GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES;
OR, AN
ACCOUNT
OF THE
PUBLIC AND PRIVATE
LIFE OF THE GREEKS;
RELATING TO THEIR
GOVERNMENT,
LAWS,
MAGISTRACY,
JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS,
NAVAL AND MILITARY
AFFAIRS,
RELIGION",
ORACLES,
FESTIVALS,
GAMES,
EXERCISES,
MARRIAGES,
FUNERALS,
DOMESTIC EMPLOYMENTS,
ENTERTAINMENTS,
FOOD,
DRESS,
MUSIC,
PAINTING,
PUBLIC BUILDINGS,
HARBOURS,
BATHS, &c. &c.
Chiefly defigned to explain Words in the GREEK CLASSICS,
according to the Rites and Cuftoms to which they refer.
TO WHICH IS ADDED,
A CHRONOLOGY OF REMARKABLE EVENTS
IN THE GRECIAN HISTORY,
From the Foundation, of the Kingdom of ARGOS under INACHUS, to the
DEATH OF ALEXANDER.
By the REV. THOMAS HARWOOD,
LATE OF
UNITE RSirr COLLEGE, OXFORD.
Ira refponfum volo, omnem elegantem do&rinam, omnem cognitionem dig-
nam hominis ingenui Audio, uno verbo, quicquid ufquam eft politiorum dif-
iplinanim nullis aliis quam Graecorum libris ac literis contineri.
MURETI'S.
LONDON:
i'RINTED FOR T. CADELL AND W. DAVIES, IN THE STRANr>
1801.
Luke Hanfar<3, Printer,
.Great TurnftUj?i L'mcoln's-Iuu
DF77
ADVERTISEMENT,
IT was fuggefted, fome years ago, to the
compiler of the following pages, that a work,
containing an account of the Manners and
Cuftoms of the Greeks, upon a plan fome-
what fimilar to that of Dr. Adam, in his
very ufeful book on the Roman Antiquities,
would be a profitable companion to the ftu-
dents of literature.
On this fubject, the work of Archbifhop
Potter has been much confulted ; but it is
found to be fo encumbered with historical and
mythological digreffions, and with long quo-
tations from the claffics, that the labour of
inquiry is not always without difficulty re-
paid. The work alfo of Lambert Bos, pro-
feflbr of Greek in the Univerfity of Fra-
a 3 neker^
324
Vi ADVERTISEMENT.
neker, although enriched with the notes of
Frederick Leifner, is executed upon a plan
too compendious to fatisfy the inquiiitive
fcholar. It is hoped, however, that the
prefent compilation will be deemed equally
free from thefe objections; comprehending
much that will iiiftruct, as well as amufe.
To render the perufal of the ancient Greek
claffics more profitable and delightful, a pre-
vious acquaintance with the cufroms and
manners of that celebrated people is obvioufly
neceffary: and, in thefe refearches, it cannot
be doubted but that the fcholar will contem-
plate with admiration, their magnificent edi-
fices, their naval and military affairs, the
myfterious folemnities of their religion, the
variety of their games and feftivals, their ma-
jeftic and flowing drefs, the peculiarity of
their entertainments, and whatever has dif-
tinguifhed them from other nations.
The compiler of the prefent work has
therefore endeavoured to introduce what is
moft inftruclive and interefting in the cuftoms
and manners of the ancient Greeks ; with-
t
out
ADVERTISEMENT. Vli
out the knowledge of which, the ftudy of the
Greek claffics would be dull and unprofitable.
The Greek words are added to the particular
cu/tom to which they relate; and thus, by
connecting words with things, the ftudent
may at once unite his knowledge of the
country by the language, and of the language
by the country.
It would be ufelefs to enumerate the va-
riety of learned authorities to which he has
referred : he will only acknowledge, that in
the long catalogue of authors which he has
confalted, he has freely borrowed, from every
quarter, whatever could be fele&ed for the
utility and illuftration of the fubjeft.
In the account of the coins, weights, and
meafures, Arbuthnot has been his chief
guide. But M. D'Anville's " Mefures Itine-
raires" may be confulted with great advan-
tage.
The Chronology of remarkable events has
been felefted from the " Fafti Attici," from
Archbifhop Ufher's " Annales," and from
Dr. Blair's " Chronology."
a 4 Whatever
Vlii ADVERTISEMENT.
Whatever may contribute to affift the
fcholar, and to facilitate the acquifition of
knowledge, cannot be unacceptable to the
friends of literature. To promote this ufe-
ful obje6l has been the endeavour of him,
who now fubmits his labours to the public*
Lichfield,
Auguil 24, i8or.
CONTENTS.
Page.
A CHRONOLOGY of remarkable Events, &c. - xvii
GREECE - - i
ATHENS - ib.
Divifan of the inhabitants - - 2
Description of the city of ATHENS - 3
The citadel^ or upper city 4.
Lower city - 7
Gates - - ib*
Streets ~ 9
Buildings of the hwer city - - ib.
Gymnafia - - 14
Theatres *; - - 17
Harbours iS
Citizens * ~ J 9
Sojourners . - . . ^ . 22
Athenian magiftrates - - - 27
Archons - - 29
i - /ta/V authority - - 30
fnferiour magiftrates - " - 33
Public revenue - - - - 35
fc CONTENTS.
Public treasurers - . 36
- expenditure - . 38
d'lftr'ibuters - - - . - ib.
Officers in the markets - - - ~ 39
Maritime officers - - - . - 40
Various officers in the -public fervice - - ib:
OF THE ATHENIAN COUNCILS.
Council of the Amphittyons - - - -46
Public ajfemblies - - . - 47
Time of meeting - - - - 48
Places of meeting - - - . -49
Manner of holding the ajjemblies - - - ib.
Senate of five hundred - - - " 5 2
Areopagus - ... - ^ 56
zVx power - - 57
i time and manner of meeting - - 58
Courts of ' jujlice for criminal offences - 6 1
Other courts of jujlice - ib.
Courts of juflice for civil affairs - ... 64
Judicial procefs - - 66
Witneffes - - 71
Jnferiour magistrates - - - - "74
Public judgments - - - - - 76
Private judgments - - 79
Criminal pttniftmients - - - - - 84
Public honours and rewards - - 88
LAWS o/*/^ ATHENIANS - - - 89
. relating to divine ivorjbip - - 94
- - - fejlivals - - 95
ganuS) and plays - 96
Laws
CONTENTS. Xl
Page.
Laws relating to thofe who officiated m holy rites 98
the laws - - "99
. . . the decrees of thefenate and people \ o I
citizens - - - - 102
children and parents - - 103
fojourners - 1 04
Jlaves and freed fervants - 105
the fenate of five hundred - ib.
magiftrates - - 106
a pfephlfm - 107
orators - - 1 08
various offices - - - ib.
honours conferred by the common-
wealth - - - - ib.
the gymnafia - - - no
phyftcians and philofophers - ib.
judges . - - ib.
lawfuits - - - IH
preparatory to judgments * ib:
relating to judgments - - . - ib.
' arbitrators - - - n->
1 oaths - - - ib.
1 witnejfes - - - ib.
, ., judgments already pa/l - - 114
punijhments . ib.
" receivers of public money - Ii6
_ ////2/V.r *;/ land-marks - - ib.
herds, and flocks - - 117
and felling . 1 1 8
money and ufury - - - ib.
importation and exportation of
wares - - - 119
---- 120
XU CONTENTS.
Page.
Laws relating to corporate fodetles - - - 120
' marriages - - - - 12 1
dowries - - 122
divorces - - - - 123
> . adulteries - - - - ib.
. boy s^ procurers^ and harlots - 124
wills-) and fuccejfion of property 12$
guardian/hip - - - 126
fepulchres and funerals - - ib.
robbers and ajjajjins - - 127
/*// - - 129
Jlander - "ISO
matters ofbujinefs - - 1 ib.
entertainments - - ib.
military affairs - - ~ 131
__^_. i rewards and punijhments - ib.
^ various matters - - - 132
RELIGION /* /fo ATHENIANS - 133
Priejis and religious minifters - - - - 134
Temples - - 137
Grecian idols - - - - -I 39
Statues - - 140
Altars - - ib.
Sacred f elds - 145
Sacrifices - - - - - ib.
Matter of their facrifices - - - - 146
Rites preparatory to facrifices - - 152
Ornaments ufed at facrifces - - * 155
Time and manner of offering facrifices - 156
Ceremonies after the facrifices - - - 160
Prcjents to the gods - - - - 1 6 1
CONTENTS* Xlii
Page.
Prayers and imprecations - - - 162.
Oaths - - I 6 5
Manner of fw ear ing - - -167
Reverence paid to oaths^ and punijbments attend-
ing the violation of them - - - -169
Divination and oracles - - - - 170
Oracle of Dodona^ and other oracles of Jupiter - 171
Oracles of Apollo - - - 174
Other Grecian oracles^- ~ - - - 184
Theomancy - - - 189
Divination by dreams - - - - 190
i facrifices - 193
.. /rdk - - 197
. infetts and reptiles . - - - 20O
the figns in the heavens - - ib.
i lots - - 202
prefages - 204
Magical divinations - 207
GRECIAN FESTIVALS * 213
GRECIAN GAMES and COMBATS - 259
Running - - 260
Leaping - - - 262
tT/fo? difcus - - - 263
Boxing - 264
W^reflling -*- - - - - 265
Races^ and other exercijes - '- 266
Olympic games - - - - - -267
Pythian games - * - 271
Nemean games - - - * - ~ 2 73
JJlbmian games ~ - - - - -274
- - - - - . - ib.
MlLITAXT
Xiv CONTENTS.
Page.
MILITARY AFFAIRS . . - 279
Soldiers - . - . . -281
Armour and weapons - - . -285
Jflhenian officers - - - - 204
Lacedemonian officers - - - - -296
&iv fans, forms, and diftinflions of the army - ib.
Peace and iuar> ambaffadour^ &c. - - 305
Camps . . - 307
Guards - . ^ o g
Battle - _ 309
Signals and Jlandards - - - - ib.
- - - 3,3
Funerals and treatment of the (lain - - 3 1 7
Military booty - - . . -72O
Trophies - - - . . -?2I
Military punijhments - - o 2 ^
Military rewards - - - . - -224.
Manner of fending intelligence - -325
MARITIME AFFAIRS ... 326
Sea fervice - . . - ib.
Part-s and ornaments of Jhips - - - - 320
Naval injlruments - 330
Naval injlruments of ivar - - - - o og
Mariners and fea forces - - - 33^
Naval officers ---_._ 2
- - 344
Defence of harbours - . _ 346
Naval engagements - 347
Naval fpoils - or O
Naval punijhments - - - - ib.
PRIVATE
CONTENTS. XtT
PRIVATE LIFE OF THE GREEKS.
Page.
Funerals - ' - - - - - - 352
Treatment of the fick and dead - 355
Ceremonies before funerals - - - - 357
Funeral procejfions - - - - 360
Mourning for the dead - - 362
Interment and burning of the dead - 365
Tombs and monuments - 368
Honours paid to the dead - - - 37 1
Privileges of youth - - - "37^
Tokens exprejjive of love to women - - 37 8
Marriage - . - - - 382
Divorces - - 396
Adultery - - - "397
Concubines - 398
Employments of women - - 400
IVomen in child-birth - - - 402
Infants - - 404
Children - - ... 408
Jfyg-fo of inheritance - - 409
Ttflamentary wills - - - - 4It
Inheritance of honours - - 412
Filial duties - - - - ib.
.&f7/f - - 414
Entertainments - - - -415
- - 416
Liquors - .... 420
Invitations to entertainments - 422
Bathing - . - - - 42$
jfctffo - - ib.
Anointing the body - . . . - 426
Cuftoms at entertainments - - . - 427
Hofpitality
XVt CONTENTS.
Hofpitality to Jlrangers * - 445
Education ----- 449
Art of painting ------ 450
ofmufic - - - - - - 452
Z>fY> - 455
Money - - 459
Weights - - 4 6 *
Meafures - - 4^^
INDEX of Greek words - - - - - 464
INDEX of remark able things - - -499
XVII
A
CHRONOLOGY
OF
REMARKABLE EVENTS
IN THE
GRECIAN HISTORY,
FROM THE FOUNDATION OF THB KINGDOM OF AR60*
UNDER INACHUS,
TO THE DEATH OF ALEXANDER.
I56.
ISO/.
1764.
>747-
1712.
1642.
1582.
1556.
IS06.
H97-
H95-
M93-
The kingdom of Argos under Inachus ^as eftablifhecl.
Before the i ft Olympiad 1080 years.
Inachus, the firft king of Argos, died.
The deluge of Ogyges, from which Attica lay wafle for
above 200 years, till the coming of Cecrops. He died
this year.
Phoroneus, king of Argos, died.
Apis, king of Argos, died.
Argus, king of Argos, died.
About this time the chronology of the Arundelian marble*
begins, which fuppofes Cecrops to arrive in Attica.
Cecrops founds the kingdom of Athens, 780 years before
the ift Olympiad.
Cranaus, king of Athens.
The deluge of Deucalion in Thcflaly.
Amphi&yon, king of Athens.
The Panathenaean games firft celebrated at Athens.
Cadmus arrived in Greece, and built Thebes.
b Erichthomu*
Years
bef.
Chrift.
'453
1437
1425'
1406
1396
i35 6
347
1326.
1307.
1283,
2263.
1234.
1228.
1225.
1222.
1213.
1205.
1I98.
"93-
1184.
1:82.
A CHRONOtpGY OF THE
Srichthonins, king of Athens.
The firit Olympic games celebrated in Elis by the Idsi
Da&yli.
Pandion, king of Athens.
Danaus, the Egyptian, afterwards king of Argos, died.
Minos gives laws to the Cretans; and iron is found by
the Idaei Dadlyli, from the accidental burning of the
woods of Mount Ida in Crete,
.'.richtheus, king of Athens.
Eumolpus firft introduced the Eleuiinian myfteries at
Athens,
Cecrops II. king of Athent.
The kingdom of Argos is divided, and the moft confider-
able part of it is called Mycena?.
The Ifthmian games firft inftituted by Sifyphug king of
Corinth. Creon, king of Thebes, died.
II. king of Athens.
;geus, king of Athens. Orpheus, and Linus, poets,
flourifhed.
The Argonautic expedition under Jafon. The firft Py-
thian games celebrated by Adraftus, king of Argos.
Thefeus, king of Athens.
Thefeus collects the twelve villages of Attica into one
city, fettles a democracy, and renews the Ifthmiaa
games.
CEdipus, king of Thebes, died.
The Theban war of the feven heroes againft Etecclcs,
king of Thebes.
The Olympic games celebrated by Hercules.
The rape of Helen by Thefeus. Neftor of Pylos, the
Grecian general, flouriflied.
Meneftheus, king of Athens.
The rape of Helen by Paris.
The Trojan war begins. Heftor, the Trojan general.
Achilles and UlyiTes, Grecian generals.
Troy is taken, and burnt, by the Greeki. ^Eneas fails for
Italy.
Demophoonjking of Athcaj.
7
The
Year
bef.
ChriiL
GRECIAN HISTORY* -K1JS
The Lydians are the firft after Minos, who acquire tht
maritime power of the Mediterranean.
Oxyntes, king of Athens.
Aphiclas, king of Athens.
Thymsetes, king of Athens.
Melanthus, king of Athens.
The migration of the vEolian colonies.
The return of the Heraclidse into Peloponnefus, eighty
years after the taking of Troy.
The Heraclidae divide Peloponnefus, upon which the king-
dom of Lacedaemon begins, under Euryfthenes and
Procles, the two fons of Ariftodemus, general of the
Heraclidae.
Codrus, king of Athens.
The kingdom of Sicyon ends.
The kingdom of Athens ends in Codrus; after which they
are governed by archons.
The Pelafgi acquire the maritime power of the Mediter-
ranean.
VIedon, the firft archon of Athens, died,
The migration of the Ionian colonies from Greece, and
their fettlement in Afia Minor.
Acaftus, the fecond archon of Athens, died.
Thracians acquire the maritime power of the Medi-
terranean.
Archippus, the third archon of Athens, died,
vledon, king of Argos, died.
he city of Samos is built.
Therfippus, the fourth archon of Athens, died.
^ycurgus, the Spartan lawgiver, is born.
horbas, the fifth archon of Athens, died.
lie Rhodians acquire the maritime power of the Mediter-
ranean.
Homer and Hcfiod, according to the Arundelian marbles,
flourifhed about this time.
he Phrygians acquire the maritime power of the Medi-
terranean,
X* A CHRONOLOGY OF THE
Years
bef.
Chrift.
^ *
884. Lycurgus eftablifhes his laws in Lacedasmon ; and, with
Iphitus and Cleofthenes, reftores the Olympic games at
Elis.
869. Phidon, king of Argos, is faid to have invented fcales and
meafures, and to have coined filver at
868. The Cyprians acquire the maritime power of the Mediter-
ranean.
854. Phidon, king of Argos, died.
846. Pherecles, the eighth archon of Athens, died.
826. The Phoenicians acquire the maritime power of the Medi-
terranean. Ariphron, the ninth archon of Athens,
died.
814 The kingdom of Macedon begins, and continues 646
years, till the battle of Pydna.
799- Thefpieus, the tenth archon of Athens, died.
797- The kingdom of Lydia begins, and continues 249 years.
787. The Egyptians acquire the maritime power of the Medi-
terranean.
779* Agameftor, the eleventh archon of Athens, died. The
monarchical government ceafes at Corinth, and the
pry tan es defied. Automenes was the firft cf the pry-
tanes at Corinth.
Olympiads.
776. I. i. In this year, Coraebus obtained the prize
of the ftadium ; which has fmce been
made the principal sera of chronology*.
770. II. 3 Theopompus, the nephew of Lycurgus,
afcends the throne of Lacedasmon.
76- V. i. The five Ephori introduced into the go-
vernment of Lacedtemon by Theopompus.
Elatus, the firft of the Ephori.
757- V. 4. Foundation of Syracufe by the Corinthians.
756. VI. i. Jifchylus, the twelfth archon of Athens,
died.
3. Alcmaeon, the thirteenth archon of Athens,
died. The authority of the archons of
Athens ceafes to be for life, and is limit-
ed to ten years. Charops is die firft
decennial archon.
VII. i.Daicles.
Each Olympiad crnta'ns four years ; each of which, beginning at the new
t'xat folJows the fummer foljtke, correfponds to two Julian years, and
includes the fix laft months of the &cil t and she fix firft month* of iht foi-
GRECIAN HISTORY.
Olympiads.
VII. I. Daicles is crowned at the Olympic games ;
being the firft who had that honour The
people of Naxos in Sicily fend a colony
to Catana.
IX. I. JEfimedes, the fecond decennial archon at
Athens.
IX. 2. The firft Meffenian war begins, and con-
tinues nineteen years, to the taking of
Ithome.
XI. 3- The Carians acquire the command of the
Mediterranean. CEdicus, the third de-
cennial archon at Athens.
XIII. 3. The Lacedaemonians being defeated by
Ariftodemus, allow their wives to profti-
tute themfelves in their abfence.
XIV. i. The firft MefTenian war ended, after the
taking of Ithome, by which they become
vailals to the Lacedaemonians. The ^avAo?
is added to the Olympic games. Hip-
pomenes, the fourth decennial archon at
Athens.
XV. 2. The 3oA%o? was added to the Olympic
games. They firft run naked in the
ftadium the year before.
XVI. 3. Leocratcs, the fifth decennial archon at
Athens.
XVIII. l. The wwTaGto*, and the w^, wreftling,
added to the Olympic games.
_ 2. Phalantus, a Lacedaemonian, conducts a
colony to Tarentum.
XIX. 2. Corcyra built by the Corinthians. Apfan
der, the iixth decennial archon at Athens.
XXI. 3. Eryxias, the feventh decennial archon at
Athens.
XXIII. 4. The fecond MefTenian war begins, and
continues fourteen years. About this
time the poets Tyrtaeus and Archilochus
flouriflietl.
XXIV. i. The archons of Athens become annual.
Creon, the firft annual archon.
b 3 XXV. i. The
A CHRONOLOGY OF THS
Years
bef.
Chrift.
680.
668.
664.
659.
658.
648.
644-
640.
638.
632.
Olympiads.
XXV. I . The chariot race introduced at the Olympic
games.
XXVIII. I. The fecond Mefienian war ended by the
taking of Ira ; and the MefTenians are
expelled Peloponnefus.
XXIX. I . Some of the Mefienians fettled at Zancle
in Sicily, which city afterwards takes
the name of Meflma. A fea -fight be*
tween the Corinthians, and the inha-
bitants of Corcyra.
XXX. 2. Crypfelus ufurps the throne of Corinth,
and reigns thirty years.
3. Byzantium founded by the people of Me*
gara*
XXXIII. i. The srayxamov and the twos xi?u?$ were
both iniUtuted at the Olympic games.
XXXIV. i. Terpander, poet and mufician of Lefbos,
flourifhed.
XXXV. i. Thales of Miletus is born, the founder of
the Ionian fc
' 3. Solon is born.
XXXVII. i. The r^ y wot^uv, and the
running an , wreitiing of children, are
trouuced at the Olympic games.
630. ... 3. Cyrene is built by Battus; who begins that
kingdom.
629 4. Crypfelus, tyrant of Sicyon, dies. His
fon Periander fucceeds him, and reigns
44 years.
628.
624.
621.
616.
XXXVIII. X. The smrafiAoit voti^av is added to the
Olympic games, but it was afterwards
difcontmued.
XXXIX. I. The Scythians invade Afia Minor; and
keep poffeffion of it 28 years.
2. DraCo, the archon and lawgiver, efia-
sblifhes his lav/s at Athens.
- 4. A war between the Lydians and Milefians,
which continues eleven years.
XLI. i. The wyiw wot^M, boxing between chil-
dren, is inllituted at the Olympic games.
XULi.Tho
GRECIAN HISTORY.
Olympiads.
XLII. I. The adherents of Cylon at Athens are
murdered.
3. Anaximander, the philofopher of Miletus,
is born.
XLIV. i. Alcajus and Sappho, poets, flourimed.
XLV. i. About this time Pythagoras is born; he
lived ninety years.
t 4, Eclipfe of the fun predicted by Thales^
which took place during the battle be-
tween Cyaxeres, king of the Medes, and
Alyattes,king ofLydia,onthe 9th of July.
Epimenides of Crete purifies the city
of Athens from the pollution incurred by
the murder of the adherents of Cylon.
XL VI. I. The Scythians expelled from Upper Afia?
by Cyaxares. Solon induces the council
of the Amphyftyons to refolve to attack
the people of Cirrha, accufed of impiety
towards the temple of Delphi.
i.. 3. Solon, lawgiver and archon of Athens-.
. 4. Solon travels into Egypt, Cyprus, Lydia,&c.
XLVJI. 2. The Pythian games firft celebrated at
Delphi, and continued on the fecond year
of every Olympiad.
mm 3. The Lydian war begins betwixt Cyaxaret
and Halyattes, and continues fix years.
Pittacus begins to reign at Mytelene;
and retains lovereign power for ten years.
XLVIII. 4. Competition of mufi:ians inftituted at the
Pythian games.
XL IX. i. Periander dies. The Corinthians recover
their liberty.
3. The I'-hmian games reltored, being cele-
brated the firit and third year of every
Olympiad. Mi'op, the mythologift, flou-
rimed.
.. 4. The fi; ft Pythiad, ferving to calculate the
years in which the public games were
celebrated at Delphi", $tefichorus, the
poet, flouriihed.
LIT, 3. Pittacus of Mytelene died.
XXIV A CHRONOLOGY Of TH
Years
b f.
CHrift
-"I
562.
56O.
559-
557-
556.
548.
536.
529,
528,
526
525
522
521
5*3
510,
Olympiads!
LIV. 3. The firft comedy at Athens afted upon a
moveable fcaffold by Sufarion and Dolon.
Some years after Thefpis begins to act in
tragedy. Anaximander of Miletus flou-
rifhed.
-LV. i. Pififtratus ufurps the Sovereign power at
Athens ; and holds it two years.
I 2* Cyrus afcends the Perfian throne. Anaxi-
menes of Miletus, Bias of Priene, Pha-
laris, and Cieobulus, flourifh.
4. Pififtratus, after an expulfion, recovers the
tyranny of Athens, and holds it one year.
L VI. i. Pififtratus is expelled Athens, and conti-
nues in banifhment for eleven years.
LVIII. i. Craefus conquered by Cyrus. Theognis,
the poet, and Pherecydes the Syrian,
flouriflied. Thales died. The burning
of the temple bf Delphi.
LIX. 2. Battle of Thymbra. Cyrus takes the city
of Sardis.
LXI. i. Prizes infiituted for tragedy. Simonides
Anacreon, and Xenophanes flourifti.
LXII. 4. Cyrus dies ; and is fucceeded by his fon
Cambyfes.
LXIII. I. Pififtratus, the tyrant of Athens, dies:
Hippias and Hipparchus, his fons, fuc-
ceed him.
3- Learning is encouraged at Athens, and a
public library built.
4. The birth of ^Efchylus, the poet. Chce-
rilus, the tragedian, flourifhed.
LXIV. 3. Polycrates, the tyrant of Samos, put to
death, after a reign of eleven years.
4. Darius, fon of Hyftafpes, begins to reign
in Perfia.
LXV. 4. Birth of the poet Pindar.
LXVI. 4. Hipparchus, the tyrant of Athens, put to
death.
LXVII. 3. The tyranny of the Pififtratidac aboliftied
at Athens, Clifthenes increales the num-
ber of tribes at Athens from four to ten.
LXVIII. i. Ex.
GRECIAN HISTORY. XX?
Olympiads.
LXVIIT. i.. Expedition of Darius againft the Scythians.
LXIX. i. Ionia revolts againft Darius. Sardis taken
and burnt by the Athenians. Heraclitus,
Parmenides, and Ariftagoras fiourifhed.
LXX. I. Race for chariots drawn by two mules in-
troduced at the Olympic games. Birth
of Anaxagoras, the philosopher, .^fchy-
lus was a competitor for the prize in tra
gedy with Pratinas and Choerilus.
- 4. Birth of Sophocles.
LXX1. i. Miletus taken and deftroyed by the Per.
fians. Phrynicus, thedifcipleof Thefpis,
makes it the fubjeil of a tragedy. He
firft introduced female characieis on the
frage. Birth of Democritus ; who lived
ninety years.
2. Birth of Hellanicus, the hiftorian,of Lefbos,
LXXI1.2. Gelon, king of Syracufe.
3. The Perfians defeated by Miltiades, in the
battle of Marathon.
4. Miltiades, having been unfuccefsful in the
fiege of Paros, is profecuted, and dies.
LXXIII. I. Chionides, of Athens, brings a comedy on
the ftage.
4. Death of Darius, king of Perfia. Xerxes,
his fon, fucceeds him.
LXXIV. l. Xerxes recovers Egypt, and give? the
government of it to his brother Achxme-
nes. Ariitides banifhed by oftracifm*
Birth of Herodotus ; and Euripides.
4. Xerxes winters at Sardis, and in the fpring
crofTes the Hellefpont, and begins his ex-
pedition againft Greece.
LXXV. I. Battle at Thermopylae, and Salamis. Xerxes
arrives at Athens in Auguft. Birth of
Antiphon, the orator. Charon, the
hillomn, and Zeuxis, the painter, f*ou-
ri(hed.
2. The Perfians defeated at P!at:ca, and M>'-
cale, ou the fame day.
LXX VII. a. The.
XXVI A CHRONOLOGY OP THX
Years
bef. Olympiads.
thrift.
471. LXXVII. 2. Themiftocles banifhed for confpiring with
Paufanias againft the liberty of Greece.
Birth of Tiiucydides.
470. 3. Victory of Cimon over the Perfians near
the river Eurymedonin Pamphylia.
469. 4. Cimon removes the bones of Thefeus to
Atticus. Birth of Socrates, ^fchylus
and Sophocles difpute the prize of tra
gedy, which is adjudged to the latter.
468. LXXVIII. i. The death of Simonidss.
467. - 2. The death of Ariftides.
465. 4. The third MefTenian war begins, and con-
tinues ten years. The deaih of Xerxes;
who is fucceeded by Artaxerxes Longi
man us, who reigns forty years.
464 LXXIX. i. Earthquake at Lacedaemon.
463. 2. Egypt revolts from the Perfians, under
Inerus, who procures them the affifiancc
of the Athenians.
462. 3. The Perfians defeated by the Athenians in
a naval engagement.
461 . -" ' 4. Cimon leads an Athenian army to the aflift-
ance of the Lacedaemonians ; who fufpetl-
ing them of perfidy, fend them back.
Bam foment of Cimon.
460. LXXX. i. Birth of Hippocrates.
459' 2. The Athenians begin to tyrannize ever the
other Grecian ftates. Birth of Lyfias, the
orator. Plato, the comedian, Ariftarchus,
the ^ tragedian, Leocrates, Thrafybulus,
Pericle:, &c. flourifhed.
455. LXXXI. 2. The Athenians, under the conduct of Tol-
mides, and afterwards under Pericles,
lay wafte the coafts of Laconia.
454 3. The Romans fend to Athens for Solon's
laws.
452, LXXXII. i. Ion brings his tragedies on the ftage, Pin-
dar died.
450. . 3. Truce for five years between the ftates of
Pelopoimtfus and the Athenians, con-
cluded
GRECIAN HISTORY.
Years
bff.
Chrift,.
eluded by Cimon, who had been recalled
from banifhment, and who foon after led
an army into Cyprus. A war between
the Perfians and Athenians at fea, which
continues two years.
,i 4. Cimon obliges the king of Perfia to fign a
treaty with the Greeks difaonourable to
that monarch. Death of Cimon. Death
of Themiflocles, aged 65.
448. LXXXIII. i. The firft facred war concerning the temple
of Delphi.
2. The Athenians defeated by the Beeotians
at Chaeronasa ; and Tolmides, the gene-
ral, killed.
3. The Eubceans and Megareans feparate from
the Athenians, who reduce them, under
the conduft of Pericles, The truce of
five years between the Lacedaemonians
and Athenians expiring j another truce is
made for thirty years.
. 4. Herodotus reads his hiftory at the Olympic
games, and receives public honours.
Meliffus, Protagoras, Empsdocles, &c.
flourished.
444. LXXXIV. I. Pericles remains without a rival for power,
He had taken part in the government for
25 years before, and continued to enjoy
almoft ablolute power during 15 years
after. A colony fent to Tim/ium by the
Athenians : Herodotus, Thucydides, and
Lyfias were of the number.
44*. * * 3- Euripides, aged 43 years, obtains the prize
for tragedy for the firft time.
440. LXXXV. I. Comedies prohibited at Athens, which con-
tinued for three years.
2. A war begins between Corinth and Cor-
4. The Athenians fend a colony to Amphi-
polis. Building of the Propylaea in ths
citadel of Athens.
436. LXXXVI. I. Birth of Ifocrates. At this time flourifhed,
Gorgias, Hippias, Prodicus, Zeno of
Bleu, &c.
LXXXVII. i. Me-
A CHRONOLOGY OF THE
Years
bef,
Chrift.
43*'
43-
429.
4 2S-
4?.
4*6.
425.
444.
4*3-
422.
421
416,
Olympiads,
LXXXVII. i. Meton begins his EmaSWajr^K, or nine
teen yeats cycle of the moon from the
new moon of July 6th, being eighteen
days after the fummer foiftice*.
2. The Peloponnefian war begins May 7th,
and continues about 27 years.
, - . 3. A plague ?t Athens for five years. Eupolis
begins to write comedies.
- 4. Birth of Placo, in May. Birth of Pericles,
about October.
LXXXVIII. i. Death of Anaxagoras.
- - 2. The Leontines fend a,n embafly to Athens
for ailiftance againft the Syracufians,
which is granted them. The Athenians
fei'/e on Mytelene, and divide among
them the lands of Lefbos.
. - - 3. The Athenians purify the Ifls of Delos.
. - 4. The Athenians take Pylos in Peloponnefus.
Death of Artaxerxes Longimaaus. Xerxes
the 2d fucceeds him.
LXXXIX. i. Anftophane.:,' comedy of the clouds, a&ed
firft at Athens againit Socrates. The
Sicilians make peace, and the Athenians
return.
_ 2. Death of Xerxes II. king of Perfia. Da-
rius Nothus fucceeds him, and reigns 19
years. The temple of Juno at Argos
burnt.
3. Battle of Amphipolis, in which Brafidas
the general of the Lacedaemonians, and
Cleon, the -general of ihe Atheniaas, are
(lain.
> . - ^. Truce for fifty years concluded between
the Athenians and Lacedaemonians; which
is kept only during fix years and ten
months!
XCI. l. Alci'oiades gains the prize at the Olympic
games.
XCI. 2. The
* The civil rear, before, b??an with the new moon wh'ch followed the winter
foiftice. It afterwards commr!,c:d with that *hich follows the funnier lolftice ;
at which tims aifo the new auhoas uavcied on their otftce.
GRECIAN HISTORY. XXIX
Olympiads,
XCI. 2. The Athenians reduce M ;1os. Expedition
of the Athenians into Sicily. The ftatues
of Mercury thrown down at Athens.
- 3. The fecond part of the Peloponnefian war,
called the Decclean, begins. The Lace-
dasmonians feud an army into Sicily.
4. The Athenian army defeated in Siciljr.
Nicias and Demofthenes put to death in
September.
XCII. 2. Alcibiades forfakes the Lacedaemonians.
Four hundred citizens placed at the head
of the government.
3. The four hundred are depofed, and the de-
mocracy re-eilablilhed. Baniiljment of
Hyperbolus. The oftracifm laid afide.
XCII1. 2. Alcibiades returns to Athens. Death of
Euripides.
4. Dionyfius the elder afcends the throne of
Syracufe. Death of Sophocles. Battle
of Arginufae, in which ths fieet of the
Athenians defeats that of the Lacedae-
monians. Lyfander gains a fignal viftory
over the^Athenians near JEgos-Potamos.
XCIV. I. Death of Darius Nothus. Artaxerxes
Mnemon fucceeds him. Athens taken by
the Lacedaemonians. Lyfander eftablifhes
at Athens thirty magiilrates, known by
the name of the thirty tyrants. Their
authority ceafed in eight months. About
this time flourished, Parrhafius, the paint-
er, Protagoras, Lyfias, Agathon, Euclid,
Teleftes, Cebes, &c.
3. Archonmip of Euclid. Amnefty. Demo-
cracy re-eftablilhed at Athens.
. 4. Expedition of the younger Cyrus.
XCV. i. Socrates is put to death by the Athenians.
XCVI. i. The expedition of Agefilaus againft the
Perfians.
- 3. Conon defeats the Lacedaemonians near
Cnidus. Agefilaus defeats the Thebans
at Coronea. Conon rebuilds the walls
of the Pirseus.
XCVII. 1. The Athenians, under the conduct of Thra-
fybulus, obtain a part of Lefbos.
XCVII. 2. Death
XXX A CHRONOLOGY OF THE
Years
Olympiads;
Chrift
XCVII. 2. Death of Thucydides.
288. XCVI1I. i. Dionyfius begins the fiege of Rhegium,
wl.tch is taken after a defence of eleven
months. About this time flourished,
Plato, Philoxenus, Damon and Pythias,
Iphicrates, &e.
387. ' ' 2. Peace of Antalcidas between the Perfiana
and Greeks.
' 4. The war of Cyprus finiflied by treaty,
having continued two years. Birth of
Demoflhenes.
XCIX. I . Birth of Ariftotle.
C. 3. Pelopidas, and the other exiles from Thebes*
leave Athens, and feize the citadel of
Thebes, which had been taken by the
Lacedaemonians a fhort time before.
-4. Naval battle near Na<xos, in which Cha-
brias, the Athenian general, defeats the
Lacedaemonians. About this time flou-
rifhed, Ifeus, liberates, Philiftus, Arete,
Philolaus, Diogenes the Cynic, Eudoxus,
Ariftippus, &c.
CI. i. Eubulus of Athens, the comedian.
., . 2. Tirnotheus, the Athenian general, take*
Corcyra, and defeats the Lacedaemonians
at Leucas.
> j. Artaxerxes Mnemon, king of Perfia, gives
peace to Greece. The Lacedaemonians
preferve the empire of the land, and the
Athenians that of the fea. Death of
Evagoras, king of Cyprus.
CII. I. Appearance of a comet in the winter of
373 and 572. Earthquakes in Pelopon-
neius. The cities of Helice and Bura
deitroyed. Platzea dellroyed by the
Thebans.
_ 2. Battle of Leuftra, the 8th of July. The
Thebans commanded by Epaminondas,
defeat the Lacedaemonians under the
command cf their king Cleombrotus, who
is flan. Foundation of the city of Mega-
lopolis in Arcadia.
_, 3. The Mefleniar.s, after a bammment of 500
s, return to Pejoponnefus.
CII. 4, Death
GRECIAN HISTORYV
XXXI
Years
bet.
Ch
368.
367.
366.
364.
363-
36*.
360.
357-
356.
3L54-
353-
Olympiads.
CII. 4. Death of Jafon, tyrant of Pherae.
CIII. I. Expedition of Epaminondas into Laconia*
Foundation of the city of Meflene. The
Athenians, under the command of Iphi-
crates, come to the afliftance of the Lace-
daemonians. Alphareus, the adopted fon
of Ifocrates, begins to write tragedies.
.' ' . 2. Death of Dionyfius the elder, king of Sy-
racufe. His fon of the fame name fuc*
ceeds him.
3. Ariilotle comes to refide at Athens.
CIV. I. The Pifaeans prefide in this Olympiad,
having excluded the Eleans. Pelopidai
is killed in a battle he gained over Alex-
ander of Phenea.
' 2. Battle of Mantinea, and death of EpamI*
nondas.
. 3. Death of Agcfilaus, king of Lacedamon.
Death of Artaxerxes Mnemon; who is
fucceeded by Ochus, The third voyage
of Plato into Sicily, where he remained
1 6 months.
CV. i. Philip afcends the throne of Macedon.
4. Expedition of Dion into Sicily : he em-
barks at Zacynthus in Auguft. The
fecond facred war, begins from the Delphic
temples being attacked by the Phoceans.
The cities of Chios, Rhodes, Cos, and
Byzantium detach themfeives from the
Athenians.
CVI. i. Birth of Alexander: Philip, his father.
crowned conqueror at the Olympic games.
3. Dion is put to death by the Zacynthian
mercenaries ; and Syracufe is governed
feven years by tyrants. Iphicrates and
Timotheus profecuted, and deprived of
the command of the army. Demoilhene*
afcends the roitrum for the firft time.
4. Death of Maufolus, king of Caria. Arte-
mifia, his wife and iiiter, fucceeds him,
cr . reigns two years. The Phoceans
are defeated in TheiTaly by Philip. About
this time flourifhed Lycurgus, Ibis, Theo-
pompus,
A CHRONOLOGY,
Years '
bet.
Chrift
349-
348.
347-
343-
341,
338.
337-
336.
333-
S3 2 '
33 1 -
326.
327
3 2 3<
Olympiads.
pompus, Ephorus, Datames, Philomelus,
&c.
CVII.4. The Olynthians, befieged by Philip, im-
plore afTiilance from the Athenians.
CVIII. i. The facred war finiftied by Philip Baking
all the cities of the Phoceans.
2. Dionyfms recovers Syracufe, after ten years
banifhment. Death of Plato.
CIX. 2. Timoleon drives Dionyfius from Syracufe,
and fends him to Corinth.
. 4. Birth of Epicurus. Birth of Menander.
About this time flouriflied, Speufippus,
Protogenes, jiEfchines, Xenocrates, Pho-
cicn, Mamercus, Icetas, Stilpo, Demades,
Apelles, the painter, Califthenes, Dino-
crates, Calippus, Hyperides, Theophraf-
tus.
CX. 3. Battle of Chacronea, in Augufl. Death of
Koc rates.
4. Death of Timcleon.
CXI. i. Philip of Macedon killed by Pau&nias,
4. The fecond battle gained by Alexander at
Iflus.
CXII. I. Tyre and Egypt conquered by Alexander;
and Alexandria built.
2. The battle of Arbela.
CX1II. i. Philemon begins to produce his comedies.
* 2. Alexander's expedition into India.
CXIV. 2. The death of Alexander, April 21 ft. His
empire is divided into four kingdoms.
Death of Diogenes.
3. Demofthenes put- to death by Antipattr,
Death of Arifiotle. About this time
flou rimed, Praxiteles, Crates, Bagoas,
Parmenio, Philotas, Memnon, Philetus,
Lyfippus, Menedemus, Pinarchus, Pole-
mon, Neoptolemus, Perdiccas, Leofthenes,
Megafthenes, &c,
GRECIAN
GRECIAN ANTlQjUlTtfiS*
GREECE.
GR^ECIA was anciently called HELLAS * and
comprehended Peloponneius, Grsecia Propria,
ThelTalia, Epirus, and Macedonia. It was bounded
on the north by Dalmatia arid Thrace ; On the
eaft, by the ^gean ; on the weft, by the Io-
nian feaj and, on the ibuth, by the Mediterra-*
nean Tea. The Greeks were called lonians, (tie-
rodot. lib. i. Pompon, MeL i. cap. 2.} Danai,
Achseans, Argivi, &c
ATHENS*
the city of Athens, the feat of tlie Grecian
empire, was founded about 1556 years before the
birth of Chrift, by CecropS. It was called from
its founder, Cecropia; and afterwards Athene, ra
honour of Minerva; and by way of eminence ^-oXtf
or a?u> the city : (Strabo, lib. 9j f. 396.^ When
the inhabitants became numerous, the lower grounds
were built on, and the citadel Was called Acro-
polis, or aw TroAK, the upper citys and th$
buildings in the plain, u XTW TroAif, the lower city*
The
GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
The Athenians were originally called
produced from the fame earth, which they inha-
bited > yyyiwS) fons of the earth $ (Hefyckius) and
TfTTj^f?, grafshoppers. They occafionally wore
golden grafshoppers in their hair, as an ornament
of diftinclion, and a badge of their antiquity,
becaufe thofe infects were thought to be fprung
from the ground : (Thucyd. lib \.) The govern-
ment was originally monarchical ; and the chief
power of the king confided in doing juftice ;
(Cicer. de Off. lib. 2. cap. \^.JuJlin, lib. \.)
declaring, and conducting his fubjeclis to war,
(Horn. Iliad) p. v. 310^ and in performing facri-
fices*
THE DIVISION OF THE INHABITANTS.
Cecrops divided the people into four tribes,
named K.X07n;, A-jTop^wj*, Axrat,.aild IlagoiXKZ j be*
ing about twenty thoufand in number ; (SchoL in
Find, Olymp. od. 9.} They were taught trade*
navigation, and the ufe of letters, by the Phoeni-
cians, religion, laws, arts, and fciences, they re-
ceived from the JEgyptians. Cecrops the fecond
divided his dominions into twelve cities, (Etymolog.
.Aitft.) with diflincT: courts of judicature, and ma-
giflrates of their own. With little alteration it
thus remained, till Thefeus eflablifhed a common-
wealth, or popular government, which underwent
no alteration till the death of Codrus ; (Cicer.
Tufcitl. Qx<tft. Jit/tin, Hb. i, z.Eufibius.F'ell.
Pater c. lib. 2.J when the Athenians were governed
by Archons, whofe power was hereditary in the
fame family, who were obliged to deliver an ac-
count of their adminiflration to the people. In
6 the
DIVISION OF THE INHABITANTS. J
the firft year of the feventh olympiad, the power
of the Archons was limited to ten years $ and
feventy years afterwards they became immediately
dependent on the favour of the 'citizens ; and their
authority was made annual) (Clmem Alex. Strom* i.)
which regulation commenced in the third year o
the twenty-fourth olympiad. Lie tie alteration wag
made* till the third year of the forty-fixth olym-
piad, when Solon was Archon ; who was inverted
with power over magiflrates, ailcmblies, fenates,
and courts : (Plutarch. Solon.} He divided the
Athenians into four ranks, according to every
one's condition and circumiiances : thofe who were
worth five hundred medimns of commodities were
in the firft rank, and called t^^w^>j*iAjw'w : the
next were the horfemen, iTtirxf* TMSVTS.C, tjiofc who
were worth three hundred medimns, or could fur-
nifh a horfe : the third rank confined of thofe who
were worth two hundred nK'li.-y.p.s, v-d called
Zzuyirou : the lad rank, called UTS?, was compofed
of the reft, who had power to vote in the public
aflemblies, but were incapable of bearing civil of-
fices : (Plutarch Solon.) Pififtratus afterwards
feized upon the government, which again, in fe-
venty years, reverted to its liberties, which th5
people enjoyed till the invafion of Xerx.j?. ; after
which, Athens was reftored to the full po....
of the government, which it retained with few in-
terruptions, and was fully eftabliihed in the L ..,_;>
year of the ninety-fourth olympiad*
DESCRIPTION OF THE CITY OF ATHENS*
Athens was in circumference about \*% Jlctdia,
or rather more than twenty-two Roman i:
% ' according
4 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES?
according to Ariflides, it was a day's journey round 5
(Panathen.) It was feated in a pleafant plain, and
built on a rock : (Eujlathius.) When the inha-
bitants increafed, the city extended over the plain,
on that account called n xocru TTCTU?, or the lower
city ; and the original buildings were called n <**<*
or axooTroAif, the upper city.
OF THE CITADEL, OR UPPER CITY.
The citadel was 60 ftadia in circumference,
fenced with wooden pales, and planted with olives.
It was fortified on the fouth-fide with a ftrong
wall, part of it built by Cimon, from the fpoils
taken in the Perfian war, called xipuvtov r^x * 5
(Plutarch, in Cimone.)
The north wall was built long before, by
Agrolas ; (Paufanias.) or by -the Tyrrhenian bro-
thers, Euryalus and Hyperbius - r (Plin.) It was
called n^airyixov or n^afyixor, from Pelafgi, the
founders of it ; fo called from tfiAa^yo;, ftorks,
becaufe, like birds of paffage, they were perpetu-
ally changing their habitations : (Strabo. 9. Plin.
lib. 7. 56. Paufanias Atticis.) They who built
houies under this wall were execrated, becaufe the
Peiafgi confpired againil the Athenians : (^hucy aides.
Schol. lib-. 2.J Whoever digged a ditch or fowed
corn here, he was apprehended by the Nomothttcf,
brought before the Archon, and fined three
drachms : (Pollux, lib. 8, c. g.J It was adorned
with nine gates ; hence called EmaTruAcv. There
\vere many fmall gates, but the grand entrance
was built by Pericles, at the expence of more than
1000 drachms: (P hit arch. PericL Pan/an. At-
iicis.-HarpQcrat & Suidas, in V. UpoTruAaia.)
The
THE CITADEL. /
The infide was ornamented with edifices, fta-
tutes, and monuments : (Ariftides in Panathenaica.
Mewjius.)
In the citadel was the temple of MINERVA,
called Nxn, or Vidory. She was reprefented with
a pomegranate in her right hand, and a helmet in
her left, without wings, (viftory being ufually re-
prefented with wings ; Suidas & Harpocrat.) in
commemoration of the fuccefs of Thefeus in Crete,
the report of which had not reached Athens before
his arrival. It was conflruded of white marble,
and placed at the right hand of the entrance of
the citadel.
Another temple of MINERVA, called Parthenion,
becaufe (he preierved her virginity inviolate ; or
becaufe it was dedicated by the daughters of Erec-
theus, who were called IL^Ofi/c* : (HeJ'ychius.) It
was called alfo, Exaro/xTrsJW, becaufe it was one
hundred feet fquare. It was burnt by the Per-
fians, but again rebuilt by Pericles, and enlarged
Hfty feet on each fide : (Paufanias.) It was
built of white marble, and yet remains, a noble
monument of antiquity, 229 feet long, 101 feet
broad, and 69 feet high.
The temple of NEPTUNE, furnarned Erecktheus,
was a double building, and contained the fait
fpring, called E^p^rii?, which was fuppofed to
have iprung out of the earth, from a ftroke of
Neptune's trident y in his conteft with Minerva.
This part of it was {acre4 to NEPTUNE. That
which belonged to MINERVA was firnamed JTcA<a?,
flic protedrefs of the city ; and riaj/^oo-of, from
C>ne of the daughters of Cecrops. Here was the
yljve produced by Minerva; and her image, faid to
B 3 have
GRECIAN ANTI<3UlflE S:
have fallen from Heaven in the time of Erichthonius.
It was guarded by dragons, called CJH^OJ <jp$ ; it
had a lamp always burning with oil, and an owl
bcf - it: 'Apo/lod. 7.3. Plutarch. Symp. I. 9.
j. 6.y The Irnaller edifice, .whkh is an entrance to
the other, is c , :-:t long, and 21 feet 3 inches.
l;-<-cid t The larger is 63 feet and a half long,
and 36 feet bro.'d- The roof is fupported by
ionic pillars Vd, nut the chapiters are a
mixture- betv it ai '- the d
Behind the temple of Minerva flood the public
treafury, c.-l! :! OTHC^O/AC*, Here the names of all
the crediiors ro die flaie v/ere regiftered, called
tyytyoapftwoi sv TV\ axcoTroAf* ; and when they had
paid their debts, they were called s axfosroAfws
i^x^A^a^&u The tutelar gods of this treafury
Were Jupiter Swrtjp, or the Saviour? and Plutus, god
of wealth, whom they reprefented with wings, a.nd
(what was not uiua!) as having recovered hia
fight : (Ariftopk. Schol. Pint.- Thucydid. L 2.
Phtfojlhat* 5ixo!'. lib. 2, Demofih. Schol. Or at. 3. m
Vimocrat.) Here were depofited a thoufand talents,
to be uf;ci on any emergency; which, whoever wan-
tonly expended, was put to death. Here were the
chapels of Jupiter ^corup, and of Minerva ZqtticK :
(Lycurg. Or at in Leocratem.) The temple of
Agraulos, daughter of Cecrops, or Minerva, con-
fecrated to that name : (Herodotus L S.) The
temple of Venus, IVTroXvTfKfc, confecrated by Phsdra,
when in love with Jiippotytus ; (Enripid. Scho!< m
L O W E R C I T Y. G A T E S.
THE LOWER CITY.
THE lower city contained all the buildings fur-
rounding the citadel, encompaffed with a ftrong
wall built by different people at different times.
The Max^a Tfj;^, called Maxf a <rxX : (Plutarch.
Cimone)', and brachia longa, (Propertius E/eg. L $) ;
it was about 5 miles long, and joined the harbour
of Piraeus to the city. The north fide was built by
Pericles, containing 40 ftadia : (Plutarch. Pericle.)
The fouth fide was built by Themiftocles, of
fquare ftones cemented by iron and lead; it
was 40 cubits high, and 35 ftadia in length; it
Was called NOTIV ri^of, or vagx, pt<rx rtix*, Or NOTIOV
|t*<ra T t ^o?, to diftinguiih it from the fouth
wall of the citadel ; and TSI%OS <ptx.Xviaiy.ov, becaufe
it included the port Phalerum ; turrets were creeled
upon them, which were afterwards inhabited:
(Plutarch. Themiftocl.Appian. in Mithridatico.
Vhucyd. lib. I and 2.)
XheM*i/uxiov, the wall that encompaffed the fort
Munychia, and joined it to the haven Pyraeus,
contained 40 ftadia ; the exterior wall on the
other fide of the city was in length 43 ftadia:
thus the circumference of the city contained
178 ftadia, rather more than twenty-two Roman
miles.
OF THE GATES.
IluXai Dfiacriai, afterwards called Ain-uXov, becaufe
they were larger than any of the reft.
UvXxi Kfa,uxs, are fuppofed to be another
na,ine for the former gates : (PhihJlrMitsin Philavro
3 4
GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES*
SopJiift. I. 2. XenofhonHiJl. Grxc. 1. 2. Plutarch
Pmcle et Sylla.)
XI-j,\i IIf^atxa, leading to the Piraseus ; near to
which was the tempie of dalcodoon, and th$
tombs of tbofe that died in defence of their country
when the Amazons invaded Attica under Tiiefeus :
(Plutarch, in Pit. Thef.)
IffTra&f, near to which Hyperides and his family
Were buried: (Hefychiu$.)
H^jflH, where they carried forth dead perfons to
their graves ; from ygw a grave: CTheophrqftus
Charaft. Ethic.)
lif&i, the gate leading to ELEUSIS, through
which they, that celebrated the feilival of Ceres
Eleufinla, made a foiemn proceflion $ from ^o*,
facred.
, the gate of CEgeus, whofe houfe
flood where afterwards the Delphinium was built ;
the flatue of fyfqrfury at the eaft end of that
temple was called Eppw it? Atytw? ?ruAat j : (Plutarch*
'
, the gate of DIOCHARES.
a that gate that looked towards
ACHARNA, a borough in Attica.
Ato/xaa, that which lay towards the borough of
the Diomians.
0g#x*i, the THRACIAN gate.
Irwi/iat, the IxoNiAN gate, near which was
the piiiar erected in memory of the Arriazons :
(JLjchin. Philojopk. in AxiocJio.)
BUILDINGS OF THE LOWER CITY. 9
xatai, the SC^EAN gate. (Hilduinus in
Vit. Dionys. Areop.)
Atyavs -TruAat, the gate of ADRIAN, by which
they entered, into that part of the city which Adrian
re-built, called
-OF THE STREETS.
The Streets of Athens are called by Homer
fu^uaywa; (Odyff. j.) Yet they were not very
uniform or handfome; (Dicaarchus in Defcrip.
Gratis.) Few of their names remain, as T^ SI-IMI,
the way to Eleufts ; O<fo? Qwua 3 between the long
walls leading to the Piraeus, or >j c^
H TWV noXf/xiwv, near the Academy.
H T
JH TOJ
J, a way near the Prytaneum, In which
were ftorehoufes flocked with tripods of brafs ;
where was the fatyr called n^iSouTo?, one of the
jiiaflerpieces of Praxiteles : (Harpocr.
O^ THE BUILDINGS OF THE LOWER CITY.
i. rio/ATrfiov, was an edifice in which were kepi the
facred utenfils ufed at feftivals; it was at the
entrance of the old city which looked towards
Phalerum, and adorned with the ftatues of Athenian
heroes,
2. The
fb GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
2. The temple of VULCAN, or of VULCAN and
MINERVA, not far from Ceramicus within the city,
and was a public prifon.
The temple of the HEAVENLY VENUS, called
Ou^ai/;*, who prefided over chafte love, in oppofi-
tion to IIanJV)/xo? Venus, who was the patronefs of
debauchery. Venus had other temples, fome
erected on account of Demetrius Poliorcetes, to
Venus Lamia, and Lezena, in honour of two cour*
tezans of thofe names : (Plutarch, in Demetrio.)
The temple of THESEUS was erected by Conon,
in the middle of the city, near to which the young
men performed their wreftlings. It was a fanctuary
for flaves, and thofe who fled from perfecution, in
commemoration of Thefeus, the guardian and pro-
tector of the diftrefled. Many temples were
dedicated to him while alive, all, except four,
he dedicated to Hercules, and called them *]<ma
inftead of H^nAsia, being refcued by his afliftance
from the king of the Molofiians: (Plutarch, in Pit.
yhtf.) The form and order of architecture re-
fembled the temple of Minerva in the citadel.
Magifbrates were created in one of thefe temples
by the Thefmothetse; (JEfchines Orat.inCtefiphon.).
Cnfes were alfo heard there; and it was alfo a
public prifon.
the temple of CASTOR and POLLUX,
calL J A?*x;, where flaves were expoied to fale.
or OXuftTTjfiov, was a temple in honour of
JUI-ITER the OLYMPIAN ; this was the moil mag-
nificent ftructure in Athens; it was four ftadia in
circumference, and fupported by pillars ; (Plin. 36.
BUILDINGS OF THE LOWER CITY. 11
*. 6 .) The foundation was laid by Pififtratus, but
it remained unfinished till the time of Adrian, leven
hundred years afterwards.
The temple of APOLLO and PAN was on the
north fide at the bottom of the citadel, in a grotto
Called Max^cu irtrgxi or KEX^OTTKX; Tm^ou ; where
Apollo was fuppofed to have deflowered Creufa, the
daughter of Erechtheus. (Euripides Lone.)
The temple of DIANA, furnamed Autn^wvoy,
where women, after the birth of their rirfl ciiiid,
dedicated their girdles to her: (Apollonii SchoL
was a temple dedicated to all the GODS,
Xvho were honoured with a feftival called Qsofevitz.
It was fupported by 120 marble pillars, The
hiftory of the gods was engraven on the outfide;
and two hori'es were carved upon the great gate by
Praxiteles.
The temple of the EIGHT WINDS, was a tower
of eight fquare of marble, on every fide of which was
the figure of a wind, according to the quarter from
which it blew, carved after a model by Andronicus
Cyrrhaftes. On the top was erected a little pyramid
of marble, on which was placed a brazen triton,
directing with a wand to that point it then blew,
AH the winds anfwered to the compafs, and were
reprefented by fuitabie figures, above which their
names were written; Eu^?, fouth-eaft;
eaft; Kai>ua?, north-eafl; Bo^a^, north;
north-weft; Zspupo?, weft; NOTO^ fouth;
fouth-weft,
12 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
3. Zrogi, Porticos; the moft remarkable was
IlfKnai/axTio?, afterwards called newAn, from its
variety of pictures, drawn by the moft eminent
matters of Gieece. Here Zeno taught philofophy,
and inflituted that fed which .received their names
from this place
4. Mao-fioy, was a fort near the citadel, fo called
from Mufeus the fcholar of Orpheus, who ufed to
repeat his verfes in this place ; and here he was
buried. It was obliged by Antigonus to entertain
a garrifon ; and Demetrius furrounded it with a
wall.
5. l$nov ; a mufic theatre, built by Pericles; it
was filled with feats, and ranges of pillars in the
infide; and the outfide roof was bent gradually
downwards ; fo conftructed in imitation of the king
of Perfia's pavilion : (Plutarch, in Pericle.) Here
was a tribunal ; (Ariftoph. Vef-p.) It was beauti-
fied by Lycurgus ; (Hyperid. pro Ly cargo) ; being
deftroyed in the mithridatic war, (Appian. in
Mithridatico,) it was rebuilt by Herodes Atticus
with fuch fplendour as to furpafs all other buildings
in Greece : (Paufamas.J It was fituated in the,
Ceramicus.
6. CERAMICUS; there were two places of this
name, fo called from Ceramus fon of Bacchus and
Ariadne ; (PatifaniasSuidiis Pirn. L 7. c. $6.)
or probably ro TJJ wz*pitiws Ttxm?, from the
potter's art, which was firfl invented in one of them
by Conebus. One of them was within the city,
and contained temples, theatres, porticos, and the
BUILDINGS OF THE LOWER CITY. 13
like ; *.he other was in the fuburbs, and was a public
burying place, and contained the academy and
other buildings.
7. Ayo^ai ; thefe were very numerous ; but the
old and new forum were the mod remarkable :
The NEW Forum was called EgsTpa, : (Strabo.
lib. g.) It was near the portico of Zcno :
(Paufanias.)
The OLD Forum was in the Ceramicus within the
City, called A^aia a-yo^a. Here the public af-
femblies of the people were held. Here tradefmen
expofed their goods to fale; each trade having a
feparate market : (Menexen. Plato, p. 234. torn*
1. edit.Serran. Schol. Eurip. Hecat. tin. 288, m
V. TTXfnyOgVKTOV.}
where Haves were fold : (Hefychius.)
a,vthe bakers market.
, the fifhmongers market.
the market for women's ap-
parel.
, the wine market.
ir, the oil market ; and many others : (Pollux
L 9. c. 5 .)
The time of fale was called irA(Wa ayo^a, full
market; different hours being appointed for the
fale of different commodities : (Suidas.)
8. BsXfUTu^a, public halls for companies of tradef-
men, where they deliberated on things relating to
their trade.
Trade was much encouraged at Athens ; and if
any one ridiculed it he was liable to an aftion of
ilander :
14: GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES;
flander : (Demofji. Or at. in Eubulidem.) ^Solon
applied himfelf to merchandize; the founder of
the city Maflilia, was a merchant ; Thales, and
Hippocrates the mathematician, traded -, and Plato
fold oil in Egypt. (Plutarch. Solone.)
9. Aqueducts, were few before the Roman times ;
the want of them was fupplied by wells. It was
enacted by Solon, that where there was a publiq
well within four furlongs, it might be ufed , but
thcfe at greater diftance mould be obliged to
provide a well. If they dug ten fathoms without
finding water, they were allowed ten gallons a day
from their neighbours : (Plutarch. Solone.) Adrian,
laid the foundation of an aqueduct fupported by
ionic pillars, which was finimed by Antoninus.
OF THE GYMNASIA.
Public edifices for the ufe of philofophers, rheto-
ricians, and other profeffors ; for wreftlers, pugililts,
dancers, and others > confifled of many divisions,
as,
Sroai, Porticoes filled with fj^aj, and fidefeats :
here the fcholars probably met.
i/, where the ephebi or youths exercifed.
aTroJuTnotoi', yvpi/awgiov, the unclreffing
room.
EAaio0<noi/, aAfiTrrr^oi/, where the combatants were
anointed.
Koi/i?riov, xon?^, where the dull with which
they fprinkled thofe who had been anointed, was
kept,
THE GYMNASIA, 15
where the exercifes of the wjvmOAov,
and the Trayx^cmov were performed. The floor of
it was covered with duft, that they might not
/all.
2p*iffifiov, where particularly they exercifed
with the ball.
The area of the n^ipuXtov, piazza, a fquare or
oblong place in the middle of the gymnalium, for
walking, leaping, or the coit.
oi, places covered at the top, for wreftlers.
or vsftofopihs, were walks open at the
top, for exercifes in the milder part of the year.
The Baths, where were waters of different degrees
of heat and cold. They were ufed after the termi-
nation of a war, or any laborious enterprife : (Ar-
lemidorus Oneirocrit. lib. i .)
The Stadium, a large femicircle, built with fieps
above each other for the accommodation of fpecta-
tors. The mofl remarkable was that built near the
river Iliffus, by Lycurgus, and enlarged by the
powerful Athenian citizen, Herodes Atticus. It
was built of pentelick marble, and was very mag-
nificent : (Paufanias.) It was about 125 geome-
trical 'paces long, and 26 or 27 broad. It thus
afTumed the name of Stadium, being the eighth
part of a Roman mile.
Auxfioi/, Lyceum, on the banks of the IlifTus, fo
called from Apollo, Auxwrow;, or Auxio?, to whom it
was dedicated : (Plutarch, in Symp. /. 8. q. 4.)
Some afcribe tile building of it to Pififtratus, fome
to Pericles, and fome to Lycurgus. Here Ariftotle
taught philofophy$ walking every day till the
hour
16 GRECIAN ANTIQUJTIESt
hour of anointing, which was before meals. Thus
Called n^iTrarn-nxot, OS.TTQ ra Tr^iTrarm, pcnpateticks :
(Suidas, Cicero, &c.J
was part of the Geramicus without the
city, from which it was diftant about fix fladia, or a
quarter of a league ; thus called from Academus, or
Echedemus : (Dicxarckus Plutarch.<Thefeo Horal.
lib. 2. ep. 2.} Plato read his lectures in this place.
At its entrance was the altar and flatue of Love :
(PauJ'an. lib, i. cap. 30.) It was (urrounded by a
wall (Suidas) built by Hipparchus, the fon of
Pififtratus, and the expence of it was defrayed by a
tax upon the people ; hence the proverb Iirirufx*
TEi^toy. It was adorned with covered walks : (Plut.
in dm.)
Kuw<ray^ was in the fuburbs near the Lyceum,
from xuwv a^yo?, a fvvift dog, that when Diomus was
facrificing to Hercules, fnatchedpart of the victim :
(HefychhtSy &cj Here were lhady and folitary
walks ; (Horat. lib. 2. ep. 1.) and temples to
Hercules, Hebe, Alcmena, and lolaus. Here
was the gymnafium for the ufe of flrangers : (Phi-*
torch. Themifiocle.) Here was a court of judica-
ture, where caufes concerning illegitimacy were
heard : and concerning thofe who falfely inferted
their names among the native Athenians : (Non*
nus Monachus in Collett. Hijl.) Here Antifthenea
inftituted a feet of philofophers, called Kwxoi,-
Cynicks, from the name of the place: (Diog. Laert*
Antiflhene.)
THEATRES. 1|
OF THE THEATRES.
Theatres were dedicated to Bacchus and Venus ;
(Laclant. I. 6.) From the former they are fuppofed
to have cUted their origin j (Poly dor. Virg. L 3.
' '3 )
ftage plays, were fo called.
sxyirai, workmen employed in build-
ing theatres, were fo called.
The moil antient theatres were temporary;
formed of boards, gradually placed above each
other, for the accommodation of fpedators, and
therefore called *x^a ; (Hcfychius.) This being
the caufe of much danger, they were built of ftone,
commonly of marble. They were nearly femicir-
Cular, as amphitheatres were ovaL
SXTJI/TI, was a partition, affigned for the actors^
reaching- acrofs the theatre. It fometimes turned
o
found, and then was called verfaiilis ; or drawn
up, and then called duftilis ; (Pollux ', ltb< 4^
cap. 19 .)
B>OJ/TICV, Xvas a place under tlie floor, where
were brazen veflels, filled with ftones and other
things, to imitate the noife of thunder.
E7rnc7jnoj/, a place on the top of the fcene, m
which the machines and reprefentations were
moved.
Ila^ao-xriviov, behind the fcenes* where the ac-
tors dreiTed themfelves.
n^oo-xtjuoi', the ilage, on which they a&ed*
Op^nr^a, where the chorus danced and fungi
in the middle of which was the hoyuov or
the pulpit*
C
it GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
TTTOO-XJJVIOI/, a place under the pulpit for the
mufic.
cavea, was appointed for the fpe&ators,
in three divisions, one above the other. The low-
eft belonged to perfons of quality, and magiftrates ;
the middle to the commonalty ; the uppermofl to
the women. Porticos were creeled behind the
cavea, where the fpeclators retired for fhelter in
rainy weather.
OF THE HARBOURS.
tlipftisuc, Pirseeus, which belonged to the tribe
of Hippothoontis, was about 40 fladia from the
city, before the building of the ^ax^>a T^U. Ife
contained three o^oi or docks; one called KavSa^y
from a hero of that name ; another ApoJ<noR, from
Affohn, Venus, who had two temples there -, the
third Z*, from na, bread corn. Here was /xaxf a
?oa, one large portico formed from five fmaller ones.
Here were two forums ; one near the long pwtic*
and the fea ; the other more diflant from it.
Mau^flf, Munychia, a promontory not far from
Piraeus 5 the name was derived from Munychus,
who in this place dedicated a temple to Diana,
firnamed
Phalerum, belonged to the tribe An-
tiochis, and was about 35 ftadia from the cityj
or 20 fladia. (Paufanias Arcadich.)
CITIZENS. 1 9
OF THE CITIZENS.
The inhabitants of Attica were of three forts ;
the number of citizens in the time of Pericles was
hot twenty thoufand ; (Plutarch, in Pericle.) The
number of ftrangers was ten thoufand ; and of
Haves four hundred thoufand ; (Athenxus Deip*.
I. 6.) It was enacted, that all ftrangers who in-
tended to live at Athens, fliould be compelled,
after a fhort refidence, to enrol their names among
the free citizens ; (Ariftoph. Ran.) It was after-
Wards decreed that none but eminent and merito-
rious characters fhould be citizens ; (Demqfth. in
Ne*r.) The citizens, thus admitted, were called
Ati/xoTTottiToi, and this privilege was conferred only
by the popular aflembly. Six thoufand were re*
quired to be prefent to ratify it. Their votes
were privately taken by the Prytanes, and were
fignified by calling fmall Hones into an urn 5 and
thofe who petitioned for this honour, were not
admitted into, the place of the aflembly. If it
at length appeared to have been conferred on an
unworthy perfon, an appeal might be made to
another tribunal, and their election might be fet
afide ; (Demqfth. in Near.) It was alfo enacted*
that none mould refide as free citizens at Athens,
except thofe who were banilhed from their own
country, or voluntarily fettled there with their
whole families ; (Plutarch^ Solon.) They were ad-
mitted to their rights by certain ceremonies, and
enrolled in a certain tribe; (Demofth. in Ne<cr.)
In the ninetieth olympiad, an inquifition was ap-
pointed to be made into the preteniions of thofe
c 2
M GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
who claimed the rights of freedom, which was
called {hasten?; (Harpocrat.) When any one-
was accuied of making a falfe claim, the fyua^of
or prefect of the borough, to whofe care was com-
mitted the \^^x, lKOV yf /AJA*TIOIS public regifter
of the citizens, affembled the members of his
^/xorat, borough. The names of all the citizens
were then recited out of the regifter; the perfon
accufed named the particular p^ar^a, ward, to
which he pretended to belong, and was obliged to
prove his right of fuccefiion by proper witnefles.
If he claimed his freedom from the gift of the
people, the decree of the popular aflernbly to his
appointment was to be produced. The JV^o-rat,
after taking an oath to determine honeftly, and de-
liberating upon the evidence, privately delivered
their opinions, in expreffing which they commonly
ufed leaves or beans. If the number of white beans
was greater than of the black, he was acquitted;
if the black beans prevailed, he was deprived of his
freedom, and called a.7ro^r,tp urpsvos, and the act of
condemnation was called a7ro\J^pj<n? ; (Demqflh. in
EubuL Pollux lib. 8. Suidas Hefychius.) The
verdict was given before fun-fet ; and the perfon
deprived of his freedom was reckoned among the
^rroncoi, fojourners. If he was not fatisfied with
his fentence, he might appeal to the Thefmothetae,
who, if his appeal was juft, reftored him to
his family ; if unjuft, he was fold for a flave.
.Hence, to prevent fuch difputes, fathers were
obliged to enrol their fons in the regifler of their
0&Tia, borough, termed xou/ov ^aa^a-mov, at
which time they iwore that the child was lawfully
born or lawfully adopted j (fyeus de Apollod* hared.)
The
CITIZENS. si
The fgxrofss, members of that ward, had the
power of rejecting any one againft whom Sufficient
evidence appeared, concerning which they voted
by private Suffrages ; (Demnfth. in Macart.) Ap-
peal might be made from their fentence to the
magistrates ; (Demofth. in Near. Ifaus de Apoll.
hared.) The adopted fons were regiftered upon
the feftival Oa^yiAia ; the natural fons upon the
third day of the feftival Apaturia, called, x^swrif,
in the month Pyanepfion. Some fay they were
regiftered at one year, others at three or four years
old ; (Etymol. AuEt. v. Airr^. Proclus in
Platon. *imaum. Heliodor. lib. i.~ Ariftoph. Ran.
aft. i. fc. j.) Young perfons were enrolled a
fecond time in a public register, in which they
were admitted of the number of the s<pnoi ;
(Pollux lib. 8. cap. 9.) when their hair was fhaved
and confecrated to fome of the gods. They were
regiftered a third time before the feftival Pana-
thenaea, when thofe who were twenty years old
were introduced at a public meeting of the faporwt
men of the fame Jii/AOf, tribe, and entered in a re-
gifter, called Arjia^xov y^a^ucmiov ; (Pollux lib. 8%
cap. 9.9 this was called i*f*i^af ty-y^a^to-Oat, to be
regiftered among the men. The inhabitants were
of three kinds, the woXira 5 or freemen; /xsreixo*, or
Strangers; &TOI, or Haves. The people were divid-
ed by Cecrops into four <puAa, tribes ; each tribe
was Subdivided into three parts, called, T^ITTUJ,
c9i/of, or ^ar^ia ; and each of thefe into 30 yjyj?,
families, and called r/uaxaJW ; they were alfo called
^/en/rjTa and o/xoyaAaxroi, and
lib. 3. c. 4. /. 8. c. $.}
C 3
22 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
The names of the tribes were different in dif*
ferent asras : at firft they were called
from Cecrops -, AVTQ%QU>V ; Axraia, and
they were afterwards called K^ai/a
AiaxfK. Erichthonius called them,
JIoG-fi^awas- $ and H^ainaj, from different deities.
Afterwards they were called Ttfaovrtf j OTTXITOH, ;
Atyixotf ; A^ya&y j (Herodotus, L S. c. 44.^) Thefe
names they received from the fons of Ion ; (Eu-
Ion.- Herodotus, L 5. c. 66.) Oirhir&i $
j Ffw^yot ; and Aiyixo^ai ; (Plutarch. So-
km.) They were afterwards augmented to ten,
and then to twelve ; (Plutarch. Demetrio.) and
again changed their names ; (&tcphan ArraXi? et
Btf ?ixjaf.) Thefe tribes had public feads, at which
they met to promote friendfhip and good neigh-
bourhpod ; ( Athena^ lib. 15 .) If the whole
tribe aflembled, the feaft was called oinrvov ^uATxoj
if only one, ^ar^ia, it was called, jhiww fi^aT^ixcv,
if of a J"i3/Af> it was efifirwp ^^ortxtK*
Aupoi were little boroughs in Attica, feveral of
them belonging to every tribe j their number was
174; (Euftath. in I!, p. Strabo, I. 9 J xaOurr^*
pr u?rv^0ev, upper or lower : There were other
boroughs, belonging to no particular tribes.
OF THE SOJOURNERS.
Miroixct, thofe were called fo who came from a
foreign country and fettled in Attica, being ad-
mitted by the council of Areopagus, and publicly
regiftered; ( Arijlophanes Schol. in Aves.) They
were confidered as an ufelefs part of the common-
wealth, becaufe of their incapacity to vote in any
affembly \
SOJOURNERS. *J
aiTembly ; (Arijlophan. In Suidas.) They were in-
truded to the care of one perfon, called Tr^ora-njf,
who was to protect them from oppreffion; (Terent.
Ewmchus. aft ulu fc. ult.) If they refufed to ap-
point a protector, they were liable to an action
before the Polemarchus, called aTr^rao-^ to, when
their goods were confifcated. The commonwealth
alfo demanded of them feveral fervices. The men
were obliged to carry trxapai, little {hips, as emblems
of their foreign extraclion, in the Panathen^ea, a
feftival in honour of Minerva, They were hence
called <rxapt?, or trxapjipo^. The women carried
u^iaj, veflels of water, or cnuaJWa, umbrellas, to
flicker the free women from the weather, and are
hence called vfyiKtpogoi and oLiad-nQofsci ; (&liani
vari* Hijloritsjib* 6. c. i.J The men paid an an-
nual tax often, (Hefychius), or twelve drachms, and
the women who had no fons, fix. This was called
JJ.ZTOIXIOV ; (Lyjias Oraf. in Phihmm) and was re-
mitted in the time of Themiilocles ; (Diodor. Siculm
/. ii.} Upon the failure of paying this imposition,
the delinquent was immediately feized by the tax-
maflers, and carried to the market called
(Plutarch. Ffaminio.) and TrwAjiTt^iov r
(Demqflk. Or at. I. in Ariftogit.) where they were
xpofed to fale by the TrwAnrat, officers of the public
revenue ; (Plutarch. Flaminio. Diogenes Lsertms 9
Xenocrate*) Thofe who had been ferviceable to
the public, were honoured with an exemption from
the payment of all impofls, except what were de-
manded of free-born citizens; this was called
jinmAna, and the perfons enjoying it, jr<mAfjf, be-
caufe they did ury, rtXtw TO*; roK, pay an equal pro-
c 4 portion
*4 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
portion with citizens. They had if tarcf ;?, who en-
tertained them.
OF THE SLAVES.
There were two forts of Jlaves, the mod nume-
rdus of the inhabitants of Attica. One became
fo from poverty, from the chance of war, or from
the perfidy of thofe who trafficked in them, and
were called Gum and TrfXarat; ( Pollux, lib. 3. c. 8.}
but were at liberty to change their mailers, or
releafe themfelves, if they could, from fervitude.
The other flaves were fuch as were at the abfolute
difpofal of their matters.
Slaves were not allowed, to imitate the freemen in
their drefs or manners. They were not to wear long
hair ; (Arifloph. Avibus). The form in which they
were to cut it was called 0i cnfyuiFduoM -, (Eu-
Jlath. mil. &,.) The coats of freemen had two fleeves,
^/A^t^ao-^aAot; thofe of flavesonly one, T^o/xa(rp/aAc;
(Pollux. /. 7. c. 13.^ They were not allowed
commerce with boys, or to anoint themfelves ; (Plu-
tarch. So/one. J They were not permitted to plead
for themfelves, or to be witneffes in any caufe ;
(Cerent. Phormio, afl, 2. fc. i.J Confeffion was
extorted from them by torture ; and whoever de^
manded any Have for this purpofe (which was called
II^cxaAnv, and the aclion TT^OXAJJO-K) was obliged
to indemnify the matter if he fhould die; (De-
moftL Oral. adv. Pant^netum.Ariftoph. Ranis, aft z.
fc. 6.) Slaves were not permitted to worfhip fome
of the deities. They were reduced to obedience
by corporal feverities. No man was allowed to call
his flaves by the name of celebrated characters ;
(At***
SLAVES. 5
(Alex, ab Alex. L 3. c. 29.) or of any of the folemn
games; ( Athenaw Deipnofoph. L 13.) They were
called after the name of their native country, or
of other familiar names in ufe; (Strabo,lib. j.)
which were chiefly of two fyllables. They were pro-
hibited from bearing arms, and feldom ferved in war;
(Virg. JLneid. 9. v. $4-$.) except upon particular
occalions ; (Paufanias. Plutarch, Cdeomene.) when
they fometimes obtained their liberty by defertion ;
(Ariftoph. Equit.) and this was called au-ro^oAai/ ;
but if they were taken, they were bound to a wheel,
and beaten; (Ariftoph. Pace.) If they were de-
tected in theft, they fuffered the fame punifhment;
(Terent. Andria Horat. Ep. lib. \.) They were
fometimes racked upon the wheel to extort a con*
feffion ; (Arijloph.) They were beaten with whips
for common offences, as ^ry*av implies ; during
which they were fometimes tied to a pillar ; (Pol-
lox. Onomaft. /. 3. c. 8.J When convidled of any
notorious offence, they were condemned to grind
at the mill, a toilfome and laborious tafk ; (Cicero
de Orator.) They were fometimes marked on the
forehead ; or ftigmatized in the offending member ;
(Ga/en, Lib. 6.) Hence they were called
andrywj>; (Pollux* lib. 3. c. S.J and iroi
from a bird of various colours ; (Ariftoph. Av.) and
infcripti', (Pirn. lib. 1 8. c. 3.) and literati-, (Plautus
P hit arch. Pericle.) It was confidered not as a mark
of infamy, (Pkocylides, v. 212.} but of honour in
Thrace ; (Herodotus, lib. 5. Claitdian, lib. \ . in Ru-
/Lnum.) They were allowed at Athens to, take
refuge in the temple of Thefeus, when they were
opprefied, and it was facrilege to force them from
it;
a6 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
it j (Plutarch. Thejco.) They might bring an action
againft their matters for ill-treatment, which was
called u^swf <r*K, when they had violated their chaf-
tity ; it was called at***; ^x, when it was com-
menced on account of feverity. If the complaints
werejuft, the mafter was to fell his flave; (Pollux, lib.
7. c. 2. Pollux, ex Enpolis UoX.) They might com-
mence an action againft any one who had injured
them ; (Athen<sus Deipn. lib. 6.J Their condition
was preferable to Haves of other places ; (Demofth.
Philip. 2. Plant. Stic ho.) They might purchafe
their freedom ; (Plant. Cajina.) While they were
under a mafter they were called otxirat ; when they
had regained their freedom, <5Aoi; (Chryjippus de
Concord. I. 2.) They were fometimes advanced to
the dignity of citizens ; (Ari/topb. Ranis, act 2.
pen. 6.) Whence the public criers were forbid to
proclaim the freedom of a Have in the theatre, that
other nations might refpect the privileges of Athens,
(ALfchintt in CteJrpJiGutem ;) and they who procured
their freedom, aTrsAfuS^ot, were called vofioi, illegi-
timate citizens -, (Nonnus in Nazianzeni G-T^AJT. a..)
When they became free they were to pay a tax of
twelve drachms and three oboli, ( Harpocrat -,} and'
were alfo obliged to chufe a ^orai-iK, who was the
O
mafter from whofe fervice they were releafed. If
they behaved improperly, he might arreft them, and
carry them before a judge $ who if guilty, might de-
prive them of their liberty. If they were acquitted
they became TSASUJ tAcuO^ o, entirely free ; this ac-
tion was called aTr^orao-ta &xn ; but if they fhould
receive any injury from their patron, they had the
privilege of electing an HnTaowo;, curator,, who was
5 ^
MAGISTRATES. 37
to defend, to appeal, and to plead for them ; (Sui-
das Harpocrat.) The Helotse, Haves of Sparta,
(fo called from Helos, a Laconian town, conquered
by the Spartans) were treated with great rigour;
(Strabo, L 8. Harpocrat. Plutarch. Lycurgo.)
There were alfo the Prenefbe in Theffaly ; the Cla-
rotae arid Mnoitse in Crete ; the Gymnitae at Argos;
the Corynephori at Sicyon, and many others.
On the firfl day of every month the merchants,
called ai/^aTT^oxaTnjAoi, expofed them for fale in the
Have market ; (Ariftophan. Schol. Equit.) the crier
iftanding on a flone, called w^aru^ AjOoj, and afTem-
bling the people; (Pollux, /. 3. c. 8. Cicero Oral.
in Pifonem.) At Athens the new-bought Have was
.entertained, and fweetmeats poured upon his head,
which were called xaTa^uo-jwaTa ; (Ariftoph* Pluto
Pollux, /, 3. c. S .) The Thracians bought their
flaves with fait, hence they were called ^o; aAoj
vyofxc-piva. The Chians were the firfl who paid
money for them, (C#L Rhod. Antiquitat. L 2$. c. $.J
Homer's heroes exchanged their captives for pro-
vifions; (Iliad, H. 47 2. J In the time of Adrian,
mailers were prohibited from putting their Haves to
.death.
OF THE ATHENIAN MAQISTRATES.
By the law of Solon, no man who had not a good
eftate, could bear the office of a magistrate ; but by
the law of Ariilides, every man was admitted a (hare
in the commonwealth ; (XenopJwn de Rep. Athen.)
Before he was admitted, he gave an account of his
pad life before judges in that part of the forum
called <foxj)ua<n; (Lv/ias Oral, in Evandr. JEf chines
contr.
28 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
contr. Timar chum.) In the firil afTembly, xu^a, be
again appeared, and if any charge was fubftantiated
againft him, he was deprived of his honours ; (De-
mofl. in Theocr.) It was a capital crime to enter
on his office in debt ; and fuch actions were heard
by the Thefmothetee ; (Demqfthen. Leptinea, et
Timocratea.)
The magiftrates of Athens were divided into
three forts ;
1. Ks<OTci'73Toi, who were elected by the people,
and fo called, becaufe they were elected by holding
up of hands. They affembled in the Pnyx.
2. KA*3&)Tot, were promoted by lots, drawn by
. the Thefmothetae in the temple of Thefeus. The
name of every candidate was infcribed on brafs,
put into an urn, with beans ; and thofe were elected
whcfe tablets were drawn out xvith white beans.
Any perfon putting more than one tablet into
the urn fuffered capital puniihment ; (Demofthiin
Eocotum de nomine.) Whoever was deprived after
bis election, was excluded the aflembly, and forbid
to make orations to the people ; (Demqfth. in Arif-
togit.)
3. Atrci, were extraordinary officers, appointed
by particular tribes* to fuperintend public affairs.
At the expiration of their offices they were obliged
to give an account of their management to the no-
taries, y^aa/^cmir, and u9uj/j, the logifta. If they
failed to do this, they were refufed a crown, the
\afual reward of their labours ; and till their conduct
was approved, they were not allowed to accept any
other
A R C H O N S. 2*
other office ; (Suidas Hefy chins &Jchines Orat. dt
Emen. Icgat* Efchin. in Ctefiphontem.)
There were ten Xoyirai, who examined their ac-
counts. If the accounts were refufed, an action
was commenced againft them, called aAc}/* ^nn ;
{Hefychius Ulpianus in Demofth. Orat. defalf. legal.)
The proclamation was, rt; SaArrat xarayof EI, who
will accufe ? (JEfchines contra Ctefiphont.) The
limited time for complaint was thirty days. Who-
ever refufed to appear, he was fummoned before
the fenate of 500 ; and not then appearing, puniftied
with TA*, infamy. The nine Archontes in every
xu^( inquired whether the magiftrates had done
their duty ? If any were then accufed, the accufa-
tion was pronounced juft by holding up their hands,
which action was called xaraj^oTovia. Afterwards
thofe who thought him innocent held up their
hands, which was called 7re^f^Tov. The ma-
jority decided the caufe.
The magiftrates entered on their office on the
firft of Hecatombseon. It was a feftival called
Eir5Tr)^a, Sacrifices were offered by the fenators
and other magiftrates, and prayers made for the
profperity of the city in the chapel of Jupiter and
Minerva the counsellors ; (Suidas Ulpian in Me-
dian -Ant iphon. Orat. ds Chor.)
OF THE ARCHONS.
, There were nine Archontes, elected by lots : be-
fore they entered on their offices they were examin-
ed in the Senate-houfe, which was called owotxpffis ;
and in the Forum, whi:h was called Jcxj<*a<na; where
queftioas
$0 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
queftions were afked them concerning their anceftry,
their tribe, whether they were related to Apollo
Patrius, and Jupiter Herceus ; (Ariftoph. Nubibus et
Avibus.) their eftate, their fervice in war, and their
parental duty ; (Demofth. in Rubulid. Pollux Onom.
I. 8. c. 9.) and whether they were a<pAi?, without
perfonal defect ; (Dicxarchus contr. Ariftogit.) ille-
gitimate citizens and foreigners were afterwards
eligible; (Xiphilinus Adriano, Phlegon. Trallianus
Plutarch. Sympos. lib. i. prob. 10. lib. 10. prob,
ult.)
They were admitted by an oath to obferve the
laws, to aclminifter juftice, to be incorruptible, or
if corrupted, to dedicate a ftatue of gold of equal
weight with themfelves to the Delphian Apollo ;
(Plutarch Solone- Plato.) The oath was delivered
in the Portico, |3a<nAtos roa, or at the ftone tribunal
in the Forum, TT^O? TW AiOw ; they then repeated the
oath in the Citadel.
I. THEIR AUTHORITV.
They puniflied malefactors with death j they
had a joint commiffion to appoint the Aixa?*, and
A0Ao9Tat, by lots, electing one from each tribe ; of
conflicting the Iirnu^o*, 4>uA^oi, and Sr^aT^yoi ;
of inquiring into the conduct of other magifhates ;
and of depofing the unworthy : (Pollux Onom. I. 8,
c. 9 J
They wore garlands of myrtle ; (Pollux, ibid.)
They were exempted from the payment of taxes
for the building of (hips. Any perfon ftriking
them, when wearing their garlands, was punifhed
with a-n/xK*, infamy : (Demtfh. in Midiana.)
A R C H O N S. 31
, was chief of the nine ; and fometimes
called ETTWVUJUO?, becaufe the year was denominated
from him. Kis power was over ecclefiaflical and civil
affairs. He determined all caufes between married
people, (Plutarch. Alcib.) concerning wives delivered
of poilhumous children ; wills and teftaments, dow-
ries and legacies ; he had the care of orphans ; he
was to redreis injuries, and punifh drunkennefs j to
take the, firfl cognizance of fome public actions-
He kept a court of judicature in the Odeum, where
trials concerning provifions and the like were
brought before him. He appointed E^n/A^ra*,
curatores, to provide for the celebration of the
feafts, called <Wu<na, and 6a^yjX<a; to regulate
flage plays : (Pollux Onomaft. Lyjias in A lei bi ad.
Demqftk. in Macar. Suidas. Harpocration.) He
iuffered death, if guilty of drunkennefs during tiie
adminiftration of his office.
Eao-iXfu?, decided difputes among the priefts and
families lacred by inheritance, as the Ceryces, and
Eteobutadze. Accufations of impiety, profanation
of myfleries, or temples, were perfonally brought be-
fore him. He affifled in the celebration of the Eleu-
linian and Lensean feftivals, (Pollux, lib. %.) and
of the Panathansea, Hephreflia, and Promethea r
where they ran races with torches in their hands.
He offered public facrifices for the profperity of the
commonwealth. His wife, called Ba<nAio-cr*, was
to be a legitimate citizen of Athens, and a virgin ;
(Demojlh. in Ne#ram.) His court of judicature
was in the royal portico. He took accufations of
murder, and referred them to the Areopagites,
among whom he had a right of fuffrage ; but laid
ftido
32 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
aiide his crown, a badge of his office, during the
trial y (Demojlh. in Lacritum et In Ne^ram.)
IIoAf/xa^cf, exercifed authority over ftrangers and
fojournersin Athens, as the Archon did over the citi^
zens ; (Schol. Ariftoph. ad Vefp. 1037.^) He offered
facrifice to Enyalius, who was Mars, or one of his at-
tendants, and another to Diana, named A-y^r^a,
from an Athenian borough. He celebrated the exe-
quies ofHarmodius; and took care that the off*
fpring of thofe that died in the fervice of their
country Ihoukl be maintained from the public trea-
fury. Thefe magiftrates were affifted by the fla^ei,
affefTors, who were admitted into office in the lame
form, and under the fame redactions; (Harpocraf.
Pollux, lib. 8.)
<rpoQsTcu were the fix other Archontes ; who re-
ceived complaints againft falfe accufers in writing*
Difputes between citizens, ftrangers, fojournerSj
Haves, and merchants, were brought before them 5
(Harpocrat.) They preferred the appeals to 'the
people; (Pollux, lib.%.) they publicly examined
feveral of the magiftrates, and took the votes in the
affemblies. They ratified public contracts, appoint-
ed days of bufmefs for the judges, and profecuted
thofe who attempted to miilead the unwary into
any ad injurious to the commonwealth. They
were accuftomed to walk about the city by night,
and correct thofe who committed any diforder^
(Ulpian in Oral. adv. Med.)
The Archontes were affifted by the Ey9ui/ot, in ex-
amining the accounts of the magiftrates ; and in
fining thofe who were guilty of maladminiflration.
They were fometimes called E%ITK$<M and Suwjy^o* :
(Artftot. Polit. /. 6. c. ult.)
OF
MAGISTRATES. 33
OF THE INFERIOR MAGISTRATES.
Oi EjJsxa, were elected from the ten tribes, one
from each. To which was added, r^^/*aT5ur>
a regifter. They were fometimes called No/AopuAaxs j,
keepers of the laws. They fuperintended public
prifoners, and conducted criminals to execution.
They had power to feize fufpecled perfons ; and,
upon their confefTion, to put them to death :
otherwife, to profecute them,
$yAa^o, prefided over the Athenian tribes*
one being allotted to each. This was afterwards a
military term, and the governors of tribes were
called Hiripfrnrui puAwv. They took care of the
treafure of each tribe ; and fummoned them toge-
ther, as occafion required.
$uAotrA?, an office with refpeft to particular
tribes, refembling that of the Bao-iXf u?, to the com-
monwealth. They were elected from the evirottfdai,
nobility ; they had the care of public facrifices,
and other religious ceremonies peculiar to their re-
fpective tribes j and held their court in the
and fometimes in the
oi, had in the feveral ^
and TITTU?, the fame power that the fcuAa^o? exer-
cifed over the whole tribe,
Au/Aa^oi, had the fame ofHces in the Aujuw,
managed the revenue, aflembled the people in the
boroughs under their jurifdiflion, whofe names
were regiftered, and prefided at the election of
fenators, and magiftrates chofen by lots. Some-
times
34 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
times they were called Nux^o, and the boroughs
Nauxii, being obliged, befides two horfemen,
to fit out one (hip for the public.
An^x^oij fix officers, a (lifted by 30 others ; they
laid the fines on thofe who did not attend the
public aflemblies ; and took the votes of thofe
who were prefent : They kept the Af *a^xov y^p-
'pa.reioi> or AUXO>//., public regifter of the city, where
were written the names of thofe citizens who were
old enough to enter on their patrimony, which
they called AUI?. Thofe who were bufy in the
market, they compelled to attend public bufinefs,
in which they were affifted by the Toorat, fervants,
who lived in tents in the Forum, and afterwards
in the Areopagus. There were a thoufand of
them in Athens. They received their name from
the arms they wore ; as the Ao^upo^oi, the guards
of kings. They were alfo called Anaccnci cTroTrrai,
from their offices ; fometimes Ilfu(n*oi, from Peu-
linus, who probably inflituted the office; and
fometimes 2xu0o, from Scythia; people of that
country being generally chofen : (Ariftoph. Scho?
Haft. Acarn. et Thtfmoph.)
NopoqsvhKKtg, were to obferve that the magif-
trates or people made no innovation in the laws,
and to punilh the refractory : (Cicero de Leglbiis^
lib. 3. Columella de Re Riiftica, lib. 12. c. %.)
They were feated with the n^ OE^OI -, wore a white
ribband : and had chairs for them oppofite to the
Archontes.
NopOera*, one thoufand in number, elected by
lot from the judges in the court Heliaea ; they were
to
REVENUES. 3$
to infped the old laws, and prepare them for
the revifion of the people. They were to fee that
no ditches or furrows were made under the Pelaf-
gian wall, to apprehend the offenders, and fend
them to ihe Archon.
OF THE PUBLIC REVENUE.
Tf^, were thofe revenues which arofe from
lands, mines, woods, and other pofleflions, ap-
propriated for the ufe of the commonwealth > the
tributes paid by the fojourners, and freed fervants ;
the cuftoms required upon certain arts and trades,
and of merchants, for the exportation and impor-
tation of their goods.
Qogoi, were the annual payments exacted from
tributary cities, which were firfl levied by the
Athenians, to carry on the war in cafe of another
invafion of Xerxes. The fum collected by Arif-
tides amounted to 460 talents ; (Plutarch, in Arif-
tide.) In the beginning of the Peloponnefian war,
it amounted to 600 talents; (Plutarch. Pericle.
Thucydides.) It afterwards arofe to 1,300 talents.
E;<rpoa/, were taxes impofed on the citizens,
fojourners, and freed fervants, by the aflembly and
fenate for extraordinary purpofes.
T\u!^aTa, were fines and amercements; a tenth
of which was given to Minerva, and a fiftieth to
the other gods and the heroes j this was called
: (Sigonius.)
D 2 OF
^ GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
OF THE PUBLIC TREASURERS, &C.
wrTj?^ was electee! by lot from the Prytanes,
and kept the keys of the! treafury ; which office
none could enjoy more than once, or longer thai>
one day , (Pollux, lib. 8. Ulpianus in Androti-
anam.) He was keeper alfo of the public feal> and
of the keys of the citadel -, and lie was the preil-
dent of the Proedri.
were ten in number; (JEfcJiin.in Ctefiph.)
they were empowered to let out the public money,
to fell and eonfifcatcd eftates. Thefe contracts were
confirmed in the name of their prefident. They were
to convicl thofe who had not paid the tribute called
MfTotxtw, and fell them byaaclion. Under thefe were
the ExAoysij, who collected the public money, from
thofe who leafed the city eftates, who were called
TsAwvai, who were to give their own fecurity,
and that of others, for the payment of the money
due on their leafes. If they failed to do this,
any longer than the 9th Prytanea, they were fubject
to forfeit twice the principal $ if this was neglected,
they were imprifoned, and their property confif-
cated: (Suidas. Ulpian, in Demqfth.) After the
expulfion of the thirty tyrants, officers called
Eyv&xoi, were created ; authorized to take cog-
nizance of all complaints concerning the confifca*
tion of goods j (Lyfias pro Nic.)
ETnypps;?, were afleflbrs of all the taxes and
contributions ; they kept the public accounts, and
profecuted thofc who Were in arrears.
PUBLIC TREASURERS. 37
were ten general receivers, to whom
.all the public revenues, contributions, and debts
v/ere paid. They registered all their receipts ; and
thofe who had paid before the whole fenate, were
cra.fed from the debt books. Difputes arifing from
the payment of taxes were fometimes (decided by
them.
JK p8/\K, was a public notary, at
firft appointed by election, afterwards by lot, as a
check upon the An-oJ^ra^ to prevent fraud and
mtftakes,
i, or Fx^uvora/AiOiot, held the fame
ofMces in the tributary cities that belonged to the
in their own jurisdiction.
ff, thofe who received money for the
city, arifing from fines impofed on criminals.
Tapiou T8 , xj ruv Ofwv, thofe who received that
part of the fines due to Minerva, and other gods.
This was done before the fenate. They were ten
in number, elected by lot, from the UivToixoa-iopt-
<frfApo, nobles; they might remit any fine, if it
appeared unjuftly impofed. Thefe were the fame
with thofe called,
KwXax.^Tat, who were priefts, that claimed the
relics of facrifices, amongft which were the fkins
and the KwXai ; (Arifto^h. SchoL Avibus. Fefpis. -
Suidas. Ulpienus in Demofllu) They received the
Tw6oXa, which were diftributed among the judges,
and called A*>car*xo? ^ 9 C? .
ZT?5Tai, were appointed, upon extraordinary
:Cafes, to enquire after public debts, when the fums
become confiderable.
D 3 er
3 3 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES,
OF THE PUBLIC EXPENDITURE.
The public money was divided according to the
various ufes to which it was employed.
Xgyp&Ttx, rvi$ <^oi>c?3<rw?, means what was expended
in civil ufes.
iSrfarifcmxa, were thofe who were commiffioned
to pay the expences of war.
&> txa, money confecrated to pious ufes, in
which were included the expences of plays, feftivals,
and public exhibitions ; which were chiefly cele-
brated in honour of fome god, or in remembrance
of fome hero. That which was given to the judges,
and the people, in public affemblies, was thus called;
(Pollux.) When the expences of war could not
otherwife be defrayed, this money was appropriated
to that ufe; (Demqfth. Or at, in Ne<gram.) This
edict was repealed by Eubuius, and it was a capital
crime for the JiiXf* ^n^ara to be applied for the
fer vice of war; (Ulpianus in Olynth. a.J
OF THE PUBLIC DISTRIBUTERS.
Ta/xja? ruff $unMig-itot 9 called fometimes Evi/^Afrns
vuv xowuv vgoa-QJuv ; a principal treafurer, created by
the people ; he continued in office five years, in
which, if he conducted himfelf honourably, he was
elected a fecond and a third time.
, one who kept a dupli-
cate of the principal treafurer's accounts^ to prevent
mifbakes, or detect fi*ayd
OFFICERS TN THE MARKET. 1 39
TGM 2TTiwn>cv, was the paymaflcr of the
army.
Ta ( am? ruv Ofco^ixwi/, OF O tin TV Osw^ixw, had the
difpofal of the 0w^x p^uara, which were diftri-
buted, as well as for pious purpofes, fometimes
to poor citizens to buy feats in the theatre ;
(Plutarch. Pericle.)
OF THE OFFICERS IN THE MARKETS.
2iTwi/a*, were thus called from their office, to lay
in corn for the ufe of the city. The T^ta? TJIJ
^otxTio-fwff, was to furniili them with fufficient money
for this purpofe.
liTcpuAaxf?, were fifteen in number, ten of whom
officiated in the city, and five in the Piraeus; it was
their province to take care that corn and meal were
fairly fold, and to appoint the ftandard weight of
bread.
2*To/.Ti, or Ajro&xraio*, were officers appointed
to fuperintend the meafures of corn.
Ayog&vopoi, otherwife Aoyirav were ten in num-
ber; five officiating in the city, and five in the
Piraeus; (Ariftoph. Schol. in Acharn.) A certain
toll was paid to them by thofe who fold in the
market; (Ariflopli. in Acharn. aft. i.fcen. 4..) They
had the care of all faleable commodities except
corn ; and were to fee that no fraud or unwarrant-
able advantage was taken by the buyer, or feller;
(Theophr. de legibus.)
Msrgwopoi, officers to inipeft all meafures but thofe
of corn ; five of them were in the city, and ten in
the Piraeus,
D 4
4 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES?
O^ovopoiy thofe who took care of the fiflimarket;
(Plutarch. Symp. lib. 4. prob. 4.) they were three in
number, elected by the Senate ; (Athen*ns lib. 6. -
Euftathius ad Iliad x\)
OF MARITIME OFFICERS.
E|tx7re^8 ETrtjusAfiTai, ten officers belonging to the
harbour ; they were to take care that two thirds
of the corn brought into the port fhould be carried
into the city 3 and that no filver fhould be exported
except by thofe who traded in corn ; (Demofth. in
Lacrititm Harpocration.)
NaurocTtxaj, or T^iro^xai, were to hear difputes
between merchants and mariners. Tt was alib their
office to examine thofe who were the children of
flrangers, and had clandeflinely regiftered their
names among the free citizens. This was done on
the 26th of every month.
Ewaywyn?, were to hear caufes relating to trade,
and which, from their urgency, could not be de-
ferred to the monthly meetings of the NauroJWj ;
(Sigonius and Emmius.) Befides thefe, they heard
caufes concerning feafts and public entertainments ^
(Pollux*)
OF VARIOUS OFFICERS IN THE PUBLIC SERVICE*
As-wopoi, were ten officers who took care of the
ftreets ; five officiated in the city, and five in the
piraseus ; (Ariftot. cit. ab. Harpocrat.) No man
ferved this office more than twice ; (Demoflk,
Pro<em. 64,)
were the furveyors of the roads.
PUBLIC OFFICERS. 41
TWV u<JaTwv, the officers attending the
aqueducts.
KfiyopuAajff, thofe who took care of the foun-
tains.
Thefe four offices were called Aruvopi* (Ariftotle.)
ETTirarat TW Snpoviuv tgyuv, officers who had
the general care and fuperintendance of public
ftructures.
ty who managed the building of the
walls. Every tribe had the choice of a feparate
were ten officers who fuperint ended
the young men, as to their temperance and fobriety 9
(&f chines in Axiocho.)
Oij/oTrraj, three officers that provided lights for
the public entertainments j and obfervcd that
every one drank his proper quantity -, (Athen<eus> lib.
10.)
i, officers who were prefent at mar-
riages, facrifices, feftivals, and public folemnities, to
obferve that nothing was done irregularly 5 (Athe-
titfus, lib. 6.)
Twociy.oKoa-fj.oiy officers to regulate the drefs of
women; and thofe who were improperly drefled
were fined, and their apparel expofed to public viexv
in the Ceramicus.
o, were people of property, who were or-
dered to perform fome public duty, or to fupply
the commonwealth with neceflaries at their own
charge. They were elected from 1200 of the
ficheft citizens 5 every tribe electing 120 from its
own.
4 i GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
own body. It was part of Solon's conflitution,
that every man, according to his ability, fhould
ferve the public ; only that the fame perfon fhould
not hold two offices ; (Demcfth. in Ltptin.)
Thefe 1200 were divided into two parts; one,
confided of thofe who had large pofleffions ; the
other, of perfons of meaner condition. Each of thefe
was divided into ten companies, called 2-j^o^ai,
which were diflindt bodies, and had leparate officers
of their own. They were again fubdivided into two
parts, according to the eftates of thofe that compofed
them. Thus from the firft ten Xvpftigioti, were ap-
pointed 300 of the wealthiest citizens of Athens,
who were, upon occafion, to fupply the common-
wealth with money j and together with the 1200
were to perform extraordinary duties when re-
quired ; (' Ulpian in Olynth. 2, and Aphob. i.)
2/jjujuofiai, were inflituted about the third year
of the looth Olympiad. Before this time, thofe
who were unable to bear the expence of the
Acirajyia, which was affigned to them, were re-
lieved from the amJWjf, exchange of property, i. e.
if any one appointed to undergo one of the Afm^yiai,
or duties, which he was obliged every fecond year,
(Demqflh. in Leptin.) could find any more wealthy
than himfelf, who was free from all duties, the in-
former was then excufed. If the perfon thus fub-
ftituted, denied that he was the richer of the two,
they exchanged eftates. The doors of their houfes
were fealed up ; and then they took the following
Oath, ATTG$XII/U rrtV x<rioiv rw fjtxat'ra ogQug
O;? spyot? rctj a^yu^HOJ?, ocrx KJ MQ^QI
1 uclll truly and faithfully difcover a/I
my
PUBLIC OFFICERS. 43
my property, except that which is inji/ver mines, which
the lazvs have exempted from impofts. Within three
days afterwards the value of their eftates was dif-
covered, and this was called onropouns. This cuftom
was not entirely fet afide after the appointment of the
2u/*ji*ofi ; but if any one of the 300 citizens could
give information of any one more wealthy and who
had been omitted in the nomination, he was excufed ;
(Demofth. in Leptin. and Plianlp.) This controverfy
was called ^chxa<n, which is either the fame as
xi<n? and apq)i<rvirvi<ris, (Hefy chins) ; or is con-
fined to the xopnyoi, which may be properly includ-
ed in the Xnrxgyoi ; (Suidas.)
The duties in time of peace were:
Thofe in time of war were :
were at the expence of players, fingers,
dancers, and muiicians, at the celebration of public
feilivals and folemnities; (Lyfias de muneribus.
Plutarchus de prudent. Atheni.)
rvpva<ri&x l > were at the expence of oil and
other neceflaries for the wreftlers and combatants;
(Ulpianus. in Leptin.)
Ertaro^f? row <puAw^, thofe who made an entertain-
ment for their whole tribe, upon public feftivals ;
(Demofth. Leptin. and Median.) They were ap-
pointed by lots. Some voluntarily undertook this
offices (Pollux.) ,
44 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
Tf *"? a W> were to provide neceflarics for the
fleet, (Plutarch dc pmd. At hen.) and to build
fhips.
E*<r<p&vT?, were required, according to their
ability, to iupply the public with money to pay
the army, and for other purpofes ; (Lyjias de mu-
ner i bus.)
ETTiJiSovrss 7nJWn?-, Exom? 5 E0Aoi/T#t, &c. are tlioie
who contributed voluntarily to the exigence of the
Hate; (Pollux, pajjim.)
2W*xo*, orators appointed by the people to plead
for any law which was to be repealed or enacted.
They were fometimes called WTO^S, and <ru*r,yoooi,
and their fee TO vvwyofmov. The people were pro-
hibited by law from conferring this office twice on
the fame perfon; (Demqfth. m Leptln et Ulpian, in,
foco.)
PjjTOfE?, were ten in number, elected by lots,
to plead public caufes in the fenate-houfe; and for
every caufe they were retained, one drachm was
paid them from the public treafury. They were
alfo called,
2uMiyooi, and their fee, ruj/^yocixcv ; (Arifioph.
ScJioL in Vefp.) No man could hold this office
under 40 years of age ; (Ariftoph. Schol. Nubibus.)
Before they executed this office, they were exa-
mined as to their valour in war, affection to their
parents, prudence, temperance, and frugality. This
examination was regiftered among the laws of
Athens.
Il^ffpfif, were ambaiTadors, chofen by the fenate,
or by the people, to treat with foreign dates. Their
power
PUBLIC OFFICERS. 45
power was limited, and they were liable to be quef-
tioned if they exceeded their cornmillion. (Pollux,
lib. 8. cap. 6.) During the time of their employment,
they were paid a falary from the public treafury.
When Euthymenes was archon, they had two
drachms a day; (Ariftoph. Ac/mm, aft. i. fcen. i.)
Thofe who faithfully discharged their embaffies were
entertained by the fenate in the Prytaneum; (De-
mqfth. Or at. defah. Legat. ibique Ulpian.) Thofe who
were inattentive were fined ; (T'hucyd. Schol. lib. 6.)
Thofe who undertook any embafly without the
appointment of the fenate or people, were punifhed
with death ; (Demqflli. defah. Legat.)
rr^KrjSfK a'jTox&TC>?, thofe ambafTadors who had
full authority to act, as they thought moft bene-
ficial for the ilate, and were not obliged to give
an account of their proceedings on their return
home.
K^v, herald, ufually attended the ambafladors.
Sometimes they were themfelves fent on embaffies,
as public mediators. Thefe men were accounted
facred, as being defcended from Mercury j (Eitftath*
Iliad *.)
T^^xTsi^ notaries, who were employed by fe-
veral magiftrates. No man could ferve the office
more than once > (Po/fax, lib. S.J
r^a^juaTft?, three notaries, who had the cuftody
of the public records and laws, which they were to
write and repeat to the people and fenate. One
was chofen by the popular aflembly, whofe province
it was to repeat ; and two by the fenate, one was
keeper of the laws, the other of the public records ;
(Po/fax, lib. S.J A notary was appointed from
every
46 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
every Prytanea, whofe office expired at the end of
30 days, and then underwent the ufual eu0um, exa-
mination; (Lyfias in Nicomachum.) It was con-
fidered EUTEA-/I? wring <n, a mean employment ; (Li-
banius, Argum. Or at. Demofth. de fals. Legal.) It
was executed by the A^oo-tot, who chiefly were
Haves, able to read and write, that they might be
more ferviceable to their mailers; (Ulpianus tit
Orat. Olynthiac, fi.J
OF THE ATHENIAN COUNCILS.
THE COUNCIL OF THE AMPHICTYONS.
The council of the Amphictyons originally con-
fifled of 12 perfons fent by the lonians, Boeotians,
Phthians, Dorians, Pentebians, Magnefians, ^Enia-
nians, Achseans, Dolopians, Delphians, ThefTalians,
Melians, Phocians, and Locrians; (Paufanias Pho~
cicis. Suidas. Strabo, lib. q.) ^fchines reckons
II nations; (Orat. ns^i n^a^so-C'J Harpocra-
tion and Suidas reckon 12 ; (Strabozlfo 12. lib. 9.)
The Amphictyons declared war againil the Pho-
cians, when they had plundered the temple of
Delphi. This war was maintained for ten years by
all the -Grecian ftates. The Phocians, with the
Laced cemonians their allies, were deprived of the
honour of fitting in this council, and the Macedo-
nians fupplied their place, on account of their
fervices during the war. But more than 60 years
afterwards, when the Gauls, under the command of
Brennus, invaded Greece, the Phocians behaved
with fuch fpirit, that they were reinflated in all
their former privileges ; (Paufanias Phocicis.) In
2 the
PUBLIC ASSEMBLIES. 47
the reign of Auguftus this council was diffolved;
(Strabo, lib. g.} But Paufanias aflerts that in the
reign of Antoninus Pius, they were increafed to the
number of 30 ; (Paufanias in Phocicis et Achaicis.)
They generally met twice in every year at the
Thermopylae, or at Delphi. Hence the terms
TIuATjyop; and n.vKotw,(Hefychius Herodotus Har-
pocration, &c.) Before they engaged in bufinefs,
they facrificed an ox cut into fmall pieces to the
Delphian Apollo, intimating. that concord and una-
nimity prevailed in the feveral cities which they
reprelented. They met for the purpofe of ac-
commodating any differences which arofe between
the Grecian cities. Their decifions were deemed
facred and inviolable, and arms were frequently ufed
to enforce them.
OF THE PUBLIC ASSEMBLIES.
ExxAtfma, was an aflembly of the people who met
together for the good of the commonwealth. It
was of two forts, the xu^ua and o-u-yxA^ro?. It was
formed of the freemen of Athens. In the reign of
Cecrops, women are faid to have been admitted into
this aflembly; (Varro apudfauft. Augiift.de Civitate
Dei. lib. 18. c. 9.)
Ku^iat, were called onro T XVPSLV TX xJ/7)^i<r^taTa ;
they met voluntarily, (Ulpian. in Demofth. Or at. dc
legal, fats.) and in them were the decrees of the
fenate ratified by the people. They were held
upon rifAfoon 'xu#i, or upttrpwoii Je fCjtujtAoi, days ap-
pointed by law ) (Swdas.AriftopL SchoL Acharn.)
OF
4 8 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
OF THEIR TIME OF MEETING*
They met four times in 35 days, the time that
each Tlfvrxitiia prefided in the fenate. The firft
^aflembly was employed in approving or rejecting
magiitrates ; in hearing actions called ff-ayyeAa,
concerning the public good ; in hearing the articles
read over which had been confifcated. The feccnd
made provifions for the community and for in-
dividuals; and any one might offer a petition, or
pafs his opinion upon either. The third gave
audience to the foreign ambaiTadors. The fourth
was devoted to religion-; matters; (Pollux lib. 8.
c. 8.J The firft aifembly was held on the nth
day of the Prytanea, the fecond on the 2oth, the
third on the 3oth, the fourth on the 33d. Some
fay they had three aiTemblies every month, on the
id, loth and 30th ; or on the icth, 2oth, and
30th; (Ulpian. in Demqflh. Anfiop/i. Schol.)
ZuyxA^Tcu EjcxA/ifnat, were-Called a?ro TB (TwyxizXsiVy
becaufe the people were fummoned. Thofe who
fummoned them were the trgccTviyoi, the
or theKu^Jciffs (Arijtoph. Concionatr.)
, (Ammonias.)
(Hefychhis.) were aflemblies held
on very important occafions; to which, befides
citizens refident in the city, thofe who refided in
the country, and thofe who were in the harbour
were fummoned.
MANNER OF HOLDING ASSEMBLIES. 49
OF THE. PLACES OF MEETING.
the market-place, in which they ofteri
afTembled ; hence the alfemblies were called Ayo^ai,
and to make a fpeech, ayogtuuv ; (Harpocration.)
rbu, CTkutyd. 8. ScJiol. Ariftoph. Equ/f. 42.)
near the citadel, fo called &i TO 7r7ruxwc-0a*
A*00K 3 n rij iUefccFfftK, J <ft<x TO ff7ruxvcr9#*
Tf BaAcvraf, being filled with ilones, or feats, or
from crowds in the afTembly. Thus vvvxtrts is
taken for the thronging of a multitude ; (Arifloph.
Schol. Acharn. Equit. &c.) It was remarkable for
the fimplicity of its buildings and furniture ; (Pol-
lux, lib. 8. c. 8.) It was illegal to decree any one
a crown, or to elect the ST^arrj-yoi, (HefycJiitis) or
any of the magiilrates in any other place ; (Pollux.)
The aflemblies were held in the THEATRE of
BACCHUS i (DemoJlk.Mediana. Thucyd. 8. Pol-
lux. 8. io*j On particular occafions they were held
in any capacious place, as in the Piraeus, in the
forum called Ayop iTTTroJa^a, or in the Munychia.
OF THE MANNER OF HOLDING THE AS-
SEMBLIES.'
The magiftrates who had the care of thefe af-
femblies, were the Hf VTUVSC, Ev^ctrai and Hfoifyoi.
n^uTv?, fometimes caHed the people together;
and always before they met, hung up a U^y^a^oc,
in a principal thoroughfare, giving an account of the
matters to be debated ; (Pollux, lib. 8* c. 8 .)
Ilf effyo*, were fo called from the front feats which
they occupied in the afTemblies. When there were
E ten
50 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
ten tribes, there were nine Tr^tfyoi, appointed by
lots from the nine tribes, which were exempted
from being irgvruvts. Their office commenced and
expired with the meeting, in which they pronounced
the fubjecl: of debate ; (Ulpian. in Demqft. Timo-
crat.) They were affifted by the vopofvAxx&s, who
fat with them ; (Pollux, lib. 8. c. 9.) In every
alTembly one of the tribes was appointed by lot,
tr(>o$(>eviv, to preflde at the fttggeftum, and affift the
commonwealth -, (sEfchines in Timarchum.)
ETTIS-UTIU, the prefident, was elected by lot from
the Trgotfyoi -, till he had given a fignal, the people
were not allowed to vote $ (Harpocration. Demofth.
Androtian. JjBfchwes in Ctefiphont.)
If the people were negligent of attending the
afTemblies, the magiftrates iliut up the gates, ex-
cept that through which they muft pafs. All
commodities were removed from the markets, that
there might be no obftruction to their attendance.
If this had no effect, the Aoyi'rat, dipped a cord in
vermilion, when the Togota* were fent into the
market to mark all thofe who appeared there, and
thofe who were marked were fined; (Ariflopk.
ScJiol. in Acfiarn. zz.) An obolus was paid froni the
treafury to all thofe who were early in the aflembly,
which was afterwards increafed to three oboli ;
(Ariftoph. Pint, ad i. fcen. 2.) Thofe who were
late received nothing ; (Ariftoph. Concionatr.) If
the weather was ftormy and unfavourable, which
was called howptioty (Ariftopk. SchoL Acharn.)
the aflembly was adjourned.
The place appointed for meeting was cleanfed by
killing young pigs., which they carried round j this
wa's
MANNER OF HOLDING ASSEMBLIES. 51
was called xaOa^a -, the outfide, where the pigs
had been carried, was deemed profane; (Ariftoph.
Schol. Acharn. 44. and Concionatr.) The perfon who
thus officiated was called xaO^Ti^, and
from TT^ria, (Arifloph. ibidem)', and
(Pollux. Hefy chins. Suidas. Plarpocrdtion.)
When they had finiflied the expiatory rites, the
xngvZ made a fblemn prayer for the fafety of the ilate,
and the fuccefs of their councils ; (Demoflh. Timo-
crat.) They then execrated thofe who attempted to
confpire againft the flate ; (Demoflh. -rrsoi vx^Ktr^a-
SKK$.} and enjoined filence. (Ariftoph. Yhefm. 302. )
At the inftance of the n-jci^oi, the x^u pro-
claimed the fl-oAeu/A, decree of the fenate, upon
which they were to deliberate. Then the xu pro-
claimed, TI? ayoctViii/ j3aATai ?uv UTTE^ Trf^rrjxoi/Ta irn
ytyovoruv, zvho above ^o years of age zvi/lfpeak ? when
the old men began the debate. The xrju then pro-
claimed AfyftJ/ rwi/ A0^i/atwj/ TQV (3aAo/xfvoj/ ot; ^r, //'^
^^r>' Athenian might fpeak who was privileged by /aw;
(Arijlop. Acharn. Demofth. and JEfchines in Ctejiphont.
Pollux, lib. 8. c. 9 J For every man above 30
years old might give his opinion, except thofe who
were guilty of impiety or cowardice, or were in debt
to the ftate ; (Demofth. in Ariftogit. ALf chines in
Ctefiphont.) When any one was forbidden by the
*rUT*Kf? to fpeak, and they refufed to fubmit, they
were dragged down from the fuggeftum by the
Tcorai, lidtors ; ( Ariftoph: Acharn. aft i.fcen. 2.)
When the debates were ended, the x>^u, by
order of the rmraTai, or jrgof jjfpi, aiked the appro-
bation of the people. This was done by pebbles,
or holding up the hand, called ein\|^ptfj TO ^ytpurpa,,
or J^ovfci &apiOT0j/#v TW ^TJ^IW, The vote was
s 2 called.
GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
called, jOTo?ia, (StgoiuuSj derep. Ath.) and to cfta-*
blilli it pf OTOVIIV. A7rc;nOTovnv, was to annul by
vote. They fometimes gave private votes, as on the
expulfion of magiftrates, by cafting v^p*;, pebbles,
into jcacTa?, vejjels, which the ir^vranis placed for the
purpofe. Originally they voted with xua^ot, Beans -,
(Suidas.) The w^o^oi then declared the refult of
their votes. It was unlawful for the vfVTmtf to pro*
ppfe the fame queftion twice ; (Nicite Or at. ap. Thu-
cydid. lib. 6.) The affembly were difmifled by the
(Arifloph. Acharn. Ariftopk* Concionatr.)
OF THE SENATE OF FIVE HUNDRED.
The (3*A>i TOJV *rTxo<ni/, originally confifted of
400 members; 100 from each of the four tribes;
(Plutarch* So/one.} They were elected by lot with
beans ; hence (3Xfurf airo xuaj,, and |3cuAji a?ro
5cua/A; CT/iucidyd,) On a certain day, before the
beginning of the month ExTo/*aif, the prelident
of every tribe prefented the names of eligible per-
fons, engraved on tables of brafs, called myaxia,
(Harpocration,) and put them intoavefTel. In another
veflel were 100 white beans and 100 black. The
names of thofe cand ; dates drawn out with white
beans were fuccefsful ; (Sigonius, and Emmius de
Rep. Athen.) When the number of tribes was in-
creafed to ten, 100 additional fenators were chofen,
and the fenate was then called |3j&n TV irtvroaiww,
afterwards 100 more were added, with two new
tribes, fifty from each; (Step/tan. Byzant. de Urb. et
populis.)
When the fenators were elected, they appointed
officers to prefide, called UfVTzns. They were
-h elected
SENATE OF FIVE HUNDRED. 53
ele&ed by beans ; nine black beans were put into
a veffel, with the names of the tribes, anyone white
bean was put into another ; that tribe which was
drawn with the white one prefided firft, and the
reft in the order they were drawn. The Attick
year confided of ten parts, according to the number
of tribes; each was divided into 35 days. To
render the lunar year complete, the four firfl
parts confifted of 36 days, making the whole lunar
year 354 days; (Harpotrat.) Some affirm that
the odd four days were employed in the election of
magiftrates, and that during that time there were no
magiflrates, (Lib an. Argum. in Androtian') ; hence
they were called ava^ot j/*i^*, and oq%ouge<rwt.
When there were 12 tribes, every one prefided a
\vhole month, during which they were exempted
from other public duties; (Pollux^ lib. 8. c. y.)
The time they were in office was called ^UTOI.
Every WUTV was divided into five weeks of
days, by which the fifty vVToans were ranked into
five decurise, each decuria governing his week,
when they were called jrfetifjfoi.. Oneofthefe was
elected by lot to prefide each of the feven days.
Of the ten irqoifyi, feven only prefided.
The prefident of the TT^O^OI was called tmramit.
He was entrufled with the public feal, the keys of
the citadel, and the public treafury. No man could
be twice elected to this office, or hold it longer
than one day; (Pollux, lib. 8. Ulpianus in Dtmqfth,
Androtian.)
There were nine W^OE^OI, diftinct from the
former, and chofenby the 7nr*Taat every meeting of
the fenate from the tribe^ except from that tribe of
1 3 whifli
54 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
which the -rr^raviq were members;
Suidas.) Thefe were different from the 7
and 7nraTnj in the popular affemblies.
The ETTiAa^ovrf?, were fubftitutes to fupply the
place of any fenator who might be expelled for
mifconduct, or who might die; (Rarpocrat.)
The irfVTixMs affembled the fenate every day,
except on feftivals. They were to be coniulted in
the Prytaneum, which was near the fenate houfe,
where they offered facrifices, and had their food;
(Paufanlas.)
Every time the fenate was aflembled they offered
facrifices to Jupiter j3*Aaio?, and Minerva fta\xnx 9
counfellors, who had a chapel adjoining to the
fenate houfe , (Antiphon. de Chorenta.) This was
called iKTirn^ia (iunv; (Ulpicinus.) Whatever was
to be deliberated was engraven on tablets, which
after it had been explained by the ir^roa/ig or
7rtraTa, every one might give his opinion. This
was done (landing. When all had finifhed, the
decree to be patted was written down by one of
the fenators, and read in the fenate; (Demojth. in
Ctefiphont and in Nexram.) Leave being given by
the 7Turai/f or 7nraTa, they proceeded to vote pri-
vately, by putting black and white beans into a
veflel. If the black were more numerous than the
white, it was rejected; if on the contrary, it was
enacted into a decree, (Ulpianns)^ called 4/^107*05,
and 7TosAfu/xa; afterwards to be debated in a
popular aflembly before it could pafs into a per^
manent law.
This fenate examined the accounts of magiflratcs
at the expiration of their offices ; (Pollux, lib. 8.
r, S.J took care of the poor who were maintained
by
SENATE OF FIVE HUNDRED. SS
by the public; (Harpocr.) they appointed gaolers
for prifons, and examined thofe who were accufed
of crimes of which the law took no cognizance,
and punifhed them; (Pollux.) They took care
of the fleet, and fuperintended the building of
men of war; (Arijlop, Avifrus Libanins Argu-
ment in Androtian.)
No man could be admitted to thefe places ol
trufl without a previous examination as to his life
and manners ; (ALfchines in T'imarc/i.}
They were bound by an oath to promote the
public good, nor advife any thing contrary to law;
that they would fit in whatever court to which
they were allotted ; that they would never keep an
Athenian in bonds, but upon certain conditions ;
(Demofth. 'Timocrat.)
They impofed fines upon criminals, fometimes
to the amount of 500 drachmse . When the crime
was too flagrant, they tranfmitted the criminal to
the 0<r/Ac0T**, by whom he was properly tried;
(Demoftk. in Euerg. et Mnefibulum Pollux , lib* 8.
( 9-J
After the expulfion of the 30 tyrants, they fwore
to obferve TUV ^njrtv, the aft of oblivion ; by which
all former diforders, committed under the tyrants,
were remitted.
At the end of their trufl, they gave an account
of their conduct. They were often expelled for
fmall offences, and their places filled by one of the
#i/TiAapot/T. This was called ixpuAAopo^yjcrat from
the leaves they ufed in voting; (Polhtx, lib. 8, c. 5.
Thofe
5 6 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
Thofe who had executed their truft with fidelity
were rewarded with money from the public trea-
fury ; (Demqfth* Timocrat.)
A drachm was paid to every fenator for his
maintenance for a day. Hence |3aAiK *u%siv, to be
chojen into the fenate by lots, means the fame as
fyaxjj.yv rrj; Tj/xf^af Aap/nv, to obtain a drachm every-
day. If a fhip of considerable *fize had been built
during their adrniniftration, they were decreed the
honour of a crown; (Demofth. Androtian.)
OF THE AREOPAGUS.
This fenate was on a hill near the citadel, (Hero/,
lib, 8.J fo called from A^noy n#yof, the Hill of Mars,
becaufe all murders were under the cognizance of
this court ; (Suidas.) or from Mars, who, it is faid,
was the firfl criminal tried here; (fauftnuK*
drift ides Panathen. Suidas.) or becaufe the Ama-
zons, when they befieged Athens, pitched their
camp, and offered facrifices on this (pot; (JEfchyhts.
Eumenid.) Although it is aflcrted that this court
was initituted by Solon; (Plutarch Solone Cicero de
Off Jib. i J yet it was of very ancient date; (Ariftot.
Polii. 1. z Demofth. Ariftoc.Pauf. Attic, c.2%.)
The number that compofed this venerable af-
fembly is uncertain; fome fay -Jiine, others 31,
others 51, befides the archontes; (Plutarch, Solone
et Pericle.) Some fay the ftf*f*00<7ai only were ad-
mitted ; (Libanius in Argwn. Androt.) and fome-
times their number was greater.
Thofe of the archontes who had difcharged their
duty with fidelity, and had undergone a ftric"r. exa-
mination; (Plutarch, Per ids. Pollux, lib. 8. r. 10.
Demofth.
COURTS OF JUSTICE. 57
Demofth. Timocrat.) as well as others alfo of exemplary
and virtuous characters, were admitted. But in the
latter ages of the republic, this obfervance was ne-
gledted ; for members of reproachable manners were
frequently admitted. To have been fitting in a
tavern, or convifted of immorality in words or
actions, were fufficient caufes to expel any member;
(Athenxus, lib. 14. J To laugh in an uffembly was
unpardonable, (Machines in Timarch.) and to write
a comedy was forbidden by law; (Plutarch. 4s
Glor. Athen.)
ITS POWER.
Admittance was allowed on particular days, after
facrifices had been offered at Limns, a place dedi-
cated to Bacchus; (Demofth. in Near am. and in
Arijlac. p. 43 8. )
So facred was this afiembly deemed, that if thofe
who had been vicious were elected into it, they
immediately gave up their former practices, and
conformed to the rules of the fenate; (Ifocrates
Areopagit.) Their decifions were fo impartial, that
no complaint was ever known to have been made
either by plaintiff ordefendant ; (Demofth. Ariftocrat.)
Even foreign ftates referred matters to their arbi-
tration; (Paufanias Meflen.)
Their office was held for life. It was the firft
court that fat upon life and death ; (Hefy chins
Dift. Grxc. 7. (>? Kayos.) They paffed fentence
of death upon incendiaries, deierters of- 'ieir country,
as well as treafon; (Lycurgusin Leocratcm.) Con*
^piracies againfl the life of any man were puni tiled
with death; thefe caufes were alfo tried by the
Palladium ; (Harfocrat, Sitidas.J all caules relating
to
5* GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
to murders, malicious wounds, death effected by
poifon,were tried in this court, (Demo/Ik. Ariftocrat.
Pollux , lib. 8. c. 10. Cicer. de divin. I. 25.
Lucian Timon.) Their decifions were fcrutinizecl by
the people, (Di)iarchus in Ariftogiton), and if they
exceeded their commiffion by inflicting too fevere
puniiliments, they were accountable to the Xoyi<rou ,
(Demojlh. in Neteram &f chines in Ctefiphont.)
They were afterwards empowered to reverfe the
fentence of an affembly, if the people had acquitted
a criminal that deferved punifhment j (Demoftk.
fro Corona.)
They had the infpection and cuftody of the laws,
(Plutarch So/one J ', the management of the public
fund, (Plutarch. Themiftocle.) -, the guardianfiiip of
young men, (JEf chines in Antlocho) j and were to
iuperintend their education according to their rank,
(Ifocrates Areopagit.) They had power to reward
the meritorious and puniih. the impious and the
immoral ; with the yui/aixow^o;, they watched the
regularity of all public folemnities; (Athen#its, lib.
6.) They punilhed idlenefs, rapine, and theft;
(Plutarch So/one. Valer. Maximus, lib. 2. c. 6.)
They took cognizance of religious matters, blaf-
pherny, contempt of holy myfteries, the erection
and confecration of temples and altars, and the in-,
troduction of new ceremonies; (Juftin Martyr.)
They interfered in public affairs only in cafes of
emergency or danger j (Libanius Aig. in Denwjt/u
Androt.)
THE TIME AND MANNER OF MEETING.
There were three meetings every month, on the
, 28th, and 29th days, (Pollux, lib, 8. c. ic.J i
but
COURTS OF JUSTICE. 59
but on any urgent bufinefs they aflenibled in
j3a<nAiKri roa Qr royal portico. This, as well as other
courts of juftice, was encompalTed with a rope,
left the crowd fhould throng upon them ; (DemojlJu
Oral, i . in Ariftogit.)
They fat in the open air, (Pollux, lib. 8, c. lo.Jj
deeming it unlawful that the criminal and accufer
fliould be under the fame roof; and that the
fanctity of the judges fliould not be polluted by
converfatioq. with profane men ; (Antiphon. Qrat. d$
Ctfde Herodis.) They heard and determined all
caufes in the night and in darknefs, that there
might be no influence in favour or prejudice either
againft the criminal or accufer -, (Lucian. Hermotimo.)
Actions of murder were introduced by the
P(r*Aiuff, who was judge among them, laying afide the
crown, the badge of his office ; (Pollux, lib. 8. c. 9.}
The court were divided into feveral committees,
each of them taking cognizance of feparate caufes,
if* thfc multiplicity of bufinefs would not give time
for them to be brought before the whole fenate.
Thefe were performed by lots, that the caufes
might not be prejudicated ; (Lucian Bis Accufato.)
Before the trial the plaintiff and defendant fwore
by the tefticles of a goat, a ram, and a bull, by the
Zeavat 0*ai or Furies. None but relations were
allowed to profecute a murderer, and the plaintiff
fwore he was related to him, and that the prifoner
was the caufe of his death. The prifoner fwore that
he was innocent of the charge ; and both of them
imprecating the moft dreadful vengeance if they
fwore falfely; (Demo ft h. Ariftocrat. Dinar chits in
Demojlh. Lyjias in Theomneft. Pollux,!. S.c. 10.)
The par ties were placed upon two ftones - } (Paufan.
c. 28, Hadr. Junius Animadv. I* %) the
accufer
t* G-RECIAN ANTIQUITIES*
accufer upon the flool. of T^f, or Injury; the
prifoner upon that of Avai&ia, or Impudence; (or
A**m, Innocence, (Adrian Jwiius) ; to thefe two
goddeffes altars and temples were creeled in the
Areopagus; (Paufanias* Qicero de Legibus, I. 2.}
Here the accufer afked r^ TraXai^ara ; (JEfchylus
Eumenidibus.) three queftions of the prifoner, E*
Are you guilty of murder? heanfwered,
guilty, or x. XTCJ/a, not guilty. OTTW;
How did you commit this murder ?
|3Au^a.<r* xarcjcroi/a;, Who were your accom-
plices in the murder ?
The parties irnpleaded each other, and the prU
foner was allowed to make his defence in two
fpeeches ; at the end of the firft, he might fecure
liimfelf by flight, and go into voluntary banifhment,
if he feared the iffue of his trial, when his property
was confifcated and expofed to fale by the TrwAjjraij
(Demofth. in Ariftocrat. Pollux, lib. 8 ,) They fpokc
for themfelves, (Sextus Em-piruus pdv. Matkem, I.
2,^; afterwards they were allowed council, who
pleaded for them, reprefenting the matters of fad:
without any rhetorical ornaments of fpeech ; (Arif-
lotelis Rhetoric. I. I. Lucian.Anackarjide, Demofih^
The fentence was pronounced with peculiar
folemnity. An urn of brafs was in the courts,
called o f^Tc<r0v from the place in which it flood,
xu^jof, becaufe the votes which were caft into it
deemed the accufation valid; and OavarH, becaufe
they decreed the death of the prifoner. Another urn
of wood was placed behind this, into which the
votes of thofe who acquitted the prifoner were caft,
and called, q yr*f ?> or wwii, 9 axy^oj-j and o sxtx ;
(Arijlcph.
COURTS OF JUSTICfi, 6*
(Ariftoph. SchoL Vefy. and Eq*} This manner of
giving votes was afterwards abandoned, and the
voices were delivered in public, by cading their cal-
culii flints, upon two tables, the former containing
the votes of thofe who acquitted, the latter of thofe
who condemned the prifonerj (Lyjias in Agorat.)
There were other caufes in which their ientence
was not final, and an appeal might be made to the
courts to which they properly belonged ; (Sigonius.)
The fenators were not allowed to wear crowns ;
(&fchines in Ctefiphont.) but were rewarded for their
fervice by a bounty from the public, which they
called xfa? ; (Hefychius in Kot^.} They alfo en-
joyed three oboli for* every caufe in which judg-
ment was given; (Lucian, Bis Accufato.) Their
authority was preferved pure and intire till the time
of Pericles, (Pint. Pericle.) ; when they began to de-
generate into unbounded lice^tioufhefs ; (Ifvcrates
Artfopagit. Diodor. Sic. lib. n. c. 77. Cicer. Ep,
ad Famil. 13 > Meurs. Areopag. c. 3. p. 16.)
OF COURTS OF JUSTICE FOR CRIMINAL OFFENCES.
The judges were elected from the citizens with-
out any regard to rank or property ; they mull have
been more than thirty years of age, and have not
been convicted of any crime.
OF OTHER COURTS OF JUSTICE.
There were ten other courts of juflice; four of
which took cognizance tvt rw poimwv Tr
of actions of blood; the other fix, wi TW>
of civil concerns. Thefe courts were painted with
various colours, hence jSarp^tai/, poiyixiav, &c. and
on each was engraven one of the letters A. B. T. A.
E. Z. H. 0. I. K. Hence they are called Alpha,
Beta, Sec,
The
*s GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
The names of thofe who were to hear and de-
termine caufes were delivered, and the names alfo
of their father and borough infcribed upon a tablet
to the thefmothetse, who returned it with another
tablet > on which was infcribed the letter of one of
the courts, according to the lots. They carried
thefe tablets to the crier of the feveral courts, di-
rected by the letters, who gave to every man a tablet
infcribed with his own name and the name of the
court in which he was to fit ; and having received
trwrrflov, a fceptre, the ufual enfign of judicial
power, (Ltiad) a. v. 233.^ and which vvasfometimes
iludded with gold or filver, (Iliad^ a. v. 245.)
they were feverally admitted into the court;
(Artfloph. Scholiajl. in Pluto.) Having determined
their refpective caufes, they returned the fceptre to
the prytanes, from whom they received hxas-ixovj
(Hejy chins in verbo), or ^icrOc? ^xarixoj, their due
reward ; which was fometimes one obolus, and
fometimes three oboli ; ( He fy chins in loco. Arijloph.
Scholiaft. ex Arijlot. de Republic.) No man uas
allowed to fit in more than one court in a day ;
(Demqfth. et Ulpianus in Timocrat.) If they were
convicted of bribery, they were fined j (nucydides^
Schol. lib. 6J
i. En TraAXa^w, was inftituted in the reign of
Demophoon* The Argives utader the conduct of
Diomedes, or as feme fay of Agamemnon, being
driven upon the coaft of Attica by night, landed at
the Phalerean harbour, and, as if it were an enemy's
country, began to plunder it. The Athenians
alarmed, united in a body under Demophoon, re-
pulfed the invaders, obliging them to return to'their
vcflels i on the next day, Acamas, the brother of
Demophoon,
COURTS OF JUSTICE. 6$
Demophcon, finding the flatue of Minerva among
the Ham, difcovered that they had killed their allies,
upon which, confulting with an oracle, they gave
them an honorable burial, confecrated the goddefs's
flatue in a temple dedicated to her, and inftituted
a court of juftice to take cognizance of accidental
murder. Some lay that Agamemnon, being en-
raged at the precipitate ilaughter of his men, re*
ferred the quarrel to the decifion of fifty Athenians
and fifty Argives, whom they called Epcrai, &
Tra^' ot[/.<porsouv tfptQwou, KVTOL$ ret TJJJ x^jtrfwf ; the
judgment of their caufe was committed to them by
both parties. The Argives were afterwards exclud-
ed, and the E^T were reduced to fifty-one by
Draco. With fuch authority they continued to the
time of Solon, who considerably retrenched their
power, allowing them only the cognizance of man-
ilaughter, or of confpiracies which were difcovered
before they were put in execution. Fifty were ap-^
pointed by election, five from every tribe, and one
by lots. None were eligible but men of virtuous
and rigid morals, and more than fifty years of age.
(ScJiol Ariftoph. Pint. 330.)
The caufes Were introduced by the (Sao-iAsy?, and
the proceedings refembled thofe of the Areopagus;
(Paufanias. Harpocration-. Suidas. Pollux, lib. 8 .
c. 10. Demofth. contr. Ariftocr. p. 438. Hefych.
Schol. Artfopli. Pint. 277.^
2. ^TT* AsA^jnco, was held in the temple of Apollo
Delphinias, and Diana Delphinia. This court took
cognizance of fuch murders as were confeffed by
the criminal, who contended that they were com-
mitted by the fufferance of the laws, as by ielf*
defence, or adultery; (Plutarch., Solent. -Hefychius
3. ETTI
64 GRECIAN
3. ETI irgvTouruu, took cognizance of murders
caufed by inanimate things, as iron or (lone ; which
if thrown by a perfon unknown and accidentally
killed any one, judgment was here palled upon
them, and they were ordered to be cad out of the
Athenian territories by the pvAoaerA?, This was
alfo the common hall where public entertainments
were held $ and the facred lamp, which burned
with perpettial fire, was guarded by widows. This
lamp was extinct under the tyranny of Ariftion j
(Pint. Numd.)
4. Etf Qftatrroi, Ev 0f TT, was upon the fea more iri
the Pyrseeus, and was called TTO ra >*TO?, or t
Qftarti, (Pollux.) becaufe it flood in a pit, or from
Phreatus. This court determined caufes concerning
thofc who had efcaped from their own country for
murder, or who having fled for accidental murder^
afterwards committed it deliberately. The crimi-
nal was not allowed to land, or to call anchor, but
pleaded for himfelf in his vefTel j and if found guilty;
was committed to the winds and fea: or, as fome fay,
there furTered fevere punifhment; if innocent, he
was only pardoned for the fecond offence) and un-
derwent twelve months imprifonment for the for-*
mer; (Demoflh. in Arift. Harpocration. Pollux in
loc. cit.-*-Hefychius.)
OF COURTS OF JUSTICE FOR CIVIL AFFAIRS;
I. ITaaur< took cognizance only of trifling
matters, whofe value did not exceed one drachm j
it was called fo on this account, or becaufe it was
fltuated a$attt TCTTOJ TIC *eAf s in an obfcure part
of the city. There were two courts of this name?
one
COURTS OF JUSTICE* 65
one of which was irf aurw J^EI^OV, the other TratfaSurov
juftroi' , (Pollux.) Thofe who were judges in the
latter, were the eleven magiftrates, 01 e *fcx $ (Ear-
pocrat.' Suidas. Paufanias Atticis .) It is fometimes
called TO xaii/ov, the new court, ( Ariftoph. Vefpis.)
and not numbered as one of the ten.
2. Tiywi/oi/, fo called becauie it was triangular;
'(Harpocrat. Suidas. Paufanias Atticis .)
3. To *?r* Auxs, was fo called from the temple
of Lycus in which it was built. Pie had a ftatue
in all the courts of juftice, represented with the
face of a wolf; thus Aux* &*a? fignifies fycophants,
and thus T*? ^o^oxsi/Tas-, thofe who took bribes ;
(Ariftoph. Scholiaft. Fefp. Zenobius. Harpocrat.*
Pollux. Suidas 9 &c.)
4. To Mm;8, fo called from one Metichus, an
archited:, by whom it was built; (Pollux.)
5. HXai, fo called &rro TS ^Xi^ftrSat, from the
thronging of the people, (Ulpian. in Demofth.) or
a?ro rajXH, becaufe it was open to the fun; (Ulpian.
in Demojlh. Ariftoph. Schol. Nub. Eqmf. Vefp.
Suidas,) to try in this court was called tjAia^j/ $
(Ariftoph. Lys.^i.)
6. n<zgxvrov ptrw. [Vide above.]
The judges were obliged to take a folemn oath,
by the paternal Apollo, Ceres> and Jupiter the
king, that they would pafs a juil fentence and ac-
cording to law, and to the beft of their judgment.
This oath was adminiftered near the river IluTus,
in a place called Ardettus, from a perfon of that
name, who in a public fedition united the conteft-
ing parties, and engaged them to confirm their
F treaties
66 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
treaties of peace by mutual oaths in this place.
Hence common fvvearers were called a^tJVrm 5
(Etymolog. ~ Pollux. Suidas. Hejych. Harpo-)
crat. Demoftk. adv. 'Timocr.p. 48 1.}
The greateft and moft frequented was the nX*a.
The judges were at leafl fifty, fometimes two or.
five hundred. When important caufes were to be
tried, all the judges of the other courts were fum-
moned. Sometimes one thoufand were called in,
and then two courts were joined; fometimes 1,500
or 2,000, and then three or four courts met ; (Pollux,
lib. 8. cap. 10. Harpocrat.Stepkan. Byzantin, v.
Hxi&iK.) They were not allowed to pafs fentence
before they had taken a folemn oath, the form of
which is in Demqfth. Qrat. in Timocrat.
There were other courts of lefs confequence,
where the Atettntirai or Tio-o-jt^axovTA, or other ma-
giftrates, took cognizance of caufes belonging to
their feveral offices. Such were the courts at
Cynofarges, Odeum, the temple of Thefeus, Buco-
Ieum 3 &c.
OF THE JUDICIAL PROCESS.
The plaintiff delivered to the magiilrate the
name of the perfon againil whom he brought his
aclion, with an account of his offence, whofe
office it was eirKysiv, to introduce it into the court
where caufes of that defcription were heard. The
magiilrate inquired whether the caufe belonged to
his cognizance, and alfo oAw? guretyew %gn, whether
it ought to be tried ? This inquiry was called
ftyaxi<ns. By permiffion from the magiftrate, the
plaintiff fummoned his adverfary to appear before
the magiftrate, which was called Ktorww j (Ulpianus
6 /
JUDICIAL PROCESS. C 7
in Demofth. Or at. de Corona.) This was fometimes
done by apparitors, called KATJTO^? or KA^T^?,
(Ariftoph. Schol. ad aves. Harpocraf. Ariftoph.
Sckol. Vefp- 189,^ fometimes by the plaintiff
hirnfelf, who always carried with him fufficient
witneffes to atteft the giving of the fummons,
and thefe were alfo called xAnro^j or jcA^-n^;
(Ulpiann's in Demofth. Or at. de Corona. Suidas.
Harpocration. Ariftoph. Vefp.) The form in which
the plaintiff fummoned his adverfary was,
A2/*f Tov $iv& TZ$S a^ix^uaroj TT^OJ ryv
scAnT*5j ^wv rov ^*^a, I fummon fuch a one to
anfwer for this injury before this magiflrate, having
fuch a perfon as my witnefs; (Ulpianus in Mi-
dian.) When the plaintiff employed an appa-
ritor, the form was thus varied, Kamyo^w rov
, I accufe fuch a perfon of this injury, and
fummon him by fuch a one to appear before this
magiftrate. It was neceffary to mention the name
of the )tAuTj in the fummons. When a married
v/oman was fummoned before a magiflrate, her
hufband was cited in this form, TW feivoc, >yrov xv^io^
fuch a woman and her lord., &c. becauie wives,
being under the government of their hufbands,
were not allowed to appear in any court without
them. If the criminal refufed to appear before
the magiftrate, he was dragged by force 5 (<Terent.
Phormio, aft 5. fc. */.} Sometimes he appeared
on a particular day, which was flated in the
fummons; (Ariftopk.-Avibus.) When the plaintiff
and defendant were before the magiflrate, he in-
quired of the former whether his witneffes were
ready, or whether he required any other to be cited ?
f ^ This
68 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIESi
This was the fecond AVAK^O-I^ to which the plaintiff
was bound to anfvver under the penalty of a-n^ia,
infamy. If this ihould happen, he defired further
time to make his profecution, he fwore that it was
no voluntary delay, which was termed u^-o/xvuo-Sai,
and the circumflance itfelf uww^eo-taj (Demqft/i. hi
Olympiad. Iftfus de Philo&entene, et Ulpianus in
Midlan.) This excufe was alfo admitted on the
part of the defendant, who had another plea called
-jra^ay^&pji or Tra^a^ta^Tt^a, when he alledged by
witneffes that the action againft him was not &xn
*Kraya>y*/xor, a caufe which could then be lawfully
tried. This frequently happened, when the injury
had been committed five years before the accufa-
tion, for after that time no action was valid : it
happened alfo, when the difpute had been properly
compromifed before credible witneifes, or when the
defendant had been already punifhed for or ac-
quitted of the fact, or when it was not a caufe cog-
nizable by that magiflrate. To this gra^ay^apu,
the plaintiff gave his anfwer, proved by proper
evidence ; and the exception and anfwer, as fworn
by the witneffes, were termed fiKpufrvfut ; (Polfax,
lib. 8. c. 6. Harpocration v. h*p*r\)\*.) But if
the defendant urged no plea to put off the trial, he
was faid wMixsw, and the trial was termed fv0y<Jixj.
An oath was then adminiftered to both parties. The
plaintiff fwore that he would aAnO^ xaT>iyo^iv, prefer
no falfe accufation; and if the crime was of a public
nature, he fwore that no bribes or promifes mould
tempt him to delift the profecution. The de-
fendant fwore, aA*]9?j an-oAoywH/, that his anfwer
fhould be juft ; or pn a&xs *v, that he had done no
injury to the plaintiff. The oath of the latter was
called
JUDICIAL PROCESS. 69
called irgoupovia, of the former ain-w/xccru*, alfb
*ri7/apj, and both their oaths J*n*o<r*a. Thefe
oaths, with thofeof the witneffes, and other matters
relative to the action, were written upon tablets,
put into a veflel called f^ 1 " ** an d ^ ien delivered to
the judges ; (Pollux. Ariftopk. SchoL in Ftfp.
Harpocration. Suidas.) The magiilrate then caft
lots for the judges, who upon the xu^*a u/*^a, ap-
pointed day, took their places in the tribunal ; the
crier before having ordered all thofe to depart who
had no bufinefs, pirotrnTt (%u. The court was fur-*
rounded by a rope to keep off the crowd, and door-
keepers appointed called KifxAi&f, the fame as the
Cancellatas of the Romans; (Pollux, lib. 8. c. i o .} If
any of the judges were wanting, it was proclaimed,
T*f -0ufflw<ny fjAiari}?, i<nrto, if any judge be without,
let him enter; for thofe who came after the trial
had begun, were prohibited from paffing fentence;
(Ariftoph. Sckel. V-efy.) The magiftrate then pro-
pofed the caufe to the judges, and gave them
authority to determine it, which was called n*y
*? TO JtK&MfiQv ', the caufe itfelf was called
and the perfon who entered it
This reference of the caufe from the
magiftrate to the judges was called nytponx. <&*
fipuv. The public crier read the indictment,
which contained the reafons of the accufation, and
the injury fuftained by the plaintiff; thefe were
noted down by the judges; (Ulpian in Demo ft h.)
If the defendant did not appear, fentence was im-
mediately paifed againfh him, which was called
*H tppw xocruhKKirQwou and t^pni/ ofaurxcww. But
if he prefented himfelf within ten days, giving
fufficient reafons for his abfence, the former
F 3 fentence
yo GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
fentence was reverfed, and this was called
The trial was then to be brought forward by the de-
fendant within two months, and this was called
amAji?, and the action itielf amAa^ni/ ^ucnv ; but
if the trial was not at that time brought on, the
former fentence was confirmed ; (Ulpian. in Demoft/i.
Pollux, lib. 8. c. 6.) If any one pretended that
his adverfary was legally cited, and could not pro-
duce any jcAn-ro^sc to teflify the citation, he was
profecuted by an action called y%ct,q>n ^rotacMfsiiag ;
(Ulpian. in Demqfth. Pollux, lib. 8. c. 6.)
Before the trial, both parties depofited a certain
fum of money, which they called TT^VTOC^KX^ into the
hands of the magifhrate who introduced their caufe
into the court, who, if the money was not paid,
erafed the caufe from the roll. If the caufe was for
the value of TOO drachms to 1,000, the depofit was
3 drachms, if more than a 1,000 and not more
than 10,000, the depofit was 30, which were
divided among the judges $ and the perfon lofing his
caufe reftored the money to his adverfary, and paid
the charges ; (^Pollux. Harpocration.)
Ra6xr&6taAi) was a fum of money depofited by
thofe who fued the commonwealth for confifcated
goods, being a fifth of the value, or what was claim-
ed by the public treafury, or by private perfons for
adifputed inheritance, being a tenth of the value for
which they contended 5 (Pollux. Harpocration.)
n^arao-K, was a drachm depofited about trivial
affairs, which were decided by the ^TIJTA; (Pollux.
Harpocration.)
EarwSoAia, was a fine laid on thofe who could not
prove the indictment they had brought againfl their
adverfariess fo called, becaufe they were obliged to
WITNESSES.
pay the fixth part of the value of what they con-
tended for, from coA0?, the fixdi part of a drachm ;
(Pollux. Harpocr. Ariftoph. Nub. 1134 and
OF THE WITNESSES.
If the witnefles refufed to appear, they were
fummoned by the X.AIT?J, a ferjeant ; they were to
fwear to the fact, or to abjure it ; or if after com-
mencing a profecution they dropped it, or failed in
obtaining the fifth part of the fufFrages, (Plat. Apoll.
Socrat. t. i. pi 36. Demofth. de Cor. p. 517, in
Mid. p. 6 10. in Androt.p. 702. inAriftocr.p. 738.
/;/ fimofr. p. 774. in I'heocrin. p. 850.^ they
were generally fentenced to a penalty of 1,000
drachms, (.37. ioj.)
ExxArjTU<r0fc*, thofe were faid, who were fined for
refuting an oath, or from whom it was extorted
through fear of torture; (Demqfth. in Stephan. i.
p. 977. Ifocrat. in Trapezit. t. 2.. p. 4JJ.}
KA?ir^f(rOai, thofe were faid who voluntarily took
the oath after they were fummoned -> (Pollux, lib.
8 . Harpocr at ion.)
The oath was taken before altars creeled in courts
of judicature. The witnefles were to be free-born
and deferring of credit- They were confidered
anpti, infamous, who had forfeited their privileges
by mifconducl. The accufer fometimes required
the flaves of the adverfe* party to be put to the rack
to deliver their evidence; (Demoftlu in Ne<er. p.
880. in Onet. i. p. 924. in Pant<en. p. 993.^)
Sometimes one of the parties prefented his own
flaves to this favage proof; (Demo/lh. in Aphob. 3.
/>. 913, in Nicojir.p. noj.)
F 4
72 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
MTVia, was that kind of evidence which the
perfon gave who was an eye-witnefs to the fad ;
(Pollux, lib.*.)
Exp&f-vfiXy when he received his teftimony from
the perfon who was an eye-witnefs, but who was
dead, or abfent from fome unforefeen accident;
(Harpocration. Pollux.)
The teftimony was fometimes given aloud in
open court, and fometimes in writing upon a tablet
of wax ; (Harpocrat. Pollux.) Being feated, the
accufer on the left hand, and the accufed on the
right hand of the judge, (Art/lot. Problem.) they
each fpoke what their orators had prepared for
them. If they defired it the judges allowed them
c-uMjyogoi, advocates, which was called - ^io-Ow O-UMI*
yogsivy to plead j or a fee ; (Clemens Alexand.) They
were limited in the length of their fpeeches, which
was. called (fra/Af/AtT^in yp,eg& ; (Harpoeration.)
which was meaiured by a xA*t}/u^a, a water-glafs.
He was called pvJW, whole office it was to fill
the glafsj (Pollux, 8. g.) Their fpeech was to
conclude when the water had run out j but the
glafs was to be flopped while any laws were read,
or other bufmefs intervened ; (Dcmojlh,) T<o utari
r&> ^w AosAeirw, let him fpeak till my water be run.
out, means if any orator ends his fpeech before the
allotted time, he may give the remaining part of it
to another; (Demofth.) When the parties had
finifhed, the crier was commanded by the prefiding
magiflrate, to order the judges to bring in their
verdict \ and where the law had provided penalties,
called ywvf a-n/xy,, a verdidt of guilty or not
guilty was fufficient ; but where the laws were
(called vyuns r*/*wi) another fentence \\TVS
SENTENCE, 7,5
neceffary, determining the punifliment due to the
offence ; (Harpocration.) The condemned perfon
was to declare the damage he had done, and the
reparation due to his accufer, before fentence was-
pronounced. When the laws were filent, the
judges might limit the punifhment ; (Cicero de
Oratore^lib. \.)
Sentence was at firfl given by black anct
white lea fhells, called x l f va ' or pebbles, called
$y<poi', (Ovid. Meiam.lib. i$.) 2*WuAo*, balls of
brafs, were afterwards ufed, and then xua/Aej, beaqs;
the white beans were whole, and ufed to acquit,
and the black were bored through, to condemn ;
(Pollux, lib. 8. cap. 10. . i2$.Meitrfius> Areop. c.
Z.Hefyckius.AriJtopJi. Schol. Ran. et Vefp.y If
there was a majority of black balls, the prefident
traced out a long line on a tablet covered with wax t
expofed to every eye ; if the white were more nui
merous, a fhorter line; (Anjloph\ in.Vefp. v. io6.J
and if the votes be equal, the accufed is acquitted 5
(jEfch.in Ctefiph.p. 469. Ariftot. problem^ feft. 29,
torn. 2. p. $i2..~-Id. de Rhetor, c. 19. /. 2. p. 628. )
The beans were taken from the altar;" two urns,
which they called xa^ot or xaJicrxoi, received the beans
through a fmall tunnel, called xn^o?, holding them
\vith three fingers, the fore-finger, middle and
thumb. In private caufes four urns were ufed ;
(Demofth. Or at. in Macart.) where the punifhment
fpecified by law, was fufrkient ; but when that was
only expretfed in the declaration of the profecu-
tor, the offender had the privilege of demanding a
mitigation; and this fecond queftion was decided by
a new trial, to which they immediately proceedecP;
. in Dtmofi/t. adv. ^inarch, p. 8z2v Samuel
Petit
7 4. GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
Petit de leg. Att. ^.335 .) When they had finifted
voting, the crier proclaimed Ei TK avj/jjpirof, iurao-0,
If there be any that has not given his vote, let him
arife.
The caufe, while pending, was engraved on a
tablet and expofed to public view, and hung up at
the ftatue of the heroes, named ETTWVU/AOI. This was
called Exxeio-Qa* ; (Schol. in Median. Demofth.)
If the perfon convicted was guilty, he was de-
livered to the Ev&xa, to receive punifhment j but if
he was fined, the Tapat *& & faw it paid. If un-
able to pay it, he was doomed to perpetual im-
prifonment j (Demqflk. Androtian. Corn. Nepos in
Vit. Miltiad.)
If the plaintiffhad unjuilly accufed his adverfary,
he was fentenced to fuffer that punifhment which
the law inflicted on the crime with which his ad-
verfary was accufed.
The plaintiff was called JWw, the caufe itfelf
t&i?, and the accufed $tvyuv. Atria was the name
of the indictment before conviction, and eAf/p^
after it.
When the trial was over, the judges went to the
temple of Lycus, and returned their f aJot, ftaffs ;
and received from the xwAax^ra*, their moneys
(Ariftoph. in Ran. et Fefp. Suidas. Pollux.)
2ujco^avrat, fometimes fignifies falfe witneffes,
TTO r <ruxa (paivetv, from indicting thofe who ex-
ported figs, which was prohibited by an ancient Jaw
of the Athenians ; (Ariftoph. Schol. Pint, et Equit.
Suidas.)
OF INFERIOR MAGISTRATES.
Oi T<r<ra^axovTfls, were forty men who went round
the boroughs, and heard difputes about fums of
money
INFERIOR MAGISTRATES. 75
money not exceeding ten drachms, as well as con-
cerning actions of perfonal affault; (Demojlh.m
Pantanet.)
G Tgiotxwrot, were thirty men who amerced the
people for being abient from the public affemblies,
Aiai-mrat, were arbitrators, who were called
K.ATjWTai, forty-four men in each tribe, above
fixty years of age; (Pollux, lib. 8. c. 10^ or
fifty (Snidas) ; drawn by lots to determine con-
troverlles in their own tribe about money above
ten drachms. An appeal lay from this to the
fupertour court of juftice; (Demoflh. Or at. in
Aphobum.) At firft they heard all caufes that
exceeded ten drachms, previous to their introduc-
tion into other courts; (Pollux, Ulpian.) They
were not bound by oath ; but when they admi-
niftered an oath to the plaintiff, which was called
vrotfaroca-is or hra,wc, they received a drachm, and
another from the plaintiff when they gave him an
oath, called ai/Tuponu. If either of them was abfent,
in the evening judgment was given in favour of the
party prefent. Their office was annual; and if
they were found guilty of corruption, they were
puniihed with ATI/AI, infamy ; (Demoftlu et Ulpian.
Median. Sam. Petit. Miff. lib. S.)
Ejcraywynf , were officers tunzystv ra? chxaf, to re-
ceive complaints that fell under the cognizance of
the iiatrnTtff, and enter them into the court ^
(Pollux.) The other arbitrator was called <J*aAAax-
Tjiot or xar* ETTiTgoTrnv htxirnrai, thofe who were
chofen by both parties to compromife any difpute.
There was no appeal from their determination,
which they were bound to make impartially by
oath; (Demojlh.) The determination of the
GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
i, was called hair*,- and wr^*^ and the
reference to them ha iron m-r^ai ; (Pollux.)
OF PUBLIC JUDGMENTS.
The Athenian judgments were of two kinds:
A/AOT*xau, public, were concerning thofe crimes
which affedted the ftate, called xaruye^at ; all per-
fons were encouraged by the law to revenge the
public wrong, by bringing the criminal to puni.fh-
ment ; (Plutarchus> S alone.)
Ihtamxi, private, concerning all -controverfies
between private perfons, which were called xa ;
(Ifocrates.) No one could profecute an offender
but he who was injured, or fome of his family $
(Plutarch. So/one. Demoftk. in < Timocr&t.)
The public judgments were,
murder.
T^opoia?-, a wound rnalicioully given.
, a conflagration of the city.
, confpiracy againft the life of another.
f, facrilege, punifhed with death ; (Xe-
noph. Hifl. Grxc. lib. i. p. 450. Id. Mem. I. i.p*
721. Diod. lib. 16. p. 427. jElian. 'Var. Hifl. I. 5,
c. 16.) and deprived of the rites of fepulture.
* impiety ; (Lyjias in Andoc. p. 130.^
treafon.
?, fornication.
, whoredom, punifhable by fine, (Wiucyd
SchoL lib. 6.)
, celibacy.
, refufmg to ferve in war, puniOiable with
, infamy.
ILIC JUDGMENTS. ft
:, cowardice, puniihed with an/***.
/, defertion of the fleet, punifhed by
fine.
AftTTor? etriw, defertion of the army, punifhed by
fine.
A67Torioi/, defertion from their poft, leaving the
infantry for the cavalry ; (^hucyd. SchuL lib. 6.}
Ai/<xu/xa^ov, refuting to ferve in the fleet, punifhed
with arijiua.
To fi^ou tw <T7n$<% 9 lofing their fhield, punifhed
with artjuia.
Vju^iyfa^b ^fuJoy^apn, or ^fuJVj? fyoa^rj, charging
men with debts already paid; (Suidas in Verb.)
punifhed by fine.
>,, an action for falfe arrefts ; (Pollux.)
r, for beating a freeman, or reducing him to
flavery.
2uxo<pavTia,aiTault, or frivolous accufation ; puniih-
ed by a fine.
Aw^a, or Aw^ o^oxia, receiving bribes for any pub-
lic affair, or perverting juftice ; they were fined ten
times the value of what they had received, and
punifhed with the higheft degree of a-n^ia, in-
famy.
Afxa<r/*ej, for offering bribes for the perverfion of
juftice.
Aw^ojcua, this was an action fimilar to the former
particularly in caufes relating to tjie freedom of the
city.
Ay^apiov, for erafmg a oame out of the public
debt book, before the debt was difcharged.
Ay^apo ^rraAAov, digging a mine without the
public knowledge, a twenty-fourth part of the
jnetal belonging to the public.
GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
>, againfl magiftrates who had neglected
to furrender their accounts*
L
n^ai/ojuwi/ y>a<p), forpropofing a new law, and
acting contrary to the eftablifhed laws.
EuOwu, againfl magiftrates, ambafTadors, or other
public officers, who had mifemployed the public
money, or otherwife offended.
ila7rf , againfl ambafTadors, who had for-
feited their truft*
Aox^fltruftj was a qualification of the magiftrates
and other public officers.
IlfogoAfl, againfl difaffected, tumultuous perfonsa
ATroy^apTj, an action for debts due to the public,
falfely charged upon thofe who had delivered their
accounts. Or an action againfl thofe who had never
paid the fines impofed on them, before the ninth
ITfuTap&a after their fentence, and could not give
fufficient fecurity ; (Siddas.)
AiroQeurit, fometimes the fame as Aw-c^ap*} ;
(fai&ti*) Or an account given of eflates to avoid
holding a public employment, that the truft
might fall upon the richeft.
$ac-*r, for the difcovery of any fecret injury $
and againfl fuch as exported corn from Attica 3
appropriated the public money, or land; or for
mifapplying the property of orphans ; (Pollux, 8.6.^
EvJfti?, againfl thofe who held an office, being
difqualified by la\v; and againfl thofe who cpnfefled
their crimes, without {landing a trial; (Demqfth.
in I'imoc.p. 464. Schol. Adftopk. Vefp. 1103.)
Avraywy)!, was conveying a criminal to the ma-
giflrate, who had been detected in the fact ; (Lyfias
in j
PRIVATE JUDGMENTS. fg
, when the magiftrate went to the
houfe where the criminal was ; and this they called
-, (Pollux, 8.6.}
, or AvfyoXyfytu, an adlion againft
thofe who protected murderers, by which the rela-
tions of the deceafed might arrefl three men in
the city whither the murderer had fled, till he
furrendered or fatisfied the law ; (Harpocrat.)
EtrccyysXHz, concerning ftate offences; fuch
actions, as without any procefs were brought before
the fenate of 500, before whom they were intro-
duced by the fo-^oGerat at the firft meeting in the
Il^uTav ; where the delinquent was punifhed ;
and the accufer incurred no danger, if he
could not prove his indidment, except he
failed in having a fifth part of the fuffrages, and
then he was fined 1000 drachms. Another aclion
ot Kaxo:<nf was, when brought before the archon,
to whom he gave in his accufation; and if he
was unfuccefsful, he was not fined. There was
another acliion againft the A<amjTi, by perfons who
fuppofed themfelves injured by them, but if their
accufation proved frivolous, they forfeited their
freedom \ (Harpocrat. Pollux > 8. 6.J
r^*<pn, an a&ion laid upon fuch as had been
guilty of any of the above crimes ; (Harpocrat.
Sigon.de rep.AtJien.IIL I. Pollux, lib. 8, 6.)
OF PRIVATE JUDGMENTS.
A^*>u8 ^ixn, was an aciion X&T& TUV oTTtovzv Wocaj/rwf,
againft thofe who had done an injury; ' ( Etymologici
or.) The delinquent was fined, and the fine
was
$6 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
was doubled, if not paid within the
( Harpocration. )
Aixia? ^x.j, was an action of affault, in which
the judges compelled the delinquent to make
fufficient compenfation.
Apqn<rviTiKris, was fometimes a law-fuit, but
generally for the recovery of an eftate,
a fuit concerning relationfhip.
&xr, was an action of divorce, the
huiband putting away his wife.
A7roA4 /C ^'xij was an action of divorce, the
woman flying from her hufband.
ATTorao-ij? J'txn, was an action by a mafler or
patron againft his clients, who were freed Haves,
when they refufed to perform thofe fervices to
which they were bound.
ATrforac-tK &xu, an aclion againft fojourners, who
neglected to chufe a patron.
A?ogpiK $Mn y a fuit concerning money depofited
in the hands of others, which was called by the
ancient Athenians Ape^jj, and afterwards Ev0j>).
Aped-*?, an action when any one in debt, and
unable to difcharge it, called on the people to
remit part of it.
, an aflion of ingratitude*
, an action when the buyer com*-
pelled the feller to confirm the bargain which he
had before covenanted to perform.
Biaiw or Bia? &xij, againft thofe who had vio-
lated the chaftity of women, or injured the perfons
of men.
PRIVATE JUDGMENTS. Sj
<$<x, an a&ion again ft thofe who had
trefpafled on the property of others.
, an action concerning filth or nuifances.
(Tjxj, an action *f^ ^ij^arwi/ ij TTC^I
, concerning money or pofleffions 3 (Ulpian*
de Myfteriis.)
A^<*TUi, a proteftation made that the de*
ceafed perfon had left an heir, to fecure to him
his pofleffions*
EK ^TTWV t<rv <5*x, ah ac"lion againft thofe
who would not divide their property with thofe
who had a right to a divifion of it.
Eif fpq> MM x.KT&rvi<Tiv (ftxjj, concerning ftolen goods f
or other fecreted property*
EvfTTio-xf^a, an ac~tion> when any one claimed
a part of the goods of another, which he feized
and fold.
Evoixia cJxj, an action to demand the rent of a
houfe from the inhabitant by any one claiming
the property of it.
E{ffiWf<rf we to, againft a freeman who endeavoured
to releafe a ilave without the confent of his mailer.
Egxf &xt>, from EgcAAw, to eject, becaufe the
plaintiff AAo/Acvof was ejected, or prevented from
taking poffeflion of, his eftate, when he would not
deliver it to the real owner*
EATJ$ ^xtj, an action when any property was
detained from its owner, tn^ arfg&Trofo ^ KMTO?,
a ^>j(r* Tif *uTca ^srav^i, concerning a Have, or what-
ever any one calls his own } (Suidas*)
EwiJ*xo-ac <J"xr>, when daughters inherited the
cftates of their parents, they were compelled to
G jwarry
9z GRECIAN ANTlQtTit ICSs
marry their neareft relations ; and it was contended
for in this adion. The virgin for whom they
contefted was called Embus. EmxAufo* was a
daughter who had no legitimate brothers, and in-
herited her patrimony. ETrnrgoixtx was a daugh-
ter who had brothers, and divided the eftate with
them.
ETHO-X^K, an adion by which the ^/X^TU^
was proved to be frivolous.
EiriT^o'-Tniff <?*, an adion againft guardians who
had defrauded their wards. It was invalid, if not
commenced before the ward had been of age five
years.
Kaxyoias to, an adicm of ilander, by which
the criminal was fined 500 drachms.
Kaxw<rfw? $i*.$> an adion entered by heirefies
againft their hufbands, by parents againft their
children, and wards againft their guardians, when
they were ill ufed by them. I^apu and Eio-ayysAi*
meant the fame.
KXOTI^WV JHOJ, an action againft thofe who
iuborned falfe witneiTes.
Ka^-rra &** or Xsa^n ^xi, an a&ion when any one
claimed a landed eftate, becaufe the fruits of the
earth were demanded.
an adion againft thieves. If any
one had ftolen above fifty drachms in the day-
time, he was indided at the court of the 01 Evfixx*
But if a theft was committed in the night, it was
lawful to kill the criminal, if deteded in the fad ;
or if he refifted, to wound him and carry him by
force to the o* Ewfcx*. This adion was termed
PRIVATE JUDGMENTS. 83
n ; (Demofth. Timocrat.). No reftitution
was fufficient, but he was to fuffer death. He
who had ftolen from any private perfon, was com-
pelled to reftore double the value; and the judges
were empowered to confine him five days and
nights, and expofe him to the public view ; and
<mfu*, infamy, was the final punifhment of this
offence; (Andocides de Myfteriis.) If any one
ftole any thing from the Lyceum, Cynoiarges,
Academy, or any of the Gymnalia, of the leaft
value, or from any of the harbours, above the
value of ten drachms, he was condemned to die.
A7ro/*aTUj2 (Tixn, againft thofe who, after pra-
mifing to give evidence in a caufe, forfeited their
promife.
MKT0<r*wf oixa &xu, fometimes called 0a<n?, was
an action againft guardians for mifmanagement
in the affairs of their wards.
Ou<rmj &xu, an action claiming an eftate in the
poffeffion of another.
IIaaxaTaoAj, fo Called TTO ra 7ra^axTaSXAv,
becaufe if the eftate was public for which they
contended, a fifth part of the inheritance was
depofited; if it was private, a tenth part ; if the
plea was bad, they forfeited their depofit. This was
an action commenced by the relations of the de-
ceafed, claiming his property.
H axccTaOuxn? ^xn, an action againft thofe who
refufed to reftore what they were entrufted with,
2<ra JMCTI, an action by which a hufband was
compelled to reftore the portion to his divorced
wife, or to pay her nine oboli, every raonth : if he
c ^ neglected
3 4 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
neglected either of thefe, an action in the Odeum
was entered againft him by her E-mTfOTrog, guardian,
by which he was obliged to allow her a feparatc
maintenance.
Su/xCoXa/a <fcxfl, an action againft thofe who
would not fulfil their contracts, concerning money,
divifion of inheritance, and references to the
an action againfl thofe who would
not fulfil either their public or private contracts.
Xfl<? ^*xu, a fuit between debtors and creditors - 9
(Pollux. Suidas. Ulpian. in Demqfth. Harpocra-
tion. Sam. Petit de Leg. Att. Hefychhts. Sigonius
de Rep. Ath. Roufeus in Arch. Att.)
OF CRIMINAL PUNISHMENTS.
An/xja, infamy, or difgrace. A perfon fuffered
this punilhment, when, retaining his property, he
was deprived of fome privilege, enjoyed in common
by other citizens. Alfo, when he fuffered a tem-
porary deprivation of the privileges of free citizens,
and his goods were confifcated. Thofe who were
Indebted to the public treafury, till their debts
were paid, incurred this penalty. Alfo, when the
criminal, and his poflerity, were deprived of every
right of a free citizen. This was incurred by
thofe guilty of theft or perjury, or othef fimilar
crimes; (Andocides de Myjieriis.) From perfons
of this defcription they appointed fome to labour
at the oars; (Schol, in Arijiopk. Ranis.) and at
which the prifoners of war aflifted ; (Pint, in Fit.
Lyfandr.) This punifhment was alfo called T^^ar* ;
(Pollux.)
Ba^a^o*, was a deep pit belonging to the tribe
Hippetboontis, into which condemned perfons
weie
CRIMINAL PUNISHMENTS. s
Were caft headlong. This was fometimes called
pi/y/*#, and hence O tin TU o^uy/xar;, the name of
the public executioner. It was a dark hole, with
overhanging fpikes, that there mould be no re-
treat; and there were alfo fpikes at the bottom,
upon which thofe who were thrown in muft fall ;
(Schol. Ariftoph. Pluto , 43 1 .) Hence Barathro in.
Latin, an avaricious glutton, from its depth and
extent; (Lucretius Jib. 3. Hor. lib. i.Sat. 2. Har-
focrat.)
B X*> thk punifliment of hanging or flrangling
was very ignominious; (Horn. Od. *, v* 465. Pol-
the punifhment of fetters or imprifon-
ment. There were three kinds of prifons; one
near the forum, to fecure debtors and others:
another called Swf^K^iov, a houfe of correction ;
another in a folitary place, for malefactors guilty
of capital crimes; (Plato de Leg. lib. jo.) One
of their moft remarkable prifons was called,
No/*opuAa>ov, and the gate through which criminals
were led to execution X^wj^ev, from Charon. At
the prifon door called ZrgoQouos from ST^O^HJ a
hinge of a door, was erected a ftatue of Mercury,
the tutelary deity of the place.
AaAfta, fervitude, was a punifhment by which
the criminal was reduced to the condition of a
flave. It was infli&ecl only on the ATI/AOI, fq^
journers and freed fervants; (Dfog. Laert. I. ^5.*
JEfchin. in Timarch. p. 1 74. )
Zu/xia, a pecuniary fine laid upon th$ criminal,
according to the nature of his offence.
eavarcf, death, inflided on malsfe&Qrs for vari-
ous offences.
S* GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
Kf JifAvcf, a precipice, from which the malefactor
was thrown headlong; (Eurip. Tread. 720. Paufan*
Phoc. 2. Milan, 11. $.}
v, was a collar, ufually made of wood, from
becaufe it obliged the criminal to bow down
his head : the punifliment was called Kupfiwoy*of,
hence Kupwi/?, pernicious fellows ; (SchoL Ariftoph.
P/utOy 458.^ It was fometimes called xAoios or xoAoioc
from XAW, becaufe the neck of the criminal was
fhut in it ; (Suidas.)
A*0ooAta, lapidation, was a common punimment
for adultery; (Horn. II. y. JKlian. 5. 19. Cicer.
de Offic* III. Mews. ad. Lycophr. 331.^)
H'Vss, with which the criminal was beheaded;
(Pollux, 8.7.;
EU'AOI/ vtvnwpyyw, fetters with five holes; (Pollux.
* Artftojik. Equit. 393) or HuXov TtTMi/xwoyj as it is
fometimes called ; (Schol. in Ariftoph. Lyjiftrat. 68 1.
and Eqiiit. 1046^ it is a punifhment fimilar to that
of binding the neck and heels of fold iers.
xaVu, a round inftrument to confine the hand,
a crofs, confiding of two beams, one
acrofs the other ; (Lucian Aix>) fMYiivruv* Thucyd.
lib. i.) to which the malefactor was nailed.
2r>iA>!, a pillar, on which the crimes of the
offender were engraven ; (Lyjtas pro c<sd. Erqftat.)
Thofe were called SrnXiVa*, who were expofed
to this ridicule. Hence ruATimxof Xoyo?, an in-
vedive ; (Demofth. Philipp. III. p. 49. -Pollux, 8. 7.^
Jrt'y/x^Ta, marks impreffed with a hot iron upon
flaves; (Plutarch. Solon.)
TvTrava or Tujt*iri/, clubs, with which male-
fadors were beaten to death ; (Hefychhts. Suidas.
Pollux.) they were hanged upon a pole called
(SchoL Ariftoph. Pint.'] 6.)
CRIMINAL PUNISHMENTS. *;
fmall cords ufed in the punifhment called
by which criminals were ftretched upon
the rack.
$/A*XOI/, poifon, of which they ufed various
forts j the moil common was the juice of hemlock,
called K^vetov ; (Per/jus, Sat. 4. v. i. Plato in Phted.
Milan. 1. 1 6.)
$uyi?, banifliment, of which there were feveral
forts ; by this the goods of the banifhed perfon
were fold, and the fentence generally palTed for
life : the <?rf axi<r/xo?, being only for a term of teft
years; (Schol. Ariftoph. Equit. et. faff.) It was
chiefly inflifted on people of rank and cha-
racter. This was alfo fometimes called K^xj
/**$-*, from x%a/*0f, becaufe the Orfx, by which
the people gave their fuffrages, were earthen
vefTels -, (Hefy chins in Verb.) This was ufed at
Arges, Miletus, and Megara; (Schol. Arlftoph.
Equit.) The Syracuiian IlTaXifl-/Ao?, was for the
term of five years -, and inftead of orf ax, they
ufed 7TrA, leaves of the olive tree in voting;
(Diodor. Sic. lib. n. c. 55, Plutarch. Arijlid.
tlefych. Milan. 13. 24.)
Xom, the fetters, in which the legs were fattened;
(Ariftoph. Plut. 2j6.) Similar to this was wo&xaxu,
-n-oJ'oxaxxfj, Tro^or^a^w, fometimes called ^uAov, being
made of woodi (Schol. Ariftoph. Eqnit. 366.^ In
Tro^or^a^n, the feet were tortured, in 7rc<Joxaxxj, they
were only fattened ; (Ulpian. in ^imocrat. Suidas.
flefychius. Taylor in Or at. Lyf. 1. adv. Theomn.p. 8 1 .)
2vK, was a piece of wood, to which the crimi-
nal was bound ; (Ariftoph. Thefmoph. 938 andy^y.)
drowning in the feaj (Schol.
. Equit. 1360. Lycophr. 239. )
burning.
04 OF
GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
OF PUBLIC HONOURS AND REWARDS.
an immunity from taxes and other
public duties, exclufive of thofe for carrying on
ivar, and building fhips$ from which the nine
archontes alone were exempted.
the honour of 9, ftatue creeled in any
public place ; (Demojlh. Or at. de fa/fa leg. .fax-
Jamas, &c. &c.)
ttpstyzy the liberty of the firft feats at public
enteruipments (Schcl. Ariftofh. EquittSuidas.)
(HTjj<n? tv irgvrwetu, an enter-
tainment at the public expence, given to thofe
who had deferyed well of their country ; to thofe
chiefly who had been ambaffadors i n th e p r yta-
neum. There was a law that no man mould
receive this honour twice ; (Plutarch. Solone.) This
teing repealed, fome were #<nTOf, conftantly fup-
ported in the prytaneum j (Pollux. Cicero ds
Or at. lib. i.) Their food was chiefly M*, a kind
of cake; but on holidays, bread; (Demajlh. in
Leptin. Pollux, lib. 9. c. 5. Athenaus, lib. ^.)
This .was appointed by Solon in imitation of
Homer, /ufjugfuyo? rev O/x^ov, whofe heroes feafted
in th}s manner. The tenth of all the entrails of
beads, offered in facrifice, was refervea for them ;
which if any perfon neglected to fend, he was liable
to be puniflbed by the n^uravf ; (Ariftoph. Eytit.)
Srepaw, crowns, were conferred by the vote of
the people in the public affembly, by the fenators
411 council, fcy the tribes to their own members,
LAWS OF THE ATHENIANS. 8*
and by the AJJ/ACT** in (fapot) their own borough.
They were forbidden by law to be prefented iii
any other places ; and if any crier proclaimed ia
the theatre the crowns beflowed on any one by
his own tribe or borough, he was punifhed with
artfti 9 infamy. 2rpavpj Ewxc* were fometimes
prefented by foreign cities to the citizens of Athens,
after the approbation of the citizens had been
obtained 5 and they were dedicated to Minerva,
the tutelar faint of Athens, Thofe prefented by
their own city, were preferred as relicks of honour
in their own family; (MJchines in Ctejlphont.)
Peculiar care was taken of thofe who had been
thus honoured by their country, that uf *, x<xxw?
fi-retv, TntTKerc-av, to affront, fpeak ill, or ftrike any of
them, was punilhed with a-n/xict, infamy,
OF THE LAWS OF THE ATHENIANS.
It was a received opinion that Ceres fir ft taugh
jthe Athenians the ufe of law ; hence the feflival
@<T|u0poja, in which me was worfhipped in the
name of scyAopo^. It is however certain that
Thefeus retained the privilege of making and pre-
ferving laws; (Plutarch. Thef.) Draco was the
next lawgiver, whofe laws were called 0<r/AOi ;
(JElian. Var. Hift. lib. 8. c. ioj which were all
repealed by Solon, except poj/*x<u vojuo*, the laws
pf murder* The laws of Solon were diftinguifhed
by the term vopoi. The thefmothetze fwore to
the obfervation of them, on the penalty of dedi-
cating a ftatue as large as life to the Delphian
Apollo $ and the people were bound to obey them
fo?
90 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES*
for one hundred years ; (Pint. Solone. Dlog. Laer-
tius< Milan. Var. Htfl. lib. 8. c. ioj Afterwards
Pififtratus took -upon himfelf, and left to his fons,
the power of a lawgiver ; (Pint. Solone.) but the
laws of Solon were in fome degree enforced by
Clifthenes, who himfelf added new ones ; (Hero-
dotus. Plutar. Pericle.Ifocrat. Aeropag.) Thefe
continued in force till the Peloponnelian war, when,
the government was altered by the four hundred,
and afterwards by the thirty tyrants. But the
ancient laws were again reftored by Euclides, and
others by the influence of Diocles, Ariftophon,
and afterwards by Demetrius the Phalerean ; (Pint.
Ariftid.) and thefe, with ^Efchylus and Thales,
were the chief legiflators of Athens $ (Suidas.)
Any one who intended to propofe a meafure
which regarded the public, communicated it firft
to the prytanes, who afTeinhled the fenators, when
it was either rejected or adopted. If it was agreed
to it was called TrooGxtevpa ; and written by the
prytanes upon a tablet, and called Trgoygotppa* No
law was to be propofed to the aflembly, with-
out having been previoufly written on a white
tablet, and publicly hung up feveral days, for
the information of the citizens. When it was
read, every man might give his opinion upon it.
If it was approved, it parTed into a VrKpurpoc, or
N/ao ; uf r^a being a local, and No|uo? a per-
petual law ; (Demofth. ej. Nan.. Ulpian. in Leptin.)
It was dangerous for a citizen to propofe a law,
which might be prejudicial to the ilate ; and he
might be impeached for it any time within one
year; and a writ, called rfw>/Aa? y?<*?!> for
tranfgreffing
LAWS OF THE ATHENIANS. 91
tranfgrefling the laws, might ferve upon him ;
cither if he omitted to publifh his propofal, or did
propofe it in ambiguous terms, or if it tended to
annul any former law ; (Demqftk. ej. Enarr. Ulpian.
in Leptin.) Thofe who had propofed a law
waav/AO 3 or aj/jTm-rxtaof, contrary to former laws,
or prejudicial to the flate, were arraigned fome-
times before the thefmothetse; (Pollux.) and fome*
times before the archontes. When the accufation
had been heard, the archon eta-ayeiv ? TO Jjx $ ox,
introduced the caufe into that court of juftice,
which took cognizance of fuch affairs. If found
guilty, the perfon was fined, which he was to pay
under the penalty of a-n^ia, infamy. This punifh-
ment indeed was of courfe inflicted upon thofe
who had been three times guilty of fuch an offence ;
(Ariftoph.) But if acquitted, the accufer was
fined 1000 drachms; (Demqfth. Itmocrat. ibique
Ulpianus.) The laws were annually revifed; and
a new law was to be propofed, before an old one
could be repealed. If necelfary to be repealed, it
was done by nr^^^orov^ TM vopw, fo called, from
holding up their hands. When the prytanes held
their firft ftated affembly, on the nth day of Heca-
tombason, after the K>?u had proclaimed the
aflembly in a folemn prayer, the laws concerning
' the fenate, the people, the nine archontes, and
the other magiftrates were read over in order.
If it appeared neceffary to reconfider any of the
laws, the meeting was adjourned to the fourth
of Metagitnion, the day of the laft ftated aflem-
bly. During thefe ceremonies, the @<r^cj, which
were laws directing how the No^o* were to be
made,
** GRECIAN ANTIQUlTIESj
made, were exactly obferved; (Libanius m
Argum. Leptin.) On the appointed day another
affembly was fummoned, and the proedri re-
ported the matter to the people, who appointed
the nomothetze to determine it : and five orators
called Svi^ixoi, were to defend the ancient laws in
the name of the people. If the prytanes omitted
to call this afTembly, they were fined 1000
drachmae; but if it did meet, and the proedri
neglected to explain the law to the people, they
were fined only 40 drachma?. The prytanes and
proedri might be impeached by any one before
the thefmotheta?, who were to try the offending
perfon in the court of Helisea, upon neglect of
which they were refufed admittance into the
areopagus. After the orators had delivered their
fpeeches, the nomoihet^e gave their opinions,
and the fentence was confirmed at the next aflem-
bly; (Libanius in Argum. Leptin.)
Solon, and other lawgivers who fiicceeded him,
committed their laws to writing. Hence the law,
icy^apw PC/SAW raj a^a? pn ^nf^ou prjs iri(*i cvop, that
no magiftrate mould ufe in any cafe an unwritten
law j (Andocides de Myfter.) The KI^&K, tablets,
on which the laws of Solon were engraved, were of
wood, and called Agoyf? ; which might be turned
round in oblong cafes ; (Plutarch. Solone.) Some are
of opinion that thofe laws, which related to facrifices
?md religious rites were called Ku^?; (Pint. Solone.)
Others affirm that Ki^Sa?, competed of Hone, figni-
iied tablets in generalon, which laws were infcribed,
^nd named irpga TO xsxo^upuxrOai f Ttf/of, becaufc
they were ereded oft high $ (Afollod* in SchoL
LAWS OF THE ATHENIANS. 93
Arffioph. Nubibus et Avibus.) or from the Cory-
bantes, who firft invented them ; (Theopompits.)
Some fay they were triangular; (Pollux, lib. 8.
c. 10. Ariftot.) and that the Aoi*? were of brals
and quadrangular ; (Pollux, lib. 8. c. ioj Am-
monias afferts, (lib. de different Voc.) that the
A?j/? were four-lquare, containing the civil laws;
and the Kuf?? triangular, containing the laws
upon religion. They were preferved in the citadel*
and afterwards removed to the prytaneum ; ( Pol-
lux > lib, 8.r. 10.^ Some affirm, that the original
in Solon's hand-writing were always kept in the
citadel, and copies of them only in the prytaneum.
Hence they were termed raj xarwlkv, thofe in the
prytaneum or lower city, and^ra? avufa wpzs, thoic
in the upper city; (Pollux.) It is again fuppofed
that o xotTwOfi/ J/O/AOJ; (Demofth.) means the lower
part of the tablet. But it appears that there
were frequently many tablets to one law ; (Plutarch.
So/one. Sam. Petit, de Leg. Alt.) It was illegal to
erafe a decree from the tablet, and proper officers,
called r^a/*jw*T?, were appointed to keep them
legible; (Pollux, lib. 8. c. S.} Thefe were eleded
by the fenate, and were people in whom they
placed a particular confidence. The laws were aifo
all engraven on the wall in the Ba<rAtx ro> royal
portico, for the infpeftion of the public. This was
the cuftom after the expulfion of the thirty tyrants - 9
(Andocides de Myjleriis.)
OF
94 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
OF THE LAWS RELATING TO DIVINE
WORSHIP.
Sacrifices were to be performed with the fruits
of the earth. A law made by Triptolemus ; (Por-
f/iyn'us 7TEi a7ropj?$ E/u4/u26>y.J
Due reverence was to be paid publicly to the
gods and native heroes ; and to offer privately firft
fruits with anniverfary cakes, A law of Draco;
(Porphyrius.)
One drachm was to be the price of a fheep,
eighteen of a medimn. One of Solon's laws.
(Plutarch* Solone.)
Cattle designed for facrifice were to be fele&ed
from the beft - 9 (Pint. Solone.)
He who offered facrifice, to carry part of the
beaft facrificed to his family ; (Ariftoph. Schol.
in Pint.)
All the remains of the facrifice were for the
prieft ; (Arijloph. in Vefp.)
Whoever defiled the temple of Apollo, was to be
indicted and fentenced to death. A law of Pififtra-
tus; (Hefychius.Suidas.)
Foreigners and flaves were permitted to attend
divine worfhip j (Demofth. in Near.)
They, who furvived the report publifhed of their
death, were prohibited from enteringthe temple of
the furies ; (Plut. Qi(<*ft. Roman. Hefychius.Pha-
vorimts verb. Afur^oTrQT^cfJ
No injury was to be offered tothofe who fled to
the temples for refuge j (Schol. Arijioph. in Equit.)
Sacrifices were to be at the beginning of every
month ; (Athen#us> lib* 6,}
LAWS
LAWS CONCERNING FESTIVALS. $5
LAWS RELATING TO FESTIVALS.
No foreigner was to be initiated into the holy
myfteries ; (Schol. Artfloph. in Pint.)
Death was to be the punifhment of pubiifliing
the myfteries ; (Sopater in Divis. Qu*s.)
They who were initiated, were to dedicate their
clothes in which they were initiated at the temple
of Ceres and Proferpine - 9 (Schol,. Ariftoph. in Plut.)
All who attended the Panathena^a, were pro-
hibited from wearing apparel dyed with colours ;
(Lucian. Nigrin.)
Homer's rhapfodies were to be repeated at the
inftitution of the Panathensea majora ; (Lycurgus
in Leocratem. JElianus Var. Hift. lib. 8. c. 2.)
While the celebratioh of the new moon or other
feflival continued, no bufinefs was to be carried on,
but what related to this feaft ; and no one was to be
infulted in public or private ; (DemoJIh. Timocrat.)
Sojourners were to carry, at public proceflions,
fmall veffels, in the fhape of a boat, and their daugh-
ters water-pots with umbrellas -, (Harpocration i\
No woman was to go in her chariot to Eleufis ;
and whoever committed theft during the feaft kept
there, was to be fined 6000 drachmae -, (Plutarch,
Lycurg.)
No petition was to be prefented at the myfteries ;
(Andoddes de Myfteriis.)
No one was to be arrefted during their celebra-
tion 3 (DemoJIh. in Mid.)
The
6 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
The day after this feftival, the fenate were to
meet in the Eleufinian temple; (Andocides de
Myjleriis.
A gaol delivery was appointed at the annual feaft
of f<r/A<jp0i ; (Schol. Theocrit. in Idyll. V.)
RELATING TO SPORTS AND GAMES, AND
PLAYS.
During a proceflion in the Pyrseeus, in honour of
Bacchus, and at the Lenjean proceffion, comedies
were ordered to be acted ; and during the cele-
bration of the Aioj/vo-iaxa, young men were to
dance, and comedians and tragedians act, and no
fuit at law, nor furetimip was to take place at this
interval; alfo while the a^Aia continued. If
any offended againft this law, he was to be pro-
fecuted at the 'popular afiembly held in the theatre
of Bacchus; '(Demofth. in Mid.)
The day following thefe obfervations, the pry-
tanes were ordered to call a fenate in the theatre
of Bacchus, upon the FEav^a, where they were to
debate upon the facred rites ; and then they drew
the indictments againft offenders at the fenftsi
(Demofth. in Mid.)
No one was to be arrefted on the Aioyvrt*;
(Demofth. in Mid.)
Execution of condemned prifoners was to be de-
ferred till the 08 returned from Delos ; (Plato
Phtfdone. Xenophon, lib. 4. ATropvypoi/.}
No oblations of victims were to take place on the
j (Demofth, in Nexram.)
He
SfcORfS, GAMES, AND PLAYS. 97
He who was conqueror at the Olympic games,
was rewarded with 500 drachma? ; at the Iflhmfc*
100 y (Plutarchus Solone.)
Fifteen perfons were to conftitute a tragic chorus - 9
(Pollux, lib. 14. c. 15. )
It was forbidden that the works of -^Efchylus,
Sophocles and Euripides mould be brought upoa
the ftage* the city clerk was empowered to read
them publicly -, (Plutarch. Lycurgo.)
A performance among the tragedians was ordered
to be on the feaft called Xur^a, and he who acted
his part beft, was to be chofen denifen ; (Plutarck.
Lycurgo.)
No one was to be an actor under thirty years of
age : fome fay, forty ; (Schol. Ariftopk. in Nubes.)
No archon was to be fatirized in a comedy;
(Schol. Ariftoph. in Nub.)
If any one chofe to ridicule another on the
flage, it was to be done under a fictitious name ;
(Hermogenes deftatibus.)
Every particular fort of mufic was to be appro-
priated to its particular feftival 5 ( Plato, lib. 3. de
Legibus.)
Spectators were to fit with proper attention in the
theatre; and the archontes were to charge their
ferjeants to turn out diforderly people : and who-
ever perfifted in his difturbances fliould be fined i
(Demofth. Schol. in Mid.)
Sports exhibited in honour of Neptune were tc>be
held in the Piraeus, where three dances were to "be
performed in a circle ; the reward to the beft was
H to
08 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
to be ten Mvp; to the fecond beft, eight; and ta
the third, fix ; (Plutarch. Lycurg. Rhetor.)
A public cock-fighting was to be once every
year; (Milan. Var.Hift. I. 2. c. 28.)
RELATING TO THOSE WHO OFFICIATED IN
HOLY RITES.
It was the province of the Baa-iXw? to take care
that the Parafites were created out of the people,
whofe office it was to referve out of his falary an
hefteum of barley, for the fupport of the feafl of
the native citizens, to be celebrated in the temple.
The Acharnenfian parafites were to fave an hedteum
of their dole in the refervatory of Apollo, to whom
they offered facrifice. The j3ao-iXUf, and old men,
and women with one hufband, were compelled to
join in the facrifices. The parafites were to elect a
prieffc from an illegitimate offspring, who was to
officiate in the monthly facrifices ; and an action
was to be brought againft thofe who declined the
office of paralite ; (Athenau^ lib. 6.) Two of the
facred Ceryces were to bear the office of parafite,
for one year, in the temple of Apollo at Delos;
(AikenauS) lib. 6.J
The third part of the choicefl of the oxen was
to be conferred on the victor of a prize, the two
other parts were to be divided between the priefts
and parafites ; (Athenaus, lib. 6.J This law was
engraved in the Anaceum.
A due proportion of money was to be difburfed by
the priefts for ihe reparation of the temple, of the
v, treafury of the temple, and the n*f ac-mo*,
a place
RELATING TO THE LAWS. 99
a place fet apart for the parafites to execute their
office; (Athenaus, lib. 4. Pollux, lib. 6. c. 7 .)
From the ftrongeft of the old men were created
,perfons to carry fprigs of olive in the
j in honour of Minerva; (Xenophon
Sympqfio.)
The wife of the j3a<nAfu? was to be a citizen of
Athens, and never to have been married before -,
(Demofth. in Near am.)
The priefts were to give an account of their
priefthood, and the facred families of their con-
dud -, (/Efchines in Cteftphont.)
No perfon of impure character was to be admitted
to the prieflhood j (sEfchines in 'Timarchum.)
RELATING TO THE LAWS.
A law was enacted after Thrafybulus had ex-
pelled the thirty tyrants, and eftablifhed by Tifa-
rnenus, with theconfent of the people, that Athens
fhould continue her ancient form of government,
and make ufe of Solon's laws, weights and meafures,
and the decrees of Draco. If new laws were
neceffary, the Nomothetse, created by the fenate
for that purpofe, were to engrofs them on a tablet,
and hang them on the ftatues of the Eponymi
for public infpection. The fame month they were
to be delivered to the magiftrates, after they had
been approved by the fenate of five hundred, and
by the nomothetcE. Any private perfon might deli-
ver his opinion in the fenate freely upon them.
After their promulgation, the Areopagus were to
take care that the magiftrates put thefe laws ia
H 2 execution,
?00 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
execution, and to fee that they were engraven on
the wall, where they before hung, for the general
ufe of the citizens ; (Andocides de Myfteriis.)
He who propofecl a law injurious to the common
good, was to be indicted j (Demofth. in Timocrat.)
He who propofed a law, after the expiration of
a year, fliould be accufed, if it was injurious to the
common- good, but mould incur no penalty.-
No law was to be repealed, before it had been re-
ferred to the nomothetse j after which, any Athenian
might endeavour its repeal, if he propofed a new law
in its place. This was to be referred to the votes of
the people by the proedri. It was to be firft pro-
pofed, whether the old law were any longer fervice-
able, and then the new one was to be propofed,
and whatever the nomothetse determined, became
valid. It was however to be provided, that no new
law fliould reflect upon thofe already in force ; for
whoever introduced fuch a law, fliould be fubje6t to
the fame penalty as thofe who promoted prejudicial
laws ; (Demofth. in Timocrat. et in Leptin.)
He who, in abrogating an old law, promifed to
make a new one without performing it, fliould be
fined 5 (Ulpian. in Leptin. Demofth. in Timoc. 778.)
The thefmothetse were annually to alTemble in the
repository of the laws> and accurately to examine,
whether any law were contradictory to another j whe-
ther any law were unratified, or whether there were
duplicates of the fame. If it fliould fo happen, it was
to be written on a tablet, and publifhed at the
flatues of the Eponymi ; and then, by order of
the Epiftata, the people were to vote which of them
fliould be ratified and which cancelled j (&fchine$
wCtefiphwtem.)
No
DECREES OF THE SENATE. ici
No man mould enact a law in behalf of a private
citizen, unlefs 6000 citizens gave leave by their
private votes ; (Andocides de Myfteriis. jEneas
Gazaus in Tkeophraftum.)
It was a capital crime to cite a fictitious law in
any court of juftice; (Demoftk. Or at. 2. in Ariftog.)
The laws were to be in force from the archonfhip
of Euclides; (Andoc. de Myft.) It was alfo the
decree of Diocles, that the laws enacted during
the freedom of the commonwealth, before Euclides
was archon, as well as thofe made during his
archonfhip, mould be valid. Thofe enacted fince
that time, or in future to be enacted, were to be
valid from the day of their pafling, unlefs limited
exprefsly by law. Thofe now in force, were to be
tranfcribed within thirty days into the public
records by the notary of the fenate ; (Demqfth. in
^Timocrat.)
RELATING TO DECREES OF THE SENATE AND
PEOPLE.
or decrees of the fenate, were to con-
tinue in force one year; (DemqftL in Arifloc.)
No YupKTjua might pafs to the commons, before
the fenate's revifal ; (Plutarch, in Sol$ne.)
The tablets on which the VwHrparos, were en-
graved, were not to be removed ; (Plutarch. Pericle.)
Noipi<J7*<*was to be of greater authority than the
laws, the fenate and the people 3 (Demofth. Ti-
mocrat.)
No equivocation was to be ufed in a
(jEfchints in Ctejiphontem.)
H J RELATING
IC2 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES*
RELATING TO CITIZENS.
All laws were to bind the whole body of the
people ; (P hit arch. T&ef.)
Pried s and archons were to be elected from the
nobility, swarf ifai, who were to interpret all laws,
civil and divine -, (Plutarch. T'/ief.)
The 0uTr could hold no magiftracy ; (Plutarch.
Solon.) they had a right of voting in public affem-
blies, and of being elected judges.
All citizens were to have an equal mare in the
government, and the archons were to be elected from
the whole people ; (Plutarch. Ariftid.)
No ilave by birth could become free of the city ;
(Dio. Chryfoft.Orat. 15 .)
They who had fuffered perpetual banifhment, or
refided at Athens on account of trade, might be
enrolled among the denizens ; (Plutarch. Solon.)
No one could become a citizen, unlefs he en-
joyed a high character ; and then, he was to obtain
fix thoufand private votes at the aflembly ; the
prytanes alfo were to give them, before the ad-
miflion of the ftrangers, the boxes with the calculi,
and remove the largerTes. After they were enfran-
chifed, they were incapable of being archons
or priefts : their children, if born of a free woman,
might officiate ; (Demofth. Or at. in Near.)
Any Athenian might leave the city, and take his
family and goods with him j (Plato. Critm.)
RELATING
PARENTS AND CHILDREN. IDJ
RELATING TO CHILDREN AND PARENTS-
Thofe were reckoned citizens, whofe parents
were fo ; (Plutarch. Pericl.)
He, whofe mother was not free, was reckoned
illegitimate j (Caryjl. Hift. vnopwy.. Lib. %.)
No illegitimate perfon, male or female, could
inherit in facred or civil affairs; (Demojlh. in
Matart.)
An adopted fon could inherit;' (Demojlh. m
Leoch.)
Adoption muft be made by perfons living;
[Liban. Arg. Orat. Demojlh. in Leoch.)
No adopted perfon fhould return into his own
family, except he had a legitimate fon; (Har-
focration.)
Parents might give the children any names, or
change them ; (Demojlh. Orat. in Bceotum de nom*)
When parents enrolled their children in the regi-
ter of the ^^ro^ they were to fwear that they
were begotten of a free woman ; (If axis de Hxred.
Apollod.)
Beafts facrificed at this time were to weigh, a
goat, fifty Mt/ ; and two fheep, forty-eight.
Parents had a right to disinherit their children ;
(Demofth. Orat. in BxoL)
No one could fell his daughter or fifler, unlefs he
could prove her to be a harlot ; (Plutarch* Solon.)
Youth were to be firft inftructed in fwimming,
and the rudime-nts of literature, mufic, philofc-
phy, hunting, and gymnical exercifes ; the poorer
ibrt, in hufbandry, manufadlures and trades.
H 4 He
104 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
He was to be accounted cm/Ao?, infamous, who
beat his parents, or did not provide for them*
(Diogen. Laert* ^jchin. in Timarch* Laeri.m
Solon. 55.^
If any one, guilty of abufing bis parents, was
feen in prohibited places, he was to be fettered by
the eleven, and carried to trial to the Hcliasan
court. If he was convicted, punifhment, at the
difcretion of the court, was to be inflicted upon
him, and if he was fined, he was to fufTer im-
prifonment till he paid it ; (Demofth, Or at. in
Timocrat.)
No illegitimate perfon, nor any one brought up
to no employment, was compelled to keep his
parents ; (Pint. Solon.)
If the eftate of any one, after death, was dif-
puted, the child was to prove the lawfulnefs by
which his parents obtained it ; (Demojlh. in Callip.)
He who was undutiful to his parents, (houid be
incapable of bearing any orfice ; (Xenoph, owopwp,,
Lib. i.)
If a father became of infane mind, his fon might
confine him.
RELATING TO SOJOURNERS.
Every fojourner was to chufe his patron from the
number of the citizens, who was to manage his
affairs, and to pay his tribute to the collectors ;
he who failed to do this, was liable to an action, in,
which no foreigner could appear as a witnefs, He
might then be cafl into prifon, before, fentence was
patted, and if condemned he might be fold. If he
was acquitted he might accufe his adverfary of
bribery 5 (Hypertf. in Arijlag.)
2, RELATINQ
SLAVES AND FREED SERVANTS. 105
KELATING TO SLAVES AND FREED SERVANTS.
He who beat the fervant of another, might have
^n action of battery againft him ; (Xenoph. de
Athen. Rep.) No one might fell a captive for a
Ilave, without the confent of his former matter.
If any captive had been fold, he might be refcued,
and he who refcued him, might offer fureties for his
appearance before the Polemarchus; (Plutarch,
iycurg. jEfchin. in fimarch.) If the freedom of
any ilave were unjuftly claimed, the claimant
fhouid pay half the price of the (live; (Argum.
fiemofth. in ^heocrin.) Any ilave, unable to do
Jiis matter's work, might leave his fervice for one
more gentle ; (Plutarch, de Superft.) Slaves might
buy their freedom; (Dion. Chryfoft. Or at. \$.)
Slaves were not to have their freedom given in the
theatre; the crier, who proclaimed it there, fliouid
be a-n/Ao?, infamous ; (JEfchin. in Ctejiphont.)
Emancipated ilaves fliouid do certain fervices for
their late matters : (Conf. Lexicog. v.
which, if they failed to do, an action of
might lie againft them ; (ibid. v. UK-OS-KG-M.) Either
citizens or ftrangers might be witneifes; (Harpocrat.
ex Hyperid.) fie who redeemed a prifoner of war,
might claim him as his own, unlefs he fhould be able
to pay his own ranfom ; (Demqflh. in Nicoft.) An idle
flave was not to be maintained ; (Ulpian. in Median.)
RELATING TO THE SENATE OF FIVE HUN-
DRED.
No one could be twice an Epiftata; (Pollux y lib.
8. cap. 9 J The crier was to pray for profperous
Affairs -, (Dinarch, in Ariftog.) The crier was to curfe
him
ie6 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
him who pleaded or voted for the fake of private
intereil ; ( Dinar ch. in Ariftog.) The fenators were to
deliver their opinions according to feniority of age;
(JEfchin. in Ctefiphont.) In every afTembly, one
tribe was to be elected to prefide ; (sEfchin. in 37-
warcb.) They were not. to vote twice for the fame
thing; (Nic. Or at,, sip. Thiicyd. lib. 6.) They
might impofe a fine as far as five hundred drachms j
(Demoftk. in Mnefibul.) They were empowered
to build new (hips ^ (Dsmqfth. and Ulpian. in
Androt.) and thofe who neglected it, were re-
lufed the crowns; (ibid.') They who gave a good
account of their adminiflration, were rewarded
with crowns; '(JEjchin, in Ctejipkont. Demofth. and
Ulpian. Androt^)
RELATING TO MAGISTRATES.
None were to be magiflrates but thofe of competent
eftates; (PlutarcLSolon. Arift. de Rep. lib. 2. c.i2.}
The election of magiftrates was to be by beans ;
(Lucian.) To vote twice for the fame candidate was
punifhed by death ; (Demofth. in Baot.) The archons
were to be created by the people. No one was to
bear the fame office twice, nor enter on two offices in
the fame year; (Ulpian. in tfimocr.) Before they
began to execute their office, they were to pafs the
requifite examination ; and at the end of the time, to
give an account of their adminiflration ; (ALfchin. in
Ctefiphont.) Thofe who had not made up their ac-
counts, were forbidden tofpend their money in divine
uies, and to make wills; to travel, to bear another
office, or to receive a crown ; (jEfchin. in Ctejiph.) It
was death for any indebted to the public to hold a
public trufl; (Demofth. Leptin.) It was death to
ufurp
A P S E P H I S M. 107
tifurp the government ; (Plutarch. Solon.) He who
continued in his office after the diflblution of demo-
cratical government, was to be outlawed : and it
was lawful for any one to kill him, or feize his
goods ; (Andoc. de Myfter.)
A PSEPHISM.
If any one aimed at the ruin of the common-
-wealth, he might be killed, and his goods feized,
and he who killed him was deemed innocent, (Andoc*
de Myfter.) All Athenians were obliged by oath to
attempt to kill him; (Lycurg. in Leocrat.) No office
impofed by the people was to be refufed by oath
before the fenate ; (jEJchin. de falf.legat.) Who-
ever abufed a magiftrate in his office mould be fined;
(Lyfias pro. mil.) If an archon fhould be feen in-
toxicated with wine, he was to fufFer death 5 (Laert.
Solon.) If any one beat or infulted any of the
fiffff*o0fTi, he was to be a-n/Ao?, infamous; (Demofth.
in Mid.) When vacancies happened in the fenate of
Areopagus, they were to be annually filled up out of
the archons ; (Plutarch. Solon.) The Aeropagites
were to fuperintend the morals of the Athenians ;
(Pint. Solon.) No Areopagite was allowed to write a
comedy; (Plnt.de Glor. At hen.) The Areopagites
were to give an account of their office before the
logifbe; (Mfchin. in Ctejiph.) A 2r^aTyo? might
have lawful children, and enjoy an eftate within
the confines of Attica ; ( Dinar ch. in Demoft/i.)
The ST^a-myoi were to be arraigned, who fhould
deprive the fleet of their allies; (Demofth. -K^
ruv sv x e ^') No one could be fyndic above once ;
(Demofth, in Leptin.) The quaeftors were to be chofen
fcy furlrages of the people ; (Ulpian. ad Androt.)
A quseflorfhip
i6* GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
A quseftorlhip might not be kept above five years ;
(Plutarch. Lycurg. Rhet.) No man was to go on an
embafly without commimVn from the fenate or
people, on pain of death ; (Demoftb. defa/f. iegat.)
No one was to be fecretary more than once under
the fame magiftrate ; (Lyfias. in Nicom.)
RELATING TO ORATORS.
No one, under thirty years of age, was to fpeak an
oration in the fenate or popular alfembly. No one
could be a public orator, who had {truck his
parents, or refuted to maintain them; or who had
thrown away his (hield, and, when required, had re-
fufed to go into the army : or who had been guilty of
incontinence or extravagance; (sEfchin. in 77-
march.) An orator might have lawful children,
and poffefs an eilate in Attica; (Dinarch. in De-
woftk.) If he behaved unfeemly in the fenate, be
was to be fined'; (&fchin. in Timarch.)
RELATING TO VARIOUS OFFICES.
The archons were to appoint by lot, in the affem-
bly, flute-players, to be at the ^o^oi, public dancings ;
(Demofth. in Midian.) No ftranger was to join in a
dance with a chorus, on pain of a fine of a thoufand
drachms ; (Demofih. in Midian.) It might be lawful
to inform a^ainfl a ftranoer to the archon, before
o o
he entered the theatre to dance; (ibid.) if he danced
before the archon, he was to be fined fifty drachms,
and, if he perfifted, a thoufand drachms; (ibid.)
Dancers who were a-n/Aoi, were to be driven from
the ftage ; (ibid.) Sixteen were to be chofen from
all public companies, to contribute equally towards
the
RELATING TO VARIOUS OFFICES. loj
the building of a man of war, which might be done
from twenty-five to forty years of age ; (Demofth. de
Cor on.) To be qualified for a trierarch, a perfon
muft poflefs ten talents : if his eftate were more, he
might build (hips equivalent ; at moft, three, with a
fkifF; (ibid.) The trierarchs and overfeers of the
navy, were to regifler their names, who, being of the
fame Su^o^a, were indebted to the commonwealth
for (hip -rigging, for which they mould be fued;
(Demqfth. in Mnes.J He who owed rigging (hould,
pay it, or give fecurity ; (ibid.) Trierarchs elecl: were
to repair to the (hips to which they were appointed ;
(ibid.) and to render an account of their adminiflra-
tion ; (jEfchin. in Ctefiphont.) There was to be an
annual appointment for the exchange of offices,
where he who was appointed a ATS^/OS-, fhould be
exempted from ferving, if he could find one richer
than himfelf : who, if he denied it might change
eftates; (Demofth. in Leptin.) No one could hold
two offices at the fame time ; (Demofth. pro Polyc.)
No one, except the archons, could be excufed from
the office of trierarch ; (Demofth. in Leptin.)
Every one was to contribute to the affefTrnent for
levying foldiefs ; (Demofth. in Leptin.)
RELATING TO HONOURS CONFERRED BY THE
COMMONWEALTH.
No one could be entertained more than once in
the Prytaneum -, (Plutarch. So/one.) He who, when
invited, refufed to come, mould be fined;, (ibid.)
They, who were entertained in the Prytaneum, were
to have maza, and, on feflivals, bread ; (Athena, lib.
4.) Crowns, prefented by the people, were to be given
in
>io GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
in the popular afTembly ; if by the fenators, in the
fenate; (jfiLfchin. in Ctejiph. ) No tribe or borough
was to confer crowns in the theatre upon any of its
own members* No one mould have fcvixog rtqwos*
an hofpital crown, given him in the theatre : it fhould
be coniecrated to Minerva. Honours conferred
by the people upon worthy perfons fhould be con-
firmed ; (DemoJl/2. in Left in.)
\
RELATING TO THE GYMNASIA*
No fchool was to be opened before fun-rifing, or
kept open after fun-fet. None except the fons,
nephews, or daughter's hufbands of the mailer was
to enter the fchool, on pain of death. No mafter was
to give a young perfon leave to go to Mercury's
feftival. All the ^o^ycj, elecled by the people, were
to be above forty years of age ; (Mfclrin. in Timarch.)
No Have was to anoint or perform exercifes in the,
Pakeftra; (ibid.).
RELATING TO PHYSICIANS AND PHILO-
SOPHERS.
No flave, or woman, unlefs free-born, was to ftudy
or pra6life phyfic ; (Hygin. Fab. 2,74..) No one was
allowed to teach philofophy; (Xenopk. AiropnfA. Lib.
i.) a law made by the thirty tyrants, and repealed
after their expuliion. No one was to keep a fchool of
philofophy, unlefs the fenate and people approved,
on pain of death ; (Diog. Laert. T/ieop/ir.)
RELATING TO JUDGES.
After a magiftrate's determination, appeal might
.be made to courts of juftice, (Plutarch. Solon.)
Ail
LAWSUITS. JUDGMENTS. in
All were capable of being appointed by lot to judge
in the courts of juftice ; (Demqflh. Orat. i. in
Atiftog.Ariftoph. Sc/iol. in Pint.)
RELATING TO LAWSUITS.
The bailiff, or perfon who arrefted, was to be re-
giftered ; (Demofth. in Mid.) Whoever did not
appear ut the time of trial was liable to an aftion,
called Aixn sfnuu, and fined a thoufand drachms;
but if he fent a juft excufe, he might be redrefled by
another action called Mu sera, annulling the former ;
(ibid.)
PREPARATORY TO JUDGMENTS.
The archons were to propofe queflions to both
parties, to which they were to anfwer ; (Ifeus de
Hwed. Philoc.) The plaintiff might promife upon
oath to purfue the action, if his evidence was ready,
if not, he might demand further time ; (Demofth. in
Mid.) The archons were to fummon the parties
and bring them into court; (Demofth. in Olymp.)
The judges were to be elected by lotSj (Demoft/u
Or at. i. in Ariftogit.) No judge was to pronounce
in two courts on the fame day; (Demofth. and
Ulpian. in Timccr.)
RELATING TO JUDGMENTS.
Every judge was to minute down the heads of the
fuits he was to determine in his table book ; (Hefych.
<v. ha irav-rot; xgimg.) He who ran away was to
lofe his caufe , (Demofth. in Olymp.) Criminals
might make their own defence ; (Plat. Socr. Apol.)
No Have was to plead in any caufe ; (Terent. Phorm.
aft. i.fc. z.) The crier might pronounce fentence
againil
112 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES*
againft him, in whole urn the greater number of
pebbles, bored with holes, were caft ; and for him,
to whom the whole .pebbles belonged ; (Mfchin. in
1'imarch.) When on both fides there was an
equal number of votes, the prifoner was to be acquit-
ted ; (Eurip. Elettr. v. 1265.) There was to be the
fame number of urns, as of thofe who held the
conteft ; (Demofth. in Macart.) The judges fhould
propofe certain penalties, and the defendant a
certain punifhment, when the whole fhould be de-
termined by the judges ; (Ulpian. in Timocr. Cicer*
lib. i. de Or at,) The court was not to fit after fun-
let; (Stobte. Ser. I.) If any one had bribed any
member of the court, or had traitorous defigns
againft the government, or had received any
bribe, fhould be liable to indictment before the
thefmothetse, by the action called Jjjapu; (Demqfth.
Or at. i . in Stepk. de falf. left.) Private bargains
made before witnefTes were held good ; (Demofth*
Or at. in Phanip.) No bargain contrary to law-
could be good; (Ariftot. Rhet. lib. i. cap. 25.)
No difputes were to be made after matters had been
once agreed ; (Demofth. in Panten.) If the action
againft any one was not entered, theadverfary might
be nonfuited ; (Demofth.Orat. i. in Steph. de falf.
teft.) They who rec MV d injuries, might profecute
within five years ; (D^moftk. pro Pkorm.) A6fcions
might be entered about contracts made out of
Attica, or wares exported out of it to any other
place; (ibid.)
RELATING
ARBITRATORS.^-OATHS. WITNESSES. 113
RELATING TO ARBITRATORS.
Any one who fubmitted his caufe to arbitration,
was to abide by its fentence ; (Demofth. in Mid.)
Arbitrators were to fwear before verdifl was given ;
(Demofth. in Callip.) If the plaintiff did not ap-
pear before fun-fet, he might be fined ; (Ulpian. in
Midian.) Aopeal might be made from arbitrators,
chofen by lot, to other courts of jufticej (Luclan.
Abdicat.)
RELATING TO OATHS.
Oaths were to be attefted by three gods, Ixscno?,
the fupplicant's prefident, Ka^o-to,-, the purifier,
Eaxjf)ie?, the protector from danger; (Pollux, lib.
8. cap. 12. Hefych. v. T^j &o.)
RELATING TO WITNESSES.
Arijwoi, they who were infamous, were not to give
evidence; (Demofth. in Nexr.) No flaves were to
give evidence; (Terent, Phorm. aR. i.fc. 2.) No
man could be evidence for himfelf, in judicial
aftions ; (Demofth. in Stsph'. Oral. 2. defalf. Fe/t.J
The plaintiff and defendant were to anfwer each
other's queftions, but the anfwers were not to be
evidence ; (ibid. Or at. i.) There was to be no com-
pulfion for one friend to give evidence againfl
another; (ibid. Orat. i-.) The penalty of the
action, called Woj*flTVfux, was to be in force, againfl
thofe who bore, or who fuborned falfe witnefles;
(ibid. Orat. 1 .) Evidence was to be taken in writing;
(ibid.) Eye-witneffes were to write down what they
knew, and read it i (Demofth. in Steph. Orat. 2.)
Evidence might be given of what had been heard
i from
**4 GRECIAN A
from ' one deceafed, or from one at a great
diftance; (ibid.) Any witnefs refilling to give-
evidence might be fined a drachm ; (Demofth. in c Ti-
moth.) Any one cited to give evidence, might
fwear he knew no tiling of it, or be fined a thoufand
drachms, to be paid to the public treafury ;
(Suidas. HarpQcrai.) Contefting parties might
make ufe of the &a/t**Tugi -, (Demojih. in Leochar.)
Falfe wit neffes might be profecuted by the action
called Am?! YtvJopAgTVficn : he who fuborned them,
with that of Atx?i xaxorexvuv y (Demofth. in Euerg.J
DELATING TO JUDGMENTS ALREADY PAST.
Private or public matters once determined,, were to
be final j (Demofth. in Timoc.) All j udgments were to
be good, which were delivered by the judges in
the popular itate ; but all ads, made under the
thirty tyrants, were to be void -, (ibid.)
RELATING TO PUNISHMENTS.
Corporal and pecuniary punifhments were not to
be inflicted at the fame time ; (ibid.)
They who committed errors unknowingly, might
be privately admenifhed ; (Pint. Apol. Socrat.) The
moil wealthy were to be banilhed by oflracifm for
ten years, left they mould rebel ; (PhttarcL Pericl.)
No one was to receive an exile upon pain of banifh-
ment himfelf * (Demofth. m Polye.) The criminal
and the abettor were to receive the famepunifhraent ;
(Andocid. de Myft.) He who confeffed his gailr >
before his trial, was to be condemned ; (Demofth. /#
%'imocr.) They, who had been fined, were to pay
from the day the fine was due 3 and they who did
not,
PUNISHMENTS. 115
not, within the ninth Tr^u-rama, fhould be compelled
to pay double ; (Lib an. Arg* Or at. in Arifloglt. et in
Androt.) No one indebted to the city could hold
any office ; (idem.) Any one, indebted to the
city, convicted of making an oration to the people,
was to be taken before the eleven ; (Dinarch. in
Ariftog.) Till debtors to the city had paid what
they owed, they (hould be a-n^oj, and if they died,
their heirs incurred the fame difgrace till fatisfaction
was made, (Liban. AT gum. Oral. in Ariftog. Ulpian.
in ftmocr.) When payment was made, the name of
the debtor was erafed from the debt-book ; (Demofth.
in Theocrin.) Three parts of the debtor's goods,
which were forfeited to the (late, {hould be given to
any one who informed againft him ; (Demofth. in.
fficoft.) Debtors to the public, whofe names were
not enrolled, might be fued by the action called
Eithifa -, (Demofth. in Theocrin.) They who had
been regiflered as debtors unjuftly, (hould have their
names crated ; and the names of thofe who regifler-
ed them, inferted in their places; (Demofth. Orat. i.
in Ariftog.) If any debtor fhould be blotted out of
the regifter, before he had discharged his debt, the
action called Ay^aptw might be brought againft
him ; (Demofth. in^heocrin.) Their privilege fhould
be renewed, who were an^o* before the archonfhip
of Solon, except thofe whom the areopagites,
ephetae or prytanes had banifhed, by the appeal of
the |3a<nAu?, for murder, burglary,, or treafon ;
(Plutarch. So/one.") No interceflion was to be made
for any disfranchiied perfon, nor for any public
debtor; (Demoft/t.'Timocr.')
I 2 RELATING
fl6 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES*.
RELATING TO THE RECEIVERS OF THE PUff-
MONEY.
They who farmed the public revenues, and did
aot pay their rent, were to be fet in the (locks by
the fenate of five hundred ; (Andoc. de Myft.) If
they did not pay before the ninth pry t any, they
fhould pay double ; (Demofth. in tfimocr*) If they
did not give fecurity, their goods were to be confif-
cated; (Demqfth.Nicoft.) They who were entruftect
with money for religious purpofes, and did not give
an account of it, were liable to' the fame penalties as
they who farmed the public revenues; (Demojlh. in
tfimocr.) They who employed the public money a
year for their own ufe, fhould reftore double -, and
they who ffill continued to lavifh, were to fuffer im-
prifonment, till payment fhould be made ; ^Argum.
^imocrat^) One thoufand talents were to be annually
kid by for the defence of Attica againft foreign in-
vafions;. which money whoever propofed to mif-
apply, was to fufFer death ; (Andocid.- de pacr
Laced.) When 1 a fudden war broke out, foldiers-
were to be paid out of the remainder of the money
defigned for civil ufes ; (Demoftb. in Ne<tr.) He
who propofed that the pay of the foldiers mould be
taken from the money defigned for the exhibition of
Shows, fhould fuffer death; (Ulpian in Olynthiac. i.)
RELATING TO LIMITS AND LAND-MARKS.
If there was a well within an hippicum, any one
might ufe it ; otherwife, he might dig one of his own ^
(Plutarch. Solon.) Any one, who digged a well near
& the
HERDS AND FLOCKS. 11}
the ground of another, was to leave the fpace of an
lgyvi& between it and the ground of his neighbour*
(Gains, lib. 4. ad Leg*. 12. Tab.) He who digged
ten wf-yuiai deep, and found no fpring, might draw
twice a day, from the well of his neighbour, fix
veffels of water called ^OES ; (Plutarch. Solon.) He
who digged a ditch nigh another's land, was to leave
fo much diilance from his neighbour, as the ditch
was deep; (Plutarch. Solon.) If any one made a
hedge near his neighbour's ground, lie was not to
pafs his land-mark-, if he built a wall, he was to
leave one foot betwixt him and his neighbour ; if
an houfe, two feet ; (Gains, ibid,) He who built
a houfe in a field, was to place it a bow-mot from
his neighbour,; (Eclog. j3#<nAtxctfj<.) He who kept
a hive of bees was to place it three hundred feet
from his neighbour's; (Phtarch. Solon) Olive
and fig-trees were to be planted nine feet from the
ground of another; other trees,, five feet; fPhttarc/u
Solon. Gains, ibid.) He, who plucked up the
facred olive trees at Athens, except the two
ufed at public feftivals, was to pay one hundred
drachms each ; and the tenth part of each fine was to
be due to Minerva: he was alfo to pay one hundred
to his profecutor. The action was to be brought
before the archons, where the profecutor was tode-
pofit ngvTowux ; {Demofth. in Macarf.}
RELATING TO LANDS, HERDS AND FLOCKS.
Men were limited in the purchafe of land ;
jAriftvt. Petit, lib. 2. flp. 8.) Spendthrifts were
to be imp**, infamous; (Diog. Laert. Mfchin.
in ^imarch.) Any one who brought a he-wolf
i 3 mould
Ji8 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
Ihould have five drachms 5 and a flie-wolf, one ;
(Plutarch. Solon.) No one might kill an ox which
laboured at the plough ; (jElian. Var. Hift. lib. i.
cap. 14.^ No man might kill a lamb of a year old,
nor an ox; (Athene, lib. i. and y.-r-Eiiftath. in
II. at,.) nor hurt living creatures ; (Porphyr. TT^I
Hieronym. it, Jovin. lib. 2.)
TO BUYING AND SELLING.
Any perfon who fued for land, mould proceed by
the action called AJX xa^Trs, if for a houfe, by that
called Aix>i sv otxi ; (Lys. in Dcmofth. Cvrtt.) No
cheating was allowed in the market; (D-mr,flh.in
Leptiu.) Any fifhmonger, over-rating hib fifh, and
then taking lefs than he firft alked for theru, ihould
iufFer imprifonment ; (Alexis Comicus Lebete.) He
might not put them in water to make them more
vendible ; (Zenarchus
RELATING TO MONEY AND USURY.
A banker was to demand no more intereft for
money, than what he at firft agreed for ; (Lyjias,
Qrat. i. inTkeomn.) Ufurers' intereft for money was
to be moderate ; (U/pian. in ttmocrat.) Nobody,
who had depofited money in furety for any thing,
might fue for it ; (Demofth. in Spud.) Sureties and
pledges were to be good for one year only ; (Demojth.
in Apat.) No one mi^ht become a flave, to clear
his debt ; f Plutarch. Solon.) He who did not
pay what had been adjudged in due time, fhould
have his houfe rifled j (Ulpian. in Midian.) The
fine following the a::' ion called EgaA>i, belonged
to the public ; (Demofth. in Mid.) One hundred
drachms
IMPORTATION AND EXPORTATION. 119
drachms was to go to a juva ; (Plutarch. Solon.) They
who counterfeited, debafed, or diminiihed the cur-
rent coin, fhould lofe their lives ; (Demofth.'in Leptin^
et fimocrat.) No one was to lend money to be ex-
ported, unlefs for corn, or fome commodity allowed
by law, on pain of being profecuted by an adion,
called <pa<n? ; (Demofth. in Latrit.)
RELATING TO THE IMPORTATION AND EX-
PORTATION OF WARES.
Any one who exported any fruit, except olives,
fhould be openly curfed by the archon, or be amerced
one hundred drachms ; (Plutarch. Solon.) the con-
querors at the Panatheoaean feftival were excepted ;
(Find. Schol. Ncm. Od loj Figs were prohibited
from exportation; (Anfopk. Schol. in Plut.) If
any one conveyed corn to any other place but to
Athens, the adion called <pa<n? might be brought
againfl him, and the informer mould claim half the
corn j (Demojlh. in Timo.crat.) He, who impleaded
a merchant on flight grounds, fhould have both the
actions of EvJa<? and ATrtzyuyn, brought againft
him ; (Demofth. in neocrin.) He who fhould de-
fiftfrom the profecution of any merchant accufed
by him, or did not require the fifth part of the
fuffrages, fhould be fined a thoufand drachms, and
debarred from commencing the adion of r^apH,
$<n?, ATrxywyq, and E<pviy>i<ri ; (ibid.) No one
could buy more corn than fifty phormi would con-
tain ; (Lyfias. in frum. empt.) No one ihould export
wool or pitch ; (Ariftoph. Schol. in Equit.) Compads
by bonds between mariners, fhould be brought
before the thefmothetai j if any one was guilty of
1 4 injuftice,
120 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
injuftice, he was to be imprifoned till his fine was
paid; if he was illegally profecuted, he might non-
luit his adverfary; (Argum. Or at. Demojih. in
Xenoth.)
RELATING TO ARTS.
Any one might accufe another of idlenefs; (Plu*
tarch.) No one was allowed to exercife two trades ;
(Demqfth. et Ulpian. in Tim,} No one might fell per-
fumes ; (Athene, lib. 13, and 'lib. 15.) Foreigners
fhould exercife no trade, nor fell in the market ;
(Demofth. in Eub.) An action of ilander might lie
againft any one for reviling another on account of his
trade -, (ibid.) He who was efteemed moft ingeni-
ous in his profeffion, mould have his diet in the
prytaneum, and be honoured with the higheffc
feat ; (Ariftoph. Ranis.) The ferryman, who over-
turned his boat in wafting over to Salamis, mould be
difmifled his employment -, (JEfchin. in Ctcfiphont.)
RELATING TO CORPORATE SOCIETIES.
If thofe of the fame p^ar^ta, as the o^yiuvts,
the Otao-wrai, or they who eat together, or had
equal claim to the fame burial-place, or travel-
led together on mercantile bufmefs, made bar-
gains, agreeable to the laws, they mould be good ;
(Gains, lib. 4. ad Leg. 12. Tab.) If any one
receded from a promife made to the commons,
fenate, or judges, he mould be profecuted by the
Action called Eio-ay^x**, and, if guilty, mould fufFer
death ; (Dwwfth. in 'Lept.) He, who withdrew
trom an agreement publicly made, fliould be ar*/>to?,
infamous - ? (Dinar ch. in Philocl.) He who, as a
public
MARRIAGES. I2t
public officer, received bribes, fliould fuffer death,
or make retribution ten-fold; ( Dinar ch. in Ds-
mojth.)
RELATING TO MARRIAGES.
No man fhould have but one wife ; (Athena, lib.
13.^ An Athenian might only marry a citizen.
If an heirefs was lawfully contracted in marriage by
a father, brother by father's fide, or grandiire, it was
lawful to procreate with her free-born children; but
iffhe was not betrothed, thefe relations being dead,
(he might marry whom (he pleafed; (Demofth. in
Step/i. Teft.j If any one married a ftranger, as his
relation., to an Athenian citizen, he was to
and his goods expofed to fale ; (Demq/lh. in
A ftrangef who married a free woman might be fued,
before the thefmothetse, and might be fold. Foreign
women marrying free-men might alfo be fold, and
the men were to forfeit one thoufand drachms y(ibid.)
No Athenian woman was to marry into a foreign
family; (ibid, et Ulpiau. in Timocr.) Any one
might marry a fitter by the father's fide; (Cornel.
Nep. Cimon.) An heirefs might marry her nearer!
relation ; ilie was prohibited from marrying into
another family ; (Ifeus de h^red. Pyrrhi.) Every
month, except in Sjci^opoftwv, 1 the judges fliould ex-
amine thofe who were defigned for the hufbands of
heireffes, as to their conianguinity ; (Demofth. in
Stephan. Teft.) If any one fued another by a claim to
an heirefs, he was to depofit kifiix&To&faiii the tenth
part of her portion ; and he who enjoyed her was to
lay his cafe open to the archon; but if he made
no appeal, his right of inheritance was loll; (De
mojlh. in Mac art.) If a father buried his fons,
he
122 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
he might entail his eftate on his married daughters ;
(lf*us de h*r. Pyrrhi.) If an heirefsdid not con-
ceive children of her hufband, (he might cohabit
with the nearefl of his relations ; (Plutarch. Solon.)
All were obliged to lie with their wives, if heireffes,
three nights, at lead, in a month ; (Plutarch. Solcn.)
He who raviihed a virgin WAS obliged to m -rry
her; (ibid.) A guardian could not marry the
mother of his wards ; (Laertlus So/one.) Slaves
were allowed theule of women; (Plutarch. Amat.)
When a new- married woman was brought to the
boufe of her hufband, (he was to carry with her a
0f tysT^ov, a frying-pan, in token of good houfewifery.;
(Pollux* lib. i. cap. \^.) A bride, on the firft
Bight of her marriage, eat a quince; (Plutarch.
RELATING TO DOWRIES.
A bride was not to carry with her to her hufband
more than three garments, and vefTels of fmall
value ; (Plutarch. Solon.) They who were next in
blood to an orphan virgin who had no fortune,
were to many her, or fettle a proper portion upon
her : if of the RwTctxotnopt^ipvoi, five hundred
drachms: if of the ITT^?, three hundred: if of
the Zu-ytrat, one hundred and fifty ; (Demojlh. in
Macart.) If a woman brought her hufband a for-
tune, and lived with her children, fhe (hould not
claim interefl for her money ; (Dtmojih. in P/uenip.)
The fon of an heirefs fhould enjoy his mother's
fortune, and maintain her; (Demo/Hi. in Stepk.
*ftft.) He who promiied to fettle a dowry on a
woman, if fhe died without heirs, fnould not be
forced to fulfil it; (Ifeus dcluer$d. Pyrr.)
RELATING
DIVORCES. ADULTERY.
RELATING TO DIVORCES.
He wrjo divorced his wife, -was to make a reftitu-
.tion of her portion, or pay nine oboli every month:
her guardian might otherwife profecute her in the
Odeum, with an adlion called <nra <^x^ for her
maintenance; (Demoftk. in Near.) If a woman
.forfook her hufband, or a man put away his wife,
he who gave her in marriage, was to exacl the dowry
given with her; (Ifeus. de h<ered Pym\) She
who wifhed to leave her hufband, miglit herfelf
deliver to the archon a bill of reparation $ (Plutarch*
Alcibiad.)
RELATING TO ADULTERIES.
He who forcibly deflowered a free woman, fhould
be fined one hundred drachms ; (Plutarch. Solon.)
He who forcibly violated a virgin's chaftity fhoLiki
be fined one thoufand drachms ; (Hermog. Schol.)
He who caught an adulterer in the facl, might
impofe any punifliment \ (Lyjias de cad. Erat.)
If anyone was imprifoned on fufpicion of adultery,
and found guilty, he was to give fureties for his
future chaftity, and be punifhed according to the
difcretion of the judges ; (Dtmofth. in Near.) If
any one committed a rape on a woman, he was to be
doubly fined j (Lyjtas ds c<ed. Erat.J If a man
lived with his wife after fhe had defiled his bed, he
mould be K-npos'. and fhe (hould not enter the public
temples, on pain of any punifliment, except death;
(D:mofth. in Ne<er.) No adultrefs might adorn her-
feU ; (JEfchin. in I'hnarch.) If a moclefb woman ap-
peared abroad unclreired, (he {hould forfeit a thoufand
drachms;
r4 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
drachms; (Harpocrat.) Women were not to travel
with more than three gowns, or more meat than
the worth of an obolus ; nor go out by night but
in a chariot, with a torch carried before it ; (Plu-
tarch. Solon.)
RELATING TO BOYS, PROCURERS, AND HAR-
LOTS.
No ilave mould carefs a free-born youth, on pain
of publicly receiving fifty {tripes ; (Plutarch. So/on.
JEfchin. in Timarch.) If any one, who had au-
thority over a hoy, fhould receive money for his
proilitution, the boy fhouid not be punifhed, but
the feller and pander only, fhould receive the fame
punifhment ; (ibid.) If any one proflituted a boy
or woman, the action, JJBapu, fhould lie againft him,
and if convicted, he fhould fuffer death ; (ibid.)
Any Athenian might bring an action againft him
who had vitiated a boy, woman, or man, free-born
or in fervice, before the thefmothet^, who were to
determine within thirty days after the complaint
bad been brought before them. If the offender
was fentenced to die, he was to be delivered to
the E*tf>ea, and fuffer the fame day ; (ibid.
Dcmofth. in Midia.) No man who had profli-
tuted himielf fhould be elected an archon, prieft,
or fyndic, nor to any public office ; which, if he
was convicted of accepting, he fhould fuffer death;
(jEfchin. in *Timarch ) They who kept com-
pany with harlots were not accounted adulter-
ers ; (Demofth. in Ne^er. Lyjias. in Theomn. Orat.
i .) Harlots were to wear flowered garments; (Suidas.
or* lit'. 2. cap. 13.)
. RELATING
SUCCESSION TO PROPERTY. 125,
RELATING TO WILLS, AND THE SUCCESSION
OF PROPERTY.
The right of inheritance was to remain in the
fame family ; (Plutarch. Solon.) Boys or women
were not to difpofe by will of above a medimn of
barley; (If am de liter ed. Arijlarch.) All real citizens,
whofe eftates were impaired by litigious fuits, when
Solon entered the prsstorfhip, might leave them to
whom they chofe, if they had no male children
alive, and were not opprefTed with infirmities or
witchcraft; (Demojlh. in Steph. ^ eft am. Or at. 2.)
The .wills of thofe who had children, mould be
good, if they did not arrive at maturity ; (ibid.)
Any one who had a daughter, might give his eflate
to another, provided that he married the daughter ;
(Ifaus de h<ered. Philott.) Adopted perfons were to
make no will ; (Demofth. in Leoch.) All legiti-
mate fons (hould have an equal portion of their
father's inheritance ; (Ifaits de hared. PMloft.) An
adopted fon Ihould fhare with legitimate children ;
(ibid.) The eftate of him who died inteftate and
left daughters, mould come to thofe who married
them. If there were no daughters, the fucceflion
was to brothers by the father's fide and their fons ;
and males defcended from them. If none of thefe,
the wife's relations might claim the inheritance ;
(Demojlh. in Macart.) No baftard mould be left
above five Mv; (Suidas v. ETnxX^oi.) In the
month Sxiflf opof iwv, no legacies mould be examined
by law; (Dtmofth. in Steph. Teftam. Or at. 2.)
He who iffued a writ againft one fettled in an
inheritance, was to bring him before the archon,
and
iz6 GRECIAN A NT
and depofit TT^OLMTO&QXV ; and if the Trhmediate
fucceflbr fhall be dead, the other mould appeal to the
archon; (Demofth. in Macart.) If no appeal
was made within five years of the death of the
immediate fucceflbr, the eftate might remain fecure
to his heirs ; (Ifeus de h#red. Pyrrh.)
RELATING TO Gtf ARDIANSHlP.
No one could be guardian to another, whofe eftate
he was to enjoy after his death ; (Laertius Solon.)
guardians Ihould let to hire their wards' houfes; ( De-
mqfth. in Aphab.) Orphans, heireiTes, decayed fami-
lies, women pregnant with pofthumous children,
were under the immediate protection of the archon ;
(Demojlh. in Macart.) After five years, no ward
could fue a guardian for mismanagement ; (Demoftk*
in Naujien.)
RELATING TO SEPULCHRES AND FUNERALS*
The dead were to be interred ; (Cicero, lib. 2. de
ILeg.) No tomb was to confift of more work than
ten men could fimfh in three days; it wa f v not to be
arched, nor adorned with flatues ; (Cicero^ lib. 2.
de. Leg.) No grave was to have pillars of more than
three cubits high, a table, and vefTel to contain
food for the maintenance of the ghoft ^ (ibid,)
He who defaced a fepulchre, or intombed one of
another family in it, ihould be punifhed > (ibid.)
No one might approach the grave of another, unlefs
at the celebration of obfequies ; (Plutarch. Stfon.)
The day after the death, the funeialprocefTiOn iliould
be before day -light ; the men firfl, the women
following. No woman, under fixty years of age,
wha
SEPULCHRES AND FUNERALS. i^jr
who was not a relation, might go where the folemnity
was kept, or after the funeral was folemnized ; (De-
mojlh. in Mac art.} A large concourfe of people
at funerals was prohibited ; (Ciceio de Leg.} The
corps might not be buried with more than three
garments ; (Plutarch. Solon.) No women were to tear
their faces or make dirges at funerals ; (Plutarch.
Solon. Cicero deLegib.) A chsenix of barley, and
the fame of wheat, and an obolus, fliould be paid at
the death of any one to the prieilefs of Minerva ;
(Art/lot. ALciimen. lib. 2.) No ox was to be offered i
(Plutarch. Solon.) Children and heirs fhould perform
the accuftomed rites of parentation ; (Demofth. in
fimoc. Ifeus de htered. Cleon.) Slaves fhould not
be embalmed, nor honoured with a banquet; (Cicero
de Leg.) A perfon appointed by the public
made an oration at public funerals; (ibid.) They
who died in battle were to be buried at the public
charge ; (fhucyd. lib. 2.) The father might give a
funeral encomium on his fon who died honourably
in battle; (Polem. Argwn. TM ETTLTKQIM hoyuv.)
He who died in front of the battle might have a
funeral oration annually fpoken ; (Cicer. de Or at.')
All bodies were to be buried weftward ; (Milan. Far.
Hift. lib. 5. cap. 14.) No evil was to be fpoken of
the dead , (Plutarch. Salon.}
RELATING TO ROBBERS AND ASSASSINS, &C.
The Areopagite fenate were to determine cafes of
murder, of wounds, of poifon, or fire; {Demofth.
in Ariftoc.) The council of the aflaffin, might make
no apology, nor excite companion; (Pollux y lib. .
cap, 10.) Thethefmothetae 'weretopunHh murderers
with
,t 2 $ GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
with death j (Demqfth. in Ariftoc.) They were to
luffer in the country of the murdered perfon. No
one was to take money for his pardon : the heliaflic
court fliould pats fentence upon him; (ibid.) Any
one who killed or aflifted in killing a murderer,
(hould be tried by the epithetse; (ibid.) He who was
accufed of murder, mould havenoprivilege;^;//^//.
ds Chorent.) He who killed another accidentally,
might flee his country for a year; and then facrifice-
and be purified ; (Demofth. in Ariftoc. Eurip.
Schol.) He could not be troubled in his exile ;
(Demoflh. in Ariftoc.) If he returned before the year
was expired, he was to bind himfelf to appear before
the magiftrate ; (ibid.) He who killed one for
debauching his wife or near kindred, might not
be baniflied ; (ibid.) He who affaulted the inno-
cent, might be killed ; (ibid.) A murderer found
in a religious place might be carried to gaol, and if
guilty, put to death : but if he who committed him,
did not procure the fifth part of the votes, he
Ihould be fined one thoufand drachms; (ibid.) He
who vw&fdo defe mould have the hand cut off that
did the murder, which fliould be buried in a place
feparate from the body; (Mfchin. In Ctejiph.) No
murder was to be within the city; (Suidasv. Twgo? ;)
Inanimate things, inftrurnental to the death of
any one, fliould be call out of Attica ; (/Efchin. in
Ctejipkont.) He who ftruck the firfl blow in a
quarrel, fliould be liable to the adion called aixia?
&KJ ; (Demofth. Ariftoc.) The goods of him who
maimed another were to be confifcated ; he fliould
be expelled the city in which the other dwelt,
tyhich if he entered, he fliould fuffer death ; (Lyjias.
fro Call.) Any one might inform againft another
RELATING TO THEFT*: tty
for any injury done to any one ; (Plutarch. Solon.)
He who wilfully caufed damage, was to refund twice
as much ; he who did it involuntarily, an equivalent ;
(Defnofth. Midian.) He who blinded any one-eyed
perfon, fhould lofe both his eyes 5 (Laert. Solon.)
The dog which had bit any perfon, fhould be tied
with a chain four cubits long ; ( Pint. Scion.)
RELATING TO THEFT.
He who committed theft, fhould reftore double to
the owners, and as much to the exchequer; (AuL
GelLlib. 10. cbpi 18. Demoftk. fimocr.) He who
had ftolen by day to the value of fifty drachms, wa&
liable to the action called Atf a^etyu ; but, if in the
night, any one might kill him. tie who ftole from
the Lyceum, Academia, or any of the Gymnafia>
any thing of the leaft value ; or from the baths of
ports to the value of ten drachms, fhould fuffer
death j (Demojlh. tfimoc.) He who imprifoned
another for theft, and could not prove it> fhould be
fined one thoufand drachms ; (Suidas.) All pick-
pockets and burglars were to fuffer death; (Xenopk*
ATropwp. lib. i .) He who fearched for a thief in
the houfe of another, might only wear a thin gar-
ment ; (Ariftoph. Schol Nub.) He who took what
was not his own, might be put to death; (PlutarcJu
Solon. AuL Gdl. lib. n.cap. iS.J It was death to
break into an orchard, and to fteal figs; (Feftus.J
This offence was afterwards punifhed with a finej
(Suidas.) They Who Hole dung, were to fuffer cor-
poral punifhment ; (Ariftoph. Schol, Equtt.J
130 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES*
RELATING TO SLANDER.
He who defamed another in the temples, judicial
courts, or places where games were celebrated, was to
pay three drachms to the injured man, and two to
the treafury ; (Plutarch. Solon.) He who Hindered
any man might be fined ; (Lyfiasflrat. \.in Theomn.)
He who reflected upon any one for committing
fome offence, might be fined five hundred drachms;
(Ifocrat. in Lt>chit.) No one might call another a-
murderer; (Lyfias, Or at. I. in 1'heomn.') He who
upbraided another for calling away his buckler,
fhould be fined ; (ibid )
RELATING TO MATTERS OF BUSINESS.
He who had been negligent in conducting his'
bufinefs, mould anfwer for it ; (Demoflh. in Aph.)
No woman might meddle with other affairs than a
medimn of barley would fatisfy for the performance ;
(Dio. Chryf. Orat. TTE
RELATING TO ENTERTAINMENTS.
No entertainment was to confift of above thirty
guefts; (Athene, lib. 6.) All cooks were to carry 'their
names to the Ginxconomi ; (Menander Cecry.)
None but mixed wines were to be drank at entertain-
ments ; (Alex. jEfop.) Pure wine was to be after-
wards drank to the honour of the good genius ;
(Athene, lib. 6.) The areopagites were to take
notice of all drunkards ; (Athene, lib. 6.)
RELATING TO MINES.
He who had hindered another from working in
mines, or taken fire to them, or removed the tools,
or
MILITARY AFFAIRS. i^l
or digged beyond the limits, might be profecuted
with an adtion called &xrj ptretM.* ; (Demqftk. In
Pantxn.)
RELATING TO MILITARY AFFAIRS.
Men were to ferve in the army from eighteen years
to forty. Until twenty years of age,.they mould be
in arms within Attica; (Ulpian. in Olymph. 3.) He
who offered to ierve in the cavalry, before he was
approved, mould be a-n^o?; (LyJiasinAlcib.) The
cavalry fhould be detached from among the wealthy;
(Xenoph.Hipp.) Soldiers fhould not drefs their hair
unfeemly ; (Ariftdph. Schol. Equit.) None fhould
pawn their arms ; (Ar-iftoph. Schol. Pint.) He who
had betrayed a garrifon, (hip, or army, was to fufFer
death; as well as all deferters to the enemy. There
was to be no marching before the feventh of the
month ; (Zenob. Cent. 2.pr. 79.^ War was to be pro-
claimed, by putting a lamb into the enemy's territo-
ries j ( Cent. 2. pr. 96.) The polemarch was to lead
up the right wing of the army ; (Herodot. Erat.)
Public keepers of the revenue, and dancers at the
Aiowo-iBxa, were to be exempted from fervingin the
army ; (Demqftb. in Ne#r. et Midian.)
RELATING TO MILITARY REWARDS ANI*
PUNISHMENTS.
They who had valiantly maintained their pofts were
to be promoted, and others degraded ;( Xenoph.Hipp.)
All cowards were to be expelled the forum, and
the temples; (Demofth. in ftmocrat. JEfchin. in Cte-
Jiph.) He who caft away his arms, was xnpos ; (Lyfias>
K z Qrat.
I$A GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES;
Orat. i. hi 'Theomn.) He who deferted his fliip, of
refufed to go, fhould be a-n^o?; (Plutarch. Solone.)
Di fabled foldiers fhould be maintained at the public
charge -, (Laert. So/on.) The parents and children
of thofe who were killed in war (hould be taken care'
of j (Liuian. Abd< VaL Max. lib. $. cap* 3.)
RELATING TO VARIOUS MATTERS.
The ungrateful might be profecuted ; (Demqfthjtt
$teot.) The name and refidence of the father of
every one were to be inferted in all deeds, contracts,
&c.; (Andoc. de Myft.) An informer of that which
was falfe, was to fufFer death; (Plutarch. Solon.}
He who was neuter in any {edition, fhould be artwo?y
(Siiidas.) He who left the city to relide in the
Piraeus, (hould fuffer death ; (Lucian. Anachars.)
He who wore afword in the flreets fliould be fined;
(Xenofh. E\XWM. lib. i.) He who had been con-
victed of perfidy to the Hate, or of facrilege, (hould
be denied burial in Attica, and his goods fhould be
fold 5 ( Dinar ck. in Demojlh.) He who had betrayed
his country, fhould not enter within the borders of
Attica; (Demcftk. Hdon.) All compacts, approved'
by the judges, ihould be good 5 (Cicero, Philip, i.)
No one might be reproached for former offences ;
(LyJLis.in CtefipL Andoc. do Myjler.) No ftrangep
fliould be wronged 3 (Xenoph. kxopvv^.hb. 2.) The
bewildered traveller was to be put into his way, and
hofpitality to be (hewn to flrangsrs j (Cicero de Offic.
lib. ?.) He who fold rings Ibould not keep their
impreliion, when fold ; (Latrtius Solone.)
E L I G 1 O N.
OF THE RELIGION OF THE ATHENIANS.
From the earlieft ages the objects of religious
v/orfhip multiplied among the Athenians. They
received the twelve principal divinities from the
Egyptians; (Herodotys, lib. &. c. 4..) Thracians,
Libyans, and other nations : (Herodotus 9 lib. 2.
c. 50; and lib. 4. c. 1 8 8 . Pindar^ O/ymp. 10.
u f 59. Arlftoph. in Av. v. 95. ^hiicyd. lib. 6. c.
,54.,) They were fo fearful of omitting religious
worfhip, that they even erected altars to the un-
known god ; (Paufanias Atticis,) At length a law
was enacted prohibiting, under pain of death, the
introduction of any foreign worfhip, without a
decree of the areopagus, moved for by the public
orators; (jofepK. in Appion. lib. 2. p. 491. 493. -
Harpocrat. in 'EwtOsT.^ It was an ancient inftitution.
to confecrate by monuments and feftivals the
memory of kings and heroes. Among thefe the
Athenians placed Thefeus, Erechtheus, (Meitrfius de
Regib.Athen.lib. 2. c. \^.) thofe who by their merits
gave their names to the ten tribes, (Paufan. lib.
i. c. 5. p. 13.^ and many others, as Hercules, &$.
(Herod, lib. 2. c. 44. Paufan. lib. i.e. 15. ; lib. 2.
c. 10.) But the adoration paid to heroes effentially
differed from that paid to the gods. They proftrated
themfelves before the deity, to implore his pro-
tection, thanked him for his bounty, and acknowr
ledged their dependance. Temples, altars, groves,
were confecrated, and games and feftivals were cele-
brated in honour of their heroes 5 (Vhucyd. lib. 5.
. n.) Prayers were addrefled to the deity at the
Commencement of any undertaking ; (Plat, in 'Tim.)
* 3
iH GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
Thefe were offered up in the morning, the evening,
at the .riling and fetting of the iun and moon;
(Plato delegibuS) lib. 10. /. 2. p. 8 By.,/ Sometimes
they preiented themfelves at- the temple with down-
caft eyes and dejected countenance; ( Plat, in Alcib.)
They killed the ground ; and they offered up their
prayers (landing, (Philoftr. in Apollon. Fit. lib. 6. c.
4, p. 233.) on their knees, (Theophr. Char. c. 16.)
andproftrate; (Laert. in Diogen. lib. 6. $j.) and
holding branches in their hands, (Sophocl. in CEdip.
Tyr. v. $.) which they lifted up towards heaven, or
extended towards the ftatue of the god, after apply-
ing it to their mouths ; (Lucian. in tncom. Dtmofth.
49.^ If their worfhip was directed to the inftrnal
deities, they flruck the earth with their feet or
hands; (Horn. Iliad. 9. v. 564. Cicero TufcuL lib*
2. C. 2$.)
OF THE PRIESTS AND RELIGIOUS MI-
NISTERS.
IsK j the priefts were deemed mediators between
the deity and men, to inftrucl them how to offer
their religious worfhip, and all its various ceremonies;
(Plat. Politic.) They were next in precedence to
their kings and chief magiftrates. The chief ma-
giflrates were frequently confecrated to the prieft-
hood; (ibid. JEneid. 3. v. So.} In fome places
the two offices were of equal rank ; (Plutarch*
Quteft. Roman.)
The priefts fometimes obtained their office by
inheritance ; (Plat, de kgib. 6. Hefychius. Har-*
focrat. Suidas in Kw(?.) fometimes by lot, by the
appointment of the princes, or by popular elections 9
(Iliad
PRIESTS AND MINISTERS. 135
(Iliad Z. v. 300. "DemojlJi. Exord. Cone. p. 239.^
Whoever fucceeded to this office,' was to be ex-
amined, before his corlfecration, whether he was
*p\i?, perfect in limb ; (Hefychius, Etymol. Auft.
v. *q>z\i\<;.) They were alfo required to be chafte
and uncontaminated with the pleafures of the
world ; devoting themfelves to retirement and piety.
They carried their religious aufterity ib far as
frequently to difmember themfelves ; and to drink
the juice of hemlock to enfeeble their powers
of generation. They fometimeg ilrewed the leaves
of a.yvog or Au<yc'f, (thus called from otyovos, an
enemy to generation) under their bed-cloaths, as a
prefervative of their chaftity ; (Euftathius in //. .J
It was required that the prieftefTes fhould be virgins ;
(Euftath. IL . //. . v. 298 .) Priefls however
fometimes were married, as we read of Chryfeus,
daughter of Chryfes, the prieft of Apollo j (Iliad <*.)
and Dares, the pried of Vulcan, is faid to have
had two fons ; (Iliad E.J In fome places feveral
hufbands were a qualification to the priefthood - 9
(Minutius Felix. Qftavii.) as in Lydia ; (Herod,
lib. i.) and Armenia; (Strabo.lib. 12.)
The prieils and prieftefles were compelled to give
an account of their feveral functions;
in Ctefipkont. Panfan. B&otic.)
In fmall cities the religious duties were performed
by one perlbn, bat in larger cities the care of re-
ligion was entrusted to feveral priefts, facrifkers,
keepers of the temple, and others 3 (Arifiot. Petit.
lib. 6. c. 8J by the names of
ra/Aiat ruv *?wv ^^/*aTWi
and others,
K 4 There
j 3 5 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES!
There were feveral orders of priefts, among which
was the A^isw0wiK 1 high-prieft, who had the
management of the reft. There was a chief prieft
almoft to every god ; the Delphians had five chief
priefts. Thefe latter were called OG-IGI, holy, and
the firft of them O<nwnj, purifier; and another.
was called APUTW^, one who gives oracles.
Another office of great- honour, was that of the
Parafiti ; (Athentem Deipnos. lib. 6. p. 235. P0//^r,
lib. 6. c. 7. Hefy chins,) who were anciently reckon-
ed among the chief magiftrates. They gathered
the corn of the hufbandmen which was allotted
for facrifices, which was called Il^oero&a ^ya^a, the
great revenue ; (Ariftoph. Avibus.) The place, in
which thefe firft fruits were preferred, was called
The Kfux?, criers, affifted at the facrifices.
They killed the offering, made the neceifary pre-
parations, and were cupbearers at thefeaft; (Athen^us^
lib. 10. lib. 14..} They anciently adminiftered ihe
facrifices ; (Eujtatk. in Horn. Odyff. n.) They were
called Aiof ayysAot, (Homer,) becaufe they affifted
at the facrifices of the gods, and ra? to^T&s TWI/ four
ayytXw, gave notice when the feftivals were to be
celebrated ; (Phavorinus.) They were devoted to
various fervile and domeftic employments. They
\yere the firft who taught the ufe of boiling meat,
which was before eaten raw; (Athen^eiiSyHb. 14..}
The tongues of the facrifices were their reward.
Nfwx^oif, or Zaxo^ot, (Nicander Alexipharm.) from
xoiv, to adorn. It was their office to clean the
furniture of the temples; (Euripid. in lone, v-..
GF THE TEMPLES. $37
, keepers of the temple ; who were to
yepair the holy utenfils if they required it, which
tyere in their cuftody ; (Ariftot. in Politic.)
n^oTroAcf Jss, fervants always attendant on the
gods, whofe prayers the people defired at facrifices.
Their iliare was the fliin and feet 5 (Ariftopk. Pint*
a5l. %.fc. 2.)
The priefls in general were maintained out of
the facrifices > (Ariftoph. Pint. aft. $. fc, 2. Sckol. m
e[p.) They were fometimes rich j (Horn. Iliad
a. 13. Iliad s. v. 9.)
OF THE TEMPLES.
The Greeks originally worshipped their gods ii}
the open air, upon the tops of mountains, ( 'Iliad %.
<u> 170^ on which temples were afterwards built;
which were dedicated to Jupiter, Apollo, and other
gods; (Horn. Hymn, in Apoll. V. 144.) It has been
commonly fuppofed that temples owe their original
to the fuperflitious reverence paid by the ancients
to the memory of their departed friends ; (Lattan-
tins. Clemen. Alex. Eufe&ius, &c.) and were firit
creeled as magnificent monuments; (ALneidi.v.
74. Lycophron. CaJJqnd. v. 613.) Sometimes the
feme temple was dedicated to leveral gods ; who
were then called Suwtoi, (Strab* 7. Pint. Sympof. 4.
4.) and 2vi/oixTat : and thofe who had the fame com-
mon altar were called, o^oZupioi. Each god was dif-
tinguimed by ibme particular mark ; and temples were
ereded in a manner moil agreeable to that god to
whom it was dedicated. Doric pillars were facred to
Jupiter, Mars, and Hercules; the Ionic to Bacchus,
Apollo, and Diana; the Corinthian, to'V-fta, the
virgin.
i 3 8 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
virgin. Every deity had his peculiar attribute ; thus
Mars was the tutelary guardian of war ; Venus, of
love; Mercury prefided over merchants, orators,
and thieves ; Minerva, over fchplars, artifts, &c.
Temples were built in groves, valleys, or rivers,
and dedicated to the tutelar deity of the place ; or
in confpicuous parts of cities. The windows gene-
rally opened to the rifmg fun ; (Vitruv.lib. 4. c. 5.
Dionys. 'fhrax,) They fronted the weft, and
the altars and ftatues were fo placed, that thofe who
worshipped were towards the eaft; (Clemens Alex.
Strom. 7. Hygimts de Agr. Limit, con. lib. i.) In
later ages the ftatues were fo placed as to look
towards the eaft, and thofe who worshipped, towards
the weft ; (Porphyr. lib. de Antr. Nymph.) If they
were built near a river, they were to look towards
its banks : if near the public road, they were fo
placed, as to be eafily obferved by travellers, who
might pay their devotions as they paffed by.
There were both facred and profane temples,
TO strw, and TO s$u TregiftgxitrvigiuVm HEgiggwrvgiw was
a brazen or ftone veiTel, filled with holy water;
(Suidas. P/iavcrimis,) with which thofe who were
admitted to the facrifices were fprinkled, and beyond
which it was not lawful for the BtfiuAoi, the profane,
to pafs. Some fay, it was placed in the entrance
of the Adurov, or Avuxrogov ; (Pol/itx,) the inmoft
recefs of the temple, into which none, but the
prieft, was allowed to enter. Hence Bf^rjAo? TCTTOC
isfo called in oppolition to this AeTurov; (P/iavorhius.)
Others fay, that the iregifgowTngM was placed at
the door of the temple ; (Cafaubon. in Theoph.
Charr.a.)
IDOLS. 139
, is ufually a fheep-fold ; and it is fuppofed,
that becaufe the images of the gods were inclofed
with rails, the middle of the temple, from its
fimilitude to a (lieep-fold, was called >jxo?, being
afterwards ufed for the temple, a part being put
for the whole : as Eri*, the hearth, fignified fome-
times the whole houfe. It is faid to fignify a tem-
ple dedicated to a hero or demigod ; (Ammonius
de verb. Diff. et SmiL Pollux, Onom. lib. \.) and
it is expounded o W&T^O? TOTTO? T* i^a, the inner
part of the temple,
A^toj/, was a treafury for the ufeof religion, as
well as for thofe who defired to preferve any
valuable articles. Hence the terms applied to
it, /xf yaAoTrAsTci', TroAu^^ucrof , xg^XLOTrXxrov ^ ( Pollux^
Onom. lib. i.)
Naoj and If^ov fignify the edifice or temple itfelf,
in which were B&J/XOV, the altar, on which they offered
their oblations ; xr^aois the porch in which flood
an altar or image ; and repwos, where the image of
the chief god was erected ; (Schol. in Soph. CEdip.
Tyr. v. i$.)
OF THE GRECIAN IDOLS.
The idol was called, 2vi?, (Clem. Alex and. pro-
trept.) a rude flock; and fometimes a Hone;
(Paufanias Achaicis. Eufeb. Evangel, lib. \.) The
ilones were fometimes fquare, and of different
figures; fometimes they were of bhck colour;
(Strobe. Geograph. lib. 17.) Tfeey were called |3at-
TuAi or j3auTuAo< ; (EujMus. Evang. lib. i,) The
Grecian images till the time of Daedalus were un-
formed $ (St.Ckryfoft. Serm. 12. Tihcm$ius 9 Or at.
U GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES;
I $.) who made two feet to the flones, which
were before of one mafs. Hence they were origin-
ally called,- Hodti/a, has, TO cc-n-o^^a^ becaufe they
were ihaven ; (Clem. Alexan. Protrep.) which pro-
perly Signifies an idol, that is, tfaepwov, fhaven out of
(lone or wood ; (Hefy chins v. Hoaw.) Afterwards,
xvhen the art of carving was known, they refembled
various figures, and were then called, |3cra? ha. T
p0Tw soixsvui, becaufe it was like a man , (Clem.
Alexand. Protrep. Ariftoph. SchoL Equ. v. 3 1 .) Not-
withftanding, the fhapelefs idols were preferved as
Venerable relicks of antiquity , (Porphyriits de Abjli*
ytnt. lib. z.JeR. iS,}
OF THE STATUES.
The ancient flatues were generally made of cedar,
oak, cyprefs, yew, and box-tree; (Plutarch. -
Paufanias) -, the fmaller images were faid to be
of the root of the olive tree; (Theoph. lib. de
-plant.) they were fornetimes made of the wood of
thofe trees which were dedicated to particular gods.
They were fometimes made of common, and fome-
times of precious flones : of common and of black
marble, to denote the invifibility of the gods;
of gold, brafs, ivory, chalk and clay, and other fub-
flances They were generally placed upon pedefials
in the middle of the temple, inclofed with rails ?
and raifed above the height of the altar. Hence,
as before explained.
OF THE ALTARS.
The altars were of various dimenfions, according
to the variety of gods, to whom they were confe-
crated. The 0foiOufaj/*oi, celeftial gods, had their
altars raifed considerably above the ground i as we
are
A L T A R S. i+t
arc told that the altar of Olympian Jupiter was*
nearly twenty-two feet high ; (Paufanias Eliac. a.)
To heroes they facriflced upon altars near to the
ground, called E^^aiy being only one ftep high;
(Eitripid. Sckol. in Ph<e'n!fs.) The infernal gods,,
called, TGp0ovtoi,inftead of altars, had fmall trenches
ploughed up for the purpofe of facrificing, which
were called Aaxxo* and (S&fyor. The nymphs, in-
ftead of altars, had Aio^a, caves, where they were
paid religious adoration ; (Porphyr.)
Altars were always lower than the ftatues of the
gods. They were commonly made of earth, or of
afhes, heaped together, or of any other fubftantial
materials. The altar of Olympian Jupiter was
made of the afhes of burnt facrifices ; ^ Paufanias^
E/iac. a.) as well r.s that at Thebes to Apollo,
who was hence called 2ffc^f; ( Paiifanias, ibid.).
fometimes they were made of flone; the famous
altar at Telos was of horn ; one of brick is men-
tioned by Paufanias ; (lib. 6.) Before the ereftion
of temples, altars were built in groves, and even ia
highways for the ufe of travellers; (Euftath. m
Iliad i.} The celeftial gods were worlhipped upon
eminences, the terreftrial in low places. Before
the ufe of altars they facrificed upon the dry ground,,
or upon a green turf j (Lil. Gyrald. de Diis Syn-
tagm. 17.) The facrifices offered without altars
were called 7robw^iOi Ouo-iat -, (Hefychhis. Pha^
v or inns.)
Altars were of different forms. There was aa
oblong altar dedicated to the Faroe, called ^TH/XHX^;
(Pauj'aniqSj E/iacis.) and a fquare altar upon the top
of Mount Cithucron j (Paufanias, Baotieis.) and
they
4 z GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
they were fometimes reprefented round. They were
anciently adorned with horns; (Nonnius Dionyfiac.
lib. 44. v. 96.) The victims were generally faflen-
cd to them, and fuppliants who fled for refuge to
the altar, held the horns. They were originally
confiderecl as marks of dignity and even of divinity ;
(Clem. Alexand. Prctrep.) The character of the
deity to whom they were confecrated was generally
engraven on the altars, as well as, fometimes, the
reafon of their dedication.
E^TTU^C*, were altars intended for facrifices made
by fire ; a-r^oi, thofe without fire, and ajra^axTo*,
thofe without blood ; upon which only cakes, fruits
of the earth, and inanimate things were placed ;
(Orpheus de Lapid.) There was an altar of horn at.
Delos, facred to Apollo Genitor, upon which Py-
thagoras uted to facrifice, who thought it unlawful
to put animals to death : (Diogenes Laertius Py-
iJiagor.) There was another dedicated to Jupiter
TTraro?, the fupreme; (Paufanias Arcadicis.) and
Paphian Venus had an altar, which was a^^axrcf,
free from blood, upon which it was unlawful to
offer animals.
Altars and images were confecrated in the fame
manner. A woman was drefled in a party-coloured
garment, and brought upon her head a pot of fod-
den pulfe, as beans, peafe, and the like ; which
they offered to the gods, in commemoration of
their ancient food; (Ariftoph. Pint. act. 5. fc. 3.)
This was particularly obferved at the confecration
of the E^at, ftatues in honour of Mercury;
(Ariftoph.) In the dedication of a flatue to
Jupiter Ctefias, they took a new veflel with two
3
CONSECRATION OF ALTARS. 143
cars, binding upon each a chaplet of white wool,
and on the fore part of it one of yellow, and then
covered the veflel. They then poured out before it
a libation of ambrcfia, which was a mixture of
water, honey, and other fruits ; (Athemeus lib. 9^
Delpno.) In the fame manner as the images of
Mercury, were dedicated the images and altars of
Jupiter ; (Ariftoph. in Plut. aft $.fc. 3 .) But the
Hiofl common method of confecration was perform-
ed by putting a crown upon them, anointing them
with oil, and then offering prayers and oblations to
them. They fometimea added an execration, againft
thofe who profaned them; and engraved on them
the name of the deity, and caufe of their dedica-
tion. In the fame manner, they dedicated trees
and plants ; (Theocr. Idyll. 1 8. Ovid. Melam.
lib. 8.)
The moft ancient ceremony in the act of confe-
cration was in the ufe of the unction -, and at the
time of confecration great numbers of facrifices were
ufually offered, and many entertainments given.
Altars were frequently erected in groves of trees;
(Virg. jEneid. lib. 2. v. $12.) and it was fo com-
mon to build them in proves, that aAo-* xaA*?i rx
*^a Trai/ra, all facred places were called groves;
(Strabo, Geograpli. lib. <).) One of the temples of
Diana flood within a grove, Af^swv piywv, of the
largeft trees : (Herod. Euierp. c. 138.^ and the way
to the temple of Mercury, was planted on both fides
with trees reaching to heaven, JW^sa ovgzvcpnxEoc. ;
(Herodotus.) Many religious ceremonies were origin-
ally taken from the cuftoms of human life ; which
were always retained, even after the primitive man-
ners
*44 GRECIAN A N T I Q U I T I ESf
ners of men bad changed. At firft, temples were
derived from the houfes of men; altars ferv<:d inflead
of tables, and the faerifices. were the entertainments'
of the gods. Thofe animals which were the com-
mon food of men, were offered as victims to the
gods; and before the ufe of animal food, the facri-
fices confided of thofe fruits, which were more
commonly ufed ; and it was deemed a heinous?
offence to cut down or deface any of the confe*
crated trees ; (Callimach. Hymn, in Cererem.)
Temples and altars were a gerieral refuge for
malefactors; and criminals of all defcriptions; (Taci-
tus. Annal. lib. 3. c. 60. 'Eurip. Ion. v. 1312, aft. 4..}
But fometirnes the doors of the temples were (hut,
and the criminals flarved j and fometimes they
were forced out by fire; (Rurtyid. Androm. v. 256'.
~Euripid. Hercul. Furent. v. 240. Plant. Moflek
ai. $.fcen; i. Plant. Rudens, aft. %-fcen. ^.) But
it was deemed an act of facrilege to force them
from their fancluary ; (Euripid. Androm. v. 2$j.J
Only thofe temples however were fancluaries, which
were confecrated to fuch privileges. Some were
appropriated to particular perfons and crimes, and
others were free to all malefactors. The temple of
t)iana at Ephefus was free for debtors ; that of
'Thefeus for flaves, who fled from their fervice;
(.Plutarch. T/ief.) The monuments and flatues of
great men alfo were honoured with this privilege j
(Strabo lib. $J
The firft afylum was fuppofed to have been built
at Athens by the Heraclidas, and received into its
protection all thofe who fled from the ill ufage of
their fathers. It was alfo laid to be a fanctuary for
* fuppliants
SACRED FIELDS. SACRIFICES. 145
fuppliants in general; (Statins Theban. lib. 12.
Servius in JEneid. 8.} Others fuppofe that it was
firft built at Thebes by Cadmus, for the ufe of all
criminals; (Paufanias, lib. 7. Epig* Grac. Antho-
logia> lib. Af. Vid.Paufanias Corinthiacis. JEneid. lib.
2. V; 512. Enripid. Recub.v. 146.^) The Afyla
were regulated and reformed in the reign of Tibe-
rius; (Tacitus, Annal. lib. 3. 60. 6 1 . fcc.} or, as is faid,
were entirely abolished ; (Suetonius Tiberii. c.^.)
OF THE SACRED FIELDS.
The fields confecrated to religious ufes, were call-
ed Tfjusvn, which is faid to be itcov
Qcw Kara npw, j jj^wT, a facred portion of land dedi-
cated to fome god or hero ; (Schol. in Horn. Iliad.
(3. v. 696.^ The produce of thefe fields was appro-
priated for the maintainance of the priefts, or other
facred purpofes ; (Plato, lib. 4. de legibus. Vid.
JEndd. lib. 9. v. 274. Horn. Iliad, s. v. 194.
Iliad, i. v. 574. Iliad, p* v.
OF THE SACRIFICES.
EuxTa,or Xa^rfa, were vows or free-will offer-
ings, promifed to the gods before, and performed
aft era vidtory.
0u<nai <Jw0<po>ixat, were free gifts of the fruits of.
the earth, offered by hufbandmen out of gratitude
to the gods, after harveft; (Suidas in v. u<na.)
They were fometimes called A7rc7rA>jnxa*, becaufe
they fulfilled fome vow made to the gods.
, were propitiatory facrifices, called alfo
, to avert the anger of fome offended
deityi including all expiatory facrifices.
L
146 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES*
AtTTixa, were petitionary facrifices, for fuccrik
in any undertaking.
Ta a. Mavrtw, fuch facrifices as were impofed
by an oracle or prophet.
THE MATTER OF THEIR SACRIFICES.
The ancient facrifices to the gods were of the
fruits of the earth j (Porphyr. de Abflinent. lib. 2
6.} plucked up by the roots ; (C*l. Rkod. lib.
12. c. i.) It was originally forbidden to immolate
victims ; (Pans. lib. i.e. 26. p. 6i.Id. lib. 8. r. 2. 5
c. 42. Porphyr. de Abftin.) Man felt a natural
horror at plunging the fteel into the breaft of an
animal deftined to the plough, and become the
companion of his labours ; (jElian. Varior. Hip*
lib. 5. c. 14.^) It was prohibited under pain of death;
(Van. de Re Rufti. lib. 2. c. $.) by an exprefs
jaw : and univerfal practice induced him to abftain
from the flem of animals - 3 (Plat, de Legtb. lib. 6.)
The folemn facrifices confifted of STTO^TJ, 0u^/xo!,
and L<toi/; (Hefiod.TL^y. *, Hptf. a.v. 334.^ Either
of thefe might be offered feparately, as every man's
domeftic concerns required : for inftance, it was
ufual to offer drink offerings of wine before a
journey, at the entertainment of a ftranger, before
they retired to fleep, and on many other occafions;
(EuftatJi. in II. at.) When the fruits of the earth
were the only food of men> care was taken to re-
ferve a certain portion for the gods. The fame
cuflom was obferved when they began to feed upon
the flefh of animals. Sometimes water was poured
on the altar or the head of the victims, fornetimes
honey or oil ; (Porpkyr. de Abftin. lib. 2, 20. )
but
MATTER OF THEIR SACRIFICES. 147
but in general they were fprinkled with wine, and
then the wood of the fig tree, the myrtle, or the vine,
were burnt upon the altar ; (Suidas in Nt>$<x,\.) No
animals were at firft facrificed, but fuch as ferved
for food, as the ox, the meep, the hog, the goat,
and the like ; (Suidas in @urov. Horn., Iliad. andOdyJf.
faj/im.) Afterwards horfes were offered up to the
fun, Hags to Diana, and dogs to Hecate. Caution
was neceffary in the choice of the victim, which
was to be without blemifli or defect ; (Horn. Iliad.,
lib. i. v. 66*Arij?of. ap. A then. lib. 15. c. 5.
Pint, de Oracl. Def.J The cakes which they ufed
in facrifice were made with barley meal and fait ^
{Serv. ad Virg. jEneid* lib. 2. v. 133.^ which were
placed on the head of the viHm. The hair of the
victim was plucked from its forehead and thrown
into the fire; (Horn. Odyff. lib. 3. v. ^^.-r-Eurip.
in Eleft. v. 810.^ and the thighs were burnt with
cloven wood , (Horn. Iliad, lib. 2. v. 462.}
2?rivJiv and \ttw, fignify to pour forth ; (Hefy-
chius. Phavorin. I/id. Origin. lib. 6. c. i<).) but
from their ufe at the drink offerings of the gods,
were at length appropriated to them. The fame
may be obferved of S^rov^ and Aoi&j. ZTrovJa*, was
appropriated generally to wine. Ei/<r7roi/<JW, was wine
legally ufed in libations ; A<rirw$ov 9 that wine which
it was unlawful to ufe. Ax^ai-ov, was that wine
which was pure and unmixed with water. It was
unlawful to offer upon the altars the juice of the
grape called Afpendia; (Plin. Nat. Hift. lib. 14.
c. 18.^ or to make an oblation of wine prefled
from grapes cut or pared round, or fallen to the
ground j or that which was trodden wkh wounded
i a fet.
148 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
feet, or from a vine blafted and unpruned ; (Plin.
Nat. Hifl. lib. 14. C. 19.^ NrpaAioi 0u<ni, KTTO rs
MJ0W, from being fober, were libations made of
various ingredients ; (Vid. Suidas. v. N*j<paA. (Wtau,)
They were offered to Bacchus, becaufe men might
not always be accuftomed to ftrong wine ; (Plut. dc
Sanitate.) The people of El is never offered wine
at the altar dedicated to all the gods, nor to the
A<r?roij>ai, viz. Ceres and Proferpine. To Pluto,
inftead of wine, oil was offered ; (Virg. ALn. 6. 154.^
UlyfTes, in an oblation to the infernal gods, poured
out wine mixed with honey, pure wine, and pure
water; (Odyff. n. v. 2$.) To other gods, they
alfo facrificed without wine. Upon the altar of
Jupiter uirtfTo?, the fupreme, they never offered
wine, nor living creatures. The v*q>xXiu t.^a, fober
facrifices, are, rx \)fyo<nrn$x 9 libations of water T
jafAio-Trov^a, libations of honey ra yaAaxToa-TrovoV,
libations of milk and rot, sAaioo-Trcv^, libations of
oil. Libations were alfo offered in cups full to the
brim ; as it was deemed irreverence to the gods to
prefent any thing which was not rsfatov xj oAov,
whole and perfect. Thus to fill the cup was termed
, to crown it; and the cup fo filled,
crowned with wine, yroi vn-s^nx^
T TTOTH srfipav8o-0;, the liquor appear-
ing above the cup like a crown ; (Atkenaus, lib. i ..
cap. ii. lib. 15. cap. $.) - The word 0uo?, fignified
originally TO, ^>r, broken fruits, boughs, leaves,
acorns; whence -nx, 6u?j are expounded Oupa/xara,
incenfe. 0ufi^ is never ufed by Homer to lignify
the offering of the victim, but of xf/r ; (Athen*
De ipii. L 14.^ which iignirkation was afterwards
i almoft
MATTER OF THEIR SACRIFICES. -14-9
almoft always applied to animals ; (Porph. I. 2. ds
Abftin.)
There were no facrifices in early times, of
which trees did not compofe a confiderable part.
Thefe are chiefly odoriferous. XAoat, green herbs,
were part of their early oblations; (Porph. de Abfl.)
Afterwards, they ufed frankincenfe, and other per-
fume. In the time of the Trojan war, frankincenfe
was not known ; at which time they offered cedar
and citron; (Plin. Nat. Hift. lib. iq. cap. i.) Some
forts of trees were offered with libations of wine ,
others only with wQxXiot i^a; hence they are called
uA. Thefe were rot, /HUT* a/ATTfAiva, fAtre
HATIT (AVfwot, all except the vine, fig, and
myrrh ; which being offered with wine only, were
called oivo<nroitj. The 8Ao^ur, A;, or molse falfe,
cakes of fait and barley, were ufed, which they
poured down upon the altar before the victim was
facrificed. At firfl the barley was offered whole,
till the invention of mills, whence they were called
Aa<, or ohai - y (Euftath. II. ex,.) This offering was
called sAe0uTiv. The 7ro7raj/, were round and tnin
cakes. Of the cr^vo*, there were thiee forts,
called, 0i<noj, ai/o-raroj, and U[AQI$UVTES. Another fort
was called c-A^vat, becaufe it was broad and horned,
like the new moon. Another fort, with horns, was
called <?, and ufually offered to Apollo, Diana,
Hecate, and the moon. In facrifices to the moon,
after having offered fix of the .o-eAuva*, they offered
one of theie ; hence the term (3f fy*o?. It was
alfo offered after a facrifice of fix animals. There
were alfo other offerings of this kind, peculiar to
certain deities, as the tCtkia^tftt', to Bacchus, the
t, to Trophonius. No oblation was deemed
L 3 acceptable
* S o GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES*
acceptable without fait; (Plin. Nat. Hift. lib. 3*.
cap. 7. JEneid. 2. 131. Ovid. Fajl. lib. 3. 337.^
As (alt w... coniidered as an emblem of friendmip
and hofpitality ; and as it was ufed as a part of the
food of men, it was fuppofed to be neceffary to the
facrifices of the gods. On this account, there was
fcarce any facrifice without com or bread, and more
particularly barley, as it was the firft fort of corn
ufed by the Greeks, after the diet of acorns was
given up. For this reafon they offered only fuch
barley as grew in the field Rharium, in memory of
barley being firft fown there; (Paufan. At tic. p. 71.
Dion. Helic. lib. z.)
ItgEuv, the victim, was required to be found
and perfect in its members, unfpotted and with-
out bleniifli. It was ufual to felect the beft part
of their flocks for their facrifices; (Virg. Georg.
3. 157. Apolh Rhod. lib, 2. v. 355.^ When
approved by the prieft, the facrifice was called
TfAsia 0uQ-ia hence Tau^oi ot,iys$ Boi? Tt\Eion.
The Spartans frequently facrificed maimed and de-
fective animals; (Plat, Alcib. 2.) Particular animals
were offered in facrifice by particular perfons. A
fhepherd would offer a fheep, a fifher a fim, a goat-
herd a goat. To the infernal gods they offered black
victims white victims to the good ^-barren to the
barren pregnant to the fruitful males to the
gods females to the goddeffes. Particular animals
were confecrated to particular deities, as, to Hecate,
dog; to Venus, a dove. Ferocious and favage ani-
mals were offered to Mars the fow, to Ceres; which
is reprefented to have been the firft animal eaten by-
men, and facrificed to the gods. Hence in Greek
it is 2uj, fuppofed to be derived, by changing $
into
MATTER OF THEIR SACRIFICES. 151
into or, from 9unt/, to facrifice ; (Athene, lib. 2.
Varo de Re Rufl. I. 2. cap. 4. Porph. lib. 2. de
Abflln.) The goat was frequently facrificed, as an
enemy to Bacchus; (Ovid. Met. lib. 15 .} Among
the animals, the bull, ox, cow, fheep, lamb, and
others, were facrificed among the birds, the cock,
hen, &c. An heifer, which had never worn the
yoke, was an acceptable facrifice; (Iliad, x. v. 292*
Odyff. y, v. i%2.) Eels of an unufual lize were
offered by the Boeotians ; thofe in particular which
were caught in the lake of Copais; (Athene, lib. j.)
In early times it was unlawful to facrifice the labour-
ing ox ; (Var. Hi/I. lib. 5. cap. 14.) The commif-
fion of fuch an offence was punifhed with death ;
(Varro de Re Ruft. lib. 2. Milan, de Anlm. lib. 12.
c. 14.^ fometimes, as in Rome, with banimment ;
(Pirn. lib. 8. cap. 45.^ The labouring ox was after-
wards not only ufed in feafts,but in facrifices; ( Plut.
de Efu. Anim. lib. ^. Lucian. Dial. de. Sacrif.) This
Cuftom became at length fo common, that it was
ufual to apply paflf*, inftead of 0uiv - 9 (Ariftoph.
Plut. att ^.fc. i.) Men were fometimes, though
not often, offered in facrifice. It was accounted fo
barbarous an act by the ancient Greeks, that Lycaon
was feigned by the poets to have been turned intp
a wolf, for offering an inhuman facrifice to Jupiter;
(Paufan. Arc. p. 457 .) In latter times this cuftom
became more common ; (Plutarch in ^hemift. Virg.
Mn. 10. 517. ) It was confidered a high con-
tempt of the gods for a rich man to bring a poor
offering ; from a poor man the humbleft oblations
were acceptable : inftead of an ox, he might offer
bread-corn; (Sitidas in verb, fats.) The com-
1 4 panions
1 5 * GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
panions of UlyfTes in Homer, when they had no
barley, made ufe of oak leaves; and indead of
wine, offered water. By the rich, hecatombs and
chiliombs were offered. The former derives its
name from an hundred oxen, meaning a facrifice
confiding of that number, or, as fome think, of
any confiderable number; (Eujlath. II. a. p. 36.
Hefych.) An hecatomb was offered, fometimesby
erecting an hundred altars -of turf, and killing an
hundred fows, flieep, or other animals; (Jul. Capitol.
in Max. etBalb.) A facrifice fometimes confided of
feven offerings, a fheep, a goat, a low, an ox, a
hen, a goofe, and an ox of meal ; (Suidas in verb.
(3o?.) A 'facrifice in which only three animals
were offered, was called T^TTU? orTgirrva. (Schol.
Arijloph. Pint. 820. Suidas.) This fometimes con-
fided of two meep, and an ox ; (Eujlath. In Odyff.
7i. p. 4.23.) fometimes of a boar, ram, and bull;
fometimes of a fow, he -goat, and ram. Sometimes
a facrifice confided of twelve animals, which was
called Mtxw Gu<na; (Euflath. Ody/. A. p. 423.)
RITES PREPARATO-RY TO SACRIFICES.
No man was admitted to fome of the folemn
facrifices, who had not for fome days purified him-
felf, and abdained from all carnal pleafures ; (TibulL
lib. 2. Eleg. i.)
The prieds and priedeffes took an oath that they
were properly purified ; (Demofth. Orat. in Near.)
Every perfoh who attended the folemn facrifices
was purified by water. At the entrance of the
temples was, on that account, placed a veiTel full
of holy water, called TT^I^XVTVI^OV. The fame
torch
RITES PREPARATORY TO SACRIFICES. 153
torch was fometimes ufed to befprinkle thofe who
entered into the temple ; (Eurip. Hercul. Furent.
v. 228. Ariftoph. pac. p. 696 .) Inftead of torches
they fometimes ufed a branch of laurel or olive ;
(Plin. Nat. Hi/I. lib. 5. cap. 30. Virgil. JEn. 6.
229.) Before any facrifice to the celeftial deities,
their whole bodies were wafhed ; but before that to
the infernal deities, a fprinkling of water was fuf-
ficient. Sometimes the feet were warned as well as
the hands -, whence 'ocvnrrois wgnv, and avtTrrotf
wwiv. It was ordered that no man mould go
beyond the n^^T^io* before he had warned his
hands ; (Porphyr. dc Vift.) To omit this ceremony
was efteemed a great crime j (Timar chides , lib. ds
Coron. Iliad. . v. 206.) Telemachus, (Horn.
Odyffi) is faid to have warned his hands, before he
prayed to the gods. Penelope, (Horn. Odyff.)
warned her cloaths before ihe prayed. The water
thus ufed was required to be clear, and to be
brought from fountains and rivers; (Virgil jEnei.
lib. 6.635. ^' 2 - 7 1 -) If f ea water could be
obtained, it was preferred, on account of its fait-
nefs i (Schol. in Horn. Iliad, a. 3. 4.) The Argo-
nauts are faid to have found Circe wafhing her head
in the fea ; (ApolL Argonaut, lib. 4. v. 662.) Super-
flitious men puriried themfelvcs in the fe.i. When
the fea water could not be procured, they fome-
times mixed the water with fait, to which they
fometimes added br.imftone, which is thought to
poflefs a purifying quality ; (Theocrit. My ft. 24. v.
94, Juvenal. Sat. 2. v. 157.) The puriried per-
fon was befprinkled three times, a number fuper-
ftitioufly obferved ; (Ovid. Met. lib. 7. cap. 2.)
This
i54 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
This was a cuftom univerfally obferved; (Plutarch.
Qufft. Roman.} There were two ways of purify-
ing ; one by drawing round the perfon a fea-onion
or fquill 3 (Lucian in Esno-x&Tr.) the other was called
9r*KncuAawtKfjtA0f, from uxuAaf, a whelp, which was
drawn about the perfon purified; (Theophr.) Any
perfon, guilty of a notorious crime, was forbidden to
be prefect at the holy rites, till he had been puri-
fied : if he prefumed to attend, he was feized im-
mediately by the furies, and deprived of his reafon;
(Pan/an. Achaic.) Any one returning from victory,
was not permitted to facrifice or pray to the gods
before he was purified ; (Horn. Iliad. . 207.) The
perfons allowed to be prefent at the time of purifi-
cation, were called &<no, a&SuAo*, and
&c. Servants, captives, unmarried
women, baflards, (except in the temple of Her-
cules at Cynofarges) were permitted to be prefent.
The AfiUT^oTroTo/uoi, or Tr^oTToro/Aot, were not allowed
to enter the temple of the Eumenides ; (Hefych. in
verb. AIUT^OTTCT/AO;. Plutarch. Qu<eft. Rom.) name-
ly, thofe who had been thought dead, and, after
the funeral, recovered ; or thofe who, after a long
ablence in foreign countries, where it was fuppofed
they were dead, returned home fafe. Before the
ceremonies commenced, the Kuu, or fometimes
the pried, with a loud voice, commanded all who
were prefent to be gone 5 (Callimacli. Hymf. Apoll.
VirgiL JEmid. 6. 358.) Sometimes the interior
part of the temple was divided by a cord, beyond
which the (SsSuXoi, were not permitted to pafs.
This cord is called S^omci/ ; hence the term ufed
by Demofthenes; ( Or at. in Arijlog. ) ATfior^o^ia-fAivo^
feparated by a cord^
THE
ORNAMENTS USED AT S ACRIFI CE S. 155
THE ORNAMBNTS USED AT THE TIME OF
SACRIFICE.
The priefts were richly attired, their drefs feme-
what refembling royal robes. At Athens, they
ufed the lame coftly garments, invented by -flifchy-
lus, for the tragedians ; (Athen*us y lib. i . cap. 1 8.)
At Sparta, their garments were neither fplendid
nor coftly; and t ney always offered their prayers
and facriftces with naked feet. In every part of
their worfhip, their clothes were to be loofe, and
without ftains. If they had touched a dead body,
or had been (truck by thunder, or otherwife pol-
luted, it was unlawful to officiate in them. The
facerdotai robes muft be pure, ,They who facri-
ficed to -the celeftial gods, were clothed in purple ;
to the infernal gods, in black ; to Ceres, in white.
The crowns upcn their heads were compofed gene-
rally or the leaves of thofe trees which were i acred
to the ^od whom they were worfhipping. In the
facrifices of Apollo, they were crowned with laurel;
(Apoli. RJiod. ,drg, (3. 159.) of Hercules, with
popiar. Crowns and garlands were ufed at their
entertainments, at which they fuppofed the gods
were prefent ; (Athena, lib. 15. cap. 5. p. 674.)
The priefts alfo wore upon their heads a facred
fillet, from which a ribband v/as fufpended; (^Eneid.
*' 538-) They were ufually made of wool ; and
were alfo hung upon the horns of the vi<5b'm, and
laid upon the altar. The crowns were ufed in the
fame manner. Upon fobmn occafions, the horns
of the vidtims were overlaid with gold -, (Iliad, x.)
the oxen defigncd for facnfice were called
J5 6 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
2py<roxf5; (PorpL Plin. Nat. Hift. lib. 23. cap. 3.
Macrob. Sat. lib. i.) The altars were decorated
with herbs, facred to the peculiar gods to whom
they were facrificing.
THE TIME AND MANNER OF OFFERING
SACRIFICES.
To the celeflial gods, facrifices were made in the
morning, about fun-rife ; to the infernal gods, about
fun-fet; (Apollon. Scholiaft. in Argon, lib. i.) and
ibmetimes at midnight. When all things were
prepared, the Aa, cakes of fait and barley, the
knife, and the crowns, were brought in a bafket,
.called KWVV ; the virgins, who carried the baiket,
were called xaMjpo^. The victim was driven loofe
to the altar, if it was a fmall animal ; if a large
one, it was led by the horns; (Homer) fometimes
it was led by a rope; (Juvenal. Sat. 12.) The
cords were alfo loofe, left the animal mould feem
to be facrificed unwillingly; (Virg. ALn. 5. 772.)
At the facrifke of hecatombs, the victims were
preceded by mufic. When the vi&im was brought
to the altar, the pried, turning towards the right
hand, went round it, and fprinkled it with meal
and water ; he alfo fprinkled tllbfe who were prefenr,
taking a torch or a branch of laurel from the altar.
This water was called x f ?" i 4 / The veffels were
purified with water, brimftone, or eggs ; (Ariftopk.
Schol. m Pace.) The crier now called aloud
Who is here ? The people replied ^roAAot
many and good. The prieft then exhorting them
to join him, they prayed, faying Ey^ugfi*, let us
pray; (Arijloph. Edit. Anjielod. p. 662.} Their
prayers
TIME AND MANNER OF OFFERING SACRIFICES. 157
prayers were general,, that the gods would fend
them health and happinefs, and accept their ob-
lations. At their at-mrix*, petitionary facrifice,
they prayed for particular favours ; (Artftoph. ibid.
Athena, lib. 14.) The crier now commanded
filence, Eupun*HT* or 2ya. When the prayer was
ended, the priefl fet before the victim, if a bull,
fome mealj if a goat, fome vetches; and if it re-
fufed to eat, it was pronounced unfound. They
fometimes fprinkled cold water over it, when, if it
did not (brink, it was deemed unwell ; (Pint. lib.
de defeft. Orac.) Drawing a knife from its fore-
head to the tail, if it flruggled, it was rejected,
as an unwilling facrifice ; (Servius. in &n. 12. 173.}
if it was quiet, it was deemed an acceptable facri-
fice. That it might alfo feem to nod its aifent,
(hence the word vrcivivsiv) they, poured water into
its ear, and fometimes barley, which they called
w;UT*f ; (SchoLin AppoL Rhod. Argon, lib. 5. 425.^
Having again prayed, the prieft took a cup of
wine, which he and others tailed, and then poured
what remained between the horns of the victim ;
(Ovid. Met. lib. 8. 593.) Frankincejife was now
(brewed upon the altar, and upon the forehead of
the victim ; it was taken out of the cenfer, called
Cu/xia/Aa-m^oi/, with three fingers ; (Ovid. Faft. lib.
2.J They then poured part of the ax* on the
back of the victim, which was fprinkled with
water. Having again prayed, they placed the
remainder of the A upon the altar. Thefe offer-
ings they called TrgobvptxTx. The priefl or the Ku,
or fome honourable perfon in the company, killed
the animal, by cutting his throat or knocking him
down.
fj g GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
4own. He who killed and prepared the victim,
was not the fame perfon who offered it upon the altar.
If the facrifice was to the celeftial deities, the throat
was turned towards heaven; which Homer calls
urtiv : if to the infernal gods, it was killed with
its throat towards the ground; (Eujlath. in Iliad, a.)
If the blow was not effectual to kill the animal, if
it leaped up again, or did not fall upon the ground,
if it bowed, or did not bleed freely, or was long in
the agony of death, it was deemed ungrateful to
the gods. The K)u then affifted in cutting it,
and in lighting the wood ; while the prieft ex-
amined the entrails. The blood was referved in a
veflel, called 2paydi/, Apmov, or I&ipuatfpa ; (Ly-
copkr.) and offered on the altar. If the facrifice
was made to the gods of the fea, the blood was
poured into fait water. If they were by the fea"
fide, they did not flay the victim over the Spaytio*,
but over the water, into which they fometimes
caft the victim ; (ApolL Arg. 4. 1601.} In the
facrifices to the infernal gods, the victim was either
ilain over a ditch, or the blood poured out of the
2,<pxyekov into it. They then poured wine, with frank-
incenfe, into the fire. The facrifice being then laid
upon the altar, it was burned whole, and called
oAoxavfo* or oAoxauTWjtxa. In later times, one part
was offered to the gods, and the other referved for
themfelves. The parts belonging to the gods were
the M-^ci. They covered thefe with fat, called
xwo-o-ii, that they might confume altogether in a
flame; for except all was burned, they thought,
they did not xaAAi^u/, that their facrifice was not
grateful. Small pieces of fielh, cut from every
part
TIME AND MANNER OF OFFERING SACRIFICES. 159
part of the animal, were caft upon the Mfo, as
the ATra^ai, firft fruits of the whole. This part
of the ceremony was called w^cOm iv -, (Homer Iliad.
x, 459.^ TheMu^oi, thighs, were appropriated to
the gods ; (Euftatk. in Iliad, a.) commending their
actions to divine protection; (Tzetzes in Hef. Op.
et. Dierum. lib. 335. Euftath. in Iliad. &.) To the
gods they fometimes offered the entrails ; (Cafanb.
in fheophraft.) which were alfo fometimes divided
among thofe prcfent ; (Euftath. in Iliad. <x.) who
feafted upon them, and are called 27rXay^v, which
iignifies the liver, the fpleen, and the heart ; Eujlatk.
in Iliad. <*.) In fome places the entrails were
burned upon the altar; (Virg. Mn. 6. 252. Dion.
Halicar. Ant. Rom. p. 478.^
Whilft the facrifice was burning, the prieft, and
he who gave the vi&irn, offered prayers to the god,
with their hands upon the altar. Sometimes mufic
played during the time of facrifice ; (Plutarch. Symp.
lib. 2. Q. i .) In the time of facrificing to the aerial
deities, mufic was always played. Sometimes they
danced round the altar, fmging facred hymns, con-
lifting of three ftanzas. The firft, called Strophe,
was fung in turning from eaft to weft ; the fecond,
called Antiftrophe, in returning from weft to
caft ; they then flood before the altar, and fung
the Epode, the third ftanza. Thefe hymns wefe
called nailer. There were names given to the
hymns to particular gods, as TCVtyfo*, the hymn to
Venus ; flcaav, that of Apollo ; n^ooW**, hymns
to Venus and Apollo : At9u^a/xSo, the hymns to
Bacchus. The flute was chiefly ufed at facrifices.
The AuXrjT, flute-players, attended at facrifices,
and
j6o GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
and partook of them ; (Suidas in verb. AuA*r*./
At Athens, a tenth part was due to the n^ immi? :
At Sparta, the kings had the firft (hare, and the
:fkin of the victim. Part of the offering was taken
home, called Ty*a, for health's fake -, (Athene
lib. 3. Hefych. v* Tysia.) The obfervation uf this
cuftom was commanded by law. The-remaining
parts of the facrlrice were fometimes fent to abfent
friends i (Theocritus, Idyl. 5.
OF THEIR CEREMONIES AFTER THE SACRl- =
FICES.
At the end of the facrifice they made a feaft;
for which tables were fpread in the temples. They
never 'indulged toexcefs, but at this time. Hence
an entertainment is called OOIMJ ; and to be drunk,
was termed /0yv, becaufe they drank to excefs after
facrificing. Hence the gods are faid to feaft with
inen ; (Homer Odyjf. v\. v. 202.) During the feftival,
they continued to ling; (Iliad, a. 473.^ After any
facrifice to Vefta, the remains were eaten up.
Hence the term Eria Ousjv, was applied to thofe who
eat up what ever was fet before them. To her, they
offered the firft and the laft parts of thofe libations
which were paid to the houfehold -gods. Hence
the term ap' Enr, to begin at home ; (Schol. in
Ariftopk. in ILqrfy. p. 491.) The fea'ft was to end
before fun-fet ; (Athena, lib. 4.) After the feaft,
they played at dice, and other forts of fports j
which being ended, they returned to the altar, and'
offered a libation to Jupiter reAi^, the perfect.
The tongue of the animal was now ufually offered
t6 Mercury, with a libation of wine j (Athene, lib. i.
cap.
PRESENTS TO THE GODS. t6t
cap. 14. Apoll. Argon, lib. i. 517.^) as the god of
eloquence ; (Conf. Archaol.) After which they
returned thanks to the deity, and were difmifTed
by the IOif uj, in fome fliort form, as A*OI? aosiris
(Apuhius Met, lib. ult.)
OF THEIR PRESENTS TO THE GOD$.
Various things were prefented to the gods, either
to appeafe their anger, or to obtain or acknowledge
fome favour. They chiefly confided of crowns, gar-
lands, garments, cups of gold, or of whatever might
adorn the temples. Thefe were termed amQvp,otT& t
and fometimes avxxsiuwa; becaufe they were depofit-
ed in fome part of the temples ; (Horat. Carm. lib. i,
Od. 5. Virgil. Mneid. 9. 407.) The occafion of the
dedication was fometimes infcribed upon the prefent,
or upon a tablet hung near it; (Tibull. lib. i. Eleg*
3.} When any perfon forfook his employment,
o/ exchanged his manner of life, it was ufual to
dedicate the implements of it, as a commemoration,
of the divine favour. A fifherman prefented his nets
to the fea-nymphs ; (AntJwL lib. 6. c. 3. Epig. 6.)
Shepherds hung up their pipes to Pan, or fome
other country gods ; (Tibull. lib. 2. Eleg. $.) Lais
dedicated her looking-glafs to Venus j (Anthol. lib.
6. c. 8. Ep. i. Paufan. Phocich^ p. 624.^
The tenth of many things was claimed by the gods.
A golden tripod was prefented to Delphian Apollo
out of the tenth part of the fpoils taken in the Per-
fian war; (Diod. Sic. Bibliotb. Hift. lib. n.) A golden,
buckler was dedicated to Jupiter after the capture
of Tanagra ; (Paufan. Eliac. a.) The tenth of
fpoilswas fometimes dedicated to Mars; (Lucian.
M Dial.
,'62 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
Dial de Saltat.) A golden chariot and horfes
were dedicated to Pallas; (Herodot. lib. 5. cap. 77^
A tenth part of the product of afieldconfecrated to
Diana, was facrificed every year; (Xenoph. de Exped.
Qyr. lib. $.) The Siphnians prefented a tenth part
of their gold mines to- Apollo; (Paufan. Phocicit*
p. 628J
t
OF THEIR PRAYERS, AND IMPRECATIONS*
In all the concerns of life, whether trifling or im-
portant, they afked the advice and concurrence of
the gods; (Plato. Harpocrat. Suidas. Hefych.)
Morning and evening were peculiarly fet apart for
their devotion ; (Plato de Legibus, lib. 10. Horat.
lib. 4. Od. 5. tf.J The Lacedaemonians prayed,,
that the gods would grant them what was good
and proper; (Plato Alcibiad. z.) and that they
might be able to fuller injuries; (Pint* Inftit. Lacon.)
The Athenians prayed for the profperity of them-
felves and the Chians ; (Alex. ab. Alex. Gen. Dier.
lib. $. cap. 27.) At the folemnity called Pana-
thensa, celebrated once in five years, the Kn^yg im-
plored the blefling of the gods upon the Athenians
and Platseans. They, who prayed, held in their
hands green boughs of laurel or olive ; (Statins*
Theb. lib. 12. Eurip.-in Ion. 1436.} and crowns
upon their heads, or garlands upon their necks ;
(Trictin. in Sopfi. jEd. fyr. $.) Thefe boughs are
Called OaAAot, x>,^o<, iHfT>;^io{, <p uAAaJf? /xgrn^ff, and
wiT^ta*. Wool was wrapped about thefe boughs ;.
(Rurip. in Ixfr. 31.^ Thefe were called Sr^aara;
(Iliad . 14. Scho'l. in Soph. sEdip. Tyr. ^.JL
With thefe boughs^ and fometimes with their
PRAYERS, AND IMPRECATIONS. 163
hands, they touched the knees of the ftatue or man
to whom they were praying, as being more flexible
than other parts; (Plin. Nat. Hifl. lib. 10. cap. 45.^
If they had hopes of fuccefs, they touched his right
hand, as being the inftrument of action ; (Euftath.
in Iliad K. p. $j.) They never touched the left
hand, becaufe it was deemed unpropitious. If they
were confident of fuccefs they touched the chin or
cheeks. They touched the head as the principal
member; (Euftath. in Iliad a. p. yj.J or becaufe
they delired a nod of aflent; (Iliad a. v. 524.^
Sometimes they touched the knees with one hand,
and the head or hands with the other; (Iliad a,.)
Sometimes they kifled the hands and knees; (Iliad
. 478. Odyff. g. 2.79.) Sometimes they kifled
their feet. Sometimes they kifled their own hands
and with them touched the ftatue or perfon. Some-
times they placed the forefinger over the thumb,
and then turned on their right hand ; (Plant. Cure,
aft. i.fc. i .) Sometimes they proftrated and kifled
the threfhold of the temple ; (Tibutt. lib. \ . Eleg. $.)
They fometimes offered the hair pulled from their
heads; (Iliad &..) To excite compaflion, they
were often clothed in rags. The poftures varied
according to the fubftance of their prayers, They
generally knelt down ; but fometimes they prayed
when fitting or ftanding. Proftration was almoft
as frequent as kneeling; (Ovid. Atfe lib. i. Lucret,
lib. $.) When they prayed to the gods, they
fometimes turned their faces towards the eaft;
when to demigods or heroes, to^a'fas the weft;
(Schol. in Pind.) At other times, they turned their
faces towards the fun ; in the morning to the eafl,
at noon to the fouth, and in the evening to the weft ;
M 2 (Calius.
164 GRECfAN ANTIQUITIES:
(Callus Rhod. lib. 12. cap. i.) When they were
not in temples or at altars, they offered their prayers
upon the hearth, which was the altar of Vefla and
the houfehold gods ; (Odyjjf. y.v. 153.^ Here they
prayed in filence ; (Apoll. Rhod. Argon, lib. 4.^
The Moloffians fupplicated their houfehold gods by
proftrating before them, with a young child in
their arms; (Pint. In Themijf.) They who fled to
the gods for fuccour, crowned the altars with gar-
lands; (Eurip. in Alceflid.) It was alfo ufual to
take hold of the altars; (Virg. Mn. 4. v. 219.)
In prayers to the gods they lifted tip their hands
towards heaven; (Ariftot. lib. 6. de Mund. -Eurip*
Eel. 1100.) In prayers to the infernal gods, their
hands were pointed downwards ; and fometimes
their feet ftamped the ground; (Eiirip. Heciib. 79.
Cicero. Tufcul. Qu<eft. lib. 2.) When they were
proftrate or kneeled down, they beat the earth with
their hands ; (Iliad '. 564.^ In their prayers to
the deities of the fea, they firetched their hands
towards the fea ; (Iliad a. v. 350. JEneid. 5. 23 3. )
jht the end of their prayers, they lifted up their
right hand to their mouth and kifTed it ; (Gen. Dier.
lib. 4. cap. 1 6. Ulius Gyrald. Syntagm. de Diis
Gentium.) The back part of the hand, TO c:n<r0f*af,
was thus honoured; (Plin. Nat. Hift.lib. n. cap.
45.^ They deemed it more acceptable to the gods
to pray in an unknown and barbarous language ;
(Clem. Alex and. Strom. I p. 339.^ After their
yequeft was obtained, they prefented a gift to the
god, as a teftimony of their gratitude, which was
fometimes regiflered in the temple. Their impre-
cations were terrible, and were thought fometimes
tQ ocQafioa the rvtiu and deftrudtiQA of places and
families.
OATHS. 165
families; (LycopJtr. CaJJhnd.v. 164. SopJioc.Ekftr.
Eurip. Orefles.) They were often pronounced
by parents, priefts, prophets, .and other confider-
able perfons; (Iliad <. 455. and 562.) Perfons
condemned of notorious crimes were curfed by the
priefts 5 (Plutarch.)
OF THEIR OATHS.
Oxos r the god t of oaths, is faid to be the fon of
E^t?, contention; (HeJtod.-Tkeogon.v. 231.^ Chiron
is related to have firft invented oaths ; (Clemens
Alex. Strom, i. p. 306.) They were called o piyoi?,
applying to matters of importance, or o px^o?, to
trivial affairs. The Arcadians fwore by the water
of the fountain of Styx ; (Herodot. Erato.) The
great oath of the gods was by the Stygian lake ;
(Hejtod. $heog.) Jupiter more particularly prefided
over oaths ; (Eurip. Med. v. 170.) But they fre-
quently fwore by other gods. Solon commanded
the Athenians in their public caufes to fwear by
three gods, I^io-to?, KaOa^o-jc?, and E#xr*j>io? ; which
are indeed fuppofed to be three names of Jupiter.
Sometimes they fwore by all the gods ; fometimes
by the twelve great gods. The Spartans, ufually,
by Caflor and Pollux. The oaths of women were
ufually by Juno, Diana and Venus, or * rw OEW, by
Ceres and Proferpine ; (Pkavorin* in Verb. N-n.)
Women fcarcely ever fwore by the gods ; (Ariftoph.)
Men generally fwore by fome particular god, ac-
cording to circumflances and to places : in the
market, by E^au? Ayo^aio? or Mercury ploughmen,
by Ceres the breeder and tamer of hories, by Nep-
tune. The Athenians fwore by Ifis, the Thebans,
M 3 by
166 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
by Ofiris ; (Alex. ab. Alex. lib. $. cap. 10.) When
they fwore indefinitely, the term was, O/xvy^t pen
TWOS, TCOV Ocuv > (Plato's Phtedr. Arijlxn. Ep. Euxith.
ad. Pyth.) They who deemed it unlawful to
fwear upon trivial occafions, faid only, Nat pa, rov ;
(Phavorin. in Verb. Ma. Suidas in Verb. Nat. pot
*o.) Oaths were confidered by fome as altogether
unlawful ; by others, as lawful but upon certain
occafions ; (Ifocr. in Stob. Simplic. in Epiclet.
HierocL in Pythag. Aur. Carm. v. 2.) They
fometimes fwore by the creatures; (Plut. lib. de
placit. Philcs.) as Ni rov xui/a, %w or TrAaravoi/,
by a dog, goofe, or plane-tree : fometimes N*j TW
x&Tnrxgw, by a fhrub, which bears capers: fome-
times by colewort ; (Callus. Antiq. Left. lib. 27.
cap. 28.) the latter particularly by the lonians.
Sometimes they were forbidden the ufe of any
oathj (Suidas in Verb. Nat /*a TO.) Sometimes they
fwore by the ground upon which they flood ;
(Eurip. Hippol. 1025.) Sometimes by rivers, foun-
tains, floods, the fun, the moon, and the flars;
(Alex. ab. Alex. Gen. Dm. lib. 5. cap. 10.} A
fifher fwore by his nets ; a foldier by his fpear 3 the
latter oath was very facred; (Juftin.lib. 13.) as a
ipear was once the object of worfhip, and placed in
the ftatues of the gods; (Euftath. in Iliad OL.)
Sometimes they fwore by the dead, as by r*s tv
Ma^aOoiia; (Demoft.) Sometimes by the living,
as by their S&mj^ta, fafety, or Axyia, misfortunes ;
or by their names, or the members of their body $
(Homer. Hanfen. lib. de.juram. Veterum.) Some-
times they fwore by their children, their parents,
their friends.
OP-
MANNER OP SWEARING,
OF THEIR MANNER OF SWEARING.
Sometimes they lifted up their hands to heaven
while they fwore; (Hanfen. lib. de juram. veter.)
Sometimes they laid their hands upon the altar;
efpecially when they took the^ya OPXOS, the folema
oath; (Plut. Dkg.Laert.de Xenoc. Virgit y Mneid.
12. v. 201.} Sometimes they fwore by the PuGo^, or
the tribunal of Pnyx, a place where the Athenian
aflemblies met ; (Demqflh. adv. Conon. SchoL inAri-
Jloph. Acbarnens.) Sometimes the perfon fwearing
placed his hand upon the hand of him to whom he
fwore; (Eurip. Hel. 834.) In all agreements they
plighted their faith by taking each other by the right
hand. Sometimes they facrificed to the gods, by
whom they fwore, a boar, a ram, or a goat, a bull or
a lamb. Sometimes they cut out the teflicles of the
victim, and fwore while Handing upon them.
Hence the word To/*ja?. A ram or boar they thus
ufed. They cut the hair from the head of the
victim, and diftributed part of it to thofe prefent,
that they might become partners in the oath, and
they then invoked the gods to be witnefles ; (Horn.
Iliad. Sophoc.) They killed the victim by cut-,
ting its throat. Hence the term o^xia rspvtw, to
make a covenant. They then repeated the words,
which the perfons prefent confirmed with mutual
oaths. After which, a libation of mixed wine was
made, to fignify the mutual concord of the perfons.
Praying to the gods, they poured it out, befeech-
ing, that whoever mould violate his oath, might
have his blood, or brains, poured out in the fame
manner 5 (Horn. Iliad, he. clt) A folemn impre-
M 4 cation
j68 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
cation was fometimes added to their oaths, as E pa
it>oxw, TroAAa /xot <x,yx,<x, ytvoiro^ if what I fwear be
true, may I enjoy much happinefs; si cwio^x&y, s%u\w
ajroXoipw, if I forfwear myfelf, may I utterly periflh ;
(Demqfth. Herod, lib. i .Strabojib. 4.) The flefh,
at thefe facrifices, was forbidden to be eaten. If the
facrifice was made at home, it was buried ; (EMftath.
in Iliad y.) if at a diftance, it was. thrown intor the
fea, or otherwife difpofed of. If during.the time of
facrifice any ominous accident happened, the" oath
was deferred ; (Pint, in Fit. Pyrrhi.)
Another manner of fwearing was, by taking hold
of their garments, and pointing a fword towards
their throats, they. invoked the heavens, earth, fun,
and furies, to be witnefies. They then facrifked a
boar-pig, which they caft into the fea; and afterwards
took the oath 5 ( Alex. ab. Alex, lib. $. cap. lo.J
Among the Moloflians, they cut an ox into (mail
pieces, and then fwore. Hence the term,Ba? MOA&T-
TV; (Suidas in Verb- Ba?. Zenodotits in Verb. Bs? )
Another cuftom was, when after taking the oath,
and maledictions being pronounced againft the
breach of it, wedges of red hot iron were thrown into
the fea ; (Plutarch in Fit. Arijlid, Schol. in SopkocL
Antig. 120.)
Another manner was, when the fwearer went into
the temple of Ceres and Proferpine, and being
clothed in the purple veftment of the goddefs 1 , and
holding a lighted torch in his hand, took the
oath by all the gods 5 (Pint, in Fit. Dionis.)
At Palice, a city of Sicily, ' the fwearer, when
he had written the oath on a tablet, threw it
into the water ; in which, if it fwam, the perfon
accufed was deemed honeft j but if it funk, it was
immediately to be caft into the flames which nTued
from
REVERENCE PAID TO OATHS. 16$
from the fountain of Acadinus; (Art/lot, de Mirab.
*Siephan. in IlaAutriJ
To clear themfelyes from the imputation of crimes,
various means were ufed ; as, when a perfon accufed
creeped upon' his hands through the fire; or held a
red hot iron in his hands, called Mu^o; ; (Sophocl.An-
ilgon. 270.^
THE REVERENCE PAID TO OATHS, AND. THE
PUNISHMENTS ATTENDING THE VIOLATION
OF THEM.
one who kept his oaths, fignifies alfo
a pious perfon ; (Hefiod. Ariftoph. in
Pint.} on the contrary, a wicked perfon is termed
sviogKov, perjured ; (Ari/loph. in Nubib.) Common
fwearers were called fyfarrot, , from the name of
the place in which oaths were required of per-
fons before they were admitted to public offices;
(Hefyck,, and Phavorin in Verb.) Falfe fwearers
fornetimes fufFered death ; fometimes the fame
punifhment due to the crime with which they
.charged another; fometimes a pecuniary mulcfc.
But although they might efcape human puniih-
ment, it was thought the divine vengeance would
furely overtake them ; (Herod. Erato.) It was the
peculiar province of Jupiter, named O^wc?, tapunilh
this crime; (Panfan.) Perjured perfons were fup-
pofed to be haunted by the furies, every fifth day
in the month ; (Hefiod, Hpz%o<,i<; 40. Homer Iliad a.)
It was reported of the cavern, facred to Palcemon
at Corinth, that no perjured perfon could enter it,
without becoming an example of divine jufticc.
No man could forfwear himfelf by the waters of
Styx, without undergoing fome remarkable punifh-
ment; (Fid. Diod, Sic. lib. 9. Macrcb. Sat. lib. 5.
fap. 19.^ They could however never avoid the
imputation
GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES'.
imputation of perfidy; infomuch that Gr*ca fides
was a proverbial expreffion applied to the incon-
{iftent and wavering; (Plautus in Afmari. Cicero
pro Place. Euripides. Polyb. lib. 6.) The Thefla-
lians were particularly infamous for this crime,
hence by 0<nraAav vopurpot, is meant deceit and
fraud; and rrraAwi/ c-opio-^a, meant the violation of
their confederacies; (Zenodotus.) The Locrians were
alfo notorious for this crime; hence the opprobrious
proverbs, Acx^ci ra$ rtti^Dxa^ and Aoxfw fl-wfljjjxa ;
(Zenodotus. ) The Lacedemonians were alfo ftig*-
mafcized for their treachery ; and called A*/t*vXoi, fig-
nifyirig fur#i ) (foAm, liars and deceivers; (Lycophr.
Caffand. 1124. Eurip. Androm. 445. Ariftoph.
Alex. fib. Alex. lib. 5. cap. 10.) They feem to have
had great regard for honcfly ; (Plutarch in Then-lift.)
ArTixo? jua^TUf, was underftood to be, an incorrupt
\vitnefs ; and ATTJXJ TrtrK, an honeft faith ; (Pater-
cul. Hill. lib. \) Hence the term Attica Fides ^
(Horat.lib. 3. Od. 16. Silius Ital. lib. 13.) Some-
times there are inftances of little regard being paid
to their integrity ; (Pint, in Vit. Arifdd.)
OF DIVINATION AND ORACLES.
They who were fuppofed to be admitted by the
gods to their counfels, were called MavTf.' There
were two forts of divination; one of which was
called aTfp^vof aod aJ^#xro? , unartificial ; (Plato.
P/t<edr.) as the fybils; the other fort was called
T2i>Mj, artificial ; as foothfayers. To the firft fort
belong oracles, which are called %f 307*0*, xgwiAuhou,
^vG-pudnpzra, iAoe,vTEVfj,o(,TM 9 0f ovr^cTriat, Sfo-^arw, and
the like the interpreters of oracles, ^jj0-/*oAoyoi, and
the like the confulters, QeoTrcoTTQi the places in
syvhich they were delivered, ^urxg , pavrua, and
^& the
ORACLES OF JUPITER. I 7 I
the like. In all their concerns, they confulted
oracles; (Strabo, lib. 16. Herodot. lib. i.) The
manner of delivering oracles varied at different times
and in different places. In fome places they were
revealed by interpreters, as at Delphi, and thefc
were called xgwpoi uTropn-nxoi : in others, the gods
themfelves were fuppofed to anfwer, by dreams or
by lots. Thefe were termed ^no-^oi auropwvoi;
(Paufan. Meffenic. Ariftoph. Equ. 120. Vefp. 161.
Hefych.) *
OF THE ORACLE OF DODONA, AND OF OTHER
ORACLES OF JUPITER.
Jupiter is fuppofed to have been the firfl
caufe of all divination. Hence he is called Ilai/o^-
<pxio<; ; (Homer Iliad 0. 250.) He is called Dodo-
nxus, from a temple confecrated to him by Deuca^
lion at Dodona ; (Euftath. Iliad (3. 254. ; and Iliad
ir. 'p. 10^4.} a city which once belonged to
the Thefprotians, and afterwards belonged to the
Moloffians; (Euftath. Odyff. . p. S^.Strabo,
Geogr. lib. 10.) It was built by Deucalion, and
became the refort of all thofe who efcaped the
tmiverfal deluge, which overfpread great part of
Greece. It was the firfl temple -of Greece ; but
the oracle feems to have been more ancient ; (Herod,
lib. i.} The fable fays, that two black pigeons,
taking their flight from Thebes in Egypt, one of
them came to Lybia, where me commanded that
an oracle mould be erected to Hammon ; the other
to Dodona, where flie fat upon an oak, and directed,
with a human voice, that there mould be, in that
place, an oracle of Jupiter. Hence the term IlAf iai ,
doves or prophetefles; as thofe who ufed crows,
called x0g*x*/i**mij ; (Euftath. in Ody/.%. p.
544-
17? GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
544. ^45. Ed. Bas. Schol. in Soph. Tracliin. 176;
Servins- in Virg. Eel. 9. 83. Lycophr. Caff. v. %$*])
Others relate, that this oracle was founded by the
Pelafgians; (Horn. Iliad IT. 235. Hefiod, Strabo.
Geogr.lib. "]) They who firft delivered the oracles
were men, (Stralo> Geogr. lib. 7. Euftdtk.OdyJT.%.
-p. $44..) and called' IVo^-raj and 2fAA?. The
latter are fo called from Sellse, a town in Epirus,
or from the river Selleis; (Eujlath. in Itiad o. 531.)
They were alfo called EAAot; (Schol. in Homer. Iliad.
IT. 234.) and ftyled wrrroirofa. They were alfo fly led
Xap&isvmi, becaufe they Hept upon the ground in
ikins; and avurTOTroks, becaufe, as they never went
out of the temple, they had no occafion to wafh
their feet; (Eurip. Erecht. 123.) Thefe diviners,
when they were confulted, mounted an oak, from the
top of which they gave their anfwers ; (Strabo 7. p.
227.) Thence came the fable of the prophetic oak.
In later times, the oracles were pronounced by three
old women; which change was made, becaufe Jupiter
admittedDione to his embraces, and to receive divine
honours in this temple; (Strabo^ ibid.) TheBxotians
alone received their anfwers from men; (Strab&y
Geogr. lib. 9.) The prophets of this temple were cal-
led To^Hoi,thepropheteffes,Tc>/x*0i, fromTomurus,
a mountain in Thefprotia, at the foot of which the
temple flood. The term was afterwards applied to
any prophet 5 (Hefych. in Verb. Lycophr. Caff.
2,23.) Some .have fuppcfed that all oracles were
here delivered by women 5 and that the Selli, were
inhabitants of the neighbouring country, and pub-
lifhed the oracles received from the propheteffes to
other men. Hence they are called TVapjjTaj, in-
/lead of IIcopTaj.
Near
ORACLES OP JITPITER. 173
Near the temple was a facred grove, full of oaks,
in which the Fauni, Dryades and Satyri, were ac-
cuftomed to dwell. The acorns of this wood were
highly efteemed, before the ufe of corn ; (Virg. Georg.
1.7.5 and Georg. i . 1 49 .) From thele oaks proceeded
a human voice, and the fpirit of prophecy; hence
they were called n^oo-yiyo^ot, and Mai/r^ai ^y?, fpeak-
ing and prophefying oaks. Argo,the Argonautic fhip,
was built with the trees of this wood, and was endued
with the fame fpirit of prophecy. Hence it is called
A*Au0o xio-o-ay, a chattering magpie ; (Lycophr. Caff.
1319.^ The prophets, when they gave anfwers, were
placed in one of thefe trees, and thus the oak was
thought to utter the oracle. Some have faid, that
the oracles were delivered from the branches of the
tree,becaufe the prophetical pigeon fatupon it; (He-
rodot. in loc. Schol. in Soph. Trachin. 1 74.^) Others
have laid, that oracles were pronounced from the
hollow (lock; (Hefad. Eoa.) Some affirm, that bra-
zen kettles were ufed in delivering oracles from this
place ; and that they were fo artificially placed about
the temple, that by flriking one, the found was
communicated to the reft; (Dem. inSmdas.) Others
fay, that there were two pillars, on one of which was
a kettle, and on the other a boy holding a whip
in his hand, with ladies of brafs, which, carried by
the wind, ftruck againft the kettle, and caufecl a
continued found. Hence the term, Aw<fo)i/a;o</ %#*,-
x^iov fTrt TWV /xix^oAoyavTw^ as applied to talkative
perfons. Hence alfo, Kff xu^aiw* /*ar* ; which was
taken from this whip, which, as well as the kettle and
boy, were dedicated to the Corey reans ; ( Epit.
Strab. lib. *].} This oracle is (aid to have- ceafed
about the time of Aguftus'Czefar; (-Strab.lib. j.)
There was an oracle of Olympian Jupiter at Ells;
(Str&b.
, 74 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
(Strab. lib. 8.) The temple long preferred its
ancient magnificence, although the oracle foon
ceafed. There was an altar at Pifa, dedicated to
Jupiter, where anfwers were given by the pofterity
of Janus j (Pindar Olymp. Od. 6.) In Crete,
there was an ancient oracle of Jupiter, from which
Minos is faid to have received the laws, which were
enacted by him ; (Slrabo. Homer.) This oracle
was delivered in a cave underground ; (Diogen.
Laert.) There was in the fame ifland a temple,
dedicated to Jupiter; (Plato de Leg. lib. i.) Jt
flood upon Mount Ida ; and was fometimes called
X<noi/, from aX<ra*, to defend, becaufe the fons
of Titan, when vanquifhed by Saturn, fled hither,
and efcaped his fury ; (Etymolog. An ft.)
OF THE ORACLES OF APOLLO.
Apollo was reputed to have the greater! fkill in
predicting; and therefore prefided over all prophets
and diviners, in fubordination to and participation
with Jupiter; (JLfchyl. Sacerdot. MJchyL Rumen.)
Some fay, that Apollo received the art of divina-
tion from Pan ; (Apoll. RJiod. Argon, lib. 3.) others
from Themis; (Orph. Hymn, in 'Them. 6.) others,
fromGlaucus; (Athena, lib. 7.) From his know-
ledge of future events, he is called K*<to0ff, gainful ;
(Lycophr. Caff'. 208.) The oracles of Apollo were
the moft numerous, and of the greateft repute.
Amongft them, the Delphian claimed the firft
place, for its antiquity, its truth, and the perfpicuity
of its anfwers, the magnificence of its ftructures, the
variety and value of its ava^ara, prefents, and for
the multitudes which reforted thither. The place
where the oracles were delivered was called Pythium ;
the
ORACLES OF APOLLO. 175
the prieftefs, Py thia ; the fports in honour of Apollo,
Pythian; and Apollo himfelf, Pythius from Py-
thon, a ferpent ; or KTTO T iru0i>, to putrify 5 becaufe
the carcafe of Py tho putrified there ; (Horn. Hymn,
in ApolL v. 372.) or KTTO T* 7ru0o-0at, to confultj
(Strabo, Geogr. lib. 9.) or from Pythis, the fon of
Delphis, the fon of Apollo. The city of Delphi
was fuppofed to be in the centre of the world ;
(Strabo. Geogr. lib. 9.) The poets fay, that Jupiter,
to know the centre of the earth, fent forth two
eagles, or crows, (Pindar') or fwans, one from the
eaft, the other from the weft, and that they met
here. It was certainly in the middle of Greece ;
(Strabo.) and hence called O^paAo?, a navel ; and
hence this oracle is called Murop$a&ov /uamtov;
(Sophocl.) In allufion to this name, there was in
the temple the figure of a navel, made out of white
Hone, with a riband hanging from it, upon which
were placed two eagles; (Strabo and Paufan.) Others
fay that this name is derived from the anfwers de-
livered there, called O/Apa*; (LaRant. Varro.) The
origin of this oracle is varioufly related. Some
fay, it firft belonged to the Earth, by whom Daphne
was conftituted prieftefs; (Diod. Si cut. lib. 16. cap.
1 6. Paufan. Phoc.) Others, that it was facred.
to Earth and Neptune; and that Earth gave an-
fwers, but that Neptune had an interpreter, named
Pyrco; and that afterwards Neptune gave up his
fhare to Earth ; (Diod. SicuL) This goddefs was
fucceeded by Themis ; (Ovid. Met.) Some fay,
that Themis poffeffed this oracle at the begin-
ning; hence the fame name given to. Themis and
the Earth, TTO AX wy ovofArwv /uofpt) jwia ; ( JHfthyt. Pro-
weth .208.) Hence Themis is called, 0tw irpvtvFonn,
the
GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES?
the oldeft of the gods ; (Arifl. Oral, dc Concord, ad
Rhod.) It is again faid, that it was firft pofleffcd
by the Earth, then by Themis, who refigned it to
her fitter Phoebe, by whom it was given to Apollo ;
(JEfchyl. Eumenid. initio.) Others fay, that Apollo
having feized this oracle by force, Earth endeavoured
to precipitate him into the infernal regions ; (Pin-
j aTt Schol. insEfchyl.) Others, that Apollo having
expelled Themis, was himfelf expelled by the Earth,
, but by the affiftance of Jupiter, recovered the
oracle; (Eurip. Iphig. 1259.) When it was pof-
fefled by the Earth, (he returned anfwers by dreams ;
(Eurip. Iphig.) and when Apollo was deprived of
the oracle, he prayed Jupiter to expel the Earth;
(Eurip. Iphig. 1271.) Others fay, that it belonged
to Saturn; (C<elius. Rhodig. Left. Antiq. lib. 16.
Lycophr. CaJJand. 202.) Apollo, when he obtained
it, did not long enjoy it alone. In the war againft
the fons of Triton, Bacchus, being much wounded,
was afterwards reflored to his brother Apollo, who
admitted him into his temple, and ordered divine
honours to be paid him there; (Lycoph. Caff. 209.)
Hence, Delphi, was called A&Apoi, brethren.
It is faid, that this oracle was difcovered by goats;
(Diod. Sic. Eibli. Hift. lib. \ 6.) On Parnaffus, where
goats ufually fed, there was a deep cavern, with a
{mail mouth, which when they approached, they
were feized with agony and frenzy: the goat-herd ob-
ferving this, went to view the cavern, and was himfelf
feized with firnilar attacks of frenzy x in which he
uttered ftrange and foreboding expreffions. Hence
the curiofky of multitudes was excited, and as
many as approached the cavern, were {truck in the
fame manner. It was then forbidden any one to
approach
ORACLES OF APOLLO. 177
approach it ; and a tripod was placed at its mouth,
upon which a virgin was ordered to fit, and there
deliver the anfwers of the god. Some fay, the tripod
was filled with dud, through which the afflatus
paired into the virgin's belly, and thence proceeded
through the mouth. It was a large pot, filled with
4"jpo<, pebbles, by the motion of which the prophetefs
formed her opinions, (Schol. in Ariftoph. Lyjiftr.)
Others fay, it was a large vefTel, with three feet,
into which the prophetefs plunged, when (lie ex-
pected to be infpired. Others fay, it was not a
veffel., but a feat, on which the prophetefs fat ;
(C*lius..Le3. Ant. lib. 8. cap. i$.) The tripod or
its cover, was called oA^o?, a mortar or round ftone;
(Hefych. in Verb. Schol. ad. Ariftoph. Plut. 9.)
Hence Apollo is called Ei/oX/xoj, and the prophetefs,
is j (Sophocl.) Hence alfo the proverb Ev oxp<*
, applied to thofe who fpoke prophetically.
Others derive it from a diviner, named Holmus,
Others, from the cuftom of fleeping in the oA^o?,
when they withed to be infpired ; (Arift. in Zenod.)
The tripod was facred to Apollo, in allufion to
the number three, or to the three celeftial circles,
two of which the fun touches, and in his annual
circuit pafles over the third j (Phurnutus, de Natur*
Deor.) The three legs o the tripod are faid
to iignify the knowledge of the god, as dif-
tinguimed by the pad, prefent, and future ; (Schol.
in Ariftoph. Plut.) The firft tripod was placed
thereby the neighbouring inhabitants ; the next
by Pelops, at his marriage with Hippodamia, daugh-
ter of ^Enomaus, king of the Eleans; it was wrought
by Vulcan, and made of brafs. Another was of gold,
prefented by the fifhermen of Miletus ; (Sihol.in
Ariftoph. initio Plut.) The Latins call the tripod
H cortina,
i 7 S GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
cortitia, becaufe, they fay, it was made of the fki/i
of Python. Others fay, it fignified the tent, within
which the facred tripod was kept. The woman
who delivered the oracles was called Pythia, Py-
thonifla, and Phsebas. Phasmonoe was the mod
remarkable of them, as well from being the firft, as
from Her delivering the oracles in verfe ; (Paujan.
Photic.) Some fay, that prophets delivered this ora-
cle ; (Milan, de Animal, lib. 10. cap. 2.6. Hero dot.
lib. 8. cap. 37.) Apollo is faid to have chofen the
men of Crete to publifh his oracles ; (Homer. Hymn,
in Apoll. 393.) which may allude to the vn-oqwrca,
before mentioned. Thefe women were at firft vir-
gins ; till one of them was deflowered by Eche-
chrates, a ThefFalian ; afterwards, they chofe women-
of above fifty years of age, who wore the habit of
virgins; (Diod. Sicul. lib. 16.) They were to ob-
ferve the flricteft rules of temperance and chaflity ;
being forbidden the ufe of all coftly apparel i. nor
were they allowed to anoint themfelves, or to wear
purple garments ; (Plutarch, lib. de Oracid.) Before
the Pythia afcended the tripod, (he wafhed her hair
and her body in the fountain of Caflalis, at the foot
of ParnafTus. When me firft fat down upon the
tripod, me fliook the laurel tree that grew near it,
and fometimes eat the leaves. Both herfelf and
the tripod were crowned with garlands of laurel ;
(Schol. in Ariftoph. Pint.) The laurel was hence
called pwrwov PUTOJ/, the proplietic plant. She then
received the divine afflatus into her belly ; hence
fhe is called fyfar^i/AuOof or fegvopowrig. She then
iwelled, and foamed at the mouth, tore her hair,
mangled her flefh, and appeared like one frantic ;
(Plutarch, dt Defetf. Qracul.) Some fay y that a
3 dragon
ORACLES OF APOLLO. 179
clragon fometimes appeared under the tripod, which
returned anfwers ; and that the Pythia was once
killed by it ; (Eufeb.) This oracle was confulted
only during one mouth of the year, which was
.called fSuc-tcj, (Plutarch. )udft< Gr*ec. 9.) or puo-io?,
from puais to fpring up; or TTUC-JO?, from Jta rw 7rv<riv 9
becaufe in that month, they were allowed to inquire
of the oracle. The fcventh day of the month, they
called Apollo's birth-day, by -the name of 7roAup0oo?,
becaufe he gave many anfwers on that day ; (Plu-
tarch.) Afterwards, oracles were confulted only once
every month. Large prefents were always brought
by thofe who confulted the oracle. Hence Apollo
was called APJT. They were required alfo to
propofe their queftions in. as few words as poflible-;
(Phtloftr. lib. 6. cap. 5.) Sacrifices were offered to
Apollo, in which the prophetefs refufed to anfvver,
unlefs the omens were propitious. Five prieils,
named OG-IOJ, holy, officia ed at thefe facrifices ; (Pint.
Gr#c. Qnxft. 9.) and affifled the prophets. One,
who prelided over thefe, was called OO-IWTJ^, purifier.
Another prieft, who aififted the prophetefs in ma-
naging the oracle, was .called, as well as Apollo,
ApuT. The anfwer was always returned in Greek;
(Cicero de Divinat. lib. 2.) and at fir ft, for the moil
part, in hexameter verfe. The ancient Greeks
delivered thdr laws in verfe ; hence vo/*o?, a law,
ibmetimes fignifies a verfe ; (Art/lot.) The verfes
of the Pythia were, generally, rude and unpolifhed ;
(Plutarch, de Pyth. Orac.) as (he herfelf was felected
from amongft'the ioweft clafsj (Eurip. in Ion. 92.)
of little education or capacity -, (Pint, de Pyth.
Orac.) The cuftom of replying in verfe was after-
wards difufed ; (Pint, de PytlCOrac.) The Del-
N 2 phian
1*0 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
phian oracles were fometimes perfpicuous; infomuch
' that if an obfcure anfwer had been received at
Dodona, reference was made to Apollo, to explain
it. They were however generally fo obfcure and un-
intelligible, that Apollo was called Aogia?, becaufe
his anfwers were ambiguous ; and it was deemed a
profanation of religion to communicate them to
the ignorant in plain terms; (Clem. Alex. 5.)
The veracity of this oracle was fo famous, that
rot x retire &?, the anfwers given from the tripod,
were proverbially ufed for infallible truths. In
later times its reputation was much leffened. At
what time this oracle ceafed, is uncertain. In the
time of Auguflus Caefar it had loft its reputation;
(Cicero. >Strabo. lib. q. Juvenal. Sat. 6. 554.
Minut. Pel. Off. p. 242. Luc an, lib. 5.) Its cha-
racter was however frequently attempted to be re-
newed y (Lucian Alex. Pfeudom. Theodoret.) as it
was confulted by Julian the apoftate. When Apollo
forfook Delphi, it is faid that he betook himfelf to
the Hyperborean Scythians ; (Claudian. Suidas in
Verb. AZugie. Diodor. SicnL)
There was an oracle of Apollo at Cirrha, a fea^port
belonging to Delphi, and from it about fixty ftadia;
(Statins Theb. lib. 7. 41 1.) At this place, only prof-
perous oracles were pronounced. Here there was a
cavern, as at Delphi; (Statins ^heb. lib. 3. 474.^
Some fpeak of it as the fame as the oracle at Delphi ;
(Sencc. Hercul. CEt. 92.) and that it was attended
by the fame prophetefs : (Senec. OEdip. 169.)
There was an oracle of Apollo at Delos, an ifland
of the Cyclades, in the JEgean fea. It was famdus for
having been the birth-place of Apollo and Diana;
and was hence confidered facred. In this place an
image
ORACLES OF APOLLO. , iSi
image of Apollo was ereded, in the fliape of a dra-
gon ; and here he gave anfwers, fome fay, more cer-
tain and clear than at Delphi; (Alex, fib Alex.) Apol-
lo only refided here in the fummer ; in the winter he
retired toPatara, in Lycia; (Servius inVirg.JE.neid.
4. 143.^) One of its altars was efteemed among
the feven wonders of the world. It was erected by
Apollo when four years of age, and competed of
the horns of goats, killed by Diana, upon Mount
Cynthus ; which were compacted together without
any viiible cement ; (Epiji. Cyd. ad Ac. Plutarch.
de Solert. Anim. Callimach. Hymn, in Apoll. <u. 58.
Politian. bfifcell. cap. $2.) It was unlawful to
profane this altar with blood. No dogs were per-
mitted to enter into this iiland ; (Thucyd, lib. 4.}
All pregnant women, and perfons fick of any dan-
gerous diieafe, were ordered to depart to the iile
of Rhena. And when the Athenians were com*
rnanded to purify the ifland, they dug the dead
bodies out of their graves, and conveyed them to
one of the adjacent iilands to be buried. They
made an annual proceflion in this place, Thefeus,
when fent into Crete, to be devoured by the Mino-
taur, made a vow to Apollo, that if he would grant
them a fafe return, they would make a folemn
voyage to his temple at Delos every year. This
was called Aw^a*; thofe employed in it, f&^t,
and ArjAtarat, from the name of the iiland j their
chief was called, A^i^tu^s ; and ihe fnip in which
they went, fw^j or AJJA.^; being the lame fhip ia
which Thefeus and his companions failed to Crete;
(Plutarch. Callim. Hymn, in Bel.) The com-
mencement of the voyage was computed from the
time that the pried crowned the (lei-n with garlands;
N 3 (Plata
l%2 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
(Plato in Phtfdon.) From which time they began
to purify the city. It was unlawful to execute a
malefactor till its return; for which reafon Socrates
was reprieved for thirty days after his condemna-
tion ; (Plato in Phad* Xenophon. Memorab. lib. 4.)
The 0Wfoi wore garlands of laurel upon their heads,
and were attended by two of the family of the
Kufuxs?, who were appointed to be n^a<nT<n at
Delos for that year. Men preceded them with
axes in their hands, as if they defigned to clear the
ways of robbers ; (j&fchyl. Eumen. inilio.) When
they went thither, they were faid a.voxivtiV) to 1
afcend ; when they returned, xaraSau/fu/, to defcend.
Having arrived, they offered lacrifice, and cele-
brated a feftival; they then failed homeward. At
their return, the people ran to meet them, opened
their doors, and paid their homage to them j (Eurip.
Hippolyt.)
There was another oracle, called Apollo Didy-
mseus ; fo panned from the double light which he
imparted to men ; one light from his own body,
the other, by reflection from the moon. It was
alfo called Didyma, and belonged to the Milefians;
hence Apollo is called Milefius. It was alfo called
the oracle of the Branchidas ; and Apollo was hence
called Branch ides, from Branchus, who was the
reputed fon of Macareus, but begotten by Apollo;
(Varro.) Some derive the name from Branchus,
a youth of Theifaly, beloved by Apollo, who received
him into his own temple, and commanded that
divine honours fhould be paid to him after death.
It is again faid to have been facred to Jupiter and
Apollo ; (Stephanas in Verb, A JujwajJ It was an
ancient oracle, much frequented by the lonians and
^Eolians 3 (Hcrodoliis.) and was accounted the beft
of
ORACLES OFAPOLLO. rt$
of the oracles, that at Delphi excepted. This tem-
ple was burned in the Perfian war, being delivered
up by the Branchida? or priefts ; (Strabo, lib. 14.'
Suidas in Verb. B^-y^Jai.) When peace was re-
itored, it was rebuilt by the Milefians with great
magnificence; (Strabo, lib. 14.^
There was another oracle of Apollo at Abie, a city
of Phocis; (Herodot. lib. i. cap. 46.^ more ancient
than that at Delphi; (Stephan. in Verb. A5ai. He-
JycJi .Sopkocl. (Edip. Tyr. v. 908.) The temple of
this oracle was burnt by Xerxes ; (Paufan. PJiocic.)
There was another oracle facred to Apollo at Cla-
ros, in Ionia. It was firft inflituted by Manto, the
daughter of Tirefias, who fled thither in the fecond
Theban war. The perfon, chofen to return anfwers,
was of Miletus, (C*lins. lib. 27. cap. $.) He return-
ed the oracles in verfes, adapted to the wifti of the
inquirers, by virtue of a well, feigned to have fprung
from the tears of Manto, when bewailing the defla-
tion of her country. When any one came to con r
fult him, he defcended the well; and by the practice
of this unwholefome ceremony, he fhortened his life;
(Plin. Nat. Hift. lib. 2. cap. 103.) By this oracle,
the death of Germanicus was foretold; (Tacitus
Annal. lib. 2. cap. 54.,)
There was an oracle of Apollo at LariiTa, a fort of
the Argives. It was called Ana&T>j?, from Dims, a
region belonging to Argos. The anfwers were deli-
vered by a woman, who was forbidden any intercoude
with men. She iiicriiiced a lamb, one night in every
month ; and having tafted the blood of the victim,
was inftantly feized with a divine frenzy ; (Paufan.
Corinth.) There was an oracle of Apollo at Eutrcfis,
a village in Bocotia; (Stephan. in forb. EvT^c-i?.)
N 4 ApoJIo
i$4 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
Apollo delivered oracles at Orope, a city of Eubsea ;
hence he was called Oropseus; (Stsphan.) At
Orobas in Eubsea, there was an oracle of A polio, called
4/r^r*T6 pavTsio*, a mod infallible oracle ; (Strabo,
lib. 10 .) There was an oracle at Corypae in Thef-
faly ; (Nicander Theriac.) Another at Hybla, which
the Carians confuited -, (Athene, lib. 15. cap. 4.)
There was an oracle at Ichnae in Macedonia;
(Hefych. in Verb. I^vativm.) At Tegyrse, a city of
Boeotia, was an oracle of Apollo, frequented only
till the Perfian war ; (Plut. Pelop.) The oracles
given by Apollo at Ptous, a mountain in Boeotia,
where he had a temple, were famous. It ceafed,
when Thebes was demolished by Alexander; (Pan-
Jan. Besot.) Apollo was called Aapt/*io?, from
Daphne, his miftrefs,or the laurel, in to which (lie was
transformed, ' and had an oracle near the Caftaiian
fountain, the waters of which alfo were endued with
prophetic virtue ; (Clem. Proterpt.) He was alfo
called Ifmenius, from Ifmenus, a river and mountain
in Bceotia, in which he had a temple. He was alfo
called Spodius, from STTO^C?, athes; from a ftone in
Bceotia, called 2w^ovrif, upon which he had an
altar, erected out of the afhes of victims offered to
him j (Paufan. Boeot. Suidas. Diodor.Sicul, 16. 26.)
OF OTHER GRECIAN ORACLES,
Trophonius .and Agamedes, fons of Erefmus,
having built the temple of Apollo at Delphi; (Siddas
in Verb. T^PWMO?,) requefted to be rewarded by
him with the befl thing that could happen to man.
He granted their requeft, and that it mould be
effected on the third day afterwards ; and in the
morning of that day they were found dead 5 (Cicera
VARIOUS ORACLES. 185
Tufc. Quceft. lib. i.) There are other accounts of
their death ; (Schol. in Artftoph. in Nub.) one of
which is, that Trophonius built himfelf a manfion
under the ground, at Lebadea, a city of Bceotia,
into which, when he entered, he pretended to be
infpired with a knowledge of future events, and
afterwards perillied in this hole ; (Phavonn.) He
was worshipped by the name of Jupiter Trcphonius;
CStralo, lib. y. Paufan. Exotic.) The place of this
oracle was under the furface of the earth, and there-
fore called X*TO&<X,V ; and the perfons who con-
fulted it, xTaaiwT?. There are various fables
concerning it ; (Paufan. Bceot. Plutarch.)
Divine honours were paid to Amphiaraus, the
fon of Oicleus, who married Eriphyle, the fitter
of Adraftus, king of Argos. He was a fkiifui
foothfayer ; and to avoid deftruction in the Theban
war, he hid himfelf, but was difcovered by his
wife, whom Polynices had corrupted with the pre-
fent of a golden chain. He was then compelled, by
Adraftus, to accompany the army to Thebes, where
be was (wallowed up by the earth, together with his
chariot and horfes, as he had foretold ; (Ovid.) The
place where this happened, betwixt Thebes and Chal-
cis, is called A^a, a chariot ; (Paufan. Attic.) The
Oropians at firft, and afterwards all Greece, paid
him divine honours. A {lately temple, with a
flatue of white marble, was creeled to him in the
place where he was {wallowed up. It was about
twelve ftadia from Oropus. There was alfo a re-
markable altar dedicated to him in the fame place.
The anfwers were delivered in dreams. They who
came to coniult this oracle, were firft to be purified
by offering facrifke to Amphiaraus, and the other
gods, whole names were infcribed on the altar. They
were
iS6 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
were to fail twenty-four hours, and to abftam from
wine three days; (Phykftr. Vit. Apollon. Tyan. lib.
2.) They then offered a ram to him ; and falling
afleep upon a victim's ikin, they expected a revela-
tion by dream. All perfons were admitted to this,
oracle, except the Thebans; (Herodot. lib. 8. cap.
134.) It was held in great efteem ; (Herodot. lib.
I. cap. 46. Vol. Max. lib. 8. cap. 15.) There
was a fountain near the temple, out of which he
afcended into heav.cn ; which was deeded fo facred
as to be a capital Crime to employ the waters of it
to any common life, or to offer facrifice before it.
They who had recovered of difeafe, through the
advice of the oracle, were to caft a lilver or gold
coin into it; (Paitfan. Attic.) At Pharce, in Achaia,
divine honours were paid to Mercurias Ayo^a*oj,
from Ayo^a, the market-place, where a ftatue of
Hone was erected to him, which had a beard. A
low {lone altar was placed before it, upon which
flood brazen bafins, foldered with lead. They
who confulted it, firft offered frankincenfe upon
the altar, and lighted the lamps, pouring oil into
them. They then offered upon the right fide of
the altar a piece of the money of their own country,
which was called ^AX? 9 and propofing their
queflions, they placed their ear clofe to the ftatue ;
and then departed, ftopping their ears with their
hands, till they had paffed through the market-
place. They then received the mil voice that pre-
fente^ itfelf, as a divine oracle-; (Paitfan. A'ckaic.)
There was an oracle of Hercules at Bura, in Achaia;
from which he was called Barachius ; (Paitjan.
Achaic.) The ftatue of Hercules was placed in a
eave -, and predictions were made by throwing dice*
They
VARIOUS ORACLES. 187
They who confulted it, firfl prayed to the god ;
and then threw four dice upon the table. Upon
the dice were peculiar marks, which were inter-
preted in a book, kept for the purpofe. As foon
as they had caft the four dice, which were promif-
cuoufly taken from a heap of them, they went to
the book, and read their deftiny. There was a
temple dedicated to Ceres at Patras, a city On the
fea coaft of Achaia, not far from the grove of Apollo;
in which were three flatties; two to Ceres and
Proferpina, in an erect pofture ; and one to the
Earth, fitting upon a throne. Before the temple
was a fountain, in which oracles were delivered,
which concerned only the events of difeafes. They
who went to confult it, let down a looking-glafs
by a fmall cord into the fountain, that the bottom
of it might touch the furface of the water. They
tiien offered incenfe and prayers to the goddefs $
and looking upon the glafs, from the figures- repre-
fented in it, they made conjectures concerning the
patient; (Panfan. Achaic .) At Tra^zan, a city of
Peloponnefus, there was an altar dedicated to the'
Mufes, by Ardalus, fon of Vulcan, who firfl in-
Vented the flute. Hence the Mufes were called
Ardalides. They who confulted it, were obliged
to abflain a certain time froni wine. They then
reclined near the altar, and fell afleep ; when, by
the fecret infpiration of the Mufes, proper remedies
for their diforders were revealed to them 5 (Paufan.
Achaic.) There was a temple of ^Efculapius, at
Epidaurus, a city of Peloponnefus, celebrated for
the cure of difeafes ; the remedies of which were
revealed in dreams ; (Paufan. Achaic. P/in. Nat.
H\ft. lib. 15. Ovid Met. lib. 15.) There was a
temple,
i8X GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
temple, facred to Bacchus, at Ampbiclea; con-
fulted for the cure of difeafes, which was revealed
in dreams - y and for foretelling future events, which
were interpreted by priefts -, (Paufan. Photic.) Juno
had an oracle in the territories of Corinth, between
Lechseum and Pagas ; (Strabo, Geog.) There was,
in Laconia, a pool facred to Juno ; and prediction*
were made by calling cakes made of bread-corn
into it. If they funk, the anfwer was favourable.
The head of Orpheus at Lefbos gave anfwers. This
oracle was confulted by Cyrus -, (Callus. Antiq. lib.
35. cap. 9.) Perfons initiated into the myfteries of
Orpheus, were called O^fOTfAcrat, who affured thofe
admitted into their fociety, of certain happinefs
after death. An oath of fecrecy was required at
their admiiTion. There was an oracle of the Earth
in the country of Elis j (Paufan. Ella, a.) There
was an oracle of Pan, confulted by the people of
Pi fa; (Statins Web aid. 3. v. 47 6. ) There was an
oracle at My cense ; (Seneca, Thy eft. 677.) There
was an oracle of the night ; (Paufan. Attic.) There
was an oracle and temple of Ino, in Laconia, which
delivered anfwers by dreams ; (Paufan. Laconic. )~
There was an oracle at Thalamiae, a city in Laconia,
facred to Pafiphae ; (Plut. Agid.) and fome fay a
to CafTandra ; and others, to Daphne. On the
top of Cithceron, a mountain in Bceotia, there was
a cave, called Sphragidium, where people were in*
fpired by the nymphs, called Sphragit ides; and hence
named Nv^oX^rro^ infpired by the nymphs; (Pan-
fan.Eocotic.) There was an oracle facred to U lyrics,
among the Eurytanes, a people of ^Etolia ; (Arifiot.
Pollt. Lycophr. 799.) There were other oracles,
facred to Tirefias, to ^Egeus 3 and to many others.
QF
t II E O M A N C V. 189
OF THEOMANCY.
, was a fpecies of divination different
from all others ; the word is derived from 0so? and
; (Fid. Schol. in Soph. CEdip. TyrJ The
were allowed to offer facrifices, and per-
form other prophetic rites, at any time, and in any
place. It had many cuftoms in common with
other oracles. They who pretended to divine in-
fpiration were feized, like the Pythia, and the
Sibyls, (Virg. SEn. 6. 47.) with frenzy. Hence
Mam? is faid to be derived owo TH poMtttidti, from
being mad. It refembled the Pythia in many in-
fiances ; in crowning the head with laurel ; which
is hence called /xavnxoj/ <PUTOJ>, the prophetic plant ;
(Claudian. Eurip. Androm.) and in carrying a ftaff
of laurel in the }&M,(MfchyJ.Agamcto. 1 273.) called
from hence sOuj/Tn^ioi/ ; (Hefychius) and in chewing
the leaves of it in the mouth, (Lycophr. Caff] 6.
tibullus.)
It was ufual for diviners to feed upon parts
of the prophetic beafts, as upon the hearts of
crows and vultures, fuppofing that they were par-
takers of the fouls of thofe animals, and received
the influence of the god, who accompanied the
fouls; (Porph. dc Abftin. Anlm. lib. 2.) All diviners
were maintained at Athens at the public charge, and
were allowed their diet in the Tlgvravsiov, common
hall ; (SchoL in Arijloph.)
There were three forts of QEopxvrtig. One was
poffefTed with prophefying demons, which dictated
the anfwers, and fpoke out of the breafl or belly of
the pofTeffed perfons, while they themfelves remained
utterly fpeechlefs. Thefe were called Aa^oi/oAnTrroi,
poffetfed
190 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES*
poifefTed with demons. On account of the fpirit
lodging and fpeaking within their bodies, they are
alib called Eyyarfif*y9o*,( which the demons were alfo
named) Eyycur^powTus, ^rs^ofji^rei^ Eyy&rgiTxt, alfo
Ei^yxXsif, and EvuxAf<Tai, from Eurycles, who firft
praclited this art at Athens; (Schol. in Ariftoph.
t\>/pjs.) They were alfo called nduvss and nuS&wxoj,
from ITuOwi/, a prophefying demon ; (Hefychius. Sui-
Jas.) derived, rnofl probably, from Apollo Pythius,
the prefider over all forts of divination. Thefecond
fort of fo^ami? was called Ev02(nara, EvOfarixot, and
07j-vc'jr**, fuch as pretended to enthufiafoi. They
were infpired by the deity, and inftru&ed by him
in the knowledge of future events. Of this kind,
were Orpheus, Amphion, Mufeus, and feveral of
the Sibyls. The third fort was the Exranxoi, they
who were call into ecflalies, in which they were
deprived of fenfe and motion, for feme time ; when
they recovered themfeives, they related ftrange ac-
counts of what they had feen and heard; (PlaioPolit.
lib. 10. Plutarch.) It was commonly believed,
that the fouls of dying men could forefee future
events; (Horn. Iliad %. 355. Firg* JEndd. 10.
739* Cicero de Divin. lib. 2.)
*r
OF DIVINATION BY DREAMS.
There were three forts of dreams by which
predictions were made. The firfl was X^aaricr/xo?,
when the gods, or fpirits, converfed with men ia
their ileep; (Homer Iliad j3. Paufan. Bceoiic.)
The fecond was >/*, in which, whatever was to
happen, was to be reprefented in its own fhape. It.
was alfo called e^r^TJxoj; (Valer.MaxJib. i.caf.
DIVINATION BY DREAMS. 191
. Herodot. lib. i.cap. 34.) The third was called
which future events were revealed by types
figures. Hence it was called AAA^yof xo?, an
allegory, a figure, by which one thing is exprefled,
and another fignified ; (Heracl. de Alkg. Homer.)
They who interpreted this fpecies of dreams were
called, OvioxiT#i ; Oi^arwv uTrox^tTat, from judg-
ing of dreams Oi^go<ncoiroi, examiners of dreams
underilanders of dreams.
Jupiter was the author of dreams ; (Homer Iliad
The Earth was fuppofed to be the caufe of
^(Euripid.Hccub. Eujlath. mHom.OdyJJ'.r.)
They were fometimes afcribed to the infernal manes;
(Virg. Mn. b.Sophocl. E/effr. 480.) Sometimes
they were afcribed to Hecate, and to the Moon,
goddefies of the night. The god of ileep was the
chief caufe, whofe habitation was among the Cim-
merii, in a dark den in the way to hell; (Ovid.
Met. lib. ii. Fab. 10.) Another place is affigned
to falfe dreams; (Virg. J&m. 6. 283.) He had
three attendants : Morpheus, who counterfeited
the forms of men Phobetor or Icelos, who imi-
tated the likenefs of brutes and Phantafus, who
imitated the likenefs of inanimate creatures ; (Ovid.
Met. lib. n.) He is fuppofed to rove through
the air, and to difperfe his dreams among men ;
(Mneid. 5. 838.) To another deity, called Brizo,
from B^i^fiv, to ileep, the care of dreams was com-
mitted. She was worshipped in the ifland of De-
los ; and boats, laden with goods, of all kinds,
except fifn, were offered to her ; (C<dius Antiq.
Left. lib. 27. cap. 10.) She is alfo called B^^o-
[Aumsi (Htjychhis. Athena, lib. 8.) Her votaries
ufed to pray to her for the public fecurity, and for
the
15 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
the prote&ion of their fhips. It was believed that
hawks or vultures, i^axc?, when dead, prophefied
and fent dreams; (TFJian. de Anim. lib. 11. cap.
39.) Dreams were iuppofed to pafs through gates
ot horn ; (Homer Odyff. r. 562. Virg. &neid.6.
893.^ It was hence ufual to reprefent any dream
in a white garment, wrapt over a black one, with a
horn in the hand ; (Philojl.) True dreams were
expedted at the time of NUXTO? a/xoAyo?; (Horn.
Odyff. 4..) from a and /xcAsco, to walk, or pcy, to
labour; or from a/^Ayw, to milk, (ignifying the
early part of the morning; (Homer Iliad ^ 26.)
At that time they were mod regarded 3 (Horat. lib.
i. Sat. 10. 31. Ovid. Theocrit.) They who
defired a prophetic dream, were careful of their
diet, to eat nothing difficult of digeflion, as, in
particular, raw fruit and beans. Some faded one
day before, and abftained from wine for three. The
eating of fifh was fuppofed to obflrucl: true dreams;
(Athene, lib. 8.) and the head of the polypus was
particularly prejudicial to them ; (Plutarch, de an-
diend. Poet.) Dreams were thought to be clearer,
if the perfons wore a white garment; (Suidas.) and
before they went to bed, it was ufual to iacrifice to
Mercury, whofe image was generally carved upon
the feet of the bed, (as UTTZ/X <5Vrno, the giver of fleep,)
which were hence, it is laid, called EppTvi$> (Homer
Odyf. 6.278 . Homer Odyff. $ 1 9 8 J Mercury pre-
fided over fleep; (Homer, in Hymn. 14.^ If dreams
were obfcure, an interpreter was confulted. The firfl
who held this office was Amphi&yon, fon of Deu-
calion ; (Plin. Nat. Hift. lib. 7. cap. $.) others
fay, Amphiaraus; (Paufan.) others, the inhabitants
of Telmiffus; (Clem. Alex. Strom, i.) In later
times,
DIVINATION BY SACRIFICES. 193
times, dreams were more difregarded ; ( Proper t.
lib. 2. EL 4.) When any dreams were obfcure or
frightful, they confulted the gods, offering incenfc
to them, and intreating their favour; fomctimes to
Hercules; fometimes to Jupiter; (Plaittus.) but
more particularly to Veda ; ( Proper t. lib. i . Eleg.
29.) fometimes to Apollo, under the title of Eax*-
fiof, ccTrorgoTra.ioS) or Averruncus, or or^oj-aT^io?,
as the protector of houfes; on which account images
were erected to him in the porches; (Sophocl. EleRr.
(>$$) They fometimes related their dreams to
the fun ; (Sophocl. Eleftr. 42 7. ) fometimes to the
heavens; (Euripid. Iphigen. ^aur. 43.) which they
called a7r<>7rj.7r<r9ai, a7ro<ho7ro|tA7naff'0#i,&c. Before they
approached the divine altars, they purified them-
felves from the pollutions of the night ; (MfchyL
Perf.) taking water out of the river in their hands j
(Virg. &n. lib. 8. 67.) or by wafhing their bodies;
(Statins, ^heb. lib. 8 .) or by dipping their heads
'five times in water; (Prjius. Sat. 2. 16. Horn. //. a,
63. Paufan. Attic. 34, Paufan. Eliac. 23.-
jEffhyl. Prometh, 484,^
OF DIVINATION BY SACRIFICES.
Divination by facrifices, was called Ify*avra or
J^o(rx7rta. They firft formed conjectures from the
external parts and motions of the victim ; afterwards,
from his entrails, from the flame which confumed it f
from the cakes and flour, from the wine and water,
and other things. The practice of obferving the
killing and cutting up of the victim, was called
ur>oj. It was an unlucky omen when the beaft
was dragged by force to the altar, or when it at-
tempted to efcape, or when it kicked, or bellowed,
or did not bleed freely, was long in dying, or when
o it
194 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES-.
5t expired in agonies, or if it died fuddenly, before
the knife touched it ; (Pint. Pyrr.) It was deem-
ed a fortunate omen, if the beaft fubmitted pa-
tiently, and bled freely, and died calmly ; (Sense.
in Here. Furent.) Hence it was ufual to pour water
into the ear of the victim. Predictions were
made from its tail ; and the knife was hence
drawn from its head to its tail; efpecially when
it curled in the flame, it portended evil; when
it hung downwards or extended its length, it fore-
told an overthrow; but when erect, it foretold
victory; (Eitrip. Schol. Phanifs.) The victim being
opened, obfervation was made upon the entrails,
which were termed spwgx, from the fire in which
they were burned. The omens were called
(Plato) and the divination, u
The Delphian Sibyl, whofe dead body
being reduced to earth, was fuppofed to have im-
parted ic the herbs, and through them to the beafts,
a power of divining. The other parts of her which
mixed with the air, are faid to have occafioned the.
divination by ominous words; (Clem. Alex. Strom.
i. p. 304.^ If the entrails were found, and pro-
perly proportioned, it was a good omen; if decayed
or irregular, it was an evil omen; (Sencc. (Edip. v.
36 7. ) If they palpitated, it was ill ominous;
(Senec. (Edip. v. 353.^ If the liver was corrupted,
they ceaied to examine further, fuppofing the whole
body to be affected. Thefe figns were called XAU$;
(Hefyckius in V.) The examination of the liver
was called H?rTO(rxc7r, If the liver had its proper
colour, if it was found, of a large head, or if it had
two heads, or if there were two livers, or if its lap-
pets were inclined inwards, it was a profperous
omen. But dangers and misfortunes were foreboded,
if
DIVINATION BY SACRIFICES. 195
if there was h$x<;, drynefs or & 07*0?, a knot be-
tween the parts or if it was aA*o?, without a lappet ;
(Arrian. Exped. Alex. lib. j.) If there were any blif-
ters or ulcers, if it was hard and thin, or difcoloured,
had any humour upon it, or if in boiling it became
foft or was difplaced, ill omens were foreboded.
The concave part of the liver was called fria?, be-
longing to the family, becaufe the ligns upon this
particular part were applied to themfelves. The
gibbous fide was called ams-cm? or n0A*f, becaufe
the tokens in it concerned their enemies. If either
ofthefe parts was fhrivelled or corrupted, or irregu-
lar, it, foretold misfortune; if large and found, it
was a profperous omen; (Senec. CEdip. v. 360.
Lucan. Pharfal.) The feat of the liver was called
JiJf and faw The pl ace between the parts in the
middle was called wuXa; lu^u^w^a; (Demqfth.
Interp, in Oral, de Cor.) cJo* ; txrgoTrxi ; (Hefychius,)
andwuAa*, (Euripid.) If this part was compreiTed
or clofed, it was ill ominous ; (Dio Caracal!.) If
there was no heart to be found in the victim, or if it
palpitated, or was wrinkled or lean, it was an ill
omen. If there were two galls, or if the gall was
large, (harp, or bloody, profperous battles were ex-
pected. If the fpleen was well coloured, clear and
found, it foreboded -fuccefs. If the entrails flipped
out of the hands of the perfon who.facrificed ; or if
they were bloody, or fpotted, corrupt or fhrunk j
if crawling ferpents were found in them, misfortune
was foreboded. If the lungs were cloven, the bufinefs
was to be deferred; ifintire, expedition and vigour
were to be ufed. Other parts of the victim fore-
boded things to come; (Plin. lib. n. cap* $j.)
Divination was made by the fire of the facrifice,
called nt&/A<*vTcia ; if the flames immediately con-
o 2 fumed
196 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
fumed the victim*; if it was bright, without
noife or fmoke ; if the fparks afcended pyramidally ;
and if the fire continued till the vidim was re-
duced to ames; the profpects were favourable.
But if the fire was kindled with difficulty; if
the flame was divided ; if it did not fpeedily fpread
itfelf to every part of the victim ; if the flame
was feparated ; or extinguished by any accident,
by rain or wind ; if it caft forth black fmoke,
made a crackling noife, or went out before the
victim was con fumed, then the profpects were
unfavourable, and portended the difpleafure of the
gods ; (SofJwcl. Antig. v. 1122.)
When the prieft had diflected the entrails, and
could make no certain obfervations; he took the
bladder, and binding the neck of it with wool, (hence
they are called ^xx^ro^ xurif ; Sophocl.) he threw
it into the fire, to obferve in what part it would burrt,
and which way it would difcharge the urine; (Eurip.
SchoL Phtenifs .) They fometimes took pitch from
the torches, and throwing it into the fire, obferved
if there arofe one flame only, which was efteemed a
good omen. In times of war they particularly no-
ticed the **<* \otpir K$, uppermoft part of the flame,
and the gall ; hence ?nx 01 1^^ enemies as bitter
as gall. KaTrvo^amta, divination by the fmoke
of iacrifices, was obferved in the manner of the
fmoke afcending, whether it winded or took a direct
courfe, or whether its fmell was ofFenfive. Ai&otvtp*
VT, was divination by frankincenfe, which if it
caught fire and emitted a grateful odour, was efteem-
ed a good pmenj but if the fire did not catch it, or it
produced
* To encourage the flame IA pfyyova, dry flicks, were
ufually prepared.
DIVINATION BY BIRDS. 197
produced an offenfive fmell, it wns a bad omen.
OivopcwTiia and T^on*ai>Ta, divination by wine and
by water, was, when conjectures were made from
the colour, noife or motion of the wine, or the liba-
tions ; or the water in which the victims were
wafhed, and fome parts of them boiled ; (Mneid.
A. A.C2. K0t@oAavTi<fc and Afavoavrsux.) divina-
tions made from the flour with which the victim
was fprinkled. IxflvopavriiK, divination by the en-
trails of fifties. *!io<rxo7na, divination by eggs.
Divination by facrifices was ancient ; (Clem. Alex-
and. i. p. 306. Cicer.lib. ^. de Divinat. Litcan.
lib. i. Diodor. SicuL I. 53. JEfchyLPrometh* 497.
Barnes ad Eurip. Helen.
OF DIVINATION BY BIRDS.
The invention of divination by birds is by fome
afcribed to Prometheus, or to Melampus ; by-
others, to Car; (Plin. lib. 7. cap. $$.) or to Par-
nafluss (Paufan. Phoc.) or to the Phrygians , (Clem.
jflex. i. p. 306.^ It was in high eftimation j and
an art ftudied even by kings ; (Calms . Antiq. Left*
lib. 8. cap. i.) In all matters of importance the
approbation of birds was firft obtained. At Lace-
damon, the king and fenate were always attended
by an augur. Birds, becaufe they continually flew
about, were fuppofed to know the fecret actions of
men ; (Ariftoph. Avib.) Omens given by birds
Were called o^viif, ^i/or>co7rxa, ai-/*a, eiwvot,
^ara, &c. ; and the obfervers of them,
^j/t9o/xai/Tftc, o^vtOocrxoTrot, oicoj/tra*, oiwj/OTroAot, &C.
Thefe names were afterwards applied to all kinds of
artificial divination j (Arijlo-ph. Schol. Avib.)
When the augurs made obfervations, they were
clothed in white, with a crown of gold upon their
o 3 heads ;
1 9 S GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
heads; (Alex. ab. Alex. Gen. Dier. 15. cap. loj
They alfo had oiwviruf ov, a feat, appointed for that
purpofe, fometimes alfo called axc? and o/xo?;
(Sophocl. Antig. v. 1115.^ They fometimes carried
writing tables, on which they wrote the names and
flights of the birds. The omens that appeared
towards the earl, were deemed fortunate; thofe
towards the wed, unfortunate. When they made
obfervations, the augurs looked towards the north,
with the eaft on their right hand, and the weft on
their left; (Iliad p. v. 239 v * Hence the right hand
fignified, prudence, and the left hand, folly ; (Schol.
in Sophocl. Ajac. 184.^ Unlucky birds were called
f^wAai^uot, pernicious ; an-eOujWioi, ungrateful j
troublefome ; hence alfo they were called
and i igKTMKiy becaufe they reftrained men from their
defigns. Thofe which appeared in an unufual
place were called JW^ot and sg ty. Lucky birds
are Called attnoi, a;<nwo, tmuripoi, oJjoi and
Ominous birds were of two forts ; the
whofe flight was obferved by the augurs ; and the
wJWi, which gave omens by their voices and fing-
ing. If a flock of various kinds of birds flew about
any one, it was fuppofed to portend unufual fuccefs.
If the eagle clapped her wings, and fported in the
air, flying from the right hand to the left, it was a
moft prosperous omen ; (Niph. in App. de Augur,
lib. i. cap. 9.) The manner of taking their prey
was alfo aufpicious ; (Horn. Odyff. w. v. 1 60. Plu-
tarch. Dion.) The flight of vultures was fuppofed
to portend fomething extraordinary. They were
reckoned among the unlucky birds, (Plin. mArijlot.)
as they ufually appeared before any great flaughter,
and with eagles, kites, and -other birds of prey, were
certain
DIVINATION BY BIRDS. 195
certain (igns of death and bloodQied, if they followed
an army, or continued for any time in any particular
place. The hawk was an unlucky bird, and por-
tended death if ihe was feen feizing her prey ;
(Niph. in App. de Augur, lib. i. cap. 9.) if the prey
efcaped, it iignified deliverance from danger. The
buzzard, called T^c^rf, having three ftones, was
accounted an ominous bird. The falcon-hawk,
called Ki^xH, (Plin. lib. 10. cap. 13.) was edeemed
lucky to people before marriage, or undertaking
any money-bufmefs. It was facred to Apollo;
(Horn. Odyff. o. 525*^ Swallows flying about, and
refting upon any place, were an unlucky omen.
Owls were accounted generally unlucky. At Athens,
they were omens of fuccefs, becaufe they were
facred to Minerva, the protectrefs of Athens. The
proverb, TA*U rraTa, was ufually applied to fuc-
cefsful perfons ; (Plutarch. 'Themift. Juftin. lib. 3.)
They were generally ill ominous ; (jElian. Hi/tor.
Anim. lib. 15. cap. 59. Homer. Iliad x.) A hern,
f w&of, was an omen of fuccefs ; (Euflatk. in Horn.
Iliad K.) The dove was efteemed a lucky bird ;
(Homer.) The fwan was aufpicious to mariners,
as an omen of fair weather; (^Emil.) Ravens were
facred to Apollo; (/Elian, de Animal, lib, i. cap.
48.^ and were thought to receive a power of por-
tending future events from him. When they ap-
peared about an army, they were dangerous omens.
If they croaked on the right hand, it was a good
omen ; if on the left, a bad one. Thefe birds were
thought to underiland their own predictions; (Plin.
lib. 10. cap. 12.) The chattering of magpies feems
to have been an unfavourable omen. Cocks were
efteemed prophetical, eipecially in times of war.
04 They
ioo GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES*
They were facred to Mars, and called
(Ariftoph.) as they were offered in facrifice to him,
and they were always reprefented together. The
crowing of cocks was an aufpicious omen, and pre-
faged the victory of Themiflocles over the Perfians.
In commemoration of which he inftituted an an-
nual feftival, called Atorfuoiw aywv, which was
obferved by fighting cocks at the theatre ; (Plu-
tarch.) If a hen was heard to crow, it was thought
to forebode fome dreadful misfortune. Bats were
accounted ill ominous. When any unlucky night
bird got into a houfe, it was a dreadful omen j and
they took care to catch it, and hang it before their
doors, that the birds themfelves might atone for
the evils they portended the family; (Apuleius.)
Many people pretended to underftand the language
of birds, and therefore to be privy to the fecret tranf-
adions of others ; (Plin. Nat. Hi/I. lib. 9. cap. 49.
Euftath. in Horn* Suidas. deer* de Div. 2. 3.9.
Patifan. Attic. 34.^
OF DIVINATION BY INSECTS AWD REPTILES.
Ants were ufed in divination, and generally fore-
told good ; (Plutarch.) Bees were accounted an
omen of future eloquence. There was a locuft,
called Mam?, green, and flow in motion, which
was obferved in foothfaying. Snakes and ferpents
were ominous; (Homer. Iliad (3J Boars were
always deemed unlucky omens to all who met them.
If the hare appeared in time of war, it lignified
defeat.
OF DIVINATION BY THE SIGNS IN THE
HEAVENS.
Comets were always thought to portend fome-
thing dreadful. Eclipfes of the fun or moon por-
tended
DIVINATION BY COMETS, Sre. aoi
tended evil. If lightning appeared on the right
hand, it was a good omen; if on the left, unlucky;
{Euftath. in Horn. Iliad p.) The ignis lambens
was an excellent omen, and prefaged future prof-
perity ; (Apoll. Rhod. in Argon. T/zeocrit.
Hor at. Carm. lib. i.) If one flame appeared fingle,
it was called Helena, and was a dangerous omen,
portending dorms and fhipwrecks. Though where
Helena appeared, fometimes good was portended ;
(Eurip. Orefi.) Earthquakes were unfortunate
omens ; (Senec. thyeft. v. 693.^ Where they ap-
peared, they were fuppofed to be caufed by Nep-
tune, who is hence called fmcnyaior, and tvogri%Qw.
It was ufual to fing pseans, and offer facrifices to
avert his anger ; (Xenopfi, Grac. Hift. lib. 4.) The
winds were thought to be prophetical; (Siatius
fheba. lib. %.) If thunder was heard on the right
hand, it was efteemed lucky ; if on the left, un-
fortunate. If it was heard in a clear and ferenc
/ky, it was an aufpicious fign ; (Horn. Odyff. .T.
102.) If any thing was thunderflruck, it was un-
fortunate; (Virgil EcL i. v. 16. Ovid, Ep. ad.
Liviam.) To avert unlucky omens from thunder,
they ufually made a libation of wine, pouring it
forth in cups. Lightning was fo much dreaded
by them that they worfhipped it ; (Plin. lib. 28.
cap. 2.) They endeavoured to avert its malignant
influence, by hifling and whittling at it, which they
called *rinruv; (Ariftoph. Vefp.) Altars were
creeled, and oblations made, in places which had
fuffered by thunder, to avert the anger of the gods;
(Arfemidor. Oneirocref. lib. i.)
OJ
GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES*
OF DIVINATION BY LOTS,
Of the prophetical lots there were two forts,
ficc and KAij^o^aj/Tna. Srip^OjuavrfJos Was
a fort of divination by verfcs, in which it was
nfual to take fatidical verfes, and having wrote
them upon little pieces of paper, to put them into
a vefTel, and drawing them out, to expect to read
their fate in the firft draught. This was often
practifed upon the Sibylline oracles; hence the Sortes
Sibylline. Sometimes they took up' the writings
of a poet, and opening them, read the firft verfe
that prefented itfelf for a prediction. This was
called Pe\f^c/***9 from the rhapfodies of Homer.
JDinf ojuamia, was a kind of divination, in which
they made conjectures by throwing TK$ xA^sr, lots;
xAufo?; in the fmgular, ufually fignified the hint
given to diviners, by which they formed their con-
jectures ; (SchoL in Eurip.) Thefe xAu^ , were ufually
black and white beans, pebbles, or dice. Hence
this divination was called ^po^aj/Tf j, argayaXopx.*-
TU, >cuo^ai/Tia, 7T<T(ro/xa^Tfia, &C. They Caft the
lots into a veffel, and having made fuppli cation to
the gods to direct them, drew them out, and thus
made their conjectures concerning them. All lots
were facred to Mercury, who was fuppofed to pre-
fide over this divination. Hence wsfpias mxa, for
good luck's fake, they put in, together with the
reft, one lot, which they called E^a XAT^OIS Mer-
cury's lot, which was an olive leaf, and was drawn
out before the reft. Sometimes the lots were not
caft into veflels, but upon tables confecrated for
that purpofe j (Pindar Sclwl. in Pythian. Od. 4. v.
DIVINATION BY LOTS. 203
338.^ This divination was either invented orprao
tifed by the Thriae, who were three nymphs that
nurfed Apollo, that at length the word tyxi was
fynonymous with xXygot.
There is another fpecies of divination, called Pa&fo-
pavwa, or prophefying by rods; (Cyril. Theophyl.)
Having erected two flicks, they muttered a certain
charm, and as the flicks fell, towards the right or
left, they fo gave advice. Similar to this was BfAo-
/*avTia, in which divination was made by arrows,
fliaken together in a quiver. Another method was
ufed, by catting the arrows into the air, and the man
was to fleer his courfe the fame way the arrow in-
clined in its defcent. Another method of divination
by rods, was ufed by the Scythians ; (Herodot. lib. 4.)
There were alfo other ways of divination; (Strab.
lib. de Morib. German. Athena, lib. 15. Amman,
Mar cell. lib. 29. j Another way ufed was, when the
perfon defirous to learn his fortune, carried with him
a certain number of lots, diftinguifhed by various
characters, and walking in the public road, defired
the firft boy that met him to draw ; and if that which
was drawn, agreed with the thoughts of his mind, it
was confidered an infallible prophecy ; (Pint, de Is.
tt OJir.)It was ufual for a perfon, called
to ftand with a little tablet, called wti/a
or a-yufmrj <rccvi$, upon which were written certain
fatidical verfes, which, according as the dice fell
upon them, told thofe, who consulted, the fortune
they were to expect. Inflead of tablets,, they fome-
times ufed pots or urns, into which the lots or
fatidical verfes were thrown, and thence drawn out
by the boys; (Tibull. lib. i. Elc~, 3. Jiiven. Sat.
6. v. 851. Cicer. de Divin. 11. 4-1. Paufan.
Achaic. 25.)
OF
GRECIAN ANTIQUITI2S
OF PRESAGES.
All marks upon the body, as shzix, fpots like
oil, were omens of various fignifkation. Sudden
emotions and perturbations in body or mind were
confidered as evil omens ; (Odyff. u. 345.^ They
were imputed to the operation of demons, efpecially
of Pan; (Simonid. Epig.) The HaA/xot or natyuxo*
eiwiuc-^ara, as palpitations of the heart or the mufcies,
were omens. The palpitation of the right eye was
a lucky omen; (Theocrit. Idyll.) Bo^oj, or a ring-
ing cf the ears, was ominous. In the right ear,
it was lucky ; (Niphus de Augur, lib. i. cap. 9.)
The Ilraf/EAot, fneezings, were fo fuperftitioufly ob-
ferved, that divine worfhip was thought due to
them. Others fuppofed, it was a difeafe; and
therefore when any one fneezed, it was ufual to fay,
ZtiOi, may you live, or Zcu <ru<rov, God blefs you ;
(Cafaib. in Athene, lib. 2. cap. 25.) It was cer-
tainly accounted facred ; (Athena, lib. i. cap. 25.}
it was even accounted a deity ; (Ariflot. Problem.
fecJ. 33. cap. 7.) and often worfhipped ; (Xenop/i.
De Exp. Cyr. lib. $.) If any one fneezed, at cer-
tain times, or on a particular fide, it either encou-
raged or difluaded them from particular buiinefs 5
(Plutarch. Themift.) The fuperftitious obfervation
of freezing was very ancient 3 (Theocrit. Idyll. 18.
v. 16.) It v&as generally a lucky omen; (Horn.
Odyl- 0-) but fometimes unfortunate; (Theocrit.
Idyll, j. v. 96.) If any perfon fneezed between
midnight and the following noontide, it was for-
tunate; but if, between noontide and midnight, it
was unfortunate - 3 (4riflot. Problem. feft. 33. cap. i u)
If
PRESAGES. 205
If any one fneezed at the table, while tKey were
removing the things; or if another happened to
fneeze upon his left hand, it was unlucky ; if on
the right hand, fortunate. If, in undertaking any
bufinefs, two or four fneezes happened, it was fortu-
nate; if more than four, it was neither good nor bad;
if one or three, it was unlucky; (Nip A. de Aug. cap.
S.J The beginning of any bufmefs was ftippofed to
contain fomething ominous ; (Ovid. Fqft. lib. i .} A
fudden and unufual fplendour in any houfe, was a
fortunate omen. Darknefs was an unfortunate omen;
(Horn. Odyff. <r. v. 36.^ When any unufual thing
befel the temples, altars, or flatues of the gods, it was
a dreadful omen; (Paufan. MeJJ'eniac. Cicero deDi*
vin.lib. T.J The doors of temples opening of them-
felves, and the filling down of images, were un-
fortunate omens. All monflrous and frightful
births, fudden and unufual inundations, the unex-
pected decay or flourifhing of fruits or trees, unufual
noife of beafts, were fure figns of the difpleafure
of the gods; (Virg. Georg. lib. i. v. 469.) The
Eko^a <ru/*oAa, omens offering themfelves upon the
road ; as the unexpected meeting of an ape, a
bitch with whelps, a fnake lying in the way, a
hare crofling the road, were unfortunate omens.
A woman working at her fpindle, or carrying it
uncovered, was an unfortunate prefage. A weazel
crofling the road, was alfo among the omens, called
^u<r#j>T)'jT<fc > JWoia'r<fc and UTTOTPOITOHOC Qictp&Ta, lin-
lucky. The divination that obferved omens hap*
pening at home was called ro ojxofrxoTnxoi/; as, a black
dog coming to the houfe ; a moufe eating a bag of
fait ; a fnake or weazel being feen on the top of
the houfe; the throwing down of fait; the fpilling
of water, wine or honey ; and various other acci-
dents.
*o6 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
dents. In putting on their clothes, the right fide
was ferved fir ft; (Sueton. in Augufi. cap. 92. Plm.
Nat. Hift. lib. 7. cap. 7.) When the crown fell
from any one's head, it was a dreadful omen ; ( Se-
nec. Thy eft.) At feafts, it was accounted lucky to
crown the cup with a garland ; (Virg. ALneid. lib.
3.^.525. Mneld. lib. i. v. *jz8>) It was ufual
to carry home the fragments left at facrifices,
as contributing to health; (Hefychius.) ominous
words, good or bad, were called OTT, xAn<Joi/$
or 9f*i, becaufc they proceed from the mouth ;
(Ftjlus. Cicero, lib. i. de Divin.) This divina-
tion was moft in ufe at Smyrna, (Paufanias.)
where they had xXyfowv isgcv, a temple, in which
anfwers were returned. Some fay, Ceres was the
inventor of them ; (Hefych.) others, the Delphian
Sibyl ; (Clem. Alex. Strom, i.p. 304 J Words that
boded ill, were called /caxai orrai, or Juo-^upai ; and
he who fpoke them was faid (3Aa<rpjjWu/, ffoyyirtai
P7.<r^>ipjav; (Euripid.) They were careful to avoid
thefe words; (Hor. Carm.lib. Pint. S^on* Hellad.
apud. Phot. Bibliothec. Lib. i . Cic. de Dfa.)
Some words imported fuccefs, according to their
natural fignification ; (Herod. Euterp. cap. 90.^
^s^ic-Oat otcoyoy,wasufed to fignify the accepting of an
omen, and applying it to any bufinefs in hand. If
the omen was immediately underftood by the hearer,
it was efficacious; but if it was neglected, it became
of no force; (P tin. Nat. Hift. Virg. J?n. 7. 1 1 6.)
Whenever they applied themfelves to bulmefs, they
exclaimed, for luck's fake, 6fo?, snrafapsv or Eraiptv
u, Erai/^iv ayaSu rv^n ; (Theocrit. Idyll. 17. A7rf,
Eel. 3. Aratns. Xenopk. lib. dt Ration.) Some
times alfo were ominous; (Hefiod,) which obferva-.
tioa
MAGICAL DIVINATIONS. 207
tion was called i<na<r0a r<*? r.ae^atj ; (Sueton. A'ig.
cap. 92.) To avert an omen, a (lone was fome-
times thrown at the thing, and it was killed ; that the
evil portended by it, might fall upon its own head :
if it was an unlucky fpeech, it was ufual to retort it
upon the fpeaker, with an us xepaAuv <ro, let it fall
upon your own head. This is faid to have been
an Egyptian cuitom ; (Herod. Euterp, cap. %y.)
Sometimes they faid EK ayaQov uo* or M*j ycwro, God
forbid. It was a puftom to fpit three times into
their bofoms, at the fight of a madman, or an
epileptic perfon ; (Theocr. Idyll. 20. v. nj which
they did in defiance of the omen. Sometimes
they prayed that the ominous thing, as prodigies,
or monftrous birds, which were efteemed profane,
might be caft into the fea, or removed to a great
diftance from them ; (ttbullus.) Sometimes the
ominous thing was burned with ligna Jnfelicia,
wood, which was facred to the gods, as thorns,
which averted evil omens ; (Macrob. Satur. lib. 3.
cap. 20,} Sometimes, when burnt, it was caft into
the water; (Theocrit. Idyll. 24. v. 86 .) If an
unlucky omen was met, any undertaking was pre-
vented, or begun again; ( Euripid. Ion. v. 11.91.-
Xenoph. ATTO^VH/A. /. i. Herodot. 9. 90. En'rip*
Phanifs. 1500. Ion. 1189.^)
OF MAGICAL DIVINATIONS.
There are other methods of foretelling futur
events, named Mya and ETTO^I, magic and incanta-
tions.
The Mayo*, applied themfelves to the ftudy of
philofophy, and of the various works and myfteries
of nature. They ufually officiated at religious rites
and ceremonies ; attended kings, to affift them by
their
2*8 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
their counfel ; and generally were men of eminence*
But when they afterwards betook themfelves to the
invocation of demons, and other mean arts, their
credit was diminifhed.
AifopotvTiix, divination which foretold future events
from certain fpe&res, or other appearances in the
air. They fometimes wrapped their head in a cloth,
and having placed a bowl full of water in the open
air, propofed their queftion in a whifper -, at which
time, if the water boiled or bubbled, they fuppofed
what they faid was approved.
AXfXTvo/Aam<a, was an 'extraordinary divination.
They wrote in the dud the twenty-four letters of
the alphabet, and laid a grain of corn upon each
of them 5 a cock then, magically prepared, was let
loofe among them, and thofe letters, out of which
he picked the corns, being joined together, were
thought to declare their purpofe.
Aw/A*m, from AU/TJ, a hatchet, which they
fixt fo firm in a round ftake, that neither end might
overbalance the other; they then prayed, and re-
peated the names of thofe they fufpedled * and the
perfon, at whofe name the hatchet moved, was
deemed guilty.
Ba<nwwa, fafcination ; an influence was believed
to dart from the eyes of *ngry perfons, which in-
fedled the air, and thus corrupted the bodies, of
animals , (Heliodor. JEthiop. lib. 3^ The younger
animals were thought to receive more eafily this
impreflion; (Virg. Eel 3. v. 103.) The eyes of
fome men were deftrucflive to infants, but had no
power over grown perfons ; (Plut. Sympos. lib. 5,
. 7.) Women, who had double eye-balls,
MAGICAL
Lad the power of hurting thofe on whom they fixt
their eyes; (Plin. Nat. Hifl. lib. 7. cap. 2.) They,
who were happy and fuccefsful, were more liable to
fafcination; (Hor. lib. u Ep. 14. v. 26.} They
who were commended by others were in danger of
fafcination ; {fertull. lib. de Virg. vel.Plin. Nat.
Eift. Plautus. Afin. aft. 2. fcen. 4. v. $4.) Gar-
lands of the herb Baccharis were fuppofed to have
power over fafcination; (Vvrg. Eel. j. v. 27.}
Necklaces, bracelets, compofed of (hells, corals, and
precious ftones> were applied by fome, to avert faf-
cination. Certain herbs prepared with incan-
tations and magical rites were alfo ufed. The
figure of a man's privities, hung upon the necks
of children, were thought to prevent fafcination;
(Vano. lib. 6. Pint. Symp. lib. $. Qjuaft. 7.} They
were fometimes hung upon the doors of houfes and
gardens ; (Plin. Nat. Hifl. lib. 1 9. cap. 4. ) Smiths
commonly placed them before their forges ; (Pol-
lux. Onomaft. lib. 7. cap. i^.) Sometimes they wore
the figures of Priapus, who was fuppofed to punifh
(uch perfons, as hurt by fafcination; (Diodor. Sycul,
lib. 4.) Some averted fafcination by thrice fpitting
into their bofoms; (SchoL in tfheocrit.* ^heocrit*.
Idyll. 6. v. 39 .) Others, by tying a thread of vari-
ous colours upon the neck of an infant, and fpitting
upon the ground, and mixing it with the dirt, put
it upon the infant's lips and forehead ; (Perf. Sat,
z.v. 31.;
, divination by herbs, efpectally
fage y or by fig-leaves, and hence
called 2vxc///.akTia. They who confulted, wrote
their own names, and their queilions upon leaves,
ivliich they cxpofed to the wind; and as many let-
210 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
tcrs as remained in their own places, were taken
up, and being joined together, contained an anfwcr
to the queflion.
FarfOjWamia. They filled round glafTes with clear
. water, about which were placed lighted torches; then
invoked a demon, praying in a murmuring voice,
and propofed the queftiorr to be folved. A chafte
boy, or a pregnant woman was appointed to obferve
the alterations in the glaffes ; defiring an tmfwer,
which the demon returned by images in the glaiTes ;
which, by reflection from the water, reprefented
what fhould come to -pafs.
AaxTUAo/xavTi ice, was a divination by rings, encliant-
cd, or formed according to fome polition of the
heavenly bodies.
KaTOTTTflOjEAamta. Sometimes glafTes were ufed,
and the images of what was to happen, were repre-
fented without water. Sometimes it was performed
in a vefiel of water, the middle part of which wa^
called r*rf n. See rarfo^ayrna.
Kf*xxojuavTi*, was a divination by the head of
an afs, which vyas broiled on coals. After mutter-
\ng fome prayers, they repeated the names of thofe
they fufpecled, or the crime; at which, if the jaws,
moved, or the teeth chattered, they thought they
bad difcovered the villain.
Kao/xvTia, divination by wax, which they melN
cd over a veflel of water, dropping it within three
Certain fpaces, and obferving the figure, fituation,
diftance and concretion of the drops.
Kco-xivcjuavTfi^, was a divination practifed to dif*
cpvcr thieves j they tied a thread to a deve, by
MAGICAL
which it was upheld ; or elfe placed a pair of fheers,
which they held up by two fingers ; then praying
the gods to direct them, they repeated the names
of the fufpe&ed perfons -, and he, at whofe name
the fieve moved, was thought to be the thief ; (The*
cent. Idyll. 3. v. 28.)
Kf ur^Aojwamia, was performed by poliflied and
enchanted cryftals, in which future events were
iignified by certain figures.
Acavojt*amj. They diftinguifhed the ftofles of
wedges with certain characters put into a bafin, and,
then, having invoked the demon in a certain form,
propofed their queftion ; to which an anfwer was,
returned in a fmall voice, like a hifs, proceeding
from the water $ (Schol. in Lycop/ir. Alexand. v*
813. p. 84.^
Ai0oj**mn*, was fometimes performed by a pre-
cious ftone y which they warned at night by can*
die-light with fpring water. The perfon, who
confulted it, was to be purified from all pollution,
and to have his face covered. He then repeatedl
fome prayers, and placed certain characters in order.
The ftone then moved of itfelf, and in a foft mur-
mur, returned an anfwer.
MoAu&tyAamja, was by obferving the figures of
melted lead.
Nfjc^amia, was a divination, in which anfwers
were given by deceafed perfons. It was fometimes
performed by the magical uie of a bone, or vein
of a dead body ; or by pouring warm blood into
a carcafe; (Lucian.) Sometimes they attempted tg
r^ife departed fpirits by invocations and ceremonies \
? z (Horn.
312 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
(Horn. Odyff. 9. Statins, fheb. Vakr. Place.-*
Pirn. Nat. Hift.Senec. CEdip. v. 547.)
NXUC/X*T*, the place where the above divina-
tion was performed ; (Herodot. Terpfich.)
Oifv^ofAotvrnaty was performed by the nails of a
chafte boy, covered with oil and foot, which they
turned to the fun, the reflection of whofe rays was
believed, by certain images, to reprefent their pur-
pofe.
nuyo/Aamia, a divination by fountain water. They
obferved the various changes, impreffions, fluxes,
colours, and images in the water. Sometimes they
dipped a looking-glafs into the water, when they
defired .to know what would become of a fick per-
fort. Sometimes they filled a bowl with* water, and
fufpending a ring in it, by a thread tied to one of
the ringers, then praying the gods to folve the
queftion ; if the thing propofed was true,' the ring
would itrike againft the fides of the bowl, a certain
number of times. Sometimes they cad three flones
into the water, and obferved the turns they made
in linking. Inftead of water, they fometimes ufed
oil, and wine, which was called ^yrA. Inftead of
{tones, they fometimes ufed wedges of gold or
Clver.
fee
, was performed by red hot Iron,
upon which they laid an odd number of draws, and
gbferved the figures they reprefented in burning.
2xEo/Amia, was fo called, if the dead only ap-
peared in airy forms. See No^vma. It was
ibmctiaies called
FESTIVALS. 213
divination by ames; the queftioa
was written in afhes upon a board, which they ex-
pofed in the open air; and thofe letters which re-
mained perfect were thought to contain a iblution
of the queftion.
fee TlyycpwrsHz.
was performed by certain medicated
and enchanted compofitions of herbs, or minerals ;
which they called $apax*. Some of thcfe taken
internally caufed blindnefs, madnefs, love, &c.
Others infected by a touch. Others operated on
perfons at a diftance, which were called Qa^Kx,
truTYigux, which were amulets againft the former;
fuch were the herb moly, the laurel, the jafper
ftone, &c,; {Arijloph, Pint. Ovid, Met. 7. Fab.
2. Vivg. JLclog. 8. Euripid. Med. v. 395. Apol-*
Ion. Argon. 3. <u 1028.^ To this divination may
be referred charms againft poifon, difeafes or venom;
(Suidas.Hom, Od)f. L v. 456. Plin. Nat. Ilift.
lib. 38. cap. l.Pind. Pyth, Od. 3. v. %$.Paitfan.
Eliac. 2. p. 383. Euripid. Ale eft. v. 96$.} To
this may alfo be added, enchanted girdles, to ex~
cite love.
There were many other forts of divination, as
QF THE GRECIAN FESTIVALS.
Feflivals were chiefly inftituted in honour of .the
gods ; to obtain fome good or to avert fomp evil ;
(Diod. Sicul. 5. 68. Cicer. de Leg. 2. 14.^ in me-
mory of departed friends; (Arijtyh. Ran, 664.^
3J4 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
or as reft and recreation to labourers. In ancient
times there were few befides rural feftivals ; (Ariftot.
Ethic, ad. JJicomach. lib. 8. cap. y.) The Athenians
Exceeded all others in the number of their feftivals ;
(Xenoph. de Rep. Ath.) They were chiefly cele-
brated at the public expence. The following were
the moft celebrated :-
Aynrogziov and AyjTo^a, probably belonged to
Venus, whofe prieft was called Ayyru(>, in Cyprus-
It is fuppofed to be the fame as Kf y*>* 3 (Hefy chins.
. lib, 4. Euftath. in Iliad w.)
was celebrated at Argos, (Hefychius.)
in memory of a daughter of Pnetus.
Ay^avta, probably the fame as the former. It
was alfo celebrated at Thebes,
Ayf auAia, was celebrated at Athens in honour of
Agraulus, daughter of Cecrops. The Cyprians
honoured Jier by the celebration of an annual fefti-
val in the month Aphrodiiius, at which human
victims were offered ; (Porphyr. de Abftin. lib. 2.)
, in honour of Bacchus, furnamed Aygw-
for his cruelty ; (Plut. Anton.) It was ob-
ferved in the night ; (Plut, Sympos. lib. 8. >it<eft. i .)
arid celebrated by women.
AyOT65 uo-^ -, an annual facrifice of five hun-
dred goats, offered at Athens to Minerva, furnamed
Ay^T^a, from Agr*e in Attica 3 (Xeuotohi Exped.
Cjr.J
Aygu-vff, was a nodurnal feftival; (HefycJiitts)
celebrated in honour of Bacchus, at Arbela, in
Sicily ; and fo called bccaufe the worfhippers were
ccuilomed, Aypww, to watch all night.
FESTIVALS. 21$
or A^WVEIK, was in honour of Venus and
Adonis, It lafted two days ; (Siddas. Proclus. in
Chrejlom.) Upon the firft day, images of Adonis
and Venus were brought forth, in proceffions iltnilar
to thofe ufed at funerals; (Pint. Nicia, p. 532.
Macrob. 'Sat. i . 2 1 . ) The women tore their hair,
beat their breads, and exprefled other figns of
forrow and lamentation; which was called aJWi-
cjcr^tcf, (Etymol. Altffi.) or a<Jawa; hence a^wviav &yzw 9
lignifies AJWikxAaivfiv, to weep for Adonis; (Suidas.)
The fongs on this occafion were called Atiwiha. 5*
They alto carried fliells filled with earth, in which
feveral forts of herbs grew, particularly lettuces;
in memory,,that Adonis was laid out by Venus upon
a bed of lettuces. Thefe were called K*j*-o<, gar-
dens. The flutes, ufed upon this day, were called
r*yga, from TiygK, the Phoenician name of Adonis.
Hence to play .on this inflrument was called yiy^v
or yiy^Knuv ; the mulic, ^^ao-jtxoj, and the fongs
yiygavrx. The facrifice was called xaO^as. The
fecond day was paiTed in joy and merriment; m
commemoration, that Adonis was reftored to life, by^
the favour of Proferpine obtained by Venus, and
was to dwell with her half of every year; (Pint*
Nic.p. 532. Macrob. Sat. I. 21.)
A0ipt, two feftivals obferved at Athens, in ho-
nour of Minerva; one was called UuvyfiwauK, the
other X#Axf<#.
Aax<a, fports at /Egina, in honour of ^acus,
who had a temple in that ifland; in which, after
the folemnity, the victors prefented a garland of
flowers; (Pindar. SchoL New. Od. 6.)
Ata>Tia, in honour of Ajax, in the ifle of Sala-
mis ; (Hefy chins) and in Attica, where his memory
was religioufly honoured.
P4
3i5 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
Aiywruv f<?fTi, was a feflival at JEgina, in ho-
nour of Neptune, which lafted fixteen days. It
was performed by free denizens. It was ended with
;i facrifice to Venus j (Pint. Gr<ec. Qua ft.) The
denizens were called Movopayoi, eaters by themfelves.
Ajjuaxotita, obferved in Peloponnefys, in which
boys (xa>oi) were whipped at the fepulchreof Pelops,
till (<*iua) blood was drawn.
AJO), tugct, ivSiivitos, AAijTif ; a feflival, (Hygin*
Aftronom. lib. 2.) and iblemn facrifice, celebrated by
'the Athenians, with vocal muiic, in honour of
Erigone, fometimes called Aletis, the daughter of
Jcarius ; who at the lofs of her father hanged her-
feif. Some fay, it was obferved in honour of king Te-
maleus, or of ^Egifthas and Cly temneftra : (Hefy*
thins. Etymolog. Autt,).
Ax-na, a triennial feftival, obferved at A6Hum in
Epirus, with wreflling, horfe-racing," and a fight of
Ihips, in honour of Apollo, who was called AcTius*
from that place j (Stephan. Byzant. Milan. Hiji\
Aninf. lib.. \ i . cap. 8 '.)
AXaia or A>a, in honour of Minerva, furnamed
Alea, at Tegea in Arcadia ; (Pan/an. Arc ad.)
AXfXT^uovwv aywv, an annual cock-fight at Athens,
in memory of the cocks, from whofe crowing The-
miilocles received an omen of his fuccefs againfl
the Perfians; (JElianlib. 2. eap. 28.J
Axa, folemn games celebrated at Rhodes; (Pind.
SchoL Olymp. Od. 8.) on the twenty-fourth day of
the month r07n<ua, which is the fame as the Athe-
outyoaiwv, in honour of the fun, HXio? and
, 'yvho is laid to have been born there, the in-
habitants
FESTIVALS. 217
habitants of which were hence called HAia&*; (Stra*
bq<> lib. 14.) The victors were crowned with poplar.
A:\xa0oi*, at Megara, (Find. SchoL New. $.) in
honour of Alcathous, ion of Pclops : who, being fuf-
pecled of having murdered his brother Chryfippus,
Ifled to Megara, where, having ilain a terrible lion,
he w?,s honoured with the daughter of, king Mega-
reus. in marriage j and became his fuccefTor,
AAwaj, at Athens, in the month IIo<r<fewi/, in,
honour of Geres and Bacchus, by whole bleiiing
the hufbandmen received the recompence of their
labour. Their oblations were the fruits of the
earth ; (Demofth. in Near.) Some fay, it was in
commemoration of the primitive Greeks who lived
IS x<n, in their corn fields, or vineyards ; (Har->
, Eujlath. Iliad o.)
, to Minerva, by the Arcadians, in com-
memoration of a vidlory, in which they took many
of the Lacedemonians prifoners, which were called
; (Paufan. Arc ad.)
or A|ua^u(rta, was celebrated with games,
in honour of Diana, furnamed Amarynthia and
Amaryfia, from a town in Euboea,
Af*Sf oo-*, in honour of Bacchus, (ScJiol. Htfiod.
Oper. et Di. lib. 2.) in the month of Lenaon, in
moil of the cities of Greece.
, belonged to Jupiter; (Hefy chins.)
an Athenian feftival ;. (Hefy chins.)
a, at Oropus, in honour of Amphiaraus^
(Pindar. SchoL Olymp. 7.)
A^i^oji*a, was obferved by private families at
Athens, upon tlie fifth day after the birth of every
child.
218 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
child. It was fo called a?ro ns itjjiQiffApuv, from run-
ning round : becaufe it was cuflomary to run round
the fire with the infant in their arms.
Aj/aycoyia, to Venus, ( jElian. Var. Hifl. lib. I . cap.
15.^ at Eryx, in Sicily, where me was honoured
with a magnificent temple.
Avxi*, an Athenian feflival, in honour of the
Diofcuri, who were called Avax?, and honoured*
with a temple, called Ai/a^oi/. Thefe facrifices were
named Hfi<r^oi, becaufe thofe deities / were eyot 9
ftrangers; (Pindar SchoL Olymp. 3.) and confided
of three offerings, (Paufan.) which were called
TiTu<*. Plays were acted in honour of thefe deities;
(At hen. Dipnos. lib. 2.)
AvajcAnTa, obferved at the proclamation of kings
and princes, when they became of age to affume.
the reins of government 5 (Polyb. Hift. 1 8.)
Avaxrwi/ iruiSuv ; at Amphyfla, in Locris, either
In honour of the Diofcuri, Curetes, or Cabin j ( Pau~
fan. Photic.)
Av*%otyofit<x, obferved by boys, on the anniverfary
of the death of Anaxagoras ; (Dwg. Laert.)
Avfyoyzwiciy or Aywi/ff VTT* Evgvyvriy annual games
(Hefychius) celebrated in the Ceramicus at Athens,
in memory of Androgeos, or Eurygyas, fon of Minos;
(Pint. T/ies.)
Av6ff^a, obferved at Athens, in honour of Bac-
chus, on the i ith, 1 2th and I3th days of the month
The firft day was named ILfiotyia, OCTTQ ra
/, becaufe they then tapped their barrels,
By the Chasrorteans it was called Ay*9a Aa^ucvo?, the
day of good genius, becaufe they were merry on that
day. The fecondday was called Xo^from themea-
fure
FESTIVALS. 219
ure Xoa, becaufe every one drank out of his own vef-
fel. They drank copioufly, and the longed liver, in
token of victory, was rewarded with a crown of leaves,
or a crown of gold, (Milan. Var.Hift. lib. 2. cap. 41.)
and a velTel of wine. On this day, Bacchus had the
furname of Ko OK orris. The third day was called XUT^OI,
from Xur^a, a pot, which was full of feeds, facred to
Mercurius Xtavio?, the infernal, and from which they
abftained. On this day the comedians acted. The
flaves were allowed to be merry on this day ; (Ari
Jloph. Schol. ad Acharn. 960. Pint. Sympos. 3.^
Athene. 10. 10.)
, obferved in Sicily, fo named a rx
from carrying flowers, in honour of
Proferpine. Another of this name was obferved at
Argos in honour cf Juno ; (Panfan. Corinth.) under
the name of A>9*.
Ai/Ttyovi, facrifices in honour of Antigonus^
(Pint. Agid. and Cleom.)
AVTUOSW, annual facrifices and quinquennial games,
in memory of Antinous the Bithynianj obferved at
Mantinea in Arcadia ; (Panfan. Arcad.) where An-
tinous had a temple.
ATrarou^ja, firft obferved at Athens ; (Ariftoph.
ScJiol. Acharn. 960. Hefy chins. Suidas.) it received
its name from aTraru, deceit ; becaufe it was firft in-
ftituted in memory of a ftratagem by which Mela^i-
thius, the Athenian king, overcame Xanthus, king
of Boeotia. Jupiter was hence furnamed Avarwug,
deceiver. It was celebrated in the month IIua\J/w>i
and lafted three days. The firft day was called
A0f , from AO^TTC?, fupper > becaufe each tribe
ziflernbled, a t ev^wing, at an entertainment. The
fecoml
220 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES*
fecond day was named Ai/a^us-K, azro T* ayy
becaufe viclims were offered to Jupiter ; (Schol.
Ariftoph. Pac. 890. //<?w. //. a. 459 J At this facrit
fice, the children, enrolled amongft the citizens,
were placed clofe to the altar. The third day was
named Kaj *TK, from Ka^of, a youth ; or xjjjoa, tonfio,
becaufe the children were fhaved before they were
regiflered. Two ewes and a fhe-goat were offered
in facrifice to Diana, which they called flusu/ ^r^M 9
J:he fhe-goat was called a% QcxTgw, and the ewe
oVf $<*ryg ; (Pollux.) It was to be of a certain
weight > and becaufe it was once found to be (J>wv 9
too little, it was afterwards called Utw, and they
who offered it, Mtiayuyoi. Some add a fourth day,
(Hejyckms.) called ETH&JV. This feftival was ob-
ferved five days by the Protenthas, who began it a
day fooner than others -, (Athen* lib. 4.-*- Schol. An-
fioph. Acharn. 146. %enoph. llift. Gr<fc.lib+ i t
Hero dot. Vit. Homer. Poly anus. Strat. I. 19.)
, on the fecond day of a marriage.
, obferved ^t uEgialea, to Apollo $ (P#0s
Jan. Corinth.)
certain days (HeJycJiius) called ITo/*-*
in which facrifices were offered to the godsj
(Sophocl.) who were thought to avert evils.
A{5aTa, at Sicyon, (Pint. Arat.) on the birth-
day of Aratus, celebrated with mufic. The.prieft
wore a ribband, (potted with white and purple ; the
chorifters of Bacchus carried harps,
Afy*wwori,the name of feveral feftivals at Argos j
(Parthen. Erotic. 13. Pint. Gr<tc. <2/K/?. M**
Pvliorcet. cap. 17.)
A^iaJvcia, two festivals (Pint, fyes.) at Naxos,
in honour of two women, who were both called
Ariadne i
FESTIVALS. 221
Ariadne ; one was obferved with mirth ; the other
with mourning.
Af yupof , at Athens, (Harpocrat. Suidas.) in
the month Zx^gopof *, in honour of Minerva, and
Erfa, one of the daughters of Cecrops ; hence it is
fometimes called Ej o-upo^i* or Eggn$o^a ; (EtymoL
AuEl. Athena, lib. 3. Snidas. Pint. Ifocr.)
fyffiQogia, is derived ano TK atgcurat Qffeu, becaufe
of certain myfteries, which were carried by four noble
virgins not under feven nor more than eleven years
of age, and hence called A^u^o*. Their apparel
was white, ornamented with gold ; (Etymol. Auft.)
They had a particular fort of bread, which was called
tariff; (Athena, lib. 3.) and cakes called avararei.
There was a Zp<uoiruoiov, ball-court, in the Acropolis,
in which flood a brazen ftatue of liberates on horfe-
>back. From thefe were chofen two, to weave a
*ri7rA0s or garment for Minerva : which cuflom be-
gan on the thirtieth of Pyanepfion.
ATE 4 ui<n<*, in honour of Diana ^ celebrate*} in
many places of Greece, particularly at Delphi,
where a mullet was offered to her, becaufe it is faid
to hunt and kill the fea-hare; (Athena, lib. j.) the
bread offered to the goddefs was termed Ao^i* and
the women, who performed the facred rites, were
called Aojw#u Another of this name, was obferved
ar Syracufe, and celebrated, during three days, with
fports and banquets 5 (Liv. lib. 23. Hcjychins.)
A<rxXT)7Tt,in honour of ^fculapius; (Plato lone,)
It was alto called MnyK\*<rxiwrti, the great feftival
of ^Efculapius. It chiefly confided of mufic, in
which muficians and poets contended ; hence it was
called Jfoj ajy, the facred contention.
22 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
A<r;cwAi, in honour of Bacchus, celebrated by the
Athenian hufbandmen ; ( P hiirmttus deBacc/io. Ari-
Jloph* Schol. Pint. Hefy chins.) who facrificed a he-
goat to Bacchus ; and from the fkin of the victim they
made a bottle, which being rilled with oil and wine,
they endeavoured to leap upon it with one foot, and
he who firil flood upon it, was the victor, and re-
ceived the bottle. It was called acrxwAta^f, *%*
70 7n TOV ao-xov aAAf<r0a*, that is, from leaping upon
the bottle.
Apo<&<n, in honour of Venus 5 obferved in vari-
ous parts of Greece, and with many myfterious
folemnities. The mod remarkable feflival was at
Cyprus, firft inftituted by Cinyras ; out of whofe
family priefls of Venus were elected, and hence
called Kiw^aJai. All who were initiated offered a
piece of money to Venus, as an harlot, and received,
as a token of her favour, a meafure of fait and a
CaAAo? : the former, becaufe fait is a concretion of
fea water, from whence Venus was faid to owe her
birth; the latter, becaufe fhe was the daughter of
wantonnefs. At Amathus, in Cyprus, facrifices
were offered to Venus, and called K^7rwo-if, from
Ka^Tro?, fruit. It was obferved at both the Paphi,
by multitudes from other cities; and at Corinth,
by harlots ; (Clem. Protrept. Arnob. lib. 5. Hefy-
fhhts. Pindar. SchoL -Strabo> lib. 14. At hen*
c, at Sparta, in honour of Achilles; ( Pau+
fun. La con.
Baxxna, to Bacchus ; (Hefychius.)
BAArTj?, at Eleufis, to Demophoon, fon of Ce-
-, (Athcn*. lib. g.Hefychiui.)
F E S T I V A L . 22j
at Threfpotia, in which the ftrongefl
obtained the victory ; (Hefy chins.)
Ba<nA, at'Lebadea in Boeotia; (Pindar. Schol.
Clymp. 7.)
Xivhfeicty in Thrace, in honour of Diana, who
was called B^K. It was afterwards celebrated in
the Pineus at Athens, on the nineteenth or twen-
tieth of QotgynXiuv y (Strabo lib. 9. Hefychius.)
Bcj^o/xia, at Athens, fo called onro T to^opt**)
from coming to help. It was in memory of Ion,
fon of Xuthus y (Suidas. Harpocrat.) It is alfo
faid, that it was in commemoration of a victory
obtained by Thefeus ;%ainft the Amazons, in the?
month Boi^o/xtwj/ ; (Plutarch, fhef.)
Bo^(r/Ao<, in honour of Boreas ; (Plat, in PJuedr.
Hefychiiis. Paufan. Attic.) He had alfo a tem-
ple at Megalopolis in Arcadia ; (Paufan. Arc ad.)
BOTTIWV zogrv ; (Plutarch* Thef. Qu<*ft. Grxc.)
At this folemnity, the virgins ufed to fay, Iwpw f*j
A9jvaf, let us go to Athens*
Bf*t!ra, was annually obferved at Sparta, by-
free-born citizens, in memory of Braiidas, a Lace-
dsemonian captain. It was celebrated with games;
and thofe who negle&ed to attend, were fined;
(Paufan. Laconic. Thucyd. lib. $.Suidas.)
B^au^tfvi*, to Diana, furnamed Brauronia. It
was celebrated once in five years, and managed by
ten men, called ItgoTrow. The victim offered in
facrifice, was a goat ; and it was ufual for fome men
to (ing one of the Iliads of Homer. Young virgins
attended, habited in yellow, and confecrated to
piana, who were about ten years of age ; hence to
confecrate
GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
conlecrate them, was called &X&TCVW, from
ten. It was alto called OI^XTEUEIV, from a^xrot, bears :
which arofe, becaufe among the Phlanidae, inha-
bitants of a borough in Attica, there was a bear,
which was fo far diverted of its natural ferocity,
that they admitted it to eat and to play with them ;
but a young virgin once becoming too familiar with
it, the bead tore her to pieces, and was afterwards
killed by the brothers of the girl. Upon this, a
feftival enfued, which proved fatal to many of the
inhabitants of Attica; to remedy which, an oracle
adviled them to appeafe the anger of Diana, by
confecrating virgins to her ip memory of it. This
command was punctually executed, and a law
enacted that no virgin mould be married, till me
had undergone this folemnity; (Hefych. Paufan.
Attic, c. 23. Pollux, viii. 9. and 31. Ariftopk.
i 644. Harpocrat.)
, in which they boiled rw yoc,\&%i<x,v y a
fixture of barley-pulfe and milk; (Hefyckius.)
Others fay, it was celebrated to Apollo, who was
furnamed Galaxius, from a place in Boeotia ; (Pro-
clus.)
FaXi>9*a^a, a folemn facriflce at Thebes, offered
to Galinthias, a daughter of Pratus.
, obferved at marriages.
, in memory of the birth of any perfon.
, in memory of the death of any perfon.
Aif, celebrated by women, in honour of
Venus, called Gennetyllis, the goddefs of that fex,
to whom they offered dogs ; (Hejychius. Arijlopk.
interp. ad
ESTIVALS. 21$
at Gerceftus, in Eubsea, in honour of
Neptune, where he had a temple s (Pindar. Schol.
Qlymp. 13.)
ttf otyuiuv lojori,. in honour of Mars, annually ob-
ferved at Geronthrae; (Paufan.Lacoh. Milan. Hift.
lib. 4 cap. 43.^ Here was a grove* which no one
might enter* during this folemnity.
ru? CfTu, in honour df mother Earth* at Athens 5
(Thucyd. lib. 2* Pindar. Pythion. lib. $.) Solemn
games were celebrated to her.
TvpvQiraijitX) or Tv^voTron^etoc, a folemn dance by
Spartan boys ; (Plutarch. Apoph.)
AaiJif* laded three days, during which time
torches, called ^*&?- 5 were burned j (Lucian. Pfeu+
dom.) The firft day was in honour of Latona's
labour and Apollo's birth ; the fecond of Glycon's
and the god's nativity ; the third of the marriage of
Podalirius, and the mother of Alexander.
AaiJ^Aa, two fefiivals in Boeotia, celebrated in a"
grove; (Eufeb. de prxpar. Evangi lib. 3 J In one
they aflembled-, and expofing pieces of fodden flefli
in the air* they obferved whether the erows, that
came to prey upon the' m* flew j and then hewed
down thofe trees upon which any of them alighted,
and formed them into flatUes* which were called
taifaxb, from Daedalus, the artificer of them, The
Other was celebrated once in fixty years, as a recom-
pence for the intermiflion of the leffer feftival, the
fame number of years during which the Platseans
had lived in exile. All the cities in Boeotia joined
in its celebration j (Vid. Paufanias.)
?, (Hefy chins.)
226 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
at Argos, when they reprefented the com*
bat of Prastus and Acrifius.
) a novennial feftival, in honour of
Apollo; (Paufan. Exotic. loj An olive bough
was adorned with" garlands of laurel, and various
flowers; on the top of which was placed a globe of
brafs, and from it hung other fmall globes. About
the middle were fixed to it purple crowns, and a
fmaller globe than that at the top ; the bottom
was covered with a faflfron-coloured garment. The
higheft globe was an emblem of the fun, or Apollo ;
that under it, fignified the moon; the fmaller globes,
the ilars 3 and the fixty-five crowns, were types of
the fun's annual revolution. The bough was car-
ried in proceffion; the chief in which was a boy
of d, beautiful countenance and good family, whofe
parents were both alive. He was drefted in a fump-
tuous garment, reaching to his ancles ; his hair
hung loofe and difhevelled ; on his head was a crown
of gold, and upon his feet, fhoes, called Iphicra-
tidse, from Iphicratcs an Athenian, who firft in-
vented them. He executed the prieft's office, and
Was called ot,$w$Q$ot 9 laurel-bearer. Before him
went one of his neareft relations, bearing a rod,
adorned with garlands ; after the boy, a choir of vir-
gins followed, with branches in their hands. Thus
they proceeded to the temple of Apollo, called
Ifmenius and Galaxius, where they fung hymns
to him; (Enftath. de Ifmen. Amor. lib. 8. and 9.)
AcApwa, at^Egina, in honour of Apollo ; (Find.
Schol. Ofymp. $.)
ArjAia, a quinquennial feftival at Delos; (fhucyd.
lib. 3. Callim. Hymn, in Detm, Plutarch, fhef.)
in
FESTIVALS. 227
in honour of Venus, celebrated with mufic, horie-
racing, and a dance, called yef avo?, a crane.
AnfAijTfta, in honour of Ceres; (Poltitx. Onom.
lib. \. cap. i. Hefy chius.) in which it was ufual to
lafli themfelves with whips, made from the bark of
trees, and called /AUJOWTO*. There was another feitival
of this name at Athens, in honour of Demetrius
Poliocrates; (Pint. Demetr. Diod. Sic. lib.i%.
Euftath. II. .)
Atajuas-iywtn?, at Sparta, in honour of Diana Or-
thia, fo called a?ro T /Aanyw, from whipping, be^
caufe it was ufual to lafh boys upon the goddefs's
altar; (Plutarch. Lacon. Inft. et. Ariftide. Paufan*
Lacon. Cicero TnfcuL Quxft. 2.) Thefe boys
were at firil free-born, but afterwards the offspring
offlaves, and called Bw/x-omxai, from the laming at
the altar: and left any part of the punimment
fhould be remitted, the prieftefs of Diana attended,
holding the image of the goddefs in her hand,
\vhich of itfelf was light j but if the boys were fpared,
became fo heavy, as (lie could fcarcely fupport it.
The parents of the boys ufually attended to encou-
rage them to bear the punimment with Spartan
fortitude ; which was fometimes fo fevere as to kill
them. Thofe, who thus died, were buried with
garlands upon their heads, in token of joy or victory,
and were honoured with a public funeral.
at Sparta.
Athens, in honour of Jupiter, furnamed
?, the propitious ; (Thucyd.lib. i. Ariftoph.
Schol. Nub* Suidas.) It was fo called mro T* A<cf,
from Jupiter and misfortune. At this
Q ^ feftival
128 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES;
feftival a public mart was held ; (Artftoph. Nub.~
Plutarch. Phocion.)
AtiTroXsia, at Athens, celebrated on the fourteenth
of 2xif opov, fo named, becaufe it was facred TWIT
AiV rioAifi, to Jupiter, furnamed Polieus, or pro-
tector of the city. It was fometimes called Bapovta,
from killing an ox. It was ufual to place the fame
fort of cakes, ufed at facrifices, upon a brafs table ;
around which were driven afelecl: number of oxen, of
which he who eat any of the cakes was ilaughtered.
He, who killed the ox, was called par*!? or fitxpoitos,
Three families were employed in this ceremony, and
received different names from their different offices.
They who drove the oxen were called xwrgiufsK
from XEI/T^OK, a fpur; they who knocked him down,
- 3 they who ilaughtered, and cut him up,
, butchers ; (Porphyr. Paitfan. Attic. He-
fychius. Smdas. &&**. Var. Hift. lib. 8. cap. 3.}
AtxTuvwa, at Sparta ; fPaufan. Lacon.) in honour
of Diana, furnamed Di&ynna, from a city of Crete:
or from a Cretan nymph of that name, who invent-
ed hunting nets, called A*XTU*.
S^xAiwt, at Megara, in the fpring, in memory
cf Diodes; (Pindar. ScJioL Pythion. Od. 13.
Theocrit. Idyll. 12. v. zj.) who died in de-
fence of a youth he loved. There was a contefl at
his tomb, in which a garland was given to him who-
gave the fweeteft kifs.
Ao^n, in honour of Jupiter Diomeus - y or of
Diomus, an Athenian hero ; (Euftath. IL ^.)
Atoi/y<rta, fometimes called O^KX, in honour of
Bacchus - 9 (Herod, lib. 2. Plutarch, dc
FESTIVALS. 229
IJi d. et Ofir.) They were obferved with great fplen-
dour. The years were numbered from the firft day
of them, (Sitidas.) the chief archon had a part of
the management of them, (Pollux, lib. 8.) and the
priefts who officiated, were honoured with the firft
feats at public (hows; (Ariftopk. Schol. Ran. 299.)
They were at firft obferved without fplendour ;
(Plutarch. Trsgt ptAoTrA.) a veiTel of wine, adorned with
a vine branch; a goat; a bafket of figs, and the
phalli : afterwards they put on fawns fkins, fine linen,
and mitres; carried Thyrfi, drums, flutes; crowned
themfelves with garlands of ivy, fir, vine, &c.
Some imitated Pan, Silenus, and the fatyrs -, fome
rode on afles ; both fexes running about the hills
and deferts, like infane perfons, yelling aloud Ei
(TW*O{ Eucu Baxp co Iaxp or Iw Bax^f ; ( Euripid.
SchoL Phanifs. 789. Bacch, in. 833. 695. Ari
Jioph. Ran. 1242. Eurip. Bacch. 81. 106. Ovid.
Met. vl. $>7*Virg- &n. 11.737, Diodor. Sic. iv.
3, 4, 5. Ariflopk. @fc-^. 999. 1003. Avib. 874.)
They were followed by perfons carrying facred vef-
fels, the firft of which was filled with water. Then fol-
lowed a feled number of honourable virgins, called
KavTipoooi, carrying bafkets of gold, filled with fruit ;
next, the ntfipaAAia, crowned with violets and
ivy, carrying T? ^AAf, poles, on which the pri-
vities of a man were reprefented : they were called
, and the fongs they repeated <paAAH*
Then followed the I0u<paXXo*, in women's
apparel, with garlands on their heads, and their
hands covered with flowers, imitating drunken men.
The Aiwruff, or Aixi/opo^ot attended ; carrying the
Aixw, or myftical van of Bacchus. The feftival-s
of Bacchus were innumerable. Some of them are
; (T/mcyd. lib. 2.Hefychius.
Q 3 Demojilu
3 o GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
Demofth. Orat. in Ne#r. Pollux, lib. 8.)
vtuTtgtx. ; CThucyd. lib. 1.) Atoj/u<na f/.jyaA* ; (De-
mofth. Oral, in Leptin.) fometimes called Ar*x&;
becaufe they were celebrated within the city : (Schol.
Ariftoph.*Acharn. $03.) Aom<na ^x^a, fometimes
called rot, XOLT ay{v;, becaufe it was obferved in the
country. It was celebrated in autumn ; (Arijloph.
Schol. Acharn.) Aiomo-ia Aju/aia, named from ADI/O?, a
wine-prefs; (Hefy chins.) Aioi/u<na|3au&wa, (Arijloph.
Schol. inPac.) obferved at Brauron in Attica: Atovu<n*
>uxTnA, (Paufan. Attic.) Beoivw, to Bacchus,
lurnamed totvoj, god of wine : Ityceayja, to Bac-
chus, furnamed lpo<payog and fl/*>jr>i?, becaufe hu-
man facrifices were offered to him at that time ;
(Plutarch. Themift.) or from their eating raw flefh :
dixos,', (Polyb. lib. 4.) Atoi/u<r*os T^UTH-
(Virg. JEn. 4.) a triennial folemnity.
, in honour of Aio<8i, or Caftor and
Pollux ; (Pin Jar. SchoL Pythion. Od. 5. Paufan.
Meffen.) celebrated with fports and merriment ;
(Schol. Euripid. Ph<enifs. 789. Arijloph. Ran. 124.2.
Euripid. Eacch. in. 833, 695, 81, 106.)
Aio? j3ouf, a Melefian feftival, in which an ox was
offered to Jupiter; (Hefy chins.)
A^uo7rta, in memory of Dryops, one of Apollo's
fons, at Afine ; (Paufan. Meffen.)
Aco^xaO, fo called, becaufe it was celebrated of
the twelfth of Ai/9fr wv ; (Hefychhts.)
EWo/Aij, on the feventh of every lunar month ;
(Suidas) in honour of Apollo ; to whom all feventh
days were facred ; becaufe one of them was his
birth-day, whence he was fometimes called E<To-
/uayevrjf ) (Pint. Sympos. lib. 8. Quxft. l. Hejiod.
Dieb.) They fung hymns $ and carried in their
hands
FESTIVALS. 231
hands branches of laurel, with which alfo they adorn-
ed their difhes. A feftival of this name was obferved
on the feventh day after the birth of a child.
Ei<niTiia, the day in which the magiflrates at
Athens entered upon their offices - a (Suidas. An-
tiphon. Oraf. pro Chor.) and offered facrifices for
the fafety of the commonwealth, in the temple of
Jupiter BsAaio?, and Minerva BaAaia, counfellors.
ExaXrj<7i, to Jupiter, furnamed Hecalus/ from
Hecale, in Attica -, (Stephan. Byzant, Plutarch.
, in honour of Hecate, (Strabo, lib. 14. )
At Athens, they paid great reverence to this god-
defs, believing me was overfeer of their families and
children. Statues were erected to her before the.
doors of their hpufes, which were called EKT<X ;
(Ariftqph. Sfhol. in F^efp.) Every new moon there
was a public fupper called Exam; famov, ferved up
in a place where three ways met, becaufe (he was
fuppofed to have a triple nature; hence the names
given to her, T^ywnros, T^tyA^o?, T^yXafiijMi,
Tf ioJTj. She was placed in the high-ways, it is faid,
becaufe fheprefidecj over piacular pollutions -, (Scho!.
in Theocr, Idyll, 2.) and thefe fuppers were expiatory
facrifices, to induce her to avert any evils on ac-
count of piacular crimes committed on the public
ways; (Plutarch.)
ExaTo^Co^, in honour of Juno $ (Pindar. Schol*
Olymp. 7. 8.) by the Argians; and in Laconiaj
(Euftath. II. |3.) One hundred oxen were killed,
and the relicks difhributed among the citizens.
There were fports, with prizes of a, brazen
and a crown of myrtle.
GRECIAN
t, to Jupiter, by the MefTenians, when
they killed one hundred enemies , (Paufan. Mejjbi.)
ExJWta, in honour of Latona -, (Ovid. Met. 17.)
EA*poAia, in honour of Diana, furnamed EA#-
f ioAo?, the huntrefs; (Athena. AeiTn/ocrop. lib. 14.
Plut. de Virt. Mid.) A cake made in the form of
a deer, on that account called *Aapo?, was offered
to her.
EAfna, in honour of Helena ; (Hefychius.) It
was celebrated by virgins riding upon mules, or in
chariots compofed of rufhes and reeds, and called
, at Platsea, with great folemnity, (Pau-
fan. Boeot. Pint. Ariflid.) to Jupiter Eleutherius ;
alfo obferved by the Samians, in honour of the god
of love; (Atkwa.&HVY. 3. P-lautm. Perf. aft. I.
fcen. i .} Slaves who obtained their liberty, kept a
holiday, called by this name.
EAu<rwa, was the moft celebrated and myflerious
folemnity ; and faid to have been firft inftituted by
Ceres herfelf. Perfons of both fexes and all ages
were initiated at this folemnity. He who attend-
ed at the initiation was called I^c^ai/r??, a revealer
of holy things. He was a citizen of Athens, and
held his office during life, and was devoted to a
chafte life. He had three affiftants ; culled
torch-bearer, who was allowed to marry
the crier O *TH jSw^w, becaufe he miniftered at the
altar. ItgoQuvTYis is laid to be a type of the Great
Creator ; Aa^^o;, of the fun ; Knf uj, of Mercury ,
and O ?ri TW (3cofxw, of the moon. There were many
public officers Ba<nAjuf, the king, who was one
of
FESTIVALS. 233
of the archons there were four E7nuA>iT*, curators,
elected by the people ten other peribns were em-
ployed, called IffOTroioi, becaufe they offered facri-
fices. It was celebrated in the month Bo^o/^w*,
and continued nine days; during which, no man
could be arrefted, or prefent a petition, They,
who were initiated, were not allowed to fit on the
covering of a well, or to eat beans, mullets or
weazels. If any woman rode in a chariot to Eleu-
fis, flie was fined fix thoufand drachms; (Milan.
Var. Hift. 12. 24. Petit, ad Leg. Attic.) The firft
of the nine days was called Ayu^o?, an afTembly.
The fecond, AAa h Mur^, becaufe they purified
themfelves by wafhing in the lea. On the third,
they offered facrifices, confifting chiefly of r^y\^ y
the mullet, and barley, out of the Rharium, a field
of Eleufis. Thefe oblations were called vct. On
the fourth, they made a folemn proceffion, in which
the KaAaQw, bafket of Ceres, was carried in a
confecrated cart; crowds of people fhouting,
Kctigs, An/.*}jr!, hail Ceres. Then followed women,
called Kropooi, bafket-carriers, in which were con-
tained carded wool, grains of fait, a ferpent,
pomegranates, reeds, ivy-boughs, cakes called $9oj 5 ',
poppies, &c. The fifth was called, H TK Aa/*7raov
the torch - day. The fixth was called
from lacchus, fon of Jupiter and Ceres ;
who, with a torch in his hand, accompanied
the goddefs in her fearch after Proferpine. His
flatue was carried in a folemn proceffion, called
lax^o?. The flatue, and thofe who accornpaniecl
it, were crowned with myrtle. Thefe were called
Jax^oywyoi, who danced and fung, and beat brazen
fettles. The way by which they ifTued out of the
city
134 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
city was called, I^a c<fo, the facred way : the reft-
ing-place, Ii/> o-ux>?, from a fig-tree, which grew
there. They alfo refled upon a bridge over the
river Cephiffus, where they jefted upon travellers
as they paired. . Hence, y^f^uv, from y^u^, a
bridge, is expounded p^Xoua^wv, mocking; (Suidas.)
and yepuf irt are interpreted o-xowTa*, fcoffers ; (Hz-
fychius.) From this bridge they went to Eleufis,
the way into which was called Munxjj mrcJlflf, the
myftical entrance. On the feventh day, there were
iports, in which the victors were rewarded with a
meafure of barley. The eighth was called ETTI^V-
iuv !***, becaufe ./Efculapius, coming from Epi-
daurus to Athens, and defiring to be initiated, the
leffer myfteries were repeated. The ninth day was
called IlADjtxo^oaf, earthen veffels : becaufe two
earthen veffels were filled with wine, one placed
towards the eaft, the other towards the weft ; when,
after repeating feveral myftical words, they were
thrown down, and the wine fpilt upon the ground
was offered as a libation 5 (Pau/an. Phoc. c. 3 1 .
Socrat. Pamgyr. 6. Schol, Ariftoph. Pint, 846. 1014,
Diog. Laert. 7. 186.) The drefs in which one
had been initiated was deemed facred, and, when
worn out, was confecrated to Ceres and Proferpine$
(Schol. Ariftoph. Plut. 843. 846 .)
Etewfojiia, an Athenian feftival, (Pollux. Onom.
lib. i o. cap. 53. Hefy chius) called from EA C -J/*<, veflels
made of bulrufhes, with cars of willow, in which
myfterious things were carried.
EAAwTia, two feftivals ; (Hefy chins. Athene.
&iww$tib. 15. Pindar. SchoL Olymp. Od. 13.)
one of which was celebrated in Crete, in honour of
Europa, called EAAwna, from the rape of Jupiter in
the
FESTIVALS, 23$
the form of a bull. Europa's bones were carried in
proceffion, with a myrtle garland, called EAAWTK or
EAAWTK, which was twenty cubits in circumference.
The other feftival was celebrated by the Corinthians
with games and races, in which young men con-
tended, running with lighted torches in their hands.
Jt was in honour of Minerva.
EAw^a, games in Sicily, near the river Helloris ;
(Hefychius.)
&, celebrated at Athens ; (Hefychius.)
or Ei/yaAia^Kj (Meurjius) in honour of
Enyalius, (Hefychius). who is faid to be Mars, or
one of his minifters.
Egirr^ia, oblations or prayers to the gods, vtg TU;
*oJ, for profperous departure. They were offered
by generals before they went to war, and by men
going from home, or about to die ; { Suidas.)
ETra^Orjf, to Ceres, named A^O^a, (Plutarch de
Ifid. et Ofirid.) from Ap/dof, grief, in memory of her
forrow for the lofs of her daughter Proferpina.
ETn^ua, private feftivals, and times of rejoicing
on account of a friend returning from a journey;
(Himerius in Propempt. Flavian.)
ETT^HUIOC, A-TroAAwi/o?, a Delphic feftival, in memory
of a journey of Apollo.
in honour of Apollo ; (Hefychius.)
z, an Athenian feftival, in honour of
Ceres j (Hefychius.)
ETnxgwta, to Ceres, by the Laconiansj (Hefy-
chius.
E7rii/i)cj, ETHJ/IXIO? EO^TTJ, a day of rejoicing after
yidory.
GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
, afeftival at Rhodes; (Hefychmi.)
, a Spartan feftival ; (Hefychius.)
, Ea-nrxjfBirif, at Scira in Attica, to Ceres
and Proferpina; (&*. Gtorg. lib. ^.Stephan. m
V. Exif of.)
. EfBrJ,*, by the Thefpians, in honour of
Cupid, the god of love; (Euftath. II. a.)
Ej , perhaps the fame as the formers (Plutarch
Erotic -Paufan. Exotic.) celebrated every fifth year
With fports and games.
, to Hercules, a Laconian feftival;
pfhius.)
B f w, or E fxW v,, to Ceres, (Hefychius) fur
named .Hercynna; (^^A-. fi$ v . I 53 .-P W
/(W. Exotic:)
Eff., in honour of E^ w , Mercury, by the
Pheneat* m Arcadia; (Paufan. Arcad.) and the
Cyllemans m Elis , P>. ^J B the Tana .
gans,n Boeotia, (Paufan. Exotic.) where he was
Rf^*t, the ram-bearer, and reprefented
with a ram upon his moulder. It was obferved in
Crete, where the matters attended, while the fervants
fat down at the table; (Athen*.^^. ^.) Ano .
her feftival to Mercury was obferved by boys i
exercife at Athensi
E.JT,, to the furies; .
Who were "lied j
venerable goddefles hv ti o- *
-s, by the Sicyonians, E/f,,j ( ,
favourable.
FESTIVALS. , s ft
favourable. It was obferved annually with facri-
fices, in which pregnant ewes, cakes made by young
men who were decked with flowers, and a libation
of honey and wine, were offered to the goddefTes,
At Athens, none were admitted but free citizens,
, to Ceres 3 (Hefy chins.)
, a Spartan feftival.
, an armiverfary folerfin'ity obferved by
the Phigaleans in Arcadia, (Paufan. Arc ad.) to
Eurynome ; who was either Diana, or a daughter
of Oceanus.
horfe-races in Laconia ; (Hefychim.)
, a Laconian feftival, to Helacatus,
(Hefych.) a boy beloved by Hercules.
Hfgia, a feftival at Argos, in honour of Juna,
called H^n. See ExarojixSota. Another of this name
was celebrated every fifth year with games at Elis ;
where fixteen matrons were appointed to weave a
garment for Juno ; they prefided over the games.
Virgins, according to their ages, ran races : their
hair was dilhevelled, their right moulders bare to
their breafts, and their drefs reached only to their
knees. They had a fecond race in the Olympic
Stadium, which at that time was (hortened about a
iixth part. The victors were rewarded with crowns
of olive, a (hare of the ox that was offered in facri -
fice, and were permitted to dedicate their own
pidures to Juno. This name was given alfo to a
day of mourning at Corinth, for the children of
Medea; (Sehol. in Lycophr.) by the Pellenjeans,
with games, in which the victor was rewarded with
a rich garment, called
GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
, an Athenian feftival, every fifth year to
Hercules; (Pollux, lib. 8. cap. 9.) The Thebans
obferved a folemn feftival to Hercules, furnamed
MrjXwv, becaufe ra juuAa, apples, were offered to him ;
(Pollux, lib. I. cap. i.) There were other feftivals
to him, at Coos, and at Lindus.
Ho<rav0aa, a Peloponnefian feftival, in which
women met and gathered flowers ; (Hefychius.)
H^o^ta, (Hefychius.)
H<OK> celebrated every ninth year by the Del-
phians > (Plutarch. Gr*c. Qu*ft.)
Hpajffta, to Vulcan, an Athenian feftival. There
was a race with torches, called Ayuv Xa/ATraJ'a^of $ in
the academy ; (Paufan. Hefychius. Per/ii. Fet.
SchoL) He who carried the torch alight to the
end of the race, was the vidlor, and called Aa/x?ra-
fa<pogo$ or irvga-vKpogQt ; (slriftoph. SchoL in Ran.
Lucret. lib. 2.)
axvc-i*, a facrifice offered by hufbandmen after
harveft. The whole feftival was called AAa, and
^uyxo^trifta, from the gathering of fruits. Some
fay, it was obferved in honour of Ceres aild Bac-
chus; ( Menand. Rhetor, cap. vi AatAXia*.) others^
of Neptune; (Euflath. II. \. 590.) Hence aXua-ioj
a^ro?, fometimes called QagyyXos, (Athena, lib. 2.)
which was the firft bread made of the new corn.
GatfynXia, an Athenian feftival, either to the furi
and the hours, or to Diana, and Delian Apollo. It
was celebrated on the fixth and feventh of Oa^nAiwr.
They carried the fruits of the earth in pots, called
^ayjjApi. On the fecond day it was ufual to luftrate
the city, which was done by two perfons, called
<P^axo, or Su/Agax^ot. They were either both
men, or a man and a woman. The man carried
about
FESTIVALS. 239
about his neck figs, called i<rx*&r> of a black co-
lour ; and the woman, white. The Qotfpaxoe, was
called KjaJtifl-iTuf, from figs called x^cJai^ and ufed
in luftrations - y hence x^a^f vo^e?, was a tune upon
the flute, which was played as he went to perform
his office* A choir of fingers contended for victory ;
and the conqueror dedicated a tripod in the Py-
theum, a temple of Apollo. At this feftival, the^
Athenians enrolled their adopted fons in the public
regifter j (Tzetzes Chiliad. Hift. 5* cap. 23 J The
Milefians had a feftival of the fame name.
ya/*, the marriage of the gods ; a Sicilian
feftival, in honour of Proferpinaj (Pollux, lib. i.
tap. i.)
, feeAiowi*.
, a feftival to all the gods ; (HefycMus.
Paufan. Achaic. SchoL in Pind. Ofymp. 1 1. Sckol.
in Pind. Olymp. 3.) The Pellenzeans had folemn
games, in which the victors were rewarded with a
piece of plate, and a garment called ^Xaiva. A
feftival was alfo held of this name by the Diofcuri.
G*opavaa or opvia, the appearance of God ; ob-
ferved by the Delphians -, (Herod, lib. i . Suidas.)
, a Laconian feftival ; (Hefyckius.)
TJ, an ./Etolian feftival 5 (Polib.lib. 5.)
(Hefychius.)
t, in honour of Ceres, called Gcff/topotof,
lawgiver ; (Virgil. JSLn. 4.) It was celebrated with
various ceremonies in many different cities of
Greece ; (fkefmophor. in Arijloph. -- Sepal, dc
divifwn. u*ft. Hefych. Plutarch. Pelopid. Pan-
Jan. Attic. Schol. Theocrit, Idyll. 4. 25.; It is
fome times
240 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
fometimes called MfyaAa^na. It was obfervecl
by the Athenians with the greateft folemnity. The
worfliippers were free-born, whofe hufbands de-
frayed the charges of the folemnity, if the portion
of their wives amounted to three talents. Thefe
tvere afliiled by a prieft, called ^r^owooo^ot : and
by certain virgins, who were finally confined,
and maintained at the public charge in a place,
called iYAopoov. The women were drefled in
white, as an emblem of chafiity, for five or three
days before it ; and ftrewed upon their beds, agnus
caftus, flea bane, vine branches, and other herbs, that
they might not be tempted to violate their chaflity<
They were not allowed to eat the kernels of pome-
granates, or to be adorned with garlands. On the
1 1 th of Pyaneplion, the women, carrying books
on their heads, containing the laws, went to Eleufis,
where the ceremony was obferved. Hence this day
was called AJ/O^OJ, the afcent. On the i^th the
feflival began, which lafted till the feventeenth.
On the fixteenth they kept a fafl, fitting on the
ground, in token of humiliation, when prayers were
offered to Ceres, Proferpine, Pluto, and Galligenia,
the nurfe or prieflefs of Ceres. Hence the day was
called Nnreia, a fail. There was alfo a myflerious
facrifice, called Awy^* ; and another called Z^os,
a muldl, ' which was offered to expiate any crime
committed during the ceremony. At this feftival*
prifoners were releafed; (Diodor. Sicul. i. 14.
Schol. tfheocrit. Idyll. 4. 25. Ovid. Met. 10. 431.-
-Milan. Var. Hift. 9. 2,6<Ariftoph. Tnefm. 86.
Athene. 7. 16.)
f<T5ia, in honour of Thefeus; (Plutarch. The/.*
Arifloph. Sckof. in Pint.) The facrifices were called
FESTIVALS. -241
, from OyXos the eighth, becaufe they were
offered on the eighth of the month ; (Hefychius.)
It was celebrated with iports and games.
0tu;, to Apollo; ( Hefychius.) The three nurfes
of Apollo were called iia*.
vux.> to Bacchus, obferved by the Elians ; (Pai*~
fan. Eliac. .)
, to Venus ; (Hefychius.)
, fo called from @u^o?,a tunny, which fifli-
ermen offered to Neptune, after a fuccefsful draught ;
(Athene, lib. 7.)
IE^O? ya/xo?, the facred marriage. In honour of
Jupiter and Juno ; (Hefychius.)
I0wp*ia, in which muficians contended in honour
of Jupiter; (Stephan. Byzant.) furnamed lOw/*jTif,
from Ithome in Theffaly.
Iva^ta, a feftival of Leucothea in Crete, derivefl
from Inachus, (Hefych,} or from Ino, the fame as
Leucothea and A^o?, grief.
Imia, at Lemnos.
Ii/wa,tolno, (fzet.inLycophr.) by the Corinthians,
the Megarians, (Paufan. Attic.) and in Laconia ;
(Paufan. Lacon.)
,, to Bacchus.
, the fame with H^axAfta ; ^Pindar. Schol. in,
Olymp. 7.) In honour of Hercules and lolaus. It
lafted ieveral days; (Pindar. Schol. in Ifthm*
and Nemeon.) and celebrated with facrifices and
horfe-races; in which the vidors obtained garlands
of myrtle and tripods of brafs.
GRECIAM ANTIQUITIES!
in honour of Ifis, (Diodor* SiciiL lib. i .)
Avho taught the life of corn.
Ia-%wiot y celebrated annually at Olympia, in me-
mory of Ifchenus, grandfon of Mercury and Hierea;
(fzetz. in Lycoph. v. 42*)
Kafia, at Thebes and Lemnos, and particularly
at Imbrus and Samothrace, iflands, which were con-
fecrated to the Cabiri ; (C*lius.Rhadig.< Lit. Gy-
rald.) They who Were initiated into thefe myfleries,
were fuppofed to be fecured from ftorms at fea ;
(Diodor. Sicul. lib, 5. Plat. Euthydem. Hefy chins.
in i). (>Qvi(r(*.o<;.}
KaAaoj^a, in honour of Diana, by the Laconians;
(Horn. SchoL in II. .)
KaAXtrna, the rewards of beauty. A Lefbiaa
feflival, in which women prefented themfelves in
Juno's temple, and the prize was affigned to the
faireft ; (Athene* Amrvoc^, //. 12.) It was alfo
celebrated by the Parrhafians, (At/ten, ibid.) and
the Eleans ; (Suidas.)
, at Athens.
obferved in moft of the cities of Greece.
In honour of Apollo, named Carneus, (Aloman.)
or from Carnus, fon of Jupiter and Europa ; (Hefy-
chius) and beloved by Apollo; (Theocrit. Schol.)
It lafted nine days; (Plutarch. Nic. Athene, lib. 4.
Callim. Hymn, in ApolL Pind. Pyth.) in which
prizes were given to muficians.
Ka^ua or Ka^uart?, in honour of Diana, (Pmifan.
Lacon.) furnamed Caryathis, from Caryum in La-
conia ; (Luc. TT^ c^g-sef.) virgins joined in a dance,
called K.
FESTIVALS. 243
j> in honour of Hebe, the goddefs of
youth ; (Paitfau. Corinth.)
, or B*<raia, (Hefychius.)
annually celebrated upon Mount
Cnacalos, by the Caphyatse, in honour of Diana ;
(Paufan. Arcad.)
KowJ, obferved the day before the feftival of
Thcfeus, in which a ram was facrificed to Connidas,
the preceptor of Thefeus ; (Plutarch, tfhef.)
Kof ia, in honour of Proferpina, named Ko^ ;
(Hefychius.)
Ko?0t;arnx<x, in memory of the Corybantes, held
at CnofTus in Crete.
Koroma, or KOTUTTK, a no&urnal feftival in ho-
nour of Cotys or Cotytto, the goddefs of wanton-
nefs; (Suidas. Juvenal, Sat. 2.) Her priefts were
called B7rTai > from BaTrrw, to paint. Another, of this
name, was obferved in Sicily \ (Plutarch. Proverb.)
K^OHB, to Saturn, who is called K^oi/o? ; (Ariftoph.
Schol. in Nub. Hefychius.) It was obferved at
Athens in the month Exarojugajcov, which was an-
ciently called K^OHO? . Another, to Saturn, was cele-
brated at Rhodes, where they offered, in facrifice, a
condemned criminal ; (Porphyr. apud. Theod. lib. 7.)
Ku&^vuo-ta, in memory of Naufitheus and Phseax,
who were the xuS^iT*t, pilots, of Thefeus, in his
voyage to Crete ; (Plutarch. Thef.)
Kui/opMTic, obferved in the dog-days at, Argosj
(At hen. lib. $.)
Aax&u/Aonwv Eo^ra, (everal feflivals obferved at
Lacedsemon; (Athene, lib. 13.)
244 GRECIAN ,ANTT QUIT IE Ss
Aa/x7rTj^a, at Pellene in Achaia; (Paufan. A chatc.)
in honour of Bacchus, furnamed Aupirrvig, from
/, to flune.
rc-ouuv EO^TJ, games at Larifla ; (Apol. Schol.
lib. 4)
Aa^ucna, at Laryfium, to Bacchus ; (Paufan.
Lacon.)
Aottpgiot, held annually at Patra? in Achaia, in ho-
nour of Diana, (Paufan.Achaic.) furnamed Laphria,
from fpoils taken in hunting. It lafted two days,
attended with facriflces.
Atonfoiot, annually at Sparta, in memory of Leo-
nidas ; (Paufan. Lacon.)
AEOVTIX 5 (Porphyr. de Ant. Nymph.) celebrated
with an oration and fports.
Asgmtx, at Lernaj in honour of Bacchus, Profer-
pina, and Ceres 5 (Paufan. Corinth.)
AfjvK*,'to Bacchus, furnamed Lenseus, from Ar^r,
awine-prefs; (Arifloph. Schol. Eqtiit. Dtog. Laert.
Platone.) In this feftival, poets contended foe
victory 5 and tragedies were acted.
A*.0oA*a, lapidation; celebrated by the Trseze-
nians, in memory of Lamia, and Auxelia, who were
two virgins, {toned to death in a time of tumult ;
(Paufan. Corinth.)
AifMKTifiKy in honour of Diana, (Paufan. Ach.)
furnamed Limnatis, from Limne, a fchool of exer-
cile at Trsezen, in which (lie was worfhipped $ or
from Tujwaj, lakes, becaufe fhe had the care of fiih-
ermenj (Artemid.)
Aivsio, in memory of Linus, an old poet ; (Pau
faniBxot.)
FESTIVALS. 24$
AUXK, an Arcadian feftival, (Plutarch. Cxfar.
Paufan. Arcad.) obferved firft by Lycaon, in honour
of Jupiter, furnamed Lyoeus.
Auxeta, in honour of Apollo Auxo?, held at Argos;
(Pindar. Schol. in. Pyth.Sophocl. Schol. in Eleftr.)
A human facrifice was offered at this feilival.
Aux^y^a, by the Spartans, to Lycurgus 5 (Plu-
tarch. Lycurg. Strab.lib. 8.)
Auo-av^ia, a Samian feftival, in honour of Lyfan*
der ; (Plutarch. Lyfandr. Hefychius.) It was au-
ciently called H^ata.
Mai/*axTji&, offered by the Athenians in Masmac-
terion, which was a winter month, to Jupiter Mat-
^axTu?, to induce him to fend mild weather ; (Har-
f Deration. Siddas. Hefy chins. Plutarch. TTZ^
, fee
in honour of Menelaus, (Ifocrat. in.
Helen. Encom. Paufan. Lacon.) together with
Helena.
days upon which theLefbians
offered facrifices -, (Hefychius.)
MfrayfiTj/ta, fo called from the name of the month;
in honour of Apollo, by the inhabitants of Melite,
(Suidas. HarpocraL Plutarch, de Exil.)
MiA-na&ia, facrifices, with horfe-races, in memory
of Miltiades ; (Herod, lib. 4.)
Mimta, celebrated by the Orchomenians ; (Pin*
dar. Schol. Ifthm. Od. i.) who were called Minyze.
R 3
GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
ogTYi, celebrated by the inhabitants
of Mitylene, in honour of Apollo MaAAosjf ; (Hefy-
chius. Thucyd. lib. 3.)
Moui/u;a, obferved annually at Athens, on the
fixteenth of the month Mavu^twv, in honour of Diana.
They offered cakes, called *p.$iQwriq y from fliining
on every fide ; becaufe lighted torches hung round
them, when they were carried into the temple, or
becaufe they were offered at full moon $ (Harpocrat.
Suidas. Enflath. 1L 6.)
Mouo-fta, in honour of the mufes ; (Pollux^ lib. i.
cap. i. jEfckin^ in Timarch. Paitfan. Bceotic.
Diodor. Sicul. lib. 1 7. Plutarch. Erotic.)
Muo-i*, in honour of Ceres, furnamed Myfia, from
Mylius an Argian -, (Paufan. Acliaic.) It lafted
feven days ; on the third, men and dogs were fhut
out of the temple, and the women and bitches
remained.
MwAsta, an Arcadian feftival ; (Apolion. RJwd.
Sc/iol. lib. i. v. 164.) from MwAoj, a fight 5 inilituted
in memory of a battle, in which Lycurgus flew
Ereuthalion.
N*xu<na, in memory of deceafed perfons.
Nf/xfo-tia or Nejt*cri, in memory of deceafed per-
fons ; fo called, from Nemefis ; (SophocL EleEtr. v.
793. Demofth.Orat. adv. Spud. p. 650. Suidas.
Nfowa, to Bacchus, when the new wine was firft
tailed ; (Hefy chius.)
N07rToAgjuta, celebrated by the Delphians, (Heli*
odor. Ethiop. lib. 3.) in memory of Neoptolemus :
with much pomp and fpleudour.
FESTIVALS. 247
, a Milefian feftival, in honour of Diana,
furnamed Neleis, from Neleus, of Miletus ; (Plu-
tarch, de Virt. Mid. Lycophr. Caff.)
Ni>c>i r si/ Maoa9ow, obferved upon the lixth of
Bovfypiuv, in memory of that famous victory, which
Miltiades obtained againft the Perfians , (Plutarch.
de Glor. Athen.)
N*xuT{ia AOnvaf, in memory of Minerva's vi&ory
over Neptune, when they contended which fhould
give name to the city, afterwards called Athens 5
(Prod, in Tinitf. Comm. i.)
Noupii/ia or NP]VJ, obferved at the beginning
of every lunar month, (Horn. Schol. Ody. u.
Euftatk. Odyjf. v. ^^/ $.Befychius. Herod, lib.
8.) which was upon the new moon. It was ob-
ferved with games and entertainments ; in honour
of the gods, efpecially of Apollo, who was called
NW/AHI/IO? ; (Plutarch, de Grac. Quaft.) Becaufe
they were offered every month, theie facrifices were
called jt*juniva Jc-^a or HFipwioe,, and thofe who performed
them twtpwioi, and y^oyiq. The cakes offered
were called v/xxjnot, and the worfluppers, ^a^^nra.
HavOtxa, a Macedonian feftival, (Hefychius. Liv*
lib, 40, ^. Curt. lib. 10.) fo called, becauie it was
obferved in the month Xanthus, which was the
feme with April ; (S-uidas.) The army was at this
time purified by a folemn luftratioru
Suvoixta or MfToixta, annually obferved by the
Athenians, in honour of Minerva, (Thncyd. lib. 2.
Plutarch. The/.) on the fixteenth of EXTO,<**WI/,
in memory of the Athenians uniting in one body.
* 4
248 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
Oy^nria, a Boeotian feftival, in honour of Nep-
tune, iurnamed Oncheftius, from Oncheftus, a town
in Boeotia ; (Palifan. Bocotic.)
OAu/ATna, celebrated in honour of Olympian Ju-
piter.
O^oAana, a Theban feftival, in honour of Jupiter
Homoloius, or Ceres Homoloia; (tfheocr. Schol.
Idyll. 8.) fo called from Homole in Boeotia.
O<r;o<poia or Ilo-^o^c^a, an Athenian feftival, fo
called fijom cairying boughs hung with grapes,
which were termed o<r^tj (Hefychius. Harpocrat.
Plutarch. Thef.) There was always a race at this
feftival > (Pavfan. Attic. Athena, lib. 1 1 . Htfy-
chins.) The reward of the victor was a cup, called
JI^TstTTAoa or ncvronrXy, fivefold ; becaufe it was a
mixture of five things, wine, honey, cheefe, meal,
and oil.
nayKAa^ja, fo called, from all forts of boughs.
It was celebrated by the Rhodians, when they
pruned their vines ; (Hefy chins.)
n/>t-oi&ma, celebrated by all the Boeotians,
(StrabJib. 9. Paujan. Exotic.) who afTembled near
Cheronea.
Ilavaltovaifli, in honour of Minerva, the prote6lrefs
of Athens. At firft it continued only one day ;
but was afterwards prolonged feveral days; and
celebrated with great magnificence. * There were
two folemnities of this name, MeyaA* HoivxQwxtK,
the great Panathensea, which was celebrated once
in five years; and Mtx^a navaQwcua, the leffer
Puiiathensa, which was kept every third year. In
the latter there were three games, managed by ten
prefidents, elected from the ten tribes, who con-
5 tinued
FESTIVALS. 24^
tinued in office four, years. On the firft day was a
race with torches, in which footmen and horfemen
contended. The fecond contention was, suavJ^as
aywi/, a gymnical exercife, in a place near the river,
called irwoiQwixov. The laft was a muiical con-
tention j in which the poets alfo contended in four
plays, named TET^aAoyia. There was a contention
in imitation of a fea-iight, in which the viclor was
rewarded with a veffel of oil, and a crown of thofe
olives, which grew in the academy, called /* *** ;
from /x0o;, death, or ju^e?, a part. There was alib
a dance, performed by boys in armour, called Py-
rrichia. No man was allowed to be prefent at thefe
games in dyed garments, under a penalty to be im-
pofed by the AywoQtrrig, prefident of the games.
They facrificed fumptuouily, towards which, every
Athenian borough contributed an ox ; of the flefli
that remained, a public entertainment was made
for the whole affembly. In the greater feflival, the
fame rites were nearly obferved ; but with yet more
magnificence: with the addition of the proceffion,
in which Minerva's facred WOTAC^, garment, was
carried. This TrnrXos was woven by a number of
virgins, called E^yarwa*, from t^yon, work : thefe
were fuperintended by two of the A^j^^ot, and
commenced their employment at the feftival x aA *
Mft, on the thirtieth of Pyanepfion. It was white,
without fleeves, and embroidered with gold ; upon
it, the atchievements of Minerva and Jupiter, of
the heroes, and of men renowned for courage, were
defcribed ; hence men of courage are faid to be
o&oi TrtTrXz; (driftoph. Equit. 563.) In the Cera-
micus, without the city, was an engine built in the
form of a (Lip, upon which the TTETTAQS was hung,
as
t$o GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES*
as a fail, and the whole was conveyed, by Tub terra-
neous machines, to the temple of Ceres Eleufmia ;
and thence to the citadel ; where the -nnrXos was put
upon Minerva's flatue, which was laid upon a bed
ftrewed with flowers, and called TrAaxif. Perfons of
all ages and fexes attended. It was led up by old
men, with old women, carrying olive branches in
their hands, hence they were called OaAAopo^oj, car-
riers of green boughs. Then followed the men of
full age, with (hields and fpears, and attended by
the /tArrcjxoi, fojourners,who carried imall boats, as an
emblem of their coming from other countries, and
were hence called Sxaptipc^ot, boat -bearers: then fol-
lowed the women, attended by the wives of the fo-
journers, who were called Ttyta^of , from carrying
water-pots. Then followed young men, finging
hymns to Minerva ; they were crowned with millet ;
next proceeded felecl virgins of high rank, called
K<Mn<pogoi, bearers of bafkets; becaufe they carried
bafkets, which contained neceflaries for the celebra-
tion of the ceremonies, which were in thecuftody of
the manager of them, and hence called A^iOwfof.
Thefe virgins were attended by the daughters of
fojourners, who carried umbrellas and little feats,
and called Aipf >jpo, feat -carriers. The boys fol-
lowed, in coats worn ,at proceflions, and called ?rav-
^pHOi. At this folemnity there was a gaol delivery ;
and it was alfo ufual to prefent golden crowns to
thofe who deferved well of the commonwealth, and
to appoint fome to ling Homer's poems ; (jElian.
Far. Hijt. viii . 2. Lycurg. adv. Leocrat. p. 1 8 1 .} In
thefe and other quinquennial folemnities,they prayed
for the profperity of the Platseans ; (Pan/an. Arcad*
\\. 14, 7^*P/tf/, Thef* Barpocrat.
FESTIVALS. 251
Suidas. Thucydid. 6. 56. PoJ/ux 9 8. Liter et. 2.
j j . > Schol. Arijtoph. Ran. 131. Schol. Arijloph.
Nub. i oo i. Schol. Pindar. Nem. OcL 10. 65.
Schol, Sophocl. (Ed. Col. 6S$.Euripid. Hecub. 468.)
, in honour of Panacej (Theodoref.)
the fame with AOnvaia and
s, an Athenian feftival, fo called from Pan-
dion, by whom it was inftituted ; (Suidas.) It
was celebrated after the Aiwuo-**,
Ilaj^oero?, an Athenian feftival, (Hefychius.) in
memory of Pandrofus, daughter of Cecrops.
nanfo<n, public rejoicings, (Prochis. in Hejiod*
E^y. /3.) when intemperate feafons forced the mu~
riner to ftay at home.
IlaffAAni/ta, celebrated by an afTembly of people
J J i A
from all parts of Greece ; (Euftath. II. ]3.)
nai/wi/Kfc, celebrated by people from all the cities
of Ionia; (Herod, lib. i. Strabo. lib. 5. Euftath.
II. y.) It was in honour of Neptune. If the bull,
in this facrifice, happened to bellow, it was account-
ed a favourable omen, becaufe that found was
efteemed acceptable to Neptune 3 (Horn. II. J.)
ITi/of EoTij, obferved annually in honour of Pan
at Athens ; (Herod, lib. 6. cap. 106.) Pan had alfo
a feftival in Arcadia ; (^heocrit. Schol. Idyll. 7.) at
which hisftatue was beaten with SxiAXai, fea-onions,
i, fee IIiiaKfiJ/a.
5, in honour of Paralus, an ancient hero -,
(Euftath. Odyff.)
llawc-avna, at this feftival, an oration was made in
praife of Paufanias, the Spartan General, who con-
quered Maaionius at Platea 5 (Paufan. Lacon.)
GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
&, in honour of Pelops, obferved by the
Eleans ; (Paufan. Eliac.)
nAw^aThefTalianfeftival, fimilarto the Roman
Saturnalias (Athene, lib. 14-)
i, a Macedonian folemnity ; (Hefy chins.}
the fame with <&aAAwy&>v/. See
EO^TJJ, gymnical exercifes at Pitana;
(Hejychius )
Uxwrygito, m honour of Aglaurus, daughter of
Cecrops, or Minerva j (Hefychius. Plut. Alcib.
Athena, lib. 3. Pollux, lib. 8. cap. 12.) They un-
dreffed the ftatue of Minerva, and wafhed it, hence
it was called 7rAui/Tij^i,. from TTAUJ/SJ^, to wafh. It
was accounted an inaufpicious day; and the temples
were furrounded with ropes, to prevent men from
admiflion -, (Plutarch. Alcibid.) They carried in
proceffion a cluftre of figs, called Hyuro^a, or Hyn-
Tgioty from nyio/Aau
IIoXii^, a Theban folemnity, in honour of Apol-
lo, furnamed IloAto?, grey, becaufe he was here re-
prefented with grey hairs ; (Paufan. Bceotic.) The
victim was a bull.
TlopTrzuv A&ifAovos EO^T ; (Hefychius.) There was
an image at this folemnity, called 2T/A/*,Ta*ov.
IIflffi^a, or no<rfi^wpi, in honour of no<m<SW, Nep-
tune, to whom they alfo offered another facrifice,
called OvftAtov ; (Hefychius.)
, in honour of Priapus.
or n^^oo-ta, facrifices offered, (Hefy-
. Suidas. Ariftoph. Sfhol, Eydt.) v^o TUJ
FESTIVALS. 253
, before feed time, to Ceres, furnamed IT^oir-
celebrated by the people of Laconia,
before they gathered their fruits ; (Hefy chins.)
ngopuxiot, a feftival, in which the Lacedemonians
crowned themfelves with reeds ; (Athen. lib. 15.)
ITo/A0, in honour of Prometheus, at Athens;
(Ariftoph. Schol. Ran.)
II^o(r^at^r*i^a, a day of rejoicing, when a new
married wife went to the houfe of her irufband ;
(Suidas. Harpocration.)
6, a folemnity before marriage.
5, in honour of Neptune and of Bacchus,
fHefychws) furnamed n^oT^uyuf, from new wine.
Il^opOatria, fo called onro 73 ri'goftatafftj from pre-*
venting, or coming before ; (Dlod. Sic. lib. 15.)
n^o^a^pif**, was annually obferved by the Athe-
nian magiftrates, to Minerva, when the fpring firft
appeared; (Suidas.)
IlttT<r*Aafls, celebrated by the Cherfonefians,
and TheiTalians, (Pindar. Schol. IJlhm. Od. i. -
Lucian. Deor. Con.) in memory of Protefilaus, who
was the firft Grecian flain by Hedor.
, an Athenian feftival, fometimes called
or Hao$fia 9 (Harpocration. Hefy chins.
Plutarch. Thef.) from boiling pulfe, as was ufual on
that day.
IIuAata, a feftival at Pylse, called alfo Thermo-
pylae, in honour of Ceres ; (Strab. lib. 9.)
rii^o-wi/ EO^TM, the feftival of torches ; obferved at
Argos, in memory of the torches lighted by Lyn-
ceus
*54 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES*
ecus and Hypermneftra, to fignify to each other,
that they had both efcaped from danger ; (Paufan.
Corinth.)
Pa& t/aAu4>K,the elevation of the rod; annually
obferved in the ifland of Cos, at which the priefts
carried a cyprefs tree.
Pa4/Jiw Eo^Ttt, a part of the Atoiwria, or feftival
of Bacchus, at which they repeated fcraps of longs
or poems, as thev walked by his ftatue ; (At hen.
, nocturnal myfteries in honour of Jupiter
Sabazius ; ( Clemens , Proterp.) or in honour of Bac-
chus, furnamed Sabazius , from the Sabs, a people
of Thrace ; (Diodor. SicuL lib. 4. Ariftoph* SchoL
Fefp .Harpocration.)
Ta^wvia, in honour of Diana, furnamed Saronia,
from Saro, the third king of Trxzen ; (Paufan*
Corinth.)
Si<rap0, making off the burden. A public
Athenian facrifice, in memory of Solon's ordinance,
by which the debts of the poor were remitted $
(Pint. So/one.)
2*/AA, in honour of Semele, the mother of Bac-
chus; (Hefy chins.)
2Mrnjiov, a Delphian feftival, every ninth year, in
memory of Apollo's victory over Python ; (Pint.
26s n, at Argos ; (Hefxchhis.)
2/csioa, or Sx^a, or 2xiopoa,an annual folemnity
at Athens, (Ariftopk. SchoL Conci. Suidas. Har-
pocration.) upon the twelfth of Sxi^o^iw^ in ho-
nour of Minerva, or of Ceres and Profernina. At
this
P S T I V A L S. 25$
this feilival was a race called exr^o^o^ja, becaufe they
carried vine branches full of grapes in their hands.
>*, or Zxi5, at Alea in Arcadia, (Paufan.
Arcad. Pollux, lib. 8. ^. 33.) in honour of Bac-
chus, whofe image was VTTQ r-n o-xia^, under a
lhade.
SxiAAwi/ EoT, the feftival of fea-onions. It was
obferved in Sicily , and was a combat, in which
boys beat each other with fea-onions, and the victor
was rewarded with a bull ; (Theotrit. Schol. Idyll. 7.)
2?roTia ; (Hefychius.)
Zrwia, at Athens, (Hefychius. Suidas.) in which
the women lampooned each other.
STO<PI, at Eretria, in honour of Diana Stophea ;
(Athena, lib. 6.)
SrujiApaAia, at Stymphalus, in Arcadia, in honour
of Diana; (Paufan. Arcad.)
2tyxoji*trif*, fee 0aAu<naj (fheocrit, Idyll, y**
Ariftot. ad. Nicom. 8. n.)
2u^axouo-twv Eo^rai, Syracufian feftivals; (Plat.
Epift. ad. Dion, prop.) It lafted ten days. Another
was celebrated annually ; (Cicero. Or at. in Verr. 4.)
2ujua*a, games at Sparta ; (Hefychhts) the prize
of which was ru^aia, a mixture of fat and honey.
facrifices for deliverance from danger;
. Arat.Polyb. lib. <2.Cicer. de Off. lib. 3.)
, in honour of Neptune, furnamed Ts-
narius.
Tax*! &TK, gymnical exercifes in honour of Jupi-
ter TaAaioj ; (Hefychius.)
256 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
Tau^fi*, in honour of Neptune ; (Hefychius.
Atltena. lib, 10.)
TayoiroAia, in honour of Diana TufowoXoy
fychius.)
at Cyzicus ; Hefychius.)
the fortieth day after childbirth.
, a Spartan feftival, in which
nurfes, conveyed the male infants committed to
their charge to the temple of Diana Corythalliaj
at which certain ceremonies were performed ; (Hefy-
chius.) Young pigs were offered in facrifice ; when
fome danced, who were called Ko^OaAAjr^t ; others
employed themfelves in buffoonry, and were called
Ku^iTTOi. The entertainment was called -Ko^*?, and to
partake of it, Ko-mgtiv. Tents were erected near the
temple, in which were beds, covered with tapeflry;
every one had his portion at fupper, and a fmall
loaf, called <&y<nxuAAf j a new cheefe, part of the
belly and tripes, figs., beans and green vetches.
, in memory of the Titanes.
games celebrated at Rhodes, in me-
mory of Tlepolemus, on the twenty-fourth of Gor-
piaeus; (Pindar. SchoL Olymp. Od. j.J
Tovsta, obferved atSamos; (Athene, lib. 15.} in
which they carried Juno's image to the fea thore,
and oiFered cakes to it.
a, at Athens, in memory of Toxaris, a
Scythian hero; (Lucian. Scyth.)
annually celebrated by the lonians, in
honour of Diana Triclaria; (.Paufan. Achaic.)
FESTIVALS. 257
games facred to Apollo Triopius. The
prizes were tripods of brafs - 9 (Herod, lib. i. cap. 44.^
ir^TOTraTo^i^, in which they prayed for children
to the <3>o ym0A6i, gods of generation, who were
called TiT07r*Tf{ ; (Etymokg. Auft.)
; (HefychtUS.)
, celebrated annually at Lebadea, in ho-
nour of Triphonius; (Pindar. Sfhol. Olymp.Od. y.)
; (Hefy chins.)
, In honour of Bacchus, by the Achseans ;
(Paufan. Corinth.)
Txi^*ct, annually obferved at Amyclse in Laco-
nia, (Paufan. Lacon.) in memory of the beautiful
youth Hyacfftthus, with games in honour of Apol-
lo ; (Athena, lib. 4. Hefychins.)
T^rH<, at Argos ; (Plutarch. Virt. MuL Po-
ly*n. lib. 8 .)
T#0poia, fo called a?ro ra Qigttii uJw^, from bearing
water; and obferved at Athens, in memory of thofe
who periflied in the deluge ; (EtymoL Auft.) Ano-
ther of this name was obferved at jEgina, to Apollo;
(Pindar. Sthol. Nem. Od. $.)
7>vi<*, in honour of Diana Hymnia, at Man-
tinea.
Tp^*, at Argos, in honour of Venus; (Athene
lib. 3.) from *, a fow ; becaufe fows were facrificed
to this goddefs.
Qzyw*, fo called from $ayi*y, to eat ; (Athen*.
lib. J.) It belonged to Bacchus.
; (EuJiath.Qdyfs.q.)
258 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
y (Hefychius.)
to Bacchus: (Suidas. Aflflopi. SchoL
Nub.)
'Qffs<pxrria 9 at Cyzicum, in which a black heifer
was lacrificed to Prolcrpine ; (Plutarch. Lucull.)
Qu<rfQix 9 in honour of Phofphorus or Lucifer;
(Hefychius. P hit arch. in Colot.)
XaAxfi*, from XaAxo*-, brafs; in memory of the
firft invention of working brafs; (Euftath. 11. (3.
Suidas. Harfocration.) It was called Hwoypo*,
and fometimes AQivow*.
XaAxioixia, annually obferved at Sparta, on which
young men affembled in- arms, to celebrate a facri-
tice in the temple of Minerva, furnamed X*Axwxe? - 9
Polyb. lib. 4. Paufan. Photic, and Laconic.)
XCUHHX, celebrated by the Chaonians in Epirus*
(Par then. Erot. 32.)
X^Aa, obferved once in nine years by the Del-
phians ; (Plutarch. Gr*c. Quxft.)
Xa^r*, in honour of Charites, the graces, with
dances, which continued all night ; and he who was
awake the longeft,,was rewarded with a cake,, called
a thankfgiving at Athens,
en the twelfth of B^OJWIW!/, which was the day on
which Thrafybulus expelled the thirty tyrants, and
reftored the Athenians their liberty -, (Plutarch, dt
Glor. Athen.)
, at Athens ; (Hefychius.)
, celebrated by the Xigwww, or handi-
craftsmen s (Athen. lib. 8.)
FESTIVALS. 259
at Rhodes, when the boys begged from
tloor to door, and fung a certain fong ; which cere-
mony was called Xtfatoigw, and the fong itfelf
XAiJevJcyxa, becaufe it was begun with an invocation
of the XfAJwfr, fwallow ; (Athene.)
X0ai/ia, in honour of Ceres, annually obferved by
the Hermionians > (Paufan. Corinth.)
XiTw>ta, in honour of Diana, furnamed Chitonia t
from Chito in Attica, where it was oblerved ; (Cal-
lim. Sthol. Hymn, in Diem-*- Athene, lib. 14.) Ano-
ther of this name was celebrated at Syracufe; (Ste-
fhan, Byzant. v. X*Ti>n.)
XAcfja, at Athens, on the fixth of aoyyjAiwi/, (He-
fychius. Etiftath. II. LPaufan. Att.) to Ceres,
iurnamed Ev^Aee;, fertile ; (SophocL CEdip. Colon.)
, fee ArfeMgiz.
, in honour of Bacchus ; (Hefychius.)
, in honour of Bacchus, Ci^oipccyo^ eater
of raw fiefh ; (Clem. Proterp.)
n^at, facrificesj conlifting offruits^ offered in
fpring, fummer, autumn and winter, for mild and
temperate weather ; (Athena, lib. 14.)
OF THE GRECIAN GAMES AND COMBATS.
The games were inftituted in honour of the gods
or of deified heroes ; and always began and ended
with a facrifice. They who obtained the vidory*
efpecially in the Olympic games, were highly ho*
noured. On their return home, they rode in a
triumphal chariot into the city, the walls being
s z throws
260 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
thrown clown to give them admittance; (Pfa-
tarch. lib. 2. Quteft. 6.) They were honoured with
the firfl places at all mows and games, and main-
tained at the public charge; (XenopJi. Coloph.
in Epigr. Clcer. Or at. pro Place. Plutarch.
LuculL) The honour defcendcd to their relations
and to the place of their birth ; (Plutarch. Pelop.)
To every Athenian, one hundred drachms were al-
lowed, who obtained a prize in the Ifthmian games ;
and five hundred drachms to thofe who were victors
in the Olympic games ; (Pint. Solon.) It was for-
bidden to give Haves or harlots their names from
any of the games ; (Athena, lib. 13.) There were
umpires appointed to decide difputes, and adjudge
the prizes, who were called
When the fentence was determined, a herald pro-
claimed the victor; and a palm-branch was delivered
into his hand -, (Plut. f/ief.) The games were
termed Ayi/? ; (Nicoph. Schol. ad Syn. de Infomn. p.
428.) Their principal exercifes were, J^ojuo?, run-
ning, called alfo WO^WXEJTJ; ^c-xoj, the difcus or quoit;
X/xa, leaping ; Truy^*!, boxing ; TraXn, wreftling ;
(Virg. JEn. 3. 281.) They were called by the gene-
ral name, flnvrafaov, quinqiiertium.
OF RUNNING.
A^ojuof , running. This game was in high efteemj
(Horn. Qdyff. 6. 147.) It was performed in a fpace of
ground, called fahw, which contained one hundred
and twenty-five paces. It was alfo called auAoj ;
(Athena. 3. p. 189.) The runners were called
(Pan/an. Eliac. ii, 20.)
There
GAMES AND COMBATS. 261
There were four kinds of races ; (Schol, Ariftoph.
. 293.) The jWtoi/ ; ' the (JUuAo?, which courfe
was twice run over, in making to the goal, and in
returning from it ; the <foAijeo?, a fpace of feven
fladia; (Schol. Ariftoph. Avib. Demofth. Encom. p.
686.) the oTrAmj?; (Ariftoph. Schol. Av. 293.)
whence are derived the names given to the runners,
rcthofyQitoi, ififltutafijfflpW) fytylfffyf'th an d oirAiTc^tyAOij
(Pollux, iii. 30. 146.)
The rhofyof/,oi, were thofe who ran once over the
ground; (Ariftoph. Schol: Av. 293.) the howXtfyopot,
thofe who ran twice over it ; (Schol. Ariftoph. ibid.)
the hhixofyopoi, thofe who ran over it fix or feven
times ; the QirXirofyofAQi, thofe who ran over it in ar-
mour 5 (Sckel. Ariftoph. ibid.) The ftadium had
two boundaries ; the firft, where the courfe began ;
the fecond, where it terminated. The firft was term-
edtf^o-if, (Po/Iux^m. 30. 147 .) j3oAi?, ( Schol. Ariftopk.
Equ. n$6.-yefp. $46.) y^p) ; (Schol. Ariftoph.
Acharn. 482.^ It is alfo called a^iru^a, (Schol.
Ariftoph. Tefp. 546.) and yo-TrAjjygj ( Ant hoi. i. i.)
The fecond was termed TfAo?, (Pollux, iii. 30.
147.) r^jwa, 1 ^'^/^l yt*wn 9 (Pindar. Pyth. Od. 9.
208. Euripid. Antig. 29, Eleftr. 955. 7o^
1514.) ax^as 7fa/x^j o-fOTro? ; it is called alfo rafyunv,
and xa/x7rj ; (Eurip. Elettr. 659.)
Many combatants ran at the fame time on the
ftadium; .(Ant hoi. ii. />/r. 5.) Thofe who ran
together were called 0-wayewra*, amTraApt, &c. To
endeavour to overtake each other was called
(Hefych.) to come up with him, xT
(Lucian. Hermot. 564-) He, who firft reached the
goal, received a prize, called a&Aoj/ 3 and ^aCsiovi
s 3 (Schot*
262 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIESs
(Schol. Pind. Olymp. Od. i.) It was adjudged and*
decreed by the prefidents of the games, who were
called (S^a&uTw ; (Pollux, iii. 30. 145.) aywi
Jia0fT ; arAoTfraj; (Pollux, iii. 30.
j (Anthol. i. 2. Sueton. Ner. 53.)
The prizes were crowns of little value ; of olive ;
(Paufan. Eliac. Prior, vii. />. Syi.AriJloph. Ptut.
586. P//>/. 15. 4.) of pine ; (Lucictn.. de Gymn. fc
572. Plin. 15. 10.) of branches of the apple tree,
loaded with their fruit ; and of parfley ; (Pindar.
Olymp. 13. 45.^-- Lutian. de Gymn. p. 272. P// 4
19.8. Jwven. 8. 226.) Thefe crowns were alfo
the reward of the other combatants, as well as of
the runners.
To be one of the laft in the race> was called
OF LEAPING.
, leaping, from aAXso-Sat, was performed
fometimes with the hands empty ; (Artflot. de Ani~*
m*l. Incefs. c. 3.) fometimes with weights oflead,
either in their hands, or on their heads and
flioulders. Thefe were called AT^? ; which were
mafles of lead or ftone, which they held in their
hands ; and which they threw into the air to aug-
ment the elaflicity of the body in leaping ; (Lvcian*
Gymn. p. 289. Juvenal^ 6. 421. Senec. Epift.
'5- 58.)
The place from which they leaped was called
paTU ; (Pollux, iii. 30. 151.) that to which they
leaped, Ec-xa/A^j/a, (Pollux, ibid.) becaufe it was
marked by digging the earth, from <rxp/*a, a ditch^
pr c-xfcTTTw, to dig. Hence arofe the proverbial
GAMES AND COMBATS. 265
cxpreffion, TTK^V vireg ra, ta-Kxppwa, to leap beyond
the bounds; meaning, an extravagant perfon.
The meafure, or the rule to be obferved in leaping
was termed xaj/wv ', (Pollux, ibid.)
OF THE DISCUS.
was a fort of round quoit, (Star.
6. 648 656. Ovid. Met. 10. 184.) three or four
inches thick, which they threw by the help of a
thong through a hole in the middle ; (Eujlalh. in
Odyff. 9. 1 86.) which was called xaAu^oy. He who
launched it, held one of his hands near his bread,
the other balancing the diik a fhort time, which was
thrown with a circular motion \ (Propert. iii. 12. 10.
Philqft. Icon, i.2 4. p. 798.) It was heavy, (Stat.
Theb. 6. 658 700. Lucian. Gymn. p. 289.) and
compofed of ftone, brafs, copper, or iron ; (Evftath.
Odyff. 0, 1 86.) The name of it was <roAo?; (Horn.
Iliad. \[/. 826.) The word ^o-xo?, is derived from
^ocfjv, for ^ixfii/, to cad ; (Euftath. Iliad. |3. 281.
Euftath. ad Odyff. A, 20. Euripid. Bacch. 600.) be-
caufe thefe quoits were launched into the air; (Ovid.
Met. 10. 178. Stat. ^heb. 6. 68 1. HOT at. Sat.
ii. 2. 13.)
To throw the diik, was called Auncoif yu/A*a<r0ai,
(Lnciaiu Dial. p. 209.) tfisw ws^i ^j<rx*, (Elian. Var,
Hi/I. i. 24. Plilofi. Icon. \.p. 799.) ^o-xiujty, fP/-
. xiv. p. 886.) <JWu/, fi/ow. Ody/. 6. 188.)
^i7rrij/, (Lucian. Deor. Dial. p. I&y.Hom.
//. v}v. 842.) ^<rxa? CaAAstv, oj<rxo?0AfJV ; (Plin. 34.
8. ^////. ii. 13. 10. Pollux, iii. 30. 151.) the
name which was given to the combatants was <JWxo-
He was the vidor who threw his difk
s 4 fartheft;
264 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES;
fartheft; (Luclan. Gymn.p. 289 Horn. II.
Odyff. 0. 1 92. Stat. <?heb. 6.713.) This healthful
exercife is faid to have been invented by the Lacedae-
monians ; (Lucia fa Gymn.p. 298 . Martial. 1 4,
OF BOXING.
Iluyjujf, boxing, was performed by the combatants^
holding balls of ft one or lead in their hands, calle4
cpf i. Hence this exercife was called <r^ge/*a^i.
The combatant was called ITUJTOJ?, (Pollux, iii. 30.
T.$o.Phadr. 4. 24. Euftath. in Iliad. \f/. 2.) of
jruy^a^o?, (Horn. Qdyjf. 0, 246.) Whence were
formed ffUJtrrjfw, (Euftatk. ad II. <J> 6,53.) and TTUX-
T;UEIV ; from JTU, a fift. The combatants at firit
only ufed their fills ; afterwards they ufed the
ceftusj (Horn. Iliad. $. 684. Apgllon. Rhod. ii fl
50. ffir JEneid $. 400. Valer. Place. 4. 250.
Stat. "TJicb. 6. 720.)
The ceflus was a thong of the hide of an ox
newly killed, (Apollon. Rhod. ii. 52. Valer. Flacc*
ibid.) with a mafs of lead, (Virg. Mneid. 5. 404.
Stat. ^heb. 6. 729.) brafs, (Theocrti. 22. 3. ^^ 80.)
or iron, (Horn. Iliad. $>. 684.-^^ Apollon. Rhod. ibid.)
at the end of it. It was tied round the arm 3 (The-
ocrit. ibid.) It was called ^a; or i/xaj Poeiat, be-
caufe it was of the hide of an ox.
The combatant endeavoured to elude the blews
of his adverfary, by {looping dextroufly, (Virg. JEn,
$ 437- ^heocrit. 22. 120. Stat. c Theb. 6. 767.)
and to avoid ftriking himfelf with his own ceftus.
He endeavoured to flrike at the face of his adver r
fary; (Anthol. ii. i. Epig. i.) The blow on the
face was called urwTrja^ (Arifloph. Vefp. 1377 and
StM
GAMES AND COMBATS, 265
$clioL Pac. 540.) The combatant tried to render
himfelf flefhy, that he might be more able to bear
the blows. Hence corpulent perfons were called
pugiles $ (Cerent. Eunuch, att. 2. fc. 3.) He whq
yielded the victory to his antagonift, acknowledged
his defeat by letting his wearied arms fall, (Theocrit.
22. 129 .) or by finking to the ground $ (MenuriaL
}i. 9.)
OF WRESTLING.
HaXu, the exercife of wreftling, was the mofl;
ancient of the exercifes ; (Plutarch. Sympos. ii. Pro-*
bkm 4.) It was performed in the xyftus; under
a covered portico, where two naked wrefllers, (Virg*
&n. 3. 281. Stat. Theb. 6. 832. -Ovid. Met. 9.
3i.Lucian. de Gymn. p. 270.) anointed with oil,
(Theocrit. IdylL ii, 51. Diog. Laert. Anachars.)
and rubbed over with duft, (Qvid. M&. 9. 35.
Stat. Theb. 6. 846.^ their arms intertwined, en-
deavouring to bring each other to the ground;
(Ovid. Met. 9. 57. Stat. neb. 6. 859. Horn.
fliad. if/. 7 1 1 .) The oil was called xi^a ; (Juve-
nal, 6. 246. 3. 68. Martial, n. 48. Plin. 15.
4. 28. 9.) The duft was taken from a place where
it was kept for the purpofe $ (Plutarch. Sympos. ii.
Probl. 4. p. 638.) The phrafe axovm VM&V, to
conquer with eafe, alludes to this cuftom ; (Hero-
dian. 8, 6.-r-Gellius. 5. 6. Martial. 7. 66. Ef/flef.
gnchirid. c. 35.^
In the mofl ancient times, the combatant pre-
vailed whofe ftrength and lize were fuperior. It is
faid that Thefeus was the firft who improved this
txercife into an art ; (Paufan. Attic, c. 39. p. 94.^
Aj&ivj (Ariftot. Rhetor, i. 5. 36.) xaTf^y,
(Arijtot.
S 66 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
(AriftQt. ibid.) o-vvsxsiv, aynXa/uCawDai, (Lucian. de
Gymn. p. 289.^ x&Ta<*XA5r./, (Horn. Iliad. $. J2J.)
and PV&I, were words ufually applied to this conteft.
He who brought his antagonifl thrice to the
gr6und, was the victor; (Schol. ad. jEfchyL Eu-
menid. 592.) Hence the words, Tgizfai, and KTTQ-
Taa, fignify, to conquer, and KTTOT^^^^X^ to be
vanquifhed; (Sitidas. -~ Hefy chins. Pollux, lib. 3.
*-. 30. Ant hoi , lib, 2. c. i. Epig. n. SEfchyL
/igamem. 179.) and hence the victor was called
This conteft was fometimes called
becaufe the combatants endeavoured to throw each
other down ; (Pavfau. Attic.)
There were two kinds of wreflling ; one in which
the combatants wreftled on their feet, and eredl^
which was called o0< 7raA>?, or p^oTraAu ; another,
in which they contended rolling on the ground,
which was called esvAxAivo-nraAu, volutaria. The
conquered combatant acknowledged his defeat with
his voice, or by holding up his finger. Hence the
expreffion, &igt ^aHruAoi/, raife your finger, importing,
own your defeat,
The rUyx^cmoi/, comprized both boxing and
wreftling; (Ariftot.Rhet. i, 5. 36.^'
When they fought on the ground, they were
fometimes called xoA*r*xoi. This conteft was fome-
times called irafApKwov ; and the combatants
> ( Pollux. Sttida$< Hyginus.)
OF RACES, AND OTHER EXERCISES.
Horfe- races were either performed by finglc
horfes, which were called jaArjr^, or HAOJ^UTTUXI? ; or
2 by
AMES AND COMBATS. 267
by two horfes, on one of which the)'' performed the
race, and leaped upon the other at the goal. Thefe
men were called av6Ti : if it was a mare on
which they leaped, it was called xa/\7rj f
In chariots, two, three, or four horfes drew them.
Hence the words Juw^oj, T^JTTTTOI, Tir^aw^oi. After-
wards, the two middle horfes were coupled, and
called uy*oi ; the reft were governed by reins, and
called erapOOJ, trf^aic;, Trfj^atrii^fli, 7r&(>%QpQi 3 ao^rn^f?,
Mules were fometimes ufed inftead of horfes ; and
the chariots drawn by them were called aTmi/a*.
The art of the charioteer was to avoid the wo-rau,
goals 5 in which, if he failed, it was difgraceful.
There were other exercifes lefs public, in which
muficians, poets and artifts contended. In the
ninety-firft Olympiad, Euripides and Xenocles con-
tended for the honour of being accounted the beft
tragedian; (jElian. Var. Hi/1, iib.i. cap. 8.) Cleo-
menes recommended himfelf by repeating fome
verfes of Empedocles, which he had compiled,
(Athene, lib. 13,) Herodotus is faid to have
fired Thucydides, when a youth, with emulation,
by repeating his hiftory at the Olympic games ;
(Smdas.)
Pi\f/if, the exercife of throwing or darting, was per-
formed fometimes with a javelin, rod, or other large
inflrument, which they threw out of their hands;
which was called a^omer/Aa ; if an arrow, or a javelin
call from a bow, it was called rojixjj.
OF THE OLYMPIC GAMES.
There were four folemn games in Greece, con*
(berated by religion^ and called ayw^ wu, (Pollux,
iii. 30,
26$ GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
iii, 30, 153. Pindar. Nem. Od. 2. 5.) itga
(Pindar. Olymp. Od. 8. 84. Od. 13. 20.) aiyj
fpawT#j ayo?i/ ; (Xenoph. Memorab. iii. 7.)
The Olympic games derived their name from
Olympian Jupiter; or from Olympia, a city of the
Pi (jeans ; or the fame with Pifa ; (StepJian. Eyzant.)
They are faid to have been firft inflitiited after the
victory of Jupiter over the fons of Titan j (Arijlopk.
Schol.) Others fay, they were firft inflituted by
Pifus ; others, by one of the Dactyli, named Her-
cules ; (Ariftot. Ariftoph. Schol.) by Pelops, to
the honour of Neptune ; by Hercules, to the ho-
jiour of Pelops ; (Statins. Theb. 6.) or by Hercules,
to Olympian Jupiter, from the fpoils taken by
Argus, king of Elis, whom he had dethroned and
plundered; (Find. Olymp.Od. 2. Diodor. Sicul.
lib. 4.) Hercules propofed a crown to the victors, in
memory of his own labours. It is alfo reported
that ^ |ie wa.s himfelf conqueror in all the exercifes*
except wreflling, and being unable to find a com-
batant, Jupiter, having affumed a human fhape,
contended with him ; when, after much grappling,
the victory remaining doubtful, the god difcovered
himfelf to his fon ; hence, he was furnamed UocX^f^
wreftler ; (Lycophr. CaJJ'. ^.41.) It is certain they
were in high repute in the time of Iphitus, who
was contemporary with Lycurgus ; (Ariftot. in Pint.
Lycurg. * Paufanias.) He revived thefe gamea
about four hundred and eight years after the Trojan*
war, from which time the number of the Olympiads
is reckoned; (Solin. Polyhtft. cap. i.J They were
afterwards neglected till the time of Chorsebus, who.
/sd in the twenty-eighth Olympiad after Iphitus ;
after
THE OLYMPIC GAMKS.
after which they were conftantly celebrated. This
happened in the four hundred and eighth year after
the deftruction of Troy.
They were celebrated every fifth year, that is,
every fiftieth month, which is the fecond month
after the completion of four years. They continued
five days ; beginning upon the eleventh, and end-
ing upon the fifteenth day of the lunar month, when
the moon was at the full. The management of
thefe games belonged fometimes to the Pifeans,
but, for the moil part, to Eleans, by whom the
Pifaeans were deftroyed ; (Polyb. lib. ^.} The
1 04th Olympiad was celebrated by order of the
Arcadians, but it was called by the Elians, AvoAu^-
*naJff, unlawful Olympiads, and left them out of
their, annals, in which the occurrences at thefe
games, and the names of the victors were recorded.
Till the fiftieth Olympiad one perfon prefided ;
when two were appointed to that office. In the
1 03d Olympiad the number was increafed to twelve,
according to the number of the Elean tribes. In
the following Olympiad, the tribes were reduced to
eight, by war with the Arcadians, and there were
eight prefidents. In the iO5th, one more was
added, and in the io6th, another; and the number
of them was ten, till the reign of Adrian the Roman
emperor. They were called EMni/oJWj, and alTem-
bled in a place called EAA^oJWiov, in the Elean
forum. Here they redded ten months before the
celebration of the games, to fuperintend the TT^O-
f vpvourpQcra, preparatory exercifes, and to be pro-
perly inftruded by the No^opuAaxtf, keepers of the
laws. At the folemnity they fat naked, having the
crown
^O GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
crown of victory before them, till they adjudged it
to the victor.
There was a liberty of appeal from the EAXni/c^xaj
to the Olympian fcnatc ; (Paufan.Eliac. p. 457.)
There were officers appointed to keep order, who
were called aXura, the fame as the liftores of the
Romans. There was a prefident over thefe, called
*AuTa$xj ; (Etymolog. Auftor.)
Women were not allowed to be prefent, under
the fevere fentence of being caft headlong from a
rocks (Paujan. Eliac.) It is however faid that
Cynifca, the daughter of Archidamus, contended
in thefe games and won the prize ; (Paufan. Lacon.)
No one, who had not been ten months at the Gym-
nan' um at Elis, to perform the preparatory exercifes,
was allowed to contend. No criminal, or relation
to a criminal, was allowed to contend. If any one
was convicted of bribing his adverfary, he fuffered a
heavy fine. The combatants were compelled to
fwear that they had fpent ten months in prepara-
tory exercifes ; and their fathers and brethren fwore,
that no unlawful means Ihould be ufed to obtain
the rewards ; (Paufan. Eliac. Prior, c. 24. p. 441.)
The wreftlers were appointed by lot. Into a filver
urn, called xaAvn?, little pellets were put, about the
lize of beans, upon each of which was marked a
letter, the fame letter belonging to every pair-
Thofe, with the fame letters, wreflled together.
If the number was not even, he who chofe the odd
pellet, contended with him that had the maftery,
and was called tq>sfys, coming after tire reft. This
was efteemed the mod fortunate chance, becaufe
he contended with one already weary and exhauft-
ed ;
THE PYTHIAN GAMES. 271
edf; (Ccd. Rhodig. Autiq. Left. lib. 22, cap. 17.
Sirabo. 8. Hefydins. Arift&ph. Ran. 804.)
There were alfo mental as well as corporeal con-
tefts at thefe games. The prize of eloquence,
(Paufan. Eliac. Pofl. 17. p. 495,} of poetry, (Milan.
Far. Hift. ii. 8.) and the other fine arts was dif-
puted; (Suidas.) The prize of the victor in each
of thefe combats was a wreath of wild olive, termed
xoTivofj (Ariftoph. Pint. 586 .) A prize of fmall
value was choien, that the combatants might be
animated with glory, not Simulated with a hope of
gain ; (Ltitcian. de Gymn.) Their glory was indeed
deemed immortal ; (Cicer, fttfc. Quaft. i. 46. ii.
17. Or at. pro Place. <*. 13. Horat. Od. i. i. v. 6.
Pindar. Olymp. Od. \ . Stroph. A, v. 1 6 . 1 7. ) Statues
\vere creeled to them at Olympia, in the wood con-
fecrated to Jupiter; (Paufan. Eliac. 10.)
Thefe foleran games not only drew together all
Greece, (Lucian de Gymn* p. 274. Dlodor. Sic. 4.
*. 55.) but alfo foreign nations, from the extremi-
ties of Egypt,, from Lybia, Sicily, and other coun-
tries; (Paufan. Eliac. 10. Pin (Jar. Olymp. Od. 6,
Epod. T. v. 14.) Hence the name, ILmyucu:,
given to thefe games.
OF THE PYTHIAN GAMES.
The Pythian games were celebrated near Delphi ;
(Pindar. Pyth. Od. 6.) and are fuppofed to have
been inftituted, either by Amphiflyon, the fon ot
Deucalion, or by the council of Amphiclyones.
Others refer them to Agamemnon; (Phavorinits.
Etymol. AuR.) to Diomedes ; (Paufan. Corinth.) or
to Apollo, when he had overcome Python ; (Ovid.
Met.
tft GRECIAN ANITQUITIES:
Met. i.) They were at firfl celebrated once iri
nine years* called sv^xni^ ; but afterwards, every
fifth year; (Plutarch. Gr<c. Qu*ft.)
The rewards were certain apples confecrated to
Apollo; or garlands of laurel ; (Pindar. Pyth. Od ! .
8. v. 1$.} At firfl, they Were rewarded with laurels
of palm or of beech; (Ovid.) In the firil folem-
nityi it is faid* the gods contended. Others fay*
at firfl, there was only a mufkal contention, in
which, he who beft fung the praifes of Apollo, ob-
tained the prize ; which was at firfl either filver or
goldj but afterwards a garland; (Strab. lib.ii.
Paufan. PJioc.) If the prize was money, the
games were called Ayuvss xgyvourai ; if a garland,
There was another fong, called fafc&xlf vopos, t6
which a dance was performed. It confifled of five
parts, in which the fight of Apollo and Python was
reprefented : A*ax8<n?, the preparation to the fight
E/*7TEa, the firfl effay towards it KaTa^iAao-/*?)?,
the action itfelf, and the exhortation of the gods to
be courageous I&poi x, AaxruAot, the infolence of
Apollo over Python vanquifhed Svgiyyts, the hifs
of the ferpent, as he died. Others make it confift
of fix parts ; n^a, the preparation Ia/*<??, the
reproaches of Apollo to dare Python to the contefl;
hence the verfes called Iambic AaxruAo?, fung to
the honour of Bacchus KT*KO?, fung to the ho-
nour qf Jupiter MTJT^WCV, fung to the honour of
Mother Earth Sv^y^o?, the hifs of the ferpent.
By others, it is defcribed Iln^a, the preparation
K.aTctxiA(r/AOf, the challenge Iajwix0f, the fight,
the trumpets founding war STrwJgio;, from the
foot
THE NEMEAN GAMES. 273
foot called the fpondee, or from <nrw$ew, to offer a
libation K.aTap0ou<n?, Apollo dancing after his
victory; (Jd. Seal. Poet. lib. i. cap. 23. Pollux,
Hi}. 4. cap. 10.)
In the third year of the forty-eighth Olympiad,
flutes were introduced by the Amphictyones, pre-
fidents of thefe games : but they were foon laid afide.
None but boys were to contend in running. Horfe-
races and chariot-races were afterwards introduced.
OF THE NEMEAN GAMES.
The Nemean games were fo called from Nemea,
a village and grove, between the cities Cleons and
Phlius, where they were celebrated every third year.
The exercifes were chariot-races, and the n^r^Xov.
The prefidents were chofen from Corinth, Argos,
andCleonse; and drefled in black; becaufe they
were a funeral fokmnity in memory ofOpheltes,
or Archemorus,* from a^x*, a beginning, arid ^0?,
death, becaufe his death was a prelude to all the mis-
fortunes that befel the Theban champions ; (Strab.
lib. 8. Paujlm. Corinth. Eliac. Pindar. SchoL
Nzm. Stati. I'hcb. lib. 5. lib. 4.) hence they were
called ywi/ fTnra^o?; (Sihol. Piud. Proleg.) Others
fay, they were inftituted by Hercules, after his victo-
ry uver the Nemean lion, (Pindar. SchoL) in honour
of Jupiter. The victors were crownedwith parfleyj
an herb ufed at funej'als ; and fuppofed to have
fprung from /the blood of Archemorus; (Pin-
tarcb. TimoL) At thefe games alfo were con-
tcils, gymnical and equeftrian ; (Pind. Od. 5.)
They were celebrated every three years, oa the
twelfth day of Boedromion ; (SchoL Pindar, quartd
Hypoth. Nem. Apollodor. iii. 6. ^.Mlian. Far.
Hift. iv. 5. Plin. 19. iS.)
T OF
274 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIESs
OF THE ISTHMIAN GAMES.
The Iflhmian games were fo called from the
place where they were celebrated, the Corinthian
Iflhmus, in honour of Pakemon or Melicertes, fon
of Athamus, king of Thebes, and Ino, who, through
fear 6f her hufband, cafl herfelf, with her fon, into
the fea, where they were received by Neptune
among his divinities. The body of Palaemon was
afterwards taken up by a "dolphin, and carried to the
Corinthian fliore, where it was found by Sifyphus,
king of Corinth, who honourably interred it, and
inflituted thefe funeral games to his memory ; (Pau-
fan. Corinth.) Others fay, that they were inflituted
by Thefeus in honour of Neptune ; others, that
there were two folemnities, one to Melicertes,
another to Neptune ; (Plutarch. Thef.) The Eleans
alone attended thefe games; (Paufan. Eliac. a.)
They were obferved every third year, or every fifth
year, -(Alex. ab. Alex. Gen. Dier. lib. 5. cap. 8.) with
great fplendour and magnificence ; (Paufan. Corinth,
< Plnd. Qd. Nem. 6.) The viclors were crowned
with garlands of pine leaves ; afterwards parfley was
given them, dry and withered; (Pint. Symp. 5.
Qua]l. 3. Strabo, 8.) Thefe games were held in
great veneration, (Paufan. Corinth, c* ii. p. 114.^
on account of the religion by which they were con-
fecrated, and on account of their antiquity; (Sckmid.
Pro/eg, in IJlk. p. 4.) and were continued even after
the definition of Corinth ; (Paufan. Corinth. J
OF TIME.
It is faid that Ouf*vo?, king of the Atlantic iflands,
was fuppofed to be the father of all the gods, and gave
his
OP TIME. 275
liis name to the heavens; (Biodor. SicuL lib. 3.^
He is fuppofed to have invented aflrology; others
however fay, that Atlas, and, from him, Hercules,
firft had the merit of that knowledge; (Diodor.
Sicul.lib. 3.) and others afcribe it to Hyperion;
(Diod. Sicul. lib. $.) others to Endymion ; (Liician.
in comm* de AJlrol.Apoll. Schol. lib. 4.) and others
to Actis or Adlseus, who flourilhed in the time of
Cecrops ; (Diod. Sicit/. lib. $.) The firft (ludy of
aftronomy has been generally afcribed to the Grecian
colonies which inhabited Afia. It is fuppofed to
have been learned from the Babylonians or Egyp-
tians y (Suidas.- Diogen, Laert. inJ~it.Philof. Plin.
lib. 2. cap. j6.)
In the heroic ages the years were numbered by
the return of feed-time and harveft. The day was
not then divided into equal portions ; (Euftatk.
IL A. 84. //. (p. in.) They learned the ufe of the
fun dial, and the pole, and the twelve parts of the
day, from the Babylonians ; (Herodot. lib. i. cap.
109,^ In the time of Homer, lunar months were
in ufe; (Horn. Odyff ^ v. 161.) But they had no
fettled form of years and months until Thales the
Milefian obferved that the lunar revolution never
exceeded thirty days, and appointed twelve months
of thirty days each, by which the year was made to
confift of 360 days. To reduce thefe months to an
agreement with the revolution of the fun, he inter-
calated thirty days at the end. of every two years ;
(Cenforiu. lib. de DL Nat. cap. 18. Herodot. lib. i.
cap. 32. and lib. z. cap. 4.) Afterwards, Solon
obferved that the courfe of the moon was finiihed
in twenty-nine days and a half; and appointed that
the months flhould alternately confift of 29 and of
T a 30 days.
*y6 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES*
30 days. Thus a year of twelve months was re*
duced to 354 days, which fell fhort of the folar year,
eleven days, and one fourth part of a day. To re-
concile this difference, rsrgaivifis, a cycle of four
years was invented. After the two firft of which,
they feem to have added an intercalated month of
twenty-two days ; and after the expiration of the
two following years, another month was intercalated,
confirming of twenty-three days. It was afterwards
confidered that the forty-five days added by Solon
to his period of four years, and containing a full
lunar month and a half, would occafion the cycle
to end in the midft of a lunar month ; to remedy
which inconvenience, ox-ram?^, a term of eight
year's was inflituted inftead of the former cycle of
four years, to which three intire lunar months were
added at feveral times. After the cycle of eight
years no alteration was made, till the time of Meton,
who having obferved that the motions of the fun
and moon fell fhort of each other by fome hours,
invented a cycle of nineteen years; termed swtaxcuot-
xTH?3 in which term, the fun having finifhed nine-
teen periods, and the moon 235, both returned to
the fame pofition in which they had been nineteen
years before.
It was afterwards obferved, tnat in the revolution
of every cycle, the moon outwent the fun about
feven hours. A new cycle was therefore contrived
by Calippus, which contained four of Meton's, or
76 years. At the end of which Hipparchus de-
vifed another cycle, which contained four of thofe
of Calippus. Others fay, one of Meton's cycles
contained eight imafcai&x*iTi^3if, or 1^2 years.
This was afterwards divided into "two equal parts,
and
OF TIME. 277
and from each part one day was taken away ; (Dod-
ivdlde Ann. Vet. Gr<sc.)
There was no agreement between the Grecian
and Roman new moons, (Plutarch. Ronml.) and
the beginnings of the months could not be afcer-
tained ; (Plutarch. Ariftid.) The Roman January,
their firft month, was in winter. The Arabians
and others began their year in the fpring. The
Macedonians reckoned Dius the firft month, from
the autumnal equinox. The ancient Athenian
year began after the winter folftice ; the more mo-
dern Athenians computed their yeats from the firft
new moon after the fummer folftice. The Romans,
at firft, had only ten months ; the laft of which was
hence termed December. They were afterwards, by
NumaPompilius, increafed to twelve. The Egyp-
tians had at firft only one month, which was after-
wards divided into four. Some of the barbarous
nations divided their year into three months; fo
did the Arcadians ; who afterwards divided it
into four months. The Acarnanians reckoned fix
months to their year. Some months contained
thirty days, others a different number. Some na-
tions computed their months by lunar, others by
folar motions ; (Galenas.)
The Athenians, after their kalendar was reformed
by Meton, began their year upon the firft new
moon after the fummer folftice ; (Plat. lib. 6. de
Leg.) Their year was divided into twelve months,
which contained, alternately, thirty and twenty-
nine days. The months of thirty days preceded
thofe of twenty-nine. The former were termed
jrAuK, full, and &xa<pdii/0i, as ending upon the tenth
day ; the latter were called *<Aoi, hollow, and
GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
i, as ending upon the ninth day; (GaJenus, lib.
3. cap. 4-) Every month was divided into r^
^W/* ? a > tnree decades of days. The firft decade
was pwos ctt^yspwA or ir^/Afu* : the fecond,
lj.Y,<r%vTo<; ; the third, |!Ai>o? pQij/oi/To?, Trauo^fi/a, or
TO? ; (Pollux.) The firft day of the firft decade
was called VEO/AUVI, as happening upon the new
moon : the fecond, Jfur^a ij-apva : the third, T^ITU
fa/Aei/a, &c. The firft day of the fecond decade,
which was the eleventh of the month, was called
TT^WTH ^C,T21/TO, OF 7T0WTJJ 7H JlXa ; the
^t<rVTO?, Or. J*UTf^ 7T4 J"f K& ', &C. tO
twentieth. The firft day of the third decade was
called Tr^wrr, STT' HfliJ't : the fecond, J^fUT^a 7r' wt&ti,
&c. Sometimes the numbers were inverted; the
firft of the laft decade was pQit/ovro? J*TJJ : the
'fecond, <p9ivotTo; HV&TII : the third,
&c. The laft day of the month was called
from Demetrius Poliorcetcs ; (Plut.Demetr.) Be-
fore Demetrius, it was called, by order of Solon,
SMI >ii vsa, the old and newj becaufe the new moon
appearecTon feme part of that day ; ( PM. Solon.
Ariftopk. Schol. Nub. Snidas.) It was alfo called
r^5a?, the thirtieth; and not only fo in the months
of thirty, but in the months of twenty-nine days.
According to fome, the twenty-iecond day was
omitted s others fay, the twenty-ninth day 5 (Prot/us.
Mofchopul. in Hefiod. Di, v. z.} Thus the lunar,
year, was called a year of threq hundred and fixty
days; though, after Solon's time, it really confided
only of three hundred and fifty-four days. Hence
the Athenians creeled 360 ftatues of Demetrius the
Phalarean ; ^/>////. Nat. Hfi. 1ft. 34. cap, 6 .)
The
MILITARY AFFAIRS. 279
The Athenian months were ; i. EK&TopGouuv,
\vhich was W^K or &xp0wf, thirty days. It be-
gan on the firft new moon after the lummer folftice,
which anfwered to the latter part of the Roman
June, and the firft part of July. It derived its
name from the hecatombs ufually facrificed in this
month. Its ancient name was K^ow? or Kgoviw,
from Kf <wa, the feftival of Saturn, which was kept
in this month. 2. MsTaynrviuv 9 a month of twenty-
nine days; fo called from Metagitnia, one of
Apollo's ieftivals. 3. Bou^o^iw**, thirty days, fo
called from the feftival Boedromia. 4. Mai/aaxTu-
QIUV, twenty-nine days, from the feftival IVfoemacteria.
5. nvKvsfyuv, thirty days, in which the Pyanepfia
were celebrated. 6. AvQernpuv, twenty-nine days ;
from the feftival Anthefteria. 7. now few, thirty
days, in which the feftival Pofidonia was obferved.
8. ra[An*iw 9 twenty-nine days, facred to Juno
y/*ix*of, the goddefs of marriage. 9. EAapjoPuwi/,
thirty days, from the feftival Elaphebolia. 10,
Mavu^iw^, twenty-nine days, in which the Munychia
were kept. n. a^-y/jAiwi/, thirty days, from the
feftival Thargelia. 12. 2x^e^o^iw>, twenty-nine
days from the feftival Scirrophoria 5 (Harpocration.
Gyrald. de Menftb. Pollux, i. 7. 63.- Schol Arijloph.
Nub. 1129. Plutarch in Solon. Diogen. Laert. i.
57. Plutarch. Demetr.)
OF MILITARY AFFAIRS.
The Grecian armies chiefly were formed of free
denizons. At the age of eighteen, the Athenians
were appointed to guard the city, with its forts ;
hence
* This month was called by the Corinthians n<*x- e /xo; j
Cor on.)
T4
2 go GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES;
hence they were called vsgnrohoi; (Ulpian. in Oiyntk-
3.) at twenty they were fent to foreign wars, and
the Spartans, at thirty. At threefcore, they were
allowed to retire. At Athens, no one, above forty
years of age, imlefsin a time of danger, was obliged
to ferve in war; (Ulpian. in Olyntk. 3.) The
keepers of the revenue, (Demofth. in Nexr.) and
thofe who danced at the feftival of Bacchus, were
exempted ; (Dzmofth. in Midian.) Slaves were alfo
excluded from ferving. All, who ferved, were re-
giftered; hence the levy was called xTa
Ao-yo?, r^aroAoyta ; and to make a levy,
or xaTay^apni/ TrouivQeci. The early Grecians were
appointed by lots ; (Homer Iliad w.) The foldiers
always maintained themfelves ; none, but thofe
exempted by law, were allowed to abfent themfelves
from fervice, upon pain of lofing the rights of citi-
zens, and of exclufion from the public temples ;
(JEfchin. Ctefiphont. Demojlh. Tmocrat.) If they
made their efcape, they were branded with marks
in their hands called s^y^roc, (Veget. dc re milit*
lib. z.cap.$.) iv iq ^^<ri j to diflinguiih them from
Haves who were marked on their foreheads ; (jElian.)
The Carians were the firil who ferved for pay ;
{Strabo.Hefychivs.) hence the terms xa^xot, and
x^tfAo^ot) are ufed proverbially for cowards ; (Ht<\
fychius.)
At Athens, in the time of Pericles, foldiers were
allowed fubiiftence-money ; (Ulpian. in Or at. (h
Synt.) At mil, they had two oboli a day, which
in a month amounted to tea drachms ; (Demojlh.
Phil, i .) A common fcaman was allowed a drachrn
a day, with the allowance of a drachm for a fervant;
(Thucyd. /#* 3.) To thofe who manned the vefiel,
called
MILITARY AFFAIRS. 281
called UagKXos, three oboli were allowed ; and four
to the foot foldiers. Hence rfrf woAar J3if ,) is ufed
for a foldier's life ; (Euftatk. Odyff. a.) and r^
TWO?UU/, for ferving in the war. The pay of
foldiers of cavalry was a drachm a day, called xa-
rxfuiris ; (Snidas.) All were obliged to con-
tribute according to the value of their cflates.
In times of extremity, the rich paid extraordi-
nary contributions. Confederate wars were main-
tained at the common charge of the allies -, (Plutarch
A'iftid.)
OF THE SOLDIERS.
The Grecian armies were compofed of different
forts of foldiers. Their main body confided of
foot men; the reft were carried on chariots, horfes,
or elephants. The foot foldiers were at firft of
three forts; i. OTj-Atrai, who bore heavy armour,
and engaged with broad fhields and long fpears 5
(Suidas.) 2. YiAoj, light-armed men, who fought
with arrows and darts, or ftones and flings ; they
were inferior to the heavy-armed foldiers ; (SopJiocL
Ajac. v. 141.) When they had mot their arrows,
they retreated behind the (hield of the heavy-armed
foldiers; (Horn. Iliad. 0. v. 266.) 3. IlEATr*,
were armed with fhields and fpears, but of lefs fize
than thofe of the evXirxi. The horfemen were not
at firft numerous, being thofe only who could main-
tain themfelves; (Herodot. lib. 5.) who afterwards
provided fubftitutes to ferve for them ; (Xcnoph.
EAAIV. lib. 6.} The art of horfemanfhip is affirmed
to have been taught by the Amazons; (Lyjlas
Or at.) or the Centaurs; (Palaph. lib. \.) or by
Bellcrophon; (Plin. lib. 7. cap. 56.) or by Nep-
tune 3
*8* GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES!
tune ; (Horn. in. Hymn. Sophocl. (Edip.) Neptune
is hence called Imnoj, (Paufan. Achaic.) I-mm^s,
(Pindar. Pyth.) l-mr^y -gruf, (Lycophr. Caff.) and
iTTTroxa^oj. At firft they were governed with a firing,
or by the voice; (SHius, Ital. lib. i. Ibid. lib. 2.
Strabo, lib. 17. Lucan, lib. 4.) afterwards with
bridles, having bits of iron, like the teeth of a wolf,
and hence called Ai>x<?t, and Lupi ; (Horat. lib. i.
Od. 8.) which, feme fay, were invented by Neptune
(Statins.) others by the Lapithse ; (Virgil^ Georg.
3. 115.) or by Pelethronius i (Plin. lib. 7. cap.
56.) who was alfo the inventor of harnefs, called
rf W/*T, and tQwrrix, made of leather, cloth, or the
ikin of wild beads 5 (Virgil, Mn. 8. Statins. Virg*
Mn. 7.)
They ufually leaped upon their horfcs ; (%'
Mn.\i^} or the horfes were taught to bow their
bodies to receive the rider; (Pollux^ lib. i. cap. 9.
Straboy lib. 3. Si/his, //. lib. 10.) Some, in
mounting their horfes, got on the backs of their
ilaves; (Epit. Xenoph.) others, by the help of
Ihort ladders; which affiftance was called ai/ao-
T.CK. The highways were adorned with flones for
this purpofe; (Plutarch. Grace. Xenoph. Hipparch.)
Some affirm, that the firft heroes were mounted
upon horfes ; (Lucret. lib. 5.) others, that they
rode to battle on chariots ; (Palaphat. Homer.)
Their chariots were richly embofled with gold and
other metals ; (Q. Curling lib. 10. Horn. Iliad x.
Homer Iliad v.) and adorned with curious hang-
ings; (Homer Iliad x.) They were drawn for the
moft part by two horfes ; (Homer Iliad t. Virgil*
Mn. j. 280.) fometimes a third was added, which
ran
MILITARY FORCES.' 2 Sj
ran firft, and was governed by reins, and hence it
Was called o-fi^a<o^, (m^apo^of, Tra^trfi^o;, TrctoYiofios,
(Homer. J and the rein was calledVa^o^a. Some-
times they drove four horfes ; (Horn. IL 0. Horn.
Odyff. v.} Every chariot carried two men ; hence
it was called J^oc ; (Euftathius in Horn.) The
charioteer was called uno^o?, which was efteemed
an office of honour; (Horn. Iliad '6. Horn. Iliad ^
He was however inferior in dignity to the warrior,
who was called )r*B*vib who fat by him, and
directed him to drive ; (Eitftath. in IL 0.) When
he encountered in clofe fight, he alighted from the
chariot ; (liefiod. Scut. Hrg. Mn. 10. Horn. II. g.
480.)
There were other chariots, called J^n-ave^M,
becaufe armed with fcythes, with which the ranks
were cut down. The teachers of the art of horic-
fnanihip were called wio%xgotTa,i -, (Hefychius.) If
any horfeman had been improperly admitted into
the roll, lie was disfranchiied, and became an^os ;
(Lyjias Qrat. de Ord. defert.) They were therefore
previoufly examined by the Ivv<t^og 9 general of
the horfe, who was fometimes affitted by the Phi-
larchi, and fenate of five hundred ; ( Artftoph. SchoL
in Ran. Xenoph. Hlpparck. Hefychius. v. T^uo-fT-
^riov.) Ungovernable horfes were rejected; they
were examined by the found of a bell , hence xJ-
VI^EIV, fignifies to prove, and axw^i/roi', unproved;
(Hefychius.) Horfes, worn out with fervice, were
marked on the jaw, and termed T^C?, (Conf.Zeneb.
Cent.$. Prov. 41.) with the figure of a wheel; and
fometimes called rfuo-unnov.
The horfemen were called by various titles, as
, who annoyed their enemies with miflive
weapons,
284 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES;
Weapons, alib
oi, 9uff0jp0*i. They who had two
horfes, on which they rode by turns, were called
AU^ITTTTOI, and fometimes Imroiyuyoiy becaufe they
led one of their horfes ; (Horn. Iliad 6. 684.) The
A^a^ai wore armour, not fo heavy as that of the
foot-foldicr, that they might ferve either on horfe-
back or on foot ; and had always fervants attending
to take their horfes ; (Pollux, lib. i. cap. i o.) They
were alfo termed xara^axTot and py xar^oxToi,
heavy and light armed. The horfes of the former
were guarded with plates of folid brafs, which were
called 7T>OjU,Tto7n^ta, Tra^&ma, iroigniot, Trgotrzgvi^ioiy TTX-
gKTrXwgidix, 7r&goifji.vif>i$i<x, Tra^axy^i^ta; (Pollux, lib. I.
ttp. 10,) fometimes they were made of fkins, with
plates of metal curioufly wrought in plumes or
other forms; (Virgil jEn. n. v. 770.) They
were alfo varioufly adorned, as, with bells, (Euripid.)
clothing of tapeflry, and other work, rich collars,
and trappings, called paAa^a -, which is alfo fome-
times called an ornament of the jaws or forehead |
(AuL Cell. 5. 5. Xenoph. Cyrop^d. 8. Liv. 9.46,
Pollux, 10. 12.)
Camels and elephants were ufed in later times,
which carried into battle towers, in which ten, fif-
teen, or thirty foldiers were contained ; (Philoflr.
Fit. Apollon. lib. i. cap. 6.) The beads themfelves
trampled the enemy under foot, or tofled them into
the air, or terrified them by their noife; (Q. Gurtius.
lib. 8.) They fometimes engaged each other with
gi-eat fury, tearing their oppofers in pieces with
their teeth ; (Polyb. lib. 5.)
MILITARY ARMOUR AND WEAPONS. 285
OF THE MILITARY ARMOUR AND
WEAPONS.
According to mythology, Mars was the firfl who
wore armour. He employed Vulcan, a fmith in
the ifle of Lcmnos, fo eminent as to be deified, and
honoured with the protection of his own trade ;
although the people of Lemnos were afterwards
branded with infamy for fo deflruclive an invention;
hence they are called Siyrfej ; (Homer Iliad a.) and
their country Zivrvg ; (Apoll. Arg. 2.) Hence alfo,
Xlpvtx xuxz, Xripma %'? A^unoy Ae7mt/, a bloody
look ; (Eujlath. Iliad a.) The introduction of the
ufe of weapons is alfo attributed to Bacchus; (IJidor.
Qrig. lib. 9. cap. 3.) The arms of the early heroes
were compofed of brafs ; (Homer. Paufau. Laconic.
Plutarch. <Thef, Hcfiod. Oper. et Dieb.) Even
when the ufe of iron was afterwards introduced,
they dill retained the fame terms ; hence
denotes an iron fmith ; (Ariftot. Poetic.) and
xfufl-aro, applies to the making of iron helmets; (Plu-
tarch. Camill.) Their boots, and fome other parts
of their arms, were compofed of tin; (Homer //.<r.
Horn. II. A. //. u.) Gold and lilver were alfo ufed ;
but the wearers of fuch armour were deemed effemi-
nate ; (Horn. Iliad .) Their arms were frequently
adorned with various reprefentations, or filled with
terrible images to flrike terror into the enemy;
(Horn. //. *.)
The ancient Greeks were always armed ; but
afterwards thiscuftom ceafed, (Thucyd.lib. i.) and
a penalty was impofed upon it ; (Lucian. Anachars.)
1'hey were better furnifned with defensive than
often five
2-36 GRECIAN A tf TlQTJtTIESf
offenfive weapons ; (Euripid. Sckol. Plutarch. PC*
lop.) Their head was guarded with a helmet called
7r0*xpaAaKfc, x>ai/o$, xo^u?, &c. compofed of brafs or
other metals, or the fkin of beafts, called from the
names of the animals, as ixri&rj, rau^m, aXuirwin,
XfWTsn yfn, XUWD ; the latter was compofedofa
dog's fkin; (Homer Iliad x.) Thefe fkins were
always worn with their hair, and teeth, to render
them more terrible ; (Virgil^ Mn. 7. v< 666. Horn.
Iliad K. v. 261.) The fore part of the helmet was
open ; and to its fide was fixed a firing, which tied
it to the neck, which was called 0%$ ; (Horn. Iliad
y. v. 371.) That part which covered the eye-
brows was called o^ut? ; that ereded over the
brow,yeo-ov, the pent-houfe. Its crefl was firll ufed
by theCarians, (Herodot. Clio. Strabojib. i^..) and
called (p^Ao?, aacJxo^cfj (Hefychius. Alc^us. Horn.
II. y. 337. 362.) It was a cuftom of the Carians
to depofit, in the graves of their dead, a little Ihield
and an helmet. $x\o<; 3 is fuppofed to mean the cone,
and Apo?, the plume ; (Suidas.) the firft was com-
pofed of various ornamental materials, the latter
adorned with different forts of paint j and hence cal-
led lyavOuj, wxi>C^ij; (PolluXylib. i. cap. 10.) and
fometimes with gold ; (Horn. Iliad r. 610. ? r rrgt'I,
jn. 9. 49.) The crefl was for the mofl part of fea-
thers, or the hair of horfes tails or manes ; ('Horn. II.
r. v. 382.) The private foldiers had fmall crefls;
the officers had plumes of a larger fize; (Suidas.'
Virgil JK. j. <v. 785.) Hence it was called
T^upaAf.'a ; when furrounded with plumes,
when adorned with four plumes, Tf of aX
kn. lib. z.Hom. II. y. Plutarch. Pyrrh.) The
or crefl, was fometirues termed x^ac;
(Suidas.)
MILITARY ARMOUR AND WEAPONS. 287
(Suidas.) although fome had neither creft nor cone;
and this helmet was called xxrxtrv?; (Horn. II. x.)
The helmet, called r*<pmy, was from an ornament
refembling the ridge of a mountain, and had feveral
*ZW eminences ; (Hefy chins.- Horn. IL xv. 96.)
The Boeotians chiefly excelled in helmets ; (Pollux,
lib. i. cap. 10.) That of the Macedonians was
called xfcufriuj which was compofed of hides, and
ferved as a covering from the cold ; (Suidas.) The
heroes were proud of wearing the ikins of wild
beads ; (Theocrit. Aioo-x. Homer. Virgil &neid. 5.
v. 36.) They fometimes wore armour of brafs,
lined with wool, and worn next to the Ikin, within
the coat of mail. This was called MIT^U ; (Homer
Iliad o.) The armour called Zw^ca or Zwrn^, reached
from the knees to the belly, where it was joined to
the brigandine; (Euftath. in Horn. II. ) Zn
is mod commonly ufed for the belt, furrounding
the reft of the armour ; (Homer Iliad <F.) But
Zwvjj is a more general name than Zwp? , and fig-
nifies the pwfii.
The 0f f , confided of two parts ; one was a
defence to the back, the other to the belly $ the
middle of which was called yuaxa, and the extreme
parts TTTf^uys? ; (Pollux. Paufan. Atiic.) The
fides were coupled together with buttons; (Paufan.
Attic. Si!. Ital. lib. 7.) HpO^aKiov, was a half
w^ag, breaflplate, faid to have been invented by
Jafon, (Pollux.) and in much efteem ; (Poly*n.
Sir at. lib. 4.) Some were made of hemp, twifted
into fmall cords, and fet clofe, which were frequently
ufed in hunting, becaule the teeth of wild beads
could not pierce them ; (Panfan. Attic. Homer
li'tad (3, Cornel. Nep. in Iphicrat. Plutarch. De-
me.tr.
2 B8 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES.-
mefr.) They were of two forts ; one of which con-
lifted of two continued pieces of metal, and was
inflexible; called r<W or raroc; ( Euftathius)
The other was compofed of a bead's hide ; fet
with plates of metal in various forms ; fometimes
in hooks or rings, fometimes refembling feathers,
or the fcales of ferpents or fifties, to which fluds
of gold were fometimes added ; hence the words
0Uax? aAixnJWai, XtTriduroct, <poA;^cora<, &C ; (SiltUS
ltd. lib. 5. Virgil ALneid 1 1 .) There were fome-
times two or three plates over each other; (Statins.
Theb. 7. Stat. Theb. 1 2.) Hence they were called
&?rAoi and T^jTrAo; ; ( Virgil JEn. 3. 467.) They
wore alfo Kviptfis, greaves of brafs, copper, or other
metal, to defend the legs; (Hejiod. Scuto.) they
were fometimes of tin ; (Horn. Iliad 'r. 612.) Tlie
fides about the ancles were clofed with buttons of
(ilver or gold ; (Horn. II. y. 330.)
They alfo ufed Xtigus, guards for their hands j
and A<r7n?, a buckler; (Paufan. Corinthiac. |3.)
which was fometimes compofed of wicker-work ;
(Virg. &n. 7. 632.) Hence it is called ma ;
(Hefychius.J It was alfo made of the wood of fig,
willow, beech, or poplar; (Plin. Naf. Hifl. lib. 6.
cap. 40.) but mod commonly of hides ; hence
aunr&s j3otj ; thefe were doubled into folds, and
fortified with pieces of metal; (Homer IL i. v. 222.
-Horn. Iliad, u. 270.)
The principal parts of the buckler were, Am,
iTu?, 7Tf^^flta, KuxAoj, its circumference, o/x^aXo?,
and /A<rj*faAiov, a bofs in the middle of the buckler,
upon which was fixed another prominence, called
was a thong of leather, and
fometimes
MILITARY ARMOUR AND WEAPONS. 289
fometimes a rod of metal, reaching acrofs the buck-
ler, by which they hung it on their fhoulders;
( Eii ft at h. in IL |3. Homer. II. .) The rod was
called xapwv > (Hefychiiis.) Sometimes it was held
by little rings, called Tro^Traxs?; but it had afterwards
a handle, called o^avoi/ or c^aw; (Horn. Schol.)
chiefly compofed of fmall iron bars, crofting each
other, and refembling the letter ^ ; (Euftath. in IL
p.) When the wars were ended, and the bucklers
fufpended in the temples of the gods, they took off
the handles, that they might become unfit for im-
mediate ufe ; (Ariftoph.) Little bells were hung
fometimes upon bucklers to flrike terror into the
enemy; (Mfchyl.) The bucklers were chiefly
adorned with various figures of beads and birds,
of the celeftial bodies, and ot the works of nature
(Herodot. lib. i. Plin. 35. 3. //. 2. 478.) The
bucklers of the Argives feem to have been larger than;
the reft ; (Virgil, sEn. 3.) and to have covered the
Whole body ; (Virgil, Mn. 2. <Tyrt<eus.) It wasa
Cuftom to carry dead foldiers out of the field upon
their bucklers ; (Plutarch. Apoph.) Hence they
were called ac-TnJa? a^^ib^ora?, and 7rc<JVfX<f ;
(Euftath. Iliad .) Their form was ufually round *
hence they were called a<77n&? luxuxXoi, TT&VTQTS ie<u 9
&c. ; (Virg. Mn. 2. 227. ?yr. Carm. 3. 23.)
There were fhields of different iizes. Te^oy or
yitf* was fquare; (Strabo,lib. 15.) u^oc, was
oblong, and bent inward ; (Pollux Jib. i. cap. 10.)
Aatc-^ioi/, was alfo oblong, compofed of hides with
the hair, and was very light ; (Eujlath. in Iliad f .)
ilcx-m, was a fmall and light buckler, in the form
of a half moon; (Ifidor. HifpaL Orig. lib. 18.) or
$f an ivy leaf; (Xcitopkon.) or was a kind of *
u quadrangular
29 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
quadrangular buckler, wanting the true, or exterior
bofs ; (Suidas.) The defenfive weapons were called
generally ftAfJurjj^ia, o-x7r#pi*a, and TOA'/I/AS&T#-.
The only offenfive weapons ufed in early times were
(tones or clubs ; (Horatii. Op. Lucret. lib. 5.)
Thefe clubs were called paAayy?? and
hence fquadrons of foldiers were called
(Euftath. Iliad. 2.)
In later times, the weapons moil: in ufe were
lyxps and Jo^u,' fpear, the body of which was com-
pofed of wood, or a(h ; (Homer Iliad ir. 143.
Homer Iliad $.. 57.) The head, at^n, was of metal.
The fame was alfo <ru-nj, which was fo called,
either from rai^o?, a crois ; or from o-ai^o?, a lizard ;
\vhich it is faid to have refembled, being hollow at
one end, where it was fixed into the bottom of the
fpear ; and fharp at the other ; (Euftathius. Pollux,
lib* I. cap. 5. Horn. Iliad*. 151* Aft/lot, ds Art.
Poet.) In time of peace, the fpears were reared
againft pillars, in a long wooden cafe, called Ja^o-
$w, (Homer Odyjj\ a. Virg. JfLneid. \^.v. 92.)
There were two forts of fpears; (Strabo, lib. 10.)
The former was ufed in clofe fight, and called <Tou
CTM ; (Homer Iliad (3. 543.) the latter was called,
as were all miffive weapons, vax and |3sA>i, and
ufed in duels, when the fpears were thrown afide;
(Homer Iliad*. Iliad y. fkeocrit. Idyll. >j3. 187.)
The Macedonians had a peculiar fpear, called 0-^10--
o-a, of fourteen or fixteen cubits in length. Hipo?,
a {word, was hung in a belt round the moulders;
(Homer Iliad p. Hefiod. Scut. Here.) The belt
reached down to the thighs; ( Homer Odyjf. A. Virg.
10. 1 6.) Foot foldiers wore the fword on the
left,
MILITARY ARMOUR AND WEAPONS. 29*
left, horfemen on the right fide ; (Jofeph. Excid*
Hieros. lib. 3.) The fcabbard was called xoAso?;
clofe to which was hung a dagger or poniard, called
TO TTK^Of, pYigOVy TTtX.gXp'nglM, Or TTXga^MlOV ^Kpi^JOJ/, TTtZgOC.*
ip&w, (Euftath. Iliad y.) or fy^if *<&$>', and j*-
Xaif a ; (Homer.) It was fcldom ufed in fight, but
fuppiied the want of a knife; (Homer II. y.) In-
ilead of this, a dagger was ufed, called axipaw ;
(Pollux.) They had fometimes another fword,
called XCTTK, or utvj, (Pollux.) or gutiA&t, (Xeno-
pJwn.) or xi/fir**? ; (Suidas. Euflath. //. A. -fcT^/y-
chins.) It was a fmall weapon, like a faulchion^
(Plutarch. Apoph. j;/ J Lycurg.) They adorned the
hilt of the fword with various figures and repre-
fentations. Afyvn was a kind of pole-ax ; (Horn.
Iliad v. 6 1 1.) and TTSAEXU?, was nearly the famej
(Horn. II. o. 710.) xo]/ufi, was a club of wood or
iron; (Plutarch. Thef.)
Tooi>, a bow ; which, fome fay, was invented by
Apollo, who was hence called xnoAo?, fxaT^Arr^.,
XTO?, Tocpoo?, &c. and who firft communicated
it to the Cretans, (Diodor. Sicul. Ifidorus.) who
firft ufed it ; (Pollux ', //^. i.cap. 10.) Others at-
tribute the invention of it to Scythes, fon of Jupi-
ter ; (Plinius.) and progenitor of the Scythians ;
(Lycophr. Cafs. 56. -- Tkeocrlt. Schol. Idyll. 13,
^.56. Lycophr. Caff. 914.) It was made in the
form of a half moon ; (Ammian. Marcell. lib. 20.
Athene, lib. 10.) The bows were frequently
adorned with gold or filver; but mod common-
ly with wood; though anciently made of horn;
{Horn. I/. 3. io$.LycopJi. Caff. 564.) The firings
of the bow were fometimes made of horfes hair,
v 2 and
GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES?
and hence called wiew, (Hefychius. Acciits.) fome*
times of hides cut into fmall thongs > hence r&
(3oia; (EuftatJi. in Horn. II. $.) The part to which
the firing was fixed, called xo^wm, was commonly
made of gold.
The arrows ufually confifled of light wood and
an iron head, which was commonly hooked, (Ovid.
de Amor.) fornetimes with three or four hooks ;
(Statins, tfheb. lib. 9.) The heads of arrows were
fornetimes dipped in poifon ; (Virg. jEn. 9. 771.)
although it was deemed a difgraceful practice $
(Horn. Odyjf. &.. 260*) Arrows were ufually winged
with feathers, to increafe their force \ (Homer Iliad
$. 1 1 6. Opptan. AAifiwr. |3. Oppian. Kwvy. ?.
Sophocl. Trachhi.) They were carried to the battle^
in a quiver, which was ufually clofed on all fides %
(Eiiflath. in 11. #,) The quiver and the bow were
carried on their backs ; (Horn. 1L , Heflod. fcut.
Her cut. 130. Virg. Mn. n. 652.) In drawing
bows, they placed them directly before them, and
returned their hand upon their right bread > (Eiiftath*
II.*. Horn. II.*. v. 123.)
There were feveral forts of darts or javelins, as
^oo-pof, (Euftath.Odyff. (?.) txro-oc, and others ; fome of
which were caft by the help of a flrap, girt round
their middle, and called ayxvA^. The javelin thus
caft was termed ^o-ayxuAoi/ ; (Senec. Hippo!.) They
fornetimes annoyed their enemies with great ftones ;
{Horn. Iliad x. 264. Horn. Iliad e. v. 302. Horn*
II. u. 270. Iliad <p. 403. Virgil^ JEn. 12. 896.)
which were fornetimes rolled down rocks upon the
heads of their enemies ; or were caft out of engines j,
the moft common of which was, Spei^m, a fling ;
which,
MILITARY ARMOUR AND WEAPONS. 293
which they handled with great {kill, efpecially the
natives of the Belearian iflands, who would not
allow their young children any food, till they
could fling it down from a beam, upon which it
was placed ; (VegetiuSy de re Milit. lib. i. 'cap. 16.
Lucius Flor. lib. 3. cap. 8. Diodor. Sicul.lib. 5.
Strabo, lib. 3.) They were furnilhed in war with
three flings, which they either hung about their
necks ; (Euflatk. Comment, in Dion.) or were car-
ried, one on their necks, one in their hands, and a
third about their loins; (Lycophr. ScboL v. 635.-
Ovid. Met. lib. 2. <y. 727.) Some attribute their
invention to the Acarnanians ; (Polhix y lib. i.cap. i.o.)
others to the JEtolians ; (Strabo.) The Achaians
were very fkilful in its ufe ; (Liv. lib. 38.) hence
A^aixoi/ BzXog ; (Suidas.) This weapon was mofb
commonly ufed by the common and light-armed
foldiers, and not by the officers ; (Xenoph. Cyrop.
lib. 7. Q. Cnrtius, lib. 4.) Its form was extended
in length, and broad in the middle; (Dionys. 7Tf^>jy;
<u. 5.) compofed of the fleece of a fheep -, (Horn.
II. v. v. 599.) They caft from it arrows, ftones,
and plummets of lead, called p<ftv&&f^ or/AoXu^iva*
*<paif<*i ; fome of which weighed an hundred
drachms. Some flings were managed by one, others
by two or three cords, In cafting the fling, they
whirled it twice or thrice about their head ; (Virg*
Mn. 9. 587.) Its force was fo great, that no armour
was a fufficient defence again ft it.
They alfo ufed Tru^boAot AtQoi, fire-balls; one fort
of which is called <rxuTa?ua or o-xuraTu&f, which were
made of wood ; and fome of them were a foot long,
others a cubit : their heads were a.rrned with fpikes
^3 of
? 94 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES;
of iron, beneath which were placed torches, hemp,
or other combufiible matter, which being fet ' r\
fire, were thrown with great force towards the,
enemy ; (Suidqs.)
The Lacedaemonians were ordered by Lycurgus
to clothe their foldiers with fcarlet ; either becaufo
that colour was mod durable, or on account of its
brightnefs, (Xenoph. de Rep. Laced. Plutarch, La-
onic.) or becaufe it concealed ilains of blood j
(Plutarch, Laconic. Milan, lib. 6. cap. 6. Valer*
Max. lib. 1. cap. 6.) the fight of which might
give their enemies frefh courage ; (Ham. Iliad x,
459.) They always engaged with crowns and gar-
lands upon their heads j (Xenoph. Plutarch. Ly-
urg.) They ufually carried their own provifions,
which coniiiled, chiefly, of fait meat, cheefe, olives,
onions, &c. For which purpofe, they carried
veiTels made of wicker; (AriJloph.Sch0l. Acharnens.)
with a long narrow neck, called yvXiw ; hence men
with long necks were called yuAiau^mf ; (Ariftopfa
Pac.)
.
THE ATHENIAN OFFICERS.
Kings originally held the chief command, who s
if they were fuppofed incompetent, were fuperfeded
by fome one better qualified ; or relieved by one
of eminent valour to act under them, as their
iXJ*ajoVa general ; (Paufan. Attic.) Afterwards,
when the people affumed the government, all the
tribes nominated' a commander from their own
body ; (Plutarch, Cimone.) No perfon was eligible to
this command, unlefs he had children and land
v/ithin the territory of Athens 3 (Dinarch* in De-
' moJIL),
ATHENIAN OFFICERS. 295
mvfth.) which were pledges of his good conduct:
ibmetimes the children fufFered for the treafon of
their father; (Cicero Epift. 16. ad Bmt. Virg.
Mneid. lib. 1. 139.) The generals were nominated
in an aifembly of the people ; (Plutarch. Phodon.)
fometimes with uncontrolable authority; and hence
filled avroxgaropts ; (Suidos. Plutarch. Arijlid.)
Thefe ten commanders were called ST^T^, and
had equal command ; in matters of difpute, another
perfon was appointed, called UoX^^o^ whofe
vote, added to the parties difputing, decided the
matter; (Herodot.) To him the command of the
left wing of the army belonged ; (Herodot. Erato.)
By thefe, who were at firft annually elected, all
military affairs, at home and abroad, were con<-
duded ; (Demqfth. Philip. Demojth, Graf, de Epi~
tYt. Plutarch* PhGcion.^Ulpian* in Midian.)
There were alfo ten Tga^o, each tribe elect-
ing one, who were next in command to the 2TTjf-
yoi. Their authority extended over the foot foldiers,
and eonfjfted in the care of marfhalling the army,
and of the proviiions ; and they might cafhier any
common foldier, convidbed of mifdemeanour ; (Ly*-
fias Orat. pro Mantith. Arifloph. Schol. Avib.)
There were two ITTTT^C^OI, who had the chief com-
mand of the cavalry under the Dr^artiyoj, (Sigotuus
de Rep. Athen. Demofth. Midian.) There were ten
one nominated by each tribe, under the
who were authorifed to difcharge horfe-
men, and fill up vacancies ; (Lyfias Orat. pro
Mantith.)
The inferior officers derived their titles from th$
number of men under their command ;
u 4 as
GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
THE LACEDAEMONIAN OFFICERS.
One perfon held the fupreme command; (I/ocrat.
fid NicocL Herodot. lib. 5: cap. 75.) yet in times of
extremity, it was intruded to two perfons ; (fhucyd.
lib. $.) The title of the general was Bayo? ; (Hefy-
,-hius.) and was ufually held by one of the kings,
who, in matters of neceflity, had IIoo<5xo?, a viceroy
or protedtor ; (Xenoph. de Rep. Laced. Plutarch*
Lycurg. Herodotus. Tkucydides. Pint arc/ins.
Cornelius Nepos. Paitfanias.) in all civil and mili-
tary affairs. The authority of the king was ab(o-
lute in the army ; (Herodot. lib. 6.) and was fome-
times attended by the Ephori, to give him their
advices (Xenoph. EAA^. lib. 2.) or by other fage
and prudent counfellors; (Xenoph. EAAJJV. lib. 5.
Plutarch. Agefil.) The general was guarded by
three hundred horfemen, called I7r7re?, who fought
about his perfon ; (Vhncyd. lib. 5.) All thofe,
who had obtained prizes in the facred games, fought
before him ; which was confidered a moil honour-
able poft ; (Plutarch. Lycurg.) The chief of the
fubordinate officers was called UoX^x^o^. The
reft were named from the troops under their com-
mand, as, Ao^aywyoi, Ilfi/Tflxapif ?, EvupoTzai, &c,
THE DIVISIONS, FORMS, AND DISTINCTIONS
OF THE ARMY.
The whole army, confiding both of horfe and
foot, was called STga-na. Tne front, ^TUTT'OV, or
uyo?j (Pollux, j. 10.) the right hand man,
DIVISIONS OF THE ARMY. 2 g/
K the wings, xtfora; (Thucyd. 5. 71.) the
foldiers, and their leader, Tra^ararai Thofe in the
middle ranks, nr^aryA the rear,<rxaTOf,or cTriorOopu-
Aa; (Qrbicius.) ITruTra?, was a party of five foldiers,
whofe leader was called n^Tra^^o?. Asxa*, of ten
foldiers,its leader, AtxaJa^o^&c. Ao^s was a par-
ty of eight, or twelve, or fixteen, or twenty-five
foldiers. It is fometimes called rip/o? or Jfxana, and
its leader A&p^ayo?. Ai/xoi^a or I-fyuAo^ta, was a half
/w-o? was a conjunction of ieveral Ao^o ; it is fometimes
called Suratrif, which confifled of four half, or two
whole Aop/oi, of thirty-two men. HwnKovToc^oc. or
TfT^a^ta, was ufually a double o-urao-*?, confifting of
four Ao^ot, or iixty-four men ; its leader was called
IlTnxovT^of or TfT^a^r?. ExaTOPTa^o?, fome-
time5, Called ra^c, Confided of tWO Trsimjxoi/Ta^ia,
containing one hundred and twenty-eight men;
its leader was fometimes called Tagia^o?. To
every xaroyT^ were affigned five attendants,
called Exraxroi : who were, (i.) 2TToxuy, the
crier, who cried aloud the w r ords of command;
(Homer Iliad i. v. 784.) (2.) f*iFopoff* tii en-
iign, who gave by figns the commands of the officers
to the foldiers. (3.) 2aA7nyxTrK, trumpeter, who
fignified the officers commands, when figns could
not be obferved, or to animate and encourage the
foldiers. (4.) T^U^TW, was a fervant, who waited
on the foldiers to fupply them with necefTaries.
Thefe four were placed next to the foremoll rank.
(5.) Oyfayof, the lieutenant, who brought up the
rear, and took care that the foldiers did not defert:
2uVTayjM,aj Tra^ara i? , ^'Aayta, ^f ^ayia, Was COmpOUnd-
cdof two Ta^f,-, and confifted of two hundred and
fifty-
39 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
fifty-fix men. Their commander was called
pascu^yjA. nVTo,xc<rux,(2%ix, or fc^xyiXy contained
two irui\Tay|(ATa, five hundred and twelve men.
The name of the commander was, IlfVTaxio-itfo^s- or
Sway os. XtAta^ia, <rur^^/*a, Was the IIsfTa>cc<n0<3-
Pia doubled, one thoufand and twenty-four men.
The commander was called XiAia^o?, X;Aicro?, or
2;;r/u/AaTa2i];. Mfafpi, fometimes called T^ACS,
and fTngfi/ayta, two thoufand and forty - eight.
The commander was called M^a^u?, TAao^j, or
, fometimes called Mfo?f
> and rfarnyia, was compounded
of two TEAJJ, was four thoufand and ninety-fix, or
four thoufand and thirty-fix. The commander
was called Q&Xayy&gxiig and 2TTuyof. Aupahuy-
yu% x^?, tTriTtzypx,, and, fome fay, /MCjoo?, confided
of eight thoufand one hundred and thirty- two.
The commander was called K^^?if . Tsr^apaAay-
ya^ia, confided of fixteen thoufand three hundred
and eighty-four. The commander was called T?
T^apaAayya^u?. C><^Aay^, fometimes means twenty-
eight men, fometimes eight thoufand; but a com-
plete $aAa<yg, is faid to be the fame with -nr^aXa.y^
yagwot. Various other numbers were alfo fignified
by it. The commander was called ^xXa,yyct^^ f
Mnxo* (paXctyyos, was the length or firft rank of the
; and IS the fame with
^uyoj, &c. The ranks behind were called, accord-
ing to their order, (W^o?, T^TO?, uyos-, &c. Bafie?,
or vctr^og faAayyoj, fometimes called T0i^o?,was the
depth of the ranks, from front to rear. Zvyot <px-
Aayyof, were the ranks taken according to the
length of the phalanx. 2-n^oi or Aop^o^ were the
DIVISIONS OFTHEARMY. 29$
filts meafured according to the depth. Ai^o-rop*
^aAayyo?, the diftributiori of the phalanx into two
equal portions, which were called trXovoou, xtgctra,
&c. wings : the left was xs^a? suwvu^oj/, and ou^a ;
the light, x^aj (5*ioi/, KipaAn, $%iov axgWT'/igiov, dtfcicc,
&ZXP ' ^ c * A^a^o?, CjUpaAo?, crwop^Tj paAayyo?, the
middle part between the wings. Ae7TTu<r/Ao? pAay-
ye?, the lefiening the depth of the phalanx, by
cutting off fome of its files. O^Oia, m^opwif, or
Tt^oL^m^ 0Aay, in which the depth exceeded
the length. IlAayia <paAay, was broad in front
and narrow in flank ; (Milan. Taflic.) Aon paAayg
when one wing was advanced near the enemy
to begin the battle, the other keeping at a con-
venient diftance. Appiropos ^#Aay, when the
foldiers were placed back to back. Amro/Ao? ^a-
Aa-yg, was formed length-ways, and engaged at both
flanks. Aptp^opog h$atXotfyy\* t when the leaders
were placed in both fronts, and the Ou^ayo;, who
followed the rear, tranfplanted into the middle.
.Amro/Ao? JipaAayyia, was contrary to the former,
having the Ovgxyoi, and their rear on two fides,
and the reft of the commanders, who were placed
at other times in the front, in the midft, facing each
other; in which form, the front opening in two
parts, fo clofed again, that the wings fucceeded in
its place, and the laft ranks were tranfplanted into
the former place of the wings. Opoioropos $i$a,xo<,y*
yia, was, when both the phalanxes had their officers
on the fame fide, one marching behind the other
in the fame form. Er^oro/xo? J^aAayyta, when the
commanders of one phalanx were placed on the right
flank, and the other, on the left. UnrXiy^vi paA<*y,
when its form was changed, as the way required
through
3 oo GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
through which it marched. ET^K^TTY^
reprefented a half moon, the wings turned back>
wards, and the main body advanced toward the
enemy, or, on the contrary. The fame was called
xu^ryj and xoiAri, convex and hollow, Ec-Tra^sur
0*Aay, when the parts of the battalia flood at an
unequal diftance from the enemy. Tirt^aKoiyyHrie,
when both wings were extended beyond the front
of the oppofing army ; when only one, it was called
u:rxW<ri?. P*ju*<fc)? <paAay, called alfo <r<pwoeiow 9
a battalia with four equal fides, but not rectangular,
reprefenting the figure of a diamond; (Milan,
facile.) E//,oAoi>, was a rhombus divided in the
middle, having three fides, and reprefenting the
figure of a wedge, or the letter A. KoiA/xoAot/, was
the f/*oAe tranfverfed, reprefenting the letter V.
JlAjvOiGi/, nAjpOja, an army drawn up in the figure of
a brick or tile, with four unequal fides ; its length
was extended towards the enemy, and exceeded the
depth. Uvgyos, was the brick inverted, being an
oblong fquare, like a tower, with the fmall end
towards the enemy; (Horn. Iliad, p. 43.) nx*i<nw,
had an oblong figure, approaching nearer to a cir-
cle, than quadrangle. Tignfuv, was an army extend-
ed in length, with a few men in a rank ; when the
roads could not be pafled in broader ranks :
the name is taken from a worm that infinuates
itfelf into little holes of wood. Hence the term
fteXayJj (i$tiJfK. IIuxj/a;<r? (paAayyo?, was rang-
ing the foldiers clofe together, being confined
to two cubits : they were generally allowed four
cubits. Sui/ac-TTjc'/Aof, was clofer than the former,
one cubit only being allowed to each. It is fo.
called from bucklers, which were all joined clofe
DIVISIONS OF THE ARMY. 301
to each other. IATI, reprefented the figure of an
egg, into which the Theflalians ufually ranged their
horfe ; (Milan. Vaftic.) It ufually fignifies a troop
of lixty-four men ; fometimes of any number.
ETnAa^ia, contained two Aai, one hundred and
twenty-eight. Tapi/*^*, confifted of two hun-
dred and fifty-fix. They commonly ufed a fort of
horfemen called Toe-o^nvot or iTTTraywvjrat, who an-
noyed the enemy with miffive weapons. ITTTTK^IX,
contained five hundred and twelve men. EPTT-
, contained one thoufand and twenty-four,
contained two thoufand and forty-eight.
, contained four thoufand and ninety-fix.
The divifions of the Lacedaemonian army-
had peculiar names. The whole army was divided
into Mo^ai, regiments ; fome make the num-
ber of each to confift of five hundred, others of
feven hundred, and others of nine hundred ; (P/n-
tarch.Pelop.) though afterwards they did not con-
fift of more than four hundred in each -, who
were all foot foldiers. The commander was called
tlotepoifxpsi (Xenoph. de Rep. Laced.) and the fub-
ordinate officer, 2u/x<po^u? j (Xenoph. Ex\w. lib. 6.)
Ao^oj, was the fourth part of a Mop ; though it is
faid there were five Ao%oi in every Mop; (Hefy chins)
and four Ao^ywyo. UWTWOS-VS, was either the fourth
part or half of a Ao%og, and contained fifty men. The
commander was filled rifi/Twoi-T^, nsitTMotTXTyo, or
There were eight of thefe in every Mogx.
, was either the fourth part, or the half of
; and contained twenty-five men. They
were fo called, becaufe they were bound by an oath to
t>e loyal to their country ; (Hcf\chius.) The com-
mander was called E/*0T*f ^u? , or W/*OT*XO?. There
were
002 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES-
werefixteen of them in everyU9y,- y (XenopJion.) rigs*
Ta<?, was the placing any company of foldiers before
the front of the army, to begin the fight with miffive
weapons. Ewiragic, was the placing the foldiers in the
rear. Hj6fagif,when to one or both flanks of the bat-
tle, part of the rear was added j the front of thofe that
were added, being in the fame line with the front of
the battle. YiroTafyf, when the wings were doubled,
by beftowing the light-armed men under them in
the form of a three fold door. Evragif , irgnrZt$
or wfQWTZis> placing together of different forts of
foldiers. na^goAn, filling up the vacant fpaces in
the files, by foldiers of the fame kind. ETrayuy^ a
continued feries of battalions in marches, drawn up
behind each other in the fame form, that the front
of the latter was extended to the rear of the former.
Tlaaaywyji, when the phalanx proceeded in a wing,
not by file, but by rank, the leaders marching on
one fide ; when towards the left, it was called
cuwi/o/AOf wa^y)/j ; when toward the right, $tfy&
"Bragayuyvi. E7raywyi and H<zga,yuyn were diflinguifhed
into four kinds : when they marched on, preparing
for the enemy only on one fide, they were called
STrayuyA or iraoxyuyn [AovoTrXovgos j when Oil two fides,
&7rAovOf; when on three, T^TTAOU^O?; when every
fide was ready, Tfr^TrAou^of. The motions of the
foldiers, when commanded by their officers were
called xAKTK xPuo-is fTrt^u, to the right ; becaufe
they managed their fpears with their right hands.
E7rai/axAj<n?,the retrograde motion. KAJC-K STT* uririfx,
to the left; their bucklers were held in their left
Lands. MfTagoAn, was a double turn to the left hand,
by which they turned their backs to what they
before fronted. Of this motion there were two
forts y
DIVISIONS OF THE ARMY. to$
forts ; (i.) MTOAJ a?r' i/, by which they turned
from front to rear, which is termed x^x ; and their
backs were turned towards their enemies ; hence it
is called pt-rc&oXn uno TM TroA^atwi/. It was effected
by turning to the right. (2.) MrraoAj UK* ^ac, or
7rt irotopiuv, from rear to front, by which they turned
their faces to their enemies, by moving twice to the
left. Enis-go^n, when the whole battalion, joined
man to man, made one turn, either to the left or
the right. Ai/*ropfl, oppofed to 7nr? &<PJ, the return
of fuch a battalion to its former ftation. n^unr*?-
/EAcr, a double ^irfopu, by which their backs were
turned to the place of their faces.
a treble smrgopu, or three wheelings.
Jgj/at, or TT' ooOov aTroxararncrai, to turn about to the
places in which they were at firfl. EgsAty//^ E^AKT-
jtAo?, or EgfAio-K, counter-march, by which every
foldier, one marching after another, changed the
front for the rear, or one flank for another. There
are two forts of counter-marches, xar* AO^KJ, and
xara yy, one by files, the other by ranks. They
were alfo further divided into three forts i ( i .) E'A;y-
juo? MaxfJwv XT AO^J, a motion which removed
the army into the ground before the front, and the
faces of the foldiers turned backwards j (2.) E|fA{y-
jtxof Aaxwv xaraAo^gf, this motion took up the ground
behind the phalanx, and the foldiers faces turned
the contrary ways it was made from front to rear;
(3.) EgAyn*e? n^o-ixo?, or K^-
was fometimes termed xf fi ^>
becaufe managed like the Grecian chori, which,
ordered into files and ra#ks, like foldiers in battle
array, and moving forward toward the brink of the
ftage, when they could pafs no further, retired, one
through
304 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES*
through the ranks of the other.
vycty counter-march by rank, was contrary to
counter-march by file ; in the former, the motion
was in length of the battalia flankwife, the wing
either marching into the midft, or quite through
theoppofite wing. It was performed feveral ways.
Ai7rAa<na<rai, was to double or increafe the battalia,
which was effected in two ways 5 fometimes the
number of their men was augmented, remaining
dill upon the fame fpace of ground ; fometimes
the foldiers, continuing the fame in number, were
ib drawn up by thinning their ranks and files, that
they took up a larger fpace than before. Thus-
were occafioned four forts of AifrAae-iaoYAo*, which
were made by counter-marches. ( i .) AnrA.a<nfly*o5
vJflwv Kara fyyot, or xara^xo?, when frefh men were
inferted into the ranks, the length of the battalia
being flill the fame, but flanding clofer than before.
(2.) AiTrXcKriourpog ai^wy xara Aop, or xccra jSaOof,
was when the files were doubled, their ground being
of no greater extent than before, by ranging them
in clofe order. (3.) Ai7rAa<nao7xc? TOTTJJ xar& uya, OF
xaTflf pwo?, when the length of the battalia was in--
creafed, without the acceffion of new forces, by*
placing the foldiers at a greater diflance. (4.)
At?rAa(racr^o? TOTTS xara Ao^s?, or xctrot j39o?, when
the depth of the ground became greater, not by
adding new files, but by feparating the old to a
greater diflance. The foldiers were all rendered
expert in the military exercife, by T^XTIXOJ, public
profeflbrs, before they were admitted into the field
of battle; (Schol. Artftoph. Av. 352. Acliarn. 1073.
Euflath. in II. A. 254. 357. Mliati.
PEACE AND WAR.
305
bF PEACE AND WAR, AMBASSADOR^, &C*
Before the Greeks declared war, they published
tin account of the injuries they had received, and
demanded reparation by ambafTadors ; (Statius,
^heb. 2. v. 368. Homer Iliad y. v. 205. Iliad A.
r. 124.) Invafions, without previous notice, were
confidered rather as robberies than legitimate wars $
(Polybius> lib. 4.) Ambafladors were ufually perfons
of great worth, and high ftation> and their cha-
tacler was held facred ; (Herodot. Polymn. cap.
334.) They were under the protection of Mer-
tury ; becaufe it is fuppofed that they derived
their high character from the honour paid to the
}3u*?, heralds, becaufe defcended from Ceryx,
fon of Mercury ; (Enjlath. in Iliad x.) When Ulyf-
fes was call upori unknown coafls, he lent a herald to
protect the men from danger or injury ; (Eitftat/i.
//. a.) They were called the meifengers, not of
men, but of Jupiter ; ( Horn. II. *. Statins Theb.
lib. 2.v. 371.) The heralds of Athens were all of
one family, defcended from Ceryx, fon of Mer-
cury and Pandrofus, daughter of Cecropsj king of
Athens. The Lacedsemonian heralds were defcend-
ed from Talthybius, herald of Agamemnon, who
was honoured with a temple and divine woifhip at
Sparta; (Herodot. Polymn. cap. 134. Pnvfunias.
Laconic.) They carried in their hands a ftaff of
olive or laurel* called xrfujwov, around which v.vre
folded two ferpents, with ere&ed crefts, as an em-
blem of pe^ce; (Ptin. lib. 29. cap. 3.) The Athe-
nian heralds frequently made uie of the E^s^^t-r, a
token of peace and plenty, being an olive branch co-
vered with wool, and adorned with the fruits of the
X earth.
306 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
earth. Ku^oxe?, heralds, were fuppofed to differ from
vgstr&is, ambafladors , inafmuch as the latter were
employed in treaties of peace, the former to declare
war ; (Suidas.) but this diflinction was not perpe-
tual ; (Eitfiath. in Horn.) There were two forts of
ambafladors ; one had a limited, the other an un-
limited authority, and hence called ve<reis auro-
X<*TO?. It was the cuftom of the Spartans to ap-
point men to thefe. offices, between whom there was
not a good underftanding , as it was fuppofed that
they would not truft each other in any confpiracy
sgainft the good of the commonwealth $ for the fame-
reafon they always excited arivalfhip between their
kings; (Ariftot. Polit.lib. 2.) Their leagues werc-
of three kinds, (i) O-TCV^JJ, rufSuwt, J^UMJ, peace, by
which both parties and their allies ceafed from
hoftilities: (2) 'Eir*|ua;c*a, by which they were
bound to affift each other, in cafe of invafion :
(3) 2u/*pa;ia, by which they were bound to aflift
each other, not only when they invaded others, but
when they were themfelves invaded j (Suidas.)
Their treaties were engraved upon tables, and
fixed up in public places ; (Thucyd. de Bell. Pelo-
pon.) Sometimes the contracting parties exchanged
certain <rvpGo\u 3 which might be produced as evi-
dence of the agreement. The covenant itfelf was
alfo fo called ; (Harpocrat. Su^SoAov.) It was ufual
for dates in alliance with each other, interchange-
ably to fend ambafladors, who mould repeat, in
public, the covenants, and thus confirm their for-
mer treaty.
When they declared war, they fent a herald,' who
bade the perion, who had given the injury, to pre-
pare for an invafion 5 and fometimes a fpear was
*- call,
C A M P S, &c. 307
caft, in token of defiance. The Athenians fre-
quently let loofe a lamb into the territories of their
enemies j intimating that they fhould be laid wafte,
and become a pafture for Pneep ; (Suidas.) Hence
a^i/a 7r0aAAip, was ufed for entering into a Hate
of war.
They confulted the gods before they engaged in
war; nor were the foothfayers and diviners forgot-
ten ; oracles were enriched with prefents ; and they
had recourfe to all prophetical divinities ; (Plerodot.
lib. i.) When they had refolved to begin the war,
facrifices were offered, and large vows were made*
which were to be paid upon the fuccefs of their
enterprize. Any inaufpicious omen was fufficient
to retard their march. The Athenians never march-
ed before the feventh, evro? gSopw ; (Hefychius. -
Ariftoph. Schol. Equit.J Hence the proverb WTO?
6cty*>K, was applied to thofe who undertook any
bufmefs at an improper time 5 (Zenobius Cent. 3;
Pro. 79.) The Lacedaemonians were prohibited
from- marching before the full moon; (Luciam
AJirol.Herodot. lib. 6.)
THE CAMPS;
Their camps were originally built iri a fpherical
figure ; (Xenopk. de Rep. Lac.) and they were ac-
cuftomed frequently to remove them ; (Plutarch
Apophi XenopL de Rept Lac.) The moil Valiant
of the fokliers were placed at the extremities, the
reft in the middle; (Homer Iliad I. 22 2<) If they
defigned to remain long in their camps, they
erected altars to the gods^ and divine worth ip was
performed ; in the lame place public arTemblies
were called together, when the general had any
thing to communicate to his foldiersj here alfo
x 2 courts
308 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
courts of juflice were held, in which all contro-
verfies ariiong the foldiers were decided, and crimi-
nals fentencccHo bepunifhed; (Homer Iliad x. 806.)
They ufually fortified their camps with a trench and
wall, on. whofe fides they erected turrets, from
which they annoyed their enemies with miflive
weapons i (Homer Iliad rj. v. 436.) Their difci-
pline was not always rigid and fevere ; (Phi arch.
Cleom.) They were allowed more liberty in the
camp than in the city; (Herodot. lib. 7. cap. 208
and 209.) They were allowed to ufe coftly arms,
fine clothes, and to curl and perfume their hair ;
( Ariftoph. Nub. atl. i. fc. i Ariftoph. Equit. aft. 3.
fc. 2.) Many changes were afterwards made in
their difcipline, and they were prohibited from
decking their hair j (Ariftoph. Schol. Equit.)
THE GUARDS.
Their guards were (puAaxai ypegivixi and
upon duty by day, and others by night. At feveral
liours in the night, officers called *-^TOAO;, walked
round the camp, and vifited the watch. They
carried a fmall bell, called xco<5W, at whofe found the
foldiers were to anfwer; (Snidas. tfhucyd. lib. 4.)
The Lacedaemonian guards were not allowed to have
their buckler, that, being unarmed, they might be
more cautious ; (Tzetes. Chiliad. 9. Hift. 276.)
The reft ilept in their armour, that they might be
prepared upon any alarm ; (Xcnophon.) It -was
a cuftom of the Spartans to keep a double watch,
one within the camp, to watch their allies, left they
fnould fuddenly defert; the other upon fome emi-
nence, to watch their enemies ; (Xenophw.)
OF
SIGNALS AND STANDARDS. 309
OF BATTLE.
Before battle, the foldiers always refrefhed them-
felves with victuals; (Homer Iliad j. v. 155.) The
commanders then drew up their whole army, truft-
ing the event to a (ingle force; (Iliad $. 297.'
Plutarch, de Horn.) The general made a fpeech
to his foldiers, which fometimes had an animating
effect ; (Paufan. MeJJln.Diodor. Sicul. lib. 15.
Jujlin* lib. 3.) Before they engaged, they endea-
voured, by prayers, facrifices, and vows, to engage
the affiftance of heaven ; and fung a hymn to
Mars, called KKHXV ^Earnf ios; and the hymn fung to
Apollo after a fuccefsful battle, was called vaizy
.fTTuuxioffj (<Thucyd. Schol. lib, i,) The Spartans
facrificed to the mufes, which was defjgned to foftea
their anger, (Plutarch, ao^o-iai?) or to ani-
mate them to^noble exploits ; (Plutarch. Lycurg.)
The foothfayers infpeded all the facrifices, and,
till the omens were favourable, they chofe to fur-
render their lives to the enemy, rather than to de-r
fend ihemfelves ; (Plutarch, Ariftid.)
OF SIGNALS AND STANDARDS.
The fignals were called (ru^oAaand<n;aia;
Far. Hift. c. 34.) <ru^oA* were of two kinds,
or ogKTGty pronounced by the mouth, or vilible to the
eye. The firfl are termed crui/Ofi/xaT^, the Jalter Trasaa-
<ruv0/*^Ta. Zu^9l! 1 (xa, the ivord^ was communicated
by the general to the fubordinate officers, cuid by
them to the whole army; by which friends might be
cliftinguiihed from enemies. Jt ufgally contained
fomegood omen, or the name of fomedc. ieral ;
(%enoph. Cyrop. lib. 7. Appian. Be//, .2.
x
jio GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
Vakr. Max. lib. i. cap. 5. Thucyd. 4. 112.
$w/. i. n.) This cuftcm fometimes proved of
fatal confequencej (Thitcyd. lib. 7. Poly an. lib*
i) na^aa-w/fifl/xa, was a vifible mark of diftindion,
as nodding their heads, waving their hands, or
any other particular motion - 3 (Onofand. Strateg. cap.
26.) 2>5^<a, were enfigns or flags, the elevation
of which was a fignal for battle, and the depreffion
of it, to ceafe; (Suidas. Thucyd. SchoL lib. i.)
Some of thefe were adorned with images of ani-
mals, or other things : (Plutarch. Lyfand. . Cur-
tius, lib, 3. P hit arch. Pelop. Cornel. Nep. Epami-
nond.) The 2?/xfK/v was frequently a purple coat
uppn the top of a fpear; (Plutarch. Cleom. Poly an.
i. 48.) though other colours were fometimes ufed |
(Poly bins ^ lib. 2.) The ancient lignals were lighted
torches thrown from both armies, by men called
wgQofoi or 7ruop00{, who were priefts of Mars, and
of facred character ; having caft them, they retired
in fafety 5 (Euripid. Scfiol. Ph#n. Lycophr. Schol.
v. z$o.and 1 298.) Hence in furious battles, cT q
irvgQogQs o-wOn, not even a torch-bearer efcaped, was a
common expreflion; (Lycophr.Caff. 1295. Statins*
fheb. 4, v. $. Claudian. de Rapt. Prof.lib. i ,) When
this cuftom ceafed,Ko^Aoo;, (hells of fifties were ufed,
which they founded in the manner of trumpets, be-
fore thofe inflruments were invented or in ufejfTztf*
zes in Lycophr. 250. C fheognis.-Ovid. Met. lib. i .
<rheocrit.Idyll.K$. 75, Lycophr. CaJJl 249. Eitjlath.
in Iliad %. Horn. II. o. 219. Schol. in. IL o. 219.
and II. 0. 3 8 8 . Firgil. Mn. 6 . v. 175-)
Trumpets were afterwards ufed, of which there
were fix forts ; (Eiiflath. in. II. <r. ) ( i .) The firfl was
invented by Minerva, the patronefs of arts; hence (he
was called ?A7rty^j (Lycojjhr.Caff. 915. Hefy chins.
SIGNALS AND STANDARDS. 311
~Phavorin.) It is alfo faid that it Was invented by
Tyrrhenus, one of the Tons of Hercules; (Pan-
fan. Corinth.) (2.) The fecond was the Egyptian
trumpet, called XK*J, the invention of Ofiris ; its
fhape was round ; and it was ufed at facrifices
to call the affembiy together; (Enftath. II. <r.)
(3.) The third was called xa^vug, and invented in
Gallia Celtica. It gave a ihrill found, but was
not large. It was cafl in a mould, and its mouth
was adorned with the figure of fome animal. They
had a pipe of lead, through which they blew into
the trumpet when they founded, (4.) The fourth
was called BeVvo?, from Bs?, the figure of an ox
Upon its orifice ; it had a deep bafs found, and was
ufed in Paphlagonia. (5.) The fifth was invented
in Media, had a deep note, and was founded by
help of a pipe, compofed of reeds. (6.) The
fixth was called 2a^a-iy Tu^rji/^, becaufe invented
by the Tyrrhenians, (Sopkocl. Schol. Ajac* 17.
Suidas. Diodor. Sic. lib. 5.) or by Tyrrhenus, fon
of Hercules; (Hygin. Rz. 274.) Its orifice was
cleft, and fent forth a loud and (brill found ; (So-
phocl. Ajac, 1 6.) There were other forts of
pets, but of lefs note ; (Suidas. Sophocl^
There were other inflruments ufed in found-
ing alarms ; as, the ruf <y, pipe, in Arcadia; the
TT*:>CTJS, fometimes called ^ya^9, in Sicily ; ai'Xt,
flutes, ufed in Crete ; (Polyb. lib. 4.) others ufed
lutes, or viols, (Atd. Gell. lib. i. cap. 1 1, Martian.
Cap. lib. n.) or harps j (Athene, lib, 12. and 14.
Enftath. II. ^.Plutarch, lib. de Mufic.) He who
founded the alarm was called, by the Cretans,
Ibio?.; by others, I^UXT^, (Hefychius.) from a
trumpet, called ly. The Lacedemonians r
^ 4
31* GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
their engagements with a concert of flutes ;
phon. Maxim. Tyrr. Dijj\ 1 2 and 21. Quintil. lib. i,
cap. 1 6. *hucyd. lib.. 5. Valerius Max. lib. 2. cap .
6. Plutarch. Lycurg.) The reft of the Grecians ad-
vanced with eagernefs, and gave a general fhout, cal-
led aAaAay^o?, from the foldiers repeating aAaA; (Po-.
lyxn'.i, 2. Pollux i\. 10.) the word aA^A^rof was ufed ;
(IL .436.) Sometimes they cried, EAfAsu; (Suidas.)
The firft author of .this fhout was Pan, who acted
under Bacchus, in his Indian expedition ; where
being encompaffed in a valley by an enemy, fuperior
in number, he advifed Bacchus to order his men in.
the night to give a general fhout, which fo furprized
the enemy that they fled with precipitation, (Poly ten*
Strat.tib. i.)
The cuftom of fliouting was ufcd by almoft
all nations; (Horn. II. ^.452. 11. y. i. //. *.
279 267.) Hence pvAo7n? ? OTI, and j3o*j, are
fynonymous with P&XVI. A loud voice was a high
recommendation of the character of commanders,
for the terror with which it ImpreiTed their enemies ;
(Eijftath. Iliad (3. //. y.Il. A. Plutarch. Coriol.)
Jn the early times, generals fought at the head of
their armies ; hence they are called * p^a^ot, and
vgofjiQi > (Horn. IL y.v. 1 6. //. TT. 218.) Where
the alarm was founded by fpft mufic, the retreat
and other orders were fignified by louder inftru-
ments; (Poly.bhi$, lib. 2.) \\ 7 hen their enemies
iled, the Spartans were not allowed to purfue them;
(Tkucyd. lib. 5. Poly an. lib. i.) on account of
their flrict obfervance of difcipliue ; (PayJb&Mef-
feniac. Plutarch. Lycurg.-~aii.d Apopth. TST^I ^y.)
The G^cians frequently decided their caufe upon
the iffue of a fingle combat, or of two or more
npions on each (ide j (^lutarch.
ENGINES FOR SIEGES. 313
OF SIEGES.
The early Grecians were unacquainted with th$
rt of befieging towns, and therefore were eaiily
compelled by a powerful invader to remove their
habitations, (Thucyd. lib. i.) They were generally
un/kilful In conducting them, after it became 3
practice; (Herodot. lib. 9. cap. 69.) it was indeed
deemed difhonq arable to die in fuch undertakings $
(Plutarch. SylL Homer. II. %. v. 360. Plutarch,
Pyrrh.) When they would poffefs themfelves of
a caftle or town, they furrounded it with their whole
^rmy, and attacked it in every quarter; which was
called ffxywovtw. When they meant to lay clofe
iiege, they commenced the ^TroTf^Kr^o? or Tr^^irsi^ttr-
/*o?, the work of circumvallation; which fometimes
confided of a double wall, made of turf, called
,9rA;vOot and wAi0*a. The interior fortification was
defigned to prevent fudden fallies from the town,
and to prevent it from receiving fuccour. The ex-
terior fortification was to fecure them from foreign
enemies, who might come to the relief of the be- '
iieged. When Plat^a was inverted by the Pelopori-
jiefians, they raifed a double wall; the Ipace between
each wall, which was lixteen feet, was taken up
with lodges for fentinels, built at regular diftances ;
between every tenth of which was a large tower,
extended from wall to wall.
Engines were firft called ^ayyai/a, and afterwards
pi^avaa. They were not known in Greece, at
leaft, before fhe Trojan war; (Statins fhefa) Some
affirm that ladders were ufed in the Theban war.
Different fort$ of ladders were aftenvards'invented^
3 H GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
fome were mjx, folded ; (Appian.) others were
JiaAuTOH, to be taken in pieces; (Pint. Arat.)
They were compofed of wood, ropes, leather, &c.
Other engines were of a later date. The ram, in-
deed, was ancient ; (Pliny. Athena, lib. 4.) Other
inftruments were ufed in demolifhing walls which
were called rguir&voc, which were long irons, with
fharp ends. Some attribute their invention to the
time of the Peloponnefian war, in which they were
ufied ; (Thucyd.) Others fay, they were contrived
by Pericles, with the affiftance of Artemon, an ar-n
tificer of Clazomenas ; (Diodor. Sicul. lib. 12.
Plutarch. Per Id.) Others fay, they were ufed at;
the fiege of Paros ; (Cornel Nep. in Milt.')
X*Aw*n, a tortoife, or fhroud, was fo called from the
fhelter they afforded the foldiers; of which there were
feveral forts ; as, XfA-wvu r^rjwTwy, called fometimes
i-ui/ao-Trio-^o?, when the foldiers were drawn up clofe,
and the rear ranks bowing themfelves, placed their
targets above their heads. The firft rank floocl
creel:, the reft {looped lower by degrees, till the laft
rank kneeled upon the ground ; thofe in the front,
and on the fides holding their targets before their
bodies, the reft covering the heads of thofe that
were placed before them. This practice was ufed
in open battles, but moft commonly in furprizing
cities, before the befieged were prepared for defence.
X^w^ x wr f l? was foursquare ; it guarded the
foldiers in tilling ditches, and cafting up mounts,
XsAw&'/i qgvg, was triangular, with its front (helving
downwards, for the protection of thofe who under-
lined walls.
rff, were wicker hurdles, which the foldiers
i-ld over their heads,
ENGINES FOR SIEGES, 515
was a mount, which was raifed fo high,
as to equal the top of befieged walls. The fides
were walled in with ftones, or fecured with rafters ;
the fore part remained open. It confifted of earth,
timber, boughs, ftones, CTJmcyd.) &c. r into the
middle were call wickers and twigs of trees, to
faflen and cement the other parts - 3 (Lucan. lib. 3.)
were moveable towers of wood, ufually
placed upon the mount. They were driven upon
xvheels, which were placed within the bottom planks,
to fecure them from the enemy. Their fize was
proportioned to the towers of the city they be-
fieged. The front and fides were covered with tiles*
Their tops were covered with raw hides, to preferve
them from miffive weapons. They were formed
into feveral ftories ; which were able to carry en-
gines, as well as foldiers; (Sil. It. lib. 14.) Some
afcribe the contrivance of them to artificers of Sicily
at the time of Dionyfius the tyrant ; others, to
Polyidius, a TheflTalian ; (Athena. Median.
yius,lib. 10. cap. 19.) others, to Diades and
reas; (Heron, cap. 13. Diodor. Siail.)
K^io?, the ram, was an engine with an iron head,
called x<p*An or ^SoAn, refembling the head of a
ram, with which they battered the walls of the
enemy. One kind, had a long beam with an iron
head : another, was hung with ropes to another
beam, by which they thruft it with great force :
the third kind was covered with a %fXwvi, fhroud,
to guard the foldiers. The bea,m was fometimes
pne hundred and twenty feet in length, and covered
with iron plates. The weight hung upon the
3 i5 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
hinder part. They were conveyed from place to
place upon wheels.
EA?7roAK, was a machine of vaft bulk, like the
ram covered with the (hroud, but of greater force.
Jt was driven both with ropes and wheels, and con-
tained other fmaller engines, from which miflive
weapons were cafl. It was invented by Demetrius,
fon of Antigonus, who was called TTOA^XUTIK ;
(Fitruv. lib. 10. Plutarch. Demetr. Diodor. Sicul,
lib. 2Q Lutan. lib. 3.)
KaT*7rATa, were ufed, fometimes for arrows,
and fometimes for engines, from which arrows were
caft, and called OU&AEI ? and j3f Aeri>. Some afcribc
their invention to the Syrians ; (Plini.) others to
the Sicilians 5 (Diodor. Siatl, lib. 14. Plutarch,
Dionys.)
There were various forts of engines to caft flones;
as, rfw&vat, flings; pciyyxyei, and pxyyotviXK o^yxvtx,
On the approach of the enemy, the befieged
gave notice to their confederates to haften to their
affiftance -, if in the day, by raifing a great fmoke j
if in the night, by fires or lighted torches toiTed
iri the air, called ^uxret and QgvxTugiw ; (^theogn*
Schol. Hcm. Sfhol. II, o.) Thefe were called
4>uxToi TroAf/AtQj, to diftinguiOi them fromthofe they
called ^ux.rot <piAtoi, which were lighted on the
approach of friends, and held unmoved.
The walls, were guarded with fold iers, who, with
flones, and other n^ffive weapons, aflauhcd the
invaders ; and the xarairfATai, and other engines.
cf the fame kincj, were placed within the town,
F U N E R A L S, &c. |i ?
and played upon them* Many other methods
were ufed > fometimes they heated brafs bucklers
red hot, and filling them with fand and lime, pour-
ed them down upon the foldiers; which, getting be-
tween their armour and flefh, burned them. Their
mines were rendered ineffectual by counter-mines :
their mounts were undermined : their towers and en-
gines were burned with fire-balls: they defended
themfelves with fkins, wool-packs, and- whatever
would ward off mi (live weapons. They broke off the
heads of battering rams with great ftones from the
walls j or by cutting the ropes which direcled them,
with long fcythes. When they got poiTefTion of
cities, they fometimes put all who were in arms to the
fword, demolifhed the buildings, and made the reft
ilaves; fometimes they only demanded fome contri-
bution. Sometimes the Athenians fent colonies to
inhabit depopulated places, which they divided by
lots among fome of the commonalty, when met in a
public affembly; f^r//?tf/>/;. Schol. Nub.) When
they demolifhed a city, they denounced curfes
upon thofe who might rebuild it ; (Euftatk. II. &)
MILITARY FUNERALS, AND TREATMENT OF
THE SLAIN.
The bodies of their dead enemies were anciently
treated with much indecency and barbarity, dis-
figured, ilabbed, and expofed to ignominy and
fcorn. In the Trojan war, this favage cuftom was
not intirely abolifhed $ (Horn. Schol. 11. %. 398 and
367. StalhtSy tfhcb. 9. 380. ~ Pirg. Jn. 10. and
ii. v. 9. Herod. Call.) It had been ufual for the
conquerors to prevent their enemies from interring
their
3 tg GRECIAN
their dead, until they had paid large fums for their
ranfom ; (Horn. II. u. Lycophr. Caff. v. 269.*
Mn. 9* i>. 213.) If the body was not ranfomed,
it remained unburied; (Horn. II. a. 4.) though
this practice was not always flrictly obferved?
(Horn. II. . 414. Iliad n. v. 408. JElian* Var.
Htft. lib. 12. cap. 27. Plutarch. Thef.) and in
fucceeding ages wholly difcontinued. The Athe-
nians were anxious to inter honourably the bodies
of their foldiers who fell valiantly; and the neglect
or omiffion of it was deemed highly criminal;
(Xenoph. Grac. Hift. lib. i .) Nicias even renounced
all title to the victory which he had obtained, when
it appeared that, by an overfight, two of his men
were left dead upon the field ; fending a herald to the
enemy for leave to remove them ; (Plutarch. Nid.
Diodor. Sicul. lib. 15.) When they carried their
arms into diftant countries, they reduced the bodies
of the dead to aihes, that they might be conveyed
to their relations, and depofited in the tombs of their
anceflors; (Horn. Schol. Iliad a,, v. 52. Iliad y*
i). 332.) The Lacedaemonians buried their dead
in the country where they died ; their kings were
embalmed with honey and conveyed home ; (Plu-
tarch. Agefil.) The foldiers always attended at
the funeral folemnities, with their arms reverfed :
where it was ufual to wear long hair, the mourn-
ers fhaved ; and where others fhaved, mourners
wore long hair; (Wrg. Mn. n. 92. Stat'ius*
The name, origin, and exploits were ufually
infcribed on the tombs of women who died in
childbed; and of foldiers, who loft their lives in bat-
tle, (Plutarth. Lycwg.) and who were buried with
green
F U N E R A L S, *c. 319
green boughs, and honoured with a funeral eulo-
gium : thofe who were judged to be good warriors,
were interred in their red coats ; (Milan. Far. Hi/,
lib. 6. cap. 6.) Their arms were alfo fixed upon
their tombs ; as well as the badge of whatever
other profeflion they had borne. Elpenor, appear-
ing to Ulyfles in the (hades below, intreats him to
fix the oar he ufed to row with upon his tombj
and to caft his arms into the funeral pile ; (Horn.
Odyff. A. v, 74. Virgil, ALneid. 6. v. 232.) The
Spartan matrons examined the bodies of their dead
fons ; and thofe who had received more wounds
behind than before, were conveyed privately away,
or left in the common heap ; but thofe who
had a greater number of wounds in their breafls
o
were carried ' away with triumph, to be buried
among their anceflors ; (JILlian. Far. Hift. lib. 1 2.
cap. 21.) They were carried home upon their
bucklers ; (Plutarch. Apoph. Aufon. .Ep. 24.)
The. Athenians placed the bodies of their dead
in tents, three days before the funeral, that the
relations might come and pay them the lafl honours.
Upon the fourth day, a coffin of cyprefs was fent
from every tribe, to convey the bones of their own
relations ; after which, a covered hearfe followed,
in memory of thofe whofe bodies could not be
found. Thefe, accompanied with the whole body
of the people, were carried to the public burial
place, and interred. One oration was delivered in
praife of all ; their monuments were adorned with
pillars, infcriptions, and other honourable memo-
rials. The oration was pronounced by the fathers
of thofe who had behaved mod valiantly ; (Polemo
in Argumsnto TWJ> tmraptw Ayv. Cicer. de Orator.
TJuccyd,
5 29 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
* fhucyd. lib. 3.) The names of the foldiers dc-
ceafed jvere marked with the letter 0, meaniug
tawmj, dead ; thofe of the living with r, meaning
TH^EI/OJ, preferred; (Rujfin. in Hkronym^ IJidor.
Hi/pal, lib. i. cap. 23.)
OF MILITARY BOOTT;
The prifoners taken in war, who could not ranfom
themfelves, were made flaves, and fold or employed
by their conquerors. They were called A^aAwrot
and Ac^uaAwTCi; (Xenoph. in Ages. Pollux, 7. 33.)
Their fpoils were either called <uAa, taken from
the dead; or Aapu^a, taken from the living.
Whatever was moveable belonged to the con-
querors, (Plato de Legib. lib. i.) As foon as a vic-
tory was obtained, the armour was feized by the
conquerors or great commanders ; (Horn. II. x. 458.)
the common foldiers were permitted to gather the
fpoils of the dead ; (Horn. Iliad v. 66.) Th6
Lacedemonians only were forbidden to meddle;
with the fpoils of the conquered -, (Milan, lib. 6.
tap. 6. Plutarch. Apoph.) There are however in-
ftances of their dedicating part of their booty to the
gods. To prevent foldiers from feizing the fpoils, the
Spartans had always three hundred men appointed
to obferve their aclions; (Eitftath. //. . v. 66.)
The general had the firft choice of the booty ; and
dirided the remainder among thofe who had mod
valiantly fignalized themfelves ; the reft had equal
portions; ( Tzef. in Lycophr. Caff. v. 299. Iliad an
v. 163.) When any booty of great value was taken^
the foldiers prefented their general or commander
with it; ( Herodot. Calliop. Lycophr.CaJf.v. 298.)
Before the diftribution of the fpoils, they felected
the belt as an offering to the gods : thefe were called
TROPHIES* 3*r
ix, becaufe the war in which they were
collected, had been the deftru&ion of many;
(Euftath. Qdyff. $. Suidas.) hence the word <**<>-
6waw()i, to choofe the beft of any thing , (Eurip.
Here. Furios. 476.) or <%TTO TH Otj/of, becaufe after
naval engagementss they were expofed on the fhore:
or, from their being taken a?r' ax^n TS 6tw?, from the
top of the heap t the fpoils were ufually collected
into one heap, the firft fruits of which were offered
to the gods ; (Sophocl. Schol. Trachin.) In confe-
crating their fpoils to the gods, they either collected
them into a heap, and confumed them with fire ;
or they hung them up in temples ; (Herodot. lib. 9.)
They frequently dedicated the armour of their
enemy, and fufpended it in temples ; but the Spar-
tans were forbidden this cuftom, which was very
ancient, (Eufialh. Iliad u. v. 81.) and almoft
univerfally received ; (Horn, Iliad n. Virg. JEn. 7.
1 83 .) They fometimes dedicated their own armour
to the gods, when they retired from a military life ;
(Hor. lib. i.Ep.i.v. 4. Ovid. Trift. lib. 4.) being
firft rendered unfit for prefent ufe. Military plun-
der was fometimes termed svct^a; (II. Z. 68.
Eujlath. in IL <x. 34.)
OF THE TROPHIES.
It was ufual to offer facrifices and to return pub-
lic thanks to the gods for the fuccefs of their arms.
The Lacedaemonians offered a cock to the god of
\var; but when they obtained a victory without
bloodfhed, they facrificed an ox; (Pint. Inftit.
Lacon.) It was alfo the cuftom of conquerors to
make a proccffic-n through the middle of .their city,
Y crowned
3 22 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES;
crowned with garlands, repeating hymns and fongs,
and brandifhing their fpears, attended by their cap-
tives, and expofmg their fpoils to public view, which
was called Burrow ; (Phavorin.)
T^oTraia, trophies, (Ariftoph. Schol. Pint. 453 .) were
dedicated to fome of the gods^ especially Jupiter,
named T^OT^IO? and T^on-aia^o?; (PauJ'an. Lacon..
'Plutarch. Pare/I. Phurnutm.) and Juno, who was
called T^oTraia; (Phavorinus. Lycophr. Caff. v.
1328. Barnes, ad Euripid. UeracL 937.) The
manner of adorning trophies, was by hanging up the
arms taken from the enemy ; (Euripid. Heracl. v.
786. Juven. Sat. 10. 133.) To thefe were added
the names of the god to whom they were dedicated,
of the conquerors, and the conquered army, with
a full account of the fpoils, and whatever was
memorable in the war. This infcription was called
nriyfupn or 7rjy^a^pj, and was frequently engraved;
(Lucian.) fometimes written with ink, or with
blood ; (Plutarch. Par ell. Stob#ns, Tit. de For fun.)
The fpoils were hung upon the trunk of a tree,
which was frequently olive, as an emblem of peace;
'fometimes the oak, as confecrated to Jupiter; (Si-
donins, Paneg. Statins Theb.) Inflead of trees,
pillars of flone or brafs were afterwards erected ; to-
raife which was called travat -rgoTraiov. It was
deemed facrilegious to deflroy trophies, becaufe
they were always confecrated to fome deity ; though
thofe who firft introduced this cuftom afterwards
incurred from pofterity fevere cenfure ; (Plutarch.
Rom. >uaft. Wef cling ad Diod. Sicitl. 13. 24.)
The Macedonians never erecled trophies, becaufe
one, erecled in the reign of Cranaus, was demolifhed
by wolves; (Paufanias.) They however raifed
monuments
MILITARY PUNISHMENTS. 323
monuments to preferve the memory of their victo-
ries, and to teftify their gratitude to the gods.
Sometimes ftatues were erected on the borders of
the vanquished country; (Herodot. lib. 9. Eu-
ripid. Pkoen.) fometimes temples ; (Paufan. La-
conic.) fometimes towers, which were adorned with
the fpoils of their enemies ; and fometimes altars j
(Arrian. Exp. Alex. lib. 5.)
OF MILITARY PUNISHMENTS.
The commanders were generally allowed to im-
pofe punimments according to the exigency of the
offence. AuroaoXoi, deferters, fuffered death.
Arfarsuroi, thofe who refufed to ferve in the wars,
or who quitted their ranks, were obliged, by a law
of Charondas, to (it three days in the public forum
in women's apparel ; (Diodor.Sicul. 12.) Ar^a-nuTd,
\vho refufed to ferve in war j XuTrorKxrai, who de-
ferted the ranks; and &IAOJ, cowards, were not
permitted to wear garlands, nor to enter the i^z,
fyaoT&Aif, public temples $ and were fined according
to their demerit, and kept in cuflody till pay-
ment was made ; (&fchin. in Ctefiph.Demoftk.
in Timocr.) PivJ/ac-Tn^, they who loft their bucklers,
were efleemed cowards; hence there was a law to
fine him who falfely charged another with this
crime ; (Lyjias Orat. ,. in ^heomn.) By the Spar-
tans, this offence was confidered as highly "dif-
graceful. Deferters were alfo deprived of all ho-
nours, and no one was allowed to intermarry with
them; and whoever met them might beat and infult
them with impunity. They were obliged to wear
a tattered drefs, and their beards to be half fhaved
Y 2 arid
3 24 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
and half unfhavcd ; (Plutarch. Agefil. Herod. 7.)
So odious was the crime, that the mother frequently
atoned for it, by ftabbing her fon who was guilty
of it. The poet Archilochus was banifhed from
Sparta for triumphing in an epigram at the lofs of
his buckler; (Strabo, Geogr. lib. 12. Plutarch.
Jnftit. Lacon.) To pawn their arms was confidered
as a great crime 3 (Ariftoph. Schol. Pint, aft. 2. ft. 4.)
OF MILITARY REWARDS.
When the private foldiers behaved valiantly, they
were raifed into office ; and fubordinate officers
were honoured with higher commands; (Xenoph.
Hipparch. Memor. iii. 4. Strateg. c. 33.) Thofe
who fignalized themielves in a remarkable manner
were prefentedby the general with large gifts; (Horn.
//. 0. z%(). 'Virgil, &n. 9. 26j.) Sometimes they
gave them crowns; (Demqfth. adv. Androt.) Others
were honoured with leave to raife pillars, or erec~t
ftatues to the gods, withfuitableinfcriptions; (P/u-
tarch. Cimone. jEfchin. in Ctefiph.) Their arms were
fometimes placed in the citadel. Some were prefent-
ed with a w*vo7rXta, or complete fuit of armours
(Plutarch. Alcibiad. Horn. 11. y. 330. . ^En. 8.
620.) Others were praifed in poetry and funeral
orations ; (Plutarch. Lyfand. Thucyd. ii. 34.
)emo/l/i.~ Lucian^ de Luffu.)
Thofe who loft their limbs in battle, were called
^aTo, and maintained at the public charge, if
they were not in poflcffion of more than three Attic
pounds yearly: for which realbn they were examined
by the fenate of five hundred. Their allowance
was an obolus a day; fome fay, two oboli; others,
nine
MJLITARY REWARDS. 325
nine drachma?, or fifty-four oboli a month ; (Plu-
tarch. Solon. Lyjias iregi a$wot,-rv. Hefy chins. Har-
pocration. Suidas.)
The children of thofe who fell valiantly were
educated at the public charge, till they came to
maturity, and then prefented with a fuit of armour,
and introduced to the public by one of the minifters,
who in a fpeech exhorted them to imitate the ex-
ample of their fathers. They alfo were honoured
with vgosfya, the firft feats at fliews, and public
meetings; (HLfchin. in Ctefiph.) The parents of
thofe who fell valiantly were alfo maintained at
the public charge ; (Plat. Menex. Diogen. Laert.
So/one.) The rewards of thofe who had fought
valiantly, were termed, A^r, (/Elian. Var. Hifl.
5/19.) fraOAa, vcmji, CTrwxia. Soldiers of valoui
were called Cecropides, and their arms were de-
pofited in the citadel ; (Demofth. Or. Funeb.)
THE MANNER OF SENDINQ INTELLIGENCE,
They had feveral forts of meflengers, as the
, who were lightly armed with darts, and
bows and arrows; (Suidas. Cornel. Nep.. Miltiad.)
The rouraXDj was a roll of parchment wrapped
about a black flick, called from <TXUTO?, ikin; it was
about four cubits in length; (Pindar. Schol.
0/ymp. Od. 6.) When the magiflrates commif-
iioned any general or admiral, they took two round
pieces of wood, of equal fize ; one they kept, the
Other they delivered to the CQrrunander, with whom,
when they wiflied to communicate, they cut a long
narrow fcroll of parchment, and rolling it about
Qwn ftaff, they wrote their orders upon it j.
Y 3 then
3 i6 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
then taking it off they difpatched it to the com-
mander ; who, applying it to his own ftafF, the
folds exactly fitting, as at the time of writing, and
the charafters appeared legible ; (Plutarch. LyJ'andr.
Arijloph. SchoL in Avib.AuL Gellius, &c.)
*
OF THE SEA SERVICE.
They who firfl ventured upon the fea, com-
mitted themfelves to fhallow waters, near the fliore,
before they dared to launch into the wide ocean -,
(Glaudian. Prxf. in Rap, Proferp.) Many perfons
have been named as the firft inventors of fhips, as,
Neptune, Prometheus, Janus, Atlas, Minerva, &c.
Some afcribe the invention to the Ph^nicians,
./Egmenfians, and other inhabitants of the fea coafts ;
(Plin. lib. 5. cap. 12. Strabo, lib. 16. Pompon.
MeL lib. i. cap. 12.) The firfl fhips were built
with little art, flrength, or ornament ; but confifted
only of planks, fo compacted as to keep out the
water j (Max. Tyrr. Diff.) fometimes they were
hulks of trees made hollow, and called
DAa, as confifting of one piece of timber j
Georg. i. v. 136.) or <rxapj, (Poly <en. lib. 5.) from
trxaTTTfc-Oa;, as it were to hollow or dig in a tree.
In early times they fometimes confifled of the Egyp-
tian reed papyrus, or of leather or hides fewed
together, and called TrAota h$t^ivoL or Js^a-nj/a ;
which were fometimes furrounded with wickers ;
(Lycophr. Caff. SchoL 75. Virgil, Mn. 6. 414.)
When (hips were increafed in flze, and floated in
the open fea, the vulgar were flruck with terror
and amazement ; (Apollon. Schol. Arifloph. Thef-
mophr.) This invention was fo acceptable to the
early
THE SEA SERVICE. 3?;
early ages, that thofe who improved it in any
manner, were numbered among the deified heroes.
-, All fhips were originally of the fame form : but
afterwards confifted chiefly of three forts; fliips of
war, of burden, and of pafTage.
Thofe fliips which were uied to traniport men,
were called by the general names of irogitx, and CTH-
&?; when filled with armed men, oTrXtraycoyot,
and r*TiTi&? -, thofe in which hories were traiil-
ported, were called 7nnjyci, jTTTraywyot.
Their merchantmen were called oAxa&?, (Thncyd.
6.) Qogryyoi, and wAoia, to diflinguifh them from
mips of war, which were properly called we,
They were ufually of a round form, and had large
todies, to contain provifions and other neceiTaries :
hence they are called rgoyyvXui, as, on the contrary,
Slips of war were fometimes called ^x^t ; (Ulpian
in Demqfth. Or at. adv. Lept. Schol* Thucyd. /.
f.) becaufe they were extended to a greater length.
The men of war were chiefly rowed with oars - 9
hence they were ufually called CTTMUTTOI and xwTnj^n.
Ships of burden were generally governed with
fails ; and tranfport veffeJs often towed with cords.
Ships of war are faid to have been firft navigate4
by Paralus or Semiramis, or ^Egceon; (Plin,
Nat. Hift. lib. 8. cap. ult.) They were alfo dif-
tinguiihed from other mips by various engines, ^ncj
buildings, either to defend their own foldiers, or to
-.annoy their enemies. They were alfo diflinguiihed
from each other by banks of oars, the feats of which
afcended above each other gradually. The number
of thefe banks of oars was three, four, or five; hence
?u$ TnjK, TTIK, and TTfj/Ttj^tf, trireme, quadri-
Teme, and quinquereme galleys j (Diod. Sicitl. 19.
328 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
62. Athene, v. 8.) In the early times, the long
fhips had only one bank of oars, hence they are
called /Aov>jK, and xfXurff, from the name of
a fmgle horfe. The fhip Argo, invented by Jafon,
was rowed with fifty oars, and was the firft of the
long fhips. Some afcribe the invention of long
fhips to Danaus ; (Apollodor. lib. 2.) The Ery-
threans firft ufed a double bank of oars, (Plhi. )
which was further enlarged with a third bank by
Aminocles of Corinth ; (Herodot. Thucyd. Dio-
dor. SicuL) Others give this invention to the Si-
donians; (Clem. Alex. Stromat. i.) Ariftotle, a
Carthaginian, added a fourth Neficthon of Salamis,
(Plln.) or Dionyfius, the Sicilian, (Diodor. Sicul.)
a fifth ; Xenagorus, the Syracufian, a fixth ; Nefi-
giton increafed them to ten ; Alexander the great
to twelve; Ptolemy Soter to fifteen; Philip, fa-
ther of Perfeus, to fixteen ; (Polyb. in Fragm.-
Livius.) Demetrius, the fon of Antigonus, to
thirty; and Ptolemy Philopater, to forty; (Plu-
tarch. Demetr. Athene, lib. 5.) The ihip of this
latter fize, contained four thoufand rowers, four
hundred mariners employed in other fervices, and
almoft three thoufand foldiers. They were ufually
called Cycladcs, or ^tna, iilands or mountains ;
(Athena.) There were other fhips with half
banks of oars ; fuch as n^uAi* or j^uoAo?, confirming
of a bank and a half; alfo r^>i^/xox*a, betwixt a
bireme and trireme, having two banks and a
half/ There were other vefTels ufed as un-^mjcat,
tenders, and victualing mips, to fupply the main
fleet with provifions ; and fometirnes built for expe-
dition, to carry intelligence, or obferve the enemy's
motion. Thele were built partly like men of war,
or
.PARTS AND ORNAMENTS OF SHIPS. 329
or (hips of burden, and in Tome inftances differed
from both.
THE PARTS AND ORNAMENTS OF SHIPS.
Ships chiefly confifted of three parts, the body,
the prow, and the (tern. In the belly or middle
part, there was r^om?,. keel, which was compofed of
wood, and called rn^u, from its flrength and firm-
nefs. It was placed at the bottom of the Ihip, to
cut through the waves, (Horn. SchoL Ody/. p. 42 1
#7/^438. //. . 482.) and was narrow and Iharp.
The Max^a;, were only provided with keels, the
reft had ufually flat bottoms; (Iftdor. lib. 19.
cap. I.) Round the keels were placed pieces
of wood to fave it from damage, when the (hip
was firft launched, or when it bulged againft
rocks; which were called ^Afiio-fAaTa. Next to
the T07n?, was paAx*?; (Pollux.) within which
was contained the airrAiov, pump, through which
water was conveyed out of the fhip ; (Ariftopli.
SchoL Ecpiit.) After this was ^UT^ Tgovis, fe-
cond keel, being placed beneath the pump, and
Called A<TIOJ/, ^aXxtjpiti, xAstroTrc^ov; (Pollux.) Above
the pump, was a hollow place, called XOA] TUJ jojor,
(Herodotus.) or XUTO?, and yarf *, (Pollux.) becaufe
it was capacious, like the form of a vcflel or belly.
This was furrounded with ribs, which were pieces
of wood, rifing from the keel upwards, and called
veggie, (Hefychius.) or syxoiAia, the belly of the (hip
being contained within them. Upon thefe were
placed certain planks, called m-^ovaa? or cvrsgovifxi
(Ariftoph. Equit, 1182.) ThewAsu^**, fides of the (hip,
which encompaffed all the former part on bothhands,
Compofed pf large rafters^ extended from prow to
ftenv
33 o GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
ilern, and were called v7ro/**Ta, (Plat, de Rep. lib.
10.) ^uf^sf, (Heliodor. JEthiop.) and ^o^u^ara,
(Arifloph. Eqmt.) becaufe by them the whole (hip ,
was furrounded. In both thefe fides, the rowers
were Rationed, called ro^oi, Jw;ua, and G^A/A^T;*,
placed above one another : the lowed was called
taAa^of, (Ariftoph. Acharn. Schol. 161.) and the
rowers fJaAa^oi ; the middle uya, and the men
^vyioi : the uppermoft G^J/OJ, and the men, fyaiurai.;
(Pollux i. 9. Athene, v. n.) In thefe were fpaces,
through which the rowers placed their oars. Some-
times there was one continued fpace left for the oars >
called T^aptig. The diftinct fpaces for the oars were
called Ti/AaTfl5, rgvTryptzTX, o<p(5aA//,oi, and fyxwTra;
(Athene, lib. 5.) Ey>o7ni/, feems to have fignified the
fpaces between banks of oars on each fide, where the
paffengers were placed. On the top of thefe was a
palfage to walk on, called irfot$os and T0f0fajr^f,
becaufe it joined to the S^avo*, or uppermoft bank of
oars. The lower parts under water were called,
upaAa, and thofe above water, ^ac^oc. The middle
of the fliip was called, ^so-oxotAa ; the deck, xa-
rar^]w,a ^ and the hold, TrvQpv ; (Hefych. Suidas.)
There are various terms applied to oars and rowers,
as, rn? xwiff f?rioaAo-0a;, to take the oar, (Lucian.
Dial. Mort.p. 308. Pollux, i. 9,) KUTT^ <e<p0aAw,
the eyes of the oars; (Arifloph. Schol. Acharn. 97.)
T^OTTOJ, a cord, with which they tied the oar;
782.) To?rTj^, (Arjflopk* Acharn. 548.) T
to tie the oar with the cord ; (ibid. 552.)
to ply the oar ; (Mlian. Var. Hift. ii. 9.) <rxao-a,
(Pindar. Pyth. Qd. x. Epod. T. v. 3.) Jixwinaj
to pull two oars; '(Schol. *hucyd. 4. 67.) o/Ao
to help a rower $ f<SVM. Ariftnph. Av. 852.)
XOTTtlV,
PARTS AND ORNAMENTS OF SHIPS. 331
, to row in vain ; TKOO-O^ the broad part of the
oar; (Pollux, i. 9.)
to, the prow or fore-deck, fometimes called
/, and /*oA* ; (Eurip. Ipkig. in Aid. 1320.
Ariftoph. Equh. 551.) In fome (hips mention is
made of two prows and two ilern .. The prow was
generally beautified with gold, and painted with
various colours ; in early times, red was the prevail-
ing Colour : hence /xiATCTra^rjot and ^owxoTraciioi,
red-faced , (Homer.) Hence alfo from the -blue
colour, xuaj/oTr^w^oi, (Homer.) and xuavE^oAoi j ( Ari-
jfapk.) The colour was often fecured by wax melted
in the fire, that the elements could have no efFed
upon it. This art is hence called x^oy^apia, from
the wax : fyxaurixu, from the fire ', (Fitruvius, lib.
7. cap. 9. Ovid. Fajl. lib. 4.) In thefe colours,
the forms of gods, animals, plants, &c. were ufually
defcribed. The fides of the prow were called
?TTa, wings, and w>iui, cheeks ; the top of which,
as of the ftern, was called 7rizft$it$i<rHx, 9 becaufe void
of rowers , (TJmcyd. Schol. ad ii. 90. Suidas.)
n^up>j, was the hinder ftern, fometimes called ^,
the tail j in a circular form -, built higher than the
prow, and was the place in which the pilot (leered.
The bow of it was called rn-iwuv, and the planks
which compofed it T TT^ITOVHCC,. There was another
place fomewhat below the top, called aoWiov, and
the interior part of which, wtizpiov (Athene, v.)
The ornaments upon the extremities were called,
ingeneral, ax^ovfa; (Suidas.) or njaw xo^wnJW, (Homer.
II. <*. 1 8.) which applied to the prow; thefe are alfo
called ax^ofcAia., becaufe placed at the extremity of
the fcAoj, which was a long plank at the head of
the prow, and therefore fometimes called
33 2 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
?.;i (Pollux. At ken*. $.) Their form fometimes
refembled helmets, fometimes living creatures, but
moft frequently winded into a circular compais.
E-rruTifa, were two pieces of wood projecting from
the two fides of the prow ; (Athene, v. fhucyd.
7 . 62.)
To the ax^ofoAi* imthe prow, anfwered the af Aar#
in the ftern, which were fometimes of a circular
fhape, or fafhioned into wings, to which a fmall
fhield, called utrvihiov or ao-Tn&o-xu, was frequently
affixed. Sometimes a piece of wood was creeled,
on which ribbands of various colours were hung,
and was as a flag to diftrnguifli the (hip, (Pollux.
Enjlath.) and of a weathercock, to fignify the
quarters of the wind ; (II. o. 717.)
XijvNTKof, was fo called from Xuv, a goofe, whofe
figure it refembled, and which was thought to be
a fortunate omen to mariners. It was fixed at the
bottom of the prow, where it was joined to the fore
part of the keel ; and to which anchors were fatten-
ed, when caft into the fea. Others fix it upon the
extremity of the ftern ; (Etymol. Aitflor. Athene,
v.p. 204. Hhucyd, 7,62.)
nafgffn/tAov, was the flag, by which (hips were
clifunguiihed. It was placed in the prow, juft
below the roAc?, being fometimes carved, and often
painted ; repretenting the form of a mountain, tree,
flower, &c. ; as diftinguifhed from the tutela, or
fafe- guard of the (hip, which always reprefented
fome of the gods, to whofe care the fhip was dedi-
cated : hence it was held facred, and was a refuge
and fanctuary to thofe who fled to it. Prayers and
tcrifices were offered, and oaths confirmed before
it,
NAVAL INSTRUMENTS, 333
it. Sometimes the roAo? was taken for the H-o^ac-u/Aw ;
(Laftantius,lib. i. cap. i. Servius in JEn. 5.) By
fbme it is alfo placed in the . prow ; by others, in
the Hern ; (Ovid, Ep. (Enon. Ovid, de Triftib.)
They ufually committed their mips to the pro-
tection of thofe deities, whom they thought mod
concerned for their fafety ; (Euripid. Iphig. Ovid,
Ep. (Enon.) On the prow of the Ihip, about the
was placed a round piece of wood, called
, and fometimes opdatyo?, the eye of the (hip,
becaufe it was fixed in its fore-deck 5 (Pollux.
Eitftath. Apollon. Schol. Argon, lib. i. 1089.) On
this was infcribed the name of the (hip, which was
ufually taken from the flag ; hence the names,
Pegafi, Scylla?, Bulls, Rams, &c. given to fliips.
The (hip was pitched, to fecure the wood from the
water ; hence called p&uimi, black ; (Homer.)
The Phseacians firfl ufed pitch ; (Suidas. v. Nau-
<nxaa.) Sometimes wax was ufed inftead of pitch ;
(Ovid, Ep. CEnon. v. 42.) which was fometimes
mixed with rofin. The (hip being thus finifhed,
and decked with garlands and flowers, the mariners
alfo adorned with crowns, it was launched into the
fea with loud acclamations ; (Athene, lib. 5.) and
being purified by a pried with a lighted torch, an
egg, and brimftone ; ( Apnleius AJin. lib. 1 1.) it was
confecrated to the god, whofe image it bore*
OF NAVAL INSTRUMENTS.
The chief inftruments ufed in navigation: the
rudder, TrufoXio*, (Milan. Var. Hift. 9. 40. Grav.
ad Hejiod. E^>y. 45.) placed in the hindmoft deck,
by which, xu^^uTuff, the pilot, whofe ftation was at
the ftern, (At hen*, v. n.-UElian, Far. Hift. 9. 40.
tic.
334 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
Cic. de Senett. 6. Liician. Dial. Mart.) dire&ed
the courfe of the (hip. The parts of the rudder
were called, O*, (Ifidor.) $0, (Pollux \. 9.)
HrEgvyiov, (Hefychius.) AU^EI/, (Heliodur. ALthiop. v.
p. 248.) Kc^t*. In their greateft (hips there were
two rudders; (JEllan. 9. 40.) fometimes three, and
in fome four rudders. Hence VYM a^piTi^u/Avoi, fliips
with two fterns. The fmaller fhips had only one
rudder.
Ayxy^a, an anchor, (Strabo, 7. p. 209. Pan fait.
Attic. 4. p. 12. Plin. 7. 56.) alfo called sum; (Horn.
11. a. 436.) hence the terms, ai/ao-Trai/, (Lucian. Dial.
Mart. p. 281. Pollux^ \. 9.) ujttayNVf*)r,ftAA*4
ftyxv^av t^av ; (Eujlath. Horn. II. |3. 154. Ariftopk.
Av. 1429. Meurs. ad. Lycoph. 618.) The inven-
tion of the anchor has been afcribed to the Tuf-
cans, (Plin. lib. 8. cap. ult.) or to Midas, the fon of
Gordius; (Paufanias.) The mod ancient were of
ftone, (Apollon. Argon. Arrian. in Peripl. Pont.
Eux.) and fometimes of wood, to which much lead
was fixed -, in fome places they ufed bafkets full of
ftones ; (Suidas v. Zsuyjua) and facks filled with fand.
Thefe were fufpended by cords, and their weight
regulated the courfe of the (hip. Afterwards an-
chors were made of iron, and furnifhed with teeth,
which fattening to the bottom of the fea, kept the
veffel immoveable; hence o^ovrf?, teeth, are ufed for
anchors. At firft there was only one tooth; hence
anchors were called trsgoropoi ; (Pollux.) a fecond
tooth was added by Eupalamus ; (Plin. lib. 7. cap*
ult.) or by Anacharfis, the Scythian ; (Strabo, Ufa
10. ex Ephor.) The anchors with two teeth were
called a^<pioAoi or ppirty*o<. Every {hip had feveral
anchors, the largeft of which was called t^, facred,
and
NAVAL INSTRUMENTS. 335
and was never ufed but in extreme danger. E^,
0E^fAof , KT/*a, ballad, with which (hips were poifed ;
hence called ao-p^Aicr^ TrAot^. It was ufually of
fand, or any other heavy material j (Lycophr. Caff*.
v. 6 1 8.) It is fometimes called xspaAo?, and
Aov; (Hefy chius.) BoA*?, called fometimes
7TTiti, (Herodot. Eitterp.) was the lead which
founded the depth of the fea. It was commonly of
lead or brafs, or other metal, and fufpended by a
chain into the deep. KOI/TCJ, called alfo7rA?5XT^a, (Pol-
lux.) long poles, ufed to found the depth of ihallow
waters, to thruft the fhip from rocks and fhelves.
A7ro:%0#i, fTriCaG^at, or xAijotaxff, little bridges or
flairs joining the land to {hips, or one fliip to an-
other. Avrhtov, wrXov, a pump, or engine to draw
water 5 to which, as well as to the anchors, certain
ropes were ufed, as, ^mo^aTa, the cables with which
anchors were caft into the fea ; called alfo
(Ariftoph. SchoL) or xa/xJiAo* ; (Phavorinus.)
oAxoi, or o-TTft^at, ropes by which fhips were towed.
Stones were erected in the harbours for this pur-
pofe, which were bored through like rings, and
thence called JaxruAioi. To thefe the cords cafl
from the ftern were fixed; (Ovid. Met. lib. i$.v.
695. Horn. Odyff. /. 136.) KwTrai, ^TJOJ, oars,
faid to have been firft invented by Copas. ITAarr^
was the blade or broad part of the oar, which
was ufually covered with brafs. Oars of the longeil
banks were called uy** ; of the uppermost, 9^m-
Tixa;, and fyoiiHTifa ', which, as they were the longeft
and fartheft from the water, had lead fixed to the
handles, that the bottom fliould- not outweigh the
top; (Athena, lib. 5.) Oars of the loweft bank were
- the (horteft, and called fahuix^ or
336 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
2xaAjtxo, were round pieces of wood, on which
the rowers hung their oars, when they refled ;
hence vau? TrxaAjuo, a trireme. Tgoiroi, T^OTTW
TEf, were leathern thongs, (Horn. Schol. Qdyjj'.
J.) upon which the oars were hung upon the <rxaA-
fxoj, as well as thofe with which the rudder was
bound. Leather and fkins of animals were ufed to
cover the o-xaA/xo*, and the holes through which the
oars were put ; (Suidas v. At^O^a.) Skins were
placed under the rowers, called uTr^so-ia, fometimes
uTrayxwiaa, or uTroTru'yja TWJ/ f^rrajv, from guarding the
elbows of the rowers. Ir'* pw<r<rwv$j KPftsvxy oOovai,
$>afj, Aaipn, fails, ( Eujl. Od.u. 146. Od. N. n.
Hefych.) were faid to have been invented by
Daedalus, or by Icarus ; (Plin. lib. 7. cap. 56.)
There was at firft only one fail in a (hip; but after-
wards others, as, A^Tf/xwv, the top-fail, which hung
on the top of the mad. Axa-na, the great fails ;
(Hefy chilis.) AoAwi/, the fmall fail in the fore-deck ;
(Suidas v. AoAwv. Ifidorus.) ETH^O/AO?, the mizen-
fail, was^ larger than the former, and hung in the
hind-deck; (Hefyclims. IJidorus.) Sails were
ufually made of linen; fometimes of leather; (Dio.
lib. 39.) fometimes of their own garments ; (Servius
Mn. 8.) K^aia, x^ara, the fail-yards, pieces of
wood fixed upon the maft, to which the fails were
tied ; (Horn. Schol. IL <r. Schol. ApolL Argon.
i. 566.) It is named from a horn; hence its
extremities are called ax^ox^aia ; its arms are called
ayxuAa*; (Sil. ltd. lib. 14.) It had other parts,
clofe to the maft, called #/*oAa and o-u^oAa, by
which it was moved. Iro?, the maft; of which
there were feveral in every (hip. It is faid to have,
been contrived by Daedalus ; (Plin. lib. 7. cap. 56.)
At
NAVAL INSTRUMENTS. 337
At ftrft there was only one maft, which was fixed
in the middle of the (hip; the hole in which it was
placed, was named pta-offw ', (Horn. Schol. Odyjf. |3.)
to fet the maft, was, o0a<r0ai. When they landed,
the maft was taken down, (Homer.) and placed on a
cafe, called jroJbxn, (Suidas.) or on a piece of wood,
againft which it was reared -, (Euftath.) The parts of
the maft were, irregm> the foot. A^aj or Au/c$, (Athe-
na.) or rg&xnbos, to which the fail was fixed. Ka^u-
the pulley, by which the ropes were turned round.
xtov, built like a turret, upon which foldiers
flood, to caft darts : above which was a piece of
wood, called mgiov, the extremity of which was called
DAaxTu, on which hung a ribband, called firia-ewv,
from its perpetual motion with the wind. The ropes
belonging to thefe parts were called STTITQVOI, with
which the fail-yards were bound to the main-matt 3
(Sitidas.) Some call them the cables, by which
the fail-yards were governed, according to the will
of the pilot i (Phavorinus.') others call the cord
with which the fail-yards were tied to the maft,
xaAcoi* ; and that by which they were contracted or
dilated, U7r^; (Suidas.) Tlofa, were feet, or qords
at the corners of the fails ; ( Ariftoph. Schol. Equit.
act. i.fc. i. Apollon, Schol.) by which they were
managed at pleafure. n^oTro^.f, were fmall cords
below the TrcJW, which were looted and contracted
by them. M<ra^ii, were thofe by which the maft
was erected or let down ; (Apollon. Schol.) Tlforovoi,
were cords, which pafling through a pulley at the
top of the maft, were tied on one fide to the prow,
on the other to the ftern, to keep the maft fteady .5
(Horn.. II. a. 434.) Other terms relating to the,
ropes, (which were at firft cornpofed of leathern,
2 thongs.
| 3 8 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
thongs, and afterwards of hemp, broom, flax, and
the bark of trees) were, T^OI, (SchoL Apoll. PJiod.
Argon, i. 566.) wrrtgat, (Horn. Od. e. 260.)
(Ariftdph.Eqidt. 438.) O^ioi, xpo>ot, tZTroyu
irgvpneiot, (Hefy chins.) -m ttr/xara, (Horn. Od. K. 96.
127.) ^wjtAftijuojTa, (Schol. Arifloph. Eq. 279.
<*?. V. 9.) fu^ara, (Polyb. i. /?. 27.)
O? NAVAL INSTRUMENTS OF WAR.
, was a beak of wood, fortified with brafs,
hence called p^aAxw/xa vswi/, (Diodor. SicuL lib. 20.)
and the (hips ^aAx^gc/Aoi. It wasfaftened to the prow,
to annoy the fhipsofthe enemy. The whole prow
was fometimes covered, with brafs, to guard it from
rocks and aiTaults. Thefe beaks were firij ufed by
Pifeuss (Plin.lib. 7. cap. 56. ^EfchyLU\t^.) They
were at firil long and high, but afterwards (hort, and
fo low as to pierce the enemy's (hips under water;
(Diodor. SicuL lib. 13.) Above the beak was ano-
ther inftrument, called vgotpSoXic. ETr&miJt?, were
pieces of wood placed on each fide of the prow ;
~(bucyd. Schol. lib. 7.) as guards from the enemy's
beaks ; they refernbled ears.
juara, hatches, fometimes called
hence the terms wig ire$gu,yu.tmi 9 xara^axTot, covered
(hips, or men of war j (hips of burden were called
PXT, uncovered, or without hatches. This
covering was of wood, upon which foldiers might
dired their mi (five weapons with greater force. In
the early times the foldiers fought upon the fore-
moft and hindermoil decks; (Thttcyd, lib. i.
Homer IL o.^Hom. Odvffl /x.) The other parts of
the
MARINERS AND SEA FORCES. 339
fhe ftiip are faid to have been firft covered by the
Thracians ; (Plin. lib. 7. cap. 57.) The coverings
Were called %ix.r&(pooty{j,<x,T<x,, ?r
and were ufually competed of hides, hung on both
fides of the fhip. AsXpiv, was a mafTy piece of lead,
or iron, in the form of a dolphin, and hung with.
cords and pulleys to the fail-yards or mad ; which,
when thrown into the enemy's fhips, fo (battered
them, as frequently to fink them ; (Suidas. Ari-
fioph. Sthol.) An helmet was ufually engraven
upon the top of the mails of men of war; (Gyrald.
de Navig. cap.'ii.)
OF THE MARINERS AND SEA FORCES,
There were originally no difference of ranks
among feamen; (Inucyd.) but the fame occafion-
ally ferved in all the offices of rowers, mariners, and
ibldiers ; (Homer.) Thefe were called awregsTou ; (Sui-
das. Wiucyd. i. 10. Pollux, lib. i. cap. 9.) They
were afterwards divided into different orders ; ^gr,
01 VTrot^ovrtf, (Polyb. Hift. lib. 1O. )
(Polyb. Wft. lib. i.Xenopk. H'ift>
lib. i.) When there were feveral banks of oars,
the uppermofl rowers were called QgswiToti, and their
bank, 9flav? : (Pollux. Ariftoph. Schol. Acharn.
l6 I. Suidas.) the loweft OaXajWJOJ, SaAa^jraj, and
heirbank^aAa^o?: the middle rowers,
, and jotKro^uyioi, and all their banks, uyx.
Every one had a proper oar ; and thofe who fa| in the
uppermoft banks, as having a more laborious office,
received higher wages. The rowers in merchent-
men were called rTfoyyuXoaura*, (Pollux, lib. 7.)
1 a thole
140 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
thofe in the triremes, Tf uf ET. Thofe who fat neareft
the prow, were called Tr^oo-xwTroi, or Tr^oxawct, and thofe
next theftenv?nxw7rot; (Pollux^ 1.9.) Their work was
efteemed moft laborious, to which malefactors were
frequently condemned. Their reft was taken, lying
down upon their feats; (Senec. Agam. 437. Virg.
Mn. 5. 836.) The other manners ufually reded in
the fame manner ; the fuperior perfons in the vefTel
were allowed to reft on their clothes ; (TJieophr.
vtgi i/aAuip. Horn. Odyff. v. v. 74.) Thofe who
would not fubmit to this cuftom, were deemed
effeminate; (Plutarch. Alcibiad.) Naurai, mariners,
were exempt from labouring at the oar, but perform-
ed other offices in the (hip j where each had his appro-
priate tafkj ( Cic. de Seneft. 6.) Hence thofe who di-
redred the ^va, fails, were called atgptneou ; thofe
who climbed up the ropes, <r;/0u/o*Tai. TheMfo-ovau-
T, were chiefly attendant upon the other feamen ;
(Cat. Rhod. lib. 25. cap. 40.) The crew were gene-
rally profligate and hardened fellows ; (Juv. Sat. 8.)
The foldiers, who ferved at fea, were called *?n <***,
from a-rro T* f//,awiv, from afcending the vcfTel.
They were armed like thofe ferving on (hore, and
chiefly heavy -armed; (Plutarch, ^htrnift.) They
alfo ufed ^T vauj!Aj6^a, (Herodotus.) fpears of an
unufual length, fometimes more than twenty cubits ;
(Horn. Iliad \ ^'.387. Horn. II. i. 677.) They
ufed aifo fytvKvto> (Pollux.) or fyvfytvowvy or fyt7r-
ivfogos xtgKHx,, (JDiodor. Sicitl. lib. 22.) an engine
of iron, crooked, like a iickle, (Vegetius^ lib. 4.
cap. idi.) and fixed to the top of a long pole, with
which they cut the cords of the fail-yards, and thus
difabled the light fhips of the enemy. They ufed
nearly a fimilar inftrument to cut the cords that
6 tied
MARINERS AND SEA FORCES. 341
tied the rudder to the Ihip. Ke^aiai, (Athe-
weus. Diodor. Sic. lib. 12.) were engines to call
flones into the enemy's (hips. An engine alfo was
in ufc which hung upon the main-maft, and refem-
bled a battering ram ; confiding of a long beam
and an head of iron, and forced with violence againfl
the fides of (hips. XE cnJ^a, was a grappling iron,
which was caft from an engine into the enemy's
(hips, it was firft ufed by Pericles, the Athenian;
(Plin. lib. 7. cap. 61.) A^aytf, hooks of iron
hanging on the top of a pole, which being fattened
to the maft with chains, and caft with force into
the enemy's (hip, caught it up into the air. To
avert the mifchief of this weapon, their mips were
covered with hides, which blunted the flroke of it ;
(Pollux. Thucyd. lib. 8.) This inftrument is faid
to have been invented by Anacharfis, the Scythian ;
(Ptin. lib. 7. cap. 57.) The Athenians began to
apply to naval affairs about the time of the invafion
of Xerxes ; the revenue of the filver mines at Lau-
reotis were employed to this purpofe, which had
formerly been diftributed among the people. With
this money, one hundred triremes were fitted out,
with which they obtained a vi&ory. The number
of their mips was increafed afterwards to four hun-
dred ; (Plutarch. Lycurg.) and to twice as many
as all the reft of Greece ; (Ifocr. Paneg.) The fea-
men were afterwards paid, by dividing the rich
citizens into O-U^/AO^**, companies, who contributed
largely from their fubftance. Thofe allies, who
were remote from the fea, fent their proportion in
money; (Xenoph. Hift. Grac. lib. 6.) The cities
they conquered were obliged either to contribute
money, or to fupply them with (hips of war; (T//H-
z 3 cyd.
342 . GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
cyd.lib.*]. Xenoph. Hift. lib. i.Diodor. Situf.
lib. 13.)
OF NAVAL OFFICERS.
The officers who held command in the (hips were,
roAa^of, the commander of the troops ; ^aua^of,
or rfarnyo?, the admiral, which was an office
fometimes in the perfon of one, fometimes in
two or three. They continued in command for a
limited time; (Cornel. Nep. in Epamm.) It was
forbidden any one, by the Spartans, to hold this
office more than once ; (Plutarch. Ly/and. Xenoph.
Hift. lib. 2.) E?nroAuj, (Xenoph. Hift. lib. 2. and
* ' ' \ JL *
5. Pollux* lib. i. cap. 9.) iometimes called STTI-
$-0AapoOf, was vice-admiral. T^ ;^a^oj, was cap-
tain of a trireme, who commanded the foldiers in
the velfel; (Schol. Arijloph. Equit. 908.) The
commanders of men of war were called, wTijxovroOf,
&c. according to the veffels they commanded.
A(!^ixvwM)Ta, were intrufled with the direction of
all marine affairs, which had not relation to war ;
(Diod. Sicul. 20. 5 1 .) Ku&f i/jjTjff, the pilot, who had
the care of the fhip, and government of the feamen,
was a perfon well fkilled in xy^Minxti ts^i/n, the art
navigation; (Ovid. Met am. lib. 3. in Fab. Bacr.
Athen. v. p. zoq.Cic. deSenecl. \\.Arruin. deEx-
ped. Akx. vi. 2,) The celeflial bodies were obferved by
failors, as foretelling the feafons, and directing their
courfe. It was alfo ufual to notice various omens
offered .by fea-fowls, fifties, by .the noife of the flrearn,
the milling of trees on (bore, the daQiing of the bil-
lows. At firft, they fleered, in the day, by the courfe
of the fun, and at night betaking themfelves to fome
fafe harbour, or refling on the (Lore ; (Virg. Mn.
$. v. 508,) The principal flars ufed in foretelling,
were,
NAVAL OFFICERS. 343
were, at firft, Arcturus, the dog-ftar, Arse, Orion,
Hyades, H#di, &c. The Phoenicians, to whom
fome afcribe the invention of the art of navigation,
difcovered the motions of fome other ftars ; (Plin.
lib. 7. Propert. lib. 2. v. 990.) They were firfl
directed by Cynofura, or the leffer bear-flar ;
(Euflath. II. a. Arrian. Exped. lib. 6.) which was,
fome fay, obferved by Thales, who was originally
a Phoenician ; (Hygin. lib. 2. Euflath. II. r.)
The mariners of Greece fleered by the greater bear,
called Helice ; (Aratus.) for the firft obfervation
of which they were obliged to Nau pirns or to Ti-
phys, the pilot of the (hip Argo; (Argon, i .) TI^su?
or n^atJK, was next under the pilot, and had his
place upon the prow. He had the care of the tackle
of the ihip, (Xenoph. Adminift. Dom. lib. 5.) and of
the rowers, whofe places were afljgned by him; (Athe-
11*. lib. 15.) He ufually affifted the mafter in
things relating to the feafons, and figns,'&c ; (Sui-
das. Plutarch. Agid. Pollux. Xenoph. Adm.
Dom. lib. 5.) KgAsur*]?, the boatfwain, was to
iignify the word of command to the rowers, (Arrian.
Exp. Alex. lib. 6.) and to diftribute to the crew
their provilions ; (Stiidas.) T^^auA^jf, was a mu-
fician, who, by the harmony of his voice and
flute, elevated the fpirits of the rowers, when they
were weary; (Cenforin. cap. i2.Statfus 9 Theb.
5.^.343.) or to clireft them by their mufic to
regular ^motion ; (Max. ?yr. Difi. 23 . Flaccus
Argonaut. -Statins, <Theb. 6. v. 361.) This mufic
was called ytyA*^, (Arifloph. Sc/iol. Ran. aft. 2 .
JC. $.Pol/U\\J Or TO T^O^V p&K. AiOTTpi, ^U-
^Xxsf,^pokcare that the Ihip received no damage
by bulging upon rocks, or running aground, or m
any other manner ; (Ulpum. lib. 53. cap. 7. and*.
z 4
34* GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES*
Pollux ', lib. 7. */>. 31. Eitftath. Iliad &.} hence they
fo often founded the depth in the night, and directed
the (hip with long poles; (Sophocl. A%<X,IM <ruAAoya.)
Tc/J X a fX ot either had charge of the fides of the
fhh., or of the banks of rowers; (Turneb. Advers.
lib. 28. cap. 43.) T^iaf, diftributed to every man
his fhare of vidluals ; to which office alfo the xf-
A?ur? belonged ; (Horn. Iliad r.) Eo-^a^su?, f/W-
lux.) took care of the fire, and is thought to fignify
the cook ; or, by fome, the prieit who offered facri-
fices. Aoyis-yg or ygctppoLTEvq, was the fecretary, who
kept the accounts of income, and expenditure of
the (hip; (Eujlath. Horn. Odyff. 9. 163. Sckol. Ari-
Jloph.Nub. 623.)
OF VOYAGES.
When the fleet was to fail, a fignal was given by
the admiral, and the mariners hauled the mips into
the water, which when not in fervice, were drawn
upon dry land, (VaL Place. Argon, i. Virgil.)
which was called fj^Axai/. This was fometimes
effected by levers and fpars of wood, over which
veffels were rolled into the water, which were called
paAa-yyia ; (HefychhiS. Pollux.) and
(Horn. Odyfr. <r.) Afterwards they ufed
an engine, called helix, contrived by Archimedes,
for this purpofe; (Athens. Plutarch. Mar cell.)
This they called TUV Trgvpvoiv xwew or vuaj xarsavsu/ ;j
aXa. Before they embarked,, the (hips were adorn-
ed with flowers and garlands, as tokens of joy ;
(Artftoph. Schol. Acharn. atJ. i.fc. 5.) and omens
of future fuccefs ; (Virgil.) They alfo invoked
the protection of the gods by prayer and facrifices;
(Firg. Mn. 3. v. 1 1 8.) Prayers were alfo offered
up for them by the fpectators; (Diodor. SicuL
lib.
VOYAGES. 345
lib. 13.) After this they let fly a dove, which, if
it returned, was efteemed a good omen ; (SchoL m
Apoll. Rhod.) The fignal being given by a fhout,
by found of trumpet, or any other way, they put to
lea. In the night, the fignal was given by torches
lighted in the galley of the admiral ; (Senec. Aga-
memn. v. 427.) In the front went the lighter
veffels ; then followed the men of war led on by
the admiral, whofe veflel was ufually diftinguiihed
by the richnefs of its ornaments; (Senec. Agamemn.)
after which, the veiTels of burden followed. If the
winds were high, they failed one by one; if calm,
three or more abreaft. When they arrived at any
port, they ran their fhips backwards upon their hind
decks, that they might tack about ; which they
Called ivi 7rgv[A,vav or TT^V^VXV xg%<r$&i ; ( Ariftoph.
SchoL Vejp.) They then tacked about, which they
called tirirfeqwv, turning the heads of their fhips to
the fea; (Grotius Aral.) The rowers now relied
upon their oars, which the Greeks called ncvxtn
rw vw ; and thefe were hung upon pins ; (Statins,
fheb. 344.) They were hung upon the fides of
their ihips, in no danger of being broken by the
floods; (Ovid. Met. n. 25.) When fafely landed,
they performed the vows they had made to the
gods ; and offered a facrifice, called arroZarvgiov, to
Jupiter, for enabling them uTroGouveiv K.TTO TW* mwv,
to leave their (hips. They paid devotions alfo to
other gods of the fea; (Homer Odytf. y. v. 4.)
Thofe who had fafely landed after tempeiluous
weather, added the garment in which they had
eicaped, and a tablet, containing an account of their
deliverance ; (Hor. lib. i. Od. 5.) If after a ihip-
wreck, they reached the land, they fhaved their
hair,
34 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
hair, and confecratcd it to the gods; (LuclL
Anthol. lib. 6. cap. 21. Epigr. i. Petron. Arbit.
cap. 63.)
'THE DEFENCE OF HARBOURS.
Harbours were commodious either by art or na-
ture, in a place fecure from the winds and
they were either at the mouth of a river, or a cr
of the lea, under fome high promontory; or fecured
by piles of earth and Hones, caft up in the form of a
femicircle, with long arms extended into the iea.
Thefe were called ^'/iXa*, (Diod. SicuL lib. 12.
Thucyd. Schol.) from their refemblance to crabs
claws, or ax^ai ra Pu/xwof, (Poly#n. Strateg.lib. 5.)
or aural -, (Horn. Odyjf. v.) Chains were fixed to
the two ends, for the greater fecurity of the mips ;
or great pales, daubed with pitch. Hence harbours
are fometimes called xXfio-ei?; CThucyd. lib. 2.) On
both fides of the mole were llrong towers, (Vegct*
lib. 5. cap. ^_^} which were defended in the night by
garrifons of foldiers; (Poly anus. Thucydides. Q.
Curtius.) Near to which was a watch-tower, with
lights to dired mariners, called Pharos, fo named
from an ifland at the mouth of the Nile, where the
firft of thefe towers was built. The fecond part of
the harbour ws.s termed ro/u<%, being the entrance
between the arms of the femicircle. Mu^o? was the
inmoft part of the harbour, neareft to the fliore,
and moil fecure, where the fhips wereufually loofc.
It was divided by wails of flone, under which the
vellels \vere protected .^ Thefe places were called
eopot ; (Enftath. Odyff. *. and Iliad .) and ^auAo^ot,
and compofcd what was called j/aur0/*of. Here
were
DEFENCE OF HARBOURS. 347
were alfo docks, in which fhips were built, or drag-
'ged to land, called VWVOMQ^ (Diodor* Steal, lib. 14.
Suidas.) sTririot, (Horn. Odyff. <r.) vfugiu, (Demoftk.
Schol. Orat. de Cor. Suidas. Homer. Schol.) &c.
The adjacent places were filled with houfes ofpromif-
cuous refort ; (Pollux, lib. 9. cap. 5.) The harbours
were in general adorned with temples or altars,
where mariners offered facrifices to their tutelar
deities; (Homer Odyjf. v. v. 103.) There were
Other temporary flations for fhips, to fupply them
with water or provifions, which were called
(Hefychius.} yp0f/*o, (Strabo, lib. .8.) f
(Appian. lib. 5.) o-aAot, (Polyb.lib. I.)
(Thucyd. Schol. lib. 4.) they were frequently at fome
diftance from the more ; (Plutarch. Pomp.) Towards
the land, they were fortified with a ditch and para-
pet, or wall built in the form of a femicircle, and
extended from one point of the fea to the other;
it was fometimes defended with towers and gates ;
(Horn. II. TT. 436.) Toward the fea, great pales of
wood were placed, and before them the vefleis of
burden lay, to protect thofe within. A few mips
were appointed to obferve the motions of the ene-
my, which were called n-9piMayci&?, CThucyd. lib.
i.) and the foldiers TTU^C-S^OJ, or Trvgcnsgdai, from TTU^-
<ro?, a torch, with which they gave notice of the
enemy's approach. The foldiers placed their tents
around the mips, (Homer. ^hucyd. lib. 6.) chiefly,
in winter, or in long fieges.
OF NAVAL ENGAGEMENTS.
Before they engaged in aclion, they threw over-
board their provifions, and other matters not necef-
fary
34* GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
fary for the fight. They then took down their fails,
lowered their mafts, choofing rather to be governed
by oars -, (Poly an. lib. 5.) They fometimes formed
the order of battle like a half moon, and called
s"oXo$ /AnviJuff, the horns being neareft the enemy,
and containing the ableftfhips : fometimes its belly
was neareft the enemy ; hence it was called xu^-m
ir*f0T.aK. Sometimes they were ranged in the
form of a circle, which .was called jcuxAoi/ TXTTS w ; or
in the figure of the letter V ; (Vegetius.) with the
horns extended in a dired line, and meeting at the
end ; which was, called nxa/A7ni w^aragi?. Before
battle, each party invoked the protection of the
gods i and the admirals went from fhip to fhip
animating the men. The fignal was then given,
by hanging out a gilded mield from the vefiel of
the admiral; (Plutarch.) or a red garment, or ban-
ner, which was called KI^UV <rypncc, - 3 (Diodor. SicitL
lib. 13. Polyxn. lib. i.) While this fign was fuf-
pended, the battle continued ; and by its inclina-
tion to the right or left, the reft of the mips were
directed on which fide to attack or retreat j (Le&
Taff.) The found of trumpets, beginning in the
veffel of the admiral, (Plutarch. Lyfand.) continued
round the whole navy; (Diodor. Sicul. lib. 13.)
It was ufual for the foldiers, before the fight, to
iing a hymn to Mars, (Sitidas.) and after the fight,
to Apollo. The battle ufually began with the ad-
miral's veflel; (Diodor. Sicul. lib. 3. Polyb. lib.
1 6.) when they engaged each other with their
beaks and prows, and fometimes their Herns,
a.s well as ' annoyed their enemies with darts and
flings ; and upon a near approach, with fwords and
fpears ;
NAVAL ENGAGEMENTS. 349
fpears; (Litcan. lib. 3.) They fometimes linked
their veflels together with chains and grappling-
irons; (Si!. ltd. lib. 14.) or fo fixed their oars-as
to prevent their enemies from retreating ; (Lucan.
lib. 3.) The vi&orious party entered their veffels
by laying bridges between them, and having killed
or taken prifoners all they found in arms, feized
their fhips. When a town was befieged by fea,
they fpread their (hips from one fide of the harbour
to the other, which were fo united with chains and
bridges, as to prevent any paffage from the town to
the fea. This is called frvypoi ; (Diodor. Sicul. lib.
13.) They fometimes ufed a fort of bomb, armed
\vith fpikes of iron, which fwam upon the waters to
prevent any attempts of the befieged > (Diodor.
Sicul. lib. 20.) Sometimes they blocked up the
harbour, or made a paflage to the town by raifmg a
vaft mole before it ; (Q. Curtius, lib. 4.) or by
linking fhips filled with ftones and fand. The at-
tacks were ufually carried on by men Handing upon
bridges, between the (hips, and with darts and
ftones forcing the befieged from their wails ; (<*).
Curtius, lib. 4.) Here they creeled towers upon a
level with the city walls, to throw their miffive
weapons with greater advantage. The befieged
pulled afunder the (hips linked together with iron
hooks. They blocked up the paflage of the town ;
(Thucyd. lib. 7.) They galled their enemies with
darts, ftones, fire-balls, melted pitch or metals ;
or deftroyed the veffels and works of the befiegers
by fire-fhips ; (>. Curt, lib. 4. Diodor. Sicul.
lib. 20.)
OF
GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES
OF NAVAL SPOILS.
When victory was obtained, the conquerors rode
home, laden with the fpoils of their enemies, and
dragging after them the captive (hips. The admiral,
the foldiers and mariners, (Xenoph. Hifl. lib. 2.
Poly an. lib, 4.) as well as- their (hips, were adorned
with crowns and garlands ; (Diodor. Sicul. Jib. 1 3.
Fitruv. lib. 2. cap. 8.) with wrecks, and broken
pieces of the (hips deftroyed in the fight, ef-
pecially the apAara, ax^or&Aia xoovpSa, ! and other
ornamental parts ; (Howir.) Thefe \vere called
xcoTjflta, and to deprive a (hip of them axgurr.gia,-
gw-, (Xenoph. Hift. lib. 6.) Thus they returned
home, filling the fea with hymns and acclamations
of joy, and with the harmony of muiital inflru-'
ments; (Plutarch. Lyfand.} They immediately
proceeded to the temples of the gods, where they
dedicated the choicefh fpoils, fometimes even fome
of the veffels they had taken ; (Diod. Sicul. lib. 12.
Herodot. lib. 8.) The remainder of the fpoils
they beftowed in the porticos, and other public
places of their city. To the victors, ftatue?, in-
fcriptions, and trophies were erected, which were
adorned with arms, and broken wrecks ; and which,
were hence deemed tokens of victory ; (Thucyd. lib.
j.PoIyb. Hift. lib. 16. cap. 3.)
OF NAVAL PUNISHMENTS.
Their principal punifhment was whipping with
cords ; which was fometimes inflicted upon crimi-
nals, with their heads thruft out of the port holes,
and their bodies within the (hip j (Herodot. Terp-
NAVAL PUNISHMENTS. 351
fell.) Sometimes they were tied with cords to a
fhip, and dragged into the waters till they were
drowned. Others were thrown alive into the fea*
Amvpaxpi, thofe who refufed to obey the fummons
to ferve, were, with their pofterity, condemned to
T/*I, infamy; (Suidas.) AITTOVOWTKI, deferters,
were bound with cords and whipped, and fome-
times had their hands cut off; (Demofthenes.
Snijas.)
35*
GRECIAN ANTIQUITIESi
OF THE PRIVATE LIFE OF THE
GREEKS.
OF THEIR. FUNERALS.
It is faid that Pluto firft taught the Greeks the
manner of performing their laft offices to the dead;
(Dio dor* Skill lib. 5. cap. 15 ) Thefe duties were
thought of the higheft importance, and the neglect
of them a crime of the greateft magnitude. The
memory of the dead was preferved with religious
care, and their remains were honoured with reverence
and adoration. Thofe who offended in this point
were branded with infamy, and fubject to a fevere pe-
nalty; (Demofth. Or at. in Leptin. Plutarch, Solon.)
To perform their funeral rites was confidered fo
facred, that they who neglected to difcharge this
office, were thought accurfed. Hence thefe rites
were called ^txata, vo^i^y vopi^opsvot, sQiptz, onx, &c.
They believed that their fouls could not be admit-
ted into the Elyfian fhades, till their bodies were
depofited in the earth; (Homer Iliad $.) and if
thefe rites were altogether omitted, that they would
be excluded for an hundred years. Hence the re-
quefts of dying men are fo frequent; (Homsn
Odyff. A. v. 66. 72.) Hence, of all curfes that was
the greateft, that a perfon might a-atpog unriimiv
j0ovo?, die without the honours of burial : and of all
deaths, that by mipwreck was deemed the moft ter-
, rible; (Ovid.) Thus, if they were in danger of be-
ing caft away, it was ufual to faften the moft valuable
ftores to their body, with a direction to thofe who
might
FUNERALS. 353
frnight find the body, if it fhould be caft upon
fhore, to give them human burial, and offering
their ftores as a compenfation for the trouble ;
(Meurs. in Lycophr. Caff. v. 367.) In any cafe, it
was conftdered not only an act of the greatefl in-
humanity to neglect to perform thefe offices, (Mti-
an. Var. Hi ft. 5. cap. 14.) but a crime, fufficient to
provoke the vengeance of the infernal gods; (Sophoct*
Schol. Antig.) He who thus offended was deemed
profane and polluted, till he had fubmitted to the
accuflomed purifications, and appeafed the incenfed
gods. It was not required, in all cafes, that the fo-
lemnities fhould be ftrictly performed ; for if a travel-
ler was in unufual hafte* it was fufficient to caft three
handfuls of foft earth upon the carcafe, (Horat. lib*
i. Od. 28* v. 36. Quintil. Declam. 5. 6. Ceslius
Rhcd. lib. 17. cap. 20.) one of which was to be
thrown upon the head. If the body of any perfon
had been interred in hade, and it was afterwards
found by any of his friends, it was honoured with a
fecond funeral j (Firg. jEn. 3. v. 62. and 67.) It
was thought to be a great misfortune, if their bodies
had not been prepared for burial by their relations,
and interred in the fepulchres of their family ; (An-
thol. Epig. -lib. 3. cap. 25. Ep. 75. Sophocl. Elettr*
v. 1134.) The ames of thofe who died in a foreign
country were ufually brought home, and interred in
the fepulchre of their anceftors. This pious care of
the bodies of the dead was extended alfo to flaves j
(Demoflh. Orat> in Macart.) and was eileemed fo
necelTary, that the candidates for the magiflracy at
Athens were examined, as to the due celebration of
the funerals, and proper care of the monuments of
their relations; (Xenoph. de Dift. So f rat. lib. 2.)
A A It
354 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
It was alfo a grievous crime to be gay and cheerful
before the ufual time of mourning expired ; (^Ef-
chin.) The perfons of the priefts who officiated at
funerals were highly refpedlcd, and their goods
were regarded with religious veneration ; (Plutarch.
Grxc. Qiitfft. 21.)
There were fome crimes, however, which were fo
heinous, as to prevent the perfons guilty of them
from all rites of burial. Public or private enemies
were deemed unworthy of partaking of this privi-
lege ; (Homer IL u. Horn. II. p/. Iliad n.Ovid.
in Ibin. v. 304. Paufan. Exotic.) Thofe who were
confpirators or traitors to their country were ex-
cluded from the rites of burial ; (Diodor. Sicul. lib.
1 6. cap. 6. Paufan. MeJJen. Plutarch. Paufan.
Plutarch. Phocion* Cornel. Nep. Phodon. Valer.
Max. lib. 5. cap. 3.) Thofe who refufed to act in
defence of their country in times of extremity;
(Horn. II. Lv. 384. Iliad $. 391.) Tyrants, who
were pronounced enemies to their country; (Plutarch,
lib. deHom. Horn. Odyff.y. i^. Paufan. Corinth.)
perfons guilty of fuicide ; (Art/lot. Ethic. Nicomac.
lib. 5. cap. 2. Pkilqftr. Heroic. Herodot. Call. cap.
70.) (although on fome occafions, it feems to have
been confidered as the effect of a laudable courage,
to put a period to their lives,) (Plato de Leg. lib. 9.)
and perfons guilty of faerilege, were threatened with
this punifhment ; (Diodcr. Sicul. lib. 16. cap. 6,
Paufan. Lacon.) Perfons, killed by lightning,
were buried apart by themfelves, being thought
hateful to the gods ; (Euripid.) or in the place
where they died; (Artemidor.lib. 2. cap. 8.) Some
fay, they had no interment, but were fuffered to rot
in the pkcc where they fell, which was hedged in
9 to
FUNERALS. 355
to prevent others from contrading pollution from
it ; (Perjius. Sat. 2. ^.27.) as were all places which
had been flruck with thunder ; (Plutarch. Pyrrh.)
Thofe who wafted their patrimony were denied the
right of being buried in the fepulchre of their fathers;
(Diogen. Laert. Democrit.) The bodies of thofe
who died in debt belonged to their creditors, and
were refufed burial, till fatisfaction was made. Some
criminals who fuffered capital punifhment were de-
prived of burial j thofe who died upon the crofs or
were impaled, were allowed frequently to be de-
voured by birds or beads of prey ; (Horat. lib. i .
Ep. 1 6. Juvenal. Sat. 16. 77.) If the carcafe was
fpared by the beafts, it commonly remained upon
the crofs till it was put rifled i (Sil. ItaL lib. 13.
Herodot. Thai Cicer. Tufa. gjuxft. lib. i.) Jn fome
places it was ufual to inter the bodies of infants who
had no teeth, without confuming them to afhes ;
(Plin. Nat. Hift.lib. 7. JuvenaL Sat. 15. 139.)
If thofe who had urred public hatred had ob-
tained the rites of burial, it was ufual to leap upon
their tombs, and to caft ftones at them, in token of
their abhorrence; (Euripid. Ekttr.) They fre-
quently dragged facrilegious perfons from their
graves, after they had been decently interred; (Pin-
tarch* de Ser. Numin. VindiR.) Traitors, who had
been buried, were again taken from their tombs ;
(Lycurg. Oral, in Leocr.) and the bones of tyrants
feldom refted in the grave; (Plutarch. Dime.
Diogen. Laert. Pcriand. Euripid. Med. 1378.)
TREATMENT OF THE SICK AND THE DEAD.
When any one was feized with a dangerous dif-
order, branches of rhamn and laurel were fixed over
A A a his
3J 6 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
his door; (Laerf. in Vtt. Bion.) The branch of
rhamn lecmsto have been defigned to keep off evil
fpirits; that of laurel was to render the god of phyfic
propitious, Thefe boughs were called UVTWKS.
Ail fudden deaths of men were imputed to Apollo;
(Horn. Iliad . 757.) The fudden death of women
was attributed to Diana ; (Horn. II. . 205. //. r.
59. Odyf. o. 406. Odyjf. X. 1 70.) Apollo was
taken for the fun, and Diana for the moon, which
were believed to have a great influence on human
life; (Euftath. Horn. II. . 205. and II. r. 59.)
Dead perfons were fuppofed to be under the jurif-
diclion of the infernal deities ; no one could refign
his life therefore till fome of his hairs were cut off,
to conlecrate him to them ; (Euripid. Alt eft. 74.
Macrob. Saturn, lib. 5. cap. 19. Virgil. Mn. 4.
694. Horat. \. 28. 20. Mart. iii. 43.) When they
perceived the pangs of death coming upon them,
they prayed to Mercury; whofe office it was to con-
vey the ghofts to the (hades below, (Vahr. Max. lib.
2. cap. 6. Horn. Odvff. . i. Virg. jEn. 4. 242.
Hor. L Qd. 10. v. 17. and Od. 24. v. 18.) Thefc
prayers were termed ifyrngM iu^* ; (Etym. AuR.)
Their friends perceiving them about to die, attended
their death-bed, to catch their dying words, which
they never repeated without reverence ; (Horn. II. u.
743.) and kilfed them, at taking their laft farewell,
endeavouring to receive the laft breath in their
mouth ; believing their fouls to expire with them,
and enter into their bodies ; (Euripid. Herac. 600.
Euripid. Ale eft. 403. Horn. II. u. 743. JEn.
4. 685.) At the time of their death, it was ufual
to beat brazen kettles, by which they thought
to drive away evilfpirits; (Theocrit. Schol. Idyll. 2.
v. 36.)
TREATMENT OF THE SICK, ftc, 357
v. 36.) that they might not be hurried away by the
furies to the place of torment ; (Virgil. Mn. 6. 540.)
To die was, literally, bvwxuv, and &7ro$w<rxt w - 9 but
to avoid the gloomy ideas which thefe words convey-
ed, they ufed words of gentler import : a7roymo-(tat ;
fometimes tzirtgwrQxi, (Heliodor. Ethiop. 8. p. 400.
JElian. Far. Hift. ii. 25.) otp^trOa*, to depart, (Eu-
fiath. II. x. Eurip. Alcefl. 3 16. Horn. Odyff. 3. 1 44.
Laert. 111.83. Horat.Od. 1.24. v. 5. ALneid. 10.
12. 309.) xexjurjxc and xa/xoj/T?; (Horn. II. y.
l A.) su<Fis to Heep ; (MfckyL Eumen. 708.)
(Callim. Epigr. x. 2.J %>uxwx\ ; (Plu-
tarch. in Cicer.) vraQziv n -, (Horn. II. <p. 274. Odyff.
A. 820. Herod, v. 7. i.J The place ot burial was
called xoi/*wT]ia. and
CEREMONIES BEFORE FUNERALS.
As foon as any one had expired, his eyes were
clofedj which was termed JcaOa^et?, ffwotfporriiif
? $)9aA^f or ra flxttpotga,, &c. j hence,
was ufed for OWXHK ; (Euripid. Hecub.$6%. 430.
//. A. 453, 425. 0^)^! o>. 295. Eurip. Ph#.
1 400.) It was a great fatisfaclion to dying perfons to
depart in a decent poflure; (Sueton. in Aitgufl. 99.)
They ufually clofed the mouth of the dead perfon ;
(Horn. Odyff. x.v. 425.) and then covered his face ;
( Euripid. Hippolyt. 1458.) It was coniidered a mis-
fortune to want the lad attentions of their friends;
(Sophocl. Eleftr.) Private funerals were conducted at
the charge of their relations ; the expence of pub-
lic funerals was defrayed from the public treafury.
Before the body was cold, they ilretched the mem-
bers out to their proper length ; which was called
xTiviv or o^9ouv; (Euripid. HippoL 786. 1458.) The
body was then walhed; (Euripid. Alcejl. 156.) which
A A 3 office
35* GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
office was commonly performed by the female rela-
tions of the deceafed ; (Plat. Ph<edon.) At fome
places there were veflels in the temple applied to
this ufe ; (Afconius de Divinat.) The body was
next anointed (Plin. Nat. Hift. lib. 13. cap. i.) with
oil, (Horn. 11. 9. 350.) or ointment; (Athene.
bsiTrvuffoQ. lib. 15.) Slaves only were forbidden to
perfume themfelves with ointment ; (Plutarch.
Solon.) After the body was warned and anointed,
it was wrapped in a garment ; (Apul. Florid, i.
Virgil. JEn. 6. 218.) The body was then adorned
\vith a rich and fplendid garment } (Laertius Socrat.
Milan. Far. Hift. lib- I. cap. 16. Plutarch. Ly-
Jandr. Euripid. Ale eft.) generally of a white colour^
(Horn. Iliad '. 352.) Hence it was reckoned an
inaufpicious omen for a fick perfon to have white
apparel; (Artemidor. Oneir. lib. 2. cap. 3.) This
colour feems to have been ufed to denote the inno-
cence of the dead ; (Plutarch, Qutft. Rom.) This
garment was frequently prepared by themfelves, or
their friends, before they died ; (Horn. Odyff. (3. 95.
* Virgil. &n. 9. 486.) It was ufual in Sparta, for
perfons of eminent valour only to be buried in a red
coat, (ALlian. Var. Hift. lib. 5. cap. n.) and all
ointment or coftly perfume was prohibited. The
dead body was decked with a chaplet of flowers and
green boughs ; (Eiiripid. Tread. \ 143.) efpecially
if the perfon died in a foreign country, and his
remains were brought home in urns, to be honoured
with the ufual ceremonial folemnities ; (Plutarch.
Demetr. Plutarch. Philop^m.) This ceremony
was perhaps taken from the games in which the
conquerors were rewarded with crowns of leaves, in-
dicating that the dead had finifhed their courfe; (Sui-
das.)
CEREMONIES BEFORE FUNERALS. 559
das.) or to exprefs the pleafurcs they were to enjoy
after this life ; (Clem. Alexandr. Strom, lib. 2. cap.%.)
They now laid out the dead body ; fometirnes they
placed it upon the ground, fometirnes upon a bier,
called AixT ov> pT(cv, or QtgtTfov, which they adorned
with various forts of flowers ; which office was alfo
performed by their near relations ; (Lyfias. Or At.
de Cad. Erat. Dio. lib. 58.) They laid them
out near the entrance of the houfe ; which being
fometimes called Tr^vwTnov, dead men were fome-
tirnes called Tr^oi/omK ; (Euripid. Alceflid.) This
was done that the body might be open to public
infpedion, that it might be feen if any wound or
violence was the occallon of the death ; (Pollux,
lib. 8* cap. 7.) In this part of the ceremony, the
feet were always turned towards the gate, (Perfius.
Sat. 3. v. 103. Horn* Iliad, r. 214.) to lignify that
they were never to return. Here the body was
conftantly watched, left any violence, fhould be offer-
ed to it ; (Horn. II. T. 214.) or left flies and vermin
Ihould pollute it; (Horn. II. r. 23.) Before inter-
ment, a piece of money was put into the mouth of
the corpfe, which was thought to be the fare of
Charon for wafting the foul over the infernal river.
This was called yfcx(3Wa, (Suidas.) or &*/*?, (He-
fychius.) $<x.\tci*.n or JayaxTi?, from Jai/of, a price ; or
becauie it was given TCJ? c^oif, to dead men, from
tarn, dry fticks. It was only a (ingle coAo?, or two
oAot ; (Ariftoph. Ranis.) This ceremony was
omitted in thole places which they fancied were
fituated in the neighbourhood of the infernal re-
gions ; (Etymol. A-uEl. v. favxw. Strabo. Geogr.
lib. 8.) The mouth of the corpfe was alfo filled
with a cake of flour, honey, 8cc. and hence called
A A 4 jt*fXjTT8T 9
GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
; (Suidas.) which was defigned to appeafc
the fury of Cerberus; (Virgil. ALn. 6. v. 417*)
The ceremony of laying out and clothing the dead,
and fometimes the interment, was called ffuyxouJu ;
(Mfchyl. Schol.) hence is ufcd o-uyxop^w ; (Sophocl.
Ajac* v. 1067.) During this time, the hair of the
dead perfon was hung upon the door, to fignify that
his friends were in mourning ; and till the corpfe
was removed, a veifel of water flood before the
door, called a^ai/w, (Snidas. Pollux, lib. 8. cap.
7.) ugdotvia, yar^Gt, ; (Hefychius.) and from the mat-
ter of which it was frequently compofed, or*oi/j
(Ariftoph. ExxAuo-. Euripid. Alccjl. 69.) It was de-
figned for thofe who had attended the corpfe, that
they might purify themfelvesby warning, which was
called As<r0aj O.TCO **. They thought themfelves
polluted by the touching of a dead body ; (Euripid.
Hippol.) Nor was the houfe, where the corpfe lay,
deemed free from pollution ; (Euripid. Helen. 1446,
~Ph<fn. 1626. Schol. Arijloph. Lyjifl. 612.}
FUNERAL PROCESSIONS,
The term ufecl for carrying the corpfe forth is two-
pih and sxpo^a ; (theocrit. Idyll. 15. 132. Demoftlt,
Mac. &lian. 8.4.^ It is faid bodies were ufually
kept feventeendays and nights before they were inter-
red j (Horn. Odyff. ^.63.^ Some fay, the time of burn-
ing the body was on the eighth day after -death, the
time of bury ing, on the ninth; (Servius > ^En.^.) The
ancient burials feem to have been upon the third or
fourth day after the death 3 (Argonaut, lib. 2 ,) fome-
times on the day following \t'>(Callimach. Laertius,
Fit. Pherec.) The ceremony was performed in the
day : the night was deemed improper, on account of
5 the
FUNERAL PROCESSIONS. 361
the evil fpirits which were at that time fuppofed to
venture abroad; (Euripid.Troad.^6.) Young men
only were buried in the morning twilight, becaufe
the death of a young perfon was thought a dreadful
calamity, and too impious to reveal it in the face of
day. It was ufual to carry torches at the burials,
though performed in the day ; hence the term im
rw oaftx, T j3*a, when men are faid to advance to the
torch of their life -, (Plutarch, lib. an Sen, Capeff. Sit.
Rtfp.) The Athenians only celebrated their funerals
before fun-rife ; (Cicer. de Leg. lib. 2. Demoflh.
Qrat.inMacart.) The bearers carried the corpfe upon
their moulders; (Euripid.Akefi. 60 7,) The body was
fometimes placed upon a bier; inftead of which, the
Spartans frequently ufed their bucklers ; (Virg. Mn.
10, $06.} The ancient Grecians feem to have car-
ried the dead bodies to the grave without fupport ;
(Euftath. in Iliad. ty.Euripid. Rhes. 886 J
The friends and relations ufually attended the
funerals, and fometimes others who were invited ;
although, to prevent confufion and expence, at
fome places, none but relations were allowed to
attend. Women, who were not relations, under
threefcore years of age were not allowed to attend ;
(Lyfias.Orat.proEratoft.) but feemed to follow in a
body by themfelves 3 (Cerent. Andr.) They fome-
times put on mourning ; yet the funerals of illuftri-
ous men were often celebrated with expreflions of
joy and feftive folemnities ; (Pint arch, in TimoJ.
Plutarch. Arat.) When the body was conveyed
out of the houfe, they took their laft farewell, fa-
luting it, and uttering a certain form of words $
(Eurip.Alceft. 608 .) The proceffion was ufually on
horieback or on carnages - 3 but upon peculiar oc-
cafions of rcfpeft, on foot ; (Diogen.Laeri Tbeophr.)
The
$6z GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
The relations followed next the corpfe ; the reft
walked fome diflance off: fometimes the men went
before it with uncovered heads, the women follow-
ing it. Patroclus was carried, furrounded by fol-
diers j (Horn. Iliad \|/.j The ufual way was for the
body to go firft, the mourners to follow ; (Terent.
Andr.) by which cuftom they were reminded of
their own mortality; (Donatus. in Ter. Andr.
Alex. ab. Alex. lib. 3. cap. 8 .) At the funerals of
magiftrates, as well as of foldiers, their enligns of
honour were inverted. To perform this ceremony
they called wrtpirsiv, TrafonrfpTrtw and
(Euripid. Tread. 446.)
MOURNING FOR THE DEAD.
The Greeks ufually expreffed their forrow by ab-
ftaining from banquets and feflivals, by baniming
from their houfes all mufical inftruments, and, as
much as pofTible,abfenting themfelves from places of
gaiety and mirth ; (Euripid. Alcejl. 343. Horn. Odvjf.
A. 1 01.) They avoided fociety and converfation, and
frequented dark and folitary places, which they
thought bore fome refemblance to their misfortunes ;
(Plutarch. ConfoL ad Ux.) hence it was deemed an
omen of death for any one to dream that a fire was
cxtinguiihed during the ficknefs of any in the fame
family; (Artemidor.tib. ^. cap. y.) They laid afide
their jewels, and whatever was coftly and ornamental
in their apparel; (Lycophr. CaJ}\ v. 859.^ This
cuftom alfo prevailed at the time of any great
calamity ; (Euripid. Troad. 2 $6.) Their mourning
garments were always black; (Ovid. Met. 6. Fab.
%.Met. 8. Fab. 4. Plutarch, in^ rn s&vr. eira.it.
Eurip. HeL 1094. Alceft. 215. 427.^ and of
a coarfe
MOURNING FOR THE DEAD. 363
a coarfe and cheap tia&itferenf.Hautoh.afl. 2.fc. $.)
They were accuflomed to tear, cut off,andfometimes
to (have their hair ; (Euripid. Or eft. Horn. Odyjf. f,
197. w. 45. Herod.ii. JElian. 7. 8. ) which was
ufually thrown upon the dead body, as a mark of af-
fedion ; (Homer. II. ty. 135. Stat. Theb. 6.} or to
caft it into the funeral pile, to be confumed with the
body ; (Horn. Iliad $.) It was fometimes laid upon
the grave; (XjchyL'^fii^.) Upon the death of men
of eminence and valour, it was not unufual for whole
cities and countries to be fhaved. This ceremony
was obierved, becaufe, as long hair was confidered
as very becoming, they might appear carelefs and
negligent of their beauty, and to render the ghoft
of the dead perfon propitious, by throwing the hair,
together with the body, into the fire. In times of
public mourning they extended this cuftom even to
their beads; (Euripid. Alceft. *u. 428. Plutarch.
Pelopid. Plutarch. Ariftid.) the battlements were
removed from the walls of the city, that even towns
might feem to mourn ; (Plutarch. Pelopid.) The
practice of (having the head was at fome times a fign
of joy, as when mariners (haved upon their deliver-
ance from (hipwreck ; (Juven. Sat. 12. 8 a. Arte-
mid. lib. i. cap. 23. Plin. Epifl. Lycophr. Caff.
973-} ^ is a lf feid* tnat tne pradlice of (having
was obferved only by the women, and that the men
let their hair grow ; (Plutarch. Rom. Quxft.) on
the contrary, it feems the moft prevailing cuftom
for women to wear long hair, as a token of forrow,
and for the men to cut it off; (Ovid. Ariadn. Thef.
Terent. Hautont. afl.~2. fc. 3 J This difference
may be reconciled, by confidcring the manner in
which they were fhaved, whether by themfelves or
others,
364 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
others, (Artemidor. lib. i. cap. 23. ) and the peculiar
cuftom of different nations; (Herodot. lib. i. cap.
82. Plutarch. Lyfand. Alex, ab Alex. Gen. Dier.
lib. 5.) Perfons in affliction fometimes exprelfed
their grief by rolling their bodies in the duft ; (Ovid.
Met. lib. 8. v. 528. Homer Iliad . 637.) or by
covering their head with afhes; (Homer Iliad v.
v. 23.) When they went abroad, they muffled
their heads; (Anthol. lib. 5. cap. 23. Euripid.
Supplic. 110.) They fometimes leaned their head
upon their hands, as a token of forrow ; (Euripid.
Helen. 377.) and moved along with a flow and lan-
guid pace. They beat their breads and thighs,
and tore their flefh with their nails ; which was a
practice more ufual among women, (Noun. Dionys.
lib. 9. 1 8. Virgil, JEn. 4. 63 7.) and was afterwards
forbidden ; (Plutarch. Solon. Cicero de Legib.)
The Spartans bore the death of their relations with
great moderation, but bewailed the lofs of great
men with tearing their flefh with pins and needles ;
(Servius in Virg. Mn* 3.) They folemnly curfed,
and accufed their gods; (Statius Sylv. lib. 5.
tfheb. 3.) infomuch that they fometimes pulled
down their altars, and facked their temples ; ( Eu-
ripid. J They fometimes muttered the interjection
i, c, *; hence, it is faid, funeral lamentations were
called lAsyot, elegies ; (Schol. in Ariftoph. Androm.
JEfchyl. 77/^.323.^ When any public magiflrate
or perfon of eminence died, the fchools of exercife,
the baths, (hops, temples, and places of entertain-
ment were (hut, and all public meetings fufpended ;
(Diogen. Laert. Socrat.)
Mourners and muficians were employed to add
to the Iblemnity, who were called O^vccv ify^xs ;
(Homer.)
MOURNING FOR THE DEAD.
(Homer.) becaufe they tried to excite forrow, by
beating their breads and counterfeiting grief. They
were alfo called aotJc*, Tr^offWoj, &JG. from the fongs
they fung at funerals. One fong feems to have
been fung in the proceffion, another at the funeral
pile, and a third at the grave ; which were called
j / ~
cAo0t'0^,oj Xii/oi, and aX;voi y lometimes I&XEMOI, troin
lalemus, fon of Clio, and the firft author of thefe
fongs. They were alfo called rax^o;, hence ruXs-
fAirat is a name for mourning women. They were
chiefly mean and inelegant compofitions : (Suidas.
Plant. Afin. Eurip. Supp. iSi.Troad. 600.)
Mufical inftruments feem to have been ufed to
excite forrow ; for which reafon the AV^*, a cheerful
inftrument, was never ufed at thefe folemnities;
(Euripid. Alceft.^Q.^) The auXo*, a kind of Phry-
gian flute, was commonly ufed at thefe times;
(Statins ^heb. lib. 6. v. 120.) as well as the Carian
flute ; hence the muficians and mourners were called
x*ivo, (Hefyckius.) and the funeral fong xa^xn
/uao-a; (Pollux, lib. 3.) The Myfian, (JLfchyl.
SchoL Perf.) and Lydian flutes were alfo ufed as
inftruments of forrow ; (Plutarch. Lucian de Lttflu.
Eurip. Tread. 126. SchoL Arifioph. Av.
INTERMENT AND BURNING OF THE DEAD.
It feems to have been the pradice of the moft
early ages (Cicer. de Leg. lib. 2. Schol. Horn. II. .)
in Greece, to inter their dead ; that of burning them
was afterwards introduced, and, as fome fay, by
Hercules. It is certain that the cuftom of burning
was in ufe in the Trojan war; (Lucian. Plat.
Phxd. Euftath. II. .) The reafons affigned for it
are,
366 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES*
are, becaufe bodies were confidered polluted after
the foul's departure ; (Ruripid.) or that the foul
being ieparated from the grofs matter, might take
its flight to the heavenly manfions - 9 (Euflath. in IL
a. Quintil. Declam. 10. Lycophr. Caff, 44.) The
piles, on which dead bodies were burned, were
called 7TUai. The body was placed upon the top
of the pile , if, of a perfon of eminence, many ani-
mals, fometimes many flaves or captives, were con-
fumed with him, together with a quantity of pre-
cious ointments and perfumes ; (Horn. II. i}>. 1 66.)
The body was fometimes covered with the fat of
beads, that it might be fpeedily reduced to ames ;
(Euftath. in II. ty. 166.) Where many bodies were
to be burnt on the fame pile, they were fo placed,
that thofe of moid conftitutions, proportioned to
thofeof a contrary temperament, mould increafe the
force of the flames; (Plutarch. Symp. lib. 3. Quaft.
^.-Macrob. Sat. lib. 7. tap. 7.) infomuch that for
ten men it was ufual to put in one woman. Soldiers
ufually were burnt together with their arms ; (Horn.
Odyff. A. 74.) The garments they had worn were
alfo thrown upon the pile. The Athenians indeed
became fo profufe in their liberality to the dead,
that they were afterwards reilrained from burying
with their bodies more than one red garment, or a
few branches of olive; (Plutarch. Lycurg.) and
thefe only were allowed to a perfon of eminence.
Solon allowed three garments and one ox ; (Plu-
tarch. Solon.) At Cheronaea, triofe who were lavifh
at funerals, were punimed for effeminacy by the
cenfors of women ; (Plutarch. Solon.) The pile
was fet on fire by fome of the neareft relations, who
prayed and offered vows to the winds to aflift the
flames,
INTERMENT, &c. OF THE DEAD. 367
flames, that the body might be quickly confumed ;
(Horn. Iliad \f/. 194.) At the funerals of high
commanders, the foldiers and attendants made a
folemn proceflion three times round the pile, to
exprefs their refpect to the dead ; (Horn. IL vj/.)
This was called irf^opi; (Statins Theb. 6. v. 213.)
in this motion, they turned to the left hand, as ex-
preflive of forrow ; (Stat. Theb. 6. 221.) Thefe
motions were accompanied with fhouts and found
of trumpet, (Valer. Place. Argon, lib. 3.) while the
pile was burning; (Virg. jEn. n. 188.) The
friends of the dead perfon flood by the pile, while it
was burning, pouring forth libations of wine, and
calling upon the deceafed \ (Horn. IL \J/.) When
the pile was burnt down, and the flames had ceafed,
they extinguifhed with wine the remains of the
fire, and collected the bones and afiVs -> (Horn. IL
v. 791.) which office was alfo performed by the
relations ; (Hnt8us.) The bones were fometimes
warned with wine and anointed with oil ; (Homer
Odyff. . 7 1 .) and fometimes inclofed in fat ; (Horn.
IL fy. 252.) It was ufual to place the body in the
middle of the pile, and the bodies of the men and
beails burnt with it were placed on the fides, that
the bones might be eafily diftinguifhed ; (Hom.lL \}/.)
The bones being thus diftinguifhed, they gathered
the afhes which lay clofe to them ; which were dc-
pofited in urns, called xaX-Trai, piaAai, x^w<r<rot, Aafl-
txf,aju,(pi^o^a,croO>ixt,oroJ ( o^iia,&c. The urns were
made of filver, gold, wood, ftone or earth, according
to the condition of the dead perfon. The urns of
people of rank were frequently adorned with flowers
and garlands; fometimes they were covered with
cloths, till they were depofited in the earth ; (Horn.
IL
368 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
//. . //. 4*.) The bodies lay in the urns, whert
they were interred, with their faces upwards ; and
the heads were fo placed as to look towards the
rifing fun; (Thucyd. Schol.) The Megarenfians,
it is faid, placed their dead towards the eaft, but
the reft of Greece towards the weft ; (Plutarch.
Solon. Milan. Var.Eift. lib. 7. cap. 19.) At Me-
gara, it was the cuftom to bury three or four bodies
in the fame fepulchre ; but at Athens, only one ;
(Plutarch. Solon.) except in inftances of near rela-
tionfhip; (Agath. Epigr. Ovid. Met. 4. 154. >
Euripid. Alctfi. 365. Horn. II. ij/. Horn. Odyff.v.
76. Ovid. Met. lib. n.v. 702. //. w. 795.)
TOMES AND MONUMENTS.
The early Greeks buried in places prepared
for the purpofe in their own houfes; (Plat.
Min.) The Thebans had a law to enjoin every
one to provide a repoiitory for their dead in their
own houfes. It was a common practice to bury
within the moft public and frequented places of
their cities; (Plutarch. T/iem. Xenoph. EAA^*. lib*
7. Pindar. Schol.) Honours were fometimespaid,
and tombs eredted to the dead, in temples - t (Plu+
tar eh, Arifiid.) as a high mark of public efteem*
(Euripid. Med. 1378.) In later times they buried
their dead without their cities, and chiefly by the
highways. The Spartans were allowed to bury
within the city, as it mould feem, to reftrain that
fuperftition which was common among them, of
being afraid of feeing or touching a dead perfon \
(Plutarch. Lycurg.) Every family had its peculiar
place of interment, to be deprived of which was re-
puted
TOMBS AND MONUMENTS. 369
puted the greateft calamity ; (Jttjlin. lib. 3 .) There
Was a law therefore to deprive thofe of the fepulchre
of their fathers, who had wafted their inheritance ;
(Laertius Democr.)
The cdmmon graves in the earlieft ages of Greece
we're caverns dug in the earth, called wroyatu; (Honi.
//. w.797.) thofe of later times were paved with ftone,
and arched over, arid adorned with as much art as
their houfes; and it was not unufual for mourners to
aflemblein thefe vaults to bewail the lofs of their re-
lations; (Petron* Arbit.) Kings and men of high rank
were ufualiy buried at the feet of mountains ;(Servws
in &n. i i.Aurel. de Grig. Gent. Rom. Virg. /En.
n.) Hence appears the cuftom of railing a mount
upon the graves of perfons of high rank ; (Lucan.
lib. 8.) which fometimes confided of ftone; (Euripid.
HlppoL) fometimes of earth; which was called y^^y. >
(Euripid* Htciib. 221. J fometimes ^ftvc-j/^a, (Horn*
II. w. 80 1. //. $>.) %wn>u<r0ai rottpov, ( Anthol.EpigrJib*
4.) oyKurix.1, vif/too-a*, &c. (Euripid. AnthoL lib. 3. g
Trot.) and laid together with much care and art ; (Rom*
II. 4>.) The ancient Mm/una, confifted of the grave
or tomb, called alfo o-7ryjxiov, TU^C?, &c. 5 and of
the ground furrounding the grave, which was fenced
about with pales or walls, ufualiy open at the top,
and therefore fometimes called mr*fyt)^ it was alfb
called ysurov, D^iyxo?, in^icikwjU^ (Payfanias.) xgyn-if,
rxMru, &c. Tombs of ftone were polimed with
greater art; (Euripid. Alceft. 836. Euripid. Helen.
992.) and anciently adorned with pillars of ftone ;
(Lycopkr. Caff. 557. Theocrit. Diofcur.) called
faov TreTfov, Kyot.\p at^ao ; (Pindar- Ntm Oaf. IO.
Euripid. Alceft. 836. Hel. 992.) The pillars
of ftone were called rjAi, containing frequently
infcriptions in verfe of the family, virtues and fer-
B a vices
j7 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
vices of the dead ; (Horn. II. x. 37 1 ^ 434. Pin-
dar. Nem.Od. 10.) The Sicyonians had no infcrip-
tions ; (Paufan. Corinth.) and the Spartans were
only allowed to infcribe the names of thofe who
died in war, or of women who died in childbed - 9
(Plutarch. Lycurg.) Sometimes the infcription
contained fome moral aphorifrn , or, when there was
no infcription, the effigies of the dead man, or
fome emblem of his character was added ; fdc. Tufr.
Qiitejt. v. 23. Diod. Laert.vi. 78.) Virgins had
commonly the image of a maid with a velTel of
water upon their tombs; (Pollux, lib. S.cap.j.)
alluding to a cuftom of carrying water to the fepul-
chres of unmarried maids. There were alfo various
emblematical figures according to particular cha-
racters; (Antipat. Epigr. in Lyjid.) Upon the tomb
of Diogenes a dog was engraven, to denote the tem-
per of his feet j the tomb of Ifocrates was adorned
with the image of a fyrenj that of Archimedes
with a fphere and cylinder.
Sometimes they fixed upon the graves the in-
ftruments which the dead had ufed -, as, the weapons
offoldiers, the oars of mariners, and the tools of
artifts; (Homer Odyff. A'. 75. Mneid. 4.) Hence
their graves were called <rnjw,aT, jtxvn/xfKx, /uvn^ara,
&c, (Horn. Odyff. w. 36. Theophr. Char. c. 14.
Cattim. Epig. 18. 4. ArifiopL Eccks. 1 100. Thef-
moph. 893.) To reftrain the excefs to which the
ornaments of their tombs had been carried, it was
ordered by Solon that no flatues of Mercury, or
arched roofs fhould be made to them ; and that
they mould not be greater than ten men could
erect in three days. There was alfo another law,
that not more than one pillar, not exceeding three
cubits in height, mould be placed upon any monu-
ment 5
TOMBS AND MONUMENTS. 37*
ment ; (Ctcer* de Legib. lib. 2.) It was ufual for
their friends to pray that the earth might lie light
upon them ; and for their enemies to pray that it
might lie heavy upon them ; (Euripid. Alceft. 462*
- Euripid. Helen. Ztf. Senec. Hippol. Fine. An-
ihol. lib. 2. i? TTOV. Martial, lib. 9. Epit. Philan.)
There were other honorary monuments erected to
the dead, not containing their remains, and hence
called Moravia, xi, cenotaphs ; (Virg. jEn. 3.
304. 6. tp$.Odyff. *. zyi. Odyf. t. 584-
Eurip. He/. 1255.) They were either erected to
thofe whofe funeral rites had been performed ia
another place; (Paufan. Attic, Meflenic. E/iac.G.
Exotic*) or to thofe who had never obtained a
proper funeral ; as, when any one had perifhed by
fea, they erected a fepulchre, and repeated three
times with a loud voice the name of the dead, to
call his ghoft to the habitation prepared for it, which
cuilom was called xj^aywyia. This practice was
very ancient; (Pindar. Pythion. Od. 4. Mn. 6.
O . Aufonius Prof at. Parent. Horn. Odyff. a. 64.)
The fign by which honorary fepulchres were diftin-
guifhed was commonly by ixf toy, a wreck of a (liip,
fignifying that the perfon died in fome foreign
country. To deface or damage a fepulchre, was
efteemed a crime no lefs than facrilege, and thought
to entail ruin upon all who committed it ; (fheocrit^
Idyll, xg. 207.)
HONOURS PAID 19 THE DEAD.
An oration was ufually made at the fepulchre in
honour of the dead ^vt{w,(Lucian.deLuRu.) Thofe
who died in war had an oration pronounced by a per-
fon appointed by the public magiftrate,and which was
an annual ceremony; (Cicer. deOrat.) It was thought
i B a a great
37* GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES?
a great addition to the happinefs of the deSd to be
highly commended in an eloquent oration ; (Plin.
Ep. lib. 2.) Funeral games were frequently in-
ftituted in honour of remarkable perfons ; (Herodo-
tus. fhucydides, %. Plutarch. Timot. Horn. II. fy.
274. OdyJJ. w. 85. Dionys. Halicar. lib. 5. Pau-
fan. Arcadic.) The garlands given to vidors at thefe
games were chiefly of parfley, which was thought
to have fome peculiar relation to the dead. It was
commonly believed that dead bodies polluted what-
ever approached them ; hence arofe the cuftom of
purifying after funerals; (Virg. ALn. lib. 6.) Till
he was purified, the polluted perfon could not enter
into the temples, nor communicate at the wormip
of the gods; (Euripid. Jphig. Taur. 380. Sittdas*
v. xaraActm. Ariftoph. SchoL Nub.) It was alfo
unlawful for thofe to enter into the temples, who
were called vrigoTrorpoi or JEvrsgoTrorfwi, (Hefychius.)
alfo for thofe who were thought dead, but, after their
funeral rites, recovered ; and for thofe who were re-
puted to be dead in fome foreign country, and unex-
pectedly returned ; (Hefychius.} They underwent, ia
this purification, all the forms and cuftoms which
were ufed to a new-born child, they were warned and
wrapped in clothes ; (Plutarch. Qu#ft. Rom.) The
houfe was alfo purified ; (Horn. OdyJJ] x. 48 1 .
492.) The Spartans defpifed fuch fuperflitious
follies ; (Plutarch. Lycurg.)
When the funeral was finifhed, they retired to the
houfe of the neareit relations of the dead, where an
entertainment was provided, (Demoftk. Orat. dc
Coron. Lucian. Dial, de LuR.) which was called
arf^iiTTvov, *xfo<$i7rm, rapoj. 'This ceremony was
omitted at the funerals of flaves ; (Cicer. de Leg.
tib. 2.) This was an, ancient cuflgm 5 (Horn.
Iliad
HONOURS PAID TO THE DEAD. 373
Iliad .//. x- 28. //. $.Ody/. y. ^.Hejiod.
E r- 735-)
Sometimes the entertainment preceded the fu-
neral , (#0/0. //. ty. 28.) The fragments which
fell from the tables were confidered facred to the
departed fouls, and not lawful to be eaten ; ( Athe*
n#. ATVOO>P. //. iQ.-t-Diog. Laert. 8. 34. "TibulL
i.. 6. v. ij.l'er. Run. acl. %.fc. 2.) Thefe crumbs
were carried to the tomb, and there left for the
ghofts to eat. Thefe entertainments confifled of
flefh, and all forts of pulfe, (Plutarch. Problem.)
beans, peas, lettuces, eggs, parfley, &c. They
chiefly converfed at them upon the merits and qua-
lities of the dead perfon ; (Cicer. de. Leg. z. 25.)
At Argos, it was ufual to facrifice to Apollo, im-
mediately after mourning ; and thirty days after, to
Mercury. They gave the barley of the facrifice to
the prieft of Apollo ; the flefli they took them-
felves ; and having extinguifhed the fire of the
facrifice, which they thought polluted, they kindled
another, on which they boiled the flefh, calling it
yxi/i<r/*a, (Plutarch. Grac. httfft.) from the fumes
which afcended from the burnt facrifice, and which
were called jm<r<ra.
They ufually ornamented the tomb with herbs
and flowers, efpecially with parflcy ; hence &to-0f
rsAtj/8, .to fignify that a difeafe was defperate ; ( Plu-
tarch. Timol.) purple and white flowers were accept-
able to the dead, as amaranthusj (Philqftrat. Heroic.
19.) Trotaf AEUXOC, (Theophr. lib. 6. 4 /u X t X ajI/ ' ) or tne
jeflamine, with lilies, and other flowers ; (Virg. Mn.
^5.79. ^.6.883.) The rofe was peculiarly grate-
ful, (Anacreon. Qd. 53 .) as well as the myrtle; (Eu-
ripid.Sophocl. Eleftr. 886.) Thefe were ufually
called ^Tf, (P/iavorin.) from the expreflion of
* B love
374 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
love and refpect to the dead perfon ; or from
becaufe they were ufually compofed of a colle&ion
of various forts of flowers ; or from ^, becauls
they were laid upon the earth. Garlands were
however fometimes made of one fort of flowers, and
frequently hung upon the pillars of the tomb.
Garlands, (Frontimts, lib. i. cap. 2.) and the hair of
the mourners were frequently laid upon graves; (So-
f hod. Eleftr. Ovid. Epift. Canac. adMacart.) The
grave-ftones were ufually perfumed with fweet oint-
ments; ( Anacreon.) It was a practice alfo to run naked
about {vpulcfotSifPluiarch.Alexandr.) Lamps were>
fometimes burned in caverns ; (Petron. c. 1 1 1.)
The victims of the facriflces to the dead, were
black and barren heifers, or black fheep, (Horn. Odyjf.
A. 29. Eurip. E/eftr. 513. Senec. CEdipod. 556.-
JEn. 5. 97. 6. 243. Odyjf. x. 522.) which they
ufually facrificed in cavities of the earth. The firft
thing they offered was the hair upon the forehead of
the victim, hence called 7ra^i, and to offer it
wf^(r9* ; (Plom. Qdyjf. y. 445. Iliad. . 422.
Eurip. Oreft. 96. ) Their common offerings were liba-
tions of blood, honey, milk, water, &<:.,( SophocLEl*
436. JEn. 5. 77. Eurip. Oreft. 115.) The Athe-
nians were forbidden wxyifriv fixv, to offer an ox on
this occafion ; (Ptytarch. Solon.) They ufually
fprinkled barley flour upcn thefacriflce;f//(9w. Odyjf.
X. 26.) Honey was feldom omitted, being conlidered
as Oavaris <ru//,eoAfl^, a fymbol of death ; (Porphyr. in
Antr. Nymph. Eurip. Iphig. in Taitr. 165. 633.)
Hence the ghofts of the dead were called ^
the infernal gods/ufiAi^ioi, and their oblations
p^ra. Thefe libations were intended to render the
ghofts propitious, and called ^oat u^umi^ioi or ^AXTJJ-
ioi i (Eiiripid. Iphi?. faur.. 159. Elettr. 509.)
They
HONOURS PAID TO THE DEAD. 37$
They were fometimes offered upon altars, which
were ufually placed near the ancient fepulchres,
with tables for their feafts at the (acrifices : fome-
times they were poured upon the ground or grave-
ftone, and offered to the deceafed in a certain form
of words; (Euripid. Oreft. 112.) The water ufed
upon thefe occaiions was called Aar^ov, ^fitwov AOUT^OV,
and 7rw*ji*^a; (Eujlath. in Qdyjf. <x,.Suidas. Sopk.
Eteffr. 436. ) When perfons, who had been married,
died, there was a cuftom for women to carry water to
their graves, who were called jy^uT^rf . When a
child died, the water was carried by a child; on that
of a virgin by a virgin. Thofe who died in their in-
fancy had no right to libations, or other funeral fo-
lemnities ; (Plutarch. Confol. ad Ux.) Thefe honours
were paid on the ninth and thirtieth days after burial;
(Pollux, lib. 3. cap. 10.) and again repeated if any of
the friends of the dead perfon had been abfent at
the folemnity. To make thefe libations, was TU/A-
Gsvreu y**s ', (Sophocl. Eleft. 408.)
Some part of the month AvOfn^iw* feems to have
been fet apart for thefe ceremonies in many places,
(Athene. Ast^oc-op. lib. 8. Hefychius. v. M**i.)
the days of which were called /xta^ai u^ai; and
fometimes airo$g&hs, (Suidas.) becaufe they were
accounted to be polluted by their dedication to
thefe ceremonies ; at which time the ghofts were
thought to enjoy the feafts of their friends ; (Lucian.
7rKnco?r.) Upon thefe days they called over the
names of their dead relations, except thofe who
had died in old age, or who had wafted their in-
heritance, or been guilty of other crimes. When
their friends went into foreign countries, they called
ever their names three times ; this was the practice
B JB 4 before
376 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES;
before their departure; (Horn. Odyjf. i v. 64.
fheocrit. Idyll.y. v. 58.)
They had anniverfary days in which they paid
their devotions to the dead ? which were called
Ne/Agc-ia, becaufe they were celebrated upon the
feftival of Nemefis, who was thought a protector
of the honours of the dead ; (SuiJas.) fometimes
called alfo Qgaux, ; (Hefychhts. Phavorinus.) and
Tws<ri<x, ; (Suidas.) meaning the anniverfary of his
birth, which was celebrated after their death with
the fame ceremonies ; (Suidas. Hefychius.) Thefe
were called Ncto-a.
They who were perfons of valour and rank above
the common level, had ^wVxf rma;, the honours
of heroes ; to receive which was called avit*irfaj t
Or TLTEV%EVQll Tl[AM )f OiXWI', KToOf^V Or iO-oXu/XTrtWV. They
who were diihnguifhed ftill more, : were reckoned
among the gods, which was called OsoTrcua. When
thcfe. honours were oifered by their nearefh relations,
they were rnoil acceptable ; when by their enemies,
they were rejected ; (Sophocl. Eleffr. <v. 432.) Thefe
honours were called oo-f, ^x 5 (Art/lot, dz Y'iriut.)
(Demqftk. Macart. p. 677.)
THE PRIVILEGES OF YOUTH.
The ancient Greeks paid great attention to boys,
which practice was encouraged by the laws, to
excite them to noble undertakings -, (Athena, lib.
13.) Thofe boys in Crete who were patronized,
were honoured with the firft feats at; public exer-
eifes, and, as a badge of honour, wore a garment
richly adorned; thefe boys were called JCASITCI, emi-
nent; (Strabot lib. 10.) The patrons of them
were called <P;AWTO^?. They always took their boys
from their friends by force, giving them previous
$ notice
PRIVILEGES OF YOUTH. 377
notice of their intention, who, according to ine
rank or character of the patrons, ufed more or lefs
refiftance. At firfl they were -entertained by their
patrons with hunting, and other fimilar diver-
Jions, before they returned home. At their de-
parture, the law provided that they mould receive
each a fait of armour, an ox, and a cup, to which
the patron ufually added, out of his own bounty,
other prefents of value. When the boys returned to
their own home, they facrificed the ox to Jupiter, en*
tertained thofe who accompanied them in their flight,
and if they had been rudely treated by their patrons,
the law allowed them fatisfaction ; (Strabo, lib. 10.)
During the time they aflbpate'd together, nothing
contrary to the ftrideft laws of virtue paiTed between,
them ; (Maxim, Diff. 10. Strabp, lib. 10.)
Among the Spartans, this pradice was carried
to a higher pitch of noble generality, infomuch
that whoever exceeded the flrict rule of modefty,
the laws condemned him to difgrace ; by which he
was deprived of almoft all the privileges of free
denizens ; (Plutarch. Apofh. Xenoph de Rep. Laced.
Plutarch. Inflit. Lacon.) The fame practice was
allowed the women toward their own fex ; (PIu~
larch. Lycurg.) If the boy committed any offence,
the patron fuffered the punilliment of it; (Milan.
Var. Hi/I. lib. 13. Plutarch. Lycurg.) This at-
tachment did not ceafe with youth, but generally
through life ; (Plutarch. Cleom.) At Athens, this
attachment to boys was efteerned fo honourable, as
to be forbidden to flaves; (Plutarch. Solon.) The
Thebans encouraged this practice, to regulate the
difpofition of youth; (Plutarch. Peloptd.) The
fevere laws enacted againft immodeft indulgencies,
are a fuiiicient proof of the innocence of this cuflom;
for
37& GRECIAN ANTIQUltlES:
for the boys guilty of tranfgreffing them, were de-
clared infamous, and rendered incapable of public
employments, and the perfons who proflituted
them were condemned to die. The patron was
called by the Spartans, no-TmAof, iwnwi^s ; or f77r-
anAjjrj the favoured youth was called by the Thefc
falians ai'm?; (T/teocrit. Idyll, . v. 12.)
TOKENS EXPRESSIVE OF LOVE TO WOMEN".
Lovers infcribed upon every tree in the walks they
frequented, upon every wall of their houfes, upon
every book they ufed, the name of the perfon be-
loved; with the epithet X<*AJ or xaAo?; (Lucian^
Amat. Ariftoph. A earn. Euftath. Iliad . Ari
jtcph. Vefy.) They ufually decorated the doors
cf thofe they loved with flowers and garlands $
(Athena. Kb. 15.) they alfo made libations before
them, and fprinkled them with wine ; (Ariftoph.
SchoL in Plut. aft. i. fc. i.) When the garland of
any one was untied, it was a fign of being in love ;
(Athene, lib. 15.) as well as when a woman made a
garland 3 (Ariftoph. Thefmoph.) When their love
feemed unfuccefsful, they tried various arts to ob-
tain the affections of him they loved. Sometimes
they effected it by potions, called ^Xr^x $ (Juvenal.
Sat. 6. 600.) the operations of which were flrong
and dangerous, commonly depriving thofe who
drank them of their reafon : (Plutarch. Lucult.
< Cam. Nepos. Lucull.) Lucretius died in this
way ; and Caius Caligula loft his reafon by
the fame means ; (Stleton. in Call.) They were
compounded of feveral ingredients ; as, hippo-
manes, a piece of flefh upon the forehead of young
colts, cf a black or brown colour, in fhape and
like a fig, which the mares bite off as foon as
they
TOKENS OF LOVE TO WOMEN. 379
they are foaled ; from which if they are prevented,
{hey forfake their young ; (Ariftot. Plin. Colu-
well. Virg. Mn. 4- 5 1 5- Paufan. Eliac. a.
, Ovid. lib. i. Eleg. 8.) which is faid to be pe-
culiar to the Lufitanian mares; (Virgil, Georg.
3.271.) Some fuppofe hippomanes to be a plant*
(Theocrit. Idyll. 6. 48.) The tongue of the luyg,
a fmall bird, of what kind it is not fully agreed,
(Suidas. Tzetz. in Lycophr. 310.) was efteemed a
fovereign virtue in love potions ; (Pindar. Pythion.
Od. 4.) Sometimes the whole bird was fattened to
a wheel of wax, which they turned over the fire
till both were confumed ; thus inflaming the per-
fon. in whom they wiihed to create love. Others
interpret Ivy%, to be a mufical inftrument ; and
forne take it for all kinds of allurements. Several
herbs ; infe&s bred from putrid matter; fifh, called
the lamprey; the lizard ; the brains of a
; the hair upon the extremity of a wolfs tail;
and the bones of the left fide of a toad eaten by ants,
were fuppofed to inflame to love. The bones of
the left fide of a toad, when the flefti was eaten by
ants, were fometimes caft into a veflel of water,
in which thofe that funk, being wound up in
a white linen cloth, and hung about any one,
were faid to inflame him with love ; the bones on
the contrary fide, with hatred. Other parts of the
toad were ufed in poifonous compofitions; (Juven.
Sat. 6. 658.) Sometimes the blood of doves; the
bones of makes; the feathers of fcreech-owls ;
bands of wool twifted upon a wheel, efpecially
what had been bound about a perfon that hang-
ed himfclf, (Propert. lib. 3. Eleg. 5.) were ufed
ppon this occafion. There were alfo ofher ingre-
dients
3 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
dients of love potions : (Apuieius. Apolog.) There
were other forts, as, rags, torches, all relics which
Itad relation to funerals or dead bodies. Some-
times a neft of young fwallows was placed in a
veflel, and buried in the earth till they died ; when
they opened the veflel, thofe birds found with
mouths fhut, were fuppofed to be efficacious
to allay the paffion of love; thofe with open
mouths were fuppofed to excite it. For the fame
purpofe were ufed bones (hatched from hungry and
la venous bitches, becaufe they were fuppofed to
derive fome part of the eager defire of thofe ani-
mals into the potions j (Horat. Epod. 5. v. 14.)
They had other arts of exciting love : fome
thought the udder of an hyena, tied about the left
arm, would entice to their affections any women
they pleafed : others took WTU^, a fort of fmall and
ted- olives, or, as fome fay, barley bran, which they
caft into the fire, thus hoping to inflame love ;
(^heocrii.) Sometimes they ufed aAp*T, flour, or
tuAu/Aara ; (Sc/iol. in Theocr.) Sometimes they
burnt laurel, (Iheocrit.) or they melted wax to
ibftea the heart of her whom they loved. Some-
times they placed clay, with the wax, before the
lire, that as one melted whilfl the other hardened,
fbhe who then rejecled them might be rendered in-
capable of any impreffion from other charms, but
eafy of accefs to themfelves; (Virg. Eel* 8. v. 80.)
They were wont to imitate all thofe a&ions they
wiilied the perfon they loved Ihould perform. They
turned a wheel round, praying he might fall down
before their doors, and roll himfelf on the ground ;
(Theecrit.) They compofed an image of wax, and
calling, it by the name of the perfon to be inflamed
TOKENS OF LOVE TO WOMEN. 3 Si
with love, placed it near the fire, the heat of which
affected the image, and the perfon reprefented by-
it, at the fame time; it was bound, to intimate that
the thread of their affedions was tied j and they
ufually drew it rhree times round the altar; (Vir-
gil.) They fornetimes fprinkled medicaments upon
feme part of the houfe where the perfon lived ;
(^Theocritus.) Sometimes they contrived to get
into their pofiefiion fomething that belonged to
the' perfon whole love they defired. Sometimes
they depofitecl ^underneath the threfhold fome of
the pledges of their lover; (Virgil.) They alfo
tied three knots to unite the beloved performs a-
fedions with their own ; which number feemed,
above all other unequal numbers, to be grateful to
the gods. They alfo ufed. other incantations, as,
the form of verfes, (Virgil.) and herbs and minerals
ufed in other magical operations ; (Theocritus.)
The paffion when once raifed was difficult to
be allayed, and required more powerful medica-
ments ; (Horat. Ovid. Met. i. v. 52.1. Ovid, ds
Remed. Am.) Several remedies were prefcribed for
this purpofe; (Ovid, Met. 10. v. 397.) fuch as
agnus caftus, and the herbs unpropitious to gene-
ration : or by ufing fome occult means, fuch as
the fprinkling of the duft in which a mule had
rolled herfelf; (Pliu. Nat. Hlfl. lib. 30. cap. 16,)
the confining toads in the hide of a new flain bead 5
(Plin. Nat. Hift. lib. 32. cap. 10.) all the minerals
and herbs, which were efteemed amulets againft
other effe&s of magic ; (Propert, lib. i. Eleg. 12.)
Sometimes the infernal gods were invoked for their
afliftance; (/B. 4. v. 638. Si!. ltd. lib. 8.)
They were fuppofed to be cured of love, by wafh-
ing
3* GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
ing in the water of Selemnus, a river in Achaia j
(Paufan. Achaic.)
MARRIAGE;
The inftitution of marriage was introduced into
Greece at the time of Croups; (Schol.AriJloph. Pint*
773-) Some attribute the honour of its introduction
to Erato, one of the mufes. Marriage was efleemed
highly honourable in moft of the Grecian ftates, and
much encouraged by their laws ; (JElian. Var. PL
10. 2. Ariftot. CEcon. iii. and. vii.) The Spartans
were fevere againft thofe who deferred, as well as thofe
who altogether abftained from it; (Stob<zus 65 de
Laud. Nupt. Dinar ch. contr. Demqfth. p. 41.
Athena. 13. i. Pollux, 3. 4.) They were fubj eel to
fevere penalties for this violation of the law ; fome-
times compelled to run, once every winter* round
the public forum naked ; and to fing a certain fong,
proclaiming their infamy. They were fometimes
excluded from thofe exercifes, in which young vir
gins, contended naked \ (Plutarch. Lycurg.) Some-
times they were dragged round the altar by women,
who then beat them with their fids ; (Athene, lib.
1 3.) They were deprived of that refpect which was
ufually paid by the young to the old ; (Plutarch.
"Lycurg.) By the Athenian law, all commanders,
orators, or thofe intruded with public affairs, were
to be married, and have children, and eflates in
]and ; { Dinar ch. in Demofth.)
Polygamy was not commonly tolerated in Greece;
(Herodot. lib. 5.) although there are fome inftances
to the contrary ; (AuL Cell. No ft. Attic, lib. 1 5.
tap. 20. Diogen. Laert. Socrat. -Athene, lib. 13.)
Some however contend that there even were inftances
of polygamy i (Plutarch. Per id.)
The
MARRIAGE, $3
The Spartans were not allowed to many till they
arrived at full ftrength ; (Xenoph. de Repub* Lac.)
There was an old law to forbid the Athenians to
marry, till they were above thirty-five years of age;
(Cenforin de Nat. die, cap. 14.} Ariftotle thought
thirty-feven a good age ; (Ariftot. Pdit. lib. 7. cap,
16.) Plato, and Hefiod, thirty; (Hefiod. ^y, xa*
ijjK. .313. and 693.) Women married fooner than
men ; ( ArifiopL Lyjiftr.) fome of the old Athenian
laws permitted them to marry at twenty-fix ; Arif-
totle thought eighteen, and Hefted, fifteen, good
ages ; (Hefiod. tgy. xai up. . 316.)
The feafon of the year moil proper, according to
the Athenians, was during fome of the winter months,
efpecially in rotpuXwv, thus called for that reafon,
which anfwers to January; (Euftath.inlLv. tferenf*
Phormion.) It was moft convenient, when there hap-
pened a conjundion of the fun and moon, as thcy
then celebrated the feftival, called Qioyapix, mar-
riage of the gods ; (Schol. Hefiod. yp.) The time
of the full moon was efteemed propitious ; (Euri-
-pid.Iphig. Aul.v. 717. Pindar. Ifthm. .) becaufc
they had a high opinion of the moon's power in
generation. Different clays were prefcribed ; fome
fay the fourth was the moft convenient, becaufe it
was dedicated to Venus and Mercury ; (Hefiod.
7)jui. v. 36.) The moft unfit, were the fixteenth,
and the eighteenth.
They were forbidden to marry within certain de-
grees of confanguinity, (Euripid. Andr.v. 173.
Ovid. Met. lib. 9. v. 491.) asj brothers were for-
bidden to marry fifters; fons, their mothers; and
fathers, their daughters ; but nephews were allowed
to marry their aunts; uncles, their nieces ; (Herodot.
lib.
jfy GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
lib. 5.) The Spartans allowed marriages between
thofe who had only the fame mother, and different
fathers j (Phil. Judaus.) The Athenians were for-
bidden to marry fitters by the fame mother, but not
thofe by the fame father ; (PhiL Judx. lib. de Leg.
Spec. Plutarch. Themiflocl. Athena, lib. 12.
Plutarch. Cimon. Cornel: Nep. Cimon. Schol. Ari-
ftoph. Nub. 1375 .)
In moft of the Grecian ftates, citizens were re-
quired to marry citizens. Where a citizen married
a foreigner, their children were doomed to per-
petual ilavery. If a foreigner married a free woman
of Athens, any perfon might accufe him before the
thefmothetze, where, if he was convicled, they fold
him for a flave, and all his goods were confifcated,
one third part of them belonging to the accufer,
He who gave a foreign woman in marriage to a
citizen of Athens, pretending that (he was his own
daughter, was deprived of his privilege in public
affemblies, and of other rights belonging to him as
a citizen. If any man of Athens married a woman
who was not free of that city, he was fined one
thoufand drachms ; (Demqfth. in Near.) The fe-
verity of the old laws in thefe inftances was after-
wards fo mitigated, that the children of foreign
women enjoyed the privileges of free-born citizens.
Thefe laws were at different periods renewed and
repealed ; (Plutarch. PericL pemoflh. In Eubiil.) :
Virgins were not allowed to marry without the
confent of their parents -, (Mufeeus Hero. v. 179.
Euripid. Androm. Euripid* Iphig. in Aulid.) Men
were } not permitted to marry without confuting
their parents; (Horn. II. \. ^'.39. Cerent. Andr.
aft. i. fc. i.I/.r. i^i.Odyff. Z. 286. Ovid,
Met. iv. 60.) When virgins had no fathers, their
brothers
MARRIAGE. 3 g$
brothers difpofed of them; when they had no
brothers, their grandfathers - 9 when they had none
of thefe relations, they were put tinder the care of
guardians, called iTriT^oxoi or xvgw ; (Demofth. in
Stepk. ^eft.) Sometimes hufbands betrothed their
wives to other perfons upon their death-beds ; (De-
mqflh. Oral, in Aphob>) There were feveral forms
of betrothing; (Clem. Alexand* Stromat. lib. 2.) in
which fometimes the dowry was mentioned ; (Xe-
noph. Ku^oTT. lib. 8.) The perfons to be married
plighted their faith to each other, and to their re-
lations, (Achill. fat. lib. 5.) by the ceremony of
killing each other, or giving their right hands;
which was the ufual form of ratifying all agree-
ments j (Euripid. Iphig. in Aul. 831.) The The-
bans plighted their faith at the monument of lo-
laus, a lover of Hercules, and who was believed to
fuperintend the affairs of love ; (Plutarch. Pelop.)
In the early times, women were purchafed by
their hufbands, and married without portions j and
the prefents of the hufbands to the women's rela-
tions were called her dowry ; (Ariftot. Polit. lib. 2.
cap. 8.) But this cuftom was foon laid aiide;
(Euripid. Mad. 230.) Hence the eiTential differ-
ence between yuvi and TTAX*X, wife and concubine;
wives always having dowries, which the latter never
had j (Platttus Trinum.) Hence thofe who married
wives without a fortune, commonly gave them f -
xwa, an inftrument of writing, by which the receipt of
their dowry was owned, which gave her a title to
greater freedom and diftinction j (Euripid. Andro-
ma<h. 147.^ This cuftom was afterwards difufed
at Sparta ; (Juftin. lib. 3. Plutarch. Apoph.
. Var. Hift. lib. 6. cap. 6.) All the dowry
c c permitted
386 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES*
permitted the Athenian wives was afterwards limit-
ed to a little furniture, and three fuits of clothes - t
left men mould be inclined to marry from intereft
rather than affection ; (Plutarch, Solon.) They
who had no fons were allowed to entail their eilates
upon daughters ; and every heirefs, called <7srixX^,
was obliged to marry her nearefl relation, left her
eflate iliould go out of the family : but, if her
hufband fhould be impotent, (he might cohabit with
his neareft relation. The hufbands of heireffes were
obliged to cohabit with them thrice every month;
(Plutarch. Solon. Euftatk. in II.) When there
were any orphan virgins without inheritance, who
were called 0i<r<rat, he who was next in blood was
obliged to many her himleif, or fettle a portion on
her according to her quality : if he was -3rVTaiw<no/4-
*pdf, one of the firft rank, five minae or 500^
drachms : if ITTTTW, of the fecond rank, 300 drachms :
if 171?, of the third rank, 1 50 drachms. If fhe
had many relations equally allied, they all contri-
buted in equal proportions; or if there were more
than one virgin, their neareft kinfman was only
obliged to marry or give a portion to one of them.
If he refufed, he was liable to a fine of one thoufend
drachms, which were confecrated to Juno, the god-
clefs of marriage ; (Demojlh. Oral, ad Mac. c-
rent:Phcrm. aft. i.fc. 2. AR. 2.^.3.)
When money became afterwards more plentiful,
the dowry given by thofe of the firft rank was in-
creafed to ten min^, (Euftath. 1L 0.) and others
in proportion. When virgins had no relations,
and who had defcended from men who had been
tifeful to the Rate, they were portioned by the pub-
lic; (Plutarch. Arijiid.) The leve of money after-
wards
M A R R I A G K. 387
Wards became their guide in marriage, (Plu+
tarck. Lyfandr.) rather than any other commenda-
ble qualifications. Before the ufe of money was
common, virgins brought to their hufbands eftates,
(beep, oxen, &c. ; hence they were frequently called
<*Apr<noii ; (Euflath. in II. .) In Crete, fitters
received half the (hare of their brothers -, (Plutarch*
Lyfand.)
To give a woman in marriage was called syyvocv,
(Demofth. in Ner. p. 528. Milan. Far. Hift. vi.
4.) ^if-yyuav, (Pollux, 3. c. 4.) xarcyyp&v, (Eur'lpld,
Oreft. 1675.) Woven, (Horn. //. r. 291. Demojlh.
in Near. p. 5-28.) and afpoguv 9 (Eurlpid. Elettr.
24.) The betrothed man gave to the betrothed
woman, as a pledge of his honour and love, a pre-
fent named a^a, (Aul. Cell. 17. 2.) ?, (Me-
nand. Fragjy. ex incert. Com. Ifaus Graf. 7 de Cir.
Her edit. p. 513. Plant. Mil. Glorios. iv. i. n.)
tfoov, (Horn. II. TT. 190. Odyjf. Z. 159.) and
pvy,rfof ; (Hefych. Periz. ad. Milan, iv. i.)
The dowry was named ?r^oij, /*iA*, and <po^v^ ^
(Eujiatkius.) When the wife brought a dowry,
the hufband commonly made a fettkment to pro-
vide for her in cafe of death or divorce, which was
called airdT^Ji/**; (Hefychius. Pollux. Suidas;
Harpocration.) fometimes avriftpi, a recompencc
for her dowry, or w*-ooAo* from t7roA;uy, given in-
ftead of a dowry. Where no fuch fecurity was given,
hufbands, who were divorced from their wives, were
obliged to return their dowry. Their heirs were
bound to the fame, if they refufed to maintain the
wives of thofe whofe eftates they inherited ; (Horn.
Ody/.^.v. 132.) It was a cuflom at Athens,
that if the hufband's eftate was confifcated, the
c c 2 dowry,
388 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
dowry of the wife fhould be afiigned to her. He
who did not refbore to his divorced wife her dowry,
was obliged to pay nine oboli every month for in-
tereft during the time he retained it. If he neg-
le&ed this, an action, called c-ms &x, was pre-
ferred againft him in the odeum by the woman's
guardian ^ (Demojlh. in Near.) One minx, or 100
drachms, brought an intereft of fix oboli every
month. The payment of the dowry was attefted
by witnefTes, and on a written inftrument called
W^QIXW*. If the woman died without children, her
dowry was repaid to the perfon by whom me had
been endowed ; (Ij f a. Orat. de Har. Pyrr.) and if
the woman's fons came of age whilft Hie was living,
they enjoyed the dowry, allowing her a competent
maintenance j (Demofth. in PJuenipp.) Whatever
wives might bring to their hufbands, over and
above their dowry, were called vx^o^vx iTnw^oixoir,
iTn^aAia and ctt7rouca.
Before their marriage, the men provided for
themfelves a houfe; (Hefiod.iy.$. 23. Tfieocrit*
Horn. II. (3. 700. Valer. Place, lib. 6. CatuIL
Epig. ad Mall.) Hence widows, whofe hufbands
died foon after marriage, are faid to be left widows
in a new-built houfe ; (Horn. II. % . 66.)
The Athenian virgins were prefented to Diana
before it was lawful for them to marry -, which cere-
mony was called afxrita, the virgins themfelves
a^xTct ; and was intended to appeale the goddefs,
who had been incenfed againft fome Athenians
for killing a bear. Virgins were wont to pre-
fent balkets full of little curiofities to Diana, to
gain leave to change their ftate of life ; CTheocrh.
Idyll. . 66.) This was called xan^c^y, and the
virgins
MARRIAGE. 3*9
virgins xavn^cf 01, from the bafkets they carried. In
fome places, perfons of both fexes, before their
marriage, offered (acrifice to Euclia, or, as fome fay,
Diana : (Plutarch. Ari/tid.) Sacrifices and prayers
were offered to her, becaufe (lie might be appeafed,
as a married life was odious to herj (Eurip. Iphig*
in AuL i no.) Thefe were called ya/wiAioi fv^*,
iroyjt/*a, Tj^oTfAfiOJ w^ai, or irfonXtiot, ; (Euftath. in
II. |3. Euftath. in ll. /*.) Married perfons were
called rcXcioi, (Bifet. In Arifivpk.'fhefmcph.) and were
faid to be i (3*w nxnta.
The gods of marriage are fo called, as Jupiter
nAfiof , Juno, TiXna i (Suidas.) Sacrifices and other
devotions were paid to them before the marriage,
which were the fame as thofe offered to Diana ;
thofe to Juno were called Hf arAfi<*, from her own
name H^u. It was not allowed a virgin to marry,
till flie had paid her devotion to Minerva in her
temple in the citadel ; (Suidas.) She alfo invoked
Venus, and the reft of the ytxpvXtoi 9toi, gods fuper-
intending marriage; (Hefychius. Suidas.) At
Sparta there was an ancient ftatue of A^o^m H^a,
Venus Juno, to which mothers, whofe daughters
were about to marry, facrificed ; (Paufan. Laconic.)
The ancient Athenians paid the fame honour to
Heaven and Earth, which were believed to have
particular concern in marriages ; (Proclus. in Tim*.
Platon. Com. 5.) The fates and graces received
alfo the fame homage ; (Pollux ', lib. 3. cap. 3.)
The day upon which this ceremony was performed,
was ufually that preceding the day of marriage i (He-
fychius.) which was commonly called y*pjA*, xa^i
*if,from the cuftom of (having upon thefe occafions 9
(Po/fax, lib. 3. cap. 3.) and prefenting their hair to
c c 3 fome
3gp GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
fome deity who prefided. over marriage; (Pollux^
lib. 3 .cap. 3. Lucian. de Dea. Syr. Paufan. Attic.
Stat. <fheb. 2. Euripid Bath. 594.) The hair
was called. TTAOX^O? fytTrrvgw, becaufe prefented to
a god who had the care of their education ; as it
was alfo ufbal to offer a lock of hair, when they
arrived at maturity, which was, moft frequently, to
Apollo; (Plutarch. hef.) fometimes to the deities
of rivers ; from an opinion, that every thing was
produced from and nourifhed by water. Hence
the term, ^or^og, applied to watery deities;
(Euftath. in II. $.) It is certain that they were
accuftomed to preferve their hair, as a grateful of-
fering to thefe deities for their prefervation of them
in danger; (Horn. IL $. v. 140.)
The parents or relations, before the marriage,
offered facrifices to other gods who had fome care
in thefe affairs, called irpyaptux, and v^ors^na ;
(Euripid. Iphig. in AuL 718.) When the victim
was opened, the gall was taken out, and thrown
behind the altar, (Callus Rhod. lib. 28* cap. 21.
Plutarch, de Conjug. Precept.) as being the feat of
malice and revenge, and the averfion of thefe
deities. The entrails were examined by the footh-
fayers ; and if any unlucky omen happened,
the contract was diffolved, and th nuptials pre-
vented. If any ill omen occurred, without re-
ference to the victim, the marriage was prevented ;
(Ackill. Tat. lib. a.) The moft fortunate omen
which could appear, was a pair of turtles, indicating
lincerity of affection ; or the appearance of xowy*,
crows, which were thought to promife long life
from the length of their own lives, and the duration
of their love ; when one of the mates dies, the other
always
MARRIAGE. 39
always remains folitary j (Alex, ab Alex.) Hence
the appearance of a fingle crow bod^d reparation or
forrow-to the married couple. It was ufual at this
time to write over the doors of their houie, ptfn
wro K*XW, let no evil enter; (Dio?en. Laert. in
Diogen.) None were admitted to this feaft, who
had not bathed, and changed their clothes; (Odyjf*
^ ^i.Z. 27. Ariftoph. Av. 1692.)
The garments of the bridegroom and bride were
of different colours, (Arijloph. Pint. $$>.} and were
ufuaily dyed, (Suidas, v. B7nra.) and, with their at-
tendants, richly adorned, accord ing to their rank, and
decked with garlands of various herbs and flowers ;
(Euripid. Ipkig. in Aul. 903.) The herbs were thofe
which ufuaily exprefFed fome alluiion to the affairs
of marriage, as thofe facred to Venus, or <n<ruj,w,
puxwv, <w*uov, &c. ; (SchoL inAriftopk. Pac.) cakes
made of fefame were alfo given at marriages, be-
caufe it was thought to be -rroAvyavof, remarkable
for its fruitfulnefs. Garlands of wild afparagus
were ufed, which, being full of prickles, but bearing
good fruit, was faid to referable the bride, who had
given her lover fome trouble in courting her af-
fedions, which (he afterwards recompenfed by her
pleafant converfation. The houfe, in which the nup-
tials were celebrated, was alfo decked with a wreath,
which was called repo; ya^Aioi/ ; (Bion. Idyll, i.
SchoL Artftoph. Av. 160.) a peftlc was tied upon
the door, and a maid carried a fievei (Pollux,
lib. ?. cap. 3.) the bride bearing ^v^frcv, f^uyrr^oy
or <p^jyi\rgov 9 (Pollux, lib. l. cap. 12. Hefy chins.) a
frying-pan, or an earthen veffel, in which barley
was parched ; to fignify that ilie muft attend to
houfchoid affairs.
c c 4 The
59 * GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES-.
The bride was ufually conducted in a car from her
father's houfe to her hulband's in the evening; this
Was called ay^-u/, or ayccrOa* ytwoiix/z ;( Sllidas.V.ZtvyQS.
Euftath. 1L . and \.~-GatulL Epithal.) fhe was
placed in the middle, her hufband fitting on one fide,
and his friend on the other, who was called w^op^o? :
the woman who waited upon the 'bride was called
ffci/UjUKpicf, Tr^^vu^ipof, (Hefyehius, v.
and W/*<PSUT*. When the bridegroom
had been married before, one of kis friends attended
the bride from her father's houfe, who was called vu/x-
(Suidas. Hefychim. - Pollux, 1$. 3.) or
Thofe were alfo fo called who afiifted in,
forming the match, and conducting the affairs of the
marriage; if women, they were called TT^V^^I^
Trfofv]Tiai,Scc. Torches were ufually carried by fer-
yants before the bride, when (lie went toherhufband's.
houfe; (Euripid. Helen. 728.- llcficd. Scut. Here,
v. ^75.) They were fometimes attended with
lingers and dancers ; (Horn. Iliad. |3. v. 490.) The
fong was called a^ar^iok /xAo?, from a^a, the Chariot
in which they rode ; the axletree of which they
broke, when they arrived at the end of the journey ;
by which $ they fignified that the bride was never to
return to her father's houfe. The Rhodians were
accuftqmed to fend for the bride by the public
crier j (Horn. II. 2. 491. 2>r. Adelph. aft. $.fa 7.
Evftath. in //. xO
When the bridegroom entered the houfe with
Bis bride, figs and other fruits were poured upon
their heads, as an omen of future plenty ; (SchoL in
Anjloph. Pint.) The day of the bride leaving her
father's houfe was called ^oc-^at^T^i*, (Suidas.
and celebrated as a fcftival, diftinft
from.
MARRIAGE. 393
from the nuptial fblemnity 5 which was kept at the
bridegroom's houfe, and began at evening, the time
of the bride's arrival, A banquet was prepared for
her reception, called yapo? ; (Horn. II. T,) hence
Jan* yot,pw, is to make a nuptial entertainment ;
(Horn. IL T. 2 99. Odyjf. $. 1 8.) it was prepared from
refpecl: due to the gods of marriage, who were in-
voked before; and that the marriage might be made
public, (Athene, lib. 5. cap. i.) as it wasufually at-
tended by a eoncourfe of friends ; (Cerent. Phorm,
aft. 4. fc. 4.)
During the folemnity, the gods of marriage were
honoured with mufic and dancing. Thefe fongs
were called D^VOHO* or ujuwt ; (Homer. Hefiod.
Terent. Adelph.) from the frequent invocations
made to Hymen, the god of marriage. Hymen or
HymencBus was an Argive, who was received into
the number of their gods, (Horn. Schol. IL v. v.
593.) on account of a generous action exhibited,
in delivering fome Athenian virgins from the viola-
tion of the Pelafgians. Some derive the word *
<rx v&uv, from married people living together j others,
from v/aw, the membrana virginalis.
During this entertainment there were feveral
ceremonies ; one of which was that of a boy, co-
vered with acorns and the boughs of thorns, carrying
a baiket full of bread, and fmging i$vyo xxxov, evgw
aptivov, I have left the worfe, and found the better;
which feemed to fignify, that a married life was to
be preferred to celibacy. The Spartans carried
cakes made in various figures, called xu*C*if, whilft
they danced and fung the praifes of the bride \( Athe-
na, lib. io.Hefych.)
When the dances were ended, the married pair
ivere conducted to the nuptial chamber, termed
394 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
japa, (Theocrit. Idyll. 27. 36.) xo-jciJW ^oi/xa, (Horn.
Odyjf. r. 850. Suidas. Harpocration.) JU^TIM,
( Pollux > iii. 3.) OaXa/AOf, and ny,?^ ; (Hefych. H-
fiath. //. y. MufaiiS) 280.) in which was the nup
tial bed, called Ar^o? xow&ois (Arijhph. PJ.IC. 84.4.)
jv>i vvpQtiu,- (Pind. Nem. OcL v.) xAuuj ^y,a-
i, and yafttxovj (Pollux, iii. 3. -- Meurs. Left.
Attic. \\. 9.) It was richly adorned, and the coverings
were ufuaily of purple, fD^ A 7 ^/. P^/. f/ ket. v.
1402.) and fhrewed with flowers j (Apollox. Argon.
4. 1141.) In the lame room there was ufuaily a
lide bed, called xAw wa^urff, (Htfychius. Pollux^
lib. 3. cap. 3.) Before they went to bed, the bride
wafhed her feet, (Ariftoph.. Pace.) with water, from
the fountain Emaxfsxo?, to called from nine cifterns
which it fupplied with water. It was once called
Callirhoe. The water was brought by a boy, near-
ly t related to one of them, and whom they cal-
led XBTgopofpjj (Suidiis. -Pollux i lib. 3. cap. 3.)
The bride was attended with feveral torches ;
(Libantus Dec/am. 38.) round one of which the
mother of the bride tied the lace which fhe took
from her head; (Senec.Theb. v. 505.) At this
folemnity, if was thought a misfortune, if the rela-
tions did not attend^ and it was a cuftom, that
the mother fliould light the torches when her fon's
wife entered, the houfe ; {Euripid. Ph^nijs. v. 339.)
The mother of the bride fometimes performed. this
office; (Euripid. Iphig. in Aid. 731.) When the
married couple were (hut up together, according
to the Athenian law, they were obliged to eat a
quince ; (Plutarch. Solon. Id. in Cottjiig. Precept.)
The hufband then looted the girdle of his wife ;
hence Autiv WMJK, is to deflower, and yuv>j Auo-i^wvof,
a womaiji
MARRIAGE. 395
a woman who has loft her virg'mity. This girdle
was not worn only by virgins, but ufed fometimes
after marriage, to fecure them from the attacks of
feducers; (Nonnus,.lib, 12.) Girls were called
uproot, not having a girdle, as not being yet arrived
at maturity. The young people flood without the
door, dancing and linging longs, called *7n0a-
>.auia,from 0x#uof, the bride-chamber, y and making
a great noiie, which was called xruTna or xruTno* ;
(Hefyckius.) One of the bridegroom's friends flood
at the door of the chamber, who was called 0uf ug o? ;
(Pollux, lib, 3. cap. 3.) All the longs were called
Tpivfciof, and celebrated the praifes of the young
.couple y (Theocritus.)
In the morning the friends returned, faluted
them, and fung 7n9*Aa/xa sy^-nxa, becaufe they
were defigned to awake them. The . fong which
they fung the preceding night, was called *7n0aAa/*a
xojjcfcurixa, which was intended to difpofe them to
ileep; (Theocritus.) The folemnity continued for
fsveral days. The day before the marriage was
called -jr^ouAjas, from auA*io"6<x> ro> i/u/^.(j)iw, to lodge
with the bridegroom. The day of marriage was
called <ya/Aoi ; the day following, iri^c, (Pindar.)
fignifying a day added to the ceremony. Others
call it ?ra7j, (Hefychius.) from TraXtv, a renewal of
the ceremony. Others call it *7rauAt. The thircl day
was called awauAia, becaufe the bride, returning to
her father's houfe, feparated from the bridegroom :
others fuppofe it to mean the ievcnth day of the
marriage; (Hefychius. Suidas. Phavorinus. &c.)
On the day called aTrauAia, the bride prefented her
bridegroom with a garment, called HiroMhtTv^s* :
gifts, on that day, were alfo prefented by the friends
and
396 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
and father of the bride, fometimes called
fometimes *7rauAia ; which chiefly confifted of golden
vefTels, beds, couches, ointment-boxes, and utenfils
for houfekeeping, which were carried by women in
great pomp to the houfe ; they followed xwnpofof,
a perfon carrying a bafket, before whom went a
boy, dreiTed in white, with a torch in his hand.
The bridegroom and his friends gave prefents to the
bride, called avK\,\tvr^iak ', (Suidas,) hence the
third day has been called awtxaAuTTTj^iov, becaufe
the bride then appeared unveiled : they were alfo
called 0f&> HT<X, o7TTjia, &ifn/*at, and TrgQe-zQiyxTygi*,
becaufe the bridegroom might then freely converfe
with the bride. Before marriage, it was ufual for
virgins to wear veils, which were called XAAUTTT^OV or
xaAuTTT^*, which they never ceafed to wear, in the
prefence of men : (Euripid. Phaniff.)
DIVORCES.
The Spartans feldom divorced their wives -,( Hero-
dot Jib. 6. cap. 63.) It was very difficult for a woman
to feparate from her hufband ; (Euripid. Med. 230.
Plutarch. Alcibiad.) When a feparation of the men
from their wives took place, it was called xAAni/,
awoir/A7rfiv, otTroAufiv ', but when the wives left their
hufbands, it was called a7roX7ri*v. Sometimes both
parties agreed to diflblve the union ; when each
might choofe a fecond mate ; (P hit arch. PericL
Plutarch. Dsmetr. Faler. Max. lib. c. cap. 7.
Strab.Geogr.lib.>].) It feems to have been not
unufual to borrow the wives of one another ; (er-
tuJLApol.cap, 39. Plutarch. Lycurg.) even flrangers
were allowed this liberty ; (Nicolaus de Morib. ap
Stoba.) Other adulteries, which were not founcU
ed
DIVORCES AND ADULTERIES. 397
ed upon mutual confent, were deemed the mod
heinous crimes, and feldom committed ; (Plutarch.
Lyturg*)
ADULTERY.
The punimments inflicted upon adulterers were
of various forts; in the early ages, this crime was
the caufe of war and bloodfhed; (Herodot.lib. i.~
Lycophr. Caff'. 1291.) Offenders of this kind were
fometimes Honed to death ; (Horn. II. y.) Rich
men were allowed to redeem themfelves with mo-
ney, which was called ^oi^xy^x, and paid to the
hufband of the adultrefs ; (Horn. Odyff. 0. v. 329.
354.) It was ufual for the woman's father to re-
turn all the dowry he had received of her hufband;
(Hom.Odyff. 0. v. 317.) Sometimes the adulterer
was punimed with the lofs of his eyes; (Servius in
Mneid. Apollodor. lib. 3. Lycophr. Ca/. $11.
Valer. Max. lib. 6. cap. 5.) In Crete, they covered
the adulterer with wool, as an emblem of effemi-
nacy ; and thus he was carried to the magiftrate's
houfe, by whom he was deprived of his civic
rights; (Callus Rhodig. lib. 21. cap. 45.) The
punimments of this crime at Athens feem to have
been left to the difcretion of the magiftrate ; (Pau-
fan.Baot. Eeradid. dePolit.Athen.)'by the laws of
Draco, they were left at the mere}' of the perfon who
caught them ; (Paufan. Boeotic. Demqflk. in Arijto-
crat. Plutarch. Solon. Lyfjas. Orat.) By the laws
of Solon thofe who caught adulterers, had liberty to
caftrate or murder them. A man who ravifhed a wo-
man was fined one hundred drachms; one who en-
ticed her, twenty ; (Plutarch. Solon.) he who forced a
free virgin, one thouiand drachms; and whoever de-
flowered
398 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
flowered one, was' obliged to marry her ; (PL,
Aulul.) But if the virgin or her mother had ac-
cepted any prefent from the man, me was confider-
ed as a common harlot ; (Terent. Adelph. aft. $.fc*
2.) When any one was detained in cuftody on
fufpicion of adultery, he might appeal to the thefmo-
thetx, who referred the catife to proper judges, and
they, if he was guilty, might impofe what punifh-
inent they pleafecl, except that of death ; (Demofth.
in Near.) There was a remarkable punifhment
for this crime, called Tr^amA^tof or &$&vifq<nf ; hence
they were called fwrfoixret ; (Juven. Sat. 10. 3 1 7.) The
poor only were thus punifhed ; the rich might fatisfy
with a fine; ; (Schol. in Ariftoph. Plut. aft. i.fc. 2.)
Women thus offending were treated with the ut-
moil feverity. If any one detected his unmarried
fifler or daughter in this crime, he might fell her
for a Have; (Plutarch. Solon.) Adulterefles were
forbidden to adorn themfelves with rich clothes, or
to vifit the temples $ and their hufbands were for-
bidden to cohabit with them, on pain of a-n ( u;,
infamy ; (Demofth. Orat. in Near.) but thofe who
proftituted women, were adjudged to die; (Schol.
.Ariftop/i. Pint. 168; Nub. 1079. Suidzs.)
CONCUBINES.
Concubines were called -8-aXAxt&f, and were
ufually captive women, or bought with money, and
always inferior to wives. They were permitted to
keep as many as they pleafed, without offence. Yet
the wives envied their huibands this freedom; (Horn*
Odyff.*. 433. 11. /.447 Sense. Agam. 995.) Har-
lotswere as common as concubines; and the ufe of
* them
CONCUBINES ANB HARLOTS. 399
them was not deemed immoral -, (Terent.) They
were allowed to go publicly to thofe who hired
them j (Plutarch. _Solon. -Philem. Delphi*. Horat.
lib. i.fct. 2. $i.Cicer. Orat. pro M. C<tL) Se-
vere penalties were impofed upon thofe who defiled
women, citizens of Athens, yet foreigners had the
liberty of keeping public {lews, and thefe harlots
were called *, ftrange women. In early times,
harlots never went unveiled, nor were they allowed
to proftitute themfelves within the cities ; (Chryfipp.
At Athens, they chiefly frequented the ceramicus,
fciros, and the old forum, in which flood the temple
of Venus TiWujmof, where they we re permit ted to prof-
titute themfelves j as well as in a certain forum in the
haven Piraus, called ro /xaxf a ; and this was called
(Pollux.) In other ports there were feveral ftews.
In fome places harlots were diitinguifhed by their
apparel; (Clem. Alexand. P*dag. lib. 3. cap. 3,
Athene, lib. 12.) It was forbidden to derive the
name of a harlot from any of the facred games ;
(Athene.) At Corinth, there was a temple of
Venus, where beautiful damfels were prefented to
her, who were maintained in the temple, and profli-
tuted themfelves for hire ; (Strabo, lib. 8.) Hence
o*0i*i* f to act the Corinthian, is fraifmip, to
commit fornication ; (Hefychius.) Thus alto were
ufed A<r*afii/, Ai-*av, and ^OWKJ^UV ; the Lefoians
and Phoenicians being famous for this \\$i(AriflopK.
Plut. aft. i. fc. 2.) Sometimes by their beauty
they raifed confiderable eflates, and fometimes de-
voted their leilure hours to fcientific ftudies, fre-
quenting the fchools of philofophers^that they might
render
400 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES*
render their converfation more agreeable to parti*
cular pcrfons; (Plutarch. Per id. Athene, lib. 13.
cap. $.)
EMPLOYMENTS OF WOMEN.
Women were feldom feen by any except
their own family; when in the houfe they were
feldom to be feen, and when they travelled, they
were fhut up in a clofe vehicle; (Plutarch. The-
miftocL Cornel. Nepos. Prxf. in Vit. Imp.) For
this purpofe the Grecian houfes were ufually di-
vided into two parts, in which there were difiinct
apartments for the men 'and women. The part in
which the men lodged was towards the gate, and
called avfyw or aK^wvm? ; that afligned for the wo-
men was called yumixuv, ywaixwvm?, or ywaixwirii?,
and was the moft remote part of the houfe, and
behind the auXu ; before which there were apart-
ments, called * o<ty*os, and Tr^oauXiov ; (Horn. II. .
v. 242.) The chambers of the women were called
rryfot $*A*juo<, as placed at the top of the houfe,
(Horn. //. 7.^.423.) to which they afcended by a
ladder or x^a; (Homer. Euripid. Ph<enifs. 103.)
Thefe rooms were fometimes called w, w*, or
vrff , from w, eggs ; hence they were faid to have
been hatched, when they were born in one of thefe
chambers. The women, whether virgins or widows,
were confined within their lodgings : their apart -
' ment was called j0vwr, and guarded with locks
and bolts; (Euripid. Iphig. in Aid. ^.738.) They
were fometimes fo clofely confined, that they could
not pafs from one part of the houfe to another with-
out leave ; (Euripid. Phxn. v. 88.) New married
women were almoft under as Uriel: a confinement as
virgins *
EMPLOYMENTS OF WOMEN. 40*
virgins; (Andromach. v. 876. Stobaus Serm, 72.)
When they had once brought forth a child, they
were not under fo ftrict a confinement ; jealous
nufbands indeed kept their wives in perpetual con-
finement; (Ariftoph. Thefmoph.) It was always
thought indecent for women to go much abroad ;
(Euftath. in //. Plutarch, de Prec. Connub.)
and, when they did go, they veiled their faces;
(Hom.Odyff. o. v. 208.) but the veil was fo thin,
that they might fee through it ; (Euripid. Iphig.
*Taur. 372.) No wife or matron was allowed to
go from home with more than three garments;
nor to carry with her more, meat and drink than
could be purchafed for one obolus, nor a bafket oi
more than a cubit in length. They were not al-
lowed to travel in the night without a lighted torch
before their chariots. It was afterwards decreed
that no woman fhould appear in public undrefled,
under the penalty of 1000 drachms. The officers
who executed this law were called yvvot,Movop<n and
yui/cuxo<rjuu>t ; and a tablet, containing an account of
the fines thus incurred, was publicly expofed in
the ceramicus, (Athene, lib. 6. cap. 9. Pollux, lib.
8. cap. 9.) upon TrAa-nm?, a plane tree, which
flood there ; (Hefychius. Euftath. in II. x.) It was
ufual for women to have attendants, (Horn. Odyff.
c.) who feem to have been grave and elderly, who had
the care of their education, and were companions
to them at home and abroad : they were called
Tfo<poi. Sometimes old men attended them, (Euripid.
Iphig. four.) and fometimes eunuchs, who performed
the offices of maids ; (Terent. Eunuch, act. i.fc.2.
Ammian. Mar cell. Hift. lib. 14.) It was the em-
ployment of women, in general, to draw water, to
keep fheep, and to feed cows and horfes ; (Horn. [L
DP 9. V.
4 o* GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
0. v. 185.) to fpin, weave, and to work all forts of
embroidery ; and they had apartments in their
houlcs ufed for this purpofe, as ywxwiov, i?w 0Aa-
jtxof, TaAatns^yo? ojxof, &c. . The management of the
provifions and other houfehold affairs was commit-
ted to their care, according to their rank and con-
dition. The conduct of the Spartan women was
different to that of other women of Greece. Their
virgins went abroad unveiled, their married women
veiled; '(Pint. Apoph. Laconic.) the virgins exer-
cifed themfelves in running, wreftling, throwing
quoits, and cafling darts ; they appeared, at their
folemn feflivals and facrifices, naked as well as the
men, obferving much modefly in their dancing and
Tinging ; (Plutarch. Lycurg.) which cuftom after-
wards tended to encourage the indulgence of vicious
habits 5 (Plutarch. Num.)
WOMEN IN CHILD-BIRTH.
Thofe who wiflied to have children, made ample
prefents and offerings to the gods, called T^Towar^ff,
or TiT07rTi?, the third fathers, who were thought
to have the care of generation. Some fuppofe
thefe to prefide over the winds, (Suidas.) and that
their names are Amaclides, Protocles, and Proto-
cleon : others underfland, that they are the winds
themfelves : others call them Cottus, Briareus, and
Gyges, and that they were the fons of Ou^a^o? and
F!, Heaven and Earth ; (Suidas. Hefy chins. Pha-
vorinuS) &c.) The goddefs, who took care of wo-
men in child-birth, was called EAfi0u*, or EtAtjOuna,
fometimes ExcuOw; (Nonnus Dionys. 'Theocrit. Idyll.
.) who was alfo ftyled uhwv fTra^wyo?, uhvut
WOMEN IN CHILD-BIRTH. 403
f a, &c. : fhe was fometimes called <p<r-
, from bringing light. She was reprefented
with a lighted torch in her hand. Some call her
an Hyperborean, who came to Delos to affift La-
tona in her labour ; (Paitfan. Attic.) others call her
the mother of Cupid ; (Paufan. Bceotic.) and ftate
that (be was more ancient than Saturn, and the fame
with wMT]fc^, fate. Others make her the fame
with Juno, Diana, (Horat. lib. 3. Od. 23. Horat.
Carm. Secul.) the moon, (Cicer. de Naf. Deor. lib.
2.) &c. The daughters of Juno were employed in
the fame office, and bore the fame title j (Horn. IL
A. 269.) Diana is hence called Moyoroxoj ; (Theo-
crit.) Proferpina was alfo thought to have fome
concern for women in labour ; if fhe is not the fame
with Diana,- who was called in heaven SfAum, the
moon ; upon the earth, A^TS/AK, Diana; in hell,
Proferpina; and called by the terms,
$<r&off, Tf ij*o<poff, &c. ^They invoked
thefe goddeffes, that the women might be deliver-
ed without pain, which was thought a high mark
of divine favour, (Theocrit. Idyll. . 56.) and to be
conferred on none but the chafte and virtuous ;
(Plant. Amphit. aft. $.f. i.) They entertained the
fame opinions, when women brought forth twins ;
(Plant. Amphit. aft. $.f. i.) Women, at the time
of delivery, held ufually in their hands branches of
palm, as tokens of joy and an eafy delivery; (T/ieogn.
Gnom. v. 5. Horn. Hymn, in Apollin. v. 14.) The
Athenians at firft ufed none but nien -mid wives ;
but women were afterwards permitted to ftudy
phyfic, and to pra&ife this branch of it j (Hyginus.
Fab. 274.)
P D 2 INFANTS,"
404 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
INFANTS.
As foon as the child was brought into the world,
they wafhed it with warm water, in a veffel, called
Ao'jTfoi/; or anointed it with oil, in a veffel, called
pwAo?; (Callim. Hymn, in Jov. v. 14. Plutarch.
Lycurg. Lycophr. Caff, v. 319. Eurip. Ion. 1493.)
The Spartans bathed it in wine, to flrengthen and
brace it. The nurfes, called opqxzXyr.cpia, (Suidas.)
then cut the child's navel, and wrapped it in fwad-
clling bands, left its limbs fhould be disjointed; the
clothes were called a-Tragywu. Tlv Spartans did not
thus wrap their children ; who were accuflomed to
cat meats, and to bear early hafdfhips; (Plutarch. Ly-
citrg.) At Athens they were ufually wrapped in a
cloth, on which was reprefented the Gorgon's head,
becaufe it was defcribed in the fhield of Minerva,the
protectrefs of Athens, by which children were com-
mitted to her care ; they were fometimes placed upon
bucklers, that, when they grew up, they might be
induced to emulate generous and noble example^
(Theocr it. Idyll. KO.) The Spartans alfo obferved this
ceremony ; (Nov. Dionys.lib. 41.) They fometimes
placed the infants upon whatever might refemblc
their future employment in life, as upon implements
to winnow corn, called Atxi/a ; (Callimach. Sckol. hi
Hymn. Jov.J Sometimes they were placed on a
dragon of gold : which cuftom was inflituted by
Minerva, in memory of Erichthonius, one of their
lings, who had feet like thofe of ferpents, and,
being left expofed when an infant, was committed
by her to the euftody of two dragons; (Ewipid.
Ion. v. 1 5. 1427.) On the fifth day after the birth,
the midwives, having firft purified themfelves by
warning their hands, ran round the hearth, with
the
INFANTS. 405
the infant in their arms, by which they offered it
to the protedion of the houfehold gods, to whom
the hearth ferved as an altar. This day was hence
called Afoptufuv ypzo, or ApQifyopia.; and the pre-
ients given, were called ysvtQxioi JWrKj (Hefych.
JEfck.Eum.'j.) It was celebrated as a feftival;
and, on this day, they received gifts from their
friends. If the child was a male, the doors were
ornamented with an olive garland ; if a female, with
wool ; (Hefyckius.), The repaft confirmed of various
things, but of x^apSu, colewort, in particular, as it was
fuppofed to create milk; (Athene, lib. 9. cap. 2.
lib.i. cap.i$.) The feventh day was celebrated with
feftivities, on which day it was ufual to name the
child, which was called 6fy*EU<r9a. This ceremony
was fometimes performed on the tenth day; (Eurip.
in Fragm. Mg. 14. Barnes, ad Eurip. Elettr. 126.)
They fuppofed the child would now live, as infants
of a weak conftitution ufually die before the feventh
day; (Harpocrat.) The eighth day was fometime$
kept, and called yfvffottf ^^x 9 the birth day, be-
caufe it was celebrated in memory of the child's
birth. The fame day was kept every year during
the child's life ; (Cerent. Phorm. aft. i.fc. i.) Some
named their child upon the tenth day, and gave
their friends an entertainment, offering facrifices to
the gods; (Euripid. &g. Fragm.v. 14. Ariftoph.
Avib.) this was called ^exartjif 9um, JSKXTW 7ro0ui,.
&KOLTW eriour&i ; (Pollux ', lib. I. cap. I. Ariftot. Hift.
Anim. lib. J.cap t 12. HefycJmis.Swdas. Harpo-
crat. &c.) and by fome, ^<pi^o^i. When the
child received its name, the friends were prefent ;
and the name was ufually given by the father, who
had the liberty of altering it as often as he pleafed;
* Orat. adv. Boeot. vt^ wo^aToj.) it was
J> D 3 ufually
4 o6 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
ufually that of any anceftor, who was eminent or
illuftrious; (Schol. inDemqfth. Orat. de Mai. ob. Leg.
Plutarch. Cimon. Ar/ftoph. Avib.) This was a
cuilom of great antiquity; (Euflath. In Horn. 11 /.
Horn. II. . 399. Odyjf. r. v, 406.) Their own
actions, or other perfonal qualities, frequently gave
occafion to their names; (Senec. CEdip. v. 812.)
The fon of Achilles was called IIu^c?, from his ruddy
complexion, or the colour of his hair ; afterwards
NsoTTToAf/Ac?, from undertaking the management of
the Trojan war, when young; (Plutarch, Marc,
Coriol.) Sometimes they killed them, or expofcd
them to danger in fome defert place ; which was
called *>cTi0o-0aj, or awo-nO^a* ; (Eurip. Phanifs. 25,
Ariftoph. in Nub. 531 . Fan. 1221.) they were ex-
amined by certain perfons appointed for that pur-
pofe, who held their court at a place called A^i ; if
they were found healthy and well proportioned, they
were ordered to be educated, and a certain portion
of land applied for their maintenance ; if they were
weak and deformed, they were ordered to be caft
into a deep cavern in the earth, near the mountain
Taygetus , which place was called AxoQtrys . Daugh-
ters were mofl commonly thus treated. This bar-
barous cuftom was prohibited by the Thebans, who
ordered the children of thofe who were too poor to,
piaintain them to be educated at the public charge j
^nd when grown up, they were ufed as flaves $
(ALlian 7ar.Hifl.lib. 2. cap. 7.) Children were ufually
expofed in their fwaddling clothes, and laid in a
yeffel ; (Euripid, Ion. v. 16.) which is called or^axjv;
(Ariftopk. Ran.) or x UT ?q? ; (Hefy chins.) The
parents ufually put a collar, a ring, or a ftone, in the
pa&et in which the children were expoied, either
they might afterwards cijfcpvcr them, if they
furvivedj
RIGHT OF INHERITANCE. 407
furvived, or to encourage thofe who found them to
nourifh and educate them, if alive, or if dead, to
bury them ; thefe were called irt^fycuu and -yvw^o--
poc.; (Euripid. Ion. 26. and 1431. Cerent.
Heaut. aft. 4. fc. i.) Women, during their con-
finement in childbed, were confidered as polluted ;
(Iphigen. Taur. v. 280.^) When the fortieth day
came, they keptafeftival, called Tsa-o-aaaxoros; when
the woman, having been before purified by warning,
entered into fome of the temples, which before (he
was not allowed to do ; (Cenforin. de Natal, cap.
n.) here me returned thanks, and offered facrifices.
She prefented her garments to Diana, who was hence
called XITUM j (Schol. Callim. Hymn, i.) and after her
firfl child fhe offered her zone ; hence Diana was
called Au<7iwi/*i ; (Schol. Apollon.)
The Greeks brought up their children in their
own houfes, (Horn. II. TT. iqi. Odyff. Z. 201.^
and they were nurfed by their mothers; (En-
rip. Ion. 1360.^ women of the highefl diftindlion
did not neglect this duty ; (Horn. II. %. 83.
Odyff. A. 447.^ In fome cafes, nurfes were ad-
mitted into the houfe; (Ody/. r. $1. Ody/. *.
12.) and were called paia, (Horn. Qd. r. 482.^
TirOu, (Ariftoph. Eqittf. 713.^ r6jjvij, (II. Z. 389.
Suidas.) TiQwnri(>ot 9 T(>o(pot.
In the ftreet the nurfe ufed a fponge dipped in
honey, which fhe applied to the mouth of the child,
when it cried ; (Hefych. ad xuf *&> (Suo-^o-a.) To com-
pofe it to fleep fhe fung, AaAa, |3aux.aAav ; and thefe
fongs were called, j3vxA>jo-E?, (Hefych. Athene.
14. 3.3 and wwia. When this method failed, the
nurfe terrified it into quiet, with a figure called
(Ariftoph. 'Thefmoph. ^i^. Ac/iarn*
DP 4 582.
4^8 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES'.
582. Plant. Rud. aft. i. fc. 6.) hence the word,
tl (Hefych. Arijioph. Av.
CHILDREN.
There were children of feveral defcriptions ; as,
the r>u<no, lawfully born the NcOoi, born of
concubines, 01 o-xoriot, whole fathers were not
known, and 01 wa^ma*, whofe mothers were impure
before marriage, but were frill taken for virgins;
and 0Tot, adopted children, Thofe were reputed
legitimate children, who ^were begotten in lawful
marriage. If the father was a citizen, and mother
a foreigner, or if the mother was a free woman,
and the father a foreigner, the child inherited mofl
commonly the freedom of the city in which he was
born ; although it was afterwards enacted that none
fhould be legitimate who were not defcended from
free parents; (Ariflot. Politic, lib. 3, cap. 5.) which
law was afterwards enforced, or difpenfed with, as
occafion offered ; (Plutarch. Pericl. Schol. Arijloph*
Avib.) Left natural children fhould infmuate
thernfelves into the roll of free citizens, fevere fcru-
tinies were made in every borough, which were
called $i&4>v<piw$, (Harpocrat.) by which thofe, not
properly qualified, were ejected from the city.
There was alfo a court of inquiry about fuch per-
fons, held in the cynofarges, in the fuburbs of
Athens. Thofe who had only one free parent, were
deemed not of fo honourable a delcent, as thofe
whofe parents were both citizens 5 (Plutarch. The*
tnift,) Thofe of illegitimate origin were generally
confidered in a difgraceful fenfe ; (Horn. 11 0. v. 28 1,
. Ajac, v 1250. Euripid, Ion* v. 589.)
RIGHT
RIGHT OF INHERITANCE. 40$
RIGHT' OF INHERITANCE.
If there were no legitimate children, nor relations,
the baftards in fome cafes inherited the father's
property , (Demoftk. Oral, in Macart. Ariftopk*
Avib.) In any cafe, baftards were not excluded
from fome ihare of their father's property. They
were at firft allowed 500 drachms, or five Attic
pounds, which were termed votaa, a baftard's por-
tion ; (SchoL Ariftoph. in Suidas. v. votaa.) It was
afterwards raifed to 1000 drachms, or ten Attic
pounds. Their portion fometimes depended on
their father's pleafure ; (Sopater.) Where there
were no legitimate fons, the daughters inherited the
eflates, and were obliged to marry their neareft
relations, or to forfeit their inheritance. Thefe vir-
gins were called TrsoixA^m^W, TraT^p^c*, 7nxA?oi, and
[/.otvfcti, (Euftath. in //. u.) who, and their neareft
relations, were empowered to claim marriage from
one another; if either party refufed to confent, the
other preferred an action, which was termed n<Jx-
f<r0ai, which word was applied to other lawfuits:
hence inheritances, about which they applied to the
law, were called xAnfoyo/uai n&xi ; and thofe which
they quietly poflefled, were called avsirdmoti. It is
faid, that the neareft relation was obliged to claim
his wife with her inheritance in the archon's court,
if he was a citizen ; if only a fojourner, in the pole-
marchus's ; which was called *an^>c#<r0ai, and
might be done any month in the year, except in
Schirrophorion, the magiftrates being then employed
i<n fettling their accounts ; (Petit, in Leg. Attic.)
This law gave occafion to a comedy of Apollodorus,
entitled sTn^ixa^o/xci/oj, or TnJixao/*j/i ; ( < Terent
Phorm,) When men had given a daughter in mar-
riage,
410 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
riage, and then died without fons, the nearefl rela-
tion might claim the heirefs and the inheritance j
(Ifeus. Orat. de Pyrr. Hared.) They who had no
legitimate iflue, were allowed to adopt any others j
except thofe who were not mafters of themfelves,
xuio savruv ; as, Haves, women, madmen, infants
under twenty-one years of age, who were not allow-
ed to make wills, or to manage their eftates. If
the adopted perfon was a foreigner, he was made
free of the city. The name of the adopted perfon
was enrolled in the tribe of his new father, on the
feftival called ayr,Ata, in the month of that name.
In Sparta, adopted children were confirmed in the
prefence of their kings. They were called vaike
fit or iKnrowrot ; and ceafed to have any claim
upon the family to which they originally belonged ;
(Ifaus. dt H*red. Afiypk.) unlefs they firft re-
nounced their adoption ; (Harpocfation, Ifaus de
Hxred. Philoc. and Arift.) If the adopted perfons
died without children, the inheritance, which they
received, returned again. The Athenians forbad
any one to marry, after he had adopted a fon, with-
out leave from the magiftrate ; (Tzetzes. ChiL 6.
Hift. 49.) If they then married, the adopted
equally fhared with the legitimate children. It was
not unufual for legitimate fons to divide equally
by lot their father's eftates ; allowing a fmali por-
tion to thofe who were illegitimate ; (Horn. Odyjf.
%. v. 200.) Thofe, who had neither legitimate nor
adopted children, were fucceeded by their nearefl
relations ; (Horn. II. L v. 155.) who were called
^jwraj 3 (Hefychius. Pollux. Hefiod. ^fheogon.)
TESTAMENTARY
TESTAMENTARY WILLS. 411
TESTAMENTARY WILLS.
In fome ftates, liberty was given to the citizens to
difpofe of their eftates. By the laws of Solon, (Plu-
tarch. Solon.) men were permitted to beftow their
eftates on whom they pleafed, upon certain condi-
tions: ( I.) That they muft be citizens of Athens, not
flaves nor foreigners, whofe eftates belonged to the
public. (2.) That they muft be twenty years of age ;
under that age they could only leave by will one me-
dium of barley; (Ifeus de Hxred. Ariftarch.) (3.)
That they muft not be adopted. (4.) That they
fliould have no male children of their own. If they
had daughters only, the perfons to whom the inhe-
ritance was bequeathed were obliged to marry them;
(Ifeus Or at. de H#red. Pyrrhi.) Men were allowed
to appoint heirs to fucceed their children, if they
happened to die under twenty years of age; (De-
mojlh. Or at. 2. in Stephan. Tejt.) (5.) That they
fliould be in their proper fenfes, and have the full ufe
of their underftanding. (6.) That they mould not be
under imprifonment or conftraint. (7.) That they
mould not be feduced into it by the artifice or in-
iinuations of a wife ; (Plutarch. Solon.) Wills were
ufually iigned before feveral witnefles, who put feals
to them for confirmation, and placed them in the
hands of truftees, called fTn^nA^rai, who were com*
pelled to fee them performed. At Athens, the afty-
nomi or other magiftrates were frequently prefent at
the making of wills j ( I fans, de Hxred. Cleonym.)
When it was done in the prefence of the archons, it
was called <JWj? ; (Suidas. Harpocrat.) Hence Jsvat
and <Fia0<r9ai, are fometimes fynonymous ; (Ifetis.
and to fucceed xar JWi/ and
GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
<fc.*fer*' by gift and will, are oppofed to
by natural right. Sometimes the teflator
declared his will before fufficient witnefles, without
writing it ; (Plutarch. Alcibiad.) They began the
form of their wills, by wilhing for life and health ;
adding, that if they fhould be deprived of thefe
bleffings, their will was as followed Erat /* u,
ravra,
INHERITANCE OF HONOURS.
The rewards of honourable and valiant actions
were frequently inherited. Thefe chiefly confid-
ed in the public education of their children,
fuitable to their birth, if the parents died with-
out eftates. Lyfimachus, the fon of Ariilides,
received from the Athenians one hundred Attic
pounds of filver, with a plantation of one hundred
acres of land, together with the daily allowance of
four drachms -, Lyfimachus, leaving a daughter,
named Policrite, me was voted the fame provifion
of corn with thofe who obtained victory in the
Olympic games. The two daughters of Ariftides
were each of them allowed three hundred drachms
for their portions ; (Plutarch. Arijlid.) Children
alfo participated in the difgrace of the dimonoura-
ble actions of their parents; (Hom.<IL X. v. 138.)
By the Macedonian law, men guilty of confpiring
againft their king, fliould not only fuffer death,
with their children, but all thofe who were nearly
allied to them mould mare the fame punifhment -,
(Q. Curt, lib. 4.)
FILIAL DUTIES.
The children feem to have paid afliduous atten-
tion to their parents fometimes in the lowefl of-
fices -, as, by wafhing and anointing their feet j (Ari-
* Jloph.)
FILIAL DUTIES. 413
floph.) They were anxious to revenge the injuries
of their parents; (Horn. Odyff. y. v. 208.) and
to provide a comfortable fubliftence for their old
age, which was called yn^f&wxfw ; and to per-
form their funeral rites with decency; (Euripid.
Med. v. 1032. Euripid. Alee/lid, v. 662.) Even
when they undertook any bufinefs of danger, they
were accuftomed to engage fome of their friends to
maintain and protect them ; (Plutarch. Pelopid.
Virg. Mn. 9. v. 283.) This provifion was called
Tc<pta ', by the poets, fytTW^W, 6^27rT^a and Of ZTTTOC, ;
(Horn. II. $. v. 478.) To be carelefs in this mark
of affection was accounted a great crime, deierving
of divine vengeance ; (Hefiod. Op. et Dier. lib. i. v.
13.) The furies and other infernal deities were be-
lieved to be always ready to execute the curfes of
parents thus injured by their children; (Horn.
OdyJJ'. . v 134. Iliad. *'. v. 454. Plato ds
Leg. lib. n.) They were punilhed with a-n^a,
infamy ; (Laerthis Solon.) This penalty was alfo
incurred by thofe who had beaten their parents,
and other progenitors. When any one became a
candidate for the office of archon, if it appeared he
had not honoured his parents, he was rejected.
Children were not obliged to maintain thofe parents
who had neglected to give them fuitable education ;
(sEfchin. Orat. in tfimarch.) The fons of harlots
\vere under no obligation to maintain their parents ;
(Plutarch. Solon.) The difobedience and extrava-
gance of children frequently deprived them of the
care and property of their parents; (Demofth.in
Spud.) yet this was not allowed without a public
appeal to the magiflrates appointed for that purpofe,
where, if the charges againfl the children were al-
lowed, they were publicly proclaimed by the herald
to
4 i4 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
to be difhinherited -, which was called onrowg
vtov, and the perfon difhinherited was called
; (Uefychius.) It was alfo called
,' and to be re-admitted to the inheritance,
j TO yti/of. Parents were allowed
to be reconciled to their children, after which they
could never again renounce them ; (Lucian. Abdi-
cat. If aits, de Hared* Ciron ) When any one,
through old age or infirmities, became unfit to
manage his property, his Ton might impeach him
before the Qfurogss, men of his own ward, who
might inveft him with the immediate poffeffion of
it ; (Ariftoph. Nub. aR. 3. ft. i. Cicero de Senecl.
Schol. Ariftoph. Ran.)
MEALS.
There were four times of eating every day ; ( Atlie-
nx. lib. I. cap. g.) (i.) Axca-noy**, the morning
meal ; becaufe it was then ufual to eat bread dipped
in pure wine ; which was called GCMXTOV. This meal
was alfo called agirov ; (SchoL in II. (3.) and fometimes
howntrpogy the morning-meal. It was taken about
the rifmg of the fun. (2.) AsiTrvoi/, fo called, becaufe
after this meal, $n vovsn, it was ufual with them to
return to the war or other employments ; (SchoL in
Hom.Il.fi. 381.) (3.) AftAtj/ov, fometimes alfo called
<T7r^KTjota, the afternoon meal. (4.) AO^TTO?, the fup-
per, which was afterwards termed Jn-mj (Schol. in
Horn. IL |3.) Some call the times of eating, Ax^ano--
H*a, Agirovy EvrrsgKrpoi.) and ASITTVCV ; (Athena,) Others
enumerate only three meals in the day, and omit the
AaAjj/ci/; (Athene, lib. 5. cap. 4.) Others only reckon
two meals, aois-ov and JO^TTCJ; (Athene, lib. 5. cap. 4.)
and that the other words, with the ancient Greeks,
jncluded the fenfe only of thefe; (Odyjj\ |3. 20.
Plutarch. Sympos. 8. Odyjf. A. 414.)
ENTER-
ENTERTAINMENTS. 415
ENTERTAINMENTS.
Their meetings at entertainments were occafioned
by their devotion to the gods ; if they indulged
much in the ufe of wine and dainties, it was on
a religious account ; (Athene, lib. 5. lib. 2.) At
feflivals, they fuppofed the gods were prefent; (Ovid.
Faft. lib. 5.) and on thofe days refled from their
labour. They mofl commonly ufed moderation in
their drinking ; and, having offered a libation to
the gods, quietly returned home; (Athene, lib. 8.
cap. 1 6.) The tiXonrivn, fometimes called svca^a and
arvpGoXov fenrvov, was an entertainment given by one
perfon. The SQ&VOS, was given at the charge of all
who were prefent ; (Athene, lib. 8.) and was fome-
times called diacvs? ; and the guefls <ruj/9ta<noTat and
What they each contributed was called
i(r(pog& 9 xMTx&oXyy (TiyA^cA?) ; and the enter-
tainment was called &i?rm a-vptpogyrov, <rvfj,oX^&iov>
aTTO (rvpSoXyS) xxr&GoXiov ; fometimes TO sx. XOIPS, &c.
At Argos, it was called %uy. The perfons who col-
lected the charge were called wr*. Perhaps the
esnrvov (rvvot, e yu'yi[Aov or cui/ifcywyiof, may be the fame
with *(savo? ; (Athene, lib. 8.) The Swcva fTnJWt/Aa,
or s smhpuTu*, were entertainments in which fomc
of the guefls contributed more than their exact pro-
portion; which was called tteMovou. The ro euro
cTTi^iJc?, was, when any one having provided his own
fupper, put it into a bafket, and went to eat it at
t he houfe of another - 9 ( Athena, lib.%.) It is alfo faid
to allude to the cuflom of receiving in a bafket a
piece of filver, or fragments of meat inflead of a fup-
per; (Hefychms.) The ^>o, were generally mofl fre-
quented, as mofl apt to promote fociety ; (Hefad.
Qper. et. Dier. lib. 2. v. 340.) and condudled with
more
4 i6 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
more order and propriety; (Euftath. in Odyjf.u. 226.)
At public feftivals they were fometimes intemperate
and diforderly ; (Horn. Odyff. <*. v. 226.) The en-
tertainment called ya^rj^ was the fame as eiXirMt.
At the soavos, thofe who were prefent without join-
ing in the charge of the entertainment were called
a<ru/x?oA<H ; who were chiefly fingers, poets, or thofe
who were invited to entertain the company ; (Athe-
ne, lib. i. cap. 7.) Hence ourvpSoXot fometimes
means an ufelefs perfon ; (Plutarcft. Coriol.) There
were fometimes public entertainments, at which a
whole city or tribe were prefent, which were called
o-uo-o-iTja, iTKv$<MviKi> &c. or fometimes from the fort
of company, as <fyao9c:i/jat, $nw fapocux, and {JViuimxa,
?*Tx, puAfTixa. it was fometimes provided by
the rich, by contribution, or from the public trea-
fury. Thefe entertainments were conducted with
the greater! frugality and decorum ; at which per-
fons of ail ages were admitted. They were called
by the Cretans, ai^eia; by the Spartans, fw/m;
(Ariftot. de Repub. lib. 7. cap. 10. Plutarch. Ly-
atrg.)
FOOD.
The Grecians were at firft fatisfied with the fpon-
taneous fruits of the earth, and with the water from
fountains and rivers; (Lucret. lib. 5.) In early times,
the, moft common food at Argos was pears; at
Athens, figs ; in Arcadia, acorns, the people of
which country were hence called |3aAai/^ay0i, acorn-
eaters ; (Milan. Far. Hifl. lib. $.cap. 39. Lycophr.
Caff.v. 482.) Other nations of Greece generally
ufed acorns : hence the trees, which bear acorns,
were called payo*, from paysif, to eat ; (Ifidor. Orig.
lib. 17. cap. 7. Macrob. in Somn. Scip. lib. 1. cap.
10.) It was believed that they lived chiefly upon
acorns
fooi)* 417
acorns and berries ; and that the earth produced
corn without cultivation ; (Hefwd. Oper. lib. i. v.
1 1 6.) till Ceres taught them the art of agriculture 5
(Paufan. Attic. Ackaic. Arcadic.) The art of
making and baking bread was afcribed to Pan*
At firft, barley was ufed before any other, fort of
corn, (Artemid. lib. i. cap. *]i.Plin. Nat. Hi/I,
lib. 1 8. cap. 7.) as the food of men; which after-
wards was in ufe only among the poor, who could
not obtain other provifion.
Bread was called <x.%ro$, (Paufan.Arcad. 4.) which
fometimes meant meat and drink -, (Horn. 11. .341*
0. 507.) It was fometimes called <nroc; (Hef.toy.
146.604.) It was generally carried in a bafket, called
xaveoi/, and v-oivovi/ ; (Horn. Odyff. a. 147. tfheocr.
Idyll. 24. 135. JfLn. 1.705.) Their loaves were
baked either under the afhes, and then they were
called, cTrodtroti a^toi, ( Athena. 3* 27. ) tykpv(picti 9
(At hen*. 3. 25. Sttidas. Hefychius.) or in the
oven, x^ifrfcvw ; and then the loaves* were called
xiwa; (Athena. 3. 2.6.) and IVIHTW. The Greeks
had another kind of bread, named pg* 9 which
was made with a coarfer flour, fait, and water;
to which oil was fometimes added ; (Hefych.SchoL
Ariftoph. Pac. i. Atktnx. 14.) Barley meal was
alfo in much ufe, called aApn-ov ; (Eufiath. 11. A.
Suidas.) The portico at Athens where this meal
was fold, was called aApirwi/ roa, (Hefych.) and roa
aA<ptTo?rwAK ; (Ariftoph. Ecchs. 682.) The 0ov,
was a compofition of rice, cheefe, eggs, and honey.
It was wrapped in fig-leaves; (Schol. Ariftoph.
Equit. noo. and Ran. 134.)" The PVTTUTOV was
made wi^h cheefe, garlick, and eggs, mixed together;
(Schol. Ariftoph. Acharn. 173. Equit. 768.)
* E The
418 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
The poor made their bread hollow, into which
they put the fauce. It was called pwxxvi ; (Schol.
Ariftoph. Pint. 627.) hence the word /onruAAa<r0a j
(Ariftoph. Equit. 824.) The poor at Athens alfo
lived on garlick and onions ; (Schol. Arifloph. Pint.
819. and Equit. $97.) They had many forts of
cakes, as TTV^M^H^ (Schol. 1 Ariftoph. Equit. 277.)
<rn<r.*pff, (Ariftopk. Thcfm. 577 .) a^uXuj, (Arifloph.
iPac. 1 194.^ *T*a, ( Ariftoph. Achani. logi.J ^EAT-
rra, (Arifloph. Nub. 507. Pollux, J. 1 1 .) QIVOVTT*;
(Ariftoph. Pint. 1122.)
In early times, they wholly abftained from flefh,
(Plat. lib. 6. de Legib.) becaufe they thought it
unlawful to eat or to pollute the altars of the gods
with the blood of living creatures; (Porphyr.)
The firft of all animals ufed for food were fwine,
who were thought ufelefs for other purpofes; (Cicer.
lib. 2. de Nat. Deor.) For feveral ages afterwards,
it was held unlawful to kill oxen, becaufe they were
ferviceable for their labour. It was not ufual to
kill young animals, (Athena. Horn.) becaufe it
tended to the deftruction of the fpecies; hence,
when fheep were fcarce at Athens, a law was enacted
to forbid the eating of lambs which had never
been (horn 5 (Athene, lib. i .) They were accuftom-
cd in early times to road their meat ; (Servius in
jEn. i. 710) vwy feldom to boil it ; (Horn. I/. <p. v.
362.) In later times, at Sparta, they were frugal
and temperate ; they had in their 2wc<rm*, public
entertainments^ fimple and plain diet; the chief of
which was /cu*f wj*o?, black broth ; (Athena, lib.
4. tap. 6.) The poor fometimes fed upon grafs-
hoppers, and the extremities of leaves ; (Arijtoph.
Acharn. 1115.- Milan. Var. H/ft. JJ. 26. Ovid.
FOOD. 419
Faft. 4. 39 3-) The Greeks were lovers of filh ;
(Ariftoph. Ran. nooj They were fond of eels
dreifed with beet-root; which difli they called
*7X At? fvTTUTAa*&yxvai ; (Ariftoph. Acharn. 894.
Pac. 1014.^ They were alfo fond of fait fifh, of
which the jowl and the belly were their favourite
parts; (Schol. Ariftoph. Acharn. ybS.*- Athene 3.
33, Ariftoph. Equit. 1 244.,) They ate fweetmeats,
almonds, nuts, figs, peaches, and other fruits;
which they called r^wxra, (Milan. Var.Hift. I. 31 .)
TfxynpctTK, (SchoL Ariftoph. Plut. 190.^ tirmiriff
jwara, (Athena. 14. IO.) irspiAarot } (Athene. 14.
12 .) They called this part of the entertainment,
&UTI T^aTrs^ai, the fecond courfes ; (At hen*. 14.
10.^ They ufed Xa?, fait, in almoft every kind
of foodi (Horn. II. . 214. Plutarch. Sympos. 6.)
Any one who wifhed to cxercife the art of
cookery with unufual care was expelled the cityi
(Max. fyrr. Difll 7.) The Spartan cooks were
hence called etyoiroioi x^ew? /*oi/, dreffers of flefh
only i (Milan, lib. 14. cap. 7.) fome of the ancient
heroes dreffed their own provifion ; (Horn. II. *'. tf.
209.) Sometimes the xi^ux*? ferved as cooks;
hence the ancient cooks are reported to have been
0vnxu? c/wrfi0fy /killed in divination, and ^o*ravro
yajwwi/ *, 9uo-;oy, managed marriage feafts and facri-
fices ; (Athene, lib. 14. cap. 23.)
In later ages, the art of dreffing food was held in
better efteem ; in which the Sicilians were highly
prized; (Athena, lib. 14. cap. 23.) hence Zixriuxn
^ 7T^a, a Sicilian table, was ufed for one luxurioufly
fpread ; (Suida$.) The Athenian entertainments
were alfo very frugally given ; (Athena, lib. 4. cap.
12 .
420 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
3.) hence the term Arnxjiff, like an Athenian, is
to live penurioufly ; (Athene, lily. 4. cap. 5.)
LIQUORS.
Water, in the early ages, was the ufual drink : after-
wards hot fountains were in great requeft ; (Plato
Critia.->-Hom. Iliad %. v. 147.) It has been denied,
that they were wont to drink hot waters ; (Pollux, lib.
9. cap. 6. Athene, lib. 3. cap, 35.) which they
only ufed for bathing, unlefs preicribed by ph?-
ficians. Cold water was mod frequently drank,
and, to render it very cold, it was ufual for them
to temper it with ice, which they prefcrved during
the ftimmer, wrapped in ftraw and cloths; (Pin-
larch. Sympos. lib. 6. -Athene. Lib. 3. cap. 36.)
The invention of wine was afcribed by the Greeks
to Bacchus, to whom divine honours were paid on
that account. Wine was called owoq, it is faid from
OEneus, who firft difcovered the art of preffing
wine from grapes j (Nicander. Athene, lib. 2.)
Some fuppofe the vine to have been firft difcovered
in Olympia ; others, at Flinthion, in Egypt ; (Athe-
ne, lib. i.) It was the cuflom for matrons and
virgins to drink wine 3 (Horn. Odyjf. ^.) who were
fometimes cenfured on that account ; (Athene,
lib. 10.) It was ufual alfo for infants to drink it ;
(Horn. Iliad /. v. 484.) The wine was generally
mixed with water; (Athene, lib. i. cap. 2.) hence
cups were called x^ar^j, from the mixture made
in them; (Homer Odyff. a.) Some afcribe this
cuftom originally to Melampus > (Athene, lib. 6.
cap. 2.) others, to Staphylus, the fon of Silenus :
others fay, that Bacchus himfelf taught Amphyc-
tyon, king of Athens, the practice of mixing wine
and
LIQUORS. 421
. and water; who dedicated an altar to that god,
under the name of o^oe, becaufe they now began
to leave their entertainments o^oi, upright or fober;
he alfo enabled a law, that only wine, mixed
with water, fhould be drank at entertainments ;
which law was afterwards revived by Solon ; (Plin.
lib. 7. cap. 56. AtTien<. lib.. 1. cap. 2.) Some,, to
one veffel of wine mixed two of water, others to
two of wine mixed five of water ; or more or lefs
as they pleafed; (Athene, lib. 10. cap. 8.) The
Spartans boiled their wine upon the fine, till the
fifth part was confumed ; and began to drink it at
the expiration of four years; (Athena, lib. 10. cap.
7.) Sometimes they were accuftomed ax^Tfr^o*
mult, to drink wine without water, which they
called ric-*u9i<ra, to act like Scythians ; who were
much addicted to drunkennefs ; hence oMgaroinw is
commonly termed <rxu9tr TFWV or <rxu9o7mti/ : and
KXflarcTrotna, is called crxuOtni THXTJ?; (Athene, lib. 10.
cap.. 7.) The Thracians drank their wine unmixed
with water ; which they alfo frequently poured
upon their garments ; (Athene, lib. 10, cap. 9.)
hence G^axta Tr^ovrcxn?, the Thracian way of drinking,
was meant ax^aTOTroo-ta, drinking wine unmixed
with. water; (Pollux, lib. 6. cap. $.) It was the
cuftom of fome to perfume their wine, which was
then called woj ^u^ii/miff, (Mlian. Var. Hifl.lib. 12.
cap. 31 .) and fometimes /AU^V>]?, which Cgnines a
potion mixed with odours; (Hefyckius.) Several
other ingredients were mixed with wine ; as, fome.-
times aAipfTa, meal ; hence oivo? a7rijA^T^/*i>of, wine
thickened with meal ; (At hen*, lib. 10. cap. 9.)
They had many kinds of made wine, as, QMS
wine made of barley; and QMS C^TO?, palm-
E E 3 wine,
^ GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
wine, fometimes called oo? t^vrov. Oo$ was a
general name for all made wine.
They kept their wine in earthen veffels, called
xfH*ot?; (Horn. IL i. 465. Euflath. IL t. 387. ) or
in bottles, called *<TXOK ; (Horn. II. y. 247. Odyff.
Z. 78. (3. 343 J Old wine was in bcfl repute;
(Horn. Odyff. |3. 340. y. 391. Pind. Olymp. Od.
y.) The mofl famous wines were, Tr^a/xi^o^, (Wiof,
7u<ric?, x*o?, x^no-xuo?, fo&of, (Milan. Var. Hift. 12.
31.^ and jtca^wTUf; (Hom.Odyjf. . 194.^ They
fometimes mixed their wines with perfumes; (^Eli-
an. Var.Hift. 12. 31.^ The ancient Greeks drank
from horns of oxen ; (Euftath. II. v. 6.) They after-
wards ufed cups of earth, (Athene, n. 3.^ wood,
glafs, (Ariftofh. Acharn. j$.) brafs, (PoMux, 10,
26.^) gold, and filver's (Athene, n. 3.^ Their
names were chiefly,
j (Athene. I IJ
To- the pleafures of the table they added iinging
and dancing; (Horn. Odyjf. a. 152. &<?/. Ariftoph*
Ran. 1377.
INVITATIONS TO ENTERTAINMENTS.
He who provided the entertainment was com-
monly Called o f$"iotTwg, tfwv, %tiviuvy rns <rvins<riot{
nyjawv, (rvpTTOVis a^wv, <ru/X7rao-*a^oj, and by the
tragedians otxo^/xwi/, &c. The perfons entertained
Were Called ^aiTU/xovT]?, {JamAnj, fl-u^x?roTai, <ruv^J7r>p,
fometimes xXTot, o-u-yxAnrot, 7rixA>jTo. Thofe em-
ployed to invite the guells were called X^TO^I j and
Jii7rvoxXTo^5 ; ^AiaT^o*, and "fAciaT^o;, from iXfor,
which is the name of the table, on which the pro-
yifion was placed in the kitchen ; (Athena, lib. 4.
cap*
INVITATIONS TO ENTERTAINMENTS. 423
sap. 21.,) Sometimes to invite was called Karayfa-
pm, to write down, from the cuftom of infcribing
the names of thofe to be invited on a tablet.
The hour was fignified by the invitation ; and as
they numbered the hours by the motion of the
fun, frequent ufe is made of crxi*, the fhade of the
fun, and roi%iov, the letter of the dial ; (Arijloph.
Condon. Suidas. Hefychius.) Relations often
went uninvited ; (Athene, lib. 4. cap. 26. Horn.
//. (3. 408.^ They, who were brought by thofe
who had been invited, were called <na, umbne,
(hades, from their following the guefts, as fhades
<do bodies; (Plutarch. Sympos. lib. 7. Qukft. 6. -
Horat.lib. z.fat. $.v. 22. Lib. i.Ep,$.2$.) They
who iniinuated themfelves into the company where
they were not welcome, were called /*u<a, mufca?,
flies; (Plant. Panul. aEl. ^.fc. 3. v. 76. Plant.
Mercat. aft. z.fe. 3. v. 26.) Flies were deemed
an emblem of a man of courage, becaufe, when
Beaten away, they return again; (Iliad . v. 570.^
They were alfo termed MUXOWJ, Myconians, from,
^he poverty of that nation; (Athene, lib. i. cap. j.J
and ITaf &<nroi, Parafites , (Athena, lib. 6. cap. 7.
Pollux , lib. 6. (ap 9 j.} It was however ufual for
friends to vifit at the houfe^ of each other at the
times of entertainment, without waiting for an in-
vitation ; (Euftath. in II. . Plato Sympos.)
fhe number of guefts varied, as occafion of-
fered, but feldom exceeded five; (Athena, lib. \.
tap. 4. Lib. 15. cap. 3.} though in later times it
was not limited . At the fl-ixro-ma, common meals,
not more than ten were admitted; (Euflath. in Horn.
11. (3. 1 26 .) At public entertainments the number
was not limited ; (Diodor, Sicul.) Afterwards, to
E E 4 prevent
4*4 "GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES.-
prevent confufion, no perfon at Athens was N allowcd
to entertain above thir-ty at one time ; to enforce
which law, men called yvvcuxoi'Ofjwi, were obliged to
go to entertainments, and to expel thofe who ex-
ceeded, that number; and the cooks, employed to
drefs the food at entertainments a gave in their names
every time they were hired ; (Athena, lib. 6. cap.
1 1 . ) Men and women were never invited together ;
(Cicer. Or at. 3. in farr. Cornel. Nep. Prof at. in
Vit. Imp.) Reforo they went to an entertainment,
they waQied and anointed themfelves; (Athene.
lib. 4. cap. 27.) They who came off a journey wafh
ed and clothed fuitable to the occasion, in the
houfe of the entertainer, before the feaft ; (Horn.
OdyJ. L v. 48.) They alfo wafh'ed their hands be-
fore they fat down to meat ; (Horn. Odyff. ) It
was ufual ailo to wa(h between every courfe a and
after fupper; (Homer. Ariftoph. Vefp.) To wafh
the hands before fupper was called wJ/ao-O** ; to wafh
after fupper, a7rovi^ao-9at; and to wipe the hands,
&7ro//,aa<r9ai, j/a7rcp.^^ao-9a{, UTroi^wizi. The napkin
was called sx/xayaw, %igop.axTgov ; inflead of which,
in early times, they uied o.Trou^y^Xiat, which were
thefoft and fine part of the bread, which they after-
wards caft to the dogs; (Homer.} In wafliing
after fupper, they ufed ibme fort of o-/x^y^oj, a?ro-
fu\I/wff x^ iv - ^ u ^ to ^ cour tne hands; (Athena,
lib. 10. cap, nit.) After wafhing, the hands were
perfumed with odours; (Athene, lib. 10. cap. ult.)
When the guefts arrived at the houfe of enter-
tainment, the mailer of the houfe faluted them,
or one appointed in his place ; which was called
o-7ra^o-&a; ; (Schol. in driftopk. Pint.) The moft
common falutation was by joining their right
BATHS. 415
bands, as a pledge of friendfhip. This ceremony
was very ancient; (Horn. Odyff. y. v. 3^,) Hence
driao-9ai is -fometimes joined \vi-.h tttfflragtfrfai j {Ari-
Jloph. Pint.) Sometimes they kiffed the lips, hands,
kaees, or feet, in falutations. There was a parti-
cular fort of kifs, called yv r t cv > f &*&**)' r X UT ?*>
(Pollux.) the pot; when they tookt'aeperfon, like
a pot, by both his ears ; which was chiefly ufed
towards children; (Jibuti, lib. 2.) though iome-
times by men and women ; (Theocrit. Idyll, s. v.
132.) When the guefts were admitted, they did
not immediately fit dova to table, but fpent fome
time in viewing and commending the room and
furniture ; (Ariftoph. Vefp. Athene, lib. 4. cap. 27.)
BATHING.
It was a frequent cuftom to warn the body;
(Eujlatkius.) Whenever they ceafexi from forrow
and mourning, they ufually bathed and anointed
themfelves ; (Horn. Odyff. <r. v. 170.) At the
end of a battle, or of any great labour, or after
a long journey, they ufually bathed in rivers;
fArtemidor. lib. i. cap. 66. Homer. Odyff. .
Mofck. Idyll. .v. ^i.^'Theocr. IdylL w. v. 31.)
Virgins were obliged to bathe, and aecuftom them-
felves to the fame exercifes as the men. If the fea
was near, they repaired to it for this purpofe, rather
than in rivers, the fait water being thought whole-
fame ; ( Athene \ lib. i. cap. 19. Homer. Odyff.)
BATfiS.
Hot baths were very ancient. H^axAna AT^,
the hot baths, fhewed by Vulcan, or by Minerva, to
Hercules, when weary with labour, are celebrated
by
4t6 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES*
by the poets. 0g^a Njt*p*v AT, hot baths of
the nymphs, are mentioned; (Pindar. Ofymp. 12.)
One of the fountains of Scamander is commended
for its hot water; {Horn. 1L %.) A hot bath was
provided for Hedior by Andromache, againft his
return from battle ; (Horn. 11. x .) Neftor orders
Offp* Aorr^a, a hot bath, to be prepared for him ;
(Horn. II. A.) The Phseacians were very fond of
the ufe of hot baths ; (Horn. Od)f.) Before B*x a ,
nta, baths, were in much ufe, veflels were ufed for
bathing, called <*<ra^0oi, which fignifies JTU*AO or
AX*""> a barm or veflel to warn. in, being derived
ira^y, TO rw ex.vw pivvQuv, from taking away the filth
of the body; (Phavorin. v. ao-a^*vdof.) This vefTel
belonged to baths j (Pollux.) Public baths were
unknown till later times; no fuch places were
anciently allowed within the city ; (At ken*, tik. i.
cap: 1 4.) The baths contained feveral apartments :
the awroJvTiifw, in which they put off their clothes :
the uTToxaurov or 7ru^Ta^ov, generally a circular apart-
ment, and provided with irvf axaTrm, a fire that
does not fmake, for the ufe of thofe who defired to
fweat : the (3*7mrj? ev, a hot bath : the Aar^v, a
cold bath : the Aimif ov, the apartment in which
they were anointed.
ANOINTING THE
After bathing, they always anointed, either to
clofe the pores of the body, or left the fkin mould
be rough, when the body was dried ; (Euflath. in
Iliad x.) In early times, they ufed oil perfumed
with odoriferous herbs, efpecially rofes; (Plin. Nat.
Hi/}, lib. 3. cap. i.) hence the term %o$ow Aaipi/, oil
mixed with roles ; (Horn. 11. . v. 1 86.) and 00-
CUUSTOMS AT ENTERTAINMENTS. 427
cov I$MW and TfOuco/xsw; (Horn. II. %. v. 170.)
There were different forts of oil ufed ; (Athena,
lib. i 5. cap. n.) Solon prohibited men from fel-
ling ointments ; the fame prohibition was in force
at Sparta; (Athena, lib. 15. cap. 10.) Women,
however, and effeminate men, were very curious in
their ointments; particular fpecies of which they ap-
plied to particular joints of the body; (Athene.)
The feet were warned and anointed more than any
other parts of the body ; hence they were called
Aiwa^oi Tro&f ; (Homer.) Women were ufually em-
ployed to warn and anoint the feet ; and it was
ufual for them to exprefs their reipect by killing the
feet; (AriJloph.Tefp.)
CUSTOMS AT ENTERTAINMENTS.
There were feveral forts of feats ufed at enter-
tainments; for the Grecians fat down at their
meals; (Horn. II. x. 578. . 3 15.^ A*?fo?, was a
feat containing two perfons ; and were commonly
placed for the inferior guefts : 0^ove?, a feat, on which
they fat upright, with <5>i/uf, a foot (tool, under their
feet; Kxtr/uoc, a feat, on which they fat, leaning
rather backwards ; (Athene, lib. $>cap. 4.) After-
wards, when luxury and effeminacy prevailed,
they exchanged their feats for couches, that they
might drink more commodioufly ; (Plant. Stick,
aft. $.fc. 4. v. 22.) In Macedonia, no one was
allowed to (it at meals, before he had killed a
boar without nets ; (Athene, lib. i. cap. 14.) It
was the cuftom for children to fit at their meals;
(Tacit. Annal. lib. 13. Stteton. Aug. cap. 64.*
Sueton. Claud, cap, 32.) at the bottom of the couch;
where
4 2& GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
where alfo fat people of meaner condition ; ( Pin-
larch. Sympos. Sapient. Donat. Vit. Cerent.) - The
table was placed in the middle, round which flood
the couches, covered with cloth or tapeftry ; upon
thefe they retted, inclining the upper part of their
body upon their left arms, the lower part being ex-
tended at length, or fomewhat bent; their heads were
raifed up, and their backs fometimes fupported with
pillows. If feveral perfons reclined upon the fame
bed, the firft was- on the upper part, with his legs
ilretched out behind the fecond perfon's back :
the fecond perfon's head was below the bofom of
the former, his feet being placed behind the third
perfon's back ; and in this manner four or five were
placed ; (Gicer, Or at. in Pifon.) At the beginning
of the entertainment, it was ufual to lie flat upon
their ftomachs, that their right hand might more
eafily reach the table ; but afterwards they turned
upon their fides: (Plutarch. Sympos. lib. 5. hi<ejt,6.
Hor at. lib. 2. Sat. 4. v. 37.)
The guefts were ufually arranged according to
their rank, the chief perfons holding the uppermoft
feats; (Eiiftath. in II. g. v. 498.) Afterwards at
public entertainments- there was o*o^ax.> k y ( To, a per-
ibn appointed to call every gueft by name to his
pror;er place. Heroes fat in long ranks, and the
chief perfons were placed at the head of each rank
on both fides of the table; which is the meaning of
the word, ax^o.i, uppermoft ; (JLufiath. vi ll. . v.
4tffi.Hom. II. i. v. 217.) Neptune entering the
1 aft at. an entertainment of the gods, yet fat in the
middle ; Jupiter was at the head of one rank, next
to him, Minerva his daughter; who once gave
place to Thetis -, (Horn, //, <*. v. ipo.) Juno fat at
the
CUSTOMS AT ENTERTAINMENTS. 429
the head of the oppofite rank ; (Plutarch. Sympos.
lib. i. Qutfft. i.) That couch placed the firft or
neareft to the table, was thought the nioft honour-
able ; fometimes the firft place of the middle couch*
Sometimes they were feated promifcuoufly, without
regard to rank or character ; (Plutarch. fimaJk
Sympos. lib. i. -$u<ejl. 2.) It was ufual at Sparta,
For the eldeft to go before the reft to the couches at
the common hall, unlefs the king called any one
before him ; (Euftath. in IL |3.) The table was ac-
counted lacred ; through which means honour was
paid to Jupiter, the god of friendihip and hofpi-
tality, (Synefms Ep. 57.) who was called Sevw and"
$*A*o?. Honour was alfo paid to Hercules, who
\vas hence called Tgonrsgw and ATroTgcnrsgw. It
was ufual to place the ftatues of the gods upon the
table, and thus to offer libations to them; (Plutarch.
Conv. Sept. Sapient.) To difhonour the tables of
hofpitality by any irreverent behaviour was deemed
criminal; (Juven. Sat. 2. v. no: Lycophr.-CaJJ*.
v. 136.) The tables were originally made of wood,
polifhed with fome art ; and the feet were painted
in various colours, and formed in different fhapes.
Hence the words, gsru, suf-oof, xuayoTri^a, &c. ; (Ho~
mer.) the form of the tables in ancient times was
circular ; (Athena, lib. 1 1. cap. 12.) and afterwards
extended in length ; (Euftath. in Horn.) They
were cleaned with wet fponges ; (Horn. Odyff. a. v.
112. Odyff. \>. verf. 150, Arrian. lib. J. cap. 26.
Martial. Ep/g.J
The tables, in early times, were fquare, (Euftath.
Odyff. K. ijSJ and thofe belonging to the poor were
generally fupported by three feet, and made of com-
mon woods thofe belonging to perfons in higher rank
were
4 3 o GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
were made of more valuable materials; adorned
with plates of filver, and fupported by feet curioufly
carved, and called after the names of heroes. The
moil common fupport was a foot of ivory, caft in
the form of a lion, a leopard, or fome other ani-
mal. Some have fuppofed that a table was fct
apart for each guefl ; (Homer. Athene, lib. i . cap.
8,) although it was thought unfociable ; (At hen*.
Kb. i. cap.%. cap. 10. T^aTr^a, fignifies the ta-
bles and the meat placed upon them ; (Pollux, lib.
6. cap. 12.) hence, TT^WTJ, fevrtfzi) f^iT< Tg tx.tr i^ai,
iignify the firft, fecond, and third courfes of meat ;
(At hen*, lib. 9. cap. 2.)
The fupper was the chief meal, of which thero
were three parts; (i.) A?rva Trgooipw or T^OTTO^,
was a repaft before fupper, confifting of bitter herbs,
of coleworts, eggs, oyfters, O;I/O//,E;U, a mixture of
honey, and other things ufed to create an appetite.
(2.) Awrw, was the fupper, fometimes called xspaAij
&nrvsj which was plentifully furnifhed from the
former provifions ; (At hen*, lib. 4. cap. 4.) (3.)
AiuTffa T^aTTf^a, the fecond courfe, which confided
of fweetmeats of all kinds, called
rta, &c. The Dorians, who called
entertainments atxAa and o-uvaixAsja, called this
courfe ?rxAia ; (Athena, lib. 4. cap. 8.) It was
furnifhed with much profuiion and luxury; (At hen*,
lib. 14. cap. ii.) although they were temperate
and frugal in the ufe of it; (Herodot.hb. i. cap.
jn^. Athen. lib. 4. cap. 10.) Where there was a
great variety of difhes, a paper was ufually given
to the mafter of the feaft containing the contents of
each difli, who communicated it to the guefts.
They
CUSTOMS AT ENTERTAINMENTS. 43!
They were however very fparing in their provifion,
and in the early times were fatisfied with one courfe ;
(At ken*, lib. 15. cap. loj
Before they began to eat, they offered a part cf
their provifion, as a fort of firft fruits, to the gods ;
which cuftom was religioufly obferved ; (Homer.
Iliad. Horn. Odyff. Plato. Xenophon. Athens,
lib. 4. cap. 27 .) The firft of thefe oblations was
always made to Vefta, the chief of the houfehold
gods ; they afterwards worshipped fome of the other
gods; and then offered a libation to Vefta; (Homer.
Hymn, in Veft. et Mercur. Cicer. de Nat. Deor. lib.
2. Sckol. in Ariftoph. Vefp. Plato Euthyp.)
During the entertainment all the guefts were
apparelled in white, or fome gay colour ; (Cicer. in
Vatin.) and decked with flowers, or garlands com-
pofed of flowers ; which the mafter of the feaft
provided, and brought in before the fecond courfe,
or at the beginning of the entertainment ; (Athene,
lib. 25. cap. 10.) They thus adorned their heads,
necks, and breads, but often beftrewed the couches
on which they leaned, and other parts of the room 5
(Ovid. Faft.lib.$.)
The invention of garlands has been afcribed to
Prometheus, that men mould commemorate the
punifhment which he had fuffered for their fakes ;
(Athena, lib. 15. cap. $.) Others afcribe the in-
vention of them to Janus, who alfo is faid to have
been the inventor of mips, and the art of coining;
(Athene, lib. 15. cap. 13.^ The firft garlands were
alfo faid to have been ufed by Bacchus, and com-
pofed of ivy ; (Plin. Nat. Hifl. lib. 16. cap. \.) In
later times, they ufed ivy and amethyft, as pre-
fervatives againft drunkenncfs ; (Plutarch. Sjmfos.
lib.
432 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
Kb. 3. Qiirtft. i.) Some fay, the mod ancient gar-
lands were made of wool; (tfheocrit. Idyll. 9.. v. 2.)
It is certain they were made in the early ages -,
{Athene, lib. i. cap. i$.) They were compoled of
various flowers, in which, it was fuppofed, the god*
chiefly delighted. At firfl the particular herb or
flower, which was facred to any god, upon the feftival
dedicated to him, was generally ufed ; but after-
wards, any herbs were uled, according to the feafon,
which were thought mofl conducive to refrcfhment ;
(Athene, lib. 3. cap. 21. Lib. 15. cap. $.)
Garlands were fuppofed to have fo.me influence
upon the bodies of men; (Plin. lib. 21. cap. 3 )
Thofe compofed of rofes, were dedicated by Cupid
to Harpocrates, the god of filence. The role was
an emblem of filence, and it was ufual to place it
above the table, to flgnify that what was there
fpoken mould be kept private.
It was cuftomary. at entertainments to anoint
their heads with ointment to prevent fevers, and
other complaints arifmg from intemperance ; (Athe-
ne, lib. 15. cap. 13.^) Thefe arts of luxury and
effeminacy were firfl introduced by the lonians - 9
(Valer. Max. lib. 2. cap. 6.) Ointments were
chiefly applied to the head, but other parts of the
body ; the bread was adorned with garlands and
ointment; (Athene, lib. 15. cap. $.)
The apartment in which the entertainment was
made, was fometimes perfumed by burning myrrh
and frankincenfe, or other odours; (Athene, lib. 3.
cap. 22.)
The chief attendants at entertainments were,
(i.) Evj*Tof**l3? fometimes called o-ufAiroo-
TTtf, fw?jttj*, TaTTCTTCHO?, 7H TTjff
CUSTOMS AT ENTERTAINMENTS. 433
*XTf ixAiw and *ATO?, the chief manager of the
entertainment ; which was performed either by the
mailer of the entertainment, or by another named
by him : at entertainments where the expence was
proportioned to all, he was elected by lots, or by
the votes of the guefts. (2.) Ba<nXsvr was the
next, and fometimes the fame as the former, called
alfo f^TTiyo?, ragia^x *' &c. the king, whofe office it
was to determine the laws of the table, and to
obferve whether every one drank his proper pro-
portion ; hence he was called opOaA^of, the eye.
He was ufually appointed by lots; (Horat. lib. 2.
Od. 7. v. 25. Cicer. Or at. in 7 err.) The guefts
were olSiged to conform to the orders of the
|3a<nAEu? ; (Cicer. in Epiftet. Anian Apoph.) Even
the chief magiftrates, if the lots elected another,
were compelled to yield obedience; (Plutarch*
Symp'os. lib. i. cap. 10.) (3 ) Aair^o?, fo called,
airo rx SotwQouy from dividing to each gueft his
portion : hence entertainments were called fairst.
In the early ages, the mafter of the feaft carved
for all the guefts ; (Homer Iliad L v. 217. Iliad u.
u, 626.) afterwards this office was deputed to
fome particular perfon ; (Athene, lib. i. cap. 10.)
This office was intended to prevent a-rao-taxia, the
diforders committed at feafts : hence u; *V<m,
equal entertainment, an expreffion often ufcd;
(Homer Iliad u .)
Perlbns of high character were fometimes helped to
the beft parts; (Horn. Iliad p. ^.311 . Herodotus.)
which, if too much for themfelves, they fometimes
diftributed to others ; (Athena, lib. i. cap. n. -
Euftath. in Horn.) In later times, the guefts were
allowed, to carve for themfelves; although the
F F ancient
434 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
ancient cuftom was adhered to by temperate and
frugal men, and efpecially at entertainments after
facriiices; (Plutarch. Sympos. lib. 2. Quaft. ult.)
The diftributers of the drink were commonly
called <vo^cot, and about the Hellefpont myxv* ;
(Athene, lib. 10. cap. 7 .) In the heroical feafts,
the x*)^x? 5 heralds, commonly performed this of-
fice; (Horn. OdyJT.a.v. 142.) Sometimes boys
or young men filled the cups ; (Horn. Odyjj'. a. v.
149.^ fometimes virgins attended for that purpofe ;
(Euftath. in Iliad, y. At hen*, lib. i. cap. 8.) hence
&Xo, fervants, were called by the name of Trunks
x) vJi<rxi, boys and girls ; (Hefychius v. vouSt*.)
They were fometimes of fuperior rank and fortune j
(Athene, lib. 10. cap. j.} The fame cuftom was
afterwards obferved at entertainments in the tem-
ples, and at public facrifices ; (Athene, lib. i o. cap.
7. Lib. 5. cap. 4.) By their beauty and cheer-
fulnefs they were thought apt to exhilarate the
guefts ; on which account, the mod handfome and
the bed drefled were generally preferred -, (Horn.
lliadS. v. 2. Iliad v. ver. 232. OdyJJ] o. v. 327.)
In more modern times, high prices were given for
beautiful youths, (Juven. Sat. 5. v. 60. Philo. lib.
de Vit. Contempt.) to attend at entertainments -,
the younger ojfo^ooi, to fill the wine ; thofe of riper
age, vfyfopoi, to ferve up the water; for which
offices they were warned and painted, and had their
hair curled in different forms.
Erery guefl feems- to have ufed a diftincl: cup,
from which he draok when he pleafed ; (Horn. IL 2.
v. 262.) which was very capacious ; (Athene, lib.
ii. cap. 2.) The cups ufed after fupper were
larger than thofe ufed at fupper ; (Virgil. Mn. i.
^.727.)
CUSTOMS AT ENTERTAINMENTS. 435-
v. 727.) In the houfes of lich men there was
ufually a large xvXnaicv, cupboard, filled with cups
of various fizes. The cups ufed by the ancient
Greeks were plain, compofed of earth or wood i
and when luxury began to prevail, of filver, gold,
and other metals, curioufly wrought, and inlaid
with precious ftones. They were fome times com-
pofed of the horns of animals, which were tipt with
gold or filver ; (Pindar. ALfchylm. Xenophon>
&c.) Hence, it is faid, Bacchus was furnamed
Taurus, as worshipped in the (hape of a bull, and
painted with horns. Some think that x^ar^sf, cups,
and xa<rai, to mix wine with water, are derived
from xf*Ta, horns; (Athena, lib. n. cap. 7.
Eiiftath. in Iliad, v. - in Iliad y.- and in Iliad 0.)
The cups were adorned with garlands, and filled
up to the brim ; (Virgil. /En. 3. v. 526. Homer
Iliad K. v. 470. Athene, lib. 15. cap. 5. Athene*
lib. i. cap. n.) In early times, the young men
who ferved, always grefented full cups to men of
great quality, and diftributed wine to the reft
in equal proportions ; (Athena, lib. 5. cap. 4.
Homer Iliad $. 26 1 . Iliad 0. v. 1 6 1 . Iliad p.)
It was ufual to dri-nk firft to the guefls of high rank ;
(Plutarch. Sympos. lib. i. $ii*ft. 2.) which was done
by drinking part of the cup, and fending the re-
mainder to the perfon whom they named ; which
they termed TI^OTHI/CU/. In early times, they drank
the whole cup ; (At hen*, lib. 5. cap. 4.)
, The form of falutation was various; fometimes,
when they drank to another they faid, x*if ; (Pin-
dar. Nemeon.) fometimes he, who fent the cup,
faluted his friend with vftirwt* <ro xaAw?, which was
anfwered with Ai*u a?ro <r <&? ; which cere-
F F 2 niony
436 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
mony was called irgoirivw ^iAoTto-v ;
He who received the cup, was faid
e/AOia ;. they ufually drank whatever remained in the
cup, or, if the cup was emptied, to take another of
the fame fize; (Athena, lib. 10. cap. 9.) This fort
of pledging went towards the right hand ; and hence
called &jfi<nff, whence &iJWxf<r0at is interpreted
irgoTFWM ^giaadafj (Horn. Iliad a. and i. Ettftath.
in It. p. Horn. Iliad*, v. 597. Criti. Ep. in Anacr.
Athene, lib. n.cap. 3.) This cuflom was called
tv$ti(x, wen ; (Pollux, lib. 2. cap. 4*) fometirnes alfo
called EV xuxAw TnvEtv ; and the aclion itfelf, syxunAo-
7ro<n#; becaufe the cup, beginning at the uppermoft
feat, was conveyed round the table -, (Plant. Perf. aft.
s-fe- ')
The manner of drinking however varied In
different places : the Chians and Thafians drank
out of large cups to the right ; the Athenians, out
of fmall cups, to the right ; the Theflalians, large
cups, to whom they pleafed, promifcuoufly. At
Sparta, every man had his own cup, which a fer-
vant filled as foon as it was emptied ; (Athena, lib.
6. cap. 3.) It was alfo ufual to drink to abfent
perfons $ to the gods firft, then to their friends 5
and at every name one or more cups of wine, un-
mixed with water, was drank off; (Cicer. Oral.
3. in. Ferr. Afconius Pedian. Com. in Lo& Cicer.)
Some of the wine they alfo poured upon the earth,
as often as the name of any abfent perfon was
mentioned; (Schol. in Theocrit. Idyll. 14. v. 18.)
amongft their friends they mod commonly named
their miflreffes; (Tibullus. Herat, lib. I. Od. 27.)
Sometimes the number of cups equalled the num-
ber of letters in their miftrefs's name ; (Martial,
lib. i. Epig. 72.) There were alfo other ways of
* numbering
CUSTOMS AT ENTERTAINMENTS. 437
numbering the cups to be drank ; thus three, be-
caufe of the number of the graces ; nine, becaufe
of the mufes; (Aufonius. Horat. lib. 3. Od. 19.)
which was expreiTed by H T^K, u rgts rgiu, either
three or three times three. There was a faying which
forbade the drinking of four cups, (the number
four being inaufpicious) H rgw irne, v pr, TH-ra^a,
Yet they fometimes filled ten cups as well as nine ;
(Antholog. lib. 7.) They often contended who
fhould drink moil ; which contention was fome-
times of fatal confequence; (Athene, lib, 10. cap-,
9.) Prizes were awarded to the conquerors, and
fometimes there were drinking matches ; to the
firft conqueror was given a talent ; to the fecond,
thirty p\/(x,i ; to the third, ten JMV ; which ended
in the death of moft of the competitors ; (Athene,
lib. 10. cap. 10, Milan. Far. Hift. lib. 2. tap.
41.) When any one drank off a large cup
ftpup, or ?mur, without taking breath, he was
applauded with ZWTEIK?, long may you live -, (Sui-
das.)
At Athens, there were three public officers who
attended at entertainments, and obferved whether
every one drank his portion ; and were called otwa-rui)
fometimes $p0aty*$ (Athene, lib. 9. cap. 6, andj.)
They who refufed to drink, were obliged to leave
the company, by that old law H 7n0i,u cwfa, drink
or depart $ (Cicer. fufeul. hi*ft. lib. 5,) Some
laws were enaded againft too much intemperance
in the ufe of wine $ three cups were allowed , one
for health, another for cheerfulnefs* and a third
for fleep ; (Athene, lib. ^.) fometimes only two
were allowed, one for the graces, hours, and Bac*
ghus, the fecond to Venus and Bacchus j they
? F 3
4}8 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
who took the third cup, dedicated it to lufl and
ftrife.
Unneceffary drinking was prohibited at Sparta ;
(Xenoph. de Rep. Lacedam.) where it was ordered
no one fhoukl drink for any other purpofe than to
fatisfy his thirfl; and it was forbidden them to
return from entertainments with a torch ; (Critias
in Eleg.) At Athens, an archon, convided of
being drunk, fuffered death ; ( Laertius Solon.)
and others, addicted to company, were pu.nifhed
by the fenate of Areopagus for wafting their
time in idlenefs , (Athena.) In Mitylene there
was a law, that whoever, when drunk, committed
a crime, mould fuffer double punimment -, (Laer-
tius Pittac.)
There were feveral cups ufed on folemn occa-
fions j as, (l.) AyaOa (ta^vo? x^artio, the CUp of
good genius, by whom they underftood Bacchus,
the inventor of wine ; in memory of whom, a cup
full of pure wine was carried round the table, which
all the guefls tailed , at the fame time offering a
prayer to the god, that he would preferve them
from intemperence and indecorum : hence
, thofe who drink little, are termed a
j (Hefychius.) This feems to have been
done as foon as the table was removed. (2.)
K^ar*j^ Aioj Swrnfo?, the cup of Jupiter, the faviour,
which was mixed with water, and dedicated to
Jupiter, who prefided over the air. (3.)
Tysta?, the cup of health, which was called
Tf, or pirmnrTfov, becaufe it was drank when the
entertainment was ended, and they had warned
their hands; (Athene, lib. 2. cap. 2. Lin. u. cap.
I|. Lib. i. cap. 5. and 14. Pollux. ^
CUSTOMS AT ENTERTAINMENTS. 439
&c.) (4.) Kfurvif E^x, the cup of Mercury, to
whom a libation was offered before they went to
bed ; (Pollux.)
Others make a different order of the cups 3 that
the firft was dedicated to Mercury ; the iecond to
Charifius, or Jupiter, fo called from pc a l? favour $
the third to Jupiter, the faviourj (Suidas. v. xj#-
wg.) Others mention, one cup of wine mixed with
water, dedicated to Olympian Jupiter ; a fecond to
,the heroes ; a third, called TAEIO? , to Jupiter, the
faviourj (Schol. in Pindar. Ifthm. Princip. Od. 6.)
It is generally agreed that the facred cups were
three in number ; (Athen* Jib, 10, cap. \i.)
Before the entertainment was finiflied, a libation
of wine with a prayer was offered, a hymn was
fung to the gods, and other diverfions fucceeded ;
(Xenoph. Conviv. Virgil. Jn. i.) fuch as, dif-
courfes upon various fubjeds; reading books,
^vhich was alfo fbijie.t;mes done during fupper; mu-
fic of all kinds ^ mi^iickry j buffoonry ^ and other
diverfions to create mirth 5 (Plato. Xenophon.)
Mufic and dancing were ancient diverfions at en-
tertainments ; (Horn. Qdyff.&.v. i$2. Il>ad a,
jy. 603.^ both of heroes and gods, Apollo was
called e^upjc, the Cancer ; (Pindar. 7 Homer.
Athena, lib. i. cap, 19.^ Thefe .arnuiements were
thought to become perfons of hoixour and feme ;
(Cornel, ffep. in Vit. Qparvinond. Cornel, Nep.
Pr*f. Fit. Illuftr. Imp.Cicer. fufcut. Qu<e/t. lib. i.)
fo long as they were chafte and decent ; ({Lrodot.
lib. i. gap. 28.) The lo.nians, more than the reft
of Greece, delighted in wanton dances and fongs |
, lib, 14, (ap. $,~Horaf. lib. 3. Od. 6.)
F F 4
440 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
The entertainments were anciently held only
upon facred occafions, when hymns in praife of th*
gods were fung ; to compofe the paffions and to
improve the manners; (Athene, lib. 14. cap. 5.)
They afterwards confifted chiefly of the praifes of
heroes : and it was not till a later period, when
loofe and improper fongs were ufed ; (Athena, lib.
15. cap. 1 6.) The moft remarkable fongs were
thofe called cncoAia, (Eujlath. in Qdyff. *.) which
generally confifted of fhort verfes, (Sckol. Ariftoph.
in Ran. In Vefp-) light and cheerful. There were
three forts of fongs ^ one was fung by the whole
company ; the fecond by the company in their
turns 3 the third, by thofe who were well fkilled
in mufic, called raoAioi/j fignifying crooked, as fung
out of order ; (Artemon. Caffandr. lib. a. de Ufa.
Carm. Conv. ap. Athen. lib. 15. cap. 14. Dicxarch.,
Jib. de Mtts* cert. a$. Ariftoph. Schol. in Vefp.) After
the company had fung in a chorus, a mufical in-
ftrument, a harp or lute, was carried round to
each perfon, that thofe who underftood mufic
might entertain the company. They, who did not
play, held a branch of laurel or myrtle in their
hands, to which they fung ; which was called *<>(
&(pwv, or 9To? (jiuggwriv <x,iiv 9 to fing towards the
laurel or the myrtle j (Hefychius.) This branch
\vas alfo called aic-axoj or araxo?, becaufe the perfon
who received it was obliged to fing; (Plutarch.
Sympos. lib. i. Qu<cft. 2. Athene, lib. 15. cap.
14.) Some of their fongs were <rxco7r-nx#, fatirical;
fK 2 f wrixa, amorous ; and ffirvfou*, ferious, ( Eu-
Jtath. in Odyff* .) which contained a moral fentencej
(Athena* lib. 15. cap. 14.) Sometimes they con-
fifted of the praifes of illuftrious men, including
th?
CUSTOMS AT ENTERTAINMENTS. 441
the peifon's name whom they celebrated; (Hefy-
jM ttSm Ariftoph. Vefp. Athena, lib. 15.)
When the mufic and fongs were ended, the
fports began ; and the guefts, inftead of retting
after meals, as in later times, were invited to wreftle,
leap, run races, throw the quoit, and other manly
exercifes ; (Horn. Odyff. y. v. 97.)
There were feveral forts of fports and games
pradifed by the Greeks ; (Meurfins. Bufrngerius.)
among which was, in particular, the xcraSofi (Pol-
/ UXt Athene.) which was firft invented'in Sicily.
A piece of wood being erected, another was placed
upon the top of it, with two dimes fufpended from
each extremity, refembling fcales : beneath each
dilli was placed a veflel full of water, in which
flood a ftatue, chiefly of brafs, called /***?. They
who played at the xorao?, flood at a diftance, hold-
ing a cup filled with wine or water, which they
endeavoured to caft into one of the dimes, that it
might fall upon the head of the flarue under it.
He who fpilled lead water, and forced the difh
with moft violence againft the ftatue, was vidorious,
and thought to reign in the affections of his miftrefs.
The found caufed by it was called Aarag; and the
wine caft, Mrayij or Aara. The ceremony, as well
as the cup out of which the wine was caft, was
called a-yxuXr, becaufe they turned round their right
hand with dexterity. Hence XOTT#&H a.y^\m^ ;
(JEfchylus.) The vefTels were called xorra^t or
xoTTa^? ; and the prizes, XOTTJ, xorra^f ta, and
xoTTcc^ot ; which were fweet meats, kiffes, or what-
ever the company chofe. The game itfelf was
called xoTraSc? xaraxrof. Of this fport they were
very fond, and veffels were prepared, and houfes
44* GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
erected, for the accommodation of thofe who played
at it.
There were other forts of cottabus ; one in
which a vefTci was placed full of water, with empty
vials fwimming upon it ; into this, wine was thrown
out of cups ; and he who funk the greateft number
of vials, obtained the prize. Another was, in
which they threw dice. Another was, a conteft
who mould keep awake the lorigeft : the prize was
commonly a cake, made with honey and fefame>
cr wheat, (Pollux. SchoL Ariftoph. Equztifr.} and
hence called (mc-a//^? or wu^a/tfaf ; (Artemidor. lib. i.
(ftp. 74.) the latter of which words was hence ufed
for any other prize; (Ariftoph. Thefmoph. Bquitib.)
f hefe were the moil ufual forms of this fpojt - 9
(Athene, lib. 10. \i.and 15. Pollux ', lib. 6.
cap. 19, Ariftoph. Schol.inPac. Eujtath. in Iliad.
R.Tzetzts QhiL . Hift. 85. Svidas. Hefychi-
y, &c.j
The guefis were fometimes amufcd with fuitable
difcourfes 5 (Athena, lib. 10. cap. 5.) at which
time they alfo converfed upon affairs of high im-
portance; (Plutarch. Sympos.lib. j. cap, 9. Homer.
Iliad i, v. 7o.) as it was fuppofed ? that the facul-
ties were then quick and ipventiye ; (Schcl. /;;
Ariftoph. Equit. Athena, lib. 5. cap. 4. Ammian^
Mar cell. lib. 18. cap. 5. Strabo. Geog. lib. 15.
Tacit, de Mor. German. Dujiadas. Rer. Critic, lib.
4. P hit arch. Lycurg. Plutarch. Sympos. lib. 7.
$uaft. 9.) It is faid, that whatever was refolved
FtjpexTf?, when fober, they deliberated upon at their
entertainments ; and what they determined in their
drink, jAfiOverxofAevoi, was examined again, when fober 5
(Herodot. lib. i. cap. 133.) The fupreme cpuncu
CUSTOMS AT ENTERTAINMENTS. 443
;at Athens Cupped every day together in the pryta.r
neum; which was alfo the cuftom of the magif-
trates at Rhodes ; (Euflath. in Iliad. /.) Hence it
is faid, Bacchus was called EV*XK, prudent ccun-
fellor; (Plutarch. Sympos. lib. 7. Qfaft. 9.) and
the night was called fu^om, as the time of prudent
deliberation ; (Plutarch. Sympos.) Sometimes the
converfation at entertainments took a ludicrous
turn; (Plutarch. Sympos. lib. 7. Qu<fft. 6.) hence
<ny*7roGriov, is defined, a mixture of gravity and
mirth, of difcourfes and actions ; (Plutarch. Ly~
curg. and Sympos. lib. 2. )u<tft, i, -Lib. 7. Qu<efi.
9.) Sometimes they recited poems, or repeated
ancient fables, or difcourfed upon philofophy, or
refolved difficult queftions, as fuited the tafte of the
company. Thofe queftions, which were defigned
for amuiement, were called aiviypxr ; thofe which,
were ferious, were called yi$oi 9 from a fifhing net ;
(Pollux Jib. 6. ^.19. Clear cb. lib. I. de Par am.
ap. Athene, lib. 10. cap. idt.) He who folved the
queftion propounded, was honoured with a reward;
he who could not folve it, was to fufftr fome certain
punilhmcnt. The rewards were rp*vof ^ su^u^t*,
^garland, and the applaufe of the company; the
punimment was to drink, without taking breath,
a cup of wine, mixed with fait; (Athene, lib. 10.
cap. lilt.) or the reward was a diih of meat ; the
penalty, a cup of fait and wine ; (Pollux, Onomaji,
lib. 6. cap. 19.) Others fay, that a cup of wine
was the reward to him who folved it ; if" no one
folved it, to him who propounded it 3 (Pkqvoriib
V* y*p0f. Eujlath. in II. -*..) But the rewards and
penalties varied, according to the temper of the
(Hefychius.) The common name of
theft
444 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES
thefe and other queftions, was xuA^ia
which were alfo called pwpovia *jTr^T#, (Pollux.)
becaufe : they were fometimes repeated from me-
mory.
He who gave the entertainment, fometimes dif-
tributed gold or filver cups, as prefents to his
guefts; (Athena. lib. \ i. cap. 3. Plutarch, Alexand.)
This cuftom arofe, becaufe the company ufually
poured out wine as a libation to Mercury, who
was accounted the prefident of the night, and be-
lieved to fend fleep and pleating dreams j hence he
JS called V.VXTOS e7rw7njr5 and r t yvn^ ovtiouv.
They alfo facrificed to Mercury the tongues of
the animals which had been ferved up at the enter*
tainment ; who, being the god of eloquence, was
thought to be delighted with fucli homage. Some
fuppofed that it was to invoke him as a witnefs of
what had been faid ; others, that, by burning the
tongues in the facrifice, it intimated that profound
filence was to be kept of whatever had been faid ;
(Schol. Apollon. Argon, i. v. 516. Eujlath. in Offy/fc
y.) This cuflom was very ancient j (Apollon. Ar-
gon, lib. i. v. 516. Homer.)
In later times, libations were offered to Jupiter,
furnamed rcXao?, perfect j (Athena, lib. i. cap. 14.)
Other gods alfo fhared in thefe -offerings 5 (Homer.
OdyJJ". y<) It was thought unlawful to flay long
at entertainments which followed facrifices ; (Horn.
Odyjf. y. Athene.) and the company ufually de-
parted before funfet ; (Athene, lib. 5. cap. 4..) but
at common entertainments, they feldom left the
company before the morning ; (Plate. Horn. Odyjf*
HOSPITALITY TO STRANGERS. 445
HOSPITALITY TO STRANGERS*
It was thought a mean employment to keep inns
for the reception of ftrangers, which was therefore
ufually performed by foreigners, or the lowed citi-
zens ; (Plato de Legib. lib. 1 1 .) The ancient Greeks
had no public inns; they chiefly lived at home, fatis-
fied in the narrow circle of their own domeflic friends.
It was indeed unfafe to travel without a guard; the
land was infefted with robbers, and the fea with
pirates, who plundered their goods, and fometimes
cruelly treated their perfons : and it was thought not
dimonourable to live by robbery ; (Plutarch. Tkefa.
Thncyd. Hift. Principle.) Hence ftrangers and
enemies were alike callec^^fto? ; (Hefychiw. Hero-
dot. Caltiop.cap. 10. Pollux, lib. i. cap. 10.) The
fea was cleared of pirates by Minos, king of Crete,
who maintained the dominion of all thofe feas.
The land robbers were deflroyed by Hercules,
Thefeus, and other heroes ; from whofe time, there
was little danger from ftrangers ; (Xenophon. Ly~
cophr. Caff'. 464.) In early times however it was not
uncommon to treat ftrangers with great refpedr.,
and to fupply them with food and neceffaries, be-
fore they inquired into their condition and country;
(Horn. Odyjj: y. v. fy.Odyff. %.v. *$.Ody/. a.
e v. 1 70.) It is faid to have been an ancient cuftom
to have forborne to inquire before the tenth day, if
the ftranger (laid fo long ; (Eujlath. in Iliad, g. v.
174.) In later times, Cretan hofpitality was highly
celebrated. In the cvca-inx, public halls at Crete,
there were two apartments, the xoiprrn^ov, in which
ftrangers were lodged ; and the v<^sw, the place
of
4*5 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES.-
of eating, in which they all flipped together. In
the upper part of the avfyw there was a conftant
table, fome fay two tables, (Athene, lib. 4. cap. $.)
called T^aTrf^a, m<x, Jtuxn, or Ato? ms. In the dif-
tribution of food, the ftrangers were always ferved
before others, even before the king ; and fome of
them were allowed to bear high offices in the ftate 9
(Heraclid. de Rep.) Other Grecians, except the
Spartans, are much commended for their hofpi-
tality; (Tzetzes. Chit. 7. Hift. 130.) hence the
Spartans were called &f<w$EMt, (Artftopk. Pac.)
and gauAaraf, from their driving away ftrangers.
They were however by no means neglected ', (Hero-
dotus. Antonin. lib. 1 1.) but the opinion of their
uncivil treatment of ftrangers feems to have rather
prevailed, either on account of the extreme frugality
and plainnefs of their diet ; (Athene. 4. cap. 6.)
or becaufe ftrangers were admitted only ufurpnat
iptfKiy on certain days ; (Shot, in Ariftoph. Pac
Suid&s.) which cuftom was adopted to prevent the
too frequent and promifcuous concourfe of other
nations j (Libanius Declam. 24. Thucyd. lib. 2. in
Oral. Puneb. Xenopk. de Rep. Laced. Pint arch.
Lycurg* and In/lit. Laconic.) The Spartans were
even prohibited from travelling into foreign coun-
tries, left they mould introduce foreign vices and
cuftoms at Sparta -, (Plutarch. Lycurg. and Apoph.
Vakr. Max. lib. 2. cap* 6. Harpocrat. v. *.&-
The ancient Greeks had a notion, that all ftran-
gers were under the immediate protection of certain
gods; as, of Minerva, Apollo, Venus, Jupker, who
was hence called ftvoc, hofpitable; which was a name
given alfo to other gods, who were fuppofed to pro-
tect
HOSPITALITY TO STRANGERS. 447
tect ftrangers ; (Horn. Odyff. 9. v. 269. Odyff. %*
^.55.) thus the gods were fuppofed to travel in
the habit of ftrangers; (Ovid. Met. lib. i. v. 213.
Met. 8. v. 626. Homer. Odyff. . v. 489.) It
may be obferved, that fait was ufually let before
flrangers, before they tailed the victuals provided
for them, as an emblem of union and love;, or
that their friendmip would be durable, unfufpected
and honourable ; (Euflath. in Iliad a. Sckol. in
Lycophr. Caff.v. 135. 137.) It may however only
be, that fait being conftantly ufed at the entertain-
ments of gods and men, it was fuppofed to have a
peculiar fanctity in itfelf : hence tao? aAa? ; (Homer.)
ioj aAf ; (Arnob. contr. Gent. lib. 2.) The table
alfo was thought to be endowed with an inherent
fanctity, as well as fait. To oporgKTrsfyv, to have
eaten at the fame table, was efteemed an obliga-
tion to friendmip ; and aXa xat rgirt*9 7rot,&<z>vtiv t
to tranfgrefs the fait and the table, or, to break
the laws of hofpitaiity ; and to injure thofe by
whom they had been entertained, was accounted a
great crime -, (Demqfth. Or at. de fals. Legat, Ly-
cophr. Caff. v. 134.) To o/Aorsyoi/, toconverfe under
the fame roof, was thought fome engagement to
friendmip; (Homer i. v. 635.) This friendmip
was called Tr^ojma, and was ufually held more
facred than the ties of kindred ; (Euftath. in IL .)
and tranfmitted from father to fon, and even ren-
dered cities more dear; (Plato de Leg. lib. i.
Plutarch, in Nicia. Cornel. Nep. Cimon. Hero-
dotus Clio.) Hence perfons thus united by the
bond of hofpitaiity gave each other o-j/xgcAa, to-
kens ; which, when produced, renewed their cove-
nant of friendfhip; ( Euripid. Med. i;. 613.) Thefe
tokens
448 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
tokens were mutual, and called %m<x. or tya gea 5
which, by the ancient Greeks, were depofited
amongfl their treafures, as perpetual memorials of
their friend (hip ; (Euftatk. in II. .) In more
modern times, they broke ar^yaAo?, a die, in two
parts j one of which the gueft carried away, the
other remained with him who entertained the
ftranger ; (Sehol. Euripid. in Med. v. 613.)
They who entertained private ilrangers, were
called ihoirfoZsvoi : they who received other foreign-
ers or public ambaiFadors, were called irfofaw :
though this name is often given to thofe who en-
tertained their friends of other nations. If he who
received foreigners, inverted with a public office,
did it freely, he was called 0Ao?rf o^ivo? ; (Tkucyd.
lib. 3. cap. 70.) but the Tr^cJ-sj/oi, were more com-
monly appointed to that office, either by the fuffrages
of the people, or, in monarchical ftates, by the ap-
pointment of the king ; (Herodot. lib. 6. JLuflatk.
in Iliad y. Pollux, lib. 5. cap. 4, Suldas.) They
alfo provided for them proper places in the theatre,
prefented them to the king or popular affembly, or
performed for them any other offices of hofpitality.
Hence, he who promoted good or evil to another,
was called TT^O gj/o? ; (Euftath.in Iliad $.) This office
was afterwards called *;*, which is interpreted
^a^ir/Aara ^w^^ara, gifts ; (Hefychius.) and the
officers 7ra>opoi, and ^voTTKsoc^ot.
Whoever undertook a journey, firft implored
the protedion of the gods. Before their departure
into a foreign country, it was ufual to falute, and
take leave of the gods of their own countries, by
killing the earth; (Ovid. Met. lib. 13. v. 420.)
which falutation was commonly praftifed at their
arrival
EDUCATION.
449
arrival in any country; (Horn. Odyff. . v. 460.
Ovid. Met. lib. $,v. 24.) by which they paid homage
and invoked the protection of nn^a^m Q&oi, the
gods who were patrons of that country ; who were
alfo worfhipped by them, as long as they remained
in that place. When they returned home, they
faluted the gods of their own country in the fame
manner, and returned thanks for their fafe return ;
(Horn. Odyff. >. v. 354. Mfchyl. Agam.v. 819.
Euripid.Hercul. Furent. v. 523.)
EDUCATION.
To prevent the vices infeparable from idlenefs,
great care was taken to accuftom boys and girls to
induftry. The boys were early employed in learn-
ing the elements of arts and faiences. The educa-
tion of the Greeks, (except the Lacedaemonians)
(Ariftot.Polit.c. viii. 4. Milan. Var HijL xii. 50,)
chiefly confifted of letters, the gymnaftic exercifes,
mufic, (for. Eunuch, aft. \\\. fc. a.) and painting;
(Art/lot, c. viii. 3. Plutarch, de Mufic. p. 1140.
Perizon. ad Milan. Var, Hift. j. \^.)
If the fathers of boys were rich, or perfons of dif-
tinction, they had private mafters for them, called
TrauJaywyo*, (Plutarch, ye Puer. Rducat. c. vii.
Horn. II. x. 831. Aufon. Idyll, iv. 21. Theocrit.
Idyll, xxiv. 103.^ h$a<TKx\<n t (JVower. Polymath.
iv. 19.^ and Traioor^Sflu j to form them to the
fine arts ; (Ariftoph. Nui/. 969 .) The office of the
9rJoTa, was only to exercife the bodies of their
fchoiars ; (Mfckyn. Timarch. p. 17?. Cafaub.
f/ieop/ir. Char ad. viii. Milan. Var. llift. ii. 6. )
The girls were clolely confined to the houfe j
G o (Corns/.
450 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
(Cornel, Nep. in Prxfat.) fometimes in the highefl
flory of the houi'e ; (Horn. Odyff'. o. 516. and //. (3.
514. Euripid. Jphig. in Aid. 738.^ Little was
allowed them to eat, (far. Eunuch, aft. ii./f. 3.
Xenoph. de Rep. Lacedxm. p. 537.^ and their waift
was flraitened to render it more elegant; (Ter.
Eunuch, aft. 2.fc. 3.) They were chiefly employed
in working wool ; (Eujlath. in //. u.Xenoph. ibid.
p. 534-J which was, in ancient times, an employ-
ment pradifed by women of high ranks (Horn.
QdyJJ. % . 97. Ovid. Heroid. i. v. 77. Xenoph. Hel~
kn. v. p. 443 ) Young women of the highefl birth
were taught mufic, (Plutarch, in Lycurg.) poetry,
(Paufan. Besot, c. 22. Milan. Far. Hi/I. xiii. 25.)
and eloquence; (Athene, v. 19.)
Reading and writing were at firft known by the
limple term y%oif*u,&Tiw ; by which was meant a
fcience which afterwards comprehended hiftory,
poetry, eloquence, and literature in general. Young
men of liberal fortunes ftudied phifofophy. There
were gymnafia, and public fchopls for the purpofe $
(Perizw. ad &lian. Var. Hift. iii. 21.) The prin-
cipal fchools at Athens were, the Academy, (Milan.
Far. Hift. iv. 9.) the Lyceum, (Milan. Far, Hift.
ix. 20 and 29. Cicer de Div. i. 13. Cic. Acad.
Qutfft.i. 17.) and the Kuvoo-a^c?; (Hefychhts. Diog.
Laert. vi. 13. Pauf. Attic, c. 19.) There was a
fchool at Corinth, called Kgwtiov ; and others found-
ed in many places 5 (Lucian. Dial. Mort. -p. 262.
(ticer, Tufcul. Qu<eft. ii. 6 1 . Sueton. Tiber.)
ART OF PAINTING, &C.
The progrefs of the arts in Greece was obfcure.
he art of drawing arofe by chance ; fculpture
owed
ART OF PAINTING, &c.
owed its origin to religion, and painting to the im-
provement of other arts. They firft learned the
mode of exprefling the form of objects by fimple
lines, from tracing, on the ground, or on a wall, the-
outlines of the projecting (hadowof a body illumi-
nated by the fun, or fome other light. At firft a
{tone or a tree were objects of veneration ; (Paufan*
lib.'], cap. 22 'Lib. 9. cap. 27.) Hence the fhapelefr
flatues in the Peloponnefus, exhibiting only a (heath,
a'column, or a pyramid, (Pav.fan lib. 2. cap. 9.*
Lib. 3. cap. 19. Lib. 7. cap. 22.) with a head on
the top. In thefe arts, the Greeks imitated the
Egyptians; (Plin. lib. 35. cap. 3. Strab. lib. 8.)
In the art of painting, they were but little ad-
vanced at the time of the Trojan war; (Horn.
II. ft. 637.) but towards the firft olympiad, they
exhibited more intelligence in their defigns ; (Plin.
lib. 35. cap. 3.- Diodor. Si cut. lib. 4. Suidas,
in AfcutaA.) Their colours were firft compofed of
pounded brick-duft; (Plin. lib. 35. cap. 3.) The
art of drawing in later times became a part of the
education of the citizens ; (Plin. lib. 35. cap. 18.)
Painting was a part of their education^ (Plin. 35,
io. Ariflot. Polit. 8. 3.) It was termed
(Plutarch, de Audiend. Poet, p, 17.) and
(Xenoph. Mem. 3. io. Euftath. 11. y. 39.) The
art was at firft fo imperfect, that painters wrote orj
their pictures the names of the objects they wiihed
to reprefent ; (jElian. 8. 8. io. 10.) One colour
was at firft ufed, (Plin.) then five; (Cicer. Brut.
c. 1 8.) and afterwards many. The inftruments
and materials ufed were, 0xia$ and K&xua?, the
eafel ; (Pollux, 7. 28.) Huaxtf and ILvaxia, the
canvafs 3 AnxuOoi, little boxes, in which the painters
c Q 2 kept
4?2 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
kept their colours ; (Cic. ad. Attic, i. 14.)
the wax ; X^^ara, the unprepared colours;
paxa, the prepared colours ; A*9u, the flowers ; (Pol~
lux^lib. 7. 28.) I^apif, the ftylej and
the pencil. The outlines were called
TVoyfapu Exta; and S^tay^a^ta ; (PoUttfy 7. Q.%.)
The finifhed pidure was called, Etxpy i (Pollux^ 7,
a8. .///#. 14. 37. 47 J
THE ART OF MUSIC.
Mov(r*iHi, mufic, is fuppofed to be derived from the
nine mufes; (IJi. Hifp. Orlg. i.e. 14..) and, according
to the Greeks, either invented, ( Lfi. Hifp. Orig. 2. c*
j j % Macrob.in Somn. Scip. i.} or improved by Py-
thagoras; (Vofs. de Sclent. Mat hem. c. 20. i.) There
were feven mufical notes confecrated to the feven
planets TTram, to the moon : ITa^uTra-ni, to Jupiter;
A^ai/oj, to Mercury : Mgo-u, to the fun : na^a/xs^rj,
to Mars: T^TU, to Venus : N?JT>J, to Saturn; (Ariftot.
Probl. Sefl. 19. Philand. ad Vitruv. v. 4. ^. 214.
VoJJius de Sclent. Mathem. c. 20. 3. p. 85.^ The
tone in which the muficians fung, was called Nojuo?;
(tfhucyd. 5. 70. Arijioph. Equit. 9. Ariftot. Probl.
1 2 . #. 28 . Plutarch, de Mujic. 1133. iSw/W^j in V.)
The four modes were, the Phrygian, the Lydian,
the Doric, and the Ionic; (Lucian.Harmon.p.$%$.
Art/lot. Polity. 3. Athen. 14.5. P/in.f.^) Some
add the CEolic. The Phrygian mode was religious;
the Lydian, plaintive; the Doric, martial ; the Ionic
gay and cheerful j the CEolic, fimple ; (Apulei.
Florid, p. 342. Ariftot. Polit. 8. 5. j.) The mode,
with which the foldiers were animated, was called
; (Horn. II. X. v. 10. Ariftopk. SchoL ad.
Acharn*
ART OF MUSIC. 453
Ictiarn. ib.Aitl. GelL 16. ig.Suidas.) After-
wards No/**; was applied to the words which were
fung in thefe modes ; (Ariftoph. Schol. Equif. 9.)
Their mufic was vocal or inftrumental -, (Art/lot.
Polit. 8. 5.;
. Mufical inftruments were either E^i/sur*, wind
inftruments ; or Evrara, ftringed inftruments j (Pol*
lux, 4. 8.) Their principal inftruments were, the
lyre, the flute and the pipe ; (Plutarch, de Mufic*
p. 1136.)
The lyre was called KtQafaand $ofpy; (Euftath.
II. &.. 38. //. <r. 569. Ariftoph. Nub. 1358.)
Apollo was fuppofed to have invented it 5 (Bion.
Idyll. 3. j.) Hence he is called $ogputTK ; (An*
Jloph. Ran. 234.^) In ancient times kings and
heroes learned to play upon this inftrument, (jElian*
3. 32.) upon which were fung the exploits of
heroes, (II. a. 186. Mn. i. 744. Arijlophy Thef-
moph. 130.^ and of love; (Horn. Odyjf. 6. 266. *
Anacr. Od. i) The ftrings were at firft of linen
thread (Euftath. Horn. II. o. 570.) and afterwards of
catgut ; (Odyff. $. 408.) There were at firft three
ftrings, hence the lyre was called T^p^Jo? ; which
was invented at Alia, a city of Lydia, and hence
called A<rta? j (Ariftoph. Thefmoph. 126. -Plutarch,
de Muftc.) It had afterwards feven ftrings, and
hence called ETrra^o^cf, (Macrob. Saturn. 1. 19.)
E7TTap9o<yyef, ( Etii'ip.) E7rrayAc<nro? ; (Pind. Nem.
Od. 5.) The ftrings were touched fometimes with
a bow, (Pind. Nem* Od. 5. /Elian. 3. 32.) fome-
times with the fingers ; (Athene. 4. Jn. 6. 645.)
To play upon this inftrument was called &$*
(Ariftot. Polit. I. 4.) K^veiy IlA?ix.r^w, (AnthoL 4.
1 6. p. 4.) Awxeiv, (Pind. Nem. Od. 5.)
454 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
xf oveiv, and YaAAu* $ (Athene. 4. 25. * AriftopK.
Schol. Avtb. 218.)
The ^K/* was called AvAoc, which they ufed at
feftivals, (Siddas in v. AuArjr^. Ovid. Faft. 6.
659. Plin. 28. 2.) facrifices, games, (Ariftoph.
Pac. $$Q.Horat. Epijl. L. 2. i. v. 98. Athena.
14. 2.) entertainments^ (Cerent. Adelph. afl. $.fc,
7. 77/'w//. 2. I.- i;* 86. Athene. 15. i J and fu-
nerals, (Milan. Var.H. 12.43. Plutarch, de Mu~
Jic. p. 1136.) It is faid to have been invented by
Hyagnis, a Phrygian ; (Athene. 14. 5. Ant hoi. i.
j i .y They were generally made of the bone of
ilags or mules; (Ariftoph. SchoL Acharn. 865.) hence
called, N^fo* avAoi; (Anthol.^. 28. Epigr. 13.)
They were thus firfl made by the Thebans ; CPo/-
///A*, 4. 10.) They were alfo made of the bone of
afles, (Plutarch, in. Corniv. p. 150.) and of ele-
phants; (Propert. 4. 6. v. 8.) fometimes they were
made of reed, or of box; (Pollux, 4. 10.)
The pipe was called 2v^, and differed in found
from the flute. The tone of the pipe was (harp*
hence called Anrr^x^ ; (Callim. Hymn, in Dian. v.
243.- Ovid. Metam. i* 708.) that of the flute was
grave, full and mellow ; and hence it was called
|3f*ftp*i (Ariftoph. Nub. 312. Euripid. Helen.
1367.)
Mufic was a part of the Grecian education;
(Milan. Var. Hi/1. 7. 15. Athena, lib. 14.) and
had an influence on their bodies, (ALlian. I. 14. 23*
- Ariftat. Polit. 8. 5. Athens. 14.) as well as
minds. Jt is faid to have cured ibme of their
difeafes; (Athena. /. 14. Aul. Gdl. 4. 13.)
DRESS.
I) R E S S. 455
DRESS.
The ancient Greeks went with their heads un-
covered ; (Lucian de Gymnas. p. 278.) afterwards
they wore a kind of hats, called ILAoi ; (He/iod. t^y.
546. Pollux, 7. 33;) itt^*; (Athene. 15. 13.)
orlLAi&a; (Arijloph. Acharn. 438.) The women
had their heads always covered. Their ornaments
for the head were called KaAyTrr^a, a veil ; (Odyff. s+
232.) A/xtfv, a fillet, which went round the hair;
(II. x* 468. Gravius in Hefiod. Theog. 916. v.
1 1 8.) kgnhpvov, a veil, which came down upon the
moulders ; (Eujlath* ad II. Z. 39. Horn. II. ^. v.
470.) Kfxu<paA<??, a net which inclofed the hair;
(Ariftoph T/iefm. \^ Eujlatli. ad IL %. 32.)
MiTfa, fillets which bound the hair; (Arijloph.
Y/iefm. { V. 264; -Grjeviits ad Hefiod. T/ieog. p. 916.)
OTrto-Ooo-^fv^o^, a particular kind of net, with which
their heads were adorned; (Pollux, lib. 5. 16.)
The Athenians wore TTT<<ya?, grafshoppers of gold,
(*Thucyd: i. 6.) as emblematical of their origin;
(SchoL Arijloph. Nub. 980.) Women of rank raifed
their head-drefs with fillets, called Sri<pa>7i v^-nXn ;
(JElian. i. 18.) They wore pendants at their ears,
called E/*^T<*, (Horn. II. a. 182. Odyff. 2. 296.)
EvwTia, (Mlian. Var. Rift* i. 18.) EA*X^; (Horn. II.
2. 401, Eujlath. in Odyff. a.) They alfd wore
necklaces, called O^a ; (Horn* II. 2. 401. ^r/-
ftoph. Lyjift. 409 }
Drefs was expreiTed by Ec-9^, (JElian. Far. Rift.
7. 8.) Eo-8jKa, (MliOKk i. 2.) Krfw^C Pollux, 10.
12.) EI/A ; (Hefiod. Scut. 159. fow. O<s^ |3. 3.)
The under-garment of men and women was ^trwv,
f//o^. y/. p. 262. OdyJJ'.-r. 232. Athena. 13. 6J
iHeredot. i. />, 4. Ov/< ^wor. 3. 14. 21.)
004
GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES-
a floating robe ; (Ariftopk. Lyjift. 45 )
The word fj/JWOat refers to the under-garment ;
(Milan, i. 16.) Buckles were worn by women of
rank along the tunic which reached from the
fhoulders to the hands. Thefe were called Usowou,
(Hoyt. Ocljf r. 256.) UooTrai, (Hon. II. X. 401.)
and were ot filver or gold; (Milan, i. 18.) There
was alfo a robe, called EyxuxAov QTMIOV, ( Ariftoph.
I'kefm. 268.) ufed as an under-garment; (jElian.
7. 9. Pollux > 7. 13.) IjuaTiov, or $ao?, Pal-
lium, (Horn. IL j3. 43. Eiifiath. In Odyff. |3.
Ariftoph. Thejmoph. 897.) was the exterior robe of
the men; (Horn. I!. (3. 43.) The words relating
to this garment, are n^tCoAAfir^ai ; (Horn. 11. |3. 43.
Milan, i. 16.) AwtjSaAXiffftflji j (tuidas inV.
Arljloph. Vefp. I 147-) A>i*!BJ^r|o'fl[i taaTiof ?r' a^ir^a,
and szri ^gta ; (Athena, i. 18.) AvaSoAaiov; (Milan.
7. 9.) Ilf^SoAaiov; (Suidas In V.
Idyll, ii. 19. Hsrodian. 4. 7. 5.)
(Xenoph. Mem. i. 2. 5.) XAatva, was a thick
external robe, worn in cold weather; (Suidas.^
Horn. IL n. 224. Odyff. H- 529. /z;;J 487. Meurs.
in Lycopkr.b3$.) it was fometimes fmgle, (Hom.IL
CL. 230.) and fometimes double; (Horn. IL K. 134.
O^J'//.' T. 226. Pollux, 7. 15 ) ^ajvoA^f, fSw/-
Jj^ /' ^.J and <t>ajKo>Aj?, a robe nearly round, with-
out ileeves, worn uppermoil ; (Hor. Ep. 1 1 . v. 1 8.
Juven. Sat. 5. 79. Quint. 4. 3. 64.) Au<rof,
AJJO-^JOV, a garment worn by both iexes. E^frf f,
a kind of great coat of goat fkin, (Suidas.) which
xvas alfo called Ma^uaf and BJJ^IOV ; (Suidas.)
TfiGuv or T^tgwvicv, the cloak of philofophers and
poor people ; (At hen*. 4. 28. Plutarch, de Fort.
Alex. p. 330. Anftoph. Pint, 714. 843.) it was of
a light
DRESS. 457
a light (luff; (Schol. in Arifioph. Pint. 714. Lu-
cian, Dial. Mort.p. 263.) of which the robes of
lawyer* were alfo made; (SchoL Arijloph. Vefp. 31.
/Elian. Var. Hift. 5.5-) Eirupu, a (hort cloak
which the women wore over their moulders ; (Athe-
na, lib. 13. 9. Pollux, 7.) nnrXos, an exterior robe
worn by women ; (Horn. II. Z. 289. Euflath. ad
II. |3. //. Z. 442.) The men alfo wore a robe
refembling this; (Eujiath. in II. g.) Zwr^ov, the
girdle which was worn by women ; (Horn. Odyjf. Z.
38.) SroXu, a long robe which came down to the
heels ; (Milan. 3. 24.) Karwvaxn, a Have's habit,
bordered at the bottom with fheep fcmi^Ariftopk.
Eccles. 7 19. Lyffi. 1153.) Eg/t*if, a Have's habit,
with one ileeve ; (Arijloph. SchoL Vefp. 442. &//-
J^j.^ it feryed them for tunic and cloak ; (He/y-
chius.) The citizens fometimes wore this drels ;
(Milan. 9. 34. Xenoph. Mem. 2.7. 5.) Bair??,
(Theocr. Idyll. 3.25. Schol. in 'Theocr. Idyll. .
15. Hefych.) Ap0E, a drefs of fkin, worn by
(hepherds; (Ariftoph. Nub. 72. Theophr. CharacJ.
TTf^t ay^otxia?.) E-yHo^Cw^a, a cloak of ihepberds,
girls, and flaves ; ( Pollux , 4. 1 8.) Xxa/xuf, a military
drefs, worn under the tunic, the cuirafs, &c. ; (Milan.
14. 10.) It was alfo worn by young men and
women; (Ovid. Met. 5. 51.) XAan?> (Hefych.)
a fine robe ; K^OXWTO? and K>ox&moi/, a faffron-colour-
ed robe, worn by women ; (Arijloph. Eccles. 874.)
a drefs of Bacchus ; (Arijloph. Ran. 46.) 2up^T^a,
a robe which came down to the heels ; (Po//nx, 7.
13. Hefych.) Gcfiffop, or 0ir?iw, a fu miner
drefs. Sr^optoi/, a fort of kerchief, which women
wore round their neck; (Ariftoph. Thefmoph. 146.
Anar.
458 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
Anatr. Od. 20. Catullus 65. 65. Martial. 14;
138.) Y lAAto*, a bracelet, worn by women ; f/W-
. Milan. 2. 14. Suidas in v. Yt\\u>t.)
, flioes, (Ariflot. Polif. i. 6. Aul. Gelt.
13. 21.) tied under the foles of the feet with
thongs, called Ipawrss ; (Milan. 9.11.) To put on
Ihoes, the word ua-o&iy was ufed, (Milan, i. 18.
Ariftoph. Eccles. 269.) and to take them off, Xu***
and uTroAunv ; (Ariftoph. Thefmoph. 1194= Lyfift.
949.) Shoes were alfo called Ilg&A* ; (Horn. II. |3.
44. Odyjf. Hi 23.) AtaSafi^a, were (hoes worn
both by men and women 5 (Pollux, y> io ; ) Sai^aAa;
Savtoua, were the flioes of heroines, and of gay
women 3 (Luclan. Dial. Deor. p. 2Ci8. ALlian. i.
1 8.) BAauTosi, ihoes worn only in the houfe.
KovtTTo^f?, flioes, like the former, (Ariftoph. Equit.
885. *- jfelian. 6. n.) low and tight, n^t^a^^f,
ihoes of women of good condition, (Ariftoph. Eccles.
843. Lyfft. 45. 48. PollllX^ 7. 22.) K^rjTTJ^f?,
(Milan. 9. 3. Herodian. 4. 8.) flioes, faid to be
worn fometimes by the military; (Tali Max. 9. I;
4.) They were alfo called Aprfihi ; (Pollux^ 7.22.)
A^tauAa*, a large and eafy fhoe; (Euripld.Oreft. 140^
^rr, /wr. 1304; Pollux y 7. 22; ^r//>. SchoL
Oreft.) n^c-txai, flioes worn by women; (Ariftophi
Nub. 151.) Thofe worn by courtezans were white;
(Pollux, 7. 22.) Aaxwvtxfli, (Ariftoph. Vefp. 1 153.)
and A/AuxAatc^, Lacedemonian flioes, (Hefychius.)
of a red colour; (Pollux, 7. 22.) Ka^anvaf, coarfe
fhoes, worn by peafants ; (Xenoph. Exped. 4.-
Hefychius. Schol. In Luclan. ad Philopfeud. p. 35.')
Ejugarai, (hoes worn by comedians ; locks ; (Pollux,
7. 22.) KoOo^ot, (hoes worn by tragedians j bufkins;
(Tertull.
MONEY.
(fertull. de Spefiac. \$. Virg. Ed. 8. 10. Propert.
2. 25. 41. ^ulntll. 10. I. 68.) They were alfo
called EpZafa, (hoes for men; (Schol. Arijtopk.
-]. Span/i. in Ariftoph. Pint. 759.)
MONEY.
The money of the Athenians was of three forts.
Silver was firft coined, and afterwards gold, and cop*
per. The mod common coins were thofe of filver,
and which were of different value. Above the
drachma, (nine-pence in Englifh) confifting of fi?c
oboli; were the didrachma or double drachma, the te-
tradrachma or quadruple drachma; below it, were
the pieces of four, three, and two oboli ; after which
were the obolus, and the. femi-obolus ; (fixpence,
four-pence halfpenny, three-pence, three half-pence
and three farthings, in Englim) ; (Pollux, lib. 9. cap.
6.) The latter being found inconvenient for com-
mon ufes, copper money was introduced , ( ' Ariftopk.
in Ran. 737. in Eccles. Bio. Callim. ap. A then.
lib. 15. cap. 3.) and pieces of that metal were
ftruck, which were not worth more than the eighth
part of an obolus ; (three fourths of a farthing in
Englim); (Pollux, lib. 9. cap. 6.) The largeft
piece of gold weighed two drachmas, and was worth
twenty filver drachmas, (fifteen millings in Englifli);
(Hefych. in X yc "-) Gold was fcarce in Greece ;
it was brought from Lydia, and from Macedonia,
where the peafants collected the fmall pieces, which
the rains warned down from the neighbouring
mountains; (Thucyd^ lib. 4. cap. 105. Ariftot.-
Strab, lib. 7.)
The
460 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
The computation of money among the Greeks
was :
. *. d>
i obolus, the fixth part of a ?
drachma - - - \
I drachma ----. 009*
jo drachmas ----- 076
100 drachmas or i mina - - 3 15 o
I ooo drachmas or 10 minse - 37 10 o
6000 drachmas or 60 minze, 7 rt
equal to a talent - J
10 talents ------ 2,250 o o
100 talents ------ 22,500 o o
I ooo talents ----- -225,000 o o
Sometimes they ufed alfo filver coins, called
tetradrachms, which were equal to about four
drachmas. The more ancient tetradrachms were
{truck till the time of the Pcloponnefian war. They
bore on one fide the head of Minerva, and an owl
on the reverfe. They were of rude workmanfhip,
On thofe of lefs ancient times, the owl {lands on
a vafe ; they alfo bore names or monograms upon
them. Thefe were current during four or five cen-
turies, and were of fuperior Ihape and ornaments ;
(Paujan. lib. i. cap. 24.) The Athenian tetra-
drachms have no date. The obolus was fometimes
divided into chalci, and fmaller proportions.
The value and proportions of Grecian coins.
. S. d. q.
Lepton -------oooo T 3 T V
Chalcus -------oooo|4
Dichalcus ------ o o o i r/ v
* According to fome the drachma was 7^d. and according to others 8|<L
Hemiobolufc
MONEY. 461
. S. d. q.
Hemiobolus ------0002-^
Obolus ooi i^.
Dioboius ------0022.5.
Tetrobolus ------0050^
Drachma ------0073
Didrachmon -----0132,
Tetradrachmon Hater ---0270
Pentadrachmon ----0323
Thefe coins were generally of brafs, except the
drachma, and the didrachmon, which were of
filver.
The gold coin was the (later aureus, which weigh-
ed two Attic drachmae, or half the ftater argenteus,
and was worth 25 Attic drachmas, of filver, or in
Englifli money - - - - - .1. os. ^d.
The ftater Cyzicenus, exchanged for 28 drachma,
the ftater Philippi, and ftater Alexandri, were of
fhe value in EngliQi money of - - i8s. id.
The ftater Daricus was worth 50 Attic drachma,
and the ftater Croefi, were in value ^.i. izs.
Weights reduced to Englifli Troy weight.
lb. ox. dwts. grs> dec:
Drachma -.,----006 2 ||.
Mina --,.--- i 104 $
Talent ------- 65 o 12 5 -*|-
or
Drachma ------ o o 2 16 9
Mina ------- i 11010
Talent ------- 67 7 5 o
Grtatct
462 GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES:
Greater 'weights reduced to EngliJJi Troy weight.
lb. oz. dwtt. grs.
Libra -------- o 10 18 13 |
Mina Attica communis v - - - on 7 16 ^.
Mina Attica medica - - - - i 2 n 10'^
Talent um Atticum commune - ^ 56 11 017^
Grecian feet reduced to Englijli.
ngl.F. Inch. Dec.
I Grecian foot makes - - i o, 0786
i o Grecian feet make - - - 10 o, 7860
i DO Grecian feet make - - - 100 7, 86
The Greeks had different kinds of fladia, but
the moft common were known by the name of the
Olympian fladia.
Eugl. Mil. Furl. Yds. Dec.
Stadium - - - - - o o 201, 4278
Grecian meafures of length reduced to Englifti.
Paces. Feet. Inc. Dec.
Daclylus or digit - - - o o o 7554 44
Doron ------ o. 030218!
Lichas - 007 5546
Orthodoron r - - - o o 83101-^5.
Spithame ----- 009 0656 i
Foot ------ o i o 0875
Hvypv, cubit - - - - oil 5984 I-
Pygon ------ o i 3 ' 109 j.
uj, larger cubit o i 613125
, pace r 060 525
Stadium ----- 100 44 5
Milion ------ 805 5 o
The Grecian fquare meafures were the plethron,
or acre, containing 1,444, or 10,000 fquare feet,
as fome affirm. The aroura was half the plethron.
9 Attic
MEASURES. 463
Attic meafures of Capacity for liquids, reduced to
EngiiJJi wine menfure..
Gals. Pts. Sol. Inch. Dec.
Cochlearion - ? - - - o T ^ o 0356 ~ r
Cheme T--r--o-g~ o 0712 --
Myftron - - - r -. - o ^ T o 089 -^
Conche - - - - r - o ~' T o 178 44
Cyathus - - r - - - o .jL. o 356 44
Oxybaphon -r-rrO^- o 535 |.
Cotyle -----roj 2 141 J
Xeftes ------oi 4 283
Chous ----^-0625 698
Metretes- - - - - - 10 z 19 626
Attic meafures of capacity for dry things, reduced
to Rnglifli corn meafure.
Pecks.'Gals. Pints. Sd. Inch. Dec.
CQchlearian - - - - o o q o 276 .^
Cyathus -----0002 763
Oxybaphon ----00041 44 |
Cotyle ------00016 579
Xeftes ------00033158
Ch^nix ------00115 705 i
Medimnus ---*-4o63 501
I N D E X
OF
GREEK WORDS.
ABEBHAOI, 154.
-a.1, 437-
pai< 207.
6i/<tov&? 2 1 8.
1JTl?f, 433.
<cJao, 569.
, 76-
w*, 214.
ia, 214,
, 2 1 4..
i, 33^'
, 292, 441
, 334-
135.
135.
49-
13, 49.
, 1^6.
*c, 39.
', 49.
214*
, 214.
49.
214.
2-!4
214.
22, 214.
Gt'c^ta, 214.
214.
2 33*
203.
273*
, 238.
272.
riarro*, 72.
go, 267.
J-(pi5tHT.4, 272.
Tt/X-VJTOl, 72.
UTT' Ev^yyi;j 218".
a, 260.
, 2O2.
, 249.
, 262,.
, 176.
oij, 170.
79-
> 9*
9*
V, 138.
A^-via, 215.
A<>uv*a.v ctyziv, 215.
A^nart/.o;, 215*
Aoavna-t 21 s-
A^vi^a, 215.
., 8S.
tTtJa* 208.
, 215, 258.
A0na?, 22.
A6A00HT*., 30. 260.
ACAcf -r,;, 262.
^, 26l.
AN INDEX, Sec,
39$.
Aictv.ua,, 215.
" 5 8
i> o.
, 22.
OPT? 2 1 6.
!, 26, 80.
430.
a, 2 1 6.
443*
2 2O.
, 266.
334.
348.
28.
440.
1 97*
198.
j, 260.
AiV!?, 378.
AT7)THt6, 146, I57'
Ama, 74.
207,
1, 290.
t, 2l6.
Axaor/ ( M,t, 1 6.
Axafia^rot, 154*
Axarta, 35^*
194.
2 9 I.
Axovtri yixay, 2O5>
t, 267.
:, 261.
196.
, 4 21
, 414.
147, 414.
, 283
321.
321.
331.
, 6.
35^*
f, 447*
A;y, 260, 262*
195.
262.
270.
270
, 387.
, 380, 42!
417*
ro> 4^7*
217, 238.
, 286.
217.
217.
217.
217*
H H
466
AN INDEX OF
336.
i, 217.
e$a.vcm
395.
, 217.
217.
55'
15^'
, 456.
455-
418.
437-
ta, 217
ot, 334.
45*
24*
284*
, 43, So.
334-
299*
299
286.
367.
149* 246.
182.
, 456.
) 267*
, 45^.
282.
2 1 8.
45 ^
60.
142
, 60.
T*7i
21 8.
, IO, 2 1 8.
, IO, 2 1 8.
21 8.
266.
29, 66*
272.
, 138.
, 2 1 8.
O 7<yoo 4*4*
22O.
334'
Aararo, 149, 221
303.
77*
35 I.
, 416.
, 445, 446.
, 2 1 8.
j 79*
79*
27
400.
409.
?, 91
219.
j 2 1 3.
Av6>j, 451.
, 38.
GREEK WORDS.
141.
Am/I, 288.
Avrup.QO-101,, 69, 75.
vo/xf> 93*
291.
ta, 2O&.
A|O WfTrAo*, 249.
, 93
, 365.
* 267.
ha., 22O.
, 78.
159, 374.
> 374-
219.
219.
, 395.
t,, 39 5, 396.
i, 26.
357-
154*
I I .
** 267.
437.
437.
335*
345-
A^royeia, 33^*
357*
141
37.
, 39.
193.
j 14, 4-26.
, 406.
357.
198.
414*
i Toy uio^, 4^
, 396.
? ^l>t7, SO.
22O.
396.
424
375.
424.
193.
'45
22O.
x*)> 80.
*^*) 4^4*
V)t 80.
313.
, 406.
, 387.
298.
, 4 2 9'
266.
<, 266.
to?, 193.
, 43, 7-8.
, 375.
52.
29.
424.
2O.
2O.
23, 8o.
142.
299.
22C.
458.
22.
a 220.
221.
22.
, 360.
66, 169.
22O.
, 56.
2OO.
2 1 3.
* 325.
414.
i' > 174.
, 388.
siy, 224*
288.
392.
336, 340*
3-40.
H 2
4**
AN
INDEX o?
Arapo? ttitr
34!..
458.
, 387.
town, 387*
221, 241
221.
336.
Afro?, 4*7-
13.
1 3 9*
roi, 53-
> 98, 139.
1 8 1 2^
342.
433..
3*-
, 426*
44'
v, 33^*
7^
453.
, 221 .
, 222*
Etv, 222.
424, 425
77
289.
288.
33 2
, 288.
r, 147*
230.
> 202.
, 448.
,
323*
Art/, 2.
433
415.
325*
334*
GREEK WORDS.
"Batirrxt, 243.
"> 4^
5
223.
, 454.
223.
33.
31, 59, 98, 232, 433-
31.
) $<>* 59*
a, 208*
262.
, OI.
4^7*
xj, 8o
BtjAot, 138, 154.
357*
290.
* 316.
r. a 223.
> 223.
v, 456.
V) 80.
txj, 80.
243.
v, 206.
BAaurat, 458.
Bos?, 149.
TtAEKH, I5O.
312.
2 2 3.
, 279*
141.
211.
SWu, 8 1,*
204.
223
209.
223*
151
33.
54.
M H 3
47
AN INDEX OF
SI.
225..
of* 227.
(>M EOT},
, 289, 314.
ir, 289.
ii'> 2 34*
234.
) 213.
22.
n', 413.
, 225.
225
Tiyga
215.
215
408.
407*
2 I 6.
199.
28, 45, 93.
33, 344.
26l
79, 82
45O.
451.
, 45 !
443.
, 292
, 287.
Ej, 294.
294.
43-
, 43.
269*
15*
225.
, 13.
402.
oi, 41, 401, 424.
t, 41, 401.
400.
vii;, 400.
j, 400.
, 385.
394*
225.
232.
yoe.fjt.ov, 393*
225*
189.
433'
422.
433.
, 228.
, 433.
422.
335.
, 453-
21O.
272.
359*
359.
359.
225.
8 1
226.
, 184.
oiv, 440.
^a, 226.
, 226.
, 414.
399.
, 43 6.
, 77.
, 414*
323.
422.
416.
, 416.
415*
422.
414*
22.
415
415.
415.
22.
22.
GREEK WORDS.
47*
373.
296, 2,97.
297'
tj 277*
> 77-
J^ 224.
405.
405.
297.
, 339-
a, 63, 226.
299,
299'
Aef
425
95.
^5' ! 95'
7r' stxa^t, 278.
278.
, 329.
^ai, 419,430.
37^*
154*
; 206.
226.
33
, 278.
om%t> 4^
, 2O.
, 76.
', 6l*
458.
, 66, 75, 79.
, 22*
75*
145*
3 '4*
a, 68 > 8 I, 114*
217.
227*
414.
Aia?, 22.
227.
jtx,ot, 201.
261.
ij, 408.
, 2O.
oi, 44*9*
387.
, 387*
198.
fyoj, 446,
otj I59*
, 228.
AJXJJ
352, 376.
30.
37*
, 68, 60.
, I 1 8.
III*
114.
, 1 1.8.
131.
owo-a, 70
228.
f, 228.
cXx(y, 330.
, 284.
, 297*
297.
oV) 62.
, 228.
9, 228.
, 228.
INDEX OF
290.
228.
AtoTroi, 343.
Aio? ayytAot, 136.
/3oyj, 230.
|ma, 446.
10.
17
411
29O.
320.
340.
34*
AovAot, 26, 434.
Aouvat, 411.
x7 290.
195.
34^*
ci, 283.
260.
, 230.
j I54*
205.
, 205.
, 206.
267
*, 230.
U 6ucra, 152.
394.
K,, 394*
77.
tvixct) 448.
) l8 I.
x*a> 77*
65,
77.
230.
405.
230.
190.
, 178.
190.
E TJ
387.
33 1 .
2 9'
, 457.
4^7*
GREEK WORDS.
473
330.
330.
373-
29-
387.
330.
113.
44.
, 44-8*
88, 452.
, 415, 416.
, 402.
402.
455-
3O5*
306.
79*
48.
, 66, 75.
75.
23 I
54*
, 378.
, 373.
, 378.
43, 415.
35*
231.
231.
29 I
231
231,
v, 279*
231.
232.
, 297.
296.
297.
419.
, 39
232.
291.
, 74*
, 47*
, 36.
424*
, 72.
ry? y>j, 414*
, 190.
297*
357.
, 406.
195*
3^*0*
338.
KAaia, 204.
14.
14.
148.
, 234.
330.
232.
279.
Xos, 232.
232.
422, 433.
364.
74-
422.
312.
209.
234.
232.
60.
316.
232.
232.
455.
EXXji/o^xa, 269, 270.
269.
37.
37.
AN
INDEX 0-P
177.
399*
347*
, 20 1.
', 147*
302.
453.
, 329.
329.
, 307.
235.
344.
301.
, 296.
, 301.
, 301.
455.
x>j, 8 I.
330.
VOt, 6
, 165 193.
14.
198.
154*
303.
303,
303.
, 303.
32.
235.
yp^at, 35^*
xn, 8l, 1 1 8.
, 287.
457-
38.
40.
83, 302.
325- "
, 43*
302.
Erat/Xia, 395, 396.
235-
434-
T>?V votw, 345*
fc 3*7-
. 335-
> 34^.
220, 395.
GREEK WORDS.
475
33 1, 337*
, 236.
xr,K*, 236.
, !?
, 236.
'K> 236.
42!
49, 297
, 148.
347-
) 345*
303.
, 298, 3
3O2.
337*
, 76.
SW>j, 82.
> 35*
, 26, 84.
ra, 43*
o* 6so, 449*
207,
) 288.
45 2.
70.
457.
, 31, 35^
, 332, 338.
Epx, 374.
374.
, 415.
, 415, 416.
*, 249.
t 22.
, 236.
5.
339.
TWV voottuV) 4^*
, 36.
9'"*
AN INDEX OF
4*4*
, 76.
24*
2OO.
, 357.
voj> 2 1 6.
xia, 68.
, 28, 78.
x,, 236.
, 236.
, 357.
344.
vvfj.<ptKX^ 394.
Eil|oo?, 429.
Eyo |S*x^oi, 229.
^aCot, 229.
169*
f, 2.p6.
, 33, IO2.
190,
393*
II.
23 7^
237.
190*
237.
195.
169.
443.
259.
270.
456.
14s
79.
79.
282.
301
Etyvyo
393.
ZE, 1 8.
379.
5> 69.
, 296.
136.
204.
3.
349.
GREEK WORDS.
477
204.
, 85, 240.
;, 437-
37*
330, 339.
335-
2^7, 330.
339
, 298.
a., 4^ I.
S^.
iAtvu. ara, 3 3 ^
287. .
, 287.
330.
457.
' 09-
444*
237.
337.
217.
65.
287*
297.
297.
328.
328.
Tai, 283.
283.
194..
He, 237, 245.
Hgax*fia f 238, 241
^ 69*
, 8.
8.
238.
238.
/ACf, 376.
j, 238.
i 69.
air^a, 238;
22.
, 198.
339.
Qa.hoifs.icu, 335*
> 335*
339*
EOt
334, 3^9, 394.
162.
!>, 99, 250.
, 238
^TO<, 238.
85*
~v^o\<tv t 374*
60.
3 2 ^*
238.
- 1 *, 279.
, 238*
, 238*
422*
i', 3 2 ^ c
> 447
33$.
239, 383.
230, 239*
* 1 89*
189*
239*
376.
170.
1 70*
239*
239.
457-
457'
426,
IOOT7J, 239**
, 239.
240.
32.
89, ^I.
478
K, 240.
, 89, 239.
, 89, 239.
o ^cr pot, 1J
17O.
408.
<7o<pKrfACC, 1 7
bfraTJ), !75
xo, 190.
396.
38.
I 8 I.
l8 I.
422.
I-O.
3^*
3, 24, 102.
4^5*
149.
K, 265.
l6o.
357*
339.
, 335.
, 33^*
33^*
339.
413.
ta,, 413*
, 413.
427.
364.
369.
338.
417.
241.
427.
233.
148.
24*
241.
380.
241
17.
146.
157
AN INDEX OF
241,
148.
t, 284*
395.
198.
419.
, 288.
, 288.
, 288.
, 287.
288.
288.
229.
233.
233.
ot, 36^.
ao^, 272.
x^ ^ax.TvAoi
?, 272.
. 3".
>, e , 311.
311.
olaj'ot, 448.
xat, 76.
334.
, 268.
272
*34-
9, 234.
o.
' T'
146, 150.
134-
CTE*a, 193.
*39-
I35 2 35-
221.
447-
241.
193.
76.
, 232.
229.
241.
GREEK WORDS.
479
qci 241.
, 115, 164.
a, 162.
oi, 162.
17.
371.
337.
, 286.
301.
, 45
, 264.
, 45 *
241.
241.
\vuct,, 241*
241.
241.
417.
214, 3^7*
> 3OI
3*
;, 8.
283*
l6.
, 6
t, 284*
?, 282.
242.
23.
23.
Iray T^oTrcnoy, 322.
336.
337.
c, 336.
f 0aAajM,of, 402.
a^?, 239.
a, 242.
Irea, 288.
lT ia , 418.
Irt; ? , 288.
iylf 379-
292.
327.
, 296.
1 97
-13
223*
(Z, 242
o*, 73*
Ka^ot, 73.
V, 357.
, 5 I .
o?, 113,
215.
. II.
Kau-ov, 65.
Kax.ai OTT, 2o6.
^t?, 82.
82.
, 79.
KaAafitov, 233.
242.
, 158.
, 242.
242.
, 378.
t. 367.
, 267.
270.
451.
, 396, 455.
v, 396.
, 263.
KaAwv, 337.
334.
335
i, 335, 338.
s, 357.
, 26l.
, 232.
Kaveov, 417.
, 388,
, 3891
156,
ao;> 1 8.
vi/, 156, 417.
, 263, 289:
250.
AN INDEX OF
399-
tt 196.
h 45 ^'
, 3^5*
O*, 280.
i> 280.
1 45'
KfltU>at, 365.
Kav, 214, 242.
Kgy|, 311.
K7re <3W>5, 82.
?, 222.
242.
242*
337*
I 8 2.
, 185.
266.
, 185.
, 266.
415.
4^5*
, 280.
287
272*
48-
, 48.
, 26 1.
j 262.
KalaXoyo?, 280.
357*
J7^<x> 335
i, 316.
^10; > 87.
347*
KaIaracrK> 28 1
33-
280*
, 338, 339.
284, 338.
, 2^.
273.
a > 27,
3^7*
, 265.
Kolwfis
2IO*
93.
93*
457*'
287*
t^ 2O.
357*
7r/]^at, II*
2, 22.
45 S*
343.
266. 328.
t, 37^*
i, 228.
336, 541.
)} /^ar|f 87.
, 422.
298.
286.
299.
299*
435*
a, 297, 299, 336, 435.
K.egy.V(>ot,iui> f^xr^t ^73
299, 315.
430*
207.
2IO.
, 335.
to W0
135
73.
215.
33'*
2iO.
452.
, 136, 434.
i/, 3^5*
45, 232.
, 265.
9*
f, 69.
453.
v, 453.
ii^o( 4*
, 222.
GREEK WORDS*
4 8l
2O2.
2O2.
394*
291.
, 266.
KoAoto?, 86.
E?, 45^*
14*
14*
243.
, 284*
Kovrot, 335.
EU', 256.
255, 291
399*
, 243.
243.
^ty
29 1
286.
, 390.
292.
*> 256*
2IO.
44^*
441
44 '
441-
44'
271.
243.
243.
220, 389*
394
39^*
239.
239.
3?, 239.
405.
22.
286.
438.
t 420,
, 455*
86.
, 458,
369,
422.
272.
4'
I I
AN INDEX OP'
52, 75.
34 3.
Ki>0v, 86.
K^i^Ff, 86.
Ky^&)yK7jU,o?, 86.
K.V(VV OLPyOSy IO.
Ku^ui/f 308.
^,283.
422.
', 87.
. 335'
37. 74-
198.
327.
339*
3-3-
330.
243
, 336.
AajiE^aj/^cvjwv Eopra> 243*
Aaxjioj, 141.
Aax.x*-, 458.
AaAa, 407.
i-73-
yj^?, 43 J P
238.
2^4.
AaUT0vtt&)% 244,
e?, 3 6 7-
244.
*644-
S i, 244,
*, 320.
77
77-
42.
2-1 1.
359-
244.
244.
GREEK WORDS.
454*
299,
Kif) 399*
ay, 399*
V, 3^9*
O?, 422.
?, 406.
Asvx.afjt.C6, 34.
y, 426.
ot'^Jkov," 394*
o, 45'*
xaxa, 28 ^
A>;va.ic, 2.44
AJJVOJ, 230
A
34.
34-
, 456.
286.
ja, 86, 244.
f, 316.
Ai0o/xavTia, 2 1 la
, 167.
404.
229*
244*
337-
a* 244.
, 365.
337.
jj 4^7*
351*
,-, 452
, II,
SO, 34.
AoytrA, 29, 39, 50.
344-
147.
Tag srt/vSrjxa;, {70*
v o-yy&s9/*, 170.
*, 221.
375, 404.
?, 394*
- 296.
, 297*
, 296, 36!*
, 221.
Ao^ot, 298-
297, 301,
Ayyo?, 135.
> 458.
fj, 394.
15.
282*
Ai/xtt, 65.
^45
407
2I3*
j, 311.
Mayyava, 313*
Maysta*, 207.
J'a 88, 417*
Mata 407
7*
? 18.
7.
i, 327, 329.
TTJTaJ, 1 I .
246.
409.
441-
4*4
AN INDEX OF
GREEK
Moyorox.o?, 403.
397-
293.
<pongat, 293,
211.
2,66.
, 328.
, 2 1 6.
301.
, 1 8. 246,
, 7
t, 279.
., 246.
j, 452
f 12.
> 344*
169
423.
Ooo?,
227.
421.
, 246.
Etcroooj, 234*
JAliTTUTM, 417'
, 346.
, 246.
Nao?, 139.
e?, 135, 137.
221.
342.
34*
346*
34'
t, 40.
tf, 343.
454*
211*
212*
W O R p S.
NExvsm, 246, 376.
37-
4*5
No6o, 26, 408.
329.
, 376.
352.
, 34.
, 84* 91.
No/xo?, 90, 179,452,4^3.
33, 34.
AN INDEX OF
Noroj, U,
444.
eux.v) 9, 445
II Oe
t, 284.
195.
334.
40.
rsia, 9
336.
434.
422*
, 6.
197*
41, 437*
13, 420.
422.
421.
421
149*
418.
434.
357.
197.
198*
Owvo*, 197.
451.
?, 276.
4384
327
OAxot, 335.
177.
158.
, 248.
ov, lo.
I O.
I37
o, 21
OjtAoiorow.05
248.
33O.
447.
ov, 447.
175.
404.
2^9
CREEK WORDS.
Ofo?. 422.
1 9O.
j, 266.
197
, 85*
, 352, 376.
136, 154, 179.
136, 179.
, 367.
, 87-
"po? 87.
, 360. 40.6.
at, 248.
op*, 248, 255.
, 206.
evexa, 2O2.
149.
'49"
1 4 9.
299, 303, 331.
297.
IO.
83.
330, 437.
333, 433.
286.
, 289.
ay, 289.
, 286.
f/,oi f 40.
(A'Jlj
2 48
74, 357
TLottav, 159'
3^9*
.
449*
, 434.
GiTot, 410.
-xat, 434.
iai, 449*
r^fj 268.
15.
260, 265.
395.
, 62.
385.
, 398.
487
204.
AN INDEX OP
Ilatytoi, 204.
rUXra, 290.
TlafjJoOMTlOl; 248.
ria/x/Aap^ov, 266,
IIajtA/4apot, 266.
IIa/x. ( unx0, 154'
TlavaQyvaiat, 248.
TIa.va,Q'ir)va,\')tov t 249*
IlavaxEia, 25 I
naK^aacna, 416.
nav^a/^xot, 250.
UavJ9/AO, 251, 258.
na^Djbw?, 10, 399.
nv^f 251.
Ilav^ocro?, 5, 251.
riaK^Wta, 251.
Tl&voq
v,, 64.
, 68.
,', 330.
; j, 283.
91
90.
p*^ov, 291
ot, 267*
339*
2 84.
78.
o(, 283.
, 88.
, 98, 136.
423.
j 17.
JO 75.
297*
297, 298.
398*
388.
339*
32.
33 J.
j, 302.
302*
284*
283.
283.
408.
400.
448.
392.
452.
, 284.
394.
409.
251.
, 86.
, 2981.
458.
Ilciga, 272.
267.
12.
335, 338.
, 4.
4.
GREEK WORDS.
4*9
24.
171.
291.
^a>a, 237.
252.
> 281.
286.
252,
419*
* 296.
297.
297.
15, 260, 273.
, 298.
, 298.
248.
248.
297.
297,
34 2 '
3 OI>
> 296.
rieT7)xoro?, 3d.
y|, 299*
249, 457.
3'
, 456.
45 8.
9*
45^*
Kj 372.
> 47
, 367.
(5 15.
j 286, 33^*
409*
, 369.
252.
, 208, 280.
. 154.
303.
313.
331.
229, 252
, 288.
339.
2O2.
87.
3 * "
, 316.
87.
34*
212*
333*
314.
311.
456.
T 462.
437-
, 2l8.
455.
> 455*
455.
, 451.
$2,
380.
250.
335.
, 329.
252.
299.
13.
335.
234..
300, 313*
, 313.
327.
, 326.
3-0
AN INDEX OF
390.
12.
, 158.
3 Z 294* 29,5
' at/ToxgTo^E?,, 44, 306.
290.
54 9
49, 90.
296.
400.
88, 3^5
49*
, 33^*
, 252, 255.
339*
, 285,
387.
24-
24*
340.
2 53
2 53
312.
253*
284*
I39-
, 359*
, 359*
iotif 39**
447*
448.
435
43^*
137
aAo?
27*
212
173*
17*
34^*
3C2.
23.
284.
GREEK
43*
253, 592
, 253, 389, 390.
49*
AN
422
, 426.
Pvf4MT t 335, 338
9*
300
INDEX, OF
i. 83,
39>
2 &*?**, 254.
"Zctyrivovw, 315.
2aAot, 347.
TJjS, 297*
, JIO.
V^VDiV},
, 458.
33"*
87, 139.
290.
, 254.
290.
viff 290.
, 267*
oj, 267.
of, 283.
ta, 254*
149.
172.
, 33O.
254*
ta 59,
, 236.
254.
139, 140.
370.
309, 310.
297.
391.
t 418, 44 2 *
254.
, 212.
a, 4^9
285.
391
87
388.
417
39.
33
23*
326.
23* 250.
209*
254.
369.
290.
2X4] VI],
J', O2.
423.
a^ta, 45 z *
Mt) 23.
255.
255.
251.
og
254.
255.
ia, 254.
^i6;vi 279*
44*
408.
34*
woe-*?, 421
TTffitv, 421.
jv, 421.
320.
154.
) 3 2 S*
, 293.
^?, 293.
325.
4^2.
, 234,
a, 440.
, 424.
263.
4^4*
335.
GREEK WORDS.
493
417.
, 184.
IO?, 272.
146, 147, 306.
73.
255*
440.
4*5*
, 261.
, 26O, 26l.
, 260, 26l.
, 261.
86, 290.
329.
, 162.
, 178.
, 287.
t4J*J 455'
cuVtc, 268.
, 88*
SEytKoi, 89*
443.
?j 240*
39 1-
369.
, 86.
, 86.
j 86.
, 86.
2
2O2.
298.
298.
297.
2/roa*, 12, 15.
SToi^f.ov, 423.
27CUXCI, 12.
, 342.
, 4s 7
, 331.
/u.jjfoet^}?, 348.
, 298, 34.0.
, 298.
, 30, 107, 295.
, 342, 433.
296.
494
, 306.
v oixri} 84*
309*
4*5*
AN
357*
357*
INDEX OP
r> 344-
137.
'37*
297*
4 298.
272.
272.
311, 454^
^55*
50.
li6, 416, 4l8,
> 297*
&, 298*
tfTaf;pit, 298.
v, 158,
, 264.
}tor } 221.
, 264*
3 1 6.
292.
, 300.
I54*
87.
, 340.
6.
, l66, 255.
, 184.
255*
304.
, 255*
402.
37, 74.
39*
T-:/
s, 198.
297.
295.
297, 433.
297.
f, jOI
33 I.
a, 256*
gj, 286.
, 256;
a, 256*
372.
, 267.
, 338.
, 288.
. 389
389.
, 389.
Av0g0, 2O.
261, 398, 301*
tt, 36.
> H5-
139-
'uv, %OO
, 261.
? XOT*, 66, 74.
, 256.
407.
297.
297-
57
i 298.
GREEK WORDS*
495
170.
23 1
231.
233.
, 231.
, 65.
4?-
34 2
343.
34'
343
231.
257*
199. .
288.
302
?* 1 8O.
338.
43^*
452.
278.
257, 402*
257.
402.
152.
33.
21, 152.
2 1 8.
, 453.
, 286.
> 37*
330.
322.
322.
3 29-
336.
33-
336.
> 33-
401* 47'
257.
283.
> 3H-
496
AN INDEX OF
330*
283,
286.
ia, 430.
419.
369.
, 86.
y 86,
2 7'
, 86*
257.
257.
375
286*
hxy, 26.
* 89.
60, 77.
iWt, 40.
Yy<si<, 1 60.
23-
fo. f 25, 256.
c., 148.
257.
434.
393-
395.
395-
39?.
257.
wua, 336.
, 369.
ra*, 284*
339.
337, 338.
cni;, 300.
400.
> 33^*
297.
Ct, 328.
159-
p, 192.
r, 387.
^ 3'^7
, 369.
Exta, 452.
452.
458.
, 33O.
438.
426.
, 458.
68.
run tfi(itv t 336^
] 8.
302.
451.
172.
Y'TTUfAGCTHZ, 68.
, 264.
, 261.
292.
262.
262.
372.
o^ot, 154.
60.
257.
330.
347.
257.
416.
2^7*
t 403
456.
298.
298.
290, 544.
, 290. 344.
.297.
Kpot^?, 30O.
, 284.
, l8.
329.
ar^aJa, 229.
222, 229.
opoi, 229.
286.
2c6.
GREEK WORDS.
97
13* 45*
ct, 2*13.
, 238.
?, 76, 87.
239.
<J>a<7i?, 78, 83.
258.
?, 403
, 359.
359.
74*
334-
u, 278.
278.
278.
233.
3^7
422.
? 37
429*
, 378.
89*
, 453-
453.
387.
399.
35-
2 2O.
33.
64.
, 64.
, 196.
, 391.
122, 391.
391.
tj 3 ^ *
316.
206.
87.
21.
2 95
, 33.
, 416.
272.
256*
3*3*
, 258*
403.
435.
338.
, 285.
j, 329,
XaAxtotxta, 258.
co?, 258.
, l86.
338.
72.
. 258.
. 258.
, 25 8
85.
nj/*a, 369.
lpj 341.
y 288.
424.
52.
258.
K K
44?,
AN INDEX &c.
Xepn^, 156.
, 346-
' 332-
170. '
170,
> 170.
170
, 156.
452.
Xt'TAa, 212.
Xf~A<}, 4^4*
XvTf*, 97, 406, 425,
XvrpiH, 219, 259.
315, 3 6 9-
X9, 415.
;;a oix>j, 82.
ira; 148.
r, 454
, 458.
. 77-
77-
* 77-
*, 77.
,.*, 114-
54' 90, 101,.
73-
202.
52.
297.
, 28l.
371-
, 212.
40.
)i, 12.
*t, 198.
4C2.
402,
4OO.
2 3 0.
159.
ayo$, 230, 259
9V ., 197-
' 259, 376.
QpKT[Jt.Va,l V)[Jt,p<X.l t 44 *
ipa, 248.
499 )
INDEX
REMARKABLE THINGS.
, oracle of,
Academus, 16.
Achzeans, I.
A&ions at law, il2v
Aftor, tragic, qualification of a,
97. reward of, 97.
Adopted children, laws relating
to, 103.
Adultery, laws relating to, 123,
397. punishment of, 397.
Jigean fea, i.
* ,/Efculapius, divine honours paid
to, 187.
Aglaurus, feftival in honour of>
252.
Agraulos, temple of, 7.
Altars, of the Qrecian, 140,
how confecrated, 142, where
erefted, 143.
AmbafTadoors, of, 305.
Amphiaraus, oracle of, 185
Amp hidea* oracle of, i&8,
Amphi&yons, council of, 4<
Anaceam, 98.
Anchors, of Ships, 334.
Animals 7 ilain in Sacrifices,
Anointing the body, 426*
Apollo, temple of, ; i .-oracles
of, 174. feftwals of, 22.5.
226-230-242-247-2^2.
Apparitors, belonging to Courts
of JuiVice, 67.
Aquedutfls^ 14.
Arbitrators, 75, laws relating
to. 115.
Archemorus, Nemean games in
honour of, 273.
K K 2 Archonfe
5 oo
TNDEX OF
Archons, 3-29, their authority
30 how appointed, 108.
Ardalides, 187.
Ardalus, divine honours at, 187
Areopagites, duty of, 107.
how chofen, 107.
Areopagus, 56. ts power, 57
time and manner of meet-
ing, 58.
Argivi, l.
Armour, 285. dedicated to the
gods, 321.
Army, of the Grecian, 296.
Arrows, 292. divination by,
203.
Arts, laws relating to, 120.
Afties, divination by, 213.
AfTemblies, public, 4.7. their
time of meetings, 48. manner
of holding them, 49.
Aftronomy, 275.
Afyla, 145,
Athene, i.
Athenians, what called, z.
government of, 3.- divifion
of, 3. boroughs of, 22.
Athens, city of, i. founded, i.
Inhabitants of, 2. ^-defcrip-
tion of, 4. citadel of, 4.
public treafury of, 6. ICK. er
city of, 7. gates o 8. -
ftreets> 9. ouildings of the
lower city, 10. gyini alia,
14. theat;es of, 17 H.;r-
bours, 1 8. citizens of, 19.
fojourners of, 22. flaves
of, 24. i.lagiftrates of, 27.
Archons of, 29.-*-inferiour
magiilrates of, 33. public
revenue of, 35. public trea-
furers of, 36. public ex-
penditure of, 38. public dif-
tributersof.38. officers in the
markets of, 39. maritime of-
ficers of, 4o.-^oiHcers in the
public fervice of, 40. coun-
cils of, 46. Areopagus of, 56.
Attica fides, 170.
Bacchus, theatre of, 49. fefK-
valsof,2i 8-222-228-244-254,
255.
Banifliment, 87.
Barathro, 85.
Bargains, relating to private,
112.
Barley, ufed in facrifices, 149.
Bathing, 425.
Baths, 15, 425.
Battle, conduct before, 309.
Beir, dead bodies placed on a,
Belt, Grecian, 290.
Birds, flain in facrifices, 151.
divination by, 197.
Booty, of military, 320.
Boundaries, laws relating toi
116.
Bow, Grecian, 291.
Boxing, of, 264.
Boys, laws relating to, 124.
Branch idze, oracle of the, 182.
Bread of the poor, 418.
Breaftplates, of, 287.
Bucklers, 288.
Bura,
REMARKABLE THINGS.
5*1
fcara, oracle at, 1 86.
Burning of the dead, 365.
Bufmefs, laws relating to, 130.
Buying, laws relating to, 118.
Cabiri, feftival dedicated to, 242-
Cakes, ufed in facrifices, 152.
Calculi, 61.
Camels, ufed in battle, 284.
Camps, of the Grecian, 307.
Cecropia, 2.
Cecrops, 1-2.
Celibacy, penalties of, 382.
Cenotaphs, 371.
Ceramicus, 12.
Ceremonies, before funerals,
357-
Ceres, oracle of, 1 87. feftivab
of, 232-239-246.
Ceryces, 98.
Ceftus, 264.
Chariots, 282.
Chariot-races, of, 267-273.
Children, laws relating to, 103.
-408.
Chiliombs, offered in facrifice*
152.
Chorus, tragic, 97.
Cirrha, oracle at, 1 80.
Citadel, of Athens, 4.
Citrzens, Athenian, 19. -laws
relating to, joi.
Claros, oracles of, 183.
Cock-fighting, law relating to
98.
Codrus, 3.
Coins, value of, 460.
Combats, 259.
Comedies, when a&ed, 96.
Concubines, 398.
ortina, 178.
Corypae, oracle at, 184.
Cottabus, 442.
Cotys, feitival in honour of,
243-
Courts of juftice, 61.
rier, office of, 105.
riminals might plead their own
defence, 1 1 1 .
Crowns, prefented by the peo-
ple, 109. ufed at facrifices,
'55*
Cryftals, divination of, 211.
Cups, ufed at Entertainments;
434-43?. adorned vvithgar^
land?, 435.
Curator, 26.
Dagger, Grecian, 291.
Dalmatia, i.
~)anai, I.
Dancers, rewards of, 98. laws
relating to, 108.
Dances, in honour of Neptune,
97-
Darts, of Grecian, 292.
Dead, treatment of the, 35^.
mourning for, 362. inter-
ment of, 365. burning of,
395. honours paid to, 371.
Death, puniiliment of, 85.
K K 3 Debtors}
$01
INDEX OF
Debtors, kws relating to public, Du&ilis, 17.
115.
Defence, of harbours, 346.
Defendant, condud of s in courts
of juftice, 67.
Delos, oracle at, iSo.
Delphic oracle, 174.
Deferters, punifhmcnt of^ 323.
Diana, temple of, 1 1. feftwals
of, 221-223-238-242-243-
246-254.
Diana Orthia, f efliyals in honour
of, 227.
Ditiyraa, oracle of, 182.
Diodes, fe Hival in memory of,
228.
Difois, of the, 263.
Diff fibsters, public, 38.
Diviaadon, 170. by dreams.
190. facri6ces, 193. birds,
197. infe&s and reptiles,
200. lots, 202. magical,
207. iigns in the heavens,
2OO,
Diviners, 189*
jDivifionfi of the i*my, 296.
Divorces, laws relating to, 123-
Dodona, oracle of, 171.
Doivries, laws relating to, 1 22-
325-387.
Dreams, 191. interpreters of,
Drefs, of the foldierc, 294-455.
Drinking, manner of, at entcr-
Jt5, 436.
Duties, in time of peace, 43.
in time of war, 43 filial, 4 1 z
Earth, oracle of the, 188.
Earthquakes, inaufpicious, 201.
Education s 449.
Eels, oiFered at facrifices, 151.
Egytiaas, 2.
Elephants, ufed in battle, 284.
Eloquence, prize of, 271.
Employments of women, 400.
Engagements, naval, 347.
Engines, to cad ilones, 316.
Entertainments, laws relating to,
130-415. of invitations to,
422. Cu Horns at, 424-427.
Epiftata, iSo.
Eponymj, 100.
Evidence, various forts of, in
courts of j'jftice, 71. -
Earpps, fe Rival of, 34.
Eutrefis, oracle of, 183.
Expenditure public, 38.
Exportation of wares, laws re-
lating to, -i 1 9.
Falfe witneMes, 74.
Pagination, 209.
Feafls, after facrilices, 160.
Feftival, to the Furies, 2^6.
Feftivals, 213. laws relating to
95-
Fetters, puniihment of, 86-87.
Fields,
REMARKABLE THINGS. 5 3
Groves, facred, 143.
Guefts, at entertainments, 423-
43.3-
Gymnafia, 14. laws relating to,
no.
Gymnical exercifes, youth in-
ftrucled in, 103.
feftivals
fields, facred, 145.
Filial Duties, 412.
Fireballs, 293.
Flocks, laws relating to, $17.
Fluteplayers, when employed
108.
Flutes, ufed at games, 273
in battle, 312. at
454-
Food, 416.
Foreigners, not to trade, 120.
how received, 448.
Forms of the army, 296*
Fortifications, of, 313.
Forum, 13.
Freed fervants, laws relating to
105.
Funerals, laws relating to,i 26.-
military, 317. private, 352
ceremonies before, 357.
proceflions, 360. Entertain
ments at, 372.
Games, 25 9- laws relating to
96. at entertainments, 441
Garlands, ufed at prayers, 16
of pariley, ufed at funera]
372.~of afparagus, ufed
marriages, 391. ufed at en
tertainmei'its, 43!.
Gates, of Athens, 7.
Guardianfliip, Jaws relating t
126.
Guards, 308.
Graves, 369.
Greeks, what called, i
Halls, public, for ttadefmen, 14.
Harbours, i S. defence of, 346.
Harlots, 398. laws relating to,
124.
Hecate, feftival in honour of;
231.
Hecatombs, offered in facrifice,
152.
Heirefles, 386.
Helena, feftival in honour of*
232.
Helisea, court of, 65-66.
Hellas, i.
Helmets, 286.
Herbs, divination by, 209.
Hercules, oracle of, 1 86. fefti-
val of, 238-241.
Herds, laws relating to, 117.
Heroes, adoration paid to, 133.
Honours, public f< 88. laws re-
lating to, 109. paid to the
dead, 371. inheritance of
412.
Horfe-races, 266-273.
Horfe-foldiers, 281.
Hofoitality to ftrangers, 445.
Hunting, youth to be taught,
3-
K K 4 Hyacynthus,
$04
INDEX OF
Hyacynthus, feflival in honour
of, 257.
Hybla, oracle at, 184.
Hymn?, fung at entertainments,
440.
Javelins, of, 252.
Ichra?, oracle at, 184.
Idols, Grecian, 139.
Illegitimate perfons, laws con-
cerning, 103.
Images, 148.
Importation of Wares, laws re-
lating to, 119.
Imprecations, 162-167.
Imprisonment i 85*
Jhifarsy, puni foment of, 04.
Infants, 404.
Informers, ialfe, puni&ed, 132.
Ingratitude, punifued, ^32.
Inhabitants, 'diviilon of, 2.
Inheritance of property, 408. -
of honours, 4*2.
Iro, oracle of, 188.
Inlcripti, 2 : ;.
In&riptions, monumental, 370.
In feds, divination by, 200.
Inftruments, snafical, ufed in
battlr, 3 ii, at funerals, 365.
Intelligence, military, how tent,
3*5-
Interment, of the dead, 365.
Jouians, i.
lithmian games, of the, 474.
Judges, chofen by lots 69.
laws relating to, 1 10.
Judgments, public, 76.--private,
79. laws relating to, ui-
114. laws preparatory to,
in.* how pronounced, 112.
Judicial procefs, 66.
JunO, oracle of, 188 feftivals
in honour of, 231-237-242.
Jupiter, temple of, u. oracles
of, 171. feftivals in honour
of, 227-245-248.
Landmarks, kws relating to,i 16.
Lands, laws relating to, 117.
LariiTa, oracle of, 183.
Laws, 89. the manner of pro-
pofing, 90.annually revifed,
91. relating to the laws, 99.
itricl inquiry into, 100.
tranfoibed into the public
records, 101.
Lawfuits, laws relating to, in,
Leaping, 262.
Legacies, laws relating to, 125.
Levying foldiers, 109.
Libations, offered to the dead,
374-
Liquors, 4^20.
Literati, 25.
Literature, youth to be in.
iiructed in, 103.
Logiibe, 28 107.
Lots, divination by, 202.
Love, tokens of, 378. potions,
379-
Lycus,
REMARKABLE THINGS.
Lycus, ftatues of, 65. temple
of, 74*
Lyre, 453.
Magical divinations, 207.
Magiftrates, 27. inferiour 33-
74. Jaws relating to, 106.
Mariners, compacts between,
laws relating to, 119.
Marine officers, 40-339.
Markets, 13.
Marriages, laws relating to,
121-384.
Marriage, 3*82. age of, 383.
feafon for, 383.
Meals, 414.
Meafures, Grecian, 462.
Men, offered in facrifice, 151.
Mercury, divine honours paid
to, 1 86. fcftivalof, 236.
Military affairs, 279. laws re-
lating to, 131. puniihments
and rewards, 131. armour,
28J.
Minerva, temples of, 5. fefti-
vals of, 235-248-253-254.
Mines, laws relating to, 130.
Miniilers, religious, 134.
Money, 45 g.-^laws relating to,
i 1$. computation of, 460.
Months, how reckoned, 275-279
Monuments of the dead, 368.
Mourning for the dead, 362.
Murder, laws relating to, 127.
Mufic, youth to be taught, 103
at entertainments, 441.
art of, 452,
vlufical Inftruments, 453. ufei
at funerals, 365. at facri-
fices, 159.
Vluficians, employed at funerals,
vlycenae, oracle at, 188.
sfaval fpoils, 350, punimments,
350. engagements, 347
Inftruments, 333. officers,
342-
Demean games, 273,
Neptune, temple of, 5. feftrvai
in honour of, 251-252-253*.
, oracle of, 188.
5.
Oars, ufed in Ships, 328,
Oaths, 165. of vvitneffes, hovr
taken, 71. of plaintiff and
defendant in courts of juftice,
69. laws relating to, 1 15.
reverence paid to, 169. pu-
nifliments of the violation of
them, 169.
Officers, public, 49-294-296.
attending entertainments^ 7.
Offices, laws relating to various,
108.
Oil, ufed in facrificcs, 148.
Olympic games, 267.
Oracles, 170-184.
Orators, in courts of jufti^e, 72
laws relating to, 108. of
the Athenian^ 92.
Ornaments, ufed at facrifices,
155. Monu.Tienta 1 , 370.
Orobse,
5o6 I N D
Orobae/cfracJe of, 1 84.
Orope, oracle of, 184.
Orpheus, oracle of, 188.
Overfeers of the navy, 109.
Painting, art of, 450.
Palladium, when inftituted, 62.
Pan, temple of, II. oracle of,
188 * feftival in honour of,
251.
Pantheon, temple of, ii
Parafites, 98.
Parafiti, 136.
Parents, laws relating to, 103.
Parfley, prizes of, 273-274.
at funerals, 372.
Parthenion, 5.
Pafiphae, oracle of, i83.
Patrae, oracle at, 187.
Peace, of, 305.
People, laws relating to the,
101.
Perjury, punimment of, 84,
Pharae, oracle at, 186.
Philofophers, laws relating to,
no.
Philofophy, youth to be taught,
103.
Phyficians, laws relating to,
no.
Pipe, the, 454.
Plaintiff, in courts of law, 66.
Plays, laws relating to, 96.
Poems, recited at entertain-
ments, 443.
Poetry, prize of, 271.
EX OF
Polygamy, 382.
Porticoes, 12.
Prayers, ai racrifices, i57-i6i
the time of, 162. cere-
monies of, 162.
Prefages, 204.
Prefents, to the gods, 161.
Prietteffes, 155.
Priefts, of religion, 134. to give
an'account of their priefthood,
99. how elected, 1 02. an*
thority of, 102.
Private life, of the Greeks^
35 2 -
Privileges of youth, 376.
Proceflions, at funerals, 360. "
at marriages, 392.
Procurers, laws relating to, 124.
Proedri, 49. their office, 50-
53-
ProphetefTes, 172.
Prytanes, 49, offices of, 49*
Piephiihi, a, 107.
Ptous, oracle at, 184.
Pugiles, 265.
Punilhrnents, of criminal, 84.
laws relating to, 114. 'Mi-
litary, 323. Naval, 350.
Purification, 152. after 'fu-
nerals, 372.
Pythian games, 271.
Quxftors, how^chofcn, 107*
Quivers, 292.
^uoit, of the, 263.
Races,
'&EMARKAB
&aces,of, 266.
Ram, uied in battle, 314-3*5.
Receivers of public money, laws
relating to, 116.
Religion, 133.
Reptiles, divination by, 200.
Revenue, public, 35.
Rewards, of public, 8-8. mili-
tary, 324.
Rharium, 150.
Right of inheritance, 409.
Rings, divination by, 210.
Rites, preparatory to facririces,
152.
Robbers, laws relating to, 127.
Rods, divination by, 203.
Running, of, 260.
Sacrifices, when and how per-
formed, 85-145. matter of
the, 146. time and manner
of offering, 156. ceremo-
nies after, 1 60. divination
by, 195. after mourning for
the dead, 373, before mar-
riage, 390.
Sacrilege, puniftiment of, 76.
Salt, ufed infacrifices, 150.
Salutation, at entertainments,
435-
Saturn, feftival in honour of, 243
Scabbard, the Grecian, 291.
Sea Service, of the, 326. Forces,
339-
Selling, laws relating to, 1 18.
5
LE THINGS. 27
Senate, laws relating to decree
of, ic i. laws relating to the,
105. -of five hundred, 5.2.*-
its power, 54.
Senators of Five Hundred, $2U
how elected , 5 3 .'qualifica-
tion of, 63. how to deliver
their opinions, 106.
Sentence, how delivered incourts
of juftice, 73-112.
Sepulchres, laws relating to,
126.
Servitude, puniihment of, $
Sheep, the price of, 94.
Shields, Grecian, 289.
Ships, the fuppofed inventors *>t
326. various kinds of, 327.
divifions and ornaments of,
Shouting, ufed in battle, 312*
Sick r treatment of the, 355*
Sieges, of, 313.
Signals, of the Grecian, 309*
Signs of the heavens, divination
by, 200.
Slain, treatment of the, in battle,
3*7-
Slander, laws relating to, 150.
Slaves, 24. treatment of, 24.
privileges of, 25. tortured to
give evidence, 71. -laws re-
lating to, 105. not to plead
their own caufe, 1 1 1.
Slings, of Grecian, 292,
Sneezing, omen of, 204..
Societies, laws relating to cor-
porate, 120;
Sojcuruws,
INDEX
Sojourners, 24. their office at
public proceflions, 95. laws
relating to, 104.
Soldiers, the pay of, 280 281.
Songs, at the Pythian games
272. at entertainments, 441
Spears, of Grecian, 290.
Sphragitides, 188,
Spoils, dedicated to the gods
1 6 1. naval, 350.-^ taken in
battle, 320.
Sports, laws relating to, 96.
after facrifices, 160. at en-
tertainments, 441.
Stadium, 15.
Stage, reftriclions of the, 97,
Standards, of the Grecian, 309.
Statues of temples, how placed,
138-140.
Strangers, not to join in chorus,
1 08. hofpitality to, 445.
Streets, of Athens, 9.
Succeffion of property, laws re-
lating to, 125.
Swearing, manner of, 167. fa-
crifices at the time of, 168.
Swimming,youth to be inilrucled
in, 103.
Sword, Grecian, 290.
Syndic, 107,
Tables, ufed at entertainments,
429.
Tablets, on which the laws were
engraved, 92.
Tegyrx, oracle at, 184.
Temples, 10. .'aw relating to
the repairs of, 98-137.-*.
where built, 138. refuge to
malefactors, 144.
Teftamentary Wills, 411.
Tl.eatres, 17. law relating to
fpedators at, 97.
Theft, laws relating to, 129.
Theomancy, 189.
Thefeus, 2. temple of, 10.
Time, of, 274.
Tokens of friendmip, 447. of
love, 37$.
Tombs, 368. ornamented with
flowers, 373.
Tortoife, ufed in battle, 314.
Trade encouraged, 13.
Traitors, refufed the rites o^
fepulture, 354. punifhment
of, 107.
Treafurers, public, 36.
Treafury, public, 6. tutelar
gods of, 6. chapels in, 6.
temples in, 6.
Treaties, how engraved, 306.
Trees, ufed in facrifices, 149.
Trierarch, the qualification of,
109. office of, 109.
Trophies, 321.
Trophortius, oracle of, 184.
Trumpets, ufed in battle, 310.
Venus, temples of, 7-10. fefti-
valsof, 215-222.
Verfatilis, 17.
Viftims, of the facrifices to thj
dead, 374.
Ui;i.es,
REMARKABLE THINGS.
5*9
U'yfles, oracle facred to, 188.
Voyages, 344
Ufe of animal food, 418.
Ufury, laws relating to, j!$.
Vulcan, temple of , 10. feftival
in honour of, 238,
War, how proclaimed, 131-305.
naval inftruments of, 338.
Water, divination by, 212.
drank at meals, 420.
Water-glafles, divination by,
210.
Weapons, of war, 285.
Weights, 461.
Wife, of the &a,tf&ivq t 99.
Wills, law relating to, 125-
411.
Winds, temple oi' the eight, n.
Wine, uied in facrifices, 4
drank at meals, 420.
Witnefles, in courts of Juftioe^
yi.^-Iaws relating to, 113.
Women, employments of, 400-
not allowed to travel in tic
night, 401. cuftoms of, ia
childbirth, 402.
Words, ominous, 206.
Worftiip, laws relating to divine^
94.
Wrellling, 265.
Year, how reckoned, 375.
Youth, law relating to the i-
ftru&ion of, 103, privilege*
of, 376.
ERRATA,
Fage.
2. laft line but ope; before <vjkc, read and*
4. 8 lines from the bottom; dele be*
7 line 2 ; before encompaffcd* read and c was
28-. line.- 10 ; for KftfoToj^Tot, read XtiporowToi.
^ 6; line 10 ; for confifcattd^ read confifcate.
73. line 20; for /^m & *74 read Wales 'were e$ucd ; for
read av^j.
^6. line 10. ; for enatted, read a&ett..
140. line 8 ; after /S^ra?, a comma.
175. line 15; for Mio-o^tpaXow, read MserapQcthou
219. line. 6; for K&OWOTJ;;, read XOO'TTOT*;?.
222. line 3, from the bottom ; for Baxxaa, read
239. HHC lalt ; fur /V, read was.
244. line 22 ; for AiGoAia, read
258. l^re 23 ; read nvpu.povq.
272. title ; read Antiquities.
278. line 5; for ^EO?, read pyvoq
^.380 line 1,1 ; for vw, read v^wv.
422. line 18; for rxvQoq, read
427. title; for Cuuftoms, read Cufoms.
Other liferal Errours may perhaps be found, wMch it is hop
the reader will candidly correct.
TuUijbed by the fame Autbor.
J.s-Annotations on the Book of Geneiis, with Obfervations
Doctrinal and Practical. 8vo. 5 s.
II.- Sermons, in Two Volumes. 8vo. IQS.
111. Alumni Etonenfes; or a Catalogue of the Provofts and
Fellows of Eton College and King's College, Cambridge,
from the Foundation in 1443. to the Year 1797; with an
Account of their Lives and Preferments, collected from ori-
ginal MSS. and authentic Biographical Works. 410 . I. i x,
IV. The Sacred Kiftory of the Life cf Jefus Chrift ; illuilra-
tive of the Harmony of the Four Evangelifts; to which is
added, an index of parallel PafTages. For the Ufe of
Schools. 3-r.
Luke Hanfard, Printer,
Great Turnftile, Lincoln VInn Fields*
LOAN
T r> 2lA 60m-3,'65
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