STACK I California Regional Facility THE AUTHOR'S PRINTING AND PUBLISHING ASSISTANT. E STYLE J ^t-xlc \ THE AUTHOR'S PRINTING AND PUBLISHING ASSISTANT. THE AUTHOR'S PRINTING AND PUBLISHING ASSISTANT COMPRISING EXPLANATIONS OF THE PROCESS OF PRINTING PREPARATION AND CALCULATION OF MANUSCRIPTS CHOICE OF PAPER, TYPE, BINDING, ILLUSTRATIONS, PUBLISHING, ADVERTISING, &c. WITH AN EXEMPLIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF TZI3 1YPC333ATPEICA3L USED IN THE CORRECTION OF THE PRESS LONDON SAUNDERS AND OTLEY, CONDUIT STREET 1839. 1ICH, I-KIKTKB, MU)VE PLACE, BRO.MF1U.N. THE object of this little Work is to afford such a view of the Technical details of Print- ing and Publishing as shall enable Authors to form their own judgment on all subjects connected with the Publi cation of their Pro- ductions. The want of such a little Manual has been repeatedly suggested to the Publishers by the frequent enquiries of Authors, and they trust that the information here given will prove satisfactory. CONDUIT STREET, March I, 1839. CONTENTS. Page. Process of Printing, ...... 1 Origin and Progress of Printing, . . . 11 Stereotype Printing, . . . . . 2<3 Copper Plate Printing, < 25 Engraving on Wood, ...... 22 Preparation and Calculation of Manuscript, . 26 Choice of Paper, 30 Paper Making, 31 Choice of Type, 32 Correcting the Press, 39 Typographical Marks, 40 Illustrative Engravings, .... 20 Choice of Binding, 49 Publishing and Advertising, .... 55 THE AUTHOR'S PRINTING AND PUBLISHING ASSISTANT. As it is very desirable that Authors, and those who may have to give directions to the Printer, should be acquainted with the man- ner in which Printing is performed, it may be proper, in commencing this little work, to give in the first place a brief outline of THE PROCESS OF PRINTING. The Printing Office is divided into two branches ; the one entitled the Composing, the other the Press department. \> PROCESS The Composing-room is furnished with a number of what are called Cases* properly fitted up, which are placed before the Compo- sitor. The Compositor then places the Manu- script f before him, and taking a small iron frame, or measure, adapted to the purpose, fixes it by a screw to the width which the Page he is to set up is intended to be, and commences the putting it into Type, in the following manner. Supposing the first words of the Manuscript to be " The City of Lon- don," he first selects the Capital Letter T, then the Lower-Case letter h, and then e, each from their respective compartments ; after this he takes what is called a Space, + which is * Shallow frames of wood, divided into as many compart- ments as there are Letters, Capital, Small Capital, and ordin- ary (called Lower- Case), together with Italic, and the different Stops, Marks, and other Points employed for reference, quo- tations, &c. f Technically called Copy. J A Wank piece of Type metal, or one without a Letter, of which there are various kinds'; used also to separate the lines from each other, according as the pages may be ; whe- ther full, having the lines close together, or light, with a greater distance between them. OF PRINTING. 3 used to separate the words from each other ; and thus proceeds until he comes to a Stop, which he selects in like manner, and places next to the last letter of the last word. When the frame he holds is filled, he removes the Type thus set into a larger, first to form Pages, and afterwards, when assembled together, to form Sheets. The number of Pages in each Sheet is de- termined by the size in which the work is to be printed: if in Folio, four pages; if in Quarto, eight pages ; if in Octavo, sixteen ; if in Duodecimo, twenty-four, &c. When a sufficient number of Pages have been set to form a Sheet, they are what is called Imposed,* and the Forme is removed to the Press-room, where the first impression, technically called the first Proof, is taken off. This Proof is then transferred to the Reading * This is done by placing the several pages at proper dis - tances on a large stone, fixed on a strongly constructed ta- ble; each Page being surrounded by blocks of wood pre- pared for the purpose, and when firmly wedged together in an iron frame are ready for the press, and are then called a Forme. E2 4 PROCESS room, where it is carefully compared with the original by two persons, one reading the Ma- nuscript, and the other the Proof-sheet, mark- ing as he goes on any errors which may have occurred in the Setting. This first Proof is then given back to the Compositor, who has the forme again laid on the stone, and having, as it is called, unlocked it,* proceeds to make such corrections as by the marks on the proof he is directed to. When the Type has been made to corre- spond with the Manuscript, the first Corrected Proof is struck off, and transmitted to the Author. Should the Author not have occasion to make many alterations, he may not think it necessary to require a Second Proof; in that case he writes the word " Press " upon it, and having been again carefully read in the Office, it is then Printed off: but should it be other- wise, he writes the word " Revise " upon it, Driven back the wedges by which the Type is com- pressed and held firmly together within the iron frame, in order to allow of his separating any part of the Pages which may be necessary. OF PRINTING. 5 and it is again, when corrected, transmitted to him; and this as often as he may think necessary, until he adds the word " Press," which is the order for Printing off the entire number of copies of which the Edition is to consist. Thus, Sheet by Sheet,* the Printing is pro- ceeded with : and as soon as one Sheet has been printed off, the Type used in that Sheet is distributed, t to be employed in setting up the subsequent parts of the work. From what has been said, it will be seen that the principal expense in Printing a work is the setting of the Type, arising from the fact that the many thousand^ Letters, Spaces, * It is desirable to observe this, as it has sometimes been supposed that the Proof-sheets of an entire work may be furnished at once. This it will be seen could not be, in a work of any extent ; as the quantity of Type required for each sheet renders it necessary that the type should be libe- rated as speedily as convenient, in order to facilitate the progress and completion of the Printing. f Taken asunder, and every Letter, Space, Point, &c restored to its allotted compartment in the Type Case. J The cost of Setting the Type is regulated by the Thou- 6 PROCESS Points, &c. of which it is composed have each to be selected, assembled, and again distri- buted singly ; in doing which the greatest at- tention and accuracy are necessary. For the information of Authors not accus- tomed to Printing, it may be proper to state that the printing of the body of a work is al- ways first in order ; the Title, Preface, Con- tents, &c. being uniformly deferred till the completion.* sand, which will explain why a full page or a smaller type is more expensive than a light or a larger. * From the labour required in setting the Type, it will be easily conceived that Printing must necessarily be a rather slow process : it is so generally, three or four sheets per week being usually considered tolerably good speed, allow- ing for the unavoidable impediments occasioned by the transmitting and correcting of Proofs, &c. On urgent oc- casions, however, much greater progress may be made, which is accomplished by dividing the Manuscript among a greater number of hands. The publishers of this little work have had a volume printed in the astonishingly short space of three days. It was a work by Sir Lytton Bulwer, and the effort was rendered necessary in consequence of the arrangements made for the Foreign Editions. Nearly one hundred workmen were employed in effecting it. OF PRINTING. 7 The process of Printing off a work is thus conducted. The quantity of Paper for Print- ing the number of sheets required is first laid open. It is then in successive portions of six or eight sheets dipped into a cistern of clear water, and laid one upon the other; when the whole has been thus immersed, a board of the proper size is placed on the top, and some heavy weights are added; thus the whole becomes properly imbued with mois- ture, and is fit for working. Without this, the 'paper would neither sink into the inter- stices, nor receive the ink ; besides which, it would be very liable to injure the Type. When therefore the Paper has been thus prepared, it is laid on a stand adjoining the Press, and the process of Printing commences. Over the surface of the Type a Roller* charged with * The Roller is a modern improvement. Formerly, the Inking process was performed with two large Balls, filled with wool, and covered with a sort of parchment. The Rol- ler is a great improvement, diffusing the Ink more equally and producing a much greater uniformity of colour (as it in called) in the Printing. 8 PROCESS Printing Ink is passed; the Sheet is laid on a frame which falls exactly on the forme ; it is then shut down, rolled under the bed of the Press, the screw is turned which causes the weight to descend, the impression is given, and another turn of the hand delivers the Sheet Printed. It is not surprising that so powerful an en- gine as the Press should have attracted the combined attention of the learned and inge- nious. Gentlemen have devoted much of their time to it. Among these may be men- tioned Horace Walpole, who printed several of his favorite works at his seat, Strawberry Hill ; Sir Egerton Brydges, at Lee Priory ; and the late Earl Stanhope, at his family mansion, Chevening, Kent. To no one, pro- bably, is the present advanced stage of Print- ing more indebted than to the last-named no- bleman. With a natural talent for mechanical invention which no difficulty could subdue, he applied his enlightened mind with perse- vering ardour to a variety of useful objects, especially to the improvement of Printing. OF PRINTING. 9 The result was not only the production of the most complete Printing Press then known, to- gether with a variety of collateral improve- ments, but the increasing, if not originating, that impulse which has since carried this im- portant branch of art so near to perfection. To those who are accustomed to Printing, and who are aware how much its beauty de- pends on what is called the Press -work, to produce which long practice and great manual dexterity are necessary, it might have ap- peared impossible that any Machine could have been invented to perform such an ope- ration with any degree of precision and suc- cess ; yet this the continued labour of me- chanical ingenuity has accomplished. The Steam Printing Press is perhaps one of the most complete specimens of the perfection of mechanical contrivance ever afforded. To this the public are in a great degree indebted for that early and rapid communication of in- telligence which is now brought down almost to the hour of the morning on which it is cir- culated. The Times Newspaper, which was 10 PROCESS the first to adopt this astonishing invention, is still printed by it with a rapidity which is scarcely conceivable.* An inspection of it * The Newspaper Press affords a remarkable instance of the surprising effect of combined and persevering effort. Few persons, perhaps, among those who are accustomed to receive the Daily Papers, are aware of the vast amount of cost and labour constantly employed in their production. To take for an instance the Times Newspaper. To accumu- late the various articles of intelligence which are there col- lected, persons are constantly and assiduously employed in all directions, both at home and abroad. For the Foreign department, gentlemen, men of education and address, es - pecially fitted for their office, resident in the various foreign capitals, and who regularly transmit (when necessary, by express) the earliest accounts of important occurrences, so effectually indeed as sometimes even to precede the govern- ment couriers ; so that during the late war, events of the highest importance were first promulgated through the co- lumns of this paper. For the daily occurrences of the me- tropolis and its environs, others, devoted to this particular office. For the political circles, the Courts of Law, Police Offices, Accidents, Offences, &c., others ; and for the two Houses of Parliament, expert and expeditious short -hand writers; all of whom are continually engaged in transmitting their various reports to the office with the most persevering activity, to be there arranged, condensed, and fitted to their respective columns, by the sub-editors and those employed OF PRINTING. 11 cannot fail to gratify every intelligent ob- server. Its use has now become very ge- neral. The Steam Press, however, is chiefly appli- cable where large numbers, or great speed are required; for ordinary works, and fine Printing, the hand Press is still preferred, and probably ever will be. in what is called making up the Paper ; while the Editor's attention is more especially engaged in watching the pro- gress of events, and in furnishing on the moment those re- marks which arc to he found in what is called the Leading Article. Thus the whole is in one day communicated, ar- ranged, and printed; and by the same evening's post trans- mitted to the most distant parts of the Empire ; a result which may well strike those who enter into the contempla- tion of the vast expenditure of effort and capital which are constantly employed for the purpose, with astonishment. In the completion of their Steam Printing Press alone, the Proprietors are said to have expended upwards of sixty thousand pounds. The daily sale of the paper is under- stood to be about ten thousand copies ; and these, by means of the Steam Press, are printed off in the almost incredibly short space of about two hours and a half. 12 ORIGIN AUD PROGRESS In a work like the present, it may not per- haps be deemed uninteresting to take a brief view of the ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF PRINTING. There appears to be no reason to doubt that, from a very remote period in the history of the world, devices were used for the pur- pose of transmitting to after times the records of important events, but these are for the most part more a matter of curiosity than of positive information. Of the Origin of Printing as now practised, the Rev. Archdeacon Coxe gives the following account in his His- tory of the House of Austria : " It took its rise about the middle of the fifteenth century, and in the course of a few years reached that height of improvement which is scarcely sur- passed even in the present times. The In- vention was at first rude and simple, consist- ing of whole pages carved on Blocks of Wood,* Something like this is the plan originally invented and still practised in China. The work intended to be printed OF PRINTING. 13 and only impressed on one side of the leaf: the next step was the formation of moveable Types in Wood, and they were afterwards cut in Metal, and finally rendered more durable, regular, and elegant, by being Cast, or Found- ed. is transcribed by a careful Writer upon thin transparent Pa- per. The Engraver glues this with its face downwards upon a smooth tablet of Pear or Apple tree, or some other hard wood; and then with Gravers and other instruments, he cuts the wood away in all those parts upon which he finds nothing traced, thus leaving the transcribed characters Em- bossed and ready for Printing. In this manner he prepares as many Blocks as there are written Pages. In printing they do not as in Europe use a Press ; the delicate nature of their Paper would not admit of it ; when once, however, their Blocks are engraved, the Paper is cut, and the Ink is ready, one man, says Du Halde, with his brush can with- out fatigue print ten thousand sheets in a day. The Block is Inked with one Brush, and with another the Paper is rub- bed down upon it so as to take the Impression. In this way the Printer can travel with his Ink and his Blocks, and from place to place take off as many copies as he may find occasion for. According to Chinese chronology, this art was discovered in China about fifty years before the Chris- tian era. It seems to be especially adapted to their language, in which are employed such a vast variety of characters. 14 ORIGIN AND PROGRESS " The consequence of this happy and simple discovery was a rapid series of improvements in every art and science, and a general dif- fusion of knowledge among all orders of so- ciety. Hitherto the tedious, uncertain, and expensive mode of multiplying books by the hand of the Copyist, had principally confined the treasures of learning to Monasteries,* or to persons of rank and fortune. Yet, even with all the advantages of wealth, Libraries were extremely scarce and scanty; and prin- cipally consisted of books of devotion and superstition, legends, or the sophistical dis- * " Before the invention of this divine art, mankind were absorbed in the grossest ignorance, and oppressed under the most abject despotism of tyranny. The clergy, who before this era held the key of all the learning in Europe, were themselves ignorant, proud, presumptuous, arrogant, and artful; their devices were soon detected through the invention of typography. Many of them, as it may natur- ally be imagined, were very averse to the progress of this invention, as well as the brief-men, or writers, who lived by their manuscripts for the laity. They went so far as to attribute this blessed invention to the devil, and some of them warned their hearers from using such diabolical books." Lemoine. OF PRINTING. 15 quisitions of the schoolmen. An acquaint- ance with the Latin classics was a rare quali- fication, and the Greek language was almost unknown in Europe ; but the Art of Printing had scarcely become general before it gave a new impulse to genius and a new spirit to inquiry. A singular concurrence of circum- stances contributed to multiply the beneficial effects derived from this invention, among which the most considerable were the protec- tion afforded to literature and the arts by the States of Italy, and the diffusion of Greek learning by the literati who sought an asylum in Europe after the capture of Constantinople. " A controversy has arisen concerning the first discoverer of the art of Printing, be- tween the three towns of Haerlem, Mentz, and Strasburg, each, from a natural parti- ality, attributing it to their own countryman. The dispute, however, has turned rather on words than facts; and seems to have arisen from the different definitions of the word " Printing." If we estimate the discovery from the invention of the principle, the 16 ORIGIN AND FROGRESS honour is unquestionably due to Laurence Coster, a native of Haerlem, who first found out the method of impressing characters on paper, by means of carved blocks of "wood. If moveable types be considered as a criterion, the merit of the discovery is due to John Gutenberg, of Mentz ; and Schoeffer, in con- junction with Faust, was the first who founded Types of Metal." Coxe, vol. i. p. 421. 8vo. Although some attempts have been made to support a different statement, it is pretty generally admitted that William Caxton, who had lived abroad and learned the art there, was the person who introduced Printing into England; in this Stowe, Leland, and others agree, that " in the almonry at Westminster, the Abbot of Westminster erected the first Press for Book-printing that ever was in Eng- land, about the year 1471; and where Win. Caxton, Citizen and Mercer, who first brought it into England, first practised it." The first work printed in England was " The Recueil of The Historeys of Troye," of wliich Caxton thus speaks : " Thus end OF PRINTING. 17 I this book, &c., and for as moche as in wryt- yng of the same my penne is worn, myne hande wery, and myne eyen dimmed, with overmoche lokyng on the whit paper and that age crepeth on me dayly and also be- cause I have promised to dyverce gentihnen and to my frendes to adresse to them as hastely as I myght this said book, therefore I have practysed and learned at my grete charge and dispense to ordayne this sayd book in prynte after the manner and forme as ye may here see, and is not wreten with penne and yoke, as other bokes ben, to thende that every man may have them att ones; for all the books of this storye named the Recule of the Historyes of Troyes thus emprynted as ye here see were begonne in oon day and also finished in pon day," &c. In another place he enumer- ates the works he had printed thus : " When I had accomplished dyvers workys andhistoryes translated out of Frenshe into Englyshe, at the requeste of certayn lords, ladyes, and gentylmen, as the Recule of the Historyes of Troye, the Boke of Chesse, the Historye of c 18 ORIGIN AND PROGRESS Jason, the Historye of the Mirrour of the World, I have submysed myself to translate into English, the Legende of Sayntes, called Legenda Aurea in Latyn and Wylyam Erie of Arondel desyred me and promysed to take a resonyble quantyte of them sente to me a worshipful gentylman promising that my sayd lord should during my lyf give and grant to me a yearly fee, that is to note a bucke in sommer, and a doo in wynter," &c. It appears that Caxton continued his em- ployment at Westminster, with considerable success, until his death, which occurred in 1491. He seems to have been extensively patronised, and to have been a person of great moral worth. He is supposed to have lived to beyond the age of eighty. Wynkyn de Worde, who was an assistant, and afterwards succeeded Caxton, was a fo- reigner, born in the dukedom of Lorrain. He made great improvements, especially in the form of his types. Most of his books now re- maining, were printed in Fleet Street, in St. Bride's Parish, at the sign of the Sun. He died in 1534. OF PRINTING. 19 Richard Pynson, who had been brought up under Caxton, set up a Press at Temple Bar, and was the first who obtained the patent of King's Printer; he died in 1529. After this, Printing was practised very gene- rally, not only in London, but in many other places, especially Oxford and Cambridge, both which Universities obtained the exclusive right, which they still retain, of Printing all Bibles and Prayer Books ; that is, with the exception of the person holding the patent of King's Printer, who also has this right. The principle of moveable Types having been once introduced, little room was left for improvement, beyond the slight variations in the form of the Letters, which, as a matter of taste, would always be liable to fluctuate : a comparison of works, printed at different pe- riods, will exemplify this. An experiment was made some years since, in Logographic, or Word Printing ; the Words of most frequent occurrence being cast toge- ther, instead of setting them up in single Let- ters ; but it does not appear to have succeed- c 2 20 ORIGIN AND PROGRESS ed, or to have been generally adopted, though a Volume, at least, was printed on this plan, which the Publishers of this little work hap- pen to have in their possession. In the improvement of the Printing Press, and the manufacture of Printing Ink, a larger sphere was opened, inasmuch as to the ad- vancement of these, Printing must be ever in- debted for its degrees of excellence. Printing Ink is a sort of Black Varnish, the making of which is still a secret in the hands of the manufacturers, so far as its finer qualities are concerned. Its requisites are, that it should have a suf- ficient, and not too great a degree of tenacity; that it should produce a perfectly black im- pression, and that it should dry quickly : in proportion as the Ink is deficient in these qualities, it will be liable to injure the paper, or produce specks, to surround the printing with a yellow hue, from the too great prepon- derance of the oily ingredients ; or to soil the paper during the subsequent processes. The excellence of the Printing of Baskerville was OF PRINTING. 21 chiefly attributable to his discoveries in the art of Ink Making. The late Mr. Bulmer, also, who printed some of the most splendid works of the last half century, was very suc- cessful in his experiments. The manufacture is now in the hands of several persons, who are eminent in this art, and who have made it a distinct branch of business. STEREOTYPE PRINTING, which is a modern improvement, is a mode of rendering a work permanent in Type, in the following manner. When the Type has been accurately corrected, the Pages of Type are properly arranged for the purpose, when a cast is taken of them in a Plaster Cement, which becomes hard when dry: into this mould melted Type Metal is poured, and thus a perfect counterpart of the Type is pro- duced of each Page, in one solid Plate. This mode was brought into notice by the late Lord Stanhope. The first attempt to render a work thus permanent, and which appears to have been adopted solely with the view of 22 STEREOTYPE PRINTING. preventing error, was made by a Printer at Leyden, about a hundred years since. He produced a Quarto Bible, Printed from solid Pages, but these' were rendered solid by soldering together the backs of the Types. The present mode is, of course, a great improvement on this ; as instead of in- curring the heavy expense of so large a quan- tity of moveable Type, the same result is pro- duced, and the Type from which the cast is taken remains uninjured, to be used again and again, for the same, or any other purpose. Stereotype Printing is thus a very valuable process, for works not liable to alteration, as Bibles, School Books, and other works of which large numbers are required, as it would be impossible to keep the moveable Types standing for such works, without a very great outlay of Capital.* * Mr. Lodge's Peerage is perhaps the only instance in which a whole work, of that magnitude, has been kept standing in Type. This has heeii done for two reasons ; first, because of the great expence of setting the Type afresh for each Edition ; and secondly, that by being thus kept standing, it may be rendered constantly and uniformly cor- LITHOGRAPHIC PRINTING. 23 Another mode of Printing, is that called LITHOGRAPHIC PRINTING, or PRINTING FROM STONE. This is also a recent invention. It was brought into England about twenty years since. In- vented by M. Senefelder, of Munich. It is founded on the principles of Chemical Affinity. A Writing or Drawing is made on Stone, with an Ink prepared with a sort of unctuous ingredient to this is applied another Ink of a contrary quality; the Ink with which the Writing or Drawing is made, remains on the Stone, while that with which the Printing is performed, separates from it, and is thus transferred to the Paper. This method has been brought to very great perfection ; so much so, as to pro- duce Prints from Drawings possessing near- ly all the beauty and delicacy of Copper- plate or Steel Engravings. It is also very reel, a point of the greatest importance in a work con- taining so large a mass of family history, the value of which so much depends on the accuracy of names and dates. 24 LITHOGRAPHIC PRINTING. useful in multiplying Fac-similes, as it admits of Printing from the hand-writing itself, when written with Ink prepared for the purpose. At Munich, Paris, and St. Petersburgh, this mode of Printing has been adopted in the Government Offices. All Resolutions, Edicts, Orders, &c., agreed to at the Cabinet meet- ings, are written down on paper, by the Se- cretary, with Chemical Ink, and in the space of an hour, an ample supply of copies is ob- tained. For Circulars, and in general, all such orders of Government as must be rapidly distributed, an invention like this is of the utmost consequence, and it is probable that eventually it will be universally employed. In time of war it would prove of the greatest use for the general staff of the Army, completely supplying the want of a field Printing-Office, and especially as it admits of greater despatch and secresy. The Commanding Officer might write his orders with his own hand, and in his presence a number of impressions might be taken by a person who could neither write nor read. In mercantile transactions, it is very generally employed where a quick and COPPER-PLATE PRINTING. 25 accurate multiplication of Price Lists, Letters, and Accounts, is of the utmost importance. COPPER-PLATE PRINTING. Copper, or Steel-plate Engravings, are Printed by a i ( Diodorus assures us that by the J wtsfc- catacombs ~**fa of Egypt, the dismal mansions of the dead were the stream, temple and both called Cocytus, the 9 ^ foul canal of Acheron, and the Elysian plj^ns~f- on t/tot. the margin of the Acheron listejier'~to whatever <**>,n .ft*/ accusations were preferrcdDy the living agai 1 ^. w _ jt^aln^if convinced of his misjdeedsy^^:// of the rights of /epulture / A i< '~//<>/i 17 n as*-< is/my fo f/;A dcunf- C(p4aAH>c< HW ^/Y//fev/ actc&d t/tjt> uf&fakJ fiy- a emaiu? .*%!> uS^ /i tevtinU Cc tflf, e^?i/-nt the This page is a specimen cf Lithographic Printing. The impres- sion from the Type beiug first taken on Paper. Ln Lithographic Ink, the Corrections then added with the Pen, and the whole trans- ferred to the Stone from which the Page is printed. EXEMPLIFIED. 41 Proof Revised. IN all the more celebrated nations of the ancient world, we find established those twin elements of belief, by which religion harmonizes and directs the social relations of life, viz. a faith in a future state, and in the providence of Superior Powers, who, surveying as Judges the affairs of earth, punish the wicked, and reward the good. It has been plausibly conjectured, that the fables of Elysium, the slow Cocytus, and the gloomy Hades, were either invented or allegorized from the names of Egyptian places. Diodorus assures us that by the vast catacombs of Egypt, the dismal mansions of the dead were the temple and stream, both called Cocytus, the foul canal of Acheron, and the Elysian plains; and according to the same equivocal authority, the body of the dead was waft- ed across the waters by a pilot, termed Charon in the Egyptian tongue. But previous to the embar- kation, appointed judges on the MARGIN of the ACHEEON listened to whatever accusations were preferred by the living against the deceased; and if convinced of his mis-deeds, deprived him of the rights of Sepulture. Athens, by Sir Lytton Bulwer, vol. i. p. 52. 42 TYPOGRAPHICAL MARKS. Explanation of the Typographical Marks. No. 1, is used to correct a wrong letter, drawing a line down through it, and placing the right letter before a corresponding stroke in the margin ; a wrong word is corrected by drawing a line across it, as in No. 2, and writing the proper word in the margin. Where any thing has been omitted, or is wished to be inserted, a Caret is marked at the place where it is to come in, and the word or words written in the margin, putting under- neath an answering Caret. Where a space is wanting between two words or letters that are intended to be separated, a parallel line must be drawn where the sepa- ration ought to be, and the mark No. 4 placed opposite in the margin. Also where words or letters should join, but are separated, the cir- cumflex No. 5, must be placed under the separation, and the same mark be made in the margin. When letters or words are set double, and are required to be taken out, a line is drawn through the superfluous word or letter, and EXPLAINED. 43 the mark No. 6, which is the letter d, an abbreviation of dele (expunge or erase} must be placed in the margin. A turned letter, or one placed the wrong way upward, is noticed by making a dash under it, and placing the mark No. 7, in the margin. Where a black mark is seen in any part of the line, which is occasioned by a space standing up, it is noticed by making a dash under it, and placing the mark, No. 8, in the margin. Where two words are transposed, the word placed wrong, should be encircled, and the mark 9, (tr. an abridgement of transpose,) be placed in the margin; but where several words are to be transposed, that which is in- tended to come first should have the figure 1 placed over it, that second 2, and so on, the mark (r.) being also placed opposite in the margin. Where a new paragraph is required, a crot- chet should be made at the place where the new paragraph should begin, and a similar 44 TYPOGRAPHICAL MARKS mark (No. 10.) be placed in the margin. Where a new paragraph should not have been made, a line should be drawn from the last word of the previous paragraph, and in the margin should be written, No break. Where several lines or words are to be intro- duced., they should be written at the bottom of the page, and at the place where they are to come in, a Caret should be made, ' from which a line should be drawn to the first word of the passage to be inserted. If a word, or words, are required to be in Capitals, Small Capitals or Italic, such word or words should be underlined for Capitals with three lines ; for Small Capitals, with two ; for Italic, with one ; writing opposite in the margin, Caps., Small Caps., or Ital. If they should be required to be altered back, a line should be drawn under the Italic, and the word Roman, and under the Capitals or Small Capitals, and the words Lower-case, written in the margin. Where icords have been erroneously struck out, or are otherwise wished to remain, dots EXPLAINED. 45 should be placed under them, and the word Stet (let it stand or remainj written in the margin. IVhere the Punctuation requires to be altered, the Semicolon, Colon, or Period, should be marked and encircled in the margin, a line being drawn at the word at which either is to be placed, as in No. 15. 16 describes the manner in which the hyphen and ellipsis line are marked; and 17, that in which the Apos- trophe, Inverted Comma, the Star, and other References, and Superior Letters, and Figures, are marked for insertion. Notes, if added, should have the word Note., with a Star, and a corresponding Star at the word to which they are referred. Where letters or lines are altered, they are noticed by drawing lines before and after them, as in No. 18. A little practice will soon render the use of these Marks familiar. It has been before observed, that Correct- ing the Press, so far as the Printers are con- cerned, is an extremely troublesome, and to 46 CORRECTING them, the most unpleasant part of their busi- ness. It occupies much more time than could be supposed, and consequently occa- sions an Expense which the mere alteration of a few Words in a Page would perhaps scarcely be thought sufficient to justify. But when it is considered that every alteration disturbs the whole adjoining mass of Type, and may do so to the end of the Page, or several Pages, it will be less difficult to perceive the reason of the well ascertained fact, that Printers always greatly prefer being employ- ed in the Setting, rather than in the Correct- ing department of their office. It is not uncommon for Authors, unaware of these circumstances, to deliver their Manu- script for the Press, in a very unfinished state; and in some instances, as if they actually con- sidered that they could not satisfactorily Cor- rect their Work, until they saw it in Print an error which it would probably only require them to combat to overcome : it should, how- ever, in all such cases, be distinctly under- stood, that the Expenses of Correcting will, if THE PRESS. 47 considerable, unavoidably enhance that of the Printing, and this in a ratio that would very naturally surprise those unacquainted with the subject. All errors which are not in the Manuscript, are considered as errors of the Press ; the cor- rection of which devolves on the Printer. Indeed, no proof should be submitted to the Author, until these have been made : a careful Reader in the Printing Office will also some- times draw the Author's attention to some Word or Sentence, which appears to be suscep- tible of improvement, and which might other- wise have passed unnoticed; this is, however, not always done, unless requested. In Correcting a Proof, for the reasons already given, as few alterations as possible should be made ; when these are, however, unavoid- able, it would be advisable to observe this Rule, namely always if possible, to insert in a Line or Page, as much as is taken out, or vice versa; this is in a great majority of instan- ces very practicable ; and the advantage of it is, that it will avoid what is technically called CORRECTING Overrunning. This will, perhaps, be best ex- plained by referring to the Corrected Proof (p. 40) in the 3rd line of which, it will be seen that the word for is marked out, and the word of inserted in its stead ; which, it will be perceived by the opposite Revised Page, has occasioned no alteration beyond the line ; but at line 17 there is an insertion marked without an omission; which would have rendered it necessary to carry as many lines as were in- serted to the next Page, if the Page had been previously filled up in the usual way. This is called Overrunning, and often requires that each subsequent Page should be altered to the end of a Chapter, or if the work is continuous, to the end of all that has at that time been set in Type. There is also another point to be observed ; which is, that where Revises are considered necessary, as few as possible should be re- quired, each Revise requiring the repetition of the process already described in striking off a Proof, and which will not only occasion additional Expense, but will also frequently THE PRESS. 49 cause considerable delay in the progress of the Work. Generally speaking, if the Correc- tions are clearly marked/ and not very nu- merous, the final Revision may be safely en- trusted to the care of a skilful Printer. If any error should escape the notice of the Author, or Corrector, and be Printed off, it may be corrected by Re-printing the leaf in which it occurs, which is called a Cancel. This is, however, seldom necessary, when the error is clearly typographical. It is frequently a convenience to the Au- thor to have two proofs of each sheet, one to be returned corrected, the other to be retain- ed for reference. It is not, perhaps, generally known, that Works Printed in London may be corrected by Authors residing at any distance, the Proof Sheets passing and re-passing through the Post Office at Single Postage, provided they are not cut, and that the direction is Written upon the Sheet. An Envelope would occasion Double Postage. It is usual also to add the words " Proof Sheet" in the corner. E 50 ILLUSTRATIVE EXGRAVINGS. The various kinds of ILLUSTRATIVE ENGRAVINGS have already been slightly referred to. They are of three kinds : Engravings on Steel,* or Copper; Lithographic Drawings, or Prints from Stone; and Engravings on Wood. The first two are Printed independently of the Work ; the latter in connection with it ; either incorporated with the Text, or otherwise, as may be desired. Each of these modes may be employed with advantage, where Embel- lishment is intended, or information beyond that which description is adapted to convey. Coloured Engravings are also frequently em- ployed in such cases. * Engraving on Steel is a modern and highly important improvement. Previously, elaborate Engravings on Copper would lose their delicate tints after Printing a few hun- dred copies, but from Steel many thousand impressions may be taken without the slightest perceptible difference between the first and the last. To this is chiefly attributable the present very moderate price of beautifully Embellished "Works, the use of Steel instead of Copper rendering it no longer necessary to Re -Engrave the Plates. CHOICE OF BINDING. 51 Next to the Printing a Work, is the CHOICE OF BINDING. Until a very recent period, Binding was of two kinds only that in Paper and that in Leather. The former, called Boarding, being used for Books when first Published, or when purchased for use in that state; the latter for Books when read, or intended to form a per- manent part of a Library. Binding in Lea- ther has been carried to very great perfec- tion; and, according to the skill employed, is susceptible of the most varied and tasteful embellishment. The Titles of Books in Boards are affixed by printed Labels those of such as are bound in Leather in Letters worked in Gold. These latter are produced by laying a leaf of Gold on the Leather, and stamping each Letter singly, a process requir- ing great skill and labour. Recently a new mode has been introduced, called Cloth Binding. This is done by cover- ing the Book with Cloth; and, by means of a E2 52 CHOICE OF BINDING. strong pressure, Stamping it with some Orna- mental Device Engraved for the purpose, and which is called Embossing. There is in this new method also another improvement that of Lettering the back in Gold atone operation, which is thus effected: instead of the mode employed in Leather Binding, of impressing each Letter singly on the Gold, the whole of the Lettering is cut on a solid piece of brass, and in this form impressed on the back at once. This is not only a great saving in time and labour, but admits also of much tasteful ornament in emblematical and other fanciful devices, which produce a very pleas- ing effect at a comparatively trifling cost. This latter process, now very generally adopted, and of which the Binding of this little Work presents a Specimen, is applicable to almost all works of Science, History, Bio- graphy, Travels, &c., and not only gives to them a very superior appearance when first Publish- ed, but also, from their close imitation of Leather Binding, renders them fit to be placed at once PUBLISHING AND ADVERTISING. 53 in the Library. This mode of Binding does not, however, possess much durability, as it differs only in the exterior from the former Boarding still, until a Book is Bound in Leather, it certainly forms a very agreeable substitute. Cloth Binding, general as its use has be- come, has not, however, been adopted for Novels, which are still usually published in Boards. For Annuals, and other Embellished Works, as well as many of those of a smaller size, this mode has been justly and generally preferred. PUBLISHING AND ADVERTISING. Publishing, though the last step in order, is undoubtedly one of the first in importance to most Works issuing from the Press. There may perhaps be some few exceptions, but, generally, their success must in a great de- gree be influenced by the mode and means adopted for their Publication. Not that it can be supposed that all Works can alike 54 PUBLISHING succeed; but that many fail in obtaining that degree of attention which they might other- wise have received owing to some circum- stances attending the means adopted in the final step of Publication. London is undoubtedly the great empo- rium for Literary Works, as for almost every other species of Production. Even Printers in the country are so well aware of this, that they rarely fail to obtain the co-operation of a London Publisher in bringing out any Works in which they may venture to engage ; though Works thus Published labour under the disad- vantage naturally arising from their not being entirely under the management of the London Publisher. There are other reasons which render Lon- don* the peculiar, and it might be said al- most the exclusive channel for Publication. In it all the branches of the Periodical Press * This is of course not to be understood as applying to Edinburgh and Dublin, both of which have their respective local circles, though for their English circulation they depend chiefly on London. AND ADVERTISING. 55 are conducted; Daily, Weekly, Monthly, and Quarterly, the various avenues to the public, not only in this vast city, but in every part of the empire, and of the world, are here open, and consequently all the vehicles for Announce- ments, Advertisements, and Criticisms, are here only accessible. Add to this that from London every species of literary production is constantly despatched to every part of the empire and of the world, and it will then be seen how small a probability there can be that any work not Published in London can obtain even the most moderate share of general at- tention. London Publishers are of two classes : those who reside at the West End of the Town, and who confine their attention to Publishing only ; and those who reside in the City, and who are also engaged in Wholesale Bookselling. Wholesale Booksellers generally devote their especial attention to the supply of the Retail Trade both in Town and Country. Some make no further arrangements for Publishing than Ob PUBLISHING simply to supply, when applied for, such Works as their Country Correspondents, who are Printers, may have transmitted to them for that purpose; while others are Publishers to a considerable extent of what are called Standard Works Works on Education, Sci- ence, &c., and such as are in regular and constant demand. To these, therefore, the attention of the City Booksellers is very gen- erally directed; while that of the Publishers at the West End of the Town is almost en- tirely devoted to what may be called the Lite- rature of the Day Works of Amusement and light reading, Travels, Memoirs, Novels, Tales, Poems, and other productions of a similar character. This distinction of the two Classes of Pub- lishers arises therefore, in the first place, from the nature of their avocations, and in the second from their peculiar Locality ; the one having their Establishments in the centre of resort, for those who are engaged in Trade and Business; the other in that of Fashion and AND ADVERTISING. 57 Amusement; so that there is not only a conve- nience but propriety in the arrangement that custom has established, that works of what may be called Current Literature should be Published at the West End of the Town, while those more immediately connected with the Business of Life should appear in the City. It is generally understood that the name of an Established Publisher operates not only as a Recommendation to those Works to which it is Prefixed, but also tends to make them known through Extensive Connexions already formed. It also tends to associate them with other Popular Works issuing from the same Establishment. There are three modes of Publishing that in which a Work is Published entirely for, and at the expense of the Author, who thus retains the Property of the Work; that in which the Publisher takes all or part of the risk, and divides the profit; and that in which the Publisher purchases the Copy- 58 PUBLISHING right, and thus secures to himself the entire proceeds. The First of these is the basis on which many First Productions are Published ; the Second, where a certain demand can be calculated upon; and the Third, where an Author has become so popular as to ensure an extensive circulation. The first step that should be taken by an Author intending to produce a Work should be to take the opinion of an experienced Pub- lisher, by doing which not only much unne- cessary trouble may be spared, but frequently much unavailable labour and even expense. It is not at all uncommon for Authors, in the course of their reading, to become so impressed with some favourite subject as to conclude that it must prove of the same interest to others, and under this impression proceed to bestow con- siderable labour upon it. Had they, however, taken the course here recommended, they would probably have learned either that there was already some very similar Work, or that the production proposed would not, from some AND ADVERTISING. 59 cause known perhaps only to the Publisher, be at all likely to meet with the success anti- cipated. These are circumstances of constant occurrence, which the Publishers of this little Work have had frequent opportunities of knowing. Generally speaking, Publishers are the most competent advisers on all subjects connected with their peculiar avocations, having con- stantly before them the best means of judging, and being naturally interested in the success of the Works in which they engage. Authors cannot therefore adopt a more judicious course than to commit the entire management of their Productions to their care. Many Authors, after having written their Works, consign them to oblivion, from Pub- lishers declining, often in consequence of their own peculiar engagements, to undertake their Publication. This may be avoided by the Plan now adopted of Publishing for Authors, and which is more particularly referred to in a subsequent page. Ol) PUBLISHING. Advertising, as an essential part of Publica- tion, should never be lost sight of; but it is a measure which should be judiciously regu- lated and cautiously pursued, or a large amount of expense may be incurred to very little purpose. Another point to be attended to, is the placing in the proper channels Copies for Re- view. This is a very advisable measure, as without it many of the Works issuing from the Press would not be likely to meet the eye of those engaged in the announcement of New Works. Where Authors may desire to Print only a limited number of Copies for the use of their friends, this may easily be accomplished with- out the least personal inconvenience, through the intervention of the Publishers. Should further information on any of the foregoing subjects be desired, the Publishers will have great pleasure in affording it on application personally, or by letter. PUBLICATION OF WORKS FOE AUTHORS. Having been for many years engaged in conducting an extensive Publishing Business comprising the productions of the most Popu- lar Writers, the Publishers of this little Work beg leave respectfully to state that they have, in consequence of repeated applications, now devoted a branch of their Establishment to conducting the PUBLICATION OF WORKS FOR AUTHORS, securing to them the direction and controul, as well as the entire proceeds and property of their Publications. Estimates of the Cost of large or small Editions, including Paper, Printing, &c., will be given on application personally, or by Letter addressed to Messrs. SAUNDERS and OTLEY, Publishers, Conduit Street, Hanover Square, London. PUBLISHED BY MESSRS. SAUNDERS AND OTLEY. CONDUIT STREET, HANOVER SQUARE, LONDON, ON THE FIRST OF EVERY MONTH. THE METROPOLITAN MAGAZINE, 8 ifHonrtjfy journal OF LITERATURE, SCIENCE, & THE FINE ARTS. THE METROPOLITAN was commenced in 1831, Edited by THOMAS CAMPBELL, Esq., Author of " The Pleasures of Hope;" afterwards assisted by THOMAS MOORE, Esq., Author of " Lalla Rookh," &c.; and subsequently by CAPTAIN MARRYAT, R.N., Author of " Newton Forster," " The King's Own," " Peter Simple," &c. In its pages have appeared all the Popular Novels of Captain Marryat, as well as many productions of the first writers of the day, among whom may be mentioned JAMES MONTGOMERY, Esq., Author of "The World before the Flood," whose valuable " Lectures on General Literature" are to be found in its pages only. Tales by CAPTAIN CHAMIER, Articles in Published by Messrs. Sounders and Otley. Prose and Verse by THOMAS CAMPBELL, Esq., and THOMAS MOORE, Esq., Papers by Sir CHARLES and Lady MORGAN, Ueo FOSCOLO, Lady CLARKE, the AUTHOR of the " Kuzzil- bash," WILLIAM SOTHEBT, Esq., and a great number of other distinguished writers, comprising a vast variety of ORIGINAL ARTICLES, CRITICAL NOTICES, REVIEWS, PAPERS on the FINE ARTS, LITERATURE, THE DRAMA, &c. &c. The whole forming an interesting Miscellany, as well as a valuable permanent Record of the Progress of Literature and Science, throughout the entire period from its first publication, under the auspices of its distinguished Editor. No effort is spared to perpetuate the high character which THE METROPOLITAN has attained, both at home and abroad, for its ORIGINAL PAPERS; while its Review Department will continue to receive that attention which has hitherto rendered its Criti- cisms so impartial and satisfactory. Ordersfor THE METROPOLITAN may be forwarded through any of the Booksellers or Newsmen of the United Kingdom, or for the Continent or Colonies through the Agents at the Post Office. All communications are requested to be addressed (post free) to the Editor at the Publishers. POPULAR WOEKS, BY DISTINGUISHED WRITERS. PUBLISHED BY MESSRS SAUNDERS AND OTLEY, ONDUIT STREET, HANOVER SQUARE, LONDON. WORKS BY SIR LYTTON BULWER, BART., M.P. I. In One Vol. Royal 8vo. THE PILGRIMS OF THE RHINE. Beautifully illustrated with Engravings, by the first artists. ' This is in all respects a most superb book; the Literary contents, which are of ; highest order, being fully equalled by the splendour of the pictorial embellish- nts-" News. II. In Two Vols. Post 8vo. THE STUDENT. A Series of Essays. 'Great as is both the power and beauty of the Author's former works, we know le that mark the creative thinker, more than the present production. Its pages full of new lights and happy illustrations." Literary Gazette. III. In Three Vols. Post. 8vo. R I E N Z I, THE LAST OF THE TRIBUNES. 1 It required a master genius to trace the career of such a spirit as Rienzi's." hrnanim. ' It is the author's as yet greatest work." New Monthly. IV. In 8vo. LETTER TO A LATE CABINET MINISTER ON THE PRESENT CRISIS. To which is added A LETTER FROM LORD BROUGHAM TO THE AUTHOR. Thirteenth Edition. Popular Works by Distinguished Writers, WORKS BY SIR LYTTON BULWER, BART. M.P. V. In 8vo. THE DUCHESSE DE LA VALLIERE. A DRAMA, in Five Acts. VI. In Two Vols. Svo. ATHENS ITS RISE AND FALL. With Views of the Arts, Literature, and Social Life of the Athenian People. " Years of labor have not been mis-spent in the research and consideration of the subject, and the style is worthy of the best names in this elevated department of our National Literature." Literary Gazette. VII. In Three Vols. Post Svo. ERNEST MALTRAVERS. " A splendid work, bearing the impress of genius stamped on every page." Monthly Review. VIII. In Three Vols. Post Svo. ALICE; OR THE MYSTERIES. "The most popular of all the Author's popular Novels." Chronicle. IX. In Octavo. THE LADY OF LYONS, OR LOVE AND PRIDE. A PLAY. In Five Acts. Eighth Edition. Published by Messrs. Saunders and Otley. WORKS BY CAPTAIN MARRYAT, R.N. X. In Three Vols. Post Svo. NEWTON FOSTER; OR THE MERCHANT SERVICE. XI. In Three Vols. Post Svo. THE KIN G'S O W N. XII. In Three Vols. Post Svo. PETER SIMPLE. XIII. In Three Vols. Post Svo. JACOB FAITHFUL, xrv. In Three Vols. Post. Svo. THE PACHA OF MANY TALES. xv. In Three Vols. Post Svo. JAPHET IN SEARCH OF A FATHER. XVI. In Three Vols. Post Svo. MR. MIDSHIPMAN EASY. l * Most of the above Popular Works were first published in E METROPOLITAN, Edited by Captain Marryat. They have since 'sed through several Editions. F 2 Popular Works by Distinguished Writers, WORKS BY MRS. JAMESON. XVII. In Two vols. Post. 8vo. MEMOIRS OF FEMALE SOVEREIGNS. XVIII. In Two Vols. Post. 8vo. CHARACTERISTICS OF WOMEN. With upwards of Fifty illustrative Etchings, by the Author. New- and revised Edition. ' A beautiful and touching commentary on the heart and mind of Woman. '' Literary Gazette. "Two truly delightful volumes, the most charming of all the works of a charming writer." Blackwood. XIX. In Three Vols. Post 8vo. VISITS AND SKETCHES AT HOME AND ABROAD. xx. In Three Vols. Post 8vo. WINTER STUDIES AND SUMMER RAMBLES IN CANADA. " We cordially recommend to all lovers of amusing anecdote these lively, elegant and most feminine volumes." Post. WORKS BY MISS MARTINEAU. XXI. In Three Vols. Post 8vo. SOCIETY IN AMERICA. " This book will sustain the great reputation of Miss Martineau, both as a sound scientific observer on questions of moral and political philosophy, and as a writer of first-rate descriptive powers." Examiner. Published by Messrs. Sounders and Otley, WORKS BY MISS MARTINEAU. XXII. In Three Vols. Post 8vo. RETROSPECT OF WESTERN TRAVELS. ' This work of Miss Martineau's is even more interesting than her former admir- ,b!e productions on America. Her descriptions are perfectly delightful." London >.nd Westminster Review. XXIII. MRS. HEMANS' LIFE, AND LETTERS. In Two Vols. Post 8vo. MEMORIALS OF MRS. HEMANS.^ With selections from her PRIVATE CORRESPONDENCE, by H. F. ?HORLEY, ESQ. Illustrated with a beautifully engraved Portrait, and a new of her House. WORKS BY THE AUTHOR OF "RANDOM RECOLLECTIONS OF THE LORDS AND COMMONS." xxrv. In One Vol. Post 8vo. RANDOM RECOLLECTIONS OF THE HOUSE OF COMMONS. Fifth Edition. Revised. "A work more extensively circulated and read than any that has appeared for ears." Sun. XXV. In Two Vols. Post 8vo. THE GREAT METROPOLIS. First Series. Popular Works by Distinguished Writers, BY THE AUTHOR OF "RANDOM RECOLLECTIONS." XXVI. In Two Vols. Post 8vo. THE GREAT METROPOLIS. Second Series. " A work of extraordinary and peculiar research." Monthly Repository. XXVII. In Two Vols. Post 8vo. TRAVELS IN TOWN. "The reader is almost sure to gain from this author's various productions such an amount of useful information as it would he scarcely possible for him to gather in the same compass elsewhere." Metropolitan. TRAVELS, BIOGRAPHY, MEMOIRS, &c. XXXIII. In 4to. with Portraits, Fac-similes, &c. MEMOIRS OF THE GREAT LORD BURGHLEY. With his State Papers, and Private Letters, from the Original Manu- scripts. By the Rev. Dr. NARES, Regius Professor of Divinity in the University of Oxford. XXIX. In Three Vols., 8vo. with Portrait MEMOIRS, CORRESPONDENCE, AND MANU- SCRIPTS OF GENERAL LA FAYETTE. Published by his Family. XXX. In One Vol. 8vo. MEMOIRS OF PRINCE LUCIEN BUONAPARTE. "Written by Himself. Published by Messrs. Sounders and Otley. TRAVELS, BIOGRAPHY, MEMOIRS, &c. XXXI. In One Vol. 8vo. with Portrait. MEMOIRS OF LORD HERBERT OF CHERBURY. "Written by Himself. XXXII. In One Vol. 8vo. with Portrait. MEMOIRS OF SIR KENNELME DIGBY. Written by Himself. XXXIII. In One Vol. 8vo. with Portrait MEMOIRS OF LORD LIVERPOOL. With a View of his Administration. XXXIV. In Two Vols. 8vo. with coloured Plates. RECORDS OF TRAVELS IN THE EAST. By ADOLPHUS SLADE, ESQ. XXXV. In Two Vols. Post 8vo. with coloured Plates. TRAVELS IN ALEXANDRIA, DAMASCUS, AND JERUSALEM. By Dr. HOGG. XXXVI. In Two Vols. 8vo. with coloured Plates. TRAVELS TO CONSTANTINOPLE AND GREECE. By CHARLES MACFARLANE, ESQ. Popular Works by Distinguished Writers, TRAVELS, BIOGRAPHY, MEMOIRS, &c. XXXVI 1. In Two Vols. Post 8vo. with coloured Plates. EXCURSIONS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN. By Sir GRENVILLE TEMPLE, BART. XXXVIII. In Two Vols. Post 8vo. with Engravings, TRAITS AND TRADITIONS OF PORTUGAL. By Miss PARDOE. XXXIX. In Two Vols. 8vo. with coloured Plates. MADRID AND ITS VICINITY. By an English Officer. XL. In Two Vols. 8vo. coloured Plates, TURKEY, GREECE, AND MALTA. Bj ADOLPHUS SLADE, Esq. XLI. In Two Vols. Post 8vo. coloured Plates, ALGIERS AND TUNIS. By Sir GRENVILLE TEMPLE, Bart. XLII. In Two Vols. 8vo. with Engravings, and large Maps. THE TOPOGRAPAY OF ROME AND ITS VICINITY. By Sir WILLIAM GELL. Published by Messrs. Sounders and Otley. TRAVELS, BIOGRAPHY, MEMOIRS, &c. XLIII. In Two Vols. 8vo. with Engravings. FRANCE IN ITS LAST REVOLUTION. By LADY MORGAN. XLIV. In Two Vols. 8vo. with Portrait. LITERARY REMAINS OF THE LATE WILLIAM HAZLITT. With Remarks on his Genius by Mr. SERJEANT TALFOURD, and Sir LYTTON BULWER, Bart. HISTORY, PHILOSOPHY, &c. XLV. In Two Vols. with Maps. 8vo. Third Edition. DEMOCRACY IN AMERICA. By ALEXIS DE TOCQUEVILLE. " The very best work on the subject we have erer met with." Blackwood. XLVI. In Two Vols. 8vo. LECTURES ON THE PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY. By FREDERIC VON SCHLEGEL. Translated hy J. H. ROBERTSON, Esq. with Life of the Author. XLVII. In One Vol. 8vo. CIVILIZATION. By the Hon. AUGUSTUS MORETON, M.P. Popular Works by Distinguished Writers, HISTORY, PHILOSOPHY, &c. XLVIII. In One Vol. 8vo. THE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF GERMANY. By G. P. R. JAMES, Esq. Author of Memoirs of Louis XIV. &c. XLIX. In One Vol. 8vo. VINDICATION OF THE ENGLISH CON- STITUTION. By B. D'IsRAELi, Esq. L. In Two Vols. Post 8vo. with Engravings. THE NAVAL OFFICER'S MANUAL. By CAPTAIN GLASCOCK. R.N. LI. In Two Vols. Post 8vo. THE POETRY OF LIFE. By Miss STICK.NEY. L1I. In Two Vols. Post 8vo. PERICLES AND ASPASIA. By WALTER SAVAGE LANDOR, Esq. LIII. In 4to. with Twelve Original Etchings. THE ANCIENT BALLAD OF CHEVY CHASE. Illustrated hy JOHN FRANKLIN, ESQ. Published by Messrs. Saunders and Otley. HISTORY, PHILOSOPHY, &c. LIV. In Three Vols. Post. 8vo. INKLINGS OF ADVENTURE. By N. P. WILLIS, Esq. LV. In Two Vols. Post 8vo. IMAGINARY BIOGRAPHY. By Sir EGERTON BRIDGES, Bart. LV1. In Two Vols. Post 8vo. DRAMATIC SCENES. By LADY MORGAN. LVII. In One Vol. Post 8vo. CITATION AND TRIAL OF SHAKSPEARE FOR DEER STEALING. By WALTER SAVAGE LANDOR, Esa. LVIII. In Two Vols. Post 8vo. THE INFIRMITIES OF GENIUS. By DR. MADDEN. LIX. In Two Vols. Post 8vo. 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