THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LOS ANGELES 
 
THE 
 
 GREGG REPORTER 
 
 BY 
 
 JOHN ROBERT GREGG 
 
 1909 
 THE GREGG PUBLISHING COMPANY 
 
 NEW YORK CHICAGO 
 
Copyright, 1909, by John R. Gregg. 
 
T 
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 PART ONE 
 
 Page 
 Preface V 
 
 Court Reporting 
 
 By W. E. McDermut 1 
 
 Pithy Pointers: 
 
 Preparation for a Case; Proper Names; Repeti- 
 tion ; Explanatory Words ; Size of Notes ; Ma- 
 terials; Q's and A's; Marking Exhibits; What to 
 Read ; Making Captions ; Where to Practice ; 
 Some Good Suggestions ; Interrupting a Witness ; 
 
 Securing Appointment 10 
 
 The Judge's Charge 
 
 By W. E. H. Searcy 20 
 
 Official Reporters ' Qualifications 
 
 By H. W. Thorne 22 
 
 Dictation Machines and Court Reporting 
 
 By James E. Munson 26 
 
 The Work of the Court Reporter 
 
 By Charles Currier Beale 31 
 
 Methods of Furnishing Daily Copy 
 
 By Frank IT. Burt 35 
 
 Reporting the National Conventions 
 
 By G. Russell Leonard 42 
 
 Indexing Notes 47 
 
 Law Forms 48 
 
 Table of Rates Paid Court Reporters 49 
 
 Helpful Books 50 
 
 448574 
 
7 // / (, A' / G C RE P O R T I- R 
 
 PART TWO 
 
 Special Word Forms 53 
 
 Word and Phrase .Modifications .V> 
 
 Figures, Etc (>"> 
 
 Short hand Numerals, Etc 67 
 
 Encircling Outlines, Etc 69 
 
 Points of the Compass, Etc 70 
 
 Special Phrases 72 
 
 List of Phrases 74 
 
 Plates of Testimony: 
 
 Court Testimony Exercise on Phrases its 
 
 Testimony in Life Insurance Investigation 10.") 
 
 Key to Plates 107 
 
PREFACE 
 
 OR some time there has been a well-defined de- 
 mand for more literature relating to court report- 
 ing and especially having reference to the Gregg 
 system. As time has gone on this demand has be- 
 come more and more insistent, until I have been obliged 
 to lay aside matters of considerable importance in order 
 to prepare this book. 
 
 There is a dearth of helpful literature in permanent 
 form dealing with the technical features of court report- 
 ing. In the shorthand magazines and in the proceedings 
 of the Reporters' Associations there have appeared from 
 time to time brief articles explaining the duties of the 
 court reporter, but in book form there is absolutely noth- 
 ing of value dealing with the technical or shorthand part 
 of the work. Commenting on this in the Typewriter and 
 Phonographic World, an experienced court reporter says : 
 
 I have been a student of shorthand since I was a small boy, 
 have looked Into quite a number of text-books in quite a number 
 of different systems, read many shorthand periodicals, made " pot 
 hooks" for a living- for the past six or eight years, and for the 
 past year have been holding down with more or less success a 
 position as official court stenographer. During all of this time I 
 have been impressed with the scarcity of shorthand literature 
 directed to the training of court stenographers. I know of but 
 one book upon the shorthand part of the subject, and that, while 
 exceedingly helpful, makes no pretense of being exhaustive. There 
 are excellent works on phrasing, but their scope is general. The 
 dictionaries contain exhaustive lists of phrases, but it is a heart- 
 breaking task to dig from the text-books and dictionaries the 
 particular phrases suited' to court use. Of course, a thorough 
 knowledge of the principles of phrasing will enable a careful 
 student to work out his own salvation in time; but it seems to me 
 that an interchange of actual experiences and expedients which 
 experienced court reporters have found useful through the col- 
 
THE GREGG REPORTER 
 
 uinns of the World would be of inestimable value to the beginner 
 In that brancli of the art, and even the old veteran might be able 
 to get Ideas that would lessen the burdens of his old age. 
 
 This book is divided into two parts : 
 
 Part One is intended to be a succinct explanation of the 
 duties of the court reporter, supplemented by suggestions 
 condensed from numerous articles that have appeared on 
 the subject in shorthand magazines. This portion of the 
 work is not exhaustive, and is not intended to take the 
 place of that admirable book, "Practical Court Report- 
 ing," by H. W. Thorne, which we commend to every one 
 who desires to become a reporter. It does, however, pre- 
 sent the essential features of court reporting in a concise, 
 helpful way, and we believe that the suggestions given 
 will be of value to stenographers desirous of familiarizing 
 themselves with the duties of the court reporter. But, as 
 has been well said by Mr. W. H. Luzenberg, "The only 
 place to learn how to swim is in the water, and the best 
 place to learn court reporting is by practicing in court 
 after the shorthand foundation is laid." 
 
 Part Two is the most important portion of this book, 
 containing as it does the most comprehensive and prac- 
 tical list of shorthand forms for law terms and court re- 
 porting phrases that has so far appeared in any system 
 of shorthand. 
 
 Those features of Gregg Shorthand which have gained 
 for the system its widespread diffusion and popularity 
 render it peculiarly adapted for difficult and technical re- 
 porting. The absence of distinctions of meaning between 
 characters written light and the same characters written 
 heavy, between characters written on the line and the 
 same characters written above, through, or below the line, 
 between a hook written small and the same hook written 
 large, between characters of four or more different 
 
THE GREGG REPORTER 
 
 lengths, between vertical and slanting characters the 
 absence of these and many other fine distinctions,- so diffi- 
 cult to observe under the pressure of rapid note-taking, 
 is nowhere of more importance than in court reporting 
 where liberty, property, and even life itself, often depend 
 upon the accuracy of the report. 
 
 The marvelous powers of condensation and the easy 
 natural phrasing power of the system so well recognized 
 and so easily demonstrable in the everyday work of com- 
 mercial correspondence are even greater when applied 
 to law terms and especially to testimony. 
 
 Since I began the preparation of this book I have noted 
 with much pleasure a great increase in the number of 
 writers of Gregg Shorthand who have secured appoint- 
 ments as official reporters. In addition to those holding 
 official positions, several young writers of the system have 
 recently established themselves in the independent report- 
 ing business, in Chicago and elsewhere, with most gratify- 
 ing success. 
 
 I sincerely hope this book will be of assistance to those 
 who are already reporters, as well as to the many writers 
 of the system who are ambitious to become reporters. It 
 would give me pleasure to assist writers of the system by 
 advice and suggestions, and I hope to hear from many of 
 the readers of this book. 
 
 In sending forth this book, I wish to express my ap- 
 preciation of the assistance given me by court reporters 
 and expert writers in preparing it especially in compiling 
 the list of phrase forms and to Miss Lilian M. Belfield for 
 the remarkable fidelity and artistic skill with which she 
 has written the illustrative shorthand cuts and plates. 
 
 JOHN ROBERT GREGG. 
 New York, June, 1909. 
 
PART ONE 
 
COURT REPORTING 
 
 By W. E. McDermut 
 
 (Reprinted from The Gregg- Writer) 
 
 QUALIFICATIONS 
 
 ERTAIN mental and physical qualifications are 
 necessary in order to fit one to be a successful 
 court and general reporter. The physical strain 
 is so great that only persons with good health and 
 strong constitutions should undertake the work; in fact, 
 only such persons stay at it very long. The higher class 
 of work may be compared to that of a musician always 
 playing difficult music at sight ; and any one can imagine 
 how exhausting such effort must be when continued for 
 three to five hours at a sitting. 
 
 Without a good education and a general knowledge of 
 the world, the work will never be satisfactory, either to 
 the reporter or to the public. No knowledge or experi- 
 ence will come amiss in the work of the reporter. 
 
 In order of importance I should place, first, a thorough 
 mastery of the language, with an extensive acquaintance 
 with the oddities of expression peculiar to various classes 
 of people ; second, a wide acquaintance with literature 
 and history; third, a smattering of many sciences and 
 arts, especially familiarity with their terminology ; fourth, 
 a good working knowledge of at least a few of the leading 
 sciences, especially medicine and mechanics ; fifth, a wide 
 reading in the fundamentals of the law. 
 
THE GREGG REPORTER 
 
 of ;i mechanical trade will be very valuable 
 in reporting; testimony of mechanical experts; a knowl- 
 edge of bookkeeping will make the work of reporting ac- 
 countants easier; a familiarity with machinery and 
 physics will enable one to understand scientific experts. 
 
 It is a singular fact that few court reporters receive 
 their training in the shorthand schools; not that the 
 schools cannot give them a good start, but circumstances 
 have been such that the writers have generally drifted 
 into the business in various ways independently of the 
 schools. 
 
 Whether the writer has gone through a school or 
 studied by himself he should, if possible, serve an ap- 
 prenticeship with some first-class court reporter, improv- 
 ing every opportunity to increase his knowledge and 
 technical capacity. While it is well to begin young, there 
 are few who can be regarded as fully competent court 
 and general reporters under the age of thirty years. 
 
 In addition to these requirements, integrity, fidelity, 
 sobriety and indiistry are essential factors in a successful 
 career as a shorthand reporter. Those who cannot come 
 up to the standard above outlined should keep out of the 
 business. 
 
 SPEED REQUIREMENTS 
 
 Having the personal qualifications, the student should 
 remember that as shorthand is the tool with which he is 
 all the time working, he should strive to obtain a more 
 and more complete mastery of the art. It is estimated by 
 many old reporters that within their experience the av- 
 eniLre requirement in reporting capacity has increased be- 
 tween twenty-five and fifty words a minute. 
 
 The rush incident to modern business methods will not 
 tend to reduce the rate of speaking in the future. As the 
 
THE GREGG REPORTER 
 
 requirements will be more severe, it is certain that the re- 
 porters of the future must be superior to those of the 
 present. The rate of speed, of course, varies according to 
 the character of the matter. Simple, idiomatic language 
 is spoken more rapidly than technical exposition or digni- 
 fied discourse. Moreover, after a spurt of broken English 
 or indistinct utterance time will be lost in untangling the 
 sense, and the writer must have a possible speed that will 
 enable him to catch up. This requires the most perfect 
 mastery of the writer's system. 
 
 The better the condition of your tools, the easier and 
 more certain will be your work. If possible your methods 
 and system of writing should be so perfect that another 
 writer may, in case of emergency, be able to dictate from 
 your notes. Therefore, whatever system of shorthand 
 you write, write it scientifically. 
 
 PEN OR PENCIL 
 
 There is a diversity of custom as to the use of pen and 
 pencil. If you have an official position, with a table where 
 you regularly work, there are many reasons for using a 
 pen ; not merely a fountain, but a steel pen. The act of 
 dipping for ink, if done habitually at every pause or op- 
 portunity, will usually keep the pen loaded, while the 
 execution (with a proper combination of pen, ink and 
 paper) is so superior and the manipulation so much easier 
 that the advantages derived are very important. If this 
 combination cannot be secured, a good fountain pen or a 
 good pencil just suited to the writer's hand and to the 
 paper may be used, according to the deliberate preference 
 of the writer. "Where the writing must be done under 
 unfavorable conditions a pencil will generally be found 
 more serviceable. 
 
 The table or desk and the chair should be heavy and 
 
THE GREGG REPORTER 
 
 firm, and the surface of the table should be flat. A small, 
 solid chair is better than a large one or one that swings. 
 
 THE REPORTER'S PLACE 
 
 By all means insist on a location where you can see and 
 hear at least as well as any person in the room. Never 
 allow your back to be toward the speaker for any con- 
 siderable time. The reporter is to "be seen and not 
 heard," and he should never "take a back seat" for any- 
 body. In the courts in the large cities there are so many 
 disadvantages in the way of noise, confusion, haste, care- 
 lessness and broken English, that even the most perfect 
 location will still leave the writer laboring under many 
 difficulties. 
 
 PROPER NAMES 
 
 Learn to write proper names in shorthand. A legible 
 shorthand outline is much better than a name written 
 illegibly in longhand. "Browne," in shorthand, with a 
 longhand "e" to show the peculiarity of spelling, is better 
 than the name written out in full. 
 
 If necessaiy, break long and composite names into sec- 
 tiofts; this will preserve the identity of the parts of the 
 words and prevent the hand from getting beyond control. 
 
 Never lose a firm grasp on the sense of what you are 
 reporting and its bearing on the whole case. Many a 
 jumble of sounds may be interpreted in words or phrases 
 sounding the same but having directly the contrary 
 meaning, and only a clear comprehension of the subject 
 will prevent the reporter from sometimes making non- 
 sense, especially after a rapid spurt. 
 
 Keep up with the speaker as closely as possible without 
 interrupting a thorough understanding, so as to secure 
 the best outlines and phrases; yet it is highly important 
 
THE GREGG REPORTER 
 
 to cultivate the power of carrying long passages in the 
 memory, as this will enable the writer to make up for the 
 cases of lost time that now and then occur. 
 
 IN THE COURTROOM 
 
 A law court is somewhat like a debating society ; one 
 side maintains the affirmative of a proposition, the other 
 side the negative. There is this difference, however, that 
 an evenly balanced presentation of the two sides in a de- 
 bate would leave the question undecided, while in a law- 
 suit the negative side wins unless the affirmative produces 
 the greater weight of evidence. 
 
 In a lawsuit one side (the State, or a corporation, or a 
 person, under the name of the People, plaintiff, com- 
 plainant, petitioner, etc.) brings an accusation charging 
 a person or corporation with a crime, injury or threatened 
 injury, as the case may be. 
 
 THE PLEADING 
 
 The various papers by means of which the case is finally 
 prepared for trial are called pleadings, and consist of 
 indictment, complaint (or declaration), answer, reply or 
 replication, rejoinder and surrejoinder, and some others, 
 together with possible demurrers by either side at any 
 stage of the preparation of the case. 
 
 The essential points on which a case turns are called 
 the issues. After the issues are settled the case goes to 
 trial, and generally before a jury. 
 
 THE JURY 
 
 The persons called on the jury are examined by both 
 sides to determine their fitness to serve. Either side may 
 arbitrarily ("peremptorily") reject a certain number, 
 and if just cause exist in the case of others, any number 
 may be "challenged" and excluded. 
 
6 THE GREGG REPORTER 
 
 It is the province of the judge ("the court," as he is 
 usually called) to determine in this, as in all other cases. 
 whether the objection is well founded, and either side 
 not satisfied with the action of the court in this or any 
 other ruling may take what is called an "exception," to 
 be passed upon later by a higher court in case of appeal. 
 
 After the jury is selected the members are sworn to try 
 the case. Usually the attorneys on both sides then make 
 opening statements briefly outlining the evidence they 
 expect to offer.* 
 
 Up to this point the reporter may or may not make a 
 full report of all that transpires, depending on custom or 
 special request. 
 
 THE EVIDENCE 
 
 Next the evidence for the plaintiff is introduced, and, 
 of course, must be fully reported. Evidence may consist 
 of oral testimony, or of books, papers, depositions or other 
 documents. Frequently evidence offered or questions 
 asked may be objected to; the court rules on the objec- 
 tion, admitting or refusing the evidence, in either of 
 which events it is usual for the dissatisfied party to take 
 an exception. 
 
 At the close of the plaintiff's or the State's evidence, as 
 the case may be, the plaintiff's attorney or the prosecutor 
 announces, "The plaintiff rests," "This is our case," 
 "The State rests," or something equivalent. The defend- 
 
 *In this opening the reporter should carefully note every date 
 and every material point that is made, not to go into his report, 
 but for himself. In this way he acquaints himself with what the 
 plaintiff's or State's case will be. In civil cases the defendant 
 generally makes his statement next, showing 1 what he exports to 
 prove. In criminal cases the defendant generally waits until the 
 plaintiff's case is ended before he states his case. In like manner 
 note the points of the defendant. W. E. H. Searcy. 
 
THE GREGG REPORTER 
 
 ant follows with his defense and, after he has rested, the 
 plaintiff puts in additional evidence called "rebuttal," 
 sometimes followed by additional evidence for the de- 
 fendant, called " surrebuttal. " 
 
 In case documents are offered in evidence they should 
 be briefly described in the notes and marked with some 
 letters or numbers, the date and the reporter's initials, 
 for future identification, and their introduction or offer 
 noted. 
 
 Sometimes the reporter is required to take down the 
 papers as they are read. Unless the reading is done very 
 carefully, the reporter should compare his transcript with 
 the original documents, as the reporting of matter that is 
 read to a jury is very difficult, few people being able to 
 read a paper in a manner perfectly satisfactory from a 
 reporter's standpoint. 
 
 CLOSING ARGUMENTS 
 
 The arguments of counsel follow the evidence, the 
 prosecutor opening, the defense answering, and the pros- 
 ecution closing with a short resume. The judge then in- 
 structs the jury as to the law the jurors themselves 
 being the sole judges of the facts. 
 
 It is extremely important that the charge of the court 
 even though it be written, should be reported with the 
 minutest accuracy. 
 
 "With the retirement of the jury the reporter's duty in 
 that case ends. Often, however, he is called upon to do 
 collateral work, such as reporting motions for new trials, 
 and taking depositions, the latter being, in many ways, 
 similar to court work, though on a minor scale. Attorneys 
 are more than formerly in the habit of dictating pleadings 
 and legal papers to stenographers, although generally this 
 work is dictated to office stenographers. 
 
THE GREGG REPORTER 
 
 MOTION FOR A NEW TRIAL 
 
 After a trial the defeated party usually makes a motion 
 for a new trial, which may either be granted, and the trial 
 gone through with again, or may be overruled, in which 
 case an appeal is often taken to a higher court, for which 
 purpose the record must be written up. Sometimes in 
 large or important cases the record is written up from day 
 to day without waiting for an appeal. In such cases sev- 
 eral reporters are required, according to the rapidity with 
 which the work must be turned out. But otherwise the 
 official reporter alone usually lakes 1h<> case all the way 
 through. There is an advantage in the latter method, as 
 it gives the reporter a more thorough knowledge of the 
 case and makes his work easier and more certain, since 
 better work can always be done when the reporter under- 
 stands the case. 
 
 DAILY COPY 
 
 In case of what is called "daily copy," the reporter 
 must dictate his notes to a typewriter operator, and in 
 case of a great rush the notes are dictated to two op- 
 erators at one time. This requires the highest degree of 
 legibility in the notes. It is important to a reporter out- 
 side of a large city that he be a good typewriter operator. 
 A first-class machine, kept in perfect condition, and a 
 thorough mastery of the machine, are worth all they may 
 cost, and are second in importance only to first-class 
 shorthand ability. 
 
 THE SHORTHAND NOTES 
 
 A thorough mastery of the shorthand system enables 
 the writer to make use of the best legitimate devices for 
 securing additional speed and legibility. Shorthand is a 
 method of abbreviating along lines familiar to the long- 
 
THE GREGG REPORTER 9 
 
 hand writer. The books contain the most useful abbre- 
 viations for ordinary work. By utilizing these principles 
 of abbreviation the careful and intelligent writer may 
 adapt special abbreviations to particular kinds of work. 
 
 Often a case in which a number of long or awkward 
 outlines are presented may be made easy to report by 
 adopting temporary abbreviations which for the time 
 being may be more legible than the outlines written in 
 full. This applies particularly to proper names and pe- 
 culiar terms. The writer also need not be afraid to make 
 use of bold phrasing devices, provided they actually con- 
 tribute to speed and legibility and are felt to be necessary. 
 
 The secret of legibility is securing outlines which under 
 rapid motion will not degenerate into forms resembling 
 others that might be used in the same connection. Gen- 
 erally two outlines representing words belonging to dif- 
 ferent parts of speech will not conflict. The aim at all 
 times should be to obtain characteristic and facile forms. 
 
PITHY POINTERS 
 
 Preparation for a Case 
 
 Learn in advance as much as you can about the case 
 you are to report. Get the title of the case, name of the 
 judge, and the names of the attorneys representing the 
 various parties to the suit. If you find that the trial re- 
 lates to some technical subject or business, it is well to 
 prepare for it by "reading up" on the subject and prac- 
 ticing the forms for the difficult or technical words. 
 
 Proper Names 
 
 Be sure to get the correct spelling of all names. If 
 necessary, write the name in longhand the first time it oc- 
 curs, but thereafter it should be written in shorthand. It 
 is well to practice writing names in shorthand. In writing 
 the names of witnesses, be sure to note whether they an- 
 called on behalf of plaintiff or defendant, by writing in 
 shorthand after the name "for plaintiff" or "for de- 
 fendant." Do not write "Mr." in taking notes, but, of 
 course, supply it when transcribing. When a witness lias 
 been sworn put down his name on a memorandum sheet, 
 together with the number of the sheet, or page, of your 
 note-book on which his testimony begins. Then, when oc- 
 casion arises during the proceedings to look up the evi- 
 dence, you will not have to go through one or two note- 
 books for the testimony of that particular witness. 
 
 Repetition 
 
 Very often a witness in answering will repeat the ques- 
 tion, anfd when this is done indicate the repetition by 
 
THE GREGG REPORTER 11 
 
 writing 1 the ordinary ditto marks, which do not represent 
 anything in shorthand. 
 
 Explanatory Words 
 
 In reporting testimony, where explanatory words are 
 added by the reporter, the words so added should always 
 be placed in parenthesis. Examples : Q. Did you ever 
 see this (handing paper to the witness) ? Q. How long 
 was it? A. It was about as long as that (pointing to the 
 courtroom table). 
 
 Size of Notes 
 
 An accomplished reporter, writing on this subject, says: 
 "Acquire the habit of writing neatly and compactly. 
 This conduces to speed. Large sprawling outlines have 
 the opposite tendency." 
 
 The argument that small characters produce a cramped 
 action of the hand, and hence result in loss of speed, 
 while a large, free, swinging style carries the writer for- 
 ward with "leaps and bounds," thereby enhancing speed, 
 was effectually controverted a quarter of a century ago. 
 
 The faster the speed, the larger the characters written, 
 will be admitted by experienced reporters. They will also 
 allege that the cultivation of a small style will counter- 
 balance the impulse to "spread out" under pressure. 
 
 Materials 
 
 Always use good materials note-book of the best qual- 
 ity with marginal ruling, a good fountain pen, and the 
 very best pencils. Mr. A. C. Van Sant says: "Every 
 court reporter should have two good fountain pens and 
 see to it that they are kept well filled and properly cleaned 
 and cared for, that they may be depended upon. As a 
 further precaution he should have several sharpened* pen- 
 
12 THE. GREGG REPORTER 
 
 cils of good quality, so tluit should the pens fail, he may 
 have the pencils to fall back upon." 
 
 Q's and A's 
 
 The vertical line down the left-hand margin of the note- 
 book distinguishes the question from the answer. The 
 question should begin to the left of the vertical line ; the 
 answer should always be written to the right. It is per- 
 missible to begin the answer on the same line on which 
 the question ends if a well defined space can be left be- 
 tween the question and answer. 
 
 If a witness asks a question of counsel (for instance, 
 when he does not understand a question and asks for ex- 
 planation), the question should be treated as though it 
 were an answer; and in the same way a remark by the 
 counsel, even if not a question, should be treated as 
 though it were, and placed before the vertical line. In 
 other words, all that the counsel says should begin to the 
 left of the marginal line, and all that the witness says 
 should begin to the right. 
 
 Marking Exhibits 
 
 All exhibits introduced during the trial should be 
 marked by the reporter in some distinctive way. Various 
 methods of marking are used. Some reporters mark the 
 exhibits introduced by the plaintiff alphabetically and 
 those introduced by the defendant with numerals: thus, 
 those introduced by plaintiff would be marked "Ex. A." 
 "Ex. B," etc., and those introduced by the defendant 
 "Ex. 1," "Ex. 2," etc. 
 
 What to Read 
 
 On this subject Mr. W. H. Luzenberg says: "After a 
 speed of reasonable rapidity is acquired (the speed most 
 States require is one hundred and fifty words per minute), 
 
THE GREGG REPORTER 13 
 
 the coming court reporter will find that it will be of ma- 
 terial benefit to him to read several volumes of the His- 
 tory of England, and to study carefully Greenleaf on Evi- 
 dence. If the stenographer is very anxious to report 
 cases for a livelihood he will sometimes be called on to re- 
 port cases in the United States Courts, and if he will read 
 Kent's Commentaries on International Law, he will find 
 his work much easier." 
 
 Mr. H. W. Thorne gives the following advice in his ad- 
 mirable book, "Practical Court Reporting": "Read Par- 
 sons on Contracts, Addison on Torts, Bishop's Criminal 
 Law, Baylies' Trial Practice, The Codes of Procedure, not 
 omitting some good works on evidence. The commen- 
 taries of that great jurist, Blackstone, may be added to 
 this list. But unless the law student intends to fit himself 
 for the practice of law, he will save much time by omit- 
 ting the latter." 
 
 Another expert reporter, Mr. W. B. Bottome, gives this 
 advice: "If the reporter is not a lawyer he should give 
 as much time to the study of law as possible, and read 
 Blackstone, Kent, and other standard books. This will 
 not only make him understand the legal questions arising 
 in the trial of cases, but will make him familiar with legal 
 terms and expressions. It would be well to practice pages 
 from law books, the reports of trials, and legal papers, 
 such as complaints, answers, deeds, bonds, mortgages and 
 contracts. If it is known beforehand that the subject- 
 matter of a trial is to be exceptionally difficult or tech- 
 nical, it is a good plan to obtain and read literature upon 
 that subject and practice writing the more difficult or un- 
 usual words." 
 
 Mr. P. J. Sweeney, in making some suggestions to law 
 stenographers, said: 
 
 "Ewell's 'Medical Jurisprudence,' or any good work 
 
U r II E GREGG REPORTER 
 
 on that subject, will be of great aid to a stenographer 
 preparing for the reporting of inquests, autopsies, etc. On 
 the study of evidence, the first volume of Greenleaf On 
 Evidence is heartily recommended. Stephen's 'Digest of 
 Evidence' is another good work. Andrew's 'American 
 Law,' or AValker's 'Principles of American Law,' will 
 give a good general idea of the laws of this country." 
 
 Making Captions 
 
 From a paper read before a shorthand teachers' insti- 
 tute by the well-known teacher and reporter, Mr. A. C. 
 Van Sant, we quote the following explanation in regard 
 to typewriting headings and indexing: 
 
 "The first testimony given by a witness is the direct 
 testimony. In writing it out on the typewriter, the words 
 'Direct Examination' should be written in capitals, in the 
 center of the page, and the name of the examining at- 
 torney and witness should appear as shown on the printed 
 charts. 
 
 "After the completion of the direct testimony, and the 
 witness is excused by the attorney for the plaintiff, the 
 defense has a right to make a cross-examination. \Vhen 
 that is reached, the words 'Cross-Examination' should be 
 placed in the center of the sheet, and the name of the 
 cross-examining attorney should appear. 
 
 "After the completion of the cross-examination the at- 
 torney for the plaintiff has a right to a re-direct examina- 
 tion of the witness on new points that may have been 
 brought out at the cross-exam i nation. It sometimes hap- 
 pens that there will be other re-direct and other re-cross 
 examinations. In such case it is well to number the first 
 'Re-direct Examination No. 1,' 'Re-Cross Examination 
 No. 1,' and give a different number to each re-cross and 
 
THE GREGG REPORTER 15 
 
 re-direct examination. All objections, rulings and ex- 
 ceptions must be carefully noted. 
 
 ''When the record is completed an index should be 
 made giving the title of the case, the names of the attor- 
 neys on each side, and which shows the number of the 
 page of the testimony of each witness in direct, re-direct, 
 cross and re-cross examinations. This index enables law- 
 yers, judge, or whoever may be interested, to turn to the 
 testimony of any particular witness." 
 
 Where to Practice 
 
 On this subject we cannot do better than quote the ad- 
 vice given by Mr. W. H. Luzenberg, of New Orleans : 
 
 "The only place to learn how to swim is in the water, 
 and therefore the best place to learn court reporting is by 
 practicing in court after the shorthand foundation is laid, 
 and if the would-be court reporter will procure a letter of 
 introduction to the Judge, and ask his permission to sit at 
 the Court Reporter's table, he will generally receive per- 
 mission ; but if for good reason his request is refused he 
 can readily obtain permission to take a seat in the spec- 
 tators' seats and take notes. 
 
 ''Let him secure an introduction to the official stenog- 
 rapher and try to do all that he can to help him. In time 
 he will reap the benefit of his efforts and be ready to act 
 as assistant some morning when the court reporter is too 
 crowded with work to feel like doing without his aid." 
 
 Some Good Suggestions 
 
 The following letter from Marion Harland's column in 
 the Chicago Daily News contains some good advice : 
 
 "In reply to the inquiry from the law stenographer as 
 to the best method of obtaining a knowledge of law, allow 
 
16 THE GREGG REPORTER 
 
 me to submit the following, as the result of four years' 
 teaching and daily work in a law office : 
 
 "I should advise the ambitious la\v stenographer to 
 make shorthand copies of legal papers; especially deeds, 
 mortgages, affidavits, leases, contracts, bills of sale, re- 
 leases and assignments. She will find a case of such files 
 in the office. She should also familiarize herself with land 
 descriptions and testimony. From any good work on plead- 
 ing and practice, which she will find on the bookshelves, 
 let her make copies of chancery proceedings, bills and de- 
 crees. Puterbaugh's 'Pleading and Practice' is good. 
 Write out notes on typewriter and compare with forms. 
 This method will give both the legal terms and legal 
 forms. Much depends upon form of papers and neatness. 
 If need be, sacrifice speed to neatness; speed will come 
 with familiarity." 
 
 Interrupting 1 a Witness 
 
 The reporter should not hesitate to stop a witness and 
 ask him to repeat an answer if he speaks indistinctly. Mr. 
 Isaac S. Dement emphasizes the importance of this as fol- 
 lows: 
 
 "When you have become a reporter, ask the witness to 
 repeat anything you have failed to understand in his re- 
 marks. This is a right you should never waive; for it is 
 your duty to make an accurate report and if you make no 
 objection when the witness speaks indistinctly, your em- 
 ployer will have the right to assume you are making such 
 a report. But your report will not be accurate when you 
 have omitted anything or have put your own construction 
 upon something you very indistinctly heard." 
 
 And Mr. H. W. Thome, writing on the same subject, 
 mentions some of the "tricks of the trade," which may be 
 used with troublesome witnesses. Mr. Thome says: 
 
THE GREGG REPORTER 17 
 
 "Incidentally it may be stated, that the rapid witness 
 who clothes his ideas in grammatical language distinctly 
 uttered, is more easily reported than he who speaks mod- 
 erately fast, but interjects such words as 'he says, says 
 he,' speaks a part of a sentence, changes it, 'goes ahead 
 and backs up, ' and jumbles words, sentences and parts of 
 sentences in intricate confusion. Let the utterance of the 
 last witness be indistinct or let him talk rapidly, and he 
 will cause a stenographer a great deal of trouble. Heroic 
 measures must then be resorted to. Insist upon a witness 
 repeating answers that are jumbled and indistinct, letting 
 him understand, if possible, the reason for the repetition. 
 He will then make an effort to do better. 
 
 ' ' While alluding to the rapid witness, some suggestions 
 may be given to a young stenographer which will aid 
 him, as well as his more experienced brother, in inno- 
 cently stopping such a witness in a rambling statement of 
 a conversation or of facts and occurrences. If he be hard 
 pressed by the volubility of the witness, let the stenogra- 
 pher ask him to repeat names of persons and places, of 
 dates, amounts, gestures, and anything, in fact, that, to the 
 observer, would appear to be a natural repetition. This 
 suggestion has never been patented. Resort to this 'trick 
 of the trade' can be justified by precedent. Frequently, 
 in conversation, in slow dictation of matter taken in long- 
 hand, in the comparison of papers, and in many other in- 
 stances that will readily occur to the reader, the person 
 speaking or reading is asked to repeat figures, dates, 
 amounts and names of places and persons. It is usually 
 done to verify the listener's understanding of the lan- 
 guage used, and why should not the stenographer have 
 the same opportunity? Some may say that, upon the 
 same principle, the entire testimony of the witness should 
 be repeated. Not. so. The context may be relied upon to 
 
18 THE GREGG REPORTER 
 
 verify niiiiiy mailers, but, as before remarked, it is unre- 
 liable as respeets names, dates, amounts and gestures." 
 
 Securing Appointment 
 
 In answer to a question about securing an appointment, 
 the well-known reporter, Mr. H. W. Thorne, wrote: 
 
 "I shall assume your age to be between twenty and 
 twenty-five years, and that you are fitted by education 
 and intellect to begin preparation for, and to become, a 
 court reporter. 
 
 "Familiarity with law language and legal procedure, 
 and with the technicalities with which both bristle, must 
 exist in order to properly report trials of lawsuits. Hence, 
 I advise that you immediately obtain a position as steno- 
 graphic amanuensis in a law office. Failing to do so, ac- 
 cept employment as amanuensis, or assistant, to a law re- 
 porter. I am in favor of commencing in the law office. 
 
 "Assuming that you secure the latter sort of position, 
 you should have some leisure time to devote to reading. 
 Begin a systematic course of law reading, say some good 
 work on Contracts, and also a work on procedure or prac- 
 tice in your state. Take dictation from such works, and 
 from books of legal forms, which are to be found in every 
 law library. Your employer will gladly permit you to 
 make use of such books, and, doubtless, will assist you 
 with advice and in other ways. 
 
 "You must first lay the foundation by acquiring a 
 knowledge of the law itself, superficial though it may be. 
 Otherwise, you would be constantly hampered in record- 
 ing, and afterwards in reading, your notes of legal pro- 
 ceedings. * * * 
 
 "Assuming that you are competent ra every way to fill 
 the court reporter's chair, I advise getting in touch with 
 the candidate of your party for district judge, and his 
 
THE GREGG REPORTER 19 
 
 political friends and following; let them know that you 
 desire appointment, and do all you can honorably and 
 legitimately to further the nomination and election of 
 your candidate. 
 
 "You may meet this obstacle: A lawyer of sufficient 
 practice and prominence to become a candidate for the 
 office mentioned, has, in his office, or has had act for him, 
 a stenographer in whose qualifications he has confidence. 
 If an applicant, it is probable that the stenographer would 
 be appointed by the candidate, if successful. 
 
 "That is what I meant by getting 'in touch' with the 
 candidate. If, for instance, you could get into the office 
 of the candidate who is to be the future judge, you would 
 advance your cause considerably." 
 
THE JUDGE'S CHARGE 
 
 By W. E. H. Searcy 
 
 (Reprinted from The Stenographer) 
 
 T|HE most difficult work of a court reporter is found 
 I in reporting the charge of the judge in important 
 cases. Having had an experience of seventeen or 
 eighteen years as official court reporter, in a 
 Circuit Court, we offer a few suggestions to those just 
 entering upon this work. 
 
 (1) Listen attentively to the legal argument which is 
 directed to the court, make a short note of the points 
 raised, and the books and cases cited. Try to understand 
 the legal contention of each side as it is presented. These 
 legal arguments are generally made at the beginning of 
 the case, when there is a demurrer in the case or a special 
 plea of some kind, or motion made to dismiss, or amend- 
 ments are offered. They are often made when the testi- 
 mony is concluded and the case is about to be presented 
 to the jury. Counsel who are to have the conclusion be- 
 fore the jury are generally required to give the opposite 
 side the points upon which they will rely, and the au- 
 thorities they will present to sustain their contentions. 
 Sometimes the legal status of a case comes out on a mo- 
 tion to non-suit the plaintiff. No matter when or in what 
 manner the law of the case is presented, let the reporter 
 make careful notes of the legal contentions on both sides. 
 Then, when the court charges the jury, the reporter will 
 understand something of what the judge says. 
 
THE GREGG REPORTER 21 
 
 (2) The court reporter should not report the evidence 
 of the case blindly. He must make each case "his case" 
 and keep the evidence in his mind, and see what the 
 parties are driving at. He must listen attentively to the 
 objections that are made, and see what the object of the 
 case is, and where it is all tending. This will enable the 
 reporter to understand the court's charge, so far as it 
 bears on the issues of the case arising under the evidence. 
 
 (3) A court reporter should read law at his odd mo- 
 ments. A good practice is to turn to the code of your 
 state and copy the index many times. That will give a 
 practice upon legal terms that will be constantly met in 
 court. After the words in the index can be rapidly writ- 
 ten and read, refer to the body of the book to ascertain 
 the meaning of such as are not familiar. This will help 
 greatly in reporting the judge's charge. 
 
 (4) In conclusion, let us say : The court reporter 
 must think as well as write, and remember as well as re- 
 cord. It ought to be the boast of a court reporter that he 
 can tell everything that has been testified to, and all the 
 points of the judge's charge, without looking at his notes. 
 Try this, and success will begin to dawn where doubt and 
 fear have dwelt. 
 
OFFICIAL REPORTERS' 
 QUALIFICATIONS 
 
 By H. W. Thome 
 
 (Reprinted from The Stenographer) 
 
 ERSONS fitting for official court reporting will be 
 interested in the general character and scope of ex- 
 aminations to which applicants in some jurisdic- 
 tions are subjected. In some States appoint- 
 ments are made without special test of fitness, the general 
 standing of the practitioner as an unofficial law reporter 
 and his demonstrated ability being accepted in lieu 
 thereof. 
 
 The examination papers used in February last by the 
 Board of Examiners, consisting of Official Reporters 
 Charles Currier Beale, Isaac J. Doane and Alice E. Brett, 
 in testing applicants for the position of official shorthand 
 reporter of the Massachusetts Superior Court, fairly pre- 
 sent what, in the opinion of experts, should be the qualifi- 
 cations of a competent law reporter. 
 
 The shorthand feature of the examination consisted of 
 five tests (four of five minutes each), as follows: At 125 
 words per minute on technical matter, 150 words per min- 
 ute on ordinary testimony, 150 words per minute on selec- 
 tion from Judge's charge, 175 words per minute on 
 ordinary testimony (this matter all being required to be 
 read back), and a final test of a half -hour on impromptu 
 testimony, etc. All matter was required to be transcribed. 
 
THE GREGG REPORTER 23 
 
 The balance of the examination was in the form of ques- 
 tions to which answers were required to be written, and 
 was composed of seven papers, of which a synopsis fol- 
 lows: 
 
 First paper. Limit of time for preparation, 10 min- 
 utes; comprising questions as to applicant's age, general 
 education, highest school attended and course of study 
 there pursued; particulars of stenographic education; 
 period of time and capacity in which applicant had been 
 employed in stenographic work, and experience, if any, 
 in verbatim reporting ; what language other than English 
 studied, and whether able to read or speak same ; condi- 
 tion of general health, eye-sight and hearing. 
 
 Second paper. This covered spelling and punctuation, 
 and its preparation was limited to 30 minutes; contained 
 50 words, some of which were misspelled, which were re- 
 quired to be correctly rewritten and nothing to be done 
 with those which the applicant thought to be correct. Two 
 uncapitalized and unpunctuated paragraphs, comprising 
 two questions and answers, which were required to be 
 properly capitalized and punctuated, concluded this paper. 
 
 Third paper. Time limit for preparation, 30 minutes; 
 required the giving of a concise legal or technical term or 
 phrase to properly describe each of 25 descriptive expres- 
 sions, one of which will serve for illustration: "An inten- 
 tional misstatement under oath." Obviously the proper 
 answer would be "perjury." 
 
 Fourth paper. Time limit, 10 minutes; required a 
 statement in general terms of the part of the body affected 
 by the following diseases: pulmonary tuberculosis, anky- 
 losis, lumbago, caries, bronchitis, angina pectoris, neuritis, 
 cataract, anemia, and appendicitis. 
 
 Fifth paper, entitled, "Miscellaneous." Time limit, 
 40 minutes; consisted of ten questions covering gen- 
 
2-1 T // / G A' / G G A' 1- I' K / I- K 
 
 eral literature. The first of these questions illustrates 
 the character of this paper: "Name one American writer 
 in each of the following classes, together with a well- 
 known work of each: (a) historians; (b) poets; (c) nov- 
 elists." 
 
 Sixth paper, consisting first of seven questions on the 
 subject, "Duties of a Court Reporter," was required to 
 be completed in 30 minutes, and was as follows: "(1) 
 State what a reporter should do when a witness speaks 
 too rapidly for him to report verbatim; (2) State what a 
 reporter should do when directed by the Court to 'strike 
 out' a portion of the testimony: (3) State the duty of a 
 reporter with reference to marking exhibits, and how to 
 avoid mistakes in properly numbering the same ; (4) State 
 what portions of the proceedings in a trial are required 
 by statute to be taken by the reporter; (5) State how the 
 reporter's notes may be indexed for immediate reference 
 during a trial; (6) State what the reporter should enter 
 in his notes when a witness indicates an object or a dis- 
 tance by gesture, without describing the same in words, 
 and (7) State what the reporter should do with reference 
 to taking notes when a witness is called to the jury rail 
 to describe a plan or model, and does not speak loud 
 enough to be heard by the stenographer." This paper 
 concluded with a statement of a suppositions case giving 
 names of the parties thereto, name of Court, County, State. 
 presiding justice, docket number of case, names of the 
 respective attorneys, etc., etc., and the applicant Avas re- 
 quested to "write out in proper form the heading of the 
 case down to and including the calling of the witness to 
 stand, and the usual first question and answer." 
 
 Seventh and last paper, entitled, "Legal Proceedings," 
 lime limit 20 minutes, was as follows: "(1) What is 
 Making an exception,' and what is the purpose of it? 
 
THE GREGG REPORTER 25 
 
 (2) State the terms by which the parties to the following 
 classes of legal proceedings are described: (a) actions of 
 law; (b) criminal causes; (c) writs of entry; (d) divorce 
 proceedings; (e) proceedings for assessment of damages 
 for taking of land for public uses. (3) Name the 
 different stages in the examination of a witness, and by 
 whom conducted. (4) State the order of proceedings 
 in the trial of a civil case. (5) What is meant by a 
 hypothetical question?" 
 
 Analysis of the foregoing leads to the irresistible conclu- 
 sion that expert law reporters firmly believe that short- 
 hand speed is but one of the many essentials which the 
 efficient law stenographer must possess. It is evident that 
 he must not be too old ; that he should have vigorous bod- 
 ily health, normal sight and hearing, and have at least 
 the following accomplishments: A good English educa- 
 tion, of which correct spelling and punctuation are in- 
 dispensable requisites ; a wide reading in general lit- 
 erature ; a comprehensive knowledge of the language of 
 substantive and procedure law; some knowledge of med- 
 icine and medical terms ; a thorough detailed knowledge 
 of the duties of the court reporter in taking testimony 
 and judicial proceedings, and an acquaintance with the 
 formalities and steps in legal proceedings as well as the 
 phraseology used therein. 
 
DICTATION MACHINES AND COURT 
 REPORTING 
 
 By James E. Munson 
 
 (Reprinted from The Typewriter and Phonographic World) 
 
 T|HE introduction and general adoption of the 
 I graphophone and phonograph by court stenog- 
 raphers for use in transcribing their notes has 
 worked a revolution in more ways than one. 
 While it has greatly increased the amount of transcription 
 that one stenographer can accomplish in a given time, and 
 so has materially enlarged his income, on the other hand 
 it has closed the doors of the old school for reporters in 
 which most, if not all, of the present-day court stenog- 
 raphers acquired their ability to do practical work; 
 namely, the practice of doing shorthand amanuensis work 
 for court reporters. 
 
 When at the age of 21 I came to the city of New York 
 to live, although I was then a fairly good shorthand writ- 
 er, yet I was not qualified to report legal proceedings as 
 they were carried on in the courts. I therefore began 
 playing "second fiddle" by doing amanuensis work for 
 those who were qualified and were already engaged in 
 professional court reporting. In that way I not only ac- 
 quired the necessary speed for court work, but learned 
 the forms of transcripts that were in use by reporters, 
 and also gained considerable knowledge in regard to legal 
 terms and phraseology, without which no one can suc- 
 cessfully do -this kind of work. After a time I went into 
 a law office where, besides doing office shorthand work, I 
 read law, and was subsequently admitted to the Bar. 
 
THE GREGG REPORTER 27 
 
 After that I again took up shorthand law reporting as a 
 profession, and have continued in it most of the time ever 
 since. The foundation of my law-reporting ability was 
 laid while I was acting as shorthand amanuensis for court 
 reporters, and I think I am not mistaken when I repeat 
 that most, if not all, of our court stenographers fledged 
 their wings in the same way that I did. They began by 
 taking dictation in shorthand from practical reporters 
 and transcribing their notes into longhand either in man- 
 uscript or typewritten copy. And then, when they had 
 acquired the requisite speed and knowledge of the work, 
 they struck out for themselves. 
 
 I remember well the first case that I tackled as a re- 
 porter. A friend of mine, who, like myself, was also an 
 amanuensis, got an order for the reporting of a case that 
 was to be tried in a Brooklyn court, but as he did not feel 
 competent to do the work alone, he asked me to do it for 
 him, which I mustered up courage to do, he taking check 
 notes with me ; and when the work was completed and the 
 transcript delivered and paid for, we divided the fee be- 
 tween us. 
 
 From that time down until the comparatively re- 
 cent advent of the machines with wax-coated cylinders, 
 no one attempted to do law reporting until he was grad- 
 uated from the amanuensis school. Now, however, every- 
 thing is changed. Nearly every reporter, instead of 
 dictating his notes to a shorthand amanuensis in the old- 
 fashioned way, simply goes to his office and talks to his 
 machine, and then afterward a mere typewriter operator, 
 listening to the reproduction of the record on the wax, 
 makes the required typewritten manuscript. The advan- 
 tage to the reporter of this method of doing the work is 
 twofold. It is much more convenient and causes no loss 
 of time, because the silent machine is always waiting for 
 
28 THE GREGG REPORTER 
 
 him in his office, which of course, cannot be said of the 
 living amanuensis; and, most important of all. there is no 
 limit to the speed at which the machine can take dictation. 
 But the information about reporting forms and legal ex- 
 pressions that was formerly learned by the amanuensis 
 while doing his work is now imparted to the operator of 
 the typewriter, but as she it is usually a lady is not 
 necessarily a shorthand writer, the acquired information 
 does not go any further. It does not make a law reporter 
 of her as it did of the amanuensis, because shorthand is 
 eliminated from the problem of transcription. 
 
 The result of this state of things is now being sharply 
 felt in a very perceptible dearth of capable law stenog- 
 raphers, not only to fill new positions that are being 
 created all the time, but to take the places of those who are 
 dropping out of or retiring from the profession. If every 
 law school in the United States were to be suddenly closed 
 it would not be many years before there would be a lack 
 of competent lawyers to attend to the growing legal busi- 
 ness of the country. Shut up all our normal schools and 
 teachers' colleges for only a short time, and there would 
 be a scarcity of qualified teachers for the public schools. 
 The same thing is now happening in regard to the profes- 
 sion of court reporting. In a little time, as things are 
 now, it will be very difficult, if not impossible, to get com- 
 petent men for court positions. 
 
 Now, there are two ways in which to view this situation. 
 While it is somewhat discouraging to an ambitious young 
 stenographer who would like to qualify himself for court 
 work, to find the pathway over which all of us have walked 
 to the goal thus abruptly closed, nevertheless to those who 
 succeed in getting there by some other means the prize 
 will be all the more valuable. The most lucrative branch 
 of the reportorial profession at the present time is that of 
 
THE GREGG REPORTER 29 
 
 law reporting, and it will continue to become more so 
 from this time on. I, therefore, advise every shorthand 
 writer whose natural and educational qualifications fit 
 him for the work to turn his attention to this field. Al- 
 though the amanuensis school is closed, yet there are 
 other ways in which the end may be attained, and I will 
 now give a few hints on this subject. 
 
 In the first place, no one should think of attempting to 
 become a court stenographer unless he has a good general 
 education. He should not only be a good speller, by 
 which I mean able to spell all ordinary words correctly 
 without having recourse to the dictionary, but he should 
 have the ability to write grammatical and good English. 
 He should have an extensive fund of general information, 
 especially as to current events, and he should constantly 
 aim to enlarge it. His physical strength and energy 
 should be considerably beyond the average, as his work 
 will oftentimes severely tax his endurance. He should be 
 quick and active in his movements, for the profession of 
 law reporting is no place for one of lazy disposition or 
 sluggish temperament. His vocabulary of shorthand 
 word outlines with which he is thoroughly familiar should 
 be large, especially in the line of legal subjects. In prac- 
 ticing from dictation for speed it will, therefore, be well 
 to work with material furnished by court reporters, such 
 as printed cases containing testimony of witnesses and 
 judges' charges, which may be obtained in lawyers' offices, 
 and sometimes from clerks of appellate courts. The best 
 material for practice, however, consists of full transcripts 
 of stenographic reports. Every court reporter accumu- 
 lates (to his sorrow) a stock of dead wood in the shape of 
 transcripts of cases which are either left on his hands by 
 lawyers who, after ordering them, neglect to call for them, 
 or are cases that he has made duplicate carbon copies of 
 
30 THE GREGG REPORTER 
 
 in the unrealized hope that they will be needed by some 
 one. These unused transcripts may sometimes be obtain- 
 ed from stenographers by purchase for a moderate sum, 
 or by hiring or borrowing them. 
 
 It is also recommended to the student of law reporting 
 that he occasionally study the law dictionary for legal 
 terms and expressions, so that when he hears them in court 
 for the first time they will not sound unfamiliar to him; 
 such, for example, as the following : caveat emptor, cestuy 
 que trust, corpus delicti, duces tecum, ex parte, in esse, 
 lex loci, mala fides, prima facie, quo warranto, res inter 
 alios acta, ship's husband, statute of frauds, etc. 
 
 Every candidate for admission to the field of law report- 
 ing should be an expert typewriter operator. Then, it 
 would not be a bad idea, while practicing for speed, 
 to spend part of the time assisting court reporters by 
 preparing their transcripts from the dictation machines. 
 In so doing the student will learn reporting forms, the 
 same as he would in amanuensis dictation, although his 
 speed would have to be attained by separate practice. 
 
 When the student has acquired sufficient skill to take 
 examinations of witnesses at a pretty good speed, then 
 and not until then should he go into court and practice 
 there. It will be well for him to make known to the offi- 
 cial stenographer, and through him to the court officer, 
 what he wishes to do, and then he will generally get a 
 suitable place at a table to work. Should he not do this, 
 the officer might think he was too near the jury, and ask 
 him to step outside the railing. At first the writer will 
 stumble and fall, and feel discouraged. A rapid witness 
 or counsel may knock him out, and he will wish he was 
 somewhere else. But let him jump up and go at it again, 
 and again, and again, and finally he will catch on and feel 
 that he is "one of us." 
 
THE WORK OF THE COURT 
 REPORTER 
 
 By Charles Currier Beale 
 
 (Extract from a paper read before the New England Shorthand 
 Reporters' Association) 
 
 ET me give you an idea of what is required of 
 a court reporter. The average rate of speak- 
 ing which he must record word for word in 
 his notebook is one hundred and fifty words 
 per minute. To be sure, this speed is sometimes 
 slackened to a hundred, but often increased to two 
 hundred; and this average speed must be kept up hour 
 after hour under any and all conditions, with any and all 
 kinds of language. The words of the English language as 
 used in ordinary speech will average at least five letters 
 to a word. These five letters in the ordinary longhand 
 will require at least twenty distinct motions of the pen. 
 The useful art of shorthand has condensed this to an av- 
 erage of three movements to a word. In other words, in 
 order to write legible shorthand at the rate of 150 words 
 per minute the writer must skillfully execute certain char- 
 acters requiring 450 distinct movements of the pen to a 
 minute, and must keep up this enormous speed hour after 
 hour if need be. Often a whole day's work will consist of 
 unbroken testimony. Those unfamiliar with our duties 
 say the pay we receive is exorbitant because we are actu- 
 ally working in court only five and one-half hours. True, 
 but in those five and one-half hours very often there is no 
 
32 THE GREGG REPORTER 
 
 rest for the stenographer, and if we take the trouble to. 
 perform a simple act of multiplication we find his flying 
 fingers have recorded in that short day of apparently easy 
 work a total of fifty thousand words, involving one hun- 
 dred and fifty thousand distinct movements of the pen. 
 The fabled labors of Hercules sink into insignificance as 
 compared with what he has accomplished. Every day he 
 sets down an amount of matter equal to a respectable- 
 sized novel. The pages of the notebooks he fills in a year, 
 if placed continuously, would stretch from the Gilded 
 Dome to Senator Lodge's home in Nahant. If the char- 
 acters were in one continuous line it would reach from 
 the farthest point of Cape Cod to the most distant of the 
 Berkshire Hills, and span the whole of this good old com- 
 monwealth with the mystic symbols of the silent scribe. 
 No one human being could speak the words he must un- 
 ceasingly and uncomplainingly write. A palsied tongue 
 and a paralyzed throat would end the speaker's efforts in 
 a few days or weeks; yet the hand of the ready writer 
 toils on, guided by an intelligent brain, and supplemented 
 by an ear that must hear and recognize each and every 
 utterance, w r hether it be the burr of the Scotchman, the 
 brogue of the Irishman, the lisp of the Welshman, the 
 broad accent of the Englishman, or the nasal drawl of our 
 own New England. The broken speech of the Russian 
 Jew, the liquid patois of the swarthy son of sunny Itnly. 
 the guttural growl of the German, and the mincing tongue 
 of the Frenchman, all mingle in one ever-changing lingual 
 pot-pourri, that puzzles alike the Judge, the lawyers, and 
 the listeners, but which the stenographer must get 
 whether or not. The loquacious native of the Emerald 
 Isle is checked in his torrent of words by the remark from 
 the Judge, "The witness talks so fast the Court cannot 
 understand him ; will the stenographer please read the 
 
THE GREGG REPORTER 
 
 answer?" or, the sunburned daughter of the Mediter- 
 ranean, who amply makes up in rapidity of utterance for 
 her imperfect knowledge of our vernacular, fails to make 
 himself understood by counsel, who turn nonchalantly to 
 the silent worker, and say, "Mr. Reporter, will you kindly 
 read what the witness said?" 
 
 But enough of this side of the picture ; there is another 
 view I wish to present to you; another Herculean labor, 
 skillfully performed and scantily recompensed, which 
 awaits the silent man at the end of his day's work in 
 court the transcription of his notes. Fortunately, not all 
 that goes down in those never-ending notebooks has to be 
 rewritten for 1he eye of the judge or the lawyers. There 
 is an end to the endurance of even stenographers, and I 
 fear that no human being with human nerves and human 
 need for sleep and rest could cope with that task. But a 
 fairly generous portion has to be transcribed on the 
 writing-machine ; and again the tired fingers must fly in 
 swift staccato until the work is accomplished. Most of 
 this work must of necessity be done at night, by the flick- 
 ering flame of the gas jet or the incandescent brilliance of 
 the electric light. Far into the night must the click of the 
 typewriter keys and the drone of the dictator extend. 
 The judge and the lawyers, the witnesses and the spec- 
 tators, can go to their homes and enjoy the quiet of their 
 firesides or that recreation of mind which is equally bene- 
 ficial to the body : but the stenographer must work though 
 nerves throb and pulses flag, though tired eyes will close 
 rebelliously, and the faithful hands almost refuse to do 
 the bidding of the exhausted brain. And yet good law- 
 yers have been known to say that our prices are exorbi- 
 tant. But it is the price of blood ! It is the giving of one's 
 vitality, both of mind and body, of a mind and a body 
 trained and educated to a point beyond which danger 
 
34 THE GREGG REPORTER 
 
 lies. And what a training and what an education ! The 
 whole range of the sciences is comprised in the knowl- 
 edge that a good court stenographer must ;ic;|iiin\ To-day 
 comes the skilled physician with his expert testimony and 
 his learned disquisitions upon hystero-neurasthenia and 
 cerebro-spinal-meningitis, ransacking the dead past of 
 Rome and Greece for terms to fit modern ailments and 
 fin-de-siecle surgery. To-morrow the electrician, with his 
 talk of mysterious elements and forces, his microfarads 
 and his electrostatics. Again the mechanical expert, 
 glibly describing the complicated construction and work- 
 ings of appliances and instruments whose very names are 
 familiar only to the initiated. Add to a knowledge oij 
 these various subjects sufficient at least to recognize their 
 nomenclature, a fair knowledge of the classics, a famili- 
 arity with the most important modern languages, a fair 
 amount of legal learning, a reading wide enough to rec- 
 ognize a quotation and assign it to its source, whether it be 
 Shakespeare, Browning, the Bible, or the Zend-Avesta, a 
 perfect knowledge of geography, a modicum of history, a 
 fluency with figures and an absolute command of the in- 
 tricacies of English speech spelling, punctuation, and 
 grammar and you have the foundation of a stenographic 
 career, on which ten or twenty years' active practice of 
 your profession will perhaps enable you to build the super- 
 structure of success. 
 
METHODS OF FURNISHING 
 DAILY COPY 
 
 By Frank H. Burt 
 
 (Extract from a paper read before the New England Shorthand 
 Reporters' Association) 
 
 TiHE advantages of daily copy on a large case are 
 I too apparent to need mention. From the stenog- 
 rapher's standpoint, aside from the profits which 
 he may earn, there is a great satisfaction in seeing 
 his notes cleaned up every day and in knowing that he 
 will never be called on at an inopportune time for a 
 transcript of that day's work. Then, too, there is nothing 
 more vexing than to take all alone a long case, merely 
 getting out from day to day such extracts as are wanted ; 
 for three times out of four each side will want something 
 entirely different from the other, and each party usually 
 demands more than you can do. Then again, if it is not 
 written out immediately, you will get a polite call, per- 
 haps, two years later in the middle of a busy term, for a 
 report of a two weeks' case to be delivered in three dayis, 
 and the transcribing thereof becomes weariness and vex- 
 ation of spirit to yourself, while the unavoidable delay is 
 liable to cause great inconvenience to the party giving 
 the order. 
 
 To my mind the ideal system of daily copy is that in 
 which a single stenographer takes the entire proceedings, 
 while his assistants, who can read his notes, transcribe 
 them immediately, so that at night he has nothing to do 
 but correct their copy. It is needless to say that this 
 
36 T II E G R / (; c; R E I' O R T E R 
 
 method demands ideal stenographers and ideal assistants, 
 and people of that type do not exist in Boston. The 
 nearest approach I have ever heard to such a system is in 
 the reporting of the proceedings before committees of the 
 British I'aHiainrnt, which is done entirely by members of 
 the Gurney family, descendants of the originator of the 
 Gurney system. The family has controlled this branch of 
 shorthand work for more than a century, and I am told 
 that the copy goes direct from the amanuensis to the 
 printer, so that the reporter merely has to read the proof. 
 A like method prevailed in the United States Senate dur- 
 ing the lifetime of the late Dennis Murphy. 
 
 Here and there in the United States we find a few for- 
 tunate stenographers whose notes can be read by their 
 assistants, but. as we all know, this condition of things is 
 exceptional. 
 
 Next to the above method, the system used in the Na- 
 tional House of Representatives is the best I know of. 
 Five stenographers, relieving one another at short in- 
 tervals, their takes averaging 1,100 words, report the de- 
 bates and dictate the notes immediately to graphophones, 
 and the full day's proceedings are ready for the printer 
 within half an hour after adjournment. 
 
 My first daily copy case was in the fall of 1887, and was 
 handled under a good deal of difficulty. It was a group 
 of water cases against the town of Weymouth, tried at 
 Dedham, ten miles from Boston. With two other stenog- 
 raphers, each of us taking one long take varying from 
 one and one-half to two hours, and then returning to Bos- 
 ton to dictate, the copy was ready every morning for 
 three weeks at the opening of court. But it was an awful 
 strain for the last man, who not only had to dictate until 
 about midnight, but was obliged to be on hand with the 
 others at 8 a. m., to page and index and bind the copy. 
 
THE GREGG REPORTER "7 
 
 "VYe never thought at that time of buying paper ready 
 punched, or even of providing uniform paper for the 
 case ; so each man used whatever paper came handy, and 
 it was a grand scramble in the morning to punch two or 
 three hundred pages with some frightfully dull punches. 
 How we came to be so stupid has been a marvel to me 
 ever since. 
 
 It was the spring of 1890 that the idea occurred to me 
 of adapting the system used in the House of Representa- 
 tives at Washington to the furnishing of speedy tran- 
 scripts. I had been engaged by a press syndicate to fur- 
 nish reports of certain bribery investigations which were 
 going on at the State House, and the frequent delivery of 
 copy in instalments to catch the afternoon editions was 
 imperative. Getting permission to put our machines in a 
 committee room, I secured two stenographers and three 
 typewriter operators, and by taking short takes we were 
 enabled to keep up very nearly with the proceedings 
 through the session. The success of the plan was evident 
 at once. The relief from the mental strain of a long time 
 spent in dictation after a long take was very marked, and 
 the satisfaction of the parties for whom the work was 
 done was complete. 
 
 Having thus looked over the history of the introduction 
 of this method of furnishing daily copy, a brief outline of 
 the detail of the system in actual operation may be useful. 
 At the opening of each day's session the stenographer in 
 charge gives directions to his assistants as to the order in 
 which they are to begin their work. The first stenog- 
 rapher takes enough notes to fill as nearly as possible two 
 pages of copy. The second reporter sits beside him, and 
 at a signal given by a nod begins writing at the instant 
 that the first man stops. The third reporter follows in 
 like manner after a space of about five minutes, when he 
 
 448574 
 
38 THE GREGG REPORTER 
 
 is relieved. The fourth reporter continues his take until 
 No. 1 has dictated and compared his notes and has re- 
 turned to relieve him. So the work goes on, the stenog- 
 raphers succeeding each other in regular rotation. Un- 
 less the testimony goes in with great rapidity it is usually 
 practicable to complete the transcript of a take and be 
 ready to return to the court in one 's regular turn in such 
 time that no take will exceed ten minutes. Of course, 
 great care must be taken in changing places, and no one 
 should stop taking notes until he sees that the man who 
 follows him is beginning to write. While a ruling on the 
 admission of testimony is pending, the stenographer who 
 took the question under discussion should not leave the 
 courtroom until the ruling is made, so that he may be on 
 hand to read the question if called upon ; unless the dis- 
 cussion is manifestly going to be a prolonged one, when 
 he may write the question in longhand and leave it for his 
 successor to read. 
 
 It is necessary to have cool-headed stenographers and 
 typewriter operators, who can work in the midst of a noise 
 like that of a sawmill; for it is usually practicable to se- 
 cure only one room in the courthouse, and, indeed, it is 
 much more convenient to have all the corps near together. 
 The assistant who is employed to attend to the clerical part 
 of the work should be a person of executive ability, strict- 
 ly accurate at figures, and capable of attending to in- 
 numerable details without getting "rattled." Preferably 
 she should be a typewriter operator, so that she may as- 
 sist in making corrections or any other work that an 
 emergency may demand. At the beginning of each day 
 she prepares in a book which she keeps for the purpose a 
 blank form in which the details of the day's work are to 
 be entered. In the first column she enters the letters of 
 the alphabet, by which the various takes are to be in- 
 
THE GREGG REPORTER 39 
 
 dicated. The next column is kept for the reporters, the 
 third for the hour and minute at which they go to the 
 courtroom to begin their several takes, and the fourth 
 column for the number of words in the take. Each man 
 (or woman) should register his name in the book as he 
 starts to take his place in the courtroom, and should then 
 enter in his own notebook the letter designating that 
 place. If this is neglected there is liable to be delay and 
 confusion in finding out whether Jones' take follows 
 Smith's, or whether Smith relieved Brown. The assistant 
 must enter the time of the beginning of each take and 
 keep a careful eye on the clock, and if the stenographer 
 on duty is going to be left in court more than ten minutes 
 she must order the next man to relieve him promptly, even 
 though his own take may not be fully dictated. 
 
 As soon as a take is written out it should be immediate- 
 ly compared with the notes, and while the stenographer 
 who took it is in court his typewriter should make the 
 correction and count the words. Of course, in long takes 
 the number of words can be estimated with substantial 
 accuracy. Delay in correcting a single take may set back 
 the putting together of the copy an hour or more. When 
 corrected the copy is turned over to the assistant and the 
 number of words entered in her book, and as early in the 
 day as possible the assistant should begin assorting and 
 paging the copy. The shape in which it comes to her will 
 be about like this : Brown having the first take, turns in 
 pages 1A and 2A. Smith, who follows him, has pages IB, 
 2B and 3B, which will be repaged 3, 4 and 5. Then comes 
 Jones, with 1C, 2C and 3C, which become 6, 7 and 8, and 
 Williams, the fourth man, ID, 2D, 3D and 4D, renum- 
 bered 9, 10, 11 and 12. Brown goes in again for the E 
 take, his pages being all marked E ; and for this take he 
 very likely gets 5 pages, which will be numbered from 13 
 
40 THE GREGG REPORTER 
 
 to 17 inclusive. Then Smith takes his turn with IF to 5F 
 inclusive, or 18 to 22. So the work proceeds through the 
 clay. Of course, great care is necessary <m the part of the 
 assistant to avoid mixing takes. The typewriter should 
 page her copy in the upper lel't-hand corner, adding the 
 stenographer's initials, which is of great assistance in 
 avoiding mistakes in the proper order of takes and in 
 identifying the copy afterwards. 
 
 The covers should be prepared the first thing in the 
 morning. Sometimes the covers are printed, or a rublier 
 stamp may be made with the title of the case. Rubber 
 type would be convenient for this purpose. Rubber 
 stamps to mark the copies "The Court," "Government" 
 and "Defense" before they are delivered are useful, and 
 a rubber dating stamp is also convenient. Attorneys usu- 
 ally like to have the date, together with the day of the 
 week, conspicuously marked at the top of the cover, and 
 the number of the volume in large figures at the upper 
 left-hand corner. Attention to these details will save a 
 great amount of time and confusion in the course of a long 
 trial, when the record is spread over many volumes. A\Y 
 usually page the copy in pencil: a numbering machine 
 makes a neater page, but takes more time. The paging is 
 usually carried on consecutively through the case, so that 
 if the entire report is to be permanently bound, repaging 
 will not be needed. 
 
 The marking of exhibits is important and troublesome. 
 A list should be made as fast as they are put in and 
 should be left lying on the stenographer's table, so that 
 each man may always know what the next number is. (To 
 show how far we come from reaching the ideal. I may as 
 well confess that I have never been able to accomplish this 
 without some confusion in any long case, for it is one of 
 the hardest things to remember in the whole system.) A 
 
THE GREGG REPORTER 41 
 
 rubber numbering stamp for marking- the exhibits, with 
 the number either changing automatically or changed by 
 turning a wheel, is of great assistance. 
 
 Following these rules, copy can be ready for delivery, if 
 required, at the opening of the afternoon session. But, 
 for the sake of your digestion and peace of mind, don't 
 undertake to do it unless insisted upon. It is much better 
 for the stenographers to go to lunch promptly at 1 p. m. 
 and deliver the entire day's proceedings in one volume at 
 night. There is no trouble ordinarily in turning in the 
 whole report, perhaps 200 pages, in an hour to an hour 
 and a half after adjournment. A day's work in a capital 
 trial in this state often amounts to 53,000 words. The 
 hours are ordinarily from 9 a. m. to 1 p. m. and from 2 :15 
 to 5 p. m., .with a short recess in the middle of each ses- 
 sion. From the length of the session it will be seen that it 
 would not be practicable to do as is often done in New 
 York, where one man takes the whole report and dictates 
 to shorthand amanuenses afterwards. Somehow or other, 
 it is not practicable in Massachusetts to get perfectly re- 
 liable shorthand amanuenses for the transcribing of court 
 notes. As soon as they become sufficiently expert they 
 are usually able to get all the court reporting they want 
 to do themselves. 
 
REPORTING THE NATIONAL 
 CONVENTIONS 
 
 By G. Russell Leonard 
 
 (Reprinted from the Phonographic Magazine) 
 
 WAS engaged last January by the Associated 
 Press to organize a corps of stenographers to fur- 
 nish a verbatim report of both the Republican 
 and Democratic national conventions, the report 
 to be delivered within five minutes after the close of each 
 session. Accordingly I secured the services of four short- 
 hand writers and four typewriter operators, all of them 
 Chicago men. 
 
 Inasmuch as the two conventions were handled exactly 
 alike so far as the stenographic reporting was concerned, 
 and the Republican convention was so short and so 
 orderly that there was nothing remarkable about it, 1 
 shall refer only to the work we did at the Democratic 
 convention. 
 
 The Democratic National Committee assigned the Asso- 
 ciated Press two tables within a space inclosed by rail- 
 ings on the floor of the hall immediately in front of the 
 platform, and entirely separate from the other news- 
 paper men. The stenographers had two seats at one of 
 these tables. A private stairway and passage led directly 
 from this space under the platform to the rear of the 
 building, where there was a large, well-lighted room for 
 the use of the stenographers, telegraph operators, etc. 
 
THE GREGG REPORTER 
 
 NATIONAL CONVENTION, 19O4 
 
 STENOGRAP/tflCUREPORT FOR THE ASSOCIATED PRESS 
 r>*t WJJ~\ | Session. 
 
 N 
 
 B 
 
 V 
 
 ^- y-fr 
 
 F 
 G 
 H 
 
 I 
 
 U 
 
 V 
 
 J 
 K 
 
 L 
 M 
 
 w 
 
 REDUCED FACSIMILE OF ASSIGNMENT-SHEET USED BY THE ASSOCIATED PRESS REPORTERS AT THE 
 NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION. 
 
44 T H E GREGG REPORTER 
 
 We endeavored to let each reporter take as nearly as 
 possible two minutes at a time. Personally, I did no re- 
 porting except in cases of emergency. On completing his 
 two minutes' take the reporter was relieved by the man 
 sitting next to him and went immediately to the writing- 
 room which I have described, and. before beginning to 
 dictate, wrote, opposite a letter of the alphabet on a large 
 sheet of paper, his name and the name of the typewriter 
 operator. Supposing that he were the third reporter to 
 take on the session, he would write his name opposite the 
 letter C, and the operator would number his pages "Cl," 
 "C2," etc., putting at the bottom of the pa-es "C2 i'ols." 
 or "Dl fols," as the case might be. 
 
 The typewriting was done on Eemington machines. 
 without ribbons, wax stencils being used, and those were 
 collected from the different operators by boys and run off 
 on a machine capable of printing 150 copies a minute. 
 Only about twenty-five copies were used, and these were 
 hung on hooks, and were called for by the various news- 
 papers entitled to the use of them, or taken by boys to 
 the editor who was making up the report for the wife. 
 
 By these means we were able quite easily to finish a 
 verbatim report of every session within the five minutes 
 allowed us. When the chairman's gavel announcing the 
 adjournment of a session fell, the last reporter was half- 
 way down the stairs on his way to the writing-room with 
 only some two hundred words on his book to dictate, as 
 very often practically all that had been done during his 
 take was the making of the motion to adjourn. 
 
 This is practically the same way in which national con- 
 ventions have been reported for the Associated Press in 
 previous years, with the exception of the system of letter- 
 ing the takes, which was my own idea, and which worked 
 perfectly. In previous years the head stenographer as- 
 
THE GREGG REPORTER 45 
 
 signed each reporter the letters of his different takes in 
 advance, and the result was that very soon confusion 
 arose out of the fact that for various reasons the ste- 
 nographers did not continue to follow each other in the 
 order in which they started to take. Another change 
 which I made was the reducing of the takes from five 
 to two minutes. To one unacquainted with the vital im- 
 portance of time in newspaper work, this may seem an 
 absurdly short take, but there were several times during 
 the convention when it proved to be most valuable. Of 
 course it was not always practicable to keep the takes 
 down to two minutes; in a great many instances a man 
 had to take five minutes, but we avoided this as far as 
 possible. Such was the case, for instance, when the con- 
 vention was in an exceedingly excitable condition on the 
 announcement of the receipt of the Parker telegram. 
 Owing to the congested condition of the aisles and the 
 immense size of the hall, it was necessary for more than 
 an hour to keep one shorthand reporter doing nothing, 
 stationed far down the aisle, so as to be ready to note 
 anything that might occur, which it would have been 
 absolutely impossible for the reporter to take had he 
 remained at his place near the speaker's platform. 
 
 One of the advantages of keeping this record of the 
 takes was that in case the editor discovered errors it 
 was at once known who made them, and a correction bul- 
 letin could be put on the wire in a very few minutes. 
 
 The most arduous session although they were all very 
 trying was one which was called to order at five min- 
 utes after eight on Friday, July 8. The convention re- 
 mained in continuous session until ten minutes of six 
 in the morning, during most of which time the greatest 
 excitement prevailed. In some cases it was actually nec- 
 essary for the reporters to jump over the railings in 
 
46 THE GREGG REPORTER 
 
 order to get near enough to the speaker to hear what 
 he said. 
 
 I want to mention in this connect ion that the work 
 which was done by the official reporter for the conven- 
 tion, my friend Milton "W. Blumenberg, of the Senate 
 corps at Washington, was, to my mind, remarkable. "With- 
 out any relief at all, he reported the entire proceedings 
 of the convention, lasting from "Wednesday noon until 1 :30 
 a. in. Sunday, and at this particular session was on his 
 feet for practically ten hours. It was not possible to 
 sit down and write ; the stenographers had to lean against 
 the platform and write there, because they could not hear 
 the speakers from the seats which had been provided for 
 them. 
 
INDEXING NOTES 
 
 To facilitate references, the note-books should be in- 
 dexed. Mr. Charles C. Beale used a four-page folder, 
 printed in red ink, as given below. This Index is fastened 
 inside the front cover of the note-book. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 DATE 
 
 .BEFORE 
 
 ACTION OF. 
 VS 
 
 PLAINTIFF'S COUNSEL 
 
 DEFENDANT'S COUNSEL,. 
 VERDICT, 
 
 
 WITNESS 
 
I 
 
 LAW FORMS 
 
 T IS hardly necessary to say that an acquaintance 
 with law forms is essential in. law reporting. 
 While this is true of law forms in general, it is 
 especially so in the malter of getting out Hie 
 transcripts of proceedings in correct form. 
 
 There is a general resemblance in the forms used for 
 different law papers in the various states and courls, but 
 the reporter should make himself thoroughly familiar 
 with those forms lhat are peculiar to the state or city 
 where he intends to practice. 
 
 If properly approached, most lawyers will gladly as- 
 sist an ambitious young writer by allowing him to inspect 
 or copy the forms which they use. In most public libra- 
 ries there are bound volumes of the printed reports of 
 the proceedings in important law suits. 
 
 We have known many reporters to enter upon their 
 professional work without having ever been inside a re- 
 porter's office, but as indicated by some of the article 
 in this book, most reporters have obtained their first 
 knowledge of law forms, and their skill in preparing 
 transcripts, by working as typewriter operators in the 
 offices of busy reporters. Where it is possible to secure 
 such a position, this is undoubtedly the best plan to fol- 
 low. The publishers of this book will gladly offer further 
 suggestions to any one who finds it difficult to secure in- 
 formation about the various law papers. 
 
Table of Rates Paid Court Reporters for 
 
 Attendance and Transcripts in the 
 
 States of the Union See Note 
 
 States 
 
 Yearly Salary 
 
 Per Diem 
 
 Transcripts 
 Per Polio 
 
 Alabama ... 
 
 ... $ 750 
 
 
 
 Arizona 
 
 .... 1500 
 
 
 15c 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 .... >-00 to 1200 
 
 
 5c 
 
 California .... 
 
 . . . .2400 to 3000 
 
 $10.00 . 
 
 20c 
 
 Colorado ... 
 
 . . . .2700 
 
 . .10.00 
 
 20c 
 
 Connecticut . . . 
 
 
 . .10.00 
 
 lOc 
 
 Delaware . . 
 
 . . . *2000 
 
 
 lOc 
 
 Dist of Col 
 
 . . . .No general law . . 
 
 
 15c to 25c 
 
 Florida . 
 
 
 . . 5.00 to 6.00 
 
 12%c 
 
 Georgia 
 
 .... 125 to 150 per mo 
 
 . .15.00 
 
 lOc 
 
 Hawaii 
 
 . . . .2400 to 3600 .... 
 
 
 
 Idaho . . 
 
 . . . .1000 
 
 
 lOc to 15c 
 
 Illinois 
 
 
 5.00 
 
 15c 
 
 Indiana 
 
 
 . . 5.00 
 
 lOc 
 
 Iowa ... 
 
 . . . .1600 
 
 . . 8.00 
 
 8c 
 
 Kansas 
 
 
 . . 6.00 
 
 lOc 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 .... 1200 to 2500 .... 
 
 . . 5.00 
 
 lOc to 15c 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 
 
 15c 
 
 Maine 
 
 .... H',00 to 1500 
 
 
 lOc 
 
 Marvlancl 
 
 . . . *2500 
 
 8.00 
 
 lOc 
 
 Massachusetts . . . 
 Michigan 
 
 2500 
 . . . .1000 to 3000 . . . 
 
 . . 9.00 
 
 lOc 
 8c 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 .... SCO to 2500 . . . 
 
 10 00 
 
 Sc to lOc 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 .... 40 per week 
 
 
 lOc 
 
 Missouri 
 Montana 
 
 ..,.1800 
 
 . . . } SQO 
 
 . .10.00 
 
 lOc to 15c 
 5c to 7V&O 
 
 Nebraska 
 
 . . . .1500 
 
 
 lOc 
 
 Nevada 
 
 
 8 00 
 
 15c 
 
 N'fw Hampshire 
 
 
 . .5.00 to 10.00 
 
 lOc 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 
 10 00 
 
 lOc 
 
 NVw Mexico 
 
 
 7 00 
 
 15c 
 
 New York 
 
 . . . .1000 to 3000 
 
 .10.00 
 
 lOc to 15c 
 
 No. Carolina 
 
 
 "ixed by judge 
 
 5c 
 
 No. Dakota 
 
 
 fixed by judge 
 
 lOc to 15c 
 
 Ohio 
 
 1X00 to 2400 
 
 
 8c 
 
 Oklahoma 
 
 
 5 00 
 
 6c 
 
 Oregon 
 
 
 10 00 
 
 15c 
 
 Pennsylvania . . . 
 
 
 . .10.00 
 
 15c 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 
 10 00 
 
 lOc 
 
 So. Carolina .... 
 
 . . . .1500 
 
 
 5c to lOc 
 
 So. Dakota .... 
 
 
 . .10.00 
 
 lOc 
 
 
 Xo general law 
 
 
 
 Texas 
 
 
 . 5.00 . 
 
 lOc to 15c 
 
 Utah 
 
 
 8 00 
 
 8c to lOc 
 
 Vermont 
 
 
 
 5c to lOc 
 
 Virginia . . . 
 
 . . . .No general law. . 
 
 
 
 
 . . .No general law. . 
 
 
 
 
 
 fixed bv judge 
 
 20c 
 
 Wisconsin 
 Wvom ins- 
 
 . ..*2000 
 
 ..lono . 
 
 . .10.00 
 
 lOc 
 
 **15c 
 
 Note. The laws in some States provide for salaries in some 
 places or counties and per diem fees in others. The same is also 
 true as to transcript fees. This accounts for the varying rates 
 paid in the same States. 
 
 Maximum salary. 
 
 **Transcript fee paid to State of Wyoming. 
 
HELPFUL BOOKS 
 
 The following books should be in the possession of 
 every stenographer who aspires to be a court reporter: 
 
 "PRACTICAL COURT REPORTING," by H. W. 
 Thorne. 230 pages, cloth. This is a very helpful book 
 on court reporting, although it does not contain any short- 
 hand forms. A copy of the book can be obtained from, the 
 Gregg Publishing Company, New York or Chicago ; price, 
 $1.00, sent postpaid on receipt of $1.10. 
 
 "LAW LANGUAGE," compiled by L. N. Dembitz. 208 
 pages, cloth. This book fully explains the meaning of 
 law terms, and as it is written in connected form, is an 
 excellent manual for practice. A copy of the book can 
 be obtained from the Gregg Publishing Company, New 
 York or Chicago; price $1.00, sent postpaid on receipt 
 of $1.10. 
 
 "COURT REPORTING." A manual of legal dictation 
 and forms, compiled by A. M. Robinson. 290 pages, 
 cloth. A copy may be obtained from the Gregg Publish- 
 ing Company, New York or Chicago; price, $1.00; sent 
 postpaid on receipt of $1.10. 
 
 "PRACTICAL POINTERS FOR SHORTHAND STU- 
 DENTS," by Frank Rutherford. 131 pages, cloth. There 
 are numerous suggestions in this book about reporting 
 and methods of gaining skill in shorthand writing. A 
 copy can be obtained from the Gregg Publishing Com- 
 pany, New York or Chicago; price fifty cents, postpaid. 
 
PART TWO 
 
THE GREGG REPORTER 
 
 53 
 
 Special Word Forms 
 
 accident f^2 devote 
 
 o> <" administer f ^^ dividend 
 
 \ 
 
 s 
 stairs) 
 
 ERRATA 
 
 After the GREGG REPORTER was printed, and 
 while being bound, some slight inaccuracies were dis- 
 covered, due in part to the fact that shorthand plates 
 are liable to damage while on the printing press. 
 Correction's, therefore, should be noted as follows: 
 
 Page 83, second column, fourth outline (counting 
 from the bottom): in the type, for "if from all the 
 evidence" read "if from the evidence." 
 
 Page 60, second column, sixth outline (counting 
 from the top): first stroke should be "th" instead 
 of "t." 
 
 Page 85, first column, second outline (counting it 
 from the top): "ing" dot should appear. 
 
 THE GREGG PUBLISHING COMPANY 
 
 demur ^- lawyer 
 deponent v ^ legislate 
 
 designate-ation v . legislation 
 
 J 
 
THE GREGG REPORTER 
 
 53 
 
 Special Word Forms 
 
 <=7-^ 
 
 c? ' 
 
 oSL- 
 
 -? 
 
 y 
 
 7 s 
 
 T 
 z 
 
 <7 
 
 accident 
 
 administer 
 
 assignment 
 
 capital 
 
 civil 
 
 complain 
 
 corroborate 
 
 coupon 
 
 damage 
 
 default 
 
 (see fault) 
 
 defendant 
 demur 
 deponent 
 designate-ation 
 
 r 
 
 V 
 T 
 
 devote 
 
 dividend 
 
 downstairs 
 
 (see upstairs) 
 
 establish 
 
 evidence 
 
 fault 
 
 future 
 
 husband 
 
 indictment 
 
 judicial 
 
 jury 
 
 lawyer 
 
 legislate 
 
 legislation 
 
THE GREGG REPORTER 
 
 7 
 
 legislative 
 
 legislator 
 
 legislature 
 
 live 
 
 meanwhile 
 
 misdemeanor 
 
 mortgage 
 
 mortgagee 
 
 mortgagor 
 
 night 
 
 occupy-ation 
 
 part 
 
 persecute 
 
 (see prosecute) 
 
 plaintiff 
 prejudice 
 preponderance 
 prior 
 
 reasonable 
 
 reside 
 
 resignation 
 
 separate 
 
 several 
 
 (see civil) 
 
 sidewalk 
 
 street car 
 
 testimony 
 
 tonight 
 
 upstairs 
 
 (see downstairs) 
 
 wife 
 
THE GREGG REPORTER 
 
 WORD AND PHRASE MODIFICATIONS 
 
 N law work and court reporting, as in commercial 
 work, the shorthand forms for many frequently 
 occurring words and phrases are contracted or 
 modified. In our shorthand Manual we said, "In 
 your daily work as stenographer or reporter you will find 
 some terms peculiar to the business in which you are en- 
 gaged so frequently occurring that special forms may be 
 adopted for them which will be brief and yet absolutely 
 distinctive." 
 
 As Mr. George R. Bishop well says, "Every law stenog- 
 rapher of large experience knows that each branch of the 
 law patent, criminal, probate, medico-jurisprudential, 
 admiralty, corporation, commercial, etc. has many words 
 and phrases peculiarly its own ; and as lawyers in the 
 great cities drift much into specialties, so there is a ten- 
 dency, in those places, for stenographers to do the same ; 
 the chances, of course, being, all other qualifications being 
 equal, that that stenographer who has the largest experi- 
 ence in connection with any particular specialty will 
 especially if the matter be difficult make the best report 
 of any proceedings in that particular department of the 
 law." 
 
 Some years ago a writer in the Phonographic Magazine 
 expressed a similar thought in this forceful way : 
 
 "If the stenographer be improperly educated or if he 
 lack in originality, he will be apt to confine his phrase 
 and wordsign writing simply to those forms which he has 
 committed to memory in the course of his instruction, en- 
 tirely disregarding the opportunities which present them- 
 selves for showing his capacity for invention or the ap- 
 plication of recognized principles to the formation of new 
 forms and signs which necessity requires. Not one-fourth 
 
56 THE GREGG REPORTER 
 
 of the commercial stenographers are equal to the occasion 
 when this point presents itself, but will persevere through 
 long months and years in elaborating painfully long word- 
 forms and in disregarding very apparent opportunities 
 for the formation of very concise phrases, by means of 
 which a great proportion of their labor might be saved. 
 The intelligent stenographer certainly should not permit 
 himself to follow and become confirmed in such a habit, 
 simply because he is unwilling to exercise his own powers 
 of invention. Because 'the book' gives no brief outline 
 for a word which constantly recurs in his work, is no rea- 
 son why he should not use one and the very briefest which 
 is consistent with principles. Because he does not find 
 specific authority for the joining of certain often-repealed 
 words in a phrase form is no argument against his adop- 
 tion of such a form if it is easily legible. It will be a 
 genuine surprise to the writer to discover how much of a 
 labor-saver his own ingenuity may become." 
 
 Before beginning to practice the phrases and modifica- 
 tions of word-forms given in this chapter, we advise the 
 reader to earnestly study and practice the advanced 
 phrase writing given in the shorthand manual, especially 
 the section devoted to "Modification of Word Forms." 
 Nearly all of the phrases contained in that section are 
 frequently used in court reporting. Some of the follow- 
 ing forms have already been given, but we have thought it 
 advisable in some instances to refresh the memory of the 
 amanuensis who is aiming to become a court reporter by 
 repeating the principles, and then making the rules or 
 principles of abbreviation so repeated the basis of more 
 extended application. 
 
THE GREGG REPORTER 
 
 57 
 
 
 DEPARTMENT 
 
 
 > 
 
 Passenger De- ^^ 
 partment 
 
 '" Mail Order De- 
 partment 
 
 * 
 
 Freight Depart- ^^ 
 ment 
 
 " State Depart- 
 ment 
 
 ^ 
 
 General Passen- ^V^* 
 ger Depart- 
 ment 
 
 Post Office Depart- 
 ment 
 
 ^ 
 
 General Freight '^~^' 
 Department 
 
 Treasury Depart- 
 ment 
 
 V 
 
 War Department ^2^ 
 
 Executive De- 
 partment 
 
 ~ 
 
 Navy Depart- dl 
 ment /^ 
 
 Purchasing De- 
 partment 
 
 s~7*> ^r 
 
 Inquiry Depart- ^^ 
 
 ment ^ 
 
 Shipping Depart- 
 ment 
 
 Legal Departmen 
 
 Fire Department 
 
 Police Depart- 
 ment 
 
 Credit Depart- ^>- 
 
 ment *^ 
 
 AGENT 
 
 Passenger Agent ^^ 
 
 Freight Agent 
 
 General Passenger 
 Agent (G.P.A.) 
 
 General Freight 
 Agent (G.F.A.) 
 
 Assistant General 
 Passenger Agent 
 (A.G.P.A.) 
 
 Assistant General 
 Freight Agent 
 (A.G.F.A.) 
 
 Shoe Depart- 
 ment 
 
 Furniture Depart- 
 ment 
 
 Ticket Agent 
 
 General Ticket 
 Agent 
 
 Claim Agent 
 Baggage Agent 
 Purchasing Agent 
 
r>s 
 
 THE GREGG REPORTER 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 and Company 
 Railroad Company 
 Express Company 
 
 Transportation 
 Company 
 
 Telephone Com- 
 pany 
 
 Electric Company 
 
 ? 
 ^ 
 
 t 
 
 Insurance Com- ' 5--> Trust Company 
 
 pany 
 
 REASONABLE 
 
 reasonable doubt ^-2^ reasonable care 
 
 beyond a reason- 
 able doubt 
 
 reasonable time 
 
 reasonable dili- 
 gence 
 
 reasonable satis- 
 faction 
 
 PLAINTIFF-DEFENDANT 
 
 the plaintiff 
 
 reasonable degree 
 
 reasonable degree 
 of care 
 
 reasonable notice 
 
 the defendant 
 
 for the plaintiff 
 
 for the defendant 
 
 counsel for the 
 plaintiff 
 
 counsel for the de- 
 fendant 
 
 do you know the 
 plaintiff 
 
 do you know the 
 the defendant 
 
 called for the 
 plaintiff 
 
 called for the 
 defendant 
 
 did you see the 
 plaintiff 
 
 did you see the 
 defendant 
 
THE GREGG REPORTER 
 
 59 
 
 DON'T 
 
 <3 I don' t see ^*v ' 
 
 I don't believe 
 
 & 
 
 I don't know 
 
 I don't recollect 
 
 I don't think 
 
 WHETHER 
 
 whether or not 
 
 I don't remember 
 
 can you tell 
 
 whether or not 
 
 do yu remember 
 whether 
 
 can you state 
 whether or not 
 
 do you remember 
 whether or not 
 
 can you recollect 
 whether or not 
 
 do you recollect 
 whether or not 
 
 I do not recollect 
 whether or not 
 
 DO YOU KNOW 
 
 do you know 
 
 do you not recol- 
 lect whether or 
 not 
 
 do you know the 
 defendant 
 
 do you know 
 whether or not 
 
 do you know 
 what 
 
 do you know 
 whether there 
 
 do you know what 
 was 
 
 do you know the 
 plaintiff 
 
 DO YOU NOT 
 
 do you not 
 recollect 
 
 do you not recol- 
 lect whether 
 or not 
 
 do you not re- 
 member 
 
 do you know 
 which 
 
 do you not re- 
 member wheth- 
 er or not 
 
 do you not think 
 
 do you not recall 
 
60 
 
 T I! E G RKGG REPORTER 
 
 WASN'T ISN'T 
 
 The shorthand form for "wasn't" is facile, and pro- 
 vides a distinction between "in" and "not" although 
 such distinction is rarely necessary. 
 
 wasn't 
 
 there wasn't 
 
 he wasn't there 
 
 wasn't he there 
 
 wasn't the 
 plaintiff 
 
 it wasn't 
 
 there wasn't any 
 
 wasn't the de- 
 fendant 
 
 it isn't 
 
 it isn't there 
 
 it wasn't there ., 
 
 WHERE 
 
 where it is 
 where it was 
 where did you see 
 
 where did you 
 see him 
 
 PART PARTY 
 
 party of the first 
 part 
 
 party of the 
 second part 
 
 party of the 
 third part 
 
 ti 
 
 there isn't 
 
 where did you 
 leave him 
 
 about where it 
 was 
 
 where it would 
 
 where it lay 
 
 said party of the 
 first part 
 
 said party of the 
 second part 
 
 said party of 
 the third part 
 
THE GREGG REPORTER 
 
 61 
 
 tor my own part 
 
 on my part 
 
 
 on my own part 
 
 I had 
 
 they had 
 we had 
 you had 
 he had 
 
 y- Republican party 
 /** Democratic party 
 
 Socialist party 
 
 HAD 
 
 &( I had been 
 
 '***( they had been 
 
 he had been 
 
 <^f we had been 
 
 if you had 
 
 if they had 
 
 is it a fact 
 
 FACT 
 
 is it not a fact 
 
 isn't it a fact 
 
 I call your atten- 
 tion to the fact 
 
 you are aware 
 of the fact 
 
 were you aware 
 of the fact 
 
 well-known fact 
 
 if I had 
 
 point of fact 
 
 2 eS~> as a matter of 
 fact 
 
 in view of the fact 
 
 in consideration 
 of the fact 
 
 did you for a fact 
 
 ^Z/S yes sir, I did for a 
 fact 
 
THE GREGG REPORTER 
 
 WAY OR AWAY 
 
 did you remain 
 away 
 
 how far away 
 
 run away 
 
 did he get away 
 
 HOUSE 
 
 the house 
 this house 
 warehouse 
 which house 
 in which house 
 when the house 
 
 AVENUE 
 
 Michigan Avenue 
 Central Avenue 
 
 KNOWLEDGE 
 
 to the best of 
 (my, your) 
 knowledge 
 
 have you any 
 knowledge 
 
 ^-<S in what way 
 
 *^^_ that is the way 
 
 <^ which Is the way 
 
 ^^ right of way 
 
 si? in the house 
 _ in his house 
 
 ^ at his house 
 our house 
 at our house 
 from the house 
 
 Wabash Avenue 
 
 Washington Ave- 
 nue 
 
 of your own 
 knowledge 
 
 not to my knowl- 
 edge 
 
 -y 
 ' 
 
 from your own 
 knowledge 
 
 not to my own 
 knowledge 
 
THE GREGG REPORTER 
 
 63 
 
 SECRETARY 
 
 Secretary of State 
 
 Secretary of War 
 
 Secretary of the 
 Interior 
 
 THERE WERE 
 
 there were 
 
 Secretary of the 
 Treasury 
 
 Secretary of Agri- 
 culture 
 
 there were many 
 
 there were not ^5 
 
 WHEN DID YOU 
 
 when did you go =^? 
 
 there were so 
 many 
 
 when did you see 
 
 when did you give 
 
 when did you 
 write 
 
 said day 
 
 SAID 
 
 when did you see 
 him 
 
 when did you tell 
 
 at the said time 
 
 said date 
 said deed 
 the said land 
 greater than 
 longer than 
 
 THAN 
 
 the said party of 
 the first part 
 
 the said party of 
 the second part 
 
 said copy 
 
 better than 
 
 nearer than 
 
 shorter than 
 
 quicker than 
 
 larger than 
 
 lower than 
 
THE GREGG REPORTER 
 
 HOLDER 
 
 stockholder 
 bondholder 
 
 OTHER 
 
 somehow or other 
 some way or other 
 something or other 
 
 SO 
 
 and if so 
 
 day or so 
 
 IN-LAW 
 
 father-in-law f 
 
 \ -r~ 
 
 mother-in-la\v ..^> 
 
 daughter-in-law 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS 
 
 A.M. ^ 
 
 6 shareholder 
 
 policy holder 
 
 somewhere or 
 other 
 
 one way or the 
 
 other 
 
 one side or other 
 
 to do so 
 
 you say so 
 
 brother-in-law 
 
 sister-in-law 
 
 P.M. 
 
 A. D. 
 
 2. 
 
 C. O. D. 
 
 f. o. b. 
 
THE GREGG REPORTER 65 
 
 FIGURES, ETC. 
 
 Mi ANY young reporters do not realize the importance 
 I of a rapid and accurate method of representing 
 figures. Some reporters use a system of "short- 
 hand numerals," but as the slightest variation in 
 the size or shape of a shorthand character might have dis- 
 astrous results, it is well to be cautious about adopting 
 such expedients. As Mr. Thorne says, "No system of 
 shorthand numerals has yet been devised which has given 
 universal satisfaction. While, in some instances, law re- 
 porters have successfully -utilized shorthand for this pur- 
 pose, yet the Arabic figures continue prime favorites. The 
 latter are often helpful in finding desired parts of testi- 
 mony." 
 
 It should always be kept in mind that there is no con- 
 text to guide the writer in dealing with figures. They 
 should, therefore, be written clearly, and if possible in 
 such a way that they may be easily found in hurriedly re- 
 ferring back to the notes. Some reporters adopt the plan 
 of writing the numerals very large, while others encircle 
 figures when they stand alone. The latter is a good plan 
 to adopt where one or two figures only are used, as some 
 numerals (notably "1" and "6") resemble shorthand 
 characters. 
 
 In any event, some time should be given to practice on 
 the numerals with a view to acquiring facility in writing 
 them legibly. In writing the numerals all unnecessary 
 movements should be eliminated. 
 
 The method of representing dollars, hundred, thousand, 
 million, pounds -as well as all possible combinations of 
 these words given in the Manual has never been equaled 
 for simplicity and definiteness. It requires but a moment 
 to master the plan, but on account of its simplicity it does 
 
60 
 
 THE GREGG REPORTER 
 
 not usually receive enough attention or practice. We ad- 
 vise the young reporter to drill on every possible varia- 
 tion of the words and figures. 
 
 Examples 
 
 -, 
 
 $6.00 
 
 $3,000 
 
 8,000,000 
 
 2,000,000,000 
 
 a dollar 
 
 a million 
 
 600 
 
 300,000 
 
 $8,000,000 
 
 4 Ibs.or 4 
 
 a pound 
 
 a hundred dollars 
 
 $600.00 
 
 $300,000 
 
 800,000,000 
 
 300 Ibs. or 300 
 
 z a hundred 
 
 a. hundred million 
 
 In recording mixed figures it is well to make free use 
 of the above method of expressing million, thousand, etc., 
 instead of trying to use the comma as a dividing mark. 
 For instance, to express "two million, nine hundred thou- 
 sand and forty-seven" write 3~ j^_ ^7 , just as the 
 
 speaker utters the words. There will then be no danger 
 of confusion. 
 
THE GREGG REPORTER 67 
 
 SHORTHAND NUMERALS, ETC. 
 
 1 -a_^ 1 OF 2 
 
 2 or 3 
 
 3 or 4 
 
 J 4 
 ^ 
 X 
 
 or 5 
 
 5 or 6 
 
 7 
 
 G or 7 
 
 7 or 8 
 
 S or 9 
 
 9 or 10 
 
 ^ 10 
 
 If ordinary numerals are used, "or" may be expressed 
 by writing the second figure below the preceding one, 
 thus ^ seven or eight. 
 
 Hundredweights is expressed by Nw; cents by S above 
 figure ; per cent by S below figure ; per cent per annum by 
 adding N to per cent sign: o'clock by over preceding 
 figure. 
 
 Examples 
 
 f 8 cwts. 
 
 /* 7 per cent per an- 
 JL. num 
 
 "7* seven cents 
 
 & " nine o'clock 
 
 *7 seven per cent 
 
68 
 
 ^ 
 
 square yard 
 
 ^^-^^ per square yard 
 
 ^ 
 
 square foot 
 
 ^*-j per square foot 
 
 "-> 
 
 square inch 
 
 *?, per square inch 
 
 -*/ 
 
 cubic yard 
 
 
 Degrees may be expressed in the usual way by the 
 small circle after the figure :/T- 12 degrees. Fahrenheit 
 may be expressed by f : r ^^54 degrees Fahrenheit. Cen- 
 tigrade may be expressed by sen: ^^_ 8 degrees centi- 
 grade. 
 
T If E GREGG REPORTER 
 
 69 
 
 ENCIRCLING OUTLINES, ETC. 
 
 ANY expert writers make it a practice to encircle 
 certain outlines to express the actions of the wit- 
 ness, counsel or speaker. This serves to separate 
 the words uttered by the speaker from his actions, 
 and at the same time furnishes a landmark, as it were, in 
 the notes which facilitates reference in reading back any 
 portion of the report. 
 
 (illustrating) 
 
 (indicating) 
 
 (witness, or coun- 
 sel, produces 
 paper) 
 
 witness, or coun- 
 sel, produces 
 book 
 
 (handing a paper 
 to the witness) 
 
 (witness, or coun- 
 sel, refers to 
 paper) 
 
 (witness, or coun- 
 sel refers to 
 book) 
 
 "if you find from 
 the evidence" (a 
 phrase common- 
 ly used in 
 charges to the 
 jury) 
 
 Repetition of 
 words used in 
 question or an- 
 swer 
 
 (handing a paper 
 to the Court) 
 
 (handing a paper 
 to Mr. Jones) 
 
 (handing a paper 
 to counsel for 
 the defendant) 
 
 (handing a naper 
 to counsel for 
 the plaintiff) 
 
 objected to 
 
 question by a 
 juror 
 
 indicating omis- 
 sion 
 
 cheers 
 applause 
 loud applause 
 
 laughter 
 
70 
 
 T II E C, R EG G REPORTER 
 
 POINTS OF THE COMPASS, ETC. 
 
 In reporting matters relating to real estate, the follow- 
 ing contractions will be found very useful: 
 
 North 
 South 
 East 
 West 
 Northeast 
 Southeast 
 Northwest 
 Southwest 
 Northeast quarter 
 Southeast quarter 
 Northwest quarter 
 Southwest quarter 
 Northern 
 Southern 
 Eastern 
 
 - 
 
 Western 
 
 Northerly 
 
 Southerly 
 
 Easterly 
 
 Westerly 
 
 Northeasterly 
 
 Southeasterly 
 
 Northwesterly 
 
 Southwesterly 
 
 Northeastern 
 
 Southeastern 
 
 Northwestern 
 
 Southwestern 
 
 Northeastward 
 
 Southeastward 
 
THE GREGG REPORTER 71 
 
 Northward y^- Southwestward 
 
 Southward ~^i North or south 
 
 Eastward > East or west 
 
 -^ 
 
 Westward p Base and Meridian 
 
 -= 
 
 _ 
 
 Northwestward ~ Principal Meridian 
 
72 
 
 T II R (', R 1: (', (', R / /' A' T / A' 
 
 SPECIAL PHRASES 
 
 facilitate reference to the testimony, it is de- 
 sirable to use a large "X" I'm 1 "Gross-Examina- 
 tion." When the "X" is preceded by the short- 
 hand character for D it expresses "Direct Exam- 
 ination;" by Re-d, "Redirect Examination;" by Re, "Re- 
 cross Examination." 
 
 Cross-Examina- 
 tion 
 
 Direct Examina- 
 tion 
 
 Redirect Examina- 
 tion 
 
 Uecrnss Kxamina- 
 tion 
 
 The words incompetent, immaterial, irrelevant, illegal, 
 improper, are constantly occurring in court work, as when 
 counsel objects to the testimony of the witness as being 
 "incompetent, immaterial and irrelevant." It is im- 
 portant that the reporter should be able to deal with 
 these words promptly in whatever sequence they may be 
 used. We recommend the following method of represent- 
 ing these words to be used, of course, only where they 
 occur in succession and can, therefore, be joined. 
 
 incompetent 
 
 illegal 
 
 immaterial 
 
 irrelevant 
 
 Illustrations 
 
 incompetent, im- 
 material and ir- 
 relevant 
 
 irrelevant, incom- 
 petent and im- 
 material 
 
 Illegal, incompe- 
 tent, immaterial 
 and irrelevant 
 
 improper 
 
 l, incompe- 
 tent. Immaterial, 
 improper and ir- 
 relevant 
 
 immaterial and ir- 
 n levant 
 
 irrelevant, imma- 
 terial and in- 
 competent 
 
THE GREGG REPORTER 
 
 73 
 
 Similarly, the words heirs, executors, administrators, 
 assigns, successors, frequently occur in succession in law 
 work. The following method of representing them is 
 very facile, but like the preceding one, can be used only 
 in phrases. The units are : 
 
 heirs 
 
 assigns 
 
 executors 
 
 successors 
 
 administrators 
 
 Illustrations 
 
 heirs, executors, 
 administrators 
 and assigns 
 
 heirs, executors, 
 administrators 
 or assigns 
 
 successors and as- 
 signs 
 
 successors or as- 
 signs 
 
 heirs and assigns 
 
 heirs, executors 
 or administra- 
 tors 
 
 Omit and, but insert or. 
 
List of Phrases 
 
 about how long 
 
 again and again 
 
 about the time 
 
 about what time 
 
 about what time 
 of day 
 
 about wliat time 
 of night 
 
 against the de- 
 fendant 
 
 against the 
 plaintiff 
 
 all may be 
 
 and I am 
 
 about where it 
 was 
 
 and I may 
 
 above mentioned 
 
 above named 
 
 -^x 
 
 Mini if so 
 
 above named 
 defendant 
 
 above named 
 plaintiff 
 
 and sworn 
 
 anyone else 
 
 A- 
 
 according to 
 (pronoun) rec- 
 ollection 
 
 according to 
 (pronoun) best 
 recollection 
 
 act of God 
 
 adjourned meet- 
 ing 
 
 anything of the 
 kind 
 
 are not 
 
 are you ac- 
 quainted with 
 
 are you ac- 
 quainted with 
 him 
 
THE GREGG REPORTER 
 
 75 
 
 are you ac- 
 quainted with 
 the defendant 
 
 are you familiar 
 
 as it would be 
 
 as long as 
 
 are you sure 
 
 as many as 
 
 are you willing 1 
 
 as much as 
 
 are you willin 
 to swear 
 
 as near as 
 
 as a matter of 
 course 
 
 as near as (pro- 
 noun) can 
 
 as a matter cf 
 fact 
 
 as a matter of 
 law 
 
 as far as 
 
 as near as (pro- 
 noun) can 
 judge 
 
 as near as (pro- 
 noun) can tell 
 
 as far as I am 
 concerned 
 
 as far as (pro- 
 noun) can 
 
 as far as (pro- 
 noun) recol- 
 lect 
 
 as fast as 
 
 as near as (pro- 
 noun) could 
 
 judge 
 
 as near as (pro- 
 noun) can recol- 
 lect 
 
 as quick as 
 
 as quickly as 
 
 as fast as (pro- 
 noun) can 
 
 -V 
 
 as soon as 
 
 as high as 
 
 as soon as (pro- 
 noun) can 
 
 as is 
 
 as it is 
 
 "V 
 
 as the case may 
 be 
 
 as they are 
 
76 
 
 T HE GREGG RE FOR T / A' 
 
 2- 
 
 as they will 
 as they will be 
 as there 
 as there is 
 as well as 
 
 as well as (pro- 
 noun) can 
 
 at all events 
 at all times 
 at any rate 
 at any time 
 at any one time 
 at that time 
 at the same time 
 at the time 
 at what rate 
 at what rate of 
 
 p, 
 
 / 
 
 ?><7 
 
 f 
 
 because of the fact 
 
 before or after 
 
 being duly sworn 
 and examined 
 
 being- first duly 
 sworn 
 
 being 1 first duly 
 sworn and ex- 
 amined 
 
 be it remembered 
 
 between the rom- 
 plainant and 
 
 defendant 
 
 between the par- 
 ties 
 
 between them 
 
 ^^ 
 
 at what time 
 
 between us 
 
 beyond a reason- 
 able doubt 
 
 bill of particulars 
 
 bill of sale 
 
 brother-in-law 
 
 brought to my at- 
 tention 
 
 burden of proof 
 
THE GREGG REPORTER 
 
 77 
 
 C-r 
 
 by any means 
 
 oan you not recol- 
 lect 
 
 by no means 
 
 can you not re- 
 member 
 
 by the learned 
 counsel for the 
 defendant 
 
 by the learned 
 counsel for the 
 plaintiff 
 
 by the time 
 
 can you not say 
 
 can you recollect 
 
 can you recollect 
 whether or not 
 
 by the witness 
 
 by the witness 
 on the stand 
 
 by this action 
 by this court 
 
 can you not recol- 
 lect whether or 
 not 
 
 oan you recollect 
 whether there 
 was 
 
 can you recollect 
 whether there 
 were 
 
 can you remember 
 
 by you 
 
 can you remember 
 whether or not 
 
 call the attention 
 of the Court 
 
 can you tell 
 
 call the attention 
 of your Honor 
 
 can you tell 
 
 whether or not 
 
 call your atten- 
 tion to the fact 
 
 can it be possible 
 can it possibly 
 cannot say 
 
 can you state 
 whether or not 
 
 circumstances of 
 the case 
 
 circumstantial 
 evidence 
 
 can you not 
 
 common law 
 
78 
 
 THd GREGG REPORTER 
 
 conflicting 1 testi- 
 mony 
 
 contributory neg- 
 ligence 
 
 consider the 
 
 weight of the 
 testimony 
 
 constitution of the 
 United States 
 
 cross examination 
 
 'lid he run away 
 
 did I understand 
 you to say 
 
 did you ever 
 
 describe to the 
 jury 
 
 did he get away 
 
THE GREGG REPORTER 
 
 79 
 
 did you not say to C 
 me 
 
 *> 
 
 & do you believe 
 
 ^~? 
 
 did you not state 
 
 X 
 
 . ^~~- do you belong 
 
 X"^ did you remain ^ 
 away 
 
 .X 
 
 ^/ do you ever 
 
 X^ 
 did you see X" 
 
 / do you have 
 
 X'^ did* you see him X^ 
 
 do you know any- 
 thing 
 
 ,X^ did you see the de- /^~* 
 
 fendant 
 
 do you know de- 
 fendant 
 
 X^ did vou see the ' 
 plaintiff 
 
 T 
 
 do you know 
 plaintiff 
 
 s' did you tell (^ 
 
 s 
 
 do you know 
 whether 
 
 X^ did you tell him s 
 
 do you know 
 whether or not 
 
 ^^^ did you tell me X^ 
 
 do you know 
 whether there 
 
 X^ did you turn X^ 
 
 P^ do you know 
 whether there is 
 
 ^X^ did you turn away X* 
 
 sa^f do you know 
 whether there 
 
 
 was 
 
 s' /\ direct examina- ^-e. 
 tion ^ 
 
 ^ do you know 
 whether there 
 
 \vm*e 
 
 direct testimony 
 
 documentary evi- 
 dence 
 
 does order, ad- 
 judge and de- 
 cree 
 
 doth order, ad- 
 judge and de- 
 cree 
 
 do you live 
 
 do you mean by 
 that 
 
 do you mean to 
 say 
 
 do you not recol- 
 lect 
 
80 
 
 '/ HE (~, R I : .G G REPORTER 
 
 do you not ree.,1 
 lect whether or 
 not 
 
 do you not recol- 
 lect whether 
 there 
 
 do you not remem- 
 
 execute and de. 
 liver 
 
 extra session 
 
 f'ntlier-in-law 
 
 di you not remem- 
 ber whether or 
 not 
 
 do you recollect 
 
 do you recollect 
 whether 
 
 do you recollect 
 whether there 
 was 
 
 do you recollect 
 whether there 
 were 
 
 do you remember 
 
 do you remember 
 whether 
 
 do you remember 
 whether or not 
 
 do you reside 
 
 4 
 
 first instance 
 first place 
 first thing- 
 first time 
 for instance 
 for the defendant 
 for the plaintiff 
 for the purpose 
 
 for the purpose of. 
 sustaining 
 
 for the sake 
 
 entirely imma- 
 terial 
 
 examination in 
 chief 
 
 excepted to 
 
 for this action 
 
 for this court 
 
 execute and ac- 
 knowledge 
 
 from the evidence 
 
THE GREGG REPORTER 
 
 81 
 
 * 
 
 further ordered, 
 adjudged and 
 decreed 
 
 gentlemen of the 
 jury 
 
 *4 _ have you not 
 ^/ have you seen 
 
 ^T 
 
 give your name to 
 the jury 
 
 / having been 
 
 ~*^- 
 
 go ahead and state 
 
 ^-""~"~ he said to me 
 
 ^~_ 
 
 great deal 
 
 & ~~~ he says to me 
 
 . < 
 
 o great many 
 
 *S he wasn't 
 
 "T 4 
 
 Grand jury 
 
 g^S"' he wasn't there 
 
 *r 
 
 had been 
 
 c^ he was quite 
 
 <*- 
 
 had been done 
 
 S*f he would be 
 
 & ( 
 
 had there been 
 
 0f he would not be 
 
 J 
 
 have been 
 
 ^r>^ how did you 
 
 2 
 
 have there 
 
 &-**^ y how did you do 
 
 2 
 
 have you 
 
 f^^^^^ 1 ' how did you do 
 
 that 
 
 2. 
 
 have you any 
 
 <7>T es--- how did you make 
 it 
 
 2s 
 
 have you any 
 doubt 
 
 tf~ n ~ 1 ' how do you know 
 
 2, 
 
 have you anything 
 
 ^y^-a how do you re- 
 member 
 
 have you been 
 
 how far 
 
82 
 
 2. 
 
 THE GREGG REPORTER 
 
 how far away 
 
 I cannot recollect 
 
 cr\ ~y 
 
 how long have 
 
 how long have you 
 been 
 
 how long have you 
 known 
 
 I cannot recollect 
 whether or not 
 
 I cannot remem- 
 lii'i- whether or 
 not 
 
 I cannot say 
 whether or not 
 
 how long have you <s^~i-x~ 
 known her 
 
 how long have you ^ -S 
 known him 
 
 I cannot tell 
 
 whether or not 
 
 I could not say 
 
 how long have you 
 lived 
 
 how many years 
 
 how many years 
 ago 
 
 how much 
 
 
 
 I could not swear 
 I decline to say 
 I do not believe 
 I do not know 
 
 human being 
 
 I am not 
 
 I believe (pro- 
 noun) was 
 
 I believe there was 
 
 () 
 
 I do not know 
 anything 
 
 I do not know 
 whether 
 
 I do not know 
 whether or not 
 
 I do not recollect 
 
 I call your atten- 
 tion 
 
 I do not recollect 
 whether or not 
 
 7 
 
 I call your atten- 
 tion to the fact 
 
 I cannot be 
 
 (j 
 
 I do not remem- 
 ber 
 
 I do not think (dot 
 omitted in 
 think) 
 
-2, 
 
 THE GREGG REPORTER 
 
 83 
 
 I have carefully 
 considered 
 
 I have carefully 
 gone over 
 
 I have no recollec- 
 tion 
 
 I was not there 
 
 I was there 
 
 I will ask you 
 
 I said to him 
 
 I will call your at- 
 tention 
 
 I says to him 
 
 I will not 
 
 I suppose 
 
 I will not be 
 
 I think it was 
 
 I think they are 
 able 
 
 I think they do not 
 
 I think it would 
 be worth 
 
 I understand you 
 to say 
 
 I understood you 
 to say 
 
 I want to know 
 
 I will not ba sure 
 
 I will state to the 
 / Jury 
 
 I will swear 
 
 I would not be 
 positive 
 
 I would not swear 
 
 I would not swear 
 positively 
 
 I would therefore 
 
 I want to know 
 the facts 
 
 I want to state to 
 the Jury 
 
 I was 
 
 if from all the evi- 
 dence 
 
 if from all tha evi- 
 dence 
 
 if it is 
 
 I was not 
 
 if it is said 
 
84 
 
 THE GREGG REPORTER 
 
 L. 
 
 if it please the 
 Court 
 
 if it please your 
 Honor 
 
 if you are satisfied 
 
 i:i order to know 
 
 in order to learn 
 
 in order to see 
 
 
 
 if you come to the 
 conclusion 
 
 if you find 
 
 if your Honor 
 please 
 
 If you know 
 whether or not 
 
 if vou should 
 find 
 
 in addition 
 
 in addition to this 
 testimony 
 
 in addition to the 
 testimony 
 
 in order to under- 
 stand 
 
 in our opinion 
 in regard 
 
 in rog-nrd to the 
 matter 
 
 in rc-pnrd to such 
 tilings 
 
 in respect 
 
 in respect to this 
 
 in such a manner 
 
 In addition to the 
 
 
 in such a way 
 
 fact 
 
 / 
 
 
 in consideration 
 
 -^T 
 
 in that neighbor- 
 
 
 C, 
 
 hood 
 
 in favor 
 
 -/ 
 
 instructs the jury 
 
 in his favor 
 
 ~2- .4 
 
 y Instrument of 
 
 
 
 writing 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 in his own behalf 
 
 
 insurance com- 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 pany 
 
 in order to judge 
 
 2 
 
 in the first place 
 
 
 f 
 
 
THE GREGG REPORTER 
 
 85 
 
 in the next place 
 
 in the morning 
 
 in this action 
 
 in this case 
 
 in this court 
 
 in this indictment 
 
 in this manner 
 
 in this suit 
 
 introduced in evi- 
 dence 
 
 in what way 
 
 in years gone by 
 
 in your direct tes- 
 timony 
 
 in your judgment 
 
 in your store 
 
 interlocutory de- 
 cree 
 
 Is as 
 
 f 
 
 is it not a fact 
 
 is it or not a fact 
 
 isn't it a fact 
 
 is there 
 
 is there any 
 
 is there anything 
 
 is there anything 
 more 
 
 is there not 
 
 it has been 
 
 it has been done 
 
 it is denied 
 -<* it is for you to sayi 
 
 it is for you to 
 say whether or 
 not 
 
 it isn't 
 
 it isn't necessary 
 
 it isn't there 
 
 is It a fact 
 
 It is said 
 
86 
 
 THE GREGG REPORTER 
 
 -*-r 
 
 it seems that the 
 plaintiff 
 
 it wasn't 
 
 it wasn't neces- 
 sary 
 
 it wasn't there 
 it would be 
 it would have been 
 it would not be 
 joint stock 
 
 joint stock com- 
 pany 
 
 judgment at- 
 tachment and 
 execution 
 
 just as 
 
 just -as quick as 
 just as quickly as 
 just as soon as 
 just as well 
 just at that time 
 
 just in that 
 just now 
 just state 
 larger than 
 
 learned counsel 
 for the defend- 
 ant 
 
 learned counsel 
 for the plaintiff 
 
 learned counsel 
 for the prisoner 
 
 letters testamen- 
 
 tary 
 
 longer than 
 
 many years ago 
 
 market price 
 
 market value 
 
 Master in Chan- 
 cery 
 
 may it please the 
 Court 
 
 may it please 
 your Honor 
 
THE GREGG REPORTER 
 
 87 
 
 measure of clam- 
 ages 
 
 month or two 
 
 month or two ago 
 
 mother-in-law 
 
 no sir, I do not 
 Notary Public 
 nothing else 
 nothing like 
 
 Municipal Court 
 
 murder in the first 
 degree 
 
 murder in the sec- 
 ond degree 
 
 mv recollection is 
 that 
 
 near him 
 next day 
 next day or so 
 next day or two 
 next of kin 
 next place 
 night time 
 no doubt 
 
 / 
 
 notwithstanding 
 the fact 
 
 now and then 
 
 objected to by the- 
 counsel 
 
 objected to bjy the 
 defendant 
 
 objected to by the 
 plaintiff 
 
 objectedto by 
 counsel for the 
 defendant 
 
 objected to by 
 counsel for the 
 plaintiff 
 
 objection over- 
 ruled 
 
 objection sus- 
 tained 
 
 of all and every 
 
 offer in evidence 
 
 no sir 
 
 once in awhile 
 
THE GREGG REPORTER 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 on my part 
 
 on my own part 
 
 on or about the 
 
 on the contrary 
 
 on the day and 
 year 
 
 on the day and 
 year aforesaid 
 
 on the other side 
 
 on the part of the 
 defendant 
 
 on the part of the 
 plaintiff 
 
 on that occasion 
 on this occasion 
 on that question 
 on this question 
 ought to have been 
 our own business 
 
 over and over 
 again 
 
 f 
 
 (I 
 
 7 
 
 owing to the fact 
 
 peace and good be- 
 havior 
 
 place of business 
 plaintiff's case 
 plaintiff's counsel 
 
 plaintiff's testi- 
 mony 
 
 point of order 
 post office 
 
 Pow3r of Attor- 
 ney 
 
 prior to that time 
 
 prisoner at tho 
 bar 
 
 purchase money 
 question at issue 
 question of fact 
 question of law 
 
 recross examina- 
 tion 
 
 redirect examina- 
 tion 
 
THE GREGG REPORTER 
 
 89 
 
 reasonable doubt 
 
 .render a verdict in 
 favor of the de- 
 fendant 
 
 render a verdict in 
 favor of the 
 plaintiff 
 
 right of way 
 
 said and done 
 
 4 
 
 S 
 
 "^ 
 
 so far as I recol- 
 lect 
 
 so many 
 
 so many times 
 ( so to speak 
 
 somehow or other 
 
 seal an exception 
 
 seal an exception 
 for the defend- 
 ant 
 
 second place 
 
 self-defense 
 
 set forth 
 
 she would be 
 
 should be 
 
 should not be 
 
 signed, sealed and 
 delivered 
 
 sister-in-law 
 
 someone else 
 something else 
 something like 
 
 something or 
 other 
 
 something to that 
 effect 
 
 someway or othe,r 
 somewhere else 
 
 somew^here or 
 other 
 
 sooner or later 
 
 state that again 
 
 state that again 
 please 
 
 state to the jury 
 
THE GREGG REPORT E R 
 
 z 
 
 f 
 
 .state what you did 
 
 state whether or 
 not 
 
 stato whether 
 there 
 
 state whether 
 there was 
 
 state whether 
 there were 
 
 Supreme Court 
 
 sworn and ex- 
 amined 
 
 tell the jury 
 
 tell the jury 
 whether or not 
 
 tell me 
 
 tell what you did 
 
 testimony of the 
 defendant 
 
 testimony of the 
 plaintiff 
 
 that day 
 
 that he was 
 
 that is the way 
 
 that is to say 
 
 that it has 
 
 that it was 
 
 that the defendant 
 
 that the plaintiff 
 
 that will 
 
 that will be 
 
 then the defendant 
 
 then the plaintiff 
 
 there are 
 
 there does not 
 
 there have been 
 
 there is 
 
 there isn't 
 
 that is something 
 
 there isn't any 
 
THE GREGG REPORTER 
 
 91 
 
 there might have 
 been 
 
 there must be 
 
 there was 
 
 there wasn't 
 
 there wasn't any 
 
 there were 
 
 there were many 
 
 there were not 
 
 there were so 
 many 
 
 there will 
 
 there will be 
 
 there would 
 
 ? 
 
 there would not 
 
 they are able to 
 
 there are not 
 
 
 they did 
 
 they do not cor- 
 roborate 
 
 they have been 
 they have not 
 they have not been 
 
 they have not been 
 able 
 
 they ought to 
 have 
 
 they ought to 
 have been 
 
 they ought to 
 have seen 
 
 they were 
 they were not 
 they were there 
 they would have 
 
 they would have 
 been 
 
 they would have 
 no 
 
 this action 
 
 this case 
 
92 
 
 THE GREGG REPORTER 
 
 this date 
 
 this day 
 
 this Is an action 
 
 this is a case 
 
 this is a matter 
 
 this is a well- 
 known fact 
 
 this morning 
 this time 
 
 to my recollection 
 
 to the best of 
 (pronoun) 
 knowledge 
 
 to the best of 
 
 (pronoun) mem- 
 ory 
 
 to the best of 
 (pronoun) rec- 
 ollection 
 
 to-wit 
 
 trade mark 
 
 time and time 
 again 
 
 United States 
 
 time of day 
 
 to a certain ex- 
 tent 
 
 United States of 
 America 
 
 up to that tim 
 
 to a great extent 
 
 up to the time 
 
 X* 
 
 to a large extent 
 
 to a limited ex- 
 tent 
 
 to do so 
 
 to do that 
 
 to do this 
 
 verdict for the de- 
 fendant 
 
 verdict for the 
 plaintiff 
 
 verdict of the 
 jury 
 
 was he 
 
 was he not 
 
THE GREGG REPORTER 
 
 93 
 
 fe 
 
 was he there 
 
 "td^^ was there nothing 
 
 g 
 
 was it not 
 
 21 f ways and means 
 
 >> 
 
 wasn't he 
 
 <^ we find 
 
 ^ 
 
 wasn't he there 
 
 9 
 
 ^ we have 
 
 i>^ 
 
 wasn't the de- 
 fendant 
 
 =^_P we regard 
 
 iM- 
 
 wasn't the plain- 
 tiff 
 
 2 & we regret 
 
 r" 
 
 was said 
 
 ^^^ we want 
 
 - 
 
 was that 
 
 * ' week by week 
 
 ty 
 
 ^ * 
 
 was that meeting 
 
 **~) week or so 
 
 - 
 
 was the 
 
 <T~~T' week or ten days 
 
 e, 
 
 was there 
 
 ^ ^""^ week or two 
 
 ^Xy^* 
 / 
 
 was there any- 
 body 
 
 ff K^*" r ~^ \veek or two ago 
 
 ^~ 
 
 was there any- 
 one 
 
 < ^f weight of the 
 s/ evidence 
 
 ^ 
 
 was there any- 
 thing 
 
 ^ ^^ well-known 
 
 ~_ 
 
 was there any- 
 thing else 
 
 ' ^3^ 7 well-known fact 
 
 
 was there any- 
 thing more 
 
 <y^ were it not 
 
 t^- 
 
 was there not 
 
 i were not 
 
THE GREGG REPORTER 
 
 tsfe 
 
 r 
 
 -' were there 
 
 rwhat is your name 
 and business 
 
 ^ were you aware 
 
 ^'^ what is your oc- 
 cupation 
 
 were you aware of 
 -7 the fact 
 
 ,^__^ what is your recol- 
 lection 
 
 what are you 
 
 <^~^ what time of day 
 
 -^-^** what are you go- 
 ing to do 
 
 ^^"^ what time of night 
 
 **** 
 
 \vhat did you do 
 
 < ^^^~^ c ' what time was 
 that 
 
 ^3 
 
 G* what did you find 
 
 f ^*~7 f what took place 
 
 what do you 
 
 e ^*f' what was done 
 
 what do you mean 
 
 ^^T what was said 
 
 what do you mean 
 5 by saying 
 
 c^~&~ what was the 
 
 __^o what do you mean 
 by that 
 
 c^* what were you 
 
 what do you want 
 
 tz^Z.^-*^! what ware you do- 
 ing 
 
 what is your 
 
 (^e^t^z. what were you do- 
 ing there 
 
 what is your age 
 
 cs 12 -** *^^ what were you go- 
 ing to do 
 
 what is your busi- 
 ness 
 
 f.^^0 what year was 
 that 
 
 what is your full 
 name 
 
 tf-* when did you 
 
 , what is your name 
 
 when did you ad- 
 e "~7 vise 
 
THE GREGG REPORTER 
 
 95 
 
 when did you do 
 
 when did you meet 
 him 
 
 when did you do 
 so 
 
 when did you read 
 
 when did you do 
 that 
 
 when did you 
 regard 
 
 when did you en- 
 close 
 
 when did you re- 
 member 
 
 when did you find 
 
 when did you re- 
 ply 
 
 -j> 
 
 when did you first 
 
 when did you re- 
 ply to the letter 
 
 when did you first 
 make 
 
 w^hen did you first 
 meet 
 
 when did you first 
 meet him 
 
 when did you first 
 see him 
 
 when did you g-ive 
 
 <= 7 
 
 when did you say 
 
 when did you say 
 it was 
 
 when did you see 
 
 -when did you go 
 
 when did you tell 
 him 
 
 when did you in- 
 quire 
 
 when did you tell 
 him that 
 
 -when did you let 
 
 when did you try 
 
 when did you let 
 me know 
 
 when did you 
 work 
 
 when did you 
 write 
 
 when did you meet 
 
 when was that 
 
96 
 
 \vlu-n were you 
 
 whore was the 
 
 when you came 
 
 where- w-re you 
 
 when you next 
 
 when you told 
 him 
 
 when you told us 
 
 where did 
 
 where did 
 you 
 
 where did you 
 go 
 
 where did you 
 leave him 
 
 where did you see 
 
 where did you see 
 him 
 
 where do you re- 
 side 
 
 where it is 
 
 where it was 
 
 where- were you 
 going 
 
 which is the way 
 which of them 
 which one 
 
 which way did you 
 g-o 
 
 which would be 
 
 which you have 
 why in the world 
 will there not be 
 
 will you please 
 five 
 
 - will you please 
 
 ~( state 
 
 will you please 
 state whether or 
 not 
 
 will you state 
 
 where it would 
 
 will you state to 
 the jury 
 
 where was 
 
 will you state 
 whether or not 
 
THE GREGG REPORTER 
 
 97 
 
 will you swear 
 
 you are aware 
 
 X s - 
 
 will you swear 
 positively 
 
 will you tell 
 
 -vill you tell the 
 jury 
 
 will you tell us 
 
 would not be 
 certain 
 
 would not be 
 positive 
 
 would not say 
 
 would not swear 
 year or so 
 year or two 
 year or two ago 
 years of age 
 years old 
 yes or no 
 yes sir 
 
 Sf yes sir, I did for 
 <^ ' a fact 
 
 
 2 
 
 r 
 
 7 
 
 r 
 
 you are aware of 
 the fact 
 
 you are sure 
 
 you have 
 
 you have been 
 
 you have not 
 
 you ought to be 
 
 you ought to have 
 
 you must de- 
 termine 
 whether or not 
 
 you will be 
 governed 
 
 you will find 
 
 you will not 
 
 you will not say 
 
 you will re- 
 member 
 
 you will re- 
 member that 
 
 you will swear 
 
 you will swear 
 positively 
 
Court Testimony Exercise on Phrases 
 
 ; 
 
 ^ 
 
THE GREGG REPORTER 
 
 99 
 
 tsy 
 
 r 
 
 7/ 
 
 <^r c: 
 
 
 <^~ C _ x- 
 
 C 
 
KX) 
 
 THE GREGG REPORTER 
 
 e- 
 
THE GREGG REPORTER 101 
 
 
102 
 
 T H I- C K I- G G REPOR T I- R> 
 
Testimony in Life Insurance Investigation 
 
 y 
 
 
304 T II E G R E G G R 1- I' O R 7 / A' 
 
 eS 
 
 y 
 
 2 
 
THE GREGG REPORTER 105 
 
 <^l^> 
 
 -O^-r 
 
 r 
 
106 T I! 1- (. A' E G G R / /' O R T E R 
 
 ( e5> 
 - v-7> 
 
Key to Plates 
 
 Court Testimony 
 
 Q. Do you know the plaintiff? A. Yes, sir. 
 
 Q. How long have you been acquainted with him? A. 
 Two or three years. 
 
 Q. Where did you first see him? A. At Denison's, in 
 August. 
 
 Q. State whether or not you saw him at the time you 
 mention. A. Yes, sir, I did. 
 
 Q. Do you remember whether or not there were other 
 members of the organization there at that time? A. I do not 
 know whether there was or not. 
 
 Q. What took place at that time? A. As near as I can 
 judge, nothing was done. 
 
 Q. Can you tell whether or not any definite action was 
 taken in regard to the merging of your companies at this time? 
 A. I do not remember; I do not believe there was. 
 
 Q. Tell what you did. A. I took notes. 
 
 Q. What do you mean by that? A. Well, I was to make 
 a full report. 
 
 Q. Did you make it? A. Yes, sir. 
 
 Q. Have you got it? A. No, sir. 
 
 Q. To whom did you turn it over? A. I do not recollect; 
 to Mr. Denton, I believe. 
 
 Q. Now I will ask you to state whether or not you turned 
 the report over to Mr. Denton at that time? A. Yes, sir, I did. 
 
 That is all. 
 
 Charles Harmon, called on the part of the plaintiff, testi- 
 fied as follows: 
 
 Direct examination by Mr. Martin: 
 Q. What is your name? A. Charles Harmon. 
 Q. Where do you reside? A. 19 Burton Place. 
 Q. What is your age? A. 52. 
 
108 T II E G R E G G REPORTER 
 
 Q. What is your business? A. Manufacturer of auto- 
 mobiles. 
 
 Q. Where is your place of business? A. 710 Manhattan 
 Building. 
 
 Q. Do you know the plaintiff in this case? A. Yes, sir. 
 
 Q. How long have you known him? A. As near as I can 
 recollect, about five years. 
 
 Q. Where did you first meet him? A. At a meeting held 
 at Denison's some years ago; in August, I believe. 
 
 Q. Had not a temporary organization already been per- 
 fected before this meeting that you speak of took place? A. 
 Yes, sir. 
 
 Q. You were present? A. Yes, sir, I was. 
 
 Q. What was the object of that meeting? A. Well, 
 there had been some talk of an agreement among the manu- 
 facturers of automobiles. 
 
 Q. Was that meeting for the purpose of forming an 
 organization? A. I believe it was. 
 
 Q. Will you state to the jury just what was done at that 
 time? A. As near as I can remember, it was adjourned. 
 
 Q. \Vho presided? A. Mr. E. S. Denton. 
 
 Q. Will you tell us who was present besides yourself and 
 the plaintiff? A. I cannot remember. 
 
 Q. Was Mr. Ramsey there? A. I do not remember. 
 
 Q. Was Mr. Shaw there? A. I believe he was. 
 
 Q. Was Mr. Madden there? A. I do not know whether 
 he was or not. 
 
 Q. Was he there? A. I do not know; I do not remember. 
 
 Q. Can you remember the names of other persons present? 
 A. No, sir; I cannot. 
 
 Q. What was the sense of that meeting? A. As far as 
 I know, nothing was accomplished. 
 
 Q. You state this meeting was adjourned? A. Yes, sir. 
 
 Q. When it was called again were you present? A. I 
 cannot remember whether or not the adjourned meeting was 
 ever held. 
 
 Q. When was the last time you saw Mr. Denton? A. 
 Day before yesterday. 
 
 Q. Did you have any conversation with him at that time? 
 A. Yes, sir. 
 
THE GREGG REPORTER 109 
 
 Q. Will you tell just what was said? A. Nothing in 
 regard to this movement for an organization. 
 
 Q. Give the details of that conversation. 
 
 Objected to. Objection sustained. 
 
 Q. Did you at any time have a conversation with Mr. 
 Denton about this adjourned meeting? A. No, sir; I did not. 
 
 Q. Now, as a matter of fact, were you and Mr. Denton 
 not the prime movers in this organization scheme? 
 
 Objected to. Objection sustained. 
 
 Q. Did Mr. Denton ever approach you with this organiza- 
 tion scheme? A. It might have been brought to my attention 
 by him. I am not sure. 
 
 Q. Let me call your attention to the fact that Mr. Denton 
 in his testimony stated that you and he had entered into some 
 kind of an agreement; will you state what that was? A. Yes, 
 sir; that was some time ago; my memory is not very clear 
 on it. 
 
 Q. Did you have an agreement? A. We intended to 
 organize the manufacturers; I do not remember an agreement. 
 
 Q. Answer the question. A. I do not know; there might 
 have been. 
 
 Q. Will you state to the jury whether or not any such 
 agreement existed between you and Mr. Denton? A. I do 
 not know whether there was or not. I do not know perhaps. 
 
 Objected to. 
 
 The Court: He says he does not know. 
 
 Q. Now, as a matter of fact, did you and Mr. Denton not 
 get together on this question about the first of April in the 
 office of Mr. E. B. Oden's Manufacturing Company? A. No, 
 sir. 
 
Testimony In Life Insurance Investigation 
 
 Q. You said he (Harriman) told you that you would not 
 be able to carry out your plan against his opposition what 
 opposition did he say he would give? A. He said his whole 
 influence would be against me. 
 
 Q. Did he say his political influence would be used against 
 you? A. Yes. 
 
 Q. Did he refer to the Legislature? A. He referred to 
 probable legislative action. He said that the Legislature would 
 probably take action. 
 
 Q. Did he say whether it would be in the form of legis- 
 lative investigation? A. My recollection is that he said " legis- 
 lative action some legislative action." 
 
 Q. Can you state the substance of what he said? How did 
 he put that with regard to legislative action? A. I think that 
 he said that legislative action would probably result through 
 his influence, either for or against my plans. 
 
 Q. Did he tell you that if you acceded to his request his 
 influence would be thrown in your favor? A. That was plain. 
 
 Q. Did he tell you that if you did not divide the control 
 with him his influence would be thrown against you? A. Yes, 
 that his whole influence would be against me. 
 
 Q. And that there would probably be legislative action? 
 A. Yes. 
 
 Q. Did he refer to the political influence that he would 
 exert at the interview at which Mr. Root and Mr. Cravath were 
 present? A. My recollection is that he did. 
 
 Q. He told you that his influence was important, and you 
 understood that in refusing to bring about his wishes you were 
 taking chances, and with that understanding did you refuse? 
 A. Yes. 
 
 Q. And you told him the management of the Equitable 
 would be entirely independent? A. Independent of him and 
 everybody else. 
 
 Q. You are sure you told him this? A. I am sure. 
 
 Q. Why were you not willing to have Mr. Harriman name 
 two trustees to go in with those named by you, as that would 
 have been a majority? A. That Is true, but I was determined 
 to try to carry out the plans I have formed. 
 
THE GREGG REPORTER 111 
 
 Q. When did you purchase the Hyde stock? A. On Fri- 
 day I believe it was June 9, 1905. 
 
 Q. And when did you have the first conference with Mr. 
 Harriman? A. I believe it was the next day, Saturday; but 
 it was not until the next conference, on Monday, that Mr. 
 Root and Mr. Cravath were present. 
 
 Q. What did Mr. Harriman say? A. He said he thought 
 he ought to be allowed to share in the stock and have an equal 
 voice with mine in the management of the affairs of the Equit- 
 able. 
 
 Q. What did you say? A. I declined. He then said that 
 if I allowed him to share the stock and to name two trustees 
 to act with my three he would assent. He said he did not 
 think I could carry out my plan without his aid. 
 
 Q. What was your reply? A. I said that in the interest 
 of the policy holders and of the public in general I would be 
 glad to have Mr. Harriman's co-operation and that of any other 
 man situated like him. But I told him I regretted that I could 
 not comply with his request; I could not give up my intention 
 of holding the stock. I told him I was going to carry, or try 
 to carry, out my plan as I had mapped it out. 
 
 Q. Did you have any further interview? A. No, I did 
 not. I told him over the telephone there was no use of talking 
 about the matter, that I would not change my mind, and that 
 ended it. 
 
 Q. In that telephone interview did he repeat anything 
 about the consequences of your refusal? A. Not that I re- 
 member. 
 
 Q. I asked you on Friday this further question: " Did 
 Mr. Harriman say there would be any result injurious to your 
 interests in case you refused to permit him to share in the 
 ownership? " A. Mr. Harriman said that his active influence, 
 including his political influence, would be against me. 
 
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