeeding race. Through each perplexing path of life Our wand'ring footsteps guide ; Give us each day our daily bread, And raiment fit provide. O spread Thy cov'ring wings around, Till all our wand'rings cease, And at our Father's loved abode Our souls arrive in peace. Such blessings from Thy gracious hand Our humble pray'rs implore ; And Thou shalt be our chosen God, And portion evermore. AMEN. BENEDICTION. The grace of the Lord Jesus Christ, and the love of God, and the Communion of the Holy Ghost, be with you all. AMEN. THE other functions, as named in the published programme for the 12th June, were the Eeception of Guests and Dele- gates, and Presentation of Addresses in the Bute Hall ; an At Home at Queen Margaret's College ; and the Students Gaudeamus in the University Union. The first of these was timed for 2.30 p.m., so as to allow leisure for a little rest, and for luncheon, between it and the close of the religious service. It was, however, after three before the concourse 32 NINTH JUBILEE OF THE UNIVERSITY [WED. of delegates could be arranged according to their respective nationalities and constituencies, and conducted from the Examination, to the Bute, Hall, where they were eagerly awaited by an assemblage which filled almost every vacant space in that capacious chamber. The composition of the assemblage to quote the description of the scene given in the columns of the leading Glasgow newspaper was singu- larly striking. Scarcely had the doors been opened than the galleries and the seats on the side aisles were occupied by a fashionable throng, consisting for the most part of ladies in the brighest of seasonable costumes, but includ- ing also many reverend divines and doctors learned in the sciences and in philosophy, whose multi-coloured robes gave an added touch of splendour to the spectacle. The front area was reserved for delegates, and the rear was given up to past graduates and their friends, with a sprink- ling of undergraduates, both ladies and gentlemen. In the organ gallery the students' choir, in their scarlet gowns, and numbering about 60 voices, made a brave show, and formed an effective background for the spectacle as witnessed from the area. From the musical standpoint, too, they covered themselves with honour, their rendering of some of the old familiar melodies, under the conductorship of Professor Glaister, being more than usually notable for harmony and artistic effects. They were accompanied on the organ by Mr. Harold Eyder. While the musical prelude was in progress, the guests of the University arrived in rapid succession. The represen- tatives of foreign universities were distinguished by the brilliance of their academic robes and the decorations which many of them also wore. Towards half-past two o'clock interest became concen- trated on the platform, in expectation of the entrance of the chief participants in the ceremonial. The long table in front of the rostrum was graced by two baskets of choice flowers placed at either end, the mace-stand filling the space between, and at the corners of the dais a couple of towering palms gave a pleasing setting to the platform tableau. There was still a little while to wait before the procession made its JUNE 12.] RECEPTION OF DELEGATES 33 appearance. At last it came into view, entering by the north door, the audience standing while the procession passed slowly down the central aisle. The way was shown by two ushers, and the delegates from each country were under the charge of stewards, by whom they were guided to their respective seats. Lord Kelvin and Professor Sir Eichard Jebb were readily recognised among the gorgeously-apparelled throng, and both received the greeting of old and cherished friends. A remarkable couple were the venerable Sir Joseph Hooker and Lord Lister, who, with Lord Kelvin, came as the repre- sentatives of the Royal Society. Other outstanding person- alities from across the Border were Sir Henry Roscoe, Dr. Monro, Provost of Oriel, and Dr. Pelham, President of Trinity, Oxford ; Sir John Evans, Lord Reay, Professor William Ramsay, Professor Sir Norman Lockyer ; and several ladies from Girton and Newnham Colleges, Cambridge, and from Lady Margaret Hall and Somerville College, Oxford. The representatives from Ireland included the Marquis of Dufferin, who attended on behalf of the Royal University ; and from Wales the delegates, consisting chiefly of the professors of the university colleges, numbered more than one prominent Scottish graduate. The Scottish uni- versities sent many of their best-known professors, and the place which the University holds in the estimation of the community at large was fittingly shown by the presence of the Lord Provost and other civic dignitaries, and of the representatives of professional societies, and of commercial institutions. The British colonies and dependencies were worthily represented by men distinguished in various walks of life, having among the number such leaders in public affairs as Earl Beauchamp, who came with the address from the University of Sydney, and Lord Strathcona, who was charged with a like duty on behalf of M'Gill University, Montreal. The procession was brought up by the members of the Senate. The Vice-Chancellor, the Very Rev. Principal Story, was last, and immediately ascended the rostrum, where he was accompanied by Professor Stewart, the Clerk of the Senate. c 34 NINTH JUBILEE OF THE UNIVERSITY [WED. The Vice- Chancellor said Before I say the few words of welcome to our guests it is my duty to speak, I have a communication to read which, I am sure, will give the greatest gratification to the University : "I remember with what great pleasure I laid the foundation-stone of your new buildings in 1868, and I heartily congratulate the University on the celebration of the 450th year of its existence. (Signed) THE KING." I have also a message by telegraph from Heidelberg, of which I have the honour to be an alumnus : " Universitati Glasguensi: Vivat, Crescat, Floreat." Proceeding, the Vice-Chancellor said He who bears the burden of more than fourscore years can plead the strongest of all reasons for absenting himself from a public function, even as interesting and picturesque as that in which we are engaged. Yet, though we cannot dispute the validity of the excuse, we feel all the keenness of the disappointment of the hope that our venerable Chancellor should have presided on this occasion. We regret it on our own account ; we regret still more on yours, who have done us the honour to come hither as our guests, that you cannot see at the head of our University the good old Scottish gentleman who fills our highest office the representative of a noble house that for generations has served its country in war, in statesmanship, in law, in letters, with an ability and zeal that have made us all proud of the Dalrymples of Stair. In Lord Stair's name I thank you for your presence at a celebration of unique interest in our history, of interest, I trust, to all, and not least to those who are, if I may use the phrase, " of our own household," inheriting with us the traditions still honourable, the usages not yet wholly abolished by the efforts of successive " Commissions," of the national univer- sities which have for many generations trained the hardy youth of our native land. We have lived and laboured together, proud, and never envious, of each other's successes. We are assured of your sympathy, as of that, too, of our friends who cultivate literature, not like us on a little oat- meal, but on the more nutritious fare of the richer plains of England ; and we count on yours, not less confidently, who JUNE 12.] RECEPTION OF DELEGATES 35 have travelled far from other lands, to offer to us your con- gratulations on the completion of our 450th year. We are, more or less, accustomed and well pleased to see our friends and fellow-countrymen from the south of the Tweed, and from across St. George's Channel. We some- times, to our advantage, induce their wise men to become our instructors, and occasionally, to their advantage, we send them some of ours. But with you our intercourse is more limited. The wandering Scots scholar, poor and proud, is not found, as he used to be, ready to dispute in every college, and to stay his healthy appetite at the board of every monastery, in Europe. Eeligious differences and disuse of the Latin tongue have changed all that. But we take it all the kinder of you that you come to look us in the face, and see if our hair be as red and our bones as big as Agricola thought them ; if our habitual dress is, as travellers tell, the kilt, our domestic music the bagpipe, our only viand porridge, and our only liquor whisky. We thank you for venturing into a terra incognita, and we believe that in return for your friendly boldness you will find the " barbarous people " will show you " no little kindness," as the Maltese showed St. Paul, not for your own sakes only, but for the sake of the friendships of the old time before us. It is pleasant to know that we have amongst us colleagues from Coimbra, where Buchanan, poetarum stvi saeeuli facile princeps, was a professor in its college, and, by way of variety, for a time a prisoner in the cells of its Inquisition ; another from Montauban, where Cameron taught after he resigned the Principalship of Glasgow. Geneva sends us, through one of the successors of Andrew Melville, a message which assures us that the city of Calvin still cherishes the name of the great Humanist, to whom her Academy owed several years' faithful service, and to whom Glasgow was indebted for the rescue of her University from the doom of irretrievable extinction. We have a delegate from Padua, where the name is not forgotten of the won- drous wizard, Michael Scott of Balwearie, so potent a magician that he could ring the bells of Notre Dame by waving his wand at Salamanca. And we extend a special 36 NINTH JUBILEE OF THE UNIVERSITY [WED. welcome to the honourable and learned delegate who brings to us the maternal greetings of Bologna, which, I trust, has seen no reason to regret the Bull by which good Pope Nicholas V. conveyed to Glasgow all the rights and privileges nostrae civitatis Bononiensis concessis. We have tried to do credit to the name and example of our foster mother. The great Teutonic Fatherland with which we have so many ties of kindred, of friendship, and of intellec- tual communion, which we hope no rivalry, political or commercial, will ever really disturb, has joined with her Latin sisters in sending us the envoys of her goodwill. From many a province of the noble Austro-Hungarian Empire, and from more remote Eussia too, we welcome comrades, our regard for not a few of whom it is easier to express than to pronounce their names. The Russian Empire is a wide word ; and it embraces many regions and races ; but none of them, I believe, will attract more of our sympathy to-day than the ancient Grand Duchy, where Helsingfors keeps alive, in evil days, the sacred lamp of liberty and learning. No country in Europe has had, in the past, a closer bond of intellectual, religious, and social fellowship with Scotland, than Holland. In the 17th century the Scottish students of theology and law thronged the classrooms of Leyden and Utrecht ; the Scottish fugitives from political oppression sought refuge at Haarlem or the Hague; Scottish authors confided their works to the Dutch printing presses with the same readiness as the Scottish traders entrusted their goods to the merchants of Rotterdam and Amsterdam. The nations were then, and are still, wonderfully alike in many of their best characteristics. We remember with gratitude the old alliance ; we rejoice to see in the presence of colleagues from the Low Countries here to-day, a proof that its memory is still fresh on the other side of the North Sea, and stands the test of untoward fortune and of times painful to us and them, which might threaten with estrangement friendships less sincere, rooted in associations less venerable. JUNE 12.] RECEPTION OF DELEGATES 37 When the Pilgrim Fathers crossed the Atlantic, they carried with them not only as concentrated an essence of Protestant religion and political Liberalism as could in those, or indeed in any, days, be carried in one vessel across peril- ous seas, but also that sturdy respect for knowledge and learning, which leavened the severity of the austere Puritans' views of life, and kept their minds fresh from the stagnation of mere sectarianism. By and by it embodied itself in Harvard, in Yale, in Princeton ; and expanding with the expansion of the great American States since their indepen- dence was achieved, has planted over the length and breadth of that huge country the colleges and universities, which, in their thorough organisation and their opulence of resource, attest at once the educational science and the generous liberality of its citizens. We welcome them here ; and if we have ever thought of our cousins across the Atlantic as more than kin and less than kind, it is wisdom to forget. We heartily welcome, with them, those of the vast Dominion beside theirs, over which floats the flag of the Royal Eepublic ; and in which, from Quebec to Vancouver, university, college, and school, maintaining education of a high type, show that the traditions of the mother country are moulding the development of the splendid dependency which has, within the last two years, taken such a gallant share in upholding the unity and honour of the Empire. And in their loyalty and patriotism they have not stood alone. " The long wash of Australasian seas " sweeps shores where great and busy communities of the British race are building up new commonwealths, that are to rule the destinies of regions whose amplitude and whose riches are still only half discovered ; yet where, at every great centre of the colonial life, the men of action having cleared the way, the men of thought are influencing the public mind, and adding to the material energy of the pioneer of civilisa- tion the intellectual force and spiritual elevation of the philosopher and the scholar. We hail as partners in a lofty enterprise and rivals in a magnificent career Melbourne, Sydney, and Adelaide, along with Montreal, Kingston, and Toronto. 38 NINTH JUBILEE OF THE UNIVERSITY [WED. When this University was founded Scotland knew little of the splendour and the havoc of the East, except, per- haps, dim legends of Prester John, or wondrous tales of Marco Polo. At its 9th Jubilee we give our hand, as fellow- subjects in the empire which has supplanted that of the great Mogul, to teachers and scholars who are engrafting on the ancient civilisation of the East the ideas of Western science and culture sometimes, no doubt, listened to with " patient, deep disdain," but sometimes, too, with all the eagerness with which a keen mind recognises a fresh revelation, " like some watcher of the skies when a new planet swims into his ken." No fact in this celebration is more singular, more suggestive of varied possibilities, of novel combinations or antagonisms, writing strange characters " upon the fore- head of the age to come," than the presence in this assembly of two native professors from the University of Tokyo, in Japan. Nothing is more cheering than the evidence this affords of the wide diffusion of a common knowledge, and an identity of intellectual interests, among all peoples and languages ; but nothing is more saddening than the reflection that the earliest, and the most notable, use to which our friends in these distant isles of the sea put the science they had learned amongst us was to fight a great naval battle. Can we do nothing, with all our learning and science, to humanise the world ? Can we not aid Eeligion in preach- ing Peace ? Surely we move in that direction, at least, if we labour to make our universities, how far soever apart in space, one in the spirit of wisdom and of charity, united in the common effort, not to increase the bounds of knowledge, merely, but to be earnest seekers after and loyal servants of the Truth, to implant sound principles in the minds open to our influence, to hold before them high ideals of duty and conduct, and thus to raise the standard of the national character of our several countries, until men of every race shall recognise and honour their common human brother- hood, and throughout the world there shall be the abund- ance of peace In terra Pax, hominibus bonae voluntatis. But I do not intend to moralise, nor do I wish to delay longer your discharge of the graceful duty entrusted to you JUNE 12.] RECEPTION OF DELEGATES 39 by so many reverend universities, colleges, and schools, by so many learned societies and associations, famous in the world of science, art, and letters, the duty of conveying to us their congratulations on this auspicious day. In the name of the University, its Senate, its Court, its graduates, its students, I thank you for the goodwill you have shown, and the honour you have done us. In return, what can we say or do ? Silver and gold have we none, but what we have we, with a full heart, can give you our kindliest reception ; our hospitablest enter- tainment ; our friendliest intercourse in a word, a Scottish welcome Felix, faustumque sit. On the applause which followed the conclusion of the address subsiding, The Vice- Chancellor called upon the Clerk of the Senate to present the delegates. Professor Stewart stated that they had placed first in order the delegates from foreign countries, then those from the colonies and British dependencies, and in the third place those from Great Britain, and each section would be pre- sented in alphabetical order, the alphabet being no respecter of persons. The delegates were then introduced in accordance with this arrangement, the national anthem of the respective countries being sung by the choir, or played on the organ, as they advanced to the platform. The principal repre- sentative in each case presented the address to the Vice- Chancellor, nearly the whole of the distinguished visitors adding a few words of congratulation, occasionally in the language of their nationality, or in French, but mostly in English. These brief addresses were scarcely audible beyond the platform, but in one or two instances the speakers were distinctly heard throughout the hall. Pro- fessor Gregory, of the University of Leipzig, was the first to impart variety to the proceedings in this way. Speaking in a good round voice, he said that the slightly older university wished the younger sister great joy and happiness on this festal day. They wished Glasgow many such jubilees, ever advancing in strength and fame, and they 40 NINTH JUBILEE OF THE UNIVERSITY [WED. hoped the University of Glasgow would ever retain friend- ship for the University of Leipzic. Professor Klement A. Timiriazeff, from the University of Moscow, subsequently said the oldest Russian University saluted the ancient University of Glasgow. In olden times, when universities first arose, they served as a closer connec- tion between nations. Now they should aim to introduce a brotherly alliance between people, for the benefit of science and for the good of all mankind. Glasgow University had contributed rich gifts to the treasury of human knowledge. The age of steam remembered that it was thanks to the Senate of Glasgow University that James Watt was able to realise his great achievement. The age of electricity would transmit to a distant future the name of Lord Kelvin, whom Moscow University was proud to count among its honorary members. The age of Darwin brought them to the work of Hunter, one of the pioneers of anatomical research. The age of Pasteur they were all aware of the part played in the evolution of contemporary medical science by Joseph Lister. The age, which brought to the front social and economic questions, always admitted that this branch of science took its origin from the immortal author of the Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith. Finally, who did not know the part played in the history of human thought by the Scottish school of philosophy in which the name of Thomas Reid stood pre-eminent ? These and many other services of Glasgow University merited general acknowledg- ment,andthey all fondly cherished the hope that this illustrious seat of Scottish learning would flourish for many ages to come for the good of its native land, and of all humanity. Professor Kronecker said that, journeying from the home of Albrecht von Haller, he had the honour to hand over the address from the University of Berne. He recalled the con- nection of Haller, an eminent physician of Berne, with English and Scotch physicians, and said that he himself was happy in this city, where he was received into the British Association twenty-five years ago, to draw closer the ties of acquaintance with the distinguished savants of this advanced civilisation. JUNE 12.] RECEPTION OF DELEGATES 41 Principal Oliver Lodge, Birmingham University, conveyed salutations and homage from the youngest British University. "As you felt to Bologna," he said, " 449 years ago, we feel to you to-day". Sir Henry E. Eoscoe said the University of London desires to offer its homage to its elder sister, and expresses the hope that in the future centuries, as in the past, its glories would be great. For the later events of the day the scene was changed. The " At Home " in the handsome rooms and pretty grounds of Queen Margaret's, under Miss Galloway's presi- dency, was a bright and sociable function, gay with music and conversation. The Gaudeamus of the students of the sterner sex, held in the " Union," was vocal with many voices, and veiled with much fragrant smoke ; but, according to the Athenaeum, the " verve of the audience was delightful for any speaker, and enough to make a dumb man eloquent." During the course of the evening a visit was paid by a party from the Principal's house, including Lord Strathcona, Lord Eeay, Lord Balfour of Burleigh, the Bishop of Eipon, and Count Goblet d'Alviella, who delighted the students with their short but sparkling and apropos speeches, and the heartiness with which they entered into the spirit of the entertainment. THURSDAY, 13th JUNE. THE functions of this day were, perhaps, the most interesting of the whole festival. First came the Orations, in the Bute Hall, on James Watt, delivered by Lord Kelvin, and on Adam Smith, by Professor Smart. It had originally been arranged that the latter should be given by a former Lord Hector the Eight Hon. A. J. Balfour but finding himself absolutely prevented by his position as leader of the House of Commons, Mr. Balfour resigned the duty to Dr. Smart, who, as Professor of Political Economy, most appropriately and ably filled his place. " I am very sorry," wrote Mr. Balfour, " I need hardly say, to be deprived of taking part in so interesting a ceremony." At 1 a.m. a large and distinguished company met in the Bute Hall to hear the orations. Lord Kelvin spoke as follows on : JAMES WATT. THE name of James Watt is famous throughout the whole world, in every part of which his great work has conferred benefits on mankind in continually increasing volume up to the present day. It is fitting that the University of Glasgow, in this celebration of its ninth jubilee, should recollect with pride the privilege it happily exercised a hundred and forty-five JUNE 13.] LORD KELVIN'S ORATION 43 years ago of lending a helping hand, and extending the beneficent solace of personal friendly intercourse of pro- fessors of mathematics, philosophy, and classical literature, and giving a workshop within its walls, to a young man of no university education, struggling to commence earning a livelihood as a mathematical-instrument-maker, in whom they discovered something of the genius, destined for such great things in future. James Watt's paternal grandfather, Thomas Watt, was the son of an Aberdeenshire farmer, who died in battle in one of the wars of Montrose early in the seventeenth century. As a poor orphan, he was rescued from desti- tution by benevolent relatives of whom no records are known. He settled in Carsedyke as a teacher of navigation, or " Professor of the Mathematicks," as he was styled on his tombstone. Carsedyke, on the site of the present Port-Glasgow, was a borough of barony under a charter of Charles II. (1669), a mile or two from Greenock, to which a charter had been granted by Charles I. thirty-four years earlier (1635). The two boroughs, one hundred years after Thomas Watt's settlement in Carsedyke, had together a population reckoned at 4100. But as early as 1700 they possessed between them four ships and two barques, besides probably a some- what large fleet of open or half-decked fishing-boats, then a nursery of excellent seamen soon to be employed in the rapidly growing over-sea trade of Glasgow, Port-Glasgow, and Greenock. It is difficult to imagine how Thomas Watt could have supported himself on a professorship of mathe- matics in the latter part of the seventeenth century, or even in teaching mathematical navigation ; and it seems probable that he may have taken active part in the creation of the four ships and two barques, furnished with which Clyde navigation entered on the eighteenth century. However this may have been, he certainly was a public-spirited man, working for the good of his fellow-citizens as elder of the parish and presbytery, and chief magistrate of the borough of Greenock, anxiously caring for the minds and morals of the little community, and applying his capacity for scientific 44 NINTH JUBILEE OF THE UNIVERSITY [THURS. engineering " to repairing the church, widening the bridge, and "trying by mathematical standards the weights and measures "used in the borough." 1 He died at the good old age of ninety- five (or ninety-two according to another reckoning judged less probable by Muirhead) leaving two sons, John and James, who both inherited from him mathematical and engineering capacity. The elder practised as a surveyor in Glasgow, and died in 1737 at the age of fifty, leaving behind him a survey-chart, made in 1734, of the Clyde River and Firth from Rutherglen above Glasgow, to Loch Eyan and the coast of Ireland, and including the islands of Islay, Colonsay, and part of Mull ; which was engraved and published twenty-five years later (1759) by his brother James assisted by his two sons, James and John. Of these the younger brother, John, died on board one of his father's ships on a voyage to America two years later. The elder brother, James, was the James Watt; and was twenty-four years old, occupied in his workshop in the University of Glasgow, when he assisted his father and brother and uncle in the production of the now celebrated chart. James Watt's father was an energetic, practical man. After serving an apprenticeship to a shipbuilder in Carse- dyke, he settled at Greenock at the age of thirty, and lived a busy life of work as a shipwright ; a ship-chandler supply- ing vessels with nautical apparatus, stores, and instruments ; a builder; and a merchant. For upwards of twenty years he was a member of the Town Council of Greenock, and, during great part of that time, its Treasurer ; a magistrate ; and always a zealous and enlightened promoter of the improvements of the town of which he was an inhabitant. Above all, it is recorded by one who knew him well, that " he "was an intelligent, upright, and benevolent man." About 1729 he married Agnes Muirhead, "a fine-looking " woman, with pleasing, graceful manners, a cultivated mind, " an excellent understanding, and an equal cheerful temper "... descended from an old Scottish family of Muirheads " settled in the shire of Clydesdale time immemorial, and 1 This and all other statements distinguished by quotation marks are from Muirhead's Life of James Watt except when some other origin is indicated. JUNE 13.] LORD KELVIN'S ORATION 45 " certainly before the reign of David the First of Scotland, "anno 1120." Six children were born, of whom the three eldest died in early childhood. The fourth was the great James Watt, and the fifth was his brother John, who died in 1762. James Watt was very delicate as a child and unable to take much part in the healthy sports and school work of other boys of his age, and early, like many other men of genius, manifested a very contemplative disposition. " His " parents were indulgent, yet judicious in their kindness ; and " their child was docile, grateful, and affectionate. From an " early age he was remarkable for manly spirit, a retentive " memory, and strict adherence to truth ; he might be wilful " or wayward, but never was insincere. He received from his " mother his first lessons in reading, his father taught him " writing and arithmetic. Owing to variable health, his " attendance on public classes at Greenock was irregular ; his " parents were proud of his talents ; and encouraged him to " prosecute his studies at home. His father gave him a small " set of carpenter's tools, and one of James' favourite amuse- " ments was to take his little toys to pieces, reconstruct them, " and invent new playthings." From a paper entitled " Memoranda of the early years of " Mr. Watt, by his cousin, Mrs. Marion Campbell," his biographer, Mr. Muirhead, quotes the following interesting statement, " That his powers of imagination and composi- " tion were early displayed, appears from the following " incident. He was not fourteen when his mother brought " him to Glasgow to visit a friend ; his brother John " accompanied them ; on Mrs. Watt's return to Glasgow " some weeks after, her friend said, ' You must take your " ' son James home ; I cannot stand the state of excitement " ' he keeps me in ; I am worn out with want of sleep ; " ' every evening before ten o'clock, our usual hour of retiring " ' to rest, he contrives to engage me in conversation, then " ' begins some striking tale, and, whether humorous or " ' pathetic, the interest is so overpowering, that all the family " ' listen to him with breathless attention ; hour after hour " ' strikes unheeded ; in vain his brother John scolds him and 46 NINTH JUBILEE OF THE UNIVERSITY [THURS. " ' pulls him by the arm, Come to bed, James ; you are invent- " ' ing story after story to keep us up with you till after " ' midnight, because you love company, and your severe fits of " ' toothache prevent your sleeping at an earlier hour/ " Sitting one evening with his aunt, Mrs. Muirhead, at the " tea-table, she said: 'James Watt, I never saw such an idle boy; " ' take a book or employ yourself usefully ; for the last hour " ' you have not spoken one word, but taken off the lid of that " ' kettle and put it on again, holding now a cup and now " ' a silver spoon over the steam, watching how it rises from " ' the spout, and catching and connecting the drops of hot " ' water. Are you not ashamed of spending your time in this " ' way ? ' " It appears that when thus blamed for idleness, his active " mind was employed in investigating the properties of steam ; " he was then fifteen ; and once in conversation he informed " me that before he was that age he had read twice with " great attention ' S'Gravesande's Elements of Natural " Philosophy' adding that it was the first book on that " subject put into his hands and that he still thought it one " of the best. When health permitted, his young ardent " mind was constantly occupied, not with one but many " pursuits. Every new acquisition in science, languages, or " general literature, seemed made without an effort. While " under his father's roof, he went on with various chemical " experiments, repeating them again and again until satisfied " of their accuracy from his own observations. He had made " for himself a small electrical machine, and sometimes startled " his young friends by giving them sudden shocks from it." After the age of thirteen he was often in Glasgow with his uncle, Mr. Muirhead, taking opportunity to learn something of anatomy and chemistry. While at home with his parents he attained to considerable proficiency in Latin, and learned something of Greek, at the grammar school of Greenock ; but he studied mathematics with much greater zest under Mr. John Marr, a relative of his family. He also got great benefit in seeing his father's business affairs, and so making the acquaintance of optical instruments of various kinds for astronomy and navigation, and learning the highly scientific JUNE 13.] LORD KELVIN'S ORATION 47 and interesting mechanics of sailing ships. He had a small forge set up for his own use, at which he worked in making and repairing instruments of all kinds. Thus while his delicate health prevented him from being an athlete with other boys of his age, he early became a skilled mechanic ; and a skilled mechanic he remained, taking pleasure in the exercise of his handicraft, to the very end of his life. In June, 1754, Watt came to live in Glasgow under care of relations of his mother ; and was introduced by one of them, Prof. Geo. Muirhead, to Prof. James Moore (his colleague in the editorship of the magnificent Glasgow edition of Homer in four folio volumes) and to Adam Smith, Eobert Simson, and other professors in the Univer- sity, whose friendship he enjoyed as long as they lived. Looking forward to earning his livelihood as a mathematical- instrument-maker, Watt was advised by the professor of natural philosophy, Dr. Dick, to go to London for better instruction in the art than he could get in Glasgow. Accord- ingly, on the 7th June, 1755, young Watt rode out of Glasgow in charge of his old mathematical master, John Marr, who was going south to act as naval instructor on board the Hampton Court, a seventy-gun ship then lying at anchor in the Thames. They travelled by Coldstream, Newcastle, Durham, York, Doncaster, Newark, and Biggies- wade, the whole way to London on horseback in twelve days, on two of which not more than a Sabbath day's journey was performed. Touching letters to young Watt's father from himself and Mr. Marr showed the great difficulty they had to find in London a competent instrument-maker who would consent to give the required instruction, and the great anxiety of the son to avoid being a burden on his father, whose means had been seriously straitened through want of prosperity of his Greenock business. However, with the assistance of Mr. Marr and the good offices of Dr. Dick, an arrangement was at last happily concluded with a very good man, John Morgan, mathematical -instrument -maker in Finch Lane, Cornhill, young Watt to receive a year's instruction in instrument-making, for which he was in return to pay 48 NINTH JUBILEE OF THE UNIVERSITY [THURS. twenty guineas and give his labour for the year. In Muir- head's book we have an interesting account of the young pupil's work and life during the year. He lodged under the roof of his master, but had to find his own food, which cost him eight shillings a week, " lower than that he could not " reduce it." To diminish the expense to his father, he earned some money on his own account by rising early and gaining something by work done before the shop-time. At night he was, as he wrote to his father, " thankful enough " to go to bed with his body wearied and his hand shaking " from ten hours' hard work." " We work to nine o'clock "every night, except Saturdays." In his letters he regrets the charge his living must be to his father, and says he is striving all he can to improve himself that he may be sooner able to assist him and to assure his own maintenance. Of young Watt's time in London Muirhead tells us, "An " unexpected danger at that time hung over his destiny, " which might have cut short, at least for a season, his " projects of further improvement in natural science and " postponed sine die his return to Glasgow College, with all its " interesting consequences. This sword of Damocles was the " chance of being impressed for the navy. He writes in the " spring of 1756 that he avoids ' a very hot press just now " by seldom going out.' And on a later day he adds ' they " ' now press anybody they can get, landsmen as well as " ' seamen, except it be in the liberties of the city, where they " ' are obliged to carry them before my Lord Mayor first, and " ' unless one be either a 'prentice or a creditable tradesman, " ' there is scarce any getting oft' again. And if I was carried " ' before my Lord Mayor, I durst not avow that I wrought in " ' the city, it being against their laws for any unfreeman to " ' work, even as a journeyman, within the Liberties.' " Our country is happier and freer now than it was a hundred and fifty years ago. Volunteer sailors and soldiers compete enthusiastically for the honour of fighting their country's battles. Every employer is free by law to give work as he pleases ; and every worker, old or young, is free by law to take work where he can find it. JUNE 13.] LORD KELVIN'S ORATION 49 Watt might probably have got good work in London after his year of pupilage had he decided to try for it. But the hard struggle had told upon his health. With violent rheumatic pain and " weariness all over his body " he found himself compelled to seek the benefit he expected to derive from the u ride homeward" and from his native air. So at the end of August, 1756, he took leave of London and of Mr. Morgan, who, dying in 1758, was not destined to witness the future success of his pupil. But before leaving Watt made a small investment of twenty guineas in " half "a hundred additional tools" and the materials necessary for " a great many more that he knew he must make " himself." Soon after his arrival in Glasgow, an occasion for good employment of that little stock-in-trade came to him through the good offices of his friend the Professor of Natural Philosophy, Dr. Dick, who asked him to assist in unpacking a valuable collection of astronomical instruments just arrived from Jamaica. These instruments had been constructed at great cost by the best makers in London for their late proprietor, Mr. Alex. Macfarlane, a merchant and amateur astronomer, long resident in Jamaica, who died in 1755, having bequeathed the contents of his observatory to the University in which he had received his education. I doubt whether any of you here present may remember the old Macfarlane Observatory in the upper eastern part of the college green of the old Glasgow College in High Street. I remember it well, and remember being taught to take transits of the sun and stars about 1838 or 1839 on Alex. Macfarlane's own old transit instrument by my father's colleague, Dr. Nicol, afterwards my own colleague, and the father of my late colleague, Prof. John Nicol. That transit instrument and, I believe, other instruments from Mr. Macfarlane's old observatory in Jamaica are still doing good work for the University of Glasgow, in its present observa- tory on Dowanhill. A minute of a University meeting held on the 26th October, 1756, regarding them is interesting the Professor of Greek and the Professor of Natural Philosophy appointed as a deputation to call on the youthful mechanic 50 NINTH JUBILEE OF THE UNIVERSITY [THURS. James Watt ! " Several of the instruments from Jamaica having " suffered by the sea-air, especially those of iron, Mr. Watt, " who is well skilled in what relates to the cleaning and pre- " serving of them, being accidentally in town, Mr. Moor and " Mr. Dick are appointed to desire him to stay some time in " town to clean them, and put them in the best order for " preserving them from being spoiled." A record of a few weeks later tells us that "a precept was signed to pay " James Watt five pounds sterling for cleaning and refitting " the instruments lately come from Jamaica." This was probably the first money he earned since the termination of his pupilage. He was then within a few weeks of twenty-one, and wished to commence as soon as possible the regular exercise of the trade for which he had been preparing. But he was not allowed by city and trade rules to work as an instru- ment-maker in the City of Glasgow, because he was neither the son of a burgess, nor married to the daughter of a burgess, nor a passed apprentice to any trade. He was for- bidden to set up even a humble workshop with himself as solitary tenant within the limits of the borough. The University is now happily within the borough of Glasgow. Happily it was not in the borough in 1757, and it was able to give James Watt protection from tyrannical usages out- side its bounds. By midsummer of that year he received permission to occupy an apartment and open a shop within the precincts of the College, and to use the designation of "Mathematical-instrument-maker to the University." In the autumn of the same year the foundation-stone of an astronomical observatory, to receive the collection of the Jamaica instruments which he had refitted and set up, and to be called the Macfarlane Observatory, was laid. Probably the completion of that undertaking gave some of the earliest employment to Watt in his University workshop. In work for outside the University he seems early to have made some progress, as we may judge from the following interesting letter to his father of date 15th September, 1758: "As I have now had a year's trial here, " I am able to form a judgment of what may be made of this JUNE 13.] LORD KELVIN'S ORATION 51 " business, and find that unless it be the Hadley's instru- " ments, there is little to be got by it, as at most other jobs I " am obliged to do the most of them myself ; and as it is " impossible for one person to be expert at everything, they " very often cost me more time than they should do. How- " ever, if there could be a ready sale procured for Hadley's " quadrants, I could do very well, as I and one lad can finish " three in a week easily ; and selling them at 28s. 6d., which " is vastly below what they were ever sold at before, I have " 40s. clear on the three. So it will be absolutely necessary " that I take a trip to Liverpool to look for customers, and " hope that upon the profits of what I shall be able to sell " there, I can go to London in the spring, when I make no " doubt of selling more than I can get made ; all which I " want your advice on. And if that does not succeed I must " fall into some other way of business, as this will not do in " its present situation." The sale, however, of the profitable Hadley's quadrants in Glasgow appears to have increased so much, as to have rendered the proposed speculative trading voyage to Liverpool unnecessary. A year later, it is interesting to find an advertisement (dated October 22, 1759) of an engraved map of the Firth of Clyde "to be sold by James Watt at his shop " in the College of Glasgow." This was the final outcome of the survey made two years before he was born by his uncle, John Watt, of which I have already told you. While still continuing to make mathematical and nautical instruments in his University workship, we find him also making organs, guitars, flutes, and violins, and making or repairing harps, guitars, mandolines, viol-de-gambas, and double-basses, in 1761 and 1762. Of this excursion from mere mathematical-instrument-making Eobison, then a post- graduate theological student (afterwards successor of Black as Lecturer on Chemistry) in the University of Glasgow, wrote, " We imagined that Mr. Watt could do anything ; " and, though we all knew that he did not know one musical " note from another, he was asked if he could build this organ " (an organ wanted for a Masonic Lodge in Glasgow). He " said ' Yes,' but he began by building a very small one for 52 NINTH JUBILEE OF THE UNIVERSITY [THURS. " his friend, Dr. Black, which is now in my possession. In " doing this a thousand things occurred to him which no "organ-builder ever dreamed of nice indicators of the " strength of the blast, regulators of it, etc. He then began " to study the philosophical theory of music. Fortunately for " me, no book was at hand but the most refined of all, and " the only one that can be said to contain any theory at all " Smith's Harmonics. Before Mr. Watt had half-finished " this organ, he and I were completely masters of that most " refined and beautiful theory of the beats of imperfect con- "sonances. He found that by these beats it would be "possible for him, totally ignorant of music, to tune this " organ according to any system of temperament ; and he did " so, to the delight and astonishment of our best performers." While thus interestedly occupied in the fascinating study of musical instruments, Watt entered on his life-long work on steam-power. In a note by himself appended to Professor Kobison's dissertation on steam-engines, he says, "My attention was first directed in the year 1759 to the " subject of steam-engines, by the late Dr. Eobison, then a " student in the University of Glasgow, and nearly of my " own age. He at that time threw out an idea of applying " the power of the steam-engine to the moving of wheel- " carriages, and to other purposes, but the scheme was not " matured, and was soon abandoned on his going abroad. "About the year 1761, or 1762, I tried some experi- " ments on the force of steam in a Papin's digester, and " formed a species of steam-engine by fixing upon it a syringe, " one-third of an inch diameter, with a solid piston, and " furnished also with a cock to admit the steam from the " digester, or shut it off at pleasure, as well as to open a " communication from the inside of the syringe to the open " air, by which the steam contained in the syringe might " escape. When the communication between the digester " and syringe was opened, the steam entered the syringe, and " by its action on the piston raised a considerable weight "(15 Ibs.) with which it was loaded," which shows that he had steam at 170 Ibs. per square inch to deal with. " When this was raised as high as was thought proper, the JUNE 13.] LORD KELVIN'S ORATION 53 " communication with the digester was shut, and communi- " cation with the atmosphere opened, the steam then made " its escape, and the weight descended. The operations were " repeated, and, though in this experiment the cock was " turned by hand, it was easy to see how it could be done by " the machine itself, and to make it work with perfect " regularity. But I soon relinquished the idea of constructing " an engine upon this principle, from being sensible it would " be liable to some of the objections against Savery's engine, " viz., the danger of bursting the boiler, and the difficulty of " making the joints tight, and also that a great part of the " power of the steam would be lost, because no vacuum was " formed to assist the descent of the piston. I described this " engine in the fourth article of the specification of my "patent of 1769, and again in the specification of another " patent in the year 1784, together with a mode of applying " it to the moving of wheel-carriages." Precisely that single-acting, high -pressure, syringe- engine, made and experimented on by James Watt one hundred and forty years ago in his Glasgow College workshop, now in 1901, with the addition of a surface-condenser cooled by air to receive the waste- steam, and a pump to return the water thence to the boiler, constitutes the common road motor, which, in the opinion of many good judges, is the most successful of all the different motors which have been made and tried within the last few years. Without a con- denser, Watt's high-pressure, single-acting engine of 1761 only needs the cylinder-cover with piston-rod passing steam-tight through it (as introduced by Watt himself in subsequent developments), and the valves proper for ad- mitting steam on both sides of the piston and for working expansively, to make it the very engine which, during the whole of the past century, has done practically all the steam work of the world, and is doing it still, except on the sea or lakes or rivers, where there is plenty of condensing water. Even the double and triple and quadruple expan- sion engines, by which the highest modern economy for power and steam engines has been obtained, are splendid mechanical developments of the principle of expansion, 54 NINTH JUBILEE OF THE UNIVERSITY [THURS. discovered and published by Watt, and used, though to a comparatively limited extent, in his own engines. One thing James Watt did not know the thermodynamic value of high temperature without high pressure. This was absolutely unknown, and nothing towards it was thought of by engineers or philosophers, till it was discovered by Sadi Carnot and published in his " Puissance Motrice du Feu" in 1824. Thus James Watt did not see merit in superheated steam. Its use, introduced thirty years ago by John Elder, and only largely coming into practice within these last two or three years, gives the finishing touch of Science to obtain the highest economy in the modern steam engine. With all the essential ideas of the finally successful engine in his mind, a long and arduous struggle to realise them for practical usefulness lay before Watt. He soon relinquished the idea of constructing a high-pressure, non- condensing engine, and, by being employed to repair a model of Newcomen's engine a year or two later, he was brought back to steam power as developed in Newcomen's engine, which essentially involved condensation. Having been for fifty-three years official guardian of the model with which Watt's practical work on the steam-engine thus commenced, I may be pardoned for asking your sympathy in recalling some trivial details of its history. In the records of the University of Glasgow we find two minutes, with six years interval : "University meeting, 25th June, 1760. Mr. Anderson " is allowed to lay out a sum not exceeding two pounds " sterling to recover the steam-engine from Mr. Sisson, instru- " ment-maker at London." "University meeting, 10th June, 1766. An account " was given in by James Watt for repairing and altering " the steam-engine with copper pipes and cisterns, amounting "to 5 11s. The said machine being the property of the " College, and having been in such a situation that it did " not answer the end for which it was made, the Principal " is appointed to grant a precept for payment of the said " account, which is to be stated upon the fund for buying " instruments to the College." JUNE 13.] LORD KELVIN'S ORATION 55 Sisson was a highly-skilled maker of astronomical instru- ments in London. The great French astronomer, Delambre, tells us that he made a mural quadrant for the Greenwich Observatory, and another for the private observatory of the King of England, and adds the remark : " Thus Sisson " maintained the honour and the pre-eminence of England." Sisson soutint a cet 4gard 1'honneur et la pre-eminence de 1'Angleterre. 1 Yet it seems that he did not succeed in making the Newcomen model work. Mr. John Anderson was my official great-great-grand- father as Professor of Natural Philosophy in the University of Glasgow, having been appointed to the Chair on the death, in 1759, of Watt's appreciative and devoted friend, Dr. Dick, and having been himself for five years previously Professor of Hebrew in the University. He occupied the Chair for thirty-nine years ; and unhappily, somewhat out of temper with the College or University in the later years of his encumbency, made a will founding a rival institution, to be called Anderson's University, with a condition that in it not a lecturer, nor teacher, nor a porter, not even an instrument-maker, was to be employed who had worked for the old University. I don't believe this condition of Anderson's will was ever fulfilled. The Andersonian Insti- tution has, from its foundation to the present day, worked in perfect harmony with the University perhaps even more perfect harmony than if it had been founded as an officially incorporated College of the University. Watt has told us that it was in the winter of 1763-4 that he was engaged repairing the model, and we see that his account for the work done was not given in till the 10th June, 1766; so we may fairly conclude that he had it in hand for more than two years, and made a great many experiments with it. In the course of these experi- ments he noticed with surprise the large quantity of water required to condense the steam five or six times as much as the water primarily evaporated. In conference with Joseph Black, lecturer on chemistry in Glasgow College, it was found that this was a splendid and 1 Delambre, Histoire, de V Astronomic, au dixhuiti&me Stecle, p. 237, 1827. 5G NINTH JUBILEE OF THE UNIVERSITY [THURS. previously unthought-of example of the doctrine of latent heat, then fresh from Black's original discovery of it. With very primitive and imperfect instrumental appliances, Watt measured the amount of the latent heat of condensation of steam at different temperatures and pressures, and found for its variations a roughly approximate law. When, eighty- one years later, a student under Eegnault in his laboratory in the College of France, I used to hear him speaking of " la loi de Watt," and telling us that it was the nearest approach to the truth which he found among the results of previous experimenters, I felt some pride in thinking that the experiments on which it was founded had been made in Glasgow College. In working on the Newcomen model, Watt found that it essentially involved great waste of heat by performing the condensation in the cylinder by the injection of cold water, which not only cooled the steam but the whole metal of the cylinder. To remedy this fault, he invented the separate condenser, and established the principle of working with the cylinder always hot and dry. Thus during the five years from 1761-6 Watt had worked out all the principles and invented all that was essential in the details for realising them in the most perfect steam-engines of the present day. In 1763 Watt ceased to live in his College rooms, and took a small house in the town; and in 1764 he married a cousin of his own, Margaret Miller, who for nine years did everything possible to support him and to brighten his life through the severe trials which were before him in his great work, rendered harder by continued ill-health. Of this time of his life we find an interesting statement in Miss Camp- bell's Memoranda: "Even his powerful mind sank occasionally " into misanthropic gloom, from the pressure of long-continued " nervous headaches and repeated disappointments in his hopes " of success in life. Mrs. Watt, from her sweetness of temper " and lively, cheerful disposition, had power to win him from " every wayward fancy to rouse and animate him to active " exertions. She drew out all his gentle virtues, his native " benevolence, and warm affections." JUNE 13.] LORD KELVIN'S ORATION 57 I wish I could tell you of his early trials and failures to realise the steam-engine for practical purposes with the co- operation and assistance of his enthusiastic friend, Dr. Eoebuck, the founder of the Carron Ironworks. In 1770, deeply depressed by hope deferred and almost constant bad health, he writes : " I am resolved, unless those things I have " brought to some perfection reward me for the time and " money I have lost on them, if I can resist it, to invent no " more. Indeed, I am not near so capable as I was once. I " find that I am not the same person I was four years ago, " when I invented the fire-engine, and foresaw, even before I " made a model, almost every circumstance that has since " occurred. I was at that time spurred on by the alluring " hope of placing myself above want, without being obliged " to have much dealing with mankind, to whom I have always " been a dupe. The necessary experience in great measure " was wanting ; in acquiring it I have met with many dis- " appointments. I must have sunk under the burthen of " them if I had not been supported by the friendship of " Dr. Eoebuck. I have now brought the engine near a con- " elusion, yet I am not in idea nearer that rest I wished for " than I was four years ago. However, I am resolved to do " all I can to carry on this business, and if that does not " thrive with me, I will lay aside the burthen I cannot carry." With a family of three children the necessity to earn money gradually led him, as his biographer Muirhead tells us, " more frequently to forsake the solitary vigils of his " workshop in the city for the active labours of his profession " of a civil engineer." ' Somehow or other/ as he modestly expresses it or, as we cannot doubt, from his ability and integrity having now become well known " the magistrates " of Glasgow had for two or three years past employed him in " various engineering works of importance." In 1767 he was employed, in conjunction with Mr. Eobert Mackell, to make a survey for a small canal intended to unite the rivers Forth and Clyde, by a line known as the Loch Lomond passage. He attended Parliament on the part of the subscribers to this scheme, and it appears from some of his letters to 58 NINTH JUBILEE OF THE UNIVERSITY [THURS. Mrs. Watt that he was not much enamoured of the public life of which he thus obtained a glimpse ; " close confined " attending this confounded Committee of Parliament," he says, " I think I shall not long to have anything to do with " the House of Commons again : I never saw so many wrong- " headed people on all sides gathered together." It seems that on his journey from London on that occasion he made the acquaintance of Dr. Erasmus Darwin (grand- father of the Charles Darwin), who writes to him from Lichfield, in August, 1767: "Now, my dear new friend, I " first hope you are well and less hypochondriacal, and that " Mrs. Watt and your child are well. The plan of your steam " improvements I have religiously kept secret, but begin myself " to see some difficulties in your execution which did not strike " me when you were here. I have got another and another " new hobby-horse since I saw you. I wish the Lord would " send you to pass a week with me, and Mrs. Watt along with " you a week, a month, a year. You promised to send me " an instrument to draw landscapes with. If you ever move " your place of residence for any long time from Glasgow, " pray acquaint me. Adieu. Your friend, E. Darwin." The dear new friend did leave Glasgow seven years later to live in Darwin's neighbourhood, and formed with him " the Lunar " Society," an association of kindred spirits all devoted to the pursuit of natural knowledge and filled with mutual esteem and affection Erasmus Darwin, Watt, Boulton Dr. Small, Wedgwood, Day (author of the delightful Sandford and Merton of our childhood), Dr. Withering, Keir, Galton, Edge worth, and Dr. Priestley. The Lunar Society dined together every month at two o'clock on the day of full moon, in order to have the benefit of its light in returning to their homes at night ! Our scientific and friendly sym- posiums, alas ! are shorter in these degenerate days. In 1769 he made a survey and estimate for a navigable canal from the collieries at Monkland in Lanarkshire to the City of Glasgow, which, as Muirhead tells us, " was carried " out under his own directions and superintendence, to the "great advantage of the public as well as of the parties " to the undertaking." His civil engineering work came to a JUNE 13.] LORD KELVIN'S ORATION 59 melancholy close in 1773 while he was engaged in a survey of the Caledonian Canal. In the autumn of that year he was suddenly summoned home by the intelligence of the dangerous illness of his wife, but arrived too late. She had died after having given birth to a still-born child. They had had four children, of whom two died in infancy, one daughter, who married in Glasgow but died early, and a son, James Watt, of Aston Hall, who long survived his father, and died unmarried in 1848. The death of his first wife in Glasgow was the turning point in Watt's life. For thirty-eight years, except the one year of trade apprenticeship in London, his home had been in Scotland. During seventeen happy years in the Uni- versity and City of Glasgow, chequered with much of pain- fully anxious care, he had laid a secure foundation for future ease and prosperity. He had emerged from the feeble and unstable health of his early life. He had taken in 1769 his first patent for engines realising steam-power, for which a twenty-five years' extension from 1775 was afterwards granted by Act of Parliament. He had entered into partnership with Mr. Boulton. He had in April, 1773, removed to Soho, Birmingham, his first practical steam-engine from Kinneil, a highland glen near Carron with sufficient water supply for condensation, where, after primary trials, it had been lying useless for some years perishing from long exposure to the weather. In terms of his partnership with Boulton he was to make his home in the neighbourhood of Soho, but this was not done before the death of his wife. A few months later he left Scotland, and thenceforward to the end of his life his home was in England. I wish we had an hour to devote in imagination to James Watt in England for the remaining forty-five years of a beautiful and hard-working and useful and happy life. All I can say just now is read of it in Muirhead, and in Arago's filoge of Watt. Greenock and the University and City of Glasgow never lost James Watt though he ceased to live among them in 1774. The University conferred the honorary degree of 60 NINTH JUBILEE OF THE UNIVERSITY [THURS. LL.D. upon him in 1806. In 1808 he founded the Watt prize in Glasgow College by a letter to Dr. Wm. Taylor, the Principal of the University, in which he said : " Entertaining " a due sense of the many favours conferred upon me by the " University of Glasgow, I wish to leave them some memorial " of my gratitude, and, at the same time, to excite a spirit of " inquiry and exertion among the students of Natural Philo- " sophy and Chemistry attending the College, which appears " to me the more useful, as the very existence of Britain, as a " nation, seems to me in great measure to depend upon her " exertions in science and in the arts." In 1816 he made a donation to the town of Greenock for the purchase of scientific books, stating as his intention " to form the "" beginning of a scientific library for the instruction of the " youth of Greenock, in the hope of prompting others to add " to it, and of rendering his townsmen as eminent for their " knowledge as they are for their spirit of enterprise." Watt became Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1784. Fellow of the Royal Society of London in - 1785. Member of the " Socie'te Batave" in - - 1787. Correspondent of the French Academy of Sciences in - 1808. One of the eight " Associes Etrangers " of the French Academy of Sciences in 1814. I do not know if any University in the world ever had a tradesman's workshop and saleshop within its walls even for the making and selling of mathematical instruments prior to 1757. But whether the University of Glasgow is or is not unique in its beneficent infraction of usage in this respect, I believe it is certainly unique in being the first British University, perhaps the first University in the world, to have an engineering school and professorship of engineering (commenced under Prof. Lewis Gordon about 1843). Glasgow was, I believe, certainly the first University to have a chemical teaching laboratory for students, started by its first professor of chemistry, Thomas Thomson, some time between 1818 and 1830. Glasgow was, I believe, also certainly the first University to have a physical laboratory JUNE 13.] LORD KELVIN'S ORATION 61 for the exercise and instruction of students in experimental work, which grew up with very imperfect appliances be- tween 1846 and 1856. Pioneer though it was in those three departments, it has been outstripped within the last ten or fifteen years by other Universities and Colleges in the elaborate buildings and instruments now needed to work them effectively for the increase of knowledge by experi- mental research and the practical instruction of students. But there is no lagging to-day in the resolution to improve to the utmost in affairs of practical importance ; and we almost see attainment of the further aspiration to excel over all others in the James Watt Engineering Laboratory of the University of Glasgow, to be ready for work before the expected meeting of the Engineering Congress next September. And now, through the magnificently generous kindness of Mr. Andrew Carnegie to the people among whom he has made for himself a summer home in the land of his birth, all the four Scottish Universities can look forward to a largely increased power of benefiting the world by scientific research, and by extending their teaching to young people chosen from every class of society as likely to be made better, and happier, and more useful to our country by University Education. On the conclusion of Lord Kelvin's address, Professor Smart delivered his upon ADAM SMITH. EXACTLY a century and a half ago, as this year falls, Adam Smith, then a young man of twenty-seven, became a professor in this University. In the duties of his chair he spent thirteen years. For two and a half years there- after he lived in France. The next ten were taken up in writing his book. These, I think, are the three formative periods of the Wealth of Nations. 62 NINTH JUBILEE OF THE UNIVERSITY [THURS. Glasgow in these days was a quiet, somewhat sleepy, county town of 23,000 inhabitants, famous for its beauty. It was little more than one long street, running from Salt- market to the Bell o' the Brae, most of its buildings clustering round the Cross. East of High Street were country lanes ; west of Candleriggs a few gardens, and then green fields. The cowherd sounded his horn through the streets each morning to call the cattle to the romantic slopes of the Cowcaddens. The Broomielaw was covered with broom bushes, and fishers drew their nets for salmon opposite Stockwell. It was a city without factories, for James Watt was but newly sheltered under the College roof. Its manufacturers were, literally, people who wrought by hand. The employers of the day were men who owned machines and material, and hired them out to people working in their own cottages. Adam Smith mentions, as the "three capital improvements" in the woollen manufac- ture, the spinning wheel, which had supplanted the rock and the spindle ; the yarn-winding machine ; and the fulling mill for thickening cloth instead of treading it in water. Its ships barques of a few hundred tons burden sailed from Port-Glasgow. Its rich men were merchants bringing in colonial tobacco and sending it out again over Europe. This was the little world on which Adam Smith looked out from his " manse " in High Street ; and the wonder is that, on the analysis of it, he should have written so much that is true and fresh to-day. Perhaps, however, it is to such an environment that we owe the economist. When one considers how many able men had looked out on the same world without seeing it, their eyes holden by the more striking and superficial phenomena of war and politics, we may be thankful that Adam Smith's lot was cast in Glasgow; for peace is the atmosphere in which industry thrives, and Glasgow has usually kept itself singularly aloof from political and military movements. When the Pretender marched into it on his way from Derby, it offered neither encouragement nor opposition. It simply shut its shops. In vain did the Prince put on his gayest silk tartans and ride through the JUNE 13.] PROFESSOR SMART'S ORATION 63 streets. Our ladies, said the Provost, would not turn their heads to look at him. When he demanded a fine of 15,000, the citizens higgled, got it cut down to 5000, and when he was gone put in a claim on the Government for the full amount and got it. The attitude was characteristic. Glasgow was a city of douce hard workers, who counted war an impertinent interruption of more serious things. But, before Adam Smith became an economist, he was a philosopher, known throughout Europe for his Theory of the Moral Sentiments. Of that theory of morals, based on sympathy, it is not my part to speak. It belongs to the period. Twenty years had to elapse before the Critique of Pure Reason gave the new birth to philosophic thought, and, before Kant, the significance of Greek philosophy was scarcely understood. Like the men of his time, he quotes the Stoics rather than Plato and Aristotle. He despises metaphysics, for the metaphysic he knew was the " pneumatics " of Oxford. But a moral philosophy with no basis of meta- physic would scarcely be appreciated in Scotland now. Whatever we may think of his philosophy, however, he was at least for these thirteen years engaged in the constant study and teaching of moral ideas. He had no thought of bounding man's horizon by the material. If the universe had little mystery for him, man was at least the off- spring of God, and God was the great Author of Nature who intended the good of all His creatures. If he is optimistic as economists usually are it is because " the happiness of mankind seems to have been the original purpose in- tended by the author of Nature," and because he sees that for true happiness man requires but little. "What," he asks, " can be added to the happiness of a man who is in health, who is out of debt, and has a clear conscience ? " " Take the whole earth on an average, for one man who suffers pain and misery, you will find twenty in prosperity and joy, or at least in tolerable circumstances. . . In ease of body and peace of mind all the different ranks of life are nearly upon a level, and the beggar who suns himself by the side of the highway possesses that security which kings are fighting for." So, he thought, the world went very well then. 64 NINTH JUBILEE OF THE UNIVERSITY [THURS. With God in his heaven, most men had the good life within their reach if they sought it in quiet hard work. Thus to speak of Adam Smith as one who preached the Gospel of an ignoble selfishness is to forget that the writer of the Wealth of Nations was already famous as the writer of The Moral Sentiments, and that he could trust to the latter book being better known than the former. He was individualistic in his economics as he was individualistic in his philosophy, because he believed that the individual was God-controlled. It was the special ordinance of God that man should be "first and principally recommended to his own care;" but, while thinking that he was carrying out his own personal interests, he was really being " led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of his intention." The second formative period of the Wealth of Nations was the two years and a half spent in France as "bear-leader" to the young Duke of Buccleuch. In 1768 Adam Smith was offered the post ; and, as it carried a pension of 300 a year for life about double what he could ever hope to have as a professor he accepted it. The importance of this period is that he was then brought into the closest contact with the intellectual leaders of France at that singularly hopeful time when freedom of thought and of speech had become fashionable. It was the age of the Encyclopaedia. Voltaire was its high priest. Turgot a man whose greatness has never been sufficiently recognised was, to all appearance, the coming power in the State. The age of privilege seemed about to pass away bloodlessly. The " people " were in everybody's mouth. With the singular little band of men known as the Physiocrats or Economistes he spent most of his time, meeting under the roof of the King, in the rooms of Quesnay, the beloved physician. Among them he found himself at home ; for many things that he had struck out of his own thinking in Glasgow were there the property of the sect. Their point of contact was that the Physiocrats were economists first and political reformers second. The base of society in their doctrine was the peasant. Poor peasants, they said, poor kingdom ; poor kingdom, poor king a new JUNE 13.] PROFESSOR SMART'S ORATION 65 gospel for those who thought that the divine order of things was that kings and nobles and upper classes came first, and that the workers were fed from the crumbs that fell from their table. Their economic doctrine, indeed, was one-sided. It had arisen in reaction ; the result partly of the Return to Nature which Eousseau was making the fashionable cult of Paris, partly of the appeal to justice on behalf of a peasantry deserted by its natural leaders, and robbed of everything but subsistence by taxation. Adam Smith did not spare their errors ; but it was in France, I think, that the love of liberty became the very heart's blood of him ; for there, at anyrate, any man starting from the economic basis could not but end in passionate revolt against privilege, sinecure, and the divine right of kings to govern wrong. Of the third period the ten years spent in writing and revising his book we know very little except by its results. He settled down in his mother's house at Kirk- caldy for six years, looking out on the world as spectator ; refusing to stir even to see his dear friend David Hume ; taking no part in its life simply thinking and writing. Time will not permit me to catalogue the startling changes of this period. The Industrial Eevolution had commenced, and the world went very fast in these ten years. And I may remind you that, a year before the book was published, " the shot fired was heard round the world." These, then, are the three formative periods of the book which, said Buckle, " has done more towards the happiness of man than has been effected by the united ability of all the statesmen and legislators of whom history has preserved an authentic account." Wherein, then, consists the greatness of Adam Smith ? First, and of course, that he laid down the lines of a new science. He was not the first economist. On every part of the subject something had been written ; on many parts, much, particularly on money, on foreign trade, and on taxation. But he was the first to weave the whole industrial analysis into a connected fabric of scientific law. E 66 NINTH JUBILEE OF THE UNIVERSITY [THURS. The greatness of the achievement is not lessened by the fact that it was very much unconscious. A Scots pro- fessor in these days was not severely limited in his subjects. In the Logic Chair, Adam Smith used the material he had delivered in Edinburgh under the name of English Literature and Criticism. In the Moral Philosophy Chair, starting with natural theology, ethics, and jurisprudence, he went on, by the narrowest thread of connection, to consider what he called Police, and under this head he treated division of labour, price, money, the balance of trade, exchange, etc. So when, tired of the dulness of a French provincial town, he began to expand this latter part of his work, he had no idea that he had begun the first system of political economy. " I have begun to write a book," he writes to Hume, " to pass away the time. You may believe I have very little to do." Perhaps its immediate success was due to this want of consciousness. It has not the modern scientific form. Modern economists who write books which the public will read are suspected by their colleagues. But the Wealth of Nations is readable from end to end. The explana- tion is, as Bagehot acutely remarks, that " Adam Smith never seems to have known that he was dealing with what we should call an abstract science." He was simply " writing a book." He starts with the fundamental fact that there is one universal necessity of human life a necessity imposed on it by the Creator that every man has to work for his living, unless by some chance he can buy or compel other men to work for him. Hence, apart from its title, the first word in the treatise is not Wealth, but Labour. By labour, man is supplied with the necessaries and conveniences of life. By these necessaries and conveniences the labouring man is fed enabled, that is, to live and continue his labour. As this labour grows more fruitful, life gets easier, work gets less toilsome, and there is a surplus which may be spent in wasteful ways which may fall into hands that toil not. " 'Tis true, 'tis pity; pity is, 'tis true." " Wealth " is perverted from its original meaning of the JUNE 13.] PROFESSOR SMART'S ORATION 67 food of man the raw, indigestible material of the universe worked up into shapes which can be assimilated by his many-sided life into a something materialised in money, desired for itself, and misused by false appetites. But this does not alter the fact that the overwhelming majority of men have to work, and to work hard, for their living. To speak of them, as some later economists perhaps did, as actuated by the one overmastering desire of wealth, is monstrous. One might as well say that the one over- mastering desire of the sheep is to eat grass. Man cannot live without eating ; he cannot eat without working. Adam Smith, at least, never made the mistake of counting wealth an end, with the desire of which political economy begins, and with the attaining of which political economy ends. With him the heroic figure the figure which explains everything is the Worker. Glance rapidly over the contents. The First Book is occupied with the phenomenon which had changed the character of labour and made it so much more fruitful its division. The division is made possible by money, and here begin the long and famous discussions on money. But the division of labour brings in inevitably a distribution of the produce of labour which is far from simple and obvious. In the primitive state, if a hunter kills a deer, the deer is the produce of his labour its natural reward its wage ; and, in this state of things, the whole produce of labour belongs to the labourer. But we have to deal with a state of industry where hundreds and thousands of various kinds of energies go to the making of one finished commodity. It is the price paid for the finished consumption good that is, in the last resort, divided out among all the factors of its making, from the beginning in the earth to the end on the counter. But, before that final price is paid, most of the factors have already been paid in anticipation. Evidently, in such a state, we are plunged at once into a theory of value which is at the same time a theory of distribution, involving the very deepest discussions of economic justice. The Second Book treats of the fact that labour, its quantity and its efficiency, must depend on the 68 NINTH JUBILEE OF THE UNIVERSITY [THURS. amount and greatness of the tools with which it works. Here, naturally, comes the discussion of Capital, its mean- ing, its origin, and the methods of its application. The Third Book takes the fact that nations and Governments have thought it their duty to lay down certain plans and ideals for labour that some nations had encouraged the industry of the country, others that of the town, and that scarce any nation had dealt equally and impartially with every sort of industry. Here we have an account of these national labour policies. The Fourth Book deals with the economic theories which had been framed to defend these policies ; and we have the masterly discussions of mercan- tile and physiocratic theory. Lastly, in the Fifth Book, comes the consideration that there are certain things which the private industry of man is not sufficient to compass great branches of activity which had, naturally, fallen to the committee called Government; the question how Government expenses should be met leading to the great discussion on the means of raising the revenue. I think I am right in saying that, from end to end, this is a treatise on Labour. There cannot be a science unless there is uniformity in the phenomena with which it deals. This uniformity does exist in the daily commonplace life of man. But it is not in the desire for wealth, with all the sordid corollaries which such a phrase suggests, but in the universal necessity of labour. What is Labour. It is, first, a necessity the funda- mental necessity since man left the miraculous garden where apples grew without cultivation. But it is far more. Every man who has eyes to see knows that the redemption of man comes through labour. If I were asked to-day, " Which would you rather have a universal working day of nine hours or a system where half an hour's labour per day would yield all that man needs ? ", I should unhesitatingly choose the nine-hours' day. How it was that Adam Smith's analysis of the organised labour of a people came to be regarded by some in later times as a sordid thing a glorification of wealth and a justification of greed I do not know. I cannot help JUNE 13.] PROFESSOR SMART'S ORATION 69 thinking that if the expression " desire for wealth," which is by no means a universal characteristic, had been replaced by the expression " necessity of labour," the misdirection of such attacks would have been obvious. The two great writers who assailed it most bitterly never seem to have been aware that they were part and parcel of the economic life, mani- festing the same uniformities of action as the ploughman or the stockbroker. My old friend John Euskin, in the last letter he ever wrote me, said that the constant marvel with him was that I should have become a professor of economics. But the constant marvel with me is that these two great critics of a systematic study of organised industry should have been never weary of singing the praises of labour. In idleness, they said, is perpetual despair. They seem to have thought either that books were not wealth or that authors were not workers, or, perhaps, that, somehow, they were exceptions in their way of doing business, although I find that they higgled with their publishers just like ordinary men. Adam Smith's second claim to greatness I scarcely know how to place. It is generally said that it was by his advocacy that industry became free, and that this country subsequently became the great exemplar of free trade among nations. This is true. But the difficulty of treating of it separately is that freedom what he called natural liberty was worked into the very fibre of his science. The Wealth of Nations might indeed be called a treatise on natural liberty carried into industrial life. Much of it and not the least valuable part is polemical, aimed at the innu- merable restraints on freedom bound up with theories which had, perhaps, a better right to the name of political economy than his system had. Before Adam Smith's day the nations of Europe were very much self-contained units, fighting for national existence. The life and pursuits of the individual were controlled and regulated by the necessity of defending the State to which he belonged. War was never out of men's minds, and the issues of war were not indemnities, but conquest, change of laws perhaps change of religion. Hence the predecessors of Adam Smith, when they were not 70 NINTH JUBILEE OF THE UNIVERSITY [THURS. foreign merchants, easily mistaking the conditions of their own prosperity for the conditions of national well-being, were not economists so much as politicians and statesmen, con- cerned chiefly with the means of maintaining and defending the life of the nation. Petty and Davenant, for example, dealt almost exclusively with the expenses of government and the means of raising its revenues. This is the explanation of what seems to us the monstrous position assigned to the precious metals. Gold and silver are, indeed, only a small part of the wealth of peoples, but in these days they were a very real part of the wealth of warring nations. Hence, too, the prevailing views upon such political instruments as customs tariffs and foreign trade ; hence the web of regulation woven round the shipping industries ; hence, perhaps, the consideration shown to the landed classes as the chief contributors to the Government revenues. This is how the science got its name of Political Economy. But, beginning with this subordination of the industrial life to the necessities of government, the idea of restriction and regulation ran right through the whole economic fabric. Thanks to the ill-contrived law of settlement, it was " more difficult for a poor man to pass the artificial boundaries of his parish than to pass an arm of the sea or a ridge of high mountains." Land was made a monopoly by primogeniture and entails. Cheap goods were hindered from coming in from other countries even from Ireland to suit " the impertinent jealousy of merchants and manufacturers." When Pitt began to reform the finances with the Wealth of Nations in his hand, there were 1200 articles on the tariff list. Foreign trade was checked by prohibitions and export duties. The colonies peopled by our own sons were treated as preserves for English traders. Everywhere industry was guarded and protected till it could scarcely move its limbs. If you consider that Adam Smith began at the other end, you can see how deeply he came into collision with these ideas. He starts with the labour of a people its ordinary commonplace toil. In that labour, divided and organised, JUNE 13.] PROFESSOR SMART'S ORATION 71 he finds the source of its living and of its wealth. In the free development of labour he finds its increase. It is only at the end in his Fifth Book that he comes to what others had started with. But the Government revenue, he said, does not need nursing. It depends on the industry of the people. Increase the product of that industry and the Government revenue increases naturally and automatically. In this view Government has, indeed, a sphere and a natural sphere. Its first function is to afford security. Its second is to administer justice. Its third, to erect and maintain certain public works and certain public institutions, which it could never be for the interest of any individual or small number of individuals to erect and maintain. Beyond that, what can Government contribute to the great economic task of producing the necessaries and conveniences of life ? Nothing. Sweep away all this restriction, he said. Leave people free to make and sell what they like, where they like, how they like, and industry becomes a great inter- national mutual co-operation of producers : supply is demand, and demand is supply. How, starting from this basis, he launched heartily into the denunciation of every form of combination and privilege, it would take too long to tell. It may carry the more weight for honesty of intention at anyrate if it is re- membered that the hardest things he said of restriction were said against the profession to which he himself belonged the monopoly of teaching for degrees by the universities. Much has happened since Adam Smith wrote. It is no longer necessary to read the Wealth of Nations to know his doctrines. They are the very warp and woof of modern economics. But we are not just to his memory if we forget that he was preaching doctrines which were then counted dangerous to the very life of the nation. People saw in him the analogue of his friend Hume. When the French Eevolution burst many said, " Behold the doctrines of Adam Smith carried into practice." He was indeed in his day a heretic of the heretics. The 72 NINTH JUBILEE OF THE UNIVERSITY [THURS. two greatest reformers the world ever saw were put to death probably with perfectly honest intentions ; for to the crowd it has always appeared better that one man should die than that the vested interests of the nation should perish. The days of putting heretics to death were past by 1776, but one religious body at least showed what might have happened in earlier times. The Inquisition in Spain suppressed the Wealth of Nations for the " lowness of its style and the looseness of its morals." Now all reformers are one-sided ; they must be one-sided. To reform a religion they have sometimes to pull down a cathedral. Adam Smith had a whole Augean stable of fallacy and vested interest to sweep out and I have no doubt that, when Hercules swept his stable, many a good thing went down the drains. And, again, we are not just to the memory of Adam Smith if we take all he said a century and a half ago as applicable to the world of to-day. The division of labour, of which he saw the mere beginnings, has been carried to an extreme. The organisation of industry has become so complete that those who cannot find a place in the organization are in danger of starving in the midst of plenty. The freedom of industry, which he thought a Utopian dream of his own, has become a fact. But freedom and organisation have brought their own problems. With the growth of local government, many things have been added to the category of things which the State can do better than the individual ; and, with the very growth of liberty, has come greater need of securing that liberty against its own abuses. More than all, perhaps, the ruling body has changed its character. Many things could be urged against a Government when it meant a number of men, chosen by privilege and accident of birth, doing the best they could for classes with which they were not very much in sympathy, which cannot be urged against a Government that is a committee of ourselves, armed with no powers but such as it gets from the mandate of the people. Freedom is a noble thing ; nay, it is the greatest of things. But there is no freedom without government, any more than there is self-realisation without self-restraint. JUNE 13.] PROFESSOR SMART'S ORATION 73 ID the greatness of Adam Smith there is one thing more I must mention, if only mention. It is the stainless purity and high honour of his life. " I have known Adam Smith slightly," said Sir James Macintosh, " Eicardo well, and Malthus intimately. Is it not something to say for a science that its three greatest masters were the three best men I ever knew ? " THE orations having been listened to with unflagging attention, the assemblage awaited with undiminished zest the ceremony of the Graduation. A few necessary changes were quickly made in the arrangement of the hall, and, the Principal, wearing the Vice-Chancellor's robe, and taking his place on the rostrum, the presentation of the graduands began, each group, marshalled according to its nationality, being conducted to the front of the platform by an usher with a white rod, to the strains of the national air of its country. We cannot do better than borrow some passages here from the sketch of this part of the proceedings in the Scotsman of June 1 4th. An element, says that paper, tending to make the cere- mony unique, was the presence of ladies, for the first time, amongst the recipients of honours of the University Senate. Their presence was a notable feature in itself, and individually they added in no slight degree to the notable character of the assembly. Of the four ladies selected to receive the honorary degree of LL.D., only three were able to be present. The three ladies were the first of a long and distinguished company to receive their degrees at the hands of the Principal. The departure was evidently a popular one, the ladies being loudly cheered as they passed in front of the Principal's chair. A significant feature of the com- pany of graduands, in addition to their different nationalities, was the variety of the channels of life through which they have attained eminence. As was appropriate, men eminent 74 NINTH JUBILEE OF THE UNIVERSITY [THURS. in science and letters comprised the most numerous section of the recipients of the degrees. There were others, how- ever, who are not known to the public in virtue of their academic standing. Among those who are associated with the calm pursuits of the scholar, there came forward gallant soldiers like Sir Ian Hamilton and Sir Archibald Hunter, whose military uniform and warlike accoutrements made them distinctive in the assembly of savants. Lord Balfour of Burleigh, Secretary for Scotland, whose interest in educa- tion is well known, was another notable graduand. Mr. Andrew Carnegie, whose munificence has made his name famous, had an enthusiastic reception. Eminent ecclesi- astics, from Leipzig, Paris, Genoa, New York, and Canada, received the degree of Doctor of Divinity. From time to time, as well-known men stepped on to the platform, they were greeted with loud cheering, and in numerous cases with musical honours. Professor Smart, who read out the names of those upon whom the degree of LL.D. was to be conferred, in presenting Mr. Carnegie, described him as one whose name would descend to all generations of Scottish students as the most munificent benefactor of the Univer- sities of his native land. As Mr. Carnegie advanced, those around him rose to their feet, amidst loud cheering. The alphabetical order observed brought together such notable groups as the Marquis of Dufferin and Ava, Professor Nicolas Egoroff, St. Petersburg; Professor Farlow, Ameri- can Academy of Arts and Sciences, Boston ; and the Comte de Franqueville, President of the Institute of France. Major- General Sir Ian Hamilton and Sir Archibald Hunter were also the objects of enthusiastic demonstrations. The former was greeted with a verse from " The Soldiers of the Queen " by the students' choir the latter by the chorus of " Tommy Atkins." Student humour, which is usually conspicuous at graduation ceremonies, gave place yesterday before the impressiveness of the occasion. There were occa- sional evidences, however, of the presence of the younger element in the assembly, which were not altogether unwelcome. One of these marked the conferring of the degree on Sir Archibald Hunter. As the gallant soldier, JUNE 13.] GRADUATION CEREMONY 75 after standing at the side of the platform until the other members of his contingent had signed the roll, stepped off to return to the area, the order " Quick march " came in stentorian military tones from the gallery. Sir Archibald looked up and smiled, appreciating the humour of the incident. Sir Alexander Mackenzie represented music, and Sir Francis Powell, President of the Koyal Scottish Society of Painters in Water Colours, represented the sister art. Sir James Eeid, physician in ordinary to the late Queen, was loudly cheered as he came forward. Professor Joji Sukurai, from far Japan, was also a popular recipient of the degree. The scene within the hall during the capping ceremony was very striking. The seats of the Senate, the Court, and the Magistrates, surrounded the Principal on the platform, in front of which the mace was placed. The front seats of the area were occupied by the graduands, among whom at intervals appeared the white rods of the ushers in charge of the various contingents. Behind these were the delegates, wearing their academic robes, and including the lady representatives attending from various institutions in this country and in America. The side and back seats were occupied by the public. The flags of many nations were suspended on the walls in honour of the foreign visitors, and they formed a responsive note of colour to the academic robes of the University guests. The proceedings throughout were followed with the liveliest interest. Professor Stewart, Clerk of Senate, explained that the number of degrees to be conferred was so large that it would be impossible to enter upon an elaborate eulogy of each graduand. The Senate had therefore resolved to confine itself simply to calling up the famous men to receive the degree in the alphabetical order of their surnames. The rule thus laid down was broken only in the case of the ladies, who have the honour of heading the list of those who are recipients of the University's honorary degrees. Of Mrs. Campbell of Tullichewan, Professor Smart said that she was a lady whom the University delighted to honour the originator of the movement for the higher education of women in Glasgow by whose long and unselfish efforts 76 NINTH JUBILEE OF THE UNIVERSITY [THURS. Queen Margaret College had become the women's department of the University of Glasgow. Miss Emily Davies he described as the originator of the movement for the higher education of women in England, and the founder of Girton. Professor Smart expressed regret that the next degree required to be given in absentia. It was that of Mrs. John Elder, who, in memory of her husband, the famous ship- builder, endowed the Chair of Naval Architecture in Glas- gow, increased the endowment of the Engineering Chair, and purchased and handed over the buildings and ground for Queen Margaret College, in addition to many and great benefactions to Glasgow and its neighbourhood. He next introduced Miss Agnes Weston, whose great work for sailors was, he said, known to all. Coming to Mr. Carnegie's name, Professor Smart said he had the great honour and pleasure of presenting one whose name would descend to all generations of Scottish students as the most munificent benefactor of the Universities of his native land. The Honourable the Lord Provost of Glasgow, he said, he did not need to introduce to that audience. In regard to the Comte de Franqueville, he said they were honoured by the presence of the President of the Institute of France ; and Lord Glasgow he introduced as a former Governor of New Zealand ; Major-General Sir Ian Hamilton as a famous soldier ; and Sir Archibald Hunter as not only *rF ba+t- i c F= Ma - ter, Al-ma Ma ter! />/. :: T - W*P 't - MI &~i H* ^ i [if 1 \ rj ' A A flff^l r^^ UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY BERKELEY Return to desk from which borrowed. This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. JUN 1 6 1951 LD 21-95m-ll,'50(2877sl6)476 59795 969