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 EDUCATION O&PT, 
 
THE 
 
 YOUNG CITIZEN'S 
 CATECHISM. 
 
THE 
 
 YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM, 
 
 EXPLAINING 
 
 THE DUTIES 
 
 DISTRICT, TOWN, CITY, COUNTY, STATE, AND 
 UNITED STATES OFFICERS. 
 
 TOGETHER WITH 
 
 gttUs for f arltaMteji rtr tamcrrial ty&mu* 
 
 DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS. 
 
 BY ELISHA P. HOWE. 
 
 NEW-YORK: 
 
 PUBLISHED BY A. S. BARNES & BURR, 
 
 51 & 53 JOHN STREET. 
 
 1861. 
 

 . ' r ' '■ «*«••*« 
 
 TKzz 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1860, by 
 
 ELISHA P. HOWE, 
 
 In the Clerk's Office of the District Conrt of the United States, for the 
 Northern District of New York. 
 
 ■BUCATlOtt DEFT, 
 
 WILLIAM DENYSE, GEO. W. WOOD, 
 
 Sterkotyi-kr and Ei.ECTKOTvrER, Printer, 
 
 183 William st. . New York. Corner Dutch and John streets. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 A majority of the children of a com- 
 munity or of a state enjoy only the oppor- 
 tunities afforded by common schools be- 
 fore entering upon the duties of real life; 
 and equally true is it, that this majority, 
 who wield so mighty an influence over a 
 state or nation, almost invariably leave the 
 school-room and enter the various pursuits 
 of life with but little or no knowledge of the 
 practical principles that underlie the work- 
 ings of all ordinary business transactions, 
 and much more, of the government of the 
 state or nation. In this respect, it is to be 
 regretted that our common schools have not 
 heretofore been more thoroughly practical, — 
 most teachers having never been taught, 
 and, having no text-book from which to teach, 
 have passed opr ^his^ important matter, 
 
5 PREFACE. 
 
 though convinced that their pupils cannot 
 be prepared for independent thought and 
 action in any direction until they first learn 
 it out of the school-room. 
 
 Now this little volume is intended to sup- 
 ply the deficiency which has heretofore ex- 
 isted in this direction, in our school system ; 
 and, instead of placing before the learner a 
 large volume of confused matter, beyond the 
 reach of his comprehension, the author has 
 endeavored to suit it to his capacity, as well 
 as to the capacity of the teacher, and is hopeful 
 that it may be at once interesting and the 
 means of inaugurating a system of business 
 education. 
 
 In conclusion, the author desires to make 
 acknowledgment of the valuable services ren- 
 dered by Cornell Crysler, Esq., in the prepa- 
 ration of this work. 
 
 E. P. II. 
 
 Marcellus, N. Y. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 fart |int 
 
 Section I. — Civil Divisions, . . . .11 
 
 Section II. — Villages and Cities, ... 14 
 
 Section III.— Towns, . . . . .23 
 
 Section IV. — Counties, .... 33 
 
 Section V. — Chap. I. — States, . . .47 
 
 " Chap. II. — Representative Officers, 48 
 
 " Chap. III. — Judiciary, . . .58 
 
 " Chap. IV. — Executive, . . 61 
 
 Section VI. — Chap. I. — United States, . .71 
 
 * u Chap. II. — Judiciary, . . 83 
 
 " Chap. III.— Executive, . . .87 
 
 Declaration of Independence, ... 98 
 
 Constitution of the United States, . . 108 
 
 Dart Jtotfc, 
 
 Parliamentary Practice, .... 14C 
 
 (9) 
 
10 CONTENTS. 
 
 $Kt ffliirtr. 
 
 Section I. — Promissory Notes and Bills of Ex- 
 change, . • . . 156 
 Section II. — Deeds, . . . 170 
 Section III. — Mortgages, . . . .177 
 Section IV.— Wills, . . . . .182 
 Table on Interest, ..... 188 
 
THE 
 
 YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM. 
 
 *mt Ji»t 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 CIVIL DIVISIONS. 
 
 How is the state of New York divided for civil 
 and municipal purposes ?* 
 
 Into counties, towns, cities, and villages. 
 
 How for judicial and representative purposes ? 
 Into districts. 
 
 How for school purposes ? 
 Into school districts. 
 
 How are school districts erected by law ? 
 The power to alter, annul, and form new 
 districts lies with the school commissioners. 
 
 * Although the questions refer to the State of New York, they 
 apply to most other states of the Union. 
 
 fill 
 
1 2 THE YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM. 
 
 What officers are to be elected in each school district? 
 
 A district clerk, one (or three*) trustee, a 
 collector, and a librarian. 
 
 To what pay are school district officers entitled? 
 
 To n: pt the collector, who receives 
 
 one per cent, on all sums of pioney paid before 
 i ration of fourteen days after receiving 
 his warrant, and five per cent, on all sums 
 collected after fourteen days, and, in case of 
 a levy and Bale, travelling fees at the rate of 
 r mile, t<> be computed from the 
 school-house in his district. 
 
 For how long a time are school district officers elected? 
 For one year, except where there arc three 
 
 trustees, when they (the trustees) are elected 
 for a term of three years. 
 
 What are the duties of the collector? 
 To obey the directions contained in his war- 
 rant. See Code of Public Instruction, p. 291. 
 
 What are some of the duties of trustee* 
 To see to the property of the district, hire 
 re, make out taxes, and keep the school- 
 house in repair. 
 
 * As the district shall dct'jrnnue. 
 
CIVIL DIVISIONS. 13 
 
 Where may the duties of trustees be found in full ? 
 In the Code of Public Instruction, p. 241. 
 
 What are the duties of the district clerk ? 
 
 To keep a record of the proceedings of the 
 district meetings, and to preserve all books 
 and papers belonging to the clerk. 
 
 Where may his full duties be found ? 
 On p. 240 in the Code of Public Instruc- 
 tion. 
 
 What duties arc required of the librarian? 
 . To take, charge of the books belonging to 
 the district, and report the number and con- 
 dition to the trustees. 
 
 Where may the duties of the librarian be found in 
 full? 
 
 In the Code of Public Instruction, p. 328. 
 
 Where may be found the regulations concerning 
 the use of books in district libraries, as prescribed by 
 the superintendent of public instruction ? 
 
 In the Code of Public Instruction, p. 331. 
 
 Can the offices of trustee and librarian be held by 
 the same person ? 
 
 They can not. 
 
14 THE YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 VILLAGES AND CITIES. 
 
 What is an incorporated village ? 
 
 It is a collection of houses and inhabitants, 
 holding a charter from the state, and having 
 power to make local laws. 
 
 What are its officers ? 
 
 A hoard of five trustees, one of whom they 
 elect as president ; a clerk ; three assessors ; a 
 collector ; a pound-master ; a treasurer ; fire 
 wardens, not exceeding five ; and three street 
 commissioners, when such village shall be a 
 separate road district. 
 
 Must such officers take and subscribe the constitu- 
 tional oath of office ? 
 
 They must, and file the same with the clerk 
 of such village, within ten days after notice 
 of his election. 
 
 How long is their term of office ? 
 One year. 
 
 What are the general duties of the trustees ? 
 
 To provide for the care of public property ; 
 
% VILLAGES AND CITIES. 15 
 
 to see that the village officers perform their 
 duties ; to fix the compensation of the officers. 
 They also make by-laws for the regulation of 
 the village. 
 
 What compensation do they receive ? 
 They do not receive pay. 
 
 What are the general duties of clerk ? 
 
 He shall have the custody of records, books, 
 and papers of such village, attend all meet- 
 ings of the trustees, and record the proceed- 
 ings, file all papers, record all matters which 
 he shall be required to record, attend all meet- 
 ings of the electors of such village, and keep 
 poll-list, and perform such other duties as shall 
 be lawfully imposed on him by the by-laws. 
 
 How is he paid ? 
 
 His compensation is to be fixed by the 
 by-laws of such village, which shall not ex- 
 ceed the compensation allowed to the town 
 clerk for similar services. 
 
 What are the general duties of assessors ? 
 
 They shall assess all sums of money to be 
 raised by tax in such village, in the same 
 manner, as nearly as practicable, as town 
 
16 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 7 ^ CATECHISM. 
 
 assessors, and they shall deliver the same to 
 the trustees of such village within sixty days 
 after the meeting at which such tax was 
 directed to be raised. 
 
 How are they paid ? 
 
 They shall receive a compensation to be 
 fixed by the by-laws of such village, which 
 shall not exceed the compensation allowed to 
 town assessors for similar services. 
 
 AY hat aiv (lie duties of collector ? 
 
 He shall execute to such village, by its cor- 
 porate name, and deliver to the trustees 
 thereof, a bond, with sureties approved by 
 them, conditioned for the faithful perform- 
 ance of his official duties ; he shall collect all 
 sums of money required of him to collect, 
 and pay over the same to the treasurer of 
 such village, and make a written return of 
 his warrant to the trustees. 
 
 How La lie paid ? 
 
 He shall receive a compensation, to be fixed 
 by the by-laws of such village, which shall 
 not exceed the compensation of the town col- 
 lector for similar services. 
 
VILLAGES AND CITIES. 17 
 
 "What are the general duties of pound-master ? 
 
 To restrain all animals which he shall find 
 going at large in such village, in violation of 
 the by-laws thereof, and keep them in his 
 custody until they shall be disposed of accord- 
 ing to law. 
 
 How is he paid ? 
 
 He is paid by fees, and also receives a 
 reasonable compensation for feedmg such 
 animals. 
 
 What are the general duties of treasurer ? 
 
 To execute a bond to such village by its 
 corporate name, with sureties to be approved 
 by the board of trustees, conditioned for the 
 faithful performance of his official duties. He 
 shall receive, and safely keep and pay out, all 
 moneys belonging to such village, and keep 
 account of the same, and preserve all vouchers 
 filed in his office, and exhibit the same with 
 his book of accounts at every annual meeting 
 of the electors of such village, and at every 
 special meeting when required to do so by 
 any trustee. 
 
 How is he paid ? 
 
 He shall receive such compensation as is 
 
18 THE YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM. 
 
 fixed by the by-laws of tlie village, which 
 compensation shall not exceed the compensa- 
 tion of the county treasurer for similar ser- 
 vices. 
 
 What are the general duties of fire wardens? 
 
 From time to time to examine the appara- 
 tus for extinguishing fires in such village, and 
 report their condition to the trustees; attend 
 fires, and give directions in respect to the 
 manner of extinguishing the same ; and they 
 may, in the day-time, enter any building in 
 which there shall be a fire-place, stove, or 
 stove-pipe, for the purpose of examining the 
 same, or upon any premises where ashes are 
 kept ; and if they shall find any fire-place, 
 stove, stove-pipe, or place for keeping ashes, 
 unsafe, they shall report the same to the trus- 
 tees. 
 
 Are they entitled to any compensation ? 
 They are not. 
 
 What are the general duties of street commission- 
 era ? m 
 
 They shall, under the direction of the trus- 
 tees, superintend the making and repairing 
 of side-walks, the expenditure upon the streets 
 
VILLAGES AND CITIES. 19 
 
 of such village of the money raised for that 
 purpose, and they shall perform the duties of 
 the overseers of highways in such village. 
 
 How are they paid ? 
 
 They shall receive such compensation as 
 shall be fixed by the by-laws of such village, 
 not exceeding the compensation allowed to 
 overseers of highways. 
 
 Are there any other officers belonging to a village ? 
 
 The foregoing are those provided by stat- 
 ute, but others may be elected if any char- 
 ter shall provide for their election. 
 
 How are cities formed ? 
 
 They are erected from villages by an act 
 of the legislature. 
 
 How are cities divided ? 
 Into wards. 
 
 Do cities elect to the same offices ? 
 They do not. 
 
 What officers do all cities elect ? 
 
 A mayor and board of aldermen. 
 
 For how long a term are mayors elected ? 
 
 One year; except in New York and Al- 
 
20 TIIE YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM. 
 
 bany counties, where they are elected for a 
 term of two years. 
 
 Are the duties of mayor and other officers the same 
 in all cities ? 
 
 They are not, but are governed by their 
 several charters. 
 
 What general duties devolve upon mayors of all 
 cities ? 
 
 He is the executive officer of the city, pre- 
 sides at the meeting of the common council, 
 may perform marriage ceremony, cause to be 
 kept all laws made for the preservation of the 
 peace, issue process for the apprehension of 
 persons charged with any offence, and exam- 
 ine vagrants brought before him. 
 
 What are the duties of policemen ? 
 
 To arrest persons upon a process and bring 
 them before police justice, take charge of 
 prisoners, take them to the county jail, and 
 such other duties as may devolve upon them 
 from the laws of the city. 
 
 . What other officers are elected in some cities? 
 A clerk, recorder, and marshal. 
 
 What are their general duties ? 
 
VILLAGES AND CITIES. 21 
 
 Their duties are peculiar to the charter and 
 by-laws which create them. 
 
 By whom are commissioners of deeds appointed ? 
 The common council. 
 
 What are their general duties'? 
 
 To take the proof and acknowledgment of 
 conveyances of real estate, and the discharge 
 of mortgages, to take the acknowledgment 
 of bail in any action in the supreme court, or 
 of satisfaction of judgments in the court of 
 common pleas, in their own county, and per- 
 form such duties as the law of the city en- 
 joins. 
 
 What is the compensation of city officers ? 
 It is such as their ordinances shall deter- 
 mine. 
 
 What are the duties of aldermen ? 
 
 They shall examine beggars and vagrants 
 brought before them, and cause to be kept 
 all laws for the preservation of the peace; 
 they have power and they issue process for 
 the apprehension of persons charged with 
 crime. 
 
 What body do the mayor and aldermen form ? 
 
22 THE YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM. 
 
 The common council. 
 
 What are the duties of the common council? 
 
 They form the legislative body for the 
 enactment of city laws, appoint and regulate 
 the police, and such other duties as may de- 
 volve upon them by virtue of their charter. 
 
 Of what does the police consist ? 
 
 A police justice, the chief of police, and 
 policemen. 
 
 What arc the duties of police justice? 
 
 To try persons brought before him charged 
 with crime, and render a decision according 
 to the evidence given. 
 
 What are the duties of the chief of police? 
 
 He is, under the mayor, chief executive of 
 the police department; he should see that 
 the ordinances of the common council are 
 obeyed, and have general direction of the 
 police. 
 
 Are any other officers elected in cities ? 
 
 A supervisor is elected from each ward; 
 and such others as may be required by each 
 charter. 
 
TOWNS. 23 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 TOWNS. 
 
 How are towns erected ? 
 
 By the legislature, until 1849, when power 
 was given to the several boards of super- 
 visors, except in New York county, by a 
 vote of all the members elected, to divide or 
 alter the bounds of any town, or erect new 
 ones when such division does not place parts 
 of the same town in more than one assembly 
 district. 
 
 Where are the survey and map of alteration or erec- 
 tion filed ? - 
 
 In the office of the secretary of state. 
 
 What officers are elected in each town not excepted 
 by statute ? 
 
 A supervisor, town clerk, three assessors, a 
 collector, one (or three*) commissioner of 
 highways, four justices of the peace, con- 
 stables not exceeding five, one (or two*) 
 overseer of the poor, a sealer of weights and 
 measures, two inspectors of election, one over- 
 seer of highways in each road district, and as 
 many pound-masters as the electors shall de- 
 termine. 
 
 * As the electors may determine. 
 
24 THE YOUNG CITIZENS CATECHISM. 
 
 How are town officers elected ? 
 
 The supervisor, town clerk, assessors, col- 
 lector, overseers of the poor, commissioners of 
 highways, and constables shall be elected by 
 ballot. 
 
 How shall the remainder he chosen ? 
 Either by ballot, by ayes and noes, or by 
 the rising or the dividing of the electors. 
 
 For how long a term are town officers elected ? 
 
 The assessors and highway commissioners''" 
 are elected for three years, the justices of the 
 peace for four years, and all others for one year. 
 
 How are town officers paid ? 
 By fees, or a per diem allowance for the 
 time employed. 
 
 What are some of the general duties of supervisors ? 
 
 To receive and disburse the school and 
 certain town moneys ; to sue for certain pen- 
 alties given to his town; to keep account 
 of moneys received and disbursed by him ; 
 to account annually to justices and town 
 clerk ; to attend meetings of the board of 
 
 ° Where there is but one highway commissioner, he is elected 
 for one year. 
 
TOWNS. 25 
 
 supervisors of his county ; to receive acts to 
 be laid before the board ; to lay before the 
 board of supervisors copies of entries re- 
 ceived from the town clerk ; to cause survey 
 and map of his town to be made, when re- 
 quired by the state engineer and surveyor, 
 under a forfeiture of fifty dollars ; they also 
 form the board of county canvassers. 
 
 What are some of the general duties of town clerk ? 
 
 To keep records, books, and papers of the 
 town, and to file papers ; to record minutes 
 of the proceedings of town meetings ; to de- 
 liver certified copies of certain entries to the 
 supervisor ; to return to county clerk names 
 of the constables elected in his town, under 
 a fine of ten dollars ; to certify to copies of 
 papers and transcripts. 
 
 Who administers the oath of office to a justice of 
 the peace ? 
 
 The county clerk. 
 
 When does his term commence ? 
 Upon the first day of January ; unless he 
 is elected to fill a vacancy. 
 
 What are some of his powers and duties ? 
 
 2 
 
26 THE YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM. 
 
 He may take acknowledgment of convey- 
 ances, administer oaths, issue a process against 
 others, hold courts ; lie must meet with the 
 town board to audit town accounts, and at- 
 tend town meeting; and one of their number 
 must preside and keep order. 
 
 What officers compose the town board ? 
 The supervisor, town clerk, and justices of 
 the peace. 
 
 How is the justice paid ? 
 By fees. 
 
 "What is his jurisdiction ? 
 
 His territorial jurisdiction extends through- 
 out the county for which he is elected, but 
 he must reside in the town for which he is 
 chosen ; and some of the parties, when resi- 
 dents of the county, must reside in the same 
 or adjoining town with the justice, and must 
 not be related within the ninth degree of 
 consanguinity or affinity ; and the recovery 
 must not exceed one hundred dollars. 
 
 What are the general duties of assessor? 
 
 They may divide the town into convenient 
 assessment districts; and between the first 
 
TOWNS. 27 
 
 days of May and July in each year shall, by 
 inquiry, ascertain the names of all the taxa- 
 ble inhabitants in the town, and the taxable 
 property, real or personal, within the same. 
 
 They shall prepare an assessment roll, in 
 which they shall set down in four separate 
 columns, as follows : 
 
 In the first column, the names of all the 
 taxable inhabitants in the town. 
 
 In the second, the quantity of land to be 
 taxed to each person. 
 
 In the third, the full value of such land. 
 
 In the fourth, the full value of all the tax- 
 able personal property owned by such per- 
 sons, after deducting the just debts owing to 
 them. 
 
 They may, if they deem it necessary, direct 
 a survey of non-resident lands. 
 
 They shall complete their roll on or before 
 the first day of August in each year ; and, upon 
 its completion, they shall post notices in three 
 or more public places, stating that they have 
 completed their assessment, and that a copy 
 of it is in possession of one of the assessors, 
 where it can be examined until the third 
 Tuesday of August. 
 
28 THE YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM. 
 
 * 
 What may a person do if lie considers the assess- 
 ment of his property larger than its real value ? 
 
 He can appear before the assessors upon 
 the third Tuesday of August, and be heard 
 by them, showing cause why he should not 
 be thus assessed. 
 
 What are some of the duties of the commissioners 
 of highways ? 
 
 They have the care of highways and bridges, 
 direct repairs, regulate roads laid out and 
 lay out new ones, alter them, direct roads 
 used twenty years without record to be re- 
 corded, keep bridges iu repair, divide towns 
 into road districts, assign inhabitants to each 
 district, require overseers to warn when they 
 think proper, account to the town board, de- 
 liver a statement of necessaiy improvements, 
 cause mile-stones to be erected, cause guide- 
 posts to be erected on post roads, and shall 
 forfeit ten dollars for refusing to prosecute 
 overseers. 
 
 Under whose care are roads and bridges, more im- 
 mediately ? 
 
 An overseer of highways. 
 What are his general duties ? 
 
TOWNS. 29 
 
 To notify persons, liable to appear upon 
 the road, to work their tax, to see that the 
 taxes are faithfully worked, to keep roads in 
 good condition, to report to one of the com- 
 missioners just previous to town meeting a 
 faithful account of the work performed in his 
 district. 
 
 How many road districts may there be in a town ? 
 
 As many as the commissioners of highways 
 determine. 
 
 From whom do the overseers receive tax lists ? 
 The commissioners of highways. 
 
 Do they receive pay ? 
 They do not. 
 
 What are the duties of overseer of the poor ? 
 To provide for the support of indigent per- 
 sons. 
 
 How many constables may any town elect ? 
 Any number not exceeding five. 
 
 What are their powers and duties ? 
 
 To serve process, to make arrests, to take 
 charge of criminals and bring them to court, 
 to attend higher courts upon the order of the 
 
30 THE YOUNG CITIZEN *S CATECHISM. 
 
 sheriff, and to lodge persons in jail when 
 sentence shall have been passed. 
 
 What is necessary before the collector can enter 
 upon the execution of his duties ? 
 
 He must execute a bond. 
 What are its conditions ? 
 
 It must be to the supervisor of the town, 
 with one or more sureties approved of by the 
 supervisor, in double the amount to be col- 
 lected, and for the faithful execution of his 
 duties. 
 
 Suppose he fail to execute a bond within the proper 
 time ? 
 
 The office shall be deemed vacant. 
 
 How may the vacancy be filled ? 
 The supervisor and any two justices may 
 appoint. 
 
 What are some of his duties ? 
 
 To obey the directions contained in his 
 warrant, and immediately on the receipt of 
 the warrant, to post notices in five public 
 places where he will receive taxes. 
 
 How is he paid ? 
 
TOWNS. ol 
 
 He has one per cent, on all moneys that are 
 paid in to him for the first thirty days after 
 receiving his warrant, and five per cent, on all 
 that are paid thereafter. 
 
 How many inspectors of election does each town 
 and ward elect ? 
 
 Three. 
 
 In what manner are they elected ? 
 
 Each party places in nomination two candi- 
 dates, and the two receiving the greatest 
 number of votes are elected, and the one 
 who received the greatest number of votes of 
 another party is appointed. 
 
 What are some of their duties ? 
 
 They are to assemble and organize them- 
 selves into a board by electing one of their 
 number chairman, administering to each 
 other the oath, duly open the polls and make 
 proclamation of the same, appoint two clerks, 
 administer to them the oath, receive the votes 
 of the electors and deposit them in the boxes, 
 at sunset to declare the polls closed, and then 
 count the votes which each man has received, 
 and report the result to the board of county 
 canvassers. 
 
32 THE YOUNG CITIZEN^ CATECHISM. 
 
 Suppose a voter is challenged ? 
 
 The inspectors administer the oath, and if 
 he swears that he is a voter he may deposit 
 his vote. 
 
 What officers constitute the board to receive votes 
 at a town meeting ? 
 
 The justices and town clerk. 
 
 Who acts as clerk ? 
 The town clerk. 
 
 What are the duties of the town sealer. 
 
 To see that the standards of weights and 
 measures are safely kept, and to see that all 
 measures brought to him agree with his 
 standards. 
 
 Where does he receive his standards ? 
 From the county sealer. 
 
 What is done in case of a failure to elect any town 
 officers ? 
 
 The justices may appoint any officers ex- 
 cept supervisor, overseer of the poor, over- 
 seer of the highways, and collector. 
 
COUNTIES. 33 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 How are counties erected ? 
 By the legislature. 
 
 What are the names of the county officers ? 
 
 Sheriff, county clerk, county treasurer, dis- 
 trict attorney, superintendent of poor, loan 
 commissioner, county sealer of weights and 
 measures, four coroners, county judge, keeper 
 of penitentiary or jail, at least one school 
 commissioner for each county, and a surro- 
 gate, wherever the population of the county 
 exceeds forty thousand. 
 
 How are they elected ? 
 
 By ballot, at the general annual election, 
 except county sealer of weights and measures, 
 and the keeper of penitentiary or jail, who 
 are appointed by the board of supervisors. 
 
 How long do they hold their offices ? 
 
 The loan commissioners hold their office 
 two years, the judges and surrogate four 
 years, and all others for a term of three years. 
 
34 THE YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM. 
 
 Can a sheriff hold any other office ? . 
 
 He can not, and is ineligible to the office 
 again for three years succeeding his term of 
 service. 
 
 What are the general duties of the sheriff? 
 
 He must file an oath of office in the county 
 clerk's office, and give a bond in the sum of 
 ten thousand dollars;*"" lie shall have custody 
 of the jail of his county ; he may call out 
 militia to aid in serving process ; he must be 
 present in person or by under-sheriff at the 
 drawing of jurors, and must summon the 
 same ; he must execute and return process ; he 
 must send to the secretary of state a report 
 of convicts, <fcc. ; he must keep an office for 
 service of papers. 
 
 Can he act as counsellor ? 
 He can not. 
 
 May he be removed from office ? 
 Yes, on charges. 
 
 By whom ? 
 The governor. 
 
 May he resign ? 
 
 ° In N. T. county it is twenty thousand dollars. 
 
COUNTIES. 35 
 
 He may. 
 
 To whom? 
 
 To the governor. 
 
 How may a vacancy be supplied ? 
 By appointment from the governor until 
 the next general election. 
 
 How is the county clerk elected ? 
 
 By the people, at the general annual elec- 
 tion ; and lie must reside in the county for 
 which he is elected. 
 
 Where must his oath of office be filed ? 
 
 In the office of the clerk of the county for 
 which he is elected, on or before the fifteenth 
 day of January following his election. 
 
 Must he appoint a deputy ? 
 
 Yes. 
 
 For how long a term is he elected ? 
 Three years, 'and shall act until a successor 
 be chosen. 
 
 How is he paid ? 
 By fees. 
 
 What are his general powers and duties? 
 
36 THE YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM. 
 
 He must procure a seal, to be used by him 
 in all cases requiring his official seal ; such 
 seal is to be the seal of the county court, and 
 supreme court, except in New York county ; 
 his office must be kept within one mile of 
 the court-house, and must be kept open every 
 day in the year, except Sundays and the 
 fourth of July, from 9 A. M. till 12 M., and 
 from 2 P. M. till 5 P. M. ; he is to be clerk 
 of supreme court, court of oyer and terminer, 
 and circuit courts, county courts, and courts 
 of sessions, except in New York; he must 
 attend the drawing of jurors, and make re- 
 turn of jurors; lie may take affidavits; he 
 most record conveyances and mortgages, and 
 keep indexes to books on record, <kc. 
 
 May the governor remove the clerk from office? 
 
 Yes, on a sufficient charge. 
 
 How may a vacancy be supplied ? 
 
 By appointment from the governor; but 
 the consent of the senate is necessary, if in 
 session. 
 
 How is the county treasurer elected? 
 
COUNTIES. 37 
 
 By the people, at the general annual elec- 
 tion. 
 
 For how long a term is he elected ? 
 Three years, the term to commence the 
 first Tuesday in August. 
 
 Must he take an oath of office, and give a bond the 
 amount to be fixed by the board of supervisors ? 
 
 Yes, and file the same in the county clerk's 
 office, the bond to be filed by the fifteenth 
 of December. 
 
 What are his general duties? 
 
 To receive and pay out moneys of the 
 county, keep an account of receipts and ex- 
 penditures, transmit annually to the comp- 
 troller an account of moneys belonging to the 
 state, and to exhibit his books and accounts 
 to the supervisors. 
 
 How is he paid? 
 
 He is to receive one half of one per cent, on 
 money he receives, and one half of one per 
 cent, on money he disburses, but his commis- 
 sion is not to exceed five hundred dollars in 
 one year. 
 
 How may a vacancy in office be supplied ? 
 
38 THE YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM. 
 
 By appointment from the board of super- 
 visors till the next general election. 
 
 How is the district attorney to be elected? 
 By the people at the general election. 
 
 For how long a term is he elected ? 
 Three years. 
 
 Must he reside in the county in which he is elect- 
 ed ? 
 
 He must. 
 
 May he resign ? 
 He may. 
 
 To whom ? 
 
 To the governor. 
 
 May another be appointed at his non-appearance at 
 the proper time? 
 
 There may. 
 
 By whom? 
 The court. 
 
 What are the general duties of the district attorney ? 
 
 To conduct prosecutions in oyer and ter- 
 miner, and sessions ; to prosecute for penalties 
 and forfeitures that exceed fifty dollars ; to 
 
COUNTIES. 39 
 
 give receipts for moneys received for fines ; to 
 file an account annually, and pay over moneys 
 received by him to the county treasurer. 
 
 May the partner of the district attorney act for 
 defendant in any proceeding prosecuted by the dis- 
 trict attorney ? 
 
 He may not. 
 
 May any person who has acted as public prosecutor 
 defend any proceeding in which he shall have acted 
 for the people ? 
 
 He may not. 
 
 When is a county entitled to a surrogate ? 
 
 When it has a population of forty thou- 
 sand. 
 
 Who performs his duties in other cases? 
 The county judge. 
 
 How is he elected ? 
 By the people. 
 
 Is it necessary that the surrogate execute a bond ? 
 
 It is. 
 
 _ With how many sureties ? 
 Two. 
 
40 THE YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM. 
 
 In what sum ? 
 
 Ten thousand dollars in the county of New 
 York, and five thousand in all other coun- 
 ties. 
 
 Who judges of the sufficiency of the sureties ? 
 The county clerk. 
 
 Where are his oath of office and bond to be re- 
 corded ? 
 
 In the office of the county clerk. 
 
 What are some of the duties of the surrogate ? 
 
 To give bonds, receive and pay over fees, 
 take proof of wills, of real and personal 
 property, to grant letters testamentary and 
 of administration, compel return of inventory, 
 revoke letters, direct payment of legacies, 
 compel settlement of accounts by executors, 
 administrators, and guardians, direct distri- 
 bution, appoint guardians for minors, record 
 wills, <fcc. 
 
 By whom were loan commissioners formerly ap- 
 pointed ? 
 
 By the governor, with the consent of the 
 senate. 
 
 How do they receive their office now ? 
 
COUNTIES. 41 
 
 They are elected by the people. 
 
 How long do they serve ? 
 For a term of two years. 
 
 Where is their oath of office filed ? 
 In the office of the comptroller. 
 
 What are the general duties of loan commissioner? 
 
 To receive and loan money belonging to the 
 United States deposit fund, and on all money 
 loaned he shall receive seven per cent, for the 
 state. 
 
 How is he paid ? 
 By fees. 
 
 At what rate? 
 
 Upon any sum not exceeding twenty-five 
 thousand dollars, they may retain three- 
 fourths of one per cent., and upon the fur- 
 ther sum they may receive one-half of one 
 per cent., unless it exceed fifty thousand dol- 
 lars, and in the city of New York, in which 
 case they shall receive but one-fourth of one 
 per cent. 
 
 How many coroners are there in each county ? 
 Four. 
 
42 THE YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM. 
 
 How long do they hold their office? 
 Three years. 
 
 What are the general duties of coroners ? 
 
 They shall inquire into all cases where per- 
 sons have been slain, or mysteriously died, 
 where investigation is deemed necessary; 
 shall have power to call a jury, before whom 
 the investigation shall be held ; may issue 
 subpoenas for witnesses ; and, in case the jury 
 find that a murder has been committed, he 
 may bind over the witnesses to appear at the 
 next criminal court; deliver to the county 
 treasurer all property found upon the body 
 of any deceased person upon which he shall 
 have held an inquest. 
 
 How are coroners paid ? 
 
 By fees, except for their services in holding 
 an inquest, which shall be audited by the 
 board of supervisors. 
 
 How are school commissioners chosen? 
 
 By the people, at the general election. 
 
 For how long a term ? 
 Three years. 
 
COUNTIES. 43 
 
 What are his general duties? 
 
 To visit all the schools under his care as often 
 as practicable ; to inform himself upon all mat- 
 ters as to their management and condition ; 
 to advise and counsel district school officers ; 
 to alter the bounds of a district ; to examine 
 persons presenting themselves as candidates 
 to teach ; to grant and annul licenses to teach ; 
 to organize and conduct a teachers' institute 
 as often as once in each year ; and to report 
 to the superintendent of public instruction 
 the condition of the schools under his care, 
 and such other matter as the superintendent 
 may require. 
 
 May any commissioner act as agent for any author, 
 publisher, or bookseller, during hio term of office ? 
 
 He may not; and acting in that capacity 
 shall be considered a violation of his official 
 oath. 
 
 May he resign ? 
 He may. 
 
 To whom? 
 
 The clerk of the county. 
 
 Who appoint the board of commissioners of ex- 
 cise ? 
 
44 THE YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM. 
 
 In the county of N. Y. the chief justice of 
 the superior court, the presiding judge of the 
 court of common pleas, and the recorder of 
 the city ; in all other counties, the county 
 judge and justices of the sessions, or a ma- 
 jority of them. 
 
 Of what must this board consist ? 
 Three reputable freeholders, who must be 
 residents of the county. 
 
 For how long a term are they appointed ? 
 Six years. 
 
 What are their general powers and duties ? 
 
 They shall meet, at the place where the 
 county courts are required to be held, on the 
 third Tuesday of May in each year, and such 
 other days as a majority of the board shall 
 appoint ; in the city of N. Y. they may hold 
 a session of fifty days — in all other counties, 
 not longer than ten days — for the purpose of 
 granting licenses to persons to sell spirituous 
 liquors ; they may license keepers of inns, 
 taverns, or hotels, to sell liquors to drink 
 upon their premises respectively ; they may 
 license storekeepers to sell liquors in quanti- 
 ties less than five gallons, not to be drank on 
 
COUNTIES. 45 
 
 their premises. In towns and incorporated 
 villages tliey shall not receive less than 
 thirty nor more than one hundred dollars, 
 and in cities not less than thirty nor more 
 than two hundred and fifty dollars ; the 
 whole sums to be paid over to the county 
 treasurer. They may appoint a clerk for the 
 time thay are in session, who, with each 
 member of the board, shall receive three 
 dollars per day. 
 
 How do county sealers receive their office ? 
 They are appointed by the board of super- 
 visors. 
 
 How long do they hold their office ? 
 During the pleasure of the board. 
 
 How are they paid ? 
 By fees. 
 
 How is the county judge elected ? 
 
 By the people. 
 
 For how long a term ? 
 Four years- 
 How is he paid ? 
 By a salary fixed by the board of super- 
 
46 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 7 S COMPANION. 
 
 visors, which shall not be increased or dimin- 
 ished during his term of office. 
 
 What are his general duties ? 
 To hold courts of sessions, and to hear 
 appeals from justice courts. 
 
SECTION V. 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 STATES. 
 
 How are states erected ? 
 
 From territories, by act of congress. 
 
 What are the requisites for the formation of new 
 states ? 
 
 It is discretionary with congress ; but this 
 body must conform to sees. 3 and 4 of art. iv. 
 of the constitution. 
 
 Into what classes are the officers of the states di- 
 vided ? 
 
 Three ; representative, judicial, and execu- 
 tive. 
 
 "Who are the representative officers ? 
 The senators, members of assembly, and 
 their appointees. 
 
 Who are the judicial officers ? 
 The officers of all courts. 
 
 (4T) 
 
48 THE young citizen's catechism. 
 
 Who are the executive officers ? 
 
 The governor, lieutenant-governor, secre- 
 tary of state, comptroller, treasurer, attorney- 
 general, state engineer and surveyor, three 
 hank commissioners, three canal commission- 
 ers, three state-prison inspectors, and three 
 assessors. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 EEPKKSENTATIVE OFFICERS. 
 
 By whom are the members of assembly chosen ? 
 The people. 
 
 How many are chosen in the state ? 
 One hundred and twenty -eight. 
 
 For how long a time can they draw pay ? 
 Only one hundred days ; unless an extra 
 session is called. 
 
 What are their general powers and duties ? 
 
 They may make their own rules, may judge 
 of the qualifications of its members, have 
 power to impeach any civil officer, have 
 power to punish or expel its members. They 
 
REPRESENTATIVE OFFICERS. 49 
 
 sliall assemble on the first Tuesday in Jan- 
 nary, and, in connection with the senate, shall 
 pass such laws as they may wish. They shall 
 be ' privileged from arrest on civil process 
 during the session, and for fourteen days pre- 
 vious to the opening of the session, and they 
 shall assist in the election of United States 
 senators. 
 
 What is their compensation ? 
 
 Three dollars per day, and mileage of one 
 dollar for every ten miles of travel to and 
 from the capitol once. 
 
 For how long are senators chosen ? 
 For a term of two years. 
 
 How many are there in this state ? 
 Thirty-two. 
 
 What are their general powers and duties ? 
 They have the same as the members of as- 
 sembly. 
 
 What other duties do they perform ? 
 
 They are members of the court for the 
 trial of impeachments, with the governor ; 
 they have power to appoint all officers whose 
 appointment is not otherwise provided for. 
 3 
 
50 THE YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM. 
 
 May the senators or members of assembly receive 
 the appointment of any civil office during their term 
 of office ? 
 
 Tliey may not. 
 
 May they be elected to a seat in the United States 
 senate ? 
 
 Not during their term of office. 
 
 What is the law respecting the time at which the 
 legislature shall assemble ? 
 
 The legislature shall assemble at the capi- 
 tal, in the city of Albany, on the first Tues- 
 day of January of every year. [R S. 5th 
 eel., sec. 1, title 2d, chapter 7, part 1.] 
 
 Who calls the assembly to order ? 
 The clerk of the previous session, who acts 
 as presiding officer until a speaker is chosen. 
 
 What are the general duties of the speaker ? 
 
 In addition to the duties settled upon by 
 parliamentary practice, it is his duty to cer- 
 tify to all bills passed by the house, and the 
 pay bills of the members and officers, and to 
 see that the other officers of the house prompt- 
 ly (litharge their duty. 
 
 By whom are the other officers sworn ? 
 
REPRESENTATIVE OFFICERS. 51 
 
 The speaker. 
 
 What is the compensation of the speaker ? 
 Four dollars per day, and mileage as other 
 members. 
 
 What are the general duties of the clerk ? 
 
 He takes the minutes, has the care of the 
 records and papers, and is the disbursing offi- 
 cer of the house, under the control of the 
 comptroller. 
 
 What compensation does he receive ? 
 
 A salary of twelve hundred dollars a year. 
 
 How many deputies' may he appoint ? 
 
 Five ; an assistant, a journal clerk, an en- 
 grossing clerk, and two others 'who perform 
 miscellaneous duties. 
 
 What are the duties of the assistant clerk ? 
 
 To perform such duties as the clerk may 
 desire, and in his absence to perform his du- 
 ties. 
 
 What are the duties of the journal clerk ? 
 
 To keep a record of each day's proceedings 
 and read the proof of them while printing, 
 to make copies of the resolutions offered in 
 
52 THE YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM. 
 
 the assembly, to keep the registers of bills 
 and the book of general orders, and to prop- 
 erly label all papers presented. 
 
 What is the duty of the engrossing clerk ? 
 
 To engross all bills and resolutions ordered 
 to a third reading, and see that they are 
 signed by the speaker after their passage ; to 
 deliver them to the clerk of the other house, 
 or to the governor, and make an entry of such 
 delivery. 
 
 What are the duties of the senior deputy ? 
 
 To keep the pay accounts of members and 
 officers, and make out certificates for per diem 
 mileage, and stationery. 
 
 What is the duty of the junior deputy ? 
 
 To have charge of all papers on file, and 
 keep them conveniently arranged, and de- 
 liver them to the officers or to committees. 
 
 Under whoso directions are the deputy clerks? 
 The clerk's, who may modify or interchange 
 their duties at his pleasure. 
 
 "What is the compensation of the deputy clerks ? 
 Six hundred dollars a year each. 
 
REPRESENTATIVE OFFICERS. 53 
 
 What other officers are employed ? 
 
 A librarian, sergeant-at-arms, postmaster, 
 and each an assistant, a janitor, keeper of the 
 assembly chamber, a door-keeper, and as 
 many assistants as the house or speaker shall 
 deem necessary, and ten messengers author- 
 ized by statute, and fifteen additional ones. 
 
 At whose hands do the officers receive their appoint- 
 ment ? 
 
 The clerk, sergeant-at-arms, door-keeper, and 
 his first and second assistants, are elected by 
 the house ; the speaker appoints the rest. 
 
 What are the general duties of the librarian ? 
 
 He is to have charge of the assembly li- 
 brary ; allow no book to be taken from it ex- 
 cept by a member, officer, or reporter of the 
 legislature; he is personally responsible for 
 all books, and must see that all are returned 
 before the final adjournment, and must keep 
 the rooms open from eight o'clock A. M. till 
 nine o'clock P. M., or till the house adjourns. 
 
 What are the duties of the sergeant-at-arms? 
 
 He is police officer of the house, assists in 
 enforcing order, and sees that the door-keepers 
 perform, their duties. He has the care of the 
 
54 THE YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM. 
 
 printed documents of the house, distributes 
 the same to members, aud directs the messen- 
 gers in their duties. 
 
 What is the business of the door-keeper? 
 
 . To guard the main entrance, admit mem- 
 bers, and such others as arc entitled to a seat 
 by the rules of tli e house. He should seat spec- 
 tators in a proper place, and should be in at- 
 tendance on the house at least an hour before 
 the commencement of each meeting. 
 
 What are the duties of the postmaster ? 
 
 He transfers from, the post-office of the 
 house to the city post-office the mail matter 
 of the members, having first placed his official 
 seal upon it, and also brings to the post-office 
 of the house the mail matter of members. 
 
 "What is the duty of the assistants, in the several 
 departments ? 
 
 To perform whatever may be required ot 
 them by their principals. 
 
 What is the duty of the janitor? 
 
 To light the house when necessary, to pro- 
 vide water for drinking and washing purposes, 
 
REPRESENTATIVE OFFICERS. 55 . 
 
 to wait upon committees, and to carry books 
 and stationery to and from the house. 
 
 What are the duties of the keeper of the assembly 
 chamber ? 
 
 He is to see that the property of the house 
 and of members is not disturbed ; to take all 
 property left in the house into his charge ; to 
 lock the desks of members in case they fail 
 to do so, and return the keys to the occu- 
 pants. 
 
 What are the duties of the messengers ? 
 
 They wait upon members in various ways, 
 and obey the directions of the sergeant-at- 
 arnis. 
 
 ' What officers does the senate appoint ? 
 
 The same as the assembly, the lieutenant- 
 governor acting as speaker of the senate. 
 
 What officers do the senate and assembly jointly 
 elect ? 
 
 Two United States senators, and a superin- 
 tendent of public instruction. 
 
 What are the general duties of the superintendent, 
 of public instruction ? 
 
 To visit as often as practicable as many of the 
 
50 THE YOUNG OITIZENS CATECHISM. 
 
 common schools, academies, and other literary 
 institutions of the state as he may deem ex- 
 pedient; to inquire into their management 
 and course of instruction, and report annual- 
 ly to the legislature, with such suggestions as 
 may be thought Lest. 
 
 What position does lie hold by virtue of his offico ? 
 
 He is regent of the university. 
 
 How long is his term of office ? 
 
 Three years. 
 
 What is his salary ? 
 
 Two thousand five hundred dollars per 
 year. 
 
 Is he allowed any assistance ? 
 
 A deputy and not more than three clerks,' 
 whose aggregate salary shall not exceed three 
 thousand dollars. 
 
 When is there an enumeration of the inhabitants of 
 the state taken ? 
 
 As provided in sec. iv. of art. iii. of the 
 constitution. 
 
 Who constitute the board of equalization 1 
 The commissioners of the land office and 
 three state assessors. 
 
REPRESENTATIVE OFFICERS 57 
 
 What arc their general duties? 
 
 They shall equalize the state tax among 
 the counties ; fix the amount of real and per- 
 sonal property on which the state tax shall 
 be levied, and they shall visit officially every 
 county of the state once in two years for this 
 purpose. 
 
 How are the state assessors chosen ? 
 By the governor, with the consent of the 
 senate. 
 
 How long do they serve ? 
 For three years. 
 
 What is their compensation ? 
 
 They shall each receive five dollars per day 
 necessarily spent in the discharge of official 
 duties and travelling expenses, board excepted, 
 not exceeding three hundred dollars, the bill 
 of such expenses to be rendered to the comp- 
 troller in items with the affidavit of the as- 
 sessor. 
 
58 THE YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 JUDICIARY. 
 
 What are the members of the several courts of the 
 state of New York ? 
 
 They are the court for the trial of impeach- 
 ments, court of appeals, supreme court, cir- 
 cuit courts, court of oyer and terminer, county 
 courts, court of sessions, courts of special 
 sessions, surrogate courts, courts of justices 
 of the peace, police courts, mayors' courts of 
 cities, recorders' courts of cities, superior 
 court of the city of New York, court of com- 
 mon pleas for the city and county of New 
 York, marine court of the city of New York, 
 justices' courts in the city of New York, and 
 the justices' courts of cities. 
 
 What is the jurisdiction of the 'courts ? 
 
 The court for the trial of impeachments, 
 court of appeals, supreme court, circuit court, 
 and oyer and terminer, have a general juris- 
 diction throughout the state; the jurisdiction 
 of the other courts is merely local. 
 
JUDICIARY. 59 
 
 Of what is the court for the trial of impeachments 
 composed ? 
 
 Of the judges of the court of appeals, presi- 
 dent of the senate, and senators. 
 
 « 
 
 Of what is the court of appeals composed ? 
 
 Of eight judges : four elected by the people 
 for the term of eight years, at a salary of 
 three thousand five hundred dollars; the 
 other four are taken from the judges of the su- 
 preme court having the shortest time to serve. 
 
 What power has this court ? 
 
 It has power to reverse, modify, or affirm, 
 in whole or in part, the judgment or order 
 apjDealed from. 
 
 How many terms of this court are held, and where ? 
 
 There shall be four terms of this court held 
 in each year at the capitol in the city of 
 Albany. . 
 
 How may judgment be rendered ? 
 A concurrence of Hve of the judges is neces- 
 sary to pronounce judgment. 
 
 How if five do not concur ? 
 The case must be reheard, but no more 
 than two rehearings shall be had, and then, 
 
60 THE YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM. 
 
 if five of the judges do not concur, the case 
 shall be affirmed. 
 
 Into how many districts is the state divided for 
 supreme court purposes ? 
 
 Eight. 
 
 How are the supreme court judges elected, and for 
 how long ? 
 
 By the people, and for eight years. 
 
 What is their salary ? 
 
 Three thousand five hundred dollars. 
 
 Which is tbe presiding judge, and what is the man- 
 ner of doing business ? 
 
 The judge in each district, not in the court 
 of appeals, and having the shortest time to 
 serve. This court holds general terms, special 
 terms, and circuit ; also court of oyer and 
 terminer, which is held at the same time 
 with circuit. In counties where the popu- 
 lation exceeds forty thousand, there is a 
 general term held as often as once in each 
 year ; in other counties, as often as once in two 
 years : there are at least two special terms 
 in each county in every year, and two circuit 
 courts. On the second day of January of 
 
EXECUTIVE. 61 
 
 every second year there is a general term 
 held at the capitol, for the purpose of ap- 
 pointing general and special terms of *all 
 circuit courts and courts of oyer and terminer, 
 of assigning business of justices, and revising 
 the rules of practice. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 EXECUTIVE. 
 
 How often are the governor, lieutenant-governor, 
 secretary of state, comptroller, treasurer, attorney, 
 general, state engineer, and surveyor chosen ? 
 
 Once in two years. 
 
 By whom ? 
 
 The people. 
 
 What are the general duties of the governor ? 
 
 He communicates to the legislature the 
 financial condition of the state; he recom- 
 mends such measures as he may deem ex- 
 pedient; he has charge of the general ex- 
 ecution of the laws; he may convene the 
 legislature, or the senate only ; he has power 
 to grant pardon for all offences except trea- 
 
62 THE YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM. 
 
 son ; he has custody of the great and privy 
 seals of the state, and has command of the 
 military and naval force of the state. 
 
 What is his salary ? 
 
 Four thousand dollars per annum. 
 
 What officers does he appoint with the consent of 
 the senate ? 
 
 The regents of the university, and public 
 notaries. 
 
 What are the general duties of the regents ? 
 
 They have the care of all the incorporated 
 academies, seminaries, and colleges, regulate 
 the government of them, and report their 
 condition annually to the legislature. 
 
 What compensation have they ? 
 None, except the secretary, who receives 
 two thousand dollars per annum. 
 
 What are the general duties of a notary public ? 
 
 He demands acceptance and payment of 
 foreign bills of exchange, of inland bills, and 
 promissory notes, and protests the same for 
 non-acceptance and non-payment. 
 
 What are the general duties of the lieutenant- 
 governor ? 
 
EXECUTIVE. 63 
 
 He presides over the senate, is commissioner 
 of the canal fund and land office, member. of 
 the canal board, trustee of the idiot asylum, 
 regent of the university, trustee of the capitol 
 and new state hall, and acts as governor in 
 case of a vacancy occurring in that office. 
 
 What is his compensation ? 
 Six dollars per day. 
 
 What are the general duties of the secretary of 
 state •? 
 
 He shall have custody of all books, deeds, 
 records, and papers that belong to his office ; 
 provide books for recording, and record in 
 them all matters belongdn^ to the functions 
 of his office ; attend legislature for the pur- 
 pose of receiving bills that become laws; 
 transmit to various officers copies of the 
 session laws; cause the session laws to be 
 bound ; and administer the constitutional oath 
 to the members of assembly. 
 
 What other positions does he hold by virtue of his 
 
 office ? 
 
 He is regent of i he university, commissioner 
 of the land office and canal fund, member of 
 the canal board and board of state canvass- 
 
64 THE YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM. 
 
 ers, trustee of the capitol, new state hall, 
 and of the idiot asylum. 
 
 What is his salary ? 
 
 Two thousand five hundred dollars per 
 year. 
 
 May he employ clerks ? 
 He may. 
 
 By whom are they pai<l ? 
 
 By the state, to the amount of four thou- 
 sand two hundred dollars per year. 
 
 What are the general duties of the comptroller? 
 
 To require persons receiving public money 
 to account to him, give directions concerning 
 the transmission to him of public money, pay 
 the expense of such transmission, cause per- 
 sons presenting accounts to make oath to 
 them, keep an account between the state and 
 treasurer; he is auditor of public accounts, 
 except those payable from the canal and 
 bank funds. 
 
 What other positions does he hold by virtue of his 
 office? 
 
 Commissioner of the land office and canal 
 funds, member of the canal board, trustee of 
 
EXECUTIVE. 65 
 
 the capitol, idiot asylum, and the new state 
 hall. 
 
 What is his salary ? 
 
 Two thousand five hundred dollars per 
 
 year. 
 
 What assistance is he allowed ? 
 
 A deputy, an accountant, and eleven clerks. 
 
 What are the general duties of the state treasurer ? 
 
 He receives the state moneys, pays drafts 
 on the warrants of the comptroller; he is 
 auditor of the canal department, superintend- 
 ent of the bank department, and the super- 
 intendent of public instruction. 
 
 What positions does he hold by virtue of his office? 
 
 Commissioner of the land office and canal 
 fund, member of the canal board, and board 
 of state canvassers. 
 
 What is his salary ? 
 
 One thousand five hundred dollars per year. 
 
 What assistance is he allowed ? 
 
 A deputy, book-keeper, and clerk. 
 
 To what amount must he execute a bond ? 
 
66 THE YOUNG CITIZEN^ CATECHISM. 
 
 In the sum of fifty thousand dollars. 
 
 How often, and to whom must he report ? 
 Annually, to the legislature. 
 
 What are the general duties of the attorney-gen- 
 eral? 
 
 To defend and prosecute all suits in which 
 the state is interested ; receive all costs in 
 any actions which shall have been adjudged 
 to the state ; prepare drafts for the comptrol- 
 ler and surveyor-general ; attend the sessions 
 of the legislature ; attend courts of oyer and 
 terminer, when directed to by the governor, 
 or judge of the supreme court ; keep a regis- 
 ter of suits ; and he may employ additional 
 counsel if necessary. 
 
 What positions does he occupy by virtue of his 
 office? 
 
 Commissioner of the land office and canal 
 fund, member of the canal board and of the 
 state canvassers, and trustee of the capitol 
 and new state hall. 
 
 What is his salary ? 
 
 Two thousand dollars per year. 
 
EXECUTIVE. 67 
 
 What are the general duties of the state engineer 
 and surveyor ? 
 
 To superintend surveys and sales of state 
 lands ; keep in his office a map of the state ; 
 order a resurvey of town lines where they 
 are lost ; resurvey where there is a dispute, 
 and settle the dispute ; see that the determi- 
 nation be filed in the office of the secretary 
 of state ; and account to the comptroller for 
 all moneys received by him. 
 
 What position does he hold by virtue of his office? 
 
 Trustee of state hall, commissioner of the 
 land office, member of the canal board, and 
 board of state canvassers. 
 
 What is his salary ? 
 
 Two thousand five hundred dollars. 
 
 Must he be a practical engineer ? 
 He must. 
 
 How much is he allowed for clerk hire ? 
 Any sum not exceeding fifteen hundred 
 dollars. 
 
 How many canal commissioners in the state ? 
 Three. 
 
68 THE YOUNG CITIZEN^ CATECHISM. 
 
 By whom arc they elected, and for how long a 
 term? 
 
 By the people, and for three years, being 
 so arranged that one is elected each year. 
 
 What are their general powers and duties ? 
 
 To make regulations determining the size 
 and structure of "boats and all rafts on the 
 waters of the canal ; to mate suitable pro- 
 vision for the weighing and inspecting of 
 
 boats; keep in repair the whole line of 
 the canals, including their locking, all toll- 
 houses, wei ^liing-scales, and all offices used 
 by the canals; inquire into .the conduct of 
 all the subordinate officers on the canals; 
 have the general care and. superintendence of 
 all canals in the state, and report the same 
 to the legislature within twenty days of the 
 commencement of its annual session. 
 
 Must each commissioner execute a bond ? 
 
 He must. 
 
 In what sum ? 
 
 Twenty thousand dollars. 
 
 What is the salary of each ? 
 
 Seventeen hundred dollars per year. 
 
EXECUTIVE. 69 
 
 What officers constitute the commissioners of the 
 canal fund ? 
 
 The lieutenant-governor, secretary of state, 
 comptroller, treasurer, and attorney-general. 
 
 What officers constitute the canal board ? 
 
 The commissioners of the canal fund, the 
 state engineer and surveyor, and the canal 
 commissioners. 
 
 What are the general duties of the canal auditor ? 
 
 He issues warrants for payments out of the 
 canal fund ; he submits annually to its com- 
 missioners a statement of the receipts and 
 payments; he instructs disbursing and col- 
 lecting agents ; and has the direction of the 
 financial department of the canal. 
 
 How does he receive his office? ^ 
 
 By appointment. 
 
 For how long a term ? 
 Two years. 
 
 What is his salary ? 
 
 Two thousand live hundred dollars per 
 year. 
 
 What are the general powers and duties of state- 
 prison inspectors ? 
 
70 THE YOUNG CITIZEN ? S CATECHISM. 
 
 They have the superintendence of all prisons 
 of the state ; they appoint all officers therein; 
 visit jointly as often as once in each year each 
 state-prison ; inquire into the government of 
 each, and make such provision for its future 
 as they may think best ; investigate cases of 
 improper conduct, and cause all minor officers 
 to report any matter to them respecting the 
 state-prison ; to visit and inspect separately 
 or collectively, as often as once in each year, 
 each county prison in the state, and report 
 the whole of their proceedings to the legis- 
 lature annually. 
 
 How long do they serve ? 
 Three years. 
 
 When and by whom are they elected ? 
 At the general election, and by the people, 
 in such a manner that one is elected each year. 
 
 What is their salary ? 
 
 Sixteen hundred dollars per annum. 
 
 May an inspector be an agent or contractor in any 
 prison ? 
 He must not. 
 
 Who may remove an inspector for misconduct ? 
 The governor. 
 
SECTION VI 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 Into what departments of government are the United 
 States divided ? 
 
 Three ; legislative, judicial, and executive. 
 
 Where is the legislative power vested ? 
 
 In the senate and house of representatives. 
 
 How long do the senators hold their office ? 
 For a term of six years. 
 
 By whom are they elected ? 
 
 The legislatures of the several states. 
 
 How long do the representatives hold their office ? 
 For a term of two years. 
 
 By whom are they elected ? 
 
 (ID 
 
72 THE YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM. 
 
 By the people ; except in South Carolina, 
 where they are elected by the legislature. 
 
 How many people does one member represent ? 
 At present a fraction over 93,000. 
 
 How is the number of representatives in any slave 
 
 state ascertains! ? 
 
 By adding to the white population three- 
 fifths of the number of the slaves in the state, 
 and dividing that sum by the number that 
 one man represents. 
 
 What must be the qualifications of members of the 
 house of representatives ? 
 
 They must be twenty-five years of age ; 
 they must have been citizens of the United 
 States for seven years ; they must, when 
 elected, be inhabitants of the state for which 
 they are chosen. 
 
 How many senators is each state entitled to ? 
 Two. 
 
 How are they classed ? 
 
 So that one-third shall go out of office 
 every two years, and others be elected to fill 
 their places. 
 
UNITED STATES. 73 
 
 What are the qualifications for senator ? 
 
 He must be thirty years of age; lie must 
 have been a citizen of the United States for 
 nine years ; and must be an inhabitant of 
 the state from which he is chosen. 
 
 What are the general powers and duties of con- 
 gress ? 
 
 To pass laws for the regulation of the gen- 
 eral government, to impose duties, to collect 
 taxes, to provide for the common defence and 
 general welfare of the United States, to bor- 
 row money on the credit of the United States, 
 and such other duties as are specified in the 
 constitution. 
 
 What is the compensation of the members of each 
 house ? 
 
 Three thousand dollars per year each. 
 
 Are they entitled to any further compensation ? 
 
 Yes ; a mileage fee of eight dollars for 
 every twenty miles of direct mail route from 
 their residence to Washington. 
 
 Who are the judges of the election of members? 
 Each house for its own members. 
 
 Who elect a president in case the people fail to do so? 
 
 4 
 
74 THE YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM. 
 
 The house of representatives. 
 
 In what way is a president thus chosen ? 
 
 The delegation from each state has one 
 vote, and they are to vote for those five who 
 have the greatest number of electoral votes. 
 
 How is the vice-president thus chosen ? 
 
 The one is vice-president who has the great- 
 est number of electoral votes. 
 
 "What is done in case of a tie? 
 The senate choose one of the number upon 
 which there is a tie. 
 
 Who is president of the senate ? 
 The vice-president. 
 
 Who is president of the house of representatives ? 
 They elect one of their number as speaker. 
 
 What compensation is he entitled to ? 
 Double that of the other members. 
 
 What other officers is each house entitled to ? 
 Speaker, clerk, sergeant-at-arms, door-keep- 
 er, postmaster, and public printer. 
 
 Who is speaker in the senate % 
 The vice-president. 
 
UNITED STATES. 75 
 
 What are the general duties of speaker 1 
 In addition to the customary duties devolv- 
 ing upon presidents of deliberative bodies, he 
 shall examine the journal, have direction of 
 the hall, admit reporters; shall sign acts, 
 writs, etc., and checks ; shall certify to com- 
 pensation of members ; shall fix the amount 
 and approve the surety of sergeant- at-arms' 
 bond ; and shall have disposal of the rooms 
 of the capitol. 
 
 What are the general duties of clerk 1 * 
 In addition to the duties devolving upon 
 secretaries of deliberative bodies, he shall 
 execute a bond, with one or more sureties to 
 be approved by the comptroller of the treas- 
 ury, in the sum of twenty thousand dollars, 
 for the faithful discharge of his duties ; shall 
 certify to bills which pass; shall sign all 
 house bills which pass ; puts questions before 
 the election of speaker ; and continues in of- 
 fice till a successor is elected. 
 
 What are the general duties of the sergeant-at-arms? 
 
 He shall keep the account of the pay and 
 mileage of members ; prepare checks, and 
 draw the money on them if it is desired ; shall 
 
76 THE YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM. 
 
 give a bond of from five to ten thousand dol- 
 lars ; is sworn to keep the secrets of the 
 house ; and to assist the speaker in preserv- 
 ing order. 
 
 How is he paid 1 
 By fees. 
 
 How many printers are there elected % 
 One for each house. 
 
 How long a time are they allowed in the perform- 
 ance of any job ? 
 
 Thirty days. 
 
 What are their general duties ? 
 
 To print such matter as may be required of 
 them to print by the house of which they are 
 printer, and to be under its direction. 
 
 What are the general duties of door-keeper 1 
 He announces at the door of the house all 
 messages from the president and other house, 
 keeps the door of the house, folds and dis- 
 tributes extra documents, furnishes members 
 with extra documents, conveys messages from 
 members, and keeps the hall in order. 
 
 What are the general duties of the assistants in 
 
UNITED STATES. 77 
 
 clerks', sergeant-at-arms', door-keepers', etc., depart- 
 ments ? 
 
 They are tlie same as those devolving upon 
 similar officers in the New York legislature. 
 
 What are the general duties of the postmaster in 
 congress ? 
 
 To superintend the post-office kept for the 
 accommodation of its members ; furnish sta- 
 tionery to members and committees ; deliver, 
 upon the arrival of the mails, all mail matter 
 received for members ; deliver at the city 
 post-office mail matter deposited in his office 
 by members. 
 
 Where may be found the duties 01 the remainder 
 of the officers of either house 1 
 
 Among the appointed officers in the New 
 
 York legislature. 
 
 Have the house and senate the same number of ap- 
 pointed officers ? 
 
 They have the same, except that the house 
 has more assistants in the several depart- 
 ments. 
 
 What is a committee of the whole 1 
 It i 
 house. 
 
 It is a committee embracing the entire 
 
78 THE YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM. 
 
 How is it appointed ? 
 
 On motion of some member, who moves 
 that the house go into a committee of the 
 whole. 
 
 On the carriage of this motion, what is the next 
 duty of the president % 
 
 To appoint some one as chairman of the 
 committee, while he takes a seat with the 
 memlxTs. 
 
 How does the house come in possession of the re- 
 port ? 
 
 The chairman of the committee vacates the 
 chair, the president resumes it, and the chair- 
 man reports the matter to the house. 
 
 What is the form of proceeding when returning 
 from a committee of the whole to the house 1 
 
 Some one moves that the committee do now 
 rise and report. This being carried, the 
 chairman vacates the chair, which is immedi- 
 ately resumed by the president. The chair- 
 man then rises and says : 
 
 Mr. President. 
 
 The president responds : 
 
 Mr. Chairman. 
 
 The chairman proceeds : 
 
UNITED STATES. 79 
 
 " The committee of the whole have had 
 under consideration the [here name the sub- 
 ject], have made some progress therein, and 
 have directed their chairman to report the 
 fact to the house, and ask leave to sit again ;" 
 or, if they have concluded their business, he 
 reports the fact, and asks the concurrence of 
 the house therein. 
 
 When is a motion to adjourn in order % 
 Always ; except when a person is speaking, 
 
 when a vote is being taken, or when a motion 
 
 to adjourn has just been taken. 
 
 Can a motion to adjourn be amended ? 
 It can be, if no other business is before the 
 house. 
 
 Is a motion to adjourn debatable ? 
 It is not. 
 
 What is the meaning of a motion to lay a subject 
 on the table ? 
 
 It signifies that the subject is to be laid 
 aside until it is the pleasure of the house to 
 consider it. 
 
 Can a motion to lie on the table be amended or de- 
 bated % 
 
80 THE YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM. * 
 
 It can not. 
 
 What is a motion to amend ? 
 It is a motion to change, in some of its 
 bearings, a former motion. 
 
 What is the signification of a motion to commit 1 ? 
 
 It proposes to leave certain matters which 
 have taken the attention of the house, and 
 leave them with a committee. 
 
 What is meant by dividing the question ? 
 
 When a motion embraces several distinct 
 parts, it is sometimes moved to try the sense 
 of the house upon the parts separately : this 
 is called dividing the question. 
 
 When a motion is moved, seconded, and stated by 
 the president, can it be withdrawn by the mover 1 
 
 It can not ; but must, if set aside, be done 
 
 by motion. 
 
 What is a motion to reconsider 1 
 
 It sometimes happens that a motion passes 
 the house rather prematurely, in which case 
 some one may move that we again consider 
 the subject. 
 
 Who may move the reconsideration of a question ? 
 
UNITED STATES. 81 
 
 Properly no one except a person who voted 
 with the majority. 
 
 When is a person in possession of the floor 1 
 
 After he has risen in accordance with the 
 usages of the assembly and respectfully ad- 
 dressed himself to the presiding officer, and 
 the presiding officer has recognized him by 
 calling his name. 
 
 Can a person be refused a hearing when once fairly 
 in possession of the floor 1 
 
 He can not, as long as he observes the rules 
 of order and the decencies of debate, unless, 
 by special rule, he has occupied his time. 
 
 Is it ever in order to interrupt a member when 
 speaking upon a subject before the house % 
 
 He may be interrupted by a call to order. 
 
 What is the form usually employed for a call to or- 
 der 1 
 
 A member rises and says, " Mr. President, 
 I call the member to order." The member 
 who has been speaking should stop and sit 
 while the president should say, u Will the 
 member state his point of order?" The 
 member then states his point of order. The 
 4* 
 
82 THE YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM. 
 
 president then states that " the point was im- 
 material, and the member may proceed," un- 
 less an appeal is taken, or the president says 
 u the point was well taken, and the member 
 will be in order." 
 
 What may a person called to order do ? 
 He may appeal from the decision of the 
 president to the house. 
 
 What form is employed 1 
 
 " Mr. President, I most respectfully appeal 
 from your decision." 
 
 What is next is order? 
 
 The president states that " the decision of 
 the chair has been appealed from." He may 
 or may not invite discussion, but the next 
 question is stated by the president as follows : 
 11 Shall the decision of the chair be sustained?" 
 If the chair is sustained, the member should 
 take his seat ; if not, he may proceed. 
 
 In a permanently organized meeting, what is the 
 first thing to be done after a call to order ? 
 
 The secretary should read the minutes of 
 the last meeting. 
 
 Is a vote of the house necessary to their approval ? 
 
JUDICIARY. 83 
 
 It is not j the president may say, ' ' if there 
 are no objections to the minutes, they will 
 stand approved." 
 
 Suppose an error is detected ? 
 
 A motion to correct [stating the error and 
 the correction]. It being made, the presi- 
 dent says, " Shall the minutes, as corrected, 
 be approved V 1 If decided affirmatively, the 
 minutes stand as corrected. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 JUDICIARY. 
 
 By the constitution how is the judicial power of 
 the United States vested ? 
 
 In one supreme court, and in such inferior 
 courts as the congress from time to time 
 establishes. 
 
 Of what does the supreme court at present consist ? 
 Of one chief justice and eight associate 
 justices. 
 
 How and where is the supreme court held ? 
 Annually, in the city of Washington. 
 
84 THE YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM. 
 
 Are the supreme court judges appointed, or elected % 
 Appointed. 
 
 How ? 
 
 By the president, with the consent of the 
 senate. 
 
 For how long a term are they appointed ? 
 
 During good behavior ; that is, they can not 
 be removed so long as they capably and 
 faithfully discharge their duties, during 
 which time neither the president nor con- 
 gress has any authority over them. 
 
 In what cases has this court jurisdiction? 
 
 Of all cases in which the United States 
 shall be a party ; of controversies between 
 citizens of different states, and between citi- 
 zens of the same states claiming lands under 
 grants from different states, and between 
 the citizens of one state and foreign states. 
 
 What is the second court in importance established 
 by congress ? 
 
 The circuit court of the United States. 
 
 Into how many circuits are the United States 
 divided ? 
 
JUDICIARY. 85 
 
 Nine, in each of which a circuit court is 
 held twice every year. 
 
 By whom are the circuit courts held ? 
 
 By one of the United States supreme court 
 judges, assisted by the judge of the district 
 court of the United States where the court 
 sits. 
 
 What are the names of the circuits ? 
 
 1. Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, 
 and Rhode Island. 
 
 2. Vermont, Connecticut, and New York. 
 
 3. New Jersey and Pennsylvania. 
 
 4. Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia. 
 
 5. Alabama and Louisiana. 
 
 6. North Carolina, South Carolina, and 
 Georgia. 
 
 7. Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan. 
 
 8. Kentucky, Tennessee, and Missouri. 
 
 9. Mississippi and Arkansas. 
 
 What is the jurisdiction of the circuit court ? 
 
 Each circuit court has jurisdiction of all 
 crimes committed in the district asrainst the 
 laws of the United States ; appeals may be 
 brought from the district to the circuit, and 
 
86 THE YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM. 
 
 in civil matters the sum in controversy must 
 not exceed five hundred dollars. 
 
 What is the next class of inferior courts of the 
 United States ? 
 
 The district courts. 
 
 Into how many districts are the United States 
 divided ? 
 
 Into thirty-seven districts, to each of which 
 there is a district court and a district judge, 
 an attorney and marshal, who reside in the 
 district for which they are appointed. 
 
 Of what have these district courts jurisdiction ? 
 
 Of cases for penalties and forfeitures under 
 the laws of the United States, for seizure on 
 the water within three miles of the shore, 
 where the United States are plaintiffs, where 
 consuls and vice-consuls are defendants, for 
 repeal of letters patent for inventions, etc. 
 
 What officers in each of the district courts of the 
 United States ? 
 
 A judge, an attorney, and marshal. 
 What is their compensation ? 
 
 The judge has a salary of two thousand dol- 
 
EXECUTIVE. 87 
 
 lars per year ; the others have two hundred 
 dollars and fees. 
 
 By whom is the census of the United States taken ? 
 By persons appointed by the marshal or 
 his deputies. 
 
 Plow often ? 
 
 Once in ten years. 
 
 How are these persons paid ? 
 By fees. 
 
 Is there still another inferior court established by 
 congress ? 
 
 There are the territorial courts — that is, 
 the courts held in the territories of the 
 United States. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 EXECUTIVE. 
 
 Who is the chief of the executive department ? 
 The president. 
 
 How are the president and vice-president chosen ? 
 By electors. 
 
88 THE YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM. 
 
 How are the electors chosen P 
 
 They are chosen by the people in all the 
 states except in South Carolina, where they 
 are chosen by the legislature. 
 
 To how many doctors is each state entitled? 
 As many as it has representatives and 
 senators in congress. 
 
 What is the manner of their election ? 
 
 Each party in the several states nominates 
 a person for elector in each congressional 
 district, and two others are nominated any- 
 where in the state, called electors at large ; 
 ajid the electors receiving the greatest num- 
 ber of votes are elected. 
 
 In what way do the electors proceed when elected ? 
 
 They meet in their several states on the 
 first Wednesday of December, and vote for 
 president and vice-president ; they make, sign, 
 and seal three certificates of all the votes 
 given by them; two of these copies are scut 
 to the president of the senate ; one by mail, 
 the other by a person whom they appoint; 
 the third is delivered to the United States 
 judge of the district in which the electors 
 are assembled. 
 
EXECUTIVE. 89 
 
 What is next done with the certificates ? 
 
 On the second Wednesday of February, 
 the president of the senate, in presence of all 
 the senators and representatives, opens the 
 certificates from all the states, and the votes 
 are counted. The person having a majority 
 of all the votes cast shall be president. 
 
 Suppose no person has a majority of all the electoral 
 votes ? 
 
 In such a case the house of representatives 
 must choose the president from those can- 
 didates, not exceeding three, who had the 
 highest number of electoral votes; but in 
 so voting, the whole delegation from each 
 state shall have but one vote, that vote in 
 each case to be determined by a majority in 
 each delegation. 
 
 How is the vice-president chosen in the case of a 
 failure to choose by the electors ? 
 
 The senate must choose one of the two 
 who re-ceived the greatest number of votes. 
 
 When is it that the vice-president becomes presi- 
 dent ? " 
 
 In case the house of representatives fail to 
 elect a president, the senate having elected a 
 
90 THE YOUNG CITIZEN^ CATECHISM. 
 
 vice-president, he becomes president on ac- 
 count of a vacancy occurring in that office. 
 
 Where may the qualifications for president be 
 found? 
 
 In sec. 1, art. ii., of the constitution of the 
 United States. 
 
 Where may the general duties of the president be 
 found ? 
 
 In sees. 2 and 3 of art. ii. of the constitu- 
 tion of the United States. 
 
 What is the salary of the president ? 
 Twenty-five thousand dollars per year. 
 
 May he be removed from office ? 
 . He may on conviction of any high crime. 
 
 What are the duties of vice-president ? 
 
 He performs the duties of a presiding 
 officer in the United States senate ; and in 
 case of vacancy in the office of president, he 
 becomes president. 
 
 Who then becomes vice-president ? 
 
 The senate elect one of their number. 
 
 Who acts as president in case of a vacancy occurring 
 in the offices of president and vice-president? 
 
EXECUTIVE. 91 
 
 Congress may determine by law who shall 
 be president. 
 
 What is the salary of the vice-president ? 
 Six thousand dollars per year. 
 
 Who appoints embassadors and all foreign minis- 
 ters ? 
 
 The president, with the consent of the 
 senate. 
 
 What are their general duties ? 
 
 To represent their country in a foreign 
 country, and to attend to the public affairs 
 of their own country. 
 
 What are the cabinet officers ? 
 
 Secretary of state, secretary of treasury, 
 secretary of interior, secretary of navy, secre- 
 tary of war, attorney-general, and postmaster- 
 general. 
 
 By whom are they appointed ? 
 By the president, with the consent of the 
 senate. 
 
 What is the salary of each ? 
 
 Eight thousand dollars per year. 
 
92 THE YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM. 
 
 What are the general duties of the secretary of 
 state ? 
 
 To attend to the domestic and foreign 
 affairs of the country ; to correspond with the 
 ministers to other countries upon questions 
 concerning our national welfare ; and to re- 
 port the condition of affairs to the president 
 once in a year, or as often as the president 
 desires. 
 
 What assistance is he allowed ? 
 
 An assistant and twenty-five clerks. 
 
 What are their salaries ? 
 
 They range from twelve hundred to three 
 thousand dollars per year. 
 
 What other officers under the department of state ? 
 
 There is a minister to each foreign country, 
 and from one to eight consuls to each 
 -country. 
 
 What are the duties of foreign ministers ? 
 
 To represent the government in another 
 country, and act as its agent in international 
 affairs. 
 
 Into what classes are they divided 1 
 Embassadors or ministers plenipotentiary 
 
EXECUTIVE. 93 
 
 are the first class, envoys or resident ministers 
 the second, and charge d'affaires are the third 
 in importance. 
 
 What several duties attach themselves to the three 
 classes. 
 
 The first class are clothed with full power 
 to perform such business as concluding peace 
 or making treaties, and are sent only upon 
 extra occasions, and return immediately upon 
 the transaction of their business ; the second 
 class have more limited powers, and reside 
 in the country to which they are ministers ; 
 the third class are ministers to some inferior 
 court, or are left in charge during the absence 
 of one of the other classes of ministers, and 
 have moderate powers. 
 
 What are the duties of foreign ministers 1 
 
 They represent a government, and act as 
 its asrent in international affairs. 
 
 o 
 
 What are their salaries? 
 
 They vary from seven thousand five hun- 
 dred, to seventeen thousand five hundred 
 dollars per year. 
 
 Have they any assistance 1 
 
94 THE YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM. 
 
 They have each one or two assistants called 
 " secretary of legation." 
 
 What are their salaries 'I 
 
 From fifteen hundred to two thousand six 
 hundred dollars per year. 
 
 What is a consul ? 
 
 He is a person commissioned to reside in a 
 foreign country, to look after the interests, 
 commerce, and shipping of persons in the 
 country he represents. 
 
 What are their salaries ? 
 
 A few are paid by fees, the others have 
 salaries from one thousand to six thousand 
 dollars per year. 
 
 What are the general duties of the secretary of 
 treasury ? 
 
 To keep an accurate account of all moneys 
 of the U. S. and report the condition of the 
 treasury to congress once in a year, and to 
 pay out money upon the warrant of the chief 
 officers in the several departments. 
 
 What assistance is he allowed ? 
 
 He has four hundred clerks, who have sala- 
 
EXECUTIVE. 95 
 
 ries varying from twelve hundred to three 
 thousand five hundred dollars per year. 
 
 What are the duties of the secretary of the interior? 
 
 He has care of the general land office, and 
 directs surveys ; he has direction of affairs in 
 the patent office ; he oversees the affairs in 
 the Indian office, and pension office ; has care 
 of the public buildings ; directs labor to be 
 laid out on the public grounds, and has care 
 of the hospital for the insane. 
 
 What assistance is he allowed 1 
 
 He has from fifty to two hundred clerks in 
 each of the five-mentioned departments, with 
 salaries varying from six hundred to three 
 thousand dollars per year. 
 
 What are the duties of the secretary of war] 
 
 To keep an account of the proceedings and 
 expenses, and to direct in the various divisions 
 of the war department. 
 
 From whom does he derive his information in re- 
 gard to expenses incurred ? 
 
 The officers of the army, keepers of armories, 
 and the necessary clerks. 
 
 What pay do the clerks draw \ 
 
96 THE YOUNG CITIZEN^ CATECHISM. 
 
 From eight hundred to two thousand two 
 hundred dollars per year. 
 
 What are the duties of the secretary of navy ? 
 
 To keep an account of the changes made 
 in the divisions of the navy department ; to 
 direct repairs ; direct in the U. S. coast sur- 
 vey, in the national observatory, in the nauti- 
 cal almanac office, and in the naval academy, 
 and report the entire condition of the navy 
 when required. 
 
 What is the duty of the attorney-general ? 
 To act as the prosecuting officer of govern- 
 ment, as an attorney does for his employer. 
 
 What assistance is he allowed ? 
 
 One assistant, three clerks, and a messenger. 
 
 What is their compensation ? 
 From nine hundred to three thousand dol- 
 lars. 
 
 What are the duties of the postmaster-general? 
 
 He has the management of the post-office 
 department, and appoints postmasters where 
 the salary does not exceed two thousand dol- 
 lars per year. For convenience- he has first, 
 second, and third assistants, and a chief clerk. 
 
EXECUTIVE. 97* 
 
 How is the business of the department divided be- 
 tween the assistants ? 
 
 The first assistant has nineteen clerks, and 
 he establishes or discontinues post-offices 
 and postmasters ; gives instruction to post- 
 masters ; has direction of the international 
 postal arrangements, and in general of the 
 appointing power. The second assistant has 
 twenty-six clerks ; he arranges the mail ser- 
 vice, and places the same under contract ; 
 directs frequency of trips, and mode of con- 
 veyance, course of routes, points of distribu- 
 tion ; advertises for mail proposals ; receives 
 bids, and makes the contracts. The third 
 assistant has twenty-eight clerks ; has charge 
 of the finances ; examines the quarterly re- 
 turns of postmasters ; issues stamps ; and has 
 the care of the dead letter office. The chief 
 clerk has nineteen clerks ; he notes the failure 
 of mail contractors, and prepares cases for the 
 action of the postmaster-general; provides 
 mail bags, docks, keys, &c. 
 
 Who appoints postmasters where the salary exceeds 
 two thousand dollars per year ? 
 
 The president, by the consent of the senate. 
 5 
 
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 When, in the course of human events, it 
 becomes necessary for one people to dissolve 
 the political bands which have connected 
 them with another, and to assume amon^ the 
 powers of the earth the separate and equal 
 station to which the laws of nature and of 
 nature's God entitled them, a decent respect 
 to the opinions of mankind requires that 
 they should declare the causes which impel 
 them to the separation : 
 
 We hold these truths to be self-evident : 
 that all men are created equal ; that they are 
 endowed by their Creator with certain un- 
 alienable rights ; that among these are life, 
 liberty, and the pursuit of happiness ; that to 
 secure these rights, governments are insti- 
 tuted among men, deriving their just powers 
 from the consent of the governed ; that when- 
 ever any form of government becomes de- 
 structive to these ends, it is the right of the 
 people to alter or to abolish it, and to insti- 
 
 (98) 
 
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 99 
 
 tute new government, laying its foundation on 
 such principles, and organizing its power in 
 such form, as to them shall seem most likely 
 to effect their safety and happiness. Pru- 
 dence, indeed, will dictate that governments 
 long established should not be changed for 
 light and transient causes ; and accordingly 
 all experience hath shown, that mankind are 
 more disposed to suffer while evils are suf- 
 ferable, than to right themselves by abolish- 
 ing the forms to which they are accustomed. 
 But when a long train of abuses and usurpa- 
 tions, pursuing invariably the same object, 
 evinces a design to reduce them under abso- 
 lute despotism, it is their right, it is their 
 duty, to throw off such government, and to 
 provide new guards for their future security. 
 Such has been the patient sufferance of these 
 colonies, and such is now the necessity which 
 constrains them to alter their former systems 
 of government. The history of the present 
 king of Great Britain is a history of repeated 
 injuries and usurpations : all having in direct 
 object the establishment of an absolute tyr- 
 anny over these states. To prove this, let 
 facts be submitted to a candid world 
 
100 THE YOUNG CITIZEN 7 S CATECHISM. 
 
 He .has refused his assent to laws, the most 
 wholesome and necessary for the public good. 
 
 He has forbidden his governors to pass 
 laws of immediate and pressing importance, 
 unless suspended in their operation till his 
 assent should be obtained ; and when so sus- 
 pended, he has utterly neglected to attend to 
 them. 
 
 He has refused to pass other laws for the 
 accommodation of large districts of people, un- 
 less those people would relinquish the right 
 of representation in the Legislature, a right 
 inestimable to them, and formidable to ty- 
 rants only. 
 
 He has called together legislative bodies 
 at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant 
 from the depository of their public records, 
 for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into 
 compliance with his measures. 
 
 He has dissolved representative houses 
 repeatedly, for opposing, with manly firm- 
 ness, his invasions on the rights of the people. 
 
 He has refused, for a long time after such 
 dissolutions, to cause others to be elected : 
 whereby the legislative powers, incapable of 
 annihilation, have returned to the people at 
 
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 101 
 
 large for their exercise ; the state remaining 
 in the meantime exposed to all the danger of 
 invasion from without, and convulsions within. 
 
 He has endeavored to prevent the popu- 
 lation of these states ; for that purpose ob- 
 structing the laws of naturalization of for- 
 eigners ; refusing to pass others to encourage 
 their migration hither ; and raising the con- 
 ditions of new appropriations of lands. 
 
 He has obstructed the administration of 
 justice, by refusing his assent to laws for 
 establishing judiciary powers. 
 
 He has made judges dependent on his 
 will alone for the tenure of their offices, and 
 the amount and payment of their salaries. 
 
 He has erected a multitude of new offices, 
 and sent hither swarms of officers to harass 
 our people, and eat out their substance. 
 
 He has kept among us, in times of peace, 
 standing armies without the consent of our 
 Legislatures. 
 
 He has affected to render the military inde- 
 pendent of, and superior to, the civil power. 
 
 He has combined with others to subject 
 us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitu- 
 tion, and unacknowledged by our laws ; giv- 
 
102 THE YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM. 
 
 ing his assent to their acts of pretended leg- 
 islation : 
 
 For quartering large bodies of armed 
 troops among us : 
 
 For protecting them, by a mock trial, 
 from punishment for any murders which they 
 should commit on the inhabitants of these 
 states : 
 
 For cutting off our trade with all parts 
 of the world : 
 
 For imposing taxes on us without our 
 consent : 
 
 For depriving us, in many cases, of the 
 benefits of trial by jury : 
 
 For transporting us beyond seas to be 
 tried for pretended offences : 
 
 For abolishing the free system of English 
 laws in a neighboring province, establishing 
 therein an arbitrary government, and enlarg- 
 ing its boundaries, so as to render it at once 
 an example and fit instrument for introducing 
 the same absolute rule into these colonies : 
 
 For taking away our charters, abolishing 
 our most valuable laws, and altering funda- 
 mentally the forms of our governments : 
 
 For suspending our own Legislatures, and 
 
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 103 
 
 declaring themselves invested with power to 
 legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. 
 
 He has abdicated government here, by- 
 declaring us out of his protection, and wag- 
 ing war against us. 
 
 He has plundered our seas, ravaged our 
 coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the 
 lives of our people. 
 
 He is, at this time, transporting large 
 armies of foreign mercenaries, to complete 
 the work of death, desolation, and tyranny, 
 already begun with circumstances of cruelty 
 and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most 
 barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the 
 head of a civilized nation. 
 
 He has constrained our fellow-citizens, 
 taken captive on the high seas, to bear arms 
 against their country ; to become the execu- 
 tioners of their friends and brethren, or to 
 fall themselves by their hands. 
 
 He has excited domestic insurrections 
 amongst us, and has endeavored to bring on 
 the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless 
 Indian savages, whose known rule of war- 
 fare is an undistinguished destruction of all 
 ages, sexes, and conditions. 
 
104 THE YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM. 
 
 In every stage of these oppressions, we 
 have petitioned for redress in the most hum- 
 ble terms :, our repeated petitions have been 
 answered only by repeated injury. A prince, 
 whose character is thus marked by every act 
 which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the 
 ruler of a free people. 
 
 Nor have we been wanting in attention 
 to our British brethren. We have warned 
 them from time to time of attempts made 
 by their Legislature to extend an unwarrant- 
 able jurisdiction over us. We have reminded 
 them of the circumstances of our emigration 
 and settlement here. We have appealed to 
 their native justice and magnanimity ; and 
 we have conjured them, by the ties of our 
 common kindred, to disavow these usurpa- 
 tions, which would inevitably interrupt our 
 connexions and correspondence.' They too 
 have been deaf to the voice of justice and of 
 consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce 
 in the necessity, Avhich denounces our separa- 
 tion, and hold them, as we hold the rest of 
 mankind, enemies in war, in peace, friends. 
 
 We, therefore, the representatives of the 
 United States of America, in general Con- 
 
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 105 
 
 gress assembled, appealing to the Supreme 
 Judge of the world for the rectitude of our 
 intentions, do, in the name and by authority 
 of the good people of these colonies, solemnly 
 publish and declare, that these united colo- 
 nies are, and of right ought to be, FREE 
 and INDEPENDENT STATES : that they 
 are absolved from all allegiance to the Brit- 
 ish crown ; and that all political connexion 
 between them and the state of Great Britain 
 is, and ought to be, totally dissolved ; and 
 that, as free and independent states, they 
 have full power to levy war, conclude peace, 
 contract alliances, establish commerce, and 
 to do all other acts and things which inde- 
 pendent states may of right do. And, for 
 the support of this declaration, with a firm 
 reliance on the protection of Divine Provi- 
 dence, we mutually pledge to each other our 
 lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. 
 
 JOHN HANCOCK, President, 
 New Hampshire, Josiah Bartlett, 
 
 William Whipple, 
 
 Matthew Thornton. 
 Massachusetts Bay, Samuel Adams, 
 
 John Adams. 
 Massachusetts, Robert Treat Paine, 
 
 Elbridge Gerry. 
 
10G THE YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM. 
 
 Rhode Island, &c, 
 Connecticut j 
 
 New York, 
 
 New Jersey, 
 
 Pennsylvania, 
 
 Delaware, 
 
 Maryland, 
 
 Virginia, 
 
 Stephen Hopkins, 
 
 William Ellery. 
 
 Roger Sherman, 
 
 Samuel Huntington, 
 
 William Williams, 
 
 Oliver Wolcott. 
 
 William Floyd, 
 
 Philip Livingston, 
 
 Francis Lewis, 
 
 Lewis Morris. 
 
 Eichard Stockton, 
 
 John Witherspoon, 
 
 Francis Hopkinson, 
 
 John Hart, 
 
 Abraham Clark. 
 
 Robert Morris, 
 
 Benjamin Rush, 
 
 Benjamin' Franklin, 
 
 John Morton, 
 
 George Clymer, 
 
 James Smith, 
 
 George Taylor, 
 
 James Wilson, 
 
 George Ross. 
 
 Cesar Rodney 
 
 Thomas M'Kjean, 
 
 George Read. 
 
 Samuel Chase, 
 
 William Paca, 
 
 Thomas Stone, 
 
 Charles Carroll of Carroll ton. 
 
 George Wythe, 
 
 RicnARD Henry Lee, 
 
 Thomas Jefferson, 
 
 Benjamin Harrison, 
 
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 107 
 
 North Carolina, 
 South Carolina, 
 
 Georgia, 
 
 Thomas Nelson, junr., 
 Francis Lightfoot Lee, 
 Carter Braxton. 
 William Hooper, 
 Joseph Hewes, 
 John Pens'. 
 Edward Rutledge, 
 Thomas Heyward, junr., 
 Thomas Lynch, junr., 
 Arthur Middleton. 
 Button Gwinnett, 
 Lyman Hall, 
 George Walton. 
 
Heke we append, for convenience of ref- 
 erence, and as being what every American 
 should know and understand, a copy of the 
 Constitution of the United States, and the 
 Amendments thereto. 
 
 CONSTITUTION. 
 
 preamble. \\r E) the People of the United States, 
 in order to form a more perfect 
 Union, establish justice, insure do- 
 mestic tranquillity, provide for the 
 common defence, promote the gen- 
 eral welfare, and secure the bless- 
 ings of liberty to ourselves and 
 our posterity, do ordain and es- 
 tablish this Constitution for the 
 United States of America. 
 
 ARTICLE I. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 congress.' All legislative powers herein grant- 
 ed shall be vested in a Congress of 
 the United States, which shall con- 
 
 (108) 
 
chosen. 
 
 CONSTITUTION. 109 
 
 sist of a Senate and House of Repre- 
 sentatives. 
 
 SECTION' II. 
 
 The House of Representatives shall KXT ' 
 be composed of members chosen every 
 second year by the people of the sev- 
 eral States, and the electors in each 
 State shall have the qualifications re- 
 quisite for electors of the most nu- 
 merous branch of the State legisla- 
 ture. 
 
 No person shall be a Representa- Qualification 
 
 -•- A of Represcn- 
 
 tive who shall not have attained the tatives - 
 age of twenty-five years, and have 
 been seven years a citizen of the 
 United States, and who shall not, 
 when elected, be an inhabitant of 
 that State in which he shall be 
 chosen. 
 
 Representatives and direct taxes ^SmeW 
 shall be apportioned among the sev- Eff^SS* . 
 eral States which may be included 
 within this Union, according to their 
 respective numbers, which shall be 
 determined by adding to the whole 
 number of free persons, including 
 
110 THE YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISxM. 
 
 those bound to service for a term 
 of years, and excluding Indians not 
 taxed, three-fifths of all other per- 
 sons. Tlie actual enumeration shall 
 be made within three years after the 
 first meeting of the Congress of the 
 United States, and within every sub- 
 ccnsus every sequent term of ten years, in such 
 
 ten years. -»- •/ 
 
 manner as they shall by law direct. 
 The number of Representatives shall 
 not exceed one for every thirty thou- 
 sand, but each State shall have at 
 least one representative; and until 
 such enumeration shall be made, the 
 State of New Hampshire shall be 
 entitled to choose three, Massachu- 
 setts eight, Rhode Island and Provi- 
 dence Plantations one, Connecticut 
 five, New York six, New Jersey four, 
 Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, 
 Maryland six, Virginia ten, North 
 Carolina five, South Carolina five, 
 and Georgia three. 
 hwEXed' When vacancies happen in the re- 
 presentation from any State, the ex- 
 ecutive authority thereof shall issue 
 
CONSTITUTION. Ill 
 
 writs of election to fill such vacan- 
 cies. 
 
 The House of Representatives shall £5?3E£ 
 choose their Speaker and other offi- bringtaqfth- 
 cers ; and shall have the sole power 
 of impeachment. 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 The Senate of the United States S e ^. how 
 shall be composed of two Senators 
 from each State, chosen by the legis- 
 lature thereof, for six years ; and 
 each Senator shall have one vote. 
 
 Immediately after they shall be s ? nato r 8 
 
 •/ *> classed. 
 
 assembled in consequence of the first 
 election, they shall be divided as 
 equally as may be into three classes. 
 The seats of the Senators of the first 
 class shall be vacated at the expira- 
 tion of the second year ; of the sec- 
 ond class, at the expiration of the 
 fourth year ; and of the third class, 
 at the expiration of the sixth year ; 
 so that one-third may be chosen 
 every second year: and, if vacancies SHuSt 
 happen by resignation or otherwise 
 during the recess of the legislature 
 
112 THE YOUNG CITIZEN^ CATECHISM. 
 
 Qualifications 
 of Senators. 
 
 Vice Presi- 
 dent to pre- 
 side. 
 
 Officers of 
 
 Seuate. 
 
 Trial of im- 
 peachments. 
 
 of any State, the executive thereof 
 may make temporary appointments 
 until the next meeting of the legis- 
 lature, which shall then fill such va- 
 cancies. 
 
 No person shall be a Senator who 
 shall not have attained to the age of 
 thirty years, and "been nine years a 
 citizen of the United States, and who 
 shall not, when elected, be an inhab- 
 itant of that State for which he shall 
 be chosen. 
 
 The Vice President of the United 
 States shall be President of the Sen- 
 ate, but shall have no vote unless 
 they be equally divided. 
 
 The Senate shall choose their oth- 
 er officers, and also a President pro 
 tempore in the absence of the Vice 
 President, or when he shall exercise 
 the office of President of the United 
 States. 
 
 The Senate shall have the sole 
 power to try all impeachments. 
 "When sitting for that purpose, they 
 shall be on oath or affirmation. 
 
CONSTITUTION. 113 
 
 When the President of the United 
 States is tried, the Chief Justice 
 shall preside: and no person si i all 
 be convicted without the concur- 
 rence of two-thirds of the members 
 present. 
 
 Judgment in cases of impeach- £Jg££j!i 
 ment shall not extend further than 
 to removal from office, and disqualifi- 
 cation to hold and enjoy any office 
 of honor, trust, or profit under the 
 United States; but the party eon- 1 *** 
 victed shall nevertheless be liable 
 and subject to indictment, trial, judg- 
 ment, and punishment, according to 
 law. 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 The times, places, and manner of Elections 
 
 7 J- ' when and how 
 
 holding elections for Senators and held * 
 Representatives shall be prescribed 
 in each State by the legislature there- 
 of; but the Congress may at any 
 time, by law, make or alter such 
 regulations, except as to the places 
 of choosing Senators. 
 
 The Congress shall assemble at congress as- 
 
114 THE YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM. 
 
 sombie annu- Jeast once in every year, and such 
 meeting shall be on the first Monday 
 in December, unless they shall by 
 law appoint a different day. 
 
 SECTION Y. 
 
 howScd. Eacn house shall be the judge of 
 the elections, returns, and qualifica- 
 » tions of its own members, and a 
 Quorum. majority of each shall constitute a 
 quorum to do business ; but a small- 
 er number may adjourn from day to 
 day, and may be authorized to corn- 
 er 1 k^" P e l the attendance of absent mem- 
 bers, in such manner, and under such 
 penalties, as each house may provide. 
 Rules. Each house may determine the 
 
 rules of its proceedings, punish its 
 members for disorderly behavior, 
 Expulsion. an d, with the concurrence of two- 
 thirds, expel a member. 
 StTndpub^ Each house shall keep a. journal 
 of its proceedings, and from time to 
 time publish the same, excepting such 
 parts as may in their judgment re* 
 
 Yeas and • -i .i t 
 
 nays. quire secrecy ; and the yeas and nays 
 
CONSTITUTION. 115 
 
 of the members of either house on 
 any question shall, at the desire of 
 one-fifth of those present, be entered 
 on the journal. 
 
 Neither house, during the session Adjourn- 
 
 ° mcnts. 
 
 of Congress, shall, without the con- 
 sent of the other, adjourn for more 
 than three days, nor to any other 
 place than that in which the two 
 houses shall be sitting. 
 
 SECTION VI. 
 
 The Senators and Representatives 
 shall receive a compensation for their compensa- 
 
 *■ tion. 
 
 services, to be ascertained by law, 
 and paid out of the Treasury of the 
 United States. They shall in all 
 cases, except treason, felony, and privilege, 
 breach of the peace, be privileged 
 from arrest during their attendance 
 at the session of their respective 
 houses, and in going to and return- 
 ing from the same ; and for any 
 speech or debate in either house, 
 they shall not be questioned in any 
 other place. 
 
116 THE YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM. 
 
 office. 
 
 SScar No Senator or Representative shall, 
 during the time for which he was 
 elected, be appointed to any civil 
 office under the authority of the 
 United States, which shall have been 
 created, or the .emoluments whereof 
 shall have been increased, during 
 
 Officers of 
 
 KTSabT such time; and no person holding 
 any office under the United States, 
 shall be a member of either house 
 during his continuance in office. 
 
 SECTION VII. 
 
 Revenue bins. All bills for raising revenue shall 
 originate in the House of Represen- 
 tatives ; but the Senate may propose 
 or concur with amendments as on 
 other bills. 
 
 Resented to Every bill which shall have passed 
 fh r e e p e r n es e ide°nt. the Hoage of Representatives an d 
 
 the Senate, shall, before it become a 
 
 law, be presented to the President of 
 
 His powers the United States ; if he approve, he 
 
 over them. ' - 1 -«• 1 . 
 
 shall sign it ; but if not, he shall re- 
 turn it, with his objections, to that 
 house in which it shall have origi- 
 
CONSTITUTION. 117 
 
 nated, who shall enter the objections 
 at large on their journal, and pro- 
 ceed to reconsider it. If after such 
 
 Proceedings 
 
 reconsideration two-thirds of that °» llis v,!to - 
 house shall agree to pass the bill, 
 it shall be sent, together with the 
 objections, to the other house, by 
 which it shall likewise be reconsid- 
 ered ; and if approved by two-thirds 
 of that house, it shall become a law. 
 But in all such cases the votes of 
 both houses shall be determined by 
 yeas and nays, and the names of the 
 persons voting for and against the 
 bill shall be entered on the journal 
 of each house respectively. If any bus to be 
 
 r J J laws if not re- 
 
 bill shall not be returned by the™ dinten 
 
 President within ten days (Sundays 
 
 excepted) after it shall have been 
 
 presented to him, the same shall be 
 
 a law, in like manner as if he had 
 
 signed it, unless the Congress by 
 
 their adjournment prevent its return, 
 
 in which case it shall not be a law. 
 
 Every order, resolution, or vote, to oTresoSns 
 
 which the concurrence of the Sen- o* by the 
 
 President. 
 
118 THE YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM. 
 
 Powers ot 
 Congress to 
 lay taxes — 
 pay debts. 
 
 General wel- 
 fare. 
 
 Duties uni- 
 form. 
 
 Borrow 
 money. 
 
 Commerce. 
 
 ate and House of Representatives 
 may be necessary, (except on a ques- 
 tion of adjournment,) shall be pre- 
 sented to the President of the United 
 States; and before the same shall 
 take effect, shall be approved by 
 him, or, being disapproved by him, 
 shall be repassed by two-thirds of 
 the Senate and House of Represen- 
 tatives, according to the rules and 
 limitations prescribed in the case of 
 a bill. 
 
 SECTION VIII. 
 
 The Congress shall have power to 
 lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, 
 and excises; to pay the debts, and 
 provide for the common defence and 
 general welfare of the United States : 
 but all duties, imposts, and excises, 
 shall be uniform throughout the 
 United States; 
 
 To borrow money on the credit of 
 the United States ; 
 
 To regulate commerce with for- 
 eign nations, and among the several 
 States, and with the Indian tribes ; 
 
Weights and 
 measures. 
 
 CONSTITUTION. 119 
 
 To establish a uniform rule of uat- Sr a,iza " 
 uralization, and uniform laws on the 
 subject of bankruptcies, throughout Bankruptcy. 
 the United States ; 
 
 To coin money, regulate the value ^^ raon °y- 
 thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix 
 the standard of weights and meas- 
 ures ; 
 
 To provide for the punishment of ^ icvMt - 
 counterfeiting: the securities and cur- 
 rent coin of the United States ; 
 
 To establish post-offices and post Post roads - 
 roads ; 
 
 To promote the progress of science £3™£ n £* 
 and useful arts, by securing, for lim- 
 ited times, to authors and inventors 
 the exclusive right to their respective 
 writings and discoveries ; 
 
 To constitute tribunals inferior to inferior 
 
 courts. 
 
 the Supreme Court ; 
 
 To define and punish piracies and Piracies > &c - 
 felonies committed on the high seas, 
 and offences against the law of na- 
 tions ; 
 
 To declare war, grant letters of 22SKS^ 
 marque and reprisal, and make rules tures * 
 
120 THE YOUNG CITIZEN^ CATECHISM. 
 
 concerning captures on land and 
 water ; 
 
 Raise armies. ^ Q ra | ge aR( J SU pp Q1 ^ arm ies '. but 
 
 no appropriation of money to that 
 use shall be for a longer term than 
 two years ; 
 Navy. rp p rov i c ] e anc i maintain a navy ; 
 
 Rules and ar- To make rules for the government 
 and regulation of the land and naval 
 forces ; 
 
 tides of war. 
 
 Call out mili- 
 tia. 
 
 To provide for calling forth the 
 
 militia to execute the laws of the 
 
 Union, suppress insurrections, and 
 
 repel invasions ; 
 
 organize and To provide for organizing, arm- 
 
 govern mili- 
 
 tia. 
 
 ing, and disciplining the militia, and 
 for governing such part of them as 
 may be employed in the service of 
 the United States, reserving to the 
 States, respectively, the appointment 
 miS S0 of the officers, and the authority of 
 training the militia according to the 
 discipline prescribed by Congress ; 
 fSSon To exercise exclusive legislation in 
 govermnelit. all cases whatsoever, over such dis- 
 trict (not exceeding ten miles square) 
 
CONSTITUTION. 121 
 
 as may by cession of particular States, 
 and the acceptance of Congress, be- 
 come the seat of the government of 
 the United States, and to exercise 
 like authority over all places pur- 
 chased by the consent of the legisla- 
 ture of the State in which the same 
 shall be, for the erection of forts, 
 
 , , -, -. -, And over 
 
 magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and forts,arse»ato, 
 
 ° ' \ J 1 docky'ds,&c. 
 
 other needful buildings ; and 
 
 To make all laws which shall be JSnSwS**' 
 necessary and proper for carrying tatoJaSS?" 
 into execution the foregoing powers, 
 and all other powers vested by this 
 Constitution in the Government of 
 the United Spates, or in any depart- 
 ment or officer thereof. 
 
 SECTION rx. 
 
 The migration or importation ofSK^JS 
 such persons as any of the States isos. 1 
 now existing shall think proper to 
 admit, shall not be prohibited by the 
 Congress prior to the year one thou- 
 sand eight hundred and eight; but 
 a tax or duty may be imposed on 
 6 
 
laws 
 
 Direct taxes 
 
 122 THE YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM. 
 
 such importation, not exceeding ten 
 dollars for each person. 
 
 Habeas cor- rpj^ p^gge Q f ^ ^ Q f J^ 
 
 beas corpus shall not be suspended, 
 unless when, in cases of rebellion or 
 invasion, the public safety may re- 
 quire it. 
 
 ex% n s d t C fac a to d ^° ^U °f attainder or ex post facto 
 law shall be passed. 
 
 No capitation or other direct tax 
 shall be laid unless in proportion to 
 the census or enumeration herein be- 
 fore directed to be taken. 
 
 2*385**" ^° tax or ^ ut y sna ^ ^ e '**** on 
 
 articles exported from any State. 
 bcu^eTiThe No preference shall be given by any 
 
 States. *\ » & J J 
 
 regulation of commerce or revenue 
 to the ports of one State over those 
 of another; nor shall vessels bound 
 to or from one State be obliged to 
 enter, clear, or pay duties in another. 
 SntwTfr'om No money shall be drawn from 
 the treasury but in consequence of 
 appropriations made by law ; and a 
 regular statement and account of the 
 receipts and expenditures of all pub- 
 
 the treasury. 
 
CONSTITUTION. 123 
 
 lie money shall be published from^ bopubli * h ' 
 time to time. 
 
 No title of nobility shall be granted *° **wr. 
 by the United States : and no person 
 holding any office of profit or trust 
 under them, shall, without the con- 
 sent of the Congress, accept of anyFom^pres- 
 present, emolument, office, or title, of tle8 ' 
 any kind whatever, from any king, 
 prince, or foreign state. 
 
 SECTION X. 
 
 No State shall enter into any powers dc- 
 
 , * nied to the 
 
 treaty, alliance, or confederation ; states - 
 grant letters of marque and reprisal ; 
 coin money; emit bills of credit; 
 make any thing but gold and silver 
 coin a tender in payment of debts; 
 pass any bill of attainder, ex post 
 facto law, or law impairing the obli- 
 gation of contracts, or grant any title ^V to WCrs 
 of nobility. statc - s - 
 
 No State shall, without the con- 
 sent of the Congress, lay any imposts 
 or duties on imports or exports, ex- 
 cept what may be absolutely neces- 
 
124 THE YOUNG CITIZEN^ CATECHISM. 
 
 saryfor executing its inspection laws; 
 and the net produce of all duties and 
 imposts, laid by any State on imports 
 or exports, shall be for the use of the 
 Treasury of the United States ; and all 
 such laws shall be subject to the re- 
 
 nia r i l oTpowers vision and control of the Congress. 
 
 tost** No State shall, without the con- 
 
 sent of the Congress, lay any duty of 
 tonnage, keep troops or ships of war 
 in time of peace, enter into any agree- 
 ment or compact with another State, 
 or with a foreign power, or engage 
 in war, unless actually invaded, or in 
 such imminent danger as will not 
 admit of delay. 
 
 ARTICLE II. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 SSffid* The Executive power shall be 
 statcs ' vested in a President of the United 
 States of America. He shall hold 
 his office during the term of four 
 years, and, together with the Vice- 
 President, chosen for the same term, 
 be elected as follows : 
 ai e p C oi O n r te'd h0W Each State shall appoint, in such 
 
CONSTITUTION. 125 
 
 manner as the Legislature thereof may 
 direct, a number of electors, equal to 
 the whole number of Senators and 
 Representatives to which the State 
 may be entitled in the Congress; 
 but no Senator or Representative, or 
 person holding an office of trust or 
 profit under the United States, shall 
 be appointed an elector. 
 
 The electors shall meet in their Electors to 
 
 meet and to 
 
 respective States, and vote by ballot SSaVd'vfce. 
 
 n , n l . i j President. 
 
 tor two persons, ot whom one at least 
 shall not be an inhabitant of the same 
 State with themselves. And they 
 shall make a list of all the persons 
 voted for, and of the number of votes 
 for each, which list they shall sign 
 and certify, and transmit sealed to 
 the seat of the government of the 
 United States, directed to the Presi- 
 dent of the Senate. The President 
 of the Senate shall, in the presence ™^ d °-„ s 
 of the Senate and House of Repre-^ 083 ' 11 
 sentatives, open all the certificates, 
 and the votes shall then be counted. 
 The person having the greatest num- 
 
126 THE YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM. 
 
 ber of votes shall be the President, 
 if such number be a majority of the- 
 whole number of electors appointed ; 
 and if there be more than one who 
 have such majority, and have an 
 Represent- equal number of votes, then the 
 
 tives to M. " 
 
 torTfaii. felcc ' House of Representatives shall im- 
 mediately choose, by ballot, one of 
 them for President ; and if no person 
 have a majority, then from the five 
 highest on the list the said House 
 shall in like manner choose the Pres- 
 
 st?tes. by ident. But in choosing the President 
 the votes shall be taken by States, 
 the representation from each State 
 having one vote ; a quorum for this 
 purpose shall consist of a member 
 or members from 'two-thirds of the 
 States, and a majority of all the 
 States shall be necessary to a choice. 
 
 vice-presi- In every case, after the choice of a 
 
 dent. • j ■ 
 
 President, the person having the 
 greatest number of votes of the elec- 
 tors shall be the Vice-President. But 
 if there should remain two or more 
 who have equal votes, the Senate 
 
CONSTITUTION. 127 
 
 shall choose from them by ballot the 
 Vice-President.'"" 
 
 The Congress may determine thcXSStf 1 
 time of choosing the electors, and the 
 day on which they shall give their 
 votes; which day shall be the same 
 throughout the United States. 
 
 No person except a natural-born Qualification 
 
 1 r of President. 
 
 citizen, or a citizen of the United 
 States at the time of the adoption of 
 this Constitution, shall be eligible to 
 the office of President ; neither shall 
 any person be eligible to that office 
 who shall not have attained to the 
 age of thirty-five years, and been 
 fourteen years a resident within the 
 United States. 
 
 In case of the removal of the Pres- Removal, 
 
 death, &c, of 
 
 ident from office, or of his death, President - 
 resignation, or inability to discharge 
 the powers and duties of the said 
 office, the same shall devolve on the 
 Vice-President, and the Congress 
 may by law provide for the case of 
 
 * This clause of the Constitution has been amended. 
 See twelfth article of the amendments, page 143. 
 
128 THE YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM. 
 
 removal, death, resignation, or in- 
 ability, both of the President and 
 Vice-President, declaring what officer 
 shall act as President, and such 
 officer shall act accordingly, until the 
 disability be removed or a President 
 shall be elected, 
 compensation The President shall, at stated times, 
 
 of President. a ' ' 
 
 receive for his services a compensa- 
 tion which shall neither be increased 
 nor diminished during the period for 
 which he shall have been elected, 
 and he shall not receive within that 
 period any other emolument from the 
 United States, or any of them. 
 
 Before he enter on the execution 
 of his office, he shall take the follow- 
 ing oath or affirmation : 
 oafo. " I do solemnly swear (or affirm) 
 
 that I will faithfully execute the 
 office of President of the United 
 States ; and will, to the best of my 
 ability, preserve, protect, and de- 
 fend the Constitution of the United 
 States." 
 
CONSTITUTION. 129 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 The President shall be commander- SSEVSi 
 in-chief of the army and navy of the 1Jrefiidc,,u 
 United States, and of the militia of 
 the several States when called into 
 the actual . service of the United 
 States ; he may require the opinion, 
 in writing, of the principal officer in 
 each of the executive departments, 
 upon any subject relating to the 
 duties of their respective offices ; and 
 he shall have power to grant re- 
 prieves and pardons for offences 
 against the United States, except in 
 cases of impeachment. 
 
 He shall have power, by and with 
 the advice and consent of the Senate, 
 to make treaties, provided two-thirds 
 of the Senators present concur ; and 
 he shall nominate, and, by and with 
 the advice and consent of the Senate, Appointment 
 
 of public offl- 
 
 shall appoint embassadors, other cere - 
 public ministers and consuls, judges 
 of the Supreme Court, and all other 
 officers of the United States whose 
 appointments are not herein other- 
 
130 THE YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM. 
 
 wise provided for, and which shall 
 be established by law ; but the Con- 
 gress may by law vest the appoint- 
 ment of such inferior officers as they 
 think proper, in the President alone, 
 in the courts of law, or -in the heads 
 
 vacancies in of departments. 
 ° mcc - 
 
 The President shall have power to 
 
 till up all vacancies that may happen 
 • during the recess of the Senate, by 
 granting commissions which shall ex- 
 pire at the end of their next session. 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 Further pow- jj e sna ii f rom time to time srive to 
 
 ers and duties c? 
 
 of the prcsi- ^ e Q on g ress information of the state 
 of the Union, and recommend to their 
 consideration such measures as he 
 shall judge necessary and expedient ; 
 he may, on extraordinary occasions, 
 convene both houses, or either of 
 them, and, in case of disagreement 
 between them with respect to the 
 time of adjournment, he may adjourn 
 them to such time as he shall think 
 proper ; he shall receive embassadors 
 and other public ministers ; he shall 
 
CONSTITUTION. 131 
 
 take care that the laws be faithfully 
 executed, and shall commission all 
 the officers of the United States. 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 The President, Vice-President, and impeach- 
 
 mcnt. 
 
 all civil officers of the United States, 
 shall be removed from office on im- 
 peachment for and conviction of 
 treason, bribery, or other high crimes 
 and misdemeanors. 
 
 ARTICLE III. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 The judicial power of the United £££3 and 
 States shall be vested in one Supreme judges * 
 Court, and in such inferior courts as 
 the Congress may from time to time 
 ordain and establish. The judges, 
 both of the supreme and inferior 
 courts, shall hold their offices during 
 good behavior, and shall, at stated 
 times, receive for their services a 
 compensation, which shall not be 
 diminished during their continuance 
 in office. 
 
132 THE YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 powers of the The Judicial power shall extend to 
 
 judiciary. v x 
 
 all cases, in law and equity, arising 
 under this Constitution, the laws of 
 the United States, and treaties made, 
 or which shall be made, under their 
 authority ; to all cases affecting em- 
 bassadors, other public ministers, and 
 consuls ; to all cases of admiralty and 
 maritime jurisdiction ; to controver- 
 sies to which the United States shall 
 be a party; to controversies between 
 two or more States ; between a. State 
 and citizens of another State ; be- 
 tween citizens of the same State 
 claiming lands under grants of dif- 
 erent States; and between a State, 
 or the citizens thereof, and foreign 
 jurisdiction of States, citizens, or subjects. 
 
 the Supreme 7 . 
 
 court. j n a rj cases affecting embassadors, 
 
 other public ministers, and consuls, 
 and those in which a State shall Lie 
 a party, the Supreme Court shall 
 have original jurisdiction. In all the 
 other cases before mentioned, the Su- 
 preme Court shall have appellate 
 
CONSTITUTION. 133 
 
 jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, 
 with such exceptions and under such 
 regulations as the Congress shall 
 
 make. Trials by jury. 
 
 The trial of all crimes, except in cases 
 of impeachment, shall be by jury ; And who™ 
 and such trial shall be held in the 
 State where the said crimes shall 
 have been committed; but when 
 not committed within any State, the 
 trial shall be at such place or places 
 as the Congress may by law have 
 directed. 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 Treason against the United States Treason, 
 shall consist only in levying war 
 against them, or in adhering to their 
 enemies, giving them aid and com- 
 fort. No person shall be convicted 
 of treason unless on the testimony of 
 two witnesses to the same overt act, 
 or on confession in open court. 
 
 The Congress shall have power to 
 declare the punishment of treason ; 
 but no attainder of treason shall 
 work corruption of blood or forfeit- o?biooT ption 
 
134 THE YOUNG CITIZENS CATECHISM. 
 
 ure, except during the life of the 
 person attainted. 
 
 ARTICLE IV. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 acc%°diter s Ful1 fa ith and credit shall be given 
 in each State to the public acts, rec- 
 ords, and judicial proceedings of every 
 other State. And the Congress may, 
 by general laws, prescribe the man- 
 ner in which such acts, records, and 
 proceedings shall be proved, and the 
 effect thereof. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 dt!Icnfhfp of Tn e citizens of each State shall be en- 
 titled to all the privileges and immuni- 
 ties of citizens in the several States. 
 Fofjtfrw A person charged, in any State 
 
 edup. dclivcr " wn ^ n treason, felony, or other crime, 
 who shall flee from justice, and be 
 found in another State, shall, on de- 
 mand of the Executive authority of 
 the State from which he fled, be de- 
 livered up, to be removed to the 
 State having jurisdiction of the 
 crime. 
 
CONSTITUTION. 135 
 
 No person held to service or labor SSSJto bo 
 in one State, under the laws thereof, c up ' 
 escaping into another, shall, in con- 
 sequence of any law or regulation 
 therein, be discharged from such ser- 
 vice or labor, but shall be delivered 
 up on claim of the party to whom 
 such service or labor may be due. 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 New States may be admitted by the New states. 
 Congress into this Union ; but no new 
 State shall be formed or erected within 
 the jurisdiction of any other State ; nor 
 any State be formed by the junction of 
 two or more States, or parts of States, 
 without the consent of the Legisla- 
 tures of the States concerned, as well 
 as of the Congress. 
 
 The Congress shall have power to Territory and 
 
 ° A other proper- 
 
 dispose of and make all needful rides g d °g t t a h t e S Uni " 
 and regulations respecting the terri- 
 tory or other property belonging to 
 the United States; and nothing in 
 this Constitution shall be so con- 
 strued as to prejudice any claims of 
 
136 THE YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM. 
 
 the United States, or of any par- 
 ticular State. 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 S b ofg a o n v- ^he United States shall guarantee 
 
 crnment. t() ^^ g^ | R Qfa Ullioil a re- 
 publican form of government, and 
 
 sta°tcs Ction of ^ na ^ protect eacli of them against 
 invasion, and, on application of the 
 Legislature, or of the Executive(when 
 th« Legislature can not be convened), 
 against domestic violence. 
 
 ARTICLE V. 
 Tli ft f!rmc 
 
 merits of this 
 
 The Congress, whenever two-thirds 
 
 constitution. ()f hot]l j louses gj^jj c [ eem \ t necessary, 
 shall propose amendments to this 
 Constitution, or, on the application 
 of the Legislatures of two-thirds of 
 the several States, shall call a con- 
 vention for proposing amendments, 
 which, in either case, shall be valid 
 to all intents and purposes, as part 
 of this Constitution, when ratified by 
 the Legislatures of three-fourths of 
 the several States, or by conventions in 
 three-fourths thereof, as the one or the 
 
CONSTITUTION. 137 
 
 other mode of ratification may be pro- 
 posed by the Congress ; provided that 
 no amendment which may be made 
 prior to the year one thousand eight 
 hundred and eight, shall in any man- 
 ner affect the first and fourth clauses in 
 the ninth section of the first article ; 
 and that no State, without its con- 
 sent, shall be deprived of its equal 
 suffrage in the Senate. 
 
 ARTICLE VI. 
 
 All debts contracted and engage- ^ ts go °^ u r : 
 ments entered into before the adop- ISa. 00 
 tion of this Constitution, shall be as 
 valid against the United States under 
 this Constitution as under the con- 
 federation. 
 
 This Constitution, and the laws of J2? £"£; 
 the United States which shall be promel£ 
 made in pursuance thereof, and all 
 treaties made, or which shall be 
 made, under the authority of the 
 United States, shall be the supreme 
 law ctf the land ; and the judges in 
 every State shall be bound thereby, 
 any thing in the Constitution or laws 
 
138 THE YOUNG CITIZEN^ CATECHISM. 
 
 of any State to the contrary notwith- 
 standing. 
 
 Sffltee™ rpubllc The Senators and Eepresentatives 
 before mentioned, and the members 
 of the several State Legislatures, and 
 all executive and judicial officers, 
 both of the United States and of the 
 several States, shall be bound by 
 oath or affirmation to support this 
 
 No^reiigious Constitution ; but no religious test 
 shall ever be required as a qualifica- 
 tion to any office or public trust 
 under the United States. 
 
 ARTICLE VII. 
 
 The ratification of the conventions 
 of nine States shall be sufficient for 
 the establishment of this Constitution 
 between the States so ratifying the 
 same. 
 
 Ratification. 
 
 Done in convention, by the unani- 
 mous consent of the States present, 
 the seventeenth day of September, 
 inthe-year of our Lord one thousand 
 seven hundred and eighty-seven, 
 and of the Independence of the 
 
CONSTITUTION. 
 
 139 
 
 United States of America the 
 twelfth. In witness whereof, we have 
 hereunto subscribed our names. 
 GEO. WASHINGTON, 
 President, and Deputy from Virginia, 
 
 NEW HAMPSIIIRE. 
 
 John Langdon, 
 Nicholas Gilman. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Nathaniel Gorham, 
 Rufus King. 
 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 
 DELAWARE. 
 
 George Read, 
 Gunning Bedford, jun. 
 John Dickinson, 
 Richard Basse tt, 
 Jacob Broom. 
 
 MARYLAND. 
 
 William Samuel Johnson, James McHenry, 
 
 Roger Sherman. 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 Alexander Hamilton 
 
 NEW JERSEY. 
 
 William Livingston, 
 David Brearley, 
 William Paterson, 
 Jonathan Dayton. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 B. Franklin, 
 Thomas Mifflin, 
 Robert Morris, 
 George Clymer, 
 Thomas Fitzsimons, 
 Jared Ingersoll, 
 James Wilson, 
 Gouv. Morris. 
 
 Attest 
 
 Dan of St. Thomas Jenifer, 
 Daniel Carroll. 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 John Blair, 
 
 James Madison, jun. 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 William Blount, 
 Rich'd Dobbs Spaight, 
 Hu. Williamson. 
 
 SOUTn CAROLINA. 
 
 J. Rutledge, 
 Charles Cotesworth 
 
 Pinckney, 
 Charles Pinckney, 
 Pierce Butler. 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 William Few, 
 Abr. Baldwin. 
 WILLIAM JACKSON, Secretary. 
 
AMENDMENTS 
 
 ARTICLE I. 
 
 Congress shall make no law respecting an 
 establishment of religion, or prohibiting the 
 free exercise thereof; or abridging the free- 
 dom of speech, or of the press ; or of the right 
 of the people peaceably to assemble, and to 
 petition the government for a redress of griev- 
 ances. 
 
 ARTICLE II. 
 A well regulated militia being necessary 
 to the security of a free State, 'the right of 
 the people to keep and bear arms shall not 
 be infringed. 
 
 ARTICLE III. 
 
 No soldier shall in time of peace be quar- 
 tered in any house without the consent of 
 the owner, nor in time of war but in a man- 
 er to be prescribed by law. 
 
 (HO) 
 
AMENDMENTS 141 
 
 ARTICLE IV. 
 
 The riglit of the people to be secure in 
 their persons, houses, papers, and effects, 
 against unreasonable searches and seizures, 
 shall not be violated, and no warrants shall 
 issue but upon probable cause, supported by 
 oath or affirmation, and particularly describ- 
 ing the place to be searched, and the per- 
 sons or things to be seized. 
 
 ARTICLE V. 
 
 ISTo person shall be held to answer for a 
 capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless 
 on a presentment or indictment of . a grand 
 jury, except in cases arising in the land or 
 naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual 
 service in time of war or public danger ; nor 
 shall any person be subject for the same of- 
 fence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or 
 limb ; nor shall be compelled in any criminal 
 case to be a witness against himself, nor be 
 deprived of life, liberty, or property, without 
 due process of. law ; nor shall private prop- 
 erty be taken* for public use without just com- 
 pensation. 
 
142 THE YOUNG CITIZEN^ CATECHISM. 
 ARTICLE VI. 
 
 In all criminal prosecutions, the accused 
 shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public 
 trial by an impartial jury of the State and 
 district wherein the crime shall have been 
 committed, which district shall have been 
 previously ascertained by law, and to be in- 
 formed of the nature and cause of the accusa- 
 tion ; to be confronted with the witnesses 
 against him ; to have compulsory process for 
 obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have 
 the assistance of counsel for his defence. 
 
 ARTICLE VII. 
 In suits at common law, where the value 
 in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, 
 the light of trial by jury shall be preserved, 
 and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise 
 re-examined in any court of the United States, 
 than according to the rules of the common 
 law. 
 
 ARTICLE VIII. 
 
 Excessive bail shall not be required, nor 
 excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unu- 
 sual punishments inflicted. 
 
AMENDiMENTS. 143 
 
 ARTICLE IX. 
 
 The enumeration in the Constitution of 
 certain rights, shall not be construed to deny 
 or disparage others retained by the people. 
 
 ARTICLE X. 
 
 The powers not delegated to the United 
 States by the Constitution, nor prohibited 
 by it to the States, are reserved to the States 
 respectively, or to the people. 
 
 ARTICLE XI. 
 The judicial power of the United States 
 shall not be constmed to extend to any suit 
 in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted 
 against one of the United States by citizens 
 of another State, or by citizens or subjects of 
 any foreign State 
 
 ARTICLE XII. 
 
 The electors shall meet in their respective 
 States, and vote by ballot for President and 
 Vice-President, one of whom at least shall 
 not be an inhabitant of the same State with 
 themselves ; they shall name in their ballots 
 the person voted for as President, and in dis- 
 tinct ballots the person voted for as Vice- 
 
144 THE YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM. 
 
 President ; and they shall make distinct lists 
 of all persons voted for as President, and of 
 all persons voted for as Vice-President, and 
 of the number of votes for each; which lists 
 they shall sign and certify, and transmit seal- 
 ed to the seat of the government of the Uni- 
 ted States, directed to the president of the 
 Senate. The President of the Senate shall, 
 in the presence of the Senate and House of 
 Kepresentatives, open all the certificates, and 
 the votes shall then be counted ; the person 
 having the greatest number of votes for Presi- 
 dent shall be the President, if such number 
 be a majority of the whole number of electors 
 appointed ; and if no person have such ma- 
 jority, then, from the persons having the 
 highest numbers, not exceeding three, on the 
 list of those voted for as President, the House 
 of Representatives shall choose immediately 
 by ballot the President. But in choosing 
 the President, the votes shall be taken by 
 States, the representation from each State 
 having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose 
 shall consist of a member or members from 
 two-thirds of the States, and a majority of 
 all the States shall be necessary to a choice. 
 
AMENDMENTS. 145 
 
 And if the House of Kepresentatives shall 
 not choose a President, whenever the right 
 of choice shall devolve upon them, before the 
 fourth day of March next following, then the 
 Vice - President shall act as President, as in 
 the case of the death, or other constitutional 
 disability of the President. 
 
 The person having the greatest number of. 
 votes as Vice-President shall be the Vice- 
 President, if such number be a majority of 
 the whole number of electors appointed ; and 
 if no person have a majority, then from the 
 two highest numbers on the list the Senate 
 shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum 
 for the purpose shall consist of two- thirds of 
 the whole number of Senators, and a majority 
 of the whole number shall be necessary to a 
 choice. But no person constitutionally in- 
 eligible to the office of President shall be eli- 
 gible to that of Vice-President of the United 
 States. 
 
fart $!mn&. 
 
 PARLI AM E NT A 1 1 Y PRACTICE. 
 
 What is a deliberative assembly ? 
 
 A deliberative assembly is an organized 
 meeting of persons, associated to examine the 
 ! for and against measures submitted 
 for their decision. 
 
 What is an organized meeting ? 
 
 An organized meeting is an assemblage of 
 persons gathered for deliberation, having its 
 proper officers, which are its instruments or 
 means of action. 
 
 What are the necessary officers for a deliberative 
 assembly ? 
 
 A presiding officer, and a secretary or 
 clerk ; but others may be appointed, according 
 to the nature of the organization. 
 
 What is the proper mode of organizing a meeting ? 
 The proper mode is for some person to arise, 
 
 (140) 
 
PARLIAMENTARY PRACTICE. 147 
 
 and, after gaining the attention of the assem- 
 bly, to suggest the propriety of appointing a 
 presiding officer, and calls upon the house to 
 nominate some one. A nomination being 
 made and seconded, he repeats the question, 
 and says, u Those in favor of the motion will 
 please say Aye. 77 After a pause, he adds, 
 " Those opposed to the motion will say No." 
 If the question is carried in the negative, an- 
 other nomination is made as before ; but if it 
 is carried in the affirmative, the person stat- 
 ing the fact to house calls upon the person 
 elect to assume the proper place. The presi- 
 dent then takes the chair, and continues the 
 organization by requesting a nomination for 
 the office of secretary, and such other officers 
 as may be deemed necessary, 
 
 When, and why, is it better to organize tempora- 
 rily ? 
 
 It is better to organize temporarily when 
 the organization is to be permanent, and be- 
 cause a judicious selection of officers is im- 
 portant. 
 
 In what way do meetings, temporarily organized, 
 proceed to a permanent organization ? 
 
148 THE YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM. 
 
 It is better to entrust the nomination of per- 
 manent officers to a few persons, called a com- 
 mittee. 
 
 What is the duty of this committee ? 
 
 To retire from the room, and examine the 
 claims of the several persons suitable to hold 
 the several offices, and report the same to the 
 house. 
 
 What are the general duties of president ? 
 
 To preside over the deliberations of the 
 assembly ; to enforce the rules of order, and 
 the order of business ; to maintain due deco- 
 rum among the members ; to give informa- 
 tion, when necessary, on points of order ; to 
 decide upon questions of parliamentary prac- 
 tice ; t > receive and announce all messages 
 for the hou- submit properly all suita- 
 
 ble motions, petitions, or propositions made 
 by members ; to see that each member has 
 his rights ; to appoint persona to serve on 
 committees when the house require it ; and 
 to see that committees, officers, and members 
 perform the duties incumbent on them by 
 the constitution. 
 
PARLIAMENTARY PRACTICE. 149 
 
 What is the duty of a vice-president ? 
 He performs the duties of the president in 
 his absence. 
 
 What are the duties of the recording secretary ? 
 
 To record faithfully the doings of the 
 house ; to read aloud all such papers as the 
 house may order read ; to call the roll when 
 the vote is taken by yeas and nays, and re- 
 cord the answer of each member ; to notify 
 committees of their appointment, and the 
 matter committed to them ; and to take in 
 charge all documents belonging to the house. 
 
 What is the duty of a corresponding secretary ? 
 
 To conduct, under the direction of the 
 house, all correspondence with another house, 
 or with individuals. 
 
 What is the duty of the treasurer ? 
 
 To receive all moneys belonging to the 
 house, and pay out the same at their order, 
 and report the condition of the finances 
 whenever required. 
 
 How are the proceedings of a deliberative body 
 usually conducted ? 
 
 In accordance with certain rules, called 
 rules of order. 
 
150 THE YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM. 
 
 What is the use of rules of order ? 
 To obtain a free expression of opinion, and 
 a fair decision of the questions discussed. 
 
 Are the rules of order the same in all deliberative 
 bodies ? 
 
 In essentials they are nearly the same, but 
 
 they often differ oil minor points. 
 
 From whence arose the rules of order in most of 
 our minor deliberative bodies ? 
 
 Those within the states are formed from 
 the rules of order in the state legislature 
 from which they sprung; these in turn 
 sprung from the rules of order of congress; 
 and these again in turn sprung from the par- 
 liament of Great Britain. 
 
 What is the essence of these rules called ? 
 The common code of parliamentary law. 
 
 Is it common to adopt rules other than those em- 
 braced in the common code ? 
 
 It is not unusual. 
 
 In what form are the acts of a deliberative body 
 expressed ? 
 
 Its decisions are usually embodied in for- 
 mal declarations, called resolutions. 
 
PARLIAMENTARY PRACTICE. 151 
 
 What is a motion ? 
 
 A formal proposition offered by some one 
 in a deliberative body, for the purpose of ob- 
 taining the sense of the meeting. 
 
 In what way are decisions commonly made in a de- 
 liberative body ? 
 
 By ballot, by open vote, or by taking the 
 yeas and nays. 
 
 What is the form observed in submitting a ques- 
 tion ] 
 
 The presiding officer asks, u Is the assembly 
 ready for the question V If no one offers to 
 say any thing, or after all are done speak- 
 ing, he says, " As many of you as favor the 
 adoption of the resolution will signify it by 
 saying Aye;" after pausing, he says, "Those 
 of the contrary opinion will say No." The 
 answer being given, the presiding officer says, 
 u The ayes have it," or "The noes have it," 
 as he shall judge are in the majority. 
 
 What is to be done if the chair is unable to decide 
 which has it ? 
 
 He may, on a call of a member, divide the 
 house, by causing the ayes to go to one side 
 of the room, and the noes to take the oppo- 
 
152 THE YOUNG CITIZEN^ CATECHISM*. 
 
 site side; or, lie may ask the ayes to raise the 
 right hand, ami, after they are counted, re- 
 quest the noes to do the same. 
 
 Who count in case of a division of the house ? 
 
 The president; or he may appoint persons 
 called tellers, who report the result to the 
 house. 
 
 Who decides, if the house is equally divided? 
 The president. 
 
 What is a ballot? 
 
 Primarily it signifies a little ball, and to 
 vote by ballot properly is to cast a ball col- 
 ored or marked in such a way as to indicate 
 the choice intended ; but convenience has sub- 
 stituted tickets. 
 
 What is a vote ? 
 
 The literal meaning is a vow, wish, or will ; 
 practically it is the method used for express- 
 ing choice. 
 
 What is the usual form of taking the yeas and 
 nays ? 
 The president'" states the question under 
 
 * Tho presiding officer, as referred to in this work, will bo 
 styled president. 
 
PARLIAMENTARY PRACTICE. 153 
 
 consideration, and says, " As many as are in 
 favor of the resolution will, as their names 
 are called, answer Yes, and as many as are 
 opposed to it will answer No." The roll is 
 then called by the secretary, and as each 
 member answers Yes, or No, it is marked op- 
 posite his name. 
 
 How many votes, in any case, are necessary to decide 
 a question ? 
 
 A majority, unless a special rule to the 
 contrary is made. 
 
 What is meant by majority and plurality ? 
 
 Majority signifies more than half; plurality 
 means a greater number, as a person may 
 have a greater number of votes than any 
 other one, yet not have a majority. 
 
 What is a quorum ? 
 
 It is such a number as shall by rule of the 
 house be required to be present in order to 
 render the transactions of the house valid. 
 
 When does a proposition become a question ? 
 
 "When, after due deliberation, it comes to be 
 
 put to vote upon its acceptance or rejection. 
 
 7 * 
 
154 THE YOUNG CITIZENS CATECHISM. 
 
 When is a proposition duly before the house ? 
 
 After it has been moved and seconded, and 
 <i by the presiding officer. 
 
 What are the rights of members based upon ? 
 On the principle of equality among them- 
 selves. 
 
 What are the duties of private members? 
 To observe strictly the rules of order, and 
 the decorum proper to gentlemen. 
 
 Whatifl the first step, after the organization of a 
 meeting ? 
 
 It is for the president to announce that the 
 mult has been property organized, and is 
 ready for the transaction of business. 
 
 How is business commenced, after an organization ? 
 
 The president either states the object of 
 the meeting, or calls on some member to do 
 so. 
 
 What next is in order ? 
 
 A committee may be appointed, who im- 
 mediately retire for the purpose of consid- 
 ering the object of the meeting, and report 
 their views to the house ; or the matter may 
 be embodied in a motion, and discussed and 
 
PARLIAMENTARY PRACTICE. 155 
 
 decided, or referred to a committee for fur- 
 ther consideration. 
 
 What is a committee ? 
 
 It is one or more individuals set apart by 
 the order of the house, to whom are entrusted 
 certain matters. 
 
 What is the object of a committee? 
 
 It is to provide for a more thorough ex- 
 amination of the subject than can be had in 
 the whole house. 
 
 May a part of a subject be referred to a committee ? 
 It may. 
 
 What is the presiding officer of a committee called ? 
 Chairman. 
 
 Who is appointed as chairman in a committee ? 
 
 The first named in the appointment, — and he 
 should be appointed who moves the appoint- 
 ment of a committee ; but the committee may 
 elect their own chairman afterward. 
 
 • 
 How are a committee to act after appointment ? 
 
 They are to act as an agent for the house, 
 and work under its instructions. 
 
j art ihirl 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 PROMISSORY NOTES AND BILLS OF EXCHANGE. 
 
 "What is a promissory note ? 
 
 A written promise to pay money. 
 
 Must it be in writing ? 
 It must. 
 
 May it be in pencil marks ? 
 Yes, if legible. 
 
 Is it necessary that any particular form should be 
 used ? 
 
 It is not ; any words which import an ab- 
 solute engagement to pay are sufficient, as 
 the ordinary due bill, in these words : 
 
 u Due S, or bearer, ten dollars, vain ' re- 
 ceived." 
 
 "Due A B ten dollars, payable on de- 
 mand." 
 
 " Due B ten dollars on settlement." 
 
PROMISSORY NOTES, ETC. 157 
 
 These forms, properly signed and dated, are 
 collectable. 
 
 An instrument in these words : — " Bor- 
 rowed of J. S. Piatt fifty dollars, which 
 I promise never to pay" — -was held a good 
 note, the word "never' 7 to be rejected as sur- 
 plusage. 
 
 What is an essential quality of both promissory- 
 notes and bills of exchange ? 
 
 That they be payable in money. 
 
 If they are payable in goods, or any thing but 
 money, what are they held to be ? 
 
 Mere contracts, binding on the maker, but 
 
 not negotiable as promissory notes or bills. 
 
 What is the meaning of the word negotiable ? 
 That which may be transferred from one 
 person to another. 
 
 What form of a note is negotiable by delivery ? 
 When made payable to bearer. 
 
 Give an example. 
 $20. 
 
 Thirty days after date I promise to pay to 
 George Eeed, or bearer, twenty dollars, value 
 received. A B. 
 
 Marcellus, July 2d, 1860. 
 
158 THE YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM. 
 
 When will the above form of note commence draw- 
 ing interest ? 
 
 Not until due. 
 
 If the note reads " with interest," when does in- 
 terest accrue ? 
 
 From date. 
 
 If instead of " bearer" the word " order" should be 
 written in the preceding form, how could the note be 
 made negotiable ? 
 
 By the indorsement of the payee. 
 
 Who is the payee ? 
 
 The person to whom the note is made pay- 
 able, as George Reed in the foregoing form. 
 
 By indorsing the note, what does George Reed 
 become ? 
 
 The indorser; and the one to whom the 
 note is indorsed, the indorsee. 
 
 How is the indorsement made ? q* 
 
 By writing the name across the [• g> 
 
 middle of the hack thus o 
 
 Give the form of a note not negotiable. 
 
 Three months after date I promise to pay 
 to B. F. Moses, fifty dollars, value received. 
 Marcellus, July 2d, 1860. A B. 
 
PROMISSORY NOTES, ETC. 159 
 
 Give the form of one on demand. 
 $50. 
 
 On demand I promise to pay Thomas 
 Decoudres, or bearer, (or order,) fifty dollars, 
 value received. .A B. 
 
 Marceilus, July 22d, 1860. 
 
 In the last form, when does interest commence ac- 
 cruing ? 
 
 As soon as a demand is made. 
 
 Is the above form of note collectable without a de- 
 mand ? 
 
 It is not. 
 
 Give the form of a note payable at a bank. 
 $500. 
 
 Sixty days after date, for value received, 
 I promise to pay Gay P. Barber, or order, five 
 hundred dollars at the Syracuse City Bank. 
 
 Marceilus, July 23d, 1860. A B. 
 
 When this note is presented to the bank, what is 
 
 necessary ? 
 
 An indorsement by the payee. 
 
 Give the form of a chattel note or note payable in 
 specific articles. 
 $10. 
 
 One year after date, for value received, I 
 
160 THE YOUNG CITIZEN^ CATECHISM. 
 
 promise to pay Thomas Walker, or bearer, 
 (or order,) ten dollars in shoe-pegs, at current 
 price. A B. 
 
 Marcellus, July 25th, 18G0. 
 
 In the last form, if A B fail to perform the contract 
 on his part, what can Walker do ? 
 
 He must demand the pegs at the time and 
 place agreed on, and then bring his action for 
 their value in money. 
 
 Give the form of a note with surety. 
 $50. 
 
 One year from date I promise to pay E. 
 Dorchester, or bearer, (or order,) fifty dollars, 
 for value received, with interest. 
 
 Marcellus, July 26th, 1860. A B. 
 
 C D, Surety. 
 
 How may the surety be discharged ? 
 
 By calling upon the creditor to bring an 
 action upon the debt alter it is payable ; and 
 if he declines to do it and the principal be- 
 comes insolvent, the surety will be discharged. 
 But to relieve the surety, it must appear that 
 he requested the creditor to proceed against 
 the principal at a time when he was solvent 
 and within the jurisdiction of the State, and 
 
PROMISSORY NOTES, ETC. 161 
 
 that the creditor, without reasonable excuse, 
 neglected so to do, until the principal became 
 insolvent and unable to pay. 
 
 What is a Joint note ? 
 
 A joint note is one given by two or more 
 persons jointly, and should read u we jointly 
 promise to pay," <fcc, as in other notes. 
 
 What is a joint and several note ? 
 
 It is a note made by' two or more persons 
 jointly and severally, and should read thus, 
 " We jointly and severally promise to pay 
 Wm. J. Machan, or order, (or bearer,)" &c, 
 as in other notes. 
 
 How do the last two forms duTer ? 
 
 In this: In an action on a joint note all the 
 makers must be made parties : but in the case 
 of joint and several notes the holder may sue 
 one of the makers and collect a part of his 
 debt against him without discharging the 
 others ; and the giving time to one, or agree- 
 ing not to bring an action against him, will 
 not bar an action against the others ; or, all 
 may be made parties to the same action. 
 
 If a note read " I promise to pay," &c, and is 
 
162 THE YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECIIISM. 
 
 signed by two or more persons, what kind of a note 
 is it? 
 
 It is a joint and several note. 
 
 How is a note to be guaranteed ? 
 
 By wilting across the back " For value re- 
 ceived I hereby guarantee the payment (or 
 collection) of the within note," and signing 
 and dating. 
 
 What is the difference in the guarantee of pay- 
 ment and guarantee of collection of a note ? 
 
 If the payment only be guaranteed, the 
 holder of the note may look to the guarantor, 
 after a refusal by the maker to pay, without 
 bringing an action; but if the collection be 
 guaranteed, the holder must sue and fail to 
 collect before the guarantor is liable. 
 
 "What is a guarantor ? 
 
 One who engages to see that the stipula- 
 tions of another are performed. 
 
 How does a guarantor differ from a surety ? 
 
 A guarantor can not be sued until a failure 
 on the part of the principal, while a surety 
 may be sued with the principal. 
 
 What are days of grace ? 
 
PROMISSORY NOTES, ETC. 163 
 
 The time allowed after tlie time limited for 
 the payment of a note — three days. 
 
 Where days are allowed, when must the bill or note 
 be paid ? 
 
 On the last day of grace, and neither the 
 acceptor nor maker can be sued upon it until 
 the day after. 
 
 In order to charge the drawer of a bill or the en- 
 dorser of a note, when should a presentation and 
 demand be made ? 
 
 Upon the last day of grace ; and if made 
 
 upon any other day, it is a nullity. 
 
 How is it when the last day of grace falls upon 
 Sunday, the fourth day of July, the twenty-fifth day 
 of December, the first day of January, or Thanksgiv- 
 ing day ? 
 
 In such cases the day previous is the last 
 day of grace. 
 
 When is there but one day of grace ? 
 Where Sunday and another of these days 
 succeed each other. 
 
 Suppose a note is made payable on the first day of 
 June, when is it due ? 
 
 On the fourth. 
 
1G4 THE YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM. 
 
 Suppose it is made payable on the first of July, when 
 is it due ? 
 
 On the third. 
 
 Suppose the third occurs on Sunday, when is it 
 due ? 
 
 On the second. 
 
 If a note or bill dated on the twenty-eighth, twen- 
 ty-ninth, thirtieth, or thirty-first of January is made 
 payable in one month after date, when does the month 
 expire ? 
 
 On the twenty-eighth of February, except 
 leap years, when it is on the twenty-ninth ; 
 in either case the days of grace must be add- 
 e 1 before it becomes due. 
 
 If a bill or note be made payable at a certain 
 place, what is necessary in order to charge the draw- 
 er and endorsers ? 
 
 It must be presented at that place and de- 
 mand of payment made on the last day of 
 grace ; and if not paid, notice of presentment, 
 demand of payment, and non-payment must 
 be given them on the same day, or the next 
 day : this is called notice of protest. 
 
 Give a form of a notice of protest. 
 
PROMISSORY NOTES, ETC. 165 
 
 To Mr. James Jackson : The note made 
 by Richard Roe, (or the bill drawn by James 
 Doe on Richard Roe,) dated May 1st, 1860, 
 and payable to the order of John Doe, ten 
 days after date, and by you endorsed, has 
 this day been presented to the maker, (or 
 if a bill, to the acceptor,) and payment there- 
 of demanded ; but it was and is unpaid, and is 
 dishonored : I am the holder thereof, and look 
 to you for its payment. 
 
 Dated May 13th, 1860. 
 
 Yours, &c, 
 
 John Stiles. 
 
 By whom is this notice usually served ? 
 By a notary public, but may be by any 
 one. 
 
 If the maker or acceptor, at the time the bill or note 
 was made, resided in the state, but afterward removed 
 to a foreign country, of whom is demand, <fcc., made ? 
 
 At his last place of residence within the 
 state ; but if he removes to another place 
 within the state, it must be made there. 
 
 How if the maker or acceptor abscond, and have 
 no fixed place of residence ? 
 
 No presentment or demand is necessary. 
 
166 THE YOUNG CITIZEN^ CATECHISM. 
 
 How is it in case of partners when one of them 
 have died ? 
 
 Make the presentment and demand of the 
 survivor, at his usual place of business. 
 
 How if the acceptor or maker die before the ma- 
 turity of the bill or note ? 
 
 Make the presentment and demand of his 
 executors or administrators, if there be any ; 
 if there be none, then at the house of the 
 deceased. 
 
 Where a bill or note is made payable at a bank 
 which is accustomed to close at a certain hour in the 
 day, how is the holder bound ? 
 
 To be acquainted with its usages, and pre- 
 sent the instrument for payment during its 
 business hours. 
 
 How is it with an agent who has received a bill or 
 note for collection ? 
 
 He is considered the real holder, for the 
 purpose of receiving and transmitting notice 
 of dishonor. 
 
 Where two or more payees indorse their individual 
 names, what is necessary to charge either ? 
 
 To give all notice, unless they are partners. 
 
PROMISSORY NOTES, ETC. 167 
 
 How should the notice be served ? 
 
 Personally ; or left at his residence or place 
 of business if the party to be notified reside 
 in the city or town where the note or bill is 
 payable. 
 
 How when parties reside in a different town or 
 city? 
 
 By mail. 
 
 What is a bill of exchange ? 
 
 It is an open letter from one person styled 
 the drawer, to another styled the drawee, re- 
 questing him to pay a certain sum to a third 
 person styled the payee, upon the drawer's 
 account, at sight or at some specified time. 
 
 In common language, what is it called ? 
 
 An order or draft for the payment of 
 money. 
 
 What is the usual form ? 
 
 At sight (or " at three days from sight," or 
 "ten days from date") pay James Jackson 
 (or "to the order of James Jackson," "or 
 bearer") fifty dollars, at the Syracuse City 
 Bank, for value received. 
 
168 THE YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM. 
 
 What is a foreign bill ? 
 
 A bill drawn by a person living in one 
 state on one of another state or foreign 
 country. 
 
 What is an inland bill ? 
 
 One drawn payable within the state where 
 it is drawn. 
 
 What is a check? 
 
 A check is a bill of exchange, payable to 
 bearer, and on demand, and is governed by 
 the same rules. 
 
 Give the usual form. 
 
 Mr. E. Corning Cowles : 
 
 Pay Newton G-. Case, or bearer, fifty 
 dollars. Henry J. Howe. 
 
 What is customary in dealing with foreign bills ? 
 
 To draw three bills, all for the same amount 
 and number; and but one is paid, and that 
 the first received, the object of drawing three 
 bills being to provide against loss or other 
 casualty. 
 
 A SET OF FOREIGN BILLS. 
 
 No. 139, Ex. £250. New York, July 2, 18G0. 
 Thirty days after sight of this my first of 
 
PROMISSORY NOTES, ETC. 169 
 
 exchange, (second and third unpaid,) pay to 
 Messrs. (x. W. <fc Co., or order, two hundred 
 and fifty pounds sterling, value received, and 
 charge the same to account of A B. 
 
 To Messrs. T. W. & Co., London. 
 
 No. 139, Ex. £250. New York, July 2, 1860. 
 Thirty days after sight of this my second 
 of exchange, (first and third unpaid,) pay to 
 Messrs. Q. W. & Co., or order, two hundred 
 and fifty pounds sterling, value received, and 
 charge the same to account of A B. 
 
 To Messrs. T. W. & Co., London. 
 
 No. 139, Ex. £250. New York, July 2, 1860. 
 Thirty days after sight of this my third of 
 exchange, (first and second unpaid,) pay to 
 Messrs. Gr. W. & Co., or order, two hundred 
 and fifty pounds sterling, value received, and 
 charge the same to account of A B. 
 
 To Messrs. T. W. & Co., London. 
 8 
 
L70 THE YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM. 
 
 SECTION Xi, 
 
 DEEDS. 
 
 How is real estate conveyed ? 
 
 In writing, and usually by deed. 
 
 What is a deed, as applied to conveyancing ? 
 
 An instrument in writing, upon paper or 
 parchment, between parties able to contract, 
 and duly sealed and delivered. 
 
 What are the different styles of deeds called ? 
 Quit-claim, common warranty, and war- 
 ranty full covenant. 
 
 How do these forms differ ? 
 
 The guarantor by quit-claim simply con- 
 veys his interest in the premises, without any 
 warranty ; whereas in the common warranty 
 he covenants to warrant and defend ; and in 
 full covenant the guarantor covenants that 
 he is well seized. 
 
 THE FOLLOWING IS THE USUAL FOKM OF QUIT- 
 CLAIM. 
 
 This Indenture, made this day 
 
DEEDS. 171 
 
 of , in the year of our Lord one thou- 
 
 sand eight hundred and sixty , between 
 
 of the first 
 part and 
 of the second part, — 
 
 Witnesseth, That the said party of the first 
 part, in consideration of the sum of 
 to in hand paid by the said party of 
 
 the second part, the receipt whereof is hereby 
 confessed and acknowledged, ha bargained, 
 sold, remised, and quit-claimed ; and by these 
 presents do bargain, sell, remise, and 
 
 quit-claim unto the said party of the second 
 part and to heirs 
 
 and assigns forever, all (Here describe the 
 premises), together with all and singular the 
 hereditaments and appurtenances thereunto 
 belonging, or in anywise appertaining, and the 
 reversion and reversions, remainder and re- 
 mainders, rents, issues, and profits thereof, 
 and all the estate, right, title, interest, claim, 
 and demand whatsoever, of the said party of 
 the first part, either in law or equity, of, in,* 
 and to the above-bargained premises, with 
 the said hereditaments and appurtenances; 
 to have and to hold the said to 
 
172 THE young citizen's catechism. 
 
 the Baid party of the second part, 
 
 heirs and assigns, to the sole and only proper 
 
 benefit and behoof of the said party of the 
 
 second part, heirs and assigns 
 
 fores 
 
 In witness whereof tne part of the first 
 part ha hereunto set hand and seal , 
 the day and year first above written. 
 
 John North, [l.s.] 
 Sealed and delivered in > 
 pr< Berice of ) 
 
 What else is necessary in the execution of any 
 deed] 
 
 There should be an acknowledgment, usually 
 in the following form : 
 
 State of New York, ) 
 
 County. j ss ' 
 
 On this day of , in the year 
 
 one thousand eight hundred and , be- 
 
 fore me, the subscriber, personally appeared 
 
 , to me known to be 
 .the same person described in and who ex- 
 ecuted the within instrument, and acknowl- 
 edged that executed the same. 
 
 J. S. Baker, J. P. 
 
DEEDS. 173 
 
 When is the foregoing acknowledgment sufficient ? 
 Iii case of a single person. 
 
 Suppose the execution is made by husband and 
 wife ? 
 
 It is necessary that husband and wife join 
 in the acknowledgment, usually in the fol- 
 lowing form : 
 
 State of New York, ) , 
 County. j 
 Oil this day of , in the year 
 
 one thousand eight hundred and , be- 
 
 fore me, the subscriber, personally appeared 
 
 , to me known 
 to be the same persons described in and who 
 executed the within instrument, who severally 
 acknowledged that they executed the same ; 
 and the said , on a private 
 
 examination by me, apart from her said hus- 
 band, acknowledged that she executed the 
 same freely, and without any fear or compul- 
 sion of her said husband. 
 
 J. S. Baker, J. P. 
 
 What is the form of a warranty deed ? 
 This Indenture, made this day of 
 
 , in the year of our Lord one thousand 
 
174 TIIE YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM. 
 
 eight hundred and ; between 
 
 of the first part, and 
 of the second 
 part,— 
 
 Witnesseth, That the said party of the 
 first part, in consideration of the sum of 
 
 to duly paid, 
 
 ha sold, and by these presents do 
 grant and convey to the said party of the 
 second part, heirs and assigns, 
 
 all that tract or parcel of lands situate in the 
 of , (Here describe 
 
 the premises), with the appurtenances, and all 
 the estate, title, and interest therein, of the 
 said party of the first part. And the said 
 
 do hereby 
 covenant and agree to and with the said 
 party of the second part, heirs and 
 
 assigns, that the premises thus conveyed in 
 the quiet and peaceable possession of the said 
 party of the second part, heirs 
 
 and assigns, will forever warrant 
 
 and defend against any person whomsoever, 
 lawfully claiming the same, or any part 
 thereof. 
 
 In witness whereof, the part of the first 
 
DEEDS. 175 
 
 part ha hereunto set hand and 
 
 seal , the day and year first above written. 
 
 F. A. Lyman, [l. s.] 
 
 Sealed and delivered in } 
 presence of j 
 
 Give the form for a warranty deed, full covenant. 
 This Indenture, made this day of 
 
 , in the year of our Lord one thousand 
 eight hundred and , between 
 
 of the first part and 
 of the second part — 
 
 Witnesseth, That the said party of the 
 first part, in consideration of the sum of 
 , to duly paid, 
 
 ha sold, and by these presents clo grant 
 and convey to the said party of the second 
 part, heirs and assigns, all that tract 
 
 or parcel of land situate in the of 
 
 (Here describe the premises), with the 
 appurtenances, and all the estate, title, and 
 interest therein of the said party of the first 
 part. And the said do 
 
 hereby covenant and agree to and with the 
 said party of the second part, 
 heirs and assigns, that at the time of the en- 
 
176 THE YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM. 
 
 sealing and delivery of these presents, , 
 
 the lawful owner, and well-seized of 
 
 the premises above conveyed, free and clear 
 from all incumbrance , 
 
 and that the premises thus conveyed in the 
 quiet and peaceable possession of the said 
 party of the second part, heirs and 
 
 assigns, will forever warrant and 
 
 defend against any person whomsoever, law- 
 folly claiming the same or any part thereof. 
 
 In witness whereof, the part of the first 
 part ha hereunto set hand and seal , 
 the day and year first above written. 
 
 Isaac Bradley, [l. s.] 
 
 Sealed and delivered in 
 presence of 
 
 i 
 
 Is any thing more necessary in the last two given 
 forms ? 
 
 They should be acknowledged, as in the first 
 form ; and all deeds and most gages should be 
 recorded in the Clerk's Office of the County 
 in which the premises are situated. 
 
MORTGAGES. 177 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 v MORTGAGES. 
 
 What is a mortgage ? 
 
 A dead pledge — a conditional deed, which 
 becomes invalid upon the payment of the sum 
 secured by it. 
 
 Must it be signed, sealed, acknowledged, and de- 
 livered ? 
 
 It must, the same as a deed. 
 Should it be recorded ? 
 
 Yes. 
 
 What is the usual form ? 
 As follows : 
 
 This Indenture, made this day of 
 
 , in the year of our Lord one thou- 
 sand eight hundred and , between 
 
 of the first part, and 
 
 of the second part, — 
 
 Witnes3eth, That the said party of the 
 
 first part, in consideration of the sum of 
 
 dollars 
 
178 THE YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM. 
 
 has sold, and by these presents do grant 
 
 and convey to the said party of the second 
 part, heirs and assigns, all that tract or 
 
 parcel of land situate in the of 
 
 (Here describe the premises.) 
 This grant is intended as a security for the 
 payment of the sum of 
 
 , according to the 
 condition of a bond this day executed and 
 delivered by the said 
 
 to the said party of the second 
 part, and this conveyance shall be void if 
 such payment be made as herein specified. 
 And in case default shall be made in the 
 payment of the principal sum hereby intended 
 to be secured, or in the payment of the in- 
 terest thereof, or any part of such principal 
 or interest as above provided, it shall be 
 lawful for the party of the second part, 
 executors, administrators, or as- 
 signs, at any time thereafter, to sell the prem- 
 ises hereby granted, or any part thereof, in 
 the manner prescribed by law, and out 
 of all the money arising from such sale, to 
 retain the amount then due for principal and 
 interest, together with the costs and charges 
 
MORTGAGES. 179 
 
 of making such sale, and the overplus, if any 
 there be, shall be paid by the party making 
 such sale on demand to the said 
 heirs and assigns. 
 In witness whereof, the party of the first 
 part has hereunto set hand and seal 
 
 the day and year first above written. 
 
 S. D. Gilbert, [l. s.] 
 
 May a mortgage be assigned ? 
 
 Yes. 
 
 How? 
 
 By writing, and may be on the mortgage 
 or separate paper. When indorsed on the 
 mortgage, the following is the usual form : , 
 
 In consideration of dollars to 
 
 paid by C. D., of ,1 do here- 
 
 by sell, assign, transfer and set over unto 
 the said C. D., the within Indenture of 
 mortgage, together with the bond accompany- 
 ing the same, for his use and benefit, hereby 
 authorizing him to collect and enforce pay- 
 ment .thereof in my name or otherwise, but at 
 his own costs and charges. 
 
 Should the assignment be under seal ? 
 Yes, and acknowledged and recorded. 
 
180 THE YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM. 
 
 Where recorded ? 
 
 In the office of the clerk of the county 
 where the premises are situated, same as the 
 deed and mortgage. 
 
 How may a mortgage be satisfied ? 
 By a writing showing that the obligation 
 has been redeemed. 
 
 What is the usual form ? 
 
 A mortgage bearing date the day of 
 
 , eighteen hundred and , 
 
 executed by , recorded in the 
 
 clerk's office of the county of 
 
 in book of 
 
 mortgages, page on the day of 
 
 , and the bond accompany- 
 ing said mortgage, are redeemed and satisfied. 
 Dated the day of , 186 . 
 
 What should be attached to the satisfaction of a 
 mortgage 1 
 
 An acknowledgment. 
 
 Give the common form ? 
 County, ss : 
 Acknowledged before me this day 
 
 of , in the year 1SG , by 
 
MORTGAGES. 181 
 
 personally known to me to be 
 the person described in, and who severally 
 executed the above instrument. 
 
 Thomas Walker, J. P. 
 
 What is a bond ? 
 
 A bond accompanying a mortgage is a 
 written agreement to forfeit a certain sum in 
 case of a failure to perform the conditions of 
 the bond. 
 
 Give the common form. 
 
 Know all men by these presents : That I, 
 A. B., of the town of , in the 
 
 county of and state of New 
 
 York, am held and firmly bound unto C. D., of 
 &c, in the sum of one thousand dollars, 
 lawful money of the United States, to be paid 
 to the said C. D., his executors, administra- 
 tors, or assigns ; for which payment, well and 
 truly to be made, I bind myself, my heirs, 
 executors, and administrators, severally and 
 firmly, by these presents. - 
 
 Sealed with my seal. Dated the 
 day of ■ one thousand eight 
 
 hundred and . The condition of the 
 
182 THE YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM. 
 
 above obligation is such, that if the above 
 boundeu A. B., his heirs, executors, or ad- 
 ministrators, shall well and truly pay or cause 
 to be paid unto the above named C. D., his 
 executors, administrators, or assigns, the just 
 and full sum of five hundred dollars, in live 
 equal annual payments, from the date hereof 
 with annual interest, then the above obliga- 
 tion to be void ; otherwise to remain in full 
 force and virtue. 
 
 Sealed and delivered ) A. B. [l. s.] 
 in presence of G. H. j 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 WILLS. 
 
 What is a will, in law? 
 
 A will, when it operates upon personal 
 property, is sometimes called a testament ; 
 and when upon real estate, a devise ; but the 
 more general name is, last will and testament, 
 and embraces both. 
 
WILLS. 183 
 
 Who are capable of making wills of personal prop- 
 erty? 
 
 Every male person of the age of eighteen 
 years and upwards, and every female of the 
 age of sixteen years or upwards, of sound 
 mind and memory, and no others, may give 
 and bequeath his or her personal estate in 
 writing. 
 
 Is an unwritten will bequeathing personal property 
 valid? 
 
 No, unless made by a soldier while in ac- 
 tual military service, or by a mariner while 
 at sea. 
 
 Who may devise real estate 1 
 All persons except idiots, persons of un- 
 sound mind, and infants. 
 
 May married women devise real or personal prop- 
 erty ? 
 
 Yes, both, if belonging to them in their 
 own right, and not conveyed, given, granted, 
 or devised to them by their husbands. 
 
 How must every last will and testament of real and 
 personal property, or both, be executed and attested 1 
 
 It must be subscribed by the testator at 
 
184 THE YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM. 
 
 the end of the will ; such subscription must 
 be made by the testator, in the presence of 
 each of the attesting witnesses, or acknowl- 
 edged by him to have been so made to each 
 of the attesting witnesses ; the testator must, 
 at the time of making such subscription or 
 acknowledgment, declare the instrument so 
 subscribed to be his last will and testament ; 
 there must be at least two attesting wit- 
 nesses, each of whom must sign his name as 
 a witness at the end of the will, at the re- 
 quest of the testator, and each must write 
 opposite his name his place of residence ; and 
 whoever writes the name of any testator to 
 any will by his direction must write' his own 
 name as a witness to the will ; and any per- 
 son neglecting to comply with the above pro- 
 visions will be liable to a forfeiture of fifty 
 dollars. 
 
 Will fraud vitiate a will ? 
 
 Yes. 
 
 What effect will a subsequent marriage and birth 
 of a child have upon the will ? 
 
 It will operate as a revocation if there be 
 no provision made for the wife and child. 
 
WILLS. 185 
 
 How is it with the will of an unmarried woman if 
 she subsequently marries % 
 
 Her will is revoked. 
 
 How may a will be revoked or altered % 
 A will is revoked by a subsequent will, or 
 destruction of the will by the testator or by 
 his direction, and must be proved by at least 
 tw T o witnesses ; and the will may be altered 
 by an addition, or supplement, in writing, 
 and is commonly known as a codicil. 
 
 The following is the usual form of a will : 
 
 In the name of God, Amen. 
 
 I being of sound 
 
 mind and memory, and considering the un- 
 certainty of this frail and transitory life, do 
 therefore make, ordain, publish, and declare 
 this to be my last will and testament : That 
 is to say, First, after all my lawful debts are 
 paid and discharged, I give and bequeath 
 
 Likewise I make, constitute, and appoint 
 to be executor of this my last will and testa- 
 
186 THE young citizen's catechism. 
 
 ment, hereby revoking all former wills by 
 me made. 
 
 In witness whereof, I have hereunto sub- 
 scribed my name and affixed my seal, the 
 day of , in the year of our 
 
 Lord one thousand eight hundred and 
 
 The above written instrument was sub- 
 scribed by the said in 
 our presence, and acknowledged by 
 to each of us : and at the same time 
 declared the above instrument so subscribed 
 to be last will and testament ; and we, 
 at request, have signed our names as 
 witnesses hereto, and written opposite our 
 names our respective places of residence. 
 
 A B. [l. s.] 
 
 John R. Tijttle, residing in Otisco, Onon- 
 daga Co., N. Y. 
 
 B. J. C. Howe, residing in Vesper, Onon- 
 daga Co., N. Y. 
 
 A codicil may be in the following form : 
 Whereas, I, A B, of , have 
 
 made my last will and testament in writing, 
 bearing date the day of 
 
 in and by which I have given and bequeathed, 
 
WILLS. 1 87 
 
 &c. (Here set forth the bequest which the 
 testator desires to change.) Now, there- 
 fore, I do by this my writing, which I hereby 
 declare to be a codicil to my said last will 
 and testament, and to be taken as a part 
 thereof, order and declare that my will is, 
 that only the sum of 
 
 be paid to my daughter-in-law S B, in full 
 of the said legacy given and bequeathed to 
 her, and that the remainder of said legacy be 
 given and paid to my nephew R R. And, 
 lastly, it is my desire that this co'dicil be an- 
 nexed to and made a part of my last will 
 and testament, as aforesaid, to all intents and 
 purposes. In witness, &c. (as in the will, 
 except that the attestation will read " as and 
 for a codicil to his last will," &c.) 
 
188 THE YOUNG CITIZEN'S CATECHISM. 
 Interest on one Dollar. 
 
 Days. 
 
 7 per 
 
 6 per. 
 
 1 
 
 .00019 
 
 .00016 
 
 2 
 
 .00039 
 
 .00033 
 
 3 
 
 .00058 
 
 .00050 
 
 4 
 
 .00078 
 
 .00066 
 
 5 
 
 .00097 
 
 .00083 
 
 6 
 
 .00117 
 
 .00100 
 
 7 
 
 .00136 
 
 .00116 
 
 8 
 
 .00166 
 
 .001:5:5 
 
 9 
 
 .00175 
 
 .00150 
 
 10 
 
 .00194 
 
 .00106 
 
 11 
 
 .00*2 1 1 
 
 .00183 
 
 12 
 
 .00. 
 
 .00200 
 
 13 
 
 .00- 
 
 .00:216 
 
 14 
 
 .00272 
 
 .00233 
 
 I:. 
 
 .002 
 
 .00250 
 
 16 
 
 .00311 
 
 .00 
 
 17 
 
 .003:5 1 
 
 .00283 
 
 18 
 
 .00 
 
 .00:500 
 
 19 
 
 .00369 
 
 .00316 
 
 20 
 
 .00389 
 
 .00333 
 
 21 
 
 .00408 
 
 .00:550 
 
 22 
 
 .00428 
 
 .00366 
 
 
 .00 1 17 
 
 .00383 
 
 
 .00467 
 
 .00400 
 
 25 
 
 .00480 
 
 .00416 
 
 26 
 
 .00506 
 
 .00433 
 
 
 ,00525 
 
 .00450 
 
 
 .005 1 1 
 
 .001(16 
 
 29 
 
 .005(5 1 
 
 .00483 
 
 30 
 
 .00* 
 
 .00500 
 
 
 cent. 
 
 1 
 
 .00583 
 
 2 
 
 .01167 
 
 3 
 
 .01750 
 
 4 
 
 .0:2333 
 
 5 
 
 .02917 
 
 6 
 
 .03500 
 
 7 
 
 .01083 
 
 8 
 
 .01667 
 
 9 
 
 .05-250 
 
 10 
 
 .05833 
 
 11 
 
 .00417 
 
 12 
 
 .07000 
 
 Months. 
 
 6 per cent. 
 
 1 
 
 .005 
 
 2 
 
 .010 
 
 3 
 
 .015 
 
 4 
 
 .020 
 
 5 
 
 .025 
 
 6 
 
 .030 
 
 7 
 
 .0:55 
 
 8 
 
 .040 
 
 9 
 
 .015 
 
 10 
 
 .050 
 
 11 
 
 .055 
 
 12 
 
 .060 
 
TABLES ON INTEREST, ETC. 189 
 
 Discount on one Dollar at Seven per cent. 
 
 Days. 
 
 
 1 
 
 .000191 
 
 2 
 
 .000382 
 
 3 
 
 .000574 
 
 4 
 
 .000766 
 
 5 
 
 .000957 
 
 6 
 
 .001148 
 
 7 
 
 .001330 
 
 8 
 
 .001531 
 
 9 
 
 .001722 
 
 10 
 
 .001913 
 
 11 
 
 .002104 
 
 12 
 
 .002295 
 
 13 
 
 .002486 
 
 14 
 
 .002677 
 
 15 
 
 .002867 
 
 16 
 
 .003058 
 
 17 
 
 .003249 
 
 18 
 
 .003487 
 
 19 
 
 .003680 
 
 20 
 
 .003873 
 
 21 
 
 .004066 
 
 22 
 
 .004259 
 
 23 
 
 .004451 
 
 24 
 
 .004644 
 
 25 
 
 .004837 
 
 26 
 
 .005029 
 
 27 
 
 .005222 
 
 28 
 
 .005414 
 
 29 
 
 .005606 
 
 30 
 
 .005800 
 
 Months. 
 
 .005800 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 .011531 
 
 3 
 
 .017198 
 
 4 
 
 .022800 
 
 5 
 
 .028339 
 
 6 
 
 .033815 
 
 7 
 
 .039230 
 
 8 
 
 .044585 
 
 9 
 
 .049880 
 
 10 
 
 .055117 
 
 11 
 
 .060297 
 
 12 
 
 .065420 
 
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 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
 

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