A GUIDE 
 
 TO THE 
 
 MICROSCOPICAL EXAMINATION 
 
 OF 
 
 DRINKING WATER 
 
LONDOK: 
 
 iTILt,, BDWABDS AND CO., PBINTEES, CHAKD03 STEBET 
 COVENT OABDEW. 
 
TO 
 
 SIR ALEXANDER ARMSTRONG, K.C.B., LLD., F.R.S. 
 
 ETC. ETCl ETC. 
 
 DIRECTOR-GENERAL OF THE MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF THB NAVY, 
 
 WHOSE NAME IS ESPECIALLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE CULTIVATION OP 
 THE SCIENCE OF HYGIENE IN HER MAJESTY'S NAVAL SERVICE, 
 
 WITH FEELINGS OF RESPECT AND ESTEEM, 
 BY HIS MOST OBEDIENT SERVANT, 
 
 THE AUTHOR. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 OFFICERS OF HEALTH, as well as Naval and Military Medical 
 Officers,, have often to determine the nature of the suspended 
 matters in water used for drinking. In an Hygienic point of 
 view, the import of these suspended matters must vary with 
 their properties, whether mechanical, chemical, or vital. 
 
 Mineral particles may affect health, on account of their 
 mechanical action, as for example, when mineral silt of clay, or 
 fine sand causes diarrhoea. Dead animal and vegetable sub- 
 stances may have more important effects, as, when suspended 
 faecal matter produces irritation of the whole alimentary tract. 
 On the other hand, living things, such as the ova of Entozoa, 
 the nematoid worms, and small leeches may give rise at once to 
 certain grave disorders, or Algse may act on sulphates, and dis- 
 engage sulphuretted hydrogen. There are, however, numerous 
 living creatures, both animal and vegetable, found in drinking 
 water, to which no special effect on health can be at present 
 assigned ; they may be important only as showing the presence 
 of organic impurities, which serve as their pabulum, or as 
 indicating putrefaction. Farther observation may, neverthe- 
 less, prove them to be of deeper sanitary significance, and 
 
Tin PREFACE. 
 
 even now, though there is no good evidence of their hurtful 
 action, no one would hesitate to condemn a water containing 
 Bacteria or fungi, or swarming with the lower forms of life. 
 At any rate, whatever may be the conclusions hereafter arrived 
 at, as to the sanitary import of the innumerable suspended 
 matters, it cannot be doubted that Medical Officers of Health 
 should be able to state what they are. This must be done 
 chiefly by the microscope ; but, as it is often difficult for those 
 who are unacquainted with Natural History, even with a 
 > voluminous work of reference in their hands, to determine the 
 nature of the various objects that may present themselves, the 
 design of the following synopsis is to furnish a number of 
 figures of those objects, with such a commentary as may 
 enable them to be identified. No attempt has been made to 
 link particular forms with special effects; it is doubtful 
 indeed, if this be possible at present, beyond a limited extent, 
 being rather a point for the enquiry of future times, which 
 this little work can merely purport to aid. 
 
 The Tables and figures may also prove useful to young 
 naturalists, who are beginning to investigate the world of 
 waters, that wonderful world, in a single drop of which we 
 may behold varieties of form, almost as numerous as those 
 upon the surface of the great globe itself. Many books have 
 been published with a similar object in view; but one more 
 may find a place, to facilitate the study of a very interesting 
 department of Natural Science. 
 
 In reference to the Plates, by way of apology, it may be 
 mentioned that, with the view of lessening the expense of 
 
PREFACE. ix 
 
 publication, the figures have been drawn with pen and ink, 
 but, though they cannot pretend to the fineness and delicacy of 
 steel engravings, some artistic effect has been preserved, and 
 it is hoped that they will answer, equally well, the purpose for 
 which they are intended. 
 
 To Professor Parkes, F.R.S., the thanks of the author are 
 especially due, for his valuable advice and guidance, in 
 rendering the treatment of the subject as practical as 
 possible. 
 
 WESTON GROVE ROAD, 
 
 WOOLSTON, SOUTHAMPTON, 
 October 1st, 1875. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. MODE OF COLLECTING SEDIMENTS AND 
 PLACING THEM UNDER THE MICROSCOPE. MICRO- 
 SCOPICAL POWERS. IMMERSION-LENSES. CAUSES OF 
 
 DISCOLORATION AND TURBIDITY . 1 
 
 SECTION I. MINERAL MATTER 4 
 
 SECTION II. DEAD ORGANIC MATTER ...... 6 
 
 A. DEAD VEGETABLE MATTER .... 6 
 
 B. DEAD ANIMAL MATTER 7 
 
 SECTION III. LIVING FORMS 9 
 
 A. LIVING PLANTS 11 
 
 B. LIVING ANIMALS 34 
 
 N.B. The numerals placed opposite the genera indicate the 
 corresponding figures in the Plates. 
 
ERRATUM. 
 
 Page 42 to end. (Plate XIV.) should be (Plate XV.), 
 (Plate XV.) should be (Plate XVI.), and so on. 
 
MINERAL MATTER. 
 
 .,, i 
 
PLATE I. 
 
 Mineral Matter. 
 
 1. Carbonate of lime, finely divided with vesicles of atmo- 
 spheric air, between the glass slip and cover. 
 
 2. Also carbonate of lime, but with the evolution of carbonic 
 acid gas by the addition of an acid. 
 
 3. Fine green mineral particles, cohering as a microscopic 
 breccia, or conglomerate, are here and there mingled with 
 larger and probably more recent sandy granules, preserving 
 their angularity and roughness from fracture ; taken from the 
 debris of a well-sinking, at the Royal Victoria Hospital, 
 Netley. 
 
 4. Silicious or flinty granules taken from road-side stream- 
 lets, (a) more recent, and (b) of earlier date, having been 
 rounded off and smoothed by rolling and attrition, like 
 microscopic boulders. 
 
VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 
 
PLATE II. 
 
 Vegetable Products. 
 
 1. Pollen of Grass. 
 
 2. of Water-lily. 
 
 3. of Water-plantain. 
 
 4. of Rush. 
 
 5. of Pine. 
 
 6. Epidermis, parenchyma, and fibro- vascular tissue of straw. 
 
 7. Cuticle of Grass/* with the mycelium of Odium moni- 
 lioides. 
 
 8. Epidermis or cuticle of Water- plan tain. 
 
 9. Ditto of the lesser Duck-weed. 
 
 10. Cuticle of Carex, with stomata, and some of the round 
 subjacent parenchyma cells seen through it. 
 
 11. Section of the stem of Carex, showing the large pith 
 or medullary cells, and a bundle of pitted tissue and spiral 
 vessels. 
 
 12. Stellate tissue of the pith of the Rush. 
 
 * The epidermis and other tissues of grasses, as of hay and straw, derived from 
 stable manure which is being constantly dried and powdered on every road, and 
 widely dispersed by the wind, are very frequently present in water to which they 
 may find access. 
 
VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 
 
PLATE III. 
 
 Vegetable Products indicative of Contamination with 
 
 House Refuse. 
 
 1. Linen fibre. 
 
 2. Hemp. 
 
 3. Cotton. 
 
 5. Chip of deal or pine, with the so-called discoidal tissue, 
 and the silver grain of carpenters passing at right angles to 
 the woody fibres. 
 

ANIMAL PRODUCTS. 
 
PLATE IV. 
 
 Animal Products. 
 
 1 . (a) Ventral booklet of Nais (a fresh-water annelid) ; (b) 
 liberated ova of the same, often visible when the body of the 
 parent has broken down so as to be indistinguishable. 
 
 2. Spiny spicula of Spongilla lacustris, (a) straight ; (b) 
 curved. 
 
 3. Spicula of Spongilla fluviatilis, (a) birotulate ;* (b) simple. 
 
 4. Part of the leg of a Cockroach. 
 
 5. Fore leg of Male Dytiscus. 
 
 6. Hind leg of Gyrinus natator. 
 
 7. Foot of a Spider. 
 
 8. Tail of Cyclops quadricornis (male). 
 
 9. Right superior antenna of the same. 
 
 10. Inferior antenna of Daphnia pulex. 
 
 11. Cast skin of Macrobiotus (Tardigrada). 
 
 12. Head and trophi of Gnat (Culex). 
 
 13. Portion of the Polypidum of Plumatella (Polyzoa). 
 
 14. Egg of Cristatella Mucedo. 
 
 * The corresponding spicules of the Bombay Tank Sponge, Spongilla Meyeni 
 form very good objects for the microscope. 
 

ANIMAL PRODUCTS. 
 
PLATE V. 
 
 Animal Products foreign to the Fresh Water. 
 
 1. Fibres of silk. 2. Woollen fibre. 3. Human hair. 
 
 4. Rabbit's hair, (a) the shaft; (b) the apex. 
 
 5. Nucleated scale-like epithelium from the mouth, &c. 
 
 6. Cuticular epithelium, angular and irregular, without 
 apparent nuclei. 
 
 7. Striped muscular fibre. 
 
 8. Tip of a feather. 
 
 9. Barblets of ditto, more highly magnified. 
 
 10. Scales of Insects. Besides the Lepidotera namely, the 
 Moths and Butterflies, numerous other insects are furnished 
 with scales. Thus they form a velvety coat on the Anthracidse 
 and Bombylidse, but are more distinctly scaly on bodies of 
 many of the Curculionidse, Melolonthidse, Clavicornes, Lepis- 
 midse, Poduridse, and on the wings of the Culicidse (Siebold). 
 
BACTERIA. 
 
 PI .VI. 
 
 ,;.' 
 
 MICROCOCCUS. 
 \ /;.. .*36fiM*. r d 
 
 v* ? . ". 
 
 V- I .|<U 
 
 ' 4 3 *' / // 
 
 *. i s --'/e 
 
 ?0 00 * 
 
 BACTERI U M. 
 
 
 BACILLUS. 
 
 VIBRIO 
 
 SPIRILLUM 
 
 V*. I %x H-. 
 
 ^rv^ L a 
 1 ^ ^ 
 
 ^L 
 
 ^ jrt J&^ 
 
 SPIROCHyETA. 
 I?. 
 
PLATE VI. 
 
 Bacteria. 
 
 MICROCOCCUS. 
 
 a. M. prodigiosus. b. M. vaccinse. c. M. crepusculum. 
 d. M. urea3. e. An allied species. 
 
 BACTERIUM. 
 
 /. B. ternio, free. g. Ditto in the zooglcea form. h. Ditto 
 in linear series. 
 
 1. B. lineola, free. i. Ditto in the zooglcea form. k. Bac- 
 teria with highly refracting point. 
 
 BACILLUS. 
 m. B. ulnea. n. B. subtilis. 
 
 VIBRIO. 
 
 o. V. rugula. p. V. serpens ; 1. free, or in twin spirals, 
 2, felted together. 
 
 SPIRILLUM. 
 
 q. S. tenue; 1. free, 2. felted together, r. S. undula. 
 s. S. volutans. 
 
 SpIROCHyETA. 
 
 /. S. plicatilis. 
 
FRONDS WITH B A C TERI A. 
 
 Bacteroids in claxsat& simple- or 
 branched fronds on a spray of pond weed. 
 
PLATE VII. 
 
 Fronds with Bacteria. 
 
 This Plate represents exceedingly minute gelatinous fronds, 
 with embedded bacteroids growing upon a decaying portion of 
 pond weed (Potamogeton). An encrusting layer is seen at 
 the base from which the little fronds spring. 
 
 The great number and extreme minuteness of the mole- 
 cular forms of vegetable life must still claim the attention of 
 Hygienists, from their possible connexion with certain subtle 
 types of disease, until our knowledge has made sufficient 
 progress, either to accept, or reject them as efficient causes. 
 
OSCI LLATORIACEyE. 
 
 NOSTOCHACE>C 
 
 \\{ 
 
 \ u\ 
 

 PLATE VIIT. 
 
 Oscillator iacecB. 
 
 1. Oscillatoria autumnalis and allied species. 
 
 2. Microcoleus repens. 
 
 3. Lyngbya muralis. 
 
 4. Scytonema Myocrous. 
 
 5. Rivularia Boryana. 
 
 Nostochaceae. 
 
 1. Nostoc commune. Several fragments showing vesicular 
 cells to the left, and a filament in a gelatinous sheath to the 
 right. 
 
 2. Trichormus musicola. The longer portion to the left 
 exhibiting spermatic and vesicular cells, and the smaller seg- 
 ments to the right, the effect of treatment with acid. 
 
PALMELLACE/E. 
 
 TYPES OF DESMIDIACEXE 
 
PLATE IX. 
 
 PalmellacecB. 
 1. Microhaloa Ichthyoblabe. 2. Palmella cruenta. 
 
 3. Coccochloris Brebissonii. (a) Development and cleavage 
 of a cell resulting in two new cells, each enclosed in a new 
 gelatinous 'coat within the primary one. (#) Multiplication 
 in the absence of the moisture necessary for the production of 
 the gelatinous coat, (c) Approximation, union, and coales- 
 cence of wo eiidochromes, to form a new cell, with the capa- 
 bility of repeating the process with a similar cell. 
 
 4. Hormospora (a) mutabilis, and (fy transversalis; which latter 
 makes a near approach to some of the humbler Desmidiacese. 
 
 Types of Desmidiacece. 
 
 1. Closterium (a) lunula, (b) moniliformis. 2. Penium 
 Brebissonii. 3. Spirotsenia condensatum. 4. Docidium 
 baculum. 5. Tetmemorus Brebissonii. 6. Micrasterias sp. 
 (Fiji.) 7. Euastrum didelta. 8. Cosmarium margaritiferum. 
 9. Arthrodesmus convergens. 10. Xanthidium fasciculatum. 
 11. Staurastrum gracile. 12. Didymocladon furcigerus. 
 
 13. Didymoprium Grevillii, (a) front, and (ti) side-view. 
 
 14. Desmidium Swartzii, (a) front, and (b) side-view. 
 
 15. Sphserozosma vertebratum. 16. Hyalotheca dissilens. 
 17. Aptogonum desmidium. 18. (a and b) Scenedesmus 
 quadricornis. 19. (b) Scenedesmus obtusus, (c) S. obliquus. 
 20. Ankistrodesmus falcatus. 
 
34 TYPES OF FRESH WATER DIATOMACEXE 
 
PLATE X. 
 
 Thirty-four Types of Fresh- Water Diatomacece. 
 
 1. Epithemia turgida. 2. Eunotia tetraodon. 3. Himanti- 
 dium pectinale (a side, and b front view). 4. Meridion circulare. 
 5. Fragilaria capucina. 6. Denticula elegans. 7. Odontidium 
 turgidum (a side, and b front view). 8. Diatoma vulgare (a side, 
 and b front view) . 9. Astrionella formosa. 10. Cyclotella oper- 
 cula. 11. Melosira varians. 12. Campylodiscus spiralis. 
 13. Surirella splendida. 14. Sphynctocystis elliptica. 16. Syn- 
 edra (a splendens, b capitata). 17. Cocconeis pediculus. 
 18. Achnanthes mimitissima. 19. Achnanthidium microce- 
 phalum. 20. Cymbella Ehrenbergii. 21. Cocconema lanceola- 
 tum, a and b (a, single frustule highly magnified). 22. Gom- 
 phonema acuminatum. 23. Pinnularia grandis. 24. (a) Navi- 
 cula cuspidata, () N. sphserophera. 25. Stauroneis acuta. 
 26. Gyrosigma attenuatum. 27. Amphora ovalis. 28. Tetra- 
 eyclus lacustris (a side, b front view). 29. Tabellaria floccosa 
 (a side, b front view). 30. Terpsinoe niusica (a side, b front 
 view). 31. Mastogloia lanceolata. 32. Frustulia saxonica. 
 33. Colletonema vulgare. 34. Encyonema paradoxum, 
 
VOLVOCACE/E. 
 
 PEDIASTRACE/E. 
 
 APIOCYSTACE/E. 
 
PLATE XI. 
 
 Volwcacece. 
 
 1. Protococcus viridis, a, a single motile cell, and a sta- 
 tionary one undergoing cleavage of the endochrome ; b } two 
 resulting cells ; c, cleavage into four, and d, into eight new 
 cells, within the primary one. 2. Tetraspora gelatinosa. 
 
 3. Gonium pectorale (a seen in face, b seen edgewise). 
 
 4. Pandorina morum (a side view, and b end view). 5. Vol- 
 
 vox globator. 
 
 Pediastracece (Provisional). 
 
 1. Pediastrum. , Boryanum. b, granulatum. 
 2. Hydrodictyon utriculatum. 
 
 Apiocystacea (Provisional) . 
 
 1. Apiocystis Brauniana (a young, b zoospore). 2. Hydro- 
 cytium acuminatum (a, stages of growth, b } shedding zoo- 
 spores). 3. Ophiocytium majus. 4. Sciadium arbuscula(, stages 
 of development, b, complete form). 5. Chytridium Olla, on a 
 filament of (Edogonium, one dehiscing and discharging monad- 
 like zoospores. 6. Pythium entophytum (a, an immature 
 cluster in a cell of Chlorosphaera, b, one perforating the cell- 
 wall and discharging its contents). 7. Codiolum gregarium. 
 
pi.xri. 
 
 SIPH O N ACE/E. 
 
 ZYGNEM ACE/E 
 
PLATE XII. 
 Siphonacea. 
 
 1. Vaucheria Ungeri. 2. Portion more highly magnified. 
 
 3. Sporange and antheridium. 4. a and b stages in the 
 development of c, the ciliated spore of Vaucheria. 
 
 5. Achlya prolifera, with its mycelioid rootlets growing 
 upon the dead body of a small fly. 
 
 Zygnemacece. 
 
 1. Spirogyra. 2. Zygnema. 3. Zygogonium. 
 In all three cases the simple filament is shown at a, and 
 the mode of conjugation at b. 
 
 4. Mesocarpus. 5. Staurocarpus. 6. Rhynchonema. a and 
 b in the two latter figures merely indicate different species. 
 
;ONFERVACE>(a&l>)CEDOGON!ACE>e(c&<i) CH>ETOPHORACE>e(< 
 
PLATE XIII. 
 
 Confervacete, (Edogoniacece, and Cli&toplioracea. 
 
 a. Conferva floccosa. b. Cladophora crispata. c. Species 
 of (Edogonium. d. Bulbochsete setigera. e. Chsetophora 
 elegans. Amongst the Diatomacese introduced in this Plate 
 may be noticed Long prismatic Synedrse, Tabellaria floccosa, 
 wedge-shaped and stalked Gomphoneinse, with the little bent 
 frustules of Achnanthes minutissima. A spray of pond weed 
 forms the theatre of this microscopic vegetation. 
 
RHIZOPODA 
 
 RADIOLARIA. 
 
 Amphilreriuv. 
 LOBOSA 
 
 acnus 
 
 4. Diffhigia, two forms. 5 . Areella, Vulyasis; from 
 above. 6 . Cyphiduun . 7. Amoeba. seweraJ, forms. 
 
PLATE XIV. 
 
 Rhizopoda. 
 
 RADIOLARIA. 
 
 1. Actinophrys ; (a] Eichornii ; (b) sol.; (c) ditto young. 
 
 2. Acanthocystis turfacea ; (a) full grown, (b) young. 
 
 3. Clathrulina elegans. 
 
 RETICULARIA. 
 
 1. Gromia fluviatilis. 2. Pleurophrys amphitremoides. 
 3. Amphitrema Wrightianum. 
 
 LOBOSA. 
 
 1. Trinema acinus. 2. Euglypha tuberculata. 3. E. alveo- 
 
 lata. 4. Difflugia (a) spinosa, (b) proteiformis. 5. Arcella 
 
 vulgaris. 6. Cyphidium aureolum. 7. Amoeba, (a) ramosa, 
 (b) radiosa, (c) young of diffluens. 
 
FLAGELLATA. 
 
 INFUSORIA. 
 MON A Dl N A . 
 
PLATE XV. 
 
 Infusoria. 
 
 FLAGELLATA. MONADINA. 
 
 1. Monas (a) lens, (b) attenuata. 2. Cyclidium (a) ab- 
 scissum, (b) distortum. 3. Chilomonas grauulosa. 4. Amphi- 
 monas dispar. 5. Cercomonas () longicauda, (b) lobata. 
 6. Heteromita exigua. 7. Trepomonas agilis. 8. Hexamita 
 nodulosa. 9. Anthophysa Miilleri. 10. Uvella glaucoma. 
 
 DlNOBRYINA. 
 
 1. Epipyxis utriculus. 2. Dinobryon sertularia; (a) normal 
 state, (b) separate cell more highly magnified. 
 
 EUGLENIA. 
 
 1. Colacium vesiculosum. 2. Distigma; (a) proteus, 
 (b) viride. 3. Euglena ; (a) spirogyra, (b) viridis, (c) longi- 
 cauda. 4. Amblyophis viridis. 5. Peranema globulosa. 
 6. Chlorogonium euchlorum. 7. Zygoselmis insequalis. 
 8. Polyselmis viridis. 
 
THECAMONADINA. 
 
 /~X 3 
 
 PERIDIN/4EA 
 
 CILIATA. 
 
 ENCHELIA 
 
 TRICHODINA 
 
 3 
 
 KERONIA. 
 
PLATE XVT. 
 
 THECAMONADINA. 
 
 1. Trachelomonas volvocina. 2. Cryptomonas globulus. 
 3. Phacus pleuronectes. 4. Crumenula texta. 5. Anisonema 
 sulcata. 
 
 PERIDIN^EA. 
 
 1. Chsetoglena sp. 2. Chsetotyphla armata ; (a) end, and 
 (b) side view. 3. Glenodininm cinctum. 4. Peridinium 
 cinctum. 
 
 CILIATA. ENCHELIA. 
 
 1. Acomia vitrea. 2. Gastrochseta fissa. 3. Enchelys nodu- 
 losa. 4. Alyscum saltans. 
 
 TRICHOPINA. 
 
 1. Pelecida rostrum. 2. Dileptus folium. 3. Trachelius 
 anas. 4. Acineria incurvata. 5. Trichoda angulata. 
 
 KERONIA. 
 
 1. Halieria grandinella. 2. Oxytricha gibba. 3. Urostyla 
 grandis. 4. Kerona polyporum. 5. Stylonychia histrio 
 (lanceolata?). 
 
 EUPTOTA. 
 
 1. Himantophorus charon j (a) front, and (b) side 
 view. 2. Euplotes vannus, (a) front, and (b) side view. 
 
PAR AM ECIA. 
 
 VORTICELLINA. 
 
PLATE XVII. 
 
 PARAMECIA. 
 
 1. Chilodon cuculhilus. 2. Nassula elegans. 3. Prorodon 
 teres. 4. Glaucoma scintillans. 5. Colpoda eucullus. 
 6. Paramecium aurelia (three-quarter-view). 7. Panophrys 
 crysalis. 8. Holophrya ovum. 9. Trachelocera olor. 
 10. Lacrymaria proteus. 
 
 BURSARINA. 
 
 1. Ophryoglena acuminata. 2. Bursaria vorticella. 
 3. Leucophrys (a) patula, (b) spathula, Ehr. (Spathidium 
 hyalinum) Du. 4. Spirostomum ambiguum. 
 
 
 URCEOLARINA. 
 
 1. Ophrydium versatile, showing an animal in the extended 
 state, and (a) encysted, (b) the supposed Acineta form. 
 2. Urceolaria pediculus (Trichodina). 3. Stentor coeruleus, 
 with internal germs. Urocentrum turbo. 
 
 
 VORTICELLINA. 
 
 1. Vorticella microstoma. 2. Carchesium polypinum. 
 3. Epistylis crassicollis. 4. Opercularia articula. 5. Zoo- 
 thamnium arbuscula. 
 
SYMMETRICAL FORMS. 
 
 :CELENTERATA. 
 
 HYDRIDA. CORYNIDA 
 
 SCOLECIDA. 
 
PLATE XVIII. 
 
 CILTATA continued. 
 
 Symmetrical Forms. 
 
 1. Ichthydimn Podura. 2. Chsetonotus Larus. 3. Coleps 
 hirtus. 4. Planariola rubra. 
 
 Ccelenterata. 
 
 1. Hydra viridis. 2. H. vulgaris. 3. Cordylophora 
 lacustris. 
 
 Turbellaria. 
 
 1. Derostomura. 2. Prostomum. 3. Mesostomum. 
 4. Planaria. 
 
NEMATODA 
 
 ROTIFERA. 
 
 n 
 
 ANARTHROPODA. ANNELIDA. 
 

 PLATE XIX. 
 
 Nematoda. 
 
 1. Anguillula (from bilge water). 2. A. aceti. 
 3. A. fluviatilis. 
 
 Rotifera. 
 
 1. (Ecistes crystallinus. 2. Megalotrocha flavicaus. 
 3. Monostyla quadridentata. 4. Floscularia ornata. 5. Hyda- 
 tina senta. 6. Rotifer vulgaris. 7. Brachionus amphiceros. 
 
 Annelida. 
 
 1 . Naid ; (a) conformable with the Proto of Oken ; 
 (b) setse, and ventral booklets. 2. Nephelis, sp. 3. Glossi- 
 phonia bioculata; 3a. a dorsal chitinous tooth-like process 
 directed backwards from the eleventh segment, over a little 
 pit in the twelfth. 
 

 ENTOMOSTRACA 
 
 OSTRACODA. 
 
PLATE XX. 
 
 Entomostraca. 
 
 OSTRACODA. 
 
 1. Cypris tristriata. 2. Candona reptans. 3. Cythere 
 inopinator. 
 
 COPEPODA. 
 
 1. Cyclops quadricornis. 2. Canthocamptus minutus. 
 3. Diaptomus castor. 
 
 PHYLLOPODA. 
 
 1. Branchipus stagnalis. 2. Lepidurus, LecA=Mouoculus 
 Apus of Linnaeus. 
 
 CLADOCERA. 
 
 Lynceidae. 
 
 1. Chydorus sphsericus. 2. Camptocercus macrourus. 
 
 3. Alona quadrangularis. 4. Pleuroxus trigonellus. 
 
 Daphnida. 
 
 5. Daphnia pulex. 6. Bosmina longirostris. 
 
 7. Sida crystallma. 8, Daphnella Wingii. 
 
MALACOSTRACA. 
 
 ISOPODA. \ AMPH1PODA 
 
 
 ARACHNIDA. TARDIGRADA 
 
 ACARINA. 
 
PLATE XXI. 
 
 Malacostraca. 
 
 Isopoda. 1. Asellus aquaticus. 
 
 Amphipoda. 2. Gammarus pulex. 
 
 Arachnida. 
 TARDIGRADA. 
 
 1. Emydium testudo. 2. Milnesium tardigrada. 
 
 3. Macrobiotus Hufelandii. 
 
 ACARINA. 
 
 1. Hydrachna globula. 2. H. geographica. 
 
 3. A more globular form in which, quite exceptionally, six 
 eyes are present. 
 
 4. Limnochares holocericus, a crawling water mite, 
 

INS EC TA 
 
 K> 
 
 OVA OF ENTOZOA. 
 
 f 
 
PLATE XXII. 
 
 Insecla. 
 
 COLEOPTERA. 
 
 1. Larva of Acilius sulcatus. 
 
 2. Larva of Gyrinus natator. 
 
 TRICHOPTERA. 
 
 3. Phryanea grandis in its composite case. 
 
 4. The form named Thelidomus by Mr. Swainson, who 
 mistook the little built-up case for a genuine shell, and gave 
 it a place among the Helices (snails), arranged in accordance 
 with the " quinary system." 
 
 The case figured, from the Isle of Pines, S. W. Pacific, was 
 made of granules of ironstone, but in some of the streams of 
 New Caledonia, the retreat of probably the same species, is 
 constructed of little amethysts. 
 
 HjEMIPTERA. 
 
 5. Pupa of Nepa (water scorpion). 
 
 NEUROPTERA. 
 
 6. Pupa of Agrion puella. 
 
 7. Pupa of Calepteryx virgo. 
 
 8. Pupa of Ephemera vulgata. 
 
 DlPTERA. 
 
 9. Larva of the Gnat Culex pipiens. 
 
 OVA OF ENTOZOA. 
 
 10. Of Tsenia mediocanellata. 
 
 11. Of Fasciola hepatica. 
 
 12. Of Ascaris dentata. 
 
 13. Of Bilharzia haematobia. 
 
 14. Young of Filaria medinensis. 
 

 
WELL-WATER (NETLEY). 
 
 a . ffelcdui&uj fronds e . Ankist^odesmus, 
 
 u^ith Bacteria, f . Desmiduice&. 
 
 b . Monadznti. g-. 
 
 c . Diatojzuuxye. h. 
 
 d. Star shaped cells \ . Euglezia r&idis 
 
 k. Spore o 
 
 I . Oscillator ia. 
 
PLATE XXIII. 
 
 Well-Water (Netley). 
 
 The suspended matters represented in this Plate were 
 obtained by setting aside a tall glass litre measure full of the 
 water, with a disc of glass attached to a long wire at the 
 bottom. During the first twelve hours a deposit of grosser 
 particles was formed, with a delicate coating here and there 
 of the gelatinous matter and bacteroids shown at a. In twelve 
 hours more this coating had become more consistent, and at 
 the end of forty- eight hours was so firmly adherent as to 
 require some force to remove it, with the mineral particles, 
 resting-spores of algse, and organic debris of different kinds 
 embedded in it. 
 
 In the little bays and creeks of this gelatinous substance 
 the loosened and detached Bacteria were in active motion, 
 and interspersed with Monads (ft) of minute size. 
 
 Navicula, Synedra, and other Diatoms (c), were free in the 
 field, or joften projecting from the amorphous debris. The 
 little green star-like bodies (d) probably allied to the Tetra- 
 pedia, have also been noticed in other specimens obtained 
 from a deep source, and are evidently identical with those 
 figured in Plate 4, illustrating the Reports made to the 
 Directors of the London (Watford) Spring- Water Company 
 by Drs. Lankester and Redfern. 
 
 The remaining objects are sufficiently explained in the 
 references attached to the Plate. 
 

 BOG-WATER 
 
 a . 
 
 ofboyuwss. 
 
 d . Cbsnu&iian. 
 
 e . Closterium. 
 
 1 . A 
 
 n A 
 
PLATE XXIV. 
 
 Bog Water. 
 
 The specimen of water here represented was taken from the 
 swampy ground near Miller's Pond, Sholing, Southampton. 
 It was very rich in Rhizopoda, Infusoria, Oscillatorians, and 
 Desmids large and small, and the beautiful Pinnularia grandis, 
 which is so plentiful in all the surrounding district, but 
 chiefly in stagnant and impure water. 
 

 A GUIDE 
 
 TO THE 
 
 MICROSCOPICAL EXAMINATION 
 
 DRINKING WATER. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 MODE OF COLLECTING SEDIMENTS AND PLACING THEM TTNDEB 
 THE MICROSCOPE -MICROSCOPICAL POWERS IMMERSION- 
 LENSES. 
 
 WHEN water is very turbid, from an obviously impure source, 
 it is easy enough to obtain a sufficient amount of sedimentary 
 matter for microscopical examination, and a just estimate of 
 the unfituess of such water for drinking purposes may be thus 
 readily formed. But it more frequently happens that the 
 deposit, even after long standing, is but slight, and when this 
 is the case, we must have recourse to special means by which 
 the whole, or a large amount of the matters in suspension may 
 be concentrated, or collected together within a small compass. 
 In the first place a tall glass vessel will be required, a litre or 
 half-litre measure glass will answer very well, and when filled 
 up to the mark, a circular disc of glass, resting upon a 
 horizontal loop at the end of a long wire, should be let down 
 to the bottom of the vessel, and the whole arrangement, lightly 
 covered, set aside for twenty-four or forty-eight hours, as the 
 case may be. 
 
 B 
 
2 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 At the end of the specified time, the water may be siphoned 
 off with a piece of india-rubber tubing, only leaving a thin 
 stratum over the glass disc. This should now be carefully 
 raised, and laid upon a piece of blotting-paper, so as to dry 
 its under surface, when it may be at once transferred to the 
 microscope, with a large piece of thin covering glass so placed 
 upon it as to exclude all air- bubbles. 
 
 Another good plan is to siphon off the water until only a 
 sufficient quantity remains to permit the sediment to be 
 shaken up with it, and poured into a tall conical glass, from 
 which, after standing again for a short time, portions may be 
 taken up by means of a pipette, and placed on a slide for 
 examination. A thin glass cover is always required, not only 
 to equalize the refraction, but to confine the fluid and prevent 
 evaporation, by which an obstructive dew would naturally form 
 upon the object glass. In the manner just mentioned the speci- 
 men of well-water sediment represented in Plate XXIII. was pre- 
 pared. The gelatinous matter, developed by the bacteria-like cells 
 at the lower part of the figure, (a) was only loosely adherent at 
 the close of the first day ; but, subsequently to this, or during 
 the next forty- eight hours, it formed a delicate but perfect in- 
 crustation at the bottom of vessel. Many of the little bodies, 
 detached from the gelatinous frond, were seen in active motion 
 in the immediate vicinity. More definite fronds, with still 
 more minute bacteriform bodies growing upon a decomposing 
 spray of pond weed, are shown in Plate VII. as seen with a 
 sixteenth of an inch immersion-lens. The first of these forms, 
 at least, would seem to exhibit an alliance with the Palmellaceae, 
 while others, which are very readily confounded with them, 
 show a marked affinity with the Oscillatorians (see further 
 remarks on this subject under the head of Bacteriacece). 
 
 It will be apparent, from the foregoing observations, that the 
 sediments of comparatively clear water require the very highest 
 
INTRODUCTION. 3 
 
 microscopical powers for their investigation, and the employ- 
 ment of immersion-lenses if available. Filamentous algae, 
 even narrower than true bacteria, may be thus frequently 
 brought into view, as well as the delicate flagellse or loco- 
 motive, organs of monads, whose bodies alone would be 
 scarcely visible with lower powers. It is also important to 
 mention that, by these means, even in the absence of ordi- 
 nary amoebae, particles of protoplasm of bacterium size, 
 exhibiting amoebiform movements, are often discernible. 
 Lastly, very finely-divided mineral matter in suspension, 
 giving rise to milkiness or haze, can only be studied with 
 immersion-lenses, though certain cases may occur in which 
 no objective cause of these conditions can be detected 
 microscopically. 
 
 Mineral matters of various hues in the soil, through or over 
 which water percolates or flows, are the more usual causes of 
 discoloration and turbidity. Peroxide of iron, in parti- 
 cular, may be mentioned as the source of the brown cloudy 
 appearance of water from the blue clay, as also, frequently, of 
 the brown colour of pools in bog-lands, though this is more 
 likely to arise from organic matter in a state of decay. In 
 the coarser sediment, under such circumstances, the micro- 
 scopic forms of animal and vegetable life are likely to be 
 abundant (viz., Rotifera and Infusoria, Oscillatoriacecs and 
 Desmidiacete). In ferruginous bog- water also the twin- spiral 
 filaments of Didymohelix, invested with a yellowish-brown 
 gelatinous matter, and Leptothrix ochrea, a rather ill-defined 
 mycelioid structure, may add to the general effect. By 
 reflected light, moreover, the fine amber tint of the Dia- 
 tomacea, floating or resting, is quite brown. Some of the 
 heterogeneous materials usually occurring in bog-water are 
 represented in Plate XXIV. 
 
 B 2 
 
SECTION I. 
 
 MINERAL MATTERS. (PLATE I.) 
 
 MINERAL matters in suspension in water often give a turbidity 
 of a colour and character indicative of their nature. When 
 the particles are large, they will descend more rapidly; but 
 when very subtle or minutely divided, the suspension being 
 more complete, a longer time will be required for their sub- 
 sidence. Looking down through a considerable depth of the 
 water, with the glass vessel containing it resting on a white 
 ground, will afford some preparatory information, when com- 
 pared with a corresponding stratum of distilled water in a 
 second vessel observed in a similar way. Haziness, or pecu- 
 liarity of colour, may be thus detected, which would be quite 
 inappreciable in a thin layer. With a long glass tube a 
 stratum of two or more feet might be obtained, and the method 
 is also valuable in observing the effect of reagents or tests in 
 water. In the light of preparatory information, it may be 
 stated, moreover, that sandy particles and clay in suspension 
 give a yellowish-white turbidity ; and on boiling the water, as 
 Professor Parkes observes, " sand, chalk, and heavy particles of 
 the kind will be deposited," and if it be a chalk water the 
 calcium carbonate will carry down suspended sewage or vege- 
 table matter, effecting a change of colour. Under such 
 circumstances the sense of smell may afford confirmatory 
 evidence. 
 
 Silicious particles, as of flint or sand, are usually angular; 
 and though often much rounded by rolling and attrition, 
 vitreous fracture will be observable in many of them, as shown 
 
NATURE OF SEDIMENTS. 5 
 
 in Plate XXIII. It should be mentioned here, that a little 
 source of fallacy may be occasioned by the very frequent 
 detachment of minute scales or chips from the margins of the 
 covering glass, or the extremity of the pipette, when not 
 properly ground, or even from the glass stoppers of bottles in 
 which specimens are kept. On carefully inspecting the more 
 minute particles of silicious matter, which are so easily diffused 
 and suspended in water, their thin or scale-like character will 
 be apparent. Particles of chalk, clay, and marl, on the other 
 hand, are usually more rounded, but the former will be at once 
 recognised by their solubility in acids. The crystalline forms 
 of numerous substances are frequently visible in the smallest 
 molecules. Indeed, the study of the inorganic matters in the 
 sediments of fresh water, is a branch of Microscopical Mine- 
 ralogy which is of growing interest and importance to the 
 water analyst. It would of course include goniometry and 
 spectrum analysis, and will no doubt receive the attention it 
 deserves in time to come. 
 
SECTION II. 
 DEAD, OR DECAYING ORGANIC MATTER. 
 
 ANY of the forms described in the succeeding Section, as living 
 plants and animals, may be found in the sediment of drinking 
 water, either whole or fragmentary, in a dead and more or less 
 decayed state. Their recognition will, in many cases, be diffi- 
 cult in consequence of the accumulation of debris of different 
 kinds about them, as well as their own altered condition. 
 But, when the more unyielding structures remain intact, a little 
 practice, with the help of figures, will enable the observer to 
 determine them with sufficient accuracy for all practical 
 purposes. 
 
 A. Dead Vegetable Matter. (PLATES II. & III.) 
 
 When the higher plants die down, those of a more humble 
 kind seem to flourish with greater vigour, so that however 
 shapeless the decaying masses may be, minute Oscillatorians, 
 Bacteria, and their allies will usually be found in their vicinity. 
 The breaking down of vegetable cells is of course attended with 
 the discharge of the contained cell-sap, endochrome, &c. ; and 
 these will soon assume an amorphous, or irregular granular 
 appearance, in which the original green colour is here and 
 there very evident. Its further change, however, is usually 
 into an olivaceous or yellowish-brown tint. In some instances 
 the albuminous inner coat of the vegetable cells, known as the 
 primordial utricle, is seen much contracted within the cellulose 
 coat, passing into an indigo purple tint in a more advanced 
 
VEGETABLE AND ANIMAL PRODUCTS. 7 
 
 stage of decay. With a little care, tlie collapsed and crumpled 
 cell walls may be recognised casually. But, very characteristic 
 of decaying vegetable matter, if it appertain to vascular plants, 
 is the occurrence of spiral vessels, or even the spiral fibres 
 drawn out of the cells ; annular ducts, dotted and pitted tissue, 
 and hairs, which, from their comparative indestructibility, are 
 sometimes very beautifully dissected out, as it were, by mace- 
 ration. These at once afford a clue to the nature of the 
 amorphous matter in connexion with which they are found. 
 
 The little scales of " bog moss" (Sphagnum), with their 
 porous or fenestrated cells, the discs and roots of duckweed 
 (Lemna), and sprays of "pond weed" (Potamogetori), and the 
 " stoneworts" (Char a and Nitella), may also be met with, more 
 or less altered in colour, or otherwise. 
 
 Amongst the vegetable products (Plate III.) not properly 
 belonging to the fresh water, but indicating contamination 
 from house refuse, may be mentioned the fibres of fabrics, 
 such as linen (1), the hemp of twine (2), cotton (3), and the 
 discoidal tissue of ordinary deal or pine (4), a structure, it may 
 be remarked, which is characteristic of the Coniferae as a whole. 
 
 B. Dead Animal Matter. (PLATES IV. & V.) 
 
 Decaying animal, as well as vegetable matter, may consist 
 of materials proper to the fresh water or foreign to it. To the 
 first class belong, in particular, the dead bodies of the Entomos- 
 Iraca (water fleas, &c.), and the numerous forms of segmented 
 or Annulose animals, including the water-bears and mites, the 
 larvae of aquatic insects, and the Annelida. Indeed the latter 
 are often only to be recognised by their indestructible setae 
 and ventral hooks, which may ultimately become quite isolated 
 in the field. Animal products, not proper to the fresh water, 
 may embrace the bodies or exuviae of terrestrial insects, house- 
 
8 FIBRES EPITHELIUM OVA OF ENTOZOA. 
 
 flies and others, often overgrown with Achlya, a parasitic 
 siphonaceous plant (Plate XII. 5), and matters such as are 
 represented in Plate V., to which the following references will 
 apply :- 
 
 1. Fibres of silk. 2. Wool. 3. Human hair. 4. Hair of 
 rabbit a, the shaft, and b, the extremity. 5. Epithelium 
 from the mouth. 6. Ditto from the cutaneous surface. 7. 
 Striped muscular fibre. 8. A feather. 9. Portions of ditto, 
 more highly magnified. 10. Scales of Lepidoptera. 
 
 The scales of moths and butterflies are usually flat, with 
 fine longitudinal fluting and a serrated extremity. Hairs 
 properly so called have commonly a soft central axis of cells, 
 often absorbed so as to form a medullary cavity. Wool, on 
 the other hand, is much smaller and more compact in the 
 centre, while the superficial imbrication of the component cells 
 is more distinctly marked. Human epithelial scales are broad 
 and flat, with an oval highly refringent nucleus and minute 
 scattered points in the surrounding space. They resist mace- 
 ration for a considerable time, and thus frequently percolate 
 with other impurities from latrines into neighbouring wells. 
 
 It may not be out of place here to call the attention of the 
 observer to the possible presence of the eggs of Entozoa in the 
 water under examination. All spherical and ovoid bodies with 
 albuminous-looking and segmented contents should be looked 
 upon with suspicion, until their real nature has been deter- 
 mined ; accurate measurements of them should be taken, and 
 drawings if possible. (See Plate XXII., Figs. 10 14.) 
 
SECTION III. 
 LIVING FORMS. 
 
 THE simplest grades of plants and animals or the Protophyta 
 and Protozoa possess so many characters in common, that it is 
 hy no means easy to determine the true nature or position of 
 numerous minute organisms, which constantly present them- 
 selves in the field of the microscope. The most reliable means 
 of distinguishing them is founded upon physiological grounds, 
 and more especially their mode of nutrition. For it is quite 
 admitted that no structural particulars can be named, in 
 the abstract, as characterizing the one more than the other. 
 Of course, where the life history of acy form has been satis- 
 factorily traced out the determination must be certain ; as for 
 example, when a Zoospore, furnished with motile organs or 
 flagella, is found not only to originate in a bona-fide plant, but 
 ultimately to grow into one itself. Of such organisms, un- 
 questionably, Dujardin's Flagellata, or first Order of Infusoria 
 (B, I. 2) (a) mainly, if not altogether, consists. Others of a 
 similar description usually associated in groups in a gelatinous 
 frond, occur in the Volvocacea (A, II. 7). To the casual 
 observer, the equivocal movements executed by the forms of 
 doubtful position are more striking than their intimate struc- 
 ture, while the other parts of their history are quite out of the 
 'question. Indeed, in many cases, a claim to belong to the 
 animal kingdom has been raised alone upon the exhibition of 
 animal-like movements. The liability to error is therefore 
 all on one side, and as far as we know not a single genuine 
 protozoon has ever been classed by the botanist in his domain, 
 
10 MOVEMENTS OF PROTOPHYTA AND PROTOZOA. 
 
 while our greatest difficulty at the present time is to eliminate 
 the protophyta from the realm of zoology. 
 
 It will be scarcely doubted that the numerous species of 
 Difflugia, Arcella, and Euglypha are veritable animals; but 
 what are we to say of the equally numerous Amoeba, now that 
 we are acquainted with the truly vegetable Amop.boids of Volvox, 
 and of the roots of mosses, through the researches of Dr. Hicks, 
 F.E.S. The pliant Vibrio and the rigid Diatom exhibit the 
 phenomenon of spontaneous movement, connected no doubt with 
 the play of the same, or similar nutritive processes, developing 
 dialytic currents, which are on this account quite invisible, 
 while they operate as a moving cause on moveable bodies. In 
 this way the rigid diatom moves without change of form, and 
 shall we say by the same law the extensile plasma of the 
 passive amoeboid is drawn out into pseudopodia, with the sem- 
 blance of active, and even of voluntary motion ? 
 
 The following kinds of movement may be noticed and com- 
 pared in the two kingdoms : 
 
 Protophyta. Protozoa. 
 
 rW'th t ' 1 f Without vibration SPIRILLUM GREGARINA. 
 
 organs With vibration . . ,. VIBRIO 
 
 (By pseudopodia ... Amoeboids of VOLVOX.. AMCEBA. 
 By cilia Spores of VADCHERIA.. PARAMECIUM. 
 By flagella EUGLENA PERIDINIUM. 
 
 Above the lowest grades of plants and animals, or such as 
 are notified in the preceding table, no difficulty can arise in 
 assigning to every form its true position. 
 
CLASSIFICATION OF THE FRESH- WATER ALG^. 11 
 
 A. Living Plants. 
 
 COMPRISING THE MORE USUAL AQUATIC ALG^l OCCURRING IN 
 THE EXAMINATION OF DRINKING WATER. 
 
 Though our knowledge of the fresh-water Algae has become 
 greatly extended of late years, we are still only in possession 
 of fragmentary particulars in relation to many of the more 
 humble forms ; and until the whole life-history of each has 
 been satisfactorily traced out, it would be quite impossible to 
 group them so as to be altogether free from objection. The 
 classification here adopted cannot, therefore, purport to be 
 perfect, but it is hoped that it may serve as a guide to the 
 leading characters of the vegetable products usually presented 
 to the observer in the microscopical examination of drinking 
 water. 
 
 Systematic Arrangement. 
 
 The numerous types of fresh-water Algae would appear to 
 admit of natural distribution into three groups or sections, 
 distinguished as follows : 
 
 Group I. Plants which, although for the most part ex- 
 hibiting spontaneous motion in themselves, have yet no special 
 provision for movement in their reproductive elements. 
 
 Families included in this group, viz. : 
 
 1. Bacteriacea. (Bacteria, of Cohn.) 4. Palmellacete. 
 
 2. Oscillatoriacece. 5. Desmidiacea. 
 
 3. Nostochacece. 6. Diatomacece. 
 
 Group II. Plants in which motile (i.e., ciliated or flagellate) 
 cells play the most conspicuous part, either separately, simply 
 aggregated, or organically united in a definite manner in a 
 gelatinous frond. 
 
12 CORN'S ARRANGEMENT OF BACTERIA. 
 
 This group includes a single family, viz. : 
 
 7. Volvocacecs. 
 
 Group III. Plants in which all movement is confined to 
 the reproductive elements, comprising the remaining families, 
 viz. : 
 
 8. Pediastracea. 13. Confervacea. 
 
 9. Ulvacece. 14. (Edogoniacea. 
 
 10. Apiocystacece. 15. Chaetophoracece. 
 
 11. Siphonaceae. 16. Batrachospermaceae. 
 
 12. Zygnemacea. 17. Characece. 
 
 Definition of the foregoing Families, and of the more important 
 Genera appertaining to them. 
 
 GROUP I. 
 FAMILY I. Bacteriacete. (PLATES VI. & VII.) 
 
 Under the head of Bacteria, Cohn has included all the very 
 minute spherical, elongated, rod-like, straight, and spiral fila- 
 mentous plants endowed with more or less active spontaneous 
 motion ; and now found to be associated with putrefaction and 
 other conditions of hygienic importance. 
 
 The annexed table is in accordance with Dr. Cohn's own 
 classification, which he admits must be only provisional, until 
 something more definite is known of the nature and affinities 
 of these interesting organisms. Though the species are not 
 separately described, it was considered advisable to retain 
 them in the table to facilitate further reference, should it be 
 found necessary. 
 
COHN'S ARRANGEMENT OF BACTERIA. 
 
 13 
 
 Bacteria (Colin). 
 
 A. SPHJIROBACTERIA. 
 (Minute jostling 
 spherules.) 
 
 Zymogenous. 
 (Ferment producing.) 
 
 Chromogenous. 
 (Colour producing.) 
 
 H 
 
 V 
 
 Pathogenous. 
 
 (Disease producing.) 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 (<*) 
 
 GENUS AND SPECIES. 
 
 Micrococcus. 
 I crepusculum (Ehr.) 
 candid ua (Cohn) 
 ureas (Cohn) 
 
 The ferment of ammonia- 
 cal putrescence. 
 
 (a) 
 
 prodigiosus (Ehr.) 
 The blood stain in 
 
 bread. 
 
 luteus (Schroeter) 
 anrantiacus (Sch.) 
 chlorinus (Sch.) 
 cyanus (Sch.) 
 violaceus (Sch.) 
 
 vaccinse (Cohn) 
 diphthericus (Dartel) 
 septicus (Klebs) 
 bombycis (Be"champ) 
 
 B. MlCROBACTERIA. 
 (Minute and 
 short rods.) 
 
 Chromogenous. 
 
 Bacterium. 
 
 (/, g, h, jfe) termo (Ehr.) 
 
 Producing putrefactive 
 
 fermentation. 
 (i, I) lineola (Ehr.) 
 
 In brooks. &c. 
 xanthium (Sch.) 
 syncyanum (Sch.) 
 seruginosum (Sch.) 
 
 C DESMOBACTERIA . .. ., 
 
 . t , Bacillus. 
 
 (Straight, flexible 
 or rapidly undu- 
 lating filaments.) 
 
 (n) subtilis (Ehr.) 
 Producing Butyric fer- 
 mentation. 
 (m) ulna (Kohn) 
 Similar to the former, 
 anthracis (Cohn) 
 In the blood, in malig- 
 nant pustule. 
 
 D. SPIROBACTERTA.. 
 (Spiral filaments, 
 rigid, or flexi- 
 ble,) 
 
 (P) 
 
 (2) 
 
 (r) 
 
 (0 
 
 Vibrio. 
 
 rugula (Ehr.) 
 serpens (Ehr.) 
 
 Spirillum* 
 tenue (Ehr.) 
 undula (Cohn) 
 votutans (Ehr.) 
 
 Spirochceta. 
 plicatilis (Ehr,) 
 
14 BACTERIA AND THEIR ALLIES COMPARED. 
 
 While there is little doubt of the intimate relationship 
 existing between the larger forms of the preceding table and 
 the Oscillatorians, Bacterium termo and its immediate allies are 
 involved in much obscurity as to their real nature and botanical 
 affinities, seeing that their supposed position in the animal 
 kingdom is now no longer tenable. The slightly dumb-bell 
 shape of the true putrefactive Bacterium manifests a very 
 significant correspondence with the form represented in 
 Plate XXIII., developed in the sediment of well-water, and 
 with many others such as that shown in Plate VII., occurring 
 amongst decomposing Algse. 
 
 All analogy would go to indicate that the Zooglcta form of 
 Bacterium termo may be regarded as the primary or normal 
 state of this organism, the surrounding gelatinous matter 
 being simply the representative of that which forms the 
 indefinite frond of Microhaloa or Palmella for example. 
 
 Further, when the matrix breaks down, and the sepa- 
 rate little Bacteria detach themselves from it, they often 
 commence those active movements which are in some inti- 
 mate way connected with their nutrition. Even many 
 Diatomacete which are normally fixed to, or included in 
 a gelatinous frond are motionless until they have become 
 free from it, when the movements they exhibit are known 
 to bear a certain relation to the shape of the frustule, being 
 rectilinear when the latter is narrow, but more irregular 
 when it is of a different form. The subsequent history of 
 Bacteria has been variously represented by authors, but our 
 space will not admit of further enlargement upon this 
 subject. 
 
 The carbon of the higher aquatic plants is derived from the 
 carbonic acid present in the water, or liberated by the decom- 
 position of carbonates, while that of the molecular and more 
 minute filamentous Algse (Micrococcus, Bacterium, Sac.) is usually 
 
NUTRITION OF BACTERIA OSCILLATORIACE.E. 15 
 
 derived from the vegetable acids that may be in combination 
 with a base, as for example, the T of Tartrate of Ammonia. 
 
 Dr. Cohn's researches go to show that, not only will Bacteria 
 nourish in solutions of the salt just mentioned, or in the 
 absence of organic matter, but that even in this case the 
 genuine putrefactive odour is evolved. This important fact 
 would therefore link the presence of Bacteria with putre- 
 faction as a process quite distinct from simple decay, with 
 which fungous-life is more particularly associated. 
 
 FAMILY II. Oscillatoriacecs. (PLATE VIII.) 
 
 These very simple plants consist of tubular filaments, with or 
 without a gelatinous investment, and having faint or rich bluish- 
 green or purple coloured contents, or endochrome, in which, as 
 the filaments elongate, a transverse segmentation takes place, 
 giving rise to the deceptive appearance of cells in single 
 series. The filaments may be quite free, or disposed in bundles 
 or strata. In the free state, their peculiar animal-like move- 
 merits render them objects of interest to the microscopist. 
 Branching, in the true sense of the term, is quite foreign to 
 these plants, which multiply by transverse fission ; but of their 
 sexual reproduction nothing is precisely known. Excluding 
 the Bacteria of Cohn, they are divided into several sub- 
 families, which are easily distinguished in the following 
 manner : 
 
 Sub-families. Genera. 
 
 r-j /Exhibiting more or less active! ^ . 
 movements | Oscillatonece... (1.) OSCILLATORIA. 
 
 .2 
 
 I 
 
 /LikeOscillatoria.but) r -, 
 
 in tufts or strata . ^M** ( 3 -) LGBYA. 
 
 <* $\ Motionless J . 
 
 I Having a proper^ Scytonemece ... (4.) SCYTONEMA. 
 
 gelatinous invest- L 
 V ment j (2.) MIOROCOLEUS. 
 
 Tapering, \vith a large basal cell JRivulariece ... (5.) RivuLARiA. 
 
16 OSCILLATORIEJE CONFOUNDED WITH BACTERIA. 
 
 It is highly probable that many of the supposed members 
 of Oscillatoriacece are truly referable to the succeeding family 
 (Nostochacece). 
 
 On carefully inspecting a fair specimen of water rich in 
 Algae of different kinds, it will usually be easy to trace 
 examples of Oscillatoriea ranging from the proportions of 
 ordinary Confervas to the diameter of Bacterium termo. The 
 same phenomena of endochrome-cleavage and spontaneous 
 movement will be seen to occur in all cases, in a more or less 
 marked degree; and indeed any differences distinguishable in 
 the smaller, as compared with the larger forms, can only be said 
 to be of a relative kind, and apparently in no way contraindicate 
 a prevailing unity of type. Frequently also the smallest 
 moving points or molecules observable in the field, instead of 
 being referable to the genus Micrococcus, are but segments of 
 the more minute filamentary species or varieties, as the case 
 may be ; for, even if their cylindrical form is not demonstrable 
 to the eye, their peculiar refractive properties will enable us to 
 link them with the less equivocal fragments always to be 
 found in the same vicinity. 
 
 In the punctiform, fragmentary, or filamentous plants of 
 smaller size than the admitted Oscillatorians, it is impossible 
 to distinguish a primordial utricle and a cellulose coat, and of 
 course also difficult to determine the precise nature of the seg- 
 mentation. In the Oscillatorieae, however, the endochrome 
 suffers cleavage, while the primordial utricle and the cellulose 
 tube take no part in the process, being only capable of simple 
 growth and extension. In the Confervacece and other fila- 
 mentous Algse, on the contrary, both the primordial utricle 
 and the endochrome are engaged in the segmentation of the 
 filament, within the cellulose coat, to which, nevertheless, the 
 transverse septa and a new internal layer are added. 
 
 In a very interesting paper published in the Quarterly Journal 
 
DEVELOPMENT OF BACTERIA- NOSTOCHACE^E. 17 
 
 of Microscopical Science, vol. i. 1861, Dr. B. Hicks, F.R.S., 
 has touched a most important subject in what he has 
 termed the Diamorphosis of Lyngbya muralis. This plant, 
 though confounded by some with the genuine Conferva, 
 is now generally admitted to be an ally of the Oscillatorians, 
 and as such at least one of its modes of reproduction, or 
 transitional phases, presents a suggestive bearing upon all the 
 members of this family, and thereby, it may be fairly presumed, 
 upon Bacteriaceae in general. We thus perceive how slender 
 are the grounds upon which we can assume almost any palmel- 
 laceous plant to be a distinct entity, and in this remark may 
 be included some forms reputedly belonging to the Ulvacece. 
 Let us suppose for a moment that the minute spirilla and 
 even Bacterium termo itself are in the category of the fila- 
 mentous algae, then how small must be their reproductive 
 gonidia! 
 
 From actual observation of the spirillum common in bilge- 
 water, I can safely say that the moving particles in which it 
 originates, however small they may have been in the first 
 instance, are not only very minute, but quite shapeless. If 
 these reproductive particles are visibly so small in relation to 
 the diameter of a normal filament of Lyngbya muralis, how 
 minute must they be in the case of Bacterium termo ! They 
 might readily escape the keenest scrutiny of the advocates of 
 equivocal generation. 
 
 FAMILY III. Nostochacea. (PLATE VIII.) 
 
 Plants consisting of microscopic moniliform filaments of 
 cells in series, usually coiled, curved, or entangled in a gelati- 
 nous matrix constituting the frond, which may be round or 
 foliaceous, linear, or formless. They are found on damp 
 
 c 
 
18 CHARACTERS OF NOSTOCHACEJ2 PALMELLACE^. 
 
 ground , or in water, floating on the top, or at the bottom, at- 
 tached to stones in rivulets and streams, or in brackish ditches. 
 The characters of the frond sufficiently distinguish the three 
 more important genera, thus* 
 
 (Expanded... Globular or irregular ; filaments numerous . (1.) NOSTOC. 
 Elongated... Curved, linear, or spiral ; filaments single . MONORMIA. 
 
 Formless ... Often a floating film ; filaments numerous . (2.) TRICHOBMUS. 
 
 Besides simple multiplication by fission (which is sometimes 
 longitudinal as well as transverse), the Nostochacea afford in- 
 dications of the existence of a true reproductive process, in the 
 presence of certain vesicular cells (supposed to be spermatic ?) 
 amongst the ordinary ones ; which latter are, moreover, here 
 and there further developed into sporangia! cells, producing 
 true spores from which new filaments arise. This process 
 appears to have been distinctly observed by Thuret in Nostoc 
 verrucosum. 
 
 The three remaining families of this section are, strictly 
 speaking, composed of unicellular plants i.e., consisting essen- 
 tially of a single cell, which may be solitary or associated with 
 others, in no very definite order, or as a brittle filament ; cells 
 multiplying by fission and reproducing by conjugation. 
 
 FAMILY IV. Palmellacea. (PLATE IX.) 
 
 Green cells (often red), spherical or ovate, in a more or 
 less consistent or definitely formed gelatinous material, consti- 
 tuting a frond, so called; the cells multiplying by simple 
 fission, without gemmation. Of the numerous genera referred 
 to this family, the following may be given as good examples 
 
CHARACTERS OF PALMELLACE^ DESMIDIACEJE. 19 
 
 /Indefinite or f Mucoid floating, with minute cells ...... (1.) MICROHALOA. 
 
 formless ...... j Slimy, encrusting, with large globular) ,~\ p LM 
 
 " " 
 
 ] More consis- f Qlobu'.a inluding numerous distinc j ^ CoccoCHLOBIS . 
 8 ' ....... ..... " "'"""' 
 
 tent and defi- 
 
 Though the precise limits of the Palmellacece are yet but 
 imperfectly defined, these plants are of considerable interest to 
 the water analyst, they so frequently find their way into 
 cisterns and reservoirs, and thus make their appearance in the 
 deposits of drinking water. Several genera which would 
 appear to be more correctly referrible to the Volvocacea, are 
 usually confounded with them; and the accumulation of 
 synonyms has only added to the confusion. 
 
 To illustrate multiplication by fission in the Palmellacea, we 
 shall instance the genus Coccochloris, which will enable us to 
 se6 what little more is required to meet the conditions observ- 
 able in the Desmidiacete and Diatomaceae respectively. 
 
 In Coccochloris (3 a and b) binary subdivision, with the suc- 
 cessive formation of a cellulose and hyaline investment, seems 
 to go on practically without limit, a fresh impetus to the 
 process being given by the conjugation and blending of two 
 endochromes (c), in which repeated fission goes forward as before. 
 This is, in effect, also what takes place in the Desmidiaceae and 
 Diatomace&, and the observation is so far correct, even 
 though Coccochloris and its allies should be, as some suppose, 
 but the gonidia of Lichens in a certain phase of development. 
 
 FAMILY V. Desmidiacece. (PLATE IX.) 
 
 These are unicellular plants, usually of an exceedingly rich 
 green colour, nearly exclusively confined to fresh water, occur- 
 ring singly, or remaining in contact after binary subdivision, 
 
 C 2 
 
20 CLASSIFICATION OF DESMIDIAC^E DIATOMACEJE. 
 
 so as to form more or less brittle threads of cells in linear 
 series. A sutural line running round the cell-wall transversely, 
 marks it off into two symmetrical halves, and cleavage takes 
 place at this line, preparatory to the gemmation of two new 
 half frustules from the old ones thus separated. The forms of 
 these cells are very beautiful and varied, and chiefly charac- 
 terize the genera, which admit of the following arrangement : 
 
 /Plain and 
 much elon- 
 gated 
 Closteriece. 
 
 Ornamental, 
 short, or of 
 moderate length 
 Cosmariea 
 
 ill) 
 
 O S p YDesmidieae 
 
 -*ll 
 
 Curved or crescentic 
 
 /Ends f Contents simple 
 
 rounded - {contents spiral .. 
 i. Straight J 
 
 Ends truncated 
 
 \Ends notched 
 
 /Deeply incised 
 
 Sinuated 
 
 /'Without spines 
 
 I' Simple J With two spines 
 V With several spines... 
 Endvie W an-j Pr J ection88in S le ~ 
 S ular (Projections double ... 
 
 Cells oppo- ( Filaments rounded ... 
 sitely bi- ] 
 dentate ... ( Filaments angular ... 
 
 Q>? A 
 
 Jit) 
 
 Cells slightly (Jction simple ...... 
 
 I constricted ( Junction perforate... 
 
 'AnJcigtrodesmiece 
 
 1. CLOSTERITJM. 
 
 2. PBNIUM. 
 
 3. SPIBOTJENIA. 
 
 4. DOCIDIUM. 
 
 5. TETMEMOBUS. 
 
 6. MlCHASTERIAS. 
 
 7. ETJASTETJM. 
 
 8. COSMABIUM. 
 
 9. ABTHBODESMUS. 
 
 10. XANTHIDIUM. 
 
 11. STBAUBASTBUM. 
 
 12. DlDTMOClADON. 
 
 13. DlDTMOPBIUM. 
 
 14. DESMIDIUM. 
 
 15. SPHEEOZOSMA. 
 
 16. HYALOTHECA. 
 
 17. APTOGOWUM. 
 
 '18.) 
 
 & \ SCEWEDESMUS. 
 19.) 
 
 ,20. ANKISTEODEBMUS. 
 
 FAMILY VI. Diatomacecp. (PLATE X.) 
 
 Like the former family, the Diatomacea are unicellular plants, 
 in some instances isolated, in others cohering in chains or fila- 
 ments, or in some definite way. The cell wall, however, is 
 composed of a glassy or silicious material, instead of cellulose, 
 which is found in all other vegetable cells ; and the endo- 
 
DEVELOPMENT OP THE DIATOMACE.ZE. 21 
 
 chrome is usually of a rich amber tint instead of green. 
 They exhibit also much symmetry and beauty in the forms of 
 the frustules, which are often so exquisitely sculptured as to 
 afford excellent test objects for the microscope. 
 
 Each frustule consists of a new and an old half or valve,, as 
 noticed in the Desmidiacea, but the margins of the old valve 
 overlap those of the new one, and thus results the so-called 
 cingulum or " middle piece," which is not only capable of 
 elongation by growth, but also by one portion sliding upon 
 the other, telescope fashion, so as to make provision for the 
 endogenous development of two new half frustules by fission 
 and gemmation combined. From this arrangement it follows 
 that the cells of each successive generation must be narrower 
 than those within which they arise, by at least the whole thick- 
 ness of the cell wall. Here then is the explanation of the 
 great disparity of size so frequently observed in members of 
 the same species. Moreover, we thus also see why it is that 
 after the conjugation of two frustules, the resulting sporangial 
 cell, in which the process just described commences, should be 
 so much larger than the parent cells. 
 
 The genera of Diatomacea are too numerous to be sepa- 
 rately defined in this treatise ; but the annexed table, with the 
 figures arranged in the same order, will assist in the recogni- 
 tion of the more usual fresh water forms : 
 
22 
 
 CLASSIFICATION OF THE DIATOMAC^S. 
 
 ' Without terminal nodules 1. 
 
 'Eunotiece 
 
 JN^W-.{g-* J 
 
 band 
 
 A close chain 
 
 Arcuated With (Separate 2. 
 
 I terminal-^ 
 
 \ nodules (in a filament 3. 
 
 MeridionecB . Cuneate 
 
 Strise 
 granular 
 
 Striae (Single 
 
 continu- ] 
 ous ( In a close chain .. 
 
 Striaa ( In a zigzag chain ... 
 
 scarcely 4 
 visible ( In a star-like chain 
 
 f Discoidal Mostly single 
 
 T 
 
 In a filament 
 
 /Saddle-shaped 12. 
 
 /Subquadrate, ovate, I 
 
 I or elliptical, withJ Full border, simple 13. 
 
 ^*.J ^-^MBa45S}u 
 
 / Compressed, with | -, ,. 
 
 iMuohdoBgated... pr ^, PI S a a 16 
 
 ( pseudo-nodule ... / 
 jCocconeidecB Elliptical Fixed by one surface 17. 
 
 (With a stalk 18. 
 
 (Without a stalk ... 19. 
 20. 
 21. 
 
 Gomphonemece Wedge-shaped ..._,.. With a stalk 22. 
 
 Ends full & rounded Strise continuous ... 23. 
 (Strise dotted, with- \ 2 4 
 
 AchnantJiecB . Bent 
 
 c* -.i^aaar* not| w ^t as taik .. 
 
 1 S1 ^ mold (With a stalk.... 
 
 EPITHEMIA. 
 EUNOIIA. 
 
 HlMAKTIDITJM. 
 
 MEBIDIOIT. 
 
 FBAGILAEIA. 
 
 DENTICULA. 
 
 ODONTIDITTM. 
 
 DIATOMA. 
 
 ASTRIONELtA. 
 
 CYCIOTELLA. 
 
 MELOSIRA. 
 
 CAMPTLODISCUS. 
 
 SUEIKELLA. 
 
 SPHINCTOCTSTIS. 
 
 NlTZSCHIA. 
 
 STNEDEA. 
 
 COCCONEIS. 
 
 ACHNANTHES. 
 
 ACHNANTHIDIUM. 
 
 CYMBELLA. 
 
 COCCONEMA. 
 
 GOMPHONEMA. 
 
 PlNNTJLAEIA. 
 
 (Naviculece ...J Ends ( 
 
 more 
 acute 
 
 transverse bar ... 
 
 void, inflated 
 
 Illf: 
 
 tT .5 o o - 
 
 26 . 
 27. 
 
 (A close series... 28. 
 
 '' 
 
 \ /Vitt 
 
 f niin<7i.; Simple but 
 
 Y Striatellea... | JgJ^ 4 interrupted . (A zigzag chain 29. 
 
 J ( Capitate, like notes in music. . . 30. 
 
 STAUEONEIS. 
 
 GYEOSIGMA. 
 
 AMPHOEA. 
 
 TETEACYCLUS. 
 
 TABELLAEIA. 
 
 TEEPSINOE. 
 
 illll .... 
 
 'l!?l 
 
 Like 
 Navicula 
 
 Hoops ) 
 
 with \ Frond mamillated . 31. MASTOGLOIA. 
 
 loculi j . 
 
 Hoops ( Frond amorphous . 32. FEUSTULIA. 
 
 31mple ( Frond filamentous . 33. COLLETOKEMA. 
 Like Cymlella Frond filamentous . 34. ENCYOITEMA. 
 
VOLVOCACEJE CONTRASTED WITH PEDIASTRAC^. 23 
 
 GROUP II. 
 
 FAMILY VII. Volvocacea. (PLATE XI.) 
 
 THIS family is sufficiently denned in the terms of Section II., 
 and it will only be necessary to characterize the leading 
 genera. 
 
 . /Single, two, or four in number, remaining united by ) ~ PRQTOCOCCDS 
 incomplete cleavage \ ^ 
 
 /Grouped by fours in larger cells on a gelatinous ) ,~ TVTRASPORA 
 I Free, evenly distributed in a round or oval frond (4.) PANDORINA. 
 
 /In square ) /q\ rt nvTTT1l r 
 
 Mutually united by stolons, but \ tablets ... \ (6 '> to 
 
 V originally distinct j In spherical ) ,- } YOLVOX. 
 
 \ extensions } v ' ; 
 
 The life history of Protococcus, so far as it has been traced 
 out by Cohn and others, presents such a variety of conditions 
 and stages that it is difficult to retain them in the memory. 
 It presents, however, so close a relationship to Volvox, that it 
 would be well to compare the two forms carefully and contrast 
 both with Pediastrum and Hydrodictyon. 
 
 In one developmental stage of Protococcus, a motile cell 
 encysted after a fashion, breaks up into four by cleavage, but 
 frequently these remain united by their beaked extremity, 
 when the cleavage has not been quite completed, thus pro- 
 ducing a compound form strikingly suggestive of Volvow, which 
 is simply a wider extension of a similar condition. 
 
 The Volvox sphere results from the segmentation of a 
 single mass of endochrome, the ultimate subdivisions of which 
 assume the flagellate motile character, and become organically 
 united by the mutual blending of little stolon-like extensions, 
 piercing the hyaline investments, which become hexagonal by 
 
24 CHARACTERS OF THE PEDIASTRACE^J. 
 
 mutual contact and compression. This union also takes place 
 in the cells of Gonium, while in numerous other Volvo cace&, as in 
 Pandorina, it never happens, but the cells simply lie in juxta- 
 position. As before intimated, the connexion of the four motile 
 cells of Protococcus arises from the incomplete cleavage of the 
 original cell, while the communication subsisting between the 
 cells of Volvox and Gonium is sequential to complete 
 cleavage. 
 
 The union of primary distinct elements to constitute what 
 we must regard as the perfect organism is further seen in the 
 Pediastrea, which are at present, obviously incorrectly, asso- 
 ciated with the Desmidiacece, and in the remarkable genus 
 Hydrodictyon, supposed to be siphonaceous. These are pro- 
 visionally arranged by themselves in the next Section. 
 
 GROUP III. 
 FAMILY VIII. Pediastracea. (PLATE XI.) 
 
 As defined in the preceding paragraph, including at least 
 three genera. 
 
 1. Cells disposed in radiate discoidal fronds) ,, N ,. 
 
 1(1.) Pediastrum. 
 always minute j 
 
 2. Cells like those of a Pediastrum, but) 
 
 [ Ccelastrum. 
 
 in a spherical frond 
 
 3. Cells disposed in a reticulate sacculus,) ,_ . TT , 
 
 '[(2.) Hydrodictyon. 
 often attaining a considerable size . . . j 
 
 In Pediastrum the form originates in the cleavage of an 
 endochrome into two, then four, and finally some multiple of 
 this, when a radial frondose expansion is formed by the juxta- 
 position, and union of the cells in some definite manner. 
 
ULVACE^E AND THE SIPHONOID, UNICELLULAR ALG^E. 25 
 
 In Hydrodictyon^n. the other hand, a motile cell breaks up into 
 numerous distinct endochromes, which acquire a cellulose coat, 
 and so arrange themselves as to form a reticulation of minute 
 cylindrical cells, which gradually increase in size, and finally 
 attain the character and dimensions they exhibit in the perfect 
 plant. Hydrodictyon would therefore appear to hold a rela- 
 tionship to Pediastrum, similar to that which Volvox bears to 
 Gonium or Protococcus. The latter organisms being made up of 
 motile, and the former of ordinary vegetable cells. 
 
 FAMILY IX. Ulvacece. 
 
 Plants composed of a single or double layer of green 
 polyhedral cells, multiplying by fission, disposed in tabular or 
 tubular frondose extensions, chiefly marine, but in some few 
 instances occurring in brackish or fresh water. 
 
 The long tubular fronds of Enteromorpha intestinalis are 
 sometimes found in fresh-water ditches, but perhaps more 
 usually in brackish or salt water. 
 
 FAMILY X. Apiocystacece. Siphonoid (unicellular) Alga. 
 (PLATE XI.) 
 
 The members of this family seem to be grouped with the 
 Palmellaceae as a matter of convenience. They are, however, 
 quite distinct in their habits and relations. The fronds are 
 composed of single cells, usually fixed at one end, and the 
 reproductive elements are developed in the same cells, appa- 
 rently engaging their whole contents. The following genera 
 will serve for illustration : 
 
26 CLASSIFICATION OF APIOCYSTACE^ SIPHON ACE^E. 
 
 Non-parasitic, , 
 with green \ 
 contents . 
 
 IPyriform, with gonidia| 
 in fours, forming nu- 1 (1.) APIOCTSTIS. 
 merous zoospores ... j 
 Fusiform, with a parie- } 
 tal starch granule and 
 green contents, form- 
 
 Dehiscence 
 subterminal, 
 circumcissile 
 
 Parasitic on Confervoids, with 
 colourless contents 
 
 ing zoospores 
 
 (2.) HYDROCYTIUM. 
 
 Cylindrical, curved, with ] 
 *8 gonidia, which are 1(3.) OPHIOCYTIUM. 
 dispersed when ripe . j 
 
 Cylindrical, straight, \ 
 with 8 gonidia form- 
 ing an umhel, like the i-(4.) SciADiUM. 
 parent cell, at its ex- 1 
 tremity . / 
 
 Globose, with a lid, \ 
 growing upon cells 
 and sending their pe- 
 dicle inwards ) 
 
 Flask- shaped, growing \ 
 within cells and 
 piercing the walls to /- (6.) PYTHIDM. 
 discharge their go- 
 nidia . ...) 
 
 (5.) CHYTRIDIUM. 
 
 FAMILY XI. Siphonacece. (PiATE XII.) 
 
 Fronds unicellular, or composed of a continuous extension 
 of simple membrane, with the reproductive elements developed 
 in special organs or cells. 
 
 Excluding such members of this family as are purely 
 marine, only two fresh-water genera are worthy of special 
 notice here viz., Vaucheria and Achlya. 
 
 (1 to 4.) Vaucheria. Most of the species of this genus 
 are inhabitants of fresh water; but some are marine. They 
 consist of branched tubular filaments, frequently almost felted 
 together in fine silky green tufts. The little granules of 
 chlorophyll in the interior of the filaments are for the most 
 part applied to the walls, embedded in a colourless protoplasm. 
 Zoospores are formed in the club-shaped ends of the filaments. 
 Unger observed that these bodies usually made their escape 
 about eight o'clock A.M., at which time the process may be 
 
GENERA OF SIPHONAC2E ZYGNEMACF^E. 27 
 
 observed in healthy plants cultivated in fresh water. A true 
 sexual mode of reproduction also exists in Vaucheria. Of the 
 numerous species of this genus that have been described it 
 would appear that only two or three are reliable. 2, portion 
 more highly magnified ; 3, reproductive organs ; 4, , b, and c, 
 stages of development of the ciliated spore. 
 
 (5.) Achlya prolifera is a small colourless plant, consisting 
 of clavate erect tubular filaments springing from a mycelium- 
 like minutely ramified base, closely applied to the bodies of dead 
 flies in water, fish and frogs, upon which they grow parasitically. 
 It was originally mistaken for the common fly fungus, or an 
 aquatic form of Botrytis Bassiana, but more recent researches, 
 rewarded by the discovery of ciliated zoospores, and of a per- 
 fect sexual system like that of Vaucheria, have dispelled these 
 views and given the plant what would appear to be its true 
 position. Apropos of the want of colour in this parasitic form, 
 it will be noticed that Chytridium and Pythium, which are para- 
 sitic genera, in the preceding family, are also without colour. 
 
 FAMILY XII. Zygnemacea. (Plate XII.) 
 
 Plants consisting of cylindrical articulated filaments, with 
 the green contents usually disposed in elegant patterns. Re- 
 production is effected by the phenomenon of conjugation, the 
 whole contents of each pair of united cells beiog converted 
 into a spore. The particulars of the manner in which this 
 process takes place will be seen in the definitions of the fol- 
 lowing genera : 
 
28 CLASSIFICATION OF ZYGNEMACE^ CONFERVACE^G. 
 
 
 /Spore, formed (Endochrome spiral ... (1.) SpiROGTRA. 
 
 
 'By transverse 
 tubes between 
 
 in one of the J Endochrome in two 
 parent cells. 1 round or stellate 
 
 (2.) ZTGNEMA. 
 
 
 the neigh- / 
 bouring cells \ 
 
 of different 
 n i 
 
 
 masses 
 
 (3.) ZYGOGONIUM. 
 
 Endochrome in two 
 round or stellate 
 masses 
 
 bb 
 
 a 
 
 filaments. 
 
 Spores formed 
 in the con- 
 k, necting tubes. 
 
 Spore rounded ; endo- 
 chrome diffused 
 Spore square or cruci- 
 
 (4.) MESOCARPUS. 
 
 '1 
 
 
 
 ate ; endochrome dif- 
 
 (5.) STAUROCARPUS. 
 
 6 
 
 
 fused 
 
 
 
 By an arcuate 
 tube between 
 neighbouring J 
 
 'parentteUs 6 J chrome S P iral 
 
 S^nnrns formpH \ 
 
 (6.) RHYNCHONEMA. 
 
 same filament. I U1 ."" Endochrome diffused. 
 \ nectmcr tube. J 
 
 (7.) PLEUROCARPUS.* 
 necting 
 
 1, 2, and 3, a. Original filament ; 6. Conjugation ; 5 and 6, a. and 6. Different species. 
 
 * Not figured. 
 
 FAMILY XIII. Confervacea. (Plate XIII.) 
 
 Plants composed of cylindrical cells forming articulated 
 filaments, simple or branched, with a very delicate gelatinous 
 coat. The cell contents are usually green, rarely brown or 
 purple, often assuming peculiar patterns, and ultimately con- 
 verted into Zoospores, with two or four cilia, from which the 
 filaments are reproduced. 
 
 From a fresh -water point of view, only three genera appear 
 to be of importance viz., Cladophora, Rhizoclonium, and Con- 
 ferva ; and even these may all be yet included in the suc- 
 ceeding family. 
 
 All the species with branching filaments may be referred to 
 the genus Cladophora ; for though many species of Rhizoclonium 
 have short root-like branches, it so happens that those found 
 in fresh water have simple filaments, which are best distin- 
 guished by their decumbent habit from the simple filaments 
 of Conferva. 
 
GENERA OP CONFERVACE^ rEDOGONIACE^. 29 
 
 Cladophora glomerata occurs in dark green wavy 
 
 skeins in pure running water, and 
 crispata (b) in yellowish or dull green 
 strata, is common in fresh, though fre- 
 quently also in brackish, water. 
 
 Rhizoclonium rivulare is found in fine bright green 
 bundles, 23 feet long, in streams and 
 rivers, &c. 
 implexum on mountain rocks. 
 
 Conferva bombycina. Cells four or five times as 
 long as broad in a yellowish green 
 cloudy stratum in stagnant water. 
 floccosa (a). Cells once or twice longer 
 than broad, with circumscissile dehi- 
 scence, everywhere common in pools and 
 still water. 
 
 FAMILY XIV. (Edogoniacea. (Plate XIII.) 
 
 Articulated filamentous plants, simple or branched, exhi- 
 biting much variety in their means of reproduction. Thus, 
 the whole contents of a cell produce zoospores with a rich 
 growth of cilia, and sporangial cells develop large resting- 
 spores , while antheridial structures are present either on the 
 ordinary filaments or in dwarf parasitic plants. The filaments 
 grow by a rather peculiar process, commencing with circum- 
 scissile division of the cellulose coat of the interstitial cells, 
 which thus permits of the growth or extension of the primor- 
 dial utricle, or under coat, and the formation of a new septum. 
 A cementing band of cellulose repairs the gap between the 
 divided borders of the parent cell, leaving an annular impres- 
 sion to record the fact, and the repetition of the process pro- 
 
30 GENEKA OF (EDOGONIACE^E CH^TOPHOEACE^E. 
 
 duces a repetition of the rings,, which always characterize even 
 fragments of these plants. 
 
 The two genera are easily distinguished, the filaments of 
 (Edogonium (c) being simple, and those of Bulbochate (d) 
 branched and bearing bristle cells with a bulbous base. 
 
 The species of (Edogonium abound in fresh water under 
 almost all conditions, in lakes, ponds, pools, ditches, streams, 
 and in tanks and cisterns. Bulbochcete sttigera (</), apparently 
 the only reliable species of the genus, grows luxuriantly upon 
 other fresh-water plants. 
 
 FAMILY XV. Chatophoracea. (Plate XIII.) 
 
 These are very beautiful, branched and articulated, filamen- 
 tous plants, enveloped in gelatinous matter, and made up of 
 cells in single series. S'ome are free, with a straight central 
 axis ; while others are fixed with depressed radiating branches, 
 or forming a discoidal frond. The tapering extremities of the 
 branches in some instances are quite bristle- like, affording one 
 of the distinctive characters of the family. Bristles of an 
 inarticulate kind, however, arise from the articulations in cer- 
 tain genera. Finally, spores and four-ciliated zoospores are 
 formed from the contents of the joints. 
 
 Draparnaldia presents a central axis of large colourless 
 cells, with tufts of smaller branches at the articulations. In 
 Chcelophora (c) the filaments are branched and setigerous, 
 indefinitely embedded in gelatinous matter. In Coleochaete 
 the frond is discoidal and adherent, composed of radiating 
 dichotomously branched filaments and the bristles springing 
 from the back of the joints are sheathed at the base. 
 
BATRACHOSPERMACEJE AND CHARAC^. 31 
 
 FAMILY XVI. Batrachospermacece. 
 
 These plants are evidently very closely allied to the Chato- 
 phoraceae, and the name is derived from the resemblance which 
 their beaded filaments have to frog's spawn. The central axis 
 consists of a single series of cells,, with an investment of ad- 
 pressed filaments descending from joints or nodes, occurring at 
 stated intervals, and also giving rise to dense whorls of ex- 
 ceedingly delicate moniliform branches. Some of these latter 
 produce spores at their extremities, whilst others form trans- 
 parent capillary points. The spores form agglomerated masses 
 at the nodes. 
 
 In Batrachospermum the ramuli are moniliforrn, while in 
 Thorea they are cylindrical. These plants are exclusively 
 aquatic, but chiefly found in pare and gently running water. 
 
 FAMILY XVII. Characea. 
 
 In this interesting family, while the vegetative apparatus is 
 of a very simple type, the generative system is more highly 
 developed than that of any of the preceding forms. These 
 plants consist of a number of large tube-like cells, forming a 
 central axis, and whorls of similar, but smaller cells at the 
 nodal points. So far, this description will answer the genus 
 Nitella, which may attain a length of several inches ; but in 
 Chara an additional envelope is furnished to the central stem 
 by closely applied tubular cells passing from the nodes in both 
 directions, and meeting at the middle of the internodes. 
 
 The antheridia and germ cells are here respectively named 
 globules and nucules. Eight triangular valves radially fluted, 
 and numerous confervoid filaments with antherozoids in the 
 
32 HABITAT OF THE LEADING FRESH-WATER ALG^I. 
 
 cells, make up the globule ; while fine spirally-twisted tubes 
 form the investment of the nucule. So short a notice of these 
 organs is only given to facilitate their recognition when 
 detached. 
 
 Notes on the habitat of the Fresh-water Alg<e } in relation to the 
 import of their presence in drinking water under examination. 
 
 It is important to know that, not only is there a general 
 geographical distribution of aquatic plants in the larger districts 
 of the globe, but also a more restricted localization of certain 
 species, by mere casualty ; whilst the special habitat of others 
 is determined by the fulfilment of conditions most favourable 
 to their modes of development and habits of life. Thus, some 
 may be found in running or gently moving water, some in 
 still depths, some in the pool, the pond, the lake ; others in 
 the streamlet, the brook, the river ; some in regions of death 
 and decay, and others with purer surroundings. There would 
 therefore appear to be good promise in the study of this de- 
 partment of Botany, including not only the recognition of any 
 organisms that may reveal themselves, but the hygienic import 
 of their presence. 
 
 The Palmellacece, Coccochloris, Chlorococcum, &c., appear to 
 depend largely upon the rains, both for their propagation and 
 diffusion, and the moisture surrounding them must be suffi- 
 ciently persistent to favour the development of their outer 
 gelatinous investment. In the absence of the requisite moisture 
 and consequently of the gelatinous envelope, these humble 
 plants present the appearance of a green efflorescence. How 
 far they may invade Lichens, as casual parasites mistaken for 
 gonidia, is yet an unsettled question. 
 
 While the Desmidiacece are, perhaps with very few exceptions, 
 essentially aquatic, the more striking forms of Diatomacea are 
 marine. As Desmids seem to love pure water, and usually 
 
DISTRIBUTION OF THE FRESH-WATER ALG2E. 33 
 
 rest mechanically upon the placid bottom of such spots as are 
 not affected by the constant motion or change going on in 
 their immediate vicinity, their presence might be regarded as a 
 favourable indication. 
 
 The Diatomacea are more widely diffused than any other 
 form of vegetation. They nourish both in standing and 
 running water, and even on the bare ground. In South 
 America some take up their abode amongst lichens upon the 
 trunks of trees. Certain species moreover are found in ther- 
 mal springs, and others in the pancake ice of the South Pole. 
 
 Bacteria are so invariably associated with the decomposition, 
 or rather putrefaction of animal and vegetable matter, that 
 this change is supposed by many to be incapable of taking 
 place without their presence and rapid development. 
 
 The Oscillatoriacece are ubiquitous as a family, though 
 many of them are very definitely distributed; thus, the Rivu- 
 laricB appear to be confined to Northern regions. They are 
 often found on the stumps of aquatic plants, on rocks in rapid 
 streams, and sometimes where they are exposed to the force 
 of cataracts. They frequently also indicate calcareous water, 
 and crystals of carbonate of lime may be deposited in their 
 substance. A very pretty species presents the appearance of 
 minute green stars upon the surface of lakes. In India 
 Oscillatorians ascend to 37,00018,000 feet above the level of 
 the sea. The Zygnemacece reach a height of 15,000 feet 
 amongst the Himalayas. They are found in rivers and run- 
 ning waters. The Confervacea occur in similar situations, but 
 their habitat is in general more varied. 
 
 Siphonacece (Vaucheria for example) form large tufts in mud 
 whether impregnated with salt or fresh water; they also 
 abound in pools and damp soils. Codium amphibiorum affects 
 turf banks at high water, and other members of the family 
 are altogether marine. 
 
 D 
 
34 SUB-KINGDOMS OF INVERTEBRATA. 
 
 Chaetophoracece and Batrachospermacea occur in gently 
 moving pure water, of which their presence would therefore 
 afford some indication. 
 
 Characeas inhabit still, rather than moving water. One of 
 the species may be met with in brackish ditches, and the 
 occurrence of these plants can scarcely be regarded as a 
 guarantee of the purity of the water. Many of them how- 
 ever have the property of fixing carbonate of lime, by which 
 they have acquired the name of " stoneworts." 
 
 B. Living Animals. 
 
 The smaller, or microscopic Fauna of the fresh water, as 
 might be expected, is rather comprehensive, including repre- 
 sentatives of all the sub-kingdoms and many of the classes of 
 Invertebrata. This will be seen at a glance in the annexed 
 Table, the arrangement of which will be followed in the 
 succeeding pages. 
 
 To facilitate the recognition of objects under examination 
 the following definitions of the five sub-kingdoms should be 
 carefully studied, after which it will be found comparatively 
 easy to refer each organism to its proper position in the Table 
 noting that the definitions apply more particularly to the 
 fresh-water forms. 
 
 I. The Protozoa (Siebold) are small or minute bodies, 
 either more or less partaking of the character of simple cells, 
 furnished with vibratile cilia or flagella ; or resembling merely 
 the contents of cells, destitute of an integument, but capable 
 of throwing out mobile extensions of the sarcode, or gelatinous 
 substance of their bodies. The members of this latter class 
 are named Rhizopoda, from the root-like form of the locomotive 
 processes, while those of the former constitute the Infusoria, 
 so abundant in organic infusions. 
 
SUB-KINGDOMS OF INVERTEBRATA. 35 
 
 II. The Cceknterata (Frey and Leuckart) are distin- 
 guished by having the lining membrane of the stomach con- 
 tinuous with that of the body cavity. They are represented 
 by the single class Hydrozoa, including the Fresh-water 
 Polypes. 
 
 III. The Annuloida (Huxley) embrace all the worm-like 
 animals which are not true Annelida and the Wheel animal- 
 cules. Thus, in the Table the class Scolecida (d/cwX^^ a worm) 
 includes the ciliated Flatworms (Turbellaria), the Threadworms 
 (Nematodd), and the Rotifers (Rotifer a). 
 
 IV. The Annulosa are distinctly ringed, or segmented 
 animals. They are divided into two classes viz., those which, 
 are without articulated limbs (Anarthropoda), including only 
 the Annelida ; and those which have articulated limbs (Arthro- 
 poda}. The latter are still further divided into the Crustacea 
 (with limbs varying in number), the Arachnida (or spiders 
 with eight limbs), and the Insect a (or insects proper, with six 
 limbs) . 
 
 V. The Mollusca, as the name implies, are soft-bodied 
 animals, usually protected by a testaceous covering or shell. 
 They are divided into an inferior class (Molluscoidd) taking in 
 the Limrdades or fresh- water Polyzoa, and a superior one 
 (Mollusca proper), represented by the fresh- water snails and 
 mussels, or shellfish so-called. 
 
 As all the classes have been named and sufficiently 
 characterized in the foregoing definitions, attention may next 
 be directed to the Orders and the illustrative, or more usual 
 genera. 
 
 In order to present a birdVeye view of the subject to 
 the student, the following Table of Classification has been 
 drawn up, with short definitions of the technical terms 
 employed. 
 
 D 2 
 
36 
 
 I 
 
 * 
 
 i 
 
 fell II ills II ill 
 
 ^ 
 
 p 
 
 nm 
 
 f||s 
 
 8lf3 
 
 ^ S- S - S -S 
 
 ^=^-e iS^ a ? 
 
 no oc 
 
 II 
 
 i6g 
 
 "ill 
 
 a ^ vi- o Rj ^P- 
 
 i o 
 
 1 
 
37 
 
 1 1 
 
 I 
 
 . g 
 
 S 3 
 
 a a- 
 
 PU P-g, 
 
 53 
 
 : 
 
 o -a 
 
 ^ a; 
 
 :i 
 
 Ss aJ 
 
 S ! |t S 5I3~-S,s f 
 
 ^^ 'o rt ^-^ --^ -5 ^"^2 '' S'S o 
 ^3-- a^ 'S 2 "&S ! PO "2* S| ^g 15 1*3 =S ^c -g-a ft '= --S 'c.S 5 ^ -aS 
 
 <SE 39, 05 fie IS <^ ^ ^ 65 w5 ^5 ga fs ^ SS 55 %t t S (S^ 
 
 - *! 
 
 1 U : & il 1 :: 
 
 ^.36 f S ,- 2 
 
 to & Scp^S^ eag'C.MtS. 
 
 " ii 11 U i| is II 
 
 ^^5 c^ s -- 1 i^ O.K^ o r^3 *75 [>. 
 
 ssssssSssssss 
 
38 CLASSIFICATION OF RHIZOPODA. 
 
 I. PROTOZOA. 
 1. Rhizopoda. (PLATE XIV.) 
 
 Besides the sponges, which are represented by the genus 
 Spongilla (found in still or slowly running waters, on stones, 
 old workwork, &c.), the Rhizopoda admit of distribution into 
 three groups, easily distinguishable by the characters of the 
 pseudopodia, or the motile extensions of the body substance 
 already noticed. In the first group or order (a) (Radiolaria) 
 they are slender and raylike, persistent, or slowly retractile. 
 In the second (b) (Reticularia) they are firmly branched, more 
 or less intercommunicating, or reticulate ; while in the third 
 (c) (Lobosa) they are lobose or digitate. These Orders corre- 
 spond very nearly with those adopted by Dr. Carpenter, F.R.S., 
 and will be better understood on inspecting the following 
 synopsis of the genera. They have the advantage, at least, of 
 being simple, though of course they can only be provisional in 
 the present state of our knowledge of the subject. 
 
 (a) Radiolaria. 
 
 Pseudopodia delicate ray-like simple, besetting the spherical 
 surface. 
 
 ^ ("Naked (1.) ACTINOPHRYS. 
 
 pq ; With fine spiculse ; free ... (2.) ACANTHOCYSTIS. 
 
 '.With a covering or shell < 
 
 ( Fenestrated ; with a pedicle (3.) CLATHRULINA. 
 
 Habitat : Actinophrys digitata amongst marsh plants ; A. 
 Eichornii on the surface of infusions, and with A. discus 
 (Tricho discus) and the other species, amongst confervse and 
 aquatic plants. Acanthocystis and Clathrulina occur in bog- 
 water. 
 
 (b) Reticularia. 
 
 Pseudopodia filiform, reticulate, or finely branched; lo- 
 calized, (Body) globose or ovoid. 
 
CLASSIFICATION OF KHIZOPODA. 
 
 39 
 
 M 
 
 It 
 
 Closely reticulated ; sarcode reflected over the shell ... (1.) GROMIA. 
 
 At one end .............. (2.) PLEUROPHRYS. 
 
 Finely branched in a bunch 
 
 ( At both ends ............ (3.) AMPHITREMA. 
 
 Habitat : Gromia fluviatilis on Ceratophyllum, G. hyalina 
 (with a short neck) in rivulets. Pleurophrys and Amphitrema 
 in bog- water. 
 
 (e) Lobosa. 
 Pseudopodia lobose or digitate, simple or dividing. 
 
 With a 
 covering 
 or shell 
 
 Pseudopodia, fine and sim- H 
 pie, shell flask -shaped 
 
 f Two or three- 1 TRINEMA< 
 subterminal - > 
 
 Numerous ; 
 minal . 
 
 -D , ,. , ,. ( Shell flask- like . (4.) DIFFLUGIA. 
 
 Pseudopodia, stout and di- 1 
 
 Vldmg 1 Shell discoidal... (5.) ARCELLA. 
 
 Pseudopodium single Shell subcubical (6.) CYPHIDIUM. 
 
 Naked... Pseudopodia, variable (7.) AMCEBA. 
 
 Habitat : Trinema acinus and Euglypha tuberculata in 
 stagnant water ; Difflugia proteiformis and oblonga amongst 
 Oscillatoriaceae ; numerous other species in moist moss at the 
 roots of trees ; Arcella vulgaris with Lemnce and aquatic plants, 
 A. aculeata and A. dentata with Conferva ; Cyphidmm aureolum 
 in stagnant water ; Amoeba diffluens on Lemna and A. radiosa 
 in bog-water. 
 
 (d) Spongida. 
 
 Spongilla, the only fresh-water genus, occurs in little grey or 
 greenish more or less rigid or friable masses, with a spicular 
 framework. They present a superficial or dermal coat, nume- 
 rous inhalant pores, internal ciliated chambers, and an 
 exhalant aperture. Their grey or green colour is due to the 
 amount of chlorophyll taken into the sarcode or soft substance 
 of the sponge. The silicious spicules which are often present in 
 
40 CLASSIFICATION OF INFUSORIA. 
 
 the sediment of fresh water are 1, birotate; 2, short, cres- 
 centic, and echinate ; or 3, in the form of stout needles rounded 
 at one end and acute at the other. 
 
 2. Infusoria. 
 
 The heterogeneous members of this class have been of late 
 years divided into three Orders viz., 1st, the Ciliata ; 2nd, 
 the Suctoria ; and 3rd, the Flagellata. The Suctoria, however, 
 being but phases of Vorticellina, a family of Ciliata, can 
 scarcely be regarded as a separate Order, and may therefore 
 be rejected. This will leave the Ciliata and Flagellata ; and it 
 may even be said with truth that most of the latter actually 
 belong to the Botanist. Nevertheless, as the object of this 
 work is to facilitate the recognition of the forms themselves, 
 the knotty question of their natural classification must be 
 deferred to a future period, when their whole history will have 
 become better known. 
 
 With some few alterations and the exclusion of the fore- 
 going Rhizopoda, the following Tables are in accordance with 
 Dujardin's arrangement of the Infusoria. 
 
 (a) Flagellata. 
 
 Furnished with one or more flagelliform (whip-like) fila- 
 ments for locomotion, rarely also with a liLear series of cilia. 
 
 Families and Illustrative Genera. 
 
 1 . Integument not distinctly differentiated MON ADINA. 
 
 (Monas; Cyclidium.) 
 
 {Aggregate DINOBRTINA. 
 
 (Dinobryon; Epipyxis.) 
 / Integument contractile ... EDGLENIA. 
 
 (Euglena; Paranema.) 
 
 Isolated J Without cilia THECAMONADINA. 
 
 Integument I (Phacus ' 
 
 V rigid. 
 
 Withacili-j p EBIDIMBA . 
 
 ated furrow f (Peridiuium . Glenodinium.) 
 
c S 
 
 M 
 
 CLASSIFICATION OF INFUSORIA. 41 
 
 Habitat : The Monadina are usually found in animal and 
 vegetable infusions, in decomposing water, and especially 
 amongst decaying fresh-water Algse. Euglena viridis abounds 
 in pools, and like Phacus, which also affects stagnant water, 
 often imparts its green tint to the surrounding medium. 
 Though the Peridin&a may occur in stagnant ponds, they are 
 not to be found in decomposing water or infusions. 
 
 (b) Ciliata. 
 
 Furnished with vibratile cilia, variously distributed, either 
 as connected with the mouth, or the general surface. 
 
 families and Illustrative Genera. 
 
 fNo apparent mouth ; cilia scattered ENCHELIA. 
 
 (Enchelys; Alyacum.) 
 
 , i /Mouth indi- ( Without cirrhi TRICHODINA. 
 
 1 cated by an (Trichoda ; Trachelius.) 
 oblique, or j 
 
 circular row I With cirrhi also ... KERONIA. 
 
 W cilia ^ (Kerona ; Halteria.) 
 
 With a carapace (diffluent) EUPLOTA (Ehr.). 
 
 (Euplotes; Himantophorus.) 
 
 {No oral fringe PARAMECIA. 
 
 (Paramecium ; Pleuronema.) 
 With an oral fringe. BURSARINA. 
 
 (Bursaria ; Leucophrys.) 
 
 [Voluntarily URCEOLARINA. 
 
 -p ixe( j (Urceolaria; Stentor.) 
 
 By special organs... VORTICELLINA. 
 
 (Vorticella ; Epistylis.) 
 
 Habitat : The notable presence of the Ciliata would indi- 
 cate not only stagnant water, but such as may contain 
 organic matter in solution to some relative extent, not 
 yet precisely determinable. Some Paramecia, however, as 
 Amphileptus, are found in clear marsh water and streams 
 running between aquatic plants. Some Enchdia and Keronia 
 occur in water with decomposing vegetable matter; and the 
 Vorticellina also abound in vegetable infusions, though several 
 are parasitic on Entomostraca in comparatively good water. 
 
 
42 
 
 CLASSIFICATION OF INFUSORIA. 
 
 Some Bursarina present themselves in the intestine of the 
 Frog, and of Nais ; and Urceolaria pediculus may be seen 
 gliding over the ciliated surface of Planaria (see also the note 
 appended to the Table of the species of Hydra below). 
 
 The following Tables of classification will form the most 
 convenient description of the figures. 
 
 Flagellata. Monadina. (PLATE 
 
 A single flagellum 
 
 Arigin ( Mobile throughout... 1. MONAS. 
 in front ( Mobile at the end ... 2. CYCLIDIUM. 
 
 Arising just behind the beak ... 3. CHILOMONAS. 
 
 Arising laterally 4. AMPHIMONAS. 
 
 / A second filament ... - Posteriorly 5. CERCOMONAS. 
 
 In front, but trailing 6. HETERAMITA. 
 
 Two equal filaments at the curved angles in front 7. TREPOMONAS. 
 
 Four equal filaments in front, and two thicker ones pos- ) Q TT 
 
 teriorly } 8 ' m 
 
 <b . (Group originally fixed on a branched axis 9. ANTHOPHYSA. 
 
 SI'S ) 
 
 <j * ( Group always free, revolving 10. UVELLA. 
 
 With an 
 urceolate - 
 carapace. 
 
 Dinobryina. 
 
 Single, without an e)'e-speck, and commonly without ) , -n. 
 
 a flagellum , j L * 
 
 Forming a branched aggregate, with both eye-speck j 2 j) INOBRYON 
 
 and flagellum ) 
 
 Euglenia. 
 
 Attached 1. COLACIUM. 
 
 S"o visible flagellum ; two eye-spots 2. DISTIGMA. 
 
 With an ( With a tail ' like P rocess 3 - EUGLENA. 
 
 Free < 
 
 One flagellum ' 
 
 Two flagella 
 
 eye / Without a tail 4. AMBLYOPHIS. 
 
 .Without an eye 5. PERANEMA. 
 
 ( Green or red; an eye- spot 6. CHLOROGONIUM. 
 / Colourless ; no eye-spot 7. ZYGOSELMIS. 
 Several flagella 8. POLYSELMIS. 
 
CLASSIFICATION OF INFUSORIA. 43 
 
 Thecamonadina. (PLATE XV.) " 
 
 ( Integument hard ... 1. TfiACHELOMONAS. 
 'Body ovoid or globular \ 
 
 (Integ. membranous 2. CRYPTOMONAS. 
 'Single . 
 
 , , .. ( With a tail 3. PHACUS. 
 
 Body depressed or folia- ) 
 
 ceous ( Without a tail 4. CRUMENULA. 
 
 OTwo, one trailing 5. ANISONEMA. 
 
 Peridincea. 
 
 ( With an eye-spot ... 1. CH^TOGLENA. 
 
 I Setaceous < 
 
 ( No eye-spot 2. CH^TOTYPHLA. 
 
 ( With an eye-spot ... 3. GLENODINIUM. 
 With a ciliated furrow ... < 
 
 ( No eye- spot 4. PERIDINIUM. 
 
 Ciliata.Enchelia. (PLATE XV.) 
 
 Cilia at one end . , 1. ACOMIA. 
 
 {Partially ciliated 
 ( Cilia in a longitudinal furrow 2. GASTROCH^TA. 
 ( Cilia all alike 3. ENCHELYS. 
 Ciliated all over < 
 
 ( With a trailing filament also 4. ALYSCUM. 
 
 Trichodina. 
 
 ( Forepart curved like a hatchet 1. PELECIDA. 
 
 1 Neck long and slender 2. DILEPTDS. 
 
 * Upper lip prolonged into a proboscis ... 3. TRACHELIUS. 
 
 T ( On one or both sides directed forwards... 4. ACINERIA. 
 
 In tront, 
 
 ^ chiefl y ( Tn one row, directed backwards 5. TRICHOD A. 
 
 Keronia. 
 
 Having styles 
 
 / 3. UROSTYLA. 
 cirrhl ( 1. HALTERIA. 
 cilia ) 
 
 setse 2. OXYTRICHA. | 4 KERONA. 
 uncini 
 
 5. STYLONYCHIA. 
 
44 
 
 CLASSIFICATION OF INFUSORIA. 
 
 Euplota. 
 
 f Having hooks but no styles 1. HIMANTOPHORUS. 
 
 Body depressed < 
 
 ( With both styles and hooks 2. EUPLOTES. 
 
 Parameda. (PLATE 
 
 X y 
 
 ^3 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 {Mouth \ 
 lateral J 
 
 Body 
 
 /Lamelliform, frontal mai-gin ) 
 produced on one side . ( 
 
 1. CHILODON. 
 2. NASSULA. 
 
 Globular 
 
 E 
 Pi 
 
 Mnnfli ) 
 
 
 
 
 rS 
 1 
 
 IVlOULil / 
 
 terminal ) 
 
 Body 
 
 Globular ... 
 
 3. PRORODON. 
 
 
 h 
 
 
 With ap- 
 
 [\Vith vibrating lips ... 
 
 4. GLAUCOMA. 
 
 
 o 
 
 Mouth j 
 lateral j 
 
 P enda S es 1 Lip inferior, projecting 
 
 (Mouth within a longitudinal ) 
 Without ohlirmp. fold 
 
 5. COLPODA. 
 6. PARAMECIUM. 
 
 i 
 
 V appendages | Mouth i mp i ng ; n g on the margin 
 
 7. PANOPHRYS. 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 Globular by contraction 
 
 8. HOLOPHRYA. 
 
 p 
 
 "M mi tli ) 
 
 
 
 
 
 ivioutn / 
 terminal ( 
 
 Body 
 
 _,, . Pointed behind 
 
 9. TRACHELOCERA. 
 
 Flask- 
 
 
 | 
 
 
 shaped. Eounded behind 
 
 10. LACRYMARIA. 
 
 
 
 
 Bursarina. 
 
 
 /Acuminate posteriorly, with a fron- ) .. 
 /Short purse-like tal eve- spot ... ...V 
 
 OPHRYOGLENA. 
 
 eTon 'ated ately I Round . ed posteriorly, no eye-spot ; ) 2. BURSARIA, 
 J a spiral row of cilia in front, end- / and 
 
 V ing in a large mouth ) 3. LEUCOPHRYS (Ehr.) 
 
 (Much elongated, ( Mouth in advance of the middle, at / . 
 V cylindrical ... { the end of a row of cilia J 4 ' 
 
 Urceolarina. 
 
 Clustered vorticella-like animals in gelatinous masses ............ 1. OPHRYDIUM. 
 
 /With a crown of 
 
 Solitary 
 
 1 cilia at both ends 
 Crown of cilia in 
 front only ... 
 
 Body short and discoidal 2. URCEOLARIA. 
 
 Body trumpet-shaped, ciliated all 
 
 over, mouth spiral 
 
 Body bell-shaped, smooth ; tail sub- 
 
 ulate 
 
 3. STENTOR. 
 
 4. UROCENTRUM. 
 
CHARACTERS OF THE CGBLENTERATA. 45 
 
 Vorticellina. 
 
 ''Bodies all uniform ... 
 
 Simple... 1. VORTICELLA. 
 Stalk spirally flexible 
 
 Branched 2. CAKCHESIDM. 
 
 Stalk inflexible 3. EPISTYLIS. 
 
 ( Stalk inflexible 4. OPERCULARIA. 
 
 Bodies of two shapes -| 
 
 ( Stalk spirally flexible 5. ZOOTHAMNIUM. 
 
 Symmetrical Forms. (PLATE "XA^Hi) X y / / / 
 
 The genera (1) Ichthydium, (2) Chsetonotus, (3) Coleps, and 
 (4) Planariola are placed by Dujardin as an appendix to the 
 Ciliata, though they have no natural affinity inter se, on 
 account of exhibiting a bilateral symmetry, which singularly 
 enough, is wanting in all the other ciliated Infusoria. 
 
 II. COELENTERATA. (Pr.ATir.j3gffff^ 
 
 The only Ccelenterata occurring in fresh water are members! 
 of the sub-class Hydroida, the two first orders of which viz., 
 Hydrida and Corynida, are represented by the respective 
 genera Hydra and Cordylophora. 
 
 (a) Hydrida. 
 
 The first Order is distinguished by the Polypites or separate 
 Zooids being single and locomotive, with a sucker disc at one 
 end, and an oral orifice at the other, surrounded with tentacula. 
 The integument never developes a sclerous layer, and the 
 reproductive organs appear as simple external processes of 
 the body. 
 
46 CLASSIFICATION OF THE CCELENTERATA. 
 
 Table of the species of the genus Hydra. 
 
 Cylindrical or fTentacula shorter than the body, ) (1.) H. viridis. 
 
 insensibly smaller at the base ] (Leaf green.) 
 
 narrowed to- -I 
 
 wards the Tentacula as long as or longer than ) (2.) H. vulgaris. 
 
 base. \ the bo(i y> tapering to the end ... j (Yellowish or red.) 
 
 /m j i i .1 ,i r j ) S. attenuated. 
 
 Attenuated (Tentacula longer than the body ... ( p ale oliye n>) 
 
 below in a 
 
 marked de- 1 Tentacula several times longer than ) H. fusca. 
 
 gree. [^ the body ] (Brown or greenish.) 
 
 Habitat : In ponds and still waters on Lemna and aquatic 
 plants. 
 
 Note. Parasitic Infusoria are often found upon these 
 Polypes viz., Kerona polyporum or H. vulgaris and H. fusca ; 
 and Urceolaria pediculus or H. vulgaris and H. viridis. Their 
 presence, however, would indicate impurity of the water and an 
 unhealthy condition of the Polypes themselves. 
 
 (b) Corynida. 
 
 In this, the second order, the Polypites are either single or 
 two or more connected by a common substance or " Coenosarc" 
 always fixed at the base, and usually developing a firm outer 
 layer or " Polypary." The reproductive organs or " Gono- 
 phores" arise either from the Polypites, the Coenosarc, or the 
 so-called " Gonoblastidia." 
 
 Genus Cordylophora (Allman.) 
 
 Polypary horny, branched, and rooted by a creeping tubular 
 stolon; polypes ovoid, with a small mouth, and scattered 
 filiform tentacula. 
 
 (3.) Cordylophora lacustris was the only species known to 
 Allman, but lately a second, C. rivularis, has been added. 
 
CLASSIFICATION OF THE SCOLECIDA. 47 
 
 III. ANNULOIDA. 
 1. Scolecida. 
 
 (a) Turbellaria. (PLATE .Safe) X V I 
 
 Non-parasitic ciliated worms. Some of these are bisexual, 
 with a single alimentary or oral opening, and constitute the 
 first sub-order (Planaridd), including fresh- water species, whilst 
 others are unisexual, with two alimentary openings, and form 
 a second sub-order (Nemertida) altogether marine. 
 
 Planarida. 
 
 Illustrative Genera. 
 
 ( Straight f Concatenated (1.) DEROSTOMUM. 
 
 Rhabdocoela } 
 
 I ( Mouth near the fore part . (2.) PROSTOMUM. 
 
 Intestine ( ( Single < 
 
 ( Mouth near the middle . . . (3.) MESOSTOMUM. 
 Ramose 
 \Dendroccela (4.) PLANARIA. 
 
 Habitat: All in ponds and gently moving deep water amongst 
 aquatic plants. 
 
 (b) Nematoda. (PLATE XVIII.) X / X 
 
 The non-parasitic threadworms composing the family of 
 Anguillulidce are very frequently met with in fresh waters. 
 The vinegar eel (Anguillula aceti], and sour paste eel 
 (A. g Minis), and the Tylenchus (or so-called vibrio) tritici, 
 invading the ears of corn, belong to this family. Anguillula 
 fluviatilis is colourless or white, about fifteen times as long as 
 it is broad, with a fusiform oesophagus, expanding posteriorly 
 into a much larger stomach. 1, Anguillula found in bilge- 
 water; 2, A. aceti; 3, A. fluviatilis. 
 
 The Anguilla are readily confounded with the Enoplida, a 
 family of minute parasitic Nematodes, infesting the intestine of 
 aquatic larvse and other small animals, but often found free 
 in the water. 
 
48 SCOLECID A (con tin ued] . 
 
 (c) Rotifera. (PLATE XVIII^ V / V 
 
 The Wheel Animalcules, so called on account of the 
 deceptive appearance produced by the regular and consecutive 
 action of the vibratile cilia fringing the head-lobes. These 
 latter may be simple, sinuated, lobed or divided, and are capable 
 of retraction and protrusion. The alimentary system is usually 
 distinct, with a dental apparatus and two orifices, and the 
 sexes are separate. 
 
 As a whole these little creatures present superficial points 
 of resemblance to the Entomostraca, to which the character of 
 their segmentation makes a nearer approach than that of any 
 Annelida. Indeed, they have been rather appropriately named 
 Cilio- crustaceans by Leydig. Dujardin grouped them in the 
 following simple manner : 
 
 Illustrative Genera. 
 
 1. Those that are fixed ... Floscularia. Melicerta. 
 
 2. Those that swim only . . . Brachionus. Furcularia. Albertia. 
 
 3. Those that both swim) 
 
 [Rotifer. 
 and crawl J 
 
 Ehrenberg's arrangement, though perhaps more artificial, 
 may still be found more convenient for the recognition of 
 genera. 
 
SCOLECIDA (concluded}. -THE ANNELIDA. 49 
 
 Rotifera. 
 
 Sections* Divisions. Families and Illustrative Genera, 
 
 1. [Absent ICHTHYDINA.* 
 
 ' Holotrocha. Ichthydium podura. 
 Margin entire carapace 
 
 T. 
 
 Monotrocha. 
 Wheel organ 
 simple ...... 
 
 ( Present CEciSTiN A. 
 
 (1.) (Ecistes crystallinus. 
 
 2. [Absent MEGALOTROCH^A. 
 
 Sckizotrocha. (2>) Megalotrocha flavicans, 
 
 Margin sinuous carapace ... J 
 
 ( Present FLOSCDLAKLEA* 
 (4.) Floscularia ornata. 
 
 II. 
 
 Sorotrocha. 
 Wheel organ 
 divided . 
 
 1. 
 
 Polytrocka. 
 
 Into several parts carapace 
 
 Absent HYDATINJIA. 
 (5.) Hydatina senta. 
 
 ( Present EUCHLANIDOTA. 
 
 (3.) Monostyla quadridentata. 
 
 2. [Absent PHILODIN.S! A. 
 
 Zygotrocka. J (6.) Uotifer vulgaris. 
 
 ^Into two parts carapace ... | 
 
 I Present BRACHION^A. 
 
 (7.) Brachionus amphiceros. 
 
 * Ichthydium podura and Chsetonotus larus will be found amongst the symme- 
 trical Infusoria (Plate XVJL, 1 and 2), to which Dujardin has referred them. 
 Their true position, however, has scarcely yet been determined. 
 
 IV. ANNULOSA. 
 A. Anarthropoda. 1. Annelida. (PLATE XVTTT.) /\/> 
 
 (a) Hirudinea. 
 
 All the Leeches have a more or less sucker-like mouth, and 
 are also furnished with a disk-shaped caudal sucker ; and 
 although the body is finely annulated, it is divided into larger 
 somites or segments like other annelida. The nervous system 
 is highly developed, and the sexes are combined in the same 
 individual ; but neither self-impregnation nor reproduction by 
 fission or gemmation has been observed in any case. The 
 fresh-water types may be thus arranged : 
 
 Illustrative Genera. 
 s ,10 in number { W ^? ^.^.^.^ j. ... HZBU.O. 
 
 ^ ] ( With no teeth or proboscis ... (2.) NEPHELIS and BDELLIA. 
 
 (Less than 10 I 
 
 ( With proboscis, but no teeth . (3.) GLOSSIPHONIA. 
 
 Habitat : In ponds and lakes and slowly-moving waters. 
 
 E 
 
50 CHARACTERS OF THE LUMBRICINI AND NAIDID^E. 
 
 (b) Oligochata. 
 
 The Oligochceta, or Setigera, include the Earthworms (Lum- 
 bricini) and the true water worms (Naidida). Their bodies 
 are usually much elongated, and furnished with locomotive 
 chitinous setae or bristles attached in rows to the sides and 
 ventral surface laterally. The Lumbricini are hermaphrodite, 
 and the Naidida unisexual, but the latter also multiply in a 
 remarkable way by gemmation and fission. 
 
 Illustrative Genera. 
 
 L (TerresfaS 1 Havin S four . row8 of f et ^ two dorsal and | TDBIFEX 
 and aquatic.) ) two ventra1 ' on each felde \ ' 
 
 {Two rows of setae, one dorsal and one ven- j 
 tral, on each side; the four first segments > (1.) NAIS. 
 without dorsal setae ) 
 With ventral setae only CH.ETOGASTEK. 
 
 In Lamarck's genus Stylaria the setae are very long, and 
 the cephalic segment is produced into a kind of proboscis. 
 The genus Proto, founded by Oken, is distinguished by the 
 presence of ciliated tentaculiform processes surrounding the 
 dorsal and subterminal vent, as in Fig. 1 a. 
 
 Habitat : All these little worms live amongst aquatic plants, 
 burrow in the mud, or manufacture little tubes into which 
 they retreat for protection. The seta, but more especially the 
 ventral uncini (I b), which are usually bifid at the extremity, 
 are frequently found in the sediment of water in which algae 
 have been kept for some little time. 
 
 Note. In some instances two speck-like eyes are present, 
 and they may be confounded with the aquatic larvae of insects. 
 They differ, however, in having the setae implanted beneath 
 the general surface, and the absence of the fine dark ramifica- 
 tions of the trachaeae and of oral or cephalic organs of any 
 kind, except the above-mentioned eye-specks. 
 
CLASSIFICATION OF THE CRUSTACEA. 51 
 
 B. Arthropoda. 
 
 1. Crustacea. 
 
 A. Entomostraca. (PLATE '^EDD 
 
 The first four out of the six orders of Crustacea bearing 
 aquatic genera belong to the sub- class Entomostraca, which 
 may be said to consist of an empirical assemblage of usually 
 very small or minute crustaceans, having either less than, 
 seven, or more than ten pairs of legs. To this it must be 
 added, that the branchiae are either attached to the oral 
 organs, constituting the first section Lophyropoda, or to the 
 legs, composing the second section Branchiopoda. Each of 
 these is still further divided (as in the general Table) into two 
 orders. 
 
 1. Lophyropoda. 
 
 (a) Ostracoda. 
 
 Body completely enclosed in a bivalve carapace or shell. 
 Legs, 2 or 3 pairs. 
 
 Families. Illustrative Genera. 
 
 . Cyprid* J Bo , th P airs of antennse with a tuft of { (1.) CYPRIS. 
 
 "to ^ ^Legs, 2 pairs). J 
 
 ( Inferior antennae without the tuft ...... (2.) CANDONA. 
 
 s pairs). Su P erior antennae without the tuft ...... (3.) CYTHEBE. 
 
 Habitat : In ponds and lakes. 
 
 (b) Copepoda. 
 
 Shell jointed, forming a buckler enclosing the head and 
 thorax. Legs, 5 pairs. 
 
 Families. Illustrative Genera. 
 
 /Both superior an- \ ( Larsre, and branched ;),,-> r 
 
 tennse in the I c , id f Foot-jaws, I ova'ries 2 ............ |(1.; CYCLOPS. 
 
 ? male with a f ^ CM P M(B \ 2 pairs... 1 Small and simple ; [ (9 . rm- 
 ) swollen joint...) ( ovary 1 ......... F ; } (2.) CANTHOC 
 
 .. 
 
 Male with a swol 
 
 antenna only ... 
 
 Habitat : In ponds and ditches. 
 
 E 2 
 
52 CRUSTACEA (continued}. 
 
 2. Branchiopoda. 
 (a) Phyllopoda. 
 Legs from 11 to 60 pairs; joints foliaceous, branchiform. 
 
 Families. Illustrative Genera. 
 
 ( Tail simply bifid ARTEMIA. 
 
 /Naked... Branchiopoda < 
 B d J ( Tail in two distinct pieces (1.) BRANCHIPUS, 
 
 (inashell Aspidephora (2.) A PUS. 
 
 Habitat : Respectively in saltpans, ditches, and pools. 
 
 (b) Cladocera. 
 
 Body included in a pseudo-bivalve carapace. Legs, 5 or 6 
 pairs. 
 
 Families. Illustrative Genera. 
 
 fj g J (7.) DAPHNELLA 2 & 2 jointed 1 
 '^Wta* 3&2 jointed 
 f(5)DAPHNIA 
 &{ " "|4 &3 jointed 
 
 (1.) CHTDOETTS 
 
 Legs, J (2t) CAMPTOCEBCBS 
 
 ) (3.) ALOITA 
 
 3 & 3 jointed 
 
 . 
 
 Intestine convoluted, a black ) 7- ., /Legs, 
 ^ spot in front of the eye... I -^ w " B 1 5 pairs 
 
 \(4.) PLEUEOXUS ; 
 
 Habitat : In ponds, ditches, tanks, and reservoirs ; usually 
 in good water. 
 
 B. Malacostraca. (PLATE "X^L 
 a. Edriophthalmata. 
 (a) Isopoda. 
 
 (1) Asellus aquations appears to be the only fresh- water 
 Isopod. Its distinguishing features are the following : 
 Superior antennae, at least as long as the peduncle of the 
 inferior ones. The seven pairs of legs of the order, with the 
 terminal hooks entire ; and two bifid needle-like processes at 
 the posterior extremity of the body. 
 
CRUSTACEA (concluded}. ARACHNIDA. 53 
 
 Habitat : Plentiful in stagnant pools, passing the winter in 
 the mud, from whence it emerges in the spring. 
 
 (b) Amphipoda. 
 
 (1) Gammarus is the only genus of Amphipoda occurring in 
 fresh water. A short branch arises from the tip of the third 
 joint of the superior antennae, and the four anterior legs are in 
 the form of small claws with the moveable tip folding on 
 the inner side. 
 
 (2) Gammarus pules? is the type of the genus, and abundant 
 in fresh- water brooks where there is an accumulation of 
 vegetable debris. 
 
 G. fluviatilis, another fresh- water species, is at once dis- 
 tinguished by the presence of a dorsal spine at the posterior 
 border of each abdominal segment. 
 
 Note. In concluding the notice of the Crustacea it must 
 be mentioned that the larvae of some of the Oniscidte or wood- 
 lice are aquatic. 
 
 2. Arachnida. (PLATEr3g6^ ^ 
 
 (a) Tardigrada. 
 
 The water bears are distinguished by having the head 
 marked off from the thorax, while the thorax and the abdomen 
 are confluent. The body is faintly divided into four segments, 
 carrying each a pair of obscurely three-jointed legs, with three 
 or four claws at their extremity. They form but one family, 
 
 including three genera as under : 
 
 Illustrative Genera. 
 
 ( Mouth conical, without sucker or ) M \ -p M 
 
 appendages f * "' 
 
 (2.) MILNESIUM. 
 (3.) MACROBIOTUS. 
 
 I With appendages - 1 Mo Sth sucLr-likeV'wYth pisif 
 - I appendages 
 
 IWithout appendages 
 
 Habitat : Stagnant water amongst water plants, in wet 
 moss, and even in the gutters of houses, from whence they 
 may be washed into cisterns and waterbutts. 
 
54 AQUATIC LARVAE OF INSECTS. 
 
 (b) Ocarina. 
 
 In this Order we find the Hydrachnea or water mites, with 
 the head, thorax, and abdomen all fused together ; the Palpi 
 with the last joint unguiculate or spinous ; the eyes two or 
 four, and the legs generally ciliated and natatory, the posterior 
 pair the longest. Of the several genera Hydrachna would 
 appear to be the most commonly met with. (1) Hydrachna 
 globula is subovate in form, of a rich deep red colour, with 
 two pairs of eyes at a moderate distance apart, and the skin is 
 covered with minute puncta. The generic name Achlysia has 
 been given to the hexapod (six-legged) young of this genus, 
 the Nymphs of which are parasitic on aquatic insects. 
 (2) Hydrachna geographica. (3) A still more globular form. 
 (4) Limnochares holosericus, crawling, not natatory. 
 
 Habitat : In ponds and permanent lodgments of water. 
 H. globula uses its legs with great activity, as though running 
 through the water, instead of swimming. 
 
 3. Insect a. 
 
 The more usual aquatic larvae are of the following Orders, 
 as given by Kirby and Spence, and are sufficiently numerous 
 to suggest that they would be more readily determined by the 
 use of figures than by description, however elaborate. 
 
 Families. Genera. 
 
 ( } C I i. DYTISCUS, HYDROPHILUS, GTRINUS, LTMNIUS, PAR- 
 
 e P ' ( NUS, HETEROCEKCUS, ELOPHORUS, HYDR^NA. 
 
 /GERRIS, VELIA, HYDR^METRA, NOTONECTA, SIGARA, 
 > NAUCOKIS . 
 
 (c) Lepidoptera A few (as NYMPHULA). 
 
 (d) Trichoptera The majority (PHRYGANEA, &c.) 
 
 (e) Neuroptera LIBELLULA, JESHNA, AGRION, SIALIS, EPHEMERA. 
 (/) Diptera ... CULEX and TIPULARI^B. 
 
 (g) Aptera ...... AT AX and some PODURJBL 
 
HABITS OF AQUATIC INSECTS. MOLLUSC A. 55 
 
 The smaller species of water beetles, Hydrophilus, Elophorus, 
 Hydr&na, Parnus, Limnius, and also Nepa, walk upon the 
 water. The swimmers generally have the posterior legs fitted 
 for the purpose. Thus, in Dytiscus and Notonecta they are 
 furnished with a dense fringe of hairs on the shank and foot, 
 and in Gyrinus the terminal joints are very much dilated. 
 
 Some insects walk and swim upon the surface without 
 diving, as Gerris lacustris, the water-bug, which can walk, 
 run, jump, or swim upon the surface. 
 
 Hydrometra stagnorum, very slender in form with prominent 
 hemispherical eyes, apparently in the middle of the body, 
 though really on the head, ramble over stagnant water, and 
 Velia rivulorum courses rapidly over running streams and 
 rivers. 
 
 V. MOLLUSCA. 
 A. Molluscoida. 
 
 The Limniades or fresh-water Polyzoa are thus characte- 
 rized. Polyzoarium fleshy, spongy, or coriaceous ; aper- 
 tures angular or round, closing when the zooids recede. 
 Tentacula ciliated in a single series, fringing a more or less 
 crescentic lophophore (Phylactolcemata), or an orbicular one 
 (Gymnolcemata), in both cases including the mouth. The 
 genera Cristatella and Plumatella are examples of the former 
 group, while Paludicella and Urnatella represent the latter. 
 
 The Polyzoarium in the Crist at ellidcs is membranous, 
 sacciform and free, or floating, while that of the Plumatellida 
 is fixed, fistular, and confervoid. 
 
 Habitat : Ponds and lakes. 
 
 B. Mollusca (proper). 
 
 The simple recognition of the shell, univalve or bivalve, 
 will suffice for the Mollusca proper, or the fresh-water shell- 
 
56 THE MOLLUSCA PROPER. 
 
 fish, so called ; conchologieal works may be consulted if neces- 
 sary. The following genera occurring either in this or other 
 countries are merely cited as examples. 
 
 1. Lamellibranchiata (Bivalves). 
 
 (a) Asiphonida, Anodon, Unio, (b) Siphonida, Cyclas, Pisidium, 
 
 Cyrena. 
 
 2. Gasteropoda (Univalves). 
 
 (a) Prosobranchiata (Operculate). 
 
 Neritina, Navicella, Paludina, Ampullaria, Hydrobia, Valvata, 
 
 Melania. 
 
 (b) Pulmonifera (Inoperculate). 
 Limncea, Physa, Planorbis, Ancylus. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A BRANCIITATA, 36 
 " Acanthocystis, 38 
 
 habitat of, 38 
 Acarina, 37, 54 
 
 ,, habitat, 54 
 Achlya, 8 
 
 supposed to be a form of Bo- 
 try tis Bassiana, 27 
 sexual system of, as in Vau- 
 
 cheria, 27 
 
 prolifera, characters of, 27 
 Achlysia, 54 
 Achnanthese, 22 
 Achnanthes, 22 
 Achnanthidium, 22 
 Acineria, 43 
 Acomia, 43 
 Actinophrys, 38, 36 
 
 digitata, habitat, 38 
 discus, habitat, 38 
 
 Eichornii, habitat, 38 
 
 Sol, habitat, 38 
 JEshna, 54 
 Agrion, 54 
 Albertia, 48 
 Alona, 52 
 Alyscum, 41, 43 
 Amblyophis, 42 
 Amoeba, 10, 36, 39 
 
 diffluens, habitat, 39 
 radiosa, habitat, 39 
 Amoebae, 10 
 
 of minute size, 3 
 Amoeboids of Volvox, 10 
 Amphileptus, habitat, 41 
 Arnphimonas, 42 
 Amphipoda, 37, 53 
 Amphitrema, 39 
 
 habitat, 39 
 Amphora, 22 
 Ampullaria, 56 
 Anartropoda, 35, 36, 49 
 Ancylus, 56 
 
 Anguillula, 36 
 
 found in bilge water, 47 
 aceti, 47 
 fluviatilis, 47 
 tritici, 47 
 glutinis, 47 
 Anguillulce, confounded with Uno- 
 
 plidfs, 47 
 
 Anguillnlida, species of, 47 
 Anisonerna, 40, 43 
 Ankistrodesmiae, 20 
 Ankistrodesmus, 20 
 Annelida, 7, 35, 36, 49 
 Annular ducts, 7 
 ANNULOIDA, 36, 47 
 
 definition of, 35 
 ANNULOSA, 36, 37, 40 
 
 definition of, 35 
 Annulose animals, 7 
 Anodon, 56 
 
 Antheridia of Chara, 31 
 Anthophysa, 42 
 Apiocystacese, 12 
 
 characters, 25 
 
 grouped with Palmel- 
 
 laceee for conve- 
 nience, 25 
 
 classification of, 26 
 
 Apiocystis, 26 
 Apter'a, 37, 54 
 Aptogonum, 20 
 Apus, 52 
 Aquatic Algse, 11 
 
 systematic arrangement 
 
 of, 11 
 
 Arachnida, 35, 37, 53 
 Arcella, 10, 39 
 
 ,, aculeata, habitat, 39 
 dentata, habitat, 39 
 vulgaris, habitat, 39 
 Artemia, 52 
 Arlhrodesmus, 20 
 Arthropod*, 35, 51, 37 
 
53 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Asellus, 37 
 
 aquaticus, characters of, 52 
 habitat, 53 
 
 Asiphonida, 37 
 
 (bivalves), 56 
 
 Aspidephorft , 52 
 
 Astrionella, 22 
 
 Atax., 37 
 
 "DACILLUS, species of, 13 
 JD Bacteria, 6 
 
 classification of, 13 
 
 movements of, 14 
 
 and the putrefactive 
 
 process, 15, 33 
 of Cohn, 12, 13, 15 
 Bacteriaceae, 2, 12 
 
 affinity of, to the Oscilla- 
 
 torians, 2 
 alliance of Palraellacese 
 
 with, 2 
 
 (Bacteria of Cohn), 11 
 in relation to Lyngbya, 17 
 Bacteriforni bodies in gelatinous 
 
 fronds, 2 
 
 Bacterium, species of, 13 
 termo, 16 
 Zoogloea form, 14 
 
 minuteness of re- 
 
 productive particles of, compared 
 with those of Lyngbya, 17 
 Batrachospermacese, 12 
 
 characters of, 31 
 
 habitat of, 34 
 Batrachospermum, 31 
 Bdellia, 49 
 
 Bivalves (Lamellibrarichiata), 56 
 Bog moss (Sphagnum), 7 
 Bosmina, 52 
 Brachiontea, 43 
 Brachionus, 43 
 
 amphiceros, 49 
 Branchiopoda, 51, 52 
 
 ,, classification of, 52 
 
 Branchipus, 37, 52 
 Bulbochsete, branched filaments of, 30 
 
 Betigera, 30 
 Bursaria, 41, 44 
 Bursarina, 41 
 
 classification of, 44 
 habitat of some, 42 
 
 CALCIUM Carbonate, 4 
 \J Camptocercus, 52 
 Campylodiscus, 22 
 
 Candona, 51 
 
 Canthocamptus, 51 
 
 Carbon, source of, in Aquatic Plants, 3 
 
 Carcliesium, 45 
 
 Carpenter, Dr., F.R.S., Orders of Rhi- 
 
 zopoda adopted by him, 38 
 Cell-sap, 6 
 Ceratophyllum, 39 
 Cercomonas, 42 
 Chsetogaster, 50 
 Chsetoglena, 43 
 Chsetouotus, 45 
 
 larus, 43 
 
 Chsetophora, 30 
 Chcetophoracetie, 12 
 
 characters of, 30 
 
 Zoospores of, 30 
 
 habitat of, 33 
 Chsetotyphla, 43 
 Chalk water, 4 
 Chara, Antherozoids of, 31 
 
 stem of, 31 
 Characese, 12 
 
 characters of, 31 
 Chilodon, 44 
 Chilomonas, 42 
 
 Chlorococcum, distributed by rains, 32 
 Chlorogonium, 42 
 Chromogerious Bacteria, 13 
 Chydorus, 52 
 Chytridium, 26 
 
 parasitic and colourless, 27 
 Ciliata, 36, 40 
 
 defined and classified, 41 
 classification of, 41 
 their import in waters, 41 
 Cladocera, 37 
 
 definition and arrange- 
 ment, 52 
 Cladophora, 28 
 
 ,, species of, 28 
 glomerata, habitat of, 29 
 
 crispata, habitat of, 29 
 
 Clahhrulina, 38 
 
 habitat, 38 
 Clay, 5 
 
 Closteriese, 20 
 Closteriuro, 20 
 Coccochloris, 19 
 
 distribution of, by rains, 3 2 
 probably mistaken for 
 the gonidia of Lichens, 19, 32 
 Cocconeidese, 22 
 Cocconeis, 22 
 Cocconema, 22 
 
INDEX. 
 
 59 
 
 Codium amphibiorum, 33 
 
 Coelastrum, 24 
 
 CCELENTEKATA, 36, 45 
 
 definition of, 35 
 
 occurring in fresh 
 
 waters, 45 
 
 "C(ENOSAB,C," 46 
 
 Cohn's, Dr., Classification of Bacte- 
 ria, 13 
 
 Researches, 15 
 
 Colacium, 42 
 Coleoptera, 37, 54 
 Coleochsete, 30 
 Coleps, 45 
 Colletonema, 22 
 Colpoda, 44 
 Conferva, 28 
 
 simple filaments of, 28 
 Bom by cina, habitat of, 29 
 fioccosa, habitat of, 29 
 Confervacese, characters of, 28 
 
 segmentation of, 16 
 
 genera of, 28 
 habitat of, 33 
 
 Confervse, 16 
 
 confounded with Lyngbya 
 muralis, 17 
 Coniferse, 7 
 Copepoda, 37 
 
 definition and arrangement, 
 
 51 
 
 habitat of, 51 
 Cordylophora, 36, 45 
 
 characters of, 46 
 
 lacustris, 46 
 
 rivularis, 46 
 
 Corynida, 36, 45 
 
 characters of, 46 
 Cosmariese, 20 
 Cosmarium, 20 
 Cotton, 7 
 Cristatella, 37 
 Cristatellidce, 55 
 Crumenula, 43 
 Crustacea, 35, 37, 51 
 Cryptomonas, 43 
 Crystalline forms, 5 
 Culex, 37 
 Cyclas, 37, 56 
 Cyclidiurn, 40, 42 
 Cyclopidce, 51 
 Cyclops, 37, 51 
 Cyclotella, 22 
 Cymbella, 22 
 Cymbelleae, 22 
 
 Cyphidium, 39 
 
 areolum, habitat, 39 
 Cyprida?, 51 
 Cypris, 37, 51 
 Cyrena, 56 
 Cythere, 51 
 id<e t 51 
 
 T\APHNELLA, 52 
 
 JJ Daphnia, 37, 52 
 
 Daphnidce, 52 
 
 Dead, or decaying organic matter, 6 
 Vegetable matter, 6 
 Animal matter, 7 
 
 Denticula, 22 
 
 Derostomum, 47 
 
 Desmidiacese, 3, 11 
 
 characters of, 19 
 classification of, 20 
 aquatic, 32 
 
 Desmidiese, 20 
 
 Desmidium, 20 
 
 Desmobacteria, 13 
 
 Dialytic currents, 10 
 
 Diaptomidce, 51 
 
 Diaptomus, 51 
 
 Diatom, 10 
 
 Diatoma, 22 
 
 Diatomacese, 3, 11 
 
 movements of, 14 
 characters of, 20 
 genera of, 21 
 classification of, 22 
 marine and aquatic, 32 
 distribution of, 33 
 
 Didymocladon, 20 
 
 Didymohelix, 3 
 
 Difflugia, 10, 39 
 
 oblonga, habitat, 39 
 proteiformis, habitat, 39 
 
 Dileptus, 43 
 
 Dinobryina, 40 
 
 classification of, 42 
 
 Dinobryon, 42 
 
 Diptera, 37, 54 
 
 Discoidal tissue of Pine, 7 
 
 Discoloration of water, causes of, 3 
 
 Distigma, 42 
 
 Docidium, 20 
 
 Dotted and pitted tissue, 7 
 
 Draparnaldia, 30 
 
 Duckweed (Lemna), 7 
 
 Dujardin's appendix of symmetrical 
 Ciliata, 45 
 
60 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Dujardin's arrangement of Infusoria, 
 
 40 
 
 arrangement of Roti/era,4& 
 Dytiscus, 37, 54, 55 
 
 TJ1DRIOPHTH4LMATA, 52 
 *-* Ergs of Entozoa, 8 
 Elophorus, 54, 55 
 Emydium, 53 
 Enchelia, 4] 
 
 habitat, 41 
 classification of, 43 
 Enchelys, 41, 43 
 Encyonema, 22 
 Endocbrome, 6 
 
 cleavage, in Oscillatoriese, 
 
 16 
 in Confervacese, 
 
 16 
 
 Enoplidce, parasitic Nematodes, 47 
 Enterooiorpha intestirialis, 25 
 Entomostraca, 7, 37 
 
 with parasitic Vorti- 
 
 cellina, 41 
 
 description of, 51 
 
 Epipyxis, 40, 41, 42, 45 
 Epithelial scales, 8 
 Epithelium from the cutaneous sur- 
 face, 8 
 
 from the mouth, 8 
 Epithemia, 22 
 Euastrum, 20 
 Euchlanidota, 49 
 Euglena, 10, 40, 42 
 
 viridis, habitat, 41 
 Euglenia, 40 
 
 classification of, 42 
 Euglypha, 10, 39 
 
 tuberculata, habitat, 39 
 Eunotia, 22 
 Eunotieae. 22 
 Euplota (Ehr.), 41. 
 
 classification of, 43 
 Euplotes, 41, 44 
 
 FEATHER, 8 
 Fibres of fabrics, 7 
 of silk, 8 
 of wool, 8 
 
 Filamentous Algae, minute, 3, 14 
 Fission in Coccochloris compared with 
 the Desmidiaceae and Diato- 
 maceae, 19 
 
 in Palrnellaceae, 19 
 Flagellata, 9, 36, 40 
 
 Flagellata defined, 40 
 
 classification of, 40 
 Floscularia, 48 
 
 ornata, 49 
 Fragilaria, 22 
 Fragilarieaj, 22 
 Freshwater Algae, 11 
 
 distribution of, 32 
 
 notes on the habitat 
 of, 32 
 
 Polypes, 35 
 Polyzoa, habitat, 55 
 Frustule of Desmidiacese and Diato- 
 
 macese compared, 21 
 Frustulia, 22 
 Fungus-life associated with simple 
 
 decay. 15 
 Furcularia, 48 
 
 C\ AMMARUS, 37 
 VJ characters of, 53 
 
 fluviatilis, 53 
 
 pulex, 53 
 
 Gasteropoda (univalves), 37, 56 
 Gastrochaeta, 43 
 
 Gelatinous frond of "V olvocacese, 9 
 Germ cells of Chara, 31 
 Gerris, 54 
 
 lacustris, 55 
 Gomphonema, 22 
 Gomphonemeae, 22 
 Goniometry, 5 
 Gonium, 23 
 
 union of the cells of, 24 
 
 andVolvox,unionof the.cells, 
 
 sequential to cleavage, 24 
 " Gonoblastidia," 46 
 " Gonophores," 46 
 GUmcoma, 44 
 Glenodioium, 40, 43 
 Globules of Chara, 31, 32 
 Glossiphonia, 36, 49 
 Gregarina, 10 
 Gromia, 36, 39 
 
 fluviatilis, habitat, 39 
 
 hyalina, habitat, 39 
 Gymnol&mata, 55 
 Gyrinus, 54, 55 
 Gyrosigma, 22 
 
 HABITS of Aquatic Insects, 55 
 Hair of Rabbit, 8 
 Halteria, 41, 43 
 Haziness, detection of, 4- 
 Hemiptera, 37, 54 
 
INDEX. 
 
 61 
 
 Hemp, 7 
 Heteramita, 42 
 Heterocercus, 54 
 Hexamita, 42 
 
 Hicks, Dr. B., F.R.S., researches of, 10 
 on the Diamor- 
 
 phosis of Lyngbya muralis, 17 
 Himantidium, 22 
 Himantophorus, 41, 43 
 Hippocrepia, 37 
 Hirudinea, 36 
 
 characters of, 49 
 classification of, 49 
 
 habitat, 49 
 Hirudo, 49 
 Holophyra, 44 
 Holotrocha, 49 
 Horniospora, 19 
 Human hair, 8 
 Hyalotheca, 20 
 Hydatina Senta, 49 
 Hydatincea, 49 
 Hydrsena, 54, 55 
 Hydrachna, a genus of Water-mites, 
 
 37,54 
 geographica, 54 
 
 globula, 54 
 Hydrachnea, water-mites, 54 
 
 movements of H. globula, 
 
 54 
 Hydra, 36, 45 
 
 classification of species of, 46 
 attenuata, 46 
 fusca, 46 
 viridis, 46 
 vulgaris, 46 
 habitat of, 46 
 Hydrida, 36, 45 
 
 characters of, 45 
 Hydrobia, 56 
 Hydrocytium, 26 
 Hydrodictyon, 24 
 
 related to Pediastrum, 
 
 25 
 
 Hydroida, 36, 45 
 Hydrometra, 54 
 
 stagnorum, 55 
 Hydrophilus, 54, 55 
 Hydrozoa, 35, 36 
 
 JCHTHYDINA, 49 
 *- Ichthydium, 45 
 
 podura, 49 
 Infundibulata, 37 
 Infusoria, 31, 34, 36 
 
 Infusoria, Orders of, 40 
 
 first order of, 9 
 
 or flagellata, 40 
 
 arranged after Dujardin, 40 
 Imecta, 35, 37, 54 
 Isopoda, 37, 52 
 
 KERONA, 41, 43 
 polyporurn parasitic on 
 Hydra, 46 ' 
 Keronia, 41 
 
 classification of, 43 
 habitat, 41 
 
 Kirby and Spence, their notice of the 
 aquatic larvae of insects, 54 
 
 T ACRYMARTA, 44 
 Jj Lamarck's genus Stylaria, 50 
 Lamellibranchiata (Bivalves), 37, 56 
 Larvae of aquatic insects, 7 
 Lepidoptera, 54 
 
 scales of, 8 
 Leptothrix ochrea, 3 
 Leucophrys, 41, 44 
 Leydig, Cilio-crustaceans of, 48 
 Libellula, 37, 54 
 Limnsea, 56 
 Limniades or Fresh-water Polyzoa, 35, 
 
 55 
 
 Limnius, 54, 55 
 Limnochares holosericus, 54 
 Linen, 7 
 
 Living Animals, 34 
 Forms, 9 
 Plants, 11 
 Lobosa, 36, 38 
 
 definition and classification of, 
 
 39 
 Lophyropoda, 51 
 
 classification of, 51 
 Lumbricini, 50 
 LynceidfS, 52 
 Lyngbya, 15 
 
 in relation to Bacteriacese, 
 
 17 
 referred to the Oscillatorians, 
 
 17 
 
 in relation to Ulvacees, 17 
 muralis confounded with 
 
 Confervas, 17 
 Lyngbyese, 15 
 
 MACROBTOTUS, 37, 53 
 Malacostraca, 37, 52 
 Marl, 5 
 
62 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Mastogloia, 22 
 Megalotrocha flavicans, 49 
 Megalotrochtea, 49 
 Meiania, 56 
 Melicerta, 48 
 Melosira, 22 
 Melosirese, 22 
 Meridion, 22 
 Meridioneas, 22 
 Mesocarpus, 28 
 Mesostomum, 47 
 Micrasterias, 20 
 Microbaeteria, 13 
 Micrococcus, 13 
 
 species of, 13 
 resembled by segments 
 of minute filamentary species, 16 
 Microcoleus, 1 5 
 Microhaloa, 19 
 
 frond of, 14 
 Microscopical Mineralogy, 5 
 Milnesium, 53 
 Mineral matters, 4 
 MOLLTJSCA, 37, 55 
 
 definition of, 35 
 proper, 35, 37 
 short note of, 55 
 Molluscoida, 35, 37, 55 
 Monadina, 40 
 
 habitat, 41 
 
 classification of, 42 
 Monas, 40, 42 
 Monormia, 18 
 
 Monostjla quadridentata, 49 
 Monotrocha, 49 
 Movement, spontaneous, 10 
 
 kinds of, exhibited by Pro- 
 tophyta and Protozoa, 10 
 
 'KTAIDILffi, 50 
 
 ** speck-like eyes of, 50 
 how known from the 
 larva? of insects, 50 
 Nais, 36, 50 
 Nassula, 44 
 Naucoris, 54 
 Navicella, 56 
 Navicula, 22 
 Naviculeae, 22 
 Nematelmia, 36 
 Nematuda, 35, 36 
 
 characters of, 47 
 Nematodes, minute parasitic, 47 
 Nemertida, 47 
 Nepa, 54 
 
 Nephelis, 49 
 
 Nerita, 56 
 
 Neuroptera, 37, 54 
 
 Kimphula, 54 
 
 Nitella, stem of, 31 
 
 Nitzschia, 22 
 
 Nostoc, 18 
 
 verrucosum, Thuret on, 18 
 
 Nostochaceee. 11 
 
 chfiracters of, 17 
 
 classification of, 18 
 
 reproduction of, 18 
 
 Notonecta, 37, 54, 55 
 
 Nucules of Chara, 31, 32 
 
 ADONTIDIUM, 22 
 
 \J (Ecistes crvstallinus, 49 
 
 CEdogouiacese, 12 
 
 cliaracters of, 29 
 
 (Edogonium, simple filament of, 30 
 
 habitat of, 30 
 Oken's genus Proto, 50 
 Oligochceta, 36 
 
 or Setigera, character of, 50 
 habitat, of, 50 
 Oniscida?., aquatic larvae of, 53 
 Opercularia, 45 
 Ophiocytium, 26 
 Ophrydium, 44 
 OphryoglaBna, 44 
 Oscillatoria, 15 
 Oscillatoriacea3, 3, 11 
 
 characters of, 15 
 
 classification of, 15 
 
 allied to Nostochaceae, 
 
 16 
 
 ,, ubiquitous, 33 
 
 Oscillatoriese, 15 
 
 size of, 16 
 
 minute segments of, 
 
 resembling Micrococcus, 16 
 Oscillatorians, 6, 14 
 
 altitudinal range of, 33 
 
 Ostracoda, 37 
 
 definition and arrange- 
 ment, 51 
 habitat, 51 
 Dva of Entozoa, 8 
 Oxytricha, 43 
 
 pALMELLA, 19 
 
 frond of, 14 
 
 Palmellacea3, 11 
 
 characters of, 18 
 
 classification of, 19 
 
INDEX. 
 
 63 
 
 Palmellacese, limits of, 19 
 fission in, 19 
 some referable to Volvo- 
 
 cacese, 19 
 
 distribution of, by rains, 32 
 Paludicella, 37, 55 
 Paludina, 37, 56 
 Pandorina, 23 
 Panophrys, 44 
 Paramecia, 41 
 
 habitat, 41 
 classification of, 44 
 Parameciuni, 10, 36, 41, 44 
 Parnus, 54, 55 
 Particles of Chalk, 5 
 Pathogenous Bacteria, 13 
 Pediastracese, 12 
 
 classification of, 24 
 Pediastrese, relationship of, to Desmi- 
 
 diaceee, 24 
 
 and Hydrodictyon asso- 
 ciated provisionally, 24 
 Pediastrum, 24 
 Pelecida, 43 
 Penium, 20 
 Peranema, 36, 40, 42 
 Peridinaa, 40 
 
 habitat, 41 
 
 classification of, 43 
 Peridinium, ]0, 40, 43 
 Peroxide of iron, 3 
 Phacus, 40, 43 
 
 habitat, 41 
 Philodin&a, 49 
 Phryganea, 37, 54 
 Phylactolcemata, 55 
 Phyllopoda, 37 
 
 definition and arrange- 
 ment, 50 
 habitat, 52 
 Physa, 56 
 Pinnularia, 22 
 Pisidium, 56 
 Planaria, 36, 47 
 Planarida, 47 
 
 classification of, 47 
 habitat, 47 
 Planariola, 45 
 Planorbis, 37, 56 
 Plaiyelmi&t 36 
 Pleurocarpus, 28 
 Pleuronema, 41 
 Pleurophrys, 39 
 
 habitat, 39 
 Plumatella, 55 
 
 Plumatellidffi, 55 
 
 Pleuroxus, 52 
 
 " Polypary," 46 
 
 Polyselmis, 42 
 
 Polytrocha, 49 
 
 Po'lyzoa, 37 
 
 fresh- water, habitat, 55 
 
 Polyzoarium of the Limniades, 55 
 
 Pond-weed (Potamogeton), 7 
 
 Primordial utricle, 6 
 
 in Confervacese, 16 
 
 Oscillatoriese, 16 
 
 Prorodon, 44 
 
 Prosobranchiata, 37, 56 
 
 Prostomum, 47 
 
 Protococcus, 23 
 
 life history of, 23 
 compared with Volvox,23 
 Volvox compared with 
 Pediastrum and Hydro- 
 dictyon, 23 
 incomplete cleavage of, 24 
 
 Protophyta, 9, 10 
 
 Protozoa, 9, 36, 38 
 
 definition of, 34 
 
 Protozoon, 9 
 
 Pseudopodia, 10, 38 
 
 Pulmonifera, 37, 56 
 
 Pythium, 26 
 
 parasitic and colourless, 27 
 
 ftADIOLARIA, 36, 38 
 ~^ / defined and classi- 
 
 fied, 38 
 Ranatra, 54 
 Retic'ularia, 36, 38 
 
 defined, 38 
 classified, 39 
 Rhizopoda, 34. 36, 38 
 
 excluded from Infusoria, 
 
 40 
 Rhizoclonium, 28 
 
 species of, 28 
 
 rivulare, habitat of, 29 
 
 Ehynchonema, 28 
 Rivularia, 15 
 Eivularise. 15 
 Rotifer, 30, 48 
 
 ,, vulgaris, 49 
 Rotifera, 3, 35, 36 
 
 resemble Entomostraca, 48 
 characters of, 48 
 
 Ehren berg's classification of, 
 48,49 
 
64 
 
 INDEX, 
 
 SAND, 4 
 Scales of Lepidoptera, 8 
 
 Scenedesmus, 20 
 
 Schizotrocha, 49 
 
 Sciadium, 26 
 
 Scnlecida, 35, 36, 47 
 
 Scytonema, 15 
 
 Scytonemese, 15 
 
 Sediments, mode of collecting, 1 
 
 microscopical examination 
 
 of, 2 
 
 high powers, and immer- 
 sion lenses desirable for exami- 
 nation of, 2, 3 
 
 Segmentation in Confervacese, 16 
 
 Seta and ventral uncini of NaididsB, 
 50 
 
 Setigera, or Oligochata, characters of, 
 50 
 
 Sida, 52 
 
 Si gar a, 54 
 
 Silicious particles, 4 
 
 Silk, 8 
 
 Siphonida, 37, 56 
 
 Siphonacese, 12 
 
 characters of, 26 
 habitat of, 33 
 
 Sorotrocha, 49 
 
 Spectrum analysis, 5 
 
 Sphserobacteria, 13 
 
 Sphserozosma, 20 
 
 Sphinctocystis, 22 
 
 Spiral vessels and fibres, 7 
 
 Spirillum, 10 
 
 species of, 13] 
 
 Spirobacteria, 13 
 
 Spirochseta, species of, 13 
 
 Spirogyra, 28 
 
 Spirostomum, 44 
 
 Spirotsenia, 20 
 
 Sponges, 38 
 
 Spongida, 36, 39 
 
 Spongilla, 36, 38 
 
 description of, 39 
 . spicules of, 40 
 
 Staurastrum, 20 
 
 Staurocarpus, 28 
 
 Stauroneis, 22 
 
 Stentor, 41, 44 
 
 Stoneworts (Chara and ftitella), 7, 34 
 
 Striatellese, 22 
 
 Striped, muscular fibre, 8 
 
 Stylonychia, 43 
 
 Surirella, 22 
 
 Surirelleee, 22 
 
 Suctoria, 40 
 
 but phases of Vorticellina, 40 
 Symmetrical forms of Infusoria, 45 
 Synedra, 22 
 
 rpABLE of Classification of Animal 
 1 forms, 26 
 Tabellaria, 22 
 Tardigrada, 37 
 
 character of, 53 
 
 classification of, 53 
 
 habitat of, 53 
 
 Tartrate of Ammonia, the T of, 15 
 Terpsinoe, 22 
 Tetmemorus, 20 
 Tetracyclus, 22 
 Tetraspora, 23 
 Thecamonadina, 40 
 
 classification of, 43 
 
 Thorea, 31 
 
 Thuret on Nostoc verrucosum, 18 
 Trachearia, 37 
 Trachelius, 41, 43 
 Trachelocera, 44 
 Trachelomonas, 43 
 Trepomonas, 42 
 Trichoda, 41, 43 
 Trichodina, 41 
 
 classification of, 43 
 Trichoptera, 37, 54 
 Trichormus, 18 
 Trine ma, 39 
 
 acinus, habitat, 39 
 Tubifex, 50 
 Turbellaria, 35, 36 
 
 characters of, 47 
 Turbidity, 4 
 
 causes of, 3 
 Tylenchus (or so called 
 tritici, 47 
 
 U 
 
 in relation to Lyngbya, 
 
 17 
 
 ,, characters of, 25 
 Unger, Zoospores of Yaucheria ob- 
 
 served by him, 26 
 Unicellular plants, 18 
 Unio, 37, 55 
 
 Univalves (Gasteropoda), 56 
 Urceolaria, 41, 44 
 
 pediculus, parasitic on 
 
 Hydra, 46 
 
 pediculus on Planaria, 42 
 Urceolarina, 41 
 
INDEX. 
 
 65 
 
 Urceolarina, classification of, 44 
 Urnatella, 55 
 Urocentrum, 44 
 Urostyla, 43 
 Uvella, 42 
 
 TTALVATA, 56 
 V Vascular plants, 7 
 Vaucheria, species of, 26 
 and Achlya, 26 
 Zoospores of, 26 
 sexual reproduction of, 27 
 spores of, 10 
 Vegetable products, 7 
 Velia, 54 
 
 rivulorum, 55 
 Vibrio, 10 
 
 species of, 13 
 Vinegar eel, 47 
 Volvocacese, 9, 12 
 
 some confounded with 
 
 Palmellaceae, ly 
 classification of, 23 
 Volvox, 23 
 
 amoeboids of, 10 
 sphere, nature of, 23 
 related to Gonium and Pro- 
 toccus, 25 
 Vorticella, 41,45 
 
 Vorticellina, 41 
 
 classification of, 45 
 habitat, 41 
 
 WATER-BEARS and mites, 7 
 Water-mites, Hydrachnea, 54 
 Water from the blue clay, 3 
 
 from bog lands, 3 
 Wool, 8 
 
 A 
 
 20 
 
 yOOGLCEA form of Bacterium 
 
 U termo, 14 
 
 Zoology, the realm of, 10 
 
 Zoospore, 9 
 
 Zoospores of Vaucheria, Unger's 
 observations, 26 
 
 Zoothamnium, 45 
 
 Zygnema, 28 
 
 Zygnemaceae, characters of, 27 
 classification of, 28 
 
 altiiudinal ranges of, 33 
 
 Zygogoriium, 28 
 
 Zygoselmis, 42 
 
 Zygotrocha, 49 
 
 Zymogenous Bacteria, 13 
 
 THE END. 
 
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LONDON, NEW BURLINGTON STREET, 
 OCTOBER, 1875 
 
 A LIST 
 
 OF 
 
 MESSRS CHURCHILL'S 
 WORKS 
 
 ON 
 
 CHEMISTRY, MATERIA MEDICA, 
 
 PHARMACY, BOTANY, 
 
 THE MICROSCOPE, 
 
 AND 
 
 OTHER BRANCHES OF SCIENCE 
 
Do. Qualitative Analysis 
 Vestiges of Creation ... 
 Wagner's Chemical Technology ... 
 Wahltuch's Dictionary of Materia Medica 
 Whalley's Human Eye 
 Wilson's Zoology 
 
 Wittstein's Pharmaceutical Chemistry, by Darby 
 Year Book of Pharmacy 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Beasley's Pocket Formulary ... ... ... ... ... ix 
 
 Do. Druggist's Receipt Book ... ... ... ... ix 
 
 Do. Book of Prescriptions ... ... ... .. ... ix 
 
 Bentley's Manual of Botany ... ... ... ... ... xi 
 
 Bentley and Trimen's Medicinal Plants ... ... ... ... xi 
 
 Bernays' Syllabus of Chemistry ... ... ... ... ... iv 
 
 Bloxam's Chemistry ... ... ... % ._ ... ... iii 
 
 Do. Laboratory Teaching ... ... ... ... ... iii 
 
 Bowman's Practical Chemistry ... ... ... ... ... iv 
 
 Bradley's Comparative Anatomy and Physiology ... ... ... xiii 
 
 Brooke's Natural Philosophy ... ... .. ... . . xv 
 
 Brown's Analytical Tables ... ... ... ... ... iv 
 
 Carpenter's Microscope and its Revelations ... ... ... ... xii 
 
 Chauveau's Comparative Anatomy ... ... ... ... xiii 
 
 Clowes' Practical and Analytical Chemistry ... ... ... ... iv 
 
 Cooley's Cyclopaedia of Receipts ... ... ... ... ... vii 
 
 Dunglison's Medical Lexicon ... ... ... ... ... xiv 
 
 Fayrer's Poisonous Snakes of India ... ... ... ... xii 
 
 Do. Royal Tiger of Bengal ... ... ... ... ... xii 
 
 Fownes' Manual of Chemistry ... ... ... ... ... iv 
 
 Frankland's How to Tekch Chemistry ... ... . . ... vi 
 
 Fresenius' Chemical Analysis ... ... ... .. ... iv 
 
 Galloway's First Step in Chemistry ... .... .. ... v 
 
 Do. ' Second do. do. ... ... ... .. ... v 
 
 Do. Qualitative Analysis ... ... ... . . ... v 
 
 Do. Chemical Tables ... ... ... .. ... v 
 
 Greene's Tables of Zoology ... ... ... .. ... xiv 
 
 Griffiths' Chemistry of the Four Seasons ... ... .. ... v 
 
 Hardwich's Photography, by Dawson ... ... ... ... xv 
 
 Huxley's Anatomy of Vertebrates ... ... ... ... . . xiii 
 
 Do. Classification of Animals... .... ... ... ... xiii 
 
 Kay- Shuttle worth's Modern Chemistry ... ... ... ... v 
 
 Kohlrausch's Physical Measurements ... ... ... ... xi 
 
 Lescher's Elements of Pharmacy ... ... , . . ... ... x 
 
 Martin's Microscopic Mounting ... ... ... ... ... xii 
 
 Mayne's Medical Vocabulary ... ... ... ... ... xv 
 
 Microscopical Journal (Quarterly).., ... ... ... ... xii 
 
 Nevins' Analysis of Pharmacopoeia ... ... ... .. xi 
 
 Ord's Comparative Anatomy ... ... ... ... ... xiii 
 
 Pereira's Selecta e Prsescriptis ... ... ... ... ... ix 
 
 Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions ... ... ... <*!;-' xi 
 
 Phillips' Materia Medica ... ... ... ... ... vi 
 
 Prescriber's Pharmacopoeia ... ... ... ... ... ix 
 
 Price's Photographic Manipulation ... ... . xv 
 
 Proctor's Practical Pharmacy ... ... ... ... x 
 
 Rod well's Natural Philosophy ... ... ... .. ... xv 
 
 Royle's Materia Medica... ... ... ... . ... vii 
 
 Shea's Animal Physiology ... ... ... .. ... xiv 
 
 Smith's Pharmaceutical Guide ... ... ... .. ... viii 
 
 Southall's Materia Medica ... ... ... .. ... viii 
 
 Squire's Companion to the Pharmacopoeia ... ... ... ... viii 
 
 Do. Hospital Pharmacopoeias ... ... . . ... viii 
 
 Steggall's First Lines for Chemists ... ... ... ... viii 
 
 Sto we's Toxicological Chart ... ... ... ... ... x 
 
 Sutton's Volumetric Analysis ... ... ... ... ... v 
 
 Taylor on Poisons ... ... ... ... ... ... x 
 
 Thorowgood's Materia Medica ... ... ... ... ... vii 
 
 Tuson's Veterinary Pharmacopoeia ... ... .. ... xi 
 
 Valentin's Inorganic Chemistry 
 
 XIV 
 
 vi 
 
 X1H 
 
 xiii 
 
 xiv 
 
 *** The Works advertised in this Catalogue may be obtained through any Bookseller 
 in the United Kingdom* or direct from the Publishers, on Remittance bein? made. 
 
A LIST OF 
 
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 CHEMISTRY, INORGANIC and ORGANIC: 
 
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IV 
 
 MESSRS CHURCHILL'S SCIENTIFIC WORKS 
 
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vi MESSRS CHURCHILL'S SCIENTIFIC WORKS 
 
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 numerous Engravings Crown Svo. In the Press 
 
 "This Manual is, to our minds, unrivalled I and completeness of information." British 
 in any language for condensation, accuracy, | Medical Jotirnal. 
 
 J. C. Thoroivgood 
 THE STUDENT'S GUIDE TO MATERIA MEDICA. 
 
 Including the New Additions to the British Pharmacopoeia. By JOHN C. 
 THOROWGOOD, M.D. Lond., Lecturer on Materia Medica at the Middlesex 
 Hospital. With Engravings . t>;. - -.,.., Fcap Svo, 6s. 6d. 
 
 " Students can hardly hope for a more serviceable text-book." Practitioner. 
 
 Adolphe Wahliuch 
 
 A DICTIONARY OF MATERIA MEDICA AND THERA- 
 PEUTICS. By ADOLPHE WAHLTUCH, M.D. . . . Svo, 155. 
 
 % * The purpose of this work is to give a tabular arrangement of all drugs specified in 
 the British Pharmacopoeia of 1867. Every table is divided into six parts : (i) The 
 Name and Synonyms ; (2) Character and Properties or Composition ; (3) Physiological 
 Effects and Therapeutics ; (4) Form and Doses; (5) Preparations; (6) Prescriptions. 
 Other matter elucidatory of the Pharmacopoeia is added to the work. 
 
 " A very handy book." Lancet. 
 
 R. V. Tuson 
 
 COOLEY'S CYCLOPAEDIA OF PRACTICAL 
 RECEIPTS, PROCESSES, AND COLLATERAL INFORMATION 
 IN THE ARTS, MANUFACTURES, PROFESSIONS, AND 
 TRADES : Including Pharmacy and Domestic Economy and Hygiene. 
 Designed as a Comprehensive Supplement to the Pharmacopoeias and 
 General Book of Reference for the Manufacturer, Tradesman, Amateur, 
 and Heads of Families. Fifth Edition, Revised and partly Rewritten by 
 Professor RICHARD V. TUSON, F.C.S., assisted by several Scientific 
 Contributors ..... Svo, 285. 
 
 " A much improved edition. . . . 
 Long recognised as a general book of re- 
 ference. ' ' Times. 
 
 ' ' The book is of considerable value for 
 household use, as well as professional pur- 
 poses, for it contains a quantity of interest- 
 ing information relating to the composition 
 
 of articles in common use as food and 
 medicine." Pall A* all Gazette. 
 
 " Other of the articles, as on 'brewing,' 
 'bread,' etc., are specimens of what cyclo- 
 paedic writing should be, being concise and 
 thoroughly exhaustive of the practical por- 
 tion of the subiect." Veterinarian. 
 
viii MESSRS CHURCHILL'S SCIENTIFIC WORKS 
 
 W. Southall 
 THE ORGANIC MATERIA MEDICA OF THE BRITISH 
 
 PHARMACOPOEIA SYSTEMATICALLY ARRANGED : Together 
 with Brief Notices of the Remedies contained in the Indian and United 
 States Pharmacopceias. By W. SOUTHALL, F.L.S. . Post Svo, 2s. 6d. 
 
 J. B. Smith 
 
 PHARMACEUTICAL GUIDE TO THE FIRST AND 
 SECOND EXAMINATIONS. By JOHN BARKER SMITH. Second 
 Edition . . . . ':V - . ; ; , , .- ; Crown Svo, 6s. 6d. 
 
 FIRST AND SECOND EXAMINATIONS 
 
 LATIN GRAMMAR FRACTIONS METRIC SYSTEM MATERIA MEDICA BOTANY 
 PHARMACY CHEMISTRY PRESCRIPTIONS. 
 
 John Steggall 
 
 FIRST LINES FOR CHEMISTS AND DRUGGISTS 
 preparing for Examination at the Pharmaceutical Society. By JOHN 
 STEGGALL, M.D. Third Edition .' . . . '. - i8mo, 35. 6d. 
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 Notes on the British Pharmacopoeia, the 
 Substances arranged alphabetically. 
 
 Table of Preparations, containing Opium, 
 Antimony, Mercury, and Arsenic. 
 
 Classification of Plants. 
 
 Thermometers. 
 Specific Gravity. 
 Weights and Measures. 
 Questions on Pharmaceutical Chemistry 
 and Materia Medica. 
 
 Peter Sqiiire 
 
 COMPANION TO THE BRITISH PHARMACOPCEIA. 
 With Practical Hints on Prescribing; including a Tabular Arrangement 
 of Materia Medica for Students, and a Concise Account of the Principal 
 Spas of Europe. By PETER SQUIRE, Chemist in Ordinary to the Queen 
 and the Prince of Wales ; late President of the Pharmaceutical Society. 
 Tenth Edition Svo, los. 6d. 
 
 By the same Author 
 
 PHARMACOPCEIAS OF THE LONDON HOSPITALS. 
 Third Edition. . :.-... . . . Fcap Svo, 6s. 
 
 %* Mr. SQUIRE has collected all the Formulae used in twenty-two of the principal 
 Hospitals of London, and arranged them in groups of mixtures, gargles, &c., &c. These 
 Formulse were revised and approved by the medical staff of each of the Hospitals, and 
 may therefore be taken as an excellent guide to the medical practitioner, both as to dose 
 and best menstruum in prescribing. 
 
MESSRS CHURCHILL'S SCIENTIFIC WORKS ix 
 
 J. Birkbeck Nevins 
 
 THE PRESCRIBER'S ANALYSIS OF THE BRITISH 
 PHARMACOPOEIA. By J . BiRKBECK NEVINS, M.D. Lond., Lecturer on 
 Materia Medica in the Liverpool Royal Infirmary Medical School. Third 
 Edition, Revised and Enlarged .... Royal 32mo, 3s. 6d. 
 
 o 
 
 THE PRESCRIBER'S PHARMACOPOEIA : The Medicines 
 arranged in Classes according to their Action, with their Composition 
 and Doses. By A PRACTISING PHYSICIAN. Fifth Edition. 
 
 [Fcap i6mo, cloth, 2s. 6d.; roan, with flap and elastic band, 35. 6d 
 
 Jonathan Pereira 
 
 SELECTA E PR^SCRIPTIS : Containing Lists of the Terms, 
 Phrases, Contractions, and Abbreviations used in Prescriptions, with Ex- 
 planatory Notes ; the Grammatical Construction of Prescriptions ; Rules 
 for the Pronunciation of Pharmaceutical Terms ; a Prosodiacal Vocabulary 
 of the Names of Drugs, &c. ; and a Series of Abbreviated Prescriptions 
 illustrating the use of the preceding terms. To which is added a Key, con- 
 taining the Prescriptions in an Unabbreviated Form, with a Literal Trans- 
 lation for the Use of Medical and Pharmaceutical Students. By JONATHAN 
 PEREIRA, M.D., F.R.S. Sixteenth Edition .... 32mo, 55. 
 
 Henry Beasley 
 
 THE POCKET FORMULARY AND SYNOPSIS 
 OF THE BRITISH AND FOREIGN PHARMACOPOEIAS : Compris- 
 ing Standard and approved Formulae for the Preparations and Compounds 
 employed in Medical Practice. By HENRY BEASLEY. Ninth Edition. 
 
 [iSmo, 6s. 
 By the same Author 
 
 THE DRUGGIST'S GENERAL RECEIPT-BOOK: 
 
 Comprising a Copious Veterinary Formulary and Table of Veterinary 
 Materia Medica ; Patent and Proprietary Medicines, Druggists' Nostrums, 
 c. ; Perfumery, Skin Cosmetics, Hair Cosmetics, and Teeth Cosmetics ; 
 Beverages, Dietetic Articles and Condiments ; Trade Chemicals, Mis- 
 cellaneous Preparations and Compounds used in the Arts, &c. ; with useful 
 Memoranda and Tables. Seventh Edition .... i8mo, 6s. 
 
 Also 
 
 THE BOOK OF PRESCRIPTIONS : Containing 3,000 Pre- 
 scriptions collected from the Practice of the most eminent Physicians and 
 Surgeons, English and Foreign. Fourth Edition . .' . i8mo, 6s. 
 
 "Mr. Beasley's 'Pocket Formulary,' 
 ' Druggist's Receipt-Book,' and ' Book of 
 Prescriptions' form a compact library of 
 
 reference admirably suited for the dispens- 
 ing desk." Chemist and Druggist. 
 
viii MESSRS CHURCHILL'S SCIENTIFIC WORKS 
 
 W. Southall 
 THE ORGANIC MATERIA MEDICA OF THE BRITISH 
 
 PHARMACOPOEIA SYSTEMATICALLY ARRANGED : Together 
 with Brief Notices of the Remedies contained in the Indian and United 
 States Pharmacopoeias. By W. SOUTHALL, F.L.S. . Post Svo, 2s. 6d. 
 
 J. B. Smith 
 
 PHARMACEUTICAL GUIDE TO THE FIRST AND 
 SECOND EXAMINATIONS. By JOHN BARKER SMITH. Second 
 Edition . Crown Svo, 6s. 6d. 
 
 FIRST AND SECOND EXAMINATIONS 
 
 LATIN GRAMMAR FRACTIONS -^ METRIC SYSTEM MATERIA MEDICA BOTANY 
 PHARMACY CHEMISTRY PRESCRIPTIONS. 
 
 John Steggall 
 
 FIRST LINES FOR CHEMISTS AND DRUGGISTS 
 
 preparing for Examination at the Pharmaceutical Society. By JOHN 
 STEGGALL, M,D. Third Edition iSmo, 35. 6d. 
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 Notes on the British Pharmacopoeia, the 
 Substances arranged alphabetically. 
 
 Table of Preparations, containing Opium, 
 Antimony, Mercury, and Arsenic. 
 
 Classification of Plants. 
 
 Thermometers. 
 Specific Gravity. 
 Weights and Measures. 
 Questions on Pharmaceutical Chemistry 
 and Materia Medica. 
 
 Peter Squire 
 
 COMPANION TO THE BRITISH PHARMACOPCEIA. 
 With Practical Hints on Prescribing; including a Tabular Arrangement 
 of Materia Medica for Students, and a Concise Account of the Principal 
 Spas of Europe. By PETER SQUIRE, Chemist in Ordinary to the Queen 
 and the Prince of Wales ; late President of the Pharmaceutical Society. 
 Tenth Edition . . . . . . . . 8vo, los. 6d. 
 
 By the same Author 
 
 PHARMACOPOEIAS OF THE LONDON HOSPITALS. 
 Third Edition. . Fcap Svo, 6s. 
 
 ** Mr. SQUIRE has collected all the Formulae used in twenty-two of the principal 
 Hospitals of London, and arranged them in groups of mixtures, gargles, &c., &c. These 
 Formulae were revised and approved by the medical staff of each of the Hospitals, and 
 may therefore be taken as an excellent guide to the medical practitioner, both as to dose 
 and best menstruum in prescribing. 
 
MESSRS CHURCHILL'S SCIENTIFIC WORKS ix 
 
 J. Birkbeck Nemns 
 
 THE PRESCRIBED ANALYSIS OF THE BRITISH 
 PHARMACOPCEIA. By J. BIRKBECK KEVINS, M.D. Lond., Lecturer on 
 Materia Medica in the Liverpool Royal Infirmary Medical School. Third 
 Edition, R-evised and Enlarged .... Royal 32mo, 3s. 6d. 
 
 *~ l ~ l *" * " * 
 
 THE PRESCRIBER'S PHARMACOPCEIA : The Medicines 
 arranged in Classes according to their Action, with their Composition 
 and Doses. By A PRACTISING PHYSICIAN. Fifth Edition. 
 
 [Fcap i6mo, cloth, 2s. 6d.; roan, with flap and elastic band, 33. 6d 
 
 Jonathan Pereira 
 
 SELECTA E PR^SCRIPTIS : Containing Lists of the Terms, 
 Phrases, Contractions, and Abbreviations used in Prescriptions, with Ex- 
 planatory Notes ; the Grammatical Construction of Prescriptions ; Rules 
 for the Pronunciation of Pharmaceutical Terms ; a Prosodiacal Vocabulary 
 of the Names of Drugs, &c. ; and a Series of Abbreviated Prescriptions 
 illustrating the use of the preceding terms. To which is added a Key, con- 
 taining the Prescriptions in an Unabbreviated Form, with a Literal Trans- 
 lation for the Use of Medical and Pharmaceutical Students. By JONATHAN 
 PEREIRA, M.D., F.R.S. Sixteenth Edition .... 32mo, 53. 
 
 Henry Beasley 
 
 THE POCKET FORMULARY AND SYNOPSIS 
 OF THE BRITISH AND FOREIGN PHARMACOPOEIAS : Compris- 
 ing Standard and approved Formulas for the Preparations and Compounds 
 employed in Medical Practice. By HENRY BEASLEY. Ninth Edition. 
 
 [iSmo, 6s. 
 By the same Author 
 
 THE DRUGGIST'S GENERAL RECEIPT-BOOK: 
 
 Comprising a Copious Veterinary Formulary and Table of Veterinary 
 Materia Medica ; Patent and Proprietary Medicines, Druggists' Nostrums, 
 c. ; Perfumery, Skin Cosmetics, Hair Cosmetics, and Teeth Cosmetics ; 
 Beverages, Dietetic Articles and Condiments; Trade Chemicals, Mis- 
 cellaneous Preparations and Compounds used in the Arts, &c. ; with useful 
 Memoranda and Tables. Seventh Edition .... i8mo, 6s. 
 
 Also 
 
 THE BOOK OF PRESCRIPTIONS : Containing 3,000 Pre- 
 scriptions collected from the Practice of the most eminent Physicians and 
 Surgeons, English and Foreign. Fourth Edition . .' . i8mo, 6s. 
 
 "Mr. Beasiey's 'Pocket Formulary,' reference admirably suited for the dispens- 
 ' Druggist's Receipt-Book,' and ' Book of ing desk." Chemist and Druggist. 
 Prescriptions' form a compact library of 
 
MESSRS CHURCHILL'S SCIENTIFIC WORKS 
 
 Alfred S. Taylor 
 
 POISONS IN RELATION TO MEDICAL JURIS- 
 PRUDENCE AND MEDICINE. By ALFRED S. TAYLOR, M.D., F.R.S., 
 Professor of Medical Jurisprudence to Guy's Hospital. Third Edition, with 
 104 Engravings Crown 8vo, i6s. 
 
 F. H. Lescher 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION to the ELEMENTS of PHARMACY. 
 By F. HARWOOD LESCHER. Fifth Edition . ' . 8vo. In the Press. 
 Sec. I. MATERIA MEDICA ; II. BOTANY ; III. CHEMISTRY ; IV. PHARMACY j 
 V. PRESCRIPTIONS ; VI. PRACTICAL DISPENSING. 
 
 , S. Proctor 
 
 LECTURES ON PRACTICAL PHARMACY. 
 By BARNARD S. PROCTOR, Lecturer on Pharmacy at the College of Medi- 
 cine, Newcastle-on-Tyne. With 43 Engravings : ?r ' ; j- 1 ' 8vo, 125. 
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 Drying Comminution Solution Crystallisation Precipitation Diffusion in Liquids, 
 Dialysis, Osmosis, &c. Evaporation, Boiling, Fusion, and Calcination Distillation and 
 Sublimation Filtration and Percolation Official Pharmacy Official Liquors or Solu- 
 tionsOfficial Infusions and Decoctions Extracts Spirits, Tinctares, Wines, Vinegars, 
 Liniments Official Products of Distillation and Sublimation Official Products of Fusion 
 Official Saline Preparations, &c., Crystallised, Precipitated; Scaled, or Granulated 
 Complex Processes Dispensing Reading Autograph Prescriptions Pills Powders, 
 Ointments, Plasters, Suppositories, &c. Qualitative Tests of the Pharmacopoeia Quan- 
 titative Testing of the Pharmacopoeia Pharmacy of Special Drugs. 
 
 " A good specimen of a treatise on Chemistry as applied to a special art." Chemical 
 News. 
 
 William Stoive 
 
 A TOXICOLOGICAL CHART, Exhibiting at one view the 
 Symptoms, Treatment, and Mode of Detecting the Various Poisons, 
 Mineral, Vegetable, and Animal. To which are added concise Directions 
 for the Treatment of Suspended Animation. By WILLIAM STOWE, 
 M.R.C.S.E. Thirteenth Edition .... Sheet, 2s. ; Roller, 55. 
 
 G. C. Wittstein 
 
 PRACTICAL PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY: An 
 Explanation of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Processes ; with the Methods 
 of Testing the Purity of the Preparations, deduced from Original Experi- 
 ments. By Dr. G. C. WITTSTEIN. Translated from the Second German 
 
 Edition by STEPHEN DARBY i8mo, 6s. 
 
 " It would be impossible too strongly to recommend this work to the beginner, for the 
 completeness of its explanations, by following which he will become well grounded 
 in practical chemistry." From the Introduction by Dr. Buchner. 
 
MESSRS CHURCHILL'S SCIENTIFIC WORKS xi 
 
 THE PHARMACEUTICAL JOURNAL AND TRANSAC- 
 TIONS. Published weekly Price 46. 
 
 THE YEAR-BOOK OF PHARMACY: Containing the 
 Proceedings at the Yearly Meeting of the British Pharmaceutical Con- 
 ference, and a Report on the Progress of Pharmacy, which includes notices 
 of all Pharmaceutical Papers, new Processes, Preparations, and Formulae 
 published throughout the world. Published annually. 
 
 [8vo, 1870, '71, '72, 73. 6d. each ; 1873, '74, los. each 
 
 R. V. Tuson 
 A PHARMACOPCEIA, INCLUDING THE OUTLINES OF 
 
 MATERIA MEDICA AND T-HERAPEUTICS, for the Use of Prac- 
 titioners and Students of Veterinary Medicine. By RICHARD V. TUSON, 
 F.C.S., Professor of Chemistry and Materia Medica at the Royal 
 Veterinary College. Second Edition . ; > . . . 75. 6d. 
 
 " Not only practitioners and students of 
 veterinary medicine, but chemists and 
 druggists will find that this book supplies a 
 
 wftnt in veterinary literature "-- 
 and Druggist. 
 
 Robert Bentley 
 
 A MANUAL OF BOTANY: Including the Structure, Func- 
 tions, Classifications, Properties, and uses of Plants. By ROBERT 
 BENTLEY, F.L.S., Professor of Botany, King's College, and to the Pharma- 
 ceutical Society. Third Edition, with 1,138 Engravings. Crown 8vo, 145* 
 "As the standard manual of botany its position is undisputed." Chemist and 
 Druggist. 
 
 Robert Bentley and Henry Triinen 
 
 MEDICINAL PLANTS : being Figures with accompanying 
 Botanical Descriptions, and an Account of the Properties and Uses of the 
 Principal Plants employed in Medicine. By ROBERT BENTLEY, F.L.S., 
 Professor of Botany in King's College, and to the Pharmaceutical Society ; 
 and HENRY TRIMEN, M.B., F.L.S., Lecturer on Botany in St. Mary's 
 Hospital Medical School. Part I., containing 8 Plates, large 8vo, 55. (on 
 October i). 
 
 %* A Prospectus and Specimen Plate will be sent on application. 
 
 F. Kohlrausch 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS, 
 With Appendices on Absolute Electrical Measurement, etc. By Dr. F. 
 KOHLRAUSCH. Translated from the Second German Edition by T. H. 
 WALLER, B.A., B. Sc, and H. R. PROCTER, F.CS. With Engravings. 
 
 [8vo, I2S. 
 
xii MESSRS CHURCHILL'S SCIENTIFIC WORKS 
 
 W. B. Carpenter 
 
 THE MICROSCOPE AND ITS REVELATIONS. By 
 
 W. B. CARPENTER, M.D,, F.R.S. Fifth Edition, with more than 500 
 Engravings Crown 8vo, 155. 
 
 *** The author has aimed to combine within a moderate compass that information in 
 regard to the use of his instrument and its appliances, which is most essential to the 
 working microscopist, with such an account of the objects best fitted for his study as may 
 qualify him to comprehend what he observes, and thus prepare him to benefit science, 
 whilst expanding and refreshing his own mind. 
 
 J. H. Martin 
 
 A MANUAL OF MICROSCOPIC MOUNTING; with Notes 
 on the Collection and Examination of Objects. By JOHN H. MARTIN, 
 author of " Microscopic Objects." With upwards of 100 Engravings. 
 
 [Svo, ys. 6d. 
 
 *** The aim of this work is to supply the student with a concise manual of the prin- 
 ciples of microscopic mounting, and to assist his progress in the manual dexterity, as far 
 as illustrations and words render it possible, necessary in their application. 
 
 THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPICAL 
 SCIENCE. (Established in 1852.) Edited by Dr. J. F. PAYNE, Assistant- 
 Physician at St. Thomas's Hospital ; E. RAY LANKESTER, Professor of 
 Zoology and Comparative Anatomy in University College, London ; and 
 W. T. THISELTON DYER, Professor of Botany to the Royal Horticultural 
 Society . . Annual Subscription, i6s. ; Single Numbers, 45. 
 
 %* The Memoirs are, when needful, illustrated by Lithographic Plates, many of whic 
 are Coloured. The Journal contains, in addition, Notes and Memoranda, Reviews of 
 Books, Quarterly Chronicle, and Proceedings of Societies. 
 
 J. Fayrer 
 
 THE THANATOPHIDIA OF INDIA; being a Description 
 of the Venomous Snakes of the Indian Peninsula. With an Account of 
 the Influence of their Poison on Life, and a Series of Experiments. By 
 J. FAYRER, M.D., C.S.I., Honorary Physician to the Queen; late President 
 of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Second Edition, with 31 Plates (28 
 Coloured) Folio, 7/. 75. 
 
 By the same Author 
 
 THE ROYAL TIGER OF BENGAL: His Life and Death. 
 With Map and Engravings Crown Svo, 55. 
 
MESSRS CHURCHILL'S SCIENTIFIC WORKS xiii 
 
 A. Chauveau and G. Fleming 
 
 CHAUVEAU'S COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF THE 
 
 DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. Translated from the Second French 
 Edition, and Edited by GEORGE FLEMING, F.R.G.S., Veterinary Surgeon, 
 Royal Engineers ; Author of " Travels on Horseback in Mantchu Tartary," 
 " Horse-shoes and Horse-shoeing," "Animal Plagues," etc. With 450 
 Engravings ..... 8vo, .1 us. 6d. 
 
 " Mr. Fleming has earned the gratitude of the whole of his profession by presenting to 
 the veterinary surgeon and student, in an English dress, one of the best and most com- 
 prehensive of Continental text -books, enriched with additions which prove him to have 
 been a conscientious student of the best writers on the Comparative Anatomy of the 
 Mammdia. . . We have nothing but praise to bestow on the manner in which 
 Mr. Fleming has performed his *WQ\k"Medico-ChirurgicalRevieiv. 
 
 T. H. Huxley 
 
 A MANUAL OF THE ANATOMY OF VERTEBRATED 
 ANIMALS. By Prof. HUXLEY, LL.D., F.R.S. With numerous 'Engrav- 
 ings . . . . .- [Fcap 8vo, I2s. 
 
 By the same Author 
 
 INTRODUCTION to the CLASSIFICATION of ANIMALS. 
 With Engravings . . . "'*' . . . . vo, 6s. 
 
 S. Messenger Bradley 
 
 MANUAL OF COMPARATIVE ANATOMY AND 
 PHYSIOLOGY. By S. MESSENGER BRADLEY, F.R.C.S., Senior Assistant 
 Surgeon to the Manchester Royal Infirmary. Third Edition, with 61 
 Engravings Post 8vo, 6s. 6d. 
 
 W. M. Ord 
 
 NOTES ON COMPARATIVE ANATOMY: a Syllabus of 
 a Course of Lectures delivered at St. Thomas's Hospital. By WILLIAM 
 MILLER ORD, M.B. Lond., M.R.C.P., Assistant-Physician to the Hospital, 
 and Lecturer in its Medical School Crown 8vo, 55. 
 
 "Compact, lucid, and well arranged. I " We have gone through it carefully, and 
 
 These Notes will, if well used, be valuable | we are thoroughly satisfied with the manner 
 to learners, perhaps still more so to in which the author has discharged his task." 
 
 teachers." Nature. \ Pop. Science Review. 
 
 W. Whalley 
 
 THE HUMAN EYE, WITH REMARKS ON THE EYES 
 
 OF INFERIOR ANIMALS : A Popular Description. By W. WHALLEY, 
 M.R.C.S. With 40 Engravings . . . Fcap 8 vo, 35. 
 
xiv MESSRS CHURCHILL'S SCIENTIFIC WORKS 
 
 John Shea 
 
 A MANUAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY. With Appendix 
 of Examination Questions. By JOHN SHEA, M.D., B.A. Lond. With 
 numerous Engravings . . . . . . . Fcap 8vo, 55. 6d. 
 
 VESTIGES of the NATURAL HISTORY OF CREATION. 
 With 100 Engravings. Eleventh Edition . ' . Post 8vo, 75. 6d. 
 
 J. Reay Greene 
 
 TABLES OF ZOOLOGY: indicating the Tribes, Sub-Orders, 
 
 Orders, and Higher Groups of the Animal Kingdom, for Students, 
 
 Lecturers, and others. By J. REAY GREENE, M.D., Professor of Natural 
 
 History in the Queen's University in Ireland. Three large sheets, 53. 
 
 the set; or, mounted on canvas, with roller and varnished . . 125. 6d. 
 
 %* These Tables have been carefully prepared in accordance with the present state of 
 
 science, and with a view to remove the difficulties which arise from the various opinions 
 
 held by different zoologists. 
 
 o 
 
 Andrew Wilson 
 
 THE STUDENT'S GUIDE TO ZOOLOGY: 
 
 
 
 A Manual of the Principles of Zoological Science. By ANDREW WILSON, 
 Author of ' ; Elements of Zoology," and Lecturer on Zoology, Edinburgh. 
 With Engravings . : : '.;.''X.' -";'' '-. . Fcap 8vo, 6s. 
 
 " It is alike lucid and well arranged." Med. Times and Gaz. 
 
 " Really a good book, well and clearly written." Edin. Med. Jour. 
 
 " A trustworthy guide." Lancet. 
 
 "The illustrations are clear, and the whole work is elegant and compact." Med. 
 Chir. Rev. 
 
 R. Dunglison 
 
 MEDICAL LEXICON: A DICTIONARY OF MEDICAL 
 SCIENCE. Containing a Concise Explanation of the various Subjects 
 and Terms of Anatomy, Physiology, Pathology, Hygiene, Therapeutics, 
 Pharmacology, Pharmacy, Surgery, Obstetrics, Medical Jurisprudence, and 
 Dentistry, Notices of Climate and of Mineral Waters, Formulas for Officinal, 
 Empirical, and Dietetic Preparations ; with the Accentuation and Etymo- 
 logy of the Terms, and the French and other Synonyms. By ROBLEY 
 DUNGLISON, M.D. New Edition, by RICHARD J. DUNGLISON, M.D. 
 
 [Royal 8vo (1,130 pp.), 285. 
 
 %* The object of the author from the outset has been to make the work an epitome 
 of the existing condition of medical science. Starting with this view, the great demand 
 which has existed for the work has enabled him, in repeated revisions, to augment its 
 completeness and usefulness, until at length it has attained the position of a recognised 
 and standard authority. 
 
MESSRS CHURCHILL'S SCIENTIFIC WORKS 
 
 xv 
 
 R. G. Mayne and J. Mayne 
 
 MEDICAL VOCABULARY : being an Explanation of all 
 Names and Phrases used in the various departments of Medical Science 
 and Practice, giving their Derivation, Meaning, Application, and Pro- 
 nunciation. Fourth Edition . . . Fcap 8vo, los. 
 
 " We have referred to this work hundreds 
 of times, and have always obtained the in- 
 Chemical, 
 
 formation we required . 
 
 Botanical, and Pharmaceutical Terms are 
 to be found on almost every page." 
 Chemist and Druggist, 
 
 G f Dawson 
 
 A MANUAL OF PHOTOGRAPHY. By GEORGE 
 
 DAWSON, M.A., Ph.D., Lecturer on Photography in King's College, London. 
 
 Eighth Edition, with Engravings 
 " The new edition of this excellent 
 manual, which is founded on and incorpo- 
 rates as much of Hardwich's ' Photographic 
 Chemistry ' as is valuable in the present 
 further advanced stage of the art, retains 
 its position as the best work on the subject 
 for amateurs, as well as professionals. The 
 
 Fcap 8vo, 55. 6d. 
 
 many new methods and materials which 
 are so frequently being introduced, make it 
 essential that any book professing to keep 
 up to the times must be frequently revised, 
 and Dr. Dawson has in this work presented 
 the subject in its most advanced position." 
 Nature^ May 29, 1873. 
 
 Lake Price 
 A MANUAL OF PHOTOGRAPHIC MANIPULATION. 
 
 By LAKE PRICE. Second Edition, with numerous Engravings. 
 
 [Crown 8vo, 6s. 6d. 
 
 %* Amongst the Contents are the , Practical Treatment of Portraits Groups in the 
 Studio Landscapes Groups in Open Air Instantaneous Pictures Animals Architec- 
 ture Marine Subjects Still Life Copying of Pictures, Prints, Drawings, Manuscripts, 
 Interiors Stereoscopy in Microphotography, &c., and Notices of the last Inventions 
 and Improvements in Lenses, Apparatus, &c. 
 
 " In these days, when nearly every intel- 
 ligent person can, after a few weeks, master 
 the manipulatory details of our art-science, 
 attention to the artistic treatment of sub- 
 jects is a matter for the serious considera- 
 tion of the Photographer ; and to those who 
 
 desire to enter on this path, Mr. LAKE 
 PRICE, in the volume before us, proves 
 himself to ba 'a guide, philosopher, and 
 friend.' " The British Journal of Photo- 
 graphy. 
 
 C. Brooke 
 
 THE ELEMENTS OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. By 
 CHARLES BROOKE, M.B., M.A., F.R.S. Based on the Work of the late 
 Dr. GOLDING BIRD. Sixth Edition, with 700 Engravings. 
 
 - o [Fcap. 8vo. I2s. 6d. 
 
 G. F. Rodwell 
 NOTES ON NATURAL PHILOSOPHY: 
 
 Lectures delivered at Guy's Hospital, by G. F. ROD WELL, F.R.A.S., 
 Science Master in Marlborough College. With 48 Engravings. 
 
 [Fcap 8vo, 55. 
 
 " As an introductory text-book for this 
 Examination [the Preliminary Scientific 
 (M.B.) of the University of London], it is 
 quite the best one we have seen . . The 
 
 ' Notes ' chiefly consist of lucid and con- 
 cise definitions, and everywhere bristle with 
 
 of scientific terms." 
 
 the derivations 
 Nature.. 
 
 "A well-arranged and carefully- written 
 condensation of the leading facts and prin- 
 ciples of the chief elements of Natural 
 Philosophy. " Chemical News. 
 
xvi MESSRS CHURCHILL'S SCIENTIFIC WORKS 
 
 THE following CATALOGUES issued by Messrs CHURCHILL 
 will be forwarded post free on application : 
 
 1. Messrs Churchill's General List of nearly 600 works on 
 
 Medicine, Surgery, Midwifery, Materia Medica, Hygiene, 
 Anatomy, Physiology, Chemistry, &c., &c., r t,vitJi a complete 
 Index to their Titles for easy reference. N.B. This List 
 includes Nos. 2 and 3. 
 
 2. Selection from Messrs Churchiirs General List, comprising 
 
 all recent works published by them on the Art and Science 
 of Medicine. 
 
 3. A Selected and Descriptive Li,st of Messrs Churcl nil's works 
 
 on Chemistry, Materia Medica, Pharmacy, Botany, Photo- 
 graphy, The Microscope, and other branches of Science. 
 
 4. Messrs Churchiirs Red-Let ter List, giving the Titles of 
 
 forthcoming New Works and New Editions. 
 
 [Published every October.] 
 
 5. The Medical Intelligencer, an Annual List of New Works 
 
 and Nezv Editions published by Messrs J. & A . Churchill, 
 together with Particulars of the Periodicals issued from 
 their House. 
 
 [Sent at the commencement of each year to every Medical Practitioner in 
 the United Kingdom whose name and address can be ascertained. A 
 large number are also forwarded to the United States of America, 
 Continental Europe, India, and the Colonies.] 
 
 MESSRS CHURCHILL have a special arrangement with MESSRS 
 LINDSAY & BLAKISTON, OF PHILADELPHIA, in accordance with 
 which that Firm acts as their Agents for the United States of America, 
 either keeping in Stock most of Messrs CHURCHILL'S Books, or reprinting 
 them on Terms advantageous to Authors. Many of the Works in this 
 Catalogue may therefore be easily obtained in America. 
 
 M 'Cowan &> Co., Printers, Great Windmill Street, Havmarket. ii 
 

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