LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 v 
 
 Claxs 
 
HISTORIC HIGHWAYS OF AMERICA 
 
 VOLUME 16 
 
HISTORIC HIGHWAYS OF AMERICA 
 
 VOLUME 16 
 
 INDEX 
 
 BY 
 
 ARCHER BUTLER HULBERT 
 
 THE ARTHUR H. CLARK COMPANY 
 
 CLEVELAND, OHIO 
 
 1905 
 
,,;,,, 
 
 COPYRIGHT, 1905 
 BY 
 
 THE ARTHUR H. CLARK COMPANY 
 
 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 
 
PREFACE 
 
 THE fact that the words trace, trail, 
 and road are often used interchange 
 ably has made it necessary in this 
 index to classify them as follows : all 
 buffalo routes are given here as traces, 
 Indian routes as trails, and white men s 
 routes as roads. To know the history of a 
 given road, therefore, it may be necessary 
 to look for it under both its modern and 
 its ancient name. 
 
 Of the extraordinary number of taverns 
 on American pioneer roads a large portion 
 went under the name of the landlord, as, 
 Sampey s Tavern. In the following index 
 these are all given under the landlord s 
 name in the possessive case, as, Sampey s. 
 Unimportant as many of these references 
 are, they are genealogically of moment and 
 must be preserved. 
 
 A. B. H. 
 MARIETTA, OHIO, January 26, 1905. 
 
 \ 32697 
 
Index 
 
INDEX 
 
 ABEL, Robert, subscribes toward improvement 
 of Wilderness Road, 6, 198. 
 Abel s (tavern) 12, 119. 
 
 Abercrombie, General : menaces Ticonderoga, 5, 73 ; 
 Forbes s letter to, 108-109; Forbes fails to hear 
 from, 156. 
 
 Abert, Lieut. Col. J. J., surveys Potomac Valley for 
 Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 13, 78. 
 
 Aboriginal Occupation of the Lower Genesee Coun 
 try, Harris, cited, 2, 85. 
 
 Acheson, T. C., stagecoach proprietor, 10, 136. 
 
 Adair, Major, attacked on St. Clair s road, 8, 183. 
 
 Adams, President J. Q. : lost in woods between 
 Baltimore and Washington, n, 69; toast at 
 Chesapeake and Ohio Canal banquet (1823) 13, 
 73 ; lifts first spadeful of earth in Chesapeake and 
 Ohio Canal, 104; oration, 105. 
 
 Adams s, William, 6, 108. 
 
 Adams s, 10, 160. 
 
 "Aeolus," Benjamin H. Latrobe describes sail-car, 
 13, 127. 
 
10 INDEX / Akron 
 
 Akron (Ohio), strategic location of, i, 67. 
 
 Albach, Annals of the West, cited, 8, 156-158. 
 
 Albany and Oswego, map of route between, 12, 97. 
 
 Alexandria (Virginia) : Braddock s army at, 4, 59; 
 route of Braddock s army from, 76-77; early 
 mention of, 12, 66. 
 
 Allaquapy s Gap, 5, 20. 
 
 Allegheny Portage Railway, see Railway. 
 
 Allen, James Lane: The Blue Grass Region of Ken 
 tucky, cited, i, 127; 6, 16; describes character of 
 early Kentucky immigration, 6, 176-178. 
 
 Allen, Jason, letter of Samuel Allen to, quoted, 12, 
 
 64-77- 
 
 Allen, John P., 12, 70. 
 Allen, Samuel: letter to Jason Allen describing 
 
 trip to Ohio valley (1796) 12, 64-77; loses child 
 
 while immigrating, 67-70. 
 Alliquippa, Queen, 9, 38. 
 
 American Annual Register, quoted on roads, n, 68. 
 American Antiquarian, cited, I, 90. 
 American Bottom, Dickens describes, 12, 188-196. 
 "American Eagle," 10, 155. 
 American Historical Review, cited, 9, 58. 
 American House, 10, 159, 163. 
 American Pioneer: cited, 6, 182 ; 9, 1 18-125 ; quoted, 
 
 9, 109-110, 125-127; 12, 88-94- 
 
Arnold INDEX 11 
 
 Amherst, Lord: attacks Louisbourg, 5, 73; under 
 estimates Indians, 170; sends Bouquet troops, 
 176; Bouquet writes from Bushy Run battlefield 
 to, 1 80. 
 
 Amphitheatre, Lafayette, Erie Canal inaugural ball 
 in, 14, 149-150. 
 
 Anderson s, 6, 108. 
 
 Andrew s, 12, 129. 
 
 Annual Report of Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army, 
 1902, quoted, 9, 206. 
 
 Archaeological remains : on watersheds, i, 69 et seq. ; 
 highland location of, 80, 81, 82; located near 
 present-day roads, 83-85. 
 
 Archy s Spring, Washington at, 12, 23. 
 
 "Arks," species of river-boat, 9, 127. 
 
 Armstrong, Capt. John : Journal of Harmar s march 
 and defeat, quoted, 8, 89, et seq.] in Harmar s 
 defeat, 103-104. 
 
 Armstrong, Col. John: defender of the Pennsyl 
 vania frontier, 5, 55; conducts Kittanning cam 
 paign, 60-6 1 ; advises General Forbes, 94-95; let 
 ter to Bouquet referred to Forbes, 109; favors 
 new road, 114; letter to Richard Peters, cited, 
 150. 
 
 Arnold, Benedict, Prof. Smith describes Quebec 
 campaign of, 7, 115-118. 
 
12 INDEX Arrowsmith 
 
 Arrowsmith s Map of the United States, (part of) 
 
 8, 117. 
 Athanasius, Indians at Braddock s defeat led by, 4, 
 
 123. 
 Atkinson, A. T., describes Braddock s route, 4, 175- 
 
 190. 
 
 Atkin s Ordinary, 6, 124. 
 Attique, location of, 9, 37. 
 Atwater, Caleb: Transactions of the American 
 
 Antiquarian Society, I, 92; on failure of sons of 
 
 rich eastern families in the West, 6, 36; Tour, 
 
 cited, 10, 84. 
 
 Aubrey, Grant defeated by (1758), 5, 178. 
 Audubon, describes Ohio flatboating, 9, 113-118. 
 Ayres Point, see Elkhorn Prairie. 
 
 BACKWOODS, British officer s description of 
 life in Virginia, 4, 137-164. 
 Bailey and Mclnnes, Geological Report of 
 1888, quoted, 7, 104. 
 Bailey, St. John River, cited, 7, 105. 
 Baily, Francis: A Journal of a Tour in Unsettled 
 Parts of North America, quoted, u, 106-150; 
 
Bangar INDEX 13 
 
 prophesies (1796) that Georgetown will be ab 
 sorbed by Washington, u, 117; recounts inci 
 dents of trip from Washington to Pittsburg, 1 1 8- 
 143; on independence of American character, 
 123; travels from Columbia, Ohio, northward, 
 144-150. 
 
 Bainbridge (Illinois), Clark s camp near, 8, 28. 
 
 Baker, George A., The St. Joseph-Kankakee 
 Portage, quoted, 7, 176-180. 
 
 Baker, William, 6, 199. 
 
 Baldwin, Early Maps of Ohio and the West, cited, 
 
 2, 99- 
 
 Ball, Thomas, 6, 201. 
 
 Ballard, Mrs. A. J., possesses Lieut. William Clark s 
 Journal, 8, 205. 
 
 Ballston (New York) : inns full at, 12, 118; min 
 eral waters at, 118. 
 
 Baltimore: Potomac Canal Company bill objected 
 to by citizens of, 13, 69-70 ; canal connection with 
 West desired by citizens of, 70-72; disappointed 
 at estimated cost of Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 
 87-89; threatened by loss of western trade, 89-91 ; 
 rivals criticise, 91-93 ; promotes Baltimore and 
 Ohio Railway, 95-98; foundation stone of Balti 
 more and Ohio Railway laid at, 106-110. 
 
 Bangar, Goldsbrow, 14, 26. 
 
14 INDEX Barber 
 
 Barber, Daniel, 6, 202. 
 
 Barber, Thos., 6, 202. 
 
 Barbourville (Kentucky), 6, 63. 
 
 Bargemen, western, described, 9, 161-163. 
 
 Baringer s, Widow, 4, 76, 87. 
 
 Barker, James, 12, 145. 
 
 Barnes s, 10, 156. 
 
 Barney, Lieut. Joshua, locates Baltimore and Ohio 
 
 Railway line, 13, 109, no. 
 Barringer, President, on influence of good roads on 
 
 land values, 15, 44-45. 
 Batavia (New York) in 1805, 12, 138-141. 
 Batavia Woods (New York), bad reputation of, 12, 
 
 141. 
 
 Bay, Major, in Harmar s campaign, 8, 87. 
 Bayard, William, 14, 60, 178. 
 Bayle s, 10, 164. 
 
 Bay Path, see Old Connecticut Trail. 
 Bay Path, by J. G. Holland, cited, 2, 75. 
 Beach, E. S., in Erie Canal celebration, 14, 142. 
 Beach, R., in Erie Canal celebration, 14, 142. 
 Beale s, 12, 117. 
 Bean, Dr., accompanies Francis Baily in Ohio, n, 
 
 H5- 
 
 Bean s, Letty, n, 142. 
 Beaujeu, M. de: plans to delay Braddock, 4, 121; 
 
 in Braddock s Defeat, 122-126. 
 
Benton INDEX 15 
 
 Beard, Adam, Dr. Walker annoyed by, 6, 56. 
 Season, Jonas, opens books for subscriptions to old 
 
 Northwestern Turnpike, 12, 31. 
 Beatty, Cornelius, subscribes to fund for repairing 
 
 Wilderness Road, 6, 200. 
 Beausejour, Winslow captures, 5, 68. 
 Beaver, early military expeditions favored by dams 
 
 of the, 7, 171. 
 Beck s, 10, 1 60. 
 Bedinger, George M., 6, 200. 
 Bedinger, Major, in St. Glair s defeat, 8, 147. 
 Belknap, History of New Hampshire, quoted, 7, 
 
 119-121. 
 Belknap, Dr., Map of Wayne s route in the 
 
 Maumee Valley, 8, 197. 
 Belleville (Illinois), Charles Dickens at, 12, 189- 
 
 190. 
 Bellin, Par tie Occident ale de la Nouvelle France, 
 
 cited, 7, 50. 
 
 Bellville (West Virginia) : formerly Flinn s Sta 
 tion, 12, 64; description of (1796), 75-?6. 
 Benjamin, Dr. Marcus, on "Key of Keys," 4, 78. 
 Bent, Mr., at Marietta (Ohio), 12, 44. 
 Benton, Caleb, 12, 148, 150. 
 Benton, Elbert Jay, The Wabash Trade Route, 
 
 cited, 7, 164. 
 Benton, Stephen, 12, 148, 150. 
 
16 INDEX Benton 
 
 Benton, Thomas, on Buffalo routes, I, 79. 
 Bernard, Gen. Simon : outlines route for Chesapeake 
 
 and Ohio Canal, 13, 78 ; estimates cost of, 78-87 ; 
 
 estimate proved correct, 161. 
 Big Bottom Massacre: site of, 2, 116; 8, 109; effect 
 
 of, no-iii. 
 Bigelow, Timothy, Journal of a Tour to Niagara 
 
 Falls in the year 1805, quoted, 12, 117-142. 
 "Big Rock," 2, 63. 
 Billings, John S., 14, 12. 
 Bingham, the bookseller, 12, 118. 
 Bird s Road, in Kentucky, 6, 180-181. 
 Birkbeck, Morris: describes Old Glade Road, 5, 
 
 2OO-2O2 ; Letters from Illinois, quoted, 2OI-2O2. 
 "Black Bear," 10, 161. 
 "Black Commission," in modern Erie Canal, 14, 
 
 197. 
 
 Blackburn, Colonel, appointed on committee con 
 cerning Potomac improvement, 13, 50. 
 Blacksburg (Virginia), 6, 58. 
 Black s, Mr., at foot of Blue Ridge, 6, 108. 
 Black s, 10, 159. 
 
 Blair s Gap, Allegheny Portage Railway in, 13, 191. 
 Blanchard, Col. Joseph, raises New Hampshire 
 
 Militia, 7, 119. 
 Blane, Alexander, subscribes toward Wilderness 
 
 Road improvement, 6, 199. 
 
Boone INDEX 17 
 
 Blane, John, 6, 199. 
 
 Bledsoe s, Captain, 6, IO2. 
 
 Blesser s, 12, 62. -. 
 
 Bloody Island, St. Louis s duelling ground, 12, 196. 
 
 Bloomfield (New York) in 1805, 12, 136. 
 
 Blue Licks, Battle of, 6, 129, 174. 
 
 Blue Point (Illinois), Vincennes Trace passes near, 
 8, 50. 
 
 Blue Ridge, Walker crosses, 6, 58. 
 
 Bollman, Eric, letter describing western trip in 
 1796, 12, 77-88. 
 
 Bollman, H. L., 12, 77. 
 
 Bollman, Lewis, 12, 77. 
 
 Bond, Mr., on Roosevelt Erie Canal committee, 14, 
 198. 
 
 Bonnecamps, Father: compares French and Amer 
 ican forests, 7, 62 ; Journal, cited, 9, 22 ; map 
 of Ohio River (1749), 24. 
 
 Boone, Daniel: Autobiography, cited, I, 113 ; on 
 buffalo roads, 113 ; opened road on Indian trail, 2, 
 15; Kentucky described by, 6, 32-33; at Fort 
 Watauga treaty, 42-43 ; explores Kentucky, 79, 
 83, 88 ; negotiates Watauga Treaty, 92-93 ; letter 
 to Henderson, 143; vital importance of Hender 
 son s settlement described by, 143; letter to Gov 
 ernor Isaac Shelby asking for contract to improve 
 Wilderness Road, 203-204. 
 
18 INDEX Boonesborough 
 
 Boonesborough (Kentucky): plat of, 6, 97; early 
 days of, 115-117. 
 
 Boone s-town (Pennsylvania), Francis Baily at, n, 
 125-126. 
 
 Boscowen, Admiral, at Louisbourg, 5, 73. 
 
 Boston Ordinary, 4, 194. 
 
 Bostwick, David, granted stage monopoly, 12, 150. 
 
 Bosworth, Squire, 12, 31. 
 
 Bouchette, Topographical Dictionary, cited, 7, 109. 
 
 Bouck, Erie Canal commissioner, 14, 149; nomi 
 nated for governor, 172, 174, 175- 
 
 Bounty Land, Dinwiddie s proclamation of 1754 
 concerning, 3, 126. 
 
 Bouquet, Col. Henry: Journal, cited, 2, 107; road 
 described, 125; Bouquet Papers, cited, 4, 1935 
 5, 77; commands Royal Americans, 5, 74; Forbes 
 hurries, to the frontier, 77 ; letter to Forbes, May 
 20, 77 ; outlines route to Raystown, 78 ; letter to 
 Forbes, June 28, 79; arrives at Raystown, 79; 
 arrives at Carlisle, May 24, 85 ; letter from St. 
 Clair suggesting change of route received by, 84; 
 letter to Forbes, concerning Washington s regi 
 ment, 85; orders Washington to Fort Cumber 
 land, 85; all routes examined by, 89; Forbes 
 commends his carefulness in deciding on routes, 
 89-90; letter to Forbes, July 21, on road question, 
 
Braddock INDEX 19 
 
 96-100; Forbes refers decision of road question to, 
 108; letter to Forbes (July 26) reporting favor 
 ably on Pennsylvania road, 109-111; Fort Pitt 
 relieved by, 176-182; Amherst gives limited assist 
 ance to, 176; delicate position of, 176-177; Fort 
 Ligonier named by, 178; Battle of Bushy Run 
 won by, 178-182; letter to Amherst, from Bushy 
 Run battlefield, 180. 
 
 Bouquet s Redoubt at Fort Pitt, view of, 5, 184. 
 Bowie, R. W., Chesapeake and Ohio Canal central 
 
 committeeman, 13, 74- 
 
 Bowman, Capt. John: Journal, quoted, 8, 44; early 
 publications, 44; campaign (i779)> up Little 
 Miami, 75; commands a company in Clark s 
 force, 222. 
 Boyd s, 6, 121. 
 
 Boye, Herman, Map of Virginia, cited, 12, 44. 
 Boyer, Lieutenant, Journal of Wayne s Campaign, 
 
 cited, 8, 205, et seq. 
 Boyle s, 12, 49, 80. 
 
 Braddock, Gen. Edward: character of, 4, 36-38; 
 code of honor of, 375 creditable services, 37 38; 
 Walpole on, 37-38 ; adored at Gibraltar, 38 ; Duke 
 of Cumberland s instructions to, 38-42* 4 2 ~5i; 
 ordered by Cumberland to Virginia, 43 ; expected 
 to besiege Niagara, 47; outline of proposed cam- 
 
20 INDEX Braddock 
 
 Braddock (continued) 
 
 paign of, 42-5 1 ; impracticability of orders given 
 to, 51-58; prophesies his own death, 53; depend 
 ent on Sir John St. Clair, 54; Virginia s lack of 
 wagons and horses handicaps, 55 ; campaign should 
 have been made through Pennsylvania, 55-57; 
 the victim of treachery, 57; low character of 
 troops under, 58-59; army reaches Alexandria, 59; 
 indifference of colonies to, 61-75 ; colonial assem 
 blies refuse money for, 64-65 ; manuscript letters, 
 preservation of, 65 ; colonial troops criticised by, 
 67; praised by, 211; dependence on Benjamin 
 Franklin, 68; failure of colonies to provide In 
 dians for, 73; letters to British Ministry, 67-75; 
 orderly books, quoted, 76; itinerary of troops 
 from Alexandria to Fort Cumberland, 76-77 ; 
 horse races in camp to amuse, 90; addresses In 
 dians at Fort Cumberland, 92-93 ; beef for troops 
 under, condemned, 93; chaplains in army under, 
 94 ; officers receive eleven wagon loads of presents, 
 96; wagons arrive at Fort Cumberland, 96; size 
 of army (May 24, 1755), 97; seaman s account 
 of defeat of, 101-107; leaves Fort Cumberland, 
 108; progress toward Fort Duquesne, 108-109; 
 Franklin s prediction concerning defeat of, 109; 
 Washington describes march of, no, 114-115; de- 
 
Braddock INDEX 21 
 
 cides to divide his army, 1 1 1 ; advances from Little 
 Crossings with flying column, 1 1 1 ; Indians not 
 supplied to, 112-114; arrives at the Youghiogheny 
 River, 115; arrives at Turtle Creek, 117; scrip 
 ture cited to justify victory of, 118; subscriptions 
 started to celebrate victory of, 119; ballad cele 
 brating expected victory of, 119; arrives at Mo- 
 nongahela River, 120; plan of Beaujeu to delay, 
 121 ; Beaujeu chooses spot for entrapping Brad- 
 dock, 123; caution of, 124; defeat of, 124-131; 
 topography explains the defeat of, 126-128; mor 
 tality at defeat of, 130; wounded, 130; retreats, 
 131; last hours of, 133; location of graves of, 
 133-134; view of, frontispiece; effect of the defeat 
 of, 135; mutinous condition of troops under, 145- 
 146; diet of troops under, 149-152; rumored re 
 treat of, 156-157; Indians of, defeated by French 
 Indians, 163; British officer describes defeat of, 
 165 ; route of army between Alexandria and Cum 
 berland, 179-182; friends chosen by, in America, 
 211 ; Washington searches for grave of, 211 ; wil 
 low slip from St. Helena planted beside grave of, 
 212; Pontiac present at defeat of, 5, 171. 
 Braddock, Fanny, death of, 4, 37- 
 Braddock Fields, topography of, 4, 125. 
 Braddock Run House, 10, 160. 
 
22 INDEX Bradley 
 
 Bradley, Map of the United States, cited, 12, 25. 
 
 Bradshaw s, 10, 161. 
 
 Brant, Joseph: at St. Glair s defeat, 8, 163; inter 
 views United States commissioners, 188; disagrees 
 with western Indians, 189. 
 
 Brashear s, 10, 160. 
 
 Breckinridge, Robert, 6, 197. 
 
 Bremen Station (Illinois), see Welge Station. 
 
 Brent, Charles, 12, 30. 
 
 Bridge at "Big Crossings" (Pennsylvania), view of, 
 10, frontispiece. 
 
 Bridges, made of poles, 12, 137. 
 
 Brien s, 12, 49. 
 
 Briggs, engineer of Erie Canal, 14, 149. 
 
 Briley s Mill, 6, 110. 
 
 Brissot, Jean Pierre, New Travels in the United 
 States y quoted, II, 109. 
 
 British: conflict of Spaniards with, in Mississippi 
 Valley, 6, 170; responsible for Indian War, 8, 
 76-77. 
 
 British Newspaper Accounts of Braddock s Defeat, 
 cited, 4, 126. 
 
 Brock s Bridge, 4, 194. 
 
 Brokaw, Obadiah, farm, site of Big Bottom Massa 
 cre, 2, 1 1 6. 
 
 Brokenstraw Creek, 9, 29. 
 
Buffalo INDEX 23 
 
 Bromeling s, 12, 118. 
 
 Bromley, Captain, interment of, 4, 94. 
 
 Brown, History of the First Locomotives in Amer 
 ica, cited, 13, 129, 130. 
 
 Brown, Alexander, Baltimore and Ohio Railway 
 director, 13, no. 
 
 Brown, Col. John Mason, 6, 197. 
 
 Brown, George : promotes Baltimore and Ohio Rail 
 way, 13, 95-98; treasurer of Baltimore and Ohio 
 Railway, no. 
 
 Brown, James, 6, 197. 
 
 Brown, John, 6, 197. 
 
 Brown, Thomas, 12, 31. 
 
 Brown, William: itinerary on Braddock s Road, 4, 
 194-196; itinerary on Wilderness Road, 6, 123- 
 130. 
 
 Brown, William H., letter of Peter Cooper to, 13, 
 129. 
 
 Buchanan, Judge, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal in 
 junction granted by, 13, 101. 
 
 "Buck s," 10, 155. 
 
 Buckeye Hotel, 10, 163. 
 
 Buell, Journal, cited, i, 114. 
 
 Buffalo: bones not found in mounds, I, 102; range 
 of, 103; habits of, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108; 
 History of American Bison, 128; migrations of. 
 
24 INDEX Buffalo 
 
 Buffalo (continued) 
 
 129, 130; killed by George Rogers Clark s troops 
 
 in Illinois, 8, 50; white men follow traces of, 12, 
 
 28 ; see Trace. 
 
 Buffalo Gap (Illinois), 8, 23, 27. 
 Buffalo (New York) : Erie Canal celebration at, 14, 
 
 138-140; ceremony of wedding the Atlantic to 
 
 Great Lakes at, 150. 
 Buford, Abe, 6, 199. 
 Bulger, Maj. Edward, 6, 129. 
 Bullitt, Alexander S., 6, 197. 
 Bullock, Leonard Henley, 6, 91. 
 Bullock Pens, on Forbes s Road, 5, 186. 
 Bullstown (West Virginia), Washington mentions 
 
 portage at, 13, 41. 
 Bunker Hill, Clark s men advance on Vincennes by 
 
 way of, 8, 60. 
 Buntin, Capt. Robert, letter to St. Clair, on aspect 
 
 of Wabash battle-ground, 8, 157. 
 Burd, see Byrd. 
 Burdett, Frederick, 12, 31. 
 
 Burdine, Pete, famous stagecoach driver, 10, 133. 
 Bureau of Ethnology, Reports of: i, 38 et seq.\ 
 
 2,65. 
 
 Burnay, David, 6, 133. 
 Burnet, Notes, cited, 9, 132. 
 
Butler INDEX 25 
 
 Burt, Major, in Erie Canal celebration, 14, 139. 
 
 Burton, Lieutenant Colonel: advance of, from Lit 
 tle Crossings, 4, .in; in Braddock s defeat, 126, 
 127. 
 
 Bury, Exodus of the Western Nations, cited, 5, 38. 
 
 Bush, Philip, Jr., 6, 202. 
 
 Bushy Run, battle of, 5, 178-182. 
 
 Butcher, Eli, 12, 31. 
 
 Buteux, Father, journey on Canadian trails, 2, 
 35-43- 
 
 Butler County (Ohio) : archaeological remains in, 
 i, 54; Atlas of, 8, 195. 
 
 Butler, Gen. Richard: locates Fort Finney, I, 59; 
 Journal, quoted, 121-127; Washington writes 
 to, on internal improvements, 3, 198; appointed 
 second in command United States Army, 8, 119; 
 raises recruits, 120; reaches Pittsburg, 121; suc 
 cess of, 122; ordered to Fort Washington per 
 emptorily, 123; rebuked by Washington, 123-124; 
 orders not obeyed, 124; testifies at Harmar s court 
 martial, 129; reaches Fort Hamilton, 130; ad 
 vances northward, 130-131 ; ordered to proceed in 
 three columns, 131; advances from Fort Ham 
 ilton, 132; alters St. Clair s plan of march, 133; 
 apologizes to St. Clair, 136; disaffection of, 137; 
 explores route for army, 138; requests command 
 
26 INDEX Butler 
 
 Butler (continued) 
 
 of flying column, 141; conduct excused, 142; 
 Slough reports to, 151; activity in battle, 153; 
 responsible for defeat, 158; death of, 159; Pitts- 
 burg in mourning for, 177; letter to General 
 Irvine on rough social conditions in West, 9, 66. 
 
 Butler, Major: in St. Glair s defeat, 8, 152; points 
 out where General Butler s remains were to be 
 found, 203. 
 
 Butler, ex-Senator M. C., on National Aid, 15, 
 
 54-55- 
 
 Butterworth, C. W. : Bouquet s Expedition, cited, 
 2, 107 ; Discovery of the Northwest, cited, 7, 183 ; 
 Washington-Irvine Correspondence, cited, 1 68. 
 
 Byrd, Colonel : Sir John St. Clair on, 5, 85 ; Forbes 
 ridicules, 106; sent by Bouquet to study routes, 
 109. 
 
 Byrne, Charles, 12, 31. 
 
 Byrne, Michael, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal con 
 tractor, 13, 1 60. 
 
GALDWELL, John, 6, 199, 200. 
 Caldwell, Philip, 6, 200. 
 Caldwell s, 10, 160. 
 Calhoun, John C., toast at Chesapeake and Ohio 
 
 Canal banquet (1823), 13, 73. 
 Calk, Mary Catherine, 7, 117. 
 Calk, William: Journal, quoted, 6, 107-117; com 
 panions of, 107. 
 Calloway, Col. James, pioneer company of, 6, 117, 
 
 130. 
 
 Galloway s, William, 6, 55. 
 Calender s, 12, 56. 
 Camac, Turner, Facts and Arguments respecting 
 
 the great Utility of an extensive plan of Inland 
 
 Navigation, cited, 13, 177. 
 Cameron, Georgia frontiersmen attempt to capture, 
 
 6, 152. 
 
 Camp Charlotte, Treaty of, 6, 87. 
 Campagne, a common word among pioneers, 12, 70; 
 
 see Clear Fields. 
 
28 INDEX Camp 
 
 Camp Beaver Swamp: Wayne s troops occupy, 8, 
 
 206; bridge built near, 206-207. 
 Campbell s, Col. Arthur, 6, 124. 
 Campbell, L. D., Wayne s Road on land owned by, 
 
 8, 195. 
 
 Campbell, Major, 6, 108. 
 Campbell, William, 6, 199. 
 Camp ground : in Illinois, at the "points" of timber, 
 
 8, 24; pioneer immigrants preparing a, n, 185- 
 
 188. 
 
 CANALS 
 
 In General: portage paths as routes of, 7, 80-82; 
 ancient, 13, 15-19; locks not used by ancients, 18; 
 British, 19-21; lock invented, 18; first, in Amer 
 ica, 22; need of, 23; comparative cost of three 
 great American, 212. 
 Names and Data: 
 Braire, 12, 18. 
 
 Caledonian, Morris on, 14, 44. 
 Chesapeake and Delaware, surveyed, 13, 22. 
 Chesapeake and Ohio : Schriver plans Deep Creek 
 route for, 13, 68; promoted by public meeting 
 at Washington, 70; substituted for Potomac 
 canal, 72 ; banquet of delegates at first conven 
 tion of, 73; original central committee of, 74; 
 
Canals INDEX 29 
 
 committee to memorialize Congress in behalf 
 of, 74; incorporated, 76; Potomac Company s 
 shares exchanged for stock in, 77 ; divisions of, 
 77; Congress provides for survey of, 78; Gen 
 eral Bernard surveys, 78; reports on, 78-87; 
 map of, 8 1 ; estimated cost, 86; Baltimore dis 
 appointed at expensive estimates for, 87-88 ; 
 rivaled by Baltimore and Ohio Railway, 98- 
 102; ground broken for, 103-106; advertise for 
 bids, in; shares held by, 112; United States 
 buys stock in, 112; right of way owned by, 
 115-116; dispute with Baltimore and Ohio 
 Railway over right of way, 116-119; Cactocin 
 Aqueduct, view of, 117; difficulties in building, 
 119-121 ; aided by "Eight Million Dollar Bill," 
 122; portion completed in 1835, 123; compelled 
 to give Baltimore and Ohio Railway right of 
 way in Potomac Valley, 123; financial history 
 of, 135-160; scrip issued by, photograph of, 
 147; completed, 160; cost of, 161; later his 
 tory of, 163-168; view of, near Cumberland, 
 Maryland, 165; Senator Gorman president of, 
 163; injured by flood, 164; political manipula 
 tions of, 164-167; operated by trustees for the 
 bondholders of 1848, 167-168; act incorporat 
 ing, quoted in part, 225-231. 
 
30 INDEX Canals 
 
 CANALS: Names and Data (continued) 
 
 Chicago Drainage, marks old portage route, 7, 
 
 181. 
 
 Ellesmere, mention of, 14, 90. 
 Erie : view of basin of, at Buffalo, 14, frontispiece ; 
 Gouverneur Morris father of, 43-47 ; promoters 
 of, 43-61 ; influence of Jesse Hawley in origi 
 nating the, 48-49; Origin of the Erie Canal, 
 Hawley, quoted, 48, cited, 5 1 ; Joshua For- 
 man s bill for, 49; first commissioners ap 
 pointed, 52, 56; first appropriation, 53; first 
 engineer s report on, 54-57 ; discussion of west 
 ern terminus of, 55 ; first estimate of length of, 
 55; Congress asked to aid, 56-58; President 
 Madison encourages, 57-58; first act authoriz 
 ing loans for, 59; War of 1812 postpones build 
 ing of, 59-60; revival of project, after War of 
 1812, 60; Clinton s Memorial for, 62-103; 
 Potomac Company feels adverse effect of suc 
 cess of, 13, 63 ; Clinton on the economic need of, 
 14, 72-78; Clinton on commercial benefits of, 
 79-86; Clinton on engineering practicability, 
 86-88 ; comparative estimated cost of other 
 canals and, 90-96; Clinton s estimate of ex 
 pense of, 96-99; Clinton s summary of argu 
 ments in favor of, 99-103 ; laws authorizing the 
 
Canals 
 
 INDEX 31 
 
 building of, 104-110; divisions of, 105; en 
 gineers constructing, examine Middlesex Canal, 
 105; original size of, 106; original estimate of 
 cost of, 106-110; explorations of route of, 106- 
 110; map and profile of (1834)* IO 7 5 bill 
 authorizing, nearly killed in Council of Re 
 vision, no; vote of Chancellor Kent saves Bill 
 for, 1 10-112; early stages of work on, 112-116; 
 ridiculed, 113; accuracy of early surveys on, 
 114-115; celebration of beginning of, 116-119; 
 view of, at Rome, 117; laborers eager to work 
 on, 119; nature of early contracts for building 
 of, 1 20; tools and machines used in building of, 
 121-127; dates of completed portions of, 128- 
 136; illness of laborers on, 129; Western In 
 land Lock Navigation purchased by, 130-131; 
 view of, at Little Falls, 133; first tolls received 
 from, 135-137; inaugural celebration of, 137- 
 151 ; Buffalo inaugural celebration of, 138-140; 
 Buffalo committee in celebration of opening of, 
 139; prominent boats in inauguration of, 140; 
 Clinton s triumphal tour through, 140-144; dis 
 content occasioned at Rome, New York, 
 by route of, 143 ; displeasure occasioned by route 
 of, at Little Falls, New York, 144; discon 
 tent at Schenectady occasioned by, 144-145; 
 
32 INDEX Canals 
 
 CANALS: Erie (continued) 
 
 Union College Guards celebrate opening of, 
 145; inaugural ceremony of, at Albany, 145; 
 inaugural ceremonies of, at New York, 145- 
 150; ceremony of wedding Great Lakes to the 
 Atlantic, 147-148; procession in New York at 
 inauguration of, 148-149; ball at the inaugu 
 ration of, 149-150; engineers of, honored, 149- 
 150; ceremony at Buffalo of wedding Great 
 Lakes to Atlantic Ocean, 150; local influences 
 of, 152-177; distribution of real and personal 
 property along, 155-158; improvement of land 
 along, 158-160; effected change in highway 
 travel, 12, 159; live stock along, 14, 160-161; 
 affects growth of Unadilla, New York, 12, 
 161; influence on foreigners of, 14, 161-164; 
 effect in politics, 165-177; financial history of, 
 178-194; early freight on, 187; early tolls on, 
 189; first enlargement of, 190-194; "Seymour 
 plan" for improvement of, 195 ; "Nine Million" 
 act for, 195; improvement of, by building a 
 thousand-ton barge canal, 196-207; "Black 
 Commission" on, 197; Governor Roosevelt on, 
 197-199; Roosevelt appoints committee of ex 
 perts to study needs of, 198; William F. King 
 on future of, 200-204 ; New York Central Rail- 
 
Canals 
 
 INDEX 33 
 
 way and the, 201 ; new barge canal, 204; map 
 of, 205; New York State acts creating the, 
 
 213-234- 
 Forth-Clyde, 14, 89; built by Smeaton, 13, 21; 
 
 Grand Junction, 14, 9- 
 
 Holstein, 14, 89. 
 
 Kennet and Avon, mentioned, 14, 9O. 
 
 Languedoc, built by Riquet, 13, 19- 
 
 Leeds and Liverpool, 14, 90. 
 
 Louisville and Portland, see Ohio River. 
 
 Middlesex: sketch of, 14, 93; engineers construct 
 ing Erie Canal inspect, 105. 
 
 Morris, incline planes on, 13, 193- 
 
 Ohio and Lake Erie, Schriver proposes, 13, 75- 
 
 Pennsylvania: proposed by Pennsylvania legis 
 lature, 13, 177; commissioners appointed, 177; 
 report of commissioners, 177-179; tunnel prob 
 lem delays, 178-179; railway agitation delays, 
 179; authorized, 182; bill creating, 182-191; 
 map of, 185; divisions of, 191; central division 
 begun and completed, 191-192; western division 
 opened, 192; central division comprising Al 
 legheny Portage Railway, see Railways; first 
 boat passes entire length of, 206 ; itinerary on, 
 208-211; size and cost of, 211-212; purchased 
 by Pennsylvania Railway, 215; abandoned, 
 
34 INDEX Canals 
 
 CANALS: Pennsylvania (continued) 
 
 215; An Historical Account of the Rise, Prog 
 ress and Present State of the Canal Navigation 
 in Pennsylvania, quoted, 30. 
 
 Potomac: proposed, 13, 66; bill to incorporate 
 fails, 68-69; citizens of Baltimore oppose, 69- 
 70, 91-93; name changed to Chesapeake and 
 Ohio, 72. 
 
 Rochdale, 14, 90. 
 
 Schuylkill and Susquehanna, surveyed, 13, 22, 
 177, 191. 
 
 Susquehanna, projected by Col. De Witt Clinton, 
 12, 161. 
 
 Canandaigua, terminus of stages on Genesee Road 
 
 (1805), 12, 135. 
 Canoes: pioneer use of, 9, 102-105; burdens carried 
 
 by, 105. 
 
 Carlisle, Major, Washington writes to, 5, 141. 
 Carlisle (Pennsylvania), Forbes conference of guides 
 
 at, 5, 100; Revolutionary importance of, 186-187. 
 Carpenter s, 12, 46, 47. 
 Carr s, 12, 120. 
 Cars, Mr., 6, 108. 
 Carran s, 10, 161. 
 Carrel s, Widow, 12, 54. 
 
Cayuga INDEX 35 
 
 Carroll, Charles, quoted, 5, 203 ; director Baltimore 
 and Ohio Railway, 13, no; lays foundation stone 
 of Baltimore and Ohio Railway, 107, 108; heads 
 memorialists to Congress asking for national ap 
 propriation for the Baltimore and Ohio Railway, 
 114. 
 
 Carrol s, 4, 196. 
 
 Carter s, 6, 130. 
 
 Cartier, Jacques, discoveries of, 3, 63. 
 
 Carts, used on early roads, 9, 43. 
 
 Case, Dr. Samuel H., immigrating to Central New 
 York, 12, 146. 
 
 Cass, Gen. Lewis, 10, 162. 
 
 Cassatt, Alexander, in later history of the Lancaster 
 Turnpike, n, 92-94. 
 
 Casseday, History of Louisville, cited, 9, 118, 132, 
 163. 
 
 Castle Hill, Dr. Walker s home, 6, 51. 
 
 Catalogue of Prehistoric Works East of the Rocky 
 Mountains, I, 73 et seq.\ 2, 92. 
 
 "Catfish Camp," 10, 155. 
 
 Catharine Town (New York), 12, 134. 
 
 Catholic Historical Researches, cited, 9, 37. 
 
 Cattle, driven by immigrants westward, 12, 72, 146. 
 
 Cayuga Lake, bridge to Geneva across (1805), 12, 
 
36 INDEX Cayuga 
 
 Cayuga (New York), in 1805, 12, 131. 
 
 Celoron: Journal, cited, 9, 22; expedition on the 
 Ohio River, 22-47 > failure to mention future site 
 of Fort Duquesne explained, 39-40; English 
 traders warned by, 41. 
 
 Chamberlain s, 10, 161. 
 
 Chambers s, 12, 56. 
 
 Chambers, Benjamin: fortifies cabin with cannon, 
 5, 59; founds Chambersburg, 59. 
 
 Chambly, Jacques de, 7, 52. 
 
 Champlain, explorations of, 7, 31-32. 
 
 Chapin, Israel, 12, 100, no. 
 
 Chapin, Phineas, 12, 31. 
 
 Chapman, Major, advances with van of Braddock s 
 army, 4, 98. 
 
 Chapman, Richard, 6, 199. 
 
 Charlotte, treaty of Camp, 6, 87. 
 
 Chastellux, Marquis of, Washington writes on in 
 ternal improvements to, 3, 199-200. 
 
 Cherokees : angered at Pennsylvania, 5, 85-86 ; Hen 
 derson s purchase of, 6, 42-43; disturb Kentucky 
 pioneers, 135-139; towns destroyed by Georgians, 
 
 152-153. 
 
 Chesterfield, quoted, 5, 68-69. 
 Chester s Gap, 4, 195. 
 Chestnut Ridge (Pennsylvania), view of, 10, 65. 
 
Clark INDEX 37 
 
 Chestnut trees, near Buffalo (1805), 12, 142. 
 
 Chew, Colby, Dr. Walker s companion, 6, 50, 51. 
 
 Childs, Timothy, 14, 142. 
 
 Chipman, Ward, cited, j, 109. 
 
 Chissel s Lead Mine, 6, 58. 
 
 Christian, Col. William, Overhill Cherokee towns 
 razed by, 6, 154. 
 
 Cincinnati, founded, 9, 65; see Fort Washington. 
 
 Clarendon, 10, 161. 
 
 Clark s, 10, 160. 
 
 Clark, Gen. George Rogers: captures Illinois posts, 
 6, 161-166; starts for Kaskaskia, 8, 15; lands at 
 Fort Massac, 15-16; acts on advice of spies, 17; 
 Memoir of, 18, 221-224; overland march, 18-32; 
 guide becomes confused, 27; captures Kaskaskia, 
 32, sends Helm to occupy Vincennes, 32; loses 
 Vincennes, 33; plans its recapture, 33; departs 
 from Kaskaskia, 33; march, 34-60; personal mag 
 netism, 41-49; accounts of the campaign, 47 et 
 seq.\ letter to inhabitants of Vincennes, 59-60; 
 occupies Vincennes, 60; present-day view of route 
 of, 60-71; Shawanese campaign (1780), 75; 
 Miami campaign (1782), 75; Wabash campaign 
 (1786), 77-78; crossing place of Little Wabash 
 discussed, 225-230 ; operates first gunboat on Ohio 
 River, 9, 129. 
 
 
 VERS1TV 
 
38 INDEX Clark 
 
 Clark, Henry, 6, 200. 
 
 Clark, James, Pennsylvania canal commissioner, 13, 
 
 177. 
 
 Clark, Lieutenant, killed at Harmar s defeat, 8, 106. 
 Clark, Lieut. William, under Wayne, 8, 176; 
 
 Journal of, 205, et seq. ; harshly criticises Wayne s 
 
 caution, 211, 213. 
 
 Clark, Major, in St. Clair s defeat, 8, 147, 152, 156. 
 Clark s Station, 6, 122. 
 Clark s Store, on Braddock s Road, 4, 195. 
 Clary, William M., 12, 84. 
 Clawson s, 10, 164. 
 Clay, Henry: promotes Cumberland Road, 10, 46; 
 
 toasted at first Chesapeake and Ohio Canal ban 
 quet, 13, 74- 
 
 Clay City (Illinois), Vincennes Trace near, 8, 50. 
 Clay City (Kentucky), 6, 75. 
 
 Claysville (Pennsylvania), early taverns at, 10, 160. 
 Clear Fields, The, 5, 23 ; see Campagne. 
 Cleaveland, Gen. Moses, on Cuyahoga River, i, 64. 
 Clinton, De Witt: 14, 52, 56, 6061, 150, 180; 
 
 Memorial by, 62-103. 
 Clinton, Col. De Witt, projects Susquehanna Canal, 
 
 12, 161. 
 
 Cloth, price in early days in Ohio Valley, 12, 75. 
 Coachman, Dickens describes, 12, 178-180. 
 
Connellsville INDEX 39 
 
 Cochran, John, 6, 202. 
 
 Cocke, Captain, 6, 105. 
 
 Coffin, Stephen, narrative, quoted, 7, 156-157. 
 
 Colder, Lieutenant Governor, builder of first canal 
 
 in America, 13, 22. 
 Coleman s, 4, 77. 
 Collier, Moses, 6, 201. 
 Collin s Log Tavern, 10, 154. 
 Collins, History of Kentucky, cited, 2, 29; 6, 182; 
 
 9, 131- 
 Colonial Records of Pennsylvania, cited, 5, 1 8, 22, 
 
 25, 27, 41. 
 
 Columbia (Ohio), founded, 9, 65. 
 Columbus Inn, 10, 163. 
 
 Columbus (Ohio), early taverns in, 10, 163-164. 
 Combs, Kentucky pioneer party joined by, 6, 116. 
 Commercial Gazette, Cincinnati, 9, 127-129. 
 Commonwealth, The, a Pittsburg paper in which 
 
 Jesse Hawley published first article in favor of 
 
 Erie Canal, 14, 48. 
 Conegochieque, see Conococheague. 
 Conestoga bridge, 12, 61. 
 Conestoga freighter: described, 10, 129-132; view 
 
 of, u, 50. 
 Connellsville (Pennsylvania), Braddock s Road 
 
 near, 4, 187. 
 
40 INDEX Conococheague 
 
 Conococheague (Williamsport, Maryland), Forbes s 
 
 proposed rendezvous, 5, 76. 
 Contrecoeur: orders Villiers to attack Washington, 
 
 3, 154; early activity at Fort Duquesne, 4, 31; 
 
 hopeless situation of, 115-117. 
 Contz s Harbour, 5, 20. 
 Convention, Indian, at Maumee, 8, 179-180; see 
 
 Roche de Bout. 
 Cook, Lieut. William, surveyor Baltimore and Ohio 
 
 line, 13, 109, no. 
 Cook, Tillinghast, 12, 31. 
 Cooley, on post roads, 15, 57. 
 Cooper, Peter: successful locomotive "Tom 
 
 Thumb," 13, 129; letter to William H. Brown, 
 
 129. 
 
 Cooper, William, 12, 31. 
 Cordery s, 10, 156. 
 Corey, American Atlas, cited, 12, 49. 
 Cornplanter : as peace emissary, 8, 1 1 1 ; at Maumee 
 
 Convention, 181. 
 Cornstalk, bravery at Battle of Point Pleasant, 
 
 6, 87. 
 
 Cort, Colonel Henry Bouquet, quoted, 5, 38. 
 Cory, Elnathan, Harmar crosses Mad River near 
 
 farm of, 8, 96. 
 
 "Cot Plains," explanation of name, 8, 50. 
 Coultersville (Illinois), Clark s camp near, 8, 43. 
 
Croghan INDEX 41 
 
 "Cow-Pens," description of Virginia, 4, 143-145. 
 
 Cox s: 4, 76, 88; 6, 131. 
 
 Cox s Creek, Clark s route crosses, 8, 30. 
 
 Craig, John, 6, 130. 
 
 Craig, N. B., History of Pittsburg, cited, 3, 205; 
 
 The Olden Time, quoted, 4, 166-190. 
 Craighill, Gen. William P., describes Braddock 
 
 routes, 4, 78. 
 Cramer, Zadoc: early navigation of Ohio described 
 
 by, 9, 73-99 ; The Navigator, quoted, 74-99. 
 Crane, Jonas, opens subscription books for Old 
 
 Northwestern Turnpike, 12, 31. 
 Cravens, Elijah, 6, 199. 
 Cravens, Jesse, 6, 198. 
 Crawford, Andrew, opens subscription books for Old 
 
 Northwestern Turnpike, 12, 31. 
 Crawford, Col. William, defeated, 6, 172-173. 
 Cresap, Col. Thomas: marks out Nemacolin s Path, 
 
 3, 96; mentioned adversely, 4, 76; eulogy of, 89; 
 
 Gist visits, 5, 17- 
 Crisman, Jesse, owner of first boat to cross Al- 
 
 leghenies on Allegheny Portage Railway, 13, 206. 
 Crock s, 4, 195. 
 Crockett, Joseph, 6, 197. 
 Croghan, George: Journal, cited, I, 116, 121; 2, 
 
 47, 6 1 ; refers to Celoron, 9, 41 ; description of 
 
 journey to Detroit, 2, 55-61 ; opening of Brad- 
 
42 INDEX Croghan 
 
 Croghan (continued) 
 
 dock s defeat described by, 4, 127; home near 
 present site of Shirleysburg, Pennsylvania, 5, ^9- 
 Crooked Creek, 6, 87. 
 Crossing-place, dangers of, 2, 24, 25. 
 "Cross Keys," 10, 158. 
 Crow s, 12, 141. 
 Crow s Station, 6, 122. 
 Crow, William, 6, 2O2. 
 Cumberland, Duke of, Kentucky River first named 
 
 in honor of wife of, 6, 42. 
 
 Cumberland Gap: view of, 6, frontispiece; Dr. 
 Walker describes, 62-63; Henderson passes, 
 112; James Lane Allen describes, 205-207. 
 Cumberland (Maryland): early name of, 4, 182; 
 old taverns at, 10, 159; view of early houses at, 
 n, 191 ; Thomas Wallcutt at, 12, 51 ; see Wills 
 Creek. 
 
 Cummings, William, 7, 155. 
 Cummingsville (Ohio), St. Glair s route through, 
 
 8, 129. 
 
 Curler, Arendt van, 7, 136. 
 Curran, Padtrick, 6, 2O2. 
 
 Custis, G. W. P., committeeman to memorialize 
 Congress in behalf of Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 
 13, 74- 
 
Davtfs INDEX 43 
 
 Cutler, Ephraim, Life and Times of, quoted, I, 62. 
 Cutler, Manasseh, efforts in behalf of Ordinance of 
 
 1787, 9, 61-63. 
 Cypress-tree, Bigelow describes, 12, 120. 
 
 DAKIN S, 12, 52. 
 Dana, Description of the Bounty Lands in 
 
 the State of Illinois, etc., 5, 21. 
 Danworth, Asa, salt works near present site of Syra 
 cuse, New York, 12, 99. 
 Dapt, Captain, in Forbes s campaign, 5, 146. 
 Darby, William, letter from Simeon De Witt to, 
 
 14, 45-46. 
 Darke, Lieutenant Colonel, in St. Clair s defeat, 8, 
 
 147, 154. 
 Darlington : Christopher Gist s Journals, cited, 2, 
 
 98 ; 5, 17 ; Fort Pitt, cited, 3, 95 ; 7, 46 ; 9, 29-43 ; 
 
 note in Edes s Journal and Letters of Col. John 
 
 May of Boston, cited, 5, 197. 
 Davies, James, 6, 198. 
 
 Davies, Virginias Danger and Remedy, cited, 5, 38. 
 Davis, Phineas, assists in inventing cast-iron wheels, 
 
 13, 131- 
 Davis s, 12, 50. 
 
44 INDEX Dawson s 
 
 Dawson s, 12, 50- 
 Day, Sherman, Historical Collections of the State 
 of Pennsylvania, cited, II, 78; 13, 207. 
 
 Dayton (Ohio), Harmar s route near, 8, 96. 
 
 De Bow s Review, quoted, 6, 94-100. 
 
 Defiance (Ohio) : Indian council on present site of, 
 8, 179; Fort Defiance erected, 21 2. 
 
 "Defiance Fast Line Coaches," 10, 136. 
 
 De Forest, William, quoted, 9, 127-129. 
 
 Delawares: sketch of, 3, 59-62; with Braddock, 4, 
 98; loyal in Revolution, 6, 160; in Pontiac s Re 
 bellion, 5, 174- 
 
 Demming, guide in Forbes s army, 5, 94, 99- 
 
 Denny, Maj. Ebenezer: aide-de-camp to St. Clair, 
 
 8, 134; Narrative, quoted, 134 et seq. 
 Denton, Thomas, 6, 118. 
 
 De Quindre, Lieutenant, in Hamilton s army, 7, 
 
 171. 
 
 De Soto (Illinois), Clark s route near, 8, 30. 
 Detroit: founded, 3, 54; Pontiac attacks, 5, I7 1 
 
 172; Americans plan to capture, 6, 163-164; 
 
 strategic commercial position of, in Washington s 
 
 plan, 13, 39-50. 
 Devol, Captain, builds ships on Muskingum River, 
 
 9, 135- 
 
 De Witt, Moses, 14, 26. 
 
Dogs INDEX 45 
 
 De Witt, Simeon: 14, 40; accords Morris honor of 
 originating Erie Canal idea, 45, 52, 58, 150. 
 
 Dexter, George, editor of Journal of Thomas Wall- 
 cutt in 1790, 12, 43-63. 
 
 Dickens, Charles, American Notes, quoted, 12, 164- 
 I 9 6. 
 
 Dillahunty, Lieut. John N., locates Baltimore and 
 Ohio Railway, 13, 109, no. 
 
 Dillon, History of Indiana, cited, 8, 89, 157- 
 
 Dinwiddie, Governor: attempts to stop French 
 advance, 3, 85-119; letter to St. Pierre, 108-112; 
 instructions to Washington (1754), 121-122; in 
 structions to Col. Joshua Fry, 123-125; procla 
 mation granting bounty lands, 126; promises to 
 Braddock unfulfilled, 4, 66. 
 
 Dividing Ridge, philosophy of the, 12, 197-198. 
 
 Documentary History of New York, cited, 2, 78. 
 
 Dodge, Colonel, I, 108. 
 
 Dodge, Hon. Martin: Director Office Public 
 Road Inquiries, 15, 58 ; describes Brownlow Bill, 
 61-63; Government Cooperation in Object-lesson 
 Road Work, 67-80. 
 
 Dodge, William E., Old New York, cited, 7, 40. 
 
 Doehurty s Station, 6, 126. 
 
 Doersh s, 12, 61. 
 
 Dogs, of great use to pioneers, 6, 60. 
 
46 INDEX Donaldson 
 
 Donaldson, William, 12, 31. 
 
 Donnelly, Terence, 12, 150. 
 
 Dorsey, Green, 6, 202. 
 
 Dougherty, John, of Reliance Transportation Line, 
 13, 206. 
 
 Doughty, Maj. John, in Harmar s campaign, 8, 88. 
 
 Douglas, History of Wayne County, Ohio, cited, 2, 
 107. 
 
 Douglass s, 4, 195. 
 
 Dowden s, 4, 76, 85. 
 
 Downer s, 10, 160. 
 
 Dox, Colonel, in Erie Canal celebration, 14, 139. 
 
 "Dragging Canoe," Indians at the battle of Long 
 Island Flats commanded by, 6, 150. 
 
 Drake, Dr. Daniel, quoted, 8, 91. 
 
 Drake, Philip, 6, 107, 113. 
 
 Drake s, 10, 161. 
 
 Drake, Thomas M., 10, 207. 
 
 Draper, Lyman C. : work referred to, 7, 193; 
 Draper Mss. cited, 8, 24, et seq. ; on Clark s cross 
 ing-place of the Little Wabash, 52-53; 225-230. 
 
 Draper s Meadows, 6, 30. 
 
 Driver, Dickens describes eccentric negro, 12, 166- 
 171. 
 
 Driving, styles of stage coach, 10, 181. 
 
 Dudgeon, Captain, in Forbes s campaign, 5, 146. 
 
Du Fernet INDEX 47 
 
 Duels, common in Wayne s army, 8, 186. 
 
 Duer (contractor), shortsightedness of, 8, 121. 
 
 Duer, Col. William, leader in Scioto Company, 9, 
 
 62, 69. 
 
 Dugan, John S., 10, 162. 
 Dunbar, Col. Thomas, ordered to America, 4, 38; 
 
 resentment of, at Little Crossings, 1 1 1 ; camp on 
 
 Laurel Hill, 131; defended, 132. 
 Dunkan s John, on Wilderness Road, 6, no. 
 Dunkard s Bottom, settled by Dr. Thomas Eckarly, 
 
 12, 26. 
 Dunmore s War: whites responsible for, 6, 84; 
 
 sketched, 84-88; Lord Dunmore s campaign in, 
 
 85-87 ; General Lewis s battle at Point Pleasant, 
 
 86-87 ; result of, 9, 49. 
 Dunn, History of Indiana, 7, 66; 9, 46. 
 Dunnings, Forbes s guide, 5, no. 
 Dupriest s, 6, 124. 
 
 Duquesne, Governor, boast of, 4, 115. 
 Durham boats, in Wisconsin, 7, 186. 
 Durning, S., accompanies Samuel Henderson, 6, 
 
 103. 
 "Dutch," Baily describes low Pennsylvania, n, 130- 
 
 132. 
 
 Dutton, Lieut. G., 10, 83. 
 Du Vernet, Lieutenant, 7, 171-175. 
 
48 INDEX Dwight 
 
 Dwight, President Timothy, journal quoted, 12, 
 
 150158. 
 Dysart, Major, mill of, 6, 124. 
 
 EAGLE Coach line, 10, 135- 
 Earle, Alice Morse, quoted 2, 75-76. 
 Early History of Western Pennsylvania, 
 
 cited, 9, 38. 
 
 Earth and macadam roads, view of, 15, 168. 
 Easton (Pennsylvania), treaty at, 5, 147. 
 Eaton, General, under Wayne, 8, 176. 
 Eaton (Ohio): St. Glair s route near, 8, 132; 
 
 Fort St. Clair erected near, 169. 
 Eaton s Station, attack on, 6, 150, 
 Eddy, Thomas, efforts for Erie Canal, 14, 51, 52, 
 
 58, 60, 150. 
 Edes, Journal and Letters of Col. John May of 
 
 Boston, cited, 5, 197. 
 Edmund s Swamp, 5, 20, 23, no. 
 Edwards, Colonel, 6, 122. 
 Edwards, James, 6, 199. 
 Egg Nogg Hill, 10, 1 60. 
 Egle, History of Pennsylvania, cited, 5, 187. 
 
Enoch s INDEX 49 
 
 "Eight Million Dollar Bill," Maryland passes, 13, 
 
 122. 
 
 Eldridge, Hon. M. O. : assistant director Office 
 of Public Road Inquiries, 15, 58; on good roads 
 for farmers, 81-169. 
 
 Elgar, John, assists in inventing cast-iron wheels, 
 13, 131- 
 
 Eliot, President C. W., on Washington, 3, 25. 
 
 Elk Garden, 6, 109. 
 
 Elkhorn Prairie, Clark s route in, 8, 45. 
 
 Elliott, Capt. Matthew, United States Commission 
 ers quartered with, 8, 189. 
 
 Elliott, Col. Robert, murdered, 8, 194. 
 
 Elliott, Isaac, farm on St. Louis Trace Road, 8, 68. 
 
 Emerson, John, denies Harmar s right to uproot 
 early settlements northwest of Ohio River, 9, 58. 
 
 Emerson, Ralph Waldo, Society and Solitude, 
 quoted on the evolution of roads, n, 165. 
 
 Endsley s, 10, 160. 
 
 England: explorers do not rank with the French, 
 6, 45; packhorse trails in, u, 3031. 
 
 English, William H., Conquest of the Northwest, 
 cited, 8, 32, et seq. 
 
 English s Ferry, 6, 124. 
 
 Enock s, Henry, 4, 76, 88. 
 
50 INDEX Entick 
 
 Entick: History of the Late War, cited, 4, 33 et 
 
 seq.\ tribute to Forbes, 5, 160. 
 Erie County (Pennsylvania), Sanford s History of, 
 
 cited, 2, no. 
 
 Erie (Pennsylvania), see Fort Presque Isle. 
 Etting, Solomon, Baltimore and Ohio director, 13, 
 
 no. 
 
 Evans, Estwick, A Pedestrious Tour, cited, u, 34. 
 Evans and Stivers, History of Adams County, Ohio, 
 
 cited, n, 1 60. 
 Evans, History of Scioto County and Pioneer Record 
 
 of Southern Ohio, map in, cited, 8, 74. 
 Evens, John, 4, 76, 87. 
 Everett, Edward: on character of Washington, 3, 
 
 21-22; eulogy of Colonel Washington, 5, 41; on 
 
 Cumberland Road, 10, 185. 
 
 Everts, Atlas of Butler County, Ohio, cited, 8, 195. 
 Ewing, Baker, 6, 199. 
 Extracts of Letters from an officer in one of those 
 
 Regiments to his friend in London, quoted, 4, 
 
 136-165. 
 
FACTIONS, intercolonial, regarding Forbes s 
 route, 5, 102. 
 
 Facts and Arguments in favor of adopting rail 
 ways in preference to canals in the State of Penn 
 sylvania^ cited, 13, 179-181. 
 
 Fahnstock s, 12, 62. 
 
 Fairfax, Lord, humorous letter to Washington, 
 5, 42- 
 
 Fairmount (West Virginia), Baltimore and Ohio 
 Railway reaches, 13, 134. 
 
 Fallen Timber: common name in West, 8, 182, 
 214; Wayne wins battle of, 214-216. 
 
 Falling Springs ( Chambersburg, Pennsylvania), n, 
 128. 
 
 Farmers : small per cent of government expenditures 
 directly benefits, 15, 21, 25-28; heavily taxed for 
 visible property, 28-29; accused of short-sighted 
 ness, 48; good roads for, 81-169. 
 
 Farrier, John, 6, 103, 104. 
 
 Farrington (Illinois): Clark s camp near, 8, 47; 
 early name of, 47. 
 
 Farriss s, 6, 131. 
 
52 INDEX Faulkner 
 
 Faulkner, George M., first cabin in Kentucky on 
 
 farm of, 6, 64. 
 Faux, W., Memorable Days in America, cited, 5, 
 
 202. 
 
 Fawcett, Benjamin, 12, 31. 
 Fearnot Mill, St. Glair s camp near, 8, 132. 
 "Federal Arms," exorbitant charges at, n, 118. 
 Federalist, The, cited, 15, 52, 58. 
 Fenniken s, 10, 154. 
 Fenwick, A., Chesapeake and Ohio Canal central 
 
 committeeman, 13, 74. 
 Ferguson, Capt. William, in Harmar s campaign, 
 
 8, 88. 
 
 Fergusson, guide in Forbes s army, 5, no. 
 Fessenden, Lieutenant, surveys Baltimore and Ohio 
 
 route, 13, 109. 
 Field s, 12, 47. 
 Filson, John: itinerary to Kentucky, 6, 118-122; 
 
 map of Kentucky by, 119. 
 Fink, Mike, anecdotes of, 9, 166-171. 
 Finley, Hugh, Journal, quoted, 7, 112-115. 
 Finley, John, Kentucky explored by, 6, 79. 
 First Explorations of Kentucky, I, in, et seq. ; 
 
 6, 72-73. 
 
 Fiske, John, New France and New England, correct 
 account of Braddock s defeat, 4, 127. 
 
( ";: 
 
 Foot s INDEX 53 
 
 ^i^Of^ 
 
 Fitzgerald, John, elected director of Potomac Com 
 pany, 13, 56. 
 Fitzhugh, William H., Chesapeake and Ohio Canal 
 
 central committeeman, 13, 74. 
 Flag, first American, unfurled in battle at Fort Stan- 
 
 wix, 7, 59. 
 Flatboat: history of, 9, 113-126; first to descend 
 
 Ohio River, 123. 
 
 Flatboating, Civil War changes, 9, 123. 
 Flatboatmen, route of returning, 9, 125. 
 Flat Prairie, Clark s route in, 8, 43. 
 Fleming, Major-General, services in Erie Canal 
 
 inauguration, 14, 149. 
 Flemming, Colonel, 6, 86, 130. 
 Fletcher, Calvin, describes pioneer roads, n, IOO- 
 
 103. 
 
 Flinn s Station, see Bellville, West Virginia. 
 Florida Avenue, Washington, D. C., explanation 
 
 of crookedness of, n, 66. 
 Flower Gap, 6, 55. 
 Floyd, Col. John, on Kentucky s need of assistance 
 
 (1782), 6, 183-185. 
 Fonda, John, 14, 27. 
 Fontaine, Maj. James, in Harmar s campaign, 8, 
 
 88, 105-106. 
 Foos s, 10, 157. 
 
54 INDEX Foot s 
 
 Foot s, 12, 56. 
 
 Foote, E. T., 7, 154- 
 
 Forbes, Gen. John: early life, 5, 73-74; appoint 
 ment, 74; dimensions of army of, 75; proposes 
 Conococheague for rendezvous, 76; little respect 
 for Sir John St. Clair, 76; army compared with 
 Wolfe s at Quebec, 76; advised by St. Clair 
 against Conococheague, 76; St. Clair urges Rays- 
 town as rendezvous, 76; makes Raystown base 
 of campaign of 1758, 77; letter to Bouquet, May 
 2O, 78; intention to march by Braddock s Road, 
 79, 82 ; chain of forts across Alleghenies planned 
 by, 79-80; letter to Pitt, on chain of forts, 80; 
 Turpin s essay Sur la Guerre studied by, 80; 
 handicapped by delay, 80; Highlanders under, 80; 
 correspondence with Bouquet preserved, 81; fair 
 ness of, 82; letter to Denny, 83; Braddock s de 
 feat a lesson to, 83; letter to Bouquet, advising 
 care in deciding road question, 88-89; letter to 
 Bouquet, accusing St. Clair of indecision and prej 
 udice, 91-92, 95; letter to Bouquet, favoring 
 Pennsylvania road, 93-94; factions attempt to in 
 fluence, 94; letter to Bouquet, asking for con 
 ference of guides, 100; letter to Bouquet, accus 
 ing Virginians of partisanship, 102-107; St. Clair 
 upbraided by, 105-106; Colonel Byrd, ridiculed 
 
Forbes INDEX 65 
 
 by, 1 06; compares routes to Fort Duquesne, 107- 
 108; decision as to road question referred to 
 Colonel Bouquet, 108 ; letter to Abercrombie, con 
 cerning routes to Ohio, 108; letter to Bouquet, 
 ordering the beginning of Old Glade Road, 116- 
 117; favors opening two routes westward, 117; 
 reasons for building Old Glade Road, 124-125; 
 St. Clair accused of partiality and treachery by, 
 128-129; reasons for moving slowly, 131, 134, 
 147-148; an "unguarded" letter of Washington s 
 criticised by, 135-136; Washington misjudges, 
 137; letter to Bouquet, on new road, 143; St. 
 Clair criticised by, 146-147; letter to William 
 Pitt (September 6), criticising Pennsylvanians, 
 148-149; illness of, 149-150; French deceived by, 
 149; soubriquet of, "The Head of Iron," 150; 
 letter to Bouquet, on Grant s defeat, 151-152; 
 letter to Bouquet (September 23), 152-154; 
 Washington s loyalty questioned by, 153; ques 
 tions Byrd s loyalty, 153; French attack, at Fort 
 Ligonier, 154; rain disheartens, 154-155; urges 
 exploration of Braddock s Road, 155-156; Aber 
 crombie does not write to, 156; reaches Fort 
 Ligonier, 156; hears of low condition of Fort 
 Duquesne, 157; advances upon Fort Duquesne, 
 I 57~ I 58; Fort Duquesne occupied by, 158; 
 
56 INDEX Forbes 
 
 Forbes (continued) 
 
 Bouquet s tribute to, 159; Parkman s estimate of 
 victory of, 159; death, 159; eulogy on, 160-162; 
 tribute of Entick to, 162. 
 
 Forbes, Jonathan, 6, 199. 
 
 Forbes, Morgan, 6, 199. 
 
 Force, M. la, Half King s Indians scout for, 3, 138. 
 
 Ford, William, 14, 181. 
 
 Forman, Joshua, bill for making Erie Canal pre 
 sented by, 14, 49. 
 
 Formation, marching: Forbes, 5, 144; Harmar, 8, 
 96; St. Clair, 131. 
 
 Forrest, B. S., toasts Clay at Chesapeake and Ohio 
 Canal banquet (1823), 13, 74. 
 
 FORTS- 
 
 Adams : Wayne builds, 8, 207 ; Wayne s feints at 
 roadbuilding near, 208. 
 
 Ancient, I, 88. 
 
 Anne (Schuyler), 7, 53. 
 
 Bedford: early fortification at, 5, 64; erection 
 of, 79. 
 
 Bull: French destroy, 5, 69; importance of posi 
 tion occupied by, 7, 59. 
 
 Chambers, 5, 59. 
 
 Chambly, Jacques de Chambly erects, 7, 52. 
 
Forts INDEX 87 
 
 Chissel, 6, 25. 
 
 Crevocceur, 7, 36. 
 
 Crown Point: failure of Johnson to capture, 4, 
 
 135; 7, 53- 
 
 Cumberland: building of, 4, 24-26; view of 
 (i755)> 45; arrival of Braddock at, 90; de 
 scription of, 90; life of Braddock s army at, 
 9099; description of Indians at, 91-93, 94-95, 
 96; departure of Braddock s army from, 98- 
 100; Braddock s army returning to, 134; 
 Bouquet orders Washington to, 5, 85 ; St. Clair 
 provides forage at, 95 ; road to Bedford from, 
 100. 
 
 Defiance: Wayne erects, 8, 212; rich Indian fields 
 around, 211-212. 
 
 Deposit, Wayne builds, 8, 213. 
 
 Detroit: Pontiac invests, 5, 171-174; defense of 
 Fort Pitt compared with defense of, 175. 
 
 Duquesne: erected, 3, 127; garrison alarmed over 
 Jumonville s defeat, 154; report to Braddock 
 of condition of, 4, 74; preparations to receive 
 Braddock at, 115-117; Braddock approaches, 
 115-118; attempt to reinforce, 117; Franklin 
 doubts Braddock s ability to capture, 119; 
 scene before Braddock s defeat, 123; threatened 
 from Pennsylvania, 5, 64; campaign of 1758 
 
58 INDEX Forts 
 
 FORTS: Duquesne (continued) 
 
 against, 73 ; difficulty of reaching, 75 ; question 
 of Forbes s route to, 81-123; Forbes deceives 
 French at, 149; Ligneris in command of, 157; 
 Forbes receives from prisoners account of poor 
 condition of, 157; Forbes occupies, 158. 
 
 Edward, General Webb holds, 5, 70; 7, 53. 
 
 Erie: Joseph Brant at, 8, 188; 13, 47. 
 
 Finney: location of, I, 59; built, 9, 60. 
 
 Franklin, 5, 46. 
 
 Frederick, route to Fort Cumberland by way of, 
 5, 77, 82, 90; 7, 53. 
 
 Frontenac, Jesuits anticipate Frontenac s plan to 
 build, 7, 58; built by Frontenac, 58. 
 
 Greenville, Wayne builds, 8, 201 ; cost of pro 
 visions at, 201 ; Wayne s officers play fiver at, 
 201-202; treaty of, 217. 
 
 Halifax, 7, 54. 
 
 Hamilton: built, 8, 130; St. Glair s army at, 130; 
 advance from, 131-133. 
 
 Harmar: United States Commissioners hold to 
 boundaries agreed upon in treaty of, 8, 189; 
 Celoron on site of, 9, 43; built, 59-60; Ohio 
 Company emigrants land at, 64. 
 
 Hendrick, 14, 27. 
 
Forts INDEX 59 
 
 Hunter, 12, 119. 
 
 Ingoldesby, 7, 53, 123. 
 
 Jefferson: erected, 8, 138; St. Glair s army at, 
 139-142; St. Clair and Butler disagree at, 141. 
 
 Laurens, 6, 164, 167. 
 
 Le Boeuf, attack on (1763), 5, 173; 7> 63. 
 
 Ligonier: French attack, 5, 154; General Forbes 
 at, 156; attack on (1763), I73J Bouquet mov 
 ing upon (1763), 177; origin of name of, 178. 
 
 Long Island, 6, 25. 
 
 Loramie, 7, 163; Wayne builds, 8, 208. 
 
 Loudoun: 5, 46, 57-58; 6, 25. 
 
 Lowther: 5, 45; repair of, 54; Bouquet at, 79. 
 
 Lyttleton, 5, 55- 
 
 Machault, see Fort Venango. 
 
 Massac, strategic position of, 8, 15-17. 
 
 Massachusetts, 7, 57. 
 
 McDowell, 5, 57. 
 
 Mclntosh, treaty of, 9, 50. 
 
 Miami: Pontiac s plot discovered at, 5, 170; at 
 tack on (1763), 172. 
 
 Miamis, La Salle builds, 7, 35. 
 
 Michilimackinac, treacherous attack on, 5, 172. 
 
 Morris, 5, 56. 
 
 Mount Braddock, Washington begins, 3, 154. 
 
60 INDEX Forts 
 
 FORTS (continued) 
 
 Necessity: Washington s account of erecting, 3, 
 151; meaning of name of, 152; Washington 
 compelled to occupy, 156; view of site of, 157; 
 battle of, 159-167; remains of, 171-172; sur 
 veyed by Freeman Lewis, 173; shape of, 173- 
 188; plans of, 175, 179; surveyed by Robert 
 McCracken, 177; site owned by Lewis Fazen- 
 baker, 177; Jared Sparks s description of, 183; 
 importance of campaign of, 4, 23. 
 
 Newport, 7, 59. 
 
 Niagara: Braddock to conquer, 4, 43-51, 74; 
 failure of Shirley to capture, 135; sketch of, 7, 
 60-6 1. 
 
 Nicholson, 7, 53, 123. 
 
 Number Four, 7, 118-119. 
 
 Old Fort Schuyler, 12, 101. 
 
 Oswego: built, 7, 58; Montcalm captures, 5, 68. 
 
 Ouiatanon, correct site of, 7, 66. 
 
 Pennsylvania forts: on frontier, 5, 48-64; west 
 of Susquehanna, 63. 
 
 Pitt: origin of name, 5, 158; heroic defense of 
 (1763), 174-176. 
 
 Presque Isle: built, 3, 74," attack on (1763), 5* 
 173; controls portage, 7, 63. 
 
 Randolph, see Fort Adams. 
 
Forts INDEX 61 
 
 Recovery: Wayne builds, 8, 204; Indians attack, 
 205 ; Wayne passes, 206. 
 
 Richelieu, 7, 53. 
 
 Sackville, Clark approaches, 8, 57~59- 
 
 Sainte Terese, 7, 53. 
 
 Sandusky, attack on, 5, 171. 
 
 Saratoga, 7, 57. 
 
 Schuyler, 7, 53- 
 
 Shirley, Kittanning expedition rendezvoused at, 
 5, 60. 
 
 Stanwix: treaty of (1768), 6, 21-23; first Ameri 
 can flag unfurled in battle at, 7, 59. 
 
 St. Clair, erected, 8, 169. 
 
 St. John, 7, 53- 
 
 St. Joseph s, 7, 66. 
 
 St. Louis, 7, 53. 
 
 Stephens, 7, 121. 
 
 Steuben, Pennsylvania militia ordered to ren 
 dezvous at (1790), 8, 84. 
 
 Ticonderoga: Montcalm at, 5, 68; Abercrombie 
 menaces, 73. 
 
 Venango: built, 3, 78; Pontiac s hordes ruin, 5, 
 
 173; 7, 63. 
 
 Washington: Harmar s army rendezvoused at, 8, 
 84-91; St. Glair s army at, 124-130; Wayne 
 encamps at Hobson s Choice, 185-195. 
 
62 INDEX Forts 
 
 FORTS (continued) 
 
 Watauga: trail from Fort Chissel to Cumber 
 land Gap ran by, 6, 29; treaty of, 92; Sevier 
 and Robertson command, 149; part in Revolu 
 tion, 149-156. 
 
 Wayne, Wayne erects, 8, 216. 
 
 Western, 7, 54. 
 
 William Henry: Montcalm moves upon, 5, 69; 
 strategic position of, 7, 53. 
 
 Williams, 7, 59. 
 
 Winnebago, 7, 66, 186. 
 
 Wood Creek, 7, 147-148. 
 
 Fort Recovery (Ohio) : St. Clair s army reaches, 
 8, 146; battlefield near, described, 146-147; dis 
 position of St. Clair s army, 147-148; St. Clair s 
 defeat at, 152-156; Wayne s soldiers visit battle 
 ground at, 203; build Fort Recovery at, 204; 
 Wayne s skirmish at, 205 ; Wayne s army passes, 
 206. 
 
 Four Mile House, near Columbus, 10, 159. 
 
 Fox, Arthur, 6, 198. 
 
 Fox, Charles James, his opinion of Washington, 
 3, 21. 
 
 Francis, Pres. David F., on good roads and in 
 creased land values, 15, 45-46. 
 
French INDEX 63 
 
 Frankford Town, 4, 195. 
 
 Frankfort (Kentucky), early steamboat building at, 
 9, 138. 
 
 Franklin, Benjamin: Braddock s dependence on, 4, 
 68; doubts Braddock s ability to capture Fort 
 Duquesne, 119; advice to sleep with open window 
 followed by pioneers, 12, 86; letter regarding S. 
 Rhoads, on American canal building, 13, 25-26; 
 14, 207. 
 
 Franklin House, 10, 159. 
 
 Frazer (guide), in Forbes s army, 5, 100. 
 
 Frazier, Washington visits, 3, 98. 
 
 Frederick the Great: in Seven Years War, 5, 67; 
 opinion concerning Pitt, 70. 
 
 Fredericksburg (Maryland), Francis Baily (1796) 
 describes, n, 121-122. 
 
 Freeman: acts as spy, 8, 170; murdered, 171. 
 
 Freeman, Journal, cited, 14, 165. 
 
 Freighters: how built, 10, 129-130; great loads car 
 ried by, 131-132. 
 
 Freight rate: on pack-horse routes, n, 61 ; from 
 Marietta, Ohio, to Philadelphia, 12, 54; Alex 
 andria, Virginia, to Morgantown, Virginia, 
 (1796), 66. 
 
 French Creek, in Washington s plan of communica 
 tion, 13, 38, 45. 
 
64 INDEX French 
 
 French and Indian War: cause of, 3, 68-71; Vir 
 ginia s first appropriation for, 126; early stages 
 of, 4, 31-36; England s first appropriation for, 36; 
 pretenses of peace which preceded, 116; contin 
 uation of war (1755-1758), 5, 35-64; colonies 
 trained for Revolution in, 37-38, 43~44J Revolu 
 tionary generals received their training in, 43-445 
 campaigns of 1756, 66; Pitt s plan of campaign, 
 72-73; details in early campaign of 1758, 74-9; 
 last campaign in the West, 77-158. 
 
 French: familiarity with Indians, 3, 80-82; claim 
 Ohio Valley, 101-102; colonial indifference to, 
 
 125. 
 Friend, Charles, consulted by Washington (1784) 
 
 as to western routes, 12, 23. 
 Friend, John, 12, 23. 
 
 Friend, Tim : 12, 49 ; reputation as hunter, 80. 
 Froman, Jacob, 6, 198. 
 Frontenac, 7, 34. 
 Frontier forts and blockhouses in 1756, map of, 
 
 5, 51- 
 
 Frontier Forts of Pennsylvania, cited, 2, 89. 
 Frostburg (Maryland): early tavern at, to, 159; 
 
 mile-stone on Braddock s Road near, n, 105. 
 Frothingham, Lieutenant, 8, 106. 
 Fry, Col. John, 14, 27. 
 
Gamelin INDEX 65 
 
 Fry, Col. Joshua: Dinwiddie s instructions to 
 
 (1754), 3, 123-125; death of, 152; Dr. Walker 
 
 at home of, 6, 56, 52. 
 Fulton, Robert, on Erie Canal committee, 14, 56, 
 
 150. 
 Fulton and Livingston, build steamboats on Ohio 
 
 River, 9, 137. 
 Fulton House, 10, 158, 160. 
 
 GAFFE, Col. John, commands New Hamp 
 shire troops, 7, 1 20. 
 
 Gage, Lieutenant Colonel: advances from 
 Little Crossings, 4, in; in Braddock s defeat, 
 124, 125, 126, 127. 
 
 Gaither, Major, in St. Clair s defeat, 8, 147. 
 Galinee, made first map of the upper lakes, 7, 33. 
 Gallatin, Albert, Pennsylvania home mentioned, 
 
 12, 86. 
 
 Galley boats on Ohio, 9, 129-131. 
 Gall s, 10, 1 60. 
 
 Gambling on Ohio River, 9, 182-187. 
 Gamelin, Anthony: sent to sound Northwestern In 
 dians, 8, 82 ; report of, 82-83. 
 
66 INDEX Gano 
 
 Gano, Capt. John S., builds Fort St. Clair, 8, 169. 
 Ganong, Dr. William F., A Monograph of Historic 
 Sites in the Province of New Brunswick, quoted, 
 7, 94-109. 
 Gansen s, 12, 137. 
 Garneau, M., cited, 3, 82. 
 Garnet s Mill, William Brown at, 4, 194. 
 Garret, guide in Forbes s army, 5, 100. 
 Gates, General: in Braddock s campaign, 4, 86; 
 appointed on Virginia committee concerning 
 Potomac improvement, 13, 5- 
 Geddes, James: estimates cost of Chesapeake and 
 Ohio Canal, 13, 88 ; esteems Morris as originator 
 of Erie Canal idea, 14, 46, 51, 53, 55-56, 109, 
 115, 149, 1 80; honored at inauguration of Erie 
 Canal, 149. 
 Gelston, G., 12, 145. 
 "Gen. Andrew Jackson," 10, 158. 
 Genesee Messenger, articles by Jesse Hawley in, 
 
 14, 48. 
 
 Genesee Street, origin of name, 12, 100. 
 
 Gentleman s Magazine, quoted, on treachery of 
 sending Braddock to Virginia instead of to Penn 
 sylvania, 4, 56. 
 
 George, Capt. (Indian), i, 59. 
 
Gist INDEX 67 
 
 George, King, speech at the opening of Parliament, 
 
 1754, 4, 35- 
 Georgetown (D. C.) : Baily describes, n, 117; 
 
 prophesies (1796) that Washington will absorb, 
 
 117. 
 
 German Flats (New York), 12, 122. 
 Gerrard: acts as spy for Wayne, 8, 170; murdered, 
 
 171. 
 
 Gethrop, Thomas, 12, 31. 
 
 Gibault, Vincennes won over to Clark by, 8, 32. 
 Gibson, Colonel, in St. Clair s defeat, 8, 151-152. 
 Gibson s, 10, 156. 
 Gilbert s, 10, 164. 
 Gillespie, on grade of roads, 15, 96. 
 Gillis, David, 6, 202. 
 Gilpin, George, elected director Potomac Company, 
 
 13, 56. 
 
 Gilpin, Joshua, 14, 93. 
 
 Girty, Simon: in Revolution, 6, 160, 173-174; at 
 McKee s house during convention at Roche de 
 Bout, 8, 191. 
 
 Gist, Christopher: Journal, cited, 2, 98, 108; guides 
 Washington over Nemacolin s Path, 3, 96; in 
 Fort Necessity campaign, 138; French ruin house 
 of, 140; in Braddock s campaign, 4, 114; Old 
 
68 INDEX Gist 
 
 Gist (continued) 
 
 Trading Path followed by, 5, 17-19; Ohio Com 
 pany engages, 6, 70; instructions of Ohio Com 
 pany to, 70-72; sketch of, 72-73; West explored 
 by, 73-76; secures mammoth bones, 74; route in 
 Kentucky, 75-76; comparative success of explora 
 tions of, 76. 
 
 Gist, General, Washington s opinion of, 8, 173. 
 
 Givens, Lieut. W., 6, 129. 
 
 Glades (Allegheny), described, 12, 79-80. 
 
 Gladwin, Major, Detroit defended by, 5, 171. 
 
 Gleaver s, 10, 161. 
 
 "Globe," 10, 163. 
 
 Globe Inn, 10, 155. 
 
 "Golden Lamb," 10, 163. 
 
 "Golden Swan," 10, 158. 
 
 "Good Intent Coach Line," 10, 135. 
 
 GOOD ROADS- 
 
 Basic principles of movement, 15, 17, 49. 
 
 Beginning of movement, 15, 75. 
 
 Churches, as affected by, 15, 20. 
 
 Country living, decline of, 15, 23, 35~37> 4-43- 
 
 Corduroy roads, modern: defined, 15, 123; Gil- 
 more on, 123-125; see Corduroy Roads. 
 
 Crooked roads, not much longer than straight, 15, 
 92-93- 
 
Good Roads INDEX 69 
 
 Crops, 15, 3031; as affected by, 46-47. 
 
 Drainage: need of, 15, 96-97; first principles of, 
 98-100; fallacy of building "breaks," 102-103; 
 side ditches, 103-104; ditches must not become 
 gullies, 104; how effected, 104-105; dangerous 
 action of water, how avoided, 105-106; under 
 drainage, 106-107 ; subdrains, 107-108. 
 
 Eldridge on principles of, 15, 85, et seq. 
 
 Education, as related to, 15, 18-20, 31-33- 
 
 Earth roads, construction, 15, 108-123. 
 
 Grading: formerly ignored, 15, 88; a study in 
 (illustration), 89; most important factor in 
 road-building, 92; ill consequence of lack of 
 proper, 94; heavy loads impossible where road- 
 builders neglect proper, 94-95 ; regulation of 
 heavy, 95. 
 
 Gravel roads: principles of, 15, 126-140; view of, 
 127. 
 
 Land, untilled, in relation to, 15, 44-46. 
 
 Libraries and hospitals made available to rural 
 residents, 15, 21. 
 
 Macadam roads: view of, 15, 83; the ultimate 
 American road, 86; principles of, 142-160; cost 
 of, 164-165; Page on "Selection of Materials 
 for," 170-189; ideal described, 174; best stone 
 for, 174-176; costly experiments on, 177-178; 
 considerations to be noted concerning, 178-181 ; 
 
70 INDEX Good Roads 
 
 GOOD ROADS (continued) 
 
 statistics gathered in France, 181 ; trap rocks 
 often useful, 184; trappa, derivation of, 184; 
 testing rocks, 186-187; laboratories for testing, 
 188. 
 
 Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, prosperity 
 under, 15, 44-45. % 
 
 Moral question of, 15, 17-18. 
 
 National Aid, Dodge on, 15, 51-64. 
 
 New Jersey and state aid, 15, 51. 
 
 New York plan of state aid, 15, 51. 
 
 Ohio and state aid, 15, 51. 
 
 Pennsylvania and state aid, 15, 51. 
 
 "Pig-track surveys," fallacy of following, 15, 87. 
 
 Railways favor, 15, 43-44, 46, 78. 
 
 Sand clay road, view of, 15, 115. 
 
 Schools: dependent on, 15, 18; President Jesse on 
 consolidated buildings for, 19; comparative ex 
 pense of country and city, 32-33. 
 
 Section lines, cannot be built economically on, 
 15, 87. 
 
 Social intercourse and, 15, 23. 
 
 State-aid plan described, 15, 50-51. 
 
 Steel track, view of, 15, 66. 
 
 Stone roads, principles of building, 15, 190-211. 
 
 Straightness must be sacrificed for proper grades, 
 15, 91-92. 
 
Graham INDEX 71 
 
 Supervisors, deficient in skill and means, 15, 
 
 71-72. 
 Surfacing: general principles of proper, 15, 100- 
 
 101 ; materials for, 141-142. 
 Telford roads: preparation of foundation for, 15, 
 
 157; cost of building, in New Jersey, 164-165. 
 Train, Southern Railway s good roads, view of, 
 
 15, 59- 
 
 "Good Roads for Farmers," by Hon. M. O. 
 
 Eldridge, 15, 81-161. 
 Gordon, Captain, 5, 96. 
 Gordon, Capt. John, 6, 129. 
 Gordon, Harry: author of Morris Journal, 4, 80; 
 
 begins Braddock s Road, 99; map of Ohio River, 
 
 9, 48. 
 Gordon, denies Proctor transportation to Maumee, 
 
 8, 112. 
 
 Goreville (Illinois), Clark s route, 8, 27. 
 Gorman, Senator A. P., president of Chesapeake and 
 
 Ohio Canal Company, 13, 163. 
 Government Cooperation in Object-lesson Road 
 
 Work, by Hon. Martin Dodge, quoted, 15, 
 
 67-80. 
 
 Graded Way, Pike County, Ohio, I, 88. 
 Graham, History of Fairfield and Perry Counties, 
 
 Ohio, cited, n, 166. 
 
72 INDEX Grahame 
 
 Grahame, Kenneth, The Golden Age, quoted, 10, 
 
 175. 
 
 Grand Cote Prairie, Clark s route in, 8, 43. 
 
 Grand Point, see Richview, Illinois. 
 
 Grant, James, Forbes s messenger, 5, 93. 
 
 Grant, John, 6, 200. 
 
 Grant, defeated by Aubrey, 5, 151, 178. 
 
 Grant s Hill, battle of, 5, 151, 178. 
 
 Grantsville (Maryland), early taverns at, 10, 159. 
 
 Gray, Joseph, 6, 198. 
 
 Great Crossings (Smithfield, Pennsylvania), loca 
 tion of, 4, 1 86. 
 
 Greaf Falls, Potomac Company canal completed 
 around, 13, 62. 
 
 Greathouse Crossing, Clark crosses Crab Orchard 
 Creek at, 8, 29, 30. 
 
 Great Meadows: location of, 4, 186; Sampey s 
 Tavern at, 10, 160. 
 
 Green, Andrew H., on Black Commission, 14, 197. 
 
 Green, George E., on Roosevelt Erie Canal com 
 mittee, 14, 198. 
 
 Greenaway s, 6, 131. 
 
 Green Bay, Michigan, I, 49. 
 
 Greene, Francis V., Roosevelt addresses Erie Canal 
 letter to, 14, 197. 
 
Gwyn s INDEX 73 
 
 Greene, Gen. Nathaniel, Fort Greenville named by 
 
 Wayne in honor of, 8, 201. 
 Greenfield s, 10, 160. 
 Green s, 10, 156. 
 "Green Tree," 10, 158, 162, 164. 
 Greenville (Ohio) : St. Glair s army reaches, 8, 142; 
 
 desertions at, 143; Wayne s army at, 201-205. 
 Green, Willis, 6, 199. 
 Gregg s, 10, 155. 
 "Griffin," La Salle builds, 7, 35. 
 Groseilliers, discovers the Mississippi, 7, 182. 
 Gross s, 12, 60. 
 Groves s, 10, 156. 
 Grundy, Samuel, 6, 199. 
 Guion, Mr., surveys Baltimore and Ohio route, 13, 
 
 109. 
 
 Gunboat on Ohio, 9, 129. 
 Gwynn, Lieut. Walter, surveys Baltimore and Ohio 
 
 route, 13, 109, no. 
 Gwyn s, on Braddock s road, 4, 195; 7, 78; 10, 
 
 32-34- 
 
HABLITZELL S, 10, 159- 
 Hagerstown (Maryland), described by Baily 
 (1796), u, 126. 
 
 Haldeman s Mills, 4, 195. 
 
 Half King: Washington s relations with, 3, 100- 
 108; Joncaire s rebuke of, 101-102; letter of 
 warning to Washington from, 134. 
 
 Halket, Maj. Francis, Washington forecasts failure 
 of Forbes to, 5, 112-113. 
 
 Halket, Sir Peter: ordered to America, 4, 38; at 
 Fort Cumberland, 90; departs from Fort Cum 
 berland, 99 ; advances from Little Crossings, 1 1 1 ; 
 death of, 130. 
 
 Hall, Capt. Basil, on corduroy roads, n, 7 2 -?3- 
 
 Hall, Judge James, Legends of the West, quoted, 
 II, 175-201. 
 
 Hall, Major, in Harmar s campaign, 8, 87, 105. 
 
 Hall s, 12, 136. 
 
 Halsey, Francis Whiting: The Old New York 
 Frontier, quoted, 12, 143-163; The Pioneers of 
 Unadilla Village, cited, 144. 
 
Hardin INDEX 75 
 
 Halsey, Gains Leonard, M. D., Reminiscences of 
 Village Life and of Panama and California from 
 1840 to 1850, cited, 12, 158. 
 
 Haltz s, 10, 156. 
 
 Hamilton, Lieut.-Gov. Henry: Vincennes recap 
 tured by, 6, 164; Clark captures, 165-166; Vin 
 cennes campaign of, 7, 168-178; MS. Journal 
 cited, 170175. 
 
 Hamilton, Lieut. John, chaplain in Braddock s 
 army, 4, 94- 
 
 Hamilton (Ohio), Wayne s road in, 8, 195. 
 
 Hamilton s, 12, 62. 
 
 Hammond, Political History of New York, cited, 
 14, 165, 166. 
 
 Hamtramck, Major, letter to St. Clair, on situation 
 in Northwest, 8, 83. 
 
 Hancock (Maryland), condition of, in 1790, 12, 52. 
 
 Hand, General, Washington s opinion of, 8, 173. 
 
 Hanks, Abraham, emigrates to Kentucky, 6, 107, 
 109, no, in. 
 
 Hanna s, 12, 153. 
 
 Hannastown (Pennsylvania), 5, 186-188. 
 
 Han s Meadow, 6, 124. 
 
 Harbison s, 6, 122. 
 
 Hardin, Col. John: in Harmar s campaign, 8, 88, 
 102-106; goes as messenger to Indians, 170; mur 
 dered, 171; scalp identified by May, 182. 
 
76 INDEX Hardy 
 
 Hardy, Governor, 5, 65. 
 
 Harlan, Maj. Silas, 6, 129. 
 
 Harland s, 6, 122. 
 
 Harmar, Gen. Josiah : contracts for supplies, 8, 85 ; 
 asked to interest influential Kentuckians, 85 ; 
 campaign of 1790, 86-107; route of, 89-100; 
 testifies in St. Clair court martial, 126-127; de 
 mands court martial, 129; ordered to prevent 
 early immigration to northern shore of the Ohio, 
 9, 55 ; reports uprooting settlements north of the 
 Ohio, 59. 
 
 Harmar Papers, cited, 9, 60. 
 
 Harmon s Journal, quoted, 7, 188. 
 
 Harness, John G., 12, 31. 
 
 Harness, Joseph, 12, 89. 
 
 Harper, Alexander, 12, 145. 
 
 Harris, George H., Aboriginal Occupation of the 
 Lower Genesee Country, 2, 78-85. 
 
 Harris, John, describes Old Trading Path, 5, 23. 
 
 Harris, Pittsburgh Business Directory for the year 
 1837, cited, 9, 107, 134- 
 
 Harris s, 12, 131. 
 
 Harris, Thomas G., Chesapeake and Ohio Canal 
 contractor, 13, 158. 
 
 Harris, Tour, cited, 9, 106, 127, 134; 12, 70. 
 
Hawley INDEX 77 
 
 Harrison, E. G., Stone Roads in New Jersey, 15, 
 
 190211. 
 Harrison, Gov. Benjamin, Washington writes on 
 
 internal improvements to, 3, 197-198, 201. 
 Harrison, Mr., locates Baltimore and Ohio Rail 
 way, 13, 109. 
 Harrison, William Henry: at erection of Fort St. 
 
 Clair, 8, 169; under Wayne, 176; nominated for 
 
 president, 14, 170171, 175. 
 Harrod, Capt. W., commanded a company in 
 
 Clark s force, 8, 222. 
 
 Harrodsburg (Kentucky), settlement of, 6, 80. 
 Hart, David, 6, 91, 102, 113, 136. 
 Hart, Erie Canal Commissioner, 14, 149. 
 Hart, Nathaniel, 6, 200. 
 Hartley s, n, 137. 
 Harvey s, 10, 156. 
 
 Harvey s Point, on Kaskaskia Trace, 8, 67. 
 Hastings s, 10, 160. 
 Hathaway, Judge, address at breaking ground for 
 
 Erie Canal at Rome (New York), 14, 116. 
 Havre de Grace (Maryland), Baily describes, u, 
 
 109-110. 
 
 Hawkins, John, 6, 198. 
 Hawley, Jesse: articles advocating Erie Canal, 14, 
 
78 INDEX Hawley 
 
 Hawley (continued) 
 
 48; influence in originating Erie Canal, 48-49; 
 
 address at opening of Erie Canal, 139. 
 Hawley, M. S., Origin of the Erie Canal, quoted, 
 
 14, 48, HO-II2, 116, 119; cited, 51. 
 Hay, Major, 7, 173. 
 Hays, James, 6, 199. 
 Hazen, Brigadier General, letter to General Irvine, 
 
 5, 189- 
 
 Hazzard, Lieut. R. E., surveys Baltimore and Ohio 
 route, 13, 109, no. 
 
 Headley, Usal, 10, 162. 
 
 Heckewelder, John: Map of Northeastern Ohio, 
 1*7961 2, 101 ; on derivation of name Ohio, 9, 
 17-19. 
 
 Heighway, Mr.: early pioneer in Ohio, n, 116; 
 route in Ohio, 146-150. 
 
 Helm, Captain : occupies Vincennes, 8, 32 ; captured 
 by Hamilton, 33 ; Clark mentions, 222. 
 
 Henderson, Col. Richard: ancestry, 6, 88-89; ear ly 
 life, 89-91 ; anecdote illustrating self-confidence, 
 89-91 ; Transylvania Company formed by, 91-92; 
 Boone negotiates Watauga treaty for, 92 ; departs 
 for Kentucky, 101-102; diary while going to Ken 
 tucky, 101-107; joins Calk s party, in; crosses 
 Cumberland Gap, 112, 115; letter to Joseph 
 
Hildreth INDEX 79 
 
 Martin, 133-134; Boone writes to, 143; Watauga 
 * purchase repudiated by Virginia and North Caro 
 lina, 144; Virginia and North Carolina reim 
 burse, 144. 
 
 Henderson, Major Pleasant, brother of Richard 
 Henderson, 6, 88-89. 
 
 Henderson, Nathaniel, brother of Richard Hender 
 son, 6, 88. 
 
 Henderson, Samuel, father of Richard Henderson, 
 6, 88, 102, 103, 104. 
 
 Hening, Statutes at Large, cited, 13, 58, et seq. 
 
 Hennepin, 7, 36. 
 
 "Hercules," signature of Jesse Hawley, q. v. 
 
 Herdman, William, farm on Wayne s Road, 8, 
 196. 
 
 Herrin s Prairie (Illinois), St. Louis-Shawneetown 
 Trace in, 8, 28. 
 
 Hewett, D., American Traveller, n, 56, 118. 
 
 Hides, brought from Illinois to Pittsburg in 1796, 
 12, 87. 
 
 Higginson, Henry, 12, 118. 
 
 Highland Hall, 10, 159. 
 
 Hildreth, Dr. S. P.: Pioneer History, cited, I, 62; 
 2, 1 8, 109, 122; 9, 130; 12, 64; "Early Immigra 
 tion," quoted, 5, 197; immigrants on Old Glade 
 Road described by, 197-199. 
 
80 INDEX Hill 
 
 Hill, Gen. A. P., Dr. Walker an ancestor of, 6, 51. 
 
 Hill s, 10, 155. 
 
 Hillsborough, efforts to limit the boundaries of Vir 
 ginia, 6, 20-23. 
 
 Himberlin, Abraham, 6, 201. 
 
 Hinch s Spring, 13, 68. 
 
 Hind s House, 4, 194. 
 
 Hinman, Colonel, exhibit at Erie Canal inaugural 
 ball, 14, 150. 
 
 Hinsdale, B. A., The Old Northwest, 7, 36, 73 ; 9, 
 68. 
 
 Historical Account of the Rise, Progress and Present 
 State of the Canal Navigation in Pennsylvania, 
 quoted, 13, 30. 
 
 History of Hamilton County, Ohio, quoted, 8, 91. 
 
 Kite, Abraham, 6, 199; 12, 25. 
 
 Hite, Isaac, 6, 199. 
 
 "Hit or Miss," first boat to cross Alleghenies on 
 Allegheny Portage Railway, 13, 206. 
 
 Hobbs, Joshua, 6, 198. 
 
 "Hobson s Choice," Wayne s camp named, 8, 186. 
 
 Hodgdon, Quartermaster: shortsightedness of, 8, 
 121, 127; hastening provision trains, 139-140. 
 
 Hoffman, George, Baltimore and Ohio Railway di 
 rector, 13, no. 
 Hogan, Richard, 6, 118. 
 
Howell INDEX 81 
 
 Hogg, Captain, 5, 32. 
 
 Hogg, James, 6, 91. 
 
 Holgate, Col. Jacob, Pennsylvania Canal commis 
 sioner, 13, 177. 
 
 Holland, J. G., Bay Path, cited, 2, 75. 
 
 Holland Purchase line, 12, 138. 
 
 Holland, W. N., Life and Political Opinions of 
 Van Buren, 14, 170. 
 
 Holley, Myron, Erie Canal commissioner, 14, 149, 
 1 80. 
 
 Hollidaysburg (Pennsylvania), Eastern terminus Al 
 legheny Portage Railway, 13, 198-199. 
 
 Holmes, Andrew, 6, 200. 
 
 Home, description of an interesting pioneer, 12, 79. 
 
 Hood s, 6, 123. 
 
 Hoolen s, 6, 123. 
 
 Hoover, Gen. C., large load hauled by horses of, 10, 
 
 131- 
 
 Hoover s, 10, 161. 
 
 Hosmer s, 12, 137. 
 
 Hotchkiss, Lemuel, 12, 150. 
 
 Houseboatman, typical Ohio River, 9, 178-182. 
 
 House, John, 12, 109. 
 
 Howard, William, locates Baltimore and Ohio 
 
 Railway line, 13, 109. 
 Howell s Map, Baily cites, n, 124. 
 
82 INDEX Howe 
 
 Howe s Historical Collections of Ohio, cited, 2, 
 104, 107. 
 
 Hudgins, Daniel, 6, 199. 
 
 Hughes, James, 6, 200. 
 
 Hughes, Philip, chaplain in Braddock s army, 4, 94. 
 
 Hughs, John, 6, 50. 
 
 Hulbert, A. B., Colonel Washington, 3, n; Red 
 Men s Roads, cited, 7, 162; The Old National 
 Road, cited, 10, 12. 
 
 Hulbert, Rochester (New York) committeeman on 
 Erie Canal inaugural celebration, 14, 142. 
 
 Hulme s Journal in W. Cobbett, A Year s Resi 
 dence in the United States, cited, II, 55. 
 
 Humphreys, David, Washington writes on internal 
 improvements to, 3, 195-196. 
 
 Hunter, James, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal con 
 tractor, 13, 159. 
 
 Hunter, Harris and Company, Chesapeake and 
 Ohio Canal contractors, 13, 159- 
 
 Hunter s, 10, 159. 
 
 Hunting Ground: Pyankeshaw s, 2, 57; Ottawas, 
 60. 
 
 Huntington, General, Washington s opinion of, 8, 
 
 173. 
 
 Hunt, Menad, 12, 146. 
 Hursey s, 10, 162. 
 
Indians INDEX 83 
 
 Hutchins, Thomas, map of Ohio and Pennsylvania 
 based on map of, 2, 105 ; sketch of the Wabash, 8, 
 35- 
 
 ILLINOIS: archaeological map of, i, 55; map 
 of, showing George Rogers Clark s routes, 8, 
 21. 
 
 Immigration to northern shore of Ohio: difficulty 
 of restraining, 9, 53 ; forbidden, 55. 
 
 Incline planes: on Morris Canal, 13, 1 93-194; <> n 
 Allegheny Portage Railway, 193-205. 
 
 "Indian Queen," 10, 158; n, 127. 
 
 Indiana, archaeological map of, I, 55. 
 
 Indianapolis (Indiana) : Cumberland Road at, 10, 
 8 1 ; taverns at, 164. 
 
 Indians: dexterous in steering courses in forests, 2, 
 32, 33 ; hunting grounds, 45, 46; number in West 
 in 1775, 3, 63; treatment by French and English 
 compared, 80-84; English officer s description of, 
 4) 91-93; dance described, 153-156; French re 
 tain affection of, 5, 165; never occupied Old 
 Southwest, 6, 26; British agents goad to war, 
 149-155; attempt neutral policy, 157-160. 
 
84 INDLX Indians 
 
 Indians, Mound-building: new conceptions of, I, 
 37, et seq.\ ancestors of later Indians, 38; dis 
 tribution of mounds of, 43; population heavy 
 where Indian population was heavy, 45 ; centers 
 of population, 45; seats in Ohio, 46; interior 
 location of mounds, 46-47 ; seats in Michigan, 
 49; located on small streams, 58; traveled by 
 land, 60, 61; roads of, 90-92; migrations of, 95. 
 
 Indian Point, Clark s encampment at, 8, 26. 
 
 "Indian Side" of Ohio, significance of, 9, 50. 
 
 "Indian Stones," beside trails, 2, 28. 
 
 Indian War (1790-95): Indians strategic position 
 during, 8, 72-74 ; waged by same nations engaged 
 in former wars, 80-8 1 ; renewed threats of in 
 1791, 109-113; United States attempts to avert, 
 112-114; St. Clair continues, 108-159; Wayne 
 ends, 160-218. 
 
 Influence of the Erie Canal upon the population 
 along its course, by Julius Winden, 14, 152-177. 
 
 Inglis Ferry, 6, 30. 
 
 Ink s, 10, 1 60. 
 
 Inland Lock Navigation Company, Reports of: 
 cited, 14, 26; quoted, 27, 28-29, et seq. 
 
 Innes, Judge, on Indian atrocities preceding Indian 
 War, 8, 79, 83-84. 
 
 Innis, Hon. Harry, 6, 201-202. 
 
Iroquois INDEX 85 
 
 Innis, Henry, 6, 197. 
 
 Intemperance, Revolutionary generals given to, 8, 
 174. 
 
 Interior, Report of Department of, cited, I, 128-131- 
 
 Interior, The, 3, n. 
 
 Internal Improvements: Washington inaugurates, 
 3, 189-215; on Ohio River, 9, 189-220; Cumber 
 land Road built, 10, 18-57; constitutionality 
 questioned, 57-60; Harriet Martineau s version 
 of the pros and cons, 60-64 ; Zane s Trace opened 
 by National Government, n, 156-166; Mays- 
 ville Road bill passed by Congress, 167-168; 
 Jackson vetoes, 169-173; Washington inaugu 
 rates Potomac Company, 13, 33-645 National 
 Government surveys route for Chesapeake and 
 Ohio Canal, 77-78; takes stock in Chesapeake 
 and Ohio Canal, 112; refuses to subscribe stock 
 in Baltimore and Ohio Railway, 113-114; pro 
 posal to aid Erie Canal by sale of western lands, 
 14, 58-59; see Good Roads. 
 Inter-Ocean, Chicago, quoted, I, 109. 
 Iowa, roads heavier grade than mountain roads of 
 
 Switzerland, 15, 88. 
 
 Iroquois: dominion of, 3, 47-51; at Treaty of Fort 
 Stanwix, 6, 22; chiefs visit Washington, 8, 165- 
 166. 
 
 
86 INDEX Irvine 
 
 Irvine, Gen. William: Washington addresses on in 
 ternal improvements, 3, 200; Washington s pri 
 vate opinion of, 8, 173-174; on low social condi 
 tions in early days of Pittsburg, 9, 67 ; owns land 
 in the West, 12, 77. 
 
 Irwin, Thomas, account of Harmar s and St. Clair s 
 campaigns, quoted, 8, 89, et seq.] 231-237. 
 
 Israel s, 10, 156. 
 
 Ithaca (Ohio), Wayne s Road near, 8, 196. 
 
 JACK, Captain, Braddock ignores, 4, 113-114. 
 Jackman, Richard, 6, 199. 
 Jackson, Andrew, Maysville Road bill vetoed 
 by, n, 167-174. 
 Jacob s, 12, 52. 
 
 Jefferson, on internal improvements, 15, 56. 
 Jenkins, Political History of New York, cited, 14, 
 
 1 66, 1 68, 169. 
 Jesse, President Richard H., on good roads and 
 
 consolidated school-houses, 15, 19. 
 Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents, cited, 2, 19, 
 27, 3i, 33, 34, 35, 43, 46, 62; 9, 26, 31, 32, 35, 
 46. 
 
Jones INDEX 87 
 
 John Filson, I, 126. 
 
 Johnson, E. F., promoter of improved Erie Canal, 
 
 14, 190. 
 
 Johnson, Guy: Map of the Country of the Six 
 Nations, 2, 69; Sir William Johnson builds 
 Pride s tavern for, 12, 119. 
 
 Johnson-Hatfield House, 10, 160. 
 
 Johnson, Joseph E., surveyor on Cumberland Road, 
 10, 77. 
 
 Johnson, J. S., First Explorations of Kentucky, 
 cited, 6, 48, et seq. 
 
 Johnson, Mr., 14, 142. 
 
 Johnson s, 10, 156. 
 
 Johnson, Sir William: Virginia boundary extended 
 by, 6, 22; Journal (1761), 7, 47; Pride s tav 
 ern built by, 12, 119; "first settlement" on the 
 Mohawk, 14, 27. 
 
 Johnson, Thomas, elected director of Potomac 
 Company, 13, 55- 
 
 Johnson, William, 12, 31. 
 
 Johnstown (Pennsylvania), western terminus of 
 Allegheny Portage Railway, 13, 200. 
 
 Joliet, explorer, 7, 33-34- 
 
 Joncaire: Washington visits, 3, 104-108; Celoron s 
 agent, 9, 28, 35, 37, 44. 
 
 Jones, History of Juniata Valley, cited, 2, 17, 86-88. 
 
88 INDEX Jones 
 
 Jones, John, 6, 201. 
 
 Jones, Talbot, Baltimore and Ohio director, 13, 
 I JO. 
 
 Jones, Walter: committeeman to memorialize Con 
 gress for aid for Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 
 13, 74; Chesapeake and Ohio Canal central com 
 mitteeman, 74. 
 
 Joplin s, Thomas, 6, 54. 
 
 Jouett, John, 6, 198. 
 
 Joy, Captain, in Erie Canal celebration, 14, 139. 
 
 Juchereau, Fort Massac site of trading station of, 
 8, 1 6. 
 
 Jumonville, Sieur de: advance from Fort Duquesne, 
 3, 140-142; Washington attacks, 142-150; view 
 of ledge from which Washington fired upon, 145 ; 
 claim concerning ambassadorship answered by 
 Washington, 147-150; Washington tricked to ac 
 knowledge assassination of, 164. 
 
 "June Bug Coach Line," 10, 125. 
 
 Juniata Valley, Jones s History of, 2, 17, 86-88. 
 
KACKANAPAULINS, 5, 20, 23. 
 Kaskaskia (Illinois), Clark occupies, 8, 31- 
 
 32. 
 Keel-boat: history of, Ohio River, 9, 107-113 ; crews, 
 
 described, 161-172. 
 Keen, Samuel G., 5> 2O2. 
 Kelley, Hugh, on Black Commission, 14, 197. 
 Kennedy, Lieut. John, killed at Battle of Blue 
 
 Licks, 6, 129. 
 
 Kennedy, Thomas, 6, 200. 
 Kennedy, commissary sent by Clark to explore 
 
 neighborhood of Vincennes, 8, 56. 
 Kent, Chancellor, Erie Canal bill saved by vote of, 
 
 14, IIOII2. 
 
 Kent, Hon. Joseph, chairman of public meeting pro 
 moting Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 13, 70. 
 
 Kenton, William, 6, 202. 
 
 Kent s, Mrs., 6, 130. 
 
 Kentucky: first hunters in, 6, 31-32; debt of Vir 
 ginia to, 41; derivation of name, 41-42; early 
 stations in, 44; pure English blood in, 45-46; 
 
90 INDEX Kentucky 
 
 Kentucky (continued) 
 
 Gist explores, 74-76; early hunters in, 78-80; 
 settlements of 1774 in, 80; Filson s map of, 119; 
 raid of Bird into, 168-169; debt of Old North 
 west to, 190; important part in western history, 
 
 190-193. 
 
 Kentucky Gazette, cited, 6, 192. 
 Kentucky Inn, 10, 160. 
 Keppel, August, British American fleet commanded 
 
 by, 4, 39- 
 Kerr, Joseph, Cumberland Road commissioner, 10, 
 
 26. 
 "Key of Keys," location near Washington, D. C., 
 
 discussed, 4, 78. 
 Keys s, 10, 160. 
 
 Kickener Paulins, see Kackanapaulins. 
 Kincaid, Capt. Joseph, 6, 129. 
 King, Mr., trees at Braddock s grave planted by, 
 
 4, 2II-2I2. 
 
 King, Rufus, Ohio, cited, 9, 64. 
 
 King, William, 6, 197. 
 
 King s, n, 142. 
 
 Kingsford, W., History, Structure and Statistics of 
 
 Plank Roads, cited, n, 98, et seq. 
 Kirtland, Rev. Samuel, urged to pacify Iroquois, 8, 
 
 163-164. 
 
Lambing INDEX 91 
 
 Kittanning campaign, history of, 5, 6062. 
 
 Klein, Theodore B., The Canals of Pennsylvania 
 and the System of Internal Improvements, cited, 
 13, 192. 
 
 Knight, Jonathan : Cumberland Road in Ohio lo 
 cated by, 10, 77-78; on board of engineers, Balti 
 more and Ohio Railway, 13, no; assists in in 
 venting cast-iron wheels, 131. 
 
 Knox, Col. James: Kentucky explored by, 6, 79- 
 80; acts as commissioner of Wilderness Road, 
 201. 
 
 Knox, David, 6, 198. 
 
 Kortright, John, 12, 148. 
 
 Kortright (New York), early days at, 12, 158. 
 
 Kruder, "Arks" invented by, 9, 127. 
 
 Krudener, Baron, rides in sail-car, 13, 128. 
 
 LAFAYETTE Amphitheatre, Erie Canal in 
 augural ball held in, 14, 149-150. 
 Laird s: 12, 126; genteel conditions at, 127. 
 Lake Erie, early description of, 2, 61. 
 Lambing, Catholic Historical Researches, cited, 9, 
 37- 
 
92 INDEX Lancaster 
 
 Lancaster (Pennsylvania) : terminus of first United 
 
 States macadamized road, n, 74; Wallcutt in, 
 
 (1790), 12, 60-61. 
 Lancaster, Treaty of, 3, 84. 
 "Landlord s Coach Line," 10, 125. 
 Land Records of Allegheny County, Maryland^ 
 
 cited, 5, 33. 
 Lane, George S., 12, 30. 
 La Salle: explorations of, 7, 33-37; discovered Ohio, 
 
 9, 21. 
 Latrobe, Benjamin H., describes sail-car "^olus," 
 
 13, 127. 
 
 Laurel-hanne, location of, 5, 18. 
 Laurence, David, 12, 145. 
 Lawless, Henry, in Dr. Walker s exploring party, 
 
 6, 50. 
 Lawrence, Lieutenant Colonel, commander at Nova 
 
 Scotia, 4, 49. 
 Lawrence s, n, 127. 
 
 Leavett, Mr., in Erie Canal celebration, 14, 142. 
 Lebanon (Ohio), Harmar s route near, 8, 91, 93. 
 Le Caron, on the Ottawa route, 7, 31. 
 Le Clercq, Etablissement de la Foi, cited, 7, 106. 
 Lee, Arthur: route on Old Glade Road, 5, 199; 
 
 9, 63. 
 
Lewis INDEX 93 
 
 Lee, Henry, Washington writes on internal im 
 provements to, 3, 196. 
 
 Lee, John, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal central 
 committeeman, 13, 74. 
 
 Lee, Richard Henry, Washington consults on Po 
 tomac improvement, 13, 54- 
 
 Lee, Thomas Sim, elected director of Potomac Com 
 pany, 13, 55- 
 
 "Legion of the United States," proposed by Knox, 
 8, 162. 
 
 Legionville, Wayne establishes, 8, 177. 
 
 Lehman s, 10, 159. 
 
 Lehu Town, 4, 195. 
 
 Lemon, Washington s guide in the Alleghenies, 12, 
 22. 
 
 Lenan (Illinois), Clark camps near, 8, 30. 
 
 Letter Relating to the Ohio Defeat (1755), cited > 
 4, 58, et seq. 
 
 Letters on Canals, by Schuyler and De Witt, cited, 
 
 14, 40. 
 Lewis, Gen. Andrew, Shawanese campaign of, 6, 
 
 85-88; 9, 49- 
 Lewis, Joseph, 6, 199. 
 Lewis, Morgan, quoted, 14, 43~44- 
 Lewis, Nicholas, 6, 198. 
 
94 INDEX Lewis 
 
 Lewis, Samuel, Map of Virginia, cited, 12, 49. 
 
 Lewis, Thomas, 6, 198. 
 
 Lewis s, Widow, 4, 195. 
 
 Lewis s, 14, 25. 
 
 Lightall, Mr., 14, 26. 
 
 Ligneris, Fort Duquesne commanded by, 5, 157. 
 
 Lincoln, Gen. Benjamin: Washington s private 
 opinion of, 8, 172-173; appointed to treat with 
 Indians, 184. 
 
 "Lion and the Eagle," 10, 163. 
 
 Literature, pioneer, 12, 58, 86, 155. 
 
 Little Backbone Mountain, first American tunnel 
 planned under, 13, 68. 
 
 Little Crossings, Braddock at, 4, no. 
 
 Little Falls (New York) : Bigelow describes 
 (1805), 12, 12 1 ; old portage, 14, 18-19; early 
 canal, 28-29; Erie Canal at, 132; view of Erie 
 Canal at, 133; see Mohawk River. 
 
 Little Meadows, Braddock at, 4, 185, 186. 
 
 "Little Turtle": defeats Harmar, 8, 102-107; de 
 feats St. Clair, 152-156. 
 
 Lively Prairie, Clark s route in, 8, 43. 
 
 Live, William, 6, 200. 
 
 Livingston, John, 12, 148. 
 
 Livingston, Robert, appointed on Erie Canal com 
 mittee, 14, 56, 150; see Fulton. 
 
Loramie INDEX 95 
 
 Load, heavy, drawn on plank road, n, 99? 
 
 Locher s, 12, 62. 
 
 Lockhart, Josiah, 12, 30. 
 
 Locomotives, experimental, 13, 127-129. 
 
 Logan, Colonel, arrival in Kentucky, 6, 43-44, 2OI. 
 
 Logan, Hugh, 6, 199. 
 
 Logan, Indian chieftain, murder of relatives of, 6, 
 
 85. 
 
 Logston, Joseph, 12, 24. 
 Logston, Thomas, 12, 24. 
 Loland, M., 6, 124. 
 
 Lombard trees at Utica, New York, 12, 126. 
 London Evening Post (1755), cited, 4, 59. 
 London Public Advertiser, cited, 4, 127; 5, 38. 
 "Long Hunters," Kentucky explored by, 6, 80. 
 Longino, Hon. A. H., on good roads movement, 
 
 15, 78-80. 
 
 Long Island Flats, battle of, 6, 149-151. 
 Long, Lieut. Col. Stephen H.: locates Baltimore 
 
 and Ohio Railway line, 13, 109, no; surveys 
 
 route for Allegheny Portage Railway, 197. 
 Long Prairie, Vincennes Trace in, 8, 52. 
 Long s Ordinary, 6, 123. 
 Loramie s Store: strategic position of, 7, 162-164; 
 
 George Rogers Clark raids, 8, 76; Harmar s 
 
 army at, 99. 
 
96 INDEX Lorman 
 
 Lorman, William, Baltimore and Ohio Railway 
 
 director, 13, no. 
 
 Losantiville, see Fort Washington. 
 Lossing, Empire State, cited, 14, 173. 
 Loudoun, Lord: Montcalm outwits, 5, 68; writes 
 
 Denny on early condition of Old Glade Road, 78. 
 Loudoun (Pennsylvania), packhorse rendezvous at, 
 
 5, 58. 
 
 Louisbourg, Amherst attacks, 5, 73. 
 Lowdermilk, History of Cumberland, cited, 3, 173- 
 
 188. 
 
 "Lower Prairie," Clark s route from, 8, 58. 
 Lowry, guide in Forbes s army, 5, 100. 
 Loyalhanna, Bouquet decides route of Old Glade 
 
 road to, 5, no. 
 Loyal Hanny, see Loyalhanna. 
 Loyal Land Company of London: Dr. Walker rep 
 resents, 6, 49; legal improvement made by, 64. 
 Ludlow, Israel, St. Clair upbraids, 8, 135. 
 Ludlow s Station, St. Clair s army encamped at, 
 
 8, 129. 
 
 Luke s, 12, 139. 
 Luttrell, John, Kentucky pioneer, 6, 91, 102, 103, 
 
 104. 
 
 Lutz s, 12, 55. 
 Lyles, William, and Company, furnish liquor to 
 
 Potomac Company workmen, 13, 60. 
 
McAFEE, James, met by Henderson returning 
 from Kentucky, 6, 106. 
 McArthur, Duncan, 9, 69. 
 Macauley, Patrick, Baltimore and Ohio Railway 
 
 director, 13, no. 
 McAuley, Rev. Mr., 12, 158. 
 
 Macbean, Colonel, Morris Journal owned by, 4, 79. 
 McBride, Capt. W., 6, 129. 
 McCartin s, 12, 78. 
 
 McCauley s, settlement on Little Wabash, 8, 52. 
 McClellan s, 10, 158. 
 McClung, Joseph, Harmar s army camps on farm 
 
 of, 8, 92. 
 
 McCormack s, 10, 155. 
 McCracken s, 12, 53, 139- 
 M Croskey, Doctor, in St. Glair s army, 8, 151. 
 McCullough s Gazetteer, quoted, 9, 149. 
 McDonald s, 10, 161. 
 M Dowell, John, opens subscription books for Old 
 
 Northwestern Turnpike, 12, 31. 
 McDowell, Samuel, 6, 200. 
 
98 INDEX McDowell 
 
 McDowell, William, 6, 197. 
 
 McDowell s Mill (Pennsylvania), strategic posi 
 tion of, 5, 46; n, 129. 
 
 McFarlain, etiquette in blockhouse tavern of, 12, 
 84-86. 
 
 McFarren s, 12, 52. 
 
 McGary, Col. Hugh, emigrates to Kentucky with 
 Daniel Boone, 6, 118. 
 
 McGaw s, Widow, 5, 85. 
 
 Mclntire, John: tavern, 10, 156; assists Zane in 
 marking Zane s Trace, n, 158. 
 
 Mclntosh, General, Washington s opinion of, 8, 
 173. 
 
 Mclntyre, A., comptroller of New York, 14, 184. 
 
 McKay, Captain, 3, 131-132. 
 
 McKee, Col. Alexander: turns renegade, 6, 160; 
 influences Indians at Roche de Bout convention, 
 8, 191. 
 
 M Kim, Isaac, Baltimore and Ohio Railway di 
 rector, 13, no. 
 
 McKinney, John, 6, 198. 
 
 McKinney s, 10, 161. 
 
 McLean, John, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal cen 
 tral committeeman, 13, 74. 
 
 MacLean, John, Mound Builders, cited, i, 65, 92. 
 
 M Machen, Samuel, 12, 31. 
 
Magazine INDEX 99 
 
 McMahon, John, early mill near Old Portage 
 Road, 7, 154. 
 
 McMahon s, 10, 160. 
 
 McMaster, Professor John B., History of the Peo 
 ple of the United States , quoted, 5, I93- J 94; I2 > 
 147, 165; cited, 14, 165. 
 
 "McMillin s Spring," Harmar s route near, 8, 91. 
 
 M Mullen, Major, in Harmar s campaign, 8, 87, 
 105. 
 
 McMurran, Widow, view of Tavern of, n, 134. 
 
 McMurtrey, Captain, 8, 106. 
 
 M Murtrie, Sketches of Louisville, i, 116. 
 
 McMurtry, Ensign John, 6, 129. 
 
 "McNair and Company s Mail Coach Line," 10, 
 
 137- 
 
 M Neil, Daniel, 12, 31. 
 McNeill, Capt. William G., outlines route of 
 
 Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 13, 78, 109, no. 
 Mabey s, John, 14, 26. 
 
 "Mad Anthony Street," Cincinnati, 8, 129, 195. 
 Madison (Pennsylvania), Braddock s Road near, 4, 
 
 1 88. 
 Madison, President James, Erie Canal encouraged 
 
 in message of, 14, 57-58. 
 Magazine of American History, cited, 8, I74> 9 
 
 26, 41. 
 
100 INDEX Magazine 
 
 Magazine of Western History, cited, 7, 183. 
 Mail boats, first Ohio River, 9, 130. 
 Mail coaches, on Cumberland Road, 10, 142-151. 
 Mail, hauled in crates through Indiana mud to 
 
 Chicago, n, 103. 
 
 "Mail Pilot Coach Line," 10, 135. 
 Mail service: efficiency between New England and 
 
 Ohio Valley (1796), 12, 65, 66; schedules on 
 
 Cumberland Road, 10, 144-148. 
 Manlius (New York), in 1805, 12, 129. 
 Manning s Mill, Harmar crosses Miami near, 8, 
 
 98. 
 
 Margry, Decouvertes des franqais dans JJAmer- 
 
 ique Septentrionale, quoted, 7, 167. 
 Marietta, Ohio, founded by Ohio Company, 9, 64. 
 Marin, expedition of, 7, 156-160. 
 Marquette, reaches the Mississippi, 7, 34-35. 
 Marshall, O. H., "Celeron s Expedition," cited, 9, 
 
 26, 41. 
 Marshall s Shoals, Clark crosses Big Muddy River 
 
 at, 8, 29. 
 
 Marshall s, 10, 157, 160. 
 Martin, Capt. Joseph, 6, 102, 103, in, 124, 131, 
 
 132-137; letters of Henderson to, 133-134, 137- 
 
 139. 
 Martin, Solomon, 12, 146, 148. 
 
Maysville INDEX 101 
 
 ^^* Or 
 
 Martineau, Harriet: quoted on internal improve 
 ments, 10, 61-64; on corduroy roads, n, 69-70. 
 
 Maryland Archives, cited, 4, 76. 
 
 Maryland, Atlas of, cited, 12, 23. 
 
 Mason, John: Chesapeake and Ohio Canal central 
 committeeman, 13, 74; committeeman to memor 
 ialize Congress in behalf of Chesapeake and Ohio 
 Canal, 74. 
 
 Massac Creek, Clark s men land at mouth of, 8, 
 17-19. 
 
 Massachusetts, opening early road in, n, 34-35 ; Bay 
 Path in, see Bay Path. 
 
 Massie, Life of Nathaniel, cited, 6, 182; 9, 69. 
 
 Matrimony, President Winston on poor roads and, 
 15, 24. 
 
 Matthews, General, 14, 142. 
 
 Maumee City (Ohio), first settlement of whites in 
 Ohio at, 7, 65. 
 
 May, Col. John, Journal, 5, 197. 
 
 May, William: acts as spy, 8, 170; experiences of, 
 182-183; put to death, 213. 
 
 Mayer, Charles F., effects compromise between 
 Baltimore and Ohio Railway and Chesapeake and 
 Ohio Canal, 13, 116. 
 
 May s Lick, 6, 179. 
 
 Maysville (Illinois), near present Clay City, 8, 53. 
 
102 INDEX Maysville 
 
 Maysville (Kentucky), 9, 70, 89, 128; n, 156-157. 
 
 Meadow-in-the-Hole, see Oakdale, Illinois. 
 
 Meason s, Col. Isaac, 10, 35. 
 
 Mellar, William, 6, 133. 
 
 Memorial of the Citizens of Cincinnati to Congress, 
 quoted, 9, 144, 204. 
 
 Mentgetz, Colonel, testifies in St. Clair court mar 
 tial, 8, 126. 
 
 Menzons, Jonas, convention for new state north of 
 the Ohio called for at house of, 9, 58. 
 
 Mercer, C. F. : toast at Chesapeake and Ohio Ca 
 nal banquet, 13, 73 ; Chesapeake and Ohio Canal 
 central committeeman, 74; oration at inaugura 
 tion of canal, 104-105; said to have blocked a 
 government appropriation for Baltimore and 
 Ohio Railway, 114. 
 
 "Merino Lamb," 10, 162. 
 
 Mermet, mission on site of Fort Massac, 8, 16. 
 
 Metropolis (Illinois), site of Fort Massac, 8, 15. 
 
 Miamis: ancient boundaries left undisturbed by 
 Iroquois, 3, 47 ; ringleaders of last Indian con 
 federacy, 8, 79. 
 
 Michigan Pioneer Collections, cited, 7, 180, et seq. 
 
 Military Tract, given by New York to Revolu 
 tionary veterans, 12, 129. 
 
Moore s INDEX 103 
 
 Miller, Abraham, 12, 30. 
 
 Miller, Christopher: captured from Indians, 8, 202; 
 comes with message to Wayne from White Eyes, 
 212. 
 
 Mills, Captain, 12, 43. 
 Miner s, 4, 77. 
 Missouri: need of good roads, 15, 19; David R. 
 
 Francis on value of good roads to, 45-46. 
 Moccasin Gap (Illinois), 8, 19, 27. 
 "Monks Mound," Dickens describes, 12, 194-195- 
 Monongahela House, 10, 160. 
 Monroe House, 10, 160. 
 Monroe, President, Cumberland Road bill vetoed 
 
 by, 10, 57-60. 
 
 Montcalm and Wolfe, see Parkman. 
 Montcalm : arrives in America, 5, 68 ; Fort William 
 
 Henry conquered by, 69-70. 
 Montgomery, Capt. John, commands company in 
 
 Clark s Illinois campaign, 8, 221. 
 Montgomery, Thomas, 6, 199. 
 Montgomery, William, Jr., 6, 197. 
 Montgomery, William, Sr., 6, 199. 
 Montour s, 5, 19. 
 Moody, Mr., 12, 43. 
 Moore s, 10, 156; 12, 57. 
 
104 INDEX Moore 
 
 Moore, Sir Henry, suggests Mohawk River im 
 provement, 14, 19. 
 
 Moore, Thomas, Cumberland Road commissioner, 
 10, 26. 
 
 Moore, Thomas, verses on Virginia roads, n, 70 
 
 71- 
 
 Mohawk Valley: Indian names of points in, 7, 136- 
 138; Bigelow on morality of (1805), 12, 125. 
 
 Moran House, 10, 158. 
 
 Morgan, Gen. Daniel: Washington s private opin 
 ion of, 8, 174; consulted by Washington (1784) 
 as to westward routes, 12, 17. 
 
 Morgan County, Ohio, History o/, cited, 2, 109. 
 
 Morgantown (West Virginia), in 1796, described, 
 12, 71-72. 
 
 Morris, Col. Staats Long, journeys on Catskill 
 turnpike, 12, 144. 
 
 Morris, David H., Narrative, quoted, 8, 89, et seq. 
 
 Morris, Gen. Jacob, letter to Governor Clinton, 12, 
 145. 
 
 Morris, Gouverneur: Erie Canal proposed by, 14, 
 43-45, 52, 150; Life of, by Sparks, cited, 44. 
 
 Morris, Governor R., Road for Braddock opened 
 
 by, 5, 25-34- 
 
 Morris, John B., Baltimore and Ohio Railway di 
 rector, 13, no. 
 
 Morris, Rev. Francis-Orpen, editor of Morris 
 
Murray 
 
 INDEX 105 
 
 Journal, 4, 79- 
 
 Morris, Robert, president of the "Society for pro 
 moting the improvement of roads and inland 
 navigation," 13, 28. 
 
 Morris Journal: editions of, compared, 4> 8083; 
 quoted, 83-107. 
 
 Morris Map of 1749, cited, 7, 55- 
 
 Morrow, Josiah: an authority on Harmar s cam 
 paign, 8, 75; corrects Armstrong s Journal, 92, 
 94. 
 
 Mosby, Robert, 6, 198. 
 
 Moultrie, General, Washington s opinion of, 8, 173. 
 
 Mountain Spring Tavern, 10, 159. 
 
 Mountain Tavern, 4, 195. 
 
 Mount Braddock: Washington expected to fortify, 
 3, 154; Braddock s Road near, 4, 187. 
 
 Mount Erie (Illinois), Vincennes Trace near, 8, 
 50. 
 
 Mount Pleasant (Pennsylvania), Braddock s Road 
 
 near, 4, 188. 
 
 Moylan, John, 6, 200. 
 
 Murdering Town, attempt to assassinate Washing 
 ton at, 3, 114- 
 
 Murphy s, n, 141. 
 
 Murray, Charles Augustus: Travels in North 
 America, quoted, n, 56-59; description of west 
 ern tour of, 12, 197-202. 
 
106 INDEX Murray 
 
 Murray, W. H. H.: quoted, 3, 40; 15, 23. 
 
 Muter, George, 6, 200. 
 
 Myer, Michael, 12, 100. 
 
 Myers, Jacob, operates first mail boats on Ohio 
 
 River, 9, 130. 
 Myers, Widow, 5, 186. 
 Mynderse, Colonel, 14, 48, 
 
 NAMES, strange derivation of, in western 
 history, 9, 19. 
 
 Nashville (Illinois) : Clark s route near, 8, 
 45 ; Prairie, 45. 
 
 National Aid: Good Roads and, 15, 51-64; in road- 
 building, Martin Dodge sketches history of, 67- 
 70. 
 
 National House, 10, 158. 
 
 National Intelligencer, cited, 13, 74, et seq. 
 
 "National Stage Coach Company," 10, 124. 
 
 Navigator, quoted, 9, 73-99, 125, 136, 139. 
 
 Naylor, William, 12, 31. 
 
 Neal, James H., 12, 32. 
 
 Neal s, 10, 164. 
 
 Neil House, 10, 163. 
 
Nolin INDEX 107 
 
 Neil, Moore and Company, coach line, 10, 135. 
 
 Neill, Stephen, 12, 31. 
 
 Nellis s, 14, 27. 
 
 Nelms, Sandy Alexander, on St. Louis Trace Road, 
 
 8, 68-69. 
 
 Nelson s, Widow, 4, 194. 
 Nesbit, John Maxwell, aids Potomac improvements, 
 
 13, 59- 
 
 Neville, Col. Joseph, Washington quotes, 13, 37. 
 
 New Carlisle (Ohio), Harmar s camp near, 8, 96. 
 
 Newcastle, Duke of: incapability, 4, 34-35; First 
 Lord of the Treasury, 5, 70. 
 
 New England Historical and Genealogical Register, 
 cited, 2, 67, 74. 
 
 New France, early French in, 3, 64-66. 
 
 New Jersey: and State Aid, 15, 51; road improve 
 ment in, 165-166; Harrison on stone roads in, 
 190-211. 
 
 New York: social life in 1796 described by Francis 
 Baily, n, 114-116; map of western (1809), 12, 
 123. 
 
 Nicholas, George, 6, 197. 
 
 Nicollet, 7, 32. 
 
 Niles Register, quoted, 13, 71, et seq. 
 
 Nixon s, 10, 164. 
 
 Nolin, Carte du Canada, cited, 7, 50. 
 
108 INDEX Norris s 
 
 Norris s, 10, 160. 
 
 North, William, of early Erie Canal commission, 
 
 14, 52. 
 
 North Bend (Indiana), founded, 9, 65. 
 
 Northern Ohio Historical Society Publications, 
 cited, 2, 99. 
 
 Northwest Territory: defense shifted from colonies 
 to United States, 8, 78 ; Arthur St. Clair inaugu 
 rated governor of, 9, 64. 
 
 OAKDALE (Illinois), Clark s camp near, 8, 
 44-45- 
 
 Object-lesson roads, 15, 76-80. 
 O Callaghan, Documentary History of New York, 
 
 cited, 2, 78. 
 
 Office of Public Road Inquiries : Government estab 
 lishes, 15, 58-61 ; laboratory established, 76. 
 O Hara, James, quartermaster to Wayne, 8, 194. 
 Ohins (guide), 5, IOO. 
 Ohio, by Rufus King, cited, 9, 64. 
 Ohio: archaeological map of, i, 52; first settlement 
 of whites in, 7, 65 ; first turnpike in, n, 104; cut 
 ting pioneer road in southwestern, 148-150; State 
 aid in, 15, 51. 
 
Ombra INDEX 109 
 
 Ohio Company: buildings erected at Wills Creek 
 by, 3, 95 ; Christopher Gist engaged by, 6, 70 ; 
 officers of, 69-70. 
 
 Ohio Company of Associates: formed, 9, 6061; in 
 terdependence of Ordinance of 1787 on, 61, 62; 
 pioneers of, en route to Ohio, 63, 64. 
 
 Ohio National Stage Company, 10, 125-126. 
 
 Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Quarterly, 
 cited, 3, 1 1 ; 4, 89. 
 
 Olden, J. G., Historical Sketches and Early Rem 
 iniscences of Hamilton County, Ohio, quoted, on 
 Harmar s route from Fort Washington, 8, 89-90. 
 
 Olden Time, The, cited, I, 121 ; 2, 72; 9, 132. 
 
 Oldham, Colonel, urges Slough to report to St. 
 Clair, 8, 151. 
 
 Old Northwest, debt to Kentucky, 6, 190. 
 
 Old Portage Road, see H. C. Taylor. 
 
 Old Southwest, sketch of Virginia s occupation of, 
 
 6, 23-47- 
 
 "Old State Ford" (Illinois), see Welge Station. 
 
 Old Town (Maryland), 12, 52. 
 
 Oliver, Robert, Baltimore and Ohio Railway di 
 rector, 13, no. 
 
 Olney (Illinois), Clark crosses Fox River near, 8, 
 55, 64. 
 
 "Ombra Creek," see Embarras River. 
 
110 INDEX Oneida 
 
 Oneida Lake, in Washington s plan of communica 
 tion, 13, 47- 
 
 Oneida (New York), first cleared lands (1805) 
 west of Utica, 12, 128, 135. 
 
 Onondaga Hollow, early settlement of, 12, 128- 
 129. 
 
 Opie, H. L., Chesapeake and Ohio Canal central 
 committeeman, 13, 74. 
 
 "Orange Tree," 10, 161. 
 
 Orchards, cut down in General Sullivan s cam 
 paign, 12, 134-135. 
 
 Ord, Captain, 4, 43. 
 
 Ordinance of 178?: cited, 2, 54; 9, 51; interde 
 pendence of Ohio Company on, 62. 
 
 Orendorffs rapid, 14, 28. 
 
 Oriskany (New York), local names for, 12, 127. 
 
 Orr, Alexander D., 6, 200. 
 
 Osgood, Samuel, 9, 63. 
 
 Ottawas: origin of name, I, 47; Pontiac a chief of, 
 5, 168. 
 
 Ouicatanon (Ouiatenon) Croghan at, in 1765, 2, 
 58. 
 
 Overhill Cherokee towns, 2, 65. 
 
 Overton, Capt. Clough, 6, 129. 
 
 Owen s ordinary, 4, 76. 
 
 Oyster-shell object-lesson road, view of, 15, 137. 
 
PACKHORSE days: n, 26-28; loads carried 
 by, 29- 
 Page, Judge, 12, 162. 
 
 Page, Professor L. W.: Office of Public Road In 
 quiries laboratory in charge of, 15, 58-6 1 ; on 
 materials for macadam roads, 170189. 
 
 Paille Coupee, Celoron at, 9, 29-32. 
 
 Paine, Edward, 12, 145. 
 
 Painted Post (New York), General Pickering holds 
 convention at, 8, 112. 
 
 Painted Stone, village by name of, 2, 29. 
 
 Palmer House, 10, 164. 
 
 Parberry, James, 6, 200. 
 
 Parish, Mr., 14, 45. 
 
 Parker, Alexander, 6, 200. 
 
 Parker, Hugh, erects buildings for Ohio Company 
 at Wills Creek, 3, 95- 
 
 Parker, Lieut. Robert, Journal of, in Pennsylvania 
 Magazine, quoted, 11, 25. 
 
 Parker s, 12, 25. 
 
 Parkman, Francis, works, cited, 5, 71, 74, 151* X 59; 
 
 9, 37- 
 
112 INDEX Partridge 
 
 Partridge, Colonel, on Roosevelt Erie Canal com 
 mittee, 14, 198. 
 
 "Passed meeting," Quaker phrase used in connec 
 tion with Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 13, 73. 
 
 Paterson s on Roanoke, 6, 121. 
 
 Patterson, Captain: guide in Forbes s army, 5, 99; 
 sent to explore Old Glade Road, no. 
 
 Patterson, Major, in St. Clair s defeat, 8, 147. 
 
 Patterson, Robert, 6, 198. 
 
 Patterson, William, Baltimore and Ohio Railway 
 director, 13, no. 
 
 Pawling, Henry, 6, 197. 
 
 Peach, Captain, 7, 106. 
 
 Peachy, Major, Braddock s Road opened by (1758), 
 
 5, 96. 
 
 Peacock, Engineer William, builds western section 
 Erie Canal, 14, 106. 
 
 Peden s, Colonel, 12, 60. 
 
 Pendleton, P. C., Chesapeake and Ohio Canal cen 
 tral committeeman, 13, 74. 
 
 Pendleton s Ford, 4, 194. 
 
 Pentland s Journal, I, 61. 
 
 Pennsylvania: and State Aid, 15, 51 ; suffering after 
 Braddock s defeat, 5, 48. 
 
 Pennsylvania Archives, cited, 2, 103, no; 5, 22, 
 23. 
 
"Pig-track" INDEX 113 
 
 Pennsylvania Gazette, General Forbes eulogized by, 
 5, 160162. 
 
 Pennsylvania, History of Western, I, 61. 
 
 Pennsylvania House, 10, 159. 
 
 Perrett, William, 6, 200. 
 
 Peters, Richard, quoted, 5, 188. 
 
 Petersburg (Maryland), early taverns at, 10, 159. 
 
 Petty, William, 6, 2O2. 
 
 Phelps Prairie, Clark s route in, 8, 24, 25, 27, 28. 
 
 Philadelphia House, 10. 160. 
 
 Philadelphia Press, cited, n, 74. 
 
 Philippe, Louis, anecdote of, 9, 171. 
 
 "Phoenix Coach Line," 10, 135. 
 
 Pickell, John, A New Chapter in the Early Life of 
 Washington, 13, 51, et seq. 
 
 Pickering, Gen. Timothy: holds convention at 
 Painted Post, 8, 112; invites Indian chiefs to 
 Washington, 164; on treaty commission, 184. 
 
 Pierce, Capt. Joseph, tribute to Jacob Yoder, 9, 
 124. 
 
 Pierpont, surveyor consulted by Washington (1784) 
 as to Western routes, 12, 21. 
 
 Pigman, Bene S., effects compromise between Balti 
 more and Ohio Railway and Chesapeake and 
 Ohio Canal, 13, 116. 
 
 "Pig-track" surveys, 15, 87. 
 
114 INDEX Pike s 
 
 Pike s, 10, 163. 
 
 Pilot Knob (Kentucky), Blue Grass region seen by 
 Gist from, 6, 75. 
 
 Pinckney, General, Washington s opinion of, 8, 174. 
 
 "Pioneer Coach Line," 10, 125. 
 
 Pioneers: character of Kentucky, 5, 34~36; Roose 
 velt excuses brutality of, 36; types of, 36-38; 
 kindness of, 56-57; rough life of, 9, 66; instance 
 of unkindness of, 12, 66-69. 
 
 Pirates on Ohio River, 9, 187-188. 
 
 Piroque, see Canoe. 
 
 Pitt, William: dismissed, 5, 69; recalled, 70; motto 
 given to England by (1758), 72; letter (July 
 10) of Forbes to, 92-93. 
 
 Pittsburg: Washington first notes strategic site of, 
 3, 99 ; early development, 205 ; early Indian vil 
 lage at, 5, 21 ; General Forbes names, 158; site 
 not mentioned by Celoron, 9, 39; early condi 
 tions at, 67; early shipbuilding at, 134; Bright- 
 helmstein compared with, 12, 87; Ballman s de 
 scription of (1796), 87-88; see Fort Duquesne. 
 
 Pittsburg Business Directory for the year 1837, 
 cited, 9, 107. 
 
 Plates, Celeron s leaden, 9, 27. 
 Platt, General, efforts for Erie Canal, 14, 51, 60, 
 noiii. 
 
Portage INDEX 115 
 
 Plessis, Bishop, quoted, 7, 100101. 
 
 Plumer s, 10, 159. 
 
 Pogue, William, emigrates to Kentucky, 6, 117. 
 
 Point Pleasant (West Virginia), Battle of, 6, 86- 
 87. 
 
 "Point of Rocks," conflict between Baltimore and 
 Ohio Railway and Chesapeake and Ohio Canal 
 on right of way at, 13, 115-119. 
 
 Pollan, Henry, 5, 84. 
 
 Polls, George, 4, 76, 88. 
 
 Pond, Capt. Peter, spy among northwestern In 
 dians, 8, 164. 
 
 Pond, Major, in Harmar s campaign, 8, 88. 
 
 Pontiac: religious convictions of, 5, 168; arouses 
 Indians, 169; conspiracy of, 170-182. 
 
 Pope, Ensign, testimony of, 8, 126. 
 
 PORTAGE PATHS- 
 
 In General: buffalo traces at, i, 139; classification 
 f> 2 > 53 ; 7, 23 ; missionaries traverse, 22 ; typical 
 experiences of missionaries on, 25-3 1 ; explorer s use 
 of, 21, 3I-37J New France and Louisiana joined 
 by, 37; meeting-places on, 37-42; circumstances 
 determined routes of, 38-40; camping grounds on, 
 41-42; alternations of, 42-43; burying grounds 
 near, 43 ; altars erected on, 43-44 ; difficulties of, 
 
116 INDEX Portage 
 
 PORTAGE PATHS: In general (continued)- 
 43-46; as boundary lines, 48-49; suggestive 
 names of, 49-50; military usage of, 51-72; hostile 
 Indians lurked near, 54-57; Celeron s use of, 60- 
 62 ; forests traversed by, 62 ; military importance 
 of northwestern Ohio, 68-73 ; villages grow up on, 
 73-74; treaties made at forts on, 74; roadways 
 built on, 75-80; routes of canals on, 80-82; 14, 
 19; ordinance of 1787 on, 7, 81 ; routes of railways 
 on, 81-82; Dr. Wm. F. Ganong on New Bruns 
 wick, 94-105; still in use, 96; present-day ap 
 pearance of, 96-98; naming of, 100-101 ; preser 
 vation of name, 101 ; early mail route on, 103 ; 
 Albany to Quebec, itinerary (1720), 123-124, 
 125-133; boundary lines, 161 ; blazed trees on 
 Kankakee-St. Joseph, 178; plea for marking his 
 toric sites on, 188-194. 
 
 Names and Data: 
 
 Black River-Ouelle, 7, 108. 
 
 Chautauqua, 7, 91, 152-157; Celoron on, 9, 25. 
 Chicago-Des Plaines, 7, 180-181. 
 Conemaugh, 13, 171; landing called "Canoe- 
 Place," 171. 
 
 Connecticut-Lake Champlain, 7, 89, 119, 120. 
 Connecticut-St. Francis, 7, 88, 118-119. 
 Cuyahoga-Beaver, 13, 38. 
 
Portage INDEX 117 
 
 Cuyahoga-Tuscarawas, 7, 160-162; 13, 38, 42. 
 Fox-Wisconsin, 7, 182-186. 
 Grand, 7, 187-188. 
 Grand River-Wagan, 7, 102-104. 
 Hudson-Lake Champlain, 7, 89-90, 122-135. 
 Hudson-Lake George, 7, 122-127. 
 Hudson-Lake Ontario, 7, 90, 135-150. 
 Hudson-Mohawk, 13, 47. 
 Illinois-Lake Michigan, 7, 92. 
 James-Greenbrier, 13, 44. 
 Juniata-Conemaugh, see Conemaugh. 
 Kankakee-St. Joseph, 7, 176-180. 
 Kennebec-Chaudiere : 7, 110-118; Prof. Smith 
 
 describes Arnold s campaign to Quebec on, 
 
 115-118. 
 
 Kennebec-St. Lawrence, 7, 88, 109-118. 
 Lake Erie-Allegheny, 7, 91, 157-160. 
 Lake Superior-Hudson Bay, 7, 93. 
 Little Kanawha-Monongahela, 13, 41. 
 Maumee-Wabash, 7, 164-175. 
 Miami-Auglaize, 7, 162-164. 
 Miami-Sandusky, 13, 39. 
 Mississippi-Lake Michigan, 7, 93. 
 Mohawk-Susquehanna, 7, 90. 
 New England and Canada, 7, 94-121. 
 New York, 7, 122-150. 
 
118 INDEX Portage 
 
 PORTAGE PATHS: Names and Data (contin 
 ued) 
 
 Niagara: 7, 60-6 1, 91, 153 ; 13, 47 ; canal planned 
 on, 14, 19. 
 
 North- West Branch-Riviere du Sud, 7, 108-109. 
 
 Ohio River-Lake Erie, 7, 91-92, 160-175. 
 
 Oneida: military history of, 7, 59; map of 
 (1756), 142; 13, 47; see Rome (New York). 
 
 Potomac Cheat, 13, 37, 41, 43. 
 
 Potomac- Youghiogheny : 13, 43; Chesapeake and 
 Ohio Canal first planned across, 68. 
 
 Presque Isle, Washington describes, 13, 38. 
 
 St. Francis-Riviere du Loup, 7, 106-108. 
 
 St. John Lake Etchemin, 7, 109. 
 
 St. Johns-St. Lawrence, 7, 86-87, 101-109. 
 
 St. Joseph Wabash, 7, 175. 
 
 St. Lawrence Lake Champlain, 7, 90, 127-133. 
 
 Susquehanna-Mohawk, early railway projected 
 on, 12, 162. 
 
 Susquehanna-Toby s Creek, 13, 45. 
 
 Temiscouta-Riviere du Loup, 7, 105-106. 
 
 Touladi-Trois Pistoles, 7, 104-105. 
 
 Wabash Lake Erie, 7, 92. 
 
 Wabash-Lake Michigan, 7, 92. 
 
 Wabash-Maumee, La Salle s acquaintance with, 
 7, 167-168. 
 
 Youghiogheny Potomac, Casselman s route pro- 
 
Powell s INDEX 119 
 
 posed for Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 13, 80. 
 
 Porter, Peter B., on early Erie Canal committee, 
 14, 52, 150. 
 
 Porter s, 4, 194. 
 
 Posey, Gen. Thomas: MSS. cited, 8, 159, 177; ap 
 pointed brigadier-general under Wayne, 175. 
 
 Post, Frederick: Journal, cited, 2, 89, no; route to 
 the West in 1758, 89; Forbes relies on, 5, 147- 
 148; French Indians alienated by, 157. 
 
 Post roads, constitutionality of national appropria 
 tions for, 15, 55-57. 
 
 Potomac Company: formation authorized by Vir 
 ginia and Maryland, 13, 51-52; subscription 
 books opened, 55 ; Washington elected president 
 of, 55; Rumsey manager of, 56; improvements 
 made by, 56-62; financial difficulties, 57-63; 
 State commission reports adversely on, 63-64; 
 merged with Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 77 ; 
 Mohawk improvement influenced by, 14, 41. 
 
 Potter, Colonel, in Erie Canal celebration, 14, 139. 
 
 Potter, Isaac B. : quoted on side ditches, 15, 103- 
 104; on under drainage, 106-107; on macadam 
 roads, 142-14?, 155- 
 
 Powell, Ambrose, Kentucky explorer, 6, 50. 
 
 Pow r ell, A. H., Chesapeake and Ohio Canal central 
 committeeman, 13, 74. 
 
 Powell s, 12, 132. 
 
120 INDEX Pownall 
 
 Pownall, Thomas: Map of British Middle Colo 
 nies, quoted, 2, 33; cited, 71, 97, 108; Map of the 
 Grand Pass from New York to Montreal, cited, 
 12, 113. 
 
 Prairie : pioneers easily lost in Illinois, 8, 27-28, 65 ; 
 description of a Kentucky, n, 189-193; pronun 
 ciations of, 12, 1 86; Charles Dickens visits Look- 
 in glass, 185-196. 
 
 Preble County (Ohio), History of, cited, 8, 133, 
 199. 
 
 Prentice, Jonathan, 12, 72. 
 
 Pressey, Edward P., in New England Magazine, 
 quoted, 10, 171. 
 
 Price, William, 12, 31. 
 
 Pride s tavern, in Amsterdam (New York), Sir 
 William Johnson built, 12, 119. 
 
 Prince, Captain, 12, 43. 
 
 Proclamation of 1763, 6, 20, 30. 
 
 Proctor, Col. Thomas, ambassador to Senecas, 8, 
 in. 
 
 Proctor s, 5, 186. 
 
 Pulley s Mill (Illinois), Clark camps near, 8, 27. 
 
 Putnam, Gen. Rufus: begs Washington to aid 
 Western settlements, 8, 113; treats with Wabash 
 Indians, 166, 172, 178; Washington s private 
 opinion of, 174; Ohio Company of Associates led 
 
Railroads INDEX 121 
 
 by, 9, 61-63; Ohio River map by, 71 ; favors im 
 migrants, 12, 93-94- 
 
 Pyankeshaw s Hunting Ground, 2, 57. 
 
 Pyatt s, Jacob, 5, 19. 
 
 RACCOON Ford, 4, 194. 
 Radisson, Mississippi discovered by, 7, 182. 
 Rae (Ray), Forbes states that Raystown was 
 founded by, 5, 92. 
 Rafts of logs on Ohio, 9, 127-129. 
 Ragan s, n, 127. 
 
 RAILROADS- 
 
 In General: Influence of buffaloes on routes of, I, 
 79; portage paths as routes of, 7, 81-82; head 
 waters of Susquehanna reached by, 12, 162; 
 average American farm ten miles distant from, 
 15, 16; reached limit of growth in America, 16. 
 Names and Data: 
 
 Allegheny Portage: width of right of way for, 
 n, 42; significance of, 13, 194-196; Steven 
 son on, 196; Canvass White proposed, 196; 
 Moncure Robinson plans, 196-197; board of 
 
122 INDEX Railroads 
 
 RAILROADS: Allegheny Portage (continued) 
 engineers surveys route for, 197; act creating, 
 197-198; Sylvester Welch engineer of, 198; 
 final surveys made, 199; William Bender Wil 
 son s monograph on, cited, 199; description of, 
 199-204; view of First American Tunnel on, 
 201 ; second track laid, 204; description of 
 road-bed, 205 ; first boat carried over, 206 ; 
 superseded by Pennsylvania Railway, 215. 
 Baltimore and Ohio: effected by Jackson s veto 
 of Maysville Road bill, n, 173-174; exigency 
 which gave rise to, 13, 94-95; Thomas pro 
 motes, 95-98; obstructed by Chesapeake and 
 Ohio Canal, 100-102; inaugurated, 107-108; 
 Charles Carroll lays foundation stone of, 108; 
 contents of scroll placed within foundation- 
 stone of, 108-110; bids advertised for, in; 
 stock rapidly subscribed for, 112-113; gov 
 ernment aid refused, 113-114; Chesapeake and 
 Ohio Canal refuses right of way, 115-116; 
 compromise, 116-119; aided by "Eight Million 
 Dollar Bill," 122; Chesapeake and Ohio Canal 
 compelled to give right of way to, 123; early 
 struggles, 124-126; horse cars used on, 126; 
 sail-car tried, 127; horse-power engine tried, 
 129; first steam locomotive on, 129-131; his- 
 
Rate INDEX 123 
 
 tories of, 98, 114; offers prize for best locomo 
 tive, 132; completion of, 132-135; banquet at 
 Wheeling on completion of, 134-135; History 
 and Description of, quoted, 5, 203. 
 
 Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern, parallels Vin- 
 cennes Trace at Lawrenceville, Illinois, 8, 63. 
 
 Erie: highway travel affected by, 12, 159; open 
 ing of, 162-163. 
 
 Pennsylvania: Old Glade Road succeeded by, 5, 
 205 ; Lancaster Turnpike purchased by, n, 92- 
 94; incorporated, 13, 213; contracts let for, 
 213; completed across Alleghenies, 214; pur 
 chased Pennsylvania Canal, 215; abandons Al 
 legheny Portage Railway, 215; abandons Penn 
 sylvania Canal, 215. 
 
 West Virginia Central, attempts to buy Chesa 
 peake and Ohio Canal, 13, 164. 
 
 Ramsay s, 12, 48. 
 
 Ranck, History of Louisville, Kentucky, I, 125. 
 
 Randolph, Beverly, appointed to treat with Indians, 
 
 8, 184. 
 
 Rankin s, 10, 160. 
 Ransom s, 12, 141. 
 Rate of fare, Baltimore to Philadelphia and New 
 
 York (1796), ii, 112-114. 
 
124 INDEX Rattlesnakes 
 
 Rattlesnakes: Bonnecamps describes, 9, 32-33; pio 
 neers encounter, 12, 82-83. 
 
 Rawles, Hardy, 6, 201. 
 
 Raymond, Geo. H., promoter Erie barge canal, 14, 
 196. 
 
 Ray s Hill, 5, 20. 
 
 Raystown (Pennsylvania) : fortified, 5, 20, 64; St. 
 Clair advises Forbes to make rendezvous at, 76; 
 see Rae. 
 
 Record, Spencer, quotation from Diary, 6, 179-181. 
 
 Red Jacket, at treaty on the Maumee, 8, 179. 
 
 Reed, Joseph, 6, 200. 
 
 Reeder, Mr., 12, 84. 
 
 Reedy Creek, Dr. Walker on, 6, 60. 
 
 Reedyun, John, 6, 202. 
 
 Rees, Mr., 12, 132. 
 
 Reizenstein, "The Economic History of the Balti 
 more and Ohio Railroad," cited, 13, 114, et seq. 
 
 "Reliance Coach Line," 10, 138. 
 
 Religion, and good roads, interdependence of, 15, 
 
 20, 34-35, 38-39. 
 
 Renick, Felix, letter describing tour from Potomac 
 to Marietta, Ohio (1798), 12, 88-94. 
 
 Reside and Company, Coach Line, 10, 136. 
 
 Review of the Military Operations in North Amer 
 ica, cited, 4, 57, et seq. 
 
Ripley INDEX 125 
 
 Revolution: the West at opening of, 6, 145-148; 
 Kentucky in, 145-174. 
 
 Reyburn s, 5, 186. 
 
 Reynold s, 4, 195. 
 
 Reynolds, 14, 142. 
 
 Reynolds, Cornelius, 12, 31. 
 
 Reynolds, Governor, description of Kaskaskia 
 Trace, 8, 20. 
 
 Reynolds, Reuben : acts as spy, 8, 170; experiences 
 of, 182-183. 
 
 Rhea, Narrative, cited, 2, 103. 
 
 Rhoads, S., Benjamin Franklin writes on Ameri 
 can canals to, 13, 25-26. 
 
 Rhode s, 10, 160. 
 
 Rhor, guide in Forbes s army, 5, 109. 
 
 Rice, David, 6, 202. 
 
 Richardson, Judge, as first contractor on Erie Canal 
 breaks the ground at Rome, New York, 14. 116. 
 
 Richardson : Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 
 quoted, 10, 58-60; n, 167-170. 
 
 Richmond (Indiana), early taverns at, 10, 164. 
 
 Richview (Illinois), Clark s route near, 8, 45. 
 
 Rider, Arthur, vaneman, 10, 29. 
 
 Ringland s, 10, 160. 
 
 Rinker s, Caspar, 4, 195. 
 
 Ripley, T. M., 14, 12. 
 
126 INDEX Riquet 
 
 Riquet, builder of Languedoc Canal, 13, 19. 
 "Rising Sun," 10, 161. 
 Rochester, Mr., 14, 142. 
 
 RIVERS 
 
 In General: canalization of, by ancients, 13, 17-18; 
 
 Spaniard s scruples against, 18; Pennsylvania for 
 ward in plans for canalization of, 30-32. 
 Names and Data . 
 
 Aboite, 7, 173. 
 
 Allegheny: Cramer s description of, 9, 78-82; 
 earliest improvement of navigation of, 13, 32 ; 
 formerly called Ohio, see Ohio River. 
 
 Riviere Blanche, 9, 45. 
 
 Cache, Clark on, 8, 19, 26-27. 
 
 Catawba, derivation of name of, 6, 42. 
 
 Cheat, in Washington s plan of communication, 
 13, 40, 43, 44- 
 
 Conemaugh: early improvement of navigation of, 
 13, 32; route on, 171. 
 
 Cumberland, Dr. Walker crossed, 6, 63. 
 
 Cuyahoga, in Washington s plan of communica 
 tion, 13, 38, 42, 43. 
 
 Delaware, early navigation improvement of, 13, 
 30, 32- 
 
 Dick s, early settlement on, 6, 80. 
 
 Eel: 2, 58; error in name of, 7, 174. 
 
Rivers INDEX 127 
 
 Elk, improvement of, 15, 54. 
 
 Embarras: Clark reaches, 8, 55~56; called 
 "Ombra," 66. 
 
 Great Kanawha: Celoron at mouth of, 9, 44; in 
 Washington s plan of communication, 13, 41, 
 43, 44, 45. 
 
 Greenbrier, in Washington s plan of communica 
 tion, 13, 40, 44- 
 
 Hudson, strategic geographical position of, 14, 
 69-72. 
 
 Jackson s, see James. 
 
 James, in Washington s plan of communication, 
 
 13, 44, 45- 
 
 Juniata: view showing four routes to the West, 
 13, frontispiece; early route on, 171. 
 
 Kentucky: derivation of name of, 6, 42; early 
 improvement of, 9, 213. 
 
 Kiskiminitas, trail along, 5, 23. 
 
 Lehigh, early plan for improvement of, 13, 32. 
 
 Licking, early voyage up, 6, 179-180. 
 
 Little Kanawha, in Washington s plan of com 
 munication, 13, 40, 41, 43, 44. 
 
 Little Wabash: discussion as to George Rogers 
 Clark s crossing-place on, 8, 51-53, 225-230; 
 Clark s men crossing, 51-55. 
 
 Miame (Maumee) : navigation of, 2, 59. 
 
128 INDEX Rivers 
 
 RIVERS: Names and Data (continued) 
 
 Miami: Hamilton s expedition up, 7, 169-170; 
 Fish-pot Ford on, 8, 94; Celoron on, 9, 46-47. 
 
 Mississippi: Joliet reaches, 7, 34; significance 
 of route of discoverer of, 37 ; Radisson and 
 Groseilliers discover, 182. 
 
 Mohawk: effect of water of on rocks at Little 
 Falls, 12, 120121; Little Falls described, 120 
 12 1 ; early navigation of, 120, 122-123; in 
 Washington s plan of communication, 13, 47 ; 
 overland routes up, 14, 15-16; primeval condi 
 tion, 18-19, 27-28; early improvements of, 20- 
 21 ; Western Inland Lock Navigation Com 
 pany on, 22-42 ; canal at Little Falls of, 28-29 ; 
 canal at Rome, 29-30; objections to improve 
 ment of, 40; influence of Potomac Company 
 on improvement of, 41. 
 
 Monongahela: Braddock s Road near, 4, 189; and 
 Youghiogheny, map of, 5, 29 ; Celeron s failure 
 to mention, 9, 39-40; Cramer s description of, 
 74-77 ; in Washington s plan of communication, 
 13, 40-50; Chesapeake and Ohio Canal planned 
 along, 85 ; Baltimore and Ohio Railway reaches 
 Fairmount on, 134. 
 
 Muskingum: devoid of Indian villages in lower 
 portions, 2, 62 ; Celoron at mouth of, 9, 43 ; 
 
Rivers INDEX 129 
 
 early shipbuilding on, 135; in Washington s 
 plan of communication, 13, 38-43. 
 
 New: road to, 6, 55; Walker traverses, 55. 
 
 Ohio : difficult early navigation of, I, 62 ; French 
 occupation of, 3, 63-84; Celoron on, 71-73; 
 Captain Trent commissioned to build a fort 
 on, 115; French troops on (1755), 4, 116- 
 117; Virginia secures all land south of, 6, 23; 
 Wilderness road compared with, 80-81 ; ter 
 ritory south of secured by Dunmore s War, 87 ; 
 first gunboat on, 171 ; difficulty of early travel 
 on, 179-181; area drained by, 9, 15; position 
 explains importance in pioneer period, 16; name 
 derivations, 17-21; discovery of, 7, 34; 9, 21; 
 early description of, 9, 21 ; Celoron de Bienville 
 starts for, 22 ; Bonnecamps s map of, 24 ; Celoron 
 burying first plate on, 26 ; French claim attested 
 by leaden plates, 27 ; Celoron s expedition, 28- 
 47; Gordon s map of, 48; Celoron s relations 
 to Indians on, 29-39; junction with Mononga- 
 hela unmentioned by Celoron, 39-40; English 
 traders warned by Celoron, 41 ; Logstown on, 
 41 ; victory of Gen. Andrew Lewis on, 49; as 
 boundary line, 50; "Indian Side" of, 50; a pro 
 jection of Mason and Dixon s line, 52; two 
 shores differently settled, 52; illegal settle- 
 
130 INDEX Rivers 
 
 RIVERS: Ohio (continued) 
 
 ments on northern shore of, 53-58 ; northern 
 shore conquered by Virginians, 53, 54; diffi 
 culty in restraining illegal settlements on north 
 ern shores of, 53 ; early settlements on northern 
 shore of, 54; early settlements on northern 
 shore forbidden, 55 ; Professor Turner on 
 rights of early settlers on northern shore, 58; 
 state convention of early settlers north of, called 
 for, 57; Fort Harmar built on, 59; Fort Fin- 
 ney built on, 60 ; territory northwest of, erected, 
 60; Marietta founded on, 64; first legal settle 
 ment on northern shore of, 64; Cincinnati 
 founded, 65; both shores settled in 1790, 70; 
 Putnam s map of, 71; Cramer s description of 
 early navigation of, 73-99 ; exports on, 87 ; 
 "planters" in, 95; "sawyers" in, 96; "Wooden- 
 Islands," 98; dangers of early navigation of, 
 93-99; craft on, 100-150; Audubon s descrip 
 tion of flatboating on, 113-118; navigation over 
 the falls of, 122; in Civil War, 123; first flat- 
 boat to descend, 123; rafting logs on, 127-129; 
 galleys on, 129-131; gunboat on, 129; "Ad 
 venture Galley" on, 130; mail-boats on, 130; 
 sailing craft on, 132-136; shipbuilding on, 133- 
 136; Tarascon, Berthoud and Company, ship- 
 
Rivers INDEX 131 
 
 building firm, on, 107, 133 ; decline of shipbuild 
 ing, 136; steamboat building on, 137-140; com 
 parative steamboat tonnage on, 144-149; river- 
 men on, 151-188; houseboatmen on, 178-182; 
 gambling on, anecdotes of, 182-187; pirates on, 
 187-188; history of improvements of, 191-220; 
 prehistoric condition of, 190; money spent on 
 improvements, as compared with Cumberland 
 Road, 189; obstruction in navigation, 193-201; 
 history of Louisville and Portland Canal 
 around falls of, 203-207 ; growth of coal ship 
 ping on, 21 1 ; appropriations for improvement 
 of, 215-220; journey down Virginia shore of 
 (1796), 12, 73-75; description of busy scenes 
 on (1796), 74-75; typical conditions in pioneer 
 town on (1796), 74-77; boatmen described, 
 87; Washington calls Allegheny, 13, 38; link 
 in Washington s plan of communication, 38- 
 50; Washington on early navigation of, 38-42; 
 Baltimore and Ohio Railway reaches, 134. 
 
 Onondaga, in Washington s plan of communica 
 tion, 13, 47- 
 
 Potomac: compared to Po at Cremona, 5, 86; 
 Washington urges improvement of, 13, 35-50; 
 Washington s study of navigation of, 36-50; 
 Virginia committee appointed to confer with 
 
132 INDEX Rivers 
 
 RIVERS: Potomac (continued) 
 
 Maryland legislature concerning, 50; report of 
 committee, 5 1 ; Virginia and Maryland unite 
 in improvement of, 51; Potomac Company im 
 proves, 52-64; Potomac Canal in valley of, 
 67-68; route of Chesapeake and Ohio Canal in 
 valley of, 79; Chesapeake and Ohio Canal in 
 augural pageant on, 103-104; Chesapeake and 
 Ohio Canal finished to Holman s Dam on, 123 ; 
 act for opening and extending navigation of, 
 219-224. 
 
 Powell s, Dr. Walker names, 6, 65. 
 
 Red, Walker and Gist on, 6, 75. 
 
 Rockfish, 6, 54. 
 
 Rocky ("riviere a la Roche) Celoron on, 9, 36, 
 46-47. 
 
 Salt, early settlement on, 6, 80. 
 
 Schuylkill, floating bridge over, 12, 63 ; early im 
 provement of navigation of, 13, 32. 
 
 Shenandoah, early navigation of, 13, 36-37. 
 
 St. Lawrence: portages on, 7, 24-28; navigation 
 of, 58. 
 
 Susquehanna: early duck-hunting on, n, no; 
 failure to secure slackwater navigation for, at* 
 tributed to opposition of railways, 12, 162; 
 Dickens describes long bridge across, 177; early 
 
Roads INDEX 133 
 
 navigation improvement of, 13, 31, 32; route 
 from Philadelphia to Pittsburg, 171. 
 
 Tennessee, made Virginia boundary, 6, 22. 
 
 Wabash: Croghan on, in 1765, 2, 56; early nav 
 igation of (1765), 59; early acquaintance of 
 explorers with, 7, 165-168; Clark s crossing- 
 place on, 8, 57-58. 
 
 Youghiogheny : Virginia regiment reaches, 3, 133; 
 Washington explores, 133-134; 7> 63; Brad- 
 dock arrives at, 4, 115; Braddock crosses, 187; 
 in Washington s plan of communication, 13, 
 4050; Chesapeake and Ohio Canal planned 
 along, 85. 
 
 Rivermen, Ohio, described, 9, 151-188. 
 
 ROADS- 
 
 In General: primitive, on watersheds, I, 66, 79; 
 near ancient mounds, 83-85 ; remains of, 90-92 ; 
 made by Indians, 98; military, built on Indian 
 trails, 2, 144-148; modern, an evolution from 
 Indian trails, 149-152; first in the West, 3, 75- 
 77 ; early French and English westward, com 
 pared, 4, 15-29; pioneer, wagons steadied on, 5, 
 197-198; naming of, 6, 11-13; portage paths as 
 routes of, 7, 75-80; first vehicles to traverse early, 
 
 X 
 
 \ 
 
134 INDEX Roads 
 
 ROADS: In general (continued) 
 
 9, 43-44; steps in evolution of Indian trail into, 
 n, 21-105; commerce on packhorse, 27-30; west 
 ward packhorse, 28-29 early English, 30-3 1 ; his 
 tory of postal service indicates development of 
 American, 38; number of American post (1790), 
 38; labor of clearing early, 39-43; excessive heat 
 on pioneer, 40; falling trees endangered early, 41- 
 43 ; width of early, 45 ; bridle-paths join pioneer, 
 47; first, to seek lower levels, 48; many-tracked 
 pioneer, 51-53; mud-holes on pioneer, 53-63; 
 crooked streets explained by crooked, 66; cordu 
 roy: Harriet Martineau on, 69-70; Thomas 
 Moore on, 70; Weld on, 71; Stevenson on, 71- 
 72; Capt. Basil Hall on, 72-73; history of first 
 macadamized, 74-98; plank: first, in America, 
 98; in New York, 98; methods of building, 98- 
 99; comparative cost of, 99; loads drawn on, 99- 
 100; Calvin Fletcher describes pioneer, 100-103; 
 Ohio s first turnpike, 104; narrowness of early, 
 136; instance of crooked being shorter than a 
 straight, 12, 90; early lack in central New York 
 explained, 96; mania for incorporating turnpike 
 companies, 109; macadamized, from Albany to 
 Schenectady, 117; greatly needed in early New 
 York, 147; chartered turnpikes, great need of 
 
Roads INDEX 135 
 
 roads gave rise to, 147-148; turnpike leading 
 
 from Albany, New York, 148; early companies 
 
 sacrifice grade to gfeed, 149. 
 Names and Data: 
 
 Alexandria (Virginia) : to Cumberland, Mary 
 land, taverns on (1755), 4, 76; to Winchester, 
 taverns on (1755), 77; to Fort Frederick, 5, 
 82 ; to Marietta, Ohio, 12, 66-67. 
 
 Baltimore, to Washington (1796) described, n, 
 116-117. 
 
 Bird s, Colonel, 6, 180181. 
 
 Boone s, see Wilderness. 
 
 Braddock s : early importance of, 3, 206 ; map of 
 (1759), 4, 69; Braddock orders Morris to cut, 
 75; beginning the building of, 98-99; takes 
 new route around Wills Mountain, 99; fol 
 lows Indian trail, 109-110; delays in building, 
 109-116; view of, near Frostburg, Maryland, 
 148; route described by Jared Sparks, 168-172; 
 Middleton s map of (1847), 174; T. C. Atkin 
 son describes route of, 175-190; errors con 
 cerning route east of Cumberland, 179; route 
 about Wills Mountain, 183-184; route through 
 Alleghenies, 183-190; route between Laurel 
 Hill and Braddock s Fields, 187-190; later his 
 tory of, 191-213; parallel with Cumberland 
 
136 INDEX Roads 
 
 ROADS: Braddock s (continued) 
 
 Road, 191 ; General Forbes did not follow, 
 192; itinerary of immigrants on, 194-196; 
 Clark s store on, 195; travelers itinerary on 
 (1790), 197-198; early freight rates on, 199; 
 view of, near Farmington, Pennsylvania, 200; 
 portions never deserted, 200; change of name, 
 200; easily identified today, 203-204; appear 
 ance of, in forests, 205 ; East and West bound 
 by, 207-209; historic points along, 209-210; 
 is Braddock s monument, 212; Forbes intended 
 to march by, 5, 79; Forbes s description of 
 ( I 758), 93; Bouquet improves, 95; Washing 
 ton improves (1758), 96, 101 ; Washington 
 compares Pennsylvania Road with, 101-102; 
 Forbes compares Old Glade Road with, 107; 
 Bouquet emphasizes usefulness of, 1 1 1 ; Wash 
 ington describes conditions of (1758), 118- 
 1 23 ; Forbes urges use of, 1 44 ; Forbes urges 
 exploration of, 155-156; Ohio Company of As 
 sociates did not pursue, 197 ; freight rates on, 
 10, 132; early taverns on, 153-155; mile stone 
 on, view of, n, frontispiece; quickly over 
 grown, 25; mile stone on, described, 105; 
 Samuel Allen s journey over (1796), 12, 65- 
 77 ; described by General Craighill, see Craig- 
 hill; also Nemacolin s Trail. 
 
Roads INDEX 137 
 
 Burd s: overseers appointed to open, 5, 25 ; opened 
 for Braddock, 25-34; St. Clair urges Forbes to 
 take, 76-77; Forbes s need of, 79; not com 
 pleted, 97. 
 
 Carlisle: to Raystown, itinerary on (1758), 5, 
 121-122; to Fort Cumberland, itinerary on 
 (1758), 122. 
 
 Catskill Turnpike: Francis Whiting Halsey s 
 sketch of, 12, 143-163; terminus of, 144; early 
 history of, 144-147; laid out to make land ac 
 cessible and marketable irrespective of grades, 
 149; tollgates on, 149-150; stage coach mo 
 nopoly on, 150; Pres. Timothy Dwight s ac 
 count of journey on, 150158; described in 
 heyday by Gains Leonard Halsey, M. D., 158; 
 Erie Canal affects, 159. 
 
 Chambersburg and Pittsburg, 5, 60. 
 
 Cincinnati: to Hamilton (1791), 8, 130-132; to 
 Columbus, Dickens on, 12, 178-180; see Har- 
 mar s, St. Glair s, and Wayne s Roads. 
 
 Clarksburg (West Virginia) : to Cumberland, 
 Maryland (1790), 12, 46-51 ; to Marietta, 89- 
 94- 
 
 Columbus, Ohio, to Sandusky, Dickens on, 12, 
 180-185. 
 
 Connecticut River: to Otter Creek, 7, I2O-I2I ; 
 to Crown Point, 120-121. 
 
138 INDEX Roads 
 
 ROADS: Names and Data (continued) 
 
 Cumberland, Maryland: to Philadelphia, 12, 51- 
 63 ; see Braddock s Road ; also Fort Cumber 
 land. 
 
 Cumberland: described, 2, 139-142; early history 
 of, 3, 207-215; parallel with Braddock s Road, 
 4, 191; portage path nature of, 7, 75-8o; im 
 portance of, 10, 16-17; creation of, 18-19; Sen 
 ate Committee report of, 19-20; Act creating, 
 20-25 ; Jefferson appoints commissioners for, 
 26 ; commissioners first report on, 26-45 ; route 
 chosen, 30-40; planned on shortest line, 38; 
 early public interest in, 45 ; Henry Clay pro 
 motes, 46 ; second report of commissioners on, 
 46-53; table of elevation of, 48-49; cost of, 54; 
 States grant permission to build, 54; first con 
 tracts let for, 54; map in Pennsylvania and 
 Maryland, 55; Monroe vetoes bill for, 57-61; 
 constitutional questions concerning, 57-60; 
 rush of early travel on, 57 ; President Monroe 
 rescues, 64; roadbed structure of, 67-70; Cin 
 cinnati planned as original destination of, 7 1 ; 
 history of westward extension of, 71-90; in 
 Ohio, 74-80; ground broken for, in Ohio, 76; 
 dissatisfaction over route in Ohio, 77-78; route 
 
Roads INDEX 139 
 
 in Columbus, 78-79; map in the West, 79; 
 typical contract on, 81-83; in Indiana and 
 Illinois, 83-88; railway proposed as substitute 
 for, 86-88 ; men who were prominent in build- 
 m g> 9 1 J government unable to collect toll on, 
 91-92; surrendered to individual states, 92; 
 Pennsylvania tollgates on, 93 ; laws for preser 
 vation of, 96-99; Pennsylvania toll rates 
 (1831) on, looioi ; toll system on, 102; Ohio 
 toll rates on, 103-104; exemptions from pay 
 ing toll on, 106-107; comparison of tolls re 
 ceived east and west of Ohio River, 109-113; 
 amount of toll paid in Ohio, 114; Ohio leases, 
 115; legal width in Ohio, 115; given to coun 
 ties, 115; tolls in Franklin County, Ohio, in 
 1899, 117; never self-sustaining, 118; stage 
 coach days on, 119-128; stage coach lines oper 
 ating on, 124-125, 134-138; monopolies on 
 stage line, 125; description of stages on, 126- 
 128; first Troy coach on, 128; freight traffic 
 on, 128-132; freight rates on, 132; rivalry of 
 coach lines on, 133; mail lines on, 142-151; 
 rapid time made by mail coaches on, 143-145; 
 old time tables of mails on, 146-147; mails de 
 layed on, 148-149; division of mail and pas- 
 
140 INDEX Roads 
 
 ROADS: Cumberland (continued) 
 
 senger service on (1837), J 49J robberies on, 
 151; early taverns on, 154-157; best known 
 taverns on, 158-164; wagon houses on, 164- 
 165; tavern keepers objected to building, 169; 
 bred its own landlords, 171; present-day ap 
 pearance of, 174-187; bridges on, 175-176; 
 mile-stones on, 176-179; view of culvert on, 
 177; property owners encroaching on, 179-180; 
 styles of driving on, 181 ; presidential pageants 
 on, 182-183; Edward Everett on, 185; list of 
 Congressional appropriations for, 191-202; 
 specimen advertisement for bid for repairing, 
 203-205 ; specimen advertisement for bids for 
 building bridge over, 206-207; specimen ad 
 vertisement for building toll-houses on, 206- 
 207. 
 
 Eaton (1791), 8, 132-133; see Wayne s Road. 
 
 Forbes s, see Old Glade Road. 
 
 Fort Cumberland to Fort Bedford, 5, 100. 
 
 Fort Massac (Metropolis, Illinois) to Kaskas- 
 kia, 8, 17-25. 
 
 Fort Pendleton- to Morgantown, 12, 78-83. 
 
 Genesee: beginning of civilization along future 
 route of, 12, 99; sketch of, 95-116; authorized, 
 
Roads INDEX 141 
 
 100 ; legal name, 100; legislative enactments 
 creating, 100-106; benefited by lotteries, 107; 
 extended, 108; incorporated, 109; tolls charged 
 on, in; later history of, 112-116; dangerous 
 spot on, in Onondaga Hollow, 130; ended 
 (1805) at Canandaigua, New York, 135; 
 stages on, stop at Canandaigua (1805), 135; 
 project to extend to Niagara, 135-136; trav 
 eling on, improves after leaving turnpike, 137; 
 made through open country when possible, 
 137; activity of pioneers along, 140; see 
 Iroquois Trail. 
 
 Great Western Turnpike, 12, 149. 
 
 Hamilton, Ohio, to Eaton, followed by Wayne, 
 
 8, 195- 
 
 Harmar s Trace, 8, 91, et seq. 
 Illinois, clung to the prairie-land, 8, 23-24. 
 Indianapolis to Chicago (1848), difficult travel 
 
 on, n, 103; see Cumberland Road. 
 Kaskaskia-Shawneetown, "the hunter s trace," 8, 
 
 25- 
 Kaskaskia Trace: 8, 17-25; highland location, 
 
 38-40; more fertile soil indicates old course of, 
 
 69. 
 Kenebec, 7, 112. 
 
142 INDEX Roads 
 
 ROADS: Names and Data (continued) 
 
 Kentucky pioneer, n, 178-181. 
 
 Lancaster Turnpike: charter granted, n, 74; 
 built, 74; subscriptions opened, 75; Witmer s 
 description of, 75-85; tolls collected on, 79; 
 Line Wagon Company on, 82-83 ; professional 
 wagon loaders on, 82; wagoners clannish, 84; 
 taverns on, 85-89; liquors served along, 88-89; 
 later history of, 90-98. 
 
 McCullough s Path, 12, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 26, 
 29. 
 
 Marietta, Ohio, to Clarksburg, West Virginia 
 (1790), 12, 45-46. 
 
 Massachusetts, opening early, n, 34. 
 
 Maysville Pike: route of, u, 164; Jackson s veto 
 of bill for, 167-174 ; see Zane s Trace. 
 
 Mayville (Pennsylvania), 7, 155. 
 
 Morgantown, West Virginia, to Wheeling 
 (1796), 12, 72-73; see Fort Pendleton. 
 
 New York, opening early, n, 36. 
 
 "Northwestern Road Company:" incorporated, 
 12, 3033 ; failure of, 34. 
 
 Northwestern Turnpike: early history of region 
 traversed by, 12, 14-30; creation of, 30-34; Vir 
 ginia builds, 34-38; importance of, 38-42. 
 
 Ohio Company s: to Redstone, 3, 92-96; marked 
 out by Cresap, 96. 
 
Roads INDEX 143 
 
 Old Glade: highland location, 5, 16; route of, 
 17-19; early work on, 24-33; retreat of work 
 men on, at Braddock s defeat, 32; use in early 
 war, 44-64 ; estimate of service of, 47 ; forts 
 held, 63 ; early condition of, between Phila 
 delphia and Bedford, 78 ; Bouquet s itinerary 
 on, 78 ; defended by means of a chain of forts, 
 79-80; Virginia s influence against, 84-141, 
 153-154; Indian trail followed, 92; Arm 
 strong marks out, 97 ; map of, 103 ; Forbes 
 compares Braddock s Road with, 107 ; Bouquet 
 writes Forbes in favor of, 109-110; route de 
 termined to Loyalhanna, no; Washington de 
 scribes condition of (1758), 118-123; Penn 
 sylvania s need of, 138; boon to Pennsylvania 
 that was deserved by Virginia, 139-141; itin 
 erary from Bedford to Edmunds Swamp, 142; 
 building of, 142-162; details of building, from 
 Raystown to Ligonier, 144-149; Bouquet uses, 
 in Pontiac s Rebellion, 176-182; use in Revo 
 lutionary War, 186-189; General Irvine on 
 condition of, 188; Ohio Valley dependent on, 
 192; western forts dependent on, 192; import 
 ance in last days of eighteenth century, 192; 
 Professor McM aster describes, 193-194; Cum 
 berland Road unable to displace, 195; a popu 
 lar pioneer route, 195-196; Ohio Company of 
 
144 INDEX Roads 
 
 ROADS: Old Glade (continued) 
 
 Associates journeyed on, 196-197; New 
 England linked to Middle West by, 196-199; 
 description of pioneers journeying on, 197-199; 
 "Glade Road" branch, 199; "Pittsburg Road" 
 branch, 199; forks near Bedford, 199; cele 
 brated tourists on, 199-202; Pennsylvania 
 Canal eclipsed, 202 ; railways rival, 202-205 ; 
 successors of, 202-205 ; Forbes s choice of route 
 vindicated today, 204-205. 
 
 Old Massac: 8, 23, 24, 25; joined Kaskaskia- 
 Shawneetown Trace, 25. 
 
 Pennsylvania pioneer, n, 36, 37. 
 
 Pennsylvania, route of, 5, 15; see Old Glade 
 Road. 
 
 Phelps Prairie (Illinois), to Kaskaskia, two 
 routes, 8, 28-29. 
 
 Potomac to Ohio and Lake Erie (1753): map 
 of, 3, 109; described, 4, 21. 
 
 Potomac River to Fredericksburg, Virginia, Dick 
 ens describes, 12, 164-171. 
 
 Presque Isle to Fort Le Boeuf, 3, 75-77. 
 
 Rutherford s Trace, North Carolinians open, 6, 
 
 153. 
 
 Schenectady to Utica (1805), 12, 118-126. 
 Seneca Road Company, 12, 100, no. 
 
Roads INDEX 145 
 
 St. Clair s: main thoroughfare northward, 8, 
 159, 167-172; called "The Bloody Way," 171. 
 
 St. Louis to Shawneetown, 8, 28-29, 46. 
 
 St. Louis to Vincennes, Indiana, 8, 37-40. 
 
 St. Louis Trace: old, 8, 34; later, 37; view of 
 near Lawrenceville, Illinois, 62; as it appears 
 today, 62-65 J Kaskaskia Trace junction, 68. 
 
 "Turkey Foot," 5, 33, 191. 
 
 Utica, New York, to Batavia, New York (1805), 
 12, 126-140. 
 
 Vincennes Trace: route of, 8, 34-40; Volney s 
 itinerary on, 66-68; blue grass indicated old 
 camping grounds on, 69. 
 
 Virginia: routes from Potomac and James rivers 
 to New River, 6, 29; Fort Chissel meeting 
 place of two branches of, 29; Dickens s de 
 scription of, 12, 166-171. 
 
 Washington, D. C, to Pittsburg, Hewett s itin 
 erary of, ii, 118. 
 
 Washington to Baltimore, severe grades on, 15, 
 88. 
 
 Washington: on Laurel Hill, view of, 3, frontis 
 piece; meaning of, 15, 16; map of, 93; com 
 pleted to Great Meadows, 152; building to 
 Mount Braddock, 153; development of, 205- 
 215. 
 
146 INDEX Roads 
 
 ROADS: Names and Data (continued) 
 
 Wayne s: cut northward, 8, 193; Indian object 
 to, 193-194; route of, 194-199; in Cincinnati, 
 195; in Hamilton, 195; in Preble County, 196; 
 near Eaton, 196; near Ithaca, Ohio, 196; John 
 Woodington settled beside, 196; pioneers 
 traced, 196-197. 
 
 Wheeling to Bellville (1796), 12, 72-73- 
 Wilderness: view of, near Cumberland Gap, 6, 
 frontispiece; origin of name, 13-1 4; James 
 Lane Allen s tribute to, 18; Fort Chissel start 
 ing point of, 29 ; Boone marks out, 43 ; early 
 settlements on, 44; Indian trail followed by, 
 58, 62, 65; Ohio River route compared to, 81- 
 82 ; white men first traverse, 82 ; Boone s early 
 acquaintance with route of, 83 ; Boone engaged 
 to open, 93; route of, 93, 94; Felix Walker s 
 description of, 94-100; experiences of first 
 travelers on, 94-100; Daniel Boone, kindness 
 of, 100 ; Henderson meets pioneers returning 
 from Kentucky on, 105; experiences of Will 
 iam Calk s party on, 107-117; Filson s itin 
 erary on, 118-122; Brown s itinerary on, 123- 
 130; traversable by wagons to Martin s Station 
 in 1775, 133; Capt. Joseph Martin s Indian 
 Agency on, 138-139; early dangers of travel- 
 
Roads INDEX 147 
 
 ing on, 139-144; announcements of parties 
 formed to go over, 140143 ; Indians attack pio 
 neers on, 142-143; forts guarding, 149; Revo 
 lutionary struggle along, 149-159; bravery of 
 Watauga frontiersmen kept open the, 155; 
 Roosevelt on value of keeping open the, 155; 
 James Lane Allen on importance of, 177-178; 
 strategic value of, 182-192; influenced question 
 of Mississippi navigation, 186-187; Kentucky s 
 growth influenced by, 188-190; old Northwest 
 benefited by, 190; improvement of, 194-205; 
 description of typical travelers on, 195-196; 
 proposal to make thirty feet wide, 203 ; Daniel 
 Boone asserts claim to having first blazed, 203 ; 
 Kentucky guards and improves, 203 ; Daniel 
 Boone writes Governor Shelby for contract to 
 improve, 203-204; tollgates on, 204; present- 
 day condition of, 204; James Lane Allen on 
 present condition of, 204-205 ; James Lane 
 Allen s description of Cumberland Gap, 205- 
 207. 
 
 York, Pennsylvania, to Harrisburg, Dickens s 
 experiences on, 12, 172-178. 
 
 Zane s Trace: taverns on, 10, 156-157; Act of 
 Congress authorizing, u, 156; blazed, 158- 
 159; description of (1797), 159; bridge on, 
 
148 INDEX Roads 
 
 ROADS: Zane s Trace (continued) 
 
 162; ferriage on, 164; mail route established 
 on, 164; Maysville turnpike veto affects, 165- 
 174. 
 
 Road working days, pioneer, described, n, 101-102; 
 verses on, 104. 
 
 Roberts, Nathan S., estimates cost of Chesapeake 
 and Ohio Canal, 13, 88; report on Erie Canal, 
 14, 191. 
 
 Robertson, Chief-justice, immigration to Kentucky 
 described by, 6, 195-197- 
 
 Robinson, John, 6, 200. 
 
 Robinson, Moncure, in charge of Allegheny Portage 
 Railway, 13, 196. 
 
 Robinson s, Major, 12, 46. 
 
 Roche de Bout: Indian convention at, 8, 189; 
 United States Commissioners not allowed to ap 
 proach, 189; spy reports proceedings at Indian 
 convention at, 190-192. 
 
 Rochester, inaugural ceremonies of Erie Canal at, 
 14, 141-142. 
 
 Rochester, John, 6, 2O2. 
 
 Rock Creek, Braddock s troops at, 4, 76, 78. 
 
 Rockford, Ohio, Fort Adams erected near, 8, 207. 
 
 Rogers, Capt. John, commands "The Willing," 8, 
 
 33- 
 
Ryan s INDEX 149 
 
 Rogers, John, 6, 202. 
 
 Rogers, Lieutenant, 8, 106. 
 
 Rogers s, 10, 162. 
 
 Rollin s, 10, 154. 
 
 Romaine Prairie, 8, 50. 
 
 Rome (New York): map of portage at, 7, 142; 
 strategic position historically considered, 143-148; 
 canal at, 14, 29-30, 36; celebration of opening 
 of Erie Canal at, 116-119. 
 
 Roosevelt, Theodore: brutality of pioneers excused 
 by, 6, 36; Watauga settlers eulogized by, 155; 
 appoints "Roosevelt Erie Canal Committee," 14, 
 198. 
 
 Rosewalt [Roosevelt] first steamboat on Ohio com 
 manded by, 9, 137. 
 
 Row, Mr., 12, 119. 
 
 Ruddle s Station, Bird attacks, 6, 168-169. 
 
 Rumsey, James: elected manager Potomac Com 
 pany, 13, 56; resigned, 58. 
 
 Rupp, Early History of Western Pennsylvania, 
 cited, 9, 38. 
 
 Rural delivery, early opposition of country residents 
 to, 15, 22. 
 
 Rush s, 10, 1 60. 
 
 Russell Place, 6, 131. 
 
 Russell s, 12, 138. 
 
 Ryan s, n, 139. 
 
SALEM (Illinois), Clark s route near, 8, 43. 
 Salt Springs: explanation of, i, 106; near Clay 
 City, Illinois, on route of Clark s march 
 to Vincennes, 8, 66; at Onondaga, 12, 129. 
 
 Sampey s, 10, 160. 
 
 Sample, George, itinerary of trip over Zane s Trace 
 (1797), n, 159-163. 
 
 Sampson s Mill, Braddock s Road near, 4, 189. 
 
 Samuels, Abraham, 12, 32. 
 
 Sanford, Laura G., History of Erie County, Penn 
 sylvania, cited, 2, no. 
 
 Sanger, Jedediah, 12, no. 
 
 Sargent, History of Braddock s Expedition, cited, 4, 
 62, et seq. 
 
 Sargent, Maj. Winthrop, 9, 63. 
 
 Sargent s, 12, 44. 
 
 Sanders, Mrs., 6, 123. 
 
 Saunders, John : Clark s guide, 8, 27 ; Clark threat 
 ens with death, 223-224. 
 
 Scatcherd, John N., on Roosevelt Erie Canal com 
 mittee, 14, 198. 
 
Searight s INDEX 151 
 
 Scharf, History of. Western Maryland, cited, 12, 
 23 ; 13, 66, et seq. 
 
 Schenectady (New York) : early forms of name, 12, 
 118; discontent occasioned by Erie Canal at, 14, 
 144-145. 
 
 Schieren, Charles A., on Black Commission, 14, 197. 
 
 Schriver, James: An Account of Surveys and Ex 
 aminations with remarks and Documents rela 
 tive to the projected Chesapeake and Ohio, and 
 Ohio and Lake Erie Canals, cited, 13, 66-67, et 
 seq.\ toast at Chesapeake and Ohio Canal ban 
 quet, 73. 
 
 Schuyler, Philip: efforts in behalf of Mohawk im 
 provement, 14, 21, 26, 40, et seq.; Letters on 
 Canals, 40. 
 
 Scioto Company, formation of, 9, 62. 
 
 Scotland, early traveling in, n, 3031. 
 
 Scott, Brigadier-General: ordered to attack Wabash 
 Indians, 8, 115, 120; ordered suddenly to Fort 
 Jefferson, 192; describes Daniel Boone, 202; 
 reaches Fort Greenville with fifteen hundred 
 troops, 204. 
 
 Scott, Captain, 8, 106; killed, 233. 
 
 Scott, Hugh, Narrative, quoted, 8, 89. 
 
 Scott s Station, 6, 131. 
 
 Searight s, 10, 160. 
 
152 INDEX Searight 
 
 Searight, Thomas B., The Old Pike, cited, 10, n, 
 
 110113. 
 
 Seaton House, 10, 158. 
 
 Section-lines, error of making roads on, 15, 87. 
 Sehon, John L., 12, 31. 
 Semple s, 12, 54. 
 "Seneca Chief," part in opening Erie Canal, 14, 
 
 139. 
 
 Seneca Lake, Bigelow describes, 12, 134. 
 Serpent mound, I, 88. 
 Seven Ranges, survey of, 9, 63. 
 Seven Years War, opening of, 5, 67. 
 Severance, Frank H., Old Trails of the Niagara 
 
 Frontier, 7, 47. 
 
 Seviers, John, hero of Fort Watauga, 6, 101. 
 Sewickley, Great, Braddock s Road near, 4, 188. 
 Sewickly, 5, 186. 
 Sganzin, on curved roads, 15, 92. 
 "Shades of Death," Braddock s Road in, 4, 184, 195. 
 Shaler, N. S.: Man and Nature in America, I, 102; 
 
 Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Kentucky, 
 
 104; Kentucky s debt to Virginia noted by, 6, 41. 
 Shane s Crossing, Harmar crossed St. Mary at, 8, 
 
 99, 207 ; see Rockford, Ohio. 
 Shanoppin s Town, 5, 21. 
 Sharpe, Governor, activity of, 4, 34. 
 
Shippensburg INDEX 153 
 
 Shattuck, Samuel, .Narrative, 7, 158-160. 
 
 Shawana Cabbins, see Shawonese Cabbin. 
 
 Shawanese: sketch of, 3, 56-59; English possession 
 of West objected to by, 5, 166; Fort Pitt to be 
 captured by (1763), 174; Draper s Meadow 
 raided by, 6, 82 ; Dunmore s War against, 85-87 ; 
 Celoron among, 9, 45; Treaty with (1786), 59. 
 
 Shawonese Cabbin, on Forbes s Road, 5, 20. 
 
 Shayne, C. C., on Black Commission, 14, 197. 
 
 Shelbeys, John, 6, 101. 
 
 Shelby, Gov. Isaac: 6, 197; Daniel Boone writes 
 to, asking for contract to improve Wilderness 
 Road, 203-204. 
 
 Shepard s, 12, 120. 
 
 Shepherd, Antiquities of the State of Ohio, cited, I, 
 92. 
 
 Sherrard, Robert, 12, 31. 
 
 Shethar s, 12, 127. 
 
 Shiloh Hill (Illinois), Clark s route on, 8, 30. 
 
 Shingiss, Washington visits, 3, 99. 
 
 Ship-building on the Ohio, history of, 9, 133-136. 
 
 Shipley s, 10, 160. 
 
 Shippen, "Draught of the Monongahela and 
 Youghiogheny Rivers," 5, 29. 
 
 Shippensburg (Pennsylvania) : Fort Franklin erect 
 ed at, 5, 46; people fleeing from, 53. 
 
154 INDEX Shirley 
 
 Shirley, Governor: Washington criticises, 5, 41-42; 
 
 Braddock succeeded by, 65 ; council of war called 
 
 by (1756), 65. 
 
 Shirleysburg (Pennsylvania), old name of, 5, 19. 
 Snoop s, 12, 60. 
 Short, Peyton, 6, 200. 
 Shulty s, 10, 159. 
 Shulze, Governor, approves Pennsylvania Canal 
 
 bill, 13, 182. 
 Shuter s, shares in Potomac Company offered at, 13, 
 
 61. 
 
 Sidebottom, Peter, 6, 201. 
 Sideling Hill (Pennsylvania), explanation of name 
 
 of, ii, 135- 
 
 Sigler, William, 12, 31. 
 
 Silvy, Lieutenant, at McKee s house during con 
 vention at Roche de Bout, 8, 191. 
 
 Simcoe, Governor, entertains United States com 
 missioners at Niagara, 8, 188. 
 
 Simpkins s, 12, 69-70. 
 
 Simpson s, 4, 196. 
 
 Simpson s, Widow, 6, 123. 
 
 Six Mile House, 10, 159. 
 
 Skinner, Mr., 12, 43. 
 
 Skinner s, n, 135. 
 
Smith INDEX 155 
 
 Slane, Thomas, 12, 31. 
 
 Sleighing, chief amusement of New Yorkers in 1796, 
 n, 115. 
 
 Sloan s, 10, 164. 
 
 Slough, Captain: leads scouting party, 8, 149-150; 
 reports to Butler, 151 ; excused from reporting to 
 St. Clair, 151. 
 
 Smeaton, John, the days of, 13, 21. 
 
 Smith, Abraham, 12, 31. 
 
 Smith, Alexander R., on Black Commission, 14, 
 197. 
 
 Smith, Col. James, Kentucky explored by, 6, 79. 
 
 Smith, Daniel, 6, 109. 
 
 Smith, Edward, 10, 162. 
 
 Smith, Enoch, 6, 107, 116. 
 
 Smithfield (Big Crossings) Pennsylvania, early tav 
 erns at, 10, 1 60. 
 
 Smith, History of Kentucky, I, 1 1 8. 
 
 Smith, Prof. Justin H., Arnold s Quebec campaign 
 described by, 7, 115-118. 
 
 Smith s 10, 155. 
 
 Smith s, 10, 1 60. 
 
 Smith, S. H., committeeman to memorialize Con 
 gress in behalf of Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 
 13, 74- 
 
156 INDEX Smith 
 
 Smith, William Henry: The St. Glair Papers, cited, 
 8, 134, et seq.-, on effect of early settlement north 
 of Ohio River, 9, 57. 
 
 Smith, W. P., A History and Description of the 
 Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 13, 98, et seq. 
 
 Snyder s, 10, 160. 
 
 "Society for promoting the improvement of roads 
 and inland navigation," memorial to Pennsylvania 
 Assembly (1791), !3, 29-30, 171-173- 
 
 Sommerville, John, 12, 31. 
 
 Spafford, on the Great Western Turnpike, 12, 149. 
 
 Spalding, on macadamized roads, 15, 158-160. 
 
 Sparks, Jared: Braddock s route described by, 4, 
 168-172; Braddock s defeat described by, 171- 
 172; Writings of Washington, cited, 2, 72, et 
 seq.; 14, 124; Life of Gouverneur Morris, cited, 
 14, 44; quoted, 45. 
 
 Speed, ^ta^ T. Wt, Wilderness Road, cited, 2, 73; 
 6, 16, 123, 178. 
 
 Spendelow, Lieutenant, discovers new route for 
 Braddock around Wills Mountain, 4, 99. 
 
 Spofford, A. R., 14, 12. 
 
 "Spread Eagle," 10, 155. 
 
 Springs: old-time importance of, 2, 50-51; Indians 
 refuse to inform pioneers of location of, 12, 133. 
 
 Sprout s, 7, 123. 
 
Standing INDEX 157 
 
 Spurgeon, James, 12, 22. 
 
 Squier and Davis, Ancient Monuments of the 
 Mississippi Valley, i, 91-92. 
 
 Stackpole s, 12, 49. 
 
 Stage Coach and Tavern Days, by Alice Morse 
 Earle, cited, 2, 75, 76. 
 
 Stage coaches: sold to Wild West shows, 10, 126; 
 postmaster-general offers premiums for, 126-127; 
 description of, 126-128; cost of, 128; record 
 runs of, 133-134; schedule of Ohio lines (1835), 
 134-138; Ohio laws for protection of passengers, 
 139-141; form of tickets used on Cumberland 
 Road, 140-141; Dickens mentions, 12, 165-166; 
 dissatisfaction marks advent of coaches, n, 62; in 
 England, 63-64; said to be injurious to breed of 
 horses, 63; the converse, 10, 122; remarkable 
 argument against, advanced in England, n, 63- 
 64 ; new age of road-building introduced by, 67 ; 
 ride from Philadelphia to Baltimore (1796) in, 
 68; described (1796) by Francis Baily, 108-109; 
 monopoly of, 12, 150; rivalries of drivers, 10, 
 133-134; exclamation to horses in America and 
 England typical of the two nationalities, 12, 167; 
 Dickens hires private coach, 180. 
 
 Stagg, Doctor, in Erie Canal celebration, 14, 139. 
 
 Standing Stone, villages by name of, 2, 29. 
 
158 INDEX Starr s 
 
 Starr s, 10, 164. 
 
 State-aid plan in good roads movement, 15, 50-5 1 ; 
 see Good Roads. 
 
 St. Clair, Arthur: empowered by President Wash 
 ington (1789) to call out militia, 8, 82; to Secre 
 tary of War on hostility of northwestern Indians, 
 83 ; calls on militia, 84 ; directs Harmar s prepa 
 rations, 85-86; plans campaign of 1791, 116-125; 
 Gen. Richard Butler appointed second in com 
 mand under, 119; Secretary of War s instructions 
 to, 119; building of fort at Miami Village sug 
 gested, 119; created commander-in-chief, 119; 
 army raised slowly, 120-121 ; proceeds to Fort 
 Washington, 121 ; army sails for Fort Washing 
 ton, 122; Knox writes to, urging haste, 122; finds 
 army in wretched condition, 124-128; Narrative 
 o/, cited, 124, et seq.; moves camp to Ludlow s 
 Station, 129; plans chain of forts, 129; orders 
 Butler to advance in three columns, 131 ; reaches 
 Fort Hamilton, 134; finds desertion common, 133- 
 134; Major Denny aid-de-camp to, 134; upbraids 
 Ludlow, 135; Butler apologizes to, 136; explains 
 Butler s disaffection, 137; urges Hodgdon to 
 hasten provision trains, 139-140; denies Butler s 
 request to lead a flying column, 141 ; embitters 
 
St. Clair INDEX 159 
 
 Butler, 141-142 ;. hampered by desertions, 143; ill 
 ness of, 144; talks with officers around camp fire, 
 144-145; misjudges Indian movements, 145; But 
 ler excused Slough from reporting to, 151; igno 
 rant of danger, 152; in battle, 153-156; defeat 
 of, 156,159; battle-ground visited, 168-169; inau 
 guration as Governor of Northwest Territory, 9, 
 64; travels eastward from Cincinnati by land, 12, 
 76-77; Narrative of the Campaign against the 
 Indians, cited, 8, 124, et seq. 
 
 St. Clair, Sir John : prepares for Braddock s cam 
 paign, 4, 54; appointed Forbes s quartermaster, 5, 
 76 ; Forbes has little respect for, 76 ; urges Forbes 
 to change rendezvous, 76 ; Braddock s defeat a 
 lesson to, 83 ; Governor Sharpe s influence over, 
 84 ; letter to Bouquet, concerning change of route, 
 84; indecision as to roads, 84; argues in favor of 
 Virginia road, 86, 87, 90; letter to Bouquet op 
 posing Pennsylvania route, 90; fails to provide 
 forage, 95; vacillating course of, 127-128; ac 
 cused by Forbes of misapplying utensils, 128,129; 
 accused by Forbes of treachery, 129; Old Glade 
 Road built by, 144-149; criticised by Forbes, 146- 
 147. 
 
 St. Clair Papers, cited, 8, 134, et seq., 9, 54. 
 
160 INDEX St. Clairsville 
 
 St. Clairsville (Ohio), early taverns in, 10, 156. 
 
 St. Cosme, Lieutenant, with Governor Hamilton, 7, 
 171. 
 
 Stealy, Jacob, 12, 31. 
 
 Steamboating, early history of western, 9, 137-150. 
 
 Steamboat tonnage, comparative tables of, 9, 144- 
 149. 
 
 Steedman, William, spy among northwestern In 
 dians, 8, 164. 
 
 Steele, William, 6, 198. 
 
 Stephen, Captain: arrival at Wills Creek, 3, 126; 
 on Old Glade Road, 5, 153- 
 
 Steuben, Baron, Washington s opinion of, 8, 173. 
 
 Steuwart, William, Baltimore and Ohio Railway 
 director, 13, no. 
 
 Stevensburg, 4, 195. 
 
 Stevenson, David, 6, 199. 
 
 Stevenson, David: on Pennsylvania corduroy roads, 
 II, 71-72; Sketch of the Civil Engineering of 
 North America, quoted on roads, 71-72; on Mor 
 ris Canal inclined planes, 13, I93-J94- 
 
 Stewart and Plunket, Philadelphia merchant firm, 
 
 13, 59- 
 
 Stewart, Richardson: appointed assistant superin 
 tendent of Potomac Company, 13, 58; repri 
 manded, 58. 
 
Storms INDEX 161 
 
 Stewart s Crossing, Braddock s Road at 4, 175. 
 Stewartsville ( Pennsylvania), Braddock s Road near, 
 
 4, 189. 
 
 Stimson, Rodney Metcalf, I, 34. 
 Stitcher s, Herman, 12, 51. 
 St. Louis, tax of poor roads on inhabitants of, 15, 
 
 49-50. 
 Stockton and Stokes s horse-car races with Cooper s 
 
 "Tom Thumb," 13, 130. 
 Stockton, Lucius W., owner of the Stockton Line, 
 
 10, 124. 
 
 Stoddard, Colonel, 7, 119. 
 Stoddard s, 10, 159. 
 
 Stone, Gen. Roy, portrait of, 15, frontispiece. 
 Stone, Miss Elizabeth, 7, 154. 
 Stone, W. L., Narrative of the Festivities observed 
 
 in honor of the completion of the Grand Erie 
 
 Canal, cited, 14, 137. 
 Stone Tavern, 10, 160. 
 
 Strong, A., in Erie Canal celebration, 14, 142. 
 Strong, E. B., in Erie Canal celebration, 14, 142. 
 Stone-house Tavern, 6, 121. 
 Stone-mill, 6, 131. 
 Stoner, Michael, Richard Henderson assisted by, 6, 
 
 106. 
 Storms, early travelers annoyed by, 6, 68. 
 
162 INDEX Stove 
 
 Stove poker, kept under lock and key, 10, 167. 
 
 St. Pierre, Legardeur de: Dinwiddie s letter to, 3, 
 108-112; letter to Governor Dinwiddie, 115-117. 
 
 Stroad, Captain, consulted by Washington (1784) 
 as to western routes, 12, 18-19. 
 
 Stuart, Otis Kendall, on Washington, 3, 24. 
 
 Stump, Leonard, 12, 89. 
 
 Stumps, Dickens fancifully describes, 12, 184-185. 
 
 St. Yotoc, 9, 44. 
 
 Sullivan, James, The History of the District of 
 Maine, 7, no. 
 
 Sullivan, John L., outlines route of Chesapeake and 
 Ohio Canal, 13, 78. 
 
 Summit House, 10, 160. 
 
 Sumner, Charles, on good roads, 15, 82. 
 
 Sumner (Illinois), St. Louis Trace at, 8, 63. 
 
 Surveyors, incident illustrating accuracy of early, 
 14, 114-115. 
 
 Sutton, James, 6, 199. 
 
 Swann, Thomas: Chesapeake and Ohio Canal cen 
 tral committeeman, 13, 74; toasted as President 
 of the Baltimore and Ohio Railway, 135. 
 
 Swart s, Jacob, 14, 27. 
 
 Swartwout, agitator for Erie Canal, 14, 60. 
 
 Sweet, S. H., Public Documents relating to New 
 York canals, 14, n, et seq. 
 
Taverns INDEX 163 
 
 Swiney s, 6, 123. 
 
 Sycamore, Washington found large, 6, 61. 
 Sylvester, Northern New York, 7, 46, 73. 
 Symmes, John Cleves, purchases Symmes grant, 
 
 9, 65. 
 Symonds, Maj. T. W., on Roosevelt Erie Canal 
 
 committee, 14^ 198. 
 
 TAGGART, Hugh T., 4, 78. 
 Tanner, H. S., A Brief Description of the 
 Canals and Railroads of the United States, 
 quoted, 13, 208-211; cited, 14, 173. 
 Tarascon, Berthoud and Company, early naviga 
 tion firm, 9, 107, 133. 
 
 Taverns: character of early western, 10, 157; legis 
 latures meet in, 161 ; fire-places, 165-166; inte 
 riors, 165-167; sign posts on, 167; kitchens, 168; 
 typical landlord, 169-171; liquors kept at, 
 170; advertised for sale, 208; views of 
 early, n, 87, 134; exorbitant charges at, 
 1 1 8, I43> common name for inn, 119; 
 typical mountain, 120; pioneer Kentucky, 194- 
 201 ; barbarous behavior of landlord, 12, 68 ; 
 
 f UNIVERoii / 
 
164 INDEX Taverns 
 
 Taverns (continued) 
 
 blockhouses as, 83-84 ; experiences in rude western, 
 91-93; unpleasant scene at, 138; "clean" sheets 
 at, 139; interior of, 139; "inns" legal name in 
 New York, 153; merely drinking places, 153- 
 154; President Dwight on pioneer, I53- I 54> kept 
 by literary landlord, 155; Dickens describes 
 typical Ohio, 178-180; menus at, 9, 120, 123, 
 143-144, 199-200; 12, 137, 190-191; mentioned, 
 4, 76, 77, 85, 87, 88, 194, 195; 5, 85; 6, 54, 
 55, 56, 57, 101, 102, 108, 109, 1 10, 121, 122, 
 123, 124, 130, 131; 10, 32, 33, 34, J 53, 154, 
 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 1 60, 161, 162, 163, 
 164; n, 118, 119-121, 127, 129, 130-132, 135, 
 137, I38-I4 1 , H3J 12, 24, 25, 32, 43, 44, 46, 
 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52-53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 
 60, 67, 68, 69, 70, 78, 80, 119, 120, 121, 126, 
 127, 128, 129, 130-132, 136-141, 153-155. 
 
 Tax, Dodge on general road, 15, 73-74- 
 
 Tayler, Lieut. Gov. John, 14, no. 
 
 Taylor, A. M., in later history of Lancaster Turn 
 pike, ii, 95-97- 
 
 Taylor, Dr. H. C, Old Portage Road, quoted, 7, 
 
 154-155. 
 Taylor, Gen. James, autobiography, i, 116. 
 
Thomas INDEX 165 
 
 Taylor, Hubbard, 6, 198. 
 
 Taylor, Othniel, Genesee Road Commissioner, 12, 
 
 100. 
 Taylor, Richard, subscriber to Wilderness Road 
 
 fund, 6, 198. 
 Taylor, Robert, early tavern keeper at Zanesville 
 
 (Ohio), 10, 161. 
 Taylor s, 10, 161. 
 Taylor, Samuel, subscriber to Wilderness Road 
 
 fund, 6, 198. 
 Taylor s, Edmund, 4, 194. 
 Teacup Knob, Clark s route near, 8, 30, 31. 
 Teagarden, George, 6, 200. 
 Tea Spring, Harmar names, 8, 97. 
 "Telegraph Coach Line," 10, 135. 
 "Temple of Juno" (tavern), 10, 159. 
 Ten Mile House, 10, 161. 
 Territory northwest of the River Ohio, erected, 
 
 9, 60. 
 
 Thackeray, The Newcomes, quoted, 10, 121-123. 
 They s, Ferry of, 4, 77. 
 Thistle Tavern, 10, 159. 
 Thomas, Dr. Cyrus, Catalogue of Prehistoric Works 
 
 East of the Rocky Mountains, quoted, I, 43, 
 
 et seq. 
 
166 INDEX Thomas 
 
 Thomas, Edward S., 6, 197. 
 
 Thomas, Erie Canal engineer honored at inaugura 
 tion, 14, 132, 149. 
 
 Thomas, Evan, experimental locomotive of, 13, 127. 
 
 Thomas, Mrs. Elizabeth, journey to Kentucky, 6, 
 117-118. 
 
 Thomas, Nathaniel, 6, 91. 
 
 Thomas, Philip E. : Chesapeake and Ohio Canal 
 commissioner, 13, 95 ; promotes Baltimore and 
 Ohio Railway, 95-98; elected president, no. 
 
 Thompson, Chief Justice, 14, no. 
 
 Thompson, George, 6, 199. 
 
 Thompson, Josias, surveyor of Cumberland Road, 
 10, 27. 
 
 Thompson, Lieutenant, surveyed Baltimore and 
 Ohio route, 13, 109. 
 
 Thompson s, 6, 124. 
 
 Thompson s, 10, 156. 
 
 Thompson s, 12, 53. 
 
 Thompson s, Joseph, 6, 123. 
 
 Thompson, William B., Chesapeake and Ohio Canal 
 contractor, 13, 159. 
 
 Thompson, ye Quaker, 4, 77. 
 
 Thorp, Captain, killed at Harmar s defeat, 8, 106. 
 
 Three Springs, 5, 19. 
 
 Thruston, Buckner, 6, 200. 
 
Tongue INDEX 167 
 
 Thwaites, R. G.: quoted on Fort Miami, 7, 179; 
 editor of Wisconsin Historical Collections, cited, 
 9, 118; Withers s Chronicles of Border Warfare, 
 12, 26; The Jesuit Relations and Allied Docu 
 ments, 2, 19-62; 9, 26-46. 
 
 Tilghman, Frisby, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal cen 
 tral committeeman, 13, 74. 
 
 Tilley s Hotel, 13, 103. 
 
 Toby s Creek, in Washington s plan of communica 
 tions, 13, 45-46. 
 
 Todd, Col. John, 6, 129. 
 
 Todd, Col. Levi, 6, 201. 
 
 Todd, Robert, 6, 198. 
 
 Todd s, Parson, 4, 194. 
 
 Todd, Thomas, 6, 198. 
 
 Tolls charged on Seneca Turnpike, New York, 12, 
 in. 
 
 Tomlinson, Joseph, 12, 31. 
 
 Tomlinson s, 10, 153; 12, 67-68. 
 
 Tomlinson, William, 6, 50. 
 
 "Tom Thumb," races with Stockton and Stokes s 
 horse-cars, 13, 130. 
 
 Toner, Journal of Colonel George Washington, 3, 
 122, et seq.; 9, 40. 
 
 Tongue, Hon. Thomas H., quoted, on sociological 
 effect of good roads, 14, 38-43. 
 
168 INDEX Tontine 
 
 Tontine Coffee House, 14, 60. 
 
 Tonty, 7, 36. 
 
 Topographical Description of the Middle British 
 Colonies, Pownall, quoted, 2, 32, 33. 
 
 Totten, Lieutenant Colonel, outlines route for Ches 
 apeake and Ohio Canal, 13, 78. 
 
 Towns, classic name of New York, 7, 145. 
 
 Trace (buffalo) : used by travelers, I, m ; Walker 
 explores Kentucky on, 112, 113; buffaloes dispute 
 right of way with travelers on, 114, 115 J identical 
 with Indian trails, 114; described, 115-119; route 
 of pioneer army, 118, 121, 126; as transconti 
 nental routes, 131; from seaboard to Middle 
 West, 133; ran north and south, 135; influenced 
 Indian migrations, 136; followed by railways, 
 138; at portages, 139; Limestone Creek to 
 Bryant s Station, 6, 179; across Illinois from Ohio 
 River, 8, 16; across Illinois on watersheds, 34. 
 
 TRAILS ( INDIAN )- 
 
 In General: more easily traversed than rivers, 2, 
 14; impeded, 22; n, 22-23; not blazed by 
 aborigines, 2, 29 ; blazed, 6, 62 ; laid out on buf 
 falo traces, 2, 15; high location of, 15; 12, 197; 
 circuitous in low ground, 2, 20-21; 12, 200-202; 
 description of, 2, 16-19; easily found today, 18-19; 
 
Trails INDEX 169 
 
 lore of, 22 ; crossed streams on bars, 23 ; unim 
 proved, 26-27 ; "Indian Stones" beside, 28 ; as 
 boundary lines, 44 ; classification of, 45 ; for hunt 
 ing? 45; hunting, distinguished from war paths, 
 12, 199; for war, 2, 47-53; used by missionaries, 
 93 ; by explorers, 93 ; in military campaigns, 94- 
 95, 144-148; 5, 92; 8, 25, 138; routes of pioneers, 
 2 > 95-96; how the author found his first, 117- 
 118; appearance of a primeval, n, 16-17; nar 
 rowness of, 17-18; steps in evolution of, 21-105; 
 packhorse, 27-30. 
 Names and Data : 
 
 Alleghenies, the best trail across, 5, 15. 
 Canadian, Father Buteux on, 2, 35-43. 
 Cuyahoga-Muskingum, described, 2, in. 
 Fort Miami, described, 2, 115. 
 Great: i, 67; described, 2, 107; followed by 
 
 Bouquet, 125; Gist on, 6, 74. 
 Great Warrior, 5, 17. 
 Iroquois: described, 2, 68, 76-85; no early road 
 
 built upon, 12, 96; see Genesee Road. 
 Kiskiminitas River, 5, 23. 
 Kittanning, described, 2, 17, 18, 71, 85-89. 
 Lake Shore, described, 2, 103. 
 Ligonier to Pittsburg, 5, 18-19. 
 McCulloch s Path, n, 26. 
 
170 INDEX Trails 
 
 TRAILS: Names and Data (continued) 
 Mahoning, described, 2, 104. 
 Miami, described, 2, 114. 
 Mingo, n, 154-155. 
 Monongahela: described, 2, 18; explorations on, 
 
 122-124. 
 Muskingum: on Wallace Ridge, view of, 2, 118; 
 
 described, 118; exploration of, 121-122, 126- 
 
 129; view of, 126. 
 Nations, War trail of, 2, 92. 
 Nemacolin s (Path): described, 2, 72, 89-91; 
 
 historically considered, 133-135; explorations 
 
 on, 134-135; followed by Braddock, 135-136; 
 
 route of Cumberland Road, 137-138; see 
 
 Washington s and Braddock s Roads. 
 Ohio and Western Pennsylvania, map of, 2, 105. 
 Old Connecticut (Path), described, 2, 67, 74, 
 
 75- 
 
 Old Trading: route of, 5, 17-19; Croghan de 
 scribes, 22 ; itinerary of John Harris on, 23 ; 
 road for Braddock opened along, 25-34; see 
 Old Glade Road. 
 
 Scioto-Beaver, described, 2, 108. 
 
 Scioto, described, 2, 112. 
 
 Scioto-Monongahela, described, 2, 109. 
 
 Venango, described, 2, no. 
 
Trimble INDEX 171 
 
 Vincennes,. near Xenia (Illinois), view of, 8, 
 
 frontispiece. 
 Virginia Warrior s (Path), described, 2, 73, 91- 
 
 92. 
 
 Transactions of the American Antiquarian Society, 
 
 see Atwater. 
 Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 
 
 cited, 9, 19. 
 
 Transylvania Company, history of, 6, 91-144, 161. 
 Transylvania University, partners in, 6, 91. 
 Trappa, derivation of, 15, 184. 
 Trapp s Hill, 12, 119. 
 Travail, Indian, view of, n, 19. 
 Travel, early, in West by land, i, 61. 
 Trees: soil judged by size of, 6, 61-62, 67; big, 12, 
 
 157. 
 
 Tremont Hotel, 10, 164. 
 
 Trent, Captain : commissioned to build fort on Ohio, 
 3, 115; report from, 126; on Fort Lowther, 5, 
 53; Cherokees punished by, 85. 
 
 Treziyulney, Charles, Pennsylvania Canal com 
 missioner, 13, 177. 
 
 Trigg, Col. Stephen, 6, 129. 
 
 Trimble, Lieut. Isaac, located Baltimore and Ohio 
 Railway, 13, 109, no. 
 
172 INDEX Trotter 
 
 Trotter, James, 6. 198. 
 
 Trotter, Lieutenant Colonel, in Harmar s campaign, 
 8, 87, 101-102. 
 
 Troutman, Peter, 6, 199. 
 
 Trowbridge s, 12, 121. 
 
 Troy (Ohio), Harmar camps near, 8, 97. 
 
 Trubley, Lieutenant Colonel, in Harmar s cam 
 paign, 8, 88. 
 
 Trueman, Capt. Alexander: messenger to Indians, 
 8, 170; murdered, 171 ; found by May, 182. 
 
 Tumblestone s, see Tomlinson s. 
 
 Tunnel: first American planned by Schriver, 13, 
 68; early English, 68; view of first, 201. 
 
 "Turkey Foot" (Confluence, Pennsylvania) , strat 
 egic position of, 3, 134. 
 
 Turner, John, 12, 72. 
 
 Turner, Professor Frederick J. : Indian Trade of 
 Wisconsin, cited, 7, 185; rights of first settlers 
 north of the Ohio discussed by, 9, 58. 
 
 Turpin, Sur la Guerre, cited by General Forbes, 5, 
 80. 
 
 Turtle Creek : arrival of Braddock at, 4, 117; forti 
 fication at, 5, 1 8 6. 
 
 Twelve Mile Prairie, Vincennes Trace in, 8, 52. 
 
 Tyler, John, nominated for vice-president, 14, 170. 
 
 Tyler s, 12, 128. 
 
UNADILLA (New York) : President Dwight 
 describes, 12, 155-160; Erie Canal stops 
 growth of, 61. 
 
 Union College Guards, celebrate opening of Erie 
 Canal, 14, 145. 
 
 Uniontown (Pennsylvania) : Pennsylvania compels 
 United States government to lay Cumberland 
 Road through, 10, 54; early taverns at, 158. 
 
 United States Hotel, 10, 160. 
 
 United States: improves navigation of Ohio River, 
 9, 189-220; subscribes for stock in Portland 
 Canal, 203-205 ; builds Cumberland Road, 10, 
 18-90; opens Zane s Trace through Ohio, n, 
 156-158; surveys a route for Chesapeake and Ohio 
 Canal, 13, 77-78; subscribes stock in Chesapeake 
 and Ohio Canal, 112; refuses to take stock in 
 Baltimore and Ohio Railway, 113-114; proposed 
 to aid Erie Canal with funds accruing from sale 
 of Michigan lands, 14, 58-59. 
 
 Upland House, 10, 160. 
 
 Utica (New York) : strategic position of, 12, 99; 
 Bigelow describes, 121-126; inaugural celebration 
 at completion of Erie Canal, 14, 143-144. 
 
VAN CLEVE, Benjamin, Narrative of St. 
 Glair s defeat, 8, 155-156. 
 Vandevener s, 12, 140. 
 
 Vane, on early meeting house steeple, 12, 136. 
 
 Van Home, Gen. Isaac, 10, 162. 
 
 Van Meter, Isaac, 12, 31. 
 
 Van Rensselaer, Stephen, pioneer Erie Canal com 
 missioner, 14, 52, 145, 150, 1 80, 213. 
 
 Vauhn, John, 6, 199. 
 
 Veech, James, The Monongahela of Old: cited, 3, 
 173-188; quoted, 10, 14. 
 
 Venango, Celoron at, 9, 34. 
 
 Vieau, Andrew J., Sr., quoted, n, 32. 
 
 Villiers, "Le Grand:" advances upon Washington, 
 3> 155; wms battle of Fort Necessity, 159-166. 
 
 Vincennes (Indiana) : Helm occupies, 8, 32; Ham 
 ilton retakes, 33 ; Clark captures, 60. 
 
 Virginia: debt of Kentucky to, 6, 41; attempts to 
 hold West by means of Northwestern TurnpiKe, 
 12, 39-41 ; good roads and untilled lands in, 15, 
 
 46. 
 
Walker INDEX 
 
 175 
 
 Virginia Military District, description of, 9, 67. 
 
 Virginians: British officer compares Pennsylvania^ 
 and, 4, 157-158; daring enterprise of, 6, 27-28. 
 
 Virginia Regiment; history of campaign of 1754, 3, 
 126-188; reasons for advancing from Wills Creek, 
 128-129; religious service held, 152; retires 
 from Mount Braddock, 155-156; in battle of Fort 
 Necessity, 159-163; retreat from Fort Necessity, 
 167-170. 
 
 Volney, A View of the Soil and Climate of the 
 United States of America, cited, 8, 47; quoted, 
 65-68. 
 
 WABLE S, 10, 159. 
 Wagons, professional loaders of, n, 82; 
 
 see Conestogas. 
 Wagoners: clannish nature of, n, 84; resented 
 
 slights, 84-85. 
 
 Walker, Benjamin, 12, no. 
 
 Walker, Dr. Thomas: Journal, i, in, e t seq.; 
 Kentucky explored by, 6, 48-69 ; sketch of life of, 
 50-52; details of the exploration of, 53-69; Sab 
 bath honored by, 55 ; Daniel Bryan outlines route 
 
176 INDEX Walker 
 
 Walker (continued) 
 
 of, 58-59; fruitlessness of exploration of, 59; acci 
 dents to party of, 64-65. 
 
 Walker, Felix: blazing of Wilderness Road de 
 scribed by, 6, 94-100; kindness of Daniel Boone 
 to, 100. 
 
 Walker, guide, 5, IOO. 
 
 Walker, John (woodsman), recommended by St. 
 Clair, 5, 86. 
 
 Walker s, 4, 87; 10, 158. 
 
 Walkin s, 10, 160. 
 
 Wall, William, 10, 207. 
 
 Wallace Ridge, trail on, described, 2, 118. 
 
 Wallcutt, Thomas, Journal, quoted, 12, 43-63. 
 
 Walnut Hill (Illinois), Clark s camp near, 8, 46; 
 St. Louis-Shawneetown Road near, 46. 
 
 Walpole, Horace: quoted, 3, 83; 5, 65; Memoirs 
 of George II, quoted, 4, 59, ^ ^eq. 
 
 Walton, Matthew, 6, 198. 
 
 War Atlas, 1861-65, cited, 12, 23. 
 
 Ward, Captain: Journal, cited, 5, 94, 96; as guide, 
 
 99- 
 
 Ward, Mr., 14, 142. 
 "Warren, Admiral" the, 12, 62. 
 Warren County, Ohio, History of, cited, 8, 91. 
 Warren, John, 6, 201. 
 
Washington INDEX 177 
 
 Warren, Moses, Jr., 7, 161. 
 
 "Warrior s Island," Clark s men on, 8, 59. 
 
 Washington, George: early military training, 3, 18- 
 19; Prof. McMaster s estimate of, 20; Charles 
 James Fox s opinion of, 21; Edward Everett on, 
 21-22; popular opinion of, 24; Otis Kendall 
 Stuart on, 24; President Eliot on, 25 ; early west 
 ern experiences, 26-30; western possessions, 30; 
 plans for internal improvement, 31-35; influence 
 in making of the West, 37-39; mission to French 
 forts, 85-119; Governor Dinwiddie employs, 89- 
 91; Journal of /75J, cited, 91-119; first western 
 trip, 96-119; visit to Logstown (1753), 99-104; 
 visit to Fort Presque Isle, 108-114; attempted 
 assassination, 114; influence of Journal of, 120; 
 Dinwiddie s instructions to (1754), 121-122; 
 Journal of i?54, cited, 122-172; arrives with 
 Virginia Regiment at Wills Creek, 126-128; serv 
 ices through campaign of 1754, 126-188; history 
 of Journal of i?54, 128; advances from Wills 
 Creek to Great Meadows, 130-134; explores 
 Youghiogheny River, 133-134; advances on 
 Jumonville, 141-147; attack on Jumonville, 142- 
 150; Jumonville s claim of ambassadorship de 
 nounced by, 147-150; King George s early opinion 
 of, 150; letter published in London Magazine, 
 
178 INDEX Washington 
 
 Washington (continued) 
 
 150; retreats from Mount Braddock to Fort 
 Necessity, 155-156; attack of Villiers on Fort 
 Necessity, 159-167; tricked to acknowledge 
 assassination of Jumonville, 164; capitulation 
 signed at Fort Necessity, 164-166; thanked by 
 Virginia House of Burgesses for conduct in cam 
 paign of 1754, 1 68; early plans to unite east and 
 west, 189; internal improvement plans, 191-204; 
 to Henry Lee on internal improvements, 198; 
 importance of campaign of 1754, 4, 23; Brad- 
 dock s march described by, no, 114-115; illness 
 during Braddock s march, no, 117-118, 124; 
 great desire to be at Braddock s battle, 1 1 1 ; 
 Braddock buried by, 133; services on Virginia 
 frontier, 1755-58, 5, 35-44; discipline of militia 
 urged by, 39-40; Everett s eulogy, 41; humorous 
 letter of Lord Fairfax to, 42; severe training in 
 French and Indian War, 43-44 ; regiment ordered 
 to Fort Cumberland, 85 ; arrival at Fort Cum 
 berland, 95 ; to Bouquet, on improving Braddock s 
 Road, 95-96; condition of Braddock s Road accord 
 ing to, 96; letter to Bouquet, concerning routes, 
 100; compares Braddock s and Pennsylvania 
 Roads, 101-102; offers to advise GeneraL Forbes, 
 102; Bouquet commends attitude of, in; Bou- 
 
Washington INDEX 179 
 
 quet proposes a meeting between Forbes and, 1 1 1 ; 
 letter to Maj. Francis Halket, prophesying 
 Forbes s failure, 112-113; denial of partisanship 
 in road question, 113; Bouquet criticises lack of 
 knowledge, 114; letter to Bouquet, in favor of 
 Braddock s Road, 117-123; dark prophecies justi 
 fied by results, 129; lack of knowledge, 130134; 
 part in the Virginia "plot" against Pennsylvania 
 Road, 135-136; "unguarded" letter of, 135-136; 
 Forbes misjudged by, 137; early jealousy over 
 Pennsylvania routes, 141 ; objections to Dunbar s 
 route ( 1755), 141 ; letter to Major Carlisle, 141 ; 
 ordered to open Braddock s Road, 144; faithful 
 ness of, 151 ; Forbes questions loyalty of, 153; en 
 terprising spirit typical, 6, 28 ; pioneers influenced 
 by explorations of, 38-39 ; big tree on Ohio found 
 by, 61; Youghiogheny River explored by, 7, 63; 
 MS. Diary of 1784, cited, 7, 169; n, 24; 12, 
 16-28; 13, 35-50; to Gov. Arthur St. Clair on 
 disposition of Wabash and Illinois Indians, 8, 81 ; 
 orders St. Clair to examine waterways of north 
 west, 82 ; trials during first term as president, 86- 
 87 ; memorandum on officers to succeed St. Clair, 
 172-174; experiences on western trails, n, 23- 
 24; later route of Northwestern Turnpike ex 
 plored by, 12, 16-28 ; plan of forming a continental 
 
180 INDEX Washington 
 
 Washington (continued) 
 
 trade route by uniting the Great Lakes, Ohio and 
 Potomac, 13, 35-52; scheme of communication 
 "from Detroit to Alexandria," 42-43 ; "avoiding 
 Pennsylvania," 43-44; Detroit to Richmond, 44- 
 45; Detroit to Philadelphia, 45-46; Detroit to 
 Albany, 47 ; Detroit to Montreal, 48 ; appointed 
 on Virginia delegation concerning Potomac im 
 provement, 50; confidence in value of Potomac 
 Company stock, 54; to Richard Henry Lee, on 
 Potomac improvement, 54; resigned presidency 
 of Potomac Company to take presidency of United 
 States, 62; plan of communications followed by 
 later surveyors, 67. 
 
 Washington Hall, 10, 164. 
 
 Washington (Pennsylvania) : Pennsylvania compels 
 government to lay Cumberland Road through, 
 10, 54; early taverns in, 155. 
 
 Washington Star, cited, 4, 78. 
 
 Watauga: pioneer settlement of, 6, 30; Boone nego 
 tiates treaty of, 92. 
 
 Waterfall, annual on American roads, 15, 97. 
 
 Watersheds: early roads on, I, 66; archaeological 
 remains on, 69, et seq. ; as sites of first habitation, 
 10, 171-172. 
 
 Watertown (Pennsylvania), see Fort Le Bceuf. 
 
Wayne INDEX 181 
 
 Watkins, John, 6, 198. 
 
 Watson, Annals of Philadelphia, quoted, n, 53~54- 
 
 Watson, Elkanah: pioneer improvement efforts of, 
 14, 202 1, 25-26, 47; History of the 
 Western Canals in the State of New York : cited, 
 13, 54; 14, 21, 42; quoted, 25-26, 41, 47-4&. 
 
 Watson, James, 14, 25. 
 
 Wattles Ferry (New York), President Dwight at, 
 12, 152. 
 
 Wattles, Nathaniel, 12, 146. 
 
 Wattles, Sluman, 12, 146, 148. 
 
 Wayne, Gen. Anthony: anecdote on Wyandots, 3, 
 54; to Secretary of War on Miami portages, 7, 
 69-73; Washington s private opinion of, 8, 173; 
 given command of Legion, 175; difficulty in 
 choosing officers, 175-176; good men chosen, 176; 
 moves Legion to Legionville, 177; entertains 
 Iroquois chiefs, 183 ; moves Legion to Fort Wash 
 ington, 184; camps at "Hobson s Choice," 186; 
 receives spy s report, 192; receives secret code 
 message to begin war, 192; anticipates road ques 
 tion, 193-194; road called "Mad Anthony Street" 
 in Cincinnati, 195; route to Hamilton, 195; In 
 dian nicknames for, 200; road to Greenville, 201 ; 
 erects Fort Greenville, 201 ; sends detachment to 
 St. Clair s battlefield, 203 ; builds Fort Recovery, 
 
182 INDEX Wayne 
 
 Wayne (continued) 
 
 204; advances from Greenville, 205; reaches St. 
 Mary River, 207 ; erects Fort Adams, 207 ; reaches 
 the Auglaize, 208; feints at road-building, 208; 
 deceives Indians by cunning tactics, 209-210; im 
 presses Indians, 210; extremely cautious, 211; 
 criticised by Clark, 211; refuses Wilkinson com 
 mand of a flying column, 211; erects Fort De 
 fiance, 212; advances up the Maumee, 213; wins 
 the battle of Fallen Timber, 214-216; erects Fort 
 Wayne, 216; erects Fort Loramie, 216; concludes 
 Treaty at Greenville, 217. 
 
 Weaver, Casper Willis, superintendent of con 
 struction Baltimore and Ohio Railway, 13, no. 
 
 Webb s Mill (West Virginia), 12, 46. 
 
 Webster, John, 12, 31. 
 
 Webster s (Stoystown, Pennsylvania), n, 140. 
 
 Weedon, General, Washington s opinion of, 8, 173. 
 
 Weiser, Lt. Col. Conrad : commander of First Bat 
 talion of the Pennsylvania Regiment, i, 50; 
 Journal, quoted, 2, 29. 
 
 Welchhanse s Mill, Braddock s Road near, 4, 188. 
 
 Welch s, Nicholas, 6, 57. 
 
 Welch, Sylvester, superintends building of Al 
 legheny Portage Railway, 13, 198. 
 
 Weld, Isaac, on corduroy roads, II, 71. 
 
 Welge Station (Illinois), Clark s camp near, 8, 31. 
 
White INDEX 183 
 
 Wentling s, 10, 159. 
 
 Wentworth s Ferry, 7, 120. 
 
 Werden s, 10, 164. 
 
 West: Americans and not Englishmen explored the 
 
 Middle, 6, 44-45 ; primeval condition of the, 3, 
 
 41-46. 
 Western Inland Lock Navigation Company: sketch 
 
 of, 14, 22-42 ; Report of the Directors, 35 ; New 
 
 York purchases works of, 130131. 
 Westmoreland, County of, Pennsylvania, History of 
 
 the, cited, 5, 191. 
 Weston, William, engineer, 14, 38, 40, 87-88, 92- 
 
 93- 
 
 West Port, 12, 78. 
 West Virginia Atlas, 12, 25. 
 
 West Virginia Historical Magazine, cited, 4, 78. 
 Wheeling Creek, Celoron at mouth of, 9, 42. 
 Wheeling (West Virginia) : Cumberland Road 
 
 completed to, 10, 54-57, 71-74; taverns at, 160; 
 
 Baltimore and Ohio Railway reaches, 13, 134; 
 
 origin of name of, 14, 16. 
 Whilley, William, 6, 200. 
 White, Canvass : favors Allegheny Portage Railway, 
 
 13, 196; builds Erie Canal in Mohawk Valley, 
 
 14, 132; honored at Erie Canal inaugural cele 
 bration, 149. 
 
 White, Cross, 6, 124. 
 
184 INDEX White 
 
 "White Goose," 10, 155. 
 
 White, Historical Collections of Georgia, I, 90. 
 
 "White Horse," 10, 163. 
 
 White Oak Springs, 4, 195. 
 
 White, West Virginia Atlas, 12, 25. 
 
 Whitledge, Robert, 6, 107, 116. 
 
 Whitman, Marcus, as pioneer road maker, n, 48. 
 
 Whyle s, n, 135. 
 
 Wickliffe s House, 4, 195- 
 
 Wickware s, 12, 47. 
 
 Wilkins, John, 6, 200. 
 
 Wilkinson, General : ordered to attack Wabash In 
 dians, 8, 115, 120; builds Fort St. Clair, 169; 
 Washington s private opinion of, 173; appointed 
 brigadier-general under Wayne, 175; proposes to 
 advance with a flying column, 210; refused by 
 Wayne, 211. 
 
 Wilkinson, Judge, in Erie Canal celebration, 14, 
 
 139- 
 
 Willey, John, 6, 201. 
 
 Williams, Eli, 10, 26. 
 
 Williams, Elizabeth, mother of Col. Richard Hen 
 derson, 6, 88. 
 
 Williams, General, Washington s opinion of, 8, 174. 
 
 Williams, John: 6, 91, 102, 136; to Captain Martin, 
 I36-I37- 
 
Winans INDEX 185 
 
 Williams, Major C., commander of first boat to 
 cross Alleghenies on Allegheny Portage Railway, 
 13, 206. 
 
 Williams, Ralph, 6, 133. 
 Williams s, 12, 50. 
 Williamson, Charles, 12, no. 
 Williamstown (West Virginia), 12, 44. 
 "Willing," The, assists in Clark s Vincennes cam 
 paign, 8, 33, 57. 
 
 Wills Creek: Ohio Company s buildings at, 3, 95; 
 view of same, 4, 27; reasons for Virginia Regi 
 ment s advance from (1754), 3, 128-129. 
 Wilson, Francis E., 8, 12. 
 Wilson, John, 6, 198. 
 Wilson, Maj. John, surveys route for Allegheny 
 
 Portage Railway, 13, 197. 
 Wilson, President Woodrow, George Washington, 
 
 cited, 10, 161. 
 Wilson s, 10, 161. 
 Wilson s "Catfish Camp," 10, 155. 
 Wilson, William Bender, History of the Pennsyl 
 vania Railroad Company, cited, 13, 199; quoted, 
 204-205. 
 
 Winans, Ross: invents friction wheels, 13, 128; 
 called to Russia, 128-129; invents cast-iron wheels, 
 
186 INDEX Winden 
 
 Winden, Julius, The Influence of the Erie Canal 
 upon the population along its course, quoted, 14, 
 152-177. 
 
 Winegamer s, 10, 162. 
 
 Wine Hill, Clark s route on, 8, 30, 31. 
 
 Winslow, Beausejour captured by, 5, 68. 
 
 Winston, President George T., on poor roads and 
 matrimony, 15, 24. 
 
 Winter, early traveling preferable in, n, 33. 
 
 Wisconsin: archaeological map of, I, 48; remains 
 in, 49; archaeological remains in Crawford 
 County, 54; early path in, n, 32. 
 
 Wisconsin Historical Collections, cited, 9, 118, 132; 
 11,32. 
 
 Witherbee, Frank S., on Roosevelt Erie Canal com 
 mittee, 14, 198. 
 
 Wolfe, James, bravery at Louisbourg, 5, 73. 
 
 Wolf, Governor, approves bill authorizing Al 
 legheny Portage Railway, 13, 197. 
 
 Wolf s Rapid, 14, 28. 
 
 Wolves, pioneers invade dens of, 6, 67-68. 
 
 Wood, Col. Abraham, New River discovered by, 
 
 6, 55- 
 
 Wood Creek, in Washington s plan of communica 
 tions, 13, 47- 
 
Yellow INDEX 187 
 
 Woodington, John, early settler on Wayne s Road, 
 
 8, 196. 
 
 Wood, William, 12, 30. 
 Woodruff, Henry S., 12, 160. 
 Wood s Gap, see Flower Gap. 
 Wood s, Samuel, 6, 198. 
 Workman House, 10, 155. 
 Wright, Benjamin, Erie Canal engineer, 14, 109, 
 
 115, 180. 
 
 Wyandots, sketch of, 3, 53-56. 
 Wyllys, Maj. John P., in Harmar s campaign, 8, 
 
 88, 105-106. 
 
 X 
 
 ENIA (Illinois), Vincennes Trace near, 8, 50. 
 
 YANKEES, early macadamized road in New 
 York built by, 12, 118. 
 Yearley s, 6, 124. 
 Yeiser, Philip, 6, 202. 
 Yellow Bark, see Farrington, Illinois. 
 
188 INDEX Yellow 
 
 Yellow Creek, Logan s relatives murdered on, 6, 85. 
 Yoder, Jacob, first flatboat to descend Ohio and 
 
 Mississippi steered by, 9, 124. 
 Young, James, 6, 201. 
 Young, Richard, 6, 198. 
 Young, Samuel, Erie Canal commissioner, 14, 116, 
 
 150, 1 80. 
 
 ZANE, Ebenezer, appointed to blaze road 
 through Ohio, n, 156. 
 Zane, Jonathan, assists Ebenezer Zane in 
 
 marking out Zane s Trace, n, 158. 
 Zanesville (Ohio), early taverns in, 10, 157, 161- 
 
 162. 
 Zeigler, Major, testifies in St. Clair court-martial, 
 
 8, 126. 
 
 Zeisberger, Rev. David : opinion on derivation of 
 "Ohio," 9, 20; on location of Moravian town in 
 Ohio, 64; Diary, cited, 2, 103, 104. 
 Zinn s blockhouse tavern, 12, 83. 
 
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