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 U-OS 
 
 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 
 
 DIVISION OF INTERCOURSE AND EDUCATION 
 
 Publication No. 6 
 
 GROWTH OF INTERNATIONALISM IN JAPAN 
 
 Report to the Trustees of the Endowment 
 
 BY 
 T. MIYAOKA 
 
 SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT OF THE DIVISION 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THE ENDOWMENT 
 
 WASHINGTON, D. C. 
 
 1915 
 
 85580
 
 3 6073* -7337
 
 Preface 
 
 In the report which Mr. Miyaoka has submitted on his work as special 
 correspondent at Tokio since he entered upon his duties on January 1, 1912, there 
 is ample evidence of the practical value which attaches to the carefully arranged 
 visits of such distinguished Americans as have recently gone to Japan under the 
 auspices of the Division of Intercourse and Education of the Carnegie Endow- 
 ment for International Peace. Mr. Miyaoka makes it plain that Americans like 
 Dr. Eliot, Mr. Mabie, and others, who are suitably presented to the Government 
 and people of Japan and whose coming is carefully arranged for, have accom- 
 plished and can accomplish much that is of real and practical value for the develop- 
 ment of a sentiment in favor of international peace and the judicial settlement of 
 international differences. The foundation of that respect which one civilized 
 nation should have for another is laid in the knowledge, and therefore in the 
 appreciation, which the people of one nation have of another. This knowledge 
 is not something to be gained from books alone, or from those casual acquaint- 
 anceships which are the usual and frequent accompaniment of trade and com- 
 merce. It must come rather from a genuine interpenetration of the thought and 
 civilization of one people by the thought and civilization of another. This inter- 
 penetration is, perhaps, most easily and effectively accomplished by the interna- 
 tional visits of eminent men whose personality and repute at home give them quite 
 as much weight, and perhaps more, in the country which they visit than do their 
 spoken words while there. 
 
 Mr. Miyaoka has devoted himself with singular fidelity and unselfishness to 
 a task which has not been easy and in which he has been granted but little repose. 
 The Division of Intercourse and Education feels under peculiar obligation to him 
 for the frequency and the accuracy of his reports and communications, as well 
 as for all the personal service that he has so generously rendered to Americans 
 who have gone to Japan with letters of introduction to him. 
 
 NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER, 
 
 Acting Director. 
 April 8, 1915.
 
 GROWTH OF INTERNATIONALISM IN JAPAN 
 
 Report of Mr. Miyaoka 
 
 To THE TRUSTEES OF THE CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT 
 
 FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE : 
 
 My appointment as the Special Correspondent at Tokio of the Division of 
 Intercourse and Education was decided upon at your annual meeting of Decem- 
 ber 14, 1911, and took effect from January 1, 1912. 
 
 Since then I have kept myself fairly busy sending reports from time to time 
 to the acting Director of the Division of Intercourse and Education on those 
 current events that appeared to me to be worthy of his attention as well as that of 
 your Executive Committee. On two occasions, November 1, 1912, and October 
 24, 1913, in pursuance of the standing instructions of Dr. Nicholas Murray 
 Butler, I addressed him the so-called annual reports. These reports were intended 
 as a sort of a mental balance sheet in which the manifestations of the activities 
 of your Endowment in this country were summed up in what the French would 
 call coup d'ceil. 
 
 A report prepared with such an end in view has its uses, but is neces- 
 sarily too dry to be an object of interesting perusal. Early in 1914 the annual 
 report of my colleague of Berlin, Professor Dr. Wilhelm Paszkowski, written 
 for the year 1913, was published by the Endowment as Publication No. 2. The 
 learned Professor with his true literary instinct has freely gone beyond the 
 borders of the activities of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 
 and has presented us with a splendid bird's eye view of the unfolding in Germany 
 in 1913 of that great human movement which Dr. Butler in his opening address 
 at Lake Mohonk Conference on May 22, 1907, aptly termed "Internationalism." 
 
 Dr. Hamilton Wright Mabie on delivering a discourse in the George Dana 
 Boardman Lectureship in Christian Ethics, before the University of Pennsyl- 
 vania on March 12, 1914, adopted as the title of his lecture the significant words 
 "Ethics and the Larger Neighborhood." The "Larger Neighborhood" of Mabie 
 is identical with the "Internationalism" of Butler. It is the rise of human 
 conscience from a lower to a higher plane. Human conscience starting from the 
 narrow confines of self-interest or the welfare of a family has grown upwards 
 through successive stages and is attaining a higher and higher level. Primeval 
 man cared for nothing but his own interest. His sense of interest grew. He
 
 Z CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE 
 
 learned to care for and look after the welfare of his family and the community. 
 The love of community grew into patriotism, and mankind is now on the threshold 
 of discovering the truth that his welfare as well as the welfare of his country 
 can not be promoted without safeguarding the interest of the world. The awak- 
 ening of the human conscience to this broader horizon is the awakening of what 
 Dr. Butler calls "the International Mind." 
 
 The growth of "Internationalism" can be traced in a way through a series 
 of dates on which some of the important international conventions were signed. 
 The Declaration of Paris to regulate some of the points of maritime law was 
 signed on April 16, 1856. The year 1864 marks the conclusion of the Geneva 
 Convention of the Red. Cross. The metric convention was signed on May 20, 1875 ; 
 the International Telegraphic convention on July 22, 1875 ; the International con- 
 vention for the Protection of Industrial Property in March, 1883; the Interna- 
 tional convention for the Protection of Marine Cables in 1884; the International 
 convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Property in 1886. It is 
 unnecessary to go through these dates any farther. The international compacts 
 which grew out of the First and the Second Peace Conferences at The Hague, 
 are matters of common knowledge. Dr. Butler was undoubtedly right when 
 in 1907 he declared that "Unless all signs fail, we are entering upon a period 
 which may be described fittingly as one of internationalism." The great Euro- 
 pean or rather the World's War which has been raging since August 1, 1914, 
 does not in any way detract from the truth of this assertion. On the contrary, 
 we have every reason to believe that the chains of Internationalism are being 
 forged in a volcanic furnace of gigantic dimensions. When the war is over, 
 no matter which side wins or whether or not it ends in a drawn battle, the 
 final outcome of it all will be that humanity will emerge from this terrible 
 experience with a stronger consciousness of the solidarity of human interests. 
 Humanity will find that this war, instead of retarding, has accelerated by centu- 
 ries the growth of real internationalism. 
 
 The object of my present report is to present to the Trustees of the Carnegie 
 Endowment a summary of the growth of internationalism in Japan since June 30, 
 1913, the date on which my account of events closed in the report submitted 
 October 24, 1913. For the reasons already referred to, however, an annual 
 report which strictly commences on July 1, 1913, and terminates either on 
 June 30 or December 31, 1914, would be found to be unsatisfactory. It would 
 lack the necessary historic background. 
 
 Dr. Charles W. Eliot, President Emeritus of Harvard University, had visited 
 Japan and returned to America. The result of his journey to this part of the world 
 was his report entitled Some Roads Towards Peace, published by the Endow- 
 ment. Dr. Hamilton Wright Mabie came and returned. He had not only given 
 us a better insight into American ideals, character and life, but made a permanent
 
 GROWTH OF INTERNATIONALISM IN JAPAN 3 
 
 contribution to the culture of English speaking races by publishing his lectures 
 delivered in Japan, and by his interpretation of this country, past, present and 
 future. Indeed, Japanese culture, ethics and faith have taken this gentle observer 
 into their confidence, for in Dr. Mabie's writings the spirit of Japan moves. 
 
 Dr. Francis G. Peabody of Cambridge, Massachusetts, came and added a 
 great stimulus to the work of the Association Concordia. Hon. William D. B. 
 Ainey, member of the United States House of Representatives, on his way to 
 the meeting of the Interparliamentary Union at Stockholm last summer, stopped 
 over in this country and contributed his share toward the better understanding 
 of America in Japan. Dr. Shailer Mathews, Professor of Theology in the 
 University of Chicago and the President of the Federal Council of Churches in 
 America, is now visiting Japan together with Dr. Sydney L. Gulick, Professor in 
 the Doshisha University of Kyoto, giving to the people of this country a splendid 
 interpretation of America, her problems and aspirations. So similarly a number 
 of important visits from this country to the United States have taken place; 
 but what do all the activities of these men mean in the perspective of time? 
 It would be interesting in a way to follow President Eliot, Dr. Mabie, Dr. 
 Peabody, Mr. Ainey, Dr. Mathews or Dr. Gulick on their journeys and into the 
 universities, the public lecture halls, clubs, and official banquets; but no conclu- 
 sions can be drawn from their activities unless we place them properly on the 
 chess-board of time. The internationalism of Japan as it develops can be traced 
 in the acts of the Government, in the social development of the country and of 
 her people abroad, in the acts of individuals at home and of those sojourning in 
 foreign countries. However, in an attempt to go into the details of the forests, 
 ravines and dales, the general topography of the country would be lost sight of. 
 Whatever I may write for annual reports in future years, it seems to me that I 
 can not do better in this instance than to present a synthetic survey of the 
 manner in which the insular spirit has given way to internationalism in this 
 country. 
 
 The Japanese people were not originally of the insular disposition of mind. 
 Japanese ships were freely engaged in transmaritime commerce three centuries 
 ago. It was the government of the Tokugawa Shoguns that adopted the policy 
 of seclusion for reasons of domestic politics. That this policy was not in har- 
 mony with the genius of the people is proved by the fact that men like the late 
 Prince Ito, the then plain Ito Shunsuke, or the Marquis Inouye, the then plain 
 Inouye Bunta, and a number of others, took passage to Europe on sailing ves- 
 sels as ordinary seamen, in violation of the laws of the time, which prescribed 
 capital punishment for those who went out of the realm without the permission 
 of the Government. This revolt against the policy of self-sufficiency at home 
 is not merely characteristic of the few great men who appeared at the time. 
 The spirit of adventure, hardihood and philosophic acceptance of the chances
 
 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE 
 
 of life, is a part of the Japanese character high and low. A sportive Englishman 
 traveling on the shores of the Inland Sea of Japan once asked a fisherman's 
 boy whether the latter ever went to Kobe in the little boat he was sailing. 
 The fellow affirmed that he had tried it once. On the Englishman observing 
 that the boat would not stand a squall, the boy proudly replied that the boat 
 of course capsized, but then he did not mind as he would set it right again and 
 jump in. 
 
 A sea-faring people made of such stuff can not be bottled up in a few scat- 
 tered islands. Internationalism is a part of their inborn nature. After some 
 two hundred and fifty years of enforced seclusion, the spirit of free intercourse 
 and expansion came to re-assert itself, in spite of the policies of the Govern- 
 ment. When the late Emperor Meiji, upon accession to the throne in 1868, 
 took an oath consisting of five articles, one of which was that "wisdom shall be 
 sought in all parts of the world," he only gave Imperial sanction to the spirit 
 of the times. The modern internationalism of Japan was not a new seed sown 
 in a soil where it did not exist before. It was simply the revival of the spirit 
 which the rigor of feudal militarism had in vain attempted to smother. 
 
 The political international relations of modern Japan were inaugurated when 
 the Treaty of Peace and Amity between Japan and the United States was signed 
 at Kanagawa by Matthew Calbraith Perry with the representatives of the Toku- 
 gawa Government on March 31, 1854. Prior to that date, the Dutch had an 
 arrangement with Japan, under which they were permitted to trade at Dejima, 
 Nagasaki ; but that fact in itself did not pave the way to the opening of Japan's 
 diplomatic and commercial intercourse with other nations of the world. 
 
 In the beginning of Japan's foreign intercourse, the points of contact be- 
 tween Japanese people and foreign nations were first business relations between 
 merchants of the respective countries, and between the diplomatic and consular 
 officers of the Powers and the officials of the Japanese Government. There was 
 none of that social intercourse which is characteristic of diplomatic life in all the 
 capitals of the world. 
 
 Until about 1880 the Japanese Minister for Foreign Affairs did not entertain 
 foreign diplomatic representatives in a social way, and he was seldom a guest 
 of honor at foreign legations. It took many years before other members of 
 the cabinet thought of entertaining foreign representatives or were asked to dine 
 with them. Until well toward the close of the nineteenth century, social inter- 
 course on any elegant scale between the leaders of Japanese social life, other 
 than those connected with the Government and the representatives of foreign 
 Governments, was almost unheard of. 
 
 There have Deen some associations of foreigners interested in Japanese 
 affairs which were formed in the early days of Japan's foreign relations, such 
 as the Asiatic Society, established about 1874, which included the scholarly
 
 GROWTH OF INTERNATIONALISM IN JAPAN 5 
 
 element of resident foreigners, and the American Asiatic Association of Yoko- 
 hama and Kobe, which is a society of American business men. The Asiatic 
 Society included some Japanese members, but they were extremely few. 
 
 In 1895 the Japan Society was formed in London for the social intercourse 
 of Japanese and Britishers and for the better understanding of Japan's history, 
 institutions, literature, customs, and affairs generally on the part of the people 
 of Great Britain. In 1907 its Japanese counterpart, called the British Society, 
 was organized in Tokio for the social intercourse between Englishmen and 
 Japanese, and for the better understanding of Great Britain, her people and 
 Empire, on the part of the Japanese people. With a similar object in view, the 
 Japan Society of New York was founded in 1907, while its counterpart in Tokio, 
 the Advisory Council of the Japan Society of New York, was organized in 1910. 
 It contains on its membership roll practically the names of all the prominent 
 officials of important banks, shipping interests, insurance companies and the 
 largest exporters and importers, in a word, representatives of all the important 
 business interests of Tokio. 
 
 In the meantime, in some cases even antedating the formation of the Japan 
 Society in London, there have been established in Tokio the Deutsche Gesell- 
 schaft, the America's Friends Association, the Japan-French Society, the Japan- 
 Russian Society, the Italian Society, and in Brussels the Japan-Belgian Society, 
 the objects in each case being akin to those of the Japan Society of London and 
 of New York. Many of them have the privilege of carrying on the membership 
 roll the names of one or another of the Princes of Imperial blood as patrons or 
 honorary presidents. The Ambassadors or Envoys of the countries concerned 
 or the Japanese Minister for Foreign Affairs, are elected as presidents. Among 
 the members are found not only the civil officials of the Government and the 
 officers of the Army and the Navy, but professors, bankers, editors of important 
 papers and periodicals, and business men in all the pursuits of life. In fact, 
 men of consequence and of ideas freely mingle in these associations and are 
 brought into close touch with the foreign residents of the particular nationality 
 whose interest the respective societies seek to promote. Today a dinner given by 
 the American Ambassador in Tokio in honor of President Eliot, Dr. Mabie, 
 Representative Ainey or Dr. Mathews, would not be complete unless the list of 
 invited guests included, besides the officials of the Government, the representa- 
 tives of the banking and commercial interests and men prominent for their scien- 
 tific researches or other scholarly attainments. This phenomenon is partly ac- 
 counted for by the fact that in old Japan society was piled up in tiers, as dolls 
 are arranged at girls' festivals on March 3, so fittingly described by Dr. Mabie 
 in his Japan Today and Tomorrow. There were the Emperor and the Em- 
 press at the top with the members of the Imperial family just below them. Next 
 came the Ministers of State, the court dignitaries and other officials of the Gov-
 
 6 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE 
 
 ernment, the Daimios and their retainers, followed by the yeomen farmers, the 
 peasants, the mechanics and artisans, and last of all, the merchants. Today some 
 of the best talents and the broadest minds of the Empire go into mercantile 
 or professional pursuits, and this obsolete artificial I'ordre de preseance is no 
 longer a just criterion of the social order. There was a time in Japan when 
 presidents of great banks or the proprietors of great commercial houses had to 
 be placed at a dinner table next after the lieutenants in the Army or the Navy, 
 as is still the custom in some of the ultra-militaristic countries of Europe. Today 
 this has been completely changed in Japan. Such a monstrous notion would 
 no longer be tolerated. The social center of gravity no longer resides where 
 high sounding titles are carried, but rests where there is the real social dynamic 
 force. As stated, the change of the list of the dinner guests at Embassies and 
 official residences of the Ministers of State is partly explained by the social 
 evolution which has been quietly going on in this country since 1868. On the 
 other hand, this social democratization of Japan has brought about a complete 
 change in the international relations of the Japanese people. Here is to be found 
 the key to the growth of real internationalism in Japan. 
 
 In the beginning international relations were entirely in the hands of the 
 Government officials, and people outside Government circles had nothing to do 
 with them, either politically or socially. Today, while the political adjustment 
 of international affairs is intrusted to the properly constituted diplomatic service, 
 the press and the people are active social forces, molding the international rela- 
 tions of Japan. Herein lies the real danger of the future development of such 
 questions as the one that is known as the "Japanese-American question" in this 
 country and the "Japanese question" in America. The trained diplomats with 
 their official restraint, and the political leaders commanding a broad vision of the 
 trend of human affairs, do not form any element of danger; but the press may 
 under given conditions become unmanageable. The force that shapes the future 
 course of events is the people. The development of real internationalism in 
 Japan at this critical period in the history of her international relations augurs 
 well for the prosperity of the Empire and the peace of the Pacific. 
 
 It will be interesting to take a brief retrospect of the course of events in 
 what is commonly known as the American-Japanese question. By a curious 
 coincidence an earthquake of a degree of violence unknown in the history of 
 California visited San Francisco and other cities of the Pacific coast line in the 
 summer of 1906, and at the same time gave a humiliating shock to the amour 
 propre of the Japanese people. The latter event would have happened anyhow 
 in the natural sequence of the development of human history ; but the part which 
 that earthquake played in the unfolding of the real difficulty involved was most 
 curious. By that earthquake the public school houses of the city of San Fran- 
 cisco were demolished. Some arrangements had to be provided for the recep-
 
 GROWTH OF INTERNATIONALISM IN JAPAN 7 
 
 tion of school children, before their education could be resumed. In this con- 
 fusion o f affairs the labor element of the city succeeded in inviting the attention 
 alike of the Federal Government of the United States and of the Imperial 
 Government of Japan to the undesirability of permitting immigration of wage 
 earners from Japan into the United States. They started an agitation for the 
 segregation of Japanese school children in San Francisco. The school board 
 resolved that no Japanese children of school age should be permitted to attend 
 the public schools with the children of American parents and of other nationali- 
 ties, but that they should be taught in a separate school house. Apart from the 
 practical inconvenience attaching to such an arrangement, for instance, as the 
 distance to the proposed school house, the stigma of inferiority inseparable 
 from the idea of segregation was bitterly resented by the Japanese people at 
 home. As a way toward the solution of the delicate question thus raised, the 
 Governments of the United States and of Japan, by friendly negotiations sought 
 to solve the labor question which was at the bottom of the school agitation. The 
 negotiations were characterized on both sides with admirable frankness and the 
 utmost cordiality, and bore fruit in 1908 in the so-called "Gentleman's Agree- 
 ment," whereby the Imperial Government of Japan, without reducing its words 
 to so much as a "scrap of paper," undertook to prohibit absolutely the emigra- 
 tion of Japanese laborers to the United States. This arrangement proved to be 
 entirely satisfactory to the Federal Government, since the number of Japanese 
 laborers in the United States steadily decreased, as none but those who 
 had been in the United States before and were returning to the home of their 
 adoption, were provided by the Imperial Government with the passports which 
 alone entitled them to admission to the United States. Nevertheless, the propa- 
 ganda of the "inevitable conflict in arms of Japan with the United States for 
 the supremacy of the Pacific," was started in 1908 and has been continued with 
 more or less success ever since. I say "success," not because events are drawing 
 the two nations toward an "inevitable conflict," but because the propaganda has 
 at times unfavorably affected the commerce between the two countries, and has 
 taken hold of the minds of the thinking people, particularly in Japan, not indeed 
 as a practical problem of the future, but as an agitation pregnant with the 
 elements of danger. 
 
 In the summer of 1909 the business men of Japan, who until that time had 
 never played any part in international affairs, suddenly became conscious of 
 their responsibilities as the representatives of the industrial and commercial 
 activities of the nation. The bankers, the representatives of shipping interests, 
 the exporters, the importers, and other men prominent in the commercial circles 
 of Japan, including a well known pedagogist, organized themselves into a body, 
 called with the acquiescence of the Imperial Government, the Honorary Com- 
 mercial Commissioners of Japan. With the active cooperation of the Associated
 
 8 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE 
 
 Chambers of Commerce of the Pacific Coast, they started on a tour through the 
 United States which lasted from August to December, 1909. Their object was 
 to impress upon the people of the United States the fact never questioned in this 
 country, that Japan had no thirst for war and no ambition for territorial expan- 
 sion, but that the outlet for the product of her industries and the field of useful 
 employment for her surplus population were all that Japan sought in foreign 
 countries. 
 
 The selection of Dr. Inazo Nitobe as Japanese lecturer to some of the 
 American universities in 1911, was decided upon by the business men of Japan 
 as a sort of a corollary to the movement which they themselves had undertaken 
 two years before. 
 
 By a happy coincidence the munificent gift for an Endowment for Inter- 
 national Peace was made by Mr. Andrew Carnegie on December 14, 1910, and 
 the by-laws of the Trustees were adopted on March 9, 1911. When Dr. 
 Nitobe was selected for the purpose in the summer of 1911, the Division of 
 Intercourse and Education was ready to receive him, not indeed as the host in 
 behalf of American universities, but as an organization to which the lecturer 
 from Japan could properly be accredited. The character of the party which 
 had sent the professor to America was at first obscured by the fact that Dr. 
 Nitobe was a Government official, and as such was commanded by his Government 
 to make a tour round the world. The party that stood face to face with the 
 Carnegie Endowment, in the matter of the exchange of professors every alternate 
 year, was not the Japanese Government but the Advisory Council of the Japan 
 Society of New York, which included practically all the representative business 
 interests of Tokio. 
 
 In the winter of 1911-1912, while Professor Nitobe was being admired as a 
 living specimen of Japanese culture, and his illuminating addresses on Japan 
 were listened to with profound attention in the universities, in clubs, and in other 
 social centers, his American counterparts were also visiting us. For in that 
 winter we had the visits of Mr. Lindsay Russell, member of the New York bar and 
 the President of the Japan Society of New York; Mr. Hamilton Holt, the 
 managing editor of The Independent, New York; President David Starr Jordan, 
 of the Leland Stanford University, and Dr. John Wesley Hill of the Peace 
 Forum of New York, all of whom were feted and conveyed the message of good 
 fellowship from American citizens to the representatives of all the different 
 branches of our national activity, including the officials of the Government, the 
 educators, the financiers, the merchants and the manufacturers. 
 
 My appointment as the special correspondent of the Division of Intercourse 
 and Education of the Endowment took effect from January 1, 1912, so that it fell 
 to my lot to arrange for the reception of Dr. Charles W. Eliot, President Emer- 
 itus of Harvard, from June to July, 1912, and of Dr. Hamilton Wright Mabie 
 from December, 1912, to May, 1913.
 
 GROWTH OF INTERNATIONALISM IN JAPAN 
 
 The results of the remarkable observations made by President Eliot in 
 China and Japan are embodied in his report which was later widely circulated 
 by the Endowment. 
 
 Dr. Mabie delivered a series of most illuminating addresses on the American 
 ideals, character and life. He spoke in our universities and colleges, in social 
 and art clubs, in scientific and bankers associations, in chambers of commerce, and 
 charmed those who met him with fascinating post-prandial speeches. Altogether 
 he spent a half year in Japan with his delightful family ; and the high standard of 
 scholarship which invariably distinguished his speeches may now be gauged by 
 anybody, as those lectures were published in New York in book form in 1913. 
 Nor were these lectures, excellent as they were, the whole of the contribution 
 he made to the better Japanese understanding of America, her ideals and institu- 
 tions. He represented in himself what was the highest in American culture, 
 while his charming wife and daughter gave to our women a proper notion of what 
 American womanhood means. As Dr. Mabie in his lectures ably demonstrated, 
 the social and political institutions of America have the unfortunate effect of 
 permitting the vulgar element to assert itself with an unnecessary emphasis which 
 eclipses what is best in American culture. The Division of Intercourse and 
 Education is to be congratulated upon having a long panel from which to select 
 exchange professors to Japan of that high standard of scholarship, ethical 
 value and esthetic taste with which we were privileged to come into contact in 
 the person of Dr. Mabie. 
 
 Nor is this all. When the series of his wonderful articles on Japan began 
 to appear in The Outlook in 1913, and was continued in 1914, those of the Jap- 
 anese people who were able to appreciate good English literature wondered 
 whether Dr. Mabie was not an even better exchange professor from Japan to 
 America than from America to Japan. Here was the miracle of the genius of the 
 Japanese people confiding its secrets to an American who had lived less than six 
 months altogether in this country. The severe simplicity of Shintoism, the gor- 
 geous splendor of Buddhist temples, the effect of the vastness of space within 
 limited areas so characteristic of Japanese gardening, have all spoken to Dr. 
 Mabie what they meant. His interpretation of Japan obtained through such 
 contact has just appeared in New York again in the book entitled Japan Today 
 and Tomorrow. 
 
 Visits to Japan of such a man repeated every alternate year must have a 
 tremendous effect in the molding of the sentiments of the two peoples toward 
 each other. 
 
 Dr. Francis G. Peabody, Professor of Theology in Harvard University, 
 visited Japan in 1913, accompanied by his lamented wife and his daughter, 
 and spent the months of April and May among us, giving us opportunity to 
 form some estimate of the ethical culture of America. As American life is
 
 10 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE 
 
 projected on the minds of the peoples of foreign lands, particularly in countries 
 like Japan, the pursuit of material wealth overshadows every other form of its 
 activity. Visits of men like Eliot, Mabie and Peabody are, therefore, of incal- 
 culable value in enabling us to form a fairer estimate of American civilization. 
 
 Later in the year, Rev. J. T. Sunderland visited this country as Billings 
 Lecturer to Japan, China and India for the year 1913-1914. Dr. Peabody and 
 Dr. Sunderland gave stimulus to the work of the Association Concordia, an 
 association organized in Japan in 1912, for the purpose of the better under- 
 standing among men of different creeds and different ethical ideas. What Inter- 
 national Conciliation seeks to do among peoples of different nations, the Asso- 
 ciation Concordia of Japan aims to accomplish among men divided not according 
 to nationalities but according to faith. It has been erroneously represented that 
 this was an association seeking to establish a universal religion among men; its 
 purpose was merely to bring about a better understanding and deeper sympathy 
 among the peoples of different religious faiths, agnostics, and men of all ethical 
 conceptions. 
 
 There have been in course of the same year the visits of Mr. George W. 
 Wickersham, Attorney General of the United States in President Taft's adminis- 
 tration, and Dr. William R. Shepherd, Professor of History in Columbia Uni- 
 versity. They traveled only in their private capacities, without official mission 
 of any kind ; but as such men necessarily come into contact with their compeers, 
 the effect of their sojourn, however brief, was peculiarly felicitous. For ex- 
 ample, it was my privilege to introduce Mr. Wickersham to the Chief Justice 
 of the Court of Cassation, as well as to the Attorney General of the Empire. 
 The visits paid to the Japanese law courts by the distinguished American jurist 
 in company with the highest representatives of the Japanese judiciary, have 
 borne fruit in the very fair description of the Japanese judicial system con- 
 tributed by Mr. Wickersham to the American press and law journals. 
 
 So also it was my good fortune to be able to introduce Dr. Shepherd to a 
 Japanese historian who had made the early contact of the Dutch with the Japanese 
 a subject of special investigation. As Dr. Shepherd's specialty is the effect of 
 the eastern on the western civilization, and vice versa, of the occidental on the 
 oriental civilization, the two historians had the delightful experience of com- 
 paring notes independently made by them from allied sources. 
 
 Turning now to the visits of prominent Japanese to America, the lecture tour 
 of Dr. Inazo Nitobe among the American universities in 1911-1912 under the 
 auspices of the Carnegie Endowment has been touched upon. 
 
 In March. 1913, the perennial agitation in California directed against the 
 interests of Japanese residents, took the form of two anti- Japanese bills intro- 
 duced in the California assembly, which prohibited land-ownership to Japanese 
 subjects and restricted the right of lease on which they could hold land. It was
 
 GROWTH OF INTERNATIONALISM IN JAPAN 11 
 
 reported at the time, and there is some justification for holding that those meas- 
 ures were i* 1 a way tantamount to a virtual confiscation of vested patrimonial 
 interests. The news flashed through the Pacific cable at once aroused the 
 wildest kind of indignation in Japan. No one felt the embarrassment of the 
 situation more keenly than did Dr. Mabie, for this manifestly unfair and dis- 
 criminatory act against the interests of the Japanese people was about to be delib- 
 erately committed by a State Government included in the American common- 
 wealth at the time he was busily engaged day after day preaching to us the 
 higher character of American ideals. If we could follow the secrets of the 
 subconscious human mind, we should undoubtedly find that this circumstance was 
 responsible more than anything else for making Dr. Mabie such a powerful 
 exponent of the principle of federal control over the acts of individual States that 
 unfavorably affect the foreign relations of the United States. 
 
 The appeal from the Japanese residents of California was so insistent 
 and the excitement of the public opinion of Japan so great, that the political 
 parties, the Christian organizations and the business interests of Japan, all 
 decided to send representative men to California to counsel moderation and to 
 give comfort to the compatriots who appeared to be made the object of economic 
 persecution. At the same time such men sent from Japan could study the situa- 
 tion on the spot and report upon the causes of the perennial outbursts of anti- 
 Japanese sentiment and point out the way to the possible solution of the 
 difficulty. 
 
 With such an object in view, Mr. Soroku Ebara, then a member of the 
 House of Representatives and later of the House of Peers of the Imperial 
 Diet, was selected by the Seiyukai, or the Constitutional party which has been 
 dominant in the domestic politics of Japan for fully a decade. The Kokuminto, 
 or the National party, which though always in the minority is distinguished by 
 the solidarity of its members, dispatched later Ayao Hattori, a member of the 
 House of Representatives, who unfortunately succumbed to an attack of illness 
 in San Francisco as he was about to return to this country at the conclusion 
 of his tour. Mr. Kuniosuke Yamamoto, Secretary of the Young Men's Chris- 
 tian Association of Tokio, was sent by that organization for the same purpose. 
 
 The business men of Tokio who had organized themselves into an associa- 
 tion for the purpose of studying American-Japanese relations, sent Dr. Juichi 
 Soyeda, a distinguished political economist who was at one time Vice-Minister 
 of Finance and later the President of the Industrial bank of Japan, accompanied 
 by an expert familiar with the conditions of Japanese emigration. All these 
 parties left for San Francisco in May, 1913, and returned to Japan before the 
 year closed. 
 
 In August, 1913, Dr. M. Anesaki, Professor of the History of Religions in 
 the Imperial University at Tokio, left Japan for Cambridge, Massachusetts, to
 
 12 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE 
 
 take the chair then founded in Harvard University on Japanese Literature and 
 Life. The lectures which the Japanese Professor of Harvard gave in the aca- 
 demic year 1913-1914, and is now giving in the same university, include such 
 interesting subjects as Shinto and the tribal system in prehistoric times, the 
 introduction of Buddhism and its establishment in Japan, her age of pomp 
 and splendor, the new religious agitations and struggles, peace and order during 
 the Tokugawa Shogunate, and the progress and problems of the new era of 
 Imperial restoration. Besides the courses of the so-called general lectures, Dr. 
 Anesaki is giving special lectures on the schools of religious and philosophical 
 thought in Japan, and their connection with those of India and China. I may 
 be pardoned for committing an indiscretion, if I venture to quote a paragraph 
 from a private letter lately received by me from the President of Harvard Uni- 
 versity. Dr. Lowell says : 
 
 It has been a great pleasure to have Professor Anesaki among us here. 
 Everybody admires and likes him, and he seems to fall in with our ways 
 so naturally. 
 
 Surely no better testimonial is needed to show the thorough adaptability of 
 a Japanese professor or to demonstrate the brotherhood of human culture. 
 
 With a similar object to the missions of Mr. Ebara, Mr. Hattori, Mr. Yama- 
 moto and Dr. Soyeda, Rev. Kakichi Tsunashima, Pastor of a Congregational 
 church in Tokio, was sent by the Christians of Japan to the United States, where 
 he traveled extensively in 1914; he was in France at the time of the outbreak 
 of the war in Europe. 
 
 The lecture tour undertaken by Professor Shosuke Sato, the Dean of the 
 College of Agriculture of the North Eastern Imperial University of Japan, as the 
 second Exchange Professor from Japan accredited to the Carnegie Endowment, is 
 still fresh in your memory. He left Japan on December 14, 1913, and returned 
 in August, 1914, after giving lectures on Japan's progress in the last fifty years 
 in eighteen American universities and a few other institutions of learning. It 
 would be idle to attempt to make an estimate in this report of the effect which 
 his lectures produced in America; but there can be no question that his high 
 scholarship, coupled with his charming personality, abundantly justified his selec- 
 tion as an exchange professor. 
 
 In February, 1914, I was requested by Mr. Naoichi Masaoka to contribute 
 an article to a book he was about to publish with a view to showing the sentiment 
 of the leaders of public opinion in this country toward America. The shortness 
 of the time allowed for the preparation of the article, taken with the fact that 
 this invitation came at a time when my professional duties were particularly 
 onerous, prevented me from acceding to his request. The contributors, however, 
 were lacking neither in number nor in the sterling worth of their character.
 
 GROWTH OF INTERNATIONALISM IN JAPAN 13 
 
 Thus a significant book entitled Japan to America, being a "symposium of 
 papers by political leaders and representative citizens of Japan on conditions 
 in Japan and on the relations between Japan and the United States," edited by 
 Mr. Naoichi Masaoka, appeared in New York in November, 1914, with an 
 introduction by Mr. Lindsay Russell, President of the Japan Society. 
 
 It remains to add to the survey of the recent international movements of 
 Japan the fact that Dr. Jinzo Naruse, President of the Women's University of 
 Tokio, made a tour of America and Europe in 1912-1913, with a view to enlist 
 the sympathies, and if possible the cooperation, of the leaders of thought in the 
 countries of occidental civilization in the work of the Association Concordia of 
 Japan. He found a large body of sympathizers both in America and in Great 
 Britain, who in consequence of his visits have organized a British Association 
 Concordia and an American Association Concordia. 
 
 The object of the visit of Rev. J. T. Sunderland to Japan, China and India, 
 was to arrange for the meetings and receptions of the World's Congress of 
 Religions, the original itinerary of which was to commence on November 1, 1914. 
 when the American participants were to sail from Boston, and to terminate with 
 the Congress meetings to be held at San Francisco, in April, 1915. Owing to 
 the war in Europe, the proposed meetings, to commence at London and proceed 
 eastward through Constantinople, Jerusalem, Cairo, etc., as far as Tokio and 
 San Francisco, have been postponed sine die. 
 
 President Harry Pratt Judson, of the University of Chicago, was also a 
 visitor to Japan in 1914. While his sojourn in Japan was brief, the members of 
 the Association Concordia had an opportunity to find in him a warm sympathizer 
 of their movement. 
 
 These isolated facts which I have attempted to enumerate in a more or less 
 coordinated form, are but the reminder of the fact that the welding of the East 
 and the West is going on with an acceleration hitherto unknown. The world 
 may not become homogeneous ; but it will be wrought into a mass of which the 
 constituent elements are susceptible of appreciation and sympathy toward one 
 another. The process of internationalization is more profound than can be 
 touched upon by the adjustment of mere political or economic problems between 
 States. 
 
 A description of the internationalizing tendencies by which Japan has been 
 affected would not be complete without paying tribute to the memory of two 
 men we have recently lost. Rev. D. Crosby Greene, D.D., LL.D., who had 
 devoted more than forty years of his life to the cultivation of deeper sympathies 
 between the peoples of Japan and of occidental civilization, died in the autumn 
 of 1913. Henry Willard Denison, legal adviser to the Government of Japan 
 and a member of the International Court of Arbitration of The Hague, died 
 in the summer of 1914. Mr. Denison came to Japan from Washington, D. C,
 
 14 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE 
 
 in a junior capacity attached to the United States consulate at Yokohama, at 
 a time when vestiges of feudalism were still discernible in the customs and 
 practices of official Japan. Upon the change of administration in Washington, 
 he resigned his official position and established himself in the practice of the law 
 at Yokohama. As consular jurisdiction was then in full swing, he was peculiarly 
 well qualified to practice before consular courts. Away back in the seventies the 
 Japanese Government took him into its service, and found in him a public servant 
 of sterling value and unfaltering loyalty. While he retained his American citi- 
 zenship to the end, it was said of him that in patriotism for Japan he was second 
 to none of the great contemporaneous statesmen of this country. 
 
 I have now traced the progress of those events in Japan in recent years, 
 which in the words of my colleague of Berlin, Professor Paszkowski, may be 
 termed "international progress." The criticism which would naturally be raised 
 against the use of this happy phrase in connection with such events, would be 
 that I am using the word "international" as if it were synonymous with the 
 expression, "Americo- Japanese." The fact is that from the sociological point 
 of view, as distinguished from the political aspect, the international relations of 
 Japan are in no case more important than those with the United States. Today 
 Japan is at war with Germany; but who talks of the future relations of this 
 Empire with Germany? It has been reported in the press that Germans only 
 hate Britishers, while they despise Japanese. With calm indifference, we are 
 accepting Teutonic wrath, and no one cares whether Germans hate or love us. 
 This supreme indifference is engendered by the fact that the Germans, once 
 dislodged from their stronghold at Kiao-chau, are nowhere near us. The whole 
 continent of Asia, with nearly one-half of Europe added, lies between them and 
 us. Not so with the Americans. They are our neighbors, for means of rapid 
 and safe transportation have banished from our minds the sense of distance. 
 One goes to bed comfortably in a Pullman car in Washington, to wake up the 
 next morning in New York or Boston. There is that same sense of comfort and 
 security when a solitary Japanese lady, unaccustomed to the risks and hardships 
 of voyage, walks up a gang-plank to a Pacific liner moored at the customs docks 
 at Yokohama and proceeds on a journey to join her husband in San Francisco 
 or New York. 
 
 The political relations of Japan with Great Britain are very important, 
 for the Anglo- Japanese alliance has formed the corner-stone of Japan's diplomacy 
 during the last twelve years. Nevertheless there is no exchange of professor- 
 ships between England and Japan. Nor is there a chair of Japanese literature, 
 art or religion in Cambridge or Oxford filled by a Japanese professor. 
 
 In the series of letters addressed by me to the acting Director of the 
 Division of Intercourse and Education shortly after my appointment as Special 
 Correspondent from January, 1912, I have repeatedly suggested that the 180th
 
 GROWTH OF INTERNATIONALISM IN JAPAN 15 
 
 degree east or west of Greenwich, where a passenger gained or lost a day accord- 
 ing as he traveled eastward or westward, was the meeting point of the eastern 
 and western movements of the human races. Your forebears sailing westward 
 from Europe, established themselves on the shores of the Atlantic, crossed the 
 Alleghanies, followed the valleys of the Mississippi, traversed the immense 
 prairies of the Middle West, climbed the Rocky Mountains and founded flour- 
 ishing commonwealths on the shores of the Pacific. Our forebears, wherever 
 may be the land of their origin, moved eastward, subjugating tribes found on 
 their way until the Pacific Ocean rolled before them. 
 
 The eastern and the western civilizations embodied in the eastward and 
 westward movements of human races have now met. The so-called Japanese 
 problem of California is but one phase of the social evolution to which this 
 contact of the East and the West has given rise. Today in the Hawaiian Islands 
 the intermingling of the East and the West is taking place without excitement 
 or comment of any kind. 
 
 The donor of the Carnegie Endowment fund has requested you to admin- 
 ister the same for the purpose of "hastening the abolition of international war," 
 and to "help man in his glorious ascent onward and upward." Your relations 
 with Europe are now a hundredfold more important than your relations with 
 Japan; but in your westward relations the secret of your future history lies. 
 Mr. Roosevelt with prophetic vision has declared that the age of the Atlantic 
 is drawing toward its close, and the age of the Pacific is dawning upon the history 
 of mankind. 
 
 The internationalism which is deeper than the fraternization of different 
 political units of affiliated races is the real internationalism. 
 
 In the wise adjustment of the sociological problems arising out of the con- 
 tact of the two peoples inhabiting the opposite shores of the Pacific Ocean, 
 rests in large measure the happiness and welfare of human races, for those peo- 
 ples represent the vanguard of great human movements which were started in 
 opposite direction in prehistoric times. 
 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 
 T. MIYAOKA 
 TOKIO, February 5, 1915.
 
 
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